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ANTHOLOGY AND BIBLIOGRAPHY
OF
NIAGARA FALLS
BY
CHARLES MASON DOW, LL.D.
Former Commissioner of the State Reservation at Niagara
VOLUME II
PUBLISHED BY THE STATE OF NEW YORK
J. B. LYON COMPANY, PRINTERS
ALBANY
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CHAPTER VIII
MUSIC — POETRY — FICTION
1604
La FRANCHISE, DE. Le Sievr de la Franchise av discovrs Dv Sievr 1604
Champlain. (Jn Champlain, Samuel de. Des sauvages . . . Paris, La Franchise
1604.)
It is an interesting fact that the first book printed in Europe which
contains a reference to Niagara Falls, should also contain this sonnet
in which allusion is made to the Falls. The sonnet follows the dedication.
The old spelling of the original is followed in the quotation. Research has
not revealed any information regarding the author.
Mvses, si vous chantez, vrayment ie vous conseille
Que vous louéz Champlain, pour estre courageux :
Sans crainte des hasards, il a veu tant de lieux,
Que ses relations nous contentment I oreille.
Il a veu le Perou, Mexique et la Merueille
Du Vulcan infernal qui vomit tant de feux,
Et les saults Mocosans, qui offensent les yeux
De ceux qui osent voir leur cheute nonpareille.
I] nous promet encor de passer plus auant,
Reduire les Gentils, et trouuer le Leuant,
Par le Nort, ou le Su, pour aller 4 la Chine.
C’est charitablement tout pour l’amour de Dieu.
Fy des lasches poltrons qui ne bougent d’vn lieu!
Leur vie, sans mentir, me paroist trop mesquine.
1738
Le Beau, C. Avantures du Sr. C. Le Beau. . . . ou voyage 1738
curieux et nouveau, parmi les sauvages de |’Amerique Septentrionale. Dans Le Beau
le quel on trouvera une description du Canada, Amsterdam: Wytwerf.
1738. P. 348-357,
693
1738
Le Beau
1764
Goldsmith
Niagara Falls
““Ta Chute supremante de ce Saut est, me dirent mes
Canadians, de plus de six-cens pieds perpendiculaires; La Facade
a cent vingt toises de large. Elle est composee de deux grandes
Nappes d’eau de deux Cascades, avec un Rocher on Ile entalus
au milieu. Les eaux qui tombent de cette grande hauteur,
ecument et bouillonment de la maniere du monde la plus terrible.
Elles font un bruit si epouvantable, qu'il est impossible de
s entendre parlor quand on en est bien proche. Forsque le vent
souffle au Sud on entend ce bruissement effroyable a plus de
dis-huit lienes loin.”
A romantic story of adventure under the guise of description and travel.
According to his own statement, the author came to Canada in 1729. He
made his home with the Recollect Fathers in Quebec for a time, then with
two Indians went to the woods in search of adventures. He sets the time
of his visit to Niagara in June, 1731. It is more than probable that he
really did visit Canada, and possibly Niagara, but it is equally certain,
that when he came to write the story of his travels, romance ran away with
fact.
1764
GoLpsmITH, OLIVER. The traveller, or a prospect of society. (Jn
his Poetical works. Bost.: Houghton, Mifflin and Co. N.d. P. 24.
[ British poets. | )
During the French and Indian wars, Niagara was the farthest point
of English dominion in the New World, generally known in the Old.
This accounts for the allusion which we find in this poem of Goldsmith’s.
Have we not seen, at pleasure’s lordly call,
The smiling, long-frequented village fall?
Beheld the duteous son, the sire decay’d,
‘The modest matron, and the blushing maid,
Forc’d from their homes, a melancholy train,
To traverse climes beyond the western main;
Where wild Oswego spreads her swamps around
And Niagara stuns with thundering sound?
Even now, perhaps, as there some pilgrim strays
Thro’ tangled forests, and thro’ dangerous ways;
Where beasts with man divided empire claim,
694
Music — Poetry — Fiction
And the brown Indian marks with murderous aim; 1764
There, while above the giddy tempest flies, pelea
And all around distressful yells arise,
The pensive exile, bending with his woe,
To stop too fearful, and too faint to go,
Casts a long look where England’s glories shine,
And bids his bosom sympathize with mine.
1767
BILLARDON DE SAUVIGNY, EDME Louts. Hirza, ou Les Illinois, 1767
tragédie. Représentée, pour la premiére fois, par les comediens ordinaires Billardon de
du Roi, le mercredi 27 Mai 1767. Paris: Le veuve Duchesne. 1780...”
Pp. 3-4.
This French tragedy is a story of love and revenge with Niagara as a
background.
AcTE PREMIER
On voit dans |’enfoncement le Saut di Niagara. D’un cété,
des rochers, des cabinnes et quelques arbres; de |’autre, un tom-
beau eleve sur des piliers mataches et décoré de chevelures en
forme de trophée; an pied du tombeau est Défunt, ses fléches,
son casse-téte et son manitou. NHiliaskar est appuyé et paroit con-
sterné; les autres Guerriers, le Conseil des Vieillards, Oukea et
plusieurs Femmes sauvages sont épars ca et la’ dans des attitudes
de douleur et de désespoir; Hirza est au milieu. Elle regarde
le tombeau de son pere, et laisse voir plus de colere que
d’abbatement.
SCENE PREMIERE
Haskar, Hirza, Oukea Vieillards, Guerriers Femmes Sauvages
Haskar
Sur ta tombe, O Thomar, les IIlinois gémissent!
Ces huttes, ces rochers de leurs cris retentissent!
Et nos Dieux sont par nous vainment implorés!
Ils ont vu les Francois de ton sang enivrés,
Sans pouvoir t’arracher a leur glave homicide!
695
1767
Billardon de
Sauvigny
1801
he claimed to have done.
observations of other travellers.
Niagara Falls
Appui du Canada, notre Chef intrépide,
Aussi prompt que les vents, eit fait voler la mort
Des ramparts de Quebec aux monts du Labrador.
C’est du sang des Francois qu'il cimentoit sa gloire;
Et le nom de Thamar vivra dans leur mémoire.
Triste Niagara, sejour crant de nos Dieux,
Vous, rochers menacans, et vous flots furieux,
Qui des monts inégaux couvrant les vastes cimes,
Tombez en mugissant d’abimes en abimes,
Vous avez vu briser le calumet de paix,
Par un monstre animé sous la main des Francois.
Un vaisseau qui des flots s’elevant jusqu’aux nues
Agitoit dans les airs ses ailes entedues,
De longs tubes d’airain qu'il portoit dans ses flancs
Trappoient d’un bruit affreux les monts retentissans;
Sous tes pieds, O Thamar, tu sens trembler la terre;
Tu cours, la flamme en main, defiant le tonnerre,
Abimer dans les eaux ce colosse odieux,
Qui de son poids enorme eut accable des lieux.
Nous étions sous ta garde, a l’abri des tempétes:
La hache des Francois vient de frapper nos tétes.
Pleurons, amis, pleurons, notre soutien n’est plue;
L’Europe est triomphante et nos Dieux sont vaincus.
1801
CHATEAUBRIAND, FRANCOIS AUGUSTE RENE, vicomte de. Atala;
Chateaubriand oy, Jes amours de deux sauvages dans le désert. Paris: Impr. de Migneret,
an IX-1801.
Chateaubriand considered himself the founder of the French. romantic
Atala is a fruit of his travels in America in 1791. Recent
investigators have cast considerable doubt on the authenticity of many of
his descriptions of America, but it seems reasonably certain that he did
visit Niagara, even if he did not travel as widely through the country as
He embodied with his own, descriptions and
696
Music — Poetry — Fiction
1802
CHAUTEAUBRIAND, FRANCOIS AUGUSTE RENE, vicomte de. Atala; 1802
or, [he amours of two Indians in the wilds of America. Lond.: For Chateaubriand
J. Lee. 1802. Pp. 120-121.
1804
Moore, THOMAS. To the honourable W. R. Spencer. (Jn his 1804
Poetical works. N. Y.: D. Appleton and Co. 10 vols. 1853, Moore
2:313-319.)
Whitten from Buffalo and containing in its last lines an allusion to
Niagara.
Even now, as, wandering upon Erie’s shore,
I hear Niagara’s distant cataract roar,
I sigh for home,—
Moore, Tuomas. To the Lady Charlotte Rawdon. (Jn his Poetical
works. N. Y.: D. Appleton and Co. 10 vols. 1853. 2:325-335.)
This poem, written from the banks of the St. Lawrence in an epistle to
Lady Charlotte Rawdon, contains two beautiful Niagara passages which
are quoted below. In the second one, The Song of the Spirit, Moore
describes Niagara in winter, as told to him, wandering on the brink of
the Falls by an Indian spirit of the past.
I dreamt not then that, ere the rolling year
Had filled its circle, I should wander here
In musing awe; should tread this wondrous world,
See all its store of inland waters hurl’d
In one vast volume down Niagara’s steep;
Or calm behold them, in transparent sleep,
Where the blue hills of old Toronto shed
Their evening shadows o'er Ontario’s bed;
’ Oft, when hoar and silvery flakes
Melt along the ruffled lakes,
When the gray moose sheds his horns,
When the track, at evening, warns
Weary hunters of the way
To the wigwam’s cheering ray,
697 :
1804
Moore
1804
Wilson
Niagara Falls
Then, aloft through freezing air,
With the snow-bird soft and fair
As the fleece that heaven flings
O’er his little pearly wings,
Light above the rocks I play,
Where Niagara’s starry spray,
Frozen on the cliff, appears
Like a giant’s starting tears.
There, amid the island-sedge,
Just upon the cataract’s edge,
Where the foot of living man
Never trod since time began,
Lone I sit, at close of day,
While, beneath the golden ray,
Icy columns gleam below,
Feathered round with falling snow,
And an arch of glory springs,
Sparkling as the chain of rings
Round the neck of virgins hung,—
Virgins, who have wandered young
O’er the waters of the west
To the land where spirits rest!
WILSON, ALEXANDER. The foresters: a poem, descriptive of a
pedestrian journey to the Falls of Niagara, in the autumn of 1804, by the
author of the American ornithology. Pub. by Samuel Tomlinson, Bucks
County, Pa., Phila.: John Boyle. 1853. Pp. 71-78.
A narrative poem describing a journey from the banks of the Schuylkill,
through Pennsylvania and New York to Niagara Falls, published in the
Portfolio of Philadelphia in 1809 and 1810. The pages indicated are
a description of the sound, vapor and of the Falls themselves from above,
below and behind. ‘The following lines show that Wilson’s fame rests
more securely on an ornithological rather than on a poetical basis.
Heavy and slow, increasing on the ear,
Deep through the woods a rising storm we hear,
Th’ approaching gust still loud and louder grows,
698
Music — Poetry — Fiction
As when the strong north-east resistless blows, 1804
Or black tornado, rushing through the wood, paste
Alarms th’ affrighted swains with uproar rude.
Yet the blue heavens displayed their clearest sky,
And dead below the silent forests lie;
And not a breath the slightest leaf assailed;
But all around tranquility prevailed.
“What noise is that?’ we ask with anxious mien,
A dull salt driver passing with his team;
“* Noise! Noise! — why nothing that I hear or see,
But Niagara falls — Pray, whereabouts live ye?’ ”
(WiLson, ALEXANDER.) ‘The foresters; a poem, descriptive of a
pedestrian journey to the Falls of Niagara, in the autumn of 1803. By
the author of the American ornithology. ‘The Portfolio. March, 1810.
3:182-187.
1809
BarRLow, JooLt. The Columbiad. Lond.: 1809. P. 29. 1809
Six lines of poor poetry descriptive of the Falls and the rainbows. Barlow
1818
NEAL, JOHN. (O’Cataract, Jehu.) Battle of Niagara, a poem, with- 1818
out notes, and Goldau, or the maniac harper. Baltimore: N. G. Max- Neal
melee lOkGoup. 674) 72—73:
John Neal was of Quaker descent but was read out of the society.
He was a pioneer in American literature, being the first American con-
tributor to English and Scotch quarterlies. He was an artist, a lawyer,
traveler, journalist, athlete, and an advocate of woman suffrage in 1838.
“The Battle of Niagara ’’ was written when the author was a prisoner,
so he informs the reader. It has a metrical introduction with four cantos
which tell the story of the Battle of Niagara. This story is interspersed
with various flights of poetic fancy on the scenery and surroundings of
the Falls.
Niagara! Niagara! I hear
Thy tumbling waters. And I see thee rear
Thy thundering sceptre to the clouded skies:
I see it wave — I hear the ocean rise,
699
1818
Neal
Niagara Falls
And roll obedient to thy call. I hear
The tempest-hymning of thy floods in fear:
The quaking mountains and the nodding trees —
The reeling birds and the careering breeze —
The tottering hills, unsteadied in thy roar:
Niagara! as thy dark waters pour,
One everlasting earthquake rocks thy lofty shore!
The cavalcade went by. The day hath gone;
And yet the soldier lives: his cheerful tone
Rises in boisterous song; while slowly calls
The monarch spirit of the mighty falls.
Soldiers be firm! — and mind your watch fires well:
Sleep not to-night! — there comes a distant swell
Like the approaching step of toiling steeds
Encountering on the hills; and far behind us speeds,
Low stooping from his arch, the glorious sun
Hath left the storm with which his course begun;
And now, in rolling clouds goes calmly home
In heavenly pomp a-down the far blue dome.
In sweet toned minstrelsy is heard the cry,
All clear and smooth, along the echoing sky,
Of many a fresh blown bugle, full and strong,
The soldier’s instrument! the soldier’s song!
Niagara too, is heard: his thunder comes
Like far-off battle — hosts of rolling drums.
All o’er the western heaven the flaming clouds
Detach themselves and float like hovering shrouds:
Loosely unwoven, and afar unfurled,
A sunset canopy enwraps the world.
The Vesper hymn grows soft. In parting day
Wings flit about. ‘The warblings die away,
The shores are dizzy, and the hills look dim,
The cataract falls deeper and the landscapes swim.
700
Music — Poetry — Fiction
[Review of “* The battle of Niagara, a poem without notes, and 1818
Goldau, or the maniac harper.” ] (N. Am. rev., Dec., 1818. 8:142-—
149.)
According to the reviewer, the description is “‘ of a singular character,
as it is rather telling what things are like, than what they are.”
1819
WAKEFIELD, PRISCILLA. Excursions in North America, described 1819
in letters from a gentleman and his young companion, to their friends in Wakefield
England. 3d ed. lLond.: Darton, Harvey and Darton. 1819. Pp.
260-275.
Interesting for their account of the travel and living conditions of the
period. There is a strongly adjective description of the view from Table
Rock and from below the Falls. Hunting trips in the neighborhood with
the Indians are also described.
1822
M. A. Niagara: a poem. N. Y.: Seymour, 1822. 1822
A long poem in stilted style on the grandeur of the Falls, various M- A-
features of the scenery, and the superiority of the Niagara to other rivers.
1823
Brown, J. NEwTron. The Falls of Niagara. (Jn his Emily, and 1823
other poems. Concord: Boyd. 1840. Pp. 126-129.) Brown
Lofty in tone and well-sustained, consisting of description of, and
reflections inspired by, Niagara. Whitten in Buffalo, July 6, 1823, and
addressed to a friend.
1824
Travels in North America. Dublin: Brett Smith. 1824. Pp. 122- 1824
125.
An imaginary tale of a young Irishman who visits the Falls and goes
to Goat Island by canoe down the center of the river from Chippewa.
The description of the Falls is brief, and includes an absurd sketch of
the American Fall.
1825
(ALEXANDER, J. S.) Wonders of the west, of a day at the Falls of 4,5.
Niagara, in 1825. A poem, by a Canadian. N. Y.: 1825. Alexander
A poem of little merit, in which the descriptions of the scenery at
Niagara are entirely subordinate to a romantic story told in verse.
701
1826
Brainard
1826
Emmons
Niagara Falls
1826
BRAINARD, JOHN GARDINER CALKINS. Poems . . . Hartford:
Edward Hopkins. 1842. P. 10.
The editor of Littell’s Living Age in 1874, pronounced this the finest
poem ever written on Niagara, and strange to say, the author, who was
the editor of the Connecticut Mirror from 1822 to 1827, never saw the
cataract. It is said that one day while the printer’s devil was calling for
copy, Brainard was admiring a picture of Niagara. Its inspiration was
on him, and he told the boy to return in fifteen minutes. Within this
time he dashed off these nineteen lines which made him famous.
The thoughts are strange that crowd into my brain,
While I look upward to thee. It would seem
As if God poured thee from his “ hollow hand,”
And hung his bow upon thine awful front;
And spoke in that loud voice, which seemed to him
Who dwelt in Patmos for his Saviour’s sake,
**'The sound of many waters; ’’ and had bade
Thy flood to chronicle the ages back,
And notch His cent’ries in the eternal rocks.
Deep calleth unto deep. And what are we
That hear the question of that voice sublime?
O! what are all the notes that ever rung
From war's vain trumpet, by thy thundering side!
Yea, what is all the riot man can make
In his short life, to thy unceasing roar!
And yet, bold babbler, what art thou to Him,
Who drowned a world, and heaped the waters far
Above its loftiest mountains > — A light wave,
That breaks, and whispers of its Maker’s might.
BRAINARD, JOHN GARDINER CALKINS. Niagara. (Jn Church,
F. E., The great fall, Niagara. N. Y.: 1857. P. 3.)
Emmons, RICHARD. The Fredoniad or independence preserved; an
epic poem on the late War of 1812. Bost.: William Emmons. 1827.
3 vols. Also 2d ed., Phila.: William Emmons. 1830. 1 vol.
A poem in forty cantos dealing with the events of the War of 1812.
702
Music — Poetry — Fiction
Some of the scenes are laid on the shores of the Niagara, at Lewiston, 1826
and on the heights of Queenston, and contain allusions to the cataract. Emmons
1828
Park, Rev. RoswELL. Niagara Falls. (J/n his Selections of juvenile 1828
and miscellaneous poems. Phila.: Desilver, Thomas. 1836. Pp. 70— Park
#3.)
Park, Rev. RosweEtu. Niagara Falls. (Jn his Jerusalem; and other
poems, juvenile and miscellaneous. . . . N. Y.: Stanford. 1857.
Pp. 172-175.)
Written in 1828 in remembrance of a visit made to Niagara in the
preceding year. The author describes the river and rapids and relates the
tale of an Indian carried over the Falls while fishing.
1830
DuN.LaP, WILLIAM. A trip to Niagara; or, Travellers in America. 1830
A farce in three acts. Written for the Bowery Theatre, New York. Dunlap
N2) Y¥:: E. B: Clayton.) 1630.
The story of this play is mostly concerned with the incidents of the
trip from New York to Niagara Falls. The characters are a disagree-
able, disgruntled Englishman, his amiable and well-pleased sister and a
cousin, a suitor of the sister, who undertakes to cure the brother of his
rudeness. He assumes different characters in his efforts to do this. The
last scene of the farce has Niagara Falls as a background.
HERECLIA, JosE Maria. Address to the Niagara river. (Jn Barham, 1830
William, Descriptions of Niagara; selected from various travellers. . . . Hereclia
Gravesend. N.d. Pp. 174-175.)
This poem may also be found in Johnson, R. L., Niagara, its history,
incidents and poetry, pp. 48-49. The author was a Spanish-American
poet and soldier born in Cuba in 1803 and died in Mexico in 1839.
He was considered the greatest of Spanish-American poets.
Tremendous Torrent! for an instant hush
The terrors of thy voice, and cast aside
Those wide-involving shadows; that mine eyes
May see the fearful beauty of thy face.
703
1830
_ Hereclia
Niagara Falls
Thou flowest on in quiet, till thy waves
Grow broken midst the rocks; thy current, then,
Shoots onward, like the irresistible course
Of destiny. How terribly they rage,—
The hoarse and rapid whirlpools there! My brain
Grows wild, my senses wander, as I gaze
Upon the hurrying waters; and my sight
Vainly would follow, as toward the verge
Sweeps the wide torrent: waves innumerable
Meet there and madden; waves innumerable
Urge on and overtake the waves before,
And disappear in thunder and in foam.
They reach, they leap, the barrier; the abyss
Swallows, insatiable, the sinking waves;
A thousand rainbows arch them, and the woods
Are deafen’d with the roar. The violent shock
Shatters to vapour the descending sheets;
A cloudy whirlwind fills the gulf, and bears
The mighty pyramid of circling mist
To heaven. The solitary hunter, near,
Pauses with terror, in the forest shade.
God of all truth! in other lands, I’ve seen
Lying philosophers, blaspheming men,
Questioners of thy mysteries, that draw
Their fellows deep into impiety ;
And therefore doth my spirit seek thy face
In earth’s majestic solitude. Even here
My heart doth open all itself to Thee;
In this immensity of loneliness,
I feel thy hand upon me. To my ear
The eternal thunder of the cataract brings
Thy voice, and I am humbled as I hear.
Dread torrent! that with wonder and with fear,
Dost overwhelm the soul of him that looks
Upon thee, and dost bear it from itself:
704
Music — Poetry — Fiction
Whence hast thou thy beginning? Who supplies, 1830
Age after age, thy unexhausted springs? ie
What power hath order’d, that, when all thy weight
Descends into the deep, the swollen waves
Rise not, and roll to overwhelm the earth?
The Lord hath open’d his omnipotent hand,
Covered thy face with clouds, and given his voice
To thy down-rushing waters; he hath girt
Thy terrible forehead with his radiant bow.
I see thy never-resting waters run,
And I bethink me how the tide of time
Sweeps to Eternity. So pass, of man—
Pass like a noon-day dream—the blooming days,
And he awakes to sorrow. Ae
Hear, dread Niagara! my latest voice !—
Yet a few years, and the cold earth shall close
Over the brow of him who sings thee now
Thus failingly. Would that this my humble verse
Might be, like thee, immortal! I, meanwhile,
Cheerfully passing to the appointed rest,
Might raise my radiant forehead in the clouds
To listen to the echoes of my FAME.”
1831
Cooper, JAMES FENIMORE. The spy; a tale of the neutral ground. 1831
Lond.: H. Colburn and R. Bentley. 1831. P. 403 Cooper
Niagara is used as the background of the closing scene in the story.
GaLT, JOHN. The early missionaries; or, The discoveries of the Falls 1831
of Niagara. (The museum of for. lit. and sci., Oct., 1831. oo.
(new ser. 12) 397-400.)
A history of two missionaries who travelled westward from Boston to
christianize the Indians and to find the vast fresh-water seas of which
they had heard the Indians speak. In the course of their travels they come
upon the Falls. There is no attempt at description. It is not apparent
that the tale has any historical basis.
45 705
1832
A. N.C.
Niagara Falls
1832
A. N. C. Poem. (Jn Rolph, Thomas, A brief account together
with observations, made during a visit in the West Indies, and a tour
through the United States of America, in parts of the years 1832-33;
together with a statistical account of Upper Canada. Dundas, N. C.
Hackstaff, 1836. P. 196.)
Niagara! to thee
My spectacles I turn!
I see the waters boil,
ANS That eo!) 0 didi bur:
And Satan’s imps, with ardour hot,
Were thrusting wood beneath the pot.
O what a deaf’ning noise
Thy tortur’d waters make!
The thunders of thy voice
Kept me all night awake:
I could but hear the lumbering sound,
When all were sunk in sleep profound.
And then what clouds of spray
Bedim my weaken’d sight;
And then, in light of day,
Bring rainbows to my sight:
Well might poor Snip thus make his note —
““Mem—What a place to spunge a coat!”
And then, O what a waste
Of water-power is here!
*Twould move ten thousand water-wheels,
And run them thro’ the year!
Well might the Yankee say — “be still —
Oh what a place to build a mill.”
706
Music — Poetry — Fiction
1834
SIGOURNEY, Mrs. Lypia H. Farewell to Niagara. (In Barham, 1834
William, Descriptions of Niagara; selected from various travellers. . . . Sigourney
Gravesend: n. d. Pp. 179-180.)
My spirit grieves to say, Farewell to thee,
Oh beautiful and glorious!
Thou dost robe
Thyself in mantle of the coloured mist,
Most lightly tinged, and exquisite as thought,
Decking thy forehead with a crown of gems
Woven by God’s right hand.
Hadst thou but wrapped
Thy brow in clouds, and swept the blinding mist
In showers upon us, it had been less hard
To part from thee. But there thou art, sublime
In noon-day splendour, gathering all thy rays
Unto their climax, green, and fleecy white,
And changeful tincture, for which words of man
Have neither sign nor sound, until to breathe
Farewell is agony. For we have roamed
Beside thee, at our will, and drawn thy voice
Into our secret soul, and felt how good
Thus to be here, until we half implored,
While long in wildering ecstasy we gazed,
To build us tabernacles, and behold
Always thy majesty.
Fain would we dwell
Here at thy feet, and be thy worshipper,
And from the weariness and dust of earth
Steal evermore away. Yea, were it not
That many a care doth bind us here below,
And in each care, a duty, like a flower,
Thorn-hedged, perchance, yet fed with dews of heaven,
And in each duty, an enclosed joy,
Which like a honey-searching bee doth sing,—
707
1834
Sigourney
SicouRNEY, L. H. The hermit of the Falls.
poems.
S1icouRNEY, Mrs. LypiA H. The hermit of Niagara.
Am. mo. mag., Feb., 1848. 32:127—128.)
SicourRngEY, Mrs. Lyp1a H. The hermit of the Falls.
William, Descriptions of Niagara; selected from various travellers; . . .
Gravesend: n. d. Pp. 142-146.)
Niagara Falls
And were it not, that ever in our path
Spring up our planted seeds of love and grief,
Which we must watch, and bring their perfect fruit
Into our Master’s garner, it were sweet
To linger here, and be thy worshipper,
Until death’s footsteps broke this dream of life.
(In her Illustrated
Phila.: Lindsay and Blakiston. 1860. Pp. 143-149)
The story of Francis Abbott.
It was the leafy month of June,
And joyous nature all in tune,
With wreathing buds were drest,
As towards Niagara’s fearful side
A youthful stranger prest;
His ruddy cheek was blanched with awe,
And scarce he seemed his breath to draw,
While bending o’er its brim,
He marked its strong, unfathomed tide,
And heard its thunder-hymn.
His measured week too quickly fled,
Another, and another sped,
And soon the summer-rose decayed,
The moon of autumn sank in shade,
Years filled their circle, brief and fair,
Yet still the enthusiast lingered there,
Till winter hurled its dart,
For deeper round his soul was wove
A mystic chain of quenchless love,
That would not let him part
708
(Graham’s
(In Barham,
Music — Poetry — Fiction
When darkest midnight veiled the sky, 1834
You'd hear his hasting step go by, “igenmey
To gain the bridge beside the deep,
That where its wildest torrents leap
Hung’ threadlike o’er the surge,
Just there, upon its awful verge,
His vigil hour to keep.
And when the moon descending low,
Hung on the flood that gleaming bow,
Which it would seem some angel’s hand,
With heaven's own pencil, tinged and spanned,
Pure symbol of a Better Land,
He, kneeling, poured in utterance free
The eloquence of ecstasy ;
Though to his words no answer came,
Save that One, Everlasting Name,
Which since Creation’s morning broke,
Niagara’s lip alone hath spoke.
When wintry tempests shook the sky,
And the rent pine-tree hurtled by,
Unblenching mid the storm he stood,
And marked, sublime, the wrathful flood,
While wrought the frost-king fierce and drear,
His palace mid those cliffs to rear,
And strike the massy buttress strong,
And pile his sleet the rocks among,
And wasteful deck the branches bare
With icy diamonds, rich and rare.
Nor lacked the hermit’s humble shed
Such comforts as our nature ask
To fit them for their daily task,
The cheering fire, the peaceful bed,
The simple meal in season spread :—
709
Niagara Falls
1834 While by the lone lamp’s trembling light,
Sigourney As blazed the hearth-stone clear and bright,
O’er Homer’s page he hung,
Or Maro’s martial numbers scanned,
For classic lore of many a land
Flowed smoothly o’er his tongue.
Oft with rapt eye, and skill profound,
He woke the entrancing viol’s sound,
Or touched the sweet guitar,
Since heavenly music deigned to dwell
An inmate in his cloistered cell,
As beams the solemn star
All night, with meditative eyes,
Where some lone rock-bound fountain lies.
As through the groves with quiet tread,
On his accustomed haunts he sped,
The mother-thrush unstartled sung
Her descant to her callow young,
And fearless o’er his threshold prest
The wanderer from the sparrow’s nest;
The squirrel raised a sparkling eye,
Nor from his kernel cared to fly,
As passed that gentle hermit by;
No timid creature shrank to meet
His pensive glance serenely sweet;
From his own kind, alone, he sought
The screen of solitary thought.
Whether the world too harshly prest,
Its iron o'er a yielding breast,
Or taught his morbid youth to prove
The pang of unrequited love,
We know not, for he never said
Aught of the life that erst he led.
710
Music — Poetry — Fiction
On Iris isle, a summer bower
He twined with branch, and vine, and flower,
And there he mused, on rustic seat,
Unconscious of the noon-day heat,
Or ‘neath the crystal waters lay
Luxuriant, in the swimmer’s play.
Yet once the whelming flood grew strong,
And bore him like a weed along,
Though with convulsive grasp of pain,
And heaving breast, he strove in vain,
Then sinking ‘neath the infuriate tide,
Lone as he lived, the hermit died.
On, by the rushing current swept,
The lifeless corpse its voyage kept,
To where, in narrow gorge comprest,
The whirling eddies never rest,
But boil with tumultuous sway.
The maelstrom of Niagara.
And there within that rocky bound,
In swift gyrations round and round,
Mysterious course it held,
Now springing from the torrent hoarse,
Now battling as with maniac force,
To mortal strife compelled.
Right fearful ‘neath the moonbeam bright,
It was to see that brow so white,
And mark the ghastly dead
Leap upward from his torture-bed,
As if in passion-gust,
And tossing wild with agony,
To mock the omnipotent decree,
Of dust to dust.
At length, where smoother waters flow,
Emerging from the gulf below,
711
1834
Sigourney
1834
Sigourney
Niagara Falls
The hapless youth they gained, and bore
Sad to his own forsaken door:
There watched his dog, with straining eye,
And scarce would let the train pass by,
Save that with instinct’s rushing spell,
Through the changed cheek’s empurpled hue,
And stiff and stony form, he knew
The master he had loved so well.
The kitten fair, whose graceful wile
So oft had won his musing smile, ~
As round his slippered foot she played,
Stretched on his vacant pillow laid.
While strewed around, on board and chair,
The last pluck’d flower, the book last read,
The ready pen, the page outspread,
The water-cruse, the unbroken bread,
Revealed how sudden was the snare
That swept him to the dead.
And so he rests in foreign earth,
Who drew mid Albion’s vales his birth;
Yet let no cynic phrase unkind
Condemn that youth of gentle mind,
Of shrinking nerve and lonely heart,
And lettered lore, and tuneful art,
Who here his humble worship paid
In that most glorious temple-shrine,
Where to the Majesty divine
Nature her noblest altar made.
No, blame him not, but praise the Power
Who in the dear, domestic bower,
Hath given you firmer strength to rear
The plant of love, with toil and fear,
The beam to meet, the blast to dare,
And like a faithful soldier bear;
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Still with sad heart his requiem pour, (1834
Amid the cataract’s ceaseless roar, Abn Oy
And bid one tear of pitying gloom
Bedew that meek enthusiast’s tomb.
SicourNEY, Mrs. Lypia H. Niagara. (/n Barham, William,
Descriptions of Niagara; selected from various travellers; . . .
Gravesend: n.d. Pp. 111-117.)
Prose and poem description of the Falls.
Up to the Table-Rock, where the great flood
Reveals its fullest glory. To the verge
Of its appalling battlement draw near,
And gaze below. Or, if thy spirit fail,
Creep stealthily, and snatch a trembling glance
Into the dread abyss.
What there thou seest
Shall dwell forever in thy secret soul,
Finding no form of language.
The vexed deep,
Which from the hour that Chaos heard the voice
** Let there be light,” hath known no pause nor rest,
Communeth through its misty cloud with Him
Who breaks it on the wheel of pitiless rock,
Yet heals it every moment. Bending near,
Mid all the terror, as an angel-friend,
The rainbow walketh in its company
With perfect orb full-rounded. Dost thou cling
Thus to its breast, a Comforter, to give
Strength in its agony, thou radiant form,
Born of the trembling tear-drop, and the smile
Of sun, or glimmering moon?
Yet from a scene
So awfully sublime, our senses shrink,
And fain would shield them at the solemn base
Of the tremendous precipice, and glean
Such hallowed thoughts as blossom in its shade.
713
Niagara Falls
1834 This is thy building, Architect Divine!
eles Who heav’dst the pillars of.the Universe.
Up, without noise, the mighty fabric rose,
And to the clamour of the unresting gulf
For ever smiting on its ear of rock
With an eternal question, answereth nought.
Man calls his vassals forth, with toil and pain;
Stone piled on stone, the pyramid ascends,
Yet ere it reach its apex-point, he dies,
Nor leaves a chiselled name upon his tomb.
The vast cathedral grows, with deep-groined arch,
And massy dome, slow reared, while race on race
Fall like the ivy sere, that climbs its walls.
The imperial palace towers, the triumph arch,
And the tall fane that tells a hero’s praise
Uplift their crowns of fret-work haughtily.
But, lo! the Goth doth waste them, and his herds
The Vandal pastures mid their fallen pride.
But thou, from age to age, unchanged hast stood,
Even like an altar to Jehovah’s name,
Silent, and stedfast, and immutable.
Niagara and the storm-cloud!
To the peal
Of their united thunder, rugged rocks
Amazed reverberate, through depths profound
Streams the red lightning, while the loftiest trees
Bow, and are troubled. Shuddering earth doth hide
In midnight’s veil; and even the ethereal mind,
Which hath the seed of immortality
Within itself,— not undismayed, beholds
This fearful tumult of the elements.
Old Ocean meets the tempest and is wroth,
And in his wrath destroys. “The wrecking ship,
The sea-boy stricken from the quaking mast,
The burning tear wrung forth from many a home,
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Music — Poetry — Fiction
To which the voyager returns no more,
Attest the fury of his vengeful mood.
But thou, Niagara, know’st no passion-gust;
Thy mighty bosom, from the sheeted rain,
Spreads not itself to sudden boastfulness,
Like the wild torrent in its shallow bed.
Thou art not angry, and thou changest not.
Man finds in thee no emblem of himself;
The cloud depresseth him, the adverse blast
Rouseth the billows of his discontent,
The wealth of summer-showers inflates his pride,
And with the simple faith and love of Him
Who made him from the dust, he mingleth much
Of his own vain device. Perchance, even here,
"Neath all the sternness of thy strong rebuke,
Light fancies fill him, and he gathereth straws
Or plaiteth rushes, or illusive twines
Garlands of hope, more fragile still than they.
But in one awful voice, that ne’er has known
Change or inflection since the morn of time,
Thou utterest forth that One Eternal Name,
Which he who graves not on his inmost soul
Will find his proudest gatherings, as the dross
That cannot profit.
Thou hast ne’er forgot
Thy lesson, or been weary, day or night,
Nor with its simple, elemental thought
Mixed aught of discord.
Teacher, sent from God,
We bow us to thy message, and are still.
Oh! full of glory, and of majesty,
With all thy terrible apparel on,
High-priest of Nature, who within the veil
Mysterious, unapproachable dost dwell,
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1834
Sigourney
1834
Sigourney
Niagara Falls
With smoke of incense ever streaming up,
And round thy breast, the folded bow of heaven,
Few are our words before thee.
For ‘tis meet
That even the mightiest of our race should stand
Mute in thy presence, and with child-like awe,
Disrobed of self, adore his God through thee.
“Deep calleth unto deep, at the noise of thy waterspouts.”’
Most appositely did the poet Brainerd, in his beautiful apostrophe
to Niagara, quote from the inspired minstrel, “* deep calleth unto
deep.” Simple and significant also, was its Indian appellation,
the ‘‘ Water-thunderer.”” To the wandering son of the forest,
“‘whose untutored mind
Saw God in clouds, or heard him in the wind,”
it forcibly suggested the image of that Great Spirit, who in dark-
ness and storm sends forth from the skies a mighty voice.
The immense volume of water which distinguishes Niagara
from all other cataracts, is seldom fully realized by the casual
visitant. ‘Transfixed by his emotions, he forgets that he sees the
surplus waters of those vast inland seas, Superior, Huron,
Michigan, and Erie, arrested in their rushing passage to the
Ocean, by a fearful barrier of rock, 160 feet in height. He
scarcely recollects that the tributaries to this river, or strait, cover
a surface of 150,000 miles. Indeed, how can he bow his mind
to aught of arithmetical computation, when in the presence of
this monarch of floods.
The view from the boat while crossing the Ferry is unique and
impressive. It gives the first strong idea of the greater magnifi-
cence that awaits you.* You are encompassed by an amphitheatre
of towering rocks and hills. Fragments of rainbows and torrents
of mist hover around you. A stupendous column rises, whose
base is in the fathomless depth, whose head, wrapped in cloud,
seems to join earth and heaven. It strikes you as a living personi-
* That is crossing from the American side.
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Music — Poetry — Fiction
fication of His power who poured it “ from the hollow of his 1834
hand.”’ You tremble at its feet. With a great voice of thunder pe!
it warns you not to approach. ‘The winds spread out their wings,
and whelm you in a deluge of spray. You are sensible of the
giant force of the tide, bearing up the boat, which like an egg-
shell is tossed upon its terrible bosom. You feel like an atom in
the great creation of God. You glance at the athletic sinews of
the rowers, and wonder if they are equal to their perilous task.
But the majesty of the surrounding scene annihilates selfish appre-
hension; and, ere you are aware, the little boat runs smoothly to
her haven, and you stand on the Canadian shore.
Hitherto, all you have seen will convey but an imperfect
impression of the grandeur and sublimity that are unfolded
on the summit of Table-Rock. This is a precipice nearly
160 feet in height, with flat, smooth, altar-shaped surface. As
you approach this unparapeted projection, the unveiled glories
of Niagara burst upon the astonished senses. We borrow the
graphic delineation of a gentleman, who nearly forty years since
was a visitant of this scene, and thus describes it from the summit
of Table-Rock.
“On your right hand, the river comes roaring forward with
all the agitation of a tempestuous ocean, recoiling in waves and
whirlpools, as if determined to resist the impulse which is forcing
it downward to the gulf. When within a few yards, and appar-
ently at the moment of sweeping away, it plunges headlong into
what seems a bottomless pit, for the vapour is so thick at the foot
of the precipice, that the torrent is completely lost to view.
“Seen from the Table-Rock, the tumbling green waters of the
rapids, which persuade you that an ocean is approaching; the
brilliant colour of the water; the frightful gulf, and headlong
torrent at your feet; the white column rising from its centre, and
often reaching to the clouds; the black wall of rock frowning
from the opposite island; and the long curtain of foam descend-
ing fromthe other shore, interrupted only by one dark shaft, form
altogether one of the most beautiful, as well as awful, scenes in
1Dr. Wadsworth, Esq. 717
1834
Sigourney
Niagara Falls
nature. The effect of all these objects is much heightened by
being seen from a dizzy and fearful pinnacle, upon which you
seem suspended over a fathomless abyss of vapour, whence
ascends the deafening uproar of the greatest cataract in the world,
and by reflecting that this powerful torrent has been rushing
down, and this grand scene of stormy magnificence been in the
same dreadful tumult for ages, and will continue so for ages to
come.”
Skirting the base of the Table-Rock, you arrive at the point
of entrance, behind the vast sheet of water, which those who
desire to traverse, provide themselves with fitting apparel, which
is here kept for that purpose. This magnificent cavern is often
tenanted by rushing winds, which drive the spray with blinding
fury in the face of the approaching pilgrim. Clad in rude gar-
ments, and cap of oil-cloth, with coarse shoes — the most unpic-
turesque of all figures — he approaches, staking his staff among
the loose fragments that obstruct his way. The path is slippery
and perilous, the round wet stones betray his footing, and some-
times cold, slimy, and wriggling eels coil around his ancles.
Respiration is at first difficult, almost to suffocation. But the
aiding hand and encouraging voice of the guide are put in
requisition, and, almost ere he is aware, he reaches Termination
Rock, beyond which all progress is hazardous. ‘This exploit
entitles him to a certificate, obtained at the house where his garb
was provided, and signed by the guide. But should he fail of
attaining this honour, by a too precipitate retreat from this cavern
of thunders, he is still sure of a magnificent shower-bath.
The lover of Nature’s magnificence will scarcely be satisfied
without repeated visits to Niagara. [he mind is slow in
receiving the idea of great magnitude. It requires time and
repetition to expand and deepen the perceptions that overwhelm
it. This educating process is peculiarly necessary among
scenery, where the mind is continually thrown back upon its
Author, and the finite, trying to take hold of the Infinite, falters,
and hides itself in its own nothingness.
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Music — Poetry — Fiction
It is impossible for Niagara to disappoint, unless through the 1834
infirmity of the conception that fails to grasp it. Its resources ##u™«y
are inexhaustible. It can never expand itself, because it points
always to God. More unapproachable than the fathomless
ocean, man cannot launch a bark upon its bosom, or bespeak its
service in any form. He may not even lay his hand upon it,
and live. Upon its borders he can dream, if he will, of gold-
gathering, and of mill-privileges; but its perpetual warning is,
“Hence, ye profane!”
Let none, who have it in their power to change their places
at will, omit a pilgrimage to Niagara. The facilities of travelling
render it now a very different exploit from what it was in the
days of our fathers, who were forced to cut away with their
axes the branches intercepting the passage of the rocky roads.
Those whose hearts respond to whatever is beautiful and sublime
in creation, should pay their homage to this mighty cataract. No
other scenery so powerfully combines these elements.
Let the gay go thither to be made thoughtful, and the religious
to become more spiritually-minded. Yet let not the determined
trifler linger here to pursue his revels. Frivolity seems an insult
to the majesty that presides here. Folly and dissipation are
surely out of place. The thunder-hymn of the mighty flood
reproves them. Day and night it seems to repeat and enforce
the words of inspiration: ‘‘ The Lord is in his holy temple:
let all the earth keep silence before Him.’”’— Hap. 11:20.
SicourRNEY, Mrs. Lypia H. Niagara. (Jn Barham, William,
Descriptions of Niagara; selected from various travellers.
Gravesend: n. d. Pp. 159-161.)
SicouRNEY, Mrs. L. H. Niagara. (Jn her Illustrated poems.
Phila.: Lindsay and Blakiston. 1860. Pp. 134-136.)
Flow on for ever, in thy glorious robe
Of terror and of beauty. Yea, flow on
Unfathom’d and resistless. God hath set
His rainbow on thy forehead, and the cloud
719
1834
Sigourney
Niagara Falls
Mantled around thy feet. And he doth give
Thy voice of thunder power to speak of Him
Eternally — bidding the lip of man
Keep silence — and upon thine altar pour
Incense of awe-struck praise.
Earth fears to lift
The insect trump that tells her trifling joys
Or fleeting triumphs, mid the peal sublime
Of thy tremendous hymn. Proud Ocean shrinks
Back from thy brotherhood, and all his waves
Retire abash’d. For he hath need to sleep,
Sometimes, like a spent labourer, calling home
His boisterous billows, from their vexing play,
To a long dreary calm: but thy strong tide
Faints not, nor e’er with failing heart forgets
Its everlasting lesson, night nor day.
The morning stars, that hailed creation’s birth,
Heard thy hoarse anthem mixing with their song
Jehovah's name; and the dissolving fires,
That wait the mandate of the day of doom
To wreck the earth, shall find it deep inscribed
Upon thy rocky scroll.
The lofty trees
That list thy teachings, scorn the lighter lore
Of the too fitful winds; while their young leaves
Gather fresh greenness from thy living spray,
Yet tremble at the baptism. Lo! yon birds,
How bold they venture near, dipping their wing
_ In all thy mist and foam. Perchance ‘tis meet
For them to touch thy garment’s hem, or stir
Thy diamond wreath, who sport upon the cloud
Unblamed, or warble at the gate of heaven
Without reproof. But, as for us, it seems
Scarce lawful with our erring lips to talk
Familiarly of thee. Methinks, to trace
720
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Music — Poetry — Fiction
Thine awful features with our pencil’s point 1834
Were but to press on Sinai. Sigoginey
Thou dost speak
Alone of God, who pour’d thee as a drop
From his right-hand,— bidding the soul that looks
Upon thy fearful majesty be still,
Be humbly wrapp’d in its own nothingness,
And lose itself in Him.
SicouRNEY, Mrs. L. H. Niagara. (Jn her Select poems. 5th ed.
Phila.: Biddle. 1847. Pp. 88-90.)
See ‘“* Illustrated Poems.”
1836
DRAKE, JoSEPH RODMAN. Niagara. (Jn his Culprit fay and other 1836
poems. N. Y.: George Dearborn. 1836. Pp. 65-67.) Drake
NIAGARA
I
Roar, raging torrent! and thou, mighty river,
Pour thy white foam on the valley below;
Frown, ye dark mountains! and shadow for ever
The deep rocky bed where the wild rapids flow.
The green sunny glade, and the smooth flowing fountain,
Brighten the home of the coward and slave;
The flood and the forest, the rock and the mountain,
Rear on their bosoms the free and the brave.
II
Nurslings of nature, I mark your bold bearing,
Pride in each aspect and strength in each form,
Hearts of warm impulse, and souls of high daring,
Born in the battle and rear’d in the storm.
The red levin flash and the thunder’s dread rattle,
The rock-riven wave and the war trumpet’s heath,
The din of the tempest, the yell of the battle,
Nerve your steeled bosoms to danger and death.
Ve 721
1836
Drake
Niagara Falls
III
High on the brow of the Alps’ snowy towers
The mountain Swiss measures his rock-breasted moors,
O’er his lone cottage the avalanche lowers,
Round its rude portal the spring-torrent pours.
Sweet is his sleep amid peril and danger,
Warm is his greeting to kindred and friends,
Open his hand to the poor and the stranger,
Stern on his foeman his sabre descends.
IV
Lo! where the tempests the dark waters sunder
Slumbers the sailor boy, reckless and brave,
Warm'd by the lightning and lulled by the thunder,
Fann’d by the whirlwind and rock’d on the wave;
Wildly the winter wind howls round his pillow,
Cold on his bosom the spray showers fall;
Creaks the strained mast at the rush of the billow,
Peaceful he slumbers regardless of all.
V
Mark how the cheek of the warrior flushes,
As the battle drum beats and war torches glare;
Like a blast of the north to the onset he rushes,
And his wide-waving falchion gleams brightly in air.
Around him the death-shot of foemen are flying,
At his feet friends and comrades are yielding their breath;
He strikes to the groans of the wounded and dying,
But the war cry he strikes with is, ‘ conquest or death.’
VI
Then pour thy broad wave like a flood from the heavens,
Each son that thou rearest, in the battle’s wild shock,
When the death-speaking note of the trumpet is given,
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Music — Poetry — Fiction
Will charge like thy torrent or stand like thy rock. 1836
Let his roof be the cloud and the rock be his pillow, Drake
Let him stride the rough mountain, or toss on the foam,
He will strike fast and well on the field or the billow,
In triumph and glory, for God and his home!
The note of freedom and patriotism in this poem rings strong and
true.
[SHELTON, F. W.] Verses written during a thunder storm in the 1836
album at the Falls. (/n his The trollopiad; or, Travelling gentlemen Shelton
in America; a satire by Nil Admirari, Esq. N. Y.: Shepard 1836.
Pp. 79-81.)
Written in the Table Rock album.
1837
Birp, JAMES. Francis Abbot; the recluse of Niagara, and metro- 1837
politan sketches. 2d ser. Lond.: Baldwin and Cradock. 1837. Bird
Pp. 1-93.
A narrative poem based on the facts as found in Alexander’s Trans-
atlantic sketches with variations by the author.
Euiza. Niagara. (Soc. lit. miss., Jan. 1837. 3:21—22:) 1837
Ate ate Air ‘ Eli
The spirit of the torrent, the spirit of beauty, the spirit of solitude, the
spirit of poesy, the spirit of devotion each in turn speaks.
1838
BUCKINGHAM, JAMES SILK. Hymn to Niagara. (/n Barham, 1,38
William, Descriptions of Niagara; selected from various travellers . . . Buckingham
Gravesend: n. d. Pp. 41-42.)
(Written at the first sight of magnificent Falls, August, 1838.)
Hail! Sovereign of the World of Floods, whose majesty and
might,
First dazzles —then enraptures— then o’erawes the aching
sight;
The pomp of kings and emperors, in every clime and zone,
Grows dim before the splendour of thy glorious watery throne.
723
1838
Buckingham
Niagara Falls
No flesh can stop thy progress, no armies bid thee stay;
But onward — onward — onward —thy march still holds its
way
The rising mist that veils thee as thine herald goes before,
And the music that proclaims thee is the thundering cataracts’
roar.
Thy diadem is an emerald green, of the clearest, purest hue,
Set round with waves of snow-white foam, and spray of feathery
dew;
White tresses of the brightest pearls float o’er thine ample sheet,
And the rainbow lays its gorgeous gems in tribute at thy feet.
Thy reign is of the ancient days, thy sceptre from on high,
Thy birth was when the morning stars together sang with joy:
The sun, the moon, and all the orbs that shine upon thee now,
Saw the first wreath of glory that enthron’d thy infant brow.
And from that hour to this, in which I gaze upon thy stream,
From age to age — in winter's frost, or summer's sultry beam —
By day, by night — without a pause — thy waves, with loud
acclaim,
In ceaseless sounds, have still proclaimed the Great Eternal’s
name.
For whether on thy forest banks, the Indian of the wood,
Or since his days, the Red Man’s foe, on his father-land have
stood —
Whoe’er has seen thine incense rise, or heard thy torrent roar,
Must have bent before the God of All! to worship and adore.
Accept then, O Supremely Great! — O Infinite! — O God!
From this primeval altar — the green and virgin sod —
The humble homage that my soul in gratitude would pay
To Thee! whose shield has guarded me through all my wander-
ing way.
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Music — Poetry — Fiction
For if the Ocean be as nought in the hollow of thy hand, 1838
And the Stars of the bright firmament, in thy balance grains of Buckinsham
sand,
If Niagara’s rolling flood seem great to us who lowly bow —
O! Great Creator of the Whole! how passing great art Thou!
Yet though Thy Power is greater than the finite mind can scan,
Still greater is thy Mercy — shown to weak dependent man,
For him Thou clothed the fertile field with herb, and fruit, and
seed,
For him, the woods, the lakes, the seas, supply his hourly need.
Around — on high — or far — or near — the Universal Whole
Proclaims Thy glory, as the orbs in their fixed courses roll;
And from Creation’s grateful voice, the hymn ascends above,
While heaven re-echoes back to earth, the chorus, “‘ God is Love.”
BUCKINGHAM, JAMES SILK. Hymn to Niagara. (Jn Johnson,
R. L., Niagara, its history, incidents, and poetry, . . . Wash:
W. Neale. 1898. Pp. 56-57.)
Evidently the same poem as the one quoted in Barham, although the
phraseology of the two poems differs in a number of lines.
(The) Canadian girl, or the Pirate of the lakes, a story of the affec- 1838
tions; by the authoress of the Jew’s daughter. Lond.: W. Bennett.
1838. Pp. 264-267.
An exaggerated, overdrawn and inaccurate scenic description of Niagara
and the Niagara region.
RICHARDSON, Major JoHN. Eight years in Canada. Montreal: 1838
H. H. Cunningham. 1847. Pp. 22-25. Richardson
A ‘description of the scenery, an account of the sensations and reflections
of the author on revisiting his old home on the Niagara. Some statistics
are also given and some remarks on the Table Rock album.
I had expected to see the mass of water tumbling, foaming,
from something like a height, and threatening, at every moment,
to enshroud the spectator in one huge sheet of prismatic spray,
and to plunge him into the vortex which formed its bed; whereas
on gaining the table rock I remarked, a few feet below me, a
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Niagara Falls
large flat sheet of water, that gurgled, and hissed, and lashed
itself into fury at its immediate point of descent, but which, as far
as the eye could reach above presented an almost unbroken
uniformity of surface. It is this want of irregularity added to the
absence of corresponding scenery, that robs the Falls in my esti-
mation of much of the imposing grandeur that otherwise attaches
to them.
1839
GRINFIELD, THOMAS. Hymn on Niagara. (Jn Barham William,
Descriptions of Niagara; selected from various travellers;
Gravesend: n. d. Pp. 176-177.)
An anthem, * like the sound of many waters! ’
The prophet heard it, as in wondrous vision
He lay entranced upon the cliffs of PATMos;
And wouldst thou hear its emblem, go and listen,
In deep and dread delight, to NIAGARA!
That everlasting anthem which hath peal’d
Nor paus’d a moment, from the birth of ages!
And, fitting emblem of celestial chorus,
The loud eternity of rushing music
Disturbs not, but subdues and fills, the spirit
With feelings of unutterable stillness,”
And infinite tranquillity, excluding
The world with all its dissonance of passions.
There, too, a cloud of ever-offer’d incense
From nature’s altar, — in the vapoury column
On which bright rainbows beam the smiles of mercy, —
Hath risen well-nigh six thousand years to heaven, :
In unison with that astounding chorus
Of multitudinous and white-robed waters,
So glorious in the fury of their rapture
Around their awful and mysterious centre!
And oft, stupendous Cataract, as winter
Comes listening to thy choral hallelujahs,
1Charles Dickens records this impression.
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Music — Poetry — Fiction
And gazing on thy pomp of rising incense; 1839
With mimic semblance of some mighty temple Grinfield
He loves to grace thee, and thy shaggy borders
Fantastically silvers o’er with frost-work;
Pranking with icy pinnacles and pillars
The walls of thy magnificent Cathedral :'
But ne’er Cathedral owned a crypt so dreadful
As thine, o’er-arch’d with such a thundering deluge.
And still the thunder of the eternal anthem,
And still the column of ascending incense,
Shall draw remotest pilgrims to thy worship,
Shall hold them breathless in thy sovereign presence,
And lost to all that they before had look’d on;
Yea, conjur'd up by strong imagination,
Shall sound in ears that never heard the music,
Shall gleam in eyes that ne’er beheld the vision;
Till the great globe, with all that it inherits,
Shall vanish,— like that cloud of ceaseless incense,—
In thunder,— like that falling world of waters.
Oh peerless paragon of earthly wonders!
Embodying, in their most intense expression,
Beauty, sublimity, might, music, motion,
To fix and fill at once eye, ear, thought, feeling;
And kindling, into unknown exaltation,
Dread and delight, astonishment and rapture!
Sure Gob said, let there be a NIAGARA!
And, lo, a NIAGARA heard His bidding;
And glimmer’d forth a sparkle of His glory,
And whisper’d here the thunder of Omnipotence!
Clifton, Apmnil, 1839.
1 Mrs. Jameson describes its weighty magnificence.
1840
CLARK, WILLIS GayYLorD. (Poem). (/n Holley, W., Niagara; 1840
its history and geology, incidents and poetry. . . . N. Y. Buffalo, Clark
Toronto.: 1872. Pp. 161-162.)
727
1840
Clark
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Clinch
1840
Cooper
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1840
M’Jilton
1840
Tappan
Niagara Falls
The author was an American journalist, the editor of the Philadelphia
Gazette.
Here speaks the voice of God — let man be dumb,
Nor with his vain aspiring hither come.
That voice impels the hollow-sounding floods,
And like a Presence fills the distant woods.
These groaning rocks the Almighty’s finger piled;
For ages here his painted bow has smiled,
Mocking the changes and the chance of time —
Eternal, beautiful, serene, sublime!
CLincH, Rev. JosEpH H. Niagara. (dn his The Captivity in
Babylon, and other poems. Bost.: Burns. 1840. Pp. 77-81.)
Ten stanzas descriptive of the author’s emotion, musings and reflections
on the Falls and their scenery.
CooPER, JAMES FENIMORE. ‘The pathfinder; or The inland sea.
. . » Phila.: Lea and Blanchard. 1840. 1:47-49. 2:52-53.
Conversation about Niagara.
——________—_—. Legend of the whirlpool. Buffalo, N. Y.:
Press of Thomas & Co. 1840.
A story told in verse of a battle to the death in the waters of the whirl-
pool between Huron and Iroquois.
M’Jitton, J. N. Niagara. (/n his Poems. Bost.: Otis,
Broaders. 1840. Pp. 112-115.)
A tribute to the restlessness and might, the terror and beauty of the
resistless and everlasting torrent.
TAPPAN, WILLIAM B. Niagara. (Jn his Poet’s tribute; poems of
William B. Tappan. Bost.: King, Crocker and Brewster. 1840.
P30.)
Niagara! — the poetry of God!
Whose numbers tell, in everlasting hymn,
Only of God! The morning stars that woke
Music along their courses, early caught
Its far off echoes, and in wild delight
Returned them, softened, round the universe.
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Think not, think not, Earth’s triflers! that for you
And garish Day, these melodies chime on.
When ye, diminished, lost, are known not, Night,
Night to the awful anthem ever hearkens,
And ever with new joy. Oh, how sublime
The symphony, that, under the expanse
Of stars, peals on in unexhausted power:
Niagara! — and the sole listener, Night!
1841
Alida; or, Miscellaneous sketches of incidents during the late American
war founded on fact. With poems. By an unknown author. 3d ed.
rev. & imp. N. Y.: Printed for the author, 1841. Pp. 183-191.
GuRNEY, JosEPH JOHN. A journey in North America, described
in familiar letters to Amelia Opie. Norwich: Printed for private cir-
culation. 1841. P. 320.
Six hundred twenty thousand tuns, each minute, is the
measure,
That fills thy giant bow] for us with wonder, awe, and pleasure;
Niagara the great, the free, old Erie’s swift discharger,
The billowy breast that banished thee, but sends thee to a larger.
Ontario bids a welcome to thy foaming, gushing waters,
That freshly fill her yawning caves, and nourish all her daughters.
Sunshine and rain contend for thee, thou plaything of all
weathers,
Thy falling flood of glass and pearls breaks into fairest feathers;
But where the deeper billows roll o’er the centre of thy crescent,
Thy vest is of liquid emerald, with native snows florescent.
Thy stream below is a floating field of winter’s purest whiteness,
Till it melts away into green and grey, rejoicing in its brightness.
Clouds of thy own creation rise, in wild array, around thee,
And in her zone of magic hues, the radiant bow hath bound thee.
Farewell, flow on —in bygone worlds thy veteran locks were
hoary,
And forests wild, untrod by man, have sung thine ancient glory.
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1841
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Gurney
1841
Gurney
1841
ERED DD;
1841
Morpeth
Niagara Falls
A meaner muse of modern days, now ventures to admire thee,
Her music thou may’st well despise — thy own shall never tire
thee.
H. E. D. The fugitive slave’s apostrophe to Niagara. (Jn Buck-
ingham, Joseph T., Personal memoirs and recollections of editorial life.
Bost.: Ticknor, Reed, Fields. 1852. 2:192-194.)
An apostrophe, ringing and strong, to Niagara as the boundary of the
land of liberty.
*MorPETH, GEORGE WILLIAM FREDERICK Howarp, Lord.
Niagara Falls. (Jn Holley, G. W., Niagara; its history and geology,
incidents and poetry. . . . N. Y. Buffalo, Toronto: 1872.
P. 1625)
Lord Morpeth, who was Lord Lieutenant of Ireland from 1855 to
1864, made three visits to Niagara Falls These lines were written after
1841.
There’s nothing great or bright, thou glorious Fall!
Thou mayest not to the fancy’s sense recall.
The thunder-riven cloud, the light’ning’s leap,
The stirring of the chambers of the deep;
Earth’s emerald green, and many tinted dyes,
The fleecy whiteness of the upper skies;
The tread of armies thickening as they come,
The boom of cannon and the beat of drum;
The brow of beauty and the form of grace,
The passion and the prowess of our race;
The song of Homer in its loftiest hour,
The unresisted sweep of human power;
Britannia’s trident on the azure sea,
America’s young shout of Liberty!
Oh! may the waves which madden in thy deep
There spend their rage nor climb the encircling steep;
And till the conflict of thy surges cease
The nations on thy banks repose in peace.
1Succeeded to title, Earl of Carlisle.
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Music — Poetry — Fiction
1842
APPLETON, THOMAS GoLp. Goat Island, Niagara. (Jn his Faded 1842
leaves. Bost.: Roberts Bros. 1872. P. 33.) Appleton
Peace and perpetual quiet are around.
Upon the erect and dusky file of stems,
Sustaining yon far roof, expelling sound,
Through which the sky sparkles (a rain of gems
Lost in the forest’s depth of shade), the sun
At times doth shoot an arrow of pure gold,
Flecking majestic trunks with hues of dun,
Veining their barks with silver, and betraying
Secret initials tied in true love knots;
Of hearts no longer through green alleys straying,
But stifled in the world’s distasteful grots.
The silence is monastic, save in spots
Where heaves a glimmer of uncertain light,
And rich wild tones enchant the woodland night.
June, 1842. |
APPLETON, THOMAS GoLp. Niagara. (Jn his Faded leaves.
Bost): Roberts Bros, ¢ 1872: .Pp. 27-30.)
Though the dusk has extinguished the green
And the glow of the down-falling silver,
In my heart I prefer this subdued,
Cathedral-like gloom on the water;
When the fancy capriciously wills,
Nor loves to define or distinguish,
Ass a dream which enchants us with fear,
And scarce throbs the heart unaffrighted.
With a color and a voice of its own
I behold this wondrous creature
Move as a living thing,
And joyous with joy Titanic.
Its brothers in sandstone are locked,
Yet from their graves speak to it.
It sings to them as it moves,
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Niagara Falls
And the hills and uplands re-echo.
The sunshine kindles its scales,
And they kindle with opal and sapphire.
It uplifts its tawny mane,
With its undulations of silver,
And tosses through showers of foam,
Its flanks seamed with shadow and sunshine.
Like the life of man is its course,
Born far in some cloudy sierra,
Dimpled and wayward and small,
O’erleaped by the swerving roebuck;
But enlarging with mighty growth,
And wearing wide lakes for its bracelets,
It moves, the king of streams,
As a man wears the crown of his manhood.
It shouts to the loving fields,
Which toss to it flowers and perfume;
It eddies and winds round its isles,
And its kisses thrill them with rapture;
Till it fights in its strength and o’ercomes
The rocks which bar its progress.
The earth hears its cries of rage,
As it tramples them in its rushing,
Leaping, exultant above
And smiting them in derision;
Till at length, its life fulfilled,
Sublime in majestic calmness,
It submits to death, and falls
With a beauty it wins in dying,
Stull, wan, prone, till curtains of foam enclose it,
To arise a spirit of mist,
And return to the Heaven it came from.
As deepens the night, all is changed,
And the joy of my dream is extinguished:
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I hear but a measureless prayer, 1842
As of multitudes wailing in anguish; Appleton
I see but one fluttering plunge,
As if angels were falling from heaven.
Indistinctly, at times, I behold
Cuthullin and Ossian’s old heroes
Look at me with eyes sad with tears,
And a summons to follow their flying,
Absorbed in wild, eerie rout,
Of wind-swept and desolate spectres.
As deepens the night, a clear cry
At times cleaves the boom of the waters;
Comes with it a terrible sense
Of suffering extreme and forever.
The beautiful rainbow is dead,
And gone are the birds which sang through it.
The incense so mounting is now
A stifling, sulphurous vapor,
The abyss is the hell of the lost,
Hopeless falling to fires everlasting.
June, 1842.
H. D. M. The Falls of Niagara. (West. lit. mess’gr. Aug. 17, 4842
ho42. ° 2:56.) H. D. M.
An original poem from the “ album of Mr. Hooker.”
Majestic! and stupendous! Wonder-work,
Sublime beyond Imagination!
Beyond expression, glorious and grand!
Awe-struck I stand, soul-swelling with emotion
Too powerful for thought; soul-wrapt with feeling
Too mighty for endurance. Yet to feel
Thus for one moment, might repay existence,
Though life had been more darkly cast than mine,
And mine has been — no matter: Now I’m blest.
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Niagara Falls
1842 I gaze till I am lost in what I gaze on;
Sense flies; self vanishes; I mingle with,
And am a part of what I see and hear,—
The foaming torrents, and their deaf’ning roar!
At once elated and depressed, my soul
Drinks in the spectacle, conscious alike
Of weakness and power. Tis glorious!
I swear ’tis glorious! — Altar and fountain
Of the Eternal God! — And there ye roll
Ye volumed waters, from age unchronicled,
To ages moveless in the womb of time!
Forever changing, yet fore’er the same: —
The same when broke the promise-bow of heaven,
To diadem your awful brow; the same,
When bent the red-man o’er your thundering fall: —
To be the same when earth and sky shall meet
In final wreck, and mute eternity
Forever reign! O! ye are wonderful,
Ye massive rocks! Ye rapids in your rush!
Ye trembling cataracts! thou boiling surge!
To heaven up-rising like the good man’s prayer,
In the dark hour of tumult and dismay.
And O! thou dread abyss in which are poured
Those endless torrents, that thy fountains lash
To tempest fury in their reckless fall,
O! ye are dizzy to the mortal eye,
And terrible — most terrible to mortal sense!
And the loud roar of your undying thunder!
Ah! what is Man to your surpassing might?
And what are you, proud monuments of Time,
To Him who called you from the depths of nought,
And cast you careless from his plastic hand,
The playthings of Omnipotence ?
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Omnipotence! Eternity! oh there, 1842
Rise thou my thought! fix thou my soul on Him, dp ceiels
Th’ Omnipotent — the Eternal! led by Him,
Safe o’er the cataracts of time, to dwell
Sweetly embosomed on the shores of bliss.
1843
Bacon, EZEKIEL. Aegri Somnia; recreations of a sick room. 1843
N.Y.: J. Allen. 1843. Pp. 105-107. Bacon
A poem entitled “* Niagara Falls’’; religious in tone.
Liston, JAMES KNox. Niagara Falls; a poem in three cantos. 1843
Toronto: Author. 1843. Liston
This poem exalts Niagara as a monument of divine power, describes
the Falls under various aspects, assails the wicked policy of the United
States in aiding Bonaparte, describes the Battle of Lundy’s Lane with
reflections on the war, discusses the Fall of Man and contains a prayer.
CHANNING, WILLIAM ELLery. The Niagara Fall. (/n his 4843
Poems. Bost.: Little and Brown. 1843. P. 35.) Channing
"Tis the boom of the fall with a heavy power
Solemn and slow as a thunder-cloud
Majestic as the vast ocean’s roar
Though the green trees round its singing crowd,
And the light is as green as the emerald grass
Or the wide leaved plants in the wet morass
It sounds over all, and the rushing storm
Cannot wrinkle its temples or wave its hair.
It dwells alone in the pride of its form,
A lonely thing in the populous air
From the hanging cliffs it whirls away,
All seasons through, all the livelong day.
1844
Bui, SARA C. (Ole Bull’s “ Niagara”) (Jn her Memoirs of 1844
Ole Bull. Bost.: Houghton, Mifflin & Co. 1886. Pp. 169-172.) Bull
An account of Ole Bull’s composition ‘* Niagara,”” which was played
in public for the first time in New York in the winter of 1844. A
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Niagara Falls
criticism of N. P. Willis, and one of Mrs. Lydia Maria Childs are
included in this account. Portions of both these criticisms are quoted
below.
Willis says:
We believe that we have heard a transfusion into music —
not of “ Niagara,” which the audience seemed bona-fide to
expect, but of the pulses of a human heart at Niagara. We had
a prophetic boding of the result of calling the piece vaguely
** Niagara, "— the listener furnished with no “ argument”’ as a
guide through the wilderness of ‘‘ treatment” to which the sub-
ject was open. . . .
The emotion at Niagara is all but mute. It is a “* small, still
voice’ that replies within us to the thunder of waters. The
musical mission of the Norwegian was to represent the insensate
element as it was to him — to a human soul, stirred in its seldom
reached depths by the call of power. It was the answer to
Niagara that he endeavored to render in music — not the call!
Mrs. Childs says:
The sublime waterfall is ever present with its echoes,
but present in a calm, contemplative soul. One of the most poetic
minds I know, after listening to this music, said to me: “ The
first time I saw Niagara, I came upon it through the woods, in the
clear sunlight of a summer’s morning; and these tones are a per-
fect transcript of my emotions! ’’ In truth, it seems to me a
perfect disembodied poem; a most beautiful mingling of natural
sounds with the reflex of their impressions on a refined and
romantic mind. ‘This serene grandeur, this pervading beauty,
which softens all the greatness, gave the composition its greatest
charm to those who love poetic expression in music; but it renders
it less captivating to the public in general than they had antici-
pated. Had it been called a Pastorale composed within hearing
of Niagara, their preconceived ideas would have been more in
accordance with its calm, bright majesty.
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CRANCH, CHRISTOPHER PEARSE. The cataract isle. (Jn Johnson, 1844
R. L., Niagara; its history, incidents, and poetry. . . . Wash:; W. Cranch
Neale. 1898. Pp. 49-50.)
The author was an American landscape painter, a poet and translator.
His verses have artistic and literary merit.
I wandered through the ancient wood
That crowns the cataract isle.
I heard the roaring of the flood
And saw its wild fierce smile.
Through tall tree-tops the sunshine flecked
The huge trunks and the ground
And the pomp of fullest summer decked
The island all around.
And winding paths led all along
Where friends and lovers strayed,
And voices rose with laugh and song
From sheltered nooks of shade.
Through opening forest vistas whirled
The rapids’ foamy flash,
As they boiled along and plunged and swirled,
And neared the last long dash.
I crept to the island’s outer verge,
Where the grand, broad river fell —
Fell sheer down amid foam and surge
In a white and blinding hell.
The steady rainbow gaily shone
Above the precipice,
And the deep low tone of a thunder groan
Rolled up from the drear abyss.
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Niagara Falls
1844 And all the day sprang up the spray
ee Where the broad white sheets were poured,
And fell around in showery play,
Or upward curled and soared.
And all the night those sheets of white
Gleamed through the spectral mist,
When o’er the isle the broad moonlight
The wintry foam-flakes kissed.
Mirrored within my dreamy thought,
I see it, I feel it all —
That island with sweet visions fraught,
That awful waterfall.
With sun-flecked trees, and birds and flowers,
The Isle of Life is fair;
But one deep voice thrills through its hours,
One spectral form is there —
A power no mortal can resist,
Rolling forever on —
A floating cloud, a shadowy mist,
Eternal undertone.
And through the sunny vistas gleam
The fate, the solemn smile.
Life is Niagara’s rushing stream:
Its dream — that peaceful isle!
1845
1845 SIGOURNEY, Mrs. Lyp1a H. Scenes in my native land. Boston:
Sigourney = James Munroe and Co. 1845. Pp. 3-20; 148-161; 317-318.
Prose and poetry descriptive of Niagara Falls. Pp. 3-20, Niagara.
Pp. 148-161, The hermit of the Falls. Pp. 317-318, Farewell to
Niagara.
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1846
Burroucus, Rev. CHARLES. Niagara Falls. (Jn his The poetry 1846
of religion and other poems. Bost.: Ticknor, Reed and Fields. 1851, Burroughs
Pp. 62-66, 67-68.)
Composed at Niagara August 10, 1846. To the clergyman-author
the rush of the waters was a song of rapture to God, the clouds of spray
were incense, the rainbow was a reminder of redemption by Christ, the
cliffs were altars, and the whole Falls an inspiration to worship.
CLINTON, GEorRGE W. Sketches of Niagara falls and river, by 1846
Cousin George. Buffalo: Peck. 1846. Clinton
An imaginary conversation about the scenery between “* Cousin George ”’
and his two young cousins as the three walk about the Falls.
Francis Abbott; or, The hermit of Niagara. The group of adventurers
stopped a moment on the platform, with the opening into the
misty cavern for a background, and the artist said that the pic-
ture was, beyond all power of the pencil, strange and fantastic.
There is nothing, after all, that the human race will not dare
for a new sensation.
The walk around Goat Island is probably unsurpassed in the
world for wonder and beauty. The Americans have every rea-
son to be satisfied with their share of the fall; they get nowhere
one single grand view like that from the Canada side, but
infinitely the deepest impression of majesty and power is obtained
on Goat Island. There the spectator is in the midst of the war
of nature. From the point over the Horseshoe Fall our friends,
speaking not much, but more and more deeply moved, strolled
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Music — Poetry — Fiction
along in the lovely forest, in a rural solemnity, in a local calm,
almost a seclusion, except for the ever-present shuddering roar
in the air. On the shore above the Horseshoe they first compre-
hended the breadth, the great sweep, of the rapids. “The white
crests of the waves in the west were coming out from under a
black, lowering sky; all the foreground was in bright sunlight,
dancing, sparkling, leaping, hurrying on, converging to the angle
where the water becomes a deep emerald at the break and plunge.
The rapids above are a series of shelves, bristling with jutting
rocks and lodged trunks of trees, and the wildness of the scene is
intensified by the ragged fringe of evergreens on the opposite
shore.
Over the whole island the mist, rising from the caldron, drifts
in spray when the wind is favorable; but on this day the forest
was bright and cheerful, and as the strollers went farther away
from the Great Fall, the beauty of the scene began to steal away
its terror. [he roar was still dominant, but far off and softened,
and did not crush the ear. The triple islands, the Three Sisters,
in their picturesque wildness appeared like playful freaks of
nature in a momentary relaxation of the savage mood. Here
is the finest view of the river; to one standing on the outermost
island the great flood seems tumbling out of the sky. They con-
tinued along the bank of the river. The shallow stream races
by headlong, but close to the edge are numerous eddies, and
places where one might step in and not be swept away. At
length they reached the point where the river divides, and the
water stands for an instant almost still, hesitating whether to take
the Canadian or American plunge. Out a little way from the
shore the waves leap and tumble, and the two currents are like
race-horses parted on two ways to the goal. Just at this point
the water swirls and lingers, having lost all its fierceness and haste,
and spreads itself out placidly, dimpling in the sun. It may be a
treacherous pause, this water may be as cruel as that which rages
below and exults in catching a boat or a man and bounding with
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the victim over the cataract; but the calm was very grateful to
the stunned and buffeted visitors; upon their jarred nerves it was
like the peace of God.
The relief from the dread of Niagara felt at this point of
peace was only temporary. The dread returned when the party
approached again the turmoil of the American Fall, and fell
again under the influence of the merciless haste of the flood. And
there every islet, every rock, every point, has its legend of terror;
here a boat lodged with a man in it, and after a day and night
of vain attempts to rescue him, thousands of people saw him take
the frightful leap, throwing up his arms as he went over; here a
young woman slipped, and was instantly whirled away out of
life; and from that point more than one dazed or frantic visitor
had taken the suicidal leap. Death was so near here and so
easy !
One seems in less personal peril on the Canadian side, and has
more the feeling of a spectator, and less that of a participant in
the wild uproar. Perhaps there is more sense of force, but the
majesty of the scene is relieved by a hundred shifting effects of
light and color. In the afternoon, under a broken sky, the rapids
above the Horseshoe reminded one of the seashore on a very
stormy day. Impeded by the rocks, the flood hesitated and even
ran back, as if reluctant to take the final plunge! ‘The sienna
color of the water on the table contrasted sharply with the emerald
at the break of the fall. A rainbow springing out of the centre
of the caldron arched clear over the American cataract, and was
one moment bright and the next dimly seen through the mist,
which boiled up out of the foam of waters and swayed in the
wind. Through this veil darted adventurous birds, flashing their
wings in the prismatic colors, and circling about as if fascinated
by the awful rush and thunder. With the shifting wind and the
passing clouds the scene was in perpetual change; now the
American Fall was creamy white, and the mist below dark, and
again the heavy mass was gray and sullen, and the mist like
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silver spray. Perhaps nowhere else in the world is the force of
nature so overpowering to the mind, and as the eye wanders
from the chaos of the fall to the far horizon, where the vast rivers
of rapids are poured out of the sky, one feels that this force is
inexhaustible and eternal.
If our travellers expected to escape the impression they were
under by driving down to the rapids and whirlpool below, they
were mistaken. Nowhere is the river so terrible as where it rushes,
as if maddened by its narrow bondage, through the cafon. Flung
down the precipice and forced into this contracted space, it fumes
and tosses and rages with vindictive fury, driving on in a passion
that has almost a human quality in it. Restrained by the walls
of stone from being destructive, it seems to rave at its own impo-
tence, and when it reaches the whirlpool it is like a hungry
animal, returning and licking the shore for the prey it has missed.
But it has not always wanted a prey. Now and again it has a
wreck or a dead body to toss and fling about. Although it does
not need the human element of disaster to make this canon grew-
some, the keepers of the show places make the most of the late
Captain Webb. So vivid were their narratives that our sympa-
thetic party felt his presence continually, saw the strong swimmer
tossed like a chip, saw him throw up his hands, saw the agony
in his face at the spot where he was last seen. There are several
places where he disappeared, each vouched for by creditable
witnesses, so that the horror of the scene is multiplied for the
tourist. The late afternoon had turned gray and cold, and
dashes of rain fell as our party descended to the whirlpool. As
they looked over the heaped-up and foaming waters in this eddy
they almost expected to see Captain Webb or the suicide of the
night before circling round in the maelstrom. They came up
out of the gorge silent, and drove back to the hotel full of nervous
apprehension.
King found no telegram from Irene, and the place seemed
to him intolerable. The artist was quite ready to go on in the
morning; indeed, the whole party, although they said it was
799
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1886
Warner
1886
Warner
1887
Bodenstedt
Niagara Falls
unreasonable, confessed that they were almost afraid to stay
longer; the roar, the trembling, the pervading sense of a blind
force and rage, inspired a nameless dread. The artist said, the
next morning at the station, that he understood the feelings of
Lot.
WARNER, CHARLES DUDLEY. Their pilgrimage. (Harp., Oct.,
1886. 76:677.)
1887
BoDENSTEDT, FREDERICK. Niagara. (/n Ott, Adolph and
Palmer, Hans, Nordamerika. Vereinigte Staaten von Amerika.
Bern. Rydegger und Baumgart. 1887. P. 503.)
In addition to this quotation from Bodenstedt, the three pages immedi-
ately preceding contain information concerning railroad, hotels, history
and scenery of Niagara Falls.
Nie erschien mir ein Strombild an Wundern so reich,
So sturmisch im Wechsel, doch immer sich gleich
In bezaubernder Macht urgewaltigen Seins
Und hehrer Gebilde des Schalles und Scheins.
Trib war der Himmel, als ich zuerst dich sah,
In deiner wilden Grosse, Niagara,
Und die Sonne war schon im Unteregh’n,
Als ich kam, dich zum letzen Male zu seh’n.
Und du hiessest mich selbst tief hmuntersteigen,
Um dich mir in voller Grosse zu zeigen.
Im tiefen, gewundenen Felsenbette.
Dich umragt keine schimmernde Bergeskette,
Deine Ufer sind flach und ode ganz,
Doch do brauchst keines prangenden Rahmens Glanz:
Deine eigene Gult, deiner Wellen Klang
Wird mir leuchten und klingen mein Leben lang.
BoDENSTEDT, FREDERICK. Niagara. (See Michigan Central
Railroad Company, From city to surf. . . . Chicago: Rand,
McNally. 1888. Pp. 67-68.)
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Music — Poetry — Fiction
CHARLES, EmiLy THORNTON. An address to the body of a manin 1887
the whirlpool. Niagara. (Jn her Lyrical poems. Phila.: Lippincott, Charles
1887. Pp. 110-111.)
Not a great poem, but written in an interesting and buoyant style.
1888
FRECHETTE, Louis. Le Niagara. (See Michigan Central Railroad 1888
Company, From city to surf. . . . Chicago: Rand, McNally, Frechette
1888. P. 63.)
1889
SLADEN, DouGLAs BROOKE WHEELTON. To the American fall 1889
at Niagara (/n Sladen, Douglas, ed., Younger American poets Sladen
1830-1890. . . . With an appendix of Younger Canadian poets;
ed. by G. B. Roberts. Lond. and Sydney: Griffith, Farran, Okeden
and Welsh. 1891. Dedicatory sonnet.)
This sonnet is dated Niagara, October 18, 1889.
Niagara, national emblem! Cataract
Born of the maddened rapids, sweeping down
Direct, resistless from the abyss’s crown
Into the deep, fierce pool with vast impact
Scarce broken by the giant boulders, stacked
To meet thine onslaught, threatening to drown
Fach tillaged plain, each level-loving town
"Twixt thee and ocean. Lo! the type exact!
America Niagarized the world.
Europe, a hundred years agone, beheld
An avalanche, like pent-up Erie, hurled
Through barriers, to which the rocks of eld
Seemed toy things — leaping into godlike space.
A sign and wonder to the human race.
Younc, Mrs. Jutia Ditto. Adrift: a story of Niagara. Phila.: 1g89
Lippincott. 1889. Young
A tale of a summer flirtation.
51 801
1890
Chandler
1891
Dexter
1891
Imrie
1892
Van Duzee
1892
Williams
Niagara Falls
1890
CHANDLER, HENRY. The nymph of Niagara gore. Buffalo:
1890.
A poor attempt at poetry in seven eight-line stanzas. ‘The scene is laid
at Foster Flats.
1891
DEXTER, CHARLES. Niagara. (Jn his In memoriam, versions and
idle measures. Cincinnati: Robert Clarke & Co. 1891. P. 186-191.)
A little love story with Erie, Niagara, and Ontario as dramatis
personae.
IMRIE, JOHN. Niagara Falls. (Jn his Songs and miscellaneous
poems. Toronto: Imre and Graham. 1891. Pp. 26-28.)
Eight stanzas religious and patriotic in tone.
1892
VAN DuzEE, L. D. Niagara. (Jn his By the Atlantic, later poems.
Bost.: Lee and Shepard. 1892. Pp. 247-250.)
Another poet who saw the hand of God in the Falls and in their
presence felt the insignificance of man.
Wituiams, Espy. Niagara. (/n his Dream of art, and other
poems. N. Y.: Putnam. 1892. P. 70.)
Before — the bright green waters
In listless madness fly,
Leap shouting smoothly downward,
Mount mistful, white to sky.
Above — the bright sun shining,
Kisses the dancing spray,
Till smiling it blushes all colors
And in gladness melts away.
O heart! with your tireless torrent
Of doubt, and cataract fears,
Love’s sunshine still kisses to blushes,
And scatters your mist and tears.
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Music — Poetry — Fiction
1893
Becc, Mary Mitiar. Niagara. (Jn her My mother’s marriage easy
ring and other poems. Glasgow: Bryce. 1893. P. 100.) BS
Two stanzas addressed to the “* majestic torrent’’ and ‘* overpowering
force ’’ of Niagara.
LovEMAN, RosBertT. Niagara. (/n his Poems. Tuscaloosa: 1893
Barton 1693; P.. 17.) Loveman
Some vast despair, some grief divine,
Doth vigil keep,
Forever here; Before this shrine
The waters weep.
Methinks a God from some far sphere,
In sportive part,
In ages past wooed Nature here,
And broke her heart.
1894
BakKER, NAAMAN R._ An ode to Niagara. (Jn his Constancy and 1894
other poems. Mt. Morris. 1894. P. 48.) Baker
A brief poem dealing with the short span of man’s life as compared
with the everlastingness of Niagara.
CoMMELIA, ANNA OLcoTT. Niagara. (Jn her Of such is the king- 1894
dom, and other poems. N. Y.: Fowler and Wells. 1894. Pp, Commelia
17-20.)
Addressed to Niagara as the marvel, monarch, pride, and wonder of
the West.
GILDER, RICHARD WATSON. At Niagara. (Jn his Poems. Bost. 1894
& N. Y.: Houghton, Mifflin & Co. 1908. Pp. 215-216.) Gilder
I
There at the chasm’s edge behold her lean
Trembling as, ‘neath the charm,
A wild bird lifts no wing to ‘scape from harm;
Her very soul drawn to the glittering, green,
803
1894
Gilder
Niagara Falls
Smooth, lustrous, awful, lovely curve of peril;
While far below the bending sea of bery]
Thunder and tumult — whence a billowy spray
Enclouds the day.
I]
What dream is hers? No dream hath wrought that spell!
The long waves rise and sink;
Pity that virgin soul on passion’s brink,
Confronting Fate — swift, unescapable,—
Fate, which of nature is the intent and core,
And dark and strong as the steep river’s pour,
Cruel as love, and wild as love’s first kiss!
Ah, God! the abyss.
H. E. J. ‘*A poem of the elements,”’ an appreciation of Niagara:
August, 1891. (Critic, Sept. 22, 1894. 25:181.)
A critic of Niagara descriptions. The author found noble dignity
and repose but nothing of awe, terror, desolation, or death in the Falls.
The deafening roar did not exist for him. In his own words, “* the fullest
and most buoyant life, the sprightliest animation, the gayest colors and the
loudest song—these are the language of that poem of the elements we
call Niagara.”
McCann, JOHN EARNEST and SALTUS, FRANCIs S. Niagara.
(McClure, Oct., 1894. 3:436.)
A short poem, written in 1888 and reprinted by special request. Has
real literary menit.
Since the first dawn, thro’ vague and unknown ways,
Between the icy north and where I fall,
From lands beyond the pole, from where brooks call,
And sing responsive to the cold birds’ lays,
I glide, I leap, I bound, thro’ nights and days;
I rush, I rave, I roar, and I appall —
Ay! to the very heights of heaven’s wall —
The hosts that reverential glances raise.
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Music — Poetry — Fiction
And puny men who walk the earth ne’er dream
Of the great force beneath my glassy face;
And, so, from my brown bed up to the sod,
I seem in all my majesty supreme
Defying time and earth, and fate and space,
To be the tumult of the tears of God!
TRUMBULL, WILLIAM. ‘The legend of the white canoe. N. Y. and
Lond.: Putnam. 1894.
A story told in verse of the ancient Indian custom among the tribes in
the vicinity of Niagara, of a sacrifice to the Spirit of the Falls. In a
white birch-bark canoe was sent over the Falls the fairest maiden of the
tribe, surrounded by ripe fruits and blooming flowers. ‘The sacrifice was
supposed to propitiate the Spirit of the Falls and gain for the tribe pros-
perity and abundant crops.
PROEM.
Mid the rush of mighty waters, in the thundering cataract’s roar,
Where Niagara’s streaming rapids down in headlong torrent pour;
When the serried waves like chargers madly leaping to the fray,
Fling aloft their snowy crests and toss their manes of flying spray,
Rearing, plunging, onward urging — Nature’s glorious cavalry!
Where the eternal sweep of waters like the unending surge of time,
Pulsing, throbs in rhythmic measure to a wondrous strain sublime:
Dwells, so ancient legends say, the mighty Spirit of the Falls,
Who, from out the tumult, hoarsely, for unbounded homage calls.
Here the children of the forest, spellbound by that deafening roar,
‘Stopped to gaze with listening wonder, in the simpler days of yore;
Awe-struck, gazed in silent worship, well beseeming Nature’s
child,
As in chase they roamed the plain, or tracked in war the path-
less wild;
And as often as they listened, on the voices of the flood
Deep were borne the Spirit’s mutterings, calling fierce for human
blood;
Ay, and sacrifice more cruel in that cry, they understood:
Gift of Nature’s choicest treasure, peerless budding womanhood!
805
1894
McCann
& Saltus
1894
Trumbull
1895
Allis
1895
Thomson
1895
Young
1896
Scanlan
1896
Tabb
1896
Thayer
1898
Johnson
Niagara Falls
1895
A.LLis, ALMON TRASK. Uncle Alvin at Niagara. (Jn his Uncle
Alvin at home and abroad. Hbornellsville. 1895. Pp. 112-134.)
Uncle Alvin and Nancy Jane take a day off for an excursion trip to
Niagara. ‘The poem consists of descriptions of and reflections on sights
and scenes at Niagara in pleasant vein.
THOMSON, EDWARD WILLIAM. John Bedell, United States loyalist.
(/n his Old Man Savarin and other stories. N. Y. and Boston: T. Y.
Crowell & Co. (c. 1895.) Pp. 251-270.) ‘
The scene of this story of love and death is laid at the Falls. A father
gives his life to save his daughter and her lover.
Younac, Davin. Historical facts and thrilling incidents of the Niagara
frontier. Niagara Falls, N. Y.: (1895.)
Among others are the accounts of the hermit, Webb, the Maid of
the Mist, and the poem of Avery.
1896
”
SCANLAN, WALLACE. “ Dirty”: a story of Niagara. (The reminder.
Lockport, N. Y.: August, 1896. 1:1.)
A story of an unknown wronged man who heroically gives up his life
to save the woman who had deserted him, from going over the Falls.
Tass, JoHN B. Niagara. (Atlantic, Sept., 1896. 78:403.)
A little poem — thoughts suggested by Niagara.
THAYER, EUGENE. Music of Niagara. (Sci. Am. sup., Mar. 7,
1896. 41:16837.)
A brief extract reprinted from the Trinity Record.
1898
JoHNSON, RicHARD Lewis. Apostrophe to Niagara. (/n_ his
Niagara; its history, incidents and poetry. . . . Wash.: Neale.
1898. Pp. 35-41.)
Cyclopean torrent, this thy throne,
Which man but yesterday hath known,
Through all thy countless ages flown,
Creation’s masterpiece.
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Music — Poetry — Fiction
How wonderful and vast thou art!
Grand Pantheon of Omniscient art!
Thy flood-gates demonstrate thou art
** Without a parallel! ”
Awe-struck I hear the passing crowd
Of heaving storm waves thundering loud,
And see them writing here the proud
Grand Autograph of God.
A thousand waves on dress parade
Urge on the crowding cavalcade,
Which pauses on the brink, afraid
The awful plunge to take.
See yon gigantic wave command
The myriad troopers, as they stand
Erect, with flashing sword in hand,
To charge the host below!
Adown they charge, that mighty force,
Resistless in its downward course;
The rider and the foaming horse —
Brigade Victorious!
Thy grand facade, with curtains down,
Presents no monster’s ugly frown,
But like a maiden’s bridal gown,
A robe of beauty is.
Its elevation reaches high,
And fain would touch the changing sky,
Its falling waters ever cry,
Rejoicing as they leap.
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1898
Johnson
1898
Johnson
Niagara Falls
Majestic fleets that float their flags,
And brave Old Ocean’s rocky crags,
Dare not approach our rugged snags,
Nor Titian-fashioned front.
Some noble bards have done their best
To praise Mt. Etna’s blazing crest,
Yet, we could flood the monarch’s nest
And crop his golden curls,
And challenge heaven’s bright sentry stars
To find beneath his lavic bars
A spark, to light their gilded cars,
Before the blaze of morn.
Primeval tribes no more shall roam
Thy banks to pitch their tented home,
Whose fairest daughters made thy foam
Their willing sepulchre.
For here they gathered once a year,
With festive dance and savage cheer,
And sacrificed, without a tear,
The fairest of the tribe.
Thy organ notes with thunderous roar,
Sound thy Creator’s lofty score
Of Love and Mercy evermore,
In grand diapason.
Beyond this temple vast and dim,
Methinks thy anthem, psalm, or hymn,
Floods in sweet melody to Him
Who waits the grand Amen!
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Music — Poetry — Fiction
Sheets of sunfire blaze and quiver
On thy waves, O boistrous river,
As they leap to foam and shiver,
Adown this gulf of death!
Deep undercurrents night and day,
An everlasting power display,
Exhaustless, unconfined, they play,
Unfathomed, unrestrained.
Take in the sight around — about,
And know, Vain Man! beyond a doubt,
God’s power is here past finding out —
Eternal mystery.
Oft have I sat, in quiet hour,
Beside this emblem of God’s power,
And fancied Eden’s sacred bower
No symbol had like this.
Emotionful our souls should know
He placed that graceful radiant bow
To span the hurricane below,
In token of His love.
Thou Sacrilegious Man — go hence!
How futile is thy vain pretence
To scoff and doubt Omnipotence,
Arrayed in glory here!
Ere Cheop’s Pyramidal pile
Stood reared upon the classic Nile,
Was cut thy rough, rock-ribbed defile
' By ante-glacial flood!
809
1898
Johnson
1898
Johnson
Niagara Falls
From yonder tower view Queenston’s height,
Hennepin was denied the sight,
From whence thou struggled in the night
Of primeval dawn.
The windings of thy crystal shoe,
Church faithfully portrayed, ’tis true,
The canvas shows a bygone view.
Pride of the “ Corcoran.”
When Winter steps upon the stage,
White-cowled and solemn as a sage,
Thou dost display an ample page
Of glistening ice-moss bright.
Then icy apples moonlit shine
On evergreens at midnight time,
And then thou seemest most sublime,
In snowy satin robed.
Translucent columns, purest white,
Glisten in the morning light;
Prismatic scene of rare delight,
Of hues Elysian;
Here snow-capped mountains block thy flow,
While crystal diamonds crown the show,
And icy bridges form below,
To span a Paradise.
The flower is pledged unto the bee,
‘The tidal wave unto the sea;
Our northern floods are pledged to thee,
Thou thundering watersheet!
810
C/Q| Lnodv LNIOg LoadSO¥g AO NOILIGNOD IWYALYN
Music — Poetry — Fiction
And yet, O Thunderer, what art thou
To Him with iridescent brow,
Who guides thy grand retreating prow,
The whispers of His might;
And notches on these walls of stone
His hieroglyphics, yet thine own,
To make thy soundless ages known.
Through glyptic monographs.
Who wrote his name, “ The Unseen God,”
In burning letters, fiery shod,
On Terrapin Tower, once trod
By bold adventurers;
When lo! ’twas hurled from heaven to hell,
The tottering, grand old sentinel,
Where oft I went to view the well,
Above thy plunging floods.
God gave thee queenly sisters three,
Faith, Hope and glorious Charity,
And placed the Iris Isle to be
A brooch to pin thy veil.
He sent the morn with rustling wings,
And filled the vales with babbling springs,
And gave the birds their color’d wings
And sweetly charming notes,
To praise thy cascades most sublime,
Thro’ every land, thro’ every clime,
Whose opalescent rainbows shine
To prove his promise true.
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1898
Johnson
1898
Johnson
Niagara Falls
He heaved the snow-clad mountains up,
To fill old Erie’s vine-clad cup,
With waters sweet for thee to sup,
Majestic Orator!
He listeth in thy cave sublime,
And speaketh in that voice of thine,
And rideth on the storms of Time,
Which lash the Island’s home.
A spectacle personified,
May here be seen at midnight tide;
And lovers with the greatest pride
May view a modest beau.
He courts the Queen of Night by day,
At evn song he tints the spray;
At peep of dawn he fades away —
The opal lunar bow.
For the lost Eden, search no more,
In myth or prehistoric lore;
That question's settled, ever more,
On this the Sacred Isle,
Whose ferns and mosses scent the breeze,
Where east and west each soul agrees,
The Tigris and the Euphrates
Flow swiftly, gladly on.
How bright and grand to thee did seem
This world arrayed in living green,
While Luna, robed in silvery sheen,
Her nightly vigils kept,
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Music — Poetry — Fiction
With gleaming light and lunar bow, 1898
Thy phantom flood of joy and woe, iaene
A milky stream of ceaseless flow,
A phosphorescent dream;
"Till paler man, with selfish soul,
Held in his hand a parchment scroll,
And taxed his neighbors, ev'ry soul —
Infinite Oracle!
Who came to list thy voice so true,
And view thy waters, green and blue,
And marvel at thy emerald shoe
Whose hoof an empire is!
Seated on the “ Rock of Ages,”
While musing o’er the sacred pages,
Indited by inspir’d sages,
I heard a spirit say:
Let lions roar and people sing,
And eagles flutter on the wing,
While all the bells in steeples ring
For thee, Niagara.
A jubilation loud and grand,
From frigid zones to torrid strand,
For Dufferin ope’d, with lordly hand,
Thy flood-gates free.
Now may thy incense heavenward soar,
And thy tempestuous billows roar
Their solemn protests, o’er and o’er
Thy crest, Niagara.
813
1898
Johnson
Niagara Falls
"Till Justice, with concordant hand,
And Liberty with outstretched hand,
Shall welcome pilgrims as they land
On Freedom’s happy shore.
And guard with zealous care for aye,
Thy mighty organ, night and day,
That all the world may hear it play,
With unvexed harmony.
Until discordant war’s alarms,
And conflicts of contending arms,
Are silenced by thy mad’ning charms,
Plunge on, Niagara!
Nor let thy eyelids ever close,
In Neptune’s arms in sweet repose,
"Till all the nations shall disclose,
Like thee, Niagara,
A charity as broad and deep
As is thine own encircling steep,
Or as thy vortex where we peep
Thro’ azure mists to heaven.
Methinks the Grecian bard would find
Meet inspiration for his noblest song.
And not in Trojan wars;
For here dwells Liberty.
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Music — Poetry — Fiction
While myriad sunlit, liquid pearls 1898
Obscure thy bubbling pools and whirls, Johnson
Our Goddess stoops, with golden curls,
To sip thy hydromel.
Proud Bedloe’s Isle may sound her horn —
Bartholdi’s gift her coast adorn;
But tll her birthday’s final morn,
Here dwelleth Liberty.
In search of gain and worldly pelf,
The robber here hath shown himself,
And like the ox amid the delf,
He would his figure break.
Let press and voice at once condemn
The spoiler who would steal a gem
From off the glittering diadem
Of this majestic stream.
Though “ Hope’s bright star” is sometimes pale,
Let Hope, not Fear, in man prevail,
The misty Ghost within the veil
Proves life’s resurrection.
Alas! Niagara, what are we
Frail creatures when compared to thee?
Yet, what art thou to Deity ? —
But insignificance.
MEISTER, WILHELM. Creation’s pride. (Jn Johnson, R. L., Niagara 4 398
its history, incidents, and poetry. Wash.: W. Neale. 1898. P. 55.) Meister
Niagara’s canon, swept by waters grand!
No gorge like thine, nor depths, the mighty hand
Of time hath wrought.
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1898
Meister
1898
Severance
1898
Porter
Niagara Falls
Thy cataract stupendous is, and fierce;
No human voice or sound can ever pierce
Its deaf’ning roar.
Thy seething currents rend with awful might
Great rocks, that nature in chaotic might
Did rear on high.
A whirlpool deep within thy walls doth hiss,
And raging ’round, sinks down in dark abyss
‘To unknown depths.
Around Ontario’s blue and wide domain,
No mountains check, nor lofty barriers chain,
Thine outlet vast.
In the great ocean’s infinite expanse
Thy volumes rest, and with their powers, enhance
The vasty deep.
These verses are from the pen of a German poet, who signs himself
Wilhelm Meister.
SEVERANCE, FRANK Haywarp. Niagara and the poets. (Jn his
Old trails on the Niagara frontier. Ist ed. Buffalo: 1899. 2d ed.
Cleveland: 1903. Pp. 221-260.)
PorTER, PETER A. [Lines in a young lady’s album.| (/n Johnson,
R. L., Niagara, its history, incidents and poetry. Wash.: W. Neale.
1898. Pp. 49-50.)
Whiten by Colonel Porter in a young lady’s album, in which he also
drew a sketch representing the Falls in the distance with Father Hennepin,
La Salle, and an Indian chief in the foreground. The touch of humor in
the verses is very pleasant.
An artist, underneath his sign (a masterpiece, of course)
Had written, to prevent mistakes, ‘‘ This represents a horse ”’;
So ere I send my Album Sketch, lest connoisseurs should err.
I think it well my Pen should be my Art’s interpreter.
816
Music — Poetry — Fiction
A chieftain of the Iroquois, clad in a bison’s skin, 1898
Had led two travelers through the wood, La Salle and Porter
Hennepin.
He points, and there they, standing, gaze upon the ceaseless
flow
Of waters falling as they fell two hundred years ago.
Those three are gone, and little heed our worldly gain or
loss —
The Chief, the Soldier of the Sword, the Soldier of the
Cross.
One died in battle, one in bed, and one by secret foe;
But the waters fall as once they fell two hundred years ago.
Ah, me! what myriads of men, since then, have come and
gone;
What states have risen and decayed, what prizes lost and
won;
What varied tricks the juggler, Time, has played with all
below;
But the waters fall as once they fell two hundred years ago.
What troops of tourists have encamped upon the river’s
brink;
What poets shed from countless quills, Niagaras of ink;
What artist armies tried to fix the evanescent bow
Of waters falling as they fell two hundred years ago.
And stately inns feed scores of guests from well replenished
larder,
And hackmen drive their horses hard, but drive a bargain
harder;
And screaming locomotives rush in anguish to and fro:
And the waters fall as once they fell two hundred years ago.
52 817
Niagara Falls
1898 And brides of every age and clime frequent the island’s
Porter bower,
And gaze from off the stone-built porch — hence called the
Bridal Tower —
And many a lunar belle goes forth to meet a lunar beau,
By the waters falling as they fell two hundred years ago.
And bridges bind thy breast, O stream! and buzzing mill-
wheels turn,
To show, like Samson, thou art forced thy daily bread to
eam;
And steamers splash thy milk-white waves, exulting as they
go,
But the waters fall as once they fell two hundred years ago.
Thy banks no longer are the same that early travelers found
them,
But break and crumble now and then like other banks
around them;
And on the verge our life sweeps on — alternate joy and
woe
But the waters fall as once they fell two hundred years ago.
Thus phantoms of a by-gone age have melted like the spray;
And in our turn we too shall pass, the phantoms of today:
But the armies of the coming time shall watch the ceaseless
flow
Of waters falling as they fell two hundred years ago.
1898 Ripcery, A. S. (Poem.) (Jn Johnson, R. L., Niagara, its history,
Meely incidents and poetry. Wash.: W. Neale. 1898. Pp. 54-55.)
This poem also appears in Holley’s “‘ Niagara; its history and geology,
incidents and poetry,’ published in 1872 and has been already quoted
earlier in this chapter.
1898 WENDELL, HARVEY. Niagara in winter. (Leslie’s w., Mar. 24,
Wendell 1898. 86:186.)
A descriptive poem of Niagara “‘a frozen poem.”
818
Music — Poetry — Fiction
1899
ZANGWILL, ISRAEL. Noah’s ark. (/n his They that walk in dark- “wat
ness. N. Y.: Macmillan Co. 1899.) Zangwi
In this story, which was also published in Lippincott’s in August, 1899,
is a fairly accurate account of Major Mordecai Manuel Noah’s proposed
plan for a City of Refuge for Jews on Grand Island.
1900
AusTIN, Henry. Niagara. (Indep., Nov. 29, 1900. 52:2827.) 1900
Austin
Splendor supreme of constant majesty,
Of towering passion, overpowering charm,
At last, mine eyes behold thee as thou art —
In all the lightness of thy moving grace;
In all the whiteness of thy soaring spray;
In all the brightness of thy might!
At last,
Mine ears drink in thy voice miraculous,
O plunging mountain full of thunder-songs
Defiant or triumphant, echoing aye
Through vasts of day and night!
O Shape beyond
All wingéd imagery of magic words
Most musical, by ancient bards bequeathed
To spell the hearts of ever-coming men,
At last, I grasp, I clasp thee; and my soul,
Struck speechless in thy Cavern of the Winds,
Breathlessly burns with sharp, voluptuous ache
To dash herself against thy torrent breast
And join the awful Angels of thy fall
Perpetual on the crags of Agony —
Victorious Agony of glorious doom!
819
Niagara Falls
1960 O perilous bridge ’mid gusts of dazzling pearl,
came Or where a diamond storm enshrouds the way,
Thou seem’st like Life a span “twixt Day and Night;
| For tho eternal rainbows crown the rocks,
| Halos of Hope, charmed circles of high Faith,
Commanding entrance through the chasms of Doubt
To deeps of nobler knowledge and soul-strength,
Yet all this beauty overwhelms the mind
By clash of contrast with our littleness.
Alas! for Man, the Universal Dwarf,
Slave of Heredity, Waif of Circumstance,
Cringer to Custom, Toy of Temperament,
| Rock-chained by Self, a vain Promethean child!
Een in his loftiest hour, Niagara,
Facing thy vastness, Nature’s most sublime
Picture and Poem, can he read a line
Or track a tint back to its hidden source
Or catch the secret meaning of one tone
"Mid the melliflous thunders which arise
Eternal from thy flowers of prismy foam;
Fadeless, though falling ever — never quite
Lost in the looming, luminous Infinite?
Hush! Let us not be shadowed or dismayed
| By aught of greatness in the outer sphere,
| By sense of Man’s collective littleness,
| Or any conscious nothingness of self!
In Life, e’en as in Art, Perfection, Size,
Is of all sizes: — and the first, firm step
In true development and lasting strength
Must ever be the brave acknowledgment
Of weakness or of lack.
So, Heart of Mine,
Oh! Heart of All, stand up and take the sun!
Seize, for ’tis thine, thy Sovereignty of Light!
820
Music — Poetry — Fiction
Night with her pale Infinitude of Stars, 190@
Nor Ocean, nor the Mountains, nor e’en Thou, one
Niagara, with all thy loveliness,
Can match, in possibilities of growth
To Power, to Beauty, to Sublimity,
That noblest mystery, the Soul of Man.
——__.. Niagara. (Jn Porter, P. A., Goat Island. Niagara 1900
Falls, N. Y.: 1900.)
This poem by an unknown author appears as an introduction to the
account of Goat Island. It is also found in the reprint of Mr. Porier’s
work in the Sixteenth Annual Report of the Commissioners of the State
Reservation at Niagara.
Great Fall, all hail:
Canst thou unveil
The secrets of thy birth;
Unfold the page
Of each dark age,
And tell the tales of earth?
When I was born
The stars of morn
Together sang — twas day:
The sun unrolled
His garb of gold
And took his upward way.
He mounted high
The eastern sky
And then looked down on earth;
And she was there,
Young, fresh, and fair,
And I, and all, had birth.
821
1900
Niagara Falls
The word of power
Was spoke that hour:
Dark chaos felt the shock ;
Forth sprung the light,
Burst day from night,
Up leaped the living rock.
Back fell the sea
The land was free,
And mountain, hill, and plain
Stood forth to view,
In emerald hue,—
Then sang the stars amain.
And I — oh thou:
Who taught me how
To hymn thy wondrous love
Deign to be near
And calm my fear,
O Holy one above.
I caught the word
Creation heard,
And by thy power arose;
His goodness gave
The swelling wave
That ever onward flows.
By his command
The rainbow spanned
My forehead and his will
Evoked the cloud
My feet to shroud,
And taught my voice to trill.
822
PorTER, PETER A. A legend of Goat Island ascribed to Father
Louis Hennepin, who visited Niagara in 1678. . . . Niagara Falls: pote
(1900.)
Music — Poetry — Fiction
And who is he 1900
That questions me?
From whom hast thou thy form,
Thy life, thy soul >
My waters roll
Through day, night, sunshine, storm.
In grateful praise
To him, I raise
A never ceasing song
To that dread one,
To whom stars, sun,
Earth, ocean, all belong.
Thou too adore
Him ever more
Who gave thou all thou hast;
Let time gone by
In darkness die
Deep buried in the past.
And be thy mind
To him inclined
Who made earth, heaven, and thee —
Thy every thought
To worship wrought,—
This lesson learn of me.
1900
A long poem telling the story of a priest who by disproving the Indian
tradition that none but warriors could reach Goat Island and live, succeeded
in winning the Indian chieftain and his tribe to the true religion.
823
Niagara Falls
1801
1901 Bruce, WaLLace. Niagara. (Jn Michigan Central R. R.
Bruce Chicago: | 1901) Page:
Proud swaying pendant of a crystal chain,
On fair Columbia’s rich and bounteous breast
With beaded lakes that necklace-like retain
Heaven’s stainless blue with golden sunlight blest!
What other land can boast a gem so bright!
With colors born of sun and driven spray —
A brooch of glory, amulet of might
Where all the irised beauties softly stray.
Ay, more — God’s living voice, Niagara thou!
Proclaiming wide the anthem of the free;
The starry sky, the crown upon thy brow,
Thy ceaseless chant a song of Liberty.
But this thy birthright, this thy sweetest dower,
Yon arching rainbow — Love still spanning Power.
1901 Carus, PAUL. The chief’s daughter: a legend of Niagara. Chicago:
Carus c. 1901.
The legend of the last sacrifice of the Oniahgahrah Indians. Accord-
ing to the tale the chieftain’s daughter gives herself as a sacrifice in spite
of all of Hennepin’s arguments. Her father follows her over the Falls.
In the words of the author, the “‘ Ruler of the Cataract ’’ and the “* Maid
of the Mist”’ are at home in a crystalline grotto “in the unfathomable
depths of the Horseshoe Falls, but on moonlight nights they visit the
Three Sister Islands or the Cave of the Winds and their figures may be
seen hovering over the rapids or round that beautiful white sheet of water
called the Bridal Veil.’’ The two characters mentioned are symbolical
of the powerful grandeur and chaste beauty of the scene.
1901 FULTON, Mrs. LINDA DE K. Nadia, the maid of the mist: a story
Fulton of Niagara. Buffalo: 1901.
1901 PRITCHARD, Myron T. comp. Poetry of Niagara. . . . Com-
Pritchard piled by M. T. Pnitchard. Bost.: Lothrop Pub. Co. (1901.)
One of the later collections of Niagara poetry from various sources,
comprising 128 pages.
824
|
Music — Poetry — Fiction
1902
BLancuarp, Amy Ea. A loyal lass, a story of the Niagara cam- 1902
paign of 1814. Boston & Chicago: W. A. Wilde Co. (1902.) Blanchard
In the first chapter, the scene of the story is set on the Niagara river
within sound of the roar of the cataract.
SHARPE, WILLIAM. Niagara and Khandalla, and other poems. 1902
Lond.: H. A. Copley. 1902. Sharpe
Written by a retired army surgeon, who gives his general reflections
on the Falls, the points of vantage for viewing Niagara, and the best
season for seeing them. ‘The poem is well-wnitten, and its restraint is a
relief after some of the more extravagant effusions.
STRATEMEYER, EDWARD. Marching on the Niagara; or, The soldier 1902
boys of the old frontier. Boston: Lee and Shepard. (Colonial series IJ.) Statemeyer
1902.
In this story a battle takes place near the Falls; there is a struggle
between an Indian and the white hero on the banks of the rapids, and
the story of a rescue from the rapids.
1903
Cook, JOSEPH. Overtones; a book of verse. N. Y.: Knickerbocker 1903
press. 1903. Pp. 85-86. Cook
NIAGARA.
I hear the thunderous thud, the muffled roar
I see the blinding, wheeling, smiting mists,
The greens, the grays, purples and amethysts,
From Heaven’s wide palm thy frightened cataracts pour,
And I look up beneath them and adore.
Above me hang chain lightnings on the wrists
Of summer tempests. In the awesome lists
Of contests are the thunders and thy shore.
Beneath thy quivering riven cliff I lie
And gaze into the lightning and the sky
But I hear only thee and touch and see
A hand which undergirds immensity.
Thou speakest much, but speaketh most of him;
God, God, God walks on thy watery rim.
825
1903
Saunders
1904
Copeland
Niagara Falls
SAUNDERS, J. E. Niagara. Lond.: Partridge. 1903.
A moralizing poem about
“* Nature’s unequalled masterpiece : —
Sublimest of sublimities.”
1904
COPELAND, BENJAMIN. Niagara, and other poems. Buffalo:
thews—Northrup. 1904. Pp. 11-12.
Majestic symbol of eternal power!
Dread oracle of sons all unknown!
Before thy presence Pomp and Passion cower,—
All men are equal at thy awful throne.
Abashed, the eager babble of the mart,—
To silence shamed, the vulgar greed for gain;
No more ambition goads the weary heart,
And Toil forgets its unrequited pain.
Stern type of Truth’s inexorable law!
No room remains for envy or for pride;
Here prince and pauper stand in common awe,
Swayed by the spell of thy resistless tide.
A rushing, seething Sinai,— thou dost pour
On sluggish consciences the solemn sense
Of justice infinite: — thy thunder’s roar
Declares to Wrong relentless recompense.
Against our arrogance thy strength doth plead;
Deep unto deep imperiously calls;
Impartial annalist! the nations read
Their transient glory on thy ageless walls.
Yet dost thou deign to dower the moment’s need,—
Our dreams exceeding by thy bounteous sway;
With power unrivalled thy proud flood shall speed
The New World’s progress toward Time’s perfect day.
826
Mat-
Music — Poetry — Fiction
O mighty monitor! O seer sublime! 1904
, : Copeland
The soul’s surpassing grandeur thou dost show; —
The fountains of thy immemorial prime
Through man’s immortal being freely flow.
Twain, Mark. Extracts from Adam’s diary translated from the 1904
original Ms. N. Y. and Lond.: WHarper and Brothers, 1904. Twain
A fanciful tale, placing the creation of Man and the Garden of Eden
at Niagara. There are many humorous hits on the Falls and the park
management.
1905
Rour, Matuias. Am Niagara. (Jn his Gedichte. Miinchen. 1905
[1905] Pp. 6-8.) Rohr
The lure of the Falls, the cave of the winds, and the mist.
Rowr, Matuias. Das Opfer des Niagara. (Jn his Gedichte.
Miinchen. [1905] Pp. 56-59.)
The familiar Iroquois legend of the sacrifice to Niagara, but in this
case the maiden is rescued by a priest and her folk converted to
Christianity.
Roy, CAmMIL_e, L’abbé. Etude sur l’histoire de la litterature canadi- 1905
enne. 1800-1820. (Proc. and trans. of the Roy Soc. of Can. 2d ser. Rey
May, 1905. 11:127-130.)
The author ascribes to J. D. Mermet, soldier and poet, the authorship
of a poem entitled, “‘ Tableau de la Cataracte de Niagara,” apres la
bataille du 25 juillet 18/4, which appeared in le Spectateur, May 9,
1915. The poem is quoted at some length.
N’est-ce pas encore Mermet qui a dessiné ce large et puissant
tableau de la cataracte de Niagara, longue poésie souvent belle,
pittoresque, précise, parfois animé du meilleur souffle et qui est bien
le plus puissant effort qui ait été accompli, en ce temps-la, pour
peindre Ja nature canadienne.
C’est aprés une bataille livrée prés de Niagara, ow les
Canadiens furent vainqueurs. Nos troupes sont campées a
quelque distance de la cataracte; la plus vive animation régne au
827
Niagara Falls
eer milieu des soldats, et au “bruit belliqueux”’ |’on entend so joindre
le bruit des flots mugissants. Nos héros étonnés s approchent des
chutes fameuses, et ils apercoivent et ils admirent.
Ces rapides torrens dont la pente fougueuse
Rend de Niagara la chute merveilleuse.
Et le poéte décrit longuement le spectacle:
Un gouffre haut, profond, de ses bouches béantes,
Gronde, écume et vomit, en ondes mugissantes,
Deux fleuves mutinés, deux immenses torrens;
Plus altier, plus fougueux que ces rochers ardens
Qui renferment la flammie, et lancent de leur gouffre
Les flots empoisonnés du bitume et du soufre,
Le premier des torrents, et le plus irrité,
Des rayons du soleil réfléchit la clarté.
Mille cercles d’émail qui s agitent sans cesse
Glissent en tournoyant sur l’onde qui se presse.
Le torrent étincelle, et |’oei! tremblant, surpris,
Se fatigue d’y voir les cent couleurs d’Iris.
Le second sous les rocs, sous les cavernes sombres,
Roule sa masse d’eau dans le cahos des ombres.
Entre les deux torrents, une ile suspendue
De l’abime des eaux couronne | étendue.
Lisle parait mouvante, et ses bords escarpés
Par les flots en courroux sont sans cesse frappés.
Des chénes, des sapins sans écorce et sans cime
Se penchent de vieillesse et tremblent sur |’abime.
Les rocs rongés et creux, et les troncs inégaux
Aux timides Aiglons présentent des berceaux,
Tandis que I’ Aigle fier des ailes qu’il déploie
Plane sur les torrents ou fond sur une proie.
La chute impétueuse entraine dans son cours
La carcasse du pin, le cadavre de !’ours,
828
Music — Poetry — Fiction
1905
Que du lac Erié les vagues menacantes w
oy
Enlévent en grondant sur ses rives tremblantes,
Et qui parfois lancés hors des flots orageux,
Offrent 4 mes regards des fantomes hideux.
A ce premier tableau ot il a voulu rendre le mouvement des
eaux qui se divisent en deux fleuves, en deux torrents, enserrent
une isle suspendue au-dessus de |’abime, entrainent des débris de
toute sorte, roulent avec fracas pendant que l’aigle tournoie et
plane au dessus du gouffre, le poéte oppose le spectacle tranquille,
et pour cela grandiose encore et saisissant que |’on peut voir au
pied de la cataracte. Ce spectacle contraste violemment avec le
premier, car des paysages gracieux y encadrent des flots couverts
d’écume qui s apaisent déja, glissent et s’endorment.
Je descends, je m’avance aux pieds de la cascade:
Le flot n’y poursuit plus la craintive Naiade.
L’onde des deux torrents semble s’y réunir,
Pour oublier sa chute et cesser de gémir.
C’est un tapis de mousse ow la riche nature
Sur des flocons de neige étale sa parure.
L’écume en murmurant sur le flot épuré
S’étend, glisse et se perd dans le fleuve azuré;
Et sur les bords fleuris, l’onde toujours limpide
Offre un calme enchanteur prés d’un torrent rapide.
C’est ainsi que j’ai vu, sous les pieds de |’Etna,
Les tapis émaillés des champs de Démona.
Or le poéte a visité Niagara a l’heure ot le soleil couchant
répand sur les eaux la flamme rouge de sa pénétrante lumiere; et
voici donc comment, du pied de la chute ow il observe, lui apparait
cette grande nappe d’eau qui se déroule et s’abime:
La masse qui s écroule offre de longs rideaux
Ou l’émail pétillant proméne ses tableaux:
J’y vois sur le saphir les perles les plus belles
Se suivre, tournoyer comme des étincelles.
829
1905
Roy
Niagara Falls
C’est le miroir ardent dont le cristal épais
De l’amant de Thétis refléchit les attraits.
Au-dessus de l’abime on voit rougir |’écume;
L’esprit comme enchanté croit que I’isle s’allume;
I] croit que les sapins s embrasent par degrés;
D’un horrible incendie il croit voir les effets.
C’est du couchant en feu la chaine rayonnante
Dont tout |’éclat s’attache a la scéne frappante,
Et ce tableau trompeur offre 4 mes yeux charmés
Au lieu des torrents d’eau des torrents enflammés.
Comme une touriste curieux et avisé, le poete visite la chute, et
il raconte par le menu tous les accidents de cette nature
tourmentée:
Entre deux vieux débris une glissante route
Guide mes pas errants sous une immense voite.
Des flots et des rochers je vois l’horrible choc;
Je frémis avec |’eau, je tremble avec le roc.
Le cristal varié de la pierre et de |’onde
I]lumine, enrichit cette grotte profonde.
La cascade bruyante en recourbant son eau,
Avrondit sur ma téte un liquide berceau;
Et les rocs élancés en forme de fantéme,
De ce temple mouvant environnent le dome.
Mais voici la nuit; la cascade n’est plus qu'une masse sombre
dont le roulement lugubre inspire la terreur. Le poete s éloigne,
emportant en son ame l’impression profonde qu’y laisse le
spectacle des grandes ceuvres de Dieu:
Je méloigne a regret de la scéne sublime
Ou la grandeur de Dieu se peint dans un abime.
Dans cette solitude ot tout parait néant,
L’ame voit du Trés-Haut le chef-d’oeuvre étonnant.
Cette votite d’azur, ces nombreuses étoiles
Qui de la nuit jalouse ont traversé les voiles,
830
Music — Poetry — Fiction
Ce calme que fatigue un murmure éternel, Sia
Ce colosse des eaux, phénomeéne immortel,
De ces torrents fougueux l’orageuse surface,
Ce météore errant dans le céleste espace,
Ces antiques sapins, ces rochers sourcilleux,
Tout ici parle a |’ame et la met dans les Cieux.
A\insi se termine en une méditation qui est une hymne et un élan
vers Dieu l’une des meilleures poésies qu’ait inspirée, au com-
mencement du siecle dernier, notre nature canadienne.
1906
WILKINSON, FLORENCE. Niagara. (Outl., Feb. 24, 1906. 1906
82 :432-433.) Wilkinson
THE WATER TALKED TO THE TURBINE
AT THE INTAKE’S COUCHANT KNEE:
Brother, thy mouth is darkness
Devouring me.
I rush at the whirl of thy bidding;
I pour and spend
Through the wheel-pit’s nether tempest.
Brother, the end?
Before fierce days of tent and javelin,
Before the cloudy kings of Ur,
Before the Breath upon the waters,
My splendors were.
Red hurricanes of roving worlds,
Huge wallow of the uncharted Sea,
The formless births of fluid stars,
Remember me.
A glacial dawn, the smoke of rainbows,
The swiftness of the cafoned west,
The steadfast column of white volcanoes,
Leap from my breast.
831
1906
Wilkinson
Niagara Falls
But now, subterranean, mirthless,
I tug and strain,
Beating out a dance thou hast taught me
With penstock, cylinder, vane.
I am more delicate than moonlight,
Grave as the thunder’s rocking brow;
I am genesis, revelation,
Yet less than thou.
By this I adjure thee, brother,
Beware to offend!
For the least, the dumbfounded, the conquered,
Shall judge in the end.
THE TURBINE TALKED TO THE MAN
AT THE SWITCHBOARD’S CRYPTIC KEY:
Brother, thy touch is whirlwind
Consuming me.
I revolve at the pulse of thy finger.
Millions of power I flash
For the muted and ceaseless cables
And the engine’s crash.
Like Samson, fettered, blindfolded,
I sweat at my craft;
But I build a temple I know not,
Driver and ring and shaft.
Wheat-field and tunnel and furnace,
They tremble and are aware,
But beyond thou compellest me, brother,
Beyond these, where?
Singing like sunrise on battle,
I travail as hills that bow;
I am wind and fire of prophecy,
Yet less than thou.
832
Music — Poetry — Fiction
By this I adjure thee, brother, 1906
Be slow to offend! Wilkinson
For the least, the blindfolded, the conquered
Shall judge in the end.
THE MAN STROVE WITH HIS MAKER
AT THE CLANG OF THE POWER-HOUSE DOOR:
Lord, Lord, Thou art unsearchable,
Troubling me sore.
I have thrust my spade to the caverns;
I have yoked the cataract;
I have counted the steps of the planets.
What thing have I lacked?
I am come to a goodly country,
Where, putting my hand to the plow,
I have not considered the lilies.
Am I less than Thou?
‘THE MAKER SPAKE WITH THE MAN
AT THE TERMINAL-HOUSE OF THE LINE:
For delight wouldst thou have desolation
O brother mine,
And flaunt on the highway of nations
A byword and sign?
Have I fashioned thee then in my image
And quickened thy spirit of old,
If thou spoil my garments of wonder
For a handful of gold?
1 wrought for thy glittering possession
The waterfall’s glorious lust;
It is genesis, revelation,—
» Wilt thou grind it to dust?
53 833
Niagara Falls
1906 Niagara, the genius of freedom,
Peace A creature for base command!
Thy soul is the pottage thou sellest;
Withhold thy hand.
Or take him and bind him and make him
A magnificent slave if thou must —
But remember that beauty is treasure
And gold is dust.
Yea, thou, returnéd to the fertile ground
In the humble days to be,
Shalt learn that he who slays a splendor
Has murdered Me.
By this I adjure thee, brother,
Beware to offend!
For the least, the extinguished, the conquered,
Shall judge in the end.
WILKINSON, FLORENCE. Niagara. (Cur. lit, May, 1906.
40:559-560.)
WILKINSON, FLORENCE. Niagara. (Wld’s work, May, 1906.
12:7479.)
1907
1907 BiaKE, Henry T. Ode to Niagara Falls. (Jour. Am. hist., Jan.,
Blake 1907. 1:141-142.)
1907 LocAN, JoHN D. Over-song of Niagara. (Can. mag., Sept., 1907.
Logan 29:440.)
Why stand ye, nurslings of Earth, before my gates,
Mouthing aloud my glory and my thrall >
Are ye alone the playthings of the fates,
And only ye o’ershadowed with a pall?
Turn from this spectacle of strength unbound —
This fearful force that spends itself in folly!
Turn ye and hark above the organ sound
My Over-song of Melancholy!
834
Music — Poetry — Fiction
“IT rush and roar 1907
Along my shore,— i
I go sweeping, thundering on;
Yet my days, O Man,
Are but as a span,
And soon shall my strength be gone.
My times are measured
In whose hand I am treasured,
(Think not of thy little day!)
Though I rush and roar
Along my shore,
I am passing away —
Passing away!”
Then stand not, nurslings of Earth, before my gates,
Mouthing aloud my glory and my thrall:
Not ye. alone are playthings of the fates,
Nor only ye o’ershadowed with a pall!
But hark to my song
As I sweep along,
Thundering my organ-tone —
**O vain is all Life
O vain is all Strife,
And fruitless the years that have flown!
As the Worst; so the Best —
All haste to their rest
In the void of the primal Unknown.”
1908
BARLOW, JOHN RICHARD. The maiden of the mist; an Indian legend 1908
of Niagara: (origin of the great paintings the Red man’s fact and the Barlow
White man’s fancy.) Niagara Falls, N. Y.: Niagara Courier Press.
A story in verse of Indian punishment and love. An indian maiden
follows over the Falls her lover, who has been condemned to death by
being lashed in a canoe and sent over the Falls. Her form may still be
seen in the mist at the foot of the Falls.
835
ee
—— z —
1908
Young
1909
Deuther
1909
Ward
Niagara Falls
Younc, Rev. W. Montcomery. Rushing waters and deep sea
pearls. 2ded. Buffalo. Ulbrich. 1908.
Two poems in reminiscent mood and rather halting meter.
1909
DEUTHER, CHARLES GEORGE. Canticles of Niagara, and other
poems. (Buffalo, 1909.)
Attempts at descriptions of the Canadian seasons in 1600 and of the
river and Falls.
Warp, Mrs. HUMPHREY. Marriage & la mode. N. Y.: Double-
day, Page and Co. 1909. Pp. 247-291.
A story of marital infelicity and the laxness of American divorce laws
which brings a group of its characters to Niagara, and keeps them there for
two chapters. Interspersed through these two chapters are bits of descrip-
tion of the sound of the Falls at night through a heavy fog, as well as
some more cheerful descriptions of their appearance on bright summer days.
This story appeared in England under the title of Daphne.
Only a few yards from her the vast sheet of water descended.
She could see nothing of it, but the wind of its mighty plunge
blew back her hair, and her mackintosh cloak was soon dripping
with the spray. Once, far away, above the Falls, she seemed to
perceive a few dim lights along the bend of the river; perhaps
from one of the great power-houses that tame to man’s service the
spirits of the water. Otherwise — nothing! She was alone with
the perpetual challenge and fascination of the Falls.
A light wind had risen and the fog was now break-
ing rapidly. As it gave way, the moonlight poured into the
breaches that the wind made; the vast black-and-silver spectacle,
the Falls, the gorge, the town opposite, the bridge, the clouds,
began to appear in fragments, grandiose and fantastical.
The first days of June broke radiantly over the great gorge al
the woods which surround it.
The invalid had just asked that her couch might be drawn as
near to the window as possible, and she lay looking towards the
836
Music — Poetry — Fiction
dawn, which rose in fresh and windless beauty over the town
opposite and the white splendour of the Falls. “The American
Fall was still largely in shadow; but the light struck on the fresh
green of Goat Island and leaped in tongues of fire along the edge
of the Horseshoe, turning the rapids above it to flame and sending
shafts into the vast tower of spray that holds the centre of the
curve. Nature was all youth, glitter and delight; summer was
rushing on the gorge; the mingling of wood and water was at its
richest and noblest.
1910
BATES, KATHARINE LEE. The song of Niagara. (Can. mag., May,
1910. 35:58.)
An alien song. Though day by day I listen,
No syllable of that majestic chant
May my adoring passion comprehend.
With many a lucent evanescent hue
The plunging torrents glisten.
Far-seen, colossal plumes of spray ascend,
Their dazzling white shot through and through
With quivering rainbows, until every plant,
Each hoar, blue-berried cedar loved of bird,
Fach fine fern tracery, the cold mists christen
To spirit grace. The frosted branches bend
With sparkle of such jewels as transcend
All fantasy of elfin-craft. Yet who
Interpreteth the great enchantment’s word?
Ye primal Sibyls, if eyes hardly bear
The glory of your opalescent robes,
Your diamond aureoles and veils impearled,
May the stunned ear divine
Your awful oracle? August, yet wild,
Do your tremendous paeans still prolong
Creation’s old, unhumanised delight,
The laughter of the Titans? Were ye there
837
1909
Ward
1910
Bates
y
1910
Bates
1910
Guthrie
1910
Humphrey
Niagara Falls
With your deep diapason answering
The Archangelic, chanting, golden globes,
What time they chorused forth their crystalline,
Exultant welcome to the stranger world?
Or is it, tolling cataracts, the doom,
The unrevealable, forbidden thing,
Your antiphonic, solemn voices boom?
Or peradventure do your peals proclaim
Some all-triumphal Name
That could it once be won
By mortal ear
Would ecstasy the griefs we suffer here
And charter love to wing
Her radiant flight beyond oblivion?
Dread Sisters, ye who smite
The senses with intolerable roar,
Is there no meaning in your ceaseless song,
No word of God in all your mighty throng
Of multitudinous thunders evermore ?
GUTHRIE, WILLIAM NorMAN. Niagara twice seen, and other verse.
(Sewanee, Tenn.); Univ. Press; Cincinnati: Clarke. (c. 1910.)
pl 32)
Begins with a prelude and after dealing with the Falls from all points —-
the gorge, the whirlpool, the upper rapids, etc.— and under all aspects of
mist, sun and storm, closes with a view of the Falls from afar and a
farewell.
Humpnreey, Lucy H. comp. ‘The poetic new-world. N. Y.: Henry
Holt and Co., 1910. Pp. 334-342.
Contains Hawthorne’s appreciation of Niagara, and three poems, The
Cataract Isle, by C. P. Cranch; Niagara, by Florence Wilkinson; and
At Niagara, by R. W. Gilder.
1911
PoPHaM, WILLIAM LEE. Niagara Falls romance. Louisville, Ky.:
The World Supply Co. (c. 1911.)
An involved love story, in which all the characters finally marry their
real loves.
838
Music — Poetry — Fiction
1913
Wyatt, EpitH. Niagara. (Lit. dig., Sept. 27, 1913. 47:544.) 1913
A nature poem. Wyatt
Cool the crystal mist is falling where my song is calling, calling
Over highland, over lowland, fog-blown bluff and bouldered
shore:
Proud my snow-rapt currents leaping from Superior’s green
keeping.
Down from Michigan’s gray sweeping toward the Rapid’s
eddied floor.
Rain, hail, dew and storm-cloud swing me; from the heights the
hollows wring me;
Filtered clay and field silt bring me silent through the dark-
breathed loam,
Down the thousand-terraced highlands till the skyland lake-beds
wing me —
Flying down and down in beauty through the chasm’s flocking
foam.
Down from Huron, down from Erie, tho the wild duck’s wing
grow weary,
Tribe and nation part and vanish like the spin-drift haze of
morn,
Fresh my full-fold song is falling and my voice is calling, calling
Down from far-poured lake and highland as I sang when I
was born.
South, North, East and West untiring speak my brother seas in
splendor,
Tell their dominant desiring, claimant over coast and main,
Mine the choiring of a woman’s chord immortal, of surrender —
Of the splendor of desiring, deep to give and give again.
839
1913
Wyatt
1913
Zaremba
Niagara Falls
Chord of star-fused loam and silver-surgent lake cloud’s
generation,
Here I sing the earth’s still dreaming down my green-poured
currents’ length,
Voice of river-rocking valleys, rich heart plains and heights’
creation,
Clear-veiled chord that locked in you your mother’s life, your
father’s strength.
Cool the fog-flocked mists are swinging. Soar my dream; and
silver winging,
Call my air-hung music ringing, toward the crystal-buoyed
morn —
Full-fold music from the highlands, where my splendoyr’s voice is
singing,
Fresh from flooded shores and skylands as I sang when I was
born.
ZAREMBA, EDWARD. Niagara captive; a poem. (Metal. and chem.
eng., March, 1913. 11:120.)
Niagara captive! And by nbbons led!
His mighty force with that of toiling head
And hand to join. So changed since ancient days
When red men chanted hymns of praise;
In flower-laden white canoe
Each spring their fairest maiden sent into
The Thunder of the Waters.
Niagara an adult and to Effort bred —
No more to play the livelong day,
But proudly share the sweat and grime
Of stalwart manhood’s laboring prime.
The evergrowing purpose runs; —
Earth’s wealth is measured, not the sun’s;
The stewards of great treasure may
Not waste Tomorrow’s dire need
For Pleasure’s or for Profit’s greed.
840
Views oF NIAGARA
Showing the commercial buildings as they existed in the eighties before
took it over as a_ reservation
the
State
|
|
Music — Poetry — Fiction
Oh, Hercules, still at thy labors keep! 1913
Canst take the raging current from the flood Zaremba
And swiftly, silent ‘round a cable sweep?
Ye Seven Wonders of the ancient world,
Long since into oblivion hurled,
Your kings and gods born to commemorate —
"Tis to the people do we dedicate
The Wonders of Today.
1915
CRUIKSHANK, JULIA. Whirlpool heights: the dream-house on the 1915
Niagara river. Lond.: George Allen & Unwin Ltd. 1915. Cruikshank
A story of the making of a home on land overlooking the whirlpool on
the Canadian side of the Niagara river. It is written in the form of a
diary, interspersed with many charming bits of description, sometimes
of the Falls, sometimes of the river, and again of the rapids or the whirlpool.
1893
BickForp, E. L. T. Harris. The Falls of Niagara. (Jn his Gold 1893
—the god and other poems. Camborne: author. n.d. Pp. 113-117.) Bickford
THE FALLS oF NIAGARA.
Imagination ever kind,
Nursling of the poets’ mind,
Imps her wings, and soars afar
To where Niagara’s waters are,
And there, whilst throned on towering steep
Beholds its rumbling torrent sweep!
Tremendous, stupendous, romantic, gigantic,
Gymnastic, fantastic, elastic, and plastic,
It splashes, and crashes, and lashing down-dashes,
It rumbles and roars, and plunging it pours,
It rolls and uprises, it swells and surprises,
841
Niagara Falls
1893 It hissingly seethes, and it writhingly wreathes
Bickford A watery chaplet of feathery foam,
It flutters, it sputters, it cleaves and it weaves
A mystical mantle as on it doth roam;
Ay, onward for ever, and silent-voiced never,
But headlong it rushes, it gurgles, it gushes,
Through years and thro’ ages it riots and rages,
"Tis as old as the sun, yet its race is not run,
It shimmers, it glimmers,
It baffles all swimmers,
It quivers, it shivers, the grandest of rivers,
Like ship-bearing oceans majestical motions,
*Tis ever resounding,
Rebounding,
Confounding,
*Tis ever astounding
The senses of man]
It ever up-leapeth
O’er-heapeth
On-keepeth,
And swelling o’er-sweepeth
The rocks sparry span!
Vibrating, gyrating, elating nor ‘bating,
It rideth, collideth, and slideth, and glideth,
And hurleth and whirleth, and purleth, and curleth,
And waileth, and traileth, then raileth, and quaileth,
It frowneth,
It drowneth,
It boundeth,
It soundeth,
Till tree, crag and rock
Re-echo the shock,
Till valley and hill
Give answering shrill,
842
t=
Music — Poetry — Fiction
O’er-powering, o’ertowering, spray-showering and scouring 1893
It trips, and it slips, and it grips, and it rips, mr:
It muffles, and shuffles, and ruffles, and scuffles,
Portrays, and delays, and dismays whilst it sways,
And spangles, and tangles, and angles, and wrangles,
It beats, and it cheats, and it fleets, and retreats,
and so forth.
1886
Warp, JAMES WARNER. To Niagara. (Jn Niagara river and 1886
Falls. Buffalo: Thos. F. Fryer. 1886. Plate CIII. Also in The Ward
poets and poetry of Buffalo, ed. by Ina Russelle Warren. Buffalo:
Charles W. Moulton. N. D. P. 24.)
Rapt and amazed, midst scenes of rarest loveliness,
Stand I alone, entranced, in awe and ecstasy
Gazing in silence o’er the cliffs precipitous,
Whence, with united front, thy waters ponderous
Tranquilly take their giant leap, Niagara!
Forward declining, wreathed in conscious majesty,
Shimmering spray and jewelled drop, tossed back from thee,
Wave pressed to wave in serried ranks, as, steadily,
Man against man, sweeps on a line of infantry,—
Into the vertex rolls thy flood intrepidly.
In the fierce rapids, many a sharp rock, secretly,
Under thy foaming current lay in wait for thee,
Gashing and tearing thy rent bosom wantonly;
Loveliest of Rivers, sad and dire similitude,
So in life’s breakers strives man’s heart with destiny.
Tossed in the raging stream by waves impetuous,—
Glamor of hope and youthful dreams deserting it,—
So have we seen,— ah River wild and beautiful,
Art thou not here of “ fortune’s buffets ”’ typical ? —
Under life’s chaos sinks heart-broke humanity.
843
1886
Ward
Niagara Falls
Hither and thither whirled in eddies infinite,
Leaping in lambent jets and cascades showery,
Over the sunk rocks pourest thou unceasingly,—
So in life’s drift and swirl man writhes defiantly,
Only in wreck, at last, to end, disastrously.
Cometh a change to Life and River, presently ;
Out of its perils Life emerges, jubilant,
Een as thy waters seek in calm serenity,
Under this arched and rainbow broidered canopy,
Torrent immortal, rest an instant in thine agony.
Haste is there none, but eagerness and promptitude;
Frivolous things are cast aside disdainfully ;
Nothing the brink can pass but heaven-lit purity ;
As on thy emerald crown, we see, Niagara,
Naught but the gem-like gleams from the blue sky over thee,
Out of the far off past emerging regally,
Stately in step, thy grandest.one now daring thee,—
Axchitect fine and subtle, never loitering,
Minute by minute, frost and whirlwind aiding thee,
Toilest thou deftly, thine own highway channelling.
Onward proud River! — many a voiceless century
Into the shadow past had vanished recordless,
Did not the lines and chinks of thy shrewd chiselling,
Scarring the polished tablets of thy cenotaph,
Tell us the mystic story of thy genesis.
SUMMARY
POETRY
This chapter under the heading of Music-Poetry-Fiction, will
reveal the absence of any Niagara verse from the pens of the most
of the great poets. Goldsmith and Thomas Moore are two excep-
tions to this rule. Yet strangely enough many of the great singers
have written exalted and poetic prose descriptions of the cataract.
oy
Music — Poetry — Fiction
The first Niagara verse of which we have any record appeared
in the dedicatory sonnet of Champlain’s “ Des Sauvages,” 1604,
and the amount has steadily increased until the present day,
probably the most prolific period being in the first half of the nine-
teenth century. Naturally American poets predominate in the
list, but the greatest of our Americans are conspicuous by their
absence. Mrs. Sigourney is probably the best known of the
American verse-writers, but the poems of several obscure Ameri-
can poets are much more pleasing to modern critical taste. As
might be expected there are several collections of Niagara poetry,
the best of these being contained in Longfellow’s Poems of
Places, where under the Niagara heading may be found the
choicest of this verse.
Music
The sound of Niagara has been such a fruitful subject of
discussion that it is surprising that more musical literature on
the subject does not exist. “The Niagara composition of Ole Bull
provoked some writing on the subject, but very little of it was
in the form of permanent literature. In 1881 Eugene Thayer
investigated the music and tone of the Falls and the articles which
he wrote on this subject, together with the varying opinions called
forth by these articles, comprise the only other literature on the
subject which research has revealed. However, many of the
writers of general descriptions have recorded their observations
and views concerning the sound and music of the Falls.
FICTION
It was the fashion with a type of fiction writers about the
time of the War of 1812 and an even earlier period to use the
region of Niagara as a background for their stories. “These, with
the Indian myths and legends, and the adventurous travels which
belong rather to the realm of romance than fact, comprise the
greater part of the early fiction connected with Niagara. In later
years the’ region appears but seldom in fiction but modern
845
Niagara Falls
romance has given us two of the finest pieces of prose in Niagara
literature. One is contained in Howells’ “ Their Wedding
Journey,” and the other in Charles Dudley Warner’s “ Their
Pilgrimage.” Both of these American novelists use the Falls as
a background for the weaving of a portion of their stories, and
the descriptions of the Falls under various aspects are sympathetic
and satisfying.
CHAPTER IX
cn,
! ;
Ne
i
ah
CHAPTER IX
MAPS AND PICTURES
1632
CHAMPLAIN, SAMUEL De. Champlain map, 1632. (Jn Oeuvres 1632
de Champlain publiées sons le patronage de L‘Université Laval par Champlain
L’Abbé C.—H. Laverdiére. 2d ed. Quebec: 1870. Vol. II. Opp.
p. 1385.)
Wavy lines are marked, 90”. Page 1390 says of 90” — “ Sault
d’eau au bout due sault Sainct Louis fort hault, ou pluisieurs sortes de
poissons descendens s’estourdissent.”” “The map is accompanied by “ Table
pour cognoistre les lieux remarquables en ceste carte.’’ ‘“* This is the first
map of Niagara, and a very clear and marked outline of the river is given.”
Carte de la nouvelle France, augmentée depuis la derniére seruant a la 1632
navigation faicte en son vray Meridien par le S’r de Champlain, Capitaine
pour le Roy en la Marine, le quel depuis, ]’an 1603, jusques en |’année
1629; a descouvert plusiers costes terres; lacs rivieres et Nations de
sannoges por cy diuant incognues comme il se voit en ses relations qui’l a
faict. Imprimer en 1632. (Jn O'Callaghan, E. B., Documentary his-
tory of the state of New York. Albany: 1849. Vol. III. Frontispiece
pel3:)
** Very high waterfall at the head of Sault (Lake) St. Louis; descend-
ing which various sorts of fishes become dizzy.”’ [ Niagara. ]
1656
Sanson, N Le Canada, ou Nouvelle France. . . . Par N. 1656
Sanson d’Abbeville Geographe ordinaire du Roy. A Paris: Chez Sanson
Pierre Mariette Rue S. Jacque a l’Esperance. Avecq Privilege du Roy,
pour vignt ans. 1656.
“ Ongiara Sault” indicated by a break.
1656
Sanson
1657
Sanson
1664
Creuxius
1669
Sanson
1671
Meursium
Niagara Falls
Sanson’s map of Canada. (Ann. archaeological rep’t, 1897-1898,
being part of appendix to the report of the minister of education, Ontario.
Toronto: 1898. Pp. 47-49.)
Sanson’s map, 1656, was the first to show Ongiara Sault. Another
map of about a hundred years later shows “‘ Jagara, car. place.”
1657
SANSON, N Canada of Niew Vrankryk. Getroken mit
verscheide Fransche, Engelsche en Hollandische Beschryvingen enz. Door
N. Sanson de Abbeville. [1657.] 8x12.
SANSON, N Le Canada, ou Nouvelle France. . . . Tirée
de diverses Relations de Francois, Anglois, Hollandaiss . . . Par
N. Sanson d’Abbeville. 8'%x12. (Jn his L’Amérique en plusieurs
cartes. Paris: L’autheur. 1657. No. 2.)
** Ongiara Sault.”
1664
CREUXIUS, FRANIScUS. (S. J.) New France in 1660. (Reduced
facsimile from his “* Historia Canadenses.”” Paris: 1664.)
** Ongiara catarractes ’” indicated.
g
CREUXIUS, FRANcISCUS. New France in 1660. (Reduced facsimile
from his Historia Canadenses, Paris.) (/n Thwaites, R. G., Jesuit rela-
tions. Cleveland: 1900. Vol. 46. Frontispiece.)
Marks “* Ongiara catarractes ’’ between Lakes Erie and Ontario. The
proportions are poor.
1669
SANSON, N . and G Amérique Septentrionale. Far N.
Sanson. Reveué et changée en plusieurs endroits suivant les mémoires les
plus récents. Par G. Sanson. 1514x22. A Pans. Chez Pierre
Mariette. 1669.
No name but break indicates the Falls.
1671
Meursium, JACOBUM. Novissima et accuratissima totius Americae
descriptio per Jacobum Meursium. 17x20. (Jn Montanus, Armoldus,
De nieuwe en onbekende wereldt. Amsterdam: J. Meurs. 1671.
Frontispiece. )
850
Maps and Pictures
1674
JoutieT, Louis. Nouvelle découverte de plusieurs nations dans la 1674
Nouvelle France en l’année 1673 et 1674. Gaston Morel lith. (Reduc- Joliet
tion facsimile.) Imp. E. Cagniard 4 Rouen. 16x211%4%. (Jn Mag. of
Am. hist. Ed. by John Austin Stevens. N. Y.: A. S. Barnes. 1882.
cat.)
“Sault ”’ indicated. The map is from the same source as the one pub-
lished in the “‘ Jesuit relations’ in 1900, noted below.
JoLiET, Louis. Nouvelle découverte des plusieurs nations dans la
Nouvelle France, en l’année 1673 et 1674. 21x1534. (/n Thwaites,
R. G., Jesuit relations. Cleveland: Burrows Bros. 1900. Vol. 59.
186.)
““ Reproduced in facsimile from Revue de Geographie, for February,
1880.” . . . “Sault” indicated. The map is the same as the one
published in the Magazine of American History for 1882, volume 9,
page 273.
PorTerR, PETER AucustTus. How lake commerce began; La Salle’s 1674
visits to the Niagara. Niagara Falls, N. Y.: n.d. P. Il. Porter
The La Salle map in this volume is founded on the map of 1674.
1682?
Carte pour suivre la relation des voyages de cavalier de La Salle, 1682?
1669-1682. 7x61. (In Société de géographie. Bulletin. 6 serie.
Paris: 1880. Vol. 20. At end.)
Shows the “* River Niagara” but not the Falls.
1684
FRANQUELIN, JEAN BAPTISTE Louts. Carte de la Louisiane ou des 1684
voyages du sr. de la Salle & des pays qu’il a découverts depuis la Nouvelle Franquelin
France jusqu’au golfe Mexique, les années 1679, 80, 81, & 82.
20Y4x16. Paris: 1684. (Jn Thwaites, R. C. ed., Jesuit relations.
Cleveland: Burrows Bros. 1900. Vol. 63. Opp. title page.)
A reduced facsimile copy of this map of Franquelin’s (made in Paris
for Francis Parkman) is in the Library of Harvard University. The
original, formerly in the Archives de la Marine, Paris, has been lost.
“Saut de Niagara” is indicated halfway between Lac Frontenac and
Lake Erie. The map is good. Franquelin was hydrographer to Louis XIV,
851
1687?
Homanno
1688
Franquelin
1688
Coronelli
1689
Coronelli
Niagara Falls
1687?
HomANNO, J. B. Complissimae Regionis Mississippi; Seu Provincae
Ludovicianae 4 R. P. Ludivico Hennepin Francise Miss. in Amerique
Septentrionale Anno 1687, detectae nunc Gallorum Colontis et Actionum
Negotiis toto Orbe celeberrimae. Nova Tabula edita 4 Jo. Bapt.
Homanno S. C. M. Geographo Norimbergae. Cim Privilegis Sac. Cas.
Mig.
A break shows the ‘‘ Saut de Niagara de 500 pieds,” and there is a
view inset of the “ Catarrhacta ad Niagara.”
1688
FRANQUELIN, JEAN BAPTISTE Louis. Map of 1688 of North
America. (/n Marshall, Orasmus H., Historical writings. Albany:
Munsell & Sons. 1887. P. 93.
“This map indicating Niagara ‘saut’ was ‘drawn in 1688 by order
of the Governor and Intendent of New France, from sixteen years observa-
tions of the authors.’ It is five feet long and three feet wide. Lakes
Ontario and Erie, with the adjacent country, are for that early day remark-
ably well delineated. The Niagara river and falls are distinctly repre-
sented with a portage road around the latter, on the American side. A
facsimile of that portion of the map which embraces the Niagara river
reproduced from a careful tracing over the original, is given on the follow-
ing page.” (93.)
CoroNELLI, [M. V.] Partie occidentale du Canada ou de la Nou-
velle France ou sont les nations des Ilinois, de Tracy, les Iroquois, et
plusieurs autres peuples; avec la Louisiane nouvellement découverte.
Dressée sur les Memoires les plus Nouveux Par le P. Coronelli Cosmo-
graphe de la Ser’me Republique de Venise. Corrigée et augmentée Par
le S’r. Tillemon; et Dediée a Monsieur |’Abbé Baudrand. A Paris.
Chez J. B. Nolin sur le Quay de I’Horloge de Palais Vers le Pont Neuf
a l’Enseigne de la Place des Victoires. Avec Privilege du Roy. 1688.
““Saut de Niagara de 100 tois en perpindiculaires.”’
1689
CoRONELLI, [M. V.] |’Amérique Septentrionale, ou la Partie Septen-
trionale des Indes occidentales. Dressée sur les Nouveaux Corrigée et
augmentée Par le Sr. Tillemon; et Dediée a son Excellence Monseigneur
Pierre Venier, ambassadeur ordinaire de la Serenissime Republique de
852
Maps and Pictures
Venise, pres di sa Majesté tres Christienne Louis le Grand. Par le P. 1689
Coronelli, Cosmographe de la Ser’me Republique de Venise. A Paris: Coronelli
Chez J. B. Nolin sur le Quay de |’ Horloge des palais, Vers le Pont Neuf,
a l’Enseigne de la Place des Victoires. Avec Privilege du Roy. 1689.
A break shows the “Saut Niagara.”
CoronELLI, [M. V]. Partie orientale du Canada ou de Ja Nouvelle
France ou sont les Provinces, ou Pays de Saguenay, Canada, Acadie.
Les Peuples, ou Nations des Etechemins, Iroquois, Attiquomeches.
avec la Nouvelle Angleterre, La Nouvelle Ecosse, la Nouvelle
ack, et la Virginie, les Isles de Terre Neuve, de Cap Breton.
Dressé sur les Memoires le plus Nouveaux par le P. Coronelli cosmographe
de la Serenis’me Republique de Venise. Corigée et augmentée par le S.
Tillemon et Dediee a Monsieur |’Abbe Baudrand par son tres humble
Serviteur J. B. Nolin. A Paris. Chez J. B. Nolin. 1689.
A break indicates the ‘ Saut Niagara.”
1691-1693
AnziI, CoNTE AurRELiO Dexci. Nuova Francia e Luigiana. 1691-93
834x114. [Jn Zani, Valerio, I] genio vagante. Biblioteca curiosa di Anzi
cento a pill relazioni di viaggi [fetc.] raccolta dal signor conte Aurelio
delgi Anzi, (pseud.) Parma per I. & F. M. Rosati, 1691-1693. Pt. 2.
bet. pp. 422-423.)
“Tl gran salto di Niagara”
1692
ROuILLARD, I . Carte généralle de la Nouvelle France ot est 1692
compris la Louisiane, Gaspésie et le Nouveau Mexique avec les mémoires Rouillard
les plus nouveau 1692. I. Rouillard delineavit. L. Boudan sculp.
13 x 19. Qn Le Celareq, Christian, First establishment of the faith in
New France. N. Y.: 1881. Vol. Ii. P. 8.)
Note.— “* Some copies of the map are said to bear the date 1692.
The last figure has something of the appearance of a 2, but seems to be
really 1, and has probably been read differently.” The “Sault de
Niagara ”’ is indicated.
1695
CorRoNELLI, [M. V.]. La Louisiana, parte settrionalle scoperta sotto eae
la prottettione de Luigi XIV. Re di Francia. . . . Dal. Coronelli. Coonelli
(Atlante Veneto. Venice: 1695. 1:28.)
Indicates “ Saut di Niagara.”
853
1696
Allard
1697—-187—
1697
Hennepin
Niagara Falls
1696
ALLARD, CAREL. Recentissima novi orbis, sive Americae Septentrio-
nalis et Meridionalis tabula. (Jn his Atlas minor. . . . Amstelo-
dami. Ex officina Caroli Allard. [1696]. No. 138.)
** Saut de Niagara.”
1697—187—
Grosvenor Library, Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls, taken
from various sources. 1697—187-.
These views are mounted on twenty-six large mats and annotated in
chronological order. Each view is cited separately in this chapter, in its
chronological order, reference in each case being made to the Grosvenor
Library and the number of the mat on which the view may be found.
1697
HENNEPIN, Louts. Carte d’une tres grand pais nouvellement
découvert dans |’Amerique Septentrionale entre le Nouveau Mexique et la
Mer Glaciale. 1414x17. (In his Nouveau voyage. A Utrecht.
1697.)
“*Saut de Niagara de 100 Toises.”’
HENNEPIN, Louis. Carte d’un tres grand pays entre le Nouveau
Mexique et la Mer Glaciale. 1614x20. (Jn his Nouveau voyage.
A Utrecht. 1697.)
“* Saut de Niagara.”
HENNEPIN, Louis. Chute d’eau de Niagara. 5x6!4. (In his
Nouvelle découverte d’un trés grand pays situé dans |’Amérique. Utrecht.
G. Broedelet. 1697. P. 44.)
This first picture of Niagara Falls set the type which was followed by
engravers and artists for upwards of one hundred fifty years. It is
so drawn that there appears to be a third fall, and Goat Island shows as
a pile of rock. The island and shores are covered with unnatural fir
trees, and in the foreground are Indians pointing out the wonders of the
Falls to Europeans who appear overcome with astonishment and wonder at
the stupendous grandeur of the Falls. This picture does not appear in the
Paris edition of 1683, but persisted with variations through several genera-
tions as the European idea of the Falls.
854
Maps and Pictures
(HENNEPIN, Louis.) A fac-simile view of Niagara Falls. (Grosvenor 1697
Library, Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 1697—187—. Hennepin
Mat 1.)
HENNEPIN, Louis. Hennepin and variations. (Hennepin, First
picture of Niagara Falls. Utrecht, 1697.)
Black and white prints all founded on Hennepin’s first picture of the
Falls, published at Utrecht in 1697. ‘The second one with the third fall
on the American side, is entitled “* Wasserfall von Niagara,’ and the
third published in London by Thomas Kelley, 17 Paternoster Row,
“* Waterfall of Niagara.”
1698
HENNEPIN, Louis. A map of a new world between New Mexico 1698
and the frozen sea newly discovered by Father Louis Hennepin. Hennepin
. .. (Un his A new discovery of a country greater than Europe; situated
in America, betwixt New Mexico and the frozen sea. Lond.: Bentley,
Tonson, Bonwick, Goodwin & Manship. 1698.)
The frontispiece 10!4x17 shows the ‘‘ Great Falls of Niagara.” A
view faces page 28.
HENNEPIN, Louis. Carte d’une nouveau monde entre le nouveau
Mexique et la Mer Glaciale. 11x18. (/n his Nouveau voyage. A
Utrecht. 1698.)
“Le grand Sault de Niagara.”
1700
(The) Falls of Niagara. (Grosvenor Library, Buffalo, N. Y. Views 1700
of Niagara Falls. 1697-187—. Mat 1.)
This gives a front view of the Canadian Fall and part of the American.
Goat Island and Luna Island are shown as straight rocky cliffs, with three
small islands between Goat Island and the American shore. Both shores
are wooded and some plum trees are evident on the islands. Some small
figures can be seen on the Canadian side below.
Le CLERC, SEBASTIAN. Chute de la Riviére de Niagara. Elie énléve 417909
dans un Char du Feu. Engraved about 1700. Le Clerc
This print is a copy of a very rare plate, bearing the double legend
given in the title. The Falls are fully as high and straight as shown in
the Hennepin picture, which was probably printed a few years earlier.
Elijah is shown in a chariot of fire with a pair of prancing steeds above
the cataract. The combination of natural and spiritual wonder is unusual.
: 855
1700
Le Clerc
1700
Dember
1700
Luken
1702
Campanius
Holm
1702
Niagara Falls
Le CiLerc, SEBASTIAN. (Elie énléve dans un Char de Feu.)
Grosvenor Library, Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 1697-187-.
Mat 1.)
DEMBER, GEORGE. Map of Niagara river or the straights between the
Lakes Erie and Ontario, by Geo. Dember, 60th Reg’mt. (Jn
O’Callaghan, E. B., The documentary history of the state of New York.
Albany: 1849. Vol. II. P. 458.)
** Latitude from Mr. Elliott. . . . Falls 43° 47 25”. Height 150
feet.”
LUKEN, Caspar. Niagara. (1697.) -
A copy of this quaint old engraving may be seen in the New York
Public Library. It is dated 1697, but that is probably an error, as it is a
copy of the Hennepin view, which was not published until 1697.
1702
CAMPANIUS Hox~m, THomas. (View of the Falls of Niagara.)
T. Ch. (se.) 514 x 534. (ln his Kort beskrifning om provincien Nya
Severige uti America, som nu forjden af the Engelske kallas Pennsylvania.
Steckholm: S. Wankyfs. 1702. Opp. P. 4.)
A Hennepin view with the left-hand figures and the trees omitted.
Opposite page 52 is a map “ Virginiae N. Angliae, N. Hollandiae nec no
Novae Sueciae Delineatio.”” ‘‘ Sault de Niagara” indicated by a break
in the river.
The cataract of Niagara. (1702.) (Pnint.)
“Some make this waterfall to be half a League while others
reckon it no more than a hundred Fathom.”
** A view of ye Industry of ye Beavers of Canada in making
Dams to stop ye Course of a Rivulet, in order to form a great
Lake, about which they build their Habitations. To effect this:
they fell large Trees with their Teeth, in such manner as to make
them come cross ye Rivulet, to lay ye foundation of ye Dam;
they make Mortar, work up and finish ye whole with great order
and wonderful Dexterity.”
“The Beavers have two Doors to their Lodges, one to the
Water and the other to the Land side, according to French
accounts.
856
Maps and Pictures
Fer, N DE. Le Canada, ou Nouvelle France, la Floride, la 1792
Virginie, Pensilvanie, Caroline, Nouvelle Angleterre et Nouvelle Yorck, Fer
I’Isle de Terre Neuve, la Louisiane et le Cours de la Riviere de Misisipi.
Par N. de Fer. Geographe de Monseig. le Dauphin. A Paris: Chez
Peuteur. \ S44, 1202.
** Sault d’une demie Lieue.”’
1703
De L’IsLe, GUILLAUME. Carte de la Louisiane et au cours du 4793
Mississippi dressée sur un grand nombre de Memoires entr’ autres sur ceux De I'Isle
de M’r le Maire. Par Guillaume Del’Isle de |’Academie R’le de
Sciences. (/n his Atlas nouveau. Amstedam: N. d. Chez Jean
Covens et Corneille Mortier. No. 98.)
** Saut de Niagara de 600 pieds de haut.”
De L’IsLE, GUILLAUME. Carte de la Louisiane et du cours du
Mississippi. (Grosvenor Library, Buffalo, N. Y.: Maps, historical and
miscellaneous. No. 80.)
De L’IsLE, GUILLAUME. Carte du Canada ou de la Nouvelle France
et des découvertes qui y ont été faites. A Paris: 1703. (Maps of
Am. Vol. I. No. 10.)
“* Niagara le Saut.”’
De L’IsLE, GUILLAUME. Carte du Canada ou de la Nouvelle France
et des Decouveries qui q ont ete faites dressée sur plusieurs Observations
et sur un grand nombre de Relations imprimées ou manuscrites. Par
Guillaume De I’Isle de |’Academie Royale des Sciences et Premier
Geographe du Roy. A Paris: 1703.
“* Niagara le Saut ” too near Ontario.
De L’IsLE, GUILLAUME. Carte du Mexique et de la Floride, des
terres Angloises et des isles Antilles, du course et des environs de la
riviére de Mississipi. Dressé sur un grand nombre de mémoires, prin-
cipalmt. sur ceux de mr d’Jberville et Le Seur. Par Guillaume
De |’Isle. Geographe de |’Academie Royale des Sciences. A Paris: Chez
Auteur. 1703.
A break indicates the “‘ Saut de Niagara.”
DE L’IsLE, GUILLAUME. Carte du Mexique et de la Floride, des
terres Angloises et des isles Antilles, au course et des environs de la
857
1703
De I'lsle
1705-20
Chatelain
Niagara Falls
riviere de Mississipi. Paris: Chez |’auteur. 1703. (Maps of Am.
Vol. I. No. 8.)
“* Saut de Niagara.”
De L’IsLE, GUILLAUME. Nouvelle Carte particuliére de |’ Amerique,
ou sont exactment marquées une partie de la Baye d’hudson, le pays des
Kilistinons, la Source de la grande riviere de Mississippi, le pays des
Illinois. . . . (Qn his Atlas nouveau. Amsterdam: N. d. Chez
Jean Covens et Corneille Mortier. No. 92.)
Shows the “ Fall of Niagara 100 feet high,” three-fourths of the way
from Lake Ene to Lake Ontario.
De L’IsLE, GUILLAUME. [View of Niagara Falls in the early part
of the 18th century.] (Jn his Atlas nouveau, Amsterdam: N. d.
Chez Jean Covenes et Corneille Mortier. P. 96a.)
The regular Hennepin view, with the dog, savages, explorers, and priest
on one side, and numerous figures on the winding pathway on the other.
The third falls and the fir trees are in evidence.
1705-1720
CHATELAIN, H. A. Carte contenant le royaume du Mexique et la
Floride, dressée sur les meilleures observations et sur les memoires le plus
Nouveaux. (J/n his Atlas historique. [anon.] fol. Amsterdam: 1 705-
1720.) Vole VI Nos2Z72 P1001.)
Indicates “‘ Saut de Niagara.”
CHATELAIN, H. A. Carte de la Nouvelle France oti se voit le cours
des grandes riviére de S. Laurens et de Mississipi, aujourd’hui S. Louis.
(Un his Atlas historique. [anon.] fol. Amsterdam: 1705-20. Vol.
VIEWNor23;"P. 91)
Indicates “* Saut de Niagara.”
CHATELAIN, H. A. Carte trés-curieuse de la Mer du Sud, contenant
des remarques nouvelles & trés-utiles non seulement sur les ports & iles de
cette mer, mais aussi sur les principaux pais de |’Amérique tant Septen-
trionale que Méridionale. . . . (Jn his Atlas historique, [anon.] fol.
Amsterdam: 1705-20. Vol. VI. No. 30, P. 117.)
The map “le Saut de Niagara est une Chute d’eau du lac Erie dans
le lac Ontario d’une demie Lieue de Haut.”
858
Maps and Pictures
An inset shows the Saut de Niagara with “‘ Menage et industrie des 1705-20
Castors” in the foreground. ‘The view is a modified Hennepin picture, Chatelain
the third fall quite low, and the American and Horseshoe Fall straight
across as they so often appear in these old views.
CHATELAIN, H. A. Saut ou chute d’eau de Niagara. 444x5. (Jn
his Atlas historique. f[anon.] fol. Amsterdam: 1705-20. Vol. VI.
No. 24, P. 94.)
The Hennepin view with a brief description. It shows the third fall
but says — “* Elle est compose de deux grandes nappes d’eau et de deux
avec une ile entalus au milieu.”
1710
SENEX, JOHN. A new map of the English empire in America; . . . 1710
revised by John Senex. 1710. (Jn A new general atlas. Lond.: See
Daniel Brown. 1721. P. 237.)
“The great Fall.”
SENEX, JOHN. North America. Corrected from the observations com-
municated to the Royal Society at London, and the Royal Academy at
Paris, by John Senex. 1710.
“* Niagara Cataract, its fall 600 feet.”
SENEX, JOHN. North America, corrected from the observations com-
municated to the Royal Society at London and the Royal Academy at
Paris, by John Senex. 1710. (Maps of Am. Vol. III. No. 14.)
1710-1720
Mott, HERMAN. A catalogue of a new and compleat atlas or set of 1710-20
twenty-six two-sheet maps. All composed and done according to the eel
newest and most exact observations, by Herman Moll, geographer.
(Buff. hist. soc. Buffalo, N. Y.)
Moti, HERMAN. A new and exact map of the dominions of the king
King of Great Britain on ye continent of North America. . . . accord-
ing to the newest and most exact observations. (Jn his The world
described. fol. Lond.: 1710-1720. No. 8.)
** The Great Fall of Niagara.”
The inset of the Falls gives the picture of the industrious beavers with
the legend which accompanies it.
859
)
|
!
'
1712
Moll
1713
Joutel
Niagara Falls
1712
Mo i, HERMAN. Map of North America according to ye newest and
most exact observations. . . . [1712.] (Maps of Am. Vol. I. No.
26.)
“The Great Fall of Niagara.”
Moti, HERMAN. A map of New France containing Canada,
Louisiana, etc., in North America according to the patent granted by the
King of France to Monsieur Crozat, dated the 14th of September, 1712,
N. S. and registered in the Parliament of Paris the 24th of the same
month. (/n his Atlas geographicus: or compleat system of geography,
(ancient and modern) for America. Savoy. Eli Nutt for John Nichol-
son ls 7 Vole Ve O70.)
“The Great Fall of Niagara.”
1713
JouTEL, Henri. Carte nouvelle de Ja Louisiane, et de la nviére de
Mississippi, découverte par feu mr. de la Salle. . . . (Jn his Journal of
La Salle’s last voyage. . . . Chicago: The Caxton Club. 1896.)
There were two hundred and six copies of this edition, which contains a
facsimile of the map from the original French edition published in Paris
in 1713. This map indicates the “*Saut de Niagara,” and the inset
shows “‘ Le fameux Saut de Niagara ou la Riviére de St. Laurent tombe
de plus de 100 Toises de Haut.’’
JouTEL, HENRI. Carte nouvelle de la Louisiane, et de la Rivére de
Mississippi, découverte par feu mr. de la Salle. . . . Dressee par le
S’r Joutel qui etoit de ce Voyage. 1713. (ln his Journal of La Salle’s
last voyage, 1684—7. . . . Neweed. Albany: J. McDonough.
1906.)
There were five hundred copies of this edition printed. The map indi-
cates the ““Saut de Niagara ”’ as in the Caxton Club edition of 1896, and
the same inset is shown.
JouteL, Henri. A new map of the country of Louisiana and of ye
river Missisipi in North America discover'd by monsr de la Salle in
ye years 1681 and 1686, as also of several other rivers before unknown.
. . . by the Sr. Joutel, who perform’d that voyage. 1713. (dn his
860
Maps and Pictures
Journal of the last voyage perform’d by Monsr. de la Salle.
Lond.: Printed by A. Bell [etc.] 1714.)
The ‘‘ Cataract of Niagara”’ is indicated and there is a view inset
showing “‘ The famous Fall of Niagara, where ye River of St. Laurence
casts itself down from a height of above 100 fathoms.’’ This view shows
the third fall on the left.
1715
Mo tt, HERMAN. A new and exact map of the dominions of the king
1713
Joutel
1715
of Great Britain on ye continent of North America, containing New- Moll
foundland, New Scotland, New England, New York, New Jersey,
Pensilvania, Maryland, Virginia, and Carolina. According to the newest
and most exact observations. Dedicated to the Honourable Walter
Douglas.
This map is the one having the large oblong inset of the “ cataract of
Niagara, some make this Water-Fall to be half a league while others
reckon it no more than a hundred Fathom.” ‘This well-known inset is
called —‘** A view of ye Industry of ye Beavers of Canada in making
Dams to stop ye Course of a Rivulet in order to form a great lake, about
which they build their habitations. To Effect this: they fell large Trees
with their Teeth, in such a manner as to make them come Cross ye Rivulet,
to lay ye foundation of ye Dam; they make Mortar, work up and finish
ye whole with great order and wonderful Dexterity. The Beavers have
two Doors to their Lodges, one to the water and the other to the Land
side, according to ye French Accounts.”
We are fortunate in having such wonderful “industry ’’ preserved to
us in this remarkable picture.
Moti, HERMAN. To the Right Honourabel John Lord Sommers,
Baron of Evesham in ye county of Worcester, President of Her Majesty’s
most honourable Privy Council etc. This map of North America accord-
ing to ye newest and most exact observations is most humbly dedicated by
your lordship’s humble servant. (Buff. hist. soc. Buffalo, N. Y.)
The Great Fall of Niagara.
1718
De L’IsLE, GUILLAUME. Carte de la Louisiane et du cours du
Mississipi. Dressée sur un grand nombre de mémoires entrau’tres sur
ceux de mr le Maire. Par Guillaume Délisle de |’académie des
Sciences. [1718].?
861
1718
De I'Isle
1719
Chatelain
1719
Moll
1720
Willday
gin
De I'Isle
1729
Vander Aa
Niagara Falls
1719
CHATELAIN, H. A. Carte du Canada ou de la Nouvelle France, &
des découvertes qui y été faites. (Jn his Atlas historique. [anon.]
fol. Amsterdam: 1705-20. Vol. VI. No. 20. P. 82.)
Indicates “* Le Saut.”
Mo ti, HERMAN. A new & correct map of the whole world. 1719.
(In his The world described. fol. Lond.: 1710-20. No. 2.)
** Shewing ye situation of its Principal Parts, Viz., the Oceans Kingdoms,
Rivers, Capes, Ports, Mountains, Woods, Trade-winds, Monsoons,
Variation of ye Compass, Climats, etc., with the most Remarkable Tracks
of the Bold Attempts which have been made to Find out the North East
and North West Passages.
** The Projection of this map is call’d Mercator’s, the Design is to make
it Useful both for Land and Sea. And it is laid down with all possible
care, according to the newest and most Exact Observations.” It shows the
** Great Fall of Niagara.”
1720
WiILuLpay, GEorGcE. Map of North America. H. Terasson delin. et
fecit. [1720?]
*“* Niagara cataract, it falls 600 feet.”
1722
DE L’IsLE, GUILLAUME. Tabula geographica Mexicae et Floridae.
; Carte du Mexique et de la Floride. . . . dated 1722. ( In
his Atlas nouveau. Amsterdam: N. d. Chez Jean Covens et Corneille
Mortier. P. 99.)
“* Saut de Niagara.”
1729
VANDER AA, PIERRE. Canada ou Nouvelle France, suivant les
nouvelle observations de Messrs. de |’Academie Royale des Sciences. . . .
Augmentées de Nouveau. A Leide: Chez Pierre Vander Aa. (/n La
Galerie agréable de monde. Leide: P. Vander Aa. [1729?] Vol. I.
Amerique.
** Niagara le Saut.”
VANDER AA, PIERRE. L’Amerique selon les Nouvelles observations
de Messrs. de |’Academie des Sciences. . . . A Leide. Chez Pierre
Vander Aa. [I. Goeree, delin. J. Baptist sculp.] (/n La Galerie
862
Maps and Pictures
agréable du monde. Leide: P. Vander Aa. [1729] Vol. I. 1729
Amerique. ) Vander Aa
** Niagara—Sault d’une demie lieue.”’
VANDER AA, Prerre. L’Amérique septentrionale suivant les nouvelles
observations de Messrs. |’Academie Royale des Sciences. . . . Aug-
mentées de nouveau. 834 x 1134. A Leide: Chez Pierre Wander Aa.
(In Hooge, Romein de, Les Indes orientales et occidentales et autres
lieux. Leide: Pierre Vander Aa. [1680?] PI. 9.)
Fort Niagara is indicated — so — ‘*‘O'’ —but there is nothing to
show the location of the Falls.
VANDER AA, PIERRE. Nouvelle cartedel’Amerique. . . . dressée
suivant les plus nouvelles découvertes par les plus habiles géographes, et
tout nouvellement mise en lumiere par Pierre Vander Aa. (Jn La Galerie
agréable du monde. Leide: P. Vander Aa. [1729?] Vol. I.
Amerique. )
** Sault d’eau.”
1730?
Mo.i, HERMAN. A new and exact map of the dominions of the 1730?
king of Great Britain on ye continent of North America . . . accord- Moll
ing to the newest and most exact observations. [17302] (Maps of Am.
Wolel No: 12.)
“The Great Fall of Niagara,” also the beaver inset.
1733
Falls of Niagara. [View. 5! x 11. Inset to Popple, Henry, A 1733
map of the British empire in America. fol. Lond.: W. H. Toms
& R. W. Seale, 1733.]
The Hennepin view of the Falls.
North America according to the latest observations. (/n Gordon, 1733
Patrick, Geography anatomiz’d: or the geographical grammar. Lond.:
Knapton, Knaplocke, and Co. 1733. Opp. 343.)
A break shows the location of the Falls, but no name is given.
PoppLe, Henry. America Septentrionalis. A map of the British 4733
empire in America with the French and Spanish settlements adjacent Popple
thereto. By Henry Popple. (Am. maps, Vol. II, No. 8.)
The “ Fall of Niagara’’ is shown on the map, and there is a small
inset of the Hennepin view of the Falls with the usual figures and trees.
This is a duplicate of No. 9 of American maps.
863
1733
Popple
1737
Bernard
1739-42
La France
1740-50
De I'Isle
Niagara Falls
PoppLe, Henry. Map of America; Mariland, Pensilvania, New
Jersey, New York, and the western part of Connecticut. N. d.
“The Fall of Niagara 600 feet high.” The Hennepin view is also
inset on this map.
PoppLe, HENrRy. A map of the British empire in America. fol.
Lond.: W.H. Toms & R. W. Seale. 1733.
Contains also the Hennepin inset.
PoppLe, HENry. A map of the British empire in America with the
French and Spanish settlements adjacent thereto. (Maps of Am. I.
No. 17.)
The Hennepin inset.
PoppLe, HeENry. A map of the British empire in America, with
the French, Spanish and Dutch settlements adjacent thereto. Certified by
Edmund Halley. Amsterdam: Covens and Mortier. N. d.
“* Falls of Niagara ’’ are shown as too near Lake Ontario. The Henne-
pin inset is very small.
1737
BERNARD, J. F. Le cours du fleuve Mississipi, selon les relations les
plus modernes. Amsterdam: Chez J. F. Bernard. 1737.
1739-1742
La FRANCE, JOSEPH. A new map of part of North America from
the latitude of 40 to 68 degrees. 12'% x 1814. (Jn Dobbs, Arthur,
Remarks upon Capt. Middleton’s defence. Lond.: 1744. Opp.
p. 1.)
“as descrived by Joseph L France a French Canadese Indian, who
traveled thro those Countries and Lakes for three uears from 1739 to
1742.’ The “‘ Great Fall of Niagara” is indicated by name, but the
map is not a good one, the proportions being poor.
1740-1750
De L’IsLE, GUILLAUME. Carta geografica del Canada nell’ America
Settentrionale. (Atlante Novissimo Del Sig’r Guglielmo de L’Isle.
Venezia: Giambatista Albrizzi I. Girol. 1740. [1740-1750.] Vol.
I-II. [No. 40.])
** Niagara il salto ”’ indicated.
864
Maps and Pictures
1743
. Carte de l’Amérique Septentrionale. 1743. (Jn 1743
Bellin
BELLIN, N
Charlevoix, Pierre Francois Xavier de, Histoire de la nouvelle France.
A Paris: Chez Nyon fils. 1744. Vol. I. Frant.)
A break indicates the Falls, but no name is given.
BELLIN, N Carte de |’Amérique Septentrionale. 1743. (Jn
Charlevoix, Pierre Francois Xavier de, History and general description
of New France, ed. by J. G. Shea. N. Y.: Harper. 1900. Vol. I.
PP; 100:)
A break indicates the Falls.
1744
BELLIN, N Carte de la Louisiane, cours du Mississipi et pais 1744
voisins. Dediée a M. Le Comte de Maurepas, Ministre et Secretaire Bellin
d’Etat Commandeur des Ordres du Roy. Par N. Bellin. Ingenieur
de la Marine. 1744.
Sault de Niagara.
BELLIN, N Carte de la Louisiane, cours du Mississipi et pays
voisins. 1744. (Jn Charlevoix, Pierre Francois Xavier de, Histoire et
description générale de la Nouvelle France. A Paris: Chez Nyon fils.
1744. Vol. II. Front.)
** Sault de Niagara.”
BeELLIn, N———-. Carte de la Louisiane, cours du Mississipi et pais
voisions. 1744. (Jn Charlevoix, Pierre Francois, History and general
description of New France, ed. by J. G. Shea. N.Y.: Harper. 1900.
Vol. VI: Pp: 10-11.)
** Sault de Niagara.”
BELLIN, N Carte des lacs du Canada. (Jn Charlevoix,
Pierre Francois Xavier de, Histoire de la Nouvelle France. A Paris:
Chez Nyon fils. 1744. Vol. III. Pp. 276-277.)
** Sault de Niagara de 250 pieds au plus.”
BELLIN, N——-. Carte de |’ocean occidental et Parite de |’Amerique
Septentrionale. 1744. (Jn Charlevoix, Pierre Francois Xavier de,
Histoire de la Nouvelle France. A Paris: Chez Nyon fils. 1744.
Vol. III. Front.)
“Chute de Niagara.”
55
865
|
f
1744
Bellin
1746
Anville
1746
Boehmio
1746
Southack
1747
Kitchin
Niagara Falls
BELLIN, N Karte des abendlaendischen weltmeeres, und eines
theils von dem mitternaechigen America: gezeichnet zum néahern verstandniss
der im jahr 1720 gethanen reise des ehre: vaters de Charlevoix priesters
der gesellschafft Jesu, in die lander Canada, Louisiana und San Domingo:
durch N. Bellin. 1744. 814.x 1414. (In Schroter, Johann Friederich,
Allgemeine geshichte der lander und volker von America. Nebst einer
vorrede Siegmund Jacob Baumgartens. (anon.) Halle: J. J. Gebauer.
1753.) Vol... Is) Pa47s)
** Sault de Niagara ”’ indicated.
1746
ANVILLE, JEAN BAPTISTE BOURGUIGNON D’. Amérique Septen-
trionale. 1746. (Jn his Atlas général. 1727-80. No. 10.)
**Saut de Niagara.”
BoEHMIOo, AuGuUST GOTTLIEB. Americae mappa generalis secun-
dum legitimas projectionis stereographicae regulas relationesque recentissi-
mas et observationes socioru acad. reg. sequae Parisiis est aliorumque
auctorum nec non secundum mentem D. I. M. Hasii m. p. p. in partes
suas methodicas divisa nunc concinnata et delineata ab Aug. Gottl.
Boehmio. Phila. mag. istro. (Maps of Am., Vol. I, No. 18.)
A break shows the cataract.
SOUTHACK, ————. A new chart of the British empire in North
America; with the distinct colonies granted by letters patent from cape
Canso to St. Matthias river. 1746.
** The Great Falls ’’ indicated.
1747
KiTcHIN, THomMAs. A map of the French settlements in North
America. 7 x 7. (Jn the London mag. Lond.: For R. Baldwin.
Dec. 1747. 16: Opp. p. 543.)
A break indicates the site of the Falls, but no name is given to them.
KITCHIN, THomAs. North America, wherein are particularly dis-
tinguished the British dominions, the United States, and the adjacent
Spanish territories. (Jn Mills, David. A report on the boundaries of
Ontario. Toronto: 1873.)
This map by Kitchin ‘‘hydrographer to His Majesty ’’ shows the
“* Great Fall of Niagara 175 feet.’
866
Maps and Pictures
1749
BowEN, EMANUEL. A map of the British American plantations, 1749
extending from Boston in New England to Georgia, including all the back Bowen
settlements in the respective provinces as far as the Mississipi. 8! x I].
(/n the London mag. Lond.: For J. Astley. [1749] July, 1749.
18: Opp. p. 308.)
“Fall of Niagara 600 feet.”
SANSON, N and G . L’Ameérique Septentrionale et Méri- 1749
dionale divisée en ses principales parties par les srs. Sanson . . . Sanson
rectifée suivant les nouvelles découvertes . . . aux observations astrono-
miques par le sr. Robert. 1749. (Am. maps. Vol. II, No. 19.)
**Saut de Niagara.”
1750
Kam, PETER. A letter from Mr. Kalm, a gentleman of Sweden, 1750
now on his travels in America, to his friend in Philadelphia, containing a Kalm
particular account of the Great Fall of Niagara, September 2, 1750.
(Gentleman’s mag., Jan., 1751. 21:15—-19.)
The view of Niagara Falls, which was designed to accompany Mr.
Kalm’s letter, was not published in the Gentleman’s Magazine until the next
month after his article appeared, namely in February, 1751. Although
Kalm himself may have had nothing to do with the actual making of
the picture, it is quite evident that the engraver founded his work on the
author’s description. It is the first picture after Hennepin’s to be founded
on an actual sight of the Falls.
(Kam, PETER.) )
BENNETT, W. J. Niagara Falls. View of the British Fall, taken
from Goat Island. Published by H. I. Megarey, N. Y. (1831 >)
BENNETT, W. J. Niagara Falls. Part of the British Fall taken
from under the Table Rock. Engraved by J. Hill. Published by H. I.
Megarey. N. Y. (1831?)
892
Maps and Pictures
Cote, THomas. A distant view of the Falls of Niagara. From an 1831
original picture in the possession of Joshua Bates, Esq. Painted by T. Cole
Cole, Esq. Engraved and printed by Fenner Sears & Co. 444x5V.
Lond.: I. T. Hinton and Simpkin and Marshall, 1831. (Jn Hinton,
J. H. ed., History and topography of the United States. 3d ed. Lond.:
J. Dowding. 1842. Vol. II. Opp. p. 484.)
Cole made many drawings of Niagara on his first visit there in 1829,
but the exact date when he painted his great picture is not definitely
known. In its day the picture was acclaimed a masterpiece, and has a
special interest for us today, as a view of the virgin Niagara surrounded by
forests. The same view is found in ‘* Our Globe”’ listed below, and
Malte-Brune’s ‘‘ System of universal geography.”
CoLe, THomas. A distant view of the Falls of Niagara. From an
original picture in the possession of Joshua Bates, Esq. Painted by T.
Cole, Esq. London: Published Apmnl 1, 1831, by I. T. Hinton and
Simpkin and Marshall. (Grosvenor library, Buffalo, N. Y. Views of
Niagara Falls. 1697-187—. Méat 9.)
Taken from Hinton’s ‘‘ History and topography of the United States.”
CoLe, THomas. A distant view of the Falls of Niagara. Painted
by T. Cole. Engraved on steel by T. S. Woodcock. 514 x 734. Bost.:
S. Walker, 1832. (/n Malte-Brune, Conrad, A system of universal
geography. Bost.: S. Walker, 1834. Vol. II. P. 199.)
The book in which this engraving is found is a translation of the author’s
** Precis de la geographie universelle,’’ Paris, 1810-1839. Another edi-
tion was published in Philadelphia by Finlay in 1837. Both editions
contain a description of the Falls.
CoLe, THomas. A distant view of the Falls of Niagara, painted by
T. Cole, Esq. Engraved on steel by T. S. Woodcock. Boston: Pub-
lished by S. Walker, 1832. (Grosvenor library, Buffalo, N. Y. Views
of Niagara Falls. 1697-187-. Mat 9.)
From Malte-Brune’s ‘‘ System of universal geography,” 1834.
Cote, THomas. The Falls of Niagara. (Twenty years ago.)
334x6. (Jn Our globe; a universal picturesque album, ed. by the North
American bibliographic institution. Phila.: 1840. Vol. I. P. 9.)
The Falls of Niagara. (Twenty years ago.) (Grosvenor library, 1831
Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 1697-187-. Mat 9.)
Taken from “‘ Our globe,’’ Philadelphia, 1840.
893
1831
Noble
Niagara Falls
Nose, Louis L. The course of empire, Voyage of life, and other
pictures of Thomas Cole, N. A.: with selections from his letters and
miscellaneous writings; illustrative of his life, character and genius. N. Y.:
Cornish, Lamport, and Co. 1853. Pp. 104-106. 375-377.
An account of Cole’s disappointment at his first view of Niagara, and
his feeling that even after close acquaintance Niagara was far less than
the mountains, that its greatness consisted in its loneliness. Account is
given of the various studies that he made. His reflections after his second
visit in 1847 are also given.
September 4, 1847.— On Tuesday last, Maria and I returned
from an excursion to Niagara. Niagara I have visited before.
Its effect on my mind was perhaps as great as when I first saw it.
But I am convinced that, sublime and beautiful as it is, it would
soon cease to excite much emotion. ‘The truth is, that the mind
dwells not long with delight on objects whose main quality is
motion, unless that motion is varied. Niagara, stupendous and
unceasing as it is, is nevertheless comparatively limited,— limited
in its resources and duration. ‘The mind quickly runs to the
fountain head of all its waters; the eye marks the process of its
sinking to decay. The highest sublime the mind of man compre-
hendeth not. He stands upon one shore, but sees not the other.
Not in action, but in deep repose, is the loftiest element of the sub-
lime. With action waste and ultimate exhaustion are associated.
In the pure blue sky is the highest sublime. There is the illimit-
able. When the soul essays to wing its flight into that awful pro-
found, it returns tremblingly to its earthly rest. All is deep,
unbroken repose up there — voiceless, motionless, without the
colours, lights and shadows, and ever-changing draperies of the
lower earth. There we look into the uncurtained, solemn serene
—jinto the eternal, the infinite— toward the throne of the
Almighty.
The beauty of Niagara is truly wonderful, and of great
variety. Morning and evening, noon and midnight, in storm and
calm, summer and winter, it has a splendour all its own. In its
green glancing depths there is beauty; and also in its white misty
894
Maps and Pictures
showers. In its snow-like drifts of foam below, beauty writhes in 1831
torment. Iris, at the presence of the sun, at the meek presence of N°"
the moon, wreathes its feet with brighter glories than she hangs
around the temples of the cloud. Yet all is limited. It cannot
bear comparison with that which haunts the upper abysses of the
air. There is infinity in the cloud-scenery of a sunset. Men see
it, though, so commonly, that it ceases to make an impression upon
them. Niagara they see but once or so, and then only for a little
while; hence the power it exerts over their minds. Were there
Niagaras around us daily, they would not only cease in most
cases to be objects of pleasure, but would, very likely, become
sources of annoyance. But great, glorious, and sublime Niagara
— wonder to the eye of man — I do not wish to disparage thee.
Thou hast a power to stir the deep soul. Thy mighty and
majestic cadence echoes in my heart, and moves my spirit to many
thoughts and feelings. Thy bright misty towers, meeting the
vault on high, and based upon the shooting spray beneath, are
images of purity. —Thy voice — deep calling unto deep, with a
might that makes thy hoary cliffs to tremble, leads back the soul
to Him, speaking upon Sinai’s smoking summit. Thy steep-down
craggy precipices are the triumphal gate through which, in grand
procession, pass the royal lakes and captive rivers. The soul is
full of thee. Favoured is the man who treads thy brink. Thank-
ful should he be to God for the display of one of His most won-
derful works. But they are blessed who see thee not, if they
will accept the gift which God vouchsafes to all men,— which,
in beauty and sublimity, does far surpass Niagara — the sky.
O that men would turn from their sordid pursuits, and lift their
eyes with reverential wonder there.
(The) Falls of Niagara. (View.) 314x414. (dn The lumiere,
containing a variety of topographical views in Europe and America.
Niny.s He Re Pierey & Co. 1831: ‘P. 52.
A view of the Falls from the Canadian side and a description written by
some one who had been there in 1797 and again after the Goat Island
bridge was built. The writer saw the Falls in summer and winter, and
tells of the ‘* myriads of wild ducks ’’ in winter.
895
1831
1831
Oakley
1832
Burford
1832
Vigne
1833
Cockburn
Niagara Falls
OAKLEY, G Rapids and bridge above the Falls of Niagara.
(Grosvenor library, Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 1697-
167=.) Mat 23.)
This painting by Oakley was engraved and printed by Fenner, Seats
and Co., London, 1831 and by I. T. Hinton and Simpkin and Marshall.
1832
BurForpD, RosBert. Description of a view of the Falls of Niagara,
now exhibiting at the Panorama, Leicester square, painted by the proprietor,
Robert Burford, from drawings taken by him in the autumn of 1832.
Lond.: Brettell. 1833.
The folding sketch which accompanies this pamphlet, contains the main
features of Burford’s panorama of the Falls, painted from his drawings
made at the Falls in 1832. The folding sketch is historically valuable
since it indicates the location of buildings now gone.
VIGNE, GODFREY T. Six months in America. Lond.: Whittaker,
Treacher. 1832. Vol. II. Frontispiece.
The frontispiece of the Falls was drawn by the author.
1833
CocKBURN, Lieut.-Col. JAMES PATTERSON, R. A. Chute du Niagara
and Entrance to the Cave of the Horseshoe, Niagara, on the English side.
(Grosvenor library, Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 1697-
187 Matiz)
Lieut.-Col. Cockburn was a British army officer and a very accomplished
artist. His drawings supplied the scenes for the illustrated editions, annuals,
eic. These drawings are taken from the “‘ Drawing room scrap-book,”
London, 1844.
CocKBuRN, Lieut.-Col. JAMES PATTERSON. Falls of Niagara.
Lond.: Ackerman & Co. 1833.
This colored view is from a drawing ‘‘ from the upper bank, English
side,” and ‘is by special permission dedicated to His Most Excellent
Majesty, William the Fourth, 1833.’’ It shows the long island off the
main shore, since by filling a part of the mainland.
CocKBuRN, Lieut.-Col. JAMES PATTERSON. The Falls of Niagara.
Engraved by C. Hunt. Lond.: Ackerman & Co. 1857.
** This view of Table Rock and Horseshoe Fall, is by special permis-
sion dedicated to Her Most Excellent Majesty, Queen Victoria.”
896
Maps and Pictures
Hervieu, A . Indians at Niagara. (/n Power, Tyrone, Impres- 1833
sions of America, during the years 1833, 1834, 1835. Lond.: Richard Hervieu
Bentley. 1836. Vol. I. Pp. 391-411.)
In these etchings of “Indians at Niagara,”’ the Falls are used as a
background.
PENDLETON, Niagara; Niagara Falls. (Grosvenor library, 1833
Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 1697-187-. Mat 12.) Pendleton
Lithograph of Pendleton’s taken from the “ Traveller’s guide ’’ pub-
lished by G. M. Davidson, N. Y., 1833.
ARCHER, J——.- Niagara Falls. As seen from below. Painted by 1833
Wall. 6 x 914. (Jn Hinton, J. H., History and topography of the Archer
United States. New ed. Boston: Samuel Walker. 1834. Vol. I.
Opp. p. 348.)
Fine for masses of water on the American Fall, which looks dispro-
portionately broad because of the great distance of the Horseshoe.
WALL, ——. Niagara Falls as seen from below. (Grosvenor library, 1833
Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 1697-187-. Mat 12.) Wall
This view “painted by Wall, engraved by Archer,”’ is taken from
Hinton’s “* History and topography of the United States,’” Boston, 1834.
Vol. II. P. 348. Although not painted as a winter scene the Falls
have a frozen look.
1835
BRADFORD, THOMAS GAMALIEL. Niagara Falls and vicinity. 1835
2x 2%. (In his Comprehensive atlas, geographical, historical and com- Bradford
mercial. Bost.: Am. Stationers Co. 1835. P. 56.)
Too small to be satisfactory.
1837
CALLINGTON, W. R. Birdseye view of the River Niagara from 1837
Lake Erie to Lake Ontario; showing the situation and extent of Navy Callington
Island and the towns and villages on the banks of the river in Canada and
the United States. . . . from an actual survey made in 1837.
Bost.
: . Niagara Falls. (Chutes du Niagara.) Paris: 1837
1857;
These plates are from sketches made from nature in March, 1837. The
large atlas size contains six plates and text and is very rare.
57 897
1838
Miller
1838
Steele & Co.
1838
Tattersall
1838
Wyld
1840
Bartlett
Niagara Falls
1838
MILLER, CrosBy. Niagara Falls, No. 2. View of the Horseshoe
Fall from Goat Island. Published by O. G. Steele. Buffalo: 1838.
Gorgeous color in the trees.
STEELE & Co. Lithographs of the American Fall from Goat Island
and of the Horseshoe Fall from Goat Island. 1838.
Colored. The bridge across the central falls shown.
TATTERSALL, O. The destruction of the Caroline steamboat by
fire, or the Falls of Niagara, Upper Canada, on the night of Friday,
the 29th Dec., 1837. Engraved by J. Harris. Lond.: R. Ackmer-
mann. 1838.
The boat in flames is shown at the apex of the Horseshoe.
Wy Lp, JAMEs. Sketch of the Niagara river. 11 x 7. Lond.: J.
Wyld. 1838.
1840
BARTLETT, W. H. The Horse Shoe Fall, Niagara— with the
tower. 7x414. (Jn American scenery. From drawings by W. H.
Bartlett. The literary department by N. P. Willis. Lond.: G. Virtue.
184024 Voll P32)
BARTLETT, W. H. The landing on the American side. (Falls of
Niagara.) 7x 434. (Jn American scenery. From drawings by W. H.
Bartlett. The literary department by N. P. Willis. Lond.: G. Virtue.
1840.: “Well P2975)
BARTLETT, W. H. Niagara Falls. (From near Clifton house.)
Chutes de Niagara vues prés de Clifton house-— Der wasserfall Niagara
vom Cliftonchen hotel gesehen. 7 x41%. (Jn American scenery. From
drawings by W. H. Bartlett. The literary department by N. P. Willis.
Lond.: G. Virtue. 1840. Vol. I. P. 45.)
BARTLETT, W. H. Niagara Falls from the ferry, 7x44. (ln
American scenery. From drawings by W. H. Bartlett. The literary
department by N. P. Willis. Lond.: G. Virtue. 1840. Vol. I.
P. 4.)
BARTLETT, W. H. Niagara Falls. (From the top of the ladder on
the American side.) 714x434. (Jn American scenery. From draw-
ings by W. H. Bartlett. The literary department by N. P. Willis.
Lond.: G. Virtue. 1840. Vol. II. P. 12.)
898
Maps and Pictures
BARTLETT, W. H. The rapids above the Falls of Niagara. 7x41. 1840
(Jn American scenery. From drawings by W. H. Bartlett. The literary Bartlett
department by N. P. Willis. Lond.: G. Virtue. 1840. Vol. I.
Ph6.)
The Niagara drawings of Bartlett form an important part of his notable
art work ‘‘American scenery.”’ ‘They are taken from various points of
view of the Falls and rapids and are of the greatest value historically.
Especially valuable is the view of the ferry landing on the American side,
showing the stairs, etc., by which the ascent to the top of the cliff was
made. ‘The text describing the drawings is written in a charming literary
style.
BarRTLETT, W. H. Views of Niagara Falls (Grosvenor library,
Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 1697-187-. Mat 13 and
13a.)
The pictures shown on these two mats are as follows:
13 — The landing on the American side (Falls of Niagara). J. C.
Bentley.
The rapids above the Falls of Niagara. (R. Brandard.)
Niagara Falls (From near Clifton House). (J. Cousen.)
The Horse Shoe Fall, Niagara with the Tower. (R. Brandard.)
13a — The Horse-Shoe Falls (from the Canadian side). (J. Cousen.)
View below Table Rock. (J. Cousen.)
The banks of the River Niagara (below the Falls). (R. Brandard.)
The outlet of Niagara River (Lake Ontario in the distance). (H.
Adlard.)
The Whirlpool (on the Niagara). (E. Radcliffe.)
LANGHEIM, F———. Daguerreotypes of Niagara. (1840?) 1840
Langheim
1841
De VEAUX, SAMUEL. Map of Niagara Falls and guide table. 1841
12x 16. (Jn his The traveller’s own book, to Saratoga Springs, Niagara De Veaux
Falls and Canada. . . . Buffalo: Faxon & Read. 1841.)
1843
BopMER, CHARLES. View of Niagara Falls. (Jn his Atlas of 1843
eighty-one plates to accompany Wied-Neuwied, M. A. P. von Prinz. Bodmer
899
1843
Bodmer
1844
Holley
1844
1845
Hamilton
Niagara Falls
Travels in the interior of North America. Lond.: Ackermann & Co.
1843. Plate No. 39.)
1844
Ho.ieY, ORVILLE LUTHER. Chart of Niagara falls, the shores
and islands. 4'1/2x2'%4. (In his The picturesque tourists. N. Y.:
Disturnell. 1844. Opp. p. 174.)
“View from Prospect Point showing the stairs”” — ‘‘ Niagara Falls
from Prospect Point.”
A fine chart which shows all the islands around the Falls and the points
of interest around Goat Island.
Ho.ey, ORVILLE LUTHER. Map of Niagara strait and parts adja-
cent. 5x3. (Im his The picturesque tourists. N. Y.: J. Disturnell.
1844. Opp. p. 176.)
Steele’s Niagara Falls portfolio, containing eight new views of Niagara
Falls taken from the most striking points. Also a facsimile of a view
taken by Father Hennepin, in 1678. Lithographed by Hall and Mooney.
Buffalo: Steele’s press. 1844.
Some of the views are very good, being based apparently upon
Bartlett.
1845
HAMILTON, Niagara Falls, American side. 11x24. Eng.
by J. M. Butler. Phila. (1845.)
HamILtTon, J Niagara Falls. (American side.) (Grosvenor
library, Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 1697—187-.
Mat 19.)
This view, which was painted by J. Hamilton from a sketch by T,
Taylor, and engraved at J. M. Butler’s establishment in Philadelphia, gives
a broad, low view of the Falls, and shows the stairs on the American side.
HamMILTON, . Niagara Falls, Canada side. 11x22. Eng.
by J. M. Butler. Phila.: (1845.)
HaMILTon, J———. Niagara Falls (Canadian side). Grosvenor
library, Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 1697—187-.
Mat 20).
Another painting by Hamilton, from a sketch by T. Taylor and
engraved at the establishment of J. M. Butler, Philadelphia. It is another
low, broad view of the Falls which shows the Maid of the Mist at the
foot of the Falls.
900
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~~
Maps and Pictures
HAVELL, RoBERT. Niagara Falls. Painted from the Chinese pagoda. 1845
Point View Gardens. Sing Sing: 1845. Havell
Painted from Prospect Park; shows Iris Island, the ferry house on
Prospect Point, the ferry, the Horseshoe Fall and the stairs on the
Canadian side. ‘The view is colored from a painting.
FRIEND, WASHINGTON. Views of Niagara Falls. (Jn Falls of 1845
Niagara; a complete guide. . . . T. Nelson & Sons. Lond.: Edin- Friend
burg, N. Y. & Toronto: 1846.
This guide contains six colored views of Niagara, among them one of
the Horseshoe Falls, the whirlpool near Niagara, and Brock’s monument
which are credited to Washington Friend.
FRIEND, WASHINGTON. General view of Niagara Falls. View of
the Canadian Fall. 1846.
These two large paintings of the Falls are in the possession of the
Royal Family of Great Britain. The artist, an Englishman, made a num-
ber of studies of the Falls, which formed a part of his panorama of
American scenery, widely exhibited through England. Some of these
Niagara studies may be found reproduced in colors in English guide-books.
HAVELL, ROBERT. Panoramic view of the Falls of Niagara. 1846. 1845
Colored view of the Falls by Havell, who was both painter and avell
engraver.
VAUDRICOURT, A———. Views of the cataract. 1845-6. 1845
These views were used by various lithographers. Vaudricourt
1848? 1848?
Davis, Major HENRY. “ Great Horseshoe Fall.” (1848?) Davis
1849
[BREWER, .] A description of the Mammoth Cave of Ken- 149
tucky, the Niagara River and Falls, Mount Vernon, etc., etc., to illustrate Brewer
Brewer's panorama. Phila: U. S. Job Printing office. 1849.
Pp. 8-12.
A brief description of all points of interest, historical and scenic, on both
sides of the river. Brewer’s panorama was shown in American cities in
the early fifties.
901
1849
Johnson
1850?
Groome
1851
1851
Prescott
Niagara Falls
Jounson, H. G. A map of Niagara river, four miles above and three
miles below the Falls. [1849c.]
Notes, scenic and historical.
1850?
GROOME, W.—GrRAHAM, A. W. Niagara. (Grosvenor library,
Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 1697-187—. Mat 16.)
This view of the Horseshoe Falls apparently taken from Goat Island
is small, colored, shows the rainbow and two Indians in the foreground.
1851
C. R. (del.) Niagara Falls. (Horseshoe Fall.) John Poppel (sc.)
Published for Herman J. Meyer. N. Y.: 1851.
Fine view, showing the Tower and the Maid of the Mist in the river
below.
C. R. (del.) John Poppel (sc.). Niagara Falls. (Horseshoe Fall.)
(Grosvenor library, Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 1697-
187-. Mat 16.)
PRESCOTT, WILLIAM H. Letter to the Earl of Carlisle regarding a
Niagara picture by Lebron, under date of January 27, 1851. (Pub.
Buf. hist. soc. 15:141-143.)
Boston, U. S., January 27, 1851.
My Dear CARLISLE: I wrote you from the country that,
when I returned to town, I should lose no time in endeavoring to
look up a good painting of the Falls of Niagara. I have not
neglected this; but though I found it easy enough to get paintings
of the grand cataract, I have not till lately been able to meet with
what I wanted. I will tell you how this came about. When Bul-
wer, your Minister, was here, I asked him, as he has a good taste
in the arts, to see if he could meet with any good picture of Niag-
ara while he was in New York. Some time after, he wrote me
that he had met with “ a very beautiful picture of the Falls, by a
Frenchman.” It so happened, that I had seen this same picture
much commended in the New York papers, and I found that the
artist’s name was Lebron, a person of whom I happened to know
902
Maps and Pictures
something, as a letter from the Viscount Santarem, in Paris, com- 1851
mended him to me as a “ very distinguished artist,” but the note P'=*°*
arriving last summer, while I was absent, I had never seen Mr.
Lebron. I requested my friend, Mr. ————, of New York, on
whose judgment I place more reliance than on that of any other
connoisseur whom I know, and who has himself a very pretty col-
lection of pictures, to write me his opinion of the work. He fully
confirmed Bulwer’s report; and I accordingly bought the picture,
which is now in my own house.
It is about five feet by three and a half, and exhibits, which is
the most difficult thing, an entire view of the Falls, both on the
Canada and American side. The great difficulty to overcome is
the milky shallowness of the waters, where the foam diminishes
so much the apparent height of the cataract. I think you will
agree that the artist has managed this very well. In the distance a
black thunderstorm is bursting over Goat Island and the American
Falls. A steamboat, the “* Maid of the Mist,” which has been
plying for some years in the river below, forms an object by which
the eye can measure, in some degree, the stupendous proportions
of the cataract. On the edge of the Horseshoe Fall is the frag-
ment of a ferry-boat which, more than a year since, was washed
down to the brink of the precipice, and has been there detained
until within a week, when, I see by the papers, it has been carried
over into the abyss. I mention these little incidents that you may
understand them, being somewhat different from what you saw
when you were at Niagara; and perhaps you may recognize some
change in the form of the Table Rock itself, some tons of which,
carrying away a carriage and horses standing on it at the time,
slipped into the gulf a year or more since.
I shall send the painting out by the “ Canada,” February 12th,
being the first steamer which leaves this port for Liverpool, and as
I have been rather unlucky in some of my consignments, I think it
will be as safe to address the box at once to you, and it will await
your order at Liverpool, where it will probably arrive the latter
part of February.
903
1851
Prescott
1851
1851
Dana
1853
Frankenstein
Niagara Falls
I shall be much disappointed if it does not please you well
enough to hang upon your walls as a faithful representation of
the great cataract; and I trust you will gratify me by accepting it
as a souvenir of your friend across the water. I assure you it
pleases me much to think there is anything I can send you from
this quarter of the world which will give you pleasure.
And believe me, dearest Carlisle,
Ever faithfully yours,
W. H. Prescott.
Panoramic view of Niagara. c 1852.
This colored view is taken from the Canadian side, and shows the
edge of the Canadian shore in the foreground.
DaNA, CHARLES A. Niagara Falls (general view from Clifton
house). 4x 6. (Jn Dana, C. A. ed., The United States illustrated.
2 vol. inone. N. Y.: H. J. Meyer. [1853.] Vol. I. P. 13.)
A pretty view looking full into both falls from below and showing the
rainbow. ‘There is also a description, pages | 3—18.
1853
(FRANKENSTEIN, G. N.) Niagara. (Harp., Aug., 1853. 7:289-
305.)
The Falls described in the form of running commentary on sketches by
G. N. Frankenstein, made as studies for his “‘ Panorama of Niagara Falls.”
** The artist from whose labors we have so largely borrowed, has made
the study of the Great Cataract a labor of love. He summered and
wintered by it. He has painted it by night and by day; by sunlight and
by moonlight; under a summer sun, and amid the rigors of a Canadian
winter, when the gray rocks wore an icy robe, and the spray congealed
into icicles upon his stiffened garments. ‘The sketches from which we have
selected have grown up under his hands for a half score of years; and we
can not doubt that many to whom Niagara wears the face of a familiar
friend will find themselves transported to it in imagination, as they look
upon the results of his labors; and many who may never behold the Falls,
will gain some just though inadequate conception of their magnificence and
beauty.”’
904
Maps and Pictures
FRANKENSTEIN, G. N. Niagara Falls. (Jones sc.) E. Ferrett & 1853
Go... Phila.:, (1833). Frankenstein
A general view of the Falls taken from Hennepin’s point.
GeiL, SAMUEL. Map of the vicinity of Niagara Falls. Phila.: aes
James D. Scott. N. d. of
GEIL, SAMUEL and Dep, J. L. Map of the vicinity of Niagara 1853
Falls. From actual surveys by Samuel Geil. Colored. 22x28. Phila.: Geil & DFP
[1853.]
GUERNSEY, ALFRED H. Niagara. (Harp., Aug., 1853. 7:289-— 1853
305.) Guernsey
Noteworthy because of its illustrations which were selected from over
a hundred views painted by G. N. Frankenstein as studies for his Pano-
rama of Niagara Falls.
I. Niagara Falls from the Ferry. II. Aus Fluss des Niagara. III. 1853
Outlet of the Niagara. IV. Below Table Rock (Niagara). V. Niagara
Falls (central view from Clifton House). (Grosvenor library, Buffalo,
N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 1697-187-. Mat 14.)
These views, which resemble Bartlett, are taken from the ‘* United
States illustrated” edited by C. A. Dana, and published by H. J. Meyer,
NevY 6 €1855.)
1854
Buttre, J. C. Niagara Falls. (Lit. liv. age, May 27, 1854. 1854
41 :385.) Buttre
A very fine view of the Falls from under Table Rock, “* engraved from
an original sketch.” Somewhat suggests Bartlett’s treatment of the same
subject.
JupaH, T. D. (Civil engineer.) Map of the villages of Bellvue, 1g59
Niagara Falls and Elgin. 30x42. Buffalo, N. Y. Lith. of Compton Judah
and Gibson. [1854.]
The details show a “section of strata along the Niagara River from
Lake Ontario to Lake Erie,’ and a “ section of the Falls abreast.”
Niagara Falls. (General view from Clifton House. 1859
Pub. for H. J. Meyer. N. Y. [1854.])
Rapids of the Niagara above the Falls for the pro-
prietor H. J. Meyer. Pub. for Paul Bernard. N. Y.: [1854.]
1859
905
1854
1855
Bornet
1855
Ferguson
1857
Church
Niagara Falls
Witmer, Tosias. Map of the town of Niagara. Drawn from sur-
veys and authentic records by Tobias Witmer, surveyor, 1854. 24x50.
Buffalo, N. Y.: Lith. by W. Berggoetz. [1854.]
An inset gives a general view of the Falls from the landing on the
Canadian side, about where the steamer docks now.
1855
BorneET, JOHN. Niagara Falls, American side. Published by Goupil
& Co., 772 Broadway, N. Y.: 1855.
This is an imposing colored view showing a steamer and a rowboat in
the lower river.
FERGUSON, WILLIAM. America by river and rail, or Notes by the way
of the new world and its people. Lond.: James Nisbet. 1856.
Pp. 441-458.
This is one of the first descriptions from a distance. The frontispiece
shows the Horseshoe Falls from the Canadian side.
1857
CHURCH, FREDERICK Epwarp. Niagara. 1857.
This painting of Niagara, hailed in 1857 as the most wonderful repre-
sentation of the great waterfall, still stands in the front rank. Ten years
after it was painted the picture won a prize at the Paris Exposition. After
being widely exhibited in Europe, it was returned to this country and is
now in the Corcoran Art Gallery in Washington. In the National Gal-
lery of Scotland at Edinburgh, there is another Niagara by Church.
CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWARD. The great fall, Niagara. Painted
by Frederick Edward Church. N. Y. Williams, Stevens, Williams &
Co. A'857.
A pamphlet of fourteen pages giving press opinions of the great paint-
ing. The pamphlet is prefaced by Brainard’s ‘‘ Niagara.”
From the New York Daily Times.
Church’s Niagara. . . . What proposition has been more
universally accepted as an axiom in American landscape art than
this — that Niagara could not be reproduced on the canvas?
Everybody has echoed the remark — everybody has believed it
—nobody could question, because nobody had disproved it.
906
Maps and Pictures
And now there comes a quiet artist quietly forward, who calmly
puts his work down before gazing Broadway, and begs leave to
differ from the critics and the public — and in the twinkling of
an eye wins all the world over to his side! People go and look
at Mr. Church’s Niagara and come away only wondering that
anybody who tried to do it every failed to paint the Cataract. It
seems the simplest thing in the world, for it has been done simply
— with the simplicity of power, and the wonderful, convincing
truth of simplicity.
You pass from the bustle of the street into the small back room
of the Messrs. Williams and Stevens, . . . and behold! there
is the marvel of the Western World before you. The broadening
river sweeps curving to the plunge —the beryl green of the
central watery masses charms their else awful night into delicious
beauty — the vaporous white veils of mingling spray and mist
float lightly and tenderly up, smitten through and through with
the glory of the diffusive daylight and the splendor of the glitter-
ing rainbow — far away, far as the eye can follow the dreaming
fancy, the distant landscape glows and mellows through every
hue of purple, gold and amethyst — and overhead the sky bends,
warm and light, and soft — a heaven worthy of the scene.
To write of this picture is like writing of the Falls themselves.
You think of it, and your pen hangs idly in your hand, as your
imagination brings back to you the grandeur and the grace you
gazed upon. The painting of such a picture marks an era in the
art of our country.
From the Courier and Enquirer.
Fine Arts. . . . It is a view of Niagara Falls which will
cause all others ever painted to be forgotten. We know of no
American landscape which unites as this does the merits of com-
position and treatment; for in painting such a picture the choice
of a point of view may justly be called composition. We have
yet to see the modern landscape of any school which surpasses in
its faithful presentation of the characteristic facts of nature. The
907
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Church
1857
Church
Niagara Falls
picture has no foreground, to speak literally. It is water to the
base line, and water everywhere. The only land that appears is
in two strips of shore in the far distance; which, by the way, are
most delicately and truthfully painted. “The view is from a point
on the Canada side, a little above the Fall, the whole curve of
which, except of course the small segment next to the spectator, is
taken in at once by the eye. The point of view being elevated,
the Fall opposite to the spectator is seen at its full height, and
just above it the river stretches away into miles of broken surface.
A few light diffusive clouds in the sky ; and just above the horizon
peep one or two peaks of heavy cumuli. The rainbow glows
with luminous color, as if it were cast by a prism. Its grand char-
acter is given to the picture by the skilful presentation of the great
mass of water; and the marvel of its treatment is the expression of
mobility which every part of it conveys. There is not a line’s
breadth upon it that does not seem in motion; not an outline in it
that does not appear to be just passing into some other form. One
of its marvellous passages is the view up the river, where the dis-
tance of miles is clearly expressed in a space of half a hand’s
breadth.”
From the New York Daily News.
Church’s Painting of Niagara Fallsa— . . . Mr. Church
has shown himself the great artist in the judicious selection of his
point of view, and the scope embraced in his picture. The
Horse-Shoe Fall, viewed from the Canada shore a few rods above
Table Rock, is taken in at one sweep of the vision from the shore
to the island; while the tower, the rocks below, and the rapids
receding into the distance contribute to make this view the most
eminently characteristic.
Building up his composition upon the true principles of the
sublime, he has not marred the simple grandeur of his subject by
the introduction of any extraneous forms or objects of animal life.
He has even excluded the shore from his ‘‘ foreground,” and
makes the moving mass of waters — as they go rushing madly at
908
Maps and Pictures
his feet over angry looking rocks here and there revealed amid the 1857
snowy-crested breakers — serve him for his only, and the most “'"*
appropriate, foreground.
In some respects it is as difficult to describe this picture as the
subject of it. Where sound and motion overwhelm the spectator,
as in beholding Niagara, earth and sky are forgotten. So in this
painting, we have no earth for a foreground, and a sky that is so
fleecy and palpitating for a distance, that until a section of a
rainbow (which seems to counterfeit nature) paints itself upon
the rising spray, and the deep emerald of the falling waters carries
your eye upward, you have been scarcaly conscious that the pic-
ture had any sky at all: but you now feel that it has, and the most
admirable which could have been given it; for who ever thinks of
the sky when viewing Niagara?
There is the warm glow of an October afternoon reflected back
from the zenith upon the waters: and with this delicate amber
tint, flickering between sunlight and shade — foam crested waves
and their deep green caverns, this picture presents the most truth-
ful representation of water, in all the phases of color and motion,
that we have yet seen upon the canvas. Your eye and mind
wander up the “ Rapids ’”’ until lost in contemplation; and you
only return with the rush of waters, to leap madly into the chasm
below, to be lost again in the most sublime reverie!
The picture makes you feel this; and, if you have imagination,
much more. It is the great painting of the grandest subject of
nature! It is the chef d’oeuvre of Niagaras upon any canvas,
and must give to its painter a fame as imperishable as his
subject.
From the Boston Weekly Traveller.
Church’s Painting of Niagara— . . . This Niagara of
Church’s is so calm and satisfactory that ordinary praise is imper-
tinent. To say, “ How beautiful it is! ”’ is like saying the same
thing of a perfect June day. A thousand pictures have been
painted of the same great scene; everybody has been to gaze upon
909
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Church
Niagara Falls
it, and to listen to it, and remember it forever. But when you
see this, you feel at once, this is Niagara; the eye that could com-
mand the hand has seen it at last, and the future pictures of the
Cataract may be different — they cannot be superior to this.
The view selected is the simplest and most comprehensive.
The spectator stands a little above Table Rock, and the eye looks
along the level of the rapids, seeing them toss and curl against
the sky and horizon, and the spectator understands why it is called
an ocean pouring itself away. The foreground is the swift,
shattered water of the shallow shore — rapids gliding to the brink
of the Fall which forms the Canada side of the Horse-Shoe, and
the middle of the canvas is filled with the plunge of the main sheet
into the abyss. It is all water, except a shore of Goat Island upon
the left, and the long, low, woody Canada shore upon the right.
Over all shines a transparent summer sky, with a dull, distant
thunder mist beyond Goat Island, and soft, peaceful clouds over
Canada. A rainbow springs from the abyss; but it is only frag-
mentary, for the vapor is wafted aside and broken. ‘This rainbow
is the purest light I ever saw in painting. Turner, whose later
life was a long effort to produce light, and a marvellous success
in doing it, has nothing which seems to me so wonderful as this
broken rainbow of Church’s. It is hard to believe that it is not a
reflection thrown upon the canvas from a prism.
Will you not be surprised to hear, too, that if the young
American has rivaled Turner's light, he has also equaled the pre-
Raphaelite detail> Not as the pre-Raphaelites, but with a con-
scientious finish of minuteness, which does not in the least clash
with the broad beauty of the whole. ‘The stones in the little
round tower upon the American side of the Great Fall are per-
fectly made out, if you will look to see; and far away upon the
northern shore of the rapids, the details of a country yard are
visible.
But the calmness and simplicity of the picture are its charms.
Everybody remembers how tranquil his remembrance of the scene
is, and how simple its grandeur is. Niagara makes no appeal to
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Maps and Pictures
your admiration; and art is true to its sympathy with nature, 1857
when, as I said, it almost scorns your approval. A rose is beauti- Chu"
ful for its own beauty, not for our praise; and this picture makes
no points, has no rhetoric, and takes no postures; but challenges
your homage as Sabrina fair challenges it, under the glassy wave,
or as the water’s own transparency compels it.
{Church’s Niagara.] (Lit. liv. age, Oct. 24, 1857. 55:254-255. 1857
- « «But Mr. Church has painted the stupendous cataract
with a quiet courage and a patient elaboration, which leaves us,
for the first time, satisfied that even this awful reality is not
beyond the range of human imitation.
Mr. Church’s picture is an oblong of some seven or eight feet
by three and a half, if our eyes have not deceived us. The view
is taken from the Canadian side, a little above Table Rock, and
it includes the whole sweep of the Horseshoe Fall, to the corner
of Goat Island. There is no foreground or shore. The spectator
looks right along the Canadian rapids, as their swirls converge for
the tremendous leap. A shattered tree trunk is caught in the
opposing eddies, which churn and chafe into foam over the layers
of brown rock, the sunlight striking their edges into transparent
green where they fling themselves over the lips of the ledges, in
their hurrying course to the plunge of the mighty river. About the
center of the picture the bend of the barrier enables us to watch
the downward leap of the river, not in a sheet, but in innumerable
cascades from every projecting point, shivered into fine fringes of
foam, and losing themselves in the spray to which the mass of
water is churned by its fall. Across the wet air of this spray cloud
the rainbow flings its prismatic arch. Beyond we see the distant
lines of foam that mark the rapids, and further still the terraces
of the Chippeway shore flushed with the rich hues of American
Autumnal forest. The time is towards evening. . . . It
bears throughout unmistakable evidence of the most close and suc-
cessful study. To paint running water is always difficult. But
when the running water is the expanse of a mighty river, broken
. into countless eddies by rock ledges, and hurrying to such a fall,
911
1857
Church
1857
Fairbanks
1859
Niagara Falls
it may well be conceived, what labor has been necessary to
apprehend the bewildering facts, what patient mastery to repre-
sent them, so as to leave the spectator impressed, as by the
presence of the stupendous reality, with the abstraction of motion
and sound. .
FAIRBANKS, J. H. A map of the vicinity of Niagara Falls. Drawn
from actual survey for Tunis’ guide. 16x21. Buffalo, N. Y.: E.R.
Jewett & Co. 1857.
Shows Gull Island, and various points on the American and Canadian
shores are indicated — the Pavilion, Prospect House, etc. There are two
small views of the Falls.
1859
Gignoux’s Niagara. (Harp. w., July 9, 1859. 3:436.)
An engaving of ‘‘ Gignoux’s Niagara — The Property of August Bel-
mont.”
We have the pleasure of laying before our readers an engrav-
ing of M. Gignoux’s Niagara, one of the noblest works of
American art. It will be remembered that M. Gignoux executed,
some eighteen months ago, a painting of Niagara, which was
exhibited together with a painting on the same subject by Mr.
Church. Both became the property of a firm of print-sellers.
Mr. August Belmont, the well-known banker and millionaire,
who expected to purchase M. Gignoux’s picture, was so much
disappointed at losing it that he gave the artist a commission to
execute a new Niagara for him. The result of that order is the
admirable work which we now engrave. . . . M. Gignoux
has painted Niagara by moonlight, the point of view being from
Goat Island, and the main scene the Horseshoe Fall. Words
fail to describe the beauty of the original work. It is one of
those delicious scenes on which the eye can feast for hours
together. One almost fancies, in gazing into the soft summer
night-air which envelops the scene, that the ear hears the roar of
the cataract as the eye sees the floating moonbeams which dance
over the broad rushing stream.
912
Maps and Pictures
Beside the Falls the picture shows a bit of Goat Island and the Henne- 1859
pin Tower in the foreground, the bend of the Horseshoe and the dim
distant Canadian shore.
RICHARDT, FERDINAND. ‘The great international railway bridge. 1859
Engraved by D. E. Glover. 1859. Richardt
The Falls are visible in the background.
RICHARDT, FERDINAND. Niagara Falls. (From the American
shore.) A. H. Payne (sc.). (1859.)
This print shows Prospect Park and the old railings of wood.
RICHARDT, FERDINAND. The Tower. A. H. Payne (sc.). (1859.)
Hess, B——. The Falls of Niagara, from the Canada side. 1859. 1859
This beautiful colored view shows the angle of the Horseshoe, the i
tower, Goat Island and part of the American Fall, with the rainbow by
the Horseshoe.
. View of Niagara Falls. (/n Engleheart, Gardner, 1859
D., Journal of the progress of H. R. H. the Prince of Wales through
British North America; and his visit to the United States, 10th July to
15th November, 1860. Privately printed. 1860. Pp. 63-66.)
This brief journal of three days spent at the Falls and in their vicinity
is embellished by a handsome view of the Falls from Goat Island showing
the tower, and the angle of the Horseshoe.
=
1860
BIERSTADT, FE: American Falls from Goat Island. (Grosvenor 1860
library, Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 1697—187-. Bierstadt
Mat 18.)
An artotype.
BircuH, T. Falls of Niagara from the American ladder. 1860? 1860
(Grosvenor library, Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 1697— Birch
187-. Mat 16.)
This drawing by Birch was engraved by J. D. Steel.
Birdseye view of Niagara Falls and surrounding country. 1860?
(Grosvenor library, Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 1697—
187—. Mat 18.)
58 913
Niagara Falls
1860 Cataract house, Niagara Falls. [18602] (Grosvenor library, Buffalo,
N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 1697-187-. Mat 17.)
A letterhead.
Cataract house, Niagara Falls. [1860?] (Grosvenor library, Buffalo,
N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 1697-187-. Mat 17.)
Clifton house, Niagara Falls. [1860>] (Grosvenor library, Buf-
falo, N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 1697-187—. Mat 17.)
Fall of Niagara, Canada. [1860?] Grosvenor library, Buffalo,
N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 1697-187-. Mat 16.)
Taken from the Canadian side, some distance down stream from the
Falls.
1860 HALL and Mooney. Niagara Falls from near the head of the ferry
Hall ae stairs. (18602) Grosvenor library, Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara
Falls. 1697—-187—. Mat 17.)
HALL and Mooney. View from the pagoda. (1860?) (Grosvenor
library, Buffalo, N. Y. 1697-187-. Mat 17.)
Both the above are lithographs.
1860 Ho.ioway, F American Fall from the ferry and the Horse-
Holloway —_— shoe Fall from Table Rock. 1860. (Grosvenor library, Buffalo, N. Y.
Views of Niagara Falls. 1697-1870. Mat 15.)
These two views were drawn by F. Holloway about 1860.
1860 J. V. C. (del.) View of Niagara River and Lake Ontario from the
J. V. ¢. top of the mountain at Lewiston. Jewett, Thomas & Co., printers.
[1860>] (Grosvenor library, Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls.
1697-187-. Mat 16.)
Stereotyped view.
1860 KRAUSSE and ELTINER (sc). Ejisenbahn Hangerbrucker
ee. me uber den Niagara. [18602] (Grosvenor library, Buffalo, N. Y.
tiner
Views of Niagara Falls. 1697-187—. Mat 17.)
1860 (Niagara frontispiece) and Niagara Falls from the American shore.
(Grosvenor library, Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 1697-
187-. Mat 15.)
The first of these two pictures looks like a Washington Friend produc-
tion. Both of them are taken from the “ Historical and_ statistical
914
Maps and Pictures
gazetteer of New York State’’ by John H. French, published by R. P. 1860
Smith, Syracuse. 1860.
NoEL, J (del.) Outhwaite (sc.). Les cataracts du Niagara. 1860
[18602] (Grosvenor library, Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. Neel
1697-187-. Mat 16.)
A view of the Horseshoe Fall from Goat Island showing the tower
and the Maid of the Mist. ‘Three figures and a dog appear in the fore-
ground on the left and the Canadian shore is seen in the distance.
NoEL, J——. (del.) Outhwaite (sc.). Pont suspender sur le
Niagara. [1860?] Grosvenor library, Buffalo, N. Y. Views of
Niagara Falls. 1697-187-. Mat 22.)
Printed by Ch. Charden, Paris.
SAINSON, DE . (del.) Chute du Niagara. (1836.) Grosvenor 469
library, Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 1697-—187-. Sainson
Mat 16.)
SHRADE, (sc.). Chute du Niagara. (1860?) (Grosvenor 1860
library, Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 1697—187~-. Shrade
Mat 18.)
Published by Furne of Paris.
Suspension bridge at Niagara Falls. (1860?) (Grosvenor library, 1860
Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 1697-187-. Mat 16.)
This was engraved for the Family Circle and Parlor Annual.
Three views in colors from the “Falls of Niagara” (guide-book) 1860
1860. (Grosvenor library, Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls.
1697-187-. Mat 15.)
The Table Rock and Terrapin Tower and the Horseshoe Fall from
Goat Island taken from photographs, and one of the Horseshoe Fall from
a drawing by Washington Friend.
WINCKELMANN, , and SCHUE, Aussicht auf den 1860
Niagara Fall. (18602) (Grosvenor library, Buffalo, N. Y. Views Vo
of Niagara Falls. 1697-187-. Mat 17.) une
This lithograph, made in Berlin, gives the view from an open window
overlooking the Falls.
915
1864
Dore
1868
Church
Niagara Falls
1864
Dore, GusTAVE. Atala album, photographs of twelve illustrations to
Chateaubriand’s Atala. Phila.: Frederick Leypoldt. N. Y.: F. W.
Christem. 1864.
Contains photograph of Dore’s splendid view of the Falls with several
others showing the gorge and the rapids.
1868
Mr. Church’s new picture of Niagara. (Lit. hv. age, May 15, 1868.
97 :441-443.)
so he has painted the Falls a second time, and now
ae the opposite side of the St. Lawrence.
Our readers may remember that Mr. Church’s former picture
of the Falls of Niagara was an oblong, whereas this is an upright
one; the other also was in great part a study of the rapid just
before the fall, whilst this is mainly a study of the fall itself and
of the basin below it. If asked which of the two pictures we
should most care to possess, we should be much embarrassed, for
each illustrates and supplements the other. The two together are
a splendid proof of what landscape-painting may do in a direc-
tion which, though secondary to poetical or creative art, is never-
theless equally important, and far more likely to be of service to
the generality of mankind.
The present picture has what is usually considered a disad-
vantage, in an exceedingly high horizon. It is, in fact, almost a
bird’s-eye view of the basin under the fall, the spectator being on
the level of the rapid above; . . .
The effect is much the same as that of the preceding picture.
The sky is of a dull dusty warm gray, with warm white clouds
low on the horizon. The woods on the distant Canadian shore
are obscured by the mist rising from the fall, which adds
immensely to the artistic availableness of the subject. The reader
916
Maps and Pictures
will remember that the falls are divided by a mass of rock which 1868
is crowned by a dense wood; this wood is also obscured by mist, “P¥"
but partially, and much less so than that in the distance; and the
effects of mist on these woods are full of interesting study, and
surprisingly truthful. Let us now follow the fall from the
Canadian shore to the American, from which we see it. First,
we have three or four white cascades like a Swiss fall, then a
rather broader mass, and then for a space we see no water at all
on account of the rising mist. A little to the left of the mist,
however, there is a broad sheet of pure emerald, whose translucent
beauty, though it really covers only a few square inches of canvas,
leads the imagination to give an ideal splendour to the whole
waterfall. . . . This transparent passage is followed by one
of dull, opaque white, and then we come to the rocks in mid-
stream, whose thick vegetation is watered by the ever ascending
mist and trembles at the eternal thunder. From here to the spec-
tator is nothing but the rippling rapid above, and the ragged sheet
of heavily falling water, losing itself below in masses of rolling
cloud. In the way of immediate foreground we have a cliff to
the left, and before us its scattered debris.
The most original passage remains to be described. Below
every waterfall there is a pool, whose motion is in great part
determined by the continual rising from below of the water which
the force of the cascade has driven down to the very bed of the
river. A fall like Niagara actually dives and strikes the bottom,
from which it continually rebounds. The effects on the surface
of the pool are amongst the most curious of all the phenomena of
water. One very remarkable result is that, although there may be
nothing like what we are accustomed to call a wave, the water is
not level; it often perceptibly rises into gentle eminences, flowing
away from these in all directions. Sometimes the whole pool is
visibly, though slightly domed, and this, from Mr. Church’s
record, appears to be the case with Niagara. There was no great
technical difficulty in rendering this appearance, but Mr. Church
has achieved a very great feat in his interpretation of the surface-
917
1868
Church
1870
Currier
1870
Endicott
1870
Glover
1870
Kellogg
Niagara Falls
markings; we have never seen the lines of currents and the
stretching streaks of foam more thoroughly studied than in this
picture. The difficulty of painting such a large space of water
would have been great under any circumstances, but in this case,
when it is covered with elaborate markings, every one of which is
a result of motions and forces exceedingly difficult to analyze and
comprehend, and seen from such a height that all these markings
must be thoroughly mapped out, the difficulty is so tremendous
that nothing but very extraordinary powers of observation and
memory could have overcome it.
1870
CurRIER, N . Niagara Falls from Table Rock. [1870>]
(Grosvenor library, Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 1697—
hOZ— Mat 22/1)
Lithograph published by N. Currier.
Der Niagara Fall. [18702] (Grosvenor library, Buffalo, N. Y.
Views of Niagara Falls. 1697-1870. Mat 25.)
In colors, after Weld.
Die Schnellen des Niagara. [18702] (Grosvenor library, Buffalo,
N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 1697-187-. Mat 22.)
ENDICOTT, American Fall of the Niagara. [1870?]
(Grosvenor library, Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 1697—
187-. Mat 23.)
Gover, H. J. The great international railway suspension bridge
over the Niagara river in full view of the Falls, connecting the United
States and Canada, the New York Central and Great Western Railways.
[18702] (Grosvenor library, Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls.
1697-187—. Mat 17.)
KELLOocc, E. B. and E. C. Niagara and its wonders. [1870?]
(Grosvenor library, Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 1697-
187-. Mat 26.)
A lithograph published in Hartford, Conn., showing suspension bridge
surrounded by ten small views of the Falls from various points of view.
918
Maps and Pictures
(Large view of terrapin tower and Horseshoe Fall.) [18702] 1870
(Grosvenor library, Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 1697—
187—-. Mat 27.)
Map of North America with Niagara Falls inset of Kalm-Hennepin 1870
type. [1870?] (Grosvenor library, Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara
Falls. 1697-187-. Mat 22.)
Ontario and St. Lawrence steamboat company. Inset of Horseshoe 1870
Fall. [1870?] (Grosvenor library, Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara
Falls. 1697-187-. Mat 22.)
This inset appears in “ Routes from Albany to Niagara Falls, Buffalo,
and Montreal.”
Rapids of the Niagara Fall. [1870?] (Grosvenor library, Buffalo, 1870
N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 1697-187-. Mat 25.)
A poor view, apparently of the lower rapids.
SCHLITZER, FRANK CECIL. ‘Two views of the Falls from the Ameri- 1870
can shore below. Lithographed by Sage, Sons & Co. Buffalo: 1870, Schlitzer
These two colored views taken from paintings, are apparently of
different dates. They show the inclined railway structure and other
buildings on the slope on the American side, but the terminals are different
in the two pictures.
ScHUSTER, S Niagara Falls. [18702] (Grosvenor library, 1870
Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 1697-187-. Mat 21.) Schuster
Both falls are shown from the Canadian side. A very poor picture.
The three sisters, Niagara river above the Falls. [18702] (Grosvenor 1870
library, Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 1697-187-.
Mat 23.)
This very pretty view by J. H. Bufford and Sons, lithographers, Bos-
ton, shows the rapids and the river above the Falls.
1872
FENN, Harry. Niagara. S. V. Hunt. (sc.) D. Appleton and Co. 1872
1873. (Grosvenor library, Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. Fenn
1697-187-. Mat 15.)
Taken from “‘ Picturesque America ”’ edited by William Cullen Bryant.
1872.
919
1872
Fenn
1877
1878
De Haas
1880
1880
1885
Hatton
Niagara Falls
FENN, Harry. Niagara. S. V. Hunt (sc.) N. Y. D. Apple-
ton and Co. 1873.
In this view from above the Horseshoe Fall on the Canadian side the
water effects are fine, but the details are inaccurate. A bridge is shown
from the Canadian side to Goat Island in the rapids with suspension
bridge and the American city in the distance.
1877
The season at Niagara Falls — (Photographic visitors drawn by J.
Wells Champney). (Harp. w., Aug. 18, 1877. 21:645-646.)
1878
De Haas, Mauritz FREDERICK HANs. The rapids above the
Falls: (C1878)
The painter of this picture was a Dutch artist, who was closely identified
with American art from the time of his arrival in this country in 1859.
He was a winner of many medals in this country, and a member of the
National Academy of Design. This superb picture of the rapids was
exhibited at the Paris Exposition in 1878 and was the subject of much
comment in the press and various art journals.
1880
Falls of Niagara, reprints of Hennepin, Lahontan, newspaper 1764,
Ellicott, Rush, C. Williamson. (Mag. Am. hist., July, 1880. 5:47-56.)
New York State. Reservation Commission at Niagara. Map and
guide of the New York State Reservation at Niagara. Buffalo:
(188->)
A folded map with a description on the reverse side.
1885
FENN, ALICE Maup. Niagara. (Art jour. 1885. 38:237-241.)
Describes the beauties of Niagara and is illustrated from drawings by
Harry Fenn.
HaTTON, JosEPH. Niagara illustrated. (Art jour. 1885.
37:13-14.)
A criticism and description of the picture of Niagara by Her Royal
Highness the Princess Louise. ‘This picture illustrates the article.
920
Maps and Pictures
WITTEMAN, ADoLPH. New bond paper map of Niagara Falls and 1885
vicinity. 7!14x13. N. Y. A. Witteman. 1886. Witteman
1886-1889
SANGSTER, Amos W. Niagara River and Falls from Lake Erie to 1886-89
Lake Ontario: a series of one hundred and fifty-three original etchings, "28%"
etched on copper, from his own drawings; ed. by James W. Ward.
Buffalo: Fryer. 1886-89.
Some fifty plates and vignettes of Falls scenery. The whole work is
accompanied by a descriptive text.
1888
PHILOPPOTEAUX, PAUL. Cyclorama of Niagara. 400x500. 1888
@ 888.) Philoppoteaux
This cyclorama was painted by the same artist that painted the ‘‘ Battle
of Gettysburg.” Associated with him in the painting of the gigantic
** Niagara” were other artists of repute. The ‘ Cyclorama of Niagara ’’
was opened to the public in London in 1888. ‘The painting, so those who
viewed it tell us, had decided artistic merit, and the arrangements for light-
ing were so superior that the exhibition was a great success, for a time.
It was afterward brought to America, and exhibited with discouraging
results at Chicago. Its present whereabouts is unknown.
1889
Buffalo: Some representative views collected under the direction of the 1889
Buffalo merchants’ exchange, for presentation to the delegates of the
International American conference as a souvenir of their visit to the city
on October 14, 1889.
Views of the Falls from Prospect Point, from the Canadian side, and
of the Cave of the Winds.
Hii, J. HENry. (Horseshoe Fall from Goat Island.) 1889. 1889
An etching. Fill
1891
Hayes, JAmes. A note on Niagara literature. (The bookworm. ee
(Lond.:) 1891. 4:337.) Bia
Contains a reference to what the author believed “‘ the earliest engraving
of the Falls.”
921
1893
Bamburgh
1893
Flynne
1893
Hopkins
1893
Mignot
1894
Du Mond
1899
Waldron
1900
Niagara Falls
1893
(BAMBURGH, WILLIAM CUSHING). Niagara Falls from uncommon
points of view. N. Y.: Phoenix Art Pub. Co. 1893.
Contains eighteen views of the Falls — photographs pasted in with brief
appreciative comments preceding each.
FLYNNE, P. C. Niagara Falls. 8x15. 1893.
This large picture was painted for the state of New York for exhibi-
tion in the New York Building at the Chicago Fair in 1893. It embraces
both the American and Canadian Falls. In 1894, Mr. Flynne presented
it to the State of New York, and since then it has hung on the wall of the
Senate lobby in Albany.
Hopkins, G. M. Atlas of the vicinities of the cities of Niagara Falls,
North Tonawanda and Buffalo, N. Y. Phila.: G. M. Hopkins. 1893.
Of the thirty-three plates, numbers 3 and 5 show the Falls and the
Reservation.
MicnoT, Louis R. Niagara. (A painting.) 1893.
This study of Niagara was exhibited at the Columbian exhibition in
1893.
1894
Du Monp, F. V. Niagara illustrations. (/n Trumbull, William.
Legend of the white canoe. N.Y. and Lond.: Putnam. 1894.)
These illustrations are photogravures from the designs of F. V. Du
Mond, to illustrate this Indian legend of the sacrifice of a beautiful maiden
to the Spirit of ‘the Falls.
1899
Wavpron, Ho_mMan D. With pen and camera at Niagara Falls.
Portland, Me.: Chisholm. c 1899.
Some views of the milling district and of Niagara in harness.
1900
International waterways commission. Message from the President of the
United States transmitting the final report of the international waterways
commission upon the proposed dam at the outlet of Lake Erie. (63d Cong.
Ist sess. Sen. Doc. 118.)
Contains a map of the Niagara river.
922
Maps and Pictures
JoHNsTon, W. . and A. K. Quebec, Niagara, Montreal. 1900
10x 714. (Un their World-wide atlas of modern geography, etc. 5th ed. Johnston
fol. Edinburgh and Lond.: W. and A. K. Johnston. 1900. P. 116.)
This small map of the river indicates the points of interest on the
reservation.
1901
CUTTER and Koonz. Panoramic views of Niagara Falls. Niagara 1901
Falls: Cutter and Koonz. 1901. Catter and
Koonz
Among other views a very good one of the old iron bridge to Goat
Island.
UNDERWOOD and UNDERWOoD. Map of Niagara Falls. 8x9!4. 19091
1901. Unde ee
an
1905 Underwood
SPENCER, JOSEPH WILLIAM WINTHROP. A map of the gorge of 1905
the Niagara River, to accompany a report on New discoveries in the physics SPe"¢et
of the Falls. 1905. (Jn back of his ‘* Outline of the evolution of the
Falls of Niagara: contrast with the Falls of Zambesi’’: for the Inter-
national Zoological Congress. )
1908
Brown, JAMEs FrRANcIS. The red man’s fact. (1908?) 1908
BROWN, JAMES FRANCIS. The white man’s fancy. (1908?) et
These two paintings preserved at Niagara Falls illustrate Indian legends.
MATHEWS, CATHARINE VAN CORTLANDT. Andrew Ellicott, his life 1908
and letters. N. Y.: Grafton. 1908. Pp. 72-76. Mathews
Contains on pages 72—76 a report to President Washington of his dis-
agreeable treatment by the British commandant at Fort Niagara. ‘There
is also a map of the Straight of Niagara to be handed to General Wash-
ington on his return.
1909
KELLER, Major CHARLES. Niagara River from above the Falls 4999
to Lake Ontario; prepared under the direction of Major Charles Keller. Keller
Corps of Engr’s, U. S. Army. 1909.
This map is a part of a “ survey of the northern and northwestern lakes
made in obedience to acts of Congress and orders from Headquarters of
the Corps of Engr’s, U. S. Army.”’ It shows the Falls, the power houses,
etc., incidentally.
923
1911
Pennell
No date
Beck
Coxe
Day
Delarochette
Niagara Falls
1911
PENNELL, JosEPH. Niagara Falls. (Cent., May, I9I11.
82:77-82.)
Six lithographs by Joseph Pennell sketched from nature in the autumn
of 1910: I. View from the railway station overlooking the Falls on the
Canadian side; II. Building the power house on the Canadian side — the
American Falls, below; III. Rainbows over the Canadian Falls, as seen
from the Canadian side; IV. The Rapids below the upper steel arch bridge
— the American power house on the left; V. The rapids below the steel
arch bridge from the Canadian side; VI. The upper steel arch bridge from
the Canadian side looking down stream. In these views the emphasis is
laid upon the industrial aspects of the scene.
No Date
Beck, RAPHAEL. Niagara Falls. (Painting.)
This painting, similar to Thomas Cole’s in point of view and treatment
of the cataract as primitive Niagara, hangs in the Buffalo Historical
Society Building in Buffalo, N. Y.
CoxE, REGINALD. The Luna Fall.
Coxe, REGINALD. Study of the rapids.
Both these modern canvases hang in the Historical Building at Buffalo.
Day, W——. (Lith.) Great Horseshoe Fall. On stone by A.
Picken, Jr.
This print shows the Falls from below, as a broad straight line, then
an angle with the mist rising. Below there are wild stereotyped waves,
and figures are seen on the rocks by the stream on the left.
These stupendous falls (the largest yet discovered) may be
heard at the distance of 40 miles, the cloud of spray continually
overhanging them is distinctly seen at the distance of 70 miles
with the naked eye.
There are 113,510,000 gallons, or 672,000 tons of water per
minute precipitated over these Falls.
DELAROCHETTE, L Bowle’s new pocket map of North America
divided into its provinces, colonies, etc., by J. Palairet, lately revised and
improved with many additions, from D’Anville, Mitchell, and Bellini, by
L. Delarochette. Lond.: N. d. 7
** Niagara Fall, 140 feet.”
924
Maps and Pictures
Der Niagara fluss. Verlag d. Englishen Kinstantalt v. A. H. Payne. No date
Leipzig and Dresden.
This print shows a bridge across the upper river and the American Fall
as a great smooth sheet. Goat Island is also visible.
Epwarops, ERNEST. Niagara; photo-gravures from originals. Troy: Edwards
Nims and Knight. N. d.
Exquisite.
LoTTER, MATTHIEU ALBERT. Carte nouvelle de |’Amerique Angloise [ otter
contenant tout ce que les Anglois possedent sur le Continent de |’ Amerique
Septentrionale savoir le Canada, la Nouvelle Ecosse ou Acadie, les treize
Provinces unies. . . . avec la Floride. Gravée exactment d’aprés les
determinations geographiques dernierement faites par Matthieu Albert
Lotter 4 Augsburg.
SUMMARY
It may be truthfully said that no natural wonder of our world
has been more universally pictured than Niagara Falls. The
views have taken a multiplicity of form — maps, panoramas,
engravings, wood-cuts, aqua-tints, paintings, lithographs. The
earliest view, which was accepted as the correct conception of
Niagara for one hundred fifty years was the famous Hennepin
picture of 1697, known to all students of Niagara, and it is a
curious fact that the inaccuracies of this picture persisted as a
model for other artists, long after Lieutenant Pierie’s more real
conception had been presented to the world.
Many of the old maps of the eighteenth century, drawn for a
world anxious and interested to know something of the new
hemisphere, contain a record of Niagara Falls, although in many
cases this is only a break in the river with not even the name
attached. Some of these old maps contain curious and interest-
ing insets giving the popular views of the Falls.
In the nineteenth century, the popularity of the panoramic
views of the Falls in England and the United States gave the
most widely disseminated knowledge as to their real appear-
ance. In our own day, in books and magazines, views of the
Falls under all aspects are usual and common. There are many
925
Niagara Falls
private collections of Niagara pictures. An especially rare col-
lection of Niagara aqua-tints is that of Judge Alphonso T. Clear-
water of Kingston, New York, a Commissioner of the State
Reservation at Niagara.
Many artists have painted the Falls with varying degrees of
success. Up to the present time the palm easily goes to Mr.
Frederick E.. Church’s picture of Niagara which hangs in the
Corcoran Gallery in Washington. The waters of Niagara are
so vital, vibrant, and changing that their representation on canvas
presents unusual difficulties, and it is not surprising that so many
artists have tried in vain to picture its beauty of form and color.
926
CHAPTER X
CHAPTER X
INDUSTRIAL NIAGARA
1799
LIANCOURT, DUKE DE LA ROCHEFOUCAULT. ‘Travels through the 1799
United States of North America, the country of the Iroquois, and upper Liancourt
Canada, in the years 1795, 1796, and 1797; with an authentic account
of lower Canada. 2 vols. Lond.: R. Phillips. 1799. Vol. I.
Pp. 221, 223,.224.
Chippaway was formerly the chief place of an Indian tribe,
which now inhabits the borders of Virginia.
About a mile above the falls, two corn-mills and two saw-
mills have been constructed in the large bason, formed by the
river on the left. We examined, with peculiar attention, the
most distant of them. It is the most remarkable chiefly on this
account, that the logs are cut here into boards, thrown into the
Chippaway creek near its mouth, and by means of a small lock
conveyed into a canal, formed within the bed of the river by a
double row of logs of timber, fastened together and floating on
the water. The breaking of these is prevented by other large
balks floating at a certain distance from each other, which form,
as it were, the basis of this artificial canal. The water retains
in this canal the rapidity of the current, and conveys the logs into
the lower part of the mill, where, by the same machinery which
moves the saws, the logs are lofted upon the jack and cut into
boards. Only two saws at a time are employed in this mill. The
power of the water is almost boundless, but the present wants of
the country do not require a greater number of saws. The very
intelligent owner of the mill has constructed it on a plan, which
admits of the addition of a greater number of courses, according
59 929
1799
Liancourt
1857
Niagara Falls
as these shall be required by an increased consumption. On the
same principle he has built his corn-mill which has at present only
four courses. The miller’s dues for grinding, as fixed by the
legislative power, amounts to a twelfth throughout all upper
Canada, and for sawing logs to a moiety of the wood sawed.
e e
An iron-mine, too, has lately been discovered near Chippaway
creek. A company has associated for the working of this mine
and resolved on erecting an iron-forge in the vicinity of the falls.
But this they dare not establish without the governor’s permission;
for the mother country still persists in supplying all its colonies
with its own manufactures; and refuses to relinquish a monopoly,
that has already cost it that part of America, which composes
the United States. But the company hope to obtain the desired
permission.
Throughout this whole tract of country, labourers are not
easily procured; and they receive, besides their board, from five
to six shillings per day. The winter continues only from the
middle of December to the beginning of April.
1857
Articles of incorporation, together with the by-laws of the Niagara
Falls Water Power Co., as amended April 11, 1857. N. Y.: Baker
and Godwin. 1857.
The subscribers have associated, and do associate themselves
together for the purpose of carrying on and conducting manufac-
turing, chemical and mechanical business, at the village of
Niagara Falls, in the State of New York, by means of water
power drawn from the Niagara river immediately above Niagara
Falls, pursuant to the act of the Legislature of the State of New
York entitled, ‘‘ An Act to authorize the promotion of corpora-
tions for manufacturing, mining, mechanical, or chemical pur-
poses,” passed February 17, 1848, and the several acts passed in
930
STIV JOHSASHO}{ FHL 4O aGIG ISVY FHL 4O MIA
Industrial Niagara
addition thereto; and they do hereby, for themselves and their
successors and assigns, enter into the following covenants and
agreements, to wit:
ARTICLE I.
Sec. |. The name to distinguish the Company, and to be
used for its dealings, shall be ‘ The Niagara Falls Water-
Power Company.”
Sec. 2. The objects for which this Company was formed,
are for carrying on such manufacturing, chemical and mechanical
business as may be carried on and conducted by means of water-
power to be obtained from the water of the Niagara river,
immediately above the great cataract, at the village of Niagara
Falls in the State of New York; and also, the construction of a
suitable and sufficient navigable hydraulic canal with its gates,
bridges, wharves, and other appurtenances, including the opening
and improving the shore and channel of Niagara river as to
navigable width and depth, so far as the same may be necessary
for the purposes aforesaid, together with the exercise of all such
other powers as are or may be connected therewith, or incident
to the conducting of the business of the said Company, in con-
formity to the aforesaid act of the Legislature, and several other
acts supplemental or amendatory thereof.
Sec. 3. The amount of the capital stock of the said Com-
pany shall be Five Hundred Thousand Dollars, with power to
diminish the same or increase it to any amount not exceeding one
million of dollars, and also to extend or change the business of
the Company in the manner provided by law, subject to the pro-
visions of the act aforesaid.
Sec. 4. The term of existence of the said Company, shall
be fifty years from the date hereof, unless sooner dissolved
according to law.
Sec. 5. The capital stock of the said Company shall con-
sist of five thousand shares, and each share shall be of the sum
of one hundred dollars.
931
1857
1877
Siemens
Niagara Falls
1877
SIEMENS, Sir CARL WILHELM. Inaugural address; delivered at the
annual general meeting of the iron and steel institute held in London,
March, 1877. Newcastle-upon-Tyne.: Lambert. 1877. Pp. 12-13.
WASTED WATER POWERS.
Take the Falls of Niagara as a familiar example. The
amount of water passing over this fall has been estimated at one
hundred millions of tons per hour, and its perpendicular descent
may be taken at 150 feet, without counting the rapids, which
represent a further fall of 150 feet, making a total of 300 feet
between lake and lake. But the force represented by the prin-
cipal fall alone amounts to 16,800,000 horse-power, an amount
which if it had to be produced by steam, would necessitate an
expenditure of not less than 266,000,000 tons of coal per annum,
taking the consumption of coal at 4 lbs. per horse-power per
hour. In other words, all the coal raised throughout the world
would barely suffice to produce the amount of power that con-
tinually runs to waste at this one great fall. It would not be
difficult, indeed to realize a large proportion of the power so
wasted, by means of turbines and water wheels erected on the
shores of the deep river below the Falls, supplying them from
races cut along the edges. But it would be impossible to utilize
the power on the spot, the district being devoid of mineral wealth,
or other natural inducements for the establishment of factories.
In order to render available the force of falling water at this and
hundreds of other places similarly situated, we must devise a
practicable means of transporting the power. . . . Time will
probably reveal to us effectual means of carrying power to great
distances, but I cannot refrain from alluding to one which is in
my opinion, worthy of consideration, namely, the electrical con-
ductor. Suppose water power to be employed to give motion to
a dynamo electrical machine, a very powerful electrical current
will be the result, which may be carried to a great distance,
through a large metallic conductor and then be made to impart
932
Industrial Niagara
motion to electro-magnetic engines, to ignite the carbon points of 1877
electric lamps, or to effect the separation of metals from their >°™™*
combinations. A copper rod 3 inches in diameter would be
capable of transmitting 1,000 horse-power a distance of say thirty
miles, an amount sufficient to supply one-quarter of a million
candle power which would suffice to illuminate a moderately
sized town.
1881
Niagara Falls as a source of energy. (Am. jour. sci., Nov., 1881. 1881
122 :397.)
The conclusions of Sir William Thompson quoted from Nature, Sep-
tember 8, 1881, page 435.
1885
McE roy, SAMUEL. Water power at Niagara Falls. (Sci. Am. 1885
supp., Nov. 14, 1885. 20:8217-8218.) McElroy
The hydraulic power has been utilized by the hydraulic canal,
Witmer’s grist mill, the upper and lower races and the paper mill
on Bath Island; below the falls by Witmer’s grist mill at the
Suspension Bridge.
RuHopEs, BENJAMIN. Electrical transmission from Niagara. (Trans. 1885
A. S.C. E. May, 1885. 14:205—211.) Rhodes
The object of this paper, which was read at the annual convention
June 10, 1884, is “*to show what has been done or what may be done
toward the utilization of Niagara for electrical purposes.’” Some account
of the power already developed is given, and the future development,
especially with its application to electricity at a distance, is studied and
forecast.
Enough, however, has been said to show that the power of
Niagara can be transmitted to a distance of 25 miles, with a
great saving over the power of steam, and that with improvements
in storage-batteries and electro-motors, this distance can be
increased, with economy, to 100 or 150 miles. With further
improvements in dynamos and insulating material to permit the
use of currents of higher intensity, such as may be confidently
looked for, the economical distance may be still further increased,
933
1885
Rhodes
1885
Trowbridge
1887
1889
Long
Niagara Falls
until some of the present generation may see the prophecy of Sir
William Thomson literally fulfilled and the power of Niagara
used in all the large cities of this country.
TROWBRIDGE, JOHN. Niagara Falls considered as a source of elec-
trical energy. (Sci., May 15, 1885. 5:401-—403.)
The author comes to the conclusion that the facility with which energy
in the shape of coal can be transported from place to place counterbalances
at present the cheapness of a very remote source of energy in the shape of
a waterfall.
The reasons for and against the utilization of the energy of
Niagara Falls as a source of light apply also to the question of
the electrical transmission of power, with this exception, that the
electrical transmission of power has not reached even the per-
fection which systems of electric lighting have attained.
1887
Utilizing Niagara. . . . (Industries of Buffalo. Buffalo: Elstner
Pub. Co. 1887. Pp. 66—71.)
A review of the prospectus of the Niagara Falls Hydraulic Tunnel
Power and Sewer Co. together with the report of Thomas Evershed on
the undertaking and a letter of Elnathan Sweet, State Engineer and Sur-
veyor, endorsing Mr. Evershed’s views. The review calls the project “* one
of the most daring and colossal, yet practical, of modern enterprises.”
1889
Lonc, Exvias A. An acre in the city. A brief treatise on land,
millionaires, fortunes in real estate, Buffalo, Niagara power. No. pub.
N.d. Pp. 24-30.
A brief, crisp exposition of “* Niagara power, electric power as revolu-
tionizers in the industrial world.”” The author’s message is summed up in
the following: ‘‘ Let but the (1) vastness and (2) cheapness of the
power, coupled with the (3) limitless raw materials of the lake regions,
attainable here at (4) a saving of millions of dollars yearly on freight, and
then the (5) cheap distribution to the world’s markets be considered, and
who can fail to be startled at the aggregate advantages presented by
Niagara.”
934
Industrial Niagara
Lone, Exvias A. Niagara power; the utilization of the world’s greatest 1889
waterfall for power purposes. . . . Buffalo: The Wemborne-Sumner Long
Co. (1889.)
(A) scheme for the electrical utilization of Niagara. (Elec. wld., 1889
Feb. 9, 1889. 13:71-72.)
A description of a plan for erecting vertical pipes behind the Falls to
catch the water and carry it downward to turbines directly connected with
lines of shafting in chambers excavated under the Falls. By this means it
was hoped to get the power without disfiguring the scenery.
Uulizing Niagara Falls. (Elec. wld., Aug. 10, 1889. 14:88.) 1889
A short description of the plan of the Niagara River Hydraulic Tunnel,
Power and Sewer Company for the construction of a subterranean tunnel
around the Falls from the upper river to the lower river.
Utilizing the power of Niagara. Nation, Aug. 8, 1889. 1889
49:104-105.)
The author holds that “* the question of utilizing Niagara is one for
the skill of the engineer and not for the ingenuity of the inventor.’’ He
points out that the “head ”’ system is the only practicable one for Niagara
and discusses plans for securing head.
Watts, H. F. The Hamilton’ plan for utilizing Niagara. (Elec. 1889
wid., Mar. 2, 1889. 13:133-134.) Watts
“A criticism of Mr. Hamilton’s plan, together with suggestions for the
improvement of its electrical points.”’
1890
Business men’s association of Niagara Falls. The water-power of 1890
Niagara applied to manufacturing purposes; the hydraulic tunnel of the
Niagara Falls Power Company; an accurate description of one of the
greatest industrial undertakings of the age. (Buffalo: Matthews,
Northrup. 1890c.)
Niagara, scenic, historical and industrial.
The great tunnel at Niagara. (Power, Sept., 1890. 12:1-2.) 1890
A description of the tunnel scheme and a bit of Niagara ancient
geological history.
935
Niagara Falls
1890 Map and section of canals and tunnel proposed by Cataract construc-
tion company. (Eng. news, May 17, 1890. 23:462. May 24,
1890. 24:484.)
Contains also a description of the geological formations to be encountered
in the development plans.
1890 Niagara Falls power company. (Eng. news, Nov. 8, 1890.
24:418.)
Gives the details of tunnel construction then in process of building.
1890 The utilization of Niagara. I. (Eng. (Lond.), Sept. 26, 1890.
50:355-358.)
Plans of the Cataract Construction Company and its efforts to procure
information.
The utilization of Niagara. II. (Eng. (Lond.), Oct. 17, 1890.
50:449-451.)
A history of the discovery and geology of the Falls together with a
discussion of their advantages for manufacturing purposes.
The utilization of Niagara. III. (Eng. (Lond.), Oct. 24, 1890.
50:473-475.)
A discussion of the volume and drainage area of the Falls and of the
facilities for the development and use of power.
1891
1891 BocaART, JOHN. Letter as to the diversion of water near Niagara Falls.
Bogart (Ann. rep’ts of the state reserv. at Niagara. Albany: 1891. 7:118.)
This letter from the State Engineer and Surveyor gives it as his opinion
that the amount of water that could be diverted through the tunnel of the
Niagara Falls Power Company would not affect the depth of the water
flowing over the Falls to any visible extent.
1891 Lona and Lonc. Niagara power. Niagara shore real estate.
Long and (Buffalo, N. Y.: 1891.)
"8 Account of the power development at Niagara, of the best residence and
business sites, and the advantages of the use of Niagara power.
1891 SELLERS, COLEMAN. The utilization of the power of Niagara Falls
Sellers and notes on engineering progress. (Jour. Frank. Inst. July, 1891.
132:30-53.)
936
Industrial Niagara
An amplification of an address delivered before the Institution, May 20, 1891
1891, and dealing with the reasons why Niagara was not used sooner, the Sellers
development of the Niagara project, the advantages of the tunnel scheme
and the transmission of the power to be generated.
The utilization of Niagara. VII. (Eng. (Lond.), Jan. 2, 1891. 1891
51:14, 19-21.)
A discussion of the recession of the Falls.
The utilization of Niagara. VIII. (Eng. (Lond.), Feb. 27, 1891.
51:235-236.)
Letters on the volume of the Falls and the award of prizes in the Niagara
competition.
The utilization of the power of Niagara Falls. (Eng. rec., Aug. 15, 1891
1891. 24:174-175.)
The tunnel and its advantages, the central station, the advantages of
Niagara for power development, and the transmission of the power
generated.
1892
Bac te, L. L’utilisation de la force hydraulique des chutes du Niagara. 1892
(Le Genre Civil. Sept. 24, 1892. 21:342-—345.) Baclé
Gives an account of the early uses of the power at Niagara, and
describes the Niagara Falls Power Company’s project.
Forses, GEorGE. The utilization of Niagara. (Jour. soc. arts, 1892
Dec. 16, 1892. 41:90-97.) Forbes
A discussion showing “ generally the character of the work which had
to be undertaken, the objects to be fulfilled, and the extent to which these
plans have been completed up to the present moment.”
HERSCHEL, CLEMENS. Ublization of the Falls of Niagara. (Eng. 1892
news, Jan. 23, 1892. 27:74-76.) Herschel
A discussion of the advantages of water power, the physical and legal
difficulties which had to be met at Niagara Falls, the capacity of the pro-
posed construction, and the plan of the works in progress.
The new hydraulic works at Niagara Falls. (R. R. gaz., Dec. 23, 1892
1892.)
This article is reprinted from the Iron Age of December 8, by per-
mission. It describes the general plan, the first steps, the general aspects
937
| 1892
Herschel
1892
1892
1892
1892
Pritchard
1892
1892
1892
Szuts
1892
1892
Werner
Niagara Falls
and the 5,000 horse-power turbine of the Niagara Power Company’s
development.
The Niagara Falls tunnel. (Elec. rev., Feb. 20, 1892. 19:352.)
A description of the shafts, the boring and the machinery used.
Niagara mastered. (Eng. (Lond.), Oct. 14, 1892. 74:319.)
Describes the scheme of the Niagara Falls Power Company and the
uses of the development.
Niagara power plant. I. (Eng. rec., Sept. 24, 1892. 26:266~-268.)
General plans for the utilization of the Falls.
PRITCHARD, F. E. Power transmission at Niagara. (Elec. wld.,
Apnil 16, 1892. 19:258.)
“That rope drive is to figure conspicuously in the development of
power at Niagara in the future remains no longer a doubt in the minds of
those who have given it a fair and impartial trial.”
Projects for water power development about Niagara Falls. (Eng.
news, Nov. 24, 1892. 28:489.)
Schemes for the development of power on the lower Niagara
at Queenston and Lewiston.
The utilization of Niagara. (Eng. (Lond.), Dec. 23, 1892.
54:787.)
A description of the turbines of the Cataract Construction Company.
Szuts, BELA. The utilization of Niagara Falls; scheme by Messrs.
Ganz. (Eng. (Lond.), Feb. 19, 1892. 53:228-230.)
A discussion of a design submitted for the Niagara competition.
The utilization of Niagara Falls. (Elec. wld., Sept. 24, 1892.
20:193-194.)
A discussion of modifications made in the original plans for the tunnel,
of methods of securing power available at Niagara Falls, and of steps
toward Canadian development.
WERNER, CHARLES H. The Niagara Falls tunnel. (Cass., June,
1892. 2:73-94.)
A historical sketch of power development at the Falls and an account of
the chief features of the Niagara Power Company’s development and its
efforts, through investigation and competition to get the latest and best
devices.
938
Industrial Niagara
TROWBRIDGE, JOHN. Niagara, the motor for the World’s Fair. 1892
(Chaut., Jan., 1892. 14:441-445.) Trowbridge
A glance at previous methods of transmitting power by electricity over
long distances, and the plan by which a German electrician proposed to
transmit 5,000 horse-power from the Falls of Niagara to the World’s Fair
at Chicago.
1893
Construction of the Niagara Falls hydraulic plant. I. (Eng. rec., 1893
Jan. 140693.) 27132-1136.)
Test boring, surveys, monuments, tunnel power sites, best railway, etc.
Construction of the Niagara Falls hydraulic plant. II. (Eng. rec.,
March 11, 1893. 27:293-294.)
A map and description of the equipment at shaft no. 2, the arrange-
ment of the power house, connections of pressure mains, and operation of
air compressors.
Construction of the Niagara Falls hydraulic plant. III. (Eng. rec.,
April 22, 1893. 27:415-416.)
The hoisting engine, shaft cage, hoisting bucket, and system of col-
lecting water.
Construction of the Niagara Falls hydraulic plant. IV. (Eng. rec.,
May 20, 1893. 27:490-491.)
Tunnel construction, method of drifting, system of drilling, electric
battery, exploder, suspended track, air pipe, and drill column.
Construction of the Niagara Falls hydraulic plant. V. (Eng. rec.,
July 8, 1893. 28:87-88.)
Continues the description of the tunnel construction; describes the
timbering and pumps and gives a diagram.
Construction of the Niagara Falls hydraulic plant. VI. (Eng. rec.,
Aug. 19, 1893. 28:183-184.)
Describes the tunnel brick-work with a diagram.
Construction of the Niagara Falls hydraulic plant. WII. (Eng. rec.,
Sept. 30, 1893. 28:280-281.)
Describes the power plant at the inlet canal, the air compressors, coffer-
dam, and ice-boom. Contains a diagram.
939
1893
1893
1893
Grimshaw
1893
Herschel
1893
Munro
Niagara Falls
Construction of the Niagara Falls hydraulic plant. VIII. (Eng. rec.,
Oct. 21, 1893. 28:328-329.)
Describes with a diagram the stationary and traveling derricks and rock
drills.
Construction of the Niagara Falls hydraulic plant. IX. (Eng. rec.,
Nov. 4, 1893. 28:360.)
Describes the dump cars, the wheel pit, shaft, etc., with a diagram.
The five thousand horse-power turbines for the Niagara power plant.
(Eng. news, March 30, 1893. 29-294.)
The conditions under which designs were prepared and plans submitted
to the International Niagara Commission, together with a description of the
turbines and their method of regulation.
GRIMSHAW, RoBERT. Three million horse-power in winter. (Cass.,
Tan. 18935: 32173=179.)
Illustrated by some fine photographs of winter scenery at the Falls.
HERSCHEL, CLEMENS. The Niagara turbines. (Cass., March,
1893. Pp. 387—389.)
This article contains detailed diagrams as well as descriptions of the
wheels.
It is but natural that a work of the magnitude and novelty
appertaining to the utilization of the first lot of 100,000 horse-
power at the Falls of Niagara, should have given rise, in the
course of its construction, to many new methods and structures.
Some of these, as for example, its most noted characteristic, the
tunnel tail-race, lined with brick, and the special construction of
the portal of the tunnel; the wheel pit slot of the Central Power
Station, instead of the usual single wheel-pits; the setting of the
wheels directly over their branch tail-race, and deepening the
slot to form this branch tail-race and other features of the work,
have already been referred to and described in this magazine.
Munro, J. Electricity from Niagara. (Chambers’ jour., March 25,
1893. 70:177—180.)
A historical survey of power development at the Falls with special
reference to the Niagara Falls Power Company’s project together with a
940
Industrial Niagara
discussion of the problems encountered, and the advantages of Niagara 1893
Falls as an industrial center. unro
Seyric, WILLIAM. L’Utilisation du Niagara. (Le Genre Civil. 1893
Feb. 4, 1893. 22:224-226.) Seyrig
Account of the Niagara Falls Power Company’s plan and equipment.
STILLWELL, LEwis BUCKLEY. Electric power generation at Niagara. 1893
(Cass., July, 1895. 8:253-304.) Stillwell
The author, an electrical engineer and assistant manager of the West-
inghouse Electric and Manufacturing Company, had under supervision the
installation of electric apparatus at Niagara Falls. The ‘‘apparatus con-
stituting the system’ adopted is described, a detailed description of the
generators is given, and an account of the ‘‘ means adopted for delivering
these currents to the supply circuits which convey them from the power-
house to the premises of the users of power.”
Electricity as an agent for transmitting and distributing power
has received its most weighty endorsement in its adoption by the
Cataract Construction Company, of New York, for their great
project at Niagara. No enterprise of modern times, involving
special and extraordinary engineering problems, has been more
carefully, more patiently, more systematically or more intelligently
studied than has the utilization of this, the greatest water power
in the world. ‘The officers and directors of the company, con-
trolling financial means ample for their purpose, have, for five
years, energetically and persistently endeavored to avail them-
selves of the best resources of modern engineering science. Con-
fronting a problem without precedent in its magnitude, and
almost without parallel in its significance, they have attacked it
with energy and ability of the highest order, studied it with keen
insight and sound judgment and, in solving it with success, have
contributed a chapter of rare interest and meaning to the history
of industrial progress.
The utilization of Niagara for industrial purposes imposes
upon those undertaking it a responsibility far beyond that which
is measured by the capital invested. Science is cosmopolitan;
she recognizes no boundary of race or nation; and engineering
941
1893
Stillwell
Niagara Falls
science of the twentieth century, in passing judgment upon the
methods and apparatus employed, while not failing to take into
consideration the difficulties and limitations imposed by the
boundaries of our present knowledge, will allow no excuse for
failure to find out and use the best means known to our age.
It is, therefore, a source of profound gratification that, from
the outstart, the policy of the company has been characterized
by a breadth of view commensurate with the far-reaching
- importance of the enterprise. “The directors have allowed no
local or even national prejudice to bias their judgment. “They
early threw the lists wide open and in the original competition
which they inaugurated, the international commission passed upon
no less than twenty-two plans covering practically the whole
known range of electric, hydraulic and pneumatic distribution of
power, and originating from places as far east as the city of
Buda-Pesth, and as far west as San Francisco.
It must be gratifying to Americans that under these conditions
a system developed by an American company has been adopted,
but for the recent rapid advancement in engineering science which
has made this work possible, America is in no position to claim
exclusive credit, if she would. In the plans for the hydraulic
plant, Switzerland, the land of water powers, shows the way,
while in the design of the great electric generators, the most
powerful as yet produced, Great Britain is represented directly in
the excellent general form of construction adopted, which was
proposed by Prof. Geo. Forbes, and indirectly in the work of
Hopkinson, Kapp, Thompson, Mordey and others, whose careful
study of the principles underlying the construction of electrical
machinery has done much to make it possible to design a machine
so far beyond the range of actual experience, in full confidence
that the results predicted from theory would be realized in
practice. Perhaps no country is more largely or more creditably
represented in the great Niagara installation than Smiljan Lika,—
that sturdy little province on the Adriatic, which has honored
itself by producing Mr. Nikola Tesla, and were it possible to
942
Industrial Niagara
trace to its true source each one of the great number of ideas 1893
embodied in the complete installation, it is probable that we °"!¥é!!
should find nearly every civilized nation represented — England,
America, Switzerland, France, Germany, Italy, some in greater
degree, some in less, but all co-operating to achieve what is,
beyond question, one of the most significant triumphs of nineteenth
century engineering skill.
The utilization of Niagara. (Dub. rev. sci. not. Apnil, 1893. 1893
112:435.)
The advantages of the Falls as regards engineering facilities are cited.
Estimates are given of the volume of the Falls, and an account of the
Niagara Falls development, and the views of Professor Forbes are
exploited.
1894
Brown, Curtis. The diversion of Niagara. (Cosmop., Sept., 1894
1894. Pp. 526-545.) Brown
A historical account of power development on the Niagara, an
untechnical description of the Niagara Falls Power Company’s plant,
other developments on the Niagara and the transmission of power to great
distances.
(The) Falls of Niagara and its water power. (Nature, March 22, 1894
1894. 49:482-486.)
A technical description of the works of the Niagara Falls Power
Company.
Epwarps, E. Jay. The capture of Niagara. (McClure, Oct., 1894
1894. Pp. 423-435.) Edwards
A discussion of the purpose of the power plant, the organization of the
power company, the difficulties of the work, the various constructions, the
commercial problem, and the transmission of the power generated.
It was the first intention of the engineers to carry the electric
current from the water-house by means of wires stretched through
a subway conduit, whose beginnings may now be seen at a point
near the power-house. But it has been discovered that the con-
struction of such a conduit will be too costly, and the electricity is
to be transmitted by overhead wires.
943
1894
Geyelin
1894
Gillette
1894
1894
Johnson
1894
Le Sueur
Niagara Falls
F. C. H. Ubilisation des chutes du Niagara. (La Genre Civil.
Aug. 4, 1894. 25:216~217.)
Describes the canal, the wheel pit, the tunnel, the turbines and the
dynamos.
GEYELIN, EmiL. Geyelin-Jonval turbines in the plant of Niagara Falls
Paper Company. (Eng. news, April 5, 1894. 31:278-279.)
A discussion of the problem and how it was met by the designing
engineer.
GILLETTE, Kinc C. The human drift. (Bost.: New Era Pub.
Co. 1894. Pp. 87-89.)
Description of a scheme for the formation of a “ United Company”
consisting of all the people and having for its object the control of produc-
tion and distribution of the necessities of life. “The wniter takes the posi-
tion that ‘‘ under a perfect economical system of production and distribution,
and a system combining the greatest elements of progress, there can be
only one city on a continent, and possibly only one in the world.”” The
city in question would, because of power possibilities, be located on both
sides on Niagara Falls. The Falls would be protected from desecration
by developing the power on pipe lines laid between Lakes Erie and
Ontario, west of the Falls. |
Inverted Geyelin-Jonval turbines at Niagara Falls. (Eng. rec., April
7, 1894. 29:297!)
The wheel pits, turbines and superstructure gears.
JOHNSON, WALLACE C. New development of power at Niagara.
(Cass., Feb., 1894. 5:326-330.)
The use of waste water for the development of power by the Cliff
Paper Mill.
JoHNSON, WALLACE C. The pulp mill of the Cliff Paper Company
of Niagara Falls, New York, and discussion. (Trans. A. S. C. E.
Aug., 1894. 32:214-230.)
The paper deals with the use of waste water and gives numerous views
and diagrams.
Le Sueur, ERNEsT A. Commercial power development at Niagara.
(Pop. sci. mo., Sept., 1894. 45:608~-630.)
A technical description of the methods employed by various commercial
interests in the application of Niagara power.
944
Industrial Niagara
That this situation is the finest in the world for developing
mechanical power has long been realized, but the local demands
at Niagara were comparatively trifling, and only lately have our
facilities for transmitting power over distances become sufficiently
developed to warrant such an undertaking as is now in hand.
The power company does not, however, look entirely to distant
points for consumers of their output; on the contrary, a very large
amount will be used almost on the spot by manufactures which are
now moving to Niagara. The variety of purposes to which this
power will be put may be gathered from the fact that they are as
diverse as the manufacture of “‘ mechanical ’’ wood pulp and the
smelting of aluminum.
There are already at the falls a few establishments using
power developed by turbines, and which have been quietly at
work for years. There is a canal known as the Hydraulic Canal
on the American side, skirting the city of Niagara Falls, and
terminating on the cliffs, half a mile below the cataract. There
are a number of mills here which, for the most part, however,
utilize only a fraction of the total fall available, probably for the
reason that when they were built there were not in existence the
high-grade water wheels suitable for great head that are on the
market to-day.
People in general have the idea that the Niagara water power
is inexhaustible, and so it probably is, so far as human require-
ments go. ‘There are, however, some tolerably close data on
which to figure the total horse power. The Lake Survey Board
and Mr. R. C. Reid, examining the matter independently, have
come to a very fair agreement in their conclusions on this point.
From their figures it would appear that the average flow is about
270,000 cubic feet per second, and this is almost exactly the
same as the almost unthinkable quantity of 1,000,000,000 pounds
per minute. A horse power of work is the equivalent of 33,000
foot pounds per minute, and as the weight above mentioned falls
161 feet, the horse power of the total is expressed as follows:
161 X 1,000,000,000 = 33,000 = close on five million.
60 945
1894
e Sueur
1894
Le Sueur
Niagara Falls
Owing to the lack in full efficiency of even the best commercial
turbine wheels, we may take the limit of power that could be
developed as about 4,000,000 horse power.
The average power is not departed from to any great extent at
different seasons, as is the case with other water powers, because
the spring thaws and summer droughts affect hardly at all the
level of Lake Erie, from which the falls get their supply.
The system of Great Lakes above Ontario would require a
year in order to have their level reduced by three feet and a
half by even the enormous drain of a thousand million pounds
of water per minute above referred to, supposing the system to be
entirely cut off from its normal supply. A paper by Mr. R. C.
Reid before the Royal Scottish Society of Arts in March, 1885,
gives the following data: Total water-shed area down to
Niagara, 290,000 square miles; total lake surface, 92,000 square
miles; average rain-fall in the lake district, thirty-six inches —
and that we may assume twenty inches annually of evaporation
and absorption, leaving sixteen inches over the whole area finding
its way to the lakes. From the lake surface proper, there occurs
evaporation to the extent of twenty-four inches per annum.
Further, in reference to the enormous storage capacity of the
system, he shows that “it would take six months for the full
effect of a flood in Lake Superior to be spent at Niagara Falls.”
It is easy, therefore, to understand how little fluctuation of level
there can be due to seasonal variation in rainfall. “Thus we see
that quite apart from the fact of the vast volume and head avail-
able, and of there being no necessity for building a dam to back
up the water, the situation is peculiarly favorable to the develop-
ment of a constant power all the year round.
In spite of the generally equable level of Lake Erie, there are
sometimes very considerable fluctuations, not of volume, but of dis-
tribution, due to high winds sweeping the length of the lake and
causing a considerable banking of water at the end blown into.
Sometimes such storms have lasted for days, and have had a very
noticeable effect in increasing or diminishing the volume going
946
Industrial Niagara
over the fall. A more serious cause of low water is an ice jam at 1894
the head of the Niagara River. It is on record that in March, Le Sueur
1847, the water practically ceased to flow, “ not enough going
over to turn a grindstone,” as a local paper had it at the time.
These two circumstances do not, however, affect the evenness of
the flow to any extent worth mentioning compared with the
seasonal variations ih rivers in general.
The total fall between Lakes Erie and Ontario is three hundred
and twenty-nine feet, and is made up as follows: From Lake
Ene to the head of the falls, seventy feet; the falls, one hundred
and sixty-one feet, and below to Lake Ontario, ninety-eight feet.
Consequently, the total power running to waste ‘is more than
double the five million horse power on the falls. An idea of the
proportion that this total bears to what may be called the world’s
consumption of power may be had from the fact that it is com-
puted to be equal to the total of all the steam-generated power in
the world.
The geographical situation of the falls with respect to nearness
to the at present great power-consuming centers is, as hinted above,
not quite all that could be desired; but there are, nevertheless,
several cities within reach, electrically speaking, which will use an
enormous amount. Buffalo may be said to be next door, and
Rochester is within easy reach. In the not too distant future we
may expect to see the great electrical manufacturing works in
Schenectady operated, as is meet, by electrical power from
Niagara.
The power company has, however, made branch track connec-
tions between the territory owned by it and three important rail-
way lines which all pass within a few miles of the property.
These connections and the good freight rates which have been
contracted for in various directions, together with the cheapness
of power, will in all likelihood attract to the spot manufactures
besides those which have already undertaken to go there, to an
extent that will make it the foremost power-consuming center in
the world.
947
1894
Le Sueur
Nuagara Falls
The chief piece of work in connection with the power installa-
tion has been the construction of what, in almost any other situa-
tion, would be termed the tailrace. In this case the head utilized
is so great that what is ordinarily understood by a tailrace would
be an artificial chasm of abysmal proportions that would almost
require illumination other than the natural to be visible to the
bottom at midday. Instead, a tunnel has been excavated, of
which the dimensions are so remarkable as to make it unique
among engineering exploits of the kind.
The location of the power house, on account of difficulty in
acquiring sufficient adjacent lands and rights of way and for
other reasons, is not very close to the falls. “The Cataract Con-
struction Company has established itself about a mile and a half
above the American Fall, and has dug a canal of considerable
width, of a depth of twelve feet, and length fifteen hundred feet.
Along its edge for a distance of at present one hundred and forty
feet is dug a great trench or slot one hundred and sixty feet down,
with arrangements in the form of gates in the masonry wall
separating it from the canal, by which water may be admitted to
penstocks placed vertically in the slot and supplying the turbine
wheels. A penstock, as many of our readers are aware, is a great
tube, usually, in these days, of boiler plate, of a diameter running
up, it may be, to thirteen feet, conveying water under head into
the wheel case in which the turbine revolves.
In the present instance the penstocks, which are seven and a
half feet in diameter, seem very small, considering that they each
supply a pair of wheels of five thousand horse power, but that is
on account of the enormous pressure under which the wheels
work, giving a greater power for a given volume of water than
with the smaller heads more commonly used.
The turbines discharge their waste water into the tunnel above
referred to, which is no less than six thousand seven hundred feet
long, and which discharges into the chasm below the falls just
past the Suspension Bridge.
The details of this tunnel, which was excavated through three
948
Industrial Niagara
shafts, one in the face of the cliff and two vertical ones, are as
follows: Length, six thousand seven hundred feet, and sectional
area three hundred and eighty-six square feet throughout, the
average height and width being about twenty-one and nineteen
feet respectively. [he cross-section somewhat resembles a horse-
shoe. The excavation was much larger than the finished inside
dimensions, on account of the subsequent lining with four courses
of brick. The mouth of the tunnel has, besides, a lining on the top
and sides of iron. [he work has been done most substantially
and is built to stay. The tunneling was done through strata of
limestone and shale, and harder material was met with than had
been expected in the beginning, so that the three million cubic
feet of excavation has cut a very important figure in the total cost
of the power plant. The tunnel has a grade of 0.7 per cent
(seven feet fall per thousand length) and runs directly under the
city of Niagara Falls to the lower river level.
The work of excavation was carried on on three benches,
dividing the total height of twenty-six feet about into three equal
portions. ;
The whole undertaking has been so entirely novel in many
ways that the engineers in charge have had their resources taxed
to the utmost in overcoming the various difficulties that presented
themselves during the design and construction of the power house,
electrical and hydraulic apparatus, and tunnel. The power-house
building is as yet of comparatively small proportions, but is
intended to be enlarged as the number of dynamos and turbines
is increased. It might be thought, and was thought at first by
some of the projectors of the scheme, that the great amount of
power that was to be developed would admit of considerable
subdivision, not only of the units of power production (each unit
consisting of a turbine and generator), but also of the ways in
which the electrical power would best be sent out to consumers.
As already mentioned, a number of manufacturing establish-
ments are locating themselves on the property owned by the
Cataract Construction Company, and to these it would at first
949
1894
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1894
Le Sueur
Niagara Falls
sight seem natural and best to deliver electrical power straight
from the power-house generators to their motors, seeing that this
could easily be done without much loss of voltage on the carrying
line; and, on the other hand, for distant work, as at Buffalo and
Rochester, to use a high potential on the line with transformers
at the consuming end or at both ends. It has, however, been
decided not to thus take advantage of the mechanical subdivision
of the plant to use different types of generators for different kinds
of work, but to adopt as a standard one good form of machine
and use it throughout, at least until the plant is increased.
Perhaps the most remarkable consequence of this step will be
that the Pittsburg Reduction Company, which manufactures
metallic aluminum by the action of electricity upon certain com-
pounds of that metal in a state of fusion, and which expects to
use some thousands of electrical horse power when established
at the falls, will receive it in the form of an alternating current,
which will be passed into an alternating-current motor driving a
direct-current, low-voltage generator furnishing at last the desired
electrolyzing current. It has seemed best to submit to this com-
plication of apparatus in order to gain the advantage of entire
uniformity and interchangeability of power units in the generating
plant. Of course, if the power company were to put in a direct-
current dynamo for the benefit of the Reduction Company, all
that would be necessary would be to send the current over a wire
straight to its work; and it seems remarkable, in view of the
thousands of horse power required, that the extra expense of a
motor and dynamo to transform this quantity appears preferable.
The electrical power unit which has been decided on after the
most exhaustive and presumably competent, expert examination
of the requirements of the situation, will be of a capacity for
continuous work of five thousand electrical horse power (or three
thousand seven hundred kilowatts), and will be directly con-
nected with a pair of turbines of similar power. All the gen-
erators will be mechanically identical in construction and have
parts interchangeable with each other. The advantage of this,
950
Industrial Niagara
besides the obvious one of having a single set of spare parts 1894
suffice against the breakdown of any machine in the station, is ness
that, from a point of view of the electrical aspect of the case, of
the machines being able all to be put in parallel, as it is called.
The expression may not be a familiar one to some of our readers,
and the following hydraulic analogy may be of service in leading
to an understanding of what is meant by it. Let us assume that
we have several pumping engines of equal power, and that we
are using them all to pump water from one reservoir into another
at a higher level. Obviously the total amount of water pumped
will be what a single machine handles multiplied by the number
of them. Had, say, one of the pumps been weaker than the
others — had it, that is, not been strong enough to force water
up to the height that the others did — the result would be that,
instead of doing any work when put, as we may say, in parallel
with the others, it would have been unable to withstand the head,
and water would have forced itself back through it into the lower
reservoir. [he same way with dynamos, or generators as they
are usually called when referring to the machinery in a power
as distinct from a lighting station. [he advantage of working
in parallel is, that if we have, say, six machines all “* pumping ”
current into the same mains and one breaks down, we may take
it out of circuit, and, by temporarily overloading the other five,
which can always be done for a short time with good machines,
keep on supplying full current to consumers. Should the power
company have decided to put in a special machine for aluminum,
and other special ones for other local work, and still more for
distant work, each would have its own circuit, and, if it broke
down, the whole dependent system would be idle until repairs
were completed. One of the great aims of the company appears
to be to insure the permanence and continuousness of their power
service — which is, of course, of the utmost importance to manu-
facturers.
A remarkable method of construction—not, however, unique—
is employed in the generators to secure means for direct
coupling to the turbine shafts. These latter are vertical, and
951
1894
Le Sueur
Niagara Falls
come up over one hundred and forty feet out of the wheel pits
from the rotating water wheels, which make two hundred and
fifty revolutions per minute. In order to obtain direct driving —
that is, without the intervention of toothed or friction gearing, or
belt or rope driving —the revolving portions of the generator
are arranged to rotate in a horizontal instead of, as is usual, a
vertical plane.
A dynamo of any type whatever consists, as is well known,
essentially of two portions, one of which possesses motion with
respect to the other, viz., the armature and the field magnets.
Since the field magnets are almost invariably much heavier and
much less compact than the armature, the latter is usually chosen
as the moving part. In the case under discussion the contrary
has been decided on, the armature being fixed and the field mag-
nets rotating. [his gives certain advantages in the matter of less
complicated electrical connections and of dispensing with the
armature’s rubbing collectors altogether; it also gives the advan-
tage — much more important in this case than with smaller
machines — that, since the revolving magnets are arranged on a
ring and point inward, the attraction between them and the arma-
ture core tends toward neutralization of the strains of centrifugal
force. ‘The greatest advantage, however, attained by this method,
and again one which is of far greater value in the present case
than in ordinary practice, is the high degree of insulation possible
with fixed armature coils and connections. “The requirements
that had to be met in the way of limiting the centrifugal strains
were that the product of the sum of the weights of the revolving
parts in pounds and the square of their velocities in feet per second
should not exceed eleven hundred million. The weight of the
moving parts of each dynamo was also limited to eighty thou-
sand pounds, while the weight of the turbine and its shaft amounts
to seventy-two thousand pounds.
This whole weight of seventy-six tons acts in one vertical
line — 1. e., that of the turbine shaft — and revolves two hundred
and fifty times per minute. It would have been very difficult to
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Industrial Niagara
construct thrust bearings to take up the whole of this strain, and
a hydraulic balancing piston has been resorted to for supporting
it. ‘This device is simply a circular piston fast on the vertical
turbine shaft, set in a vertical cyclinder. ‘The supporting force
consists of hydraulic pressure admitted to the under side of the
piston. ‘This pressure is derived simply from the water in the
penstock supplied to the turbine, and when the latter is working
under full gate — that is, is taking water to its full capacity —
the pressure in the penstock is decidedly less, just as the pressure
in a water pipe is partly relieved by the opening of a faucet.
This causes the supporting force on the under side of the piston
to materially decrease, and a thrust bearing — that is, a bearing
adapted to withstand either pressure or pull, so as to hold the
shaft against the tendency to end play — has to be resorted to
in order to take up the difference. As a matter of fact, the differ-
ence between the supporting force when the flow is a minimum
and that when the gate 1s wide open is about two tons in the
seventy-six. [he way this is handled is to arrange the area of the
piston and the depth below the upper water level so that at mini-
mum flow the supporting pressure will be about one ton more than
the total weight, and at full gate about the same amount less.
At the normal rate of working there is very little to be taken up
by the thrust bearings.
An idea of the magnitude of the proportions of the generators
may be gathered from the fact that the designers were limited
in the size of base plates that they could use by the inability of
the railways to transport, even by specially large and powerful
cars, pieces of proportions originally designed from the factories
to the falls.
It is stated that, had it not been for the tariff restrictions
imposed on the importation of electrical machinery, the generators
would probably have been purchased abroad. As it was, they,
as well as the motors which will operate on their circuits, are the
work of a great Pittsburg company. In the case of the turbines
the design was by a Geneva firm, and the construction mainly
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Niagara Fails
done in Philadelphia. Certain of the fittings were French, and
the governors Swiss.
One of the details in the power house is a traveling crane
capable of handling pieces weighing up to fifty tons, which com-
mands every portion of the floor of the building. The presence
of this piece of apparatus is of the greatest importance in the case
of anything going wrong with one of the generators or turbines.
With its assistance any portion of either of these ponderous pieces
of mechanism which may need repair can be moved with the
greatest expedition, and a spare interchangeable part put
in its place. Frequently in an installation of heavy machinery,
although perhaps much less ponderous than these in question, a
break occurs which may cause a shut-down of many hours, when,
if sufficiently powerful means of moving heavy parts were at
hand, the damaged piece could be replaced in a comparatively
short time. A traveling crane of this description, as most of our
readers are aware, consists of a long carriage having a pair of
rails on which runs the crane truck carrying the lifting machinery.
The long carriage, which is supported a suitable height above the
floor, stretches across the width of space to be commanded, and
itself has a sideway movement on several supporting rails which
run the length of the space to be operated over. “Thus by a com-
bination of the two movements the crane truck commands the
whole floor.
During the work of assembling the penstocks, wheel cases,
turbines, etc., at the wheel pit, a view of this great slot with its
contents was wonderfully impressive in giving an idea of the
vastness of the whole enterprise. “The great depth of this long,
narrow pit, which made it impossible to see to the bottom except
with the assistance of lamps in the lower part, the mysterious-
looking pipes (the penstocks) rising vertically, new sections being
constantly added much in the same way that a stovepipe is put
together, except for the permanence given by the heavy riveted
seams, and the enormous power and flexibility of operation of
the immense traveling crane which rapidly conveyed in every
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Industrial Niagara
direction great masses of iron and steel obedient to the turn of a 1894
switch, made a combination of impressive effects not quickly be Sue"
forgotten.
It may be mentioned that, to withstand the very considerable
hydraulic pressure at the lower part of the penstocks, these tubes
are built of thicker and thicker plates from the top downward.
There has been very little criticism of the mechanical details
of construction so far referred to; on the contrary, very little can
be said except in praise of the fertility of resource and high gen-
eral competence of the engineers who have had this work in hand.
With regard, however, to the particular design of the generators
from an electrical rather than a mechanical standpoint much and
lavish criticism, if not condemnation, has appeared in various
quarters. Whether the grounds for this criticism are well founded
or not it would be presumptuous at this time to attempt to declare,
but we may say that where, as in this case, one man has had
practically the entire control of the design of the electrical
apparatus, we may usually look for, rather than be surprised at,
a great amount of setting up of individual opinion against the
views which he may embody in practice, often a good deal irre-
spective of the probably cogent reasons which may have induced
him to adopt the course in question.
Without attempting to decide between the various views which
are plentifully to hand in criticism of certain electrical details in
the design and proposed method of utilizing the current of the
generators, we may glance at what has been decided on, and
review the more important points raised in connection therewith.
In the first place, the use of an alternating as opposed to a
direct current was decided on, as was to have been expected.
The development within the last year or two of alternating-
current motors has rendered possible the distribution of electricity
for power (as opposed to lighting) purposes over distances before
almost out of the question. It has been for a number of years
past possible to transmit large quantities of electrical energy for
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Niagara Falls
lighting which was not suitable for running the then known
motors. [he method of electrical distribution for lighting pur-
poses that is used in cities is available also for transmission to
considerable distances. It consists, as is well known, of a dynamo
supplying current at a high voltage to the street lines, and a system
of transformers each taking a portion of this current at high
voltage and giving in return a current of greater amperage or
volume and of lower voltage for house consumption, the object
being simply to avoid loss of voltage or pressure by transmitting
a heavy current over a light wire. Ass this may not be quite
clear to every reader, it may be as well to say a little more about it.
The energy of any current is determined by and is equal to
the product of two of its properties, its volume or amperage and
its pressure or voltage. Letting C represent the amperes and
V the voltage, we have that the energy = CV. In passing any
current over any wire there is a loss of voltage determined by and
equal to the product of two things —1. e., the amperage of the
current and the resistance of the wire; so we have loss of
voltage == CR. Now, if we have two currents — one, say, of
ten amperes and one volt, and the other of one ampere and ten
volts — the energy will be the same, or ten watts as it is called.
If we pass both through a given resistance, R, we shall have a
loss of voltage (== CR) ten times greater in the first than in the
second case. But a given loss of voltage amounts to only one
tenth as much energy (CV) in the second case with C = one
ampere as it does in the first with C = ten amperes, so that with
only one tenth the given loss of voltage the energy lost will be only
one one-hundredth that lost in the first case. What it amounts to
is that the loss in passing a given amount of electrical energy
through a given resistance is proportional to the square of the cur-
rent, or amperage, and consequently inversely proportional to the
square of the pressure, or voltage.
If, therefore, current is used in a house at fifty volts and trans-
mitted to the house at one thousand volts, the loss will be only
one four-hundredth as much over a given wire as it would be if
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Industrial Niagara
transmitted at fifty volts. [he advantage that alternating cur- 1894
rents have over direct for long-distance transmission is that they /* SY"
may easily be transformed up or down — that is, their voltage
at the generating end may be increased (at the expense, of course,
of their amperage) and reduced at the consuming end. In point
of fact, it is frequently and usually unnecessary to employ such
devices at the generating end, for the reason that the generators
themselves can work perfectly well at the high voltage requisite
to transmit. The objection to using the same high voltage on
the consuming machinery is simply that there is more danger of
accident with numerous small motors scattered in various places
and in the hands of unskilled persons than in a power station
containing only two or three highly guarded machines attended
by trained operatives.
In connection with the Niagara Falls work there is the further
advantage which the alternating current has over the direct, and
that is what may be termed the “ flexibility,” commercially, of
the former. The alternating-current machines operated in parallel
at, say, two thousand volts, may have a portion of their current
taken from them at that voltage for use in the immediate neigh-
borhood and the rest transformed up for distant transmission.
Lately, and particularly owing to the brilliant work of a young
man, a native of Smiljan Lika, a border country of Austria-
Hungary, by name Nikola Tesla, there have been devised forms
of apparatus, generating as well as consuming, by means of which
alternating currents may be economically used for operating
motors. ‘lo express it very roughly, his method amounts to
arranging an armature within a magnetic ring and causing oppo-
site magnetic poles to revolve around the ring so as to cause
rotation of the armature.
The operation of these devices is preferably by means of a
polyphase alternating current — that is, a flow of electricity hay-
ing more than one pulsating current.
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Before finally deciding on what system of transmission to use,
- the Cataract Construction Company asked for plans for a system
for the purpose from a number of electrical engineering estab-
lishments. “[Wwenty-four distinct ones were submitted, more than
one of the tendering companies having sent several different plans
to be chosen from. No individual one was, however, accepted
in toto, but instead a design was adopted embodying such points
of value as could be assembled in one suitable type of machine,
and the Westinghouse Company received the contract for it.
The system on which the generators work is the Tesla two-phase,
and is notably peculiar on account of the low periodicity of
alternation.
The number of pulsations of commercial alternating currents
is usually over one hundred per second and is frequently double
that amount. ‘The reasons for this high frequency are mainly
two: The first, that with any given alternating-current dynamo
the number of alternations depends directly on the speed, and,
as this must usually be high in order to get as much work as pos-
sible out of the machine, the periodicity is also high. The second
reason is that in lighting work it is, of course, highly undesirable
to employ a current of which the pulsations are so slow as to
leave the incandescent filament or the arc visibly dimmer between
separate beats, as we may call them, than during the passage of
the full current strength. In the case in hand one is impressed
with the effort that has been made to steer a middle course in
the design of the generators so as to obtain a portion of the advan-
tage of the direct current for motor work and of the alternating
for transformation. The periodicity for the first portion at least
of the electrical equipment is to be as low as twenty-five per
cent, and this at once limits the scope of the use of the current
in the matter of electric lighting. Prof. Forbes states that light-
ing by the current direct is a comparatively small portion of the
work in contemplation, and that the plant is rather to be regarded
as essentially for power distribution. The expression, “ lighting
by the current direct,” is used because a very important branch
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Industrial Niagara
of the power work will be the lighting of the city of Buffalo. 1894
This is at present done by the ordinary direct-current arc machines cea
operated by engines of some three thousand horse power. In
changing over to the Niagara Falls power the whole electrical
system will be untouched, but the engines will be replaced by
motors operated by current from the falls station. :
The voltage at which the first installation of generators is to
operate is somewhat over two thousand. Considering the per-
fection to which European practice has been carried in the con-
struction of alternating-current machines for much higher elec-
trical pressures than the above, it seems strange that this voltage
should have been decided on in a situation where one would
expect the very highest degree of perfection to be attained. It is
stated, however, that it was largely on account of the compara-
tively backward condition of that branch of electrical engineering
construction in America that the voltage had to be placed so low.
In a case like the present one, where the power station will be
under the supervision of skilled engineers, and not merely of men
whose chief qualifications are those of sobriety and an ability to
stay awake at night, there appears no sufficient reason why the
generators should not be operated at five times the voltage named.
The fact of the armatures in these machines being fixed gives,
moreover, additional security against danger consequent on such
high voltage on account of the very much more perfect insula-
tion possible.
The advantage, of course, of using a very high electrical
pressure lies in the principle stated above of the loss in sending
a given amount of energy over a given wire being inversely pro-
portional to the square of the voltage.
Intimately associated with this question is the problem of how
to convey current at this tremendous potential of twenty thousand
volts to distances. An idea of what it means may be had from
the facts that two thousand 1s relied on to be sufficient to instantly
kill a human being, and that the energy of a current given up in
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Niagara Falls
passing through any given resistance varies as the square of the
voltage. |
The chief difficulty to be met in such line construction is that
of efficiently insulating the wires. If any one attempted to use
a line insulated merely as an ordinary telegraph line is, there
would be an enormous loss, amounting practically to the whole
of the transmitted current, in moist weather, by leakage over the
damp surface of the glass or other insulators. The remedy for
this leakage would, however, be a comparatively simple matter
by means of well-known oil-holding arrangements for the insu-
lators were it not for the further fact that it is imperatively neces-
sary not to have the two wires, the going and return ones, farther
apart than can not be avoided on account of what are known as
the effects of self-induction. The wires strung on telegraph poles
would have to be so far apart in order to insure their never, by
any possibility, coming in contact, that the self-induction losses
would make that method impracticable.
The evil effects of self-induction are directly proportional to
the number of alternations of the current in a given time, and
consequently the twenty-five-period current adopted for the
Niagara Falls work is highly advantageous from this point of
view.
The so-called “ skin-resistance ” of an alternating current cir-
cuit is, in brief, due to the fact that an alternating current pene-
trates only a short distance into the body of the metal of which
the carrying wire is composed, instead of, as in the case of a
direct current, flowing across the whole cross-section of the wire
in an even manner. ‘This also is less serious the lower the
periodicity.
The form decided on in which to construct the conveying lines
is that of a conduit or subway of large proportions. One which
has been already constructed for a length of half a mile is as
960
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Industrial Niagara
follows: The walls are arched, and the width is greatest at 1894
about two thirds of the height. The conductors are carried on) ““""
insulated brackets along the sides, spaced at intervals of thirty
feet. [he subway is lined with concrete, and manholes at inter-
vals allow of access; besides, there are small pieces of pipe let in
at the bottoms of the manhole ducts for the purpose of inserting
such wires as may from time to time be required to tap the line
conductors. The subway is five and a half feet high and three
feet ten inches wide. A track runs along it, and the line
inspectors will make their trips on an electrically propelled car;
heavy wire screens the height of the subway, extending on both
sides of the track, protecting the occupants from any possible
discharge from the main conductors.
The Cataract Construction Company expect to be able to
deliver power in Buffalo at a cost per horse power, for twenty-
four hours a day yearly, greatly below the cost of steam power
as now produced in Buffalo with coal at one dollar and a half
per ton. ‘The generators are expected to operate at five thousand
horse power each, with an efficiency of ninety-eight per cent on
the power delivered to them by the turbines, and there will be
only three and a half per cent drop of pressure in transmitting
at twenty thousand volts to the northern part of Buffalo. This
last appears wonderful when we consider that it is less than the
drop from the generators of an electric railway system to the
motors of cars within as short a distance as half a mile, quite
apart, moreover, from the extra losses in the latter case due to
imperfect trolley contacts. It is hoped also to transmit power
before long to the Erie Canal, on which at the close of last season
there was an interesting development in the line of electrical
canal-boat propulsion.
Limits to the profitable development of water power. (Eng. news, 1894
Oct. 4, 1894. 32:276-278.)
The plans of the Niagara Power and Development Company for a
tunnel and model city. Remarks on the speculative nature of investment
in power development for which there is no immediate market.
61 961
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Abbott
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Niagara Falls
The power stations at Niagara. (Sci. Am. supp., Feb. 3, 1894.)
A guotation from Power dealing with the Niagara Falls Power Com-
pany’s development.
SUPLEE, HENry H. An interesting hydraulic power plant. (Cass.,
Nov., 1894. 7:85.)
A description of the Niagara Falls Paper Mill, the unique features of
its machinery, wheels, penstocks, transmission capacity, etc., with views and
diagrams.
Recent work of the Cataract Construction Company. (Nature, May
3, 1894. 50:11.)
Gives an account of the uses of the power with a description of the con-
struction and unique features of Forbes’s dynamo.
1895
ABBOTT, ARTHUR VAUGHAN. Industrial Niagara. (R. of R.,
Sept., 1895. 12:295—299.)
A description of the Niagara Falls Power Company’s plant together
with a brief discussion of the industrial utilization of the power developed
by that company.
ABBOTT, LYMAN. Niagara Falls in harness. (Outl., Nov. 16, 1895.
52:788.)
A popular account of power development at Niagara Falls. Dr.
Abbott came away from the works of the Niagara Falls Power Com-
pany ‘‘ with a new sense of awe in the contemplation of the powers of
nature, which we are but just beginning to understand and use; with a new
sense of admiration for the skill of man, who is just beginning to take
possession of the earth and to subdue it; and with a new and larger respect
for the energy, enterprise and public spirit of at least some American
millionaires.”
Cassier’s magazine. Niagara power number. July, 1895. 8:173-384.
‘““A complete story of the great Niagara power enterprise, comprised in
ten articles, with nearly two hundred illustrations, including portraits of the
officers and directors of the Cataract Construction Company, the members
of the International Niagara Falls Commission, and the engineers under
whose supervision the work was carried out.”
962
Industrial Niagara
Harnessing of Niagara. (Cassier mag. co. N. Y. & Lond.: 1895.) 1895
A publication in book form of Cassier’s power number of July, 1895.
Contents :
Use of the Niagara Water Power. Francis Lynde Stetson.
Mechanical Energy and Industrial Progress. Prof. W. Cawthorne
Unwin.
Some Details of the Niagara Tunnel. Albert H. Porter.
Construction of the Niagara Tunnel, Wheelpit and Canal. George H.
Burbank.
Niagara Mill Sites, Water Connections and ‘Turbines. Clemens
Herschel.
Electric Power Generation at Niagara. Lewis Bulkley Stillwell.
The Industrial Village of Echota at Niagara. John Bogart.
Notable European Water Power Installations. Colonel Thomas Tur-
rettini.
Distribution of the Electric Energy from Niagara Falls. S. Dana
Greene.
The Niagara Region in History. Peter A. Porter.
Dun.ap, Orrin E. (The) Niagara Falls Hydraulic Power and 495
Manufacturing Company’s new work. (Elec. eng., Dec. 4, 1895..Dunlap
20:537—39. }
A brief description of the new station and its machinery.
Flectrical Niagara. (Power. Feb., 1895. 15:12.) 1895
Photographs and description of the actual condition of the power work
at Niagara.
Forbes, GEORGE. Harnessing Niagara. (Blackwood, Sept., 1895. 1895
Pp. 434-444.) Forbes
A collection of personal experiences, and information concerning the
problems met at Niagara.
GREENE, S. DANA. Distribution of the electrical energy from Niagara 1895
Falls. (Cass., July, 1895. 8:333-362.) Greene
The author states that it is the purpose of his article ‘‘ to point out some
of the applications to which the electric energy generated at the Falls has
already been put, and to discuss other applications which suggest them-
selves as probabilities.” The article deals with the transmission and use of
electric motive power, and discusses the advantage of electrically trans-
mitted water power over steam power furnished by fuel,
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HERSCHEL, CLEMENS. Niagara mill sites, water connections and
turbines. (Cass., July, 1895. 8:227-250.)
This is another article in Cassier’s ‘‘ Niagara Power Number.”
One of the present series of articles must evidently treat of the
power producing plant, and its installation,— two essential ele-
ments in the series of mechanisms that convert the flow of the
Niagara river over the Falls, into other forms of energy,— finally
represented by a revolving shaft in the factory, by the speeding
car in the street, or by other of its manifold forms of utility.
It is this part of the description of the manner of utilizing Niagara
Falls that is to fall to the lot of the present article.
The standard American method of utilizing a large amount of
water-power, has hitherto been, to distribute the water to the
several consumers, or mill-owners, by means of a system of head-
races, so-called, with facilities for its discharge at a lower level,
to be utilized as the owner or lessee saw fit, and generally on his
own premises. ‘This led to long head-canals, and to insignificant
tail-races, whereas, as we shall presently see, the Niagara plant
consists of a common tail-race, a mile and a half long, with com-
paratively insignificant head-races. ‘The old-time water-power
company sold or leased the right to draw a definite quantity of
water, at defined times, with the privilege of discharging it at a
lower level, and the mill-owner did the rest; whereas, at Niagara
Falls, the right is leased to discharge a definite quantity of water
into the tail-race tunnel, with the privilege of drawing this quan-
tity from the head-canal, or from the river. But over and above
this the product,— power,— may be contracted for at Niagara
Falls, delivered on the shaft.
To create a large group of mill-sites of the older sort, there
was necessary, in the first instance, a large continuous body of
land, properly located for the purpose. If this could not be
bought up secretly, and in large blocks, the whole water-power
enterprise would fail to come to fruition. In Europe, however,
several such enterprises came into being in spite of the inability
of the projectors to primarily buy tracts of land such as have
been described. This was done by establishing central power
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Industrial Niagara
stations near the dam, or head canal, and then transmitting the
power produced, instead of water to produce it, to the consumers,
or mill-owners. Up to within say five years, this had always
been accomplished by means of wire-rope transmissions of power,
and it is easy to see that the invention of the electrical transmission
of power would give this form of the utilization of a large water-
power a great impetus. Many such plants are, therefore, already
in existence, many are building, but among them all, no one is
probably so celebrated, and is attracting the attention of all
intelligent men as this at Niagara Falls.
The work at Niagara is designed to be utilized in both of the
methods above described, and examples of both methods of dis-
tributing power are built. The plant of the Niagara Falls Paper
Company is an example of the first and older method of power
utilization, while the Central Power Station of the Niagara Falls
Power Company is the grandest example yet undertaken of the
second described, and the later method of power distribution.
The Niagara Falls Power Company also owns some 1200 acres
of land adjoining the Central Power Station and the present head
canal, all of which can be utilized for the sites of manufacturing
establishments by one or the other of the methods described.
This has been laid out in streets and blocks, with a freight rail-
road, to be spoken of presently, connecting the mill sites with all
the trunk lines that pass Niagara Falls, and adjoins the residential
district being developed by the Niagara Development Company,
whose first fruits are the village called Echota, and the adjoining
wharf and other property. But over and beyond all this, a trans-
mission of power to Buffalo, only 20 miles off, and possibly still
further, is within the scope and design of the Central Station now
building.
One of the neatest and most valuable attributes of the Niagara
Falls Power Company’s mill sites is the road of the Niagara
Junction Railway Company. Niagara Falls is already, or is
destined to be, one of the great railroad centres of the United
965
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Niagara Falls
States. Two railroad bridges cross the river there, each used by
several East and West trunk lines, and other such bridges are
already talked of. Railroad freight rates are in competition with
each other, and with lake and canal rates, and are to-day no
greater from Niagara Falls to New York and to Boston, than
they are from the established manufacturing centres of the East
to these cities, while they are, on the other hand, very materially
less from Niagara Falls to the great cities of the West, Southwest
and South than they are from these same older manufacturing
centres. The present favorable conditions will bring more manu-
facturing into the Buffalo and Niagara Falls district, and, as such
things always operate, will also bring in still other trunk lines of
railroad.
It is for the purpose of enabling the occupant of any mill-site
of the Niagara Falls Power Company to receive cars shipped
to him by any line of railroad entering the Buffalo—Niagara Falls
district, and of delivering cars directly to any such railroad, that
the Niagara Junction Railway Company was organized and the
road built. It is an allied enterprise of the Niagara Falls Power
Company and will do no little in furthering the growth and busi-
ness of the new city, benefiting, in turn, all the trunk lines that
do now or will, eventually, traverse the Niagara Falls neck of
land between Lake Erie and Lake Ontario. Lake transportation,
and transportation on the Erie canal are, however, also available
to the occupants of these mill-sites. Many of them front directly
on the Niagara river, where it is navigable, and none of them are
any great distance from it.
Tt will not be necessary to say much more on the subject of
water connections at the Niagara mill-sites. The Niagara Falls
Paper Company has a square wheel-pit, which is connected with
the main tunnel tail-race by a branch tail-race, 7 feet in
diameter. All dimensions of underground work are kept as small
as possible at Niagara Falls, to economize rock excavation, as, for
example, the branch tail-race just mentioned. Fall beng a com-
modity of less than the usual value on these sites, it is economy
966
Industrial Niagara
to spend some of it toward reducing cross sections. This pro- 1895
duces high velocities. but the tail-races are built of first-class rs"!
materials, and are set in a rock excavation. [he water used
carries no sand, and experience has already shown that the tail-
races line themselves with a layer of slime in spite of the great
velocity in them. So long as this slime adheres to the brick and
to the cement joints, there can evidently be no wear of the brick
masonry lining.
The wheel-pit of the Niagara Falls Power Company is a long
slot cut in the rock, instead of a group of small wheel-pits, and
to save excavation, though at the cost of some fall wasted, the
wheels are set on plate-girder bridges spanning the slot, and so
as to leave a tail-race beneath the plate girders. This tail-race,
or bottom of the slot, is connected by a short curve with the main
tail-race tunnel.
The fashionable turbine of the present day, in the United
States, is, no doubt, the twin turbine, with horizontal axis, this
axis projecting from the wheel case, at one or both ends, and
either driving its attached machine directly, or carrying a pulley,
to belt from. Several attempts were made to fit this general form
of motive power for the case in hand.
(The remainder of the article is largely taken up with a very technical
discussion of the turbines used at Niagara, and a comparison with turbines
used for water power purposes in Euorpe.)
Le Sueur, ERNEsT A. Professor Forbes on “‘ Harnessing Niagara.”” 1895
(Pop. sci. mo., Dec., 1895. 48198-204.) Le Sueur
A scathing review of Professor Forbes article on “Harnessing Niagara.”
Nikola Tesla and the electrical outlook — the new development in power 1895
transmission. (R. of R., Sept., 1895. 12:293-294.)
An account of Tesla’s discovery of the “* rotating magnetic field.”
. . . ~The rotating magnetic field,’ which opened the
way to the conversion (by means of alternating, as against the
direct current) of electrical into mechanical energy and the
economical transmission of power through long distances. ‘This
discovery forms the basis of the Niagara Company’s attempt to
utilize on a large scale Niagara Falls river.
967
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Perkins
1895
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& Pope
1895
Porter
1895
1895
Stetson
Niagara Falls
PERKINS, FRANK C. The Niagara power transmission plant. (Elec.
wid., Feb. 9, 1895. 25:165-167.)
A detailed description of the transmission plant and apparatus.
Pope, FRANKLIN LEONARD, and Pope, RALPH R. The distribution
of electric power at Niagara. (Eng. mag., Dec., 1895. 10:407-417.)
‘“‘A summary of some important contributions recently made to the
problem of electrical transmission of power with special reference to the
case of the Niagara plant.”
PoRTER, ALBERT H. Some details of the Niagara tunnel. (Cass.,
July, 1895. 8:203-210.)
66
Mr. Porter was the resident engineer for the Cataract Construction
Company until the completion of the tunnel and the preliminary work was
done under his immediate supervision.”
This article describes how the surface alignment for the tunnel was
obtained, how the alignment and grade of the tunnel were maintained, the
system of blasting used, the solution of the drainage difficulties, the timber-
ing and lining of the tunnel. :
Power plant of the Niagara Falls Hydraulic Power and Manufacturing
Company. (Power, Dec. 17, 1895. 15:17.)
This description of the lower plant and equipment of the Hydraulic
Power and Manufacturing Company is taken from the Canadian Journal
of Commerce.
STETSON, FRANCIS LYNDE. The use of the Niagara water power.
(Cass., July, 1895. 8:173-192.)
To most, the first impression, and to many the enduring impres-
sion, is that of awe, in which the subjective mood prevails and a
certain sense of personal danger dominates all other thoughts of
this mighty moving flood, pouring resistlessly down through the
gorge. . . . Danger there certainly is, and death in this resist-
less, remorseless tide has been found and also has been sought by
hundreds; but notwithstanding its appalling aspect, it is through
this very sense of resistless power that the Falls speak to minds of
great dignity and self-restraint, and lead them to observe as did
Mr. Carter of New York, in his characteristically fine oration at
the opening of Niagara Park, that the “ sense which responds to
this magnificent motion ” is the “ sense of power.”
968
Industrial Niagara
And why should it not be so? Nearly 6000 cubic miles of
water, pouring down from the upper lakes with 90,000 square
miles of reservoir area, reach this gorge of the Niagara river at a
point where its extreme width of one mile is by islands reduced
to two channels of only 3,800 feet. Here, in less than half a
mile of rapids, the Niagara river falls 55 feet, and then, with a
depth of about 20 feet at the crest of the Horse Shoe Falls,
plunges 165 feet more into the lower river. The ordinary flow
has been found to be about 275,000 cubic feet per second, and in
its daily force, equal to the latent power of all the coal mined in
the world each day — something more than 200,000 tons.
‘This natural comparison at once suggests, as through the cen-
tury it has invited, an estimate of this power in the terms of
mechanics, and it has been computed by Professor Unwin that
these falls represent theoretically seven million horse-power
(others think more), and for practical use, without appreciable
diminution of the natural beauty, several hundreds of thousands
of horse-power. ‘The idea of subjecting to industrial uses some
part of the enormous power of Niagara Falls has, since the loca-
tion of the pioneer saw-mill in 1725, occupied the minds and
stirred the inventive faculty of engineers, mechanics and manu-
facturers. Early in the century, the pioneers in the locality, to
which they then gave the name of Manchester, contemplated
the probability, but were unable to demonstrate the practicability,
of reducing this mighty force to obedient and useful service.
They dwelt upon, and to some extent exploited, the idea; but
before the development or adoption of any method promising
satisfactory returns, steam and steam engines had _ properly
attained such a place in the favorable estimation of manufac-
turers that water-powers in general, and especially those incon-
veniently situated and variable in quantity and quality, fell in
comparative disesteem.
No one needs much persuasion to admit that, except for the
decided merits of water-power even in competition with steam,
969
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Niagara Falls
the names of Manchester, Lowell, Lawrence, Holyoke, Paterson,
Cohoes and Minneapolis, in the United States, would possess
nothing like their present significance.
In view of the obvious advantages offered by water-powers
such as these, Augustus Porter, one of the principal proprietors at
Niagara, in 1842 proposed a considerable extension of the system
of canals or races then employed, and in January, 1847, in con-
nection with Peter Emslie, a civil engineer, he published a formal
plan, which became the subject of negotiations with Walter
Bryant and Caleb S. Woodhull, formerly Mayor of New York.
An agreement was finally reached with these gentlemen by which
they were to construct a canal, for which they were to receive a
right of way, 100 feet in width, together with a certain amount
of land at its terminus. After various interruptions, in 1861, their
successor, Horace H. Day, completed a canal, about 35 feet in
width, 8 feet in depth, and 4400 feet in length, by which the
water of the upper Niagara river was brought to a basin or
reservoir at the high bluff of the lower river, 214 feet above the
water below. Upon the margin of this basin have been con-
structed various mills, to whose wheels the water was conducted
from the canal and discharged by short tunnels through the bluff
into the river below, so that in 1885, about 10,000 horse-power,
substantially the available capacity of the canal, was in use.
In that year there happened to be at Niagara an able and
experienced engineer, engaged in the State’s service in laying out
a proposed reservation, just as nearly fifty years before he had
been there engaged in assisting the State Geological Survey of
Prof. James Hall, who, in his report on the Niagara river district
for 1843, specially mentions the services of Thomas Evershed.
During this very long interval. Mr. Evershed had been engaged
as a public engineer, usually upon the Erie canal in that vicinity,
and it was natural that he should be called upon to devise a
system for the development of hydraulic power from the river
with which his whole professional career had been associated,
his last great work being in connection with the effort to protect
970
Industrial Niagara
Niagara, in its principal character as the most magnificent and 1895
impressive terrestrial natural object, from vandalism and utilitarian big
desecration. ‘This protection of the natural beauty of Niagara
was the underlying idea in his conception and development of
his plan, which contemplated the taking of water and the develop-
ment of power in a district more than a mile above, and out of
sight of the Falls, with an outlet tunnel discharging inconspicu-
ously at the river's edge below the Falls, involving the diversion
of less than four per cent of the total flow of the river, and a
reduction of the depth of the water at the crest of the Falls by
less than two inches.
After conference with Mr. Evershed, Capt. Charles B. Gaskill,
the oldest user of power on the hydraulic canal, with seven other
gentlemen of Niagara Falls, obtained from the Legislature of
the State of New York, a special charter, passed March 31,
1886, which has since been amended and enlarged by several
successive acts. Upon July 1, 1886, Mr. Evershed issued his
first formal plan and estimate, which was considered worthy of
discussion in Appleton’s Cyclopaedia for 1887, where it is
described in general terms. But, of course, the publication of
this plan invited and encountered the demonstration of its absolute
impracticability, as well as the improbability of the use of the
power if developed.
For three years the originators of the Niagara water-power
project were engaged in convincing capitalists that it would be
commercially profitable to undertake and complete the develop-
ment of Mr. Evershed’s plan, and the first step necessary to be
taken was to demonstrate the advantage of the locality. It was
shown that the capacity of the original tunnel, about 120,000
horse-power, would exceed the combined theoretical horse-power
of Lawrence, Lowell, Holyoke, Turners Falls, Manchester,
Windsor Locks, Bellows Falls and Cohoes, and would very
largely exceed the actual developed power of all these places,
and Augusta, Paterson and Minneapolis in addition. Consider-
ing the further right to construct an additional tunnel of 100,000
971
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horse-power on the American side, and to develop at least
250,000 horse-power on the Canadian side, it was readily recog-
nized how vastly this local development promised, in extent, to
surpass the combined water-powers of almost any American
State or section.
e e °
The question of the practical importance of the Niagara power
being settled, Mr. Atkinson’s next question arose as to the advan-
tages of Niagara as a locality, and to this, answer was readily
made by pointing out that there in the very heart of densest popu-
lation, touched by nearly all the East and West trunk-lines,
within a night’s journey of Boston, New York, Philadelphia,
Washington, Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, Cleveland, Chicago,
Toronto and Montreal, was a naiural port of the great lakes,
sustained by a salubrious and fruitful country and protected by
the orderly and established institutions and traditions of the most
opulent and populous of the states of the Union. The existence
of manufacturing establishments sufficient to exhaust all of the
power then supplied by the hydraulic canal, and the subsequent
applications for the new power, were and are the complete
answer to the question whether, as a locality, Niagara would be
attractive to users of power.
But the question still remained whether water-power could be
used successfully in competition with steam, and there are few
places in respect of which this question can be asked with more
deadly effect; for, in the city of Buffalo, and indeed through the
entire length of the district lying north of Pittsburgh, good steam-
ing coal can be obtained at less than $1.50 a ton. With coal at
this price, it would, at first, seem impracticable to establish any
power plant capable of operating in competition with steam. But
a careful examination has satisfied me, at least, that with coal
furnished free at the furnace yard, it would still be economical
for the manufacturer to employ water-power such as that at
Niagara.
(The remainder of the article describes the establishment of the Cataract
Construction Company, the formation and purposes of the International
972
Industrial Niagara
Niagara Commission, and the electrical and mechanical problems 1895
encountered in the transmission of Niagara power. ) Stetson
THomSON, SYLVANUS P. Ublizing Niagara. (Sat. rev., Aug. 3, 1895
1895. 134-135.) Thomson
A sketch of pioneer work in electrical transmission, the power
machinery, and the uses and price of Niagara power.
Unwin, W. CAWTHOoRNE. . . . Mechanical energy and industrial 1895
progress. (Cass., July, 1895. 8:195-200.) Unwin
The author is “one of the best known engineers, authors and teachers
of engineering science in England, as well as in America. He was a
member of the International Niagara Falls Commission.”
“Writing however on the European side of the Atlantic, it will be
wisest,— not to say most modest,— to avoid details and to deal, in prefer-
ence, with some general considerations bearing on the question of utilizing
and distributing power.”
So the author says and so he does. ‘The article is a very brief account
of the cost of power as an item in the cost of production, and the economic
advantage of water power over steam. According to Professor Unwin,
“‘in the best steam engines the limit of possible economy has been nearly
reached. . . . Nor is there much hope of considerable economy from
the improvement of other heat engines. Short of going to Iceland, there
is only one widely distributed, easily utilizable source of mechanical energy,
and that is water power.”
BURBANK, GEorRGE B. The construction of the Niagara tunnel, wheel 1395
pit and canal. (Cass., July, 1895. 8:213-224.) Burbank
A detailed description of the masonry lining of the tunnel, wheel pit,
and canal by the resident consulting engineer and later chief engineer of
the construction company.
1896
Cor, BEN F. Evolution of Niagara power. (Coll. w., May 28, 1896
1e9Gr Pps h1—12.) Coe
Sketches of the Niagara Falls Hydraulic Power and Manufacturing
Company and the Niagara Falls Power Company developments, and of
some of the concerns using the power.
Dumas, A. L/utilisation des chutes du Niagara pour la production de 1896
l’energieelectrique. (Le Genre civil. Feb. 8, 1896. 28:225-228.) Dumas
973
1896
Dumas
1896
Dunlap
Niagara Falls
Gives the general plan of the Niagara Falls Power Company, describes
the system of distribution, the general electric installation, tells how the
power developed is used near the Falls and at a distance.
DuNLapP, ORRIN E. Calcic carbide plant at Niagara Falls. (W. elec.,
Jan. 18, 1896. 18:28—29.)
This is a description of the first plant of its kind in America. Its
product is used for the manufacture of acetylene gas.
** One important feature of this plant is that an alternating current
furnace is to be used, whereas all the other electric manufacturing plants at
Niagara Falls use direct current.”
DUNLAP, OrRIN E. Conveying the roar of Niagara by telephone to
New York. (W. elec., May 30, 1896. 18:265.)
A brief statement of the process by which the roar of Niagara Falls
was transmitted to an electrical exposition in New York by telephone.
DuNLapP, ORRIN E. Electric power transmission at Niagara. (W.
elec., Feb. 8, 1896. 18:61-62.)
An excellent popular account of the rapid progress in power develop-
ment.
DuNLAP, ORRIN E. The manufacture of carborundum. (Elec.
power, Jan., 1896. 9:1-5.)
An interesting nontechnical description of the process of making car-
borundum in electric furnaces with Niagara power.
DuNLapP, OrRIN E. The manufacture of chemicals by Niagara
power. (Elec. eng., Sept. 9, 1896. 22:248-249.)
A description of the plant and processes of the Chemical Construction
Company.
DUNLAP, ORRIN E.. More power at Niagara Falls. (W. elec.,
March 21, 1896. 18:133-134.)
Whitten at the time of the erection of the third 5,000 horse-power
generator in the central station of the Niagara Falls Power Company.
DuNLapP, OrRIN E. New power development at Niagara Falls.
(Cass., March, 1896. 9:484—487.)
Description of the installation of the new plant of the Niagara Falls
Hydraulic Power and Manufacturing Company.
974
Industrial Niagara
DuNLap, OrrIN E. Niagara model for the electric exposition. (W. 1896
elec., April 18, 1896. 18:181-182.) Dunlap
A description of the model made for the electric exposition at New
York of the upper Niagara, the city, the gorge, the Canadian shore, and
the Niagara Power Company plant.
DUNLAP, ORRIN E. Nikola Tesla at Niagara Falls. (W. elec.,
Aug: |, 1896: 19:55.)
An account of Tesla’s first visit to the plant of the Niagara Falls
Power Company and his impressions.
DUNLAP, ORRIN E. Old hydraulic canal plant at Niagara Falls
transformed for electric transmission. (W. elec., Dec. 5, 1896. 19:
273-274.)
‘An account of the changes and improvements made in the canal prop-
erty by the Niagara Falls Hydraulic Power and Manufacturing Com-
pany, especially during the construction of its new plant at the water's
edge.
DUNLAP, ORRIN E. One year of electric power transmission at
Niagara Falls. (W. elec., April 4, 1896. 18:163.)
A review of the achievements of the first year.
DUNLAP, ORRIN E. Transmission of Niagara power to Buffalo.
(Elec. eng., Oct. 28, 1896. 22:413-415.)
A description of the construction of this important transmission line.
The gorge road at Niagara. (Sci. Am., March 28, 1896. 74: 1896
193-199.)
Account of this road being run by Niagara power from the Niagara
Falls Hydraulic Power and Manufacturing Company.
MArTIN, THomMAS COMMERFORD. Niagara on tap. (Jour., Frank. 1896
inst. Oct. & Nov., 1896. 142:287-302 and 354-366.) Martin
A lecture delivered before the institute January 3, 1896.
Martin, THoMAS COMMERFORD. ‘The utilization of Niagara.
(Printed in Proc. of Royal Inst. of Gr. Br. 15:269-279.)
““ Read at extra evening meeting of Royal Institution of Great Britain,
June 19, 1896.” From the extract quoted below are omitted some of
the purely technical descriptions.
975
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Niagara Falls
The broad idea of the utilisation of Niagara is by no means
new, for even as early as 1725, while the thick woods of pine and
oak were still haunted by the stealthy redskin, a miniature saw-
mill was set up amid the roaring water. The first systematic effort
to harness Niagara was not made until nearly one hundred and
fifty years later, when the present hydraulic canal was dug and
the mills were set up which disfigure the banks just below the
stately falls. It was long obvious that even an enormous extension
of this surface canal system would not answer for the proper
utilisation of the illimitable energy contained in a vast stream of
such lofty fall as that of Niagara.
Niagara is the point at which are discharged, through two
narrowing precipitous channels only 3,800 feet wide and 160 feet
high, the contents of 6,000 cubic miles of water, with a reservoir
area of 90,000 square miles draining 300,000 square miles of
territory. The ordinary overspill of this Atlantic set on edge has
been determined to be equal to about 275,000 cubic feet per
second, and the quantity passing is estimated as high as 100,000,-
OOO tons of water per hour.
Between Lake Erie and Lake Ontario there is a total
difereees of level of 300 feet (fig. 1,), and the amount of
power represented by the water at the falls has been estimated
on different bases from 6,750,000, horsepower up to not less
than 16,800,000 horsepower, the latter being a rough calcula-
tion of Sir William Siemens, who, in 1877, was the first to sug-
gest the use of electricity as the modern and feasible agent of
converting into useful power some of this majestic but squandered
energy.
It may be noted that the water passing out at Niagara is
wonderfully pure and “ soft,” contrasting strongly, therefore,
with the other body of water, turbid and gritty that flows from
the north out through the banks of the Mississippi. The annual
recession of the American Fall, of 7! inches, and of the Horse-
shoe, of 2.18 feet, would probably have been much greater had
the water been less limpid.
976
Industrial Niagara
It was Mr. Thomas Evershed, an American civil engineer, 1896
who unfolded the plan of diverting part of the stream at a con- Mattia
siderable distance above the falls, so that no natural beauty
would be interfered with, while an enormous amount of power
would be obtained with a very slight reduction in the volume of
the stream at the crest of the falls. . .
The time honored plan in water-power utilisation has been to
string factories along a canal of considerable length, with but a
short tail race. At Niagara the plan now brought under notice is
that of a short canal with a very long tail race. The use of elec-
tricity for distributing the power allows the factories to be placed
away from the canal, and in any location that may appear
specially desirable or advantageous.
The perfected and concentrated E:vershed scheme comprises a
short surface canal 250 feet wide at its mouth, 114 miles above
the falls, far beyond the outlying Three Sisters Islands, with an
intake inclined obliquely to the Niagara River. This canal
extends inwardly 1,700 feet, and has an average depth of some
12 feet, thus holding water adequate to the development of about
100,000 horse-power. The mouth of the canal is 600 feet from
the shore line proper, and considerable work was necessary in its
protection and excavation. The bed is now of clay, and the side
walls are of solid masonry 17 feet high, 8 feet at the base, and
3 feet at the top. The northeastern side of the canal is occupied
by a power house, and is pierced by ten inlets guarded by sentinel
gates, each being the separate entrance to a wheel pit in the power
house, where the water is used and the power is secured. The
water as quickly as used is carried off by a tunnel to the Niagara
River again.
The massive canal power house is a handsome building,
designed by Stanford White, and likely to stand until Niagara,
spendthrift fashion, has consumed its way backward, through its
own crumbling strata of shale and limestone, to the base of it.
This building is outwardly of hard limestone and inwardly of
enamel brick and ordinary brick coated with white enamel paint.
62 977
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Niagara Falls
It is 200 feet in length at present, and has a 50-ton Seilers elec-
tric traveling crane for the placing of machinery and the handling
of any parts that need repair.
It is a curious fact that the proposal to transmit the energy of
Niagara long distance over wire should have been regarded with
so much doubt and scepticism, and that the courageous backers
of the enterprise should have needed time to demonstrate that they
were neither knaves nor fools, but simply brave, far-seeing
MEDS a esos
We must not overlook some of the fantastic schemes proposed
for transmitting the power of Niagara before electricity was
adopted. One of them was to hitch the turbines to a big steel
shaft running through New York State from east to west, so that
where the shaft passed a town or factory all you had to do was
to hitch on a belt or some gear wheels, and thus take off all the
power wanted. Not much less expensive was the plan to have a
big tube from New York to Chicago, with Niagara Falls at the
center, and with the Niagara turbines hitched to a monster air
compressor, which should compress the air under 250 pounds
pressure to the square inch in the tube.
So far as actual electrical long-distance transmission from
Niagara is concerned, it can only be said to be in the embryonic
stage, for the sole reason that for nearly a year past the Power
Company has been unable to get into Buffalo, and that not until
last year was it able to arrive at acceptable conditions, satisfactory
to itself and to the city. Work is now being pushed, and by June,
1897. power from the Falls will, by contract with the city be in
regular delivery to the local consumption circuits at Buffalo.
Recent official investigations have shown that steam power in
large bulk costs today in Buffalo £10 per year per horsepower
and upward. Evidently Niagara power, starting at £2 on the
turbine shaft or say less than £4 on the line, has a good margin
for effective competition with steam in Buffalo.
What this enterprise at Niagara aims to do is not to monopolise
978
Industrial Niagara
the power but to distribute it, and it makes Niagara, more than it 1896
ever was before, common property. After all is said and done,"
very few people ever see the falls, and then only for a chance
holiday once in a lifetime; but now the useful energy of the
cataract is made cheaply and immediately available every day in
the year to hundreds and thousands, even millions of people, in an
endless variety of ways.
We must not omit from our survey the Erie Canal, in the
revival and greater utilisation of which as an important highway
of commerce Niagara power is expected to play no mean part.
In competition with the steam railway, canals have suffered greatly
the last fifty years. In the United States, out of 4,468 miles of
canal built at a cost of £40,000,000 about one-half has been
abandoned and not much of the rest pays expenses. Yet the canals
have enormous carrying capacity, and a single boat will hold as
much as twenty freight cars. “he New York State authorities
have agreed to conditions by which Niagara energy can be used
to propel the canal boats at the rate of £4 per horsepower
year. Where steamboat haulage for 242 tons of freight now
costs about 6!/od. a boat mile, it is estimated that electric haul-
age will cost not to exceed 514d., while with the energy from
Niagara at only £4 per horsepower per year it will cost much
less. Some two years ago the first attempt was made in the
United States on the Erie Canal with the canal boat “F. W.
Hawley,” when the trolley system was used with the motor on the
boat as it is on an electric car, driving the propellor as if it were
the car wheels. Another plan is that of hauling the boat from
the towpath, and that is what is now being done with the electric
system of Mr. Richard Lamb on the Erie canal at Tonawanda,
near Niagara. Imagine an elevator shaft working lengthwise
instead of vertically. There is placed on poles a heavy fixed
cable on which the motor truck rests, and a lighter traction cable
is also strung that is taken up and paid out by a sheave as the
motor propels itself along and pulls the canal boat to which it is
attached. If the boats come from opposite directions they simply
979
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Niagara Falls
exchange motors, just as they might mules or locomotives, and go
on without delay.
The American company has also preempted the great utilisa-
tion of the Canadian share of Niagara’s energy. ‘The plan for
this work proposes the erection of two power houses of a total
ultimate capacity of 125,000 horsepower. Each power house is
fed by its own canal and is therefore an independent unit. Owing
to the better lay of the land, the tunnels carrying off the water
discharged from the turbines on the Canadian side will have
lengths respectively of only 300 and 800 feet, thus avoiding the
extreme length and cost unavoidable on the American side. With
both the Canadian and American plants fully developed, no less
than 350,000 horsepower will be available. The stationary
engines now in use in New York State represent only 500,000
horsepower. Yet the 350,000 horsepower are but one twentieth
of the 7,000,000 horsepower which Professor Unwin has esti-
mated the falls to represent theoretically. If the 350,000 horse-
power were estimated at £4 per year per horsepower, and should
replace the same amount of steam power at £10 the annual saving
for power in New York State alone would be more than
£2,000,000 per year.
MarTIN, THOMAS COMMERFORD. The utilization of Niagara. (Ann.
rep ts Smith. inst. 1896. 51:pt. 1, 223-232.)
The new water power development below Niagara Falls. (Eng. news,
Mar. 26, 1896. 35:201.)
A description of the new plant of the Niagara Falls Hydraulic Power
and Manufacturing Company.
Niagara Falls hydraulic power plant. (Sci. Am., Apmil 4, 1896.
74:215.)
Description of the turbine water wheels.
Power interests at Niagara Falls. (W. elec., Mar. 14, 1896.
18:127.)
Editorial on proposed legislation in favor of the power companies and
regarding power transmission from Canada.
980
Industrial Niagara
RepPLOGLE, Mark A. Electricity and water power and their inter- 1896
relations; a popular treatise. N. Y.: Elec. Rev. Pub. Co. 1896. Replogle
Pp. 132-146.
‘The whole book is wnitten in popular style and contains one chapter on
* The Greatest of Electric Water Power Propositions, Niagara Falls.”
RICHARDSON, ALEX. Niagara Falls and water-power. Good words, 1896
(Lond.) Mar., 1896. Pp. 183-189.) Richardson
A brief description of the Niagara works. There is much digression
about the small power developments in various parts of Great Britain.
Trolley to cross Niagara. (St. ry. rev., Feb. 15, 1896. 6:109.) 1896
The writer of this article believes this railroad project to be the ‘ most
marked effect yet seen of the electric development at Niagara.”
Tutte, W. E. Electricity at Niagara Falls. (Elec. wld., Mar. 7, 1896
1896. 27:256.) Tuttle
A description of a new plant under construction by the Niagara Falls
Hydraulic Power and Manufacturing Company which it was thought
would produce the cheapest power for the money invested of any plant
in this country.
Woop, DE Voxtson. A turbine of the Niagara power company. 1896
(Am. mach., Jan. 23, 1896. 19:106—-107.) Wood
The possibilities of a large turbine of the Fourneyron type based upon
data supplied by Professor Coleman Sellers.
(The) Niagara Falls electric power plant. (Sci. Am., Jan. 25. 1896
1896. 74:55.)
*“A description of the power house with its water connections and
electric plant. The illustrations show the relation of the surface canal,
which takes water from the Niagara River above the falls, to the power
house.”
Niagara power for the Buffalo railway system. (St. ry. jour., Dec., 1896
1896. 12:772-775.)
A description of the methods by which Niagara power is supplied to
the Buffalo railway system.
1897
AUBERT, F. Transport de force par |’électricité des chutes du Niagara 1897
4 Buffalo. (Le Genre Civil. July 24, 1897. 31:201-202.) Aubert
Description of the transmission line, the transformers, etc.
981
1897
Blanchard
1897
Cazin
1897
Dunlap
1897
1897
Niagara Falls
BLANCHARD, FRANK LERoy. Niagara power at Buffalo. (Harp.
w., June 5, 1897. 41:569-570.)
An account of “ how the electric current is brought over the twenty-six
miles of wire to Buffalo.”
Cazin, F. M. F. Niagara power. (Elec. wld., July 17, 1897.
30:72-74.)
According to the author, the purpose of his paper “is to discuss the
features of power absorption from the falling waters as actually prac-
tised, and to indicate a line for improved methods and machinery.”
DUNLAP, ORRIN E. Additional power facilities at Niagara Falls.
(CW. elec., Nov. 27, 1897. 21:299-301.)
Account of the enlargement of the existing plants on the American side,
and the Canadian projects.
DuNLapP, ORRIN E. The extension of the power plant of the Niagara
Falls power company. (Eng. news, Oct. 14, 1897. 38:242.)
The extension of the wheel pit and erection of the new power house
described with special reference to new methods employed.
DUNLAP, ORRIN E. Lord Kelvin and the Niagara power trans-
mission. (Elec. eng., Aug. 26, 1897.)
An account of an interview with Lord Kelvin, the president of the
International Niagara Commission.
DuNLAapP, ORRIN E. Power transmission from Niagara Falls. (Cass.,
Jan., 1897. 11:197—204.)
An account of the Niagara—Buffalo transmission line. According to
Mr. Dunlap, “‘it is probable that no pole line was ever better constructed
than that from Niagara Falls to Buffalo.” The article, which is non-
technical, descriptive and historical, may also be found in the Journal
of the Western Society of Engineers, January, 1897, vol. 2, pages 80-84.
(The) Electric features of Niagara. (Elec. wld., June 5, 1897.
29:719-734.)
Contains a number of articles and views on transmission, power and
its applications.
(The) Electric railways of the Niagara river region. (St. ry. jour.,
Oct., 1897. 13:585-611.)
A full account of the way in which Niagara electric railways are using
Niagara Falls power.
982
Industrial Niagara
Electrical development at Niagara Falls. The new wheel-pit. (Elec. 1897
rev., April 14, 1897. 30:169-170.)
Account of the Niagara Falls Power Company’s extension.
Electricity at Niagara Falls. (Am. elec., June, 1897. 9:211-219.) 1897
“A profusely illustrated article on the present state of the various elec-
trical industries at Niagara.
** The subject of this article is perhaps the most hackneyed in the entire
range of periodical literature; indeed, it would be difficult to find a com-
mercial development in any branch of industry which has been more
exhaustively described. In what follows therefore, no attempt will be
made to give the usual journalistic descriptions, but instead a brief and
concise review will be presented of the present situation at Niagara with
respect to electrical development, with particular reference to the newest
applications and to details of operation.”
Electro-chemistry at Niagara Falls. (Pub. opin., July 22, 1897. 1897
23:111.)
An excerpt from an article on this subject by Frederick Overbury in
the July number of Cassier’s Magazine.
(The) Falls harnessed. (St. ry. jour., Oct. 15, 1897. 7:660-668.) 1897
A historical study of two of the power companies at the Falls.
FITZGERALD, FrRANcIs A. ‘The manufacture and development of 1897
carborundum at Niagara Falls. (Jour. Frank. inst. Feb. 1897, Fitzgerald
143:80-96.)
An interesting lecture by the chemical engineer of the carborundum
works, delivered before the Franklin institute, December 11, 1896, and
dealing with the evolution of the carborundum furnace, the process, and
the uses and advantages of carborundum. According to Mr. Fitzgerald
the carborundum industry “stands as a conspicuous illustration of the
possibilities of the electric furnace as the source of hitherto unknown and
valuable products.”
HAskIN, J. R. The Niagara Falls and Lewiston railway. (Elec. 1897
wid., June 5, 1897. 29:725.) Haskin
An account of the building of the road, the difficulties encountered, the
equipment, and the use of Niagara Falls power.
983
1897
1897
1897
1897
1897
1897
Niagara Falls
Local distribution of the cataract power at Niagara Falls. (Elec. eng.,
Feb. 10, 1897. 72321539
Contains a map showing the location of factories using the Niagara
Falls Power Company’s power at Niagara Falls.
New uses for Niagara power. (Elec. eng., June 23, 1897. 23:729.)
Account of power from Niagara used for elevators in Buffalo.
(The) Niagara—Buffalo transmission line. (Elec. rev., June 23,
30, 1897. 30:298—310.)
Read before the National Electric Light Association June 9, 1897,
by J. G. White.
(The) Niagara—Buffalo transmission line. (Elec. rev., July 7, 14,
1897." 31-4; 16217.)
Read before the National Electric Light Association June 9, 1897,
by J. G. White. (Concluded from vol. 30, p. 310.)
Niagara Falls hydraulic power and manufacturing company. (Elec.
wid., June 5, 1897. 29:730.)
The tremendous impetus that has been given to the operations
of this company by the installation of electrical apparatus is worthy
of note. For nearly forty years, nothing was done with the
gigantic power available at the point where their works are
located other than the grinding of flour, and the manufacture of
paper by the Cliff Paper Company. Now that electric trans-
mission has added a new means to those at the disposal of
engineers this plant has increased greatly in size and is already a
formidable competitor to the Niagara Falls Power Company,
which operates the hydraulic tunnel.
(The) Niagara Falls power company. (Elec. wld., June 5, 1897.
29:721-723.)
Perhaps no plant has ever been so much and so fully described
as that of the Niagara Falls Power Company. ‘The colossal
hydraulic developments which were undertaken to supply power
for the generation of electric current on a scale hitherto unknown,
the enormous machinery which was installed, the serious attempt
984
!ndustrial Niagara
to transmit a very great power to a considerable distance, and the
discussion by electricians the world over of the problems involved
in its construction, have all contributed to make it the most inter-
testing development of the electric arts.
Niagara power. (Elec. rev., July 7, 1897. 31:10.)
A lecture delivered before the National Electric Light Association at
Niagara Falls June 9, 1897, by L. B. Stillwell. He calls Niagara “a
great solar engine,” and deals with the actual and potential types of trans-
mission and its limitations.
Niagara power in Buffalo. (Elec. rev., Dec. 29, 1897. 31:309.)
Two of the largest grain elevators in the world, built in
Buffalo, New York, during the summer, at a cost of nearly
$1,000,000 are now successfully using vast quantities of the new
Niagara Falls power, and within a few weeks, and as soon as
the necessary electric machinery can be installed, the wheels and
machinery of the Union Drydock, one of the leading shipbuilding
plants on the Great Lakes, will also be turned by the Falls cur-
rent. . . . The Great Northern Elevator receives 1,000
horse-power and the new Electric Elevator 450 horse-power,
while the Union Drydock Company will use between 500 and
1,000 horse-power.
Calcium carbide. (Elec. wid., June 5, 1897. 29:733-734.)
A feature of peculiar interest in connection with this process
for the manufacture of the so-called rival to the incandescent
light is that the calcium carbide, upon which its commercial
manufacture largely depends, is the product of the electric
furnace, and can only be commercially manufactured by the aid
of electricity.
KENNEDY, WILLIAM, JR. Canadian water powers. With special
1897
1897
1897
1897
1897
reference to the utilization for electrical purposes. (British assoc. for the Kennedy
advancement of science. Toronto meeting, 1897. Handbook of Canada.
Toronto: 1897. Chap. 8, pp. 385-387.)
A bnef consideration of the charter and equipment of the Canadian
Niagara Power Company projects.
685
1897
1897
Overbury
1897
Rankine
1897
White
1898
Dunlap
1898
Foster
1898
Knight
Niagara Falls
Lord Kelvin’s views on Niagara development. (W. elec., Aug. 21,
1897. 21:109.)
Lord Kelvin visited the Falls in August, 1897, and this article is the
summary of the views he expressed at that time, as prepared for the West-
ern Electrician by its Niagara correspondent.
OVERBURY, FREDERICK. Electro-chemistry at Niagara Falls. (Cass.,
July, 1897; ° 122227=230)
Has special reference to the Chemical Construction Company, manu-
facturers of chlorate of potash.
RANKINE, WILLIAM B. The accomplished utilization of Niagara.
(Elec. eng., Jan: 6,°1697. | 23:21.)
Written by the secretary of the Niagara Power Company. It calls
for more power and gives a list of contracts for power up to November,
1896, totaling 25,625 horse power.
Wuite, J. G. The electric power transmission line between Niagara
Falls and Buffalo. (St. ry. jour., July, 1897. 13:425-427.)
A popular account of the construction of this famous power trans-
mission line.
1898
DUNLAP, ORRIN E. Developing power of lower Niagara. (W. elec.,
June 18, 1898. 22:360.)
Five plans for the development of power at the rapids of the lower river.
Foster, Horatio A. Niagara power in Buffalo. (W. elec., Jan. 8,
1898. ‘22:26—-27.)
A discussion of the development, distribution, and cost of Niagara
power together with other questions.
(A) Great power house at Niagara. (Sci. Am., June 18, 1898.
78:393-394.)
A full and rather technical description of recent power developments
at the Falls.
KNIGHT, S. S. The new twenty-five hundred horse power turbines at
Niagara. (Sci. Am., Dec. 10, 1898. 79:373-374.)
A description of the Geyelin—Johval horizontal axis turbines which had
just been installed.
986
Industrial Niagara
1899
(The) Power of Niagara. (Pub. opin., Sept. 7, 1899. 27:303.) 1899
Editorial comment on figures from the London Times showing the
amount of power drawn by factories served by the Niagara Falls Power
Company.
BIRKINBINE, JOHN. Proposed water-power improvement in the gorge 1899
of the Niagara River, New York. (Proc. eng. club, Phila. Jan., Birkinbine
1899. 16:38—45.)
Outlines of a plan for diverting a portion of the river into a canal to
deliver 10,000 cubic feet per second at a moderate velocity for the pro-
duction of 35,000 horse power.
(The) Birkinbine plan for utilizing Niagara gorge power. (Elec. eng., 1899
N. Y. Feb. 9, 1899.)
(The) Canadian power plant. (Elec. wld. Jan. 14, 1899. 1899
33:47-49.)
A description of the installation of the plant with views of the machinery.
The article states that “ on the Canadian side of the river there is but one
hydraulic power plant in operation, supplying power to the lines of the
Niagara Falls Park and River Railway Company and equipped also with
two generators belonging to the Canadian—Niagara Power Company.”
Henry, GEorGES. Utilisation des chutes du Niagara. Etat actual 1899
des installations hydro-électriques. (Le Genre Civil. June 17, 1899. Henry
S5)101=105.)
Description of the building, the wheel pit, the turbines, lubrication, elec-
trical matters, the capacity and the conclusions to be drawn.
(The) Hydraulic features of Niagara power. (Elec. wld., Jan. 14, 1899
1899.)
Editorial summary of various plans for the hydraulic equipment.
JOHNSON, WALLACE C. Power development at Niagara Falls other 1899
than that of the Niagara Power Company. (Jour. ass’n eng. soc. Aug., Johnson
1899. 23:78-90.)
A paper read in 1896 and dealing with early power developments.
(The) Power plant of the Niagara Falls hydraulic power and manu- 1899
facturing company. (Elec. wid., Jan. 14, 1899. 33:43-46.)
987
1899
1899
Rafter
1899
Woodbridge
Niagara Falls
Description of the machinery and system of this plant, which “‘is laid
out on more conservative lines than that of its neighbor up the river, and
is certainly subject to far lower fixed charges per kilowatt output.”
RAFTER, GEORGE W. Water resources of the State of New York.
Pt. 2. (Water-supply and irrigation papers of the U. S. Grolegics: sur-
vey, No. 25. Wash.: 1899. Pp. 135-143.)
A short discussion of the history of power development at Niagara Falls,
with special reference to the Niagara Falls Hydraulic Power and Manu-
facturing Company and the Niagara Falls Power Company. _ Illustrated
with views and diagrams.
WooppripceE, J. E. The Niagara Falls power plant. (Elec. wld.,
Jani7 51899.) 33-3257)
Gives a full description of the plant,—the superstructure, the wheel
pits, the hydraulic passages, the turbines, the oiling system, the governors,
the electrical generators, the switchboards, the exciters, the lines, the
transformers, and the loads.
No better proof of the success of the original installation from
a mechanical and electrical standpoint can be offered than the
absence of any important changes in the recent additions. “These
have been made, as the above description shows, with only detail
modifications, not for the purpose of rendering the whole installa-
tion uniform but solely because the original general plan was
found to be the best one. A consideration of the state of the
art at the time the main features of the original plant were settled,
namely, 1890 and 1891, will show the remarkable foresight of
the members of the original commission. Multiphase work was
absolutely unknown in this country; the only alternating-current
apparatus consisted of small single-phase belted machines, never
run in parallel and never running motors. There were no records
of experience from which to draw conclusions as to the relative
merits of two-phase or three-phase systems, as to the proper
frequency within limits of 10 to 100 cycles per second; there
was no available data on the difficulties to be anticipated with
high voltages other than that of the Lauffen-Frankfurt test
transmission which carried, comparatively speaking, a very small
988
Industrial Niagara
amount of power and that with considerable trouble. The size
of the units adopted was far greater than anything ever before
attempted. The type was absolutely new, the peripheral speed
was extremely high, the weight of the rotating parts was many
times greater than that of any machinery previously built on ver-
tical shafts, and the speed of rotation was high. The daring
nature of the undertaking was only equalled by the care with
which the best expert advice to be obtained the world over was
considered and made use of. One remarkable feature of the
plant as a whole is the fact that the changes in the electrical equip-
ment have been, as a rule, far less than those of the hydraulic,
and in the two new machines which will soon be contracted for
there will be absolutely no changes from the last five, while the
new turbines will be subject to several modifications.
1900
Cheap electricity for all. (Conservation Commission of the State of
New York. N. d.)
A tiny pamphlet on the undeveloped hydraulic power in the State of
New York, including that at Niagara, pointing out the advantages which
would accrue from vesting the water powers of the State in the hands of a
commission similar to the Hydro-Electric Commission of Ontario.
G. H. Installation Hydro-électrique des chutes du Niagara. Nouveaux
développements. (Le Genre Civil. Mar. 3, 1900. 26:280-302.)
Describes the changes in development and in the mode of exploitation.
Niagara Falls industrial number. (Sci. Am. supp., Mar. 3, 1900.
49 :20207-—20220.)
A number devoted to the history, geology and industries of Niagara
Falls.
La nouvelle fosse aux turbines d |’usine hydro-électrique de Ja Niagara
Falls power company a Niagara Falls. (Le Genre Civil. June 16, 1900.
3721235)
Niagara power. (Cur. lit, Aug., 1900. 29:127-128.)
A brief but lucid article abridged from the New York Evening Post,
explaining how the use of Niagara power became possible.
989
1899
Woodbridge
1900
1900
GH:
1900
1900
1900
1900
1900
1900
Woodbridge
1901
Andrews
1901
Buck
Niagara Falls
Pioneer work at Niagara. (Am. elec., Jan., 1900. 12:38.)
Editorial on new problems presented and solved.
Power of the flood. (Cur. lit., Aug., 1900. 29:127-128.)
An editorial on the utilization of Niagara power and the futility of
trying to popularize electrical science.
WooppsripcE, J. E. The development and extension of the Niagara
power system up to date. (Am. elec., Jan., 1900. 12:1-20.)
An account “replete with valuable illustrations and information on
the most advanced developments of polyphase work.”
1901
ANDREWS, WILLIAM C. How Niagara has been “harnessed.”
(R. of R., June, 1901. 23:694-697.)
A clear and interesting sketch of the history of the Niagara Falls Power
Company together with a description of its equipment, the difficulties and
problems of power transmission, and the uses of the power developed.
Buck, Harotp W. Niagara Falls power. (Cass., May, 1901.
20:3—20.)
In this article Mr. Buck gives the history of power development at
Niagara since 1895, the present capacity of the power house of the
Niagara Falls Power Company, the classes of service, the various indus-
tries supplied, the amount and kind of power used and the probable future
lines of development. In a word, the status of power distribution from
the power house of the Niagara Falls Power Company in 1901 and the
probable lines of development in the future.
Probably more has been wirtten about electric power develop-
ment at Niagara Falls than about any other power plant in the
world, partly because it is the largest electric plant in operation,
involving. remarkable features of hydraulic and electrical engineer-
ing, and partly also because the power is furnished by the most
famous waterfall in existence. Few, however, are familiar with
the remarkable growth, during the past few years, of the indus-
trial system which receives its supply of energy from the Niagara
generators, and it is the purpose of this article to outline the many
990
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Industrial Niagara
uses to which the power has already been applied and the 1901
engineering methods by which it has been accomplished. Bach
In electrical engineering to-day a polyphase alternating-current
system is considered the only rational system to install for general
power distribution. “Ten years ago, however, at the beginnings
of the Niagara power enterprise, the application of energy to
industrial uses was on a basis quite different from that of to-day,
and the only factories which could be considered available as
customers for such a power development were those who required
on their premises mechanical, and not electrical, power. Conse-
quently, schemes suggested then, which now seem somewhat fan-
tastic, for transmitting power from the Falls by compressed air
and various other means, deserved, at that time, more serious con-
sideration. ‘The arts of electric lighting, electric traction, and,
above all, electro-chemistry, were only just beginning, and had
not assumed the vast proportions of the present time, so that trans-
mission of Niagara power by electrical methods did not have the
arguments in its favor that it has now. To-day the large majority
of the users of Niagara power are those who require on their
premises not mechanical power, but electrical current for lighting,
smelting, electrolysis, or traction.
Considering this, it is remarkable that, at that time, in spite of
the undeveloped state of electrical engineering and the prejudice
existing against the alternating current, the engineers connected
with the Niagara enterprise should have had foresight enough to
select for the power plant the polyphase system, which stands
to-day as modern and meets every requirement of the latest
developments in the application of energy to industry. Every
user of Niagara power requires his current delivered in some
special form, and it is here that the flexibility of the low fre-
quency, polyphase, alternating-current system demonstrates its
value.
DUNLAP, ORRIN E. The wonderful story of the chaining of Niagara. 1901
(Wld’s work, Aug., 1901. 2:1052-1054.) Dunlap
. 991
1901
G. H.
1801
1901
Hartt
1961
1901
1901
1901
Stillwell
1901
Weeks
Niagara Falls
G. H. La nouvelle fossé aux turbines de la Niagara Falls power
company. (Le Genre Civil. May 11, 1901. 39:26.)
Describes the existing installation and the new installation after an
account in the Engineering Record.
General Electric Company. Niagara power on the street railways of
Buffalo and vicinity. Schenectady: 1901.
The largest utilization of water power for street railway pur-
poses in the world is that of the International Traction Company,
of Buffalo, New York.
Practically all this system is now operated by electric power
derived from the power plant of the Niagara Falls Power
Company.
Hartt, Roiuin Lynpe. The new Niagara. (McClure, May,
1901. 17:78—-84.
An interesting and graphic account of the significance of Niagara power
in industry telling how the Falls made vassals of the producers of the
West and turned what had been a market into a factory.
The new power transmission line. (Eng. news, Jan. 17, 1901.
45:51.)
Details in which the second Niagara Falls—Buffalo line differed from
the old one.
The new wheelpit of the Niagara Falls power company. (Eng. rec.,
Feb. 16, 1901. 43:150-151.)
A description of the wheel pit, tunnel and cofferdam.
Niagara River development. (Sci. Am., Oct. 12, 1901. 85-230.)
Preparations for Canadian power development.
STILLWELL, Lewis B. The electric transmission of power from
Niagara Falls. (Trans. Am. inst. elec. engrs. Buffalo: Aug. 23, 1901.
17:445-544.)
The problems presented, the system adopted, the apparatus used, the
new pole line and the terminal house and its equipment.
WEEks, ARTHUR B. Recent developments at the Niagara Falls
power plant. (Sci. Am., Apr. 13, 1901. 84-229.)
992
Industrial Niagara
“A rather technical description of the most important mechanical devices 1901
in use at the Niagara Falls power plant,’’ with special reference to the Weeks
aluminum transmission line by which electric current will be sent to the
Pan-American Exposition.
1902
BARTON, PHitip P. Niagara Falls power. (Cass., Jan., 1902. 1902
21:179-205.) Barton
A\n interesting article by the superintendent of the operating department,
describing the organization of the operating department, the problems and
principles involved, and the importance of the work.
Bowman, A. A. Power development at Niagara Falls. (Can. eng., 1902
Nov., 1902. 9:295—297.) Bowman
Description of the Niagara Falls Power Company’s plant and that of
the Canadian—Niagara Power Company.
Buck, Haro_p W. ‘The new generating plants of the Niagara Falls 1902
power company. (Trans. Am. inst. elec. engrs. Great Barrington, Buck
Mass.: June 18, 1902. 19:765-780.)
Account of the generators, exciter plant, and main switchboard of the
Canadian plant.
Buck, Haro_p W. The new generating plants of the Niagara Falls
power company. (Eng. news, July 3, 1902. 48:9-11.)
Canadian—Niagara power company’s development. (Can. eng., Nov., 1992
1902. 9:290-292.)
Description of the tunnel, canal, cofferdam, penstocks, wheel pit and
power house.
DuNLapP, ORRIN E. The new plant of the Canadian Niagara Falls 1902
company. (Sci. Am., Dec. 6, 1902. 87:375-376.) Dunlap
Description and views.
DuNLaP, ORRIN E. Power development on the Canadian side of
Niagara Falls. (Eng. news, Dec. 11, 1902. 48:490-491.)
The work of the Canadian-Niagara Power Company and the develop-
ment of the Ontario Power Company described.
FAWCETT, WALDEN. ‘The new Niagara. (Am. mf. and ir. wid., 1902
Dec. 25, 1902. Pp. 717-720.) Faweett
63 993
1902
Fawcett
1902
1902
1903
Brush
1903
Buck
Niagara Falls
That the eyes of the engineering world are now turned upon
the “new Niagara’”’ as it has been appropriately designated, is
due in great measure to the fact that electric power transmission
at Niagara Falls has been the largest and most conspicuous of its
kind anywhere and moreover the operations on the Niagara
frontier are in every respect typical of those conducted in other
sections of the country where water power is abundant.
Considered in the aggregate the power development in the
vicinity of the great cataract is impressive in its magnitude.
Already the capital invested amounts to $32,500,000, and a
number of the projects are yet far from consummation.
Further development of Niagara Falls power. (Sci. Am., Oct. I1,
1902. 87:234.)
Editorial notice of the Canadian—Niagara Power Company’s develop-
ment and of station no. 2 of the Niagara Falls Power Company.
Niagara Falls as an electro-chemical center. (Cur. lit., June, 1902.
32:728-729.)
An abstract of a lecture by Joseph W. Richards giving a brief history
of electro-chemical enterprises at the Falls. Taken from the Age of
Steel.
1903
BrusH, HARLAN W. Development of Niagara power. (Consular
rep'ts. Mar., 1903. Vol. 71, No. 270, pp. 448-450.)
The author, who was United States consul at Niagara Falls, Ontario,
takes up especially the Canadian enterprises. . He gives evidence to show
that the flow is not affected by the power plants.
BrusH, HARLAN W. Electric power at Niagara. (Sci. Am. supp.,
Jan. 24, 1903. 55:22633-34,)
A reprint from the United States consular reports.
Buck, HaroL_p W. Recent developments in Niagara power. (Cass.,
Dec., 1903. 25:104—115.)
An illustrated description of the plants and a list of the customers of
the Niagara Falls Power Company by the company’s electrical engineer.
994
Industrial Niagara
Canadian electrical development at Niagara. (Eng. (Lond.), Aug. 7, 1903
1903. 96:136~139.)
Gives plans and views of the three companies with diagrams of the work.
DUNLAP, ORRIN E. Developments at Niagara Falls for the utilization 1903
of its power. (Elec. rev., Sept. 12, 1903. 43:344-349.) Dunlap
Account of the “ progress being made on both sides of the Niagara
River.”’ Illustrations of the plants, construction, work and machinery
are given.
DuNLAP, ORRIN E. New power house at Niagara Falls. (Sci.
Am. supp., June 13, 1903. 55:22941-42.)
Description and illustrations.
DuNLAP, ORRIN E. Prospects of Niagara power on the Canadian
side of the Falls. (Sci. Am., Mar. 7, 1903. 88:176.)
A summary of the terms under which the three Canadian companies
received their franchises.
FRASER, JOHN FosTeErR. America at work. Lond.: Cassell. 1903. 1903
Pp. 177-188. Fraser
_A bright and original article in journalistic style giving an interesting
account of the development and uses of Niagara power.
Hydraulic features of the plant of the Niagara Falls power company. 1903
I. (Eng. rec., Nov. 21, 1903. 48:616-619.)
General considerations, canal, and intakes.
Hydraulic features of the plant of the Niagara Falls power company.
II. (Eng. rec., Nov. 28, 1903. 48:652-655.)
Wheel pits, tunnel, turbine and equipment.
Hydraulic features of the plant of the Niagara Falls power company.
III. (Eng. rec., Dec. 5, 1903. 48:691-693.)
Oiling system, governors.
Hydraulic features of the plant of the Niagara Falls power company.
IV. (Eng. rec., Dec. 19, 1903. 48:763-—767.)
Exciter plant, utilization of power and Canadian turbine.
La nouvelle usine hydro-electrique des chutes du Niagara. (Le Genre 1903
Civil. Jan.93, 1903. 42:149-153.)
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A description of the new installations of the Niagara Falls Power
Company and the development of the Canadian—Niagara Power Com-
pany with special reference to the turbines and generators. Contains also
a detailed diagram.
The new Niagara. (Harp. w., Jan. 3, 1903. 47:pt. 1, 11, 31.)
A discussion of existing and contemplated projects on both sides of the
river. According to this author, “the utilization of Niagara below the
Falls is in reality something to be discouraged, from the aesthetic stand-
point, as it leads to the placing of buildings and plants at some of the
most picturesque spots in the gorge. ‘The utilization above the Falls, a
mile or two back, offends no one’s eye and cannot be detected save by
the white foaming tide that shoots out from the portal of the long tunnel
just under the first bridge.”
Niagara Falls power company’s new turbines. (Eng. rec., Oct. 18,
1903. 68:443-644.)
Ten 5,500 horse power waterwheels with 45-inch diameter runners
and cylinder gate speed control to replace original installations.
PERKINS, FRANK C. Six Niagara power installations under way —
a million horse-power to be developed at Niagara Falls. (Elec. wld. &
eng., Apr. 11, 1903. 41:601-604.)
Gives the plans, and describes the construction, electric equipment and
capacity of the six companies installing new plants and making prepara-
tions for installation.
VAN CLEVE, A. Howey. Uiiilization of water power at Niagara
Falls. (Bulletin of the Buf. soc. of nat. sci. Vol. 8, No. 1.)
An address delivered before the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences,
March 13, 1903.
Of all the water power developments that marked the close of
the last century none was on so large a scale, none has attracted
such world-wide interest, and none is of such importance to citi-
zens of Buffalo and its vicinity as the utilization of the power of
Niagara Falls. It is true that the power of this river was used as
early as 1725 when the settlers operated a saw mill on the rapids
above the Falls, but it was not until after the year 1890 that
power development at Niagara assumed more than a local
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interest. With the success of electrical generation and transmis- 1903
sion there commenced a new phase in the history of industrial Y°" “eve
Niagara and it is with this later form of power utilization that we
are concerned tonight.
There is of course nothing new in the idea of utilizing
Niagara’s energy. Every man of a mechanical turn of mind who
ever contemplated the resistless force of its falling water has been
impressed with the fact that vast industrial progress would result
from the diversion of even a small proportion of this power into
useful channels. Among those who many years ago felt the
mighty power of the falling waters and contemplated the results
of using it to produce useful mechanical power was the famous
Dr. Siemens, who in a lecture delivered in 1877 before the Iron
and Steel Institute of Great Britain referred to his impressions of
Niagara and stated that all the coal raised at that time throughout
the entire world would be required to produce energy equal to
that produced by the falls alone, without considering the force of
the rapids. This statement may have been somewhat exaggerated
but the following figures are believed to be accurate. The total
difference in level of Lakes Erie and Ontario is 328 feet. The
minimum flow in the Niagara River, as observed by the govern-
ment engineers is 178,000 cubic feet per second. ‘The total
energy represented by this amount of water in passing from one
lake to the other therefore equals 6,635,000 H. P. or in pass-
ing from the upper river above the rapids to a point above
the lower rapids equals 4,380,000 H. P. But such figures
are like those representing the capital of the steel trust, (although
this is not entirely a “water” power), or the distance to the
nearest fixed star — they convey but little meaning. But take,
as an example, the energy produced by a single cubic foot of
water per second in dropping from the upper river to a point
below the falls, which is 25 H. P. That does not seem a large
amount in these days of large numbers, but what does it repre-
sent? A force sufficient to raise a one pound weight 2!4 miles
in one second, fo raise a large sized passenger locomotive to the
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height of a man’s head in one minute, or to raise an audience of
500 people from the floor to the ceiling of an ordinary room in
one minute. And this is done by a bucket of water. Perhaps
this may give us some idea of the power that has carved the his-
tory of the ages on the rocky walls of Niagara’s gorge.
The first company to engage in the development and sale of
power on a large scale was the Niagara Falls Hydraulic Power
and Manufacturing Co. The plan under which this com-
pany is working was outlined by Augustus Porter of Niagara
Falls in 1847. Previous to that time a few water wheels had
been operated from a canal above the falls and a paper mill had
been built on Bath Island, but Mr. Porter sought for some
method of development that would not mar the scenic features of
the falls and therefore proposed that a canal should be cut from
the upper river, just above the rapids, to a point on the top of
the high bank of the river below the falls, the water from such
canal to be discharged into the lower river after operating wheels
set below the level of the ground surface. The almost level sur-
face of the ground between the points of entry and discharge and
the substantial character of the rock through which it would pass
made the project an ideal one. Nevertheless Mr. Porter failed
to interest capital in this project and it was not until after his
death that work was commenced. Even then the excavation of
the canal was carried on intermittently by various parties until in
1861 Horace H. Day completed a canal 4,400 feet long, 36
feet wide and 8 feet deep. At the lower end of this canal was
constructed a basin or forebay, parallel with the face of the cliff
and about 350 feet from it, the present size of this basin being 70
feet by 600 feet although it was, of course, much smaller at first.
Even then the opportunities of the power do not appear to have
been appreciated and it was not until 1870 that the first mill was
built to use water from this canal. In 1877 the canal and the
property and rights belonging thereto were purchased by Mr.
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Jacob F. Schoellkopf and Mr. A. Chesborough who organized 1903
the present company. The number of mills utilizing this source Y°" “'*"°
of power has steadily increased until at the present time the
various industries in the lower milling district (so called) develop
about 7,500 H. P. including that in use in the lower mill of the
Cliff Paper Co. Most of these factories have constructed their
own wheelpits and installed their own wheels.
A good indication of the progress made in hydraulic develop-
ment in the last few years is the fact that the original grants of
the Hydraulic Power and Manufacturing Co. did not include
the slope of the bank between the bottom of the vertical cliff and
the edge of the lower river, giving a right to excavate only 100
feet below the top of the bank, as it was considered that wheels
would never be constructed to operate under a greater head than
this, and it was not until 1886 that the Hydraulic Co. secured
deeds for this lower slope. As a matter of fact none of the
mills thus far mentioned utilized a head of more than 50 or 60
feet and many of them used a still lower fall. “The consequence
is that an engineer when looking at the cliff below these mills and
seeing the large amount of water falling from the outlets of the
various wheelpits is impressed with the vast amount of power
going to waste. At least 10,000 H. P. is thus lost, or enough
to supply all the industries of many a good sized city.
In 1881 the Niagara Falls Hydraulic Power and Manu-
facturing Co. installed their first plant for supplying power.
In 1892 the Niagara Falls Hydraulic Power and Manu-
facturing Co. commenced to enlarge their canal to a width of
70 feet and a depth of 14 feet. In the same year a change
was made in the plan of development and a system inaugurated
which was in many respects similar to that now employed. The
Cliff Paper Mill desired additional power for grinding pulp and
as the capacity of the original canal was exhausted and they were
not willing to wait for the completion of the canal extension, it
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was determined to use the discharge water from the wheels then
installed in the wheelpit above described. Accordingly a new
tunnel was driven from the face of the cliff to connect with the
bottom of the wheelpit and the discharge water was thus led to a
steel penstock 8 feet in diameter laid on the same slope as the
talus. In case sufficient water is not discharged from the upper
wheels an arrangement is provided for admitting water from the
basin directly into the upper tail race. 5
The plant for the Cliff Paper Co. was the fore-runner of
the present electrical power plant of the Hydraulic Co. As
soon as the company saw that electrical generation and trans-
mission was an assured success and that Niagara Falls was
destined to become one of the great electro chemical centers a
line of pipe was laid from the basin to the edge of the lower river
and water under a head of 210 feet thrown from a giant nozzle
or “ Monitor ’’ commenced to wash away the rock that for ages
had fallen from the bank above to the shores of the gorge below.
A level strata near the waters edge was cleared, the fallen
boulders were used for masonry and a power house 100 feet wide
was built immediately below the old mills, being located a short
distance above the upper steel arch bridge.
. . . a figure to be carried away with you tonight is that the
wheels now installed by the Hydraulic Power and Manufac-
turing Co. and its customers have a total capacity of 38,000
H. P., an amount approximately equal to the total power at
Holyoke. Very important is the announcement that a new power
house with a capacity of 50,000 H. P. is about to be commenced.
This power house will contain high voltage dynamos and will be
used for supplying new industries in the district just mentioned.
Niagara Falls will then contain three great factory districts using
an amount of electrical power far exceeding that of any city in
the world which employs water as its motive force.
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Industrial Niagara
In the year 1885 there came to Niagara Falls in the course
of his professional services for the State of New York an engineer
whose name should ever be remembered by those interested in the
commercial prosperity of the Niagara Frontier, Thomas Ever-
shed, the man with the idea. Engaged in plans to prevent the
spoliation of one of the most sublime of nature’s spectacles, he
saw that such plans were not inconsistent with the utilization of a
part of the enormous power represented by Niagara’s falling
waters. He believed that by driving a tunnel from the lower
river to a point above the mouth of the Hydraulic Power Com-
pany’s canal such tunnel could be used for the discharge of water
from the upper river after it had done its work in the generation
of power. ‘This idea of a discharge tunnel was not entirely a
new one, as it had previously been employed at St. Anthony’s
Falls on the Mississippi, but the application of this principle to
Niagara had apparently never been suggested until it was advo-
cated by Mr. Evershed. Having the courage of his convictions
he soon interested local business men in his scheme and a com-
pany of eight was formed which on March 3 Ist, 1886, obtained
from the State of New York a special charter which permitted
the diversion of sufficient water from the upper river to generate
250,000 H. P. On June Ist, 1886, Mr. Evershed issued his
first formal plan and estimate to which the attention of capitalists
was soon attracted and in 1889 was formed a strong combination
of men whose financial reputation was world-wide. They organ-
ized the Cataract Construction Co. to build the plant of the
Niagara Falls Power Co., the parent Co. The Cataract Con-
struction Co. has now practically gone out of business, the
investors who formerly composed it having acquired a control-
ling interest in The Niagara Power Co. and continuing operations
in its name. ‘The plant of this company, especially in its earlier
stages, has been so fully described in both the engineering press
and in the local papers that its principal features are familiar to
you all and it is the intention of the present lecture to call ‘atten-
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tion to only the more unusual or interesting of its details with such
a brief description of its general plans as may be necessary to an
understanding of such details.
In the first place consider the main conception,— a tunnel 114
miles long, 200 feet beneath the surface, with an area of 335
square feet, designed to carry water at the rate of 29 feet per
second, an aqueduct such as was never before built in the history
of man —a conception such as could come only to a man with
an imagination, an imagination touched by the inspiration of the
great cataract within whose sound he had toiled so long. Its
immensity may impress us more when we think that when run-
ning to its designed capacity such a tunnel will carry enough
water In one minute to supply a city of 10,000 inhabitants with
drinking water for a year and a quarter.
Mr. Evershed’s plan was no sooner formulated than it received
severe criticism and eminent men condemned it as impracticable.
Fortunately for Buffalo the results have amply proven the incor-
rectness of such criticism. The faith of the investors was not
shaken and the preparation of working plans was immediately
begun. In order that such plans might be as perfect as possible
an International Niagara Falls Commission was formed June
1890 composed of five noted engineers from America, England,
France and Switzerland. Competitive designs for power develop-
ment were invited, prizes amounting to 22,000 dollars were
offered and by January first 1891 22 designs were received from
engineers dwelling from Buda Pesth to San Francisco. From
these designs that of Faesch & Piccard of Geneva, Switzerland,
was considered worthy of first prize and they proceeded with the
design of the turbine wheels.
Before the commencement of their operations the Niagara
Falls Power Co. and Cataract Construction Co. had purchased
tracts of land on which their future tenants could locate, such
holdings embracing 1581 acres or 2!4 square miles, most of
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Industrial Niagara
which is now within the city limits of Niagara Falls. A part
of these holdings were taken over by the Niagara Development
Co. for a model town and by the Niagara Junction Railway
Co. for a terminal railway to transport raw material and finished
products to and from the several factories, connections being
planned with all trunk railroads entering the city. The Power
Company’s property has a river frontage of about two miles and
the acquisition of lands under water gives dockage facilities for
this entire length. A railway dock was built in 1893 and
material can thus be transported by water and the Niagara
Junction Railway to the doors of any tenant. Ample land and
transportation facilities were thus provided by the company for
all factories using their power.
To revert to the history of the plant,— the power furnished
was so satisfactory and the demand for such power increased so
rapidly that on January 22nd 1897 a contract was let for five
additional units of 5000 H. P. and on January 25th, 1899
a further contract was made for two additional units, making a
total of 50,000 H. P. As this amount of power still proved
insufficient to serve the purpose of local tenants and of the Buffalo
load a still further installation became necessary and the important
question arose as to where such additional power should be
developed. As the tunnel was originally built with a capacity
of 100,000 H. P. the water from the future wheels to the extent
of 50,000 H. P. would of course be discharged into the tunnel,
but the question was whether additional wheels should be placed
in an extension of the first wheelpit or in a new wheelpit placed
on the opposite side of the canal. After careful consideration,
the latter plan was adopted and on November 3rd, 1899, a
contract was let to excavate a new wheelpit 468 feet long, 20 feet
wide and about 178 feet deep, an extension of the tunnel, 650
feet long, being made to connect such wheelpit with the old
tunnel. The plan adopted has many advantages, among them
being the opportunity to build a power house which should
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embody the results of the experience gained in operating the first
power house, the distribution of current between the two sides of
the canal, and the added security against interruption of service.
In other words, the eggs would not all be in one basket. . .
This second wheelpit has now been completed and six 5500
H. P. turbines with their shafting and generators are now |
installed in it. Five additional units are ordered and their installa-
tion has now commenced. By next fall such units will be com-
pleted and the Niagara Falls Power Co. will thus have a total
of 110,000 electrical H. P. for sale.
Time forbids more than a brief reference to that most inter-
esting problem, the manner in which electric power is transmitted
to Buffalo. ‘The current from the generators flows to the switch-
board where the controlling devices are situated and thence to
the largest transformers ever manufactured where the voltage or
intensity, of current is raised from 2200 volts to 22,000 volts. It
then passes over bare copper wires through the intermediate towns
to the terminal house in this city where the voltage is reduced to
2200 volts for local distribution to the various sub-stations. “Three
separate and distinct transmission lines of three wires are now in
use and if any of these lines is interrupted the current can be
transmitted on the other two lines. These lines are daily patrolled
and constant watchfulness is exercised to prevent such interruption.
But while power development on the American side has thus
been advancing by leaps and bounds, the Canadian shores have
not escaped the attention of capitalists anxious to utilize a part of
Niagara’s energy. ‘The material features of the problem there
presented are quite similar to those already described, but the
business aspects of the case are somewhat different. ‘The.
Province of Ontario has set aside for park purposes a large tract
lying between the upper Suspension Bridge and the Dufferin
Islands and in addition control a strip of land 66 feet wide extend-
ing from Lake Erie to Lake Ontario. As the works of any water
power plant must necessarily cross under or over, or be situated
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Industrial Niagara
upon such park lands it is evident that all Canadian water power 1903
development must be subject to the control of the Park Com- V2 Cleve
missioners and in turn to the Ontario Legislature. It was evident,
however, that a power house located in Queen Victoria Niagara
Falls Park whether on the upper or lower river would be much
nearer the falls than would be possible on the American side
as the State of New York would permit no power development
within the boundaries of its property. Being desirous of securing
an opportunity for so favorable a development, a number of
American and Canadian capitalists organized the Canadian
Niagara Power Co., with the late Albert H. Shaw as Presi-
dent, and on April 7th, 1892 entered into an agreement with
the Park Commissioners whereby upon the payment of certain
rentals such company was authorized to develop one hundred
twenty-five thousand horse power within the park lands in their
first power house. This agreement was confirmed by the Ontario
Legislature April 8th, 1892 and a charter issued to the company.
But in 1892 electrical generation on a large scale was com-
paratively new and long distance transmission was in its infancy.
As a number of the same men were interested in both The
Niagara Falls Power Co. and the Canadian Niagara Power
Co. they desired to obtain the benefit of the experience to be
gained from the American plant before building the costly struc-
ture required for their development. Accordingly a new agree-
ment was made with the Park Commissioners July 15th, 1899,
and an extension of time secured for the beginning of power
development. The plan for utilizing the power is similar in gen-
eral principles to that of The Niagara Falls Power Co. The
power house will be situated at the foot of the slope forming
the former river bank and just below the old Carmalite Mon-
astery and south of the Falls View Station. To the power house
thus beautifully situated water will be conducted from the rapids
by a symmetrically shaped canal spanned by a stone bridge of 5
50 foot arches. The discharge water from the turbines will be
conducted to the lower river by a tunnel having the same horse-
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shoe form as the American tunnel, but four feet greater depth.
The most interesting feature of the plant is the size of the units.
The original plans contemplated the use of 5000 H. P. machines,
but it was found that both the turbine designers and the
electrical manufacturers were willing to undertake the building of
units of double that size, although nothing of the kind had ever
been done successfully. The advantages of the plan are evident
as a reduction of nearly 50% is made in the length of the wheel-
pit, canal, and power house per given amount of power develop-
ment. ‘The result of the designers skill will be machines of mon-
strous size. Imagine if you can, a single machine capable of
generating 114 times the entire amount of electricity employed
for all purposes at the late lamented Pan-American Exposition.
A penstock 10’ 2” diameter conducts the water to a wheel case
13 feet diameter and 14 feet high, discharging water through two
Jonval type turbine wheels with draft tubes, the total head being
136 feet. This monster when fully loaded will use four times
the quantity of water in a given length of time that is supplied to
the entire city of Buffalo from all its enormous pumps.
The next company to engage in power development on the
Canadian side was the Ontario Power Co. in which Buffalo
capital is so largely interested. ‘This company entered into an
agreement with the Park Commissioners April 11th, 1900, by
which they were given rights for two forms of development. The
first method was to bring water through an open canal from the
Welland River near its junction with the Niagara River to the
top of the high bluff west of the park, where a fall of about 50
feet was available upon wheels in a power house located within
the Park at the foot of the bluff. The discharge water was to
be at first conducted to the upper river but at a later time to flow
in a canal to the high bank of the lower river near the Table
Rock House, where it would enter penstocks and there be led
to wheels in a power house situated in the gorge on the bank of
the lower river. The powers of the Ontario Power Co. have
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Industrial Niagara
since been increased and its plans have been somewhat changed. 1903
A large temporary coffer dam of timber and puddle has Ven ore
been constructed in the upper river near the Dufferin Islands,
thus cutting off the flow of water around these islands for
the first time in history. While this coffer dam is in place a
permanent stone wing dam will be constructed with its top below
the surface of the water. The bottom of the river will be
dredged and there will be built an entrance forebay with
regulating devices from which an underground pipe 18 feet in
diameter will be laid to a point just north of the Table Rock
House. Provision will be made for three pipes, one of which will
supply the first installation. Upon the completion of the head
works it is the intention of the Co. to remove the coffer dam
and to restore the natural features at the Dufferin Islands to prac-
tically their original condition. None of the works of the Ontario
Co. will appear above the surface of the ground in the Park
proper. . . . Plans still continue for the utilization of power
from water to be brought from the Welland River, but these
plans will probably not be carried out until the first project is
completed. Considerable work has already been done in blast-
ing away the rock for the power house and preparations are com-
pleted for active work at the entrance.
A third company has recently entered the field of power
development on the Canadian side. This Company, composed
of Toronto capitalists and known as the Toronto and Niagara
Falls Power Co., have obtained rights for the development of
125,000 H. P. Their plans are not yet worked out in detail
but they include in general a power house on the upper river
shore supplied with water from a forebay created by building
a wing dam into the upper rapids. “The wheels will be situated
in a wheelpit and water will be discharged by a tunnel at a point
beneath the horse shoe falls.
Power development at Niagara Falls, present and proposed,
may be summarized as follows:
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The Hydraulic Power and Manufacturing Co. have 38,000
H. P. developed, are commencing a power house for 50,000
H. P. additional and can make a total development of 125,000
H. P. The Niagara Falls Power Company have 80,000 H. P..
ready for service, are installing 25,000 H. P. additional, which
will be completed next fall, and have rights for an additional
125,000 H. P. The Ontario Power Company contemplate
usmg 300,000 H. P. and are at work on the installation of
50,000 H. P. The Toronto and Niagara Falls Power Co.
have obtained rights for developing 125,000 H. P. and are com-
mencing the installation of 50,000 H. P. The following are the
totals; now developed, 118,000 H. P.; in process of develop-
ment, 225,000 H. P.; rights secured for 1,150,000 H. P.
Please remember that the total water power developed in the
United States in 1900 was less than 2,000,000 H. P.
Such is the history of water power utilization at Niagara in the
past and its condition at present. But what of the future and
of the influence of that future on the prosperity of Buffalo? And
by Buffalo we mean the greater Buffalo. Must we leave to our
real estate friends all the roseate views of Buffalo future great-
ness? I think not; I believe that as scientific men and women we
may look forward with all confidence to a marvelous growth in
our city. That water power generating electricity is to be the
power of the 20th century needs but little argument. Wood as
a source of heat and power need not be considered and it needs
no prophet to foresee the time when the coal mines of the
U. S. will be exhausted. Long before that time the price of
coal will be so high as to prohibit its use for the generation of
large blocks of power. You are all aware of the marked increase
in the normal, (not strike), prices of soft coal in the last ten
years. [he exhaustion of the natural gas fields is so rapid that
gas is not a factor in the problem. Look which way we may
the inevitable conclusion is that recourse by the great factories
must be had to the water powers of the country. Of all the -
hydraulic developments that the 20th century will witness, which
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Industrial Niagara
is best situated, which is on the grandest scale, which is most
unfailing? Without question that at Niagara Falls. With a
reservoir capacity in the Great Lakes of 90,000 square miles,
(twice the area of the Empire State), unaffected by the droughts
of summer or the freshets of winter, Niagara will stand through
the centuries as the emblem of mighty, unfailing, never ceasing
power. With this mighty giant delivering the fruits of his labors
at her very doors, with unsurpassed railroad facilities, with the
iron of Messaba, the copper of Michigan, the grain of Dakota
transported by water to her wharves, what city in the world can
offer to manufacturing interests such inducements to locate within
her boundaries? Buffalo’s future greatness rests on no vain
product of the imagination but on solid, scientific facts which
cannot be belittled or gainsaid, and only the fleeting passage of
time brief as the days of a man is needed to make Buffalo the
great manufacturing center of the land. . . . The fable of
the rainbow has come true and the shimmering bow that ever
spans Niagara’s gorge holds at either end the hoarded wealth of
the ages which will be poured into the lap of the Queen City of
the nation.
WEEks, ARTHUR B. Canadian power development at Niagara Falls.
(Elec. rev., June 6, 1903. 41:961.)
The tunnels, wheel pits, forebays, and other construction work of the
Canadian companies described.
WHITE, EucENE R. Niagarics, the new force. (Munsey, Apr.,
1903. 29:29-30.)
A story of the “ remarkable things that have been done by harnessing
the vast power of great waterfalls and the still more wonderful things that
will probably be accomplished in the near future.”
1904
(The) Institution of civil engineers at Niagara Falls, September 27,
1904. Presented by the local committee of the Canadian society of civil
engineers. Niagara Falls, Canada.
An illustrated pamphlet descriptive of the American and Canadian
power enterprises at Niagara Falls.
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Niagara Falls
(The) Niagara Falls electrical handbook. Being a guide for’ visitors
from abroad attending the international electrical congress, St. Louis, Mo.
September, 1904. Published under the auspices of the Am. inst. of elec.
engrs. Niagara Falls. 1904.
A well-written little book, profusely illustrated with views and dia-
grams of the scenic and industrial features of the Niagara region. The
first thirty-six pages are given up to an account of the history and geology
of the Falls and the various points of interest on both sides of the river.
The remainder of the book is devoted to a detailed and scientific account
of power development, American and Canadian, and a brief but clear
account of each of the various industries using the power in question.
The utilization of the power of Niagara Falls has for years
been the dream of engineers and of all those interested in indus-
trial development. In the past many schemes for this purpose
have been suggested by engineers and inventors, but never, until
the advent of the modern era in electrical engineering, has the
proposition, on a large scale, been able to stand upon a basis
attractive to the capitalist. The difficulty in the past has not
been to apply the waters of Niagara for the turning of a water
wheel, for many of the schemes then suggested would have
accomplished this successfully; but what to do with the power
when thus developed at the water wheel shaft was the problem
before the engineer. Obviously here the question of transmission
arose as of prime importance.
Among the numerous early plans suggested will be found
extensive systems of pneumatic tubes operated by turbine driven
air compressors, the air pipes leading therefrom to factories
located in the vicinity of a power house, each factory having its
own air motors thus operated. It may be of interest to note that
one of these early plans contemplated the transmission of power
to Buffalo by this means.
Another plan consisted in lines of countershafting bracketed
on columns, extending radially from a central power station, this
long shafting to be driven by water wheels at the power station
through a system of gearing. Factories were to be located along
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Industrial Niagara
these lines of shafting and were to receive their power by clutches 1904
connected to these shafts.
Still another plan involved the construction of a network of
surface canals fed by a common intake from the upper Niagara
River. Factories were to be established along these canals and
take water from them for the operation of individual turbines; the
dead water to be discharged in branch tunnels connected to a
main trunk tunnel leading to the lower river.
These plans now look grotesque, but twenty years ago or so
they were seriously considered by good engineers. “They were
discarded largely for financial reasons, the systems showing low
efficiency and high cost of construction and maintenance. The
final solution of the problem by electrical methods is almost ideal
in its simplicity and efficiency as a means of transmitting the
energy of Niagara to the consumers.
In the electrical distribution of Niagara power an essential
advantage has resulted which was not fully recognized at the
time of its first adoption. As the uses of this power have devel-
oped it has been found that not only was power wanted for
industrial purposes but primarily electric power. This is
especially true in the case of the electrochemical and electric
lighting applications. If pneumatic, hydraulic or mechanical
power had been supplied for use, it would have been necessary
for all the electrochemical plants to convert the power into elec-
tric current, before they could use it, with all the loss in power
which would result from this conversion. So also with the
electric lighting and electric railway applications, where power
is wanted in form of electric current.
When the first power house at Niagara Falls was proposed
for a capacity of 50,000 horse power, with an ultimate tunnel
capacity of 100,000 horse-power, many people wondered how
it would be possible to dispose commercially of such a large
amount of electric power.
1011
1904
Niagara Falls
Since that time, however, great developments have taken place
in the electrical arts which have made possible the present
realization of such a demand for power. The developments
which have created this demand have been, first of all, in electro-
chemistry, though the output of the Niagara plant is not con-
fined to electro-chemical applications, as is generally supposed.
Large blocks of its power are in use for electric railway pro-
pulsion, electric lighting, and mechanical power application.
One of the recent and important factors in the growth of this
power system has been the introduction of the electric motor drive
for factory appliances. The evolution of economical methods
in power transmission has made the delivery of Niagara power
commercially possible to a widely scattered market.
As a result of these developments in the application of elec-
trical energy the first power house has reached the limit of its
capacity of 50,000 horse power and the second plant, having a
capacity of 55,000 horse power is well along toward its limit.
The Niagara Falls Power Company’s distributing system now
covers a very large territory; thousands of people are dependent
upon it in their daily lives, and commercial interests of great
importance are involved in it. The industrial world has learned
that the Niagara power enterprise is no longer an experiment, and
that it has already become an important factor in the manufac-
turing status of this continent.
When the Canadian plant is completed the Niagara Falls
Power Company and the Canadian Niagara Power Company
will have available three large independent power houses for the
operation of their system and will be the only power companies
having more than one power house for the protection and assur-
ance of continuous supply of power. ‘This is a matter of great
importance to customers. In case of some unforeseen accident
to any one of the plants, interconnections can at once be estab-
1012
Industrial Niagara
lished so that the most important users of power supplied normally
can be supplied with power from the other two without interrup-
tion. ‘This is especially important where the public utilities are
involved, such as the electric railways and electric lighting com-
panies. As the manufacturing arts advance, the element of
power becomes more and more important and cheap power there-
fore more demanded. Electro-chemistry is a new art, and one
which has great possibilities ahead of it. “The high temperatures
obtainable in electric furnaces have opened up a new field to
chemical synthesis, and it is likely that many as yet undiscovered
processes which will require large amounts of electrical power for
their operation, will be brought to light. The supply of power
for electro-chemical purposes is especially desirable in a water
power plant where large investment is necessary, for the power
used by these processes is practically constant for twenty-four
hours of the day, thus tending to reduce load “‘ peaks’ on the
total station output.
The economical distance to which power can be transmitted
extends every year as the general demand for power increases
and methods of handling high voltages improve, and the electric
equipment of steam railway systems, which is certain to come in
time, will open up a further field for the long distance trans-
mission of large amounts of power from a central point.
All these tendencies in industrial conditions, which have been
mentioned, result in an accelerating demand for power from
Niagara Falls.
Power development of the Toronto and Niagara power company.
(Eng. rec., Feb. 13, 1904. 49:180-183.)
A description of the general features and construction methods of this
development.
Buck, Harotp W. Utilization of Niagara power. (Jour. ass’n
eng soc. June, 1904. 32:344~351.)
An outline of the existing status of the Niagara Falls Power Com-
pany’s system, describing the plants, and reporting the principal applica-
tions of the power generated. The author takes the view that the bulk
of the power will be used near Niagara.
1013
1904
1904
1904
Buck
1904
Williams
1904
Industrial Niagara
WILLIAMS, ARCHIBALD. The romance of modern engineering. . . .
2d ed. Phila.: Lippincott. Lond.: Pearson. 1904. Pp. 11-33.
A history of power development at Niagara with special reference to
the plants on the American side, and a discussion of the uses to which
Niagara power is applied.
With power so abundant it may well be cheap. In how many
regions of the world would you, for the sum of $8 (£1 12s)
obtain from year’s end to year’s end, without a break, energy
representing one horsepower? MHiaving these figures before us
we can understand why the Pittsburgh Reduction Company,
which controls the aluminum industry of America, left Pitts-
burgh, where good coal costs but 68 cents (2s. 10d.) a ton, and
migrated to Niagara; and how it comes about that many manu-
facturers can here save enough on power in one year to pay for
building and cost of removal.
Great factories are springing up for the manufacture of car-
bide of calcium and other chemicals.
Paper, silver-nitrate, graphite, lamp, cloth, and steel factories
are rapidly rising within sound of the Falls. Electricity heats
the ovens in the huge establishments of the Natural Food Com-
pany. At Tonawanda electricity saws and planes vast sticks
of timber; at Lockport it whirls heavy trains; at Buffalo it runs
the street cars, prints one of the leading newspapers, handles
thousands of tons of cereals, helps in the creation of steel bridges,
operates refrigerators, supplies the motive power for great dock-
yards, tanyards, breweries, and pumps.
(See “* The Wonders of Modern Engineering’’ by the same author.)
(The) works of the Ontario power company. I. (Eng. rec., Oct. 8,
1904. 50:420-422.)
A history of this development and a description of the head works.
(The) works of the Ontario power company. II. (Eng. rec., Oct. 15,
1904. 50:460—462.)
The head works and pipe line.
1014
Industrial Niagara
(The) works of the Ontario power company. III. (Eng. rec.,
Oct. 22, 1904. 50:480-482.)
The penstocks, power house and its equipment.
(The) works of the Ontario power company. IV. (Eng. rec.,
Oct. 29, 1904. 50:504—505.)
A description of construction methods.
1905
Apams, ALTON D. Niagara power at Goat Island. (Sci. Am.,
Apr. 15, 1905. 92:299.)
The author thinks that ‘if Niagara Falls is abolished, Goat Island
will become the greatest power site in the world.”
Apams, ALTON D. Pipe line power in Niagara gorge. (Cass.,
Dec., 1905. 29:126—131.)
According to Mr. Adams, ‘‘ so much water has already been granted
for power purposes above the cataract, that further concessions must be
limited mainly to the gorge and lower rapids if the American Falls are
to be saved.’’ The author discusses the possibilities and advantages of
pipe line power development in the gorge.
Apams, ALTON D. Power sites about Niagara Falls. (Sci. Am.,
Aug. 26, 1905. 93:155.)
A proposal for canals back from the river and a discussion of the
advantages of the American side with a notice of existing plants.
ApaAms, ALTON D. Utilizing the power of the Niagara rapids. (Eng.
mag., June, 1905. 29:381-387.)
Mr. Adams’s paper “‘ proposes a way by which the probably inevitable
continuance of the power demands may be fully met with a minimum of
loss to the natural beauty of the region.”
Apams, ALTON D. Wheel pits and tunnels for Niagara power.
(Elec. rev.. May 20, 1905. 46:805-809.)
Gives the capacity and cost per horse-power of excavating on the
American and Canadian side, and the heads under which the wheels are
operated. “‘ On the Canadian side of the Falls a great saving has been
effected in the excavation of wheel pits, through the adoption of electric
generators of fully twice the individual capacity of those in the plant of
the Niagara Palls Power Company.”
1015
1904
1905
Adams
1905
1905
Clark
Niagara Falls
Canadian—Niagara power to-day. (Elec. wld. and eng., Jan. 7,
1905. 45:17-20.)
Development of the Canadian-Niagara Power Company’s plant; its
capacity and its connection with the American plant.
CLARK, GEoRGE L. Niagara Falls power, different types of
development. (Cass., May, 1905. 28:79-81.)
Nearly every type of water power development known to the
art may be seen about Niagara Falls. There we find a deep,
vertical shaft or pit near the intake, with water wheels at the
bottom, and a long horizontal tunnel for carrying off the tail
water to a point in the river gorge below the falls. ‘There, too,
is the open surface canal that leads water from the intake to a
forebay at the top of the cliff at one side of the canon, and
delivers it to steel penstocks that drop to a power house at the
edge of the river below.
In a third case a long steel pipe line takes the place of a
canal for leading the water from an intake above the falls to a
point at the top of the cliff, whence it drops through steel pen-
stocks to a generating station in the gorge. Still another plan
is that by which a power canal, several miles long, draws water
from the Welland Ship Canal, expands at several points into
large storage reservoirs, and finally terminates at the top of the
Niagara escarpment, whence steel penstocks run to a power sta-
tion near the Lake Ontario level below.
Besides these existing plants, there is the proposal to dig a
long open canal from the upper Niagara River, and conduct
the water to a point in the gorge below the whirlpool. ‘There is
also the plan to excavate a tunnel with its head below the water
level in the gorge above the Whirlpool Rapids, and its mouth
below the whirlpool, about one and one-half miles down stream,
where the power house will be located.
Even the underground type of electric water-power station is
to have an example at Niagara Falls, if the proposal of one
engineer should materialize. ‘This is to sink a vertical shaft near
the upper river to a depth approximately equal to the height of
1016
Industrial Niagara
the falls, and at the lower end to excavate a room in the shale 1905
and limestone large enough for the generating machinery. From Bes
this underground power station, a nearby horizontal tunnel would
carry the tail water from the wheels to some point near the foot
of the falls.
Perhaps the most interesting suggestion in the way of new
power developments at Niagara, is that to sink a vertical shaft
at the upper end of Goat Island, and then to excavate a nearly
horizontal tunnel from the foot of this shaft to the lower
end of the island, near the water level in the gorge. “The power
plant in this plan may be located either at the upper end of the
island and have an equipment of vertical shafts, wheels and
generators, or at the lower end of the island and near the tail
water level.
Among the types of power development now represented at
the falls, that with the vertical shaft or pit near an intake, the
wheels at the bottom of this pit, and the generators at the tops of
vertical shafts in a power house above, is the most common.
This plan, first executed by the Niagara Power Company at their
two generating stations on the American side of the great cata-
ract, has since been followed by the Canadian Niagara Power
Company and the Toronto & Niagara Power Company, whose
plants are both located on the Canadian side of the falls.
Prior to the developments with deep wheel pits and long dis-
charge tunnels, came that of the Niagara Falls Hydraulic Power
and Manufacturing Company with its open surface canal extend-
ing from the intake above to the cliffs below the falls, and its
power house at the foot of the cliff. This type of plant has its
latest development in the works of the Ontario Power Company,
whose generating station is being built in the gorge near the foot
of Horse Shoe Falls; in this case, however, a long line of steel
pipe, instead of a canal, brings water from the upper river.
In each of these types of development, whether it be the pit
and tunnel with power house at the level of the upper river or
1017
1905
Clark
Niagara Falls
the canal or pipe line with a power house in the Niagara gorge
at the foot of the long line of escarpment that faces Lake Ontario,
the general problem is the same. Namely, to utilize more or less
of the total fall of about 327 feet made by the discharge of
Lake Erie before it reaches the Lake Ontario level.
In order to render any great part of this fall effective at
water wheels, they must be located near the lower level. ‘This
being so, a main distinction between the two general types of
development is that in one the hole or pit in which the wheels
are located must be excavated in existing rock, while in the
other type the work of excavation has been done by nature, either
in the Niagara Gorge or at the foot of the escarpment. ’
Where the level at which the wheels are placed is a natural
one, the tailrace requires little or no excavation; this is the case
in the Niagara Gorge, or at the foot of the escarpment. If
the wheel pit is excavated to a great depth, then the tailrace
takes the form of a long tunnel through the limestone or shale
that underlies the Niagara region. When the power house is
located in a natural depression like the gorge, or on the plain
at the foot of the escarpment, a channel must be excavated on a
pipe line laid near the natural ground level to bring water from
the upper river.
Other things being equal, the location of the water wheels
and power house at some natural level, instead of in and partly
above an excavated pit, saves at the start most of the cost of
such a pit. In a given case the length of the water conduit,
whether canal, pipe line or tunnel, must be substantially the
same, but a canal or pipe line is quite sure to have a materially
lower cost than that for a tunnel of equal capacity. With a given
head of water on the wheels, the length of steel penstocks must
be about the same whether these wheels are in an excavated pit,
in the gorge, or at the foot of the escarpment. The pit with
wheels at the bottom and a power house at the top has the
further disadvantage that the length of shaft connecting each
1018
Industrial Niagara
1905
ar
generator with its wheel must be about equal to the head of
water, and that the weight and cost of the shaft and of its sup-
ports must be correspondingly great.
For these reasons, the plants now under construction about
Niagara Falls have either their generators and wheels in pits as
close as possible to the falls, so as to reduce the amount of
excavation in both pits and tunnels, or else have them located
in the gorge or at the foot of the escarpment and supplied with
water through a canal or pipe line. For future plants designed
to develop power with water from the upper river, canals or pipe
lines are quite certain to have the preference.
(The) Conclusions of the Niagara power companies regarding 1905
Niagara. (Elec. rev., March 25, 1905. 46:494.)
The Ontario Power Company’s summary of power available at
Niagara and the courses open to municipalities in relation to its develop-
ment.
DEWEESE, TRUMAN A. How Niagara is “harnessed.” (R. of R., 1905
July, 1905. 32:58-64.) DeWeese
A discussion of power development in progress on the Canadian side,
taking up the problems presented, the difficulties to be met, the engineering
features of the various constructions, the uses of the power developed, and
the effects of diversion. The author thinks that ‘‘ the real danger to the
falls will come from the granting of additional franchises in the future.”
DUNLaP, ORRIN E. Canadian electric power stations at Niagara. Deen
(Nature, Dec. 14, 1905. 73:161-162.)
A brief description of the plans of the three Canadian companies.
DuNLaP, OrRIN E. The Canadian Niagara Falls development.
(Elec. rev., May 5, 1905. 56:737.)
A review of the 19th Annual Report of the Queen Victoria Niagara
Falls Park Commissioners on electrical development on the Canadian
side.
DUNLAP, ORRIN E. Curious engineering feat at Niagara. (Sci. Am.,
Nov. I1, and 25, 1905. 93:382—423.)
An account of the concrete column which was erected on shore and then
tipped over into the river in order to act as a dam and raise the water in
the power company’s intake.
1019
1905
Dunlap
1905
1905
1905
1905
Niagara Falls
DUNLAP, ORRIN E. Electrical development at Niagara Falls, Canada.
(Elec. rev., Feb. 10, 1905. 56:231.)
A description of the plans and plant of the Ontario Power Company.
(The) Electric power development at Niagara Falls. (Sci. Am., Aug.
12, 19052 293 V0 7184)
Editorial comment together with a bird’s-eye view of Niagara Falls and
vicinity showing the location of the three great power plants under con-
struction on the Canadian side.
(The) Electro-chemical industries of Niagara Falls. Electro-chem.
and metal. ind. July, 1905. 3:253-255.)
““An address on this subject, delivered on June 22, by Mr. Francis
A. J. Fitzgerald of Niagara Falls at the Buffalo meeting of the American
Chemical Society, was highly interesting and suggestive in two respects;
firstly, for the reason that Mr. Fitzgerald treated the subject from an
evolutionary point of view, observing the effects of those most important
factors in evolution, the struggle for existence, the influence of environ-
ment, etc., in the development of the Niagara electro-chemical products
made commercially at Niagara Falls were here publicly discussed for the
first time.”
Hydraulic features of the latest Niagara power plant. (Eng. news,
Nov. 30, 1905. 54:577-578.)
Deals with the special features and the boldness of design of the Ontario
Power Company in comparison with the older companies. Especially
interesting from the point of view of the hydraulic engineer.
Hydro-electric developments of the Ontario power company. I.
(Elec. wld. and eng., Aug. 26, 1905. 46:342-345.)
Gives the general plan, describes the intake works, in detail with views
and diagrams.
Hydro-electric developments of the Ontario power company. _ II.
(Elec. wld. and eng., Sept. 2, 1905. 46:387-389.)
Describes the pipe line and the power station.
Hydro-electric developments of the Ontario power company. III.
(Elec. wld. and eng., Sept. 9, 1905. 46:440—-441.)
Deals with the distribution and control of the current, the distributing
stations and the transmission line.
Niagara power in the gorge. I. (Elec. wid. and eng., Nov. 18.
1905. 46:857-859.)
1020
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Industrial Niagara
A historical study of the power situation in the gorge with special 1905
reference to the lower plant of the Hydraulic Power and Manufacturing
Company, and-the uses of the power so developed.
Niagara power in the gorge. IJ. (Elec. wld. and eng., Nov. 25,
1905. 46:899-900.)
Account of the development of the Hydraulic Power and Manu-
facturing Company with a description of the new station and equipment.
Niagara power in Toronto. (Elec. wld. and eng., June 24, 1905, 1905
46:1167-1170.) ;
Description of transmission lines and stations.
NuNnN, Pau. N. The development of the Ontario power company. 1905
(Presented at 22d ann. conv. of the Am. inst. elec, eng’rs. Asheville, Nunn
N. C. June 19-23, 1905.)
New departures at Niagara Falls.
Nunn, Pau. N. Hydro-electric enterprise in Canada. (Can. eng.,
March, 1905. 13:72-88.)
Ontario power company’s plant at Niagara Falls. (Sci. Am., Feb. 1905
1 9052/97): 126.)
A description of the forebay, flumes, generators, and capacity of the
plant.
Ontario power plant at Niagara. (Elec. wld. and eng., March 18, 1905
1905. 45:508.)
Progress and development of the plant.
Opening of the Niagara Canadian power company’s plant. (Sci. 1905
Am., Feb. 4, 1905. 92:104—-105.)
A discussion of the capacity and units of the new plant and its relation
to the American plant.
Kenyon, O. A. Ublization of Niagara Falls. (Elec. wld. and eng., 1905
June 3, 1905. 46:1038.) Kenyon
Letter to the editor on the economic value of Niagara Falls.
Rise of Niagara power. (Elec. wld. and eng., Oct. 14, 1905. 1905
46:654-656.)
This clear and concise account of the rise and development of Niagara
power is both readable and accurate.
Hydraulic developments for power purposes about Niagara
Falls represent neither an invention nor a revolution, but a growth.
1021
1905
Niagara Falls
Substantially every type of hydraulic construction in the great
plants now nearing completion has had a forerunner on an
humble scale. Wheel pits and tunnels, canals and pipes, hori-
zontal wheels and vertical shafts, stations above the falls and
stations in the gorge below, have been repeatedly constructed on
different scales as the engineering arts and the methods of power
distribution have advanced.
Perhaps the first industrial application of Niagara power was
that in the sawmill built by the French in 1725, on the New
York bank of the river near the upper rapids, for the purpose
of making lumber to be used in Fort Niagara. From the date
just named down to about 1800 sawmills appear to have been
constantly in use along these rapids. Augustus Porter built a
sawmill on the New York bank of the upper river in 1805, and
two years later Porter and Bacon erected a gristmill near the
same location. It seems probable that small heads of water were
obtained at these mills by means of short canals approximately
parallel with the nver bank. From about 1822 to 1885, in
which latter year the mainland opposite Goat Island was taken
as a part of the New York State Park, a canal ran from near
the head of the upper rapids down toward the American Falls,
and mills were built between this canal and the river. In these
rapids there is a fall of about 50 feet, and a part of this head
was utilized by taking water from the canal to the wheels, and
then discharging it into the river above the falls. Bath Island
lies between the New York bank and Goat Island, and was the
site of a paper mill as early as 1825. ‘This mill, destroyed by
fire in 1858, was replaced by another which met a like fate in
1882, and the third mill seems to have been in operation on this
island when it was taken for the state park in 1885. Five tons
of paper was the daily production of the second mill. The third
mill had turbines of 400 hp capacity. The head of water for
these wheels could have been no more than the fall of the rapids
along the sides of this small island. As late as the year last
named there was standing between a canal and the river, a little
1022
Industrial Niagara
above the Cataract House, a gristmill of Witmer Brothers, built
in 1822, which operated with three turbine wheels. Not far
ffom the Cataract House a wing dam ran out into the rapids and
diverted water into a short canal, as late as 1882, and between
this canal and the river were several mills with turbine wheels
that had an aggregate capacity of at least 525 hp. The largest
of these mills was that of Hill & Murray, where 10 tons of wet
pulp were manufactured daily with the aid of turbines of 400 hp
capacity. From this same canal, in 1879, water began to be taken
to operate a Brush arc dynamo with a capacity for twenty 4,000
cp lamps. The dynamo was driven by a 33-in. turbine wheel of
36 hp capacity under the water head of 12 ft. Prospect Park
and the Falls were lighted by arc lamps equipped with reflectors
and connected to this dynamo. ‘Thus it seems that before 1885,
when the state park displaced most of these mills, the rapids above
the American Falls were operating turbines with a total capacity
of about 1,000 hp, at heads much less than the 50 ft., which these
rapids might have been made to furnish. Water used for this
power development was returned to the river above the crest of
the Falls. Meantime the diversion of water above the Great
Cataract, and its discharge into the gorge below for power pur-
poses, had already begun. As early as 1842 Augustus Porter
proposed a canal to lead water from the upper Niagara River to
the gorge, and in 1853, the Porter family granted the Niagara
Falls Hydraulic Co. a plot of land having a frontage of 425 ft.
on the upper river, extending for nearly a mile along the Gorge
below the Falls, and with a width of 100 ft. in a strip 4,400
ft. long between these river frontages. The object of this grant
was to secure the construction of a canal from a point above to
one below the Falls, so that mills might locate at the lower end
of the canal and have a high head of water. Excavation of this
canal began with a celebration in 1853.
Completion of the work was delayed for lack of funds, but
Horace H. Day secured the property in 1860, and, on July 1,
1861, finished the canal with a length of 4,400, a width of 36,
1023
1905
1905
Niagara Falls
and a depth of 8 ft. This canal terminates in a basin near
the top of the Gorge with a water surface of 210 ft. above that
of the river below. Further development was arrested at this
time by the Civil War, and it was 1870 before any of the great
power thus made available was utilized. About that time the
Gaskill gristmill was built at the lower end of the canal. This
mill appears to have been equipped with turbines of 100 hp
capacity under not less than 25 ft. head. In 1877 the canal
just mentioned and the river frontages at its upper and lower
ends were purchased by the Niagara Falls Hydraulic Power
& Manufacturing Co. and Schoellkopf & Matthews began
the erection of a flour mill to utilize a part of the power in
the same year. This mill was located at the top of the cliff
near the lower end of the canal, was 64x126 ft. on the
ground in its main part, six stories in height, and was equipped
with two American turbine wheels with a combined capacity
of 900 hp under a head of 50 ft. Water was carried down
to these wheels through a boiler-iron pipe 9 ft. in diameter,
and this development had the highest head and the greatest
power capacity of any that had been made at Niagara Falls
up to that time. The original Gaskill mill, that of Schoellkopf
& Matthews nearby, and all those erected at the end of the
canal in question for about twenty years utilized the water
power by sinking wheel pits in the cliff and then excavating
a nearly horizontal tunnel from the bottom of each pit to
the face of the cliff in the Gorge. Turbine wheels were
located at the bottoms of these pits, the water from the canal
after passing through the wheels was discharged from the tunnels,
and a vertical shaft from each wheel delivered its power at the
top of the cliff. All of these wheel pits were excavated before
turbine wheels for heads of 100 ft. and over could be readily
procured, and the depths of the pits ranged approximately
between 25 and 90 ft. Water being thus discharged into the
Gorge high up on the face of the cliff, the greater part of the
1024
Industrial Niagara
power that might have been obtained from it was wasted. In
1881, one of the wheel pits in question was sunk to a depth of
86 ft. below high water level in the canal, and was given an
area of 20x40 feet. From the bottom of this pit a tunnel
160 feet long and 10x 6 ft. in cross-section was cut to the face
of the cliff. In the pit three 45-in. turbine wheels were placed,
and each of these wheels, rated at 1,000 hp, was supplied
with water through an iron penstock seven ft. in diameter.
About one year earlier than this, in 1880, the Cataract Manu-
facturing Co. installed a 48-inch American turbine in a pit
of sufficient depth to give a water head of 83 feet to furnish
1,300 hp for the manufacture of wood pulp. The two
wheels first installed quickly broke under the head just named,
but the third was of much greater strength and able to withstand
the pressure. For this 48-in. wheel a circular pit 8 ft. in
diameter was excavated through the rock, and from the bottom a
tunnel 6 ft. in diameter was cut to the face of the cliff. The
wheel was placed on the ledge at the bottom of the pit, which
filled with water during operation, and the vertical shaft was
braced at intervals by stays across the pit. A distinct advance
in the use of high water heads at Niagara Falls was made in
the two pits last named, and what was there done has been
repeated on a larger scale in some of the recent power work. A
number of pits besides those named were sunk from time to
time along the top of the cliff at the lower end of the canal, and
the discharge from their tunnels creates a miniature Niagara
even to this day.
During the winter, water falling from the tunnel outlets
freezes before it reaches the river, and forms a small mountain
of ice in the Gorge. In 1899 the aggregate capacity of the water
wheels supplied by the canal and mechanically connected to the
machinery of manufacturing plants along the cliff was 7,523 hp.
Among these plants was that of the Cliff Paper Company,
especially notable as the first to utilize substantially the entire
65 1025
1905
1905
Niagara Falls
head of Niagara Falls and the first to be located in the Gorge.
This company operates a paper mill at the top of the cliff, and a
pulp mill at its foot, at the edge of the river. After passing down
a wheel pit in the cliff and driving turbines under a head of 75
ft. the water for the pulp mill goes into an iron penstock and
drops another 125 ft. to horizontal Leffel wheels that develop
about 2,500 hp. From the tail race of these wheels the water
flows directly into the river. This pulp mill in the Gorge
was erected and operated before either of the great electric
stations at Niagara Falls were built, and prior to 1895, only
two of these stations, one on the American and another on the
Canadian side of the river, have since followed it to the foot of
the cliffs. One of these stations, that of the Niagara Falls
Hydraulic Power & Manufacturing Co. close to the pulp mill of
the Cliff Paper Co. began to generate electric power in 1896,
with horizontal turbines operating under a water head of 210 ft.
from the canal above. ‘This was the first electric station to locate
in the gorge.
During the previous year another plan for the development of
power with the combined head of the Falls and upper rapids
had been carried to completion in the plant of the Niagara Falls
Power Company. Between 1883 and 1885, Thomas E:vershed,
an engineer engaged in the survey of the Niagara Falls Park
Reservation, proposed a tunnel running beneath the city of
Niagara Falls, and a system of canals and wheel pits, for the
purpose of power production. ‘The tunnel was to have a length
of about 2.5 miles, was to connect with smaller tunnels,
and was to vent at water level in the Gorge, just north of the
reservation. Main and branch canals were to divert water from
Niagara River above the upper rapids, and to deliver it in wheel
pits along the lines of tunnels, for turbine wheels located on the
pit floors. AA company was formed to carry out this idea in a
revised form, under which the wheel pits were brought close
together and electric distribution of power was to take the place
of branch canals and tunnels. For the development of electric
1026
Industrial Niagara
energy the generators were to be mounted at the tops of vertical
shafts that rose from turbine wheels near the bottom of each pit.
The plan finally adopted included a surface canal 250 ft. wide
at its head on the river front, 1.25 miles above the American
Falls, 1,700 ft. long in a direction approximately at right angles
with the river, and 12 ft. deep. On either side of this canal a
wheel pit was to be excavated to a depth of 178 ft., and a tunnel
7,436 ft. long was to connect the bottoms of the pits with the
river, in the gorge below the Falls. The tunnel width was 18.82
ft., its height 21 ft., and its area in cross-section 386 sq. ft.
Ground was broken for this development on October 4, 1890,
and the first sale of electric energy was to the Pittsburg Reduction
Co. for the production of aluminum on August 26, 1895. The
canal and tunnel were designed for a capacity of 120,000 hp., at
the head of 136 ft. utilized in the first wheel pit. In the great
wheel pit and tunnel of 1895 may be seen an extension of the
plan followed in the hydraulic development for the Gaskill mill
more than twenty years earlier. Each plant included a canal to
bring the water from the upper river, a wheel pit with turbines
at the bottom, a vertical shaft rising from each wheel to the
ground level and a tunnel to discharge the tail water into the
gorge. In the later development, however, the tunnel is more
than a mile instead of only a few feet in length, the head in 136
ft. to 150 ft. instead of 25, and the capacity is 120,000 instead
of 100 hp.
The plant of the Niagara Falls Power Company set the pat-
tern for electric stations with wheel pits and tunnels, and the
Niagara Falls Hydraulic Power & Manufacturing Co. by
locating its generating equipment at the foot of the cliff, in 1895,
fixed a type for those who run pipes down into the Gorge
and connect them with horizontal turbine wheels for the opera-
tion of electric generators. Both of these examples on the
American side of Niagara River have been followed on the
Canadian bank. In Queen Victoria Park the generating plants
1027
1905
1905
1905
1905
Smith
1905
Niagara Falls
of the Canadian Niagara Power Co. and the Toronto Niagara
Power Co. are reproductions of the electric stations with tunnels,
wheel pits and vertical shafts on the New York bank, with such
minor improvements as experience has dictated.
In the Gorge, close to the foot of the Horseshoe Falls and
diagonally across the river from its American prototype of ten
years ago, is the new plant of the Ontario Power Co. This plant,
like that of the Hydraulic Power and Manufacturing Co.
across the Gorge, takes water above the upper rapids, leads it
from the top to the foot of the cliffs in steel pipes, passes it
through horizontal turbines that are direct connected to their
electric generators, and discharges it into the lower river. While
the much larger and later plant of the Ontario Power Co.
presents many modifications’ of detail, perhaps its most striking
departure from its prototype is in the use of a steel pipe line
instead of a canal to bring the water to the top of the cliff.
Significance of the hydro-electric developments at Niagara Falls.
(Elec. rev., Feb. 11, 1905. 46:224-225.)
An editorial on the amount of power in use and prospective. Power
development in the United States is compared with that in other countries.
SMITH, CEcIL B. Construction of Canadian Niagara power com-
pany’s one hundred thousand horse-power hydro-electric plant at Niagara
Falls, Ont. (Trans. Can. soc. c. e. Jan., 1905. 19:62-82.)
A description of the construction work, buildings, and machinery. An
abstract of the article may be found in the Electrical Review, New York,
New York, December 2, 1905.
SMITH, CEcIL B. MHydro-electric power plants in the Canadian
Niagara district. (Eng. mag., Feb., 1905. 28:727-752.)
A comprehensive survey of the advantages of the district and of the
various plants and their distinctive features by one ‘most intimately
familiar with the entire scheme of development of the Niagara water
power.
Turbines of the Ontario power company, Niagara Falls. (Elec.
wld. and eng., April 11, 1905. 45:652.)
Describes the turbines of the horizontal type, of the largest capacity
ever built,
1028
Industrial Niagara
Electric power development at Niagara Falls. I. (Sci. Am., Aug. 1905
2.91905. 93:125-126.)
A general survey of the power situation, in which it was shown
that at the present time there are in operation, or under construc-
tion, on both sides of the Niagara River, electric power plants
whose combined horse-power is about 500,000 and that if to
this amount be added the total amount of power for which charter
rights have been granted, the total development at Niagara, when
the full limit of these charters has been reached will be about
9,000,000 horse-power.
Electric power development at Niagara Falls. II. (Sci. Am., Oct.
21,1905. -93::320-321.)
A description of the 125,000 horse-power plant of the Electrical
Development Company.
(The) Waste of Niagara. (Indep., March 16, 1905. 58:618-620.) 1905
An editorial in humorous and sarcastic vein on the wastefulness of
Niagara as a scenic spectacle merely.
1906
Apams, ALTON D. Proposed dam for Lake Erie. (Sci. Am., Feb. 1906
10, 1906. 94:127.) Adams
A scheme for insuring a more constant volume at Niagara Falls.
Buck, Harotp W. Niagara Falls from the economic standpoint. 1906
(Outl., May 19, 1906. 83:133-136.) Buck
An argument in defense of commercial utilization of the Falls. For
editorial comment, see pages 106-107.
“The author of this article is an electrical engineer of standing, who
has had a long and authoritative experience in the scientific development
of electric power at Niagara Falls.”-—Ed. note.
There is another side to this question, however — the economic
one — which has been forced to the front by the developments
in science, engineering, and industry during the past ten years,
and this phase of the situation cannot be set aside without careful
consideration. "The development of power at Niagara to-day is
not the result of vandalism. It is not a manifestation of the greed
1029
1906
Buck
1906
Dunlap
Niagara Falls
of the capitalist for further wealth, nor is it the evidence of the
granting by legislatures of monopolistic privileges to the few.
Broadly speaking, it is solely the physical expression of the law
of supply and demand.
The water is being diverted for power purposes solely because,
in the economic and industrial development of the country, the
power is needed. ‘This demand, like all commercial demands, is
the net result of the actions and desires of all the individuals of
the country.
The author goes on to state that the capitalists are not the only ones
benefited by the development of the Niagara power, but that the real
benefit goes to the manufacturer and purchaser of the products cheapened
by the use of electricity.
The economic side of the Niagara problem is a serious one,
and it cannot be set aside as secondary to that of the scenic
interests. It must be cleared of the prejudices which now dis-
credit it, and its importance to the country at large must be recog-
nized. Niagara Falls is a great continental asset, not only as a
scene, but also as a source of power, and any fair adjustment
between the two interests must be made upon the basis of a rea-
sonable compromise. The wave of exaggerated sentimentalism
now passing should not be allowed to sweep aside all reason, nor
be the only thing considered.
_ Dunwap, ORRIN E. The crime against Niagara. (Harp. w., April
7, 1906. . . . 50:pt. 1. 474-476.)
“Tt has been estimated,’ says Mr. Dunlap, “* That should all the
power companies which have authority to use water from the Niagara
river, carry out their undertakings upon anything like the scale adopted
by the companies whose works are now under construction, the falls of
Niagara, considered as a scenic spectacle, would be most grievously
impaired, if not entirely destroyed.”
DuNn.LaP, OrrIN E. A great concrete retaining wall. (Sci. Am.,
May 12, 1906. 94:395-396.)
This wall, supposed to be the highest concrete wall in existence, was
built by the Niagara Falls Hydraulic Power and Manufacturing Com-
pany to face the cliff and protect its power station.
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Industrial Niagara
DuNLAP, OrrIN E. A new 130,000 horse-power plant at Niagara 1906
Falls. (Sci. Am., Oct. 6, 1906. 95:244-245.) Dunlap
A description of the lower plant of the Niagara Falls Hydraulic Power
and Manufacturing Company.
Electric power development at Niagara Falls. III. (Sci. Am., March 1906
24, 1906. 94:248-249.)
A history of the development of power on the Niagara and a discussion
of the advantages of the Canadian side together with a description of the
distinctive features of the Canadian Niagara plant.
Electric railway development at Niagara Falls. (Elec. rev., July 28, 1906
1906. 40:234.)
According to the article, a widely known engineer has said that “ in his
belief, the day was not distant when every locomotive between Syracuse
and Cleveland, and in all that territory not more than 100 miles from
Niagara Falls, would be operated from power generated there.”’
Houston, Epwin J. Half a decade of progress in electricity and 1906
magnetism. (Cass., Feb., 1906. 29:286—288.) Houston
A brief description of industrial processes depending on the Niagara
Falls Power Company.
International waterways commission. (U.S. & Can.) Report upon 1906
the existing water power situation at Niagara Falls, so far as concerns the
diversion of water on the American side, by the American members of
the International waterways commission and Cap’t Charles W. Kutz, corps
of engineers, U. S. A. Wash.: Gov’t printing off. 1906.
Contains a description of the plants, estimates of water needed, and
recommendations for permits for the power companies.
International waterways commission. (U.S. & Can.) Second interim
report of the Canadian section and first joint report of the commission.
Ottawa: 1906.
The Niagara Falls question is fully taken up in this report and the one
cited above, the dangers from diversion are considered, limitations are urged
for the use of the water power, and recommendations are made.
Niagara Falls power developments. (Elec. rev., Aug. 17, 1906. 1906
59:265.)
Permits under the Burton law.
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1906
1906
Rankine
Niagara Falls
Niagara power schemes. (Eng., Feb. 16, 1906. 81:218~-220.)
A review of a lecture by Professor Unwin before the Institution of
Mechanical Engineers (London) giving an account of Niagara develop-
ments and problems and the effect of diversion on the Falls.
(The) Power of Niagara. Niagara Falls Power Company. Niagara
Falls,.N. Y.: 1906.
An attracive and compact advertising pamphlet setting forth the
capacity of the plants named, the cost of and advantages in using Niagara
power.
Many plans were devised for the harnessing of Niagara, but
it was not until 1888 that a feasible one dawned upon the horizon
of the world’s work. Then it was that the United States granted
a series of patents covering the generating and distributing of
what were termed polyphase electrical currents. “The invention
embodied in these patents made possible the transmitting of elec-
trical energy over great distances. With such a_ possibility
reasonably assured, the Niagara Falls Power Company began on
October 4, 1890, the construction of its first great hydro-electric
generating station. Not quite five years later electrical power
for commercial purposes was delivered from that station, and on
November 15, 1896, the same power was first used commercially
in Buffalo, twenty-five miles away.
Beginning with the modest number of three generators and
the small output capacity of 15,000 electrical horse-power, the
first generating station grew to a capacity of 50,000 electrical
horse-power; and then a second station close by was completed,
with an additional capacity of 50,000 electrical horse-power,
whilst across the river in the Dominion of Canada, a third station
was being built, which to-day has available 50,000 electrical
horse-power out of an ultimate output of 110,000 horse-power.
RANKINE, WILLIAM B. National cyclopedia of American biography.
N. Y.: White, 1906. Vol. XIII. Pp. 286-287.
Brief history and description of the exploitation of Niagara water-power
with special reference to the developments of the Niagara Falls Power
Company and the Canadian-Niagara Power Company.
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Industrial Niagara
WELLS, H. G. “ The end of Niagara.”” (Harp. w., July 21, 1906. 1906
50:pt. 2. 1018-1020.) Wells
A description of the power development at Niagara in characteristic
fantastic style.
Everywhere in the America I have seen the same note sounds,
the note of a fatal gigantic economic development, of large pre-
vision and enormous pressures.
I heard it clear above the roar of Niagara — for, after all, I
stopped off at Niagara.
As a waterfall, Niagara’s claim to distinction is now mainly
quantitative, its spectacular effect, its magnificent and humbling
size and splendor, were long since destroyed beyond recovery by
the hotels, the factories, the power-houses, the bridges and tram-
ways and hoardings that arose about it. It must have been a fine
thing to happen upon suddenly after a day of solitary travel; the
Indians, they say, gave it worship; but it’s no great wonder to
reach it by trolley car through a street hack-infested and full of
adventurous refreshment-places and souvenir-shops and the tout-
ing guides. ‘There were great quantities of young couples and
other sightseers, with the usual encumbrances of wrap and bag and
umbrella, trailing out across the bridges and along the neat paths
of the reservation parks, asking the way to this point and that.
Notice boards cut the eye, offering this and that for twenty-five
and fifty cents, and it was proposed you should keep off the
grass.
After all, the gorge of Niagara is very like any good gorge in
the Ardennes, except that it has more water; it’s about as wide
and about as deep, and there is no effect at all that one has not
seen a dozen times in other cascades. One gets all the water one
wants at Tivoli; and one has gone behind half a hundred down-
pours just as impressive in Switzerland; a hundred tons of water
is really just as stunning as ten million. A hundred tons of water
stuns one altogether, and what more do you want? One recalls
“ Orridos”’ and “‘ Schluchts ” that are not only magnificent but
lonely.
1033
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Wells
Niagara Falls
No doubt the falls, seen from the Canadian side, have a
peculiar long majesty of effect; but the finest thing in it all, to my
mind, was not Niagara at all, but to look up-stream from Goat
Island and see the sea-wide crest of the flashing sunlit rapids
against the gray-blue sky. That was like a limitless ocean pour-
ing down a sloping world towards one, and | lingered, held by
that, returning to it through an indolent afternoon. It gripped
the imagination as nothing else there seemed to do. It was so
broad an infinitude of splash and hurry. And, moreover, all the
enterprising hotels and expectant trippers were out of sight.
‘That was the best of the display. The real interest of Niagara
for me was not in the waterfall, but in the human accumulations
about it. They stood for the future, threats and promises, and the
waterfall was just a vast reiteration of falling water. “The note
of growth in human accomplishment rose clear and triumphant
above the elemental thunder.
For the most part these accumulations of human effort about
Niagara are extremely defiling and ugly. Nothing — not even
the hotel signs and advertisement boards — could be more
offensive to the eye and mind than the Schoellkopf Company’s
untidy confusion of sheds and buildings on the American side,
wastefully squirting out long tail-race cascades behind the bridge,
and nothing more disgusting than the sewer-pipes and gas-work
ooze that the town of Niagara Falls contributes to the scenery.
But, after all, these represent only the first slovenly onslaught of
mankind’s expansion, the pioneers’ camp of the human-growth
process that already changes its quality and manner. ‘There are
finer things than these outrages to be found.
These dynamos and turbines of the Niagara Falls Power
Company, for example, impressed me far more profoundly than
the Cave of the Winds; are, indeed, to my mind, greater and
more beautiful than that accidental eddying of air beside a
downpour. ‘They are will made visible, thought translated into
easy and commanding things. ‘They are clean, noiseless, and
starkly powerful. All the clatter and tumult of the early age of
1034
Industrial Niagara
machinery is past and gone here; there is no smoke, no coal grit,
no dirt at all. The wheel-pit into which one descends has an
almost cloistered quiet about its softly humming turbines. These
are altogether noble masses of machinery, huge black slumbering
monsters, great sleeping tops that engender irresistible forces in
their sleep. They sprang, armed like Minerva, from serene and
speculative, foreseeing and endeavoring brains. First was the
word and then these powers. A man goes to and fro quietly in
the long clean hall of the dynamos. ‘There is no clangor, no
racket. Yet the outer rim of the big generators is spinning at
the pace of a hundred thousand miles an hour; the dazzling clean
switch-board, with its little handles and levers, is the seat of
empire over more power than the strength of a million disciplined,
unquestioning men. All these great things are as silent, as won-
derfully made, as the heart in a living body, and stouter and
stronger than that.
When I thought that these two huge wheel-pits of this com-
pany are themselves but a little intimation of what can be done
in this way, what will be done in this way, my imagination
towered above me. [I fell into a day-dream of the coming power
of men, and how that power may be used by them.
For surely the greatness of life is still to come; it is not in such
accidents as mountains or the sea. I have seen the splendor of
the mountains, sunrise and sunset among them, and the waste
immensity of sky and sea. I am not blind because I can see
beyond these glories. To me no other thing is credible than
that all the natural beauty in the world is only so much material
for the imagination and the mind, so many hints and suggestions
for art and creation. Whatever is, is but the lure and symbol
towards what can be willed and done. Man lives to make — in
the end he must make, for there will be nothing left for him to do.
And the world he will make — after a thousand years or so!
I, at least, can forgive the loss of all the accidental, unmean-
ing beauty that is going for the sake of the beauty of the fine
order and ‘intention that will come. I believe — passionately
1035
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ellis
1906
Wells
Niagara Falls
as a doubting lover believes in his mistress —-in the future of
mankind. And so to me it seems altogether well that all the froth
and hurry of Niagara at last, all of it, dying into hungry canals of
intake, should rise again in light and power, in ordered and
equipped and proved and beautiful humanity, in cities and palaces
and the emancipated souls and hearts of men.
I turned back to look at the power-house as I walked towards
the falls, and halted and stared. Its architecture brought me
out of my day-dream to the quality of contemporary things again.
You know, it is such an inconceivably dull piece of building —
a box of bricks exterior for these engineering splendors —a
shock, a scandal like a bowler-hat on the king of kings. What
an architect! I’d almost as soon have had one of the Schoellkopf
sheds.
For a time my prophetic mood was altogether damped.
A community that can produce such things as those turbines
and dynamos, and then cover them over with this dull exterior,
is capable, one feels, of a feat of bathos. One feels that all the
power that throbs in the copper cables below may end at last in
turning great wheels for excursionists, stamping out aluminum
fancy-ware, and the illumination of night advertisements for drug-
shops and music-halls. I had an afternoon of busy doubts.
There is much discussion about the question of Niagara at
present. It may be some queer compromise, based on the pretence
that a voluminous waterfall is necessarily a thing of incredible
beauty, and a human use is necessarily a degrading use, will
“save” Niagara and the hack-drivers and the souvenir-shops for
series of years yet, ‘‘ a magnificent monument to the pride of the
United States in a glory of nature,”’ as one journalistic savior puts
it. Itis, as public opinion stands, a quite conceivable thing. This
electric development may be stopped after all, and the huge fall
of water remain surrounded by gravel paths and parapets and
geranium-beds, a staring-point for dull wonder, a crown for days’
excursion, a thunderous impressive accessory to the vulgar love-
making that fills the surrounding hotels, a Titanic imbecility of
1036
Industrial Niagara
wasted gifts. But I don’t think so. I think somebody will pay 1906
something, and the journalistic zeal for scenery abate. I think the Wel!
huge social and industrial process of America will win in this
conflict, and at last swallow up Niagara altogether.
It will receive that, as it has reecived so much, to return us —
what?
U. S. War DEPARTMENT. Hearings in the matter of the granting of 1906
permits for the transmission from the Dominion of Canada into the United U-S- War
: ; Departmeat
States of power from the Niagara river, before the Secretary of War
at Washington, D. C. Nov. 26, and 27, 1906. Wash.: Gov’t print.
off. 1906.
Included are the statements of J. Horace McFarland, A. K. Potter,
F. W. Stevens, F. D. Deberard, Henry E. Gregory, Dr. John M. Clarke,
Clinton Roger Woodruff, Hon. Charles M. Keep, Francis Lynde Stetson,
W. Caryl Ely, Gen. Francis V. Greene, Morris Cohn, Jr., Paul D.
Cravath, John G. Johnson, and Frank A. Dudley, representatives of
various interests connected with Niagara Falls, U. S. Engineers, etc.
Unwin, W. CAWTHORNE. The Niagara Falls power stations. 1906
Proc. inst. M. E. Lond.) 1906. Pp. 135-148. Unwin
This is the epitome of a lecture delivered at the graduates meeting on
February 12, 1906, and contains eighteen beautiful plates. The early
utilization of the Falls is described, and the development of the different
American and Canadian power companies discussed. The possible
destruction of the scenic effect of the Falls is dealt with and the author
says, “Obviously when the works are complete there will be a serious
alteration in the appearance of the Falls.”
1907
(The) Burton bill and its effects on electric developments at Niagara 4997
Falls. (Elec. wld. and eng., June 29, 1907. 49:1291-1294.)
Discusses the provisions and restrictions of the bill and permits granted
under it, its general effects, and the effect on the Canadian company and
on the market for power.
Canadian-Niagara power company’s transmission to Buffalo. (Elec. 1907
wid. and eng., June 29, 1907. 49:1299-1302.)
Description of the lines crossing the river and of the terminal station B
of the Cataract Power and Conduit Company.
1037
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Dunlap
1907
Greene
1907
Mershon
1907
Niagara Falls
Dun_ap, OrrIN E. Illuminating Niagara with its own power. (Sci.
Am., Oct. 19, 1907. 97:273-274.)
A description of the machinery used for the illumination and the effect
on the Falls.
GREENE, FRANCIS V. Niagara Falls in 1907. Ontario Power
Company of Niagara Falls.
A paper read before the American Civic Association at the annual
convention, Providence, R. I., November 19, 1907. A stereopticon
lecture illustrated by seventy-five diagrams and views. ‘The author is
the vice president of the Ontario Power Company. Says Mr. Greene:
“*T trust that I have reassured you as to any fears you may have that,
under the law and the conditions as they now exist, there is any danger
of Niagara Falls being destroyed. We are not now, and never have been,
parties to any plans which would im any way endanger this sublime
spectacle. The works of all the companies which have been partially
constructed will not, when carried to completion on plans already approved,
take out of Niagara enough water to change its appearance.”
MERSHON, RALPH D. The transmission plant of the Niagara, Lock-
port and Ontario Power Company. (Trans. Am. inst. elec. eng’rs.
N. F. June 26, 1907. 26:pt. 2, 1273-1317.)
** This event,” says the author, speaking of the opening of the Niagara,
Lockport and Ontario transmission line, “ marks the inauguration of one
of the first undertakings in the matter of distributing Niagara power over
a large section of country, and the beginning of an enterprise which is one
of the most important, and in some respects the most important of its
kind anywhere in the world.’”’ He then goes on to describe in detail
the capacity, length and construction of the line.
Niagara. The Niagara Falls Power Company, Niagara Falls, N. Y.,
and the Canadian Niagara Power Company, Ontario, Apnl 1, 1907.
Bensler Press Company. Buffalo: n. d.
A pamphlet containing information for visitors, an account of the har-
nessing of Niagara, a description of the plants of the two companies,
together with views and diagrams and maps of the developments, trans-
mission lines and distributing stations.
That Niagara Falls represented a natural source of tremen-
dous power was known, but the mere recognition of a possible
source of power is not the real problem in its commercial develop-
1038
Industrial Niagara
ment. ‘Two other factors require even greater consideration —
first, some means must be provided for converting the forces of
nature into some useful and marketable form of energy, and
second, when it is converted into a useful form of energy, a suffi-
cient demand for the power must be created to justify its develop-
ment upon a large and practical scale.
(The) Niagara dispute. (Elec. wld. and eng., Jan. 5, 1907.
49:13.)
Note on the power of the federal government under the Burton act.
(The) Niagara Falls power question. (W. elec., Jan. 26, 1907.
40:93.)
Discusses the permits for transmission of power from Canada issued by
Secretary of War Taft.
Niagara power at Syracuse. (Ry. and eng. rev., June 1, 1907.
47 :458-459.)
Electric current generated from the large power plants at
Niagara Falls has recently been made available at points further
distant from the source of supply than even were supplied before.
. . The system as already constructed reached half way
across New York State in the direction of its greatest length. At
these remote distances from the central station the power is being
put to many uses, perhaps the most important of which are for the
operation of various electric railway systems. The Erie Railroad
in the electrification of its Rochester division is using, as its source
of power, current from the lines of the Niagara, Lockport and
Ontario Power Company. . . . Still more remote from the
Falls is the city of Syracuse, and the Syracuse Rapid Transit
Company, which operates the street railways in that place, has
recently arranged to receive a large part of its current from the
long distance transmission lines.
Ox.Ley, J. MacponaLp. Niagara under yoke. (Wd. to-day,
Sept., 1907. 8:298-306.)
The article deals particularly with the Canadian situation. To quote:
““Nowhere the world over may you find a more convincing illustration
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Oxley
1907
Oxley
1907
Urban
1908
Amot
1908
Behrend
1908
1908
Greene
1908
Niagara Falls
of the hard, practical spirit of the age than on the Canadian side of the
most famous of cataracts. [hose who are prone to value none but pay-
ing facts have verily had their triumph here, and the votaries of the
sublime and beautiful have been put to utter rout.”
Urpan, Henry. Uiilisation des chutes du Niagara. (Societe Belge
d’electriciens. Feb., 1907. 24:33-—48.)
An account of the development and distribution of the Niagara Falls
Power Company and the Ontario Power Company. ‘The article also con-
tains some diagrams.
1908
ARNOT, RaymMonp H. The industries of Niagara Falls. (Pop. sci.
mo., Oct., 1908. 73:306-318.)
A simple and interesting study of Niagara Falls as an electro-chemical
center.
BEHREND, B. A. A large new generator for Niagara Falls. (Trans.
Am. inst. elec. eng’rs. Atlantic City, July 1, 1908. 27:pt. 2,
1057-1068.)
A technical and detailed description of machinery for the new plant of
the Niagara Falls Hydraulic Power and Manufacturing Company.
Electric power in Ontario. (Power, Nov. 3, 1908. 29:754.)
Discussion of hydro-electric power in Ontario with special reference
to the situation at Hamilton by the consul in Hamilton. (Quoted from
the Consular and Trade reports.)
GREENE, FRANCIS VINTON. ‘The equities at Niagaraa . . .
Wash. (1908.)
A statement submitted on behalf of the Lower Niagara River Power
and Water Supply Company of New York; the Niagara, Lockport and
Ontario Power Company of New York, and the Ontario Power Company
of Niagara Falls, Canada. The statement is a plea for the removal of
the prohibitions of the act of June 29, 1906.
(The) long distance transmission record. (Elec. wld., May 2, 1908.
51:888-889.)
An editorial on Niagara power in Auburn, New York, 163 miles
away, ‘ probably the longest twenty-four-hours-a-day transmission yet in
use.
1040
Industrial Niagara
MERSHON, RALPH D. Losses and critical voltages of high tension 1908
transmission lines. (Eng. dig., Sept., 1908. 4:256-257.) Mershon
This paper “ has mainly to do with the results of the work carried on at
Niagara Falls, but in the treatment of these results the work at Telluride
(Colorado) and that of Professor Ryan will necessarily be referred to and
discussed.’’ The article is a condensation of a paper entitled, ‘‘ High
Voltage Measurements at Niagara’ read before the American Institute of
Electrical Engineers, Atlantic City, June 29, 1908.
Niagara power. (Elec. wld., June.13, 1908. 51:1721.) 1908
A digest of the report of the International Waterways Commission.
Wi.uiams, ARCHIBALD. How it is done, or, Victories of the engineer, 1908
(N. Y. Nelson. 1908c. Pp. 467-484.) Williams
A discussion dealing with the waste of energy at the Falls, the history of
the use of Niagara, the modern power companies and their plants and
methods.
1909
KoESTER, FRANK. Hydro-electric developments and engineering. 1909
N. Y. D. Van Nostrand Co. 1909. (See index.) Koester
Among the references in the index are 327 of the power plant and
transmission system of the Ontario Power Company, and also some dealing
with the architectural features of the Niagara Power Company.
1910
The development of electric power at Niagara Falls. (Nature, April 1910
7, 1910. 83:173—-176.)
From a paper entitled, ““An account of a visit to the power plant of
the Ontario Power Company at Niagara Falls,’’ read before the Institu-
tion of Mechanical Engineers, January 7, 1910, by Mr. C. W. Jordan.
The article describes the intake, conduits, spillway and weir, power house,
and machinery of the company.
Niagara Falls power company and Canadian-Niagara power com- 4919
pany. Information for visitors. Apmnil 1, 1910.
Historical and descriptive.
THOMPSON, SYLVANUS PHILLIPS. Life of William Thompson, baron 1910
Kelvin of Largs. Lond. Macmillan. 1910. 2 Vols. (See index to Thompson
volume 2 under Niagara.)
66 1041
1910
Thompson
1911
Canada Com-
mission of
Conservation
1911
1912
Agassiz
Niagara Falls
On his visit to Niagara in 1897 to investigate the industrial develop-
ment, Lord Kelvin said to the press, ‘“ 1 do not myself believe that any
such limit will be found to the use of this great natural source. I look
forward to the time when the whole water from Lake Erie will find its
way to the lower level of Lake Ontario through machinery, doing more
good for the world than even that great benefit which we now possess
in contemplation of the splendid scene which we have before us in the
waterfall of Niagara. I wish I could live to see this grand development.
I do not hope that our children’s children will ever see the Niagara
cataract.”
1911
CANADA COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION. Water powers of Canada,
by Leo G. Denis and Arthur V. White. Ottawa. The Mortimer co.
1911. (See index.)
The portions of the book devoted to Niagara deal with the esthetic
value of the Falls, the power possibilities, the existing situation, and the
conditions governing development, as well as considerable data respecting
the various companies.
The suggestion regarding the diversion of the waters of Niagara is
quoted:
It would be a wise precaution, when granting water privileges
on a river, say, like the Niagara river, if the governments inter-
ested reserved the power to demand that waters diverted from a
river must, if so required be temporarily returned to the river.
Such a course would increase the flow and thereby assist in
averting critical conditions that might arise as, for example a
dangerous ice-jam which might be broken up by the agency of
an increased flow of water taking place during the formative
stages of the jam.
(The) Power of Niagara Falls. Taking stock of the energy utilized.
(Sci. Am. supp., Sept. 23, 1911. 72:208.)
This article is a quotation at length from Art in Engineering Supplement
of the London Times, by Dr. J. W. Spencer.
1912
Acassiz, GARNAULT. Niagara—the “‘ Mighty Thunderer.” A
reprint from the National magazine for September, 1912.
1042
Industrial Niagara
A description of the Falls, with an estimate of their power potentialities, 1912
and an account of the influence of that power on various industries. Agassiz
Gone is the Indian’s superstition, the red man’s impotency —
terrible no more is the “ Spirit of Niagara,’”’ ominous no longer
is its voice. Where stood the Indian maid we now see in phan-
tom a thousand temples of industry ; where rode the mist, a cloud
as of smoke wafted toward the setting sun; where rested the
rainbow, the bridge that points man across the great divide. The
“Mighty Thunderer’’ that for untold centuries has run _ his
relentless way, checked only by the martial legions of King
Winter, still hurls his troubled waters down the awful abyss; his
voice still speaks forth from the unfathomable depths; his relent-
less spirit is still unassuaged, his pristine omnipotence still unchal-
lenged; but these waters have been trained to another task, that
voice finds echo in the whirr of myriad wheels, that power is
reflected in a million ways; the “‘ unconquerable one”’ is still
unconquered — he has become a mighty ally in the upbuilding of
civilization.
But the total power potentialities of the ““ Mighty Thunderer ”
will not be available for man’s use for many generations to
come, for conservative legislation on the part of the governments
of Great Britain and the United States will hold in reserve so
much of it as competent engineers deem essential to preserve the
scenic beauty of the cataract until such time as its development
shall have become an economic necessity of the hour.
Already, it might be said, the people of Ontario, with peculiar
acumen and foresight, have created, in what is officially known as
the Hydroelectric Power Commission, a government-controlled
body, whose purpose is to distribute Niagara-developed power
throughout the Province at cost, thus superinducing her indus-
trial upbuilding.
This commission already has constructed 565 miles of trans-
mission lines, to what effect can be best seen by a study of the
1043
1912
Agassiz
Niagara Falls
wonderful manufacturing growth of Western Ontario in the past
five years. Such thriving communities as Toronto, Hamilton,
London, Guelph, St. Thomas, Woodstock, Brantford, and
Stratford have already made marvellous progress in the few short
years that they have been no longer dependent on American-
mined coal as their one source of fuel supply, while the city of
Welland alone has grown from 1,800 to 6,000 in the past three
years, a record only excelled by Niagara Falls, New York,
which has increased its population in the past decade from 20,000
to about 35,000 people.
The industrial growth of Canada, consequent to some extent
at least on the Burton Acct, is well illustrated by the fact that in
1907 Canada was taking less than one per cent of the power
generated on the Canadian side, while today she is consuming
almost as much as is the United States.
Few questions are fraught with more importance to the nation
than the one involved in the industrial upbuilding of the Niagara
frontier, which should become one day the greatest manufacturing
region of the world. It is an economic problem that statesmen
will have to work out with great care and conservatism.
Anomalous as it may seem, the hydro-electric development
of Niagara Falls constitutes in itself one of the most remarkable
chapters in the history of American conservation, aside altogether
from the direct saving of fuel the utilization of this wonderful
store of natural energy effects. For out of it has been evolved
the modern electric furnace, which, with its products entering into
every field of human endeavor, is now playing such an all-
important role in the industrial upbuilding of the world.
Without Niagara and the electric furnace, indeed, the really
marvellous progress that has been made in the arts and sciences
in the past two decades would have been well-nigh impossible.
What Niagara Falls’ power has accomplished for man’s
upbuilding through the electric furnace abrasive, is so stupendous
1044
Industrial Niagara
as to be almost unbelievable. The remarkable development of 1912
metallurgy in recent years has been made possible only by the “2°
modern grinding wheel, this being especially true of the copper,
bronze, brass and aluminum industries. “The automobile indus-
try also has been greatly benefitted by it, for the cranks, shafts,
special alloy steels and the roller and ball bearings for this
intricate latter-day invention could never have been perfected
without it. In dentistry it has been a wonderful factor, having
made filling a comparatively easy art. Its importance will be
realized when it is stated that it is now manufactured in sizes
ranging from a pin’s head to six feet in diameter.
The uses of modern abrasives are so multitudinous, in fact,
as to defy enumeration. ‘They are used in the sharpening of
saws and knives in the lumber industry; in the manufacture of
porcelain, cut glass, agate ware, fine lenses, tumblers, boots and
shoes, car wheels, and steel rails; wagons, plows, harvesters, and
other farm implements; radiators, tools of every character;
phonograph and graphophone needles; paper pulp; fountain pens
and combs; surgical instruments; typewriter rolls; leather goods;
German silver, rubber, celluloid and mother-of-pearl! articles; in
the polishing of granite, marble, onyx and terrazzo; in the cut-
ting of carbon and graphite; in the hulling of rice; in the grinding
of rollers for the manufacture of the best qualities of chocolate
and cereal foods; in the tanning trades; in smoothing concrete
and cleaning cement; in the finishing of automobile tires, and in a
myriad other ways.
e
The influence of Niagara Falls’ power on the production and
price of electric storage batteries is too well known to need
repetition, the price notwithstanding the enormously increased
demand having decreased twenty-five per cent in the last five
years. At Niagara Falls is located in the United States Light
and Heating Company’s establishment, the largest electric stor-
age battery plant in the world. What more striking evidence of
1045
1912
Agassiz
Niagara Falls
the part Niagara power is playing in conserving the natural
wealth of the nation?
But it is in the field of electro-chemistry that Niagara hydro-
electric power seems destined to find its most important province.
Electro-chemistry is essentially a child of Niagara. Fifteen years
ago this rapidly developing branch of science was in the labora-
tory stage, its possibilities unrealized, its potentialities practically
unconceived, and it was only when Niagara endowed the
electro-chemist with the power that permitted him to put to prac-
tical test the experiments of the laboratory that any real progress
was made.
What has been accomplished in the last decade in the field of
electro-chemistry belongs really to the category of the marvelous.
Ten years ago the United States depended for its supply of
chemicals wholly on foreign importations. Today things have
changed. Such important chemicals as chlorate of potash, caus-
tic potash, bichromate of soda, muriate acid, liquid chlorine,
carbon tetrachloride, tin tetrachloride, bleaching powder, phos-
phurus, caustic alkali, metallic sodium, and cyamanid, are now
manufactured either in whole or in part through electrolytic
processes, increasing the efficiency of the product and very materi-
ally decreasing the price.
There is apparently no limit to the possibilities of Niagara-
developed power. It has been shown that paper can be manu-
factured at Niagara Falls more economically than anywhere,
because Niagara paper mills are never affected by water drought,
a condition foreign to any other locality in the world. In the
firmg of china the Niagara electric furnace should also have a
considerable future, for it has been demonstrated that with it
china can be fired in as many hours as it now takes days, and
the electric furnace has none of the discoloring qualities of coal.
Niagara is indeed the greatest of all conservators; and in
serious contemplation must we not ask ourselves — Was this
1046
Industrial Niagara
wonderful storehouse of natural energy placed here merely as a 1912
tribute to the omnipotence of the Creator, or as a vital factor in “8**”
the upbuilding of civilization? If the former, then we stand with
the Indian and prehistoric man; if the latter, then we have a
bounden duty as a nation to utilize this God-given gift.
Two aspects of “‘conservation.”” (Metal. and chem. eng., Sept. 12, 41912
POUZ. 1035.74.)
An editorial on the importance of electro-chemical industry at Niagara
Falls and an expression of regret over the waste presented by the restric-
tions on power development.
In a few days our visitors will be at Niagara Falls. Much
is there of which we are proud — the magnificent group of elec-
trochemical industries, without a parallel of its kind in diversity
and magnitude, and economically of importance only to be meas-
ured by a realization of what the artificial abrasives, aluminum,
artificial graphite, caustic soda and chlorine, the ferro alloys, and
its other products mean to industry in its larger aspect. A bold
directness is perhaps the characteristic virtue of American engi-
neering; and a better example could scarcely be found of that
simplicity which is the truest efficiency than this group of electro-
chemical plants.
WILLIAMS, ARCHIBALD. The wonders of modern engineering. 1912
Bias Phila.: Lippincott. Lond.: Seeley, Service. 1912. Pp. Williams
| ee
The chapter on “‘ The Harnessing of Niagara ”’ is from the ‘’ Romance
of Modern Engineering’ by the same author.
1913
Aluminum company of America. (Harp. w., June 14, 1913. 57: 4913
pt. 15.25:)
A description of ‘* one of the greatest industries in this country.”
BoLTON, REGINALD PELHAM. An expensive experiment; the hydro- 1913
electric power commission of Ontario. N. Y.: Baker & Taylor Com- Bolton
pany. 19{3,
1047
1913
Bolton
1913
1913
1913
1913
1913
Niagara Falls
In answer to the fallacy that the Falls are wholly a source of gain
and profit to the community Mr. Bolton says, “* In other words, Niagara,
like other water-falls is economically utilizable only to a limited extent,
and so long as any fuel, either coal, oil, gas, lumber, peat, vegetable
matter or extracts, is available as fuel, water power will continue to afford
a restricted field of usefulness, bounded by strictly limited expenditure
upon development. . . . The real value of the product must be
measured by competition with other sources of energy.”
Effect of power development on the Canadian Falls at Niagara.
(Metal. and chem. eng., June, 1913. 11:307.)
Letter by P. McN. Bennie to the editor questioning the impression
given by the photograph in Bolton’s “* Expensive Experiment.”
The faith and courage of the pioneer. (Harp. w., June 14, 1913.
57-pt. ls 24-25)
A history of power development and its extension with special reference
to the Niagara Falls Power Company, together with the discussion of the
effective diversion and legislation affecting the power company.
More aspects of conservation. (Metal. and chem. eng., March, 1913. -
11:117-118.)
An editorial on Secretary Stimson’s plea for more efficiency in the
development of power. A plea by the editor for efficiency in consumption.
New York hydro-electric development. (Metal. and chem. eng., June,
(913. 42306;
Letter to the editor on Reginald Pelham Bolton’s arguments and state~
ments in “An Expensive Experiment.”
New York hydro-electric development and Niagara Falls. (Metal. and
chem. eng., July, 1913. 11:370-371.)
Letters by Reginald Pelham Bolton, P. McN. Bennie and F. Austin
Lidbury in regard to photograph and statements in Bolton’s ‘‘ Expensive
Experiment.”
Niagara’s oldest power plant. (Harp. w., June 14, 1913. 57:pt. 1,
16.)
A description of the Niagara Falls Hydraulic Power and Manufacturing
Company’s plant together with a discussion of federal legislation, the treaty
with Great Britain, the effect of diversion, and its achievements for human
comfort.
1048
Industrial Niagara
(Review of Bolton, Reginald Pelham. An expensive experiment.) 1913
(Metal. and chem. eng., July, 1913. 11:302.)
This book is an amplification of the author’s evidence before
the New York State Committee on the subject of the activities,
operation and results of the Hydro-Electric Power Commission
of Ontario. ;
Less satisfactory are those portions of the book which deal with
the general subject of the ‘development, transmission and utiliza-
tion of hydro-electric power.
We deplore these blots on the work all the more since there
is no question but that the author has rendered a useful public
service in throwing a clear light upon the Ontario Hydro-Electric
Commission’s position and in dispelling to a considerable degree,
by definite figures, the secrecy surrounding its financial operations.
U. S. Concress. House committee on foreign affairs. Diversion of 41913
water from the Niagara nver. . . . Hearings before the committee U. S.
Jan. 24, Feb. 15 and 17, 1913. Wash.: Gov't print. off. 1913. Congress
Statements of the Secretary of War and Mr. Frederick L. Lovelace,
Secretary of the Niagara Falls Power Company revised.
U. S. ConcrREss. House committee on foreign affairs. Diversion of 1913
water from the Niagara river. Hearings before the committee Jan. 22,
[24,] on bill proposed by the sub-committee on Niagara Falls legislation
dated Jan. 15, 1913. Pt. 1, [2] Wash.: Gov’t print. off. 1913.
A discussion of state and federal rights by the representatives of the
interests involved.
WILLIAMS, Epwarp T. Niagara in romance and commerce. (Harp. 1913
w., June 14, 1913. 57:pt. 1, 29.) Williams
“* Glimpses of the pioneer days and of the twentieth century development
at Niagara frontier.”
Wituiams, Epwarp T. Using Niagara’s power. (Harp. w., June
Laat lS. 57 =pt.’ 1,’ 28:)
An article by the city industrial agent of Niagara Falls on the possi-
bilities of power development, the effects of diversion and the Burton law.
1049
1914
Hubbard
Niagara Falls
1914
HUBBARD, ELBERT. Power; or The story of Niagara Falls.
East Aurora, N. Y. 1914.
A history of the power development with special reference to the
Hydraulic Power and Manufacturing Company. The Falls are cited as
an ideal manufacturing district and many arguments advanced for the use
of water power for industrial purposes. “The future of the Falls is con-
sidered and many interesting facts concerning the region are given.
U. C. ConcreEss. House committee on foreign affairs. . . . Diver-
sion of water from Niagara river. 63d Cong., 2d sess. . . . Report to
accompany house report 16,542. Wash.: Gov't print. off. 1914.
The chief subjects considered in the accompanying bill are
the amount of water that may safely be taken from the Niagara
river, to whom it should be given, the amount of power that ought
to be generated from the water used, the amount of power that
may be imported from Canada, who shall grant the permits, and
what limitations and restrictions should be placed in such permits
for the diversion of water and the importation of power.
U. S. ConcrREss. House committee on foreign affairs. Diversion of
water from the Niagara river. Hearings. . . . 63d Cong., 2d sess.
Jan. 16, 1914. Wash.: Gov’t print. off. 1914.
Statements of Hon. Henry P. Velte, George F. Thompson, James W.
Kelly, George E. Van Kennan, all of New York State, that they want
4,400 cubic feet of water in control of New York State so that Niagara
may be protected from monopolistic control.
What we want is that this limitation under the Burton Act be
set aside in any proposed legislation, and any additional water
power granted shall be granted so that it shall be subject either
to the approval of any of the governmental departments, of the
Federal Legislature jointly with that of the State of New York.
This is one of the propositions.
Another proposition is that the State of New York shall have
the opportunity to say to whom the diversion shall go.—Senator
V elte.
1050
STIV- AHL aAOdV SdIidvy
Industrial Niagara
1915
Dunn, E———. Intermittent water-fall. (Sci. Am., Dec. 4, 1915. 1915
113:492—493.) Dunn
An account of Professor Norton’s project for the utilization of the Falls
without impairing their beauty. The article is written by a coworker of
Professor Norton’s and embodies the ideas for the intermittent use of the
fall which appear in Professor Norton’s article in the Popular Science
Monthly of February, 1916.
1916
Niagara on) taps s(t dig,, -Apnl,; 1916, i196
52 :963-964.)
A review with extracts of the article of Professor Thomas H. Norton in
the Popular Science Monthly for February, 1916.
Norton, THomas H. Niagara on tap. (Pop. sci. mo., Feb., 1916. 1916
88: 180-184.) Norton
“* Professor Thomas H. Norton, in a paper which he read before the
American Electro Chemical Society, outlined a scheme whereby it would be
possible to satisfy those who see only the beauty of Niagara, and those
who see only power going to waste. The following article by Professor
Norton is an abstract from the paper in question especially revised for this
issue of the Popular Science Monthly by its author.— Editor.”
The article seems worthy of quotation as embodying the latest scheme
for a compromise between the power interests at Niagara, and the efforts
to preserve its scenic beauty.
There must be some practicable, workable thesis, according to
the terms of which, on our own continent for example, the rights
of its inhabitants shall suffer no material diminution in the oppor-
tunity to fully enjoy the splendor of Niagara, while conditions
are created which permit the utilization, on a satisfactory scale,
of the tremendous source of power — one of the nation’s grandest
assets.
The principle of an intermittent waterfall would appear to
offer a simple, but thoroughly practicable solution. It may be
briefly formulated as follows:
During somewhat more than half of the twenty-four hours,
especially during the night time, a waterfall is completely har-
nessed. E-very kilowatt which it is capable of creating is devoted
1051
1916
Norton
Niagara Falls
to the service of industry. During a shorter period — from ten
A. M. to eight P. M.—the cataract resumes its normal activity,
contributing to the esthetic enjoyment of all who behold it.
One-quarter of a mile above the western extremity of Goat
Island, where ripples betray the beginning of the upper rapids,
a dam would be constructed at right angles to the axis of the river.
The length would be about four-fifths of a mile. Niagara River
at this point is exceedingly shallow. .. .
The dam would possess the necessary architectural features to
harmonize with the environment. The water impounded by the
closing of the gates could be led by huge canals, on both sides of
the gorge, to the edge of the bluff overlooking Lake Ontario.
From this point a multitude of penstocks and rock tunnels would
conduct the entire volume of water to the level of the river near
Queenston on the Canadian side and Lewiston on the American
side, where battalions of power-houses can easily be located.
Once provided with the mechanical means to control the vast
volume of water, ordinarily sweeping over the crest of Niagara,
the daily program would be as follows:
At 8 p. M. the entire series of gates on the dam would simul-
taneously close. AA few minutes later and the American Falls
would falter. The volume of water would swiftly diminish.
Soon the grand curtain would be rent and gashed as if by
invisible knives. A minute or two more, and rivulets here and
there pour over the brink. The gloomy, cavernous recesses
beneath the overhanging edge are revealed to the eye. Another
minute and the rivulets have changed to drops.
From Goat Island to the apex of the great Horseshoe the same
sequence of transformation begins. It creeps steadily along the
crest until it reaches the Canadian shore. ‘The deafening roar of
the cataract sinks to an agonizing groan, a reproachful sigh, a
dying murmur. Niagara is silent!
A few minutes later and the rage and fury of the long stretch
1052
ee
Industrial Niagara
of rapids in the picturesque gorge falter and slowly subside. 1916
The vast volume of water between the foot of the falls and N'™
Queenston gradually drains away. A quiet lake remains between
the railroad bridges and the base of the falls. Its surface is about
eighty-six feet below the normal level, and the enclosing cliffs
gain that much in height. It would be somewhat narrower than
the present river, and frequent rocky islands would appear near
the temporary banks.
For three-quarters of a mile the relatively narrow and shallow
bed of the whirlpool rapids would be laid bare. The whirlpool
itself would remain a somewhat restricted and motionless sheet
of water, forty feet below its normal level, at the head of a quiet
fjord, extending inland from Lake Ontario.
Synchronously with the vanishing of the falling tons of water,
in thousands of workshops scattered over the fruitful territory of
Ontario and New York, a million, perhaps many million, work-
men begin their daily task. For fourteen hours the world’s great-
est beehive of industry is filled with the busy hum of activity,
keyed to the highest pitch, banqueting, as it were, on the corpse
of a murdered Niagara! One shift of seven hours is succeeded
by another of the same length. Al the energy of the seven mil-
lion, four hundred thousand horsepower is devoted to the welfare
of the nation.
It is 10 A. M. As the signal is flashed from the National
Observatory the gates of the great dam shoot upward. The
hum of spindle and loom, the clang of the triphammer, all the
many-toned gamut of sound which forms the orchestral accom-
paniment of a busy, happy people shaping, fashioning, creating
the objects of convenience or luxury destined for each other’s com-
fort or enjoyment,— all sink to a whisper,— vanish!
A minute later and the crest of a vast billow sweeps over the
brink of the American Fall. In an instant, almost, with a deaf-
ening roar of exultant joy, the cataract has sprung into full activ-
ity. Swiftly the falling curtain spreads from Goat Island along
the crest of the semi-circle, until Niagara, in full panoply of
1053
Niagara Falls
power and might, hurls her defiance at the assembled multitudes
gathered to witness the most wondrous sight on the face of the
globe — the rebirth of a cataract. The spectacle would combine
all the swiftness of movement and stupendous grandeur offered by
the sweep of the Johnstown flood, of the tidal wave of Galveston,
free from the tragic terrors and horrors of those cataclysms. The
gloomy, beetling cliffs disappear behind the sheet of foam and
spray ; rainbows hover in the clouds of mist; the gray walls of the
gorge echo back the roar of the proud cataract!
When used for motive power on railways, street-car lines, etc.,
in many branches of electro chemical industry, continuity of cur-
rent is imperatively necessary. . . . It is, however, perfectly
feasible to rescue a very large proportion of the power, ordinarily
going to waste during the shorter period of the day, when the
cataract resumes its normal activity, without affecting, to any
noticeable degree, any elements of its scenic beauty.
In the deep recesses behind the falling sheet of water at
Niagara, the Cave of the Winds, etc., a gigantic system of scaf-
folds could be erected. These would serve as the supports of a
series of overshot wheels or endless chain-bucket wheels. By
careful disposition a considerable fraction of the available power
— possibly thirty or forty per cent— could be utilized and
directed to electro chemical or transportation centers without
revealing any portion of the mechanism to the eye of the beholder
gazing at the cataract. [here would be a noticeable increase in
the volume of the spray, which could tend only to heighten the
scenic beauty of the waterfall.
It is scarcely necessary to state that during the fourteen hours
of enforced quiet and rest, while the waters of the Great Lakes
are diverted through a maze of penstocks, to dash upon thou-
sands of turbines, the sight of a serried array of mechanical
devices, lining the cliffs of Niagara, would be sadly out of har- |
mony with the otherwise gloomy grandeur of the gorge.
1054
Industrial Niagara
Although this period covers the time ordinarily devoted to
slumber, still in the evening and during the early forenoon, tour-
ists and others would constantly gaze upon Niagara at rest.
To remedy this feature, one per cent or less of the river’s
volume would be allowed to pass the dam and flow over the
brink. It would generate a thin curtain of water just enough to
hide the massive scaffolding and the maze of wheels. By simple
hydraulic devices, this small amount of water could be largely
transformed into spray. A delicate lace-like “* bridal veil ’’ would
screen cliffs and every trace of commercialism.
It would mean the creation of an industrial metropolis, sur-
passing any now existing on the face of the globe. No cinders
or soot would pollute its atmosphere; no towering chimneys would
rise against the sky-line. Industries of the most varied nature,
carbides, carborundum, aluminum, cynamid, chlorine, alkalies,
steel, copper, and many minor branches — all dependent upon
the electric current — would gravitate to this point. It would
become in very truth — perhaps in name — the electropolis of
America!
SUMMARY
The history of Industrial Niagara is the history of one of the
most vital economic developments of the age. More than one
important industry has been entirely revolutionized by the appli-
cation of Niagara power.
The first sawmill was built on the Niagara in 1725, and from
that time traveler’s accounts of the Falls contain many references
to the mills seen there and the potential possibilities of such a
waterfall, but it was not until 1880 that the real literature of
Industrial Niagara had its beginning. From then on to the
present day this aspect of Niagara has developed a tremendously
interesting literature. Much of it is technical in presentation,
the greater portion of it has appeared in periodicals, but it is easily
obtainable in most communities.
1055
1916
Norton
Niagara Falls
The bibliographical list on this subject is so large, that if
all the titles had been included within the confines of this chap-
ter, it would easily have made a volume of itself. “Those omitted
on account of duplication of subject matter will be found in the
alphabetical list at the end of the book. Neither was it possible
to quote fully from many of the articles cited in the chapter,
but from the notes and resumés any student of the subject may
easily inform himself as to the context of any article cited.
In the longer quotations which are given, an effort has been
made to choose those which present the broader aspects of the
subject, in a manner appealing rather to the general reader than
the technical student. With such a wealth of material from
which to choose, the difficulty lay rather in elimination than
selection. The subjects range from the earlier articles dealing
with the potential power of Niagara, the history of the early
power developments, the struggle to market the power, the solu-
tion of the transmission problem, the application of electric power
generated at Niagara to various industries, down to the contro-
versy waged between those advocates of an unlimited use of
Niagara power regardless of the grandeur of the Falls, and those
who, while believing in a proper use of this power for economic
purposes still hold for restrictions which shall preserve the Falls
for the future. The esthetic side of the controversy is more
fully dealt with in the chapter on the “ Preservation of Niagara.”
1056
67
CHAPTER XI
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CHAPTER XI
PRESERVATION OF THE FALLS
1832
CoxE, E. T. A subaltern’s furlough: descriptive of scenes in various 4839
parts of the United States, upper and lower Canada, New Brunswick, and Coke
Nova Scotia, during the summer and autumn of 1832. Lond.: Saunders
and Otley. 1833. Pp. 292-311.
The author spent four days at the Falls. His calm, well-written account
contains some excellent paragraphs on the preservation of the Falls.
The hotel, and 400 acres of ground, have been lately pur-
chased by a company (of which, I believe, the British Consul at
New York is the head), who purpose founding a city, which is to
be commenced immediately, under the name of the “* City of the
Falls,” or ‘ Clifton ’* — I forget which.
The company of speculators intend erecting grist-mills, store-
houses, saw-mills, and all other kinds of unornamental buildings,
entertaining the most sanguine hopes of living to see a very
populous city. The die then is cast, and the beautiful scenery
about the Falls is doomed to be destroyed. Year after year will
it become less and less attractive. Even at this time they were
surveying and allotting, and proprietors were planning one front of
their house upon the Falls, the other upon Lundy’s Lane, and
meditating the levelling some of the rock, so as to form a pretty
little flower-garden. It would not surprise me to hear, before
many years have elapsed, that a suspension bridge has been
thrown across the grand Horse-shoe to Goat Island, so that the
good people of Clifton may be the better enabled to watch the
pyramidical bubbles of air rising from the foot of the cataract.
"Tis a pity that such ground was not reserved as sacred in per-
petuum; that the forest trees were not allowed to luxuriate in all
1059
1832
Coke
Niagara Falls
their wild and savage beauty about a spot where the works of
man will ever appear paltry, and can never be in accordance.
For my own part, most sincerely do I congratulate myself upon
having viewed the scene before such profanation had taken place.
The small manufacturing town of Manchester (what a romantic
name and what associations!), upon the American Bank, at
present detracts nothing from the charm of the place, the neat
white-washed houses being interspersed with trees and gardens;
but when once the red and yellow painted stores, with their
green Venetian blinds, tin roofs, and huge smoking chimneys
arise, farewell to a great portion of the attraction Niagara now
possesses.
A ferry-boat, half a mile below the Canadian Fall, crosses to
Manchester, landing the passengers within fifty yards of the
American one, where the water is precipitated over a flat: per-
pendicular rock 300 yards in breadth. The prosperity of this
village has been much retarded by two causes, one from its lia-
bility to destruction, being a frontier settlement; and the other —
by no means an uncommon cause in the United States,— the
extravagant price demanded by an individual, the great pro-
prietor, for a grant of the water privileges allowed by the Rapids.
Two or three hundred yards from the bank above the Ferry,
and at the entrance to the village, a wooden bridge has been
thrown over the Rapids to a small island on which there is a
paper mill, and connected with Goat Island, which is of con-
siderable extent, and divides the two falls. ‘Truly the men who
were employed in the erection of this bridge must have been in
full possession of Horace’s aes triplex, for a more perilous situa-
tion could scarcely be imagined. A slip of a workman’s foot
would precipitate him into the Rapids, whence he would pass
with the rapidity of lightning over the Falls. It was constructed
at the expense of General Porter, an American officer of dis-
tinction, during the late war, and appears strong and firmly situ-
ated. The piers are of loose stones, confined together by a
wooden frame or box, and the floor of planks twelve feet in
1060
Preservation of the Falls
width. There was one erected previously at the upper end of 1832
the island, and out of the great power of the Rapids, but it was ©
continually subject to injury from the drift-ice, whereas in its
present situation the Rapids render the ice harmless, by break-
ing it before it arrives so low as the bridge.
1832-1833
RoipH, THomas. A brief account, together with observations made 4832-33
during a visit in the West Indies, and a tour through the United States of Rolph
America, in parts of the years, 1832—3; together with a statistical account
of upper Canada. Dundas, U. C.: Hackstaff. 1836. Pp. 193-204.
This account is clear, pointed, self-restrained, and the details described/
are well-chosen.
I stood by Niagara. The grandest image of Power that
nature has produced was before me. Of Power, I say, for with
that are associated all my ideas of the sublimity of Niagara.
It is the volume of waters that it pours, and not the height from
which they fall —it is the accumulation of the mighty mass,
and not the position in which accident has placed it, that strikes
and overwhelms you — it is the fact of whole oceans being
brought before the eye at one glance, and not the circumstance
of their changing their level, that gives its majestic character to
this stupendous scene. It is to the image of Almighty Power —
it is to the type of Him who holdeth the waters in the hollow
of his hand, that the soul bows in humility or lifts itself in sub-
limated awe. Here is the spot of all others upon the broad earth
—and I have travelled it widely — where the nothingness’ of
human pride comes home upon the heart; where its hopes and its
struggles — its aspirations after good and its conflicts against
evil — its dreams of distinction and its repinings at obscurity —
its hard wrestlings with the doom to which it is fated, sink into
their native insignificance, when compared with the operations of
the immortal Mind that is forever developing itself around
Meh die iente
Only a few buildings are yet seen peering from among the
trees and shrubbery, and they have just begun to be a drawback
1061
Niagara Falls
1832-33 on the stern simplicity and unstudied grandeur of the scene. I
Rolph
1833
Latrobe
fear, however, they are destined to become a positive nuisance,
unless they are abated by the adoption of a more considerate
course by visitors. This giving every other person who accosts
you a few shillings to show some trumpery which you care not a
straw for, may be the easiest way of ridding yourself of his
intrusive company and the interruption which it occasions to some
cherished train of thought; but it is a riddance at the expense
of the next comer, and directly calculated to ensure the perpetual
and harrassing annoyance of all future visitors. I wish it were
\provided by law that no building should be erected within sight
of the little plot of ground immediately adjoining the cataract.
As matters are now conducted, another twenty years may see the
whole amphitheatre filled with grog-shops, humbug museums, etc.,
etc..— Who knows but it may be profaned by cotton factories?
The country from Niagara to the Falls, a distance of eight
miles, is well cleared; there are several large farms with excel-
lent houses on them, and orchards containing the choicest kinds
of peaches, pears and plums. In the summer months stages are
continually running between Niagara and the Falls — Queens-
ton stands nearly semi-distant between them.— From Queenston
there is a coach to Hamilton, by St. Catherines, through a thickly
settled and fertile country.
1833
LATROBE, CHARLES JosEPH. Niagara. (Jn Barham, William,
Descriptions of Niagara, selected from various travellers; with original
additions. Gravesend. n.d. Pp. 105-111.)
Account taken from Latrobe’s Rambles in North America; may be found
in 2d edition. 1836. 1:72-80.
You may recollect my juvenile weakness, that of being a
notorious cascade hunter. There was something in the notion
of a waterfall which always made my brain spin with pleasure.
Impelled by this passion, as a boy, I ransacked the moorland
and mountain districts of the north of England, in quest of the
1062
Preservation of the Falls
beautiful but diminutive specimens of this variety of natural
scenery with which they abound; and at a later period, there
was not an accessible waterfall within my range of travel, from
the Rhine Fall to Tivoli, that I did not contrive to approach,
gaze upon and listen to with infinite pleasure. So you may well
ask what impression was made upon me by Niagara.
I am glad that the position and the general features of this
celebrated scene are too well known to need description, and
that you will require none from me.
At the commencement of the present century, Niagara, diffi-
cult of access, and rarely visited, was still the cataract of the
wilderness. The red Indian still lingered in its vicinity, and
adored the ‘ Great Spirit’ and * Master of Life,’ as he listened
to the ‘ Thunder of the waters.” The human habitations within
sound of its Fall were few and far apart. Its few visitors came,
gazed, and departed in silence and awe, having for their guide
the child of the forest, or the hardy back-woodsman. No staring,
painted hotel rose over the woods, and obtruded its pale face
over the edge of the boiling river. The journey to it from the
east was one of adventure and peril. The scarcely attainable
shore of Goat Island, lying between the two great divisions of
the cataract, had only been trodden by a few hardy adventurers,
depending upon stout hearts and steady hands for escape from
the imminent perils of the passage. How is it now? ‘The forest
has everywhere yielded to the axe. Hotels, with their snug shrub-
beries, outhouses, gardens, and paltry embellishment, stare you
in the face; museums, mills, staircases, tolls, and grog-shops, all
the petty trickery of Matlock-baths, or Ambleside, greet the
eye of the traveller. Bridges are thrown from island to island;
and Goat Island is reached without adventure. A scheming com-
pany on the Canadian side have planned a ‘ City of the Falls,’
to be filled with snug cottages, symmetrically arranged, to let for
the season; and, in fine, you write to your friend in Quebec,
giving him rendezvous at Niagara for a certain hour, start your-
self from Richmond, in Virginia, for the point proposed, with a
1063
1833
Latrobe
1833
Latrobe
Niagara Falls
moral certainty of meeting at the very day and hour specified,
by taking advantage of the improvements of the age, and the
well-arranged mode of conveyance by steamers, railroads, canals,
and coaches. In short, Niagara is now as hacknied as Stockgill
Forge, or Rydal-water, and, all things considered, the observa-
tion of an unimaginative “Eastern man’ is said to have made,
addressing a young lady-tourist, who was gazing breathlessly for
the first time at the scene, was not so far out of keeping with it:
*“Isn’t it nice, Miss?” Yes, all is nice, that that active little
biped man has done, or is doing.
But do not suppose that we grew peevish at the sight of the
blots upon the landscape to which I have alluded, and departed
in wrath and disgust. We soon found that there is that in and
about Niagara which was not to be marred by busy man and
all his petty schemes for convenience and aggrandisement; and
I may truly say, with regard to both our first and second visit,
and stay within its precincts, that we were under the influence of
its spell. While within the sound of its waters, I will not say
that you become part and parcel of the cataract, but you find it
difficult to think, speak, or dream of anything else. Its vibrations
pervade, not only the air you breathe, the bank on which you sit,
the paper on which you write, but thrill through your whole
frame, and act upon your nervous system in a remarkable, and it
may almost be said unpleasant, manner. You may have heard
of individuals coming back from the contemplation of these Falls
with dissatisfied feelings. To me this is perfectly incompre-
hensible, and I do not know whether to envy the splendid fancies
and expectations of that class of travelers, to whom the sight of
Niagara would bring disappointment, or to feel justified in doubt-
ing whether they have any imagination or eye for natural scenery
at all. How blank the world must be, to them, of objects of
natural interest! What can they expect to see?
As to expectations, ours were excited and warm, and I shall
never forget the real anxiety with which we looked out, on our
1064
Preservation of the Falls
ascent from Lewiston, for the appearance of the object of our
1833
visit. The broad fathomless blue river, streaked with foam, Lb
which, deeply sunk in a colossal channel, hurried to our rencontre,
and appeared at every glimpse as we advanced swifter and in
greater commotion, was to us a guarantee that the scene of its
descent from the upper country could be no common one. When
about three miles from the village on the American side, you
gain your first view of the Falls, together with the river, both
above and below — the island which divides them — and greater
part of the basin at their feet.
I will not say but that the impression of that first glance was
heightened afterwards by our nearer and reiterated survey of
every portion of the cataract in detail; yet we all agreed that we
could even then grasp the idea of its magnitude, and that all we
had seen elsewhere, and all we had expected, was far surpassed
by what was then shown to us. And when, the following year,
two of us turned aside by common consent to pay a second visit
to Niagara, after having in the interval, visited many of the great
Falls of Lower Canada,— cataracts in comparison to which all
European Falls are puerile — and we felt our curiosity excited
to divine what impression a second visit would make; far from
being disappointed, we felt that before Niagara, in spite of its
inferiority of elevation, all shrunk to playthings. It is not
the mere weight and volume of water that should give this
far-famed cataract the first rank. Every surrounding object
seems to be on a corresponding scale of magnificence. The wide
liquid surface of the river above, with its swelling banks, con-
trasted by the deep blue floods below, as boiling up from their
plunge into the unfathomed basin, they shock against one another,
and race down towards the distant lake; the extreme beauty of
the forested defile, with its precipices and slope; the colouring
of the waters, which in the upper part of its descent is that of the
emerald; the mystery and thick gloom which hide the foot of the
Falls, and add to their apparent height, and the floating clouds
of vapour, now hurried over the face of the landscape, as though
1065
1833
Latrobe
Niagara Falls
urged by the breath of a hurricane, and then slowly ascending,
and hovering like a cloud in the blue sky, all combine to form a
scene in which sublimity and picturesque beauty are enchantingly
blended. There is here none of that stiffness, either in the
scenery, or the form and appearance of the particular object of
interest, which engravings too frequently give you the idea of.
Among the innumerable points of view, that from the precipi-
tous shore of the river, about the distance I have alluded to, is
the most satisfactory, if not the most striking. In the immediate
vicinity of the Falls, the points of interest are so various, that if
you would require a sketch, I should not know which to select.
The grandest, doubtless, is from the Canadian shore, near the
Horse-shoe Fall; but you pass from one to the other, and every-
where the picture presented has no compeer or rival in nature.
Many things combined to make us prefer choosing the village
on the American shore for our halting-place, in preference to the
garish hotel on the opposite site. [he greater monotony of the
right-hand division of the cataract, was counterbalanced by the
grand distant view of its neighbour, and by the practicability of
a near approach to both from Goat Island, to which an easy
access Is afforded by a boldly constructed bridge over the rapids.
Besides, we agreed that the position of the village and its inns
was not only more rural and secluded, but that better taste was
exhibited in its details.
What a glorious scene! to sit upon the summit of the impend-
ing precipice of the island, and see, as we did the morning after
our first arrival, the summer mist begin to rise and disengage itself
from the heavy white cloud of spray which rose from the depth
of the boiling basin of the great Fall beneath us. By degrees,
the curtain was partially removed, revealing the wall of slowly
descending water behind, now dimly descried,— as confounded
with the floating sheets of foam and spray which the wind of the
mighty cataract drove backward and forward over it like innu-
merable clouds of thin floating gauze,— it mocked us with its
constantly varying shape and position; and then appearing
1066
Preservation of the Falls
unveiled with its sea-green tints brilliantly illuminated by the pass-
ing sunbeam. An hour after, and the mist had disappeared; the
Falls were sparkling in the bright sunshine; and a brilliant iris
was resting on the body of vapour which the wind carried away
- from the face of the descending columns. ‘The scene at sunset,
day after day, was no way less majestic, when the sun, glancing
from the Canadian shore, lit up the precipices and woods of Goat
Island, and the broad face of the American Fall, which then
glowed like a wall of gold; while half the Fall of the Horse-
Shoe, and the deep recesses of the curve, were wrapped in shade.
Morning, noon and night found us strolling about the shore, and
on the island, which is an earthly paradise.
I remember the quiet hours spent there, when fatigued with the
glare of the hot bright sun, and the din of the Falls, with peculiar
delight. We loved, too, to escape from all those signs of man’s
presence and busy-bodying, to which I have alluded, and, bury-
ing ourselves in the fresh dark scarce-trodden forest still covering
a great part of its area, to listen to the deadened roar of the vast
cataracts on either hand, swelling on the air distinct from every
other sound.
There, seated in comparative solitude, you catch a peep across
a long vista of stems of the white vapour and foam. You listen
to the sharp cry of the blue jay, the tap of the red-headed wood-
pecker, and the playful bark of the squirrel; you scan the smooth
white boles of the beech or birch, chequered with broad patches
of dark-green moss, the stately elm and oak, the broad-leaved
maple, the silvery-white and exquisitely chiselled trunk of the huge
chestnut, garlanded with creepers; but you will hardly ever lose
the consciousness of the locality. The spell of Niagara is still
upon and around you. You glance again and again at the white
veil which thickens or grows dim beyond the leafy forest: the
rush of the nearer rapids, the din of the falling waters, the mur-
mur of the echoes answering the pulsations of the descending
mass, fill your ears, and pervade all nature.
1067
1833
Latrobe
1833
Latrobe
1833
Power
Niagara Falls
Everything around and about you appears to reply to the
cataract, and to partake of it, none more so than the evergreen
forest, which is bathed from year to year in the dew of the
river. These noble trees, as they tower aloft on the soil, are sus-
tained from youth to age by the invigorating spray of the mighty
Falls. Their leaves are steeped, summer after summer, in the
heavy dew; their trunks echo the falling waters, from the day
they rise from the sod, to that in which they are shaken to the
ground; and the fibres of the huge moss-grown trunk on which
you sit, prostrate and mouldering on the rich soil beneath, bedded
in the fresh grass and leaves, still vibrates to the sound of its
thunders, and crumbles gradually to dust. But all this proves
nothing — as a matter-of-fact man might say —but I am
Niagara-mad. We have much before us, and many sublime
scenes, though none may vie with that, before which we have
been lingering: — allons!
Not so well known as some others, perhaps, but well worth reading.
Power, TYRONE. Impressions of America, during the years 1834,
and 1835. Lond.: Richard Bentley. 1836. 1:391-411.
From this house [Chippewa] the eternal mist caused by the
great fall may be plainly seen curling like a vast body of light
smoke, and shooting occasionally in spiral columns high above the
treetops; but not a sound told of its neighborhood, although we
were not five miles distant from it, and the day was calm and
clear. At about three miles from this, as the vehicle slowly
ascended a rise, I heard for the first time the voice of the waters,
and called the attention of my friends within the carriage to the
sound.
It was at the moment we struck the foot of the hill leading up
to the hotel [Clifton House] that the rapid and the great horse-
shoe fall became visible over the sunken trees to our right, almost
on a level with us. I have heard people talk of having felt
disappointed on a first view of this stupendous scene: by what
1068
Preservation of the Falls
process they arrived at this conclusion I profess myself utterly
incapable of divining, since, even now that two years have almost
gone by, I find on this point my feelings are not yet to be
analyzed; I dare not trust myself to their guidance, and only
know that my wildest imaginings were forgotten in contemplating
this awful reality.
I found no sensation equal to a long quiet contem-
plation of the mass entire, not as viewed from the balconies of
the hotel, but from some rocky point or wooded shade, where
house and fence and man and all his petty doings were shut out,
and the eye left calmly to gaze upon the awful scene, and the
rapt mind to raise its thoughts to Him who loosed this eternal
flood and guides it harmless as the petty brook.
There never should have been a house permitted within sight
of the fall at least. How I have envied those who first sought
Niagara, through the scarce trod wilderness, with the Indian for
a guide; and who slept upon its banks with the summer trees for
their only shelter, with the sound of its waters for their only
réveille.
Now, one is wakened here by a bell, which I never can liken
to any other than a dustman’s, and can hardly find a spot whereto
parasols and smart forage-caps intrude not.
I would even include in my denunciation the tower which is
now erected upon the piece of rock that abuts upon the great
fall, and standing in whose gallery you actually hang suspended
over the abyss; not but that the tower is in itself rudely simple,
and in good taste perhaps, but that one feels this place needs
no such accessories, and, instead of deriving advantage from them,
is degraded into a mere show by their presence; and, in saying
this much, I feel as though the application of the term was a
profanation.
1069
1833
Power
1833—34
Abdy
1834
Reed &
Matheson
Niagara Falls
1833-1834
Aspy, EDWARD STREET. Journal of a residence and tour in the
United States of North America, from April, 1833, to October, 1834.
Lond.: John Murray. 1853. 1:286~-294.
The author, who is a good observer, seriously objected to the desecra-
tion of the Falls.
I could not, on recrossing the ferry, but lament, as I had done
before, that a barbarous and sacrilegious hand had been per-
mitted to outrage every feeling of taste, congruities or common
sense, by placing a wooden bridge and a circular building, like
a shot-tower, directly over one of the falls. Every person who
has the slightest pretension to anything like susceptibility of tender
or lofty emotions from the view of external objects, should have
protested against the wild schemes of a “* money-changer,” that
have marred the simplicity and purity of this “ solemn temple ”>—
interrupting the devotion of the worshipper, and mingling with his
admiration of the Divine architect disgust at the arts and con-
trivances of unfeeling trade and avaricious speculation. The
name of this Vandal is, I believe, Porter. It is to him that the
island, with its appurtenances, belongs; and it is for the sake of
extracting a few additional dollars from the pockets of the curi-
ous, that this vile sacrilege has been committed.
1834
REED, ANDREW and MATHESON, JAMES. A narrative of the visit
to the American churches by the deputation from the Congregational union
of England and Wales. Lond.: Jackson & Walford. 1835.
1:116-129.
Written in the form of letters.
I am sorry, in closing, that I cannot say much for the taste
either of the visitors or inhabitants of this spot. The visitors
seemed to regard the Falls rather as an object of curiosity than
otherwise, and when they had satisfied their curiosity (which in
most cases was very quickly done), and could report that they
had seen them, the duty was discharged. Such persons drove in
1070
Preservation of the Falls
on the morning, explored for a couple of hours, dined, and hur- | 1834
ried away. Or, if they stayed, they had had enough of Niagara, Pra
and they made an excursion to see the burning springs. The
album here, too, is full of miserable trash; it is a sad contrast to
the album at Chamouni.
With the residents I am half disposed to be angry. On the
American side they have got up a shabby town, and called it
Manchester. Manchester and the Falls of Niagara! A proposi-
tion has been made to buy Goat Island, and turn it into a botani-
cal garden, to improve the scenery — and such scenery! On the
Canadian side, a money-seeking party have bought up 400 acres,
with the hope of erecting ‘ The City of the Falls; ’’ and still
worse, close on the Table Rock, some party was busy in erecting
a mill-dam! One has hardly patience to record these things.
The universal voice ought to interfere, and prevent them.
Niagara does not belong to them; Niagara does not belong to
Canada or America. Such spots should be deemed the property
of civilized mankind; and nothing should be allowed to weaken
their efficacy on the tastes, the morals, and the enjoyments of
atheson
all men.
1837
DAUBENY, CHARLES. Journal of a tour through the United States 1837
and in Canada, made during the years 1837~38. T. Combe, ptr. Daubeny
Oxford: 1843. Pp. 44-48.
The author, who was professor of chemistry and botany in the Uni-
versity of Oxford, visited the Falls in the fall of 1837. He gives detailed
descriptions of the points of interest and laments the evidences of ‘“* human
ingenuity ’’ so near the Falls. He also examined the mineral springs near
the Falls to determine their composition.
Thus I had imagined, that the fury of the waters, after they
had been launched over the cataract, would have been more
terrific, and was surprised at seeing the ease, with which an insig-
nificant ferry-boat crossed the stream within a very short distance
below. The noise also, produced by the waterfall itself, I had
conceived would have been more stunning, and it was with a
1071
1837
Daubeny
1841
Carlisle
Niagara Falls
feeling nearly allied to what one might entertain at hearing a
person of solid weight and character talked down by a noisy
upstart of yesterday, that I found the roar of this stupendous
natural phenomenon overpowered by the hissing of a locomotive,
which was letting off its steam at the railroad station adjoining.
The presence of these evidences of human ingenuity was, in
other respects, likewise very unpropitious to the feelings which the
scene itself was calculated to inspire, and though no enemy to
rail-roads or factories in their proper places, I could have wished
all vestiges of the one and of the other banished from a spot
where nature ought to have been allowed to reign undisturbed
and alone.
1841
CARLISLE, GEORGE WILLIAM FREDERICK Howarp. ‘Two lectures
on the poetry of Pope, and on his own travels in America. Delivered to
the Leeds Mechanics’ Institution and Literary Society, December 5th
and 6th, 1850. Leeds. 1850. Pp. 25-26.
The first view neither in the least disappointed, or
surprised, but it wholly satisfied me. I felt it to be complete,
and that nothing could go beyond it; volume, majesty, might, are
the first ideas which it conveys; on nearer and more familiar
inspection | appreciated other attributes and beauties — the emer-
ald crest — the seas of spray — the rainbow wreaths. Pictures
and panoramas had give me a correct apprehension of the form
and outline; but they fail, for the same reason as language would,
to impart an idea of the whole effect, which is not picturesque,
though it is sublime; there is also the technical drawback in paint-
ing of the continuous mass of white, and the line of the summit
of the Fall is as smooth and even as a common mill-dam. Do
not imagine, however, that the effect could be improved by being
more picturesque; just as there are several trivial and unsightly
buildings on the banks, but Niagara can be no more spoiled than
it can be improved. You would, when on the spot, no more think
of complaining that Niagara was not picturesque, than you would
remark in the shock and clang of battle that a trumpet sounded
1072
Preservation of the Falls
out of tune. Living at Niagara was not like ordinary life; its 1841
not over loud, but constant solemn roar, has in itself a mysterious ©!i*!
sound: is not the highest voice to which the Universe can ever
listen, compared by inspiration to the sound of many waters?
The whole of existence there has a dreamy but not a frivolous
impress; you feel that you are not in the common world, but in
its sublimest temple.
1842
LYELL, Sir CHARLES. Life, letters and journals of Sir Charles Lyell, 1842
Bart. Lond.: Murray. 1881. 2:61. Lyell
A brief paragraph in a letter to Leonard Horner, dated Lewiston,
June 13, 1842, commenting on the strange effect of locomotives, tourists,
and traffic on one absorbed in sky, wood, and water. ‘The distinguished
scientist thought Goat Island a perfect fairyland but longed for a view of
the Falls in their aboriginal setting. He speaks with apprehension of the
approaching intrusion of factories on the scene.
1847
WARBURTON, GEORGE DROUGHT. Hochelaga; or England in the 1847
new world. Lond.: Colburn. 1847. 1:230-244. Warburton
Impressions of the Falls are interspersed with anecdotes of casualties.
By painting and by description, Niagara had been familiar to
me for many years, as no doubt it has been to every one else; so
much has been said and written on the subject that any attempt
to throw new light upon it is hopeless. I, therefore, mean, with
simple egotism, to give the impressions it made upon myself.
The sight was precisely what I expected — the sensations it
caused, totally different. I did not start with an exclamation of
awe, neither did I only look upon it as “an everlasting fine
* water-privilege.’’’ I thought it a magnificent cataract, far
grander than anything I had before seen, and more beautiful.
T sat down on the turf near Table Rock, whence there is the best
view, with something approaching to disappointment on my
mind, that, after all, it should be only a “ magnificent cataract.”
But as I looked and listened, the eye and ear, as it were, matured
into the power to fit perception; then, admiration and astonish-
1847
Warburton
Niagara Falls
ment, and, at last, almost confusion, came upon me; sight and
sound seemed to have joined their strength and merged into a
vague impression — vague, but of mighty force. A passing
stranger addressed some question to me, which aroused me; |
found that, unconscious of the lapse of time, I had been for
hours staring at the great wonder.
I got up reluctantly, and proceeded to the nuisance of sight-
seeing, but looked back every now and then as though fearing
that I should lose the rest of the grand spectacle; for I could not
but fancy that it was some strange and transient phenomenon, or
a display got up by some enormous effort for the moment. When
night came, it seemed reckless waste to keep it going still, while
its glorious beauty was hidden from mortal view.
It was not till increasing distance freed me from its influence,
and when thought returned, that I knew it had been going on
yesterday, last year, for a century, for tens of centuries — back
to that deep abyss of the past, on which sceptic science—pre-
sumptuous though feeble — has dared to shed a dim and sinister
light, of only sufficient strength to show, that the depths must
remain forever — inscrutable as profound.
Now, the neighborhood of this great wonder is overrun with
every species of abominable fungus — the growth of rank bad
taste: with equal luxuriance on the English and American sides,
Chinese pagoda, menagerie, camera obscura, museum, watch-
tower, wooden monument, tea-gardens, “ old curiosity shops.” A
boy handed me a slip of paper on which were printed some
stanzas of astounding magnificence, signed “Almira,” much in
the favorite style of the poet laureate to “ Moses and Son.” I
cannot refrain from giving a short quotation:
“Would ye fain steal a glance o’er life’s dark sea,
And gaze though trembling on eternity?
Would ye look out, look down, where God hath set
His mighty signet? Come — come higher yet,
To the PAGopa’s utmost height ascend,
And see earth. air, and sky in one alembic blend! ”
1074
Preservation of the Falls
‘Pagoda is now open to visitors and perfectly secure. . . . Admit- 1847
tance 25 cents. . . . Ist April, 1845.” Warburton
1849
BonnycasTLeE, Sir RICHARD HENRY. Canada and the Canadians. 1849
New ed. Lond.: Colburn. 1849. 1:233-244. Bonnycastle
But, gentle reader, although it be a well-worn tale, I had
not seen the Falls for five years, and I wish to tell you whether
they are altered or improved; and most likely you will take
some little interest in so old a friend as the Falls of Niagara;
for you must have read about those before you read Robinson
Crusoe, and have had them thrust under your notice by every
tourist, from Trollope to Dickens. They say, on dit, I mean,
which is not translatable into English, that this is the age of
Materialism and Utilitarianism. By George, you would think
so indeed, if you had the chance of seeing the Falls of Niagara
twice in ten years. They are materially injured by the Utilitarian
mania. The Yankees put an ugly shot tower on the brink of the
Horseshoe at the beginning of that era, and they are about to
consummate the barbarism, by throwing a wire bridge, if the
British government is consenting, over the river, just below the
American Fall. But Niagara is a splendid ‘‘ Water Privilege,”
and so thought the Company of the City of the Falls — a most
enlightened body of British subjects, who first disfigured the
Table Rock, by putting a watermill on it, and now are adding
the horror of gin-palaces, with sundry ornamental booths for the
sale of juleps and sling, all along the venerable edge of the preci-
pice, so that trees of unequalled beauty on the bank above, trees
which grow nowhere else in Canada, are daily falling before the
monster of gain.
What they will do next in their freaks it is difficult to sur-
mise; but it requires very little more to show that patriotism, taste,
and self-esteem, are not the leading features in the character of
the inhabitants of this part of the world.
1075
1849
Bonnycastle
Niagara Falls
If the Colossus of Rhodes could be remodelled and brought
to the Falls, one leg standing in Canada, and the other in the
United States, there would be a company immediately formed
for hydraulic purposes, to convey a waste pipe from the tips of
the fingers as far as Buffalo; and another to light the paltry vil-
lage of Manchester, all mills and mint-juleps, with the natural
gas which would be made to feed the lamp. A grog-shop would
be set up in his head; telescopes would be poked out of his eyes,
and philosophers would seat themselves on his toes, to calculate
whether the waters of the British Fall could not be dammed out,
so as to turn a few cotton mills more in Man-chester, as it is called,
which scheme some Canadian worthy would upset, by resorting
to Mr. Lyell’s proof that the whole river might once have flowed,
and may again be made to flow, down to St. David’s — thus,
by expending a few millions, cutting off Jonathan’s chance.
But it is of no use to joke on this subject; Niagara is, both to
the United States and to England, but especially to Canada, a
public property. It is the greatest wonder of the visible world
here below, and should be protected from the rapacity of private
speculations, and not made a Greenwich fair of; where pedlars
and thimble-riggers, niggers and barkers, the lowest trulls and
the vilest scum of society, congregate to disgust and annoy the
visitors from all parts of the world, plundering and pestering therm
without control.
The only really pretty thing on the British side is the Museum,
the result of the indefatigable labors of Mr. Barnett, a person
who, by his own unassisted industry, has gathered together a most
interesting collection of animals, shells, coins, &c., and has added
a garden, in which all the choicest plants and flowers of North
America and of Britain grow, watered by the incessant spray of
the Great Fall. In this garden I saw, for the first time in Can-
ada, the English holly, the box, the heath, and the ivy; and
there is a willow from the St. Helena stock.
It requires unremitting watchfulness, however, to keep all this
together, for loafers are rife in these parts. He had gathered a
1076
Preservation of the Falls
very choice collection of coins, which was placed in a glass case 1849
in the Museum. Bonnycastle
He is now forming a menagerie, and also has a collection of
fossils and minerals from the neighborhood, with a camera
obscura. He is, in short, a specimen of what untiring industry
can accomplish, even when unassisted.
There are some tulip-trees near the Falls, but this plant does
not grow to any size so far north; and, although native to the
soil, it is, perhaps, the extreme limit of its range. The snake-
wood, a sort of slender bush, is found here, with very many other
rare Canadian plants, which are no doubt fostered by the con-
tinual humidity of the place; and, if you wish to sup full of
horrors, Mr. Barnett has plenty of live rattlesnakes.
To wind up all, the Americans are going to put up another
immense gin-palace on the opposite shore; and, as a climax to
the excellent taste of the vicinage, they are about to place a
huge steamboat to cross the rapids at the foot of the Manchester
Falls. The next speculation, as I hinted above, must be to turn
the Niagara into the Erie, or into the Welland Canal, and make
it carry flour, grind wheat, and do the duty which the political
economists of this thriving place consider all rivers as alone
created for.
One traveller of the Utilitarian school has recorded, in the
traveller's album at the Falls, the number of gallons of water
running over to waste per minute; and another writes, “* What
an almighty splash! ”’
I went once more to see the Burning Spring, and have no
doubt whatever that the City of the Falls, that great pre-eminent
humbug, if it had been built, might have easily been lit by
natural gas, as it abounds everywhere in the neighborhood, the
rock under the superior Silurian limestone being a shale containing
it, as may be evidenced by those visitors, who are persuaded to go
under “the Sheet of Water,’ as the place is called where the
Table Rock projects, and part of the cataract slides over it; for,
1077
1849
Bonnycastle
Niagara Falls
on reaching the angle next to the spiral stair, a strong smell is
plainly perceptible, something between rotten eggs and sulphur;
and there you find a little trickling spring oozing out of the
precipice tasting of those delectable compounds.
A Yankee, with the soaring imagination of that imaginative
race, proposes to set fire to the Horse-shoe Fall, and thus get up
a grand nocturnal exhibition, to which the Surrey Zoological
pyrotechny would bear the same ratio as a_ sky-rocket to
Vesuvius.
There is no great impossibility in this fact, if it was “not a
fact’ that the rush of the Fall disturbs the superincumbent gases
too much to permit it; for there can be but little doubt that there
is plenty of materiel at hand, and, some day or other, a light-
house will be lit with it to guide sleepy loons and other negligent
water-fowl over the Falls. I wonder they do not get up a Car-
buretted Hydrogen Gas Company there, with a suitable engineer
and railway, so that visitors might cross over to Goat Island on
an atmospheric line. There are plenty of railway stags on both
shores, if you will only buy their stock to establish it; and, at all
events, it would improve the City of the Falls, which now exhibits
the deplorable aspect of three stuccoed cottages turned seedy, and
a bare common, in place of a magnificent grove of chestnut trees,
which formerly almost rivalled Greenwich Park.
But the crowning glory of “the City” is the Reflecting
Pagoda, a thing perched over Table Rock bank, very like a
huge pile engine, with a ten-shilling mirror, where the monkey
should be. Blessings on Time! though he is a very thoughtless
rogue, he has touched this grand effort of human genius in the
wooden line slightly, and it will soon follow the horrid water-
mill which stood on that most singular and indescribable freak of
Nature, the Table Rock. I would have forgiven Lett, the sym-
pathizer, if instead of assassination and the blowing-up of Brock’s
Monument, he had confined his attentions to a little serious Guy
Fauxing at the Mill and the Reflecting Pagoda.
1078
Preservation of the Falls
Niagara — Ne-aw-gaw-rah, thou thundering water! thy 1849
glories are departing; the abominable Railway Times has driven Eom eae
along thy borders; and, if I should live to see thee again ten years
hence, verily I should not be astounded to find thee locked-up,
and a station-house staring me in the visage, from that emerald
bower, in thy most mysterious recess, where the vapour is rose-
coloured, and the bright rainbow alone now forms the bridge
from the Iris Rock!
I was so disgusted to see the spirit of pelf, that concentration
of self, hovering over one of the last of the wonders of the world,
that I rushed to the Three Horse Railway, and soon forgot all my
misery in scrambling for a place; there was no alternative. “There
were only three carriages and one open cart on the rail; the three
aristocratic conveniences were full; and the coal-box — for it
looked very like one — was full also, of loafers and luggage; so
I despaired of quitting the Falls almost as much, by way of
balance, as I rejoiced when they once again met my ken.
1850
Houston, Mrs. M. C. Hesperos; or, Travels in the west. Lond.: 1850
Parker. 1850. 1:122-139. Houston
The author, who laments the nearness of the town, would have the Falls
and scenery “one glorious natural temple, dedicated to the God who
formed it from the foundation of the world,’ and all artificial structures
hurled into the rapids.
1853
CHAMBERS, WILLIAM. Things as they are in America. Lond. and 1853
Edinb.: William and Robert Chambers. 1854. Pp. 102-112. Chambers
In thinking of this marvellous work of nature, it is unfortunate
that the mind is disturbed by mean associations connected with the
works of man. On the British side, it is environed by a series of
paltry curiosity-shops; and there, at the ledge on which I had
seated myself, a labourer was busied in wheeling rubbish into
the cataract. On the American side, runs of water have been
led off to move the machinery of a saw and paper mill; and at
1079
1853
Chambers
1853
Kingston
Niagara Falls
present there is a proposition before the world to turn the whole
force of the river to profitable account in some kind of mechanical
processes! Why, of all conceivable names, Manchester should
have been selected for the village, or infant city, now in the
course of erection near the American fall, it would be difficult
to understand on any other principle than that of imparting a
manufacturing character to the spot.
Manchester, if it must be so called, consists of several streets
in skeleton, with a large railway-station in the centre, and a
number of hotels stuck about for the accommodation of visitors.
KINGSTON, WILLIAM H. G. Western wanderings; or, A pleasure tour
in the Canadas. Lond.: Chapman and Hall. 1856. 1:265-311.
Tn his general description the author takes occasion to express his opinions
of the unsightly and “* incongruous buildings ’’ about the Falls.
As soon as our luggage was arranged, the porters dismissed,
our dresses dusted, and our hands washed, we opened the
Venetian blinds with reverential awe, and stepped out together
into the broad verandah, where a full and perfect view of the
Falls appeared before our eyes. “There were the very waters on
which for days past we had floated, so calm and placid generally,
now leaping, foaming, spouting, and dashing over a lofty cliff,
from a wide and liquid plain, about level with our eyes, and plung-
ing into a deep chasm far down below our feet. We were, how-
ever, very much more struck with the beautiful and picturesque
view than with the grandeur of the spectacle, so totally different
to what all prints, sketches, and models, had led us to expect.
We were delighted with the form of the cliffs, the varied tints of
the trees, the unique combination of wood and water, but we
were not overwhelmed with awe. The roar even was neither
loud nor deep, nor was it necessary to speak at all in a higher
key than usual to make ourselves heard. Every now and then
an eddy of wind would bring a light shower of spray towards us,
to prove to us the reality of the waterfall. Even in spite of this,
our feeling was for some time, till we had gone over, and under,
1080
STIV4 FHL AAOdV SdIidVy
Preservation of the Falls
and on either side, and touched the foaming waters of the 1853
cataract, that we were gazing on some strange and wonderful *#™
picture rather than on an actual object in nature. My wish is to
make my readers understand what Niagara really is, as far as
pen and pencil can do so, rather than to fly into ecstatic raptures
and to utter oft-repeated notes of admiration on its grandeur and
sublimity, or to enlarge on our own sensations of wonder and awe.
An excellent road runs along the top of the cliff, as far as the
end of the Horseshoe Fall, and along this we bent our
BEEPS 6 su. 9
The road we took is lined with a collection of
museums, curiosity shops, refreshment booths, and raree-shows,
where guides and cicerones congregate; but fortunately, as the
season was over, most of the tribe had taken their departure, and
we were but little persecuted by their offers of service. A number
of Chinese pagoda-looking edifices and other incongruous build-
ings have been erected on the Canada bank, and others are rear-
ing their ill-shaped forms wherever a spot can be found whereon
to perch them. But it matters little; the puny efforts and bad
taste of man, in his attempt to adorn nature, can do little towards
spoiling Niagara. Its might and majesty can scarcely be
blemished by his Lilliputian efforts
October the 8th was a lovely day, and late as was the period
of year, the air still retained the genial warmth of summer,
at the same time that it was pleasantly mixed with the briskness
and freshness of autumn. Not to give cause of offense to the
American side of Niagara, we had determined to devote the fore-
noon to an inspection of its beauties; as soon, therefore, as break-
fast was over, with waterproof cloaks on our arms, we descended
by the winding-road which leads down the cliff from the hotel to
the ferry directly facing the American Fall.
1081
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1853
Kingston
Niagara Falls
The bank on our right was covered with the richest foliage of
every tree, from the deepest red to the faintest yellow, and with
every variety of green and brown which Nature’s brush can pro-
duce. Beyond this highly-coloured framework were seen the
Falls, with their green and blue and whitened waters. A neat,
well-built boat, about sixteen feet in length, lay drawn up on the
rocky beach. In attendance on her stood a most uncouth-looking
lad, whittling to keep his fingers from being idle. As we gazed at
the white mass of raging foam hurtling down the cliff before us,
and the whirling, eddying waters which must be crossed before
we could reach the opposite shore, we felt that had we not seen
the same slight lad rowing backwards and forwards many times
in the day, we should have hesitated long indeed before we had
ventured within the power of their fearful vortex.
A back eddy enabled us to get up the stream towards
the great fall without difficulty, and then thrusting forth into it,
we were whirled downwards again many fathoms in the direction
of the whirlpool; while clouds of spray, driven by the wind from
both falls, showered down upon our waterproofs, till we looked
as if we had been diving under the very cataracts themselves.
Our surly Charon pulled right sturdily across the troubled tide,
when, much to our satisfaction, another eddy caught our boat,
and took us up to a rough stage at the foot of a perpendicular
cliff, up which it was difficult to discover how we should manage
to ascend. It was grand to look upwards through the mist, for
not fifty yards from our heads came thundering down the Ameri-
can cataract, with a fury which made us content not to approach
it nearer. [he boat was now urged up a slide, and landing in a
dense shower of spray, we found ourselves at the foot of a long
wooden tunnel, with a railway and a flight of steps within it
leading to the top of the cliff. As we had no fancy to perform a
labour which would be looked on as a highly satisfactory penance
by a pious Romanist, we took our seats in a car; and a bell being
rung by our boatman, we were speedily drawn upwards into the
1082
Preservation of the Falls
interior of a large shed, which we found stood on the summit of 1853
the cliff. Dismounting, we paid sixpence to a man who, pointing *ié*'°"
to a door, said, “ There are the Falls.”
The show-like look of the place, and the man’s indifferent tone,
were dreadfully unromantic, and almost made us fancy that we
were going to see a painted panorama instead of the reality.
However, on passing through a garden, and finding ourselves on
the very edge of the Fall, we instantly forgot the vulgar method
by which we had reached the spot. In a succession of the wildest
foaming billows the waters come rushing down a steeply-inclined
plane, till they glide in a compact mass over the cliff, where they
burst instantly into sheets of foam.
Passing along the edge of these whirling, giddying rapids, we
crossed a small stream, a modest contribution to the waters of
Niagara; then through a lumber-yard, belonging to one of many
saw-mills with which the American Falls are adorned; and finally
taking the way over a long wooden bridge to the right, thrown
from rock to rock, we crossed the very rapids themselves to Goat
Island. Looking upwards from the centre of this bridge, the
spectacle is indeed curious. From so much greater a height do the
waters of the rapids come than that on which we were standing,
making it impossible to see the land beyond them, that literally
they seem to be leaping, rolling, and tumbling, in long wreaths of
foam out of the sky itself. On our left, bordering the river, were
flourishing rows of saw, corn, cotton, and paper mills; while
others, in their lust of gain, had boldly encroached into the very
rapids themselves. “Truly Jonathan has made good use of the
unrivalled water-power at his disposal; though we, in our romantic
mood, felt a high-souled contempt for the sordid minds which can
make Niagara turn their mill-wheels on the very verge of his own
cataracts, like a captive prince chained to mean labour in the
palace of his fathers. We were glad that the Canadian side was
free from such incongruous ornaments, but we agreed not to make
too minute inquiries as to the cause. The pagodas and temples,
1083
1853
Kingston
Niagara Falls
eating-booths and museums, show that refined taste has not much
to do with the matter.
The first bridge ends in a small island decorated with a
pavilion, containing Indian curiosities, walking-canes, and refresh-
ments, as also the residence of the custos of Goat Island, to whom,
by payment of one shilling for each person, we were made
free of the insular territory, the property of a private individual,
during our stay in the neighbourhood. Behind the pavilion a little
wooden bridge led us to another small island, on which grow
several writhing twisted cedars. Hence the rapids appeared even
to greater advantage than from the bridge; and more terror-
inspiring, for, rushing towards us, they seemed about to sweep the
plot of ground and our cwn precious persons to destruction over
the Falls. Another stout plank-bridge, passable also for car-
riages, carried us over the rapids to Goat Island; in which, by
keeping to the right, we discovered every point of interest without
difficulty, and free from the tiresome race of guides.
We followed the shore of the island some way, bordering the
rapids, till, descending a flight of steps in the bank, we found our-
selves close to Young America [the Central Fall], with a
magnificent view down the river, terminated by the suspension-
bridge, including the larger American fall on one side, and the
Clifton House, an object of no little interest, on the other.
Crossing Young America by a wide plank, we stood on a
little island, or rock, not ten yards in circumference, with a roar-
ing cataract on either side of it. As we saw the foaming water
rushing round us, it required no little mental exertion to recollect
that, as probably the rock on which we rested had there remained
for centuries, we need be under no immediate alarm of its being
hurled down over the cliff before we could escape from it.
Returning up the steps, we continued along the top of the
cliffs till we came before a most picturesque view of the Horseshoe
1084
Preservation of the Falls
Fall, with a fine foreground of richly tinted trees on broken banks, 1853
and the frothy stream below, while the little tower came in appro- #78
priately on the left overlooking the cataract. The whole island
is beautifully wooded with a great variety of trees, and is as
romantic and interesting a spot as the most enthusiastic of medita-
tive poets could desire.
Descending a winding path, we reached the south end of the
Horseshoe Fall, where a wooden bridge, some forty yards long,
or more, resting on a succession of small rocks parallel with the
very brink of the Fall; but three or four feet from it carried us to
the foot of the little tower, whence we ascended a spiral stair to a
platform on its summit, surrounded by a light iron railing literally
overhanging the great cataract itself. Here the sight is grand and
awe-inspiring. We stood where thousands had stood before; but,
as we looked up the river at the wide-spreading rapids, and
watched the fiercely-foaming mass come rushing down towards
our resting-place, and whirling under our feet, then taking its
tremendous plunge down into the caldron on the brim of which
we stood, and sending up clouds of vapour which kept circling
round our heads, already somewhat confused by the din and
roar, a more than usual exertion of mind was required to feel the
reality of the security we were enjoying. Not that we experienced
anything akin to fear, more than the trained soldier does in the
raging battle-field. After we had encountered the first shock of
this novel existence, though the wind blew strong round the
tower — though the frail fabric shook beneath our feet — though
the whirling spray blinded our eyes, and the roar of the cataract
— for here indeed it did roar — almost deprived us of the sense
of hearing, such only tended to excite and strengthen our nerves,
all other feelings were absorbed in the wild grandeur of the
scene.
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Niagara Falls
In the evening we took a stroll, by the pale light of a young
moon, to Table Rock, where we stood indelibly impressing on
our minds the scene before us. Beautiful and grand as it is, I
cannot at all enter into the feelings of those (supposing people to
feel as they write) who speak of Niagara as showing the great-
ness and power of the Almighty; who describe it as drawing
them nearer to heaven by its sublimity, and talk of it as impress-
ing them with a sense of the insignificance of man, the littleness
of human affairs, and very much in a similar strain. Such terms,
we agreed, are not only inappropriate and often ridiculous, but
approaching even to blasphemous. ‘The creative power of the
Almighty is shown as much in the smallest of the creatures which
crawl the earth as in the largest animal which has life; and it
appears to me, that instead of fancying we hear His voice in the
roar of the cataract, in the rattling of the thunder, in the raging
of the tempest on the billowy ocean, we might rather consider, on
such occasions, He has thought fit to relax His omnipotence over
the elements. Justly we may pray to Him for aid against the
injuries they may inflict; but, looking on Him as we ought as a
God of mercy and love, we cannot associate strife, and tumult,
and disorder, with His attributes. Surely He created rivers to
irrigate the land and to afford easy means of communication to
those dwelling on it. Niagara is an exception to the ordinary
rule. It was allowed to exist, perhaps, as an ornament on the face
of nature, or to test the ingenuity of man to counteract the impedi-
ment offered to the free navigation of those inland seas. It is no
wonder, surely. A poet may describe it as his fervent imagina-
tion may dictate, but, in earnest unexaggerated prose, it consists
simply of a good-sized river falling over a very ordinary-sized
cliff, and very, very inferior in grandeur or in terror-inspiring
power to a storm on the ocean when lightnings dart from the
lowering sky, the wind howls, and the waves, lashed to fury,
threaten the labouring ship. Let us give Niagara its due. It is a
very beautiful sight, and more worthy of a visit than most sights
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Preservation of the Falls
(though defend me from living long near it), and Cousin
Jonathan finds it very useful for turning his mills, and it has
afforded ample amusement for sketchers, and will afford subjects
for the painter’s brush as long as the world lasts.
We crossed again the next morning to Goat Island. .
We stood long in a shower of spray, watching a magnificent
iris formed on the mist rising from the American fall.
Then we went to the top of the tower, once again looked into
the foaming caldron, got almost drenched with the dense white
showers which came flying over, and looked at a still more
beautiful and curious iris. “Three portions of a bow appeared on
as many different clouds of spray, altogether forming an entire
bow. ‘The part on the left was formed on the spray of the great
Fall, the centre on that of the American Fall, and the right on
that which ascends from the water projected to the right of the
tower close to Goat Island. Dark clouds gathering rapidly in the
west gave a more purely malachite tint to the edge of the Falls,
and brought out the white foam in greater relief, so, warned by
the signs of approaching rain, we hurried home. It came in a
pelting shower, but after dinner we were able to pay a visit to
Table Rock, when we watched a number of wild fowl sporting
on the edge of the Fall. Now and then one would pitch on the
hurtling waters, when down it would be carried amidst the mass
of foam; but, though we narrowly watched several thus treated,
we could not discover whether they ever again rose, or were
destroyed in the vortex below. Others were flying rapidly back-
wards and forwards in the mist, seeming to enjoy themselves,
though I have some doubts whether they were not more frightened
than amused. The boys in the ferry-boats shot those within their
reach, and several of the slain were floating in the eddy. Our
young Charon requested leave to pull off into the very centre of
the boiling current in order to pick up one he had just killed, on
which proceeding, however, I put my veto till we were safe out of
his boat.
1087
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Kingston
1853
Moodie
1853
Murray
Niagara Falls
Moonie, Mrs. SUSANNA STRICKLAND. Life in the clearings. Lond.:
R. Bentley. 1853. Pp. 330-371.
A sympathetic description of the beauties of Niagara, interspersed with
bits about people and hotel gossip.
** Chained to the spot,
Mute with admiration.”
The removal of all the ugly mills along its shores would
improve it, perhaps, and add the one charm it wants, by being
hemmed in by tasteless buildings,— the sublimity of solitude.
Oh, for one hour alone with nature, and her great master-
piece Niagara! What solemn converse would the soul hold with
its Creator at such a shrine, and the busy hum of practical life
would not mar with its discord this grand “thunder of the
waters! ’’ Realities are unmanageable things in some hands, and
the Americans are gravely contemplating making their sublime
Fall into a motive power for turning machinery.
Ye Gods! What next will the love of gain suggest to the
gold-worshippers>? ‘The whole earth should enter into a protest
against such an act of sacrilege — such a shameless desecration
of one of the noblest works of God.
Niagara belongs to no particular nation or people. It is an
inheritance bequeathed by the great Author to all mankind,— an
altar raised by his own almighty hand,— at which all true wor-
shippers must bow the knee in solemn adoration. I trust that
these free glad waters will assert their own rights, and dash into
mist and spray any attempt made to infringe their glorious liberty.
Murray, AMELIA M. Letters from the United States, Cuba, and
Canada. New York: Putnam & Co. 1856. Pp. 109-115.
The author is impressed by the exorbitant fees charged at Niagara.
The English are accused of being a grasping nation in requiring
fees for sights, but nothing I ever met with equals the charges
for the contemplation of Nature here. The possessor of Goat
Island makes one thousand pounds a year of those strangers or
visitors who land on its shores; but this day we were actually
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Preservation of the Falls
charged one shilling each for only going into the wood, from 1853
whence a good view of the whirlpool can be obtained! As ap sie
ground is becoming of great value in this neighbourhood, it may
be necessary to require payment for keeping any part of it free
from the desecration of taverns and saw-mills; but a more
moderate fee would answer better to the proprietors, and not act
as a prohibition to a large class who have not many spare shillings
in their pockets. . . . It is certainly worth crossing the
Atlantic for Niagara alone.
New York (STATE) LEGISLATURE. An act to incorporate the 1853
Niagara river hydraulic company. (Laws of 1853, chap. 116.) eee
The act passed, April, 1832, creates the corporation, gives the name
and powers of the corporations, and makes general provisions thereof.
WELp, CHARLES RicHaRD. A vacation tour in the United States 1853
and Canada. Lond.: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans. 1855. ae
Pp. 159-179.
The author visited the Falls 55 years after his half-brother Isaac Weld.
He gives a good description of all the points of interest at the Falls. He
viewed them at dusk, in the morning and by moonlight.
The scene (from Brock’s monument) towards the Falls is
very remarkable, consisting principally of a boundless expanse of
table-land covered by a dense forest, through which the river has
cut a passage. Of the falls themselves, seven miles distant, not a
trace is visible; and the dark-blue waters of the great river flow
so smoothly at the bottom of the deep gorge, as to give no idea
of their having passed over a mighty precipice. . . .
. . . Resuming my seat, I drove along a sandy road through
the partially-cleared bush, my excitement increasing as the dis-
tance to the falls diminished. When about three miles from
them, I ordered the driver to stop; and as soon as the carriage
ceased to move, a deep booming noise was heard, issuing from
the depth of the forest. It was the eternal voice of the falls. My
impatience increased, but it found no sympathy in my young
Yankee driver, who, “ guessing” he had driven hundreds of
1089
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1853
Weld
Niagara Falls
people to the Clifton House, treated my proceedings with perfect
indifference. A\s all things, however, come to an end, so did the
drive. At the end of seven miles the road, hitherto level, sud-
denly dipped, and I beheld immediately before me the mighty
cataracts, illuminated by brilliant sunshine. To the question
** Were you disappointed by the first view? ”’ which is generally
asked, I answer “‘ No; ”’ but it is right to add, I had been careful
not to raise my expectations too high. Indeed, remembering how
many persons have expressed themselves disappointed by the
height of the falls appearing so insignificant in proportion to their
great breadth, I had dwarfed my ideal view too much; and now,
when the reality was before me, it exceeded my expectations.
This was a pleasing disappointment. . . . With an alacrity
which made the numerous drivers surrounding the hotel aware I
had just arrived, hastened to the Table Rock. ‘To my surprise,
beyond the mere offer of their vehicles, I was left to pursue my
way unmolested; and I have to add, that during my abode at
the falls, I was never annoyed in any way by guides; nor, indeed,
did I see any persons practising the generally officious and to the
tourist distressing office of showman. I mention this, because I
have frequently seen and heard it asserted, that the visitor at
Niagara is sorely plagued by guides, who start up at all points to
the distraction of his peace and enjoyment. A walk — or rather
a run — of a few minutes brought me to the Table Rock; from
whence I gazed on the descending sea before me with feelings of
awe and wonder, tempered by a feeling of gratitude that I was
permitted to look upon a scene whose stupendous majesty is
identified with my earliest knowledge of the wonders of the world.
How long I remained spell-bound to the spot where I had
seated myself, I know not; but as a proof of the entire concentra-
tion of all senses on the scene, I was entirely ignorant of the fact
that I had been sitting some time in a pool of water formed by the
spray.
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Preservation of the Falls
. . . I spent an entire day on Goat Island, happily left in 1853
its primeval state of wildness. From this lovely isle A Wieie
endless views of the two falls are obtained. “That of the Horse-
shoe Cataract from the gallery of the Terrapin Tower is the most
imposing. Here you look upon the long water-curve of exquisite
green, forming the lip of the fall, which in the most concave part
is said to be twenty feet thick, and down into the abyss boiling
with mist and foam. The solemn and slow majesty of the descent
of the water is very remarkable, presenting vast green curtain-like
folds, from which burst globes of compressed air. The prodigious
quantity of mist and spray renders the bottom invisible, and gives
infinite variety to the scene, which, when lighted by the play of
innumerable vivid rainbows, possesses a witching beauty unsur-
passed and unequalled.
A flock of large gulls were sporting amidst these quivering
hues, rejoicing in their power; now dashing downwards until lost
in the blinding spray, now soaring aloft in the deep blue heavens.
Amidst such sights and sounds, it was an inexpressible relief to
find the horrible American creation of “* Manchester,” with its
cotton mills, does not yet destroy the magnificence of the Ameri-
can cataract. The present buildings are far above the fall, but
it may be, that triumphing over all difficulties — for there are
none too formidable to check Yankee enterprise — the rapids on
the verge of the descent may be made to do cotton-spinning duty,
and the fall itself be diverted into innumerable mill-dams.
Already numerous daring projects are contemplated to “‘ use up
the almighty water privilege’ of Niagara, which is stated to
exceed in power the entire steam force employed to drive
machinery in Great Britain; but as half the falls belong to Eng-
land, it is to be hoped the Horseshoe Cataract is not included in
the scheme. I could not help wishing that the influence which
will, I trust, prevent any attempt to perpetrate such barbarity,
would sweep away the frippery curiosity-shops and museums now
deforming the Canadian side of the river.
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Niagara Falls
Far different was the vicinity of Niagara at the time of my
brother’s visit. Dense woods then occupied the banks. Not a
house was near; and on one occasion the provisions which his
party had concealed were stolen by the Indians, who resided at
Niagara for the sake of feeding on the wild animals which were
precipitated over the falls.
On the last morning of my sojourn at the falls, anxious to see
as much of them as possible, I rose before the sun. On looking
out, the landscape was still dim, but towering high above the
Great Fall rose the column of mist, crested by a roseate hue. The
effect was enchanting. Not a cloud obscured the heavens; and
so tranquil was the air, that the vapour-pillar seemd a gigantic
shaft of white marble surmounted by a rose-coloured capital. A
friend, whom I called to witness the beautiful spectacle, agreed
with me that the column was at least 800 feet high. I no longer
doubted that a faint cloud to which my attention had been drawn
when standing on the roof of the Court House at Toronto, was
the mist over Niagara. The distance is fifty miles, but it has
been seen farther off.
As the sun ascended, the pillar became more rose-hued; pre-
sently the crest of the falls caught the glowing tints, and the
rushing waters were a sheet of burnished gold.
A brisk trade in Indian ornaments and curiosities is carried on
at Niagara. Daguerreotypes of the American fall are in great
request; the proper thing, according to Yankee notions, being for
the purchaser to stand prominently in the foreground while the
impression is taken. Until I visited Niagara, I was at a loss to
understand why all daguerreotype views should generally repre-
sent the American fall; but the ground is so violently agitated on
the Canadian side as to render the operation of the camera
extremely unsatisfactory,— at least all the results I saw were
very poor. Recent improvements in photography will, however,
I have no doubt, give better effects.
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Preservation of the Falls
1859
ENGLEHEART, GARDNER D._ Journal of the progress of H. R. H. 1859
the Prince of Wales through British North America; and his visit to the Engleheart
United States, 10th July to 15th November, 1860. Privately printed.
(1860.) Pp. 63-66.
A brief journal of three days spent at the Falls and in their vicinity.
A view of the Falls from Goat Island shows the tower and the angle of
the Horseshoe Fall.
1871
James, Henry. Niagara. 1871. (Jn his Portraits of places. 1871
Boston. Osgood. 1884. Pp. 364-376.) James
This paper was originally published in the Nation.
My journey hitherward by a morning’s sail from Toronto
across Lake Ontario, seemed to me, as regards a certain dull
vacuity in this episode of travel, a kind of calculated preparation
for the uproar of Niagara —- a pause or hush on the threshold of
a great impression; and this, too, in spite of the reverent attention
I was mindful to bestow on the first seen, in my experience, of
the great lakes. It has the merit, from the shore, of producing a
slight ambiguity of vision. It is the sea, and yet just not the sea.
The huge expanse, the landless line of the horizon, suggest the
ocean; while an indefinable shortness of pulse, a kind of fresh-
water gentleness of tone, seem to contradict the idea. What
meets the eye is on the scale of the ocean, but you feel somehow
that the lake is a thing of smaller spirit. Lake-navigation, there-
fore, seems to me not especially entertaining. ‘The scene tends to
offer, as one may say, a sort of marine-effect missed. It has the
blankness and vacancy of the sea, without that vast essential swell
which, amid the belting brine, so often saves the situation to the
eye. I was occupied, as we crossed, in wondering whether this
dull reduction of the main contained that which could properly
be termed “ scenery.”’ At the mouth of the Niagara River, how-
ever, after a sail of three hours, scenery really begins, and very
soon crowds upon you in force. The steamer puts into the narrow
1093
1871
James
Niagara Falls
channel of the stream, and heads upward between high embank-
ments. From this point, I think, you really enter into relations
with Niagara. Little by little the elements become a picture, rich
with the shadow of coming events. You have a foretaste of the
great spectacle of colour which you enjoy at the Falls. The
even cliffs of red-brown earth are crusted and spotted with
autumnal orange and crimson, and, laden with this gorgeous
decay, they plunge sheer into the deep-dyed green of the river.
As you proceed, the river begins to tell its tale — at first in broken
syllables of foam and flurry, and then, as it were, in rushing,
flashing sentences and passionate ejaculations. Onwards from
Lewiston, where you are transferred from the boat to the train,
you see it from the edge of the American cliff, far beneath you,
now superbly unnavigable. You have a lively sense of something
happening ahead; the river, as a man near me said, has evidently
been in a row. ‘The cliffs here are immense; they form a
vomitorium worthy of the living floods whose exit they protect.
‘This is the first act of the drama of Niagara; for it is, I believe,
one of the commonplaces of description, that you instinctively
convert it into a series of “ situations.’’ At the station pertaining
to the railway suspension-bridge, you see in mid-air, beyond an
interval of murky confusion produced at once by the farther
bridge, the smoke of the trains, and the thickened atmosphere of
the peopled bank, a huge far-flashing sheet which glares through
the distance as a monstrous absorbent and irradiant of light. And
here, in the interest of the picturesque, let me note that this
obstructive bridge tends in a way to enhance the first glimpse of
the cataract. Its long black span, falling dead along the shining
brow of the Falls, seems shivered and smitten by their fierce
effulgence, and trembles across the field of vision like some
enormous mote in a light too brilliant. A moment later, as the
train proceeds, you plunge into the village, and the cataract, save
as a vague ground-tone to this trivial interlude, is, like so many
other goals of aesthetic pilgrimage, temporarily postponed to the
hotel.
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Preservation of the Falls
With this postponement comes, I think, an immediate decline 1871
of expectation; for there is every appearance that the spectacle James
you have come so far to see is to be choked in the horribly vulgar
shops and booths and catch-penny artifices which have pushed
and elbowed to within the very spray of the Falls, and ply their
importunities in shrill competition with its thunder. You see a
multitude of hotels and taverns and stores, glaring with white
paint, bedizened with placards and advertisements, and decorated
by groups of those gentlemen who flourish most rankly on the soil
of New York and in the vicinage of hotels; who carry their hands
in their pockets, wear their hats always and every way, and,
although of a stationary habit, yet spurn the earth with their heels.
A side-glimpse of the Falls, however, calls out your philosophy;
you reflect that this may be regarded as one of those sordid fore-
grounds which Turner liked to use, and which may be effective as
a foil; you hurry to where the roar grows louder, and, I was
going to say, you escape from the village. In fact, however, you
don’t escape from it; it is constantly at your elbow, just to the
right or the left of the line of contemplation. It would be paying
Niagara a poor compliment to say that, practically, she does not
hurl away this chaffering by-play from her edge; but as you value
the integrity of your impression, you are bound to affirm that it
suffers appreciable abatement from such sources. You wonder,
as you stroll about, whether it is altogether an unrighteous dream
that with the slow progress of taste and the possible or impossible
growth of some larger comprehension of beauty and fitness, the
public conscience may not tend to confer upon such sovereign
phases of nature something of the inviolability and privacy
which we are slow to bestow, indeed, upon fame, but which we
do not grudge at least to art. We place a great picture, a great
statue, In a museum: we erect a great monument in the centre of
our largest square, and if we can suppose ourselves nowadays to
build a cathedral, we should certainly isolate it as much as pos-
sible and expose it to no ignoble contact. We cannot enclose
Niagara with walls and a roof, nor girdle it with a palisade; but
1095
1871
James
Niagara Falls
the sentimental tourist may muse upon the contingency of its
being guarded by the negative homage of empty spaces and absent
barracks and decent forbearance. The actual abuse of the scene
belongs evidently to that immense class of iniquities which are
destined to grow very much worse in order to grow a very little
better. The good humour engendered by the main spectacle
bids you suffer it to run its course.
‘Though hereabouts so much is great, distances are small, and
a ramble of two or three hours enables you to gaze hither and
thither from a dozen standpoints. The one you are likely to
choose first is that on the Canada cliff, a little way above the
suspension-bridge. ‘The great fall faces you, enshrined in its own
surging incense. he common feeling just here, I believe, is one
of disappointment at its want of height; the whole thing appears
to many people somewhat smaller than its fame. My own sense,
I confess, was absolutely gratified from the first; and, indeed, I
was not struck with anything being tall or short, but with every-
thing being perfect. You are, moreover, at some distance, and
you feel that with the lessening interval you will not be cheated of
your chance to be dizzied with mere dimensions. Already you
see the world-famous green, baffling painters, baffling poets,
shining on the lip of the precipice; the more so, of course, for
the clouds of silver and snow into which it speedily resolves itself.
The whole picture before you is admirably simple. The Horse-
shoe glares and boils and smokes from the centre to the right,
drumming itself into powder and thunder; in the centre the dark
pedestal of Goat Island divides the double flood; to the left
booms in vaporous dimness the minor battery of the American
Fall; while on a level with the eye, above the still crest of either
cataract, appear the white faces of the hithermost rapids. The
circle of weltering froth at the base of the Horseshoe, emerging
from the dead white vapours — absolute white, as moonless mid-
night is absolute black — which muffle impenetrably the crash of
the river upon the lower bed, melts slowly into the darker shades
of green. It seems in itself a drama of thrilling interest, this
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Preservation of the Falls
blanched survival and recovery of the stream. It stretches away 1871
like a tired swimmer, struggling from the snowy scum and the James
silver drift, and passing slowly from an eddying foam-sheet,
touched with green lights, to a cold, verd-antique, streaked and
marbled with trails and wild arabesques of foam. ‘This is the
beginning of that air of recent distress which marks the river as
you meet it at the lake. It shifts along, tremendously conscious,
relieved, disengaged, knowing the worst is over, with its dignity
injured but its volume undiminished, the most stately, the least
turbid of torrents. Its movement, its sweep and stride, are as
admirable as its colour, but as little as its colour to be made a
matter of words. ‘These things are but part of a spectacle in
which nothing is imperfect. As you draw nearer and nearer, on
the Canada cliff, to the right arm of the Horseshoe, the mass
begins in all conscience to be large enough. You are able at last
to stand on the very verge of the shelf from which the leap is
taken, bathing your boot-toes, if you like, in the side-ooze of the
glassy curve. I may say, in parenthesis, that the importunities
one suffers here, amid the central din of the cataract, from hack-
men and photographers and vendors of gimcracks, the simply
hideous and infamous. ‘The road is lined with little drinking-
shops and warehouses, and from these retreats their occupants
dart forth upon the hapless traveller with their competitive
attractions. You purchase release at last by the fury of your
indifference, and stand there gazing your fill at the most beautiful
object in the world.
The perfect taste of it is the great characteristic. It is not in
the least monstrous; it is thoroughly artistic and, as the phrase is,
thought out. In the matter of line it beats Michael Angelo. One
may seem at first to say the least, but the careful observer will
admit that one says the most, in saying that it pleases — pleases
~ even a spectator who was not ashamed to write the other day that
he didn’t care for cataracts. There are, however, so many more
things to say about it — its multitudinous features crowd so upon
the vision as one looks — that it seems absurd to begin to analyse.
1097
1871
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Niagara Falls
The main feature, perhaps, is the incomparable loveliness of the
immense line of the shelf and its lateral abutments. It neither
falters, nor breaks nor stiffens, but maintains from wing to wing
the lightness of its semicircle. This perfect curve melts into the
sheet that seems at once to drop from it and sustain it. The
famous green loses nothing, as you may imagine, on a nearer view.
A green more vividly cool and pure it is impossible to conceive.
It is to the vulgar greens of earth what the blue of a summer sky
is to artificial dyes, and is, in fact, as sacred, as remote, as impalp-
able as that. You can fancy it the parent-green, the head-spring
of colour to all the verdant water-caves and all the clear, sub-
fluvial haunts and bowers of naiads and mermen in all the streams
of the earth. The lower half of the watery wall is shrouded in
the steam of the boiling gulf — a veil never rent nor lifted. At
its heart this eternal cloud seems fixed and still with excess of
motion — still and intensely white; but, as it rolls and climbs
against its lucent cliff, it tosses little whiffs and fumes and pants
of snowy smoke, which betray the convulsions we never behold.
In the middle of the curve, the depth of the recess, the converging
walls are ground into a dust of foam, which rises in a tall column,
and fills the upper air with its hovering drift. Its summit far over-
tops the crest of the cataract, and, as you look down along the
rapids above, you see it hanging over the averted gulf like some
far-flowing signal of danger. Of these things some vulgar verbal
hint may be attempted; but what words can render the rarest
charm of all — the clear-cut brow of the Fall, the very act and
figure of the leap, the rounded passage of the horizontal to the
perpendicular? To say it is simple is to make a phrase about it.
Nothing was ever more successfully executed. It is carved as
sharp as an emerald, as one must say and say again. It arrives,
it pauses, it plunges; it comes and goes for ever; it melts and shifts
and changes, all with the sound as of millions of bass-voices; and
yet its outline never varies, never moves with a different pulse. It
is as gentle as the pouring of wine from a flagon — of melody
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Preservation of the Falls
from the lip of a singer. From the little grove beside the Ameri-
can Fall you catch this extraordinary profile better than you are
able to do at the Horseshoe. If the line of beauty had vanished
from the earth elsewhere, it would survive on the brow of
Niagara. It is impossible to insist too strongly on the grace of the
thing, as seen from the Canada cliff. The genius who invented it
was certainly the first author of the idea that order, proportion
and symmetry are the conditions of perfect beauty. He applied
his faith among the watching and listening forests, long before
the Greeks proclaimed theirs in the measurements of the
Parthenon. Even the roll of the white batteries at the base seems
fixed and poised and ordered, and in the vague middle zone of
difference between the flood as it falls and the mist as it rises you
imagine a mystical meaning — the passage of body to soul, of
matter to spirit, of human to divine.
Goat Island, of which every one has heard, is the menagerie of
lions, and the spot where your single stone — or, in plain prose,
your half-dollar — kills most birds. This broad insular strip,
which performs the excellent office of withholding the American
shore from immediate contact with the flood, has been left very
much to itself, and here you may ramble, for the most part, in
undiverted contemplation. The island is owned, I believe, by a
family of co-heirs, who have the good taste to keep it quiet.
More than once, however, as I have been told, they have been
offered a “ big price” for the privilege of building an hotel upon
this sacred soil. They have been wise, but, after all, they are
human, and the offer may be made once too often. Before this
fatal day dawns, why should not the State buy up the precious
acres, as California has done the Yo-Semite? It is the opinion
of a sentimental tourist that no price would be too great to pay.
Otherwise, the only hope for their integrity is in the possibility of
a shrewd provision on the part of the gentlemen who know how to
keep hotels that the music of the dinner-band would be injured by
the roar of the cataract. You approach from Goat Island the
left abutment of the Horseshoe. The little tower which, with the
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1871
James
1871
James
Niagara Falls
classic rainbow, figures in all “‘ views ’’ of the scene, is planted at
a dozen feet from the shore, directly on the shoulder of the Fall.
This little tower, I think, deserves a compliment. One might
have said beforehand that it would never do, but, as it stands, it
makes rather a good point. It serves as a unit of appreciation of
the scale of things, and from its spray-blackened summit it admits
you to an almost downward peep into the green gulf. More here,
even, than on the Canada shore, you perceive the unlimited
wateriness of the whole spectacle. Its liquid masses take on at
moments the likeness of walls and pillars and columns, and, to
present any vivid picture of them, we are compelled to talk freely
of emerald and crystal, of silver and marble. But really, all the
simplicity of the Falls, and half their grandeur, reside in their
unmitigated fluidity, which excludes all rocky staging and earthy
commixture. It is water piled on water, pinned on water, hinging
and hanging on water, breaking, crashing, whitening in shocks
altogether watery. A\nd yet for all this no solid was ever so solid
as that sculptured shoulder of the Horseshoe. From this little
tower, or, better still, from various points farther along the island-
shore, even to look is to be immersed. Before you stretches the
huge expanse of the upper river, with its belittled cliffs, now mere
black lines of forest, dull as with the sadness of gazing at per-
petual trouble, eternal danger. Anything more horribly desolate
than this boundless livid welter of the rapids it is impossible to
conceive, and you very soon begin to pay it the tribute of your
own suddenly-assumed suspense, in the impulse to people it
with human forms. On this theme you can work out endless
analogies. Yes, they are alive, every fear-blanched billow and
eddy of them — alive and frenzied with the sense of their doom.
They see below them that nameless pause of the arrested current,
and the high-tossed drift of sound and spray which rises up
lamenting, like the ghosts of their brothers who have been dashed
to pieces. They shriek, they sob, they clasp their white hands
and toss their long hair; they cling and clutch and wrestle, and
above all, they appear to bite. Especially tragical is the air they
1100
Preservation of the Falls
have of being forced backward, with averted faces, to their fate.
Every pulse of the flood is like the grim stride of a giant, wading J
huge-kneed to his purpose, with the white teeth of a victim fast-
ened in his neck. The outermost of three small islands, inter-
connected by short bridges, at the extremity of this shore, places
one in singularly intimate relation with this portentous flurry. To
say that hereabouts the water leaps and plunges and rears and
dives, that its uproar makes even one’s own ideas about it
inaudible, and its current sweeps those ideas to perdition, is to give
a very pale account of:the universal agitation.
The great spectacle may be called complete only when you
have gone down the river some four miles, on the American side,
to the so-called rapids of the Whirlpool. Here the unhappy
stream tremendously renews its anguish. [wo approaches have
been contrived on the cliff — one to the rapids proper, the other,
farther below, to the scene of the sudden bend. The first consists
of a little wooden cage, of the “ elevator ’’ pattern, which slides
up and down a gigantic perpendicular shaft of horrible flimsiness.
But a couple of the usual little brides, staggering beneath the
weight of gorgeous cashmeres, entered the conveyance with their
respective consorts at the same time with myself; and, as it thus
carried Hymen and his fortunes, we survived the adventure. You
obtain from below — that is, on the shore of the river — a speci-
men of the noblest cliff-scenery. The green embankment at the
base of the sheer red wall is by itself a very fair example of what
they call in the Rocky Mountains a foot-hill; and from this con-
tinuous pedestal erects itself a bristling palisade of earth. As it
stands, Gustave Doré might have drawn it. He would have
sketched with especial ardour certain parasitical shrubs and bosk-
ages — lone and dizzy witnesses of autumn; certain outward-
peering wens and warts and other perpendicular excrescences of
rock; and, above all, near the summit, the fantastic figures of
sundry audacious minor cliffs, grafted upon the greater by a mere
lateral attachment and based in the empty air, with great slim
1101
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ames
1871
James
1871
Macaulay
1871
Marshall
N iagara Falls
trees rooted on their verges, like the tower of the Palazzo Vecchio
at Florence. The actual whirlpool is a third of a mile farther
down the river, and is best seen from the cliff above. From this
point of view, it seems to me by all odds the finest of the secondary
episodes of the drama of Niagara, and one on which a scribbling
tourist, ineffectively playing at showman, may be content to ring
down his curtain. The channel at this point turns away to the
right, at a clean right-angle, and the river, arriving from the rapids
just above with stupendous velocity, meets the hollow elbow of
the Canada shore. The movement with which it betrays its sur-
prise and bewilderment — the sudden issueless maze of waters —
is, I think, after the Horseshoe Fall, the very finest thing in its
progress. It breaks into no small rage; the offending cliffs receive
no drop of spray; for the flood moves in a body and wastes no
vulgar side-spurts; but you see it shaken to its innermost bowels
and panting hugely, as if smothered in its excessive volume.
Pressed back upon its centre, the current creates a sort of pivot,
from which it eddies, groping for exit in vast slow circles,
delicately and irregularly outlined in foam. The Canada shore,
shaggy and gaudy with late September foliage, closes about it like
the rising shelves of an amphitheatre, and deepens by contrast
the strong blue-green of the stream. ‘This slow-revolving surface
— it seems in places perfectly still — resembles nothing so much
as some ancient palace-pavement, cracked and scratched by the
butts of legionary spears and the gold-stiffened hem of the gar-
ments of kings.
Macau.ay, JAMES. Across the ferry; first impressions of America
and its people. Lond.: Hodder and Stoughton. 1871. Pp. 186-197.
An account of a September visit by the editor of the “* Leisure Hour.”
The Falls ‘‘ grew on him,” but he was disturbed by the crowds, the
obtrusiveness of the guides, and other distractions.
MarsHALL, CHARLES. The Canadian Dominion. Lond.: Long-
mans Green. 1871. Pp. 85-92.
1102
Preservation of the Falls
Niagara I. (Nation, Oct. 12, 1871. 13:238-239.)
Niagara II. (Nation, Oct. 19, 1871. 13:254-—255.)
A letter from Niagara, under date of September 28, deploring the abuse
of the scenery and approving of “* the most beautiful object in the world.”
The letter was evidently written by Henry James. It is reprinted in his
** Portraits of Places.”’
The pure beauty of elegance and grace is the grand character-
istic of the Fall. It is not in the least monstrous. It is supremely
artistic — a harmony, a conception, a masterpiece; it beats
Michael Angelo. One may seem at first to say the least, but
the delicate observer will admit that one says the most, in saying
that it is pleasing. There are, however, so many more things to
say about it — its multitudinous features crowd so upon the vision
as one looks — that it seems absurd for me to attempt to handle
details. “The main feature, perhaps, is the incomparable loveli-
ness of the immense line of the river and its lateral abutments.
It neither falters, nor breaks, nor stiffens, but maintains grandly
from wing to wing its consummate curve. This noble line is
worthily sustained by mighty pillars of alternate emerald and
marble. ‘The famous green loses nothing, as you may imagine,
on a nearer view. A green more gorgeously cool and pure it Is
impossible to conceive. It is to the vulgar greens of earth what
the blue of a summer sky is to our mundane azures, and is, in
fact, as sacred, as remote, as impalpable as that. You can fancy
it the parent-green, the head-spring of color to all the verdant
water-caves and all the clear, sub-fluvial haunts and bowers of
naiads and mermen in all the streams of the earth. The lower
half of the watery wall is shrouded in the steam of the boiling
gulf — a veil never rent nor lifted. Att its core, this eternal cloud
seems fixed and still with excess of motion — still and intensely
white; but, as it rolls and climbs against its lucent cliff, it tosses
little whiffs and fumes and pants of snowy smoke, which betray
the furious tumult of its dazzling womb. In the middle of the
curve, at the apex of the gulf, the converging walls are ground
1103
1871
1871
Niagara Falls
into finest powder, and hence arises a huge mist-column, and fills
the upper air with its hovering drift. Its summit far overtops the
crest of the cataract, and, as you look down along the rapids
above, you see it hanging over the averted gulf like some far-
flowing ensign of danger. Of these things some vulgar verbal
hint may be attempted; but what words can render the rarest
charm of all — the clear-cut brow of the Fall, the very act and
figure of the leap, the rounded turn of the horizontal to the per-
pendicular>? To call it simple seems a florid over-statement.
Anything less combined and complicated never appealed to the
admiration of men. It is carved clean as an emerald, as one must
say and say again. It arrives, it pauses, it plunges; it comes and
goes for ever; it melts and shifts and changes, all with the sound
as of a thousand thunderbolts; and yet its pure outline never
lapses by a bubble’s value from its constant calm. It is as gentle
as the pouring of wine from a flagon — of melody from the lip
of a singer. From the little grove beside the American Fall you
catch superbly — better than you are able to do at the Horse-
shoe — the very profile of this full-flooded bend. If the line of
beauty had vanished from the earth elsewhere, it would survive
on this classic forehead. It is impossible to insist too strongly on
the prodigious elegance of the great Fall, as seen from the Canada
cliff. You fancy that the genius who contrived it was verily the
prime author of the truth that order, measure, and symmetry are
the conditions of perfect beauty. He applied his faith among
the watching and listening forests, long before the Greeks pro-
claimed theirs in the shining masonry of the Acropolis. Rage,
confusion, chaos, are grandly absent; dignity, grace, and leisure
ride upon the crest; it flows without haste, without rest, with the
measured majesty of a motion whose rhythm is attuned to
eternity. Even the roll of the white batteries at the base seems
fixed and poised and ordered, and in the vague middle zone of
difference between falling flood and rising cloud you imagine a
mystical meaning — the passage of body to soul, of matter to
spirit, of human to divine.
1104
Preservation of the Falls
Goat Island, of which every one has heard, is the great
menagerie of lions, and the spot where your single stone — or, in
plain prose, your half-dollar — kills most birds. This broad
insular strip, which performs the excellent office of withholding
the American shore from immediate contact with the Fall, has
been allowed to remain a very proper piece of wildness, and
here you may ramble, for the most part, in undiverted contempla-
tion. The island is owned, I believe, by a family of co-heritors,
who have the good taste to preserve it intact. More than once,
however, as I have been told, they have been offered a large
price for the privilege of building a hotel upon this sacred soil.
They have been wise, but, after all, they are human, and the
offer may be made once too often. Before this fatal day dawns,
why shouldn’t the State buy up the precious acres, as California
has done the Yo-Semite? It is the opinion of a sentimental tourist
that no price would be too great to pay. Otherwise, the only
hope for their integrity is in the possibility of a shrewd prevision
on the part of the gentlemen who know how to keep hotels that
the music of the dinner-band would be injured by the roar of the
cataract. You approach from Goat Island the left abutment of
the Horseshoe. The little tower which, with the classic rainbow,
figures in all “views” of the scene, is planted at a dozen feet
from the shore, directly on the shoulder of the Fall. This little
tower, I think, deserves a compliment. One might have said
beforehand that it would never do, but, as it stands, it is incon-
testably picturesque. It serves as a unit of appreciation of the
scale of things, and from its spray-blackened summit it admits
you to an almost downward peep into the green gulf. More
here, even, than on the Canada edge, you perceive how the great
spectacle is wrought all in water. Its substantial floods take on
at moments the likeness of walls and pillars and columns, and,
to present any vivid picture of them, we are compelled to talk
freely of emerald and crystal, of silver and marble. But really,
all the simplicity of the Falls, and half their grandeur, reside in
70 1105
1871
1871
Niagara Falls
the fact that they are built clean of fluid elements, and that no
rocky staging or earthy commixture avail to complicate and vulgar-
ize them. They are water piled on water, pinned on water, hing-
ing and hanging on water, breaking, crashing, whitening in mutual
masses of water. And yet for all this no solid was ever solid like
that sculptured shoulder of the Horseshoe! From this little
tower, or, better still, from various points further along the island-
shore, it seems indeed a watery world. Before you stretches the
huge expanse of the upper river, with its belittled cliffs, now mere
black lines of forest, dull as with the sadness of gazing at eternal
storm. Anything more horribly desolate than this boundless livid
welter of the rapids it is impossible to conceive, and you very
soon begin to pay it the tribute of your terror, in the impulse to
people it with human forms. On this theme you can spin endless
romances. Yes, they are alive, every fear-blanched billow and
eddy of them — alive and frenzied with the sense of their doom.
They see below them that nameless pause of the arrested current,
and the high-tossed drift of sound and spray which rises up
lamenting, like the ghosts of their murdered brothers. They
shriek, they sob, they clasp their white hands and toss their long
hair; they cling and clutch and wrestle, and, above all, they bite.
Especially tragical is the air they have of being forced backward,
with averted faces, to their fate. Every portion of the flood is
like the grime stride of a giant, wading huge-kneed to his purpose,
with the white teeth of a victim fastened in his neck. The outer-
most of three small islands, inter-connected by short bridges, at
the extremity of this shore, places one in singularly intimate rela-
tion with this portentous flurry. To say that hereabouts the water
leaps and plunges and rears and dives, that its uproar deadens the
thunder, and its swiftness distances the lightning, is to say all that
we can, and yet but a tithe of what we should. Nowhere surely
in the wide world is water handled with such a masterly knowl-
edge of effect.
1106
Preservation of the Falls
The great spectacle may be called complete only when you
have gone down the river some four miles, on the American side,
to the so-called rapids of the Whirlpool. Here the unhappy
stream tremendously renews its trouble. “Two approaches have
been contrived on the cliff — one to the rapids proper, the other,
further below, to the scene of the sudden bend. The first con-
sists of a little wooden cage, of the ‘‘ elevator’ pattern, which
slides up and down a gigantic perpendicular shaft of horrible
flimsiness. But a couple of the usual little brides, staggering
beneath the weight of gorgeous cashmeres, entered the convey-
ance with their respective consorts at the same time with myself;
and, as it thus carried Hymen and his fortunes, we survived the
adventure. You obtain from below — that is, on the shore of
the river — a specimen of as noble cliff-scenery as the continent
can afford. The green embankment at the base of the sheer red
wall is by itself a very fair mountain-slope; and from this starts
erect, rugged and raw, a grandly spacious lateral section of
mother earth. As it stands, Gustave Doré might have drawn it.
He would have sketched with especial ardor certain parasitical
shrubs and boskages — lone and dizzy witnesses of autumn; cer-
tain outward-peering wens and warts and other perpendicular
excrescences of rock; and, above all, near the summit, the
fantastic figures of sundry audacious minor cliffs, grafted upon the
greater by a mere lateral attachment and based in the empty air,
with great lone trees rooted on their verges, like the tower of the
Palazzo Vecchio at Florence. The actual whirlpool is a third
of a mile further down the river, and is best seen from the cliff
above. ‘Thus seen, it seems to me by all odds the finest of the
secondary episodes of the Niagara drama, and one on which a
scribbling tourist, ineffectively playing at showman, may be con-
tent to ring down his curtain. The channel at this point turns
away to the mght, at a clean right-angle, and the river, arriving
from the rapids just above with stupendous velocity, meets the
1107
1871
1871
1872
Dufferin
1873
Medley
1874
Whetham
Niagara Falls
hollow elbow of the Canada shore. The movement with which it
betrays its surprise and bewilderment — the sudden issueless maze
of waters —1is, I think, after the Horseshoe Fall, the superbest
thing in its progress. It breaks into no small rage; the offend-
ing cliffs receive no drop of spray; for the flood moves in a body
and wastes no vulgar side-spurts; but you see it shaken to its inner-
most bowels and panting hugely, as if smothered in its excessive
volume. Pressed back upon its centre, the current creates a sort
of pivot, from which it eddies, groping for exit in vast slow circles,
barely outlined in foam. The Canada shore, shaggy and gaudy
with late September foliage, closes about it like the rising shelves
of an amphitheatre, and deepens by contrast the strong blue-green
of the stream. ‘This slow-revolving basin resembles nothing so
much as some ancient palace-pavement, cracked and scratched by
the butts of legionary spears and the gold stiffened hem of the
garments of kings.
1872
DUFFERIN, THE MARCHIONESS OF. My Canadian journal,
1872-78. Extracts from my letters home written while Lord Dufferin was
governor-general. New York: 1891. Pp. 39-40; 450.
Give the author’s impression of the Falls and a trip through the cave
of the winds, and a paragraph dealing with Lord Dufferin’s part in
suggesting the Niagara Reservation scheme.
1873
MEDLEY, JULIUS GEorcE. An autumn tour in the United States
and Canada. Lond.: H.S. King. 1873. Pp. 86-88.
1874
WHETHAM, J. W. BoppamM. (Western wanderings; a record of
travel in the evening land. Lond.: Bentley. 1874. Pp. 20-27.)
Guides and touts of all descriptions pressed their services upon
us; urged us to take carriages, though the distance was only a few
hundred yards, and generally proffered assistance, which, having
no need of, we resolutely declined. Then, conscious of having
1108
Preservation of the Falls
brought on ourselves the utter contempt of the crowd of would-be 1874
showmen, yet remaining firm in our determination not to be Whetham
** done,” we were all the more prepared to enjoy the magnificent
spectacle awaiting us.
The stupendous grandeur of the scene that met my gaze far
surpassed all I had imagined.
Niagara has been regarded with various feelings and from
various mental points of view. Men of business have thought
it has a good site for building; John Bull has pronounced it
“a very nice waterfall, and a bigger stream than the Thames.”
Sentimental girls have gazed into its misty splendours with super-
stitious awe, and fancied they saw their fates there. The
Yankee calls Niagara ‘* some, in the way of water power.” The
Red Indian prays to it, ““ Oh, Father of mighty waters, grant a
blessing on your child.”” But with whatever feeling the traveller
from the East may view the Falls of Niagara, his eyes can have
looked on no grander picture; and far as he may wander towards
the setting sun, he cannot hope to see another so splendid.
All this time we have been looking at the Great Horse-shoe
Fall, over which the enormous mass of water pours with tre-
mendous force. ‘Till it reaches half-way down, the water seems
to hang like a green curtain as it rolls over the cliff; then, gradu-
ally breaking, the mighty mass spreads out in foam and falls
into the gulf below. It is not its rapidity but its slowness which
is sO awe-inspiring:
Wie das Gestern,
Ohne Hast
Aber, ohne Rast.
But no words can describe the grandeur of such a scene.
We retraced our steps a short distance towards the American
Fall, which is smaller than the Horse-shoe or Canadian Fall, but
equally impressive.
1109
1874
Whetham
1875
Morris
Niagara Falls
This Fall had a greater charm for me than the Horse-
shoe Fall, perhaps because we were so much closer to it and
were able to look straight down into its misty depths.
The minor drawbacks to visiting Niagara are the great num-
ber of tolls and the numerous touts. Regarding the former, if
they would only charge so much on arrival, instead of giving you
the trouble of putting your hand in your pocket every time you
look at the Falls, it would be pleasanter; as for the latter, not
one of them ought to be allowed near the place. If there is one
thing more wanted than another, it is a pleasant drive or ride
without a toll-gate at every mile, and this could be easily made
along the shore of the Niagara river towards La Salle. The
Goat Island toll is right enough, as keeping up the bridges and
other expenses are incurred; but all other tolls are wrong, being
wholly unnecessary.
We saw a great many beautiful birds, both in the surrounding
woods and on the islands. “There were two or three sorts of
orioles, blue-birds, cardinal grosbeaks, and numbers of the
American robins; birds as ubiquitous as our sparrows, and about
the size of a large blackbird. Unfortunately, they are consid-
ered good eating, and therefore, as they are very tame, become
an easy prey to every little wretch who carries a gun.
1875
Morris, WILLIAM. Letters sent home. Out and home again by way
of Canada and the United States; or, What a summer’s trip told me of the
people and the country of the great West. Lond.: F. Warne. N. Y.:
Scribner, Welford and Armstrong. (1875.) Pp. 202-235.
It was very early in the morning when I left Toronto to cross
Lake Ontario in one of the river steamers —a floating town.
But the weather was beautiful, and the air most bracing. The
distance across the lake is thirty miles, which brings us to the
1110
THE Fatts IN WINTER WITH AN ENorMous “Cone” oF Ice ForRMED IN FRONT
Preservation of the Falls
mouth of the Niagara River, connecting Lake Ontario with Lake 1875
Erie. The river is by no means wide, and the country on either Moe
side is somewhat low and monotonous. Entering the river, we
have Fort Massauga, a Canadian fortress, on the right, and Fort
Niagara, an American fortress, directly opposite, on the left.
Passing up the river, the banks on either side have more the
appearance of a canal than of a river, being of a generally uni-
form slope. Six miles up the river we came to Lewiston, where
we landed, and for the first time I here set foot on American
soil. Having been discharged by the Custom House officer, who
was stationed here to examine our baggage, we were taken by
’bus for about a mile to a railway station, and after another ride
of about six miles along the top of the rocky and precipitous left
side of the river, we arrived at the Falls railway station. “The
ride to this place was a most exciting one. In front there were
the Falls, seen as yet only by the mind’s eye, but we were making
our way toward them through a rock-cut track, the sides of which
sometimes seemed as though they would topple over and crush us,
occasional breaks or opening in the rocks on the right affording
glimpses of the river as it danced and ran madly on, and let in
upon us, as with a great rush, the sound of troubled and rushing
waters, and a half-suppressed “din,” struggling as it were for
mastery over the hissing of the engine and the rumbling of the
carriages. . . ~ It would seem that the very pick of the
touts and rascals of the world had assembled here. We could
not move a yard without having some fellow at our heels descant-
ing on the excellence and cheapness of the dinner he was at
that very moment of time having placed on his table, and pro-
testing by all that was good, that if we went further we should
fare worse. Then the trinket sellers ran after us with their hands
full of samples of the wares they had on offer inside their respec-
tive establishments, assuring us in the most earnest manner that
we should never regret “ walking in.” As for the cab drivers,
if they only worried their poor horses as they worried us, I can
pity the poor horses from my heart.
1111
1875
Morris
1875
Offenbach
Niagara Falls
In due course, I was taking my first view of the Falls. We
had passed by the ticket office, and had paid our toll; we had
escaped from the importunities of bazaar keepers, and were out
of sight of their wares; we had passed over bridges and between
rocks and had lost ourselves amidst shrubs and flowering plants
on Goat Island, and had surprised a party of Indian squaws
arranging their bead trinkets for sale when the later hours of the
day should bring the fashionable visitors to the place; when, as
in an instant, I was standing on a projecting rock in the river’s
bank, from whence the full grandeur and majesty of the scene
was brought within the range of vision. Overhead, the sky was
without cloud or speck, and the sun shining most brilliantly. In
front, there were the boiling seething waters, sending up clouds
of spray, amongst which the sunbeams played and formed rain-
bows, arching each other. To the right of us there were the
American Falls, and to the left of us the Horseshoe Falls. In the
distance there was the suspension bridge crossing the river. In
the back ground there were wooded heights, the foliage of the
trees seeming to intensify the color of the water, as in one com-
pact mass, many feet thick, and like a huge crystal, it hung over
the precipice, the spray from the chasm below ascending as
though it were incense playing its part in one grand and never
ceasing act of worship, in which the utmost resources of nature
had been gathered together to do honour and homage to the God
of Nature.
OFFENBACH, JACQUES. America and the Americans. Lond. :
William Reeves. (1877. Pp. 74-75.)
After having looked a long time at the fall, I crossed the bridge
and set foot on Canadian territory.
“You would like to see the Indians,” they said.
I expected to find savages, but they showed me pedlars, men
who produced articles de Paris. I was frightened at their
ferocious attitude. I still recollect them. But were they really
Indians? I rather doubt it.
1112
Preservation of the Falls
Indians or not, they surrounded me, pertinaciously offering me 1875
b
bamboos, fans, cigar-cases, and fusee cases of doubtful taste. 0f™>8
They recalled to my mind the Indians of the forest of Fontaine-
bleau who sold penholders and paper knives.
Nevertheless, I made a few purchases, but I verily believe I
carried back to France some trifles which had been picked up at
a Parisian bazaar which had been “ selling off.”
1878
MarsHALL, W.G. Through America; or, Nine months in the United 1878
States. Lond.: Sampson, Low, Marston, Searle, and Rivington. 1881. Marshall
Pp. 71-84.
Excellent description of the view from the Clifton House and a full
account of the abuses prevailing at Niagara. The account contains four
photographic views.
1879
[Governor Robinson’s message.] (Nation, Feb. 6, 1879. 28:101- 1879
] 02.) Robinson
A discussion of Governor Robinson’s message proposing the reservation
of Niagara Falls and giving arguments in favor of the plan.
New YorK STATE SuRVEY. Special report on the preservation of the 1879
scenery of Niagara Falls, and fourth annual report on the triangulation cc Ba
. ate urve
of the state for the year 1879. James T. Gardner, Director. Albany: yi
Charles Van Benthuysen and Sons. 1880. Pp. 1-42.
Special report of the Commissioners on the preservation of the scenery
around the Falls; report of the director on the plan for a proposed State
Reservation at Niagara; notes by Frederick Law Olmsted; Father Hen-
nepin’s description of Niagara; fac-simile of the first London edition;
memorial to the governor of the State; extract from the message of Gov-
ernor Robinson to the Legislature in 1879. The report is beautifully
illustrated. Under the headings cited above it takes up a description of
the beauties of Niagara, the description of the natural scenery, the argu-
ments in favor of the proposed State Reservation, and suggestions as to
limits of the territory to be set aside and the policy to be pursued in regard
to the land set aside.
1113
1880
Berry
1880
1881
Norman
1882
Harrison
1882
Hudson
1882
Lombardo
Niagara Falls
1880
Berry, C. B. The other side: how it struck us. Lond.: Griffith
and Farran. 1880. Pp. 170-183.
The author found ‘‘two drawbacks to Niagara Falls — guides and
gratuities.” He describes the Maid of the Mist’s trip through the whirl-
pool and his own crossing of the ice-bridge.
The preservation of Niagara Falls. (Harp. w., May 15, 1880.
24-315.)
A digest of the State Survey Report of 1879. Discusses the dis-
figurement of the Falls and gives arguments for the preservation of the
scenic effects.
1881
[NorMAN, HEnry.] The preservation of Niagara. (Nation, Sept. 1,
1881693170217 1.)
A letter from Niagara Falls under date of August 22d, describing
various abuses at the Falls, the destruction of the Falls as a summer resort,
and appealing for the preservation of the Falls and their scenery and dis-
cussing the advantages of such a course.
1882
HARRISON, JONATHAN BAXTER. The condition of Niagara Falls,
and the measures needed to preserve them. N. Y.: 1882.
Eight letters published in the New York Evening Mail, the New York
Tribune, and the Boston Daily Advertiser, during the summer of 1882,
and written in the interests of the propaganda for a State Reservation at
Niagara.
Hupson, T. S. A scamper through America, or, Fifteen thousand
miles of ocean and continent in sixty days. Lond.: 1882. Pp. 230-237.
The author has the not unusual first impression that the Falls fall short
of expectation, but later grows on one. He laments the prevalence of
devices for extracting coin; he thinks it a pity that the two governments
have not taken over the territory about the Falls.
LOMBARDO, ALBERTO. Los Estados—Unidos. (Notas y Episodios
de Viaje.) Mexico. 1884. Pp. 176-182.
The book contains a chapter on the Falls of Niagara. The author
with a friend made the round of the various points of interest, Canadian
and American, and was duly impressed with the scenic wonders of the
place, and also plagued by vendors of curios.
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Preservation of the Falls
[Preservation of Niagara Falls.] (Harp., Dec., 1882. 66:151- 1882
152.)
An appeal for the preservation of the Falls by the reservation of a strip
of land on both sides of the river.
SHARPE, WILLIAM. The international temple of Niagara. Reprinted 1882
from Modern Thought, Mar., 1882. Lond.: Modern Press. n. d. Sharpe
A glorification of Niagara as a natural temple and an appeal for its
preservation.
1883
The destruction of Niagara. (Spec., June 30, 1883. 56:831-832.) 1883
A review of the American agitation concerning conditions at the Falls
together with the history of the reservation movernent. According to this
author, “* a common error is to suppose that the Falls themselves constitute
the chief interest of Niagara.”” He goes on to say that “* nothing could
be more mistaken; the Falls are merely one of the constituent parts of the
whole spectacle. The rapids, the islands, the cataract, the chasm below
the cataract, the whirlpool rapids, the basin of the whirlpool — all these
are included in the word ‘ Niagara.’ ”’
LoRNE, JOHN GEORGE EDwarp HENRY DouGLas SUTHERLAND 1883
CAMPBELL, Marquis of. Canadian pictures drawn with pen and pencil; Lorne
with numerous illustrations from objects and photographs in the possession
of and sketches by the Marquis of Lorne, Sydney Hall, etc., engraved by
Edward Whymper. N. Y.: n.d. Pp. 66-69.
Shows desirability of making a park around the Falls; gives summer as
the best season for seeing the scene. The article is illustrated by a view
of the Falls from the American side.
LorNE, JOHN GEorcE Epwarp HENRY DouGLas SUTHERLAND
CAMPBELL, Marquis of. The governor-general’s reply to addresses from
the royal academy and the Ontario society of artists, Toronto, June, 1883.
(Jn Memories of Canada and Scotland: speeches and verses. Montreal:
Dawson Brothers. 1884. Pp. 334-335.)
. . There is only one other subject I would like to men-
tion, though it has no direct connection with Art. But it is one
mooted by Lord Dufferin, I think, in this very place, at all events
in Toronto, some years ago. He asked me when | came not to
1115
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Legislature
1883
1883
1883-85
Welch
1884
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Niagara Falls
lose sight of it, but to push it upon all possible occasions. I allude
to the formation of a national park at Niagara. I believe I am
correct in saying that on the American side the suggestion origi-
nated with a mutual friend of Lord Dufferin’s and mine, Mr.
Bierstadt.
New YorK (STATE) LEGISLATURE. An act to authorize the
selection, location and appropriation of certain lands in the village of
Niagara Falls for a state reservation and to preserve the scenery of the
Falls of Niagara. (Laws of 1883, 106th sess., chap. 336, p. 603.)
Amended in Laws of 1884, 107th sess., chap. 109, p. 107.
[Preservation of Niagara Falls.] (Critic, Feb. 17, 1883. 3:71-72.)
An editorial appeal for the preservation of the Falls and the passage of
the reservation measure.
A view of Niagara as it may be a few years hence. (Harp. w.,
Jani 13) 1683.) 127532.)
Mills and factories in the gorge below and on the banks above.
1883-1885
WELCH, THomas V. The state reservation at Niagara. Niagara
Falls, N. Y.: 1885.
Speech of Hon. Thomas V. Welch of Niagara, in the Assembly of
the State of New York, March 2, 1883, and his address before the
joint committee of the Senate and Assembly, February 26, 1885. The
first is in favor of the bill to authorize the selection and location of the
reservation lands and the second in favor of the appropriation for payment
of awards for the lands to be taken.
1884
GRIFFIN, Sir LEPEL HENRY. The great republic. Lond.: Chap-
man and Hall. 1884. Pp. 22-30.
The author evidently derived but little pleasure from his visit to the
Falls for he rails against the disfigurement of the scenery by paper mills
and other industries, is annoyed by the “ all-pervading presence of brides,”’
and oppressed by the Falls.
1116
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/
1884?
(The) State Reservation at Niagara Falls; testimony in appraisement 1884?
proceedings. 2 vols. No. pub. n. d.
Spring and summer of 1884.
1885
MarsH, LuTHER R. Niagara’s emancipation. Remarks of Mr. 1885
Luther R. Marsh, November 3, 1885, before the New York Historical Marsh
Society, on reporting to it, as one of its committee, appointed to attend
the opening ceremonies at the inauguration of the Niagara Reservation,
July 15, 1883. New York: Martin B. Brown. 1885.
The address describes the opening ceremonies, the promoters of the
reservation project and the emotions inspired by Niagara; and dwells upon
the significance of the establishment of the reservation as the proclaiming
of a new principle and a milestone in the progress of public sentiment to
higher planes.
New York (STATE) LEGISLATURE. An act to provide for the 1885
maintenance and management of the state reservation at Niagara. (Laws New York
of 1885, 108th sess., chap. 286, p. 490.) Legislature
New York (STATE) LEGISLATURE. An act to provide for the
payment of the awards made for the lands selected and located by the
commissioners of the state reservation at Niagara. (Laws of 1885, 108th
sess., chap. 182, p. 337.)
Niagara Falls; quotation from the report of Luther R. Marsh on the 1885
reservation of Niagara Falls. (Mag. Am. hist., Dec., 1885. 14:610-
611.)
This report is an endorsement of the reservation act and its significance.
** However considered, whether from a low plane or a high one, this act
of consecration was judicious and wise.”
Nracara FALts AssociATION. Report of the executive committee. 1885
Jan., 1885. Privately printed. 1885. Niagara Falls
Association
(The) attempt to save Niagara. (Cent. Apr., 1885. 29 (new ser. 1995
7) :954-955.)
A brief article calling attention to the recommendation of the Niagara
Falls commissioners for the purchase of Niagara Falls lands by the state
and the establishment of a state reservation as a means of preserving the
scenery.
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BARKER, GEORGE. The redemption of Niagara.— Views near the
cataract.— From photographs and sketches by George Barker, Niagara
Falls. (Harp. w., July 18, 1885. 29:460-461, 466.)
Three large views: (1) The rapids above the Falls; (2) The Horse-
shoe Fall; (3) Whirlwind Bridge, at the Cave of the Winds. Page 466
contains a brief history of the establishment of the reservation.
CARTER, JAMES C. Oration at the dedication of the state reserva-
tion at Niagara, July 15, 1885. (19th Ann. rep’t of the com’rs of
the state reserv. at Niagara. Albany: 1903. Pp. 263-277.)
The occasion upon which we are assembled has a peculiar
interest which needs no aid from speech. A great commonwealth
is here by her official representatives, with the Chief Magistrate
at her head, to perform a solemnity; not, as sometimes, to dedi-
cate a structure to some great purpose of public utility or charity
—not to consecrate a monument to the virtue or valor of her
sons — not to celebrate a great event in her annals; but to make a
solemn public acknowledgment — to declare that the awful sym-
bol of Infinite Power, in whose dread presence we stand —
these visions of Infinite Beauty here unfolded to the eye, are
not a property, but a shrine — a temple erected by the hand of
the Almighty for all the children of men; that it cannot be dese-
crated without her permission, nor, therefore, without her crime;
that she confesses the duty of guardianship imposed by her empire
over the place; that she marks out the boundaries of the sanctuary,
expels from the interior all ordinary human pursuits and claims,
so that visitors and pilgrims from near or far may come hither,
and be permitted to behold, to love, to worship, to adore.
It is now some two hundred years since the Falls of Niagara for
the first time burst upon the gaze of civilized men. These were
La Salle and his associates, then engaged in a bold exploration
westward towards the Mississippi. One of the company, Father
Hennepin, a Catholic priest, had journeyed from the Old World,
and was familiar, at least by report and description, with the
cataracts of Europe. In his account of his travels and discoveries
he sought to convey an adequate idea of this great wonder; but
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apparently felt, what all others since have felt, the utter insuffi-
ciency of language. He could but do little more than say, “* The
Universe does not afford its parallel! ’’ But in the days of Father
Hennepin the greater part of the earth was still a sealed book.
Since that time every quarter of it has been explored. Rivers,
mightier far than the Niagara, have been discovered. The Nile
has been made to yield up his well-kept secret. “The courses of
the great rivers of Central Africa, interrupted by mighty cata-
racts, have been followed. Humboldts have penetrated the
interior of the South American continent. The region of the
Yosemite and the valley of the Yellowstone have been scrutinized
by thousands of visitors. "The world contains no undiscovered
cataract; but the sentence of Father Hennepin, in describing
Niagara, still remains true as when he uttered it, “* The Universe
does not afford its parallel! ”’
The profound interest with which Niagara is beheld and
remembered, and which gives it the first place among the great
spectacles of nature, is due to a variety of elements, nowhere else
to be found united. It is not owing chiefly to the sublimity of
the scene, for the great mountain summits in many parts of the
earth far surpass it in all the elements of the sublime. The love-
liness of foliage and flower is displayed in more enchanting forms
elsewhere in our own and in other lands. Finer examples of mere
picturesque beauty in falls or rapids may be found amid the won-
ders of the Yosemite and Yellowstone valleys, and in other parts
of the world. |
Undoubtedly the master feature of the scene is the near exhibi-
tion of overwhelming power. Nowhere else among the works of
nature is such an amount of physical energy concentrated within
sO narrow acompass. But the mere spectacle of power — power
pitiless, remorseless, resistless, like that of the volcano, or the
tornado — could never impart the pleasure, or create the exalta-
tion which the visitor experiences here. Here the beholder, con-
founded and bewildered by the overwhelming sense of resistless
power, has but to return for an instant and find recovery and
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relief in the spectacle of that same power, no longer let loose for
destruction, like the wrath of the hurricane, but eternally flowing,
restrained, obedient, beneficient, and arrayed in every robe of
the beautiful. It is this combined appeal to every sense and every
faculty, exalting the soul into a higher sphere of contemplation,
which distinguishes this spot over all others.
There is in man a supernatural element, in virtue of which he
aspires to lay hold of the Infinites by which he is surrounded. In
all ages men have sought to find, or to create, the scenes or the
objects which move it to activity. It was this spirit which con-
secrated the oracle at Delphi and the oaks of Dodona; reared the
marvel of Eleusis, and hung in the heavens the dome of St. Peter.
It is the highest, the profoundest, element of man’s nature. Its
possession is what most distinguishes him from other creatures,
and what most distinguishes the best among his own ranks from
their brethren. Surely, it must be allowed that everything which
tends, on the one hand, to indulge this sentiment, or on the other
to disparage or obstruct it, is matter of the deepest human
concern.
It is a characteristic of this sentiment that it cannot endure a
discord. ‘The rapt soul, borne aloft in visions, cannot sustain its
elevation in the presence of intrusions which recall it to earth;
and so the visitor to this natural temple, like the worshipper in a
great cathedral, cannot feel the best inspirations of the place, nor
receive its high teachings, if disturbed or disconcerted by incon-
gruous sights or sounds.
The peril thus suggested is one to which Niagara has long been
exposed. The noble forest growths which once crowned these
banks have in large measure disappeared. ‘The tender draperies
of foliage and flower which everywhere concealed the nakedness
of the rocks, have, in many places been rudely stripped away.
Unsightly structures, erected for what may be fitly called, in such
surroundings, merely sordid purposes, everywhere meet the eye.
And in addition, the ordinary accompaniments of places of pub-
lic resort, the showmen, the venders of small wares, the guides
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and other obtruders of petty and often needless services, with their 1885
small, but continual exactions, make up a sum of disturbing and ©"
irritating influences which tend to supplant with resentment and
disgust, the high emotions which the scene would otherwise inspire.
It was this degradation of the surroundings of Niagara which
induced the effort of which we celebrate to-day the successful
accomplishment. The residents of this neighborhood, justly proud
of the possession of a great natural spectacle of sublimity and
beauty which drew to them visitors from every part of the civilized
world, the fond votaries of the scene, long accustomed to resort
to it; and to study its features until they had
“*Got by heart
Its eloquent of proportions ’’"—
took alarm at the progress of the devastation. They knew,
indeed, that the mighty floods from those inland seas could never
be arrested, nor the thunders of the cataract silenced by human
power:
** Man marks the earth with ruin — his control
Stops with the shore.”
But they saw that the glorious framework of the divine picture
was fragile as a web of gossamer, and that although the scene
itself could never be destroyed, it might be disenchanted. They
had learned also that much of the rare beauty of leaf, tree and
flower, which seems to cling as if by some preference around the
cataract, springs from conditions created by itself, and is, there-
fore, if I may borrow the fine language in which the thought has
been expressed, “a part of its own majesty,” and that to strip
it of these glorious robes would be a dismemberment, leaving the
great image a colossal deformity.
The circumstances which have thus tended to excite regret and
even to arouse resentment in the hearts of the lovers of this great
spectacle all over the world, could not, indeed, be imputed to the
community which inhabited its neighborhood. They are such as
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necessarily arise in connection with every place of great public
resort, where they are not checked and restrained by the pres-
ence of a general superintending authority, and probably exist
here in a less degree than in many other places to which large
numbers are attracted. We are, indeed, indebted to the kindly .
care of these residents, and especially to that of the family so
long the proprietors of a most beautiful part of these banks, and
whose name is not more closely associated with this place than
with the patriotic annals of the nation, that so much of their
native beauty remains untouched; and the promised restoration
of the scene to its original grandeur is welcomed by none with
greater delight than is felt by those whose lives have been passed
in its great presence. ‘This joyous festivity in which we are
hospitably invited to share, is the demonstration of their high
satisfaction with all the measures which have been taken to
achieve so important a work.
To those who were thus led to consider in what way the fur-
ther degradation of Niagara might be arrested, there was but one
measure which seemed adequate. ‘The real source of the evil
was perceived to lie in the circumstance that the surroundings of
the scene and its approaches had been suffered to become the
subject of private ownership. Private proprietors, ordinarily at
least, are not at liberty to devote their possessions, of whatever
nature, to any other purposes than those of profitable use. The
mistake was that the fair territory which lies along these banks
should ever have been allowed to become private property. It
was once the noble possession of the people of the State. Would
that it had always so remained. The plain remedy was a
resumption by the State of its former dominion and a movement
was set on foot to bring about this result.
A suggestion tending in this direction was made in the summer
of 1878 by the then Governor-General of Canada, Lord Duf-
ferin, himself a well-known admirer of the great scenes of nature,
to Governor Lucius Robinson, who made it the subject of a
special communication to the Legislature of 1879, in which he
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Preservation of the Falls
warmly recommended the concurrence of this State in the propo- 1885
sition of Lord Dufferin for the appointment of commissioners by ©"!
the two governments respectively for the purposes of conference.
Governor Robinson in his message expressed, in language worthy
of his enlightened character, the real duty of governments whose
territory embraces great natural spectacles. He said: “* The
civil jurisdiction over the Falls of Niagara, as well as the shores
and waters of the Niagara river, is divided between this State
and the Province of Ontario in Canada. But, in one sense, the
sublime exhibition of natural power there witnessed is the prop-
erty of the whole world. It is visited by tourists from all quarters
of the globe, and it would seem to be incumbent upon both gov-
ernments to protect such travelers from improper annoyance on
either side.”
The recommendation of Governor Robinson was met by a
joint resolution of both branches of the Legislature, directing the
Commissioners of the State Survey to inquire and report what
measures it might be expedient to make in order to carry out the
purposes mentioned in the Governor’s communication.
The movement thus initiated was reinforced by an appeal, in
1880, in the form of memorials, addressed respectively to Gov-
ernor Alonzo B. Cornell and to the Governor-General of Canada
by citizens of the United States and Canada, together with many
others, residents of other lands. Among them are included the
names most distinguished in the Church, in the State, in poetry,
in letters, and in art. They bear the illustrious names of Carlyle,
Emerson, Longfellow, Whittier, Holmes, Lowell and Ruskin.
Rarely, indeed, has such a company of eminent men in different
lands united in a common object.
The Commissioners of the State Survey discharged the duty
devolved upon them by the joint resolution of the Legislature, by
causing a careful examination to be made of the present condition
of Niagara Falls and its surrounding scenery, and of the opera-
tion of the perils to which they were exposed. This examination
was made by the accomplished director of the Commission, Mr.
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James T. Gardner, and Mr. Frederick Law Olmstead, whose
ardent interest in the beauty of landscapes, natural as well as
artificial, had long before inspired him with the deepest concern
for the future of Niagara Falls.
The conclusions of the Commissioners, founded upon the
examination thus made, were expressed in a report to the Legis-
lature, drawn up in a manner altogether worthy of the subject
and of themselves. They set forth in convincing terms the extent
of the deterioration already reached, and the inevitable results
of further neglect, and recommended the acquisition by the State
of a limited area of land along the banks of the river, sufficient
to enable the work of protection and restoration to be prosecuted
with effect.
The Legislature, in 1883, passed an act adopting these recom-
mendations, and providing a method for carrying them out. By
this act a board of commissioners was constituted, to be appointed
by the Governor, with authority to survey and lay out such parts
of the land adjacent to the falls as it should, in their judgment,
be expedient for the State to acquire, and to take the necessary
judicial proceedings for ascertaining the value of the lands.
Of the character of the gentlemen appointed upon this com-
mission I need not speak. ‘They were selected by Governor
Cleveland with wise discernment, and with reference only to their
qualifications for a task so important. They at once proceeded
with the discharge of their duties, and the entire work of select-
ing and surveying the lands and prosecuting the proceedings
requisite to ascertain their value was accomplished so as to enable
them to make their report early in the present year.
It was indeed necessary, in order to render these measures
entirely effective, that an appropriation of public money should
be made to pay the ascertained value of the lands and the attend-
ant expenses. That crowning act was performed by the Legis-
lature of 1885, and the present Governor of the State, who does
us the honor of his presence to-day, is to be congratulated upon
the opportunity which has fallen to him of closing, by his signa-
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Preservation of the Falls
ture, the series of most honorable executive acts in this movement 1885
for the restoration of Niagara Falls. The transfer of title has @"'*
now been completed, and we have been called to witness its
public recognition. No longer is Niagara, at least upon this bank,
the property of men. The formal title does, indeed, rest in that
great corporation composed of the people of the State in their
sovereign capacity; but they assert no ownership. ‘They rever-
ently acknowledge a trust. In the allotment among different
races and nations of the majestic displays of natural beauty or
power, this chief example has fallen under their dominion. But
its great purpose and essential use are not thereby changed. It
is theirs only to restore, protect and preserve — theirs only, in
common with all lovers of the sublime and the beautiful, to revere
and enjoy.
The State of New York has done many memorable things
which illumine her annals. She has erected great structures
dedicated to charity. She has established a great system of uni-
versal education. She has raised and sent into the field vast
armies to defend liberty and perpetuate the great nation of which
she forms a part; but in no single act has she shown herself
more worthy of her renown, or of the place she fills in the nation
and in the world, than by avowing, as she does to-day, her inten-
tion to forever guard and secure this spot against all profanation,
for the delight, the elevation and the improvement of mankind.
The effort has not passed into successful accomplishment
wholly without a challenge. Minds accustomed to scrutinize
narrowly the objects to which it is proposed to devote the public
revenue have questioned whether our civil Constitution permitted
such an expenditure for the mere purpose of indulging a senti-
ment. The question and its decisions are alike honorable. We
cannot appropriate public moneys to anything but a public use.
But public uses should certainly be deemed broad enough to
embrace the gratification of the noblest aspirations of which
human nature is capable. Pitiable, indeed, would be the spec-
tacle of a people who had paralyzed themselves against the
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indulgence of a sentiment. It is in their sentiments that the life
of a people is most truly manifested. Are we to teach at vast
expense in our schools the methods and the order of nature, the
ideals in poetry and art, and yet not cherish the majestic teacher
that exalts all our ideals? It is our sectarian dissensions alone
which prevent us from devoting any part of the public wealth to
the highest of all: public uses — religion; but in the worship
inspired by this place we are all of one faith.
The sentiments of men are oftentimes more powerful than their
interests even, and history furnishes some interesting proofs of
the depth of the feelings, closely akin to those the triumph of
which we celebrate to-day, which connect the sentiment of rever-
ence in man with great natural objects. The superstition of
early Greece asserted the existence at Delphi of a miraculous
cleft in the earth, from which bursts forth a divine afflatus capable
of inspiring the awful responses of Apollo; but this mere fable
could scarcely have sufficed to render the spot the principal shrine
of the favorite god. Situated in the most picturesque valley of
Greece, at the foot of the lofty summit of Parnassus, it was the
beauty and sublimity of the scene which enhanced the fame of
the oracle. It was the surrounding scenery, exalting the imagina-
tion and kindling the religious emotions, which attracted the multi-
tude of votaries and rendered the place the center of the Hellenic
world. But the devout sentiments of the pilgrims were offended
by the petty exactions of the neighboring seaport of Cirrha, and
the fertile plain around the temple excited the cupidity of the
neighboring husbandmen to make continual encroachments upon
the sacred precincts of the god. The evil was endured for a
time; but in the end Greece arose in resentment at the profana-
tion, and in a devastating conflict of ten years, fitly styled the
** Sacred War,”’ destroyed the offending town and choked up its
harbor; swept from the Circassian plain all evidences of human
ownership, and thus vindicated the insulted majesty of the god,
and asserted the right of worshippers from every land to approach
the great oracle unmolested.
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It was a characteristic trait of the poetic superstitution of
Greece to personify the visible forms of nature in a spirit of ©
peculiar sympathy and tenderness. Into what a sublime Pantheon
would Greek imagination have converted a scene like Niagara!
An abode for every divinity, with the Great Thunderer himself
in the midst shaking “ his ambrosial curls! ’’ A more spiritual
as well as philosophic faith has dispelled these fond illusions;
but poetry is still left to sing her sweet lament over a disenchanted
world.
“The intelligible forms of ancient poets,
The fair humanities of old religion,
The power, the beauty and the majesty
That had their haunts in dale or piny mountain,
Or forest by slow stream or pebbly spring,
Or chasms and watery depths, all these have vanished,
They live no longer in the faith of reason.”
The modern world, with its restless industrial activities, may,
perhaps, be less responsive to the inspirations of nature; but it
is for the reason that the sensibilities are less awake, not that the
voices are silenced. Nature addresses all ages in the same lan-
guage, which the heart of man can understand without the aid
of a mythology.
“The word unto the prophet spoken
Was writ on tables yet unbroken.
The word by seers or seraphs told
In groves of oak or fanes of gold,
Still floats upon the morning wind,
Still whispers to the willing mind.”
Our work to-day is to restore a neglected oracle; to manifest
our sense of the pre-eminent importance of this miracle of nature
as a teacher —a source of every softening and elevating influ-
ence — to leave its own creative powers to reproduce its original
majesty, and to throw wide open its beautiful gates, that all, of
whatever race or clime, may enter in.
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But, though the immediate task of New York is accomplished,
the whole work is not yet finished. ‘The great and friendly
nation which occupies the opposite bank holds in her hands a
matchless part of the glories of Niagara. We are not to doubt
that she is fully sensible of the duty which her dominion imposes,
nor that that duty will be fully discharged. Our own endeavor
had its origin, in part, in a suggestion proceeding from one of her
distinguished chief magistrates. Our example cannot but stimu-
late her to decisive action. And what better pledge of ever-
lasting amity could be given than a mutual and peaceful guard-
ianship over these beautiful banks? ‘The tumult of contending
armies engaged in deadly strife was once drowned by the roar of
the cataract. Does not that great voice forever say, ““ Peace, be
still!” to the passions by which such strife is engendered ?
‘**Oh! may the waves which madden in thy deep,
There spend their rage, nor climb the encircling steep,
And til the conflict of thy surges cease
The nations on thy banks repose in peace.”
GREENE, J. W. Free Niagara. Buffalo: Matthews, Northrup and
Co. (1885.)
Conditions under private ownership compared with those after the
** freeing ’’’ of Niagara, the story of ‘‘ New York’s imperial gift to man-
kind,” by the editor of the Buffalo Express.
History of the reservation movement to date, arguments in favor of
reservation, treasurer’s report, text of law of 1883 authorizing selection of
lands, address by association in favor of reservation, articles of association
of the Niagara Falls Association, list of officers and members.
The preservation of Niagara. (Nature, June 11, 1885. 32:131-
132.)
A history of the movement for the preservation of the Falls quoted from
Science.
The preservation of Niagara. (Sci., May 15, 1885. 5:398—399.)
A history of the movement leading to legislation.
1128
Preservation of the Falls
QUEEN VicTorRIA NIAGARA FALLS PARK CoMMISSIONERS. Annual 1885
reports, 1885 to date. Queen
Victoria
Much valuable material on the origin of the park, the policy and pay
activities of the commissioners, the development of the state’s property, Commissioners
the diversion controversy and the power situation, supplemented by con-
tracts, legislative acts and special reports.
Saving Niagara. (Critic, Mar. 7, 1885. 3 (new ser.) :109.) 1885
A brief history of the movement to save the Falls.
WeEtcH, THomAs V. How Niagara was made free. The passage jgg5
of the Niagara reservation act in 1885. (Pub. Buf. hist. soc. 5:325- Welch
329.)
History of the movement for the reservation by one active in securing
the measure, and who was afterwards superintendent of the reservation.
The same article may be found in Publication II of the Niagara Frontier
Historical Society reprinted from the Buffalo Historical Society.
1886
Bicot, CHARLES. De Paris au Niagara; Journal de voyage d’une 1886
delegation. Pans: A. Dupret, Editeur. 1887. Pp. 140-156. Bigot
Notre visite a duré quatre longues heures qui ont passé aussi
vite qu'une seule. Quand j’essaye de résumer l’impression de
cette matinée, je ne trouve qu'un mot qui l’exprime bien: c'est
le mot terreur. Le Niagara n’est pas seulement grand, imposant,
magnifique: il est terrible, il est formidable, il est effroyable.
Plus on visite, plus on s’arréte, plus on regarde, plus le sentiment
de |’effroi va croissant. C’est une puissance de la nature
déchainée, auprés de laquelle |’homme n’est rien.
HARRISON, JONATHAN BAXTER. The movement for the redemption 4886
of Niagara. (New Princeton rev., Mar., 1886. 1:233-245.) Harrison
This article, as it were, supplements Mr. Robb’s article. To quote:
“The movement to save Niagara is of peculiar interest, because it was
the first effort made in this country on so large a scale to use the machinery
of government for an object of this kind, that is, for a purpose belonging
so entirely to the realm of elevated sentiment and noble spiritual emotion.”
1129
Niagara Falls
1886 LaTTimorE, S. A. (A letter on the advantages of state ownership. )
Lattimore (Ann. rep’ts of the com’rs of the state reserv. at Niagara. Albany:
1886. 1:18-21.)
Senate document 35, February 17, 1885.
1886 New York (STATE) LEGISLATURE. An act to incorporate the
New York Niagara river hydraulic tunnel power and sewer company of Niagara Falls,
Gr) New York (laws oF UBBO) (Ou were lehan eagle Lose
This grant for the construction of a tunnel or sewer was amended by
the Laws of 1889, 110th sess, chap. 109, p. 112, so that water
could be taken from the Niagara river for power purposes, and another
amendment — Laws of 1891, 112th sess., chap. 235, p. 472,— dealing
with the financial and business management of the corporation recognizes
the Niagara Falls Power Company as successor of the Niagara River
Hydraulic Tunnel and Sewer Company of Niagara Falls, New York.
New York (STATE) LEGISLATURE. An act to incorporate the
Lockport water supply company. (Laws of 1886, 109th sess., chap.
106, p. 187.)
This grant to take water from the Niagara river was repealed in the
Laws of 1906, 129th sess., chap. 269, p. 570.
1886 [Onginal resolution describing the proposed limits of the Niagara
reservation.] (Ann. rep’ts of the com’rs of the state reserv. at Niagara.
Albany: 1886. 1:11-15.)
Senate document 35, February 17, 1885.
1886 Ross, J. HAMPDEN. Buying Niagara. (Cent., Dec., 1886. 20:
Robb 815-823.)
A story of the movement to preserve Niagara, its significance, and the
difficulties overcome. According to Mr. Robb, the buying of Niagara was
** another instance of the power of mere sentiment among men.”
1887
1887 New York STATE RESERVATION AT NIAGARA. By-laws of the
Rew, York — commissioners, together with the ordinances, rules and regulations for the
Reservation government of the reservation. (Ann. rep’ts of the com’rs of the state
reserv. at Niagara. Albany: 1887. 2:25-28.)
1130
Preservation of the Falls
OLMSTEAD, FREDERICK LAw, and VAUX, CALVERT. General plan 1887
for the improvement of the Niagara reservation. Niagara Falls, N. Y.: Olmstead
1887. & Vaux
The keynote of the plan is . . . ‘to restore and conserve the
natural surroundings of the Falls of Niagara, rather than attempt to add
anything thereto, is the true policy for the State to pursue. Not park,
nor pleasure ground, but “ Reservation’’ is the name affixed by the
Legislature to the property now happily recovered to the people. It is a
spot reserved, and sacred to what divine power has already placed there,
rather than a proper field for the display of human ingenuity or art.”
This plan may also be found in the Supplemental Report of the Com-
missioners of the State Reservation at Niagara. Albany. 1887,
pp. 9-50.
STRATHESK, JOHN, pseud. Bits about America. Edinb.: Oliphant, 1887
Anderson and Ferrier. 1887. Pp. 116-129. Strathesk
An account of a winter visit early in 1887. The author was offended
by the utilitarian public works around the Falls.
1888
New York (STATE) LEGISLATURE. An act to incorporate the 1888
Lewiston water supply company in Niagara county, New York. (Laws New York
of 1888, 111th sess., chap. 561, p. 918.) Legislature
This grant, which permits water to be taken from the Niagara river,
was repealed by the Laws of 1906, 129th sess., chap. 267, p. 569.
1389
New York (STATE) LeEcIsLATURE. An act to incorporate the 4889
Buffalo and Niagara power and drainage company. (Laws of 1889, New York
112th sess., chap. 366, p. 484.) Legislature
This act is repealed in the Laws of 1906, 129th sess., chap. 268,
p. 570.
New York STATE RESERVATION AT NIAGARA. Resolutions and 41g89
correspondence relating to a roadway from the state reservation at Niagara New York
to Lake Ontario. (Ann. rep’ts of the com’rs. Albany: 1889. 5:51- a .
55.) eservation
1131
1889
New York
State
Reservation
1890
Green
1890
Kroupa
Niagara Falls
The correspondents are Andrew H. Green, president of the commis-
sioners, John Bogart, State Engineer and Surveyor, and C. S. Gzouski,
chairman of commissioners, Q. V. N. F. Park.
The papers may be found in Assembly document 22, February 6,
1889.
1890
GREEN, ANDREW H. Letters concerning the diversion of waters from
Niagara Falls. (Ann. rep’ts of the com’rs of the state reserv. at Niagara.
Albany: 1890. 6:57—60.)
Assembly document 23, January 22, 1890.
The Hon. Andrew H. Green, who was president of the Board of Com-
missioners from 1888 to 1903, was particularly active in opposition to
diversion schemes. It was he who first suggested international action.
Letters addressed to the Legislature; to Hon. Samuel Frederick Nixon,
chairman of the Assembly committee on internal affairs; Hon. George
B. Sloan, Senate. These letters voiced the opposition of the Commission
to the bill entitled ‘“‘An act to authorize the Niagara Hydraulic Electric
Company to erect machinery under the Falls. . . .”
Kroupa, B. Aan artist’s tour; gleanings and impressions in North and
Central America and the Sandwich Islands. Lond.: Ward and Downey.
18902) Pp, 327-930.
I had seen the Falls several times during my previous stay in
Canada. They are no doubt sublime, and the scenery around
is wild and grand, but the land in the vicinity of and including
the Falls, was then private property, and thrown open to the
public at such ridiculously high charges that the cost of seeing all
around and below the Falls was very expensive. I could hardly
divest my mind of the idea that I was not “ doing” Niagara,
but that Niagara was “ doing’’ me. The latter conjecture was
ever present in my thoughts, for after I had been there for a
few minutes during my first visit, I began to lose money, and
after a couple of days I was almost beggared in trying to get
near the cataract. “There were so many fees and gratuities to be
paid at the various “ entrances’ to the Falls, under the Falls,
to the caves, and over the bridges, that after all the worry and
expense one could have readily sympathized with the man who,
1132
Preservation of the Falls
on being politely requested by his cicerone to come again at 1890
some future time, asked to be thrown in rather than return to *'°"?*
see them. One gets accustomed, however, to everything. I
walked and paid almost mechanically until I went about with my
pockets inside out. Although I refused the aid of several guides
who followed at my heels, as is the custom of that fraternity,
I paid in less than two days more than eight dollars in admission
fees, including those at every bridge.
Let us imagine a pater-familias going to see the Falls accom-
panied by his better half, and say half a dozen of children.
Arrived there, he would read: Entrance to the Falls, twenty-
five cents each person; further on: Entrance to the Cave of the
Winds, fifty cents, etc., etc. Seeing that he would have to pay
such a heavy ransom, he would most naturally explain to his
wife and offspring how much grander the Falls look when seen
from a distance. All this, however, is changed now, as all the
land adjoining the Falls on the American side has been bought
by the State in which they are situated.
After this comparison of the unpleasant conditions at the Falls on his
earlier visit with the improved conditions at the present time the author goes
on to give the impression of active and irresistible power conveyed by the
Falls at all times, and to give a slight sketch of their beauty in winter.
1891
GREEN, ANDREW H.; Bocart, JoHN; Kippe, Aucust S. Letters 1891
concerning surveys and appropriations. (Ann. rep’ts of the com’rs of the Green
state reserv. at Niagara. Albany: 1891. 7:81-88.)
Assembly document 45, January 29, 1891.
New YorK (STATE) LEGISLATURE. An act to incorporate the 1891
Niagara county irrigation and water supply company. (Laws of 1891, New York
114th sess. chap. 259, p. 483.) as
Grants the corporation the right to take water from the Niagara river
to supply the towns of Niagara, Lewiston, or Porter in the county of
Niagara.
1133
Niagara Falls
1891 The utilization of Niagara. VII. (Eng. (Lond.), Jan. 2, 1891.
51:14, 18, 19-21.)
Discusses the recession of Niagara and gives a quotation from Dickens’s
description of the Falls.
The utilization of Niagara. VIII. (Eng. (Lond.), Feb. 27, 1891.
51:235—236.)
An account of the investigations of Mr. John Bryant as to low water
at Niagara Falls and the effects of diversion. “The awards of the Inter-
national Niagara Commission are also given.
1892
1892 New York (STATE) LEGISLATURE. An act relating to the Niagara
New York Falls power company. (Laws of 1892, 115th sess., chap. 513, p.
Legislature 1041.)
Section 2 grants the right to the corporation to take and use water of the
Niagara river upon condition of furnishing free light, power and water
to the Niagara reservation. This condition was the subject of controversy
between the Commissioners of the State Reservation and the company for
many years, the Commissioners refusing to accept this free light, heat and
power for fear of involving the state of New York in a contractual obligation
with the power company.
Under this grant the company is not permitted to obstruct the navigation
of the Niagara river, nor “‘ to take therefrom more water than shall be
sufficient to produce two hundred thousand effective horse-power.”’
1893
1893 New YorkK (STATE) LEGISLATURE. An act concerning the Niagara
New York Falls power company. (Laws of 1893, 116th sess., chap. 477, p. 973.)
ih “4 s 5 ° s
Sue w Grants the corporation the right to furnish power, heat or light to any
person or body, and to obtain rights from individuals, corporations or bodies
to cross any lands, public or private, for the purpose of furnishing such
power.
1893 New York (STATE) LEGISLATURE. An act to incorporate the
~ Model town company, to define its rights, powers and privileges and for
other purposes. (Laws of 1893, 116th sess., chap. 707, p. 1753.)
Section 14 grants the right to “‘ take water from Lake Erie, and except
for motive power for factories from Niagara river and by separate systems
of pipes, ditches, canals, aqueducts or syphons, may carry said water to
and into any town site it may require in Niagara county.”
1134
Preservation of the Falls
1894
GreEN, ANDREW H. Letter to Walter Q. Gresham, secretary of 1894
state, Washington, concerning the diversion of water at Niagara Falls, Green
under date of October 17, 1894. (Ann. rep’ts of the com’rs of the state
reserv. at Niagara, 12:49-50.)
An appeal for international action.
GREEN, ANDREW H. Letter to J. W. Langmuir, chairman of the
commissioners of Queen Victoria Niagara Falls Park, under date of
October 19, 1894, concerning the diversion of water at Niagara Falls.
(Ann. rep’ts of the com’rs of the state reserv. at Niagara. 12:51.)
An appeal for cooperation to secure international action for the protec-
tion of the Falls.
GREEN, ANDREW H. Letter to Theodore E. Hancock, attorney gen-
eral of the state of New York, under date of July 17 and 18, 1894,
concerning the diversion of water at Niagara Falls. (Ann. rep’ts of the
com’rs of the state reserv. at Niagara. 12:52-53.)
Request for an opinion on the right of the Niagara Falls Hydraulic
Power and Manufacturing Company to enlarge its canal.
New York (STATE) CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION, 1894. 1894
Revised record of the constitutional convention of . . . New York, New York
Constitutional
May 8, 1894, to September 29, 1894. Rev. by W. H. Steele. Albany, Convention
N. Y.: The Argus Printing Co. 1890.
For the debates on the constitutional provision to limit the diversion of
water from the Niagara river, see especially vol. 3, pp. 808-873; vol. 4,
pp. 164-173, 612-615, 627-641, and vol. 5, pp. 727-728.
New YorK (STATE) LEGISLATURE. An act to amend chapter 707 1894
of the laws of 1893 entitled ““An act to incorporate the Model town New York
ans Bs Legislature
company, to define its rights, powers and privileges and for other pur-
poses.” (Laws of 1894, 117th sess., chap. 605, p. 1370.)
This amendment changes the Model Town Company to the Niagara
Power and Development Company and grants power to “‘ purchase or lease
the franchise, improvements and all rights of the Niagara County Irrigation
and Water Supply Company ’”’ which was incorporated in the laws of
1891, 114th sess., chap. 259, p. 483.
1135
Niagara Falls
1894 New York (STATE) LEGISLATURE. An act to incorporate the
any Cees Niagara, Lockport and Ontario power company. (Laws of 1894, 117th
sess., chap. 722, p. 1806.
Section 10 gives the conditions under which water may be taken from
the Niagara river and distributed for water supply or power purposes.
1894 QUEEN VIcTOoRIA NIAGARA FALLS Park. Official documents 1894.
aan Legislative acts and papers relating to the park together with the first
Park annual reports of the commissioners of the park.
1894 ScHENK, M. Report on roadway from the reservation to Lake Ontario.
Schenk (Ann. rep’ts of the com’rs of the state reserv. at Niagara. Albany: 1894.
10:55-56.)
Recommends steps looking toward preliminary legislation.
. 1895
1895 BARHITE, JOHN A. Report to the constitutional convention of the
Barhite subcommittee of the committee on legislative powers relative to the diversion
of the waters of Niagara. (Ann. rep’ts of the com’rs of the state reserv.
at Niagara. Albany: 1895. 11:61-73.)
Document No. 60. An examination of existing water rights and privi-
leges at Niagara, with respect to fact and law. Grants already made are
reviewed, dangers to the Falls pointed out, the legal right of the state in the
river discussed, and a constitutional amendment recommended which pro-
vided for the restriction of grants to certain specified purposes and proposed
to put companies already organized under the direction and control of the
Commissioners of the State Reservation at Niagara.
1895 HaNcock, THEODORE E. Opinion concerning the diversion of water
Hancock at Niagara Falls, under date of November 16, 1895. (Ann. rep’ts of
the com’rs of the state reserv. at Niagara. 12:53-61.)
1896
1896 DuNLaP, OrRIN E. Water supply of Niagara. (W. elec., Feb. 8,
Dunlap 1896. 18:63.)
A discussion of the danger of drawing off so much water for power pur-
poses as to ruin the beauty of the Falls.
1896 New York (STATE) LEGISLATURE. An act confirming and defin-
ey Ms ing certain riparian rights of the Niagara Falls hydraulic power and
Ac tacharh manufacturing company. (Laws of 1896, 119th sess., chap. 967, p.
1393.)
1136
Preservation of the Falls
The Niagara reservation. (Critic, Mar. 21, 1896. 28:203.) 1896
A protest against the proposal to abolish the Reservation Commission
and transfer its functions to the Fisheries, Game and Forest Commission.
UNITED STATES CONGRESS. Report of the deep waterways com- 1896
mission prepared at Detroit, Michigan, December 18-22, 1896, by the
commissioners, James B. Angell, John E. Russell, Lyman E. Cooley,
accompanied by a report on technical work and several topical reports
and drawings pertaining thereto. Washington: 1897. H.R. doc. 92.
54th Cong., 2d sess.
1897
D. W. The glory of Niagara. (Life & health (N. Y.), Aug. 1897. 1897
Pp. 264-266.) ae
Need of time for due comprehension of the wonders and appreciation of
the “beauties of Niagara: improvements at hotels and elsewhere since pre-
reservation days.
Davis, REBECCA Harpinc. The passing of Niagara. Indep., Nov. 1897
25, 1897. 49:1527-1528.) ie
A fanciful imagination of the danger to be faced of Niagara being
sacrificed to the dollar.
[Electrical review.] Editorial comment on the “* alleged destruction’? 1897
of the Falls. (Nov. 3, 1897. 31:216.)
MerepITH, E. A. The Queen Victoria Niagara Falls Park. (Can. 1897
mag., July 1897. 9:228-239.) Meredith
A review of the report of the Canadian commissioners for 1895, dealing
with the origin of the park, its area, the improvements which had been
made, the finances, and the scenery.
1900
The discharge of the Niagara river. (Eng. mag., April, 1900. 1900
19:129-1 30.)
A condensation of an elaborate account of recent measurements of flow
in the Niagara under the U. S. Board of Engineers on Deep Waterways,
as given by Mr. Clinton W. Stewart in a paper before the Western
Society of Engineers.
9 1137
United State
Congress
Niagara Falls
1901
1901 Hartt, Mary B. The passing of Niagara. (Outl., May 4, 1901.
paartt 68:21-28.)
An account of the desecration of the scenery at the Falls, the practical
considerations involved, the effect of diversion, the struggle for preservation,
and the dangers from natural causes. Says the author: ‘‘ Niagara together
with scores of other beautiful and picturesque things in this prosaic world of
ours, is passing. Saved from the hands of the catch-penny sharper, it has
fallen into the hands of the catch-million capitalist. Rescued from the
toils of a commercial conspiracy, it will but vanish under the pitiless
processes of Nature.”
1902
1902 The creation and development of the state reservation at Niagara.
(Ann. rep’ts of the com’rs of the state reserv. at Niagara. 1902.
19:14-84.)
A history of the reservation movement, the establishment of the reservation,
the restoration and preservation of the scenery, the cost of the reservation,
the problems presented, and the policy of the commissioners.
1902 INTERNATIONAL WATERWAYS COMMISSION. Documents relatiag to.
International (Ann, rep’ts of the com’rs of the state reserv. at Niagara. 19: app.
Waterways 255-061.)
Commission
Resolution for the appointment of a commission, report of the Committee
of Commerce thereon, and the opinion of the War Department, amended
act.
1902 New York (STATE) LEcIsLATURE. An act to incorporate the
New York lower Niagara river power and water supply company. (Laws of 1902,
Legislature | 25th sess., chap. 539, p. 1288.)
1903
1903 GREEN, ANDREW H. Last public address of the late Hon. Andrew H.
Green Green, concerning the state reservation at Niagara. (Ann. rep’ts of the
com’rs of the state reserv. at Niagara. 20:91-104.)
A history of the establishment of the reservation and some reasons
justifying the setting aside of the Falls property as a public park. Read
before the convention of the American Park and Outdoor Art Association
of Niagara Falls, July 7, 1903.
1138
Preservation of the Falls
GREEN, ANDREW H. Saving Niagara. (In American park and out- 41903
door art association. General addresses of the 7th annual meeting. Buf- Green
falo, July, 1903. 7: pt. 4, 12-18.)
Mr. Green’s address deals with the lesson of Niagara and its significance,
gives the history of the reservation and an account of its administration at
the time the address was made.
[Preservation of Niagara Falls.] (Eng. news, Apr. 16, 1903. 1903
49 :347.)
An editorial suggested by the New York Tribune’s agitation.
1904
BurRNE-JONES, Puitip. Dollars and democracy. With numerous 1904
illustrations from original drawings by the author. N. Y.: 1904. Pp, Burne-Jones
234-238.
The author saw the Falls in spring between seasons. He apparently
appreciated the Falls, but was so indignant over the desecration of the
scenery and the commercialization of the cataract that he says almost
nothing about them.
CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION. Report of the subcommittee on 1904
proposed constitutional amendment. (Ann. rep’ts of the com’rs of the state Constitutional
reserv. at Niagara. 1904. 21:149-167.) Convention
A history of privileges already granted and the rights of the state in
the premises, together with a proposed amendment restricting the granting
of water rights and controlling diversion under existing franchises.
DALE, STEPHEN M. Seeing Niagara Falls for the first time. Ladies 1904
home jour., June, 1904. 21:9-10.) Dale
The author tells us where Niagara is and how it came to be, gives some
of the amusing comments heard there, and the number of annual visitors,
describes the “ chaining’’ of Niagara, the gorge ride and the moonlight
view of the Falls, with some tales of the troublesome cabmen.
Dow, CHARLES M. Letter to Governor Odell, requesting him to veto 1904
the Niagara, Lockport and Ontario power company bill. (Ann. rep’ts Dow
of the com’rs of the state reserv. at Niagara. 21:215-229.)
The letter cites the dangers threatening the Falls, the arguments
economic, esthetic and legal, against the bill in question and the arguments
for the preservation of the Falls.
Memorandum concerning the jurisdiction, powers and proceedings of 1904
the commissioners of the state reservation at Niagara with respect to the
1139
1904
1904
New York
State Reser-
vation
1904
1905
Adams
Niagara Falls
preservation of the Falls and scenery of Niagara. (Ann. rep’ts of the
com'rs of the state reserv. at Niagara. 21:59-80.)
The following memorandum has been prepared with a view to
collating facts concerning:
First. The jurisdiction and powers of the Commissioners of
the State Reservation at Niagara with respect to the preserva-
tion of the Falls and scenery of Niagara;
Second. What the commission has done to prevent the impair-
ment of the beauty of the Falls and the environment; and
Third. The course of legislation with respect to charters to
private corporations affecting directly or indirectly the Falls and
their environment.
New YorK STATE RESERVATION AT NIAGARA. Official correspond-
ence and opinions. (Ann. rep’ts of the com’rs of the state reserv. at
Niagara. 21:117-148.)
Concerning the diversion of water at Niagara Falls, and the efforts of
the commissioners of the State Reservation to prevent it.
New YorK STATE RESERVATION AT NiAGARA. Extracts from
annual reports. (Ann. rep’ts of the com’rs of the state reserv. at Niagara.
21:81-116.)
Concerning the diversion of the waters of the Niagara river at the
Falls and the efforts of the commissioners of the State Reservation to
preserve the integrity of the Falls.
Resumé of legislation concerning Niagara power corporations. (Ann.
rep’ts of the com’rs of the state reserv. at Niagara. 21:185-213.)
Stages of legislation and votes on charter of Niagara power corporations.
1905
Apams, ALTON D. The destruction of Niagara Falls. (Cass , Mar.,
1905. 27:413-417.)
According to Mr. Adams, ‘* Niagara Falls are doomed. Children
already born may yet walk dry-shod from the mainland of the New York
State Reservation to Goat Island, across the present bed of the Niagara
River. Certain economic, industrial, and political forces are working
strongly toward this result, and their course can be staid only by the strong
hand of the government.”
1140
p2[quiesse a}doad AuewW YIM aouR\sIp ay} Ul Uses 9q Aew yoryM yUulo pedsoig Mojaq ysnf uaye 7
YWALNIAY NI STIVA FHL
Preservation of the Falls
Apams, ALTON D. How to save Niagara Falls. (Tech. wld., Oct., 1905
1905. 4:161-167.) Adams
The possibility of enormous water power development without affecting
the Falls by damming the river below.
CLARKE, JOHN M. The menace to Niagara. (Pop. sci. mo., Apr., 1905
1905. 66:489-504.) Clarke
An article by the New York State Geologist on the impending destruc-
tion of the Falls and the remedy. According to Dr. Clarke, the American
fall is in danger of becoming ‘‘ as dry as bone.” He thinks it is too late
to find out how much may be safely withdrawn. “In taxation of the
power product, not necessarily for revenue but for protection,” seems to
Dr. Clarke, ‘‘ to lie the sole means of control of the problem, the only way
of saving our national pride before the bar of the world.”
The destruction of Niagara Falls. (R. of R., Apr., 1905. 31:490.) 1905
A review of an article by Alton D. Adams in the March number of
Cassier’s Magazine.
Dow, CHaRLES M. Address to the international commissioners 4995
appointed to investigate concerning the conditions and uses of the waters Dow
adjacent to the boundary lines between Canada and the United States, at
Niagara Falls, New York, September 14, 1905. (Ann. rep’ts of the
com’rs of the state reserv. at Niagara, 22:67-—75.)
Deals with the economic and esthetic considerations for the preservation
of the Falls and the effects of further diversion, together with a plea for
international protection.
DUNLAP, ORRIN E, Is Niagara doomed? (Tech. wld., July, 1905. 1905
3:557-568.) Dunlap
This article deals with the wonderful power developments which are
transforming the environs of the cataract.
International waterways commission organized. (Ann. rep’ts of the 4995
com’rs of the state reserv. at Niagara. 22:16—30.)
A history of the movement for an international waterways commission
to consider the question of diversion of Niagara waters, the establishment
of the commission, the enlargement of its powers, the protection of Niagara
by legislation and constitutional amendment, and discussion of the question
as to where the power of protection lies.
1141
—————
1905
McFarland
1905
New York
Legislature
* 1905
Potter
1905
1905
1905
Thunstrom
1905
1906
Adams
Niagara Falls
McFarRLAND, J. Horace. Shall we make a coal pile of Niagara?
(Ladies’ home jour., Sept., 1905. 22:19.)
New York (STATE) LEGISLATURE. An act to amend the public
lands law, by including certain lands of the state as a part of the state
reservation at Niagara. (Laws of 1905, 128th sess., chap. 508,
p. 1166.)
This act added to the State Reservation at Niagara certain lands deeded
to the state by the Niagara Falls Hydraulic Power and Manufacturing
Company.
Potter, ALVAH K. Address to the international commissioners
appointed to investigate concerning the conditions and uses of the waters
adjacent to the boundary lines between Canada and the United States, at
Niagara Falls, New York, September 14, 1905. (Ann. rep’ts of the
com’rs of the state reserv. at Niagara. 22:77-81.)
A brief address devoted to the legal and practical aspects of the question
in its national and international relation.
(Outl., Oct. 14, 1905. 81:348.)
An editorial on the resolution of the American Civic Association based
on the provision of the ordinance of 1787 which made “ carrying places”
between the Mississippi and St. Lawrence common highways.
Save Niagara Falls. (Outl., Nov. 25, 1905. 81:696.)
A brief appeal to the public.
Preserve Niagara.
THUNSTRoM, Louis L. How to save Niagara. (Sci. Am., July 8,
1905. 93:27.)
A letter proposing a dam above the Falls to regulate the flow.
(Sci. Am., Apr. 15, 1905. 92:298.)
Editorial protest against the sacrifice of Niagara Falls to a few.
Vandalism at Niagara Falls.
1906
Apams, ALTON D. Diversion of water from Niagara.
eng., Apr. 28, 1906. 47:875-876.)
An effort to show that only a small part of the water diverted by power
plants in Queen Victoria Niagara Falls Park could have found its way
to the American Falls.
(Elec. wld. &
1142
Preservation of the Falls
Apams, ALTON D. Niagara Falls already ruined. (Tech. wld.,
Apr., 1906. 5:115-124.)
The author points out that the concessions already granted are sufficient
to use all the water.
AMERICAN Civic AssocIATION. Preservation of Niagara Falls:
1906
Adams
1906
memorandum submitted on behalf of the people of the United States, at American
the hearing held Nov. 26, 1906, before the Hon. W. H. Taft, secretary .
of war, in the matter of the admission of electric power generated in
Canada from the water of the Niagara river. (1906).
Opposition to admission on the ground that it would endanger the Falls
by encouraging diversion on the Canadian side.
[The bill for the preservation of Niagara Falls.] (Eng. news, June
7, 1906. 55:642.)
The Burton bill and its provisions.
The desecration of Niagara. (Ladies’ home jour., June, 1906.
23—27:)
Urges the writing of letters to Representatives and Senators in Congress.
Diversion of Niagara river. (Sci. Am., Mar. 17, 1906. 94:226.)
An editorial on the prospect of international control and the ethics of
the preservation question.
Dow, CHARLES M. How to protect Niagara Falls. (Outl., Jan. 27,
1906. 82:179-189.)
““We commend this article, which reviews in order the encroachment
upon Niagara Falls, and also the work which has been steadily carried
forward for a score of years to check these encroachments. The con-
clusions which Mr. Dow arrives at are clear and specific. The most
important of these conclusions is the necessity for ‘joint action of the
government of the United States and the proper British authorities.’ ”’
Outl. 82:150.
The situation, then, as it appears to the writer, may be reca-
pitulated as follows:
1. The authorized diversion of the waters of the Niagara
River, when exercised to its full extent, will seriously but not
wholly impair the Falls.
2. That further suggested diversion should be prevented, if
possible.
1143
ivic Asso-
ciation
1906
1906
1906
1906
Dow
1906
ow
1906
1906
Dunlap
1906
Gregory
1906
1906
Niagara Falls
3. That the transfer of the State Reservation at Niagara Falls
from the State of New York to the Federal Government would
be valueless as a remedy against the proposed evil.
4. That this diversion can be absolutely prevented by the joint
action of the Government of the United States and the proper
British authorities.
5. That it is desirable that the Legislature of the State of
New York should revoke all charters for the diversion of water
under which operations have not been commenced in good faith.
6. That an amendment to the Constitution of the State should
be adopted providing for the perpetual protection of the waters
of Niagara River.
7. That the Congress of the United States should exercise at
once all the powers it may possess to prevent such diversion.
Dry as Niagara. (Outl., Nov. 24, 1906. 84:690-691.)
An editorial urging pressure on the secretary of war to prohibit all
encroachment upon the Falls.
DUNLAP, ORRIN E. The crime against Niagara. (Harp. w., Apr. 7,
1906. 50:474-476.)
Grecory, HENRY ELLSworTH. Legal status of the Niagara river.
N. Y.: 1906.
A brief on international law governing the Niagara river furnished the
American Scenic and Historic Preservation Society and transmitted to
Hon. T. E. Burton, chairman of committee on rivers and harbors, by
Edward Hagaman Hall, secretary of the American Scenic and Historic
Preservation Society.
The Hearing at Niagara Falls. (Outl., July 21, 1906. 83:632-633.)
Help to save Niagara Falls. (Outl., Apr. 21, 1906. 82:865-866.)
How the power companies beautify Niagara. (Ladies’ home jour.,
Och, 1906. 732395)
Urging letters to Secretary of War Taft and to Sir Wilfrid Laurier,
Prime Minister of Canada.
1144
Preservation of the Falls
Industrie (L’) Americaine fera-t-elle-disparatrie les chutes du Niagara. 1906
(Le tour du monde-a travers le monde. n. s. annee 12 [1906] Paris:
1906. Pp. 289-292.)
An article on the spoliation of Niagara by the overdevelopment of its
power facilities. The article contains three illustrations showing some of
the most disfiguring effects of the power installations. The art of pre-
serving and increasing natural beauty is so well understood in France, that
this article is interesting as giving us the French point of view.
International protection of Niagara Falls. (Sci. Am., Apr. 21, 1906. 1906
94:322.)
Editorial comment on Senator Burton’s suggestions.
Kutz, Capt. CHARLES W. Reports upon the existing water power 1906
situation at Niagara Falls, so far as concerns the diversion of water on the Kutz
American side; by the American members of the International Waterways
Commission and Captain Charles W. Kutz, Corps of Engineers, U. S. A.
Wash.: Gov’t. print. off. 1906.
LANIER, RoBERT S. International aid for Niagara. (R. of R., Apr., 1906
1906. 33:432-439.) Lanier
An appeal for the preservation of the Falls and a review of the efforts
to save them. To quote: ** The public feeling behind these movements is
not necessarily insensible to the glory of having at Niagara ‘the power
center of the world,’ or blind to the fascination of unique hydraulic prob-
lems magnificently executed. But it finds a glory and magnificence in
the sight of what nature has done here which, compared with the success
of a few industrial enterprises, is vastly for the greater good of the greater
number. . . . Mournful indeed would be a mechanical triumph over
this international inspiration! ””
NATIONAL SocIETY OF COLONIAL DAMES OF AMERICA. Preserva~ 1906
tion of Niagara Falls. [Washington: Gov. print. off. 1906.] National
Society of
Petition from the National Society of Colonial Dames of the District Colonial
of Columbia praying for the preservation of Niagara Falls with endorse- yeni
ments of several states.
Presented by Mr. Gallinger and referred to the Committee on Forest
Reservations and Protection of Game, February 13, 1906. The plea is
made on the ground of historical and patriotic sentiment.
Niagara again. (Outl., May 19, 1906. 83:106-107.) 1906
Editorial comment and review of the article of H. W. Buck, “* Niagara
Falls from the economic stand-point; ”’ an answer to Mr. Buck’s economic
argument. 1145
1906
1906
1906
1906
1906
Niagara Falls
it appears to us that the case of the power companies
cannot be put more clearly and forcibly than he states it.
With the frankness and exactness of a man trained to deal with
scientific problems, Mr. Buck strips the controversy of its inci-
dentals and non-essentials and goes right to the heart of the
question. The transformation of Niagara Falls from a spectacle
of natural beauty known and admired all over the world into a
huge electrical engine whose sole function shall be to run dynamos,
turn machinery, and produce metals and chemicals, ** broadly
speaking, is solely the physical expression of the law of supply
and demand.’ At present the demand is such that only a part
of the water of the Falls is necessary to supply it. But Mr. Buck
frankly admits the indisputable fact that, if the American people
decide to treat Niagara Falls merely as an economic water power,
the power plants will eventually divert all the water to their use
rather than fail in supplying the needs of the country for
aluminum, carborundum, calcium-carbide, and other valuable
products of electro-chemical processes.
Niagara and the nation. (Outl., Apr. 14, 1906. 82:828-830.)
An editorial calling attention to the importance of government action
and pointing out that the people are ‘‘ the real owners of Niagara’ and in
duty bound to see to the preservation of the Falls from commercialization.
The Niagara campaign. (Outl., Jan. 27, 1906. 82:150.)
Editorial urging national and international action for the preservation
of the Falls.
Niagara power. (Elec. rev., July 13, 1906. 59:80.)
Notice of the Burton law then pending.
Niagara problem under legislation. (Pop. sci. mo., May 1906.
68 :473-475.)
A brief review of proposed legislation.
Preservation of Niagara Falls. (Outl., Apr. 7, 1906. 82:772.)
A summary of the report of the International Waterways Commission.
1146
Preservation of the Falls
Preservation of Niagara Falls. (Outl., July 21, 1906. 83:632-633.)
Report by the international waterways commission on Niagara Falls.
(Eng. news, Apr. 5, 1906. 55:394-395.)
A digest.
[A report on Niagara Falls.] (Eng. news, May 17, 1906. 55:555.)
A notice of the International Waterways Commission’s report.
[Saving Niagara Falls.] (Sci. Am., Feb. 24, 1906. 94:171.)
A letter from an engineer opposing the preservation of Niagara for
merely sentimental reasons.
STROTHER, FRENCH. Shall Niagara be saved? (WhHds. work,
May, 1906. 12:7524-7535.)
An able article setting forth the existing power situation at Niagara, the
effects of the industrial development on the scenery, the origin of the danger
from the power companies, the control of the Vanderbilt-Astor-Morgan
group in the power situation, the fallacy that the people are profiting from
the power franchises, the need of an international treaty to remedy matters
since the economic forces of the movement toward destruction have passed
out of the power of the companies to stop them.
(Two letters to the editor on the Niagara problem.) (Sci. Am., Mar.
31, 1906. 94:271.)
Suggestion that the water be turned back for scenic purposes at stated
intervals.
UniTED StaTEs.— ForREIGN RELATIONS COMMITTEE (SENATE)
: . Preservation of Niagara Falls . . . Hearings before the com-
mittee on foreign relations . . . (April 11, 1906.) (Washington: Gov’t
Print. Off., 1906.) 22 p. 8°. (U. S. 59th Cong., Ist sess. Senate
doc. 393; serial 4015).
UNITED STATEs.— ForesT RESERVATIONS AND PROTECTION OF
GaME CoMMITTEE (SENATE). Preservation of Niagara Falls. Report
by Mr. Brandegee from the committee on forest reservations and the
protection of game, favoring H. J. res. 83, similar to S. J. res. 24, for
report upon the preservation of the Falls. March 9, 1906. 8 p. (U.S.
59th Cong., Ist sess. Senate rept. 1611; serial 4904.)
UniTep STATEs.— PRESERVATION OF NIAGARA FALLs CONFER-
ENCE COMMITTEE. Preservation of Niagara Falls. Conference report
on H. 18024, for control and regulation of waters of Niagara river
1147
1906
1906
1906
1906
1906
Strother
1906
1906
United States
Congress
1906
United States
ongress
1907
1907
Niagara Falls
[and] preservation of the Falls. (June 25, 1906. 2p. (U.S. 59th
Cong., Ist sess. House rept. 5005; serial 4908.)
UNITED STATES.— RIVERS AND HaARBorRS COMMITTEE (House).
Control and regulation of waters of Niagara river. Preservation of
Niagara Falls, etc. Report by Mr. Burton from the committee on rivers
and harbors, amending by substitute H. 18024, for control and regulation
of waters of Niagara river [and] preservation of the Falls. June 2, 1906.
(U. S. 59th Cong., Ist sess. House rept. 4654; serial 4908.)
UNITED STATES.— RIVERS AND HaARBoRS COMMITTEE (House).
Preservation of Niagara Falls. Report by Mr. Burton from the com-
mittee on rivers and harbors, favoring H. J. res. 83, for report upon the
preservation of the Falls. Jan. 31, 1906. (U.S. 59th Cong., Ist sess.
House rep’t 695; serial 4906.)
UNITED STATES.—RIVERS AND Harsors COMMITTEE (House).
Preservation of Niagara Falls (H. R. 18024). Hearings [April
12-May 8] before the committee . . . 59th Cong., Ist sess. .
Wash.: Gov’t Print. Off., 1906. iv, 325 p. 8°.
UnITED STATES.— WAR DEPARTMENT . . . Preservation of
Niagara Falls. Message from the president . . . transmitting a letter
from the secretary of war, submitting additional information concerning the
operation of the United States Lake Survey from June 29,1906, to June
29.199 es Wash.) Gov't (Print: (One 1911) i 22apeuplapae:
(U. S. 63d Cong., 2d sess. House doc. 246.)
Includes reports from the chairman of the Niagara Falls committee,
F. D. Millet, dated Sept. 20, 1907, and Oct. 2, 1911.
1907
The Burton bill and its effects on electrical developments at Niagara
Falls. (Elec. wld. & eng., June 29, 1907. 49:1291-1294.)
The provisions of the law in regard to diversion and importation and the
permits under it.
The government and Niagara Falls. (Outl., Feb. 16, 1907. 85:
335.)
Editorial comment on Mr. Stetson’s letter concerning private rights in
Niagara Falls. To quote: ‘* When public rights and private rights come
into collision, the inevitable limitations of the latter cannot be called
spoliations.”” 1148
Preservation of the Falls
Government regulation of Niagara power. (Sci. Am., Feb. 16, 1907. 1907
96:146.)
Editorial notice of the Taft decision under the Burton law.
Kocu, FELIx J. Fleecing tourists on the grand tour at much-threat- 1907
ened Niagara. (Overland mo., May, 1907. 49:417-419.) Koch
Not Atlantic City in all its glory fleeces the novice more completely
than does this Grand Tour.
LancmurrR, J. W. Address before the American civic association at 1907
its annual general meeting held in Providence, Rhode Island, 19th Novem- Langmuir
ber, 1907. (Ann. rep’ts of the com’rs for the Queen Victoria Niagara
Falls park. 1907. 22:app.B.)
A brief history of the establishment of the park together with a dis-
cussion of the policy and activities of the commissioners, especially with
reference to the question of power grants and their effects upon the Falls.
Niagara: a mischievous bill. (Outl., Feb. 23, 1907. 85:388-389.) 1907
Editorial comment on the Alexander bill. It is argued that the only
safety for the Falls lay in keeping the Burton law and continuing agitation
for such international action as will insure permanent protection.
Niagara preservation number. (Chaut., Aug., 1907. 47:260, 1907
277-379.)
Recession of Niagara. (Elec. wld. & eng., Mar. 2, 1907. 49:421.) 1907
Editorial notice of G. K. Gilbert’s work in U. S. Geological Survey
(Bulletin 306), accompanied by a report on the survey of the crest by
W. Carvel Hall.
The secretary of war’s decision on Niagara Falls. (Elec. wld. &
eng., Mar. 2, 1907. 49:414.)
Editorial on the economic and esthetic value of the Falls.
STETSON, FRANcIs LynpE. Private rights in Niagara Falls. (Outl., 1907
Feb. 16, 1907. 85:378-379.) Stetson
A letter to the editor on the object of the Taft commission, the real
purpose of the Burton act, and the effect of federal legislation on power
company rights.
A wise decision. (Outl., Feb. 2, 1907. 85:236-237.) 1907
An editorial on the Taft decision.
1149
1908
American
Civic Asso-
ciation
1908
1908
1908
‘International
Waterways
Commission
1908
New York
Legislature
1908
Randolph
Niagara Falls
1908
AMERICAN Civic AssocIATION. Niagara again. [1908.]
A letter to association members urging opposition to power grants at the
Whirlpool rapids.
AMERICAN Civic ASSOCIATION. [Preservation of Niagara Falls.]
(Clipping sheet, 2d ser., no. 6, Apr. 18, 1908.)
A second campaign to save the cataract. Esthetic considerations and
other arguments for preservation presented by President McFarland of the
association and Frederick Law Olmsted. Opposition urged to a projected
bridge between the Falls and the upper steel arch.
The beauty of Niagara and its power. (Elec. rev., June 27, 1903.
41:1098.)
A quotation from the 17th Annual Report of the Commissioners of
Queen Victoria Niagara Falls Park defending power development in the
park.
Canadian-Niagara power. (Elec. wid. & eng., Apr. I1, 1908.
51:756.)
A review of the report of the Canadian park commissioners favoring
cancellation of power franchises not yet developed.
INTERNATIONAL WATERWAYS COMMISSION. Report of the Ameri-
can section to the secretary of war, December 1, 1908. (Ann. rep’ts of
the com’rs of the state reserv. at Niagara. 25:]7—24.)
Extended extracts from the report.
New York (STATE) LEGISLATURE. An act to amend the public
lands law, in relation to sewer through lands of the state reservation at
Niagara. (Laws of 1908, 131st sess., chap. 243, p. 702.)
This amendment to the Laws of 1894, 117th sess., chap 317, sec.
92, adds to the previous powers of the commissioners of the state reserva-
tion at Niagara by granting them authority to permit the construction of a
sewer in, through, under and along the lands of the state reservation, upon
such conditions as the commissioners may prescribe.
RANDOLPH, ISHAN. Review of the report of William Spencer, M. A.
Ph. D., F. G. S., on the physics of the Niagara river. (Ann. rep’t of
the com’rs for Queen Victoria Niagara Falls park. 1908. 23:5059.)
A very technical discussion.
1150
Preservation of the Falls
After a review of the “conditions in that portion of the 1908
Niagara River between the point where it receives the effluent ®a7do!ph
waters of Lake Erie and the first of the cascades over which it
tumbles in its headlong course to the Falls,” the author says
“Not all of Dr. Spencer’s faulty reasoning is embodied in the
quotations made, but enough is quoted to bring out the fallacy
of his conclusions and to enable me to demonstrate the facts to
be counter to his statement of them.” . . . “I have set
forth the habits of obedience to the laws of hydraulics universally
found among rivers. Dr. Spencer substitutes the speculations of
a geologist for the deductions of the hydraulician, and reaches
conclusions which do violence to all hydraulic law.”
The facts set forth herein and illustrated by the exhibits prove
beyond contradiction that the works of the Ontario Power Com-
pany do not tend to lower the water above the first cascade.
This being true, the only water extracted for power purposes
which tends to lower the water above the first cascade is taken
by Niagara Falls Power Company and the Niagara Falls
Hydraulic Power and Manufacturing Company on the New
York side. ‘The volume taken by the first of the companies is
8,500 cubic feet, and by the second 4,000 cubic feet or a com-
bined volume of 12,500 cubic feet; somewhat less than the
44,750 cubic feet per second upon which Dr. Spencer predicated
his argument.
That the water taken from the river for power purposes above
the falls must to the degree of taking diminish the volume tumbling
over the precipice is indisputable. This diminution has not as
yet marred the scenic beauty of this wonderful work of nature,
but the volume of diversion can not be much increased without
marring that beauty. It is within the range of accomplishment
to greatly increase the volume of water to be converted into power
and still preserve the sublimity, grandeur and beauty of the falls
and the expenditure necessary would be amply justified by the
results. This is an idea which need not be amplified here but it
leads up to the great question of the conservation of the waters
1151
Niagara Falls
1908 in the drainage areas of the Great Lakes. This conservation
Randolph alls for international co-operation. In these lakes we have our
seasons of surplus water and our seasons of deficient flow. The
surplus is allowed to run to waste and when the low period comes
there is no relief. ‘These lakes are capable of storing all of the
surplus waters and it is for man to build the works which will
bring that capability into play. . .
The author goes on to advocate the construction of controlling works
at the head of the St. Mary’s river and at the head of the Niagara river
which would make possible absolute control of the waters so that there
would be no low stage and constant mean flow could be maintained.
1908 Review of article of J. W. Spencer — ‘‘ The Spoliation of the Falls
of Niagara.”” (Nature, Nov. 5, 1908. 79:18.)
This article of Dr. Spencer’s appears in the Popular Science Monthly
for October, 1908.
The spoliation of the Falls of Niagara, on account of the
abstraction of water for electrical and other works, forms the
subject of an exceedingly interesting article in the October num-
ber of the Popular Science Monthly, by Dr. J. W. Spencer, who
has devoted much attention to the study of rivers generally. After
referring in more or less detail to the various power-stations con-
nected with Niagara, the author notes the very great lowering
of the water-level above the falls as the result of this tapping.
As an‘example of the enormous amount of water taken by these
works, it is stated that when in June last a single company
temporarily stopped its take of 8,000 cubic feet per second, the
water in the basin rose no less than 6 inches, and at the edge of
the American Falls 1-2 inches. ‘“* The preservation of the falls,”
continues Dr. Spencer, “ is now a question of inches. Under the
conditions as set forth (i. e. as regards further tapping) the whole
of the Horseshoe Falls will have shrunken from a crest-line
of 2,950 feet to 1,600 feet, and their diameter will have been
reduced from 1,200 to 800 feet. ‘They will then be entirely
within Canadian territory, as the boundary line will become
1152
Preservation of the Falls
uncovered, leaving a narrow strip of rock between Goat Island 1908
and the great cataract. If the full franchise be used, the
American Falls, which are 1,000 feet across, will have their
southern half drained, and will be further broken up into narrow
sheets or strings of water.” ‘The preservation of the falls, it is
added, now depends entirely upon the governments of Washing-
ton and Ottawa; it is sincerely to be hoped that they will so regu-
late matters as to retain the world-renowned falls for all time.
Scenic Niagara Falls. (Elec. wld. & eng., Feb. 22, 1908. 51:1908.) 1908
Suggestions made by Frederick Law Olmsted to Chairman Burton of
the House rivers and harbors committee.
SPENCER, JOSEPH WILLIAM WINTHROP. Spoliation of the Falls of 1908
Niagara. (Pop. sci. mo., Oct., 1908. 73:289-305.) Spencer
An address before the American Association for the Advancement of
Science, June 30, 1908, dealing with the physics of the river and empha-
sizing the importance of the ‘“‘rim.”” According to Dr. Spencer, ‘* the
preservation of the Falls is now a question of inches,” and dependent upon
the action of the governments at Washington and Ottawa.
UNITED STATES.— RIVERS AND Hargors CoMMITTEE (HOUSE). 4994
Preservation of Niagara Falls (H. R. 16086 and H. R. 16748). United States
Hearings . . . [Feb. 17, 1908, and appendix] Wash. Gov't Print. Congress
Gi erovoun apit. 19-50 ps'8°;
1909
AMERICAN Civic AssociATION. A Niagara emergency message for 1909
American
Civic Asso-
ciation
instant consideration by every member of the American civic association.
(Harrisburg, 1909.)
A circular letter under date of February 25, 1909, urging the extension
of the Burton bill.
BroaDHursT, WILLIAM G. A dry Niagara — February 14, 15, _ 1909
16, 1909. (Eng. news, Mar. 4, 1909. 61:227.) Se
A discussion of the effect on the power companies.
1153
73
1909
1909
1909
International
Joint Com-
mission
1909
1909
United States
Congress
1910
Dow
Niagara Falls
The continued protection of Niagara. (Outl., Feb. 6, 1909. 91;
274-275.)
An editorial urging the re-enactment of the Burton law and commenting
on the principle of restriction and the situation in Canada and America.
Fourth progress reports of the international waterways commission.
(Eng. news, Jan. 21, 1909. 61:84-86.)
A digest and review of the commission’s report to the secretary of
state.
INTERNATIONAL JOINT COMMISSION. Rules of procedure of the
International joint commission. Adapted pursuant to article XII of the
treaty between the United States and Great Britain, signed January 11,
1909. Promulgated February 2, 1912. Wash.: Gov’t print. off. 1912.
Includes the text of the treaty and laws designed to carry its provisions
into effect.
The waterways treaty; the Burton law, etc. (Ann. rep’ts of the
com’rs of the state reserv. at Niagara. 26:16-41.)
The treaty with Great Britain for the protection of the Falls, the
extension of the Burton law, the report of Brigadier General Marshall to
the secretary of war, September 29, 1909, on the control and regulation
of the waters of the Niagara river and the preservation of Niagara Falls.
UNITED STATES.— RIVERS AND Harsors CoMMITTEE (House).
Control and regulation of the waters of Niagara river, etc. Report by
Mr. Burton from the committee on rivers and harbors to accompany
H. J. res: 262. Feb. 23, 1909... Pp. ° (U.S. 60th Cong, 2d sess:
House rept. 2265; serial 5384.)
UNITED STATES.— WarR DEPARTMENT. National park at Niagara
Falls. Letter from the secretary of war, submitting, with copy of a report
of a special committee, a recommendation for the establishment of a
national park at Niagara Falls. Dec. 21, 1909. 10p.,5 pl. (U.S.
61st Cong., 2d sess. House doc. 431; serial 5834.)
1910
Dow, CHARLES M. Hennepin memorial address. (Ann. rep’ts of
the com’rs of the state reserv. at Niagara. 27:10-16.)
An address on the policy of the Niagara State Reservation commis-
sioners in regard to the erection of memorials and monuments within the
1154
Preservation of the Falls
reservation, delivered on the occasion of the dedication of the Hennepin 1910
memorial tablet on the state reservation, May 11, 1910. Dow
Effect of water diversion for power purposes on Niagara Falls. (Eng. 1910
news, Mar. 17, 1910. 63:306~307.)
A discussion of the facts as shown by the observations and measure-
ments of the United States Lake Survey in 1907 and 1908.
A treaty for the control of international waterways. (Eng. news, June 1910
9, 1910. 63:661-662.)
A review and digest of the provisions of the treaty.
1911
Niagara Falls from a nzw point of view. (Sci. Am., Sept. 9, 1911. 1911
105 :227.)
Editorial comment on the hysteria over the supposed wanton destruction
of the Falls. To quote: ‘* It seems strange to me that in all this dis-
cussion we hear nothing whatever of the good to come to humanity from
allowing this immense falls to work out its board and lodging.”
Niagara Falls again. (Outl., Feb. 25, 1911. 97:381.) 1911
An editorial urging the extension of the Burton law.
Niagara Falls again threatened. (Sci. Am, May 27, 1911. 1911
104:518.)
Editorial comment on the changes due to diversion and on the extension
of the Burton law.
Niagara in danger again. (Outl., May 20, 1911. 98:88.) 1911
Editorial comment on bills before Congress.
Preservation of Niagara Falls. (Ann. rep’ts of the com’rs of the 1911
state reserv. at Niagara. 28:10-15.)
Letter of President Taft to Congress, August 21, 1911; letter of Sec-
retary of War, Hon. Henry L. Stimson; letter from the Chief Engineers
of the United States Army, Brig. Gen. W. L. Marshall, briefly sum-
marizing the extended reports of Major Charles Keller and others.
UNITED STATES.— RIVERS AND Harsors CoMMITTEE (House). 1911
Preservation of Niagara Falls. Hearings on the subject of H. R. 26688, United States
sixty-first Congress, second session, relating to the control and regulation =
of the waters of Niagara river and the preservation of Niagara Falls, held
1155
1911
Niagara Falls
before the committee on rivers and harbors of the House of Representa-
ase States tives of the United States, sixty-first congress, third session. Wash.:
meres? Gov't Print. Of. 1911. 2p. 1., 537-624 p,, 2 pl. 8°.
1911
White
UNITED STATES.— WaR DEPARTMENT . . . Preservation of
Niagara Falls. Message from the president . . . transmitting informa-
tion relative to scientific investigations made by certain officers of the War
Department, for the preservation of Niagara Falls . . . Washington:
[Gov’t Print. Off.] 1911. 173; diagr., maps., pl. 4°. (U.S. 62d
Cong., Ist sess. Sen. doc. 105.)
Reports by Major Charles Keller, Francis C. Shenehon and Sherman
Moore.
WHITE, ARTHUR V._ The water-powers of Ontario. (Jn the Com-
mission of conservation, Canada, Report on the water-powers of Canada.
Ottawa: Mortimer co. 1911. P. 35-100,113, 354-361.)
Pp. 35-100. Deals with the establishment of the Niagara Power
Union, the powers and activities of the Hydro-Electric Power Commis-
sion, the rates and amounts of power supplied under agreements made by
it, discusses in detail power development at Niagara Falls and on the lower
river,— its esthetic and commercial aspects, national and _ international
legislation governing development, the franchises of the various companies,
Canadian and American, the amount of power being actually developed,
the general conditions governing power development on the Niagara river,
its power possibilities, the power of the lower Niagara river.
Pp. 113-114. Table on power conditions at Niagara.
Pp. 354-361. Bibliography of reports relating to the Niagara river
and Falls, and Index to official documents relating to Queen Victoria
Niagara Falls Park. (Pp. 357-361.)
Power Development on the Niagara River
Since 1905, the general situation regarding the development
of water-power on the Niagara river, and at Niagara falls in
particular, has acquired a very different status from what it had
before. For years the supply of Niagara’s waters for power pur-
poses was regarded as practically inexhaustible. To acute
observers, however, it was evident that, even up to 1906, under
the powers and privileges which had been granted to various com-
panies in the United States and Canada, it might have become
1156
Preservation of the Falls
possible for them to drain the Niagara river, and, in addition, to
draw upon the waters of lake Erie. As the true state of affairs
at Niagara, and the consequent possibilities became better appre-
hended, public opinion began to take definite form in favor of the
preservation of the scenic grandeur of the great cataract. Another
factor was that, in many instances where water-powers had passed
into private or corporate control, there was a disposition to sell
the developed hydro-electric power at a small fraction under the
cost of steam, thus depriving the people of the benefits of one of
their greatest natural heritages.
Members of the American Civic Association, the American
Scenic and Historical Society, the Colonial Dames of America,
and other organizations were zealous in their efforts to secure the
preservation of the scenic grandeur of the Falls. The efforts of
such organizations in the United States and in Canada were the
immediate influences which resulted in definite action being taken
to preserve the Falls and the scenic beauty of the Niagara river.
General Conditions Governing Power Development at Niagara
From an economic standpoint the power possibilities of the
Niagara falls and river constitute to-day the most important
hydro-electric power site in the world. The process of depletion
of the known coal fields of the United States — especially the
anthracite coal beds of Pennsylvania — will tend, in the near
future, to cause the aesthetic claims made on behalf of the scenic
beauty of the Niagara falls and rapids to yield before possible
aggressive demands made by companies to utilize the waters dis-
charging from lake Erie. It is noteworthy that many of the
charters already granted companies for power development are
kept alive, even though, as yet, no construction works have been
begun.
Marvellous is the regulated flow of water from the Great
lakes, as it exists under the laws of the Creator. Referring to
this natural regulation of flow, the Joint International Waterways
Commissioners, in 1910, reported that “no work of man ever
1157
1911
White
1911
White
Niagara Falls
approached, or ever will approach, this perfection of regulation,”
and they add that man “ may disturb it, making it less uniform.”
The conservation, therefore, of this natural uniformity of flow is
a matter for national concern, and the public at large should have
an intelligent appreciation of the menace that exists in unduly
utilizing the waters of the Great Lakes system whether at
Niagara, the Long Sault rapids, Cedar rapids, or elsewhere, for
purposes of power development.
The time is coming when people will see that the amount of
water which would naturally course the entire length of Niagara’s
bed, and which may, even temporarily, be diverted for power
purposes without proving to be a serious menace to Nature’s
balancing of the levels of the Great Lakes, is much smaller than
is popularly supposed. Some exceptional phenomena already
seem to be manifesting themselves in the Great Lakes system.
What may be the results when even all the water already author-
ized for diversion is in service, the future alone will disclose. It
would be a wise precaution, when granting water privileges on
a river, say, like the Niagara river, if the governments interested
reserved the power to demand that waters diverted from a river
must, if so required, be temporarily returned to the river. Such a
course would increase the flow and thereby assist in averting
critical conditions that might arise, as, for example, a dangerous
ice jam which might be broken up by the agency of an increased
flow of water taking place during the formative stages of the jam.
The Niagara river drains an area, including lake surface, of
254,708 square miles. The lake surface area is 87,845 square
miles, making the ratio of lake to drainage area as | to 2.9.
In the Great Lakes system there is a regular annual variation
in levels due to difference in rainfall, evaporation, and run-off,
the water level being highest in mid-summer and lowest in mid-
winter. The levels are affected also by the greater or less severity
of the winter and by the consequent greater or less decrease in the
discharging capacity of the outlets by ice. “The interval of time
required for an increasing supply to show its effect upon the level
1158
Preservation of the Falls
of lake Erie is about 76 days, and for a decreasing supply it is 4914
about 132 days. White
The extreme variation of level of lake Erie during the period
1860-1907 is 3.89 feet, with a maximum range in one year
(1892) of 2.28 feet, a minimum range in one year (1895) of
.87 feet, and an annual average of 1.56 feet. The amount of
water which lake Ene discharges through the Niagara river is a
variable quantity and depends upon the elevation of the water
surface, or, as it is termed, the stage, of the lake. For the Great
Lakes system it is customary to give the stages of the respective
bodies of water above a fixed datum. Mean tide water at New
York is the datum usually selected.
Consider an illustration. A variation in the stage of lake Ene
of a single foot, at Buffalo Lighthouse, Buffalo, corresponds to a
difference in the rate of discharge from the lake of from twenty
to twenty-five thousand cubic feet of water per second. The
increments of discharge per foot change in stage vary for different
sections of the river. They are expressed in cubic feet per second,
at Buffalo Lighthouse, as follows:
STAGE INCREMENT IN C. F. S.
DAZGL.Ummeath) iy sey ee arate Aloe 23,400
2) AO SES Yl Re Rae eT AIG OE nH Ni AHO a 19,600
Cf PECTED Bea aR AIO MCs a ASE NET 21,400
Ee) AMT rule Mette ne cee 23,200
UR eis k Act Riche naiee eens hes it 25,100
The knowledge such data conveys is, that if the water level of
lake Erie, at Buffalo Lighthouse, for example, is 570 feet above
mean tide level at New York, and the level rises to 571 feet, then,
the Niagara river will discharge at the rate of 19,600 cubic feet
of water per second more than it was discharging at the 570 foot
stage. If, next, the stage rises from 571 to 572 feet, then the
discharge rate becomes 21,400 cubic feet per second greater than
it was at the 571 foot stage.
1159
1911
White
Niagara Falls
The bearing which such facts have upon the question of power
development is, that the horse-power available at any specified
time, at, say, Niagara falls, depends upon the quantity of water
flowing in the Niagara river at that time, and, as has just been
pointed out, this quantity depends upon the stage, or level, of the
water in lake Ene.
In addition to the monthly, yearly or other periodic changes,
variations in the level of the lake’s surface, due to winds and to
change of barometric pressure, are frequent and irregular, and at
times violent. Variations of more than 6 inches are very common,
often occurring hourly for many hours in succession, while varia-
tions of 2 or 3 feet within an hour are not uncommon. It some-
times happens that the stage varies as much as 7 or 8 feet in one
day. Storms raise the water level at Buffalo several feet higher
than normal, and lower it at Amherstburg, by a like amount; the
difference of level between the two ends of the lake in extreme
cases having been as great as 15 feet.
Discharge of Niagara River.— The discharge of the Ni-
agara river has been determined by measurements taken at the
International Bridge located at Buffalo, N. Y., and at a point
about 1,800 feet down stream at the ““ Open Section.”” Measure-
ments were begun in 1897 and are being carried on by the
engineering staff of the United States Lake Survey. The
maximum monthly mean discharge from lake Erie, 257,800
cubic feet per second, equivalent to a depth of 2.44 feet on the
lake, occurred in June, 1876. The minimum, 168,700 cubic feet
per second, equivalent to a depth of 1.60 feet on lake surface,
occurred in March, 1896. The average discharge of the Niagara
river during the period 1860-1907 is 212,200 cubic feet per
second.
From 1860 to 1907 the greatest excess average for any one
month was for June, 1876, being 45,600 c. f. s., or twenty-one
per cent; the greatest excess average for any one year was for
1876, being 26,500 c. f. s., or twelve per cent; the greatest
deficiency average for any one month was for March, 1896,
being 43,500 c. f. s., or twenty-one per cent; the greatest
1160
Preservation of the Falls
deficiency average for any one year was for 1895, being 31,800 1911
c. f. s., or fifteen per cent. White
Power Possibilities of Niagara Falls—— Many statements
of a misleading character——no doubt, sometimes, through
ignorance — have been published regarding the water-power pos-
sibilities of Niagara Falls. Theoretical quantities of available
horse-power have been presented to the attention of the public,
while quantities of actually developed horse-power have been the
units in which power companies have required their concessions
from the government. Comparisons should be made with cor-
responding units.
Under conditions of average discharge the Niagara river, from
lake Erie to lake Ontario, with its total fall of about 325 feet,
would, theoretically yield about 8,000,000 horse-power. ‘The
fall in the Niagara river from lake Erie to the surface of the
water below the Falls is about 226 feet, and from the head of the
rapids above the Falls (forebay of the Ontario Power Company’s
head works) to the foot of the Falls, about 212 feet. The
Ontario Power Company operates under a normal head of about
180 feet; consequently this company utilizes about eighty-five
per cent of the available head of 212 feet. This is a larger per-
centage of the total head than is utilized by other companies at
Niagara. The combined efficiency of the turbines and generators
constituting the large units at the Falls is about eighty per cent, so
that only eighty per cent of the eighty-five, which is sixty-eight per
cent, of the possible development, is available as developed elec-
trical horse-power. Hence, one of the first things we have to do
is to cut the theoretically possible horse-power down over thirty
per cent.
Again, in estimating possible available horse-power, it is cus-
tomary to base the estimates upon the minimum discharge, or flow.
Such is the basis employed for the estimates given in the Hydro-
Electric Power Commission and many other reports. Now, if the
power at Niagara falls is considered on this basis of minimum
monthly discharge, then, a further reduction of twenty per cent
1161
1911
White
Niagara Falls
must be made from the horse-power totals customarily given for
the Falls based upon average conditions of flow. Hence, reducing
our sixty-eight per cent by twenty per cent, we find that the
developed horse-power possibly available at the Falls will be
about fifty-five per cent, of the total theoretical horse-power esti-
mated for average conditions.
It must not be forgotten, either, that it would never be possible
to use all the water of the river. The ice must go by way of the
Falls and not by way of the water-wheels. Just how much water
must be reserved to go over the Falls in order to prevent the ice
from lodging above the Falls and creating disastrous ice jam con-
ditions, would be difficult to state. Possibly the diversions of
water at present authorized may yet be found, when all is in
service, to encroach upon the limits of safety.
Considered, therefore, in the most favorable light of the facts
just mentioned, and from the viewpoint of the amounts of power
obtained from present Niagara developments, all the mean low-
water discharge, with the 212 feet available at Niagara falls,
would give an estimated amount of about 2,765,000 H.P.
Canada’s share of this would be 1,382,500 H.P.
Let us, however, view the situation from another standpoint.
It has been ascertained by special investigations made of existing
Niagara plants by the United States Government, that it takes
about .075 of a cubic foot of water per second, to actually
develop one horse-power; even on this basis, the low-water dis-
charge of 168,700 cubic feet per second would yield at the Falls
about 2,250,000 H.P., of which Canada’s share would be
1,125,000 H.P. Franchises have already been granted, and
plants partially completed, for the development on the Cana-
dian side of the river of about 450,000 H.P. In other words,
instead of “ millions’’ of horse-power being available, as has
been sometimes stated, it appears that about half, and by all
odds the better half, of Canada’s usable share of Niagara falls
power has already been placed under private control; and,
as just intimated above, circumstances attendant upon the use of
1162
Preservation of the Falls
all the waters now authorized may show that ice, and other con- 1911
ditions, preclude the use of a further proportion of Canada’s White
equity in the waters at Niagara falls.
We have not been dealing with theoretical quantities nor with
estimates of possible actual quantities, but with quantities based
upon measurements of flow and upon the percentage of the avail-
able power which the companies, who have installed operating
power plants, have used under the best expert engineering advice
obtainable.
Power of the Lower Niagara River.— Let us briefly con-
sider the power possibilities of the lower Niagara river. From
the head of the rapids below the Falls to the mouth of the gorge
in the river there is a fall of about 94.5 feet. This is about forty-
five per cent of the head available at the locality of the Falls.
Assuming that as great a proportion of the available power of the
rapids is used as of the power theoretically available at the Falls,
and assuming further that all the water of the river is diverted,
then we would have about 1,000,000 theoretical H.P. In
the portion of the river in which the fall is greatest, viz., from
the head of the rapids below the Falls to the foot of Foster’s flats,
there is a drop of 78.5 feet. ‘This is thirty-seven per cent of the
head available at the Falls. Upon assumptions corresponding to
those just made above, the river would yield about 830,000
H.P., of which Canada’s share would be 415,000 H.P.
Obviously the rights to the first 10,000 or 20,000 cubic feet of
water diverted from the lower Niagara river are very much more
valuable, considered from the physical standpoint, then the rights
appertaining to any diversions that may subsequently be
authorized.
The Lower Niagara River Power and Water Supply Com-
pany, incorporated under the laws of the State of New York
and empowered by the State “ not to take more water than shall
be sufficient to produce 200,000 effective H.P.,”’ has applied
to the United States Federal Government for authority to utilize
an amount of water not exceeding 40,000 cubic feet per second
1163
Niagara Falls
1911 from the lower Niagara river. Reporting upon this application,
White the International Waterways Commission, in its report to the
United States Secretary of War, states that
“Tt is our opinion that about 40,000 cubic feet per
second can be diverted without perceptible injury to the
rapids, and that any amount greater than that will approach
the danger line more and more nearly, according to its
volume. We therefore recommend that no more than
40,000 cubic feet be diverted on both sides of the river taken
together.”
Theoretically, this recommended diversion of 40,000 cubic feet
per second with the head of 94.5 feet would yield about 430,000
H.P., of which Canada’s share would be 215,000 H.P. With
a total head of 78.5 feet to the foot of Foster’s flats, 20,000
cubic feet per second would yield, theoretically, about 180,000
H.P. Owing to the difficulties of hydraulic construction and
the large fluctuations in head which occur in the lower river, it
would be difficult to determine just what proportion of the theo-
retical quantities could be obtained from a diversion on the
Canadian side of 20,000 cubic feet per second.
Power sites on the rapids below the Falls are much inferior to
the power sites in the vicinity of the Falls. "The Commissioners of
the Queen Victoria Niagara Falls Park had a report made as to
the possible power sites on the Canadian side of the lower Niagara
river. This Report shows a number of possible power sites using
the shortest possible tunnel routes, but the estimated total of all
the reported sites is considerably under 50,000 H.P.
Summary.— In conclusion it may be said that under present
mehods of development, and assuming all the water passing over
the Falls to be diverted for power purposes, Canada’s share of the
power may be under 1,000,000 H.P. Below the Falls, using
all the water and the total head of 94.5 feet, the lower river
would yield for Canada’s share about 450,000 H.P. ‘These
quantities are for the mean low-water discharge; for average con-
1164
Preservation of the Falls
ditions of flow they might be increased about twenty-five per 1911
White
cent.
If either Canada or the United States should first exercise its
right to generate 500,000 H.P. from its share of the Niagara
waters, then physical conditions might probably prevent the other
country from actually developing all told half a million horse-
power from the remaining available waters at Niagara falls.
Wituiams, C. T. [Letter on the preservation of Niagara Falls.] 1911
(Sci. Am., June 24, 1911. 104:619.) Williams
The author is industrial agent of the city of Niagara Falls. His letter
cites facts and authorities to the effect that diversion has not injured the
Falls.
1912
The destruction of Niagara Falls. (Metal. & chem. eng., Dec., 1912. 1912
10:770.)
Editorial on two editorials in the New York Evening Sun of October
25, and November 4. These two editorials call attention to the destruction
of the Falls by ‘‘ scenic features’ and “ thrillers’ as compared with the
destruction caused by power development.
FULLERTON, AUBREY. Repairing Niagara Falls. (Tech. wld., 1912
June, 1912. 17:435.) Fullerton
Advocates the filling of the V of the Horseshoe Falls to restore its
former outline.
HAMMOND, CLARK H. State development of water power. N. Y. 1912
state conserv. dept’t. Albany: 1912. Hammond
Statement of Clark H. Hammond, corporation counsel, city of Buffalo,
at the joint hearing of the Senate and Assembly judiciary committees.
The “horrible waste’? at Niagara. (Lit. dig., Oct. 12, 1912. 1912
45:618.)
Editorial comment on and quotation from an article in Metalurgical and
Chemical Engineering on the economic waste of restrictions on diversion.
New York (STATE) LEGISLATURE. An act to amend the public 1912
lands law relative to constructing and operating water main along the lands New York
of the state reservation at Niagara. (Laws of 1912, 135th sess., chap. Legislature
236, p. 451.)
This amendment extends the power of the commissioners as defined in
Laws of 1909, 132d sess., chap. 50 (Consolidated Laws) giving them
1165
Niagara Falls
1912 authority to grant license to the city of Niagara Falls to construct and
New York operate water mains and hydrants in, through, under and along lands of the
Legislature state reservation upon conditions prescribed by the commissioners.
1912 The preservation of Niagara Falls. (Outl., Feb. 3, 1912. 100:
2I70=250))
Reasons why the Burton law should be reenacted.
1912 YEIGH, FRANK. The Queen Victoria Niagara Falls park. (Can.
Yeigh mag., Oct., 1912. 39:541.)
The value and significance of the park, and the financial policy and
achievements of the commissioners.
1912 UNITED STATES CONGRESS — COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN AFFAIRS.
United States /tearing: Preservation of Niagara Falls. Jan. 16, 18, 19, 20, 23, 26
Congress and 27, 1912. Wash.: Gov’t print. off. 1912.
1913
1913 Burton act to be extended. (Elec. wld. & eng., Feb. 22, 1913. 61:
391.)
Editorial notice.
Control and regulations of Niagara river. (Elec. wld. & eng., Feb. I,
1933) 6122352)
Hearings of January 22 and 23 before the House committee.
The control of navigable streams. (Elec. wld. & eng., Feb. 15, 1913.
61 :329.)
Editorial comment on the power of the federal government.
Governor Sulzer urges state control of Niagara water power. (Elec.
wld. & eng., Apr. 12, 1913. 61:768.)
Editorial notice of the special message of the governor to the state
legislature together with a digest of Attorney General Carmody’s opinion.
1913 Hands off Niagara. (Outl., Mar. 29, 1913. 103:702-703.)
An editorial urging popular pressure on representatives for the extension
of the Burton act.
1913 Niagara again in danger. (Cent., May, 1913. 86:150-151.)
A brief discussion of the fight of the federal government to save the
Falls from commercialization.
1166
Preservation of the Falls
The regulation of Niagara Falls approved. (Elec. wld. & eng., Feb. 8, 4933
1913. 61:281.)
Editorial notice of federal action.
Status of the Niagara Falls bill. (Elec. wld., Feb. 15, 1913. 61: 1913
336.)
Editorial comment on the power of the government to set a standard
of efficiency in terms of horsepower per cubic foot.
Use vs. beauty at Niagara. (Lit. dig., Jan. 11, 1913. 46:71.) 1913
An editorial quoting from the New York Sun.
@
1914
CAPARN, HaroLp A. Present status of Niagara Falls. (Landscape 4944
architecture. April, 1914. 4: No. 3, 81.) Capamn
An argument for the preservation of the Niagara Falls both as a great
scenic wonder ‘and a factor in the commercial development of Lake Erie.
** Nowhere, accessible to ordinary men, does so much water descend so far,
producing a sight, a sound, and a splashing whose effect on normal and
properly constituted people is beyond description and superior to adjectives.”
Dow, CHARLES M. The State Reservation at Niagara: a history.
Albany. J. B. Lyon Co. 1914 ee
Contents
PAGE
BBPERUCAMIOTE ans Jar ere ciaac ay ae) Soe a al es or aite rots fo acfe eat tele tayaitah ee 3
Exe ordeals Intractuctioniars itches cite a one Saas eyoremuahe ee) diel ih
A History:
Chap. I. The History of the Establishment of the State
Reservation at. Niagalasdcicisc ales sioveps stereos 9
Chap. II. The Policy of the Commissioners of the State
Resenvation: ab Nid@ards..}. 3 ia sis ceelcc res 6 4 alec 39
Chap. III. The Administration of the Reservation in_ its
Physical and Financial Straits.............. 52
Chap. IV. The Reservation Past and Present..............- 62
Chap. V. Some Legal Questions Which Have Arisen in Con-
nection With the Establishment and Management
GE they EReSeTU ANON. ehsg2 iy sterg) sence oles, 5) Wao! ae 74
Silat le Ouving Niagara balls .).\o)2 0502 cya cho, 3 e svsiein eo. ci0 102
Chap. VII. The Existing Power Situation—Effects of Diversion 136
1167
1914
Niagara Falls
Chap. VIII. Legal Questions Which Have Arisen in Connection
Wath the Diversion Controversy............ 147
Chap. IX. The Men Who Have Made the Reservation...... 175
Chaps, \\ ) ks, he Canadian vParks 3.3) ena eis ee 183
Chaps (20Gb iConehisiony 0.782). Sinn stare i een cron ee 197
We quote the final chapter of the book as giving a general idea of the
story and spirit of the reservation movement.
After having read a story of achievement such as that which
has been detailed in the foregoing pages, at least two questions
inevitably come to mind. In the first place, one can hardly help
asking whether the effort put forth has, after all, been worth while.
In other words, we ask ourselves, has the work of the past justified
itself in the present? And this is no sooner answered than we
turn our faces the other way and ask what it is that-the future has
to offer. It is very natural, after having read what has been
accomplished, to ask what there is still to be done, and what
likelihood there is that it will be done. So a brief discussion of
these questions may be in order.
It is more than a third of a century — nearly the length of an
average human life — since public sentiment began to call for the
reclamation of Niagara Falls from a condition which had become
a reproach to the State. In the preceding pages we have described
something of the strenuous campaign which was necessary to
secure legislation authorizing the preservation of the natural
scenery of Niagara for the benefit of the people, the long hard
tug of war to secure the appropriation for its purchase, the
perennial struggle to get adequate appropriations for the work of
rehabilitation and maintenance, the watchful care exercised to
prevent commercial intrusion, and the hard fought fight to preserve
the integrity of the Falls themselves.
It is impossible to say how much money, time, and energy the
preservation of Niagara Falls has cost the nation these last thirty
years. Mere figures cannot measure the price. In the previous
1168
Preservation of the Falls
pages we have tabulated the sums expended by the State; but 1914
these do not take into account the many thousands of dollars Pw
spent by the original Niagara Falls Association in the campaign
which culminated in the creation of the Reservation at Niagara;
nor do they include the money spent by individual commissioners
of the Reservation since its establishment and by organized bodies
like the American Scenic and Historic Preservation Society, the
American Civic Association, commercial associations, and other
bodies in their vigorous defense of the Falls, to say nothing of the
countless private citizens who have joined in the work.
Was it, is it, worth while? Worth while to spend so much
money for the preservation of a waterfall? Worth while for the
members of the Niagara Commission — all men of extensive
affairs and pressing responsibilities in other directions — to give
gratuitously to the defense and administration of the Reservation,
time and attention which might otherwise be employed to their
personal advantage? ‘The answer is an unqualified affirmative.
The reasons are not far to seek.
In the first place, all these sacrifices of time and money by the
Commissioners and the army of citizens who have co-operated
with them, have been made in response to a natural and irre-
pressible human instinct of the highest order, the love of the sub-
lime and the beautiful for its own sake. Most convincing proof
of this is the fact that over a million and a quarter persons go to
the Falls annually — not as they go to a great city to visit
museums and art galleries; not as they go to the mountains or to
the seashore, to recuperate their health; not as they go to the cities
and storied ruins of the old world; but simply to see the wonderful
downpouring of waters which constitutes the grandeur of Niagara.
The very simplicity of the fact is eloquent. That the Falls have
the power to attract more than a million persons a year, not
because they supply anything to educate the intellect, but just
because they appeal to the human soul in a manner which, while
it cannot be described, can never be forgotten — this alone is a
sufficient justification for all the labor and pain and sacrifice that
74 1169
1914
Niagara Falls
have gone into the making of the State Reservation at Niagara
and the preservation of the integrity of the Falls.
Another evidence of the “* value ” of the expenditure of money
and labor in the interests of Niagara is to be found in the very
character of the work that has been done. It has been educational
work in the highest sense of that term, for it has involved not
merely the establishment of an entirely new principle in the
United States but the development of a sentiment as well. Cer-
tainly, if it was worth while to blaze the way in the matter of the
public preservation of scenic beauty, as the State of New York
did in the establishment of the Niagara Reservation, it was even
more worth while to arouse and educate public sentiment up to its
present lively appreciation of that beauty. This is exactly what
the fight for the preservation of Niagara Falls has very largely
helped to do. How universal the appeal of Niagara is, is evi-
denced by the fact that never, since the establishment of the
Reservation, has the expenditure made by the State been criti-
cised. In fact, the creation of the Niagara Reservation was
undoubtedly one of the most popular things the Legislature of the
State of New York ever did.
The third answer to the question as to the “value” of past
endeavors to protect Niagara is found in the universal uprising of
sentiment against the depletion of Niagara among all classes
except the commercial interests which would derive pecuniary
gain from the impairment of the Falls. ‘This evidence is entirely
different from that which has thus far been adduced. The
absence of protests against the expenditure of money might pro-
ceed from indifference and, in a sense, is a negative argument; but
the open and vigorous protest against the depletion of the Falls
is an active and positive argument. ‘The attendance of so many
visitors a year might be explained on the ground of a certain
degree of self-interest or self-gratification — albeit of a very high
order; but the outcry of people throughout the whole land, the
majority of whom never saw, and, in all probability, never will
1170
dejung ‘4 ‘oO Aq +061 parystuddosy “ydessojoyd eB WOd |
YALNIA\ NI STIVA
Preservation of the Falls
have the indescribable pleasure of seeing, Niagara Falls, is 1914
entirely distinct testimony to the popular appreciation of the Dow
unique value of the great scene as a national possession.
To the satisfaction that comes from the consciousness of work
well done and well approved may, in this case, be added the
satisfaction arising out of the very importance of the trust imposed.
The Commissioners of the State Reservation at Niagara, as
servants of the people of New York, are trustees not merely for
New York and the United States but for all mankind. The
realization of the extent of this trusteeship was very forcibly
impressed upon the author by an incident which occurred when
the Imperial Chinese High Commissioner, the Viceroy, Tuan
Fang, visited the Falls several years ago. ‘The distinguished
oriental statesman viewed the various scenes about the Falls with
apparent interest, but for some time with no more evidence of
enthusiasm than courtesy might dictate. When, however, he came
to the head of the Second Sister Island which commands a sweep-
ing view of the tumultuous rapids above the Horseshoe Fall, his
stoical reserve vanished. His emotions seemed to overpower him.
He shook his own hands, raised himself several times on tiptoe,
all the while uttering exclamations of the greatest delight. Asked
later to write his name and a sentiment in a visitors’ book, he
wrote in ancient classical characters, “‘ This is the most beautiful
water landscape under the heavens.”
When we compare this with the similar expression of the dis-
tinguished American author, Henry James, who said, “* You
stand steeped in long looks at the most beautiful object in the
world; ” and with the remark of another equally distinguished
American author, Charles Dudley Warner, who said, “ The
walk about Goat Island at Niagara Falls is probably unsurpassed
in the world for wonder and beauty,” we realize that Niagara
appeals to something which exists universally in the human breast
and that it speaks in a language equally understood by all peoples.
Though the past has contributed much, it must not be supposed
1171
Niagara Falls
that the good work is completed. It is true, the principle of the
public preservation of scenic beauty has been permanently estab-
lished, public opinion has been quickened and elevated, and many
permanent improvements of a more material character achieved;
but there is, nevertheless, still a great deal to do. On the Reser-
vation itself the work of preservation and maintenance must
always go on while beyond the Reservation there is still a large
field for endeavor. Only when the last untidy factory site has
been harmonized with its natural setting, and every power interest
has been brought to restrain itself that Niagara may be preserved,
when the “ Reservation idea” has been extended to include all
the beauties of the Niagara river, will the work even approach
completion.
It is, of course, vain to forecast the future and we shall not
attempt it. It is sufficient for our purposes to point out hopeful
beginnings which have been made. Preservation of the Falls is
assured to the extent of the provision made by the treaty with
Great Britain. The work of restoring the disfiguring sites held
by the manufacturing interests along the river has also been begun.
All plans for further action are interesting chiefly for the elo-
quent testimony which they bear to the virility of the Niagara
preservation idea which was first effectively voiced thirty years
ago in the establishment of the State Reservation at Niagara. In
the persistence of that idea rather than in any particular scheme,
State or national, lies the hope of the future. The State Reserva-
tion at Niagara will have amply justified its continued existence
and total cost, in whatever terms that cost may be measured, if it
contributes ever so slightly to keep alive this Niagara sentiment,
and serves as an exemplar of what disinterested and efficient public
service and consistent and unselfish devotion to an ideal can bring
to pass.
SUMMARY
Early in the literature of the Falls observant travellers noticed
with concern the increasing tendency to permit the use of the
1172
Preservation of the Falls
power to interfere with and destroy the grandeur of the cataract
and the natural beauty of its surroundings. In the second quarter
of the nineteenth century these aspects became a common theme,
and were soon accompanied by more or less indignant accounts of
the annoyances heaped upon travellers by the hackmen and guides
for the various viewpoints about the Falls. The charges of these
men at this period and later were regarded as an outrage upon
the travelling public. Many writers longed with regret for the
days when Niagara was an inaccessible wilderness.
In the year 1879, Governor Robinson sent a message to the
New York State Legislature urging the Reservation of Niagara
Falls, and the New York State Survey of that same year con-
tains the report of the special commissioners on the preservation
of the scenery around the Falls. From that time on until the
establishment of the New York State Reservation in 1885, the
literature of the day — books, periodicals and newspapers —
shows a concerted effort for the reservation and preservation
movement at Niagara.
Travellers to Niagara after the work of the reservation was
well under way, noted with approval the changed conditions.
Disfiguring structures were removed, extortionate hackmen and
guides gradually disappeared, necessary charges were regulated,
and in so far as was consistent with its use as a public park the
scene was restored and preserved in its natural beauty.
The laws granting and regulating the use of Niagara power
are included in this chapter rather than in that on Industrial
Niagara, because the state and federal regulation of such grants
seems most properly a phase of the movement for preservation.
The history of the struggle between the Commissioners of the
State Reservation together with various societies working always
for the preservation of the Falls — with due regard for the
economic interests dependent upon the power — on the one hand,
and the advocates of unlimited and unrestricted use of the power
on the other hand, forms a literature of its own. Enthusiasts in
1173
Niagara Falls
the development of power even at the expense of grandeur are
found among the writers of the last twenty years, but they are
not so numerous as the advocates of preservation. The trend of
public opinion shows clearly. E.ach time that privileges menacing
the Falls have been sought through legislation a flood of protest
has filled our newspapers and periodicals.
1174
CHAPTER XII
CHAPTER XIl
OPEN ROAD — GUIDES — RAILROADS — CANALS —
BRIDGES
1755-1760
PoucnHoT, M Memoir upon the late war in North America, 1755-60
between the French and English, 1755-60; followed by observations upon Pouchot
the theatre of actual war, and by new details concerning the manners and
customs of the Indians; with topographical maps. Translated and edited
by Franklin R. Hough. Roxbury, Mass.: W. Elliott Woodward. 1866.
2:153-156.
The passage by way of the Niagara, is the most frequented on
the continent of America, because this tongue of land commu-
nicates with three great lakes, and the navigation leads all the
Indians to pass this place, wherever they may wish to go.
Niagara is therefore the centre of trade between the Indians and
Europeans, and great numbers come thither of their own accord
from all parts of the continent.
Vessels cannot winter in the Niagara River, because they are
continually cut by the ice coming from Lake Erie, from the month
of December to the beginning of March. There might, however,
be made a port of shelter on the west side at Mascoutin Point.
The river from its mouth, to a distance of three leagues above,
to the place named Le Platon, has a channel about four hundred
toises wide; the current is gentle, and it has a depth sufficient to
bear a frigate as far as to the Platon, and to anchor any where
along this distance. It has three bends in this course, each of a
league, which gives a fine view to Niagara. ‘The river flows for
three leagues between two rocks, almost perpendicular and two or
three hundred toises high, with such great force that it cannot be
navigated between the Platon, and the basin under the
falls.
There is a wagon road from Fort Niagara to the Platon, but
they generally go by water in summer. In winter they are always
1177
1755-60
Pouchot
1760?
Severance
Niagara Falls
obliged to go by land, on account of the ice. The road from
Platon to the fort at the portage, is about three leagues, which
they travel in three hours. As it passes through the woods, it is
sometimes muddy. If it were properly drained it would be very
fine.
They have at the bottom of the banks on the Platon, three
large buildings to serve as an entrepot for goods that are being
transported. The shore where they land is at least sixty feet high,
and is very difficult, for they have never built anything to accom-
modate the landing.
The banks are three curtains, whose height from the Platon to
above the banks, is equal to that of Mendon, and not steeper.
There are two roads for going up; one for wagons, which is a
quarter of a league longer. It has two very moderate slopes.
The other is a foot path, which comes directly down the banks.
This is very steep, and travelers and others who carry packs,
always pass that way. They never stop to rest, although it takes
half an hour to get up. There is a building for storage at the top
of the banks.
The memoir of M. Belin represents this place as if it were one
of the most difficult passes of the Alps, although above and below
these banks there are large plains.
The fort at the foot of the portage, is only an enclosure of
upright posts. They had there built some buildings for goods in
transit, and for the service of the fort. It is here that they embark
for Lake Erie. From this place, the river is not navigable more
than a quarter of a league, and it is still necessary to be cautious
not to be drawn into the current of the falls. The land around
this fort is level and very good. This place is capable of having
such a work as is needed.
1760?
SEVERANCE, FRANK Haywarp. The achievements of Captain John
Montresor on the Niagara, and the first construction of Fort Erie. (Pub.
Buf. hist. soc. 5:1—-19.)
An account of the conditions on the Niagara portage.
1178
Open Road — Guides — Railroads — Canals — Bridges
1789
PriNGcLE, J. F. Lunenburgh or the old eastern district, its settlement 1789
and early progress: with personal recollections of the town of Cornwall, Pringle
from 1824; . . . Cornwall. 1890. Pp. 112. 165.
Extracts from the journal of Miss Ann Powell who visited the Falls
in 1789 and from the travels of the Duke de la Rochefoucault as quoted
in Gourley’s “* Statistical Account of Upper Canada.”” On page 165 are
described the postal arrangements of one hundred years ago, when not
much facility was afforded for correspondence. The mail between Montreal
and Niagara was sent by couriers, who travelled most of the way on foot,
and took six months to make the round trip.
1791
CLarRK, JOHN. Memoirs of Colonel John Clark, of Port Dalhousie, 1791
C. W. (Ontario hist. soc. Papers and records. 7:173-175.) Clark
Written in 1860 when the writer was in his seventy-eighth year. A
brief account of the visit of Prince Edward, Duke of Kent, and father of
Queen Victoria, to the Falls in 1791.
I recollect my brother, Peter Clark, then in the Naval Depart-
ment at Kingston in 1793, accompanied Prince Edward, Duke
of Kent, and father to our present Queen Victoria, across Lake
Ontario on his way to the Falls. “They sailed in his boat, fitted
up a little extra for the purpose, from the Government stores.
They arrived safe at Niagara and were welcomed by Governor
Simcoe, who paid the prince every attention his limited accommo-
dation would allow.
From thence the party proceeded on horseback by the River
Road, then partly opened by the troops.
On referring to my memorandum I find a further account of
the Duke of Kent’s visit to Upper Canada.
Our beloved Queen Victoria’s father, and grandfather to the
Prince of Wales, who paid us a visit in 1860, arrived from
England at Quebec in the year 1791, a short time before the
division of the Province of Quebec into Upper and Lower
Canada.
1179
1791
Clark
1792
Ingraham
Niagara Falls
As soon as horses, with saddles and bridles, could be mustered,
the Royal party wended their way, by narrow river road, on the
high banks of the Niagara to the Falls.
The only place of accommodation, was a log-hut for travellers
of that day to refresh themselves. There the Royal party
alighted, and partaking of such refreshments as the house
afforded, followed an Indian path through the woods to the Table
Rock overlooking the Falls.
There was a rude Indian ladder to descend to the rocks below
— 160 feet — which our traveller availed himself of, and after
having satisfied his curiosity, the party again remounted their
steeds and pursued their course back to Niagara.
1792
(INGRAHAM, DUNCAN.) Extract from a letter from a gentleman
upon his return from Niagara. (Buff. hist. soc. 15:387~393; or
O’Callaghan, E. B., Doc. hist. of the state of New York. Albany:
Weed, Parsons, and Co. 1849. 2:1108-1110.)
The account given in these two sources is the same although the title is
different. The one in the collection of the Buffalo Historical Society
describes the trip from Boston to Niagara, and the other begins the account
at Albany. The extract which follows is the same in both authorities.
The same letter is also cited in the collection of the Massachusetts Historical
Society for 1792.
After I had reached the Genesee river, curiosity led me on
to Niagara, ninety miles —not one house or white man the
whole way. The only direction I had was an Indian path, which
sometimes was doubtful. ‘The first day I rode fifty miles, through
swarms of musquetoes, gnats, &c., beyond all description. At
eight o’clock in the evening I reached an Indian town, called
Tonnoraunto — it contains many hundreds of the savages, who
live in very tolerable houses, which they make of timber and cover
with bark. By signs I made them understand me, and for a little
money they cut me limbs and bushes sufficient to erect a booth,
under which I slept very quietly, on the grass. The next day I
pursued my journey, nine miles of which lay through a very deep
1180
Open Road — Guides — Railroads — Canals — Bridges
swamp; with some difficulty I got through, and about sun-down 1792
arrived at the fort of Niagara: Here the centinel inquired from ee
whence we came; upon his being told, he called the sergeant of
the day, who escorted us to the captain of the guard, he asked
our names (a Mr. ~ OF , was with me) and said he
supposed we came upon our private business, &c.—he sent
us to the commandant who entered our names, and offered us a
pass to go over to the British side, which we accepted. Quite
fatigued, we were happy to find a tavern, and something to eat; a
few hours’ sleep brought me again to myself. This fort is now
garrisoned by the 5th regiment, commanded formerly by Earl
Piercey, and had the honour of dancing yankee doodle on the
plains of Cambridge, 19th April, 1775. The commander of the
fort is a Col. Smith. The day after our arrival we crossed the
river Erie to the town of Niagara where probably the British fort
will be built, when the present one is given up. We met Col.
B[utler]. This is the man who did so much execution in the late
war with the Indians, upon the Mohawk river, Schohary and
Cherry Valley. We found him holding a council with a body
of the chiefs who were at Philadelphia in April last, informing
him what they had done there. A Mr. Johnson, some relation
of the famous Sir John Johnson, interpreter to the Indians, was
also present; and I have no doubt remaining but they effaced
every favourable impression made on their minds by presents
from Congress. I see enough to convince me of the absurdity of
our endeavours to hold the savages by presents, while the British
are situated at Detroit, Niagara, &c. They have all their
clothing, cooking utensils, ammunition, &c. served almost as
regularly as the troops on garrison; if they want provisions they
get it free.
Those tribes called the Six Nations we are at peace with and
take much pains to cultivate a good understanding, but we deceive
ourselves. The old men, the women, and the children remain at
home inactive, while all the young warriors join the fighting
powers against us — this is all they could do, if we were at open
1181
1792
Ingraham
1798
Weld
Niagara Falls
war with them. An Indian becomes a- miserable being when
deprived of his hunting ground, and surrounded with cellars of
rum or whisky. The whole Six Nations live on grounds called
the State Reservations, and are intermediate spaces settled on
both sides by white people; this has a tendency to drive off the
game, and if by chance they kill a bear, or a deer, his skin goes
at once for rum; in this way they are become poor enervated
creatures. “They cannot keep together a great while, and I expect
they will quit all this part of the country, and retire over the lakes
Ontario and Erie. Their whole number is about 6,000, of which
1,000 are warriors— how contemptible compared with their
former greatness! The leading men of these Six Nations, or
what they call Chiefs, were on the road with me going to Buffaloe
Creek, to hold a council; their object I was informed was to use
their influence with the hostile tribes to make a peace... .
Col. B. told me that the only way to make a peace with the
Indians was to apply to Lord Dorchester, or the commander in
chief at Quebec, and let him appoint some of the Commanders
of the garrisons, say Detroit, Niagara, &c., to meet on the part of
the British, to draw a line that shall be deemed right and reason-
able between the Americans and Indians, and have the treaty
guaranteed to the Indians by the British. I spurned at the idea,
and told Col. Butler, that it was my wish, whenever Americans
became so contemptible, that the whole country might be
annihilated.
I visited the great curiosity, the Falls, and must refer you to
Mr. Ellicott’s account of them in the Columbian Magazine for
June, 1790.
1798
WELD, IsAac. Travels through the states of North America, and
the provinces of Upper and Lower Canada, during the years 1795, 1796,
and 1797. Lond.: Stockdale. 1799. Pp. 308-329.
For fuller extract, see chapter II.
After we had gratified our curiosity in regard to the wondrous
objects in the neighbourhood, at least as far as our time would
1182
Open Road — Guides — Railroads — Canals — Bridges
permit, we were obligingly furnished with a bateau by the officer 4798
of Fort Chippeway, to whom we carried letters, to convey us to Weld
Fort Erie. My companions embarked in it with our baggage,
when the morning appointed for our departure arrived; but
desirous of taking one more look at the falls, I staid behind,
determining to follow them on foot in the course of the day; I
accordingly walked down to the falls from Fort Chippeway after
breakfast, spent an hour or two there, returned to the fort, and
having stopped a short time to rest myself after the fatigues of
climbing the steeps about the falls, I set out for Fort Erie, fifteen
miles distant from Chippeway. . . . The day was by no
means favourable for a pedestrian expedition; it was intensely
hot, and we had not proceeded far before we found the necessity
of taking off our jackets, waistcoats, and cravats, and carrying
them in a bundle on our backs. Several parties of Indians that I
met going down the river in canoes were stark naked.
The banks of Niagara River, between Chippeway and Fort
Erie, are very low, and covered, for the most part, with shrubs,
under whose shade, upon the gravelly beach of the river, the
weary traveller finds an agreeable resting place. For the first few
miles from Chippeway there are scarcely any houses to be seen;
but about half way between that place and Fort Erie they are
thickly scattered along the banks of the river. The houses in this
neighbourhood were remarkably well built, and appeared to be
kept in a state of great neatness; most of them were sheathed with
boards, and painted white. The lands adjoining them are rich,
and were well cultivated. The crops of Indian corn were still
standing here, which had a most luxuriant aspect; in many of the
fields there did not appear to be a stem less than eight feet in
height. Between the rows they sow gourds, squashes, and
melons, of which last every sort attains to a state of great perfec-
tion in the open air throughout the inhabited parts of the two
provinces. Peaches in this part of the country likewise come to
perfection in the open air. . . . The winters here are very
severe whilst they last, but it is seldom that the snow lies longer
1183
1798
Weld
1798
New York
Legislature
1799
Ogden
Niagara Falls
than three months on the ground. The summers are intensely hot,
Fahrenheit’s thermometer often rising to 96°, and sometimes
above 100°.
As I passed along to Fort Erie I killed a great many large
snakes of different sorts that I found basking in the sun.
Amongst them I did not find any rattlesnakes; these reptiles, how-
ever, are very commonly met with here; . . .
The Seneka is one of the six nations which formerly bore the
general name of the Iroquois Indians. Their principal village is
situated on Buffalo Creek, which falls into the eastern extremity
of Lake Erie, on the New York shore. We took the ship’s boat
one morning, and went over to visit it, but all the Indians, men,
women, and children, amounting in all to upwards of six hundred
persons, had, at an early hour, gone down to Fort Niagara, to
partake of a feast which was there prepared for them.
New YorkK (STATE) LEGISLATURE. An act for opening the naviga-
tion between Lake Erie and Lake Ontario, passed April 5, 1798. (Laws
of 1798, chap. 93.)
The preamble states that this law is passed in response to the representa-
tions to the legislature that the construction of a canal paralleling the Falls
is practicable and that it will greatly advance commerce and serve the
convenience of the people of the state.
1799
OcDEN, JOHN CoseNs. A tour, through Upper and Lower Canada.
By a citizen of the United States . . . Litchfield. 1799. Pp. 110-112.
The author was especially interested in the Niagara portage, but attempts
no description of the Falls.
The noble river St. Lawrence supplies this country for an
extent of two thousand miles, with commercial advantages inferior
to none on this side of the Atlantic— Conceive to yourself
vessels of six hundred tons burthen, unloading all kinds of British
goods at the port of Montreal, five hundred miles from the sea,
and again receiving in return, furs from the interior parts of the
country as far as the Mississippi is known to the westward, and
1184
Open Road — Guides — Railroads — Canals — Bridges
the waters emptying into Lake Superior from the northward.—
This town, when the banks of the different lakes and rivers are
settled by husbandmen, which is at no distant period, must have
a vast increase of trade, for without doubt all British manufac-
tures, thro’ these vast water communications, will come much
cheaper, through the whole course of its windings, than can be
afforded from any other quarter. Goods on importation being
liable to no duty, which will undoubtedly give this country a vast
advantage over the new settlements that I have described in my
former letters; indeed nature points out this place as the emporium
of trade for the people inhabiting both sides of these lakes and
rivers emptying into them as far as they extend to the west. From
Montreal, boats called by the Canadians batteaux, containing
twenty-five barrels bulk, are worked by four men to Kingston, a
distance of nigh two hundred miles up the river in the course of
six or eight days, and again return in three, loaded with furs, pot-
ash, and other produce of the country.— Vessels, generally
schooners, receive the goods at Kingston, and convey them in a
short time, to the landing at Queenston, below the great falls of
Niagara. Here the portage gives employment to a number of
teams in transporting them to Chipawa as before described; —
they are again received at Fort Erie in vessels of the same burthen
as formerly, which navigate all Lake Erie, Huron, and Michigan.
The expences incurred during all this rout are comparatively
trifling, as you will observe there is but one portage, and that only
ten miles in the course of this communication. And when one
reflects on the temperate climate, rich soil, and other natural
advantages of this interior country, you anticipate a great popula-
tion in a short time.— The streights of Niagara, from its peculiar
situation, being the channel through which all the produce of the
vast country above must pass, is looked forward to as a place of
the first consequence, and where a farmer will at all times find a
market for his produce, the transport being easy from thence to
the Atlantic.
75 1185
1799
Ogden
1799
Williamson
Niagara Falls
WILLIAMSON, CHARLES. The Falls of Niagara. 1799. (Mag. of
Am. hist., July, 1880. 5:54-56; or O’Callaghan, E. B., Doc. hist. of
the state of New York. Albany: Weed, Parsons and Co. 1849. 2:
1165-1167.)
The author was an English land agent in Western New York. His
account is especially interesting for the light it throws on travel conditions
at the close of ‘the eighteenth century, and the difficulties attending a trip to
Niagara Falls.
1800
MaupeE, JOHN. Visit to the Falls of Niagara in 1800. Lond.:
Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown and Green. 1826. Pp. 159-165.
The Niagara is not navigable higher than Queenstown, con-
sequently there is a portage from this place to Chippawa, which
employs numerous teams, chiefly oxen; each cart being drawn by
two yoke of oxen, or two horses. I passed great numbers on the
road taking up bales and boxes, and bringing down packs of pel-
tries. Fourteen teams were at the wharf. waiting to be loaded.
Here were also three schooners.
The Whirlpool abounds in fish; never freezes; and has gen-
erally its surface covered with logs, trees, ice, and such other float-
ing substances as it draws within its vortex.
Queenstown contains from twenty to thirty houses, whose fronts
are E. and W. the worst possible aspect, but which has been
regulated by the course of the River, which is from S. by E. to
N. by W. very rapid, and full of eddies.
On the side of the River opposite to Queenstown, the Govern-
ment of the United States design to establish a Landing; or
rather, renew the old Portage to Fort Schlusser. ‘There are at
present only two houses there, one of which is the Ferry-house; a
road being opened from this place to Tannawantee, distant only
thirty miles.
Another scheme of the Anglo-Americans is, to do away the
necessity of a Portage, by substituting a Canal in its place: this
object can be best explained by a quotation from Captain
1186
Open Road — Guides — Railroads — Canals — Bridges
Williamson’s Account of the Genesee: — “* The Fall was found 1800
to be three hundred and twenty feet from Steadman’s Landing M*¥4
(Fort Schlusser) above the Falls, to Queenstown Landing
below: the distance to be cut (for the proposed Canal) did not
exceed four miles, nearly three of which is on a level with the
navigable part of the River above the Falls.”
To judge from Captain Williamson’s description, the construc-
tion of this Canal would be a trifling labour: he has, however,
forgotten to mention, that these four miles are to be cut through a
limestone rock, full of fissures, which would make it necessary to
line the Canal with tarred plank, or other materials impervious to
the water.
For more extended extract by same author, see chapter II.
1807-1808
SCHULTZ, CHRISTIAN. ‘Travels on an inland voyage through the 1807-8
states of New-York, Pennsylvania, Virginia, Ohio, Kentucky and Schultz
Tennessee . . . 2 vols. N. Y.: Isaac Ripley. 1810. 1:58-59.
From Niagara we proceeded up the river to Lewis Town, on
the left bank, a new settlement of about a dozen houses, so called
in honour of his exexcellency Governor Lewis; but, as his sun of
glory has set, the inhabitants talk of petitioning the legislature
for leave to change its name! Immediately opposite to it lies
Queen’s Town, a village of Upper Canada, containing about a
hundred houses, and a small garrison of twenty-eight men. Both
these towns are situated at the head of the navigation of Niagara
River, and each has a carrying place round the falls; that on the
American side, however, is the best, and two miles the shortest.
The freight and passage are the same, whether you land here or
at Niagara.
The rapids commence about a quarter of a mile above these
towns, and continue with increasing and irresistible force for
nearly eight miles, up to the foot of the falls.
The State of New-York has granted the exclusive right to
Porter, Barton & Co. for a term of years, of the site of old Fort
Schlosser, which is the landing place on the American side, upon
1187
1807-8
Schultz
1808
(|e G8
Niagara Falls
condition that they should build store-houses at Lewis Town, Fort
Schlosser and Black Rock, on Lake Erie, which they have done.
The portage for salt and other articles was formerly principally
upon the British side; but, since the present arrangement, the
whole of the portage is on the American side. Add to this, that
there is now much greater security in transporting goods than
formerly, as this company are bound not only to have all perish-
able articles housed and stored, but are even answerable for the
safe delivery of whatever is committed to their care. The portage
is thirty-seven and a half cents a barrel to Fort Schlosser, and
merchandise at the rate of twenty-five cents per hundred. The
distance is seven miles.
1808
T. C. Anrideto Niagara. (The portfolio, July, Aug., Sept. 1810.)
This excellent account of a trip from Williamsport, Pennsylvania, to
Niagara in the year 1809 is also bound as a pamphlet in the Marshall
Collection of the Buffalo Historical Society. It contains much valuable
information not only of the conditions of travel for that time but also
accurate knowledge of the conditions of the country and the towns through
which the author passed. It also contains a good map showing the roads
and the settlements.
Mr. Oldschool,
Finding myself at Williamsport, in Lycoming county, about
the beginning of May, 1809, and having a month to spare, I
determined to take a ride to the Falls of Niagara. I had visited
the Genesee country and the Falls of Genesee in the year 1796,
but notwithstanding the four years’ exertions of captain William-
son, the Genesee was at that time almost a wilderness, and I was
not tempted to go further westward than the mouth of the river.
It is now a very populous and well cultivated country, consider-
ing the short period of its settlement, and every year lessens the
inconveniences attending so interesting a jaunt. ‘Travellers, who,
like myself, ride post through a country, have seldom much accu-
rate information to give; but as I think the tour will yearly
become more fashionable, because it deserves to become so, I send
1188
Open Road — Guides — Railroads — Canals — Bridges
you the observations that occurred to me on the route. Even
the designation of stages and the names of taverns, will not be !°
without their use to persons in this state, who have leisure and
curiosity to visit an object so remarkable as Niagara Falls. At
any rate, the following notes will form a tolerable register of the
present state of the country. I wish we had such, imperfect as it
is, of every part of the United States.
A Bie &
Itinerary.
I set out from Williamsport on Saturday the sixth of May,
1809, in the afternoon, and went to (14 miles) Reynold’s, a
good tavern. Here the tolerable road ends.
15° Sunday 7th, to Higley’s at the block house, along a
villainous road, nearly impassable for a pleasure carriage.
10 ‘To Bloss’s at Peters’s Camp: a very bad road through a
very improvable country. Iron ore and bituminous coal found
within a mile and a half of his house; the iron ore not rich, nor
the vein of coal thick. A miserable habitation, but civil people.
9 To Jenyns’s: a house to bait at only.
10 To widow Berry’s: tolerable accommodation. The
bottom lands of the Tioga are almost all of them in the incipient
stage of improvement. They are as yet chiefly settled by half
share intruders, who are gradually becoming tired of their illegal
and precarious title. ‘The flats are not wide, but the land is
very rich.
8 Monday, may eighth, crossed the Tioga and the Canisteo
or Canister, to judge Linby’s, about a mile over the state
line: at the state line the road, from being execrable through
Pennsylvania, from Reynolds’s, (I may indeed say from Will-
iamsport, considering the frequent crossings of Lycoming Creek)
to the boundary line of the state, becomes suddenly pleasant and
good. I do not now recollect how many times a traveller has to
1 The figures at the beginning of the paragraphs denote the number of
miles from the place mentioned in the preceding, to that in the paragraph at
which the figure is placed.
. 1189
1808
C.
1808
Tc:
Niagara Falls
pass Lycoming Creek, and Trout Run, and the Tioga, and the
Canister in the last fifty miles; but there cannot be less than
between forty and fifty fordings altogether; I believe the latter
number is nearest the truth. And yet the greater part of the
road passes through or in sight of very good land. Between
Reynolds’s and judge Linby’s, I met with no hay.
12 To Irwin’s at the painted post: through a good country,
along a good road, to a tolerable tavern.
12 To doctor Falkner’s, who keeps tavern at Mud
Creeks ik ii).
6 To Bath, to William Spring’s tavern. This is the county
town of Steuben. It was the scene of the Genesee speculations
so much encouraged by captain Williamson. It is situated in a
high cold climate; almost surrounded by mountains; on a meagre,
barren, siliceous soil. It contains even now, although the first
town built by and the favorite residence of captain Williamson,
but thirty houses. Captain Williamson’s old house, a mile
before you reach Bath, with eight hundred and forty-six acres
of land, four hundred of which were cleared and improved, and
sixty of them meadow, sold lately to a Mr. Hopkins for nine
thousand dollars. “The buildings alone cost captain Williamson
at least fifteen thousand. Goods are purchased here chiefly from
Newyork, which, as a market, is upon the average about one-
sixteenth cheaper than Philadelphia. The price of carriage
hither is about the same, viz. two dollars and twenty-five cents
per hundred weight; but the road to and from Newyork is much
the best. I staid here on business part of Tuesday, May ninth,
and in the afternoon went on to Terples’s (twenty miles). He
is the sheriff of the county, and keeps a tolerable tavern. Very
bad road from Bath hither.
Wednesday ninth, rain. In the afternoon to Rice’s (eleven
and a half miles) at Snell’s town, nicknamed Pen Yang, from
its being originally settled by Pennamites and Yankees in about
equal proportions. This is a poor place and a very middling
tavern. It is on the outlet of the Crooked Lake where there
1190
Open Road — Guides — Railroads — Canals — Bridges
is an excellent mill-seat. I heard of limestone about nine miles
from Terples’s near to the bank of the Seneca Lake, but I saw
not a particle of that stone on the whole road from the mouth
of Loyalsock till I came here: an extent of ninety-four miles.
Thursday May 11. To Powel’s at Geneva (fifteen miles).
About one hundred houses; a place of much trade. A delightful
street on the bank of the lake: the houses of frame, well painted,
clean, cheerful, with a full view of this charming lake in front.
Geneva is built on limestone, which I suspect extends all the way
up the Seneca Lake to Catharine’s Town, if not in a continuous
stratum, in hills and nodules. Powel’s tavern was built by cap-
tain Williamson. It might be kept cleaner and neater than it is.
I guessed it at fifty feet square withinside. . . . Instead,
therefore, of going the direct turnpike road to Canandaigua,
(pronounced Canadarque) sixteen miles, I went the Sulphur-
spring road.
9 To Sterne’s tavern: walked to Dickson’s mill and
Houses et ds.s3
31% To Powel’s at the Sulphur-springs. This is the brother
of Powel at Geneva, a civil obliging man. The place is dreary,
but the house large, though unfinished. It was intended as a
kind of watering place, . . . There are twoor three sulphur
springs hereabout, but Powel’s is the largest and most saturated.
F I gave for a bottle of London porter (so called) at
Powel’ s five shillings York money: probably the people, who
would otherwise resort here, find the living somewhat too expen-
sive. A\n assessor here informed me that the lands of that town-
ship were rated one with another in the tax books, at twenty-two
shillings and six pence, York currency, per acre.
10 To Taylor’s at Canandaigua: a good tavern. Canadarque
consists of one street extending from the lake. It contains from
ninety to a hundred frame houses, generally speaking, neat and
elegant in their external appearance; a meeting house and a
court house. It is indeed a very handsome town. There are
two potash works here. About eight lawyers, for this is the
1191
1808
Te:
1808
rc.
Niagara Falls
county town of Ontario. The agriculture of the neighborhood
is probably improving, for I observed in one of the newspapers
(there are two published here) forty halfblooded Merino lambs
to be disposed of at Palmyra by William Howe Cuyler. The
house and lot of forty acres in this town formerly owned by
Mr. T. Morris, sold to the present occupant, Mr. Clarke, a
tanner, for seven thousand dollars. In the time of Mr. Morris
it was, in good truth, a hospitable mansion; and then, the only
house in the place of genteel appearance. Att present there are
twenty as good.
10 Friday, twelfth, to Eccleston’s.
2 To Hall’s; the more frequented of the two.
12 To the widow Berry’s, about half a mile on this side the
Genesee river. ‘This is in Hartford. From Canadarque hither,
you pass through Bloomfield and Charlestown townships. It is
one village all the way from Canadarque; at least you are
scarcely ever out of sight of a house. In Bloomfield I saw two
brick houses, one brick store, and one brick meeting house. My
memory does not serve me to recollect any other from Williams-
port hither, but log and frame buildings. In Pennsylvania, on
this route, you see log houses; in Newyork state, frames.
From Canandaigua hither the stone on the road is round siliceous
pebble, siliceous grit, chert, chert-flint, flint occasionally by itself,
and sometimes imbedded in limestone, chert intermixed with lime-
stone, and here and there limestone, in proportion of perhaps
one-fourth of the whole number of stones. For a mile before
you come to the Genesee river, the road is made chiefly of
gravel formed of compact siliceous stones.
4 Across the Genesee river. Passed the Indian village of
Canewagas. ‘This tribe has reserved about two miles square on
the river. It began to rain, and I was compelled to put up for
the night at a tolerable tavern kept by a major Smith.
12 Saturday, May thirteenth, to Marvin’s; tolerable house.
Very poor cherty land for five miles from Smith’s.
8 To Keys or Kyes at Batavia. Excellent land and well
1192
Open Road — Guides — Railroads — Canals — Bridges
settled for the last eighteen miles. The road tolerably good. 1808
Limestone and chert all the way. The country is very level, and! ©
as well fitted for a Batavian as any I know of.
Batavia contains two taverns, (another is fitting up in the court
house) two stores, and about a dozen houses. One of them is
the land office of the Holland company for the disposal of the
three millions of acres purchased of the late Robert Morris.
This is under the care of Joseph and Benjamin Ellicot, brothers
to Andrew Ellicot of Lancaster, one of whose sons has a mill
here in the town upon the Tonnewanta creek.
All the Holland company’s lands hereabouts (ninety-four
miles one way by about as much in the broadest part the other
way) have been accurately surveyed under the direction of the
Ellicots, who have laid down connectedly on a large scale every
tract, on one large map divided into three parts. E:ach part is
attached to rollers and inclosed within a glass sash frame, so that
by turning backward or forward the roller containing the survey
required, you find in a minute's time any particular tract, its
courses and distances, and a reference to the field notes containing
the quality of the land and its timber. All the field books are
half bound and numbered, and the notes appear to be judiciously
taken; so as to enable the company to judge of the comparative
value of each tract. The rollers appear to me to be about eight
or ten feet long each, and the tracts very neatly and accurately
laid down.
The common selling price of land in the Holland purchase is
from two to four dollars an acre, long credit. At first they took
payment of the instalments in wheat, at present they demand cash.
Mr. Joseph Ellicot, I hear, means to remove his office to Buffaloe,
recently named Newamsterdam. ‘The company has erected, at
their own expense, at Batavia, a court house, a gaol, and a hotel,
all under one roof. The outside is airy and neat, but the inside
is neither elegantly nor commodiously distributed for any of the
purposes intended. They make good beer in Batavia, at five
dollars the thirty-three gallons; chiefly from wheat.
1193
1808
Re:
Niagara Falls
10 To Goss’s, to feed: a poor place. Ruchardson’s, a mile
further, seems somewhat better.
3 Carr’s saw-mill on Murder Creek. ‘The stone all chert.
The limestone appears to decrease in quantity.
5 To Van Deewinder’s, a frame house, the only place
between Batavia and Buffaloe where you can sleep, and bad
enough it is. [he road from Batavia hither is very full of stumps
and swamp holes; three-fourths of it consists of log causeways.
There is a log cabin about every mile or two. It is much the
worst road I have met with from the state line hither: it is much
the same as the road from Lycoming Creek past the block house
and Peters’s Camp to Tyoga, only the Holland company have
taken somewhat more pains than the state of Pennsylvania.
14 Sunday, May fourteenth, to Ransom’s for breakfast;
fried veal: the only fresh meat, except some beef at Canadarque,
that I have seen since I left Williamsport. Nor has my horse
had hay more than once since I left Reynolds’s, the first stage
from Williamsport. ‘They attribute the want of it to a winter
unusually protracted.
8 To Landen’s at Buffaloe, a village of about sixteen houses
near the outlet of Lake Erie on the lake. From Van Deewinder’s
here nothing but chert along the road, but Landen says they
have plenty of limestone upon the hills about three miles off.
Landen’s is but an indifferent tavern, though the best in the place.
Buffaloe appears very well situated for business with Erie,
Detroit and the western part of upper Canada, but there are, as
yet, no symptoms of industry. Landen tells me that the whole
road round the lake to the town of Erie in Pennsylvania, ninety
miles off, is well settled except about nine miles. I asked him
where was the market for the produce of that part of the
country > he replied, New Orleans, by the Chatangue Lake, there
being but nine miles of land carriage from Lake Erie to New
Orleans, to wit, the Chatangue portage, which is true. But, in my
opinion, the market will be Montreal, for there are not more
than nine miles portage from Lake Erie to Montreal, to wit, at
1194
Open Road — Guides — Railroads — Canals — Bridges
Queenstown, and, as I think, the navigation is not only very much 1808
shorter, but much easier. For when the lake salt is four dollars ? ©:
and fifty cents at Buffaloe, it sells at ten dollars at Pittsburgh;
hence, allowing a dollar per barrel profit, the carriage from
Buffaloe to Pittsburgh will be five dollars by water. I believe
land carriage is now about six dollars per hundred weight from
Philadelphia to Pittsburgh. The ice was very thick in Lake
Erie.
3 To Millar’s ferry along the bank of the lake. If it be no
object to call at Buffaloe, there is a road turning to the night,
about two miles from Buffaloe, which leads directly to the ferry,
and saves that distance. The stone that bounds the river here is
a mass of black chert. I arrived about twelve o'clock, but the
ice was so thick in the river Niagara that it was impassable tll
three. ‘There were three wagons of emigrants waiting to cross
to the British side from Shoharie in Newyork state, and Buffaloe
in Northumberland county, Pennsylvania; they were chiefly
Germans. They expected two hundred acres of land to cost them
about fifty dollars; I understand the British government sells
it at forty dollars per two hundred acres. The American emi-
grants to Canada generally complain, as I heard, of the violence
of party politics in Newyork state and in Pennsylvania. The
taxes in Canada are very light, but unequal. The crossing here
is three-fourths of a mile over; price half a dollar for man and
horse. They catch abundance of fish in the spring with a seine.
The family were dining on pickerell and salmon trout, each about
four pounds weight.
15 To Chippeway: a house every three or four hundred
yards all the way. An excellent road through good land. Chip-
peway contains about ten houses. There are two good taverns,
one kept by Stevens, the other by Fanning. Stevens being the
nearest and the newest I stopt there. They are of equal repute.
Each has a new part connected with the old building, and each
has eight windows in front. The diningroom at Stevens's is
twenty feet by thirty, carpetted. The attendance good, and the
1195
1808
an (Cc.
Niagara Falls
people civil. For a pint of tolerable Teneriffe, a gill of rum,
supper, breakfast, bed, and feed for my horse, I paid only thir-
teen shillings and six pence York money. ‘There had been a
handsome bridge over the Chippeway, but the middle part was
broken down, and they now ferry across. On the opposite side
to the taverns, is a fort with a lieutenant’s guard. The waters of
Chippeway are dark coloured owing to its running for near
thirty miles through aswamp. . . . But my landlord, Stevens,
could give me no information; nor would he take the trouble of
giving me any particular directions as to the proper means of
seeing the falls to the best advantage. ‘* They are by the road
side, you cannot miss them.”’
Monday, May 15, to the falls of Niagara. Opposite Chip-
peway, the river seems to be about a mile and a half across. At
the falls it is contracted and divided by an island into two main
cataracts, the one near the British, the other near the American
side. The road runs along the brow of a hill, and as you pass
along at about two miles distance from Chippeway, you observe
a wagon road descending to the right into some flats washed
by the rapids of Niagara. The descent may be eighty or
ninety feet. The flats are very narrow, but there are four or
five buildings on them, a mill, a tannery, &c. At any of these
you can procure a person to walk with you half a mile to the
Table Rock, over a part of which the river rushes and makes
the great fall. Ten dollars would make this a good horse road;
at present you have to wind through the bushes very uncomfort-
ably. The tavern-keepers at Chippeway ought to feel it their
duty to make the walk as comfortable for the ladies as possible,
and a trifle would make it so. When you get on the edge of
this limestone flat called the Table Rock, you have before you
a full and complete view of an amphitheatre of about half a
mile in circumference; comprehending close to your right two-
thirds of the river Niagara, after rushing along in broken and
foaming rapids, precipitating itself into a chasm beneath your
feet, exactly one hundred and fifty feet deep. The falling
1196
Open Road — Guides — Railroads — Canals — Bridges
water projects far enough to admit you to see a considerable 1808
way between the rock and the main sheet, and affords room !: ©
enough for those who wish to descend, to go behind it. This is
owing to a projecting ledge of the rock over which the water is
precipitated. Opposite to you, at the distance of somewhat less
than a quarter of a mile, you see the river broken by a finely
wooded island; and the rest of this immense body of water,
rushing down into the farther part of the chasm below, on the
American side.
The roaring and foaming of the rapids for near a mile in full
view before the river arrives at the precipice; the green tint of
the water, edged all the way down by curling folds of snow white
foam; the immediate chasm of boiling snow into which the
river pours; the mist that eternally hovers over the gulf below,
and through which you see at intervals the turbulence of the
bottom; the trees of the island which divides the falls, and which
seem to descend even below the edge of the precipice itself;
the immense interminable mass of wood, which fills the whole of
the surrounding country, and borders to the very edge, every part
of the watery prospect; and the rapidity with which the green
and white current below drives along as if in haste to escape from
the horrible chasm in which it had been ingulfed, form altogether
a scene of grandeur and of beauty, unrivalled. I felt content that
I had taken the journey. It was worth the trouble.
After having sufficiently contemplated the scene before me, I
was satisfied that I could well dispense with my intended tour
to the American side; and also with the troublesome descent
down an unsafe ladder half a mile off, and a walk of near a
mile over the rough rocks at the bottom, to get at the view below,
and behind the sheet of water. It appeared to me that every
thing that was worth seeing, might be seen in safety and in comfort
from the Table Rock; but those who have more youth, more
leisure, and more curiosity than I had may like to see all that
is to be seen. It is unpardonable in the tavern-keepers at Chip-
peway, whose establishments are to be maintained by the con-
1197
1808
Mia:
Niagara Falls
course of travellers, who come expressly to see the falls, that
they do not provide at least a sound and safe ladder, and expend
twenty or thirty dollars in laying the stones at the bottom in such
a manner as to enable the female part of the visitants to contem-
plate the scene under the Table Rock, if they wish so to do: at
present it is an undertaking too arduous and fatiguing for the
female sex.
Those who wish to descend will be directed to a house about
half a mile from the flats, where a ladder is kept for the pur-
pose. When I was there nobody had gone down it since the
preceding season, and I was advised not to try; an advice which
I readily complied with. From the flats where the habitations
are, you can ascend again into the main road, which [| think is
about eighty or ninety feet perpendicular above the edge of the
water. ‘This, therefore, is the descent which forms the rapids of
the river, before the perpendicular fall of one hundred and fifty
feet commences.
When you have again got upon the high road by an ascent
at the further end of the flats, you see about a hundred yards
before you a house, with a field before it, fenced with a worm
fence. It is now occupied by Charles Wilson, but has lately
been sold to a Mr. Shannon. Do not go so far as the house,
but skirt round the fence, and in about one hundred and fifty or
two hundred yards, you will see two or three knolls or promi-
nences on which you may again take your stand, and have per-
haps a still more complete view of the whole scenery than from
the Table Rock. ‘There is an oak tree on the best brow that I
found for the purpose, on which about four feet high I cut a
small blaze with my penknife. A small island in the river on
the American side, in the midst of the falls on the American
side; a mill seat in the distance; and the beauty of the smaller fall
which is made by that island, are objects worth noticing, as adding
to the picturesque of the scenery, after you have sufficiently con-
templated the grand whole. I gave the man who went with me
from Hardie’s, the tanner, half a dollar, with which he was well
1198
Open Road — Guides — Railroads — Canals — Bridges
content. He told me that land thereabout, unimproved, sold 1808
from three to four pounds sterling an acre, not far from the road, '* ©
prime land. Hardie (a civil man) emigrated fifteen years ago
from Lewistown, on the Juniata, before Mifflin county was struck
off from Cumberland. I mention this because I saw neither actual
improvement in his situation, nor any means of improvement that
might not have been made or obtained in the place he left.
I intended originally to have gone from Buffaloe up the
American side, to Schlosser’s, but Landen at Buffaloe informed
me, the road was impassable. However, persons had been
appointed to put it in order, and he was one, and about to set to
work the next day, so that in a week or two it would be good.
From Schlosser’s northward to Lewistown there is a road, which
forms the portage on the American side round the falls of seven
miles, and thence from Lewistown to Niagara fort, a tolerable
road of six miles. The river makes a bend toward the British
side, so that the portage round the falls there is nine miles. The
country on the American side is good and will admit of thick
settlement, but there are very few settlers from Niagara fort south-
ward to Buffaloe. I cannot help thinking it would be well worth
while to force a settlement along that frontier.
414, Inquire for John Thompson’s house; it is a mile and a
half off the road. You go past one Bateman’s on the left hand of
the road, where you may get some person not merely to direct, but
to go with you to Thompson’s, which is a good stone house near
the river. At the back of his house there is a stony field, full of
cedars and white pine; go to the bank, and you see a place they
call the whirlpool, which is a truly picturesque scene. The river
seems at least one hundred and fifty feet below you; narrow,
rapid, foaming; in its haste it drives against a bay which forms
nearly a cul de sac; this occasions an eddy, which they call the
whirlpool. On some days it is comparatively still; on others it
roars as loud as the great falls, and may be well heard at three
and four miles distance. It is an object not to be passed on such
a tour. Volney notices it, but I had not Volney with me, and
1199
Niagara Falls
1808 I had forgotten it. I heard of it by chance, from my conductor
at the Table Rock telling me of some one who lived near the
whirlpool. A traveller must inquire for himself, he can not
count upon being told of anything worth seeing at Chippeway.
The man who conducted me was a German; he had lived for
some years thereabout as a farming servant, at six dollars per
month and board, which I mention as an item of the price of
labour.
114 Returned from Thompson’s to (three miles) Queens-
town. ‘This is situated at the bottom of the hill; that is from
one hundred and fifty to two hundred feet below the road which
leads from Lake Erie. This road has a gentle descent all the
way from Lake Erie hither; but here it falls abruptly into a
bottom thus much below its own level. It is highly probable that
at some far remote period, the great falls were at this place; for
here is the commencement or the termination (call it which you
will) of the higher level. The river here begins to widen, and
admits of being ferryed; but even the ferrying place has several
eddies in it.
Queenstown is a pleasant village of about sixteen or eighteen
houses. I stopped at Banister’s, a civil man, from Massachu-
setts. I got a pint of excellent port, which more majorum I find
to be the fashionable wine among the Anglo Canadians.
This is a place of trade, being the commencement of the
portage round the falls. Banister pays about twelve shillings
sterling a year for direct taxes of all kinds. The military and
judiciary are paid by the crown. Judge Hamilton, who died
lately, and had very large property, was assessed at no more.
The imported goods come by way of Montreal. For tea they
give one dollar and a half per pound, loaf sugar three shilling
(Newyork currency). For my wine he charged me five shillings,
but it was good. At Batavia I got Mr. Ellicott to change my
Pennsylvania notes, for the notes current in Newyork state; but
I found notes of no kind current in Canada. They trade for coin.
‘They have no bank; and they dislike our notes. No wonder.
1200
CAVE OF THE WINDS
Beneath the Falls in winter
<
a ee yrs
Open Road — Guides — Railroads — Canals — Bridges
After dinner I rode (eight miles) to Newark, Fort St. George. 1808
The road excellent. The ride along the Niagara beautiful. The 7: ©
country well settled. In fact it may be regarded as a continued
village from the ferry opposite the Black Rock for thirty-three
or thirty-four miles down to Newark. I stopped at Emery’s, a
very good tavern. I wished to see Captain Lee who is collector
at the American port of Niagara; but no ferry is kept at either
place. I hired a boat for the purpose. . . . I was sorry to
see the American town and fort of Niagara, so inferior in external
appearance, at least, to the British town of Newark and Fort
St. George.
This being the extent of my proposed journey outward, I
returned (eight miles) to Banister’s at Queenstown, where I slept.
By his persuasion, and it being also a new route, I determined to
go by Lewistown, (a shabby American settlement opposite
Queenstown.) I arose, therefore, at five o'clock, and crossed the
ferry to Lewistown.
1811
MELIsH, JOHN. ‘Tvavels through the United States of America in 4911
the years 1806, 1807, and 1809, 1810, and 1811 . . . with corrections Melish
and improvements till 1815 . . . Phila. and Lond.: 1818. Pp. 503-
509.
The road (on the Canadian side) proceeds along the bank of
the river, and is elevated above the water seven or eight feet.
On the British side there are rich settlements, all the way down,
and I learned that the inhabitants are chiefly Germans, from
Pennsylvania. On the American side are very few settlements,
but they have commenced, and it is supposed they will go on
very rapidly.
The account is accompanied by a queer stereotyped general plan of the
Falls of Niagara.
1814
WRIGHT, FRANCES. Views of society and manners in America: in a 1814
series of letters from that country to a friend in England, during the years Wright
1818, 1819, and 1820. lLond.: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme and
%6 1201
1814
Wright
1816
New York
1817
Langslow
1818
Howland
1821
Niagara Falls
Brown. 1821. Pp. 237-246. Also N. Y.: E. Bliss and E. White.
1821. Pp. 173-180.
An exceedingly interesting account of the journey from Lewiston to
the Falls. Even more illuminating, perhaps, is the account of the stage
trip from Rochester along the ridge road to Lewiston. Miss Wright was
observant of the country and the condition of the people.
The cataract is graphically described, the language is well chosen, the
description sympathetic without being rhapsodical.
1816
New York (STATE). Memorial of the citizens of New York in favor
of a canal navigation between the great western lakes and the tide-waters of
the Hudson. N. Y.: Samuel Wood and Sons. 1816.
A discussion of the Hudson River and St. Lawrence routes. Objections
to a Niagara canal. Drafted by De Witt Clinton.
New York (StTaTE). Memorial of the citizens of New York in
favour of a canal navigation between the great western lakes and the tide-
waters of the Hudson. (Pub. Buf. hist. soc. Vol. XIII. 1909, See
index for references. )
1817
LANGSLow, RICHARD. A Niagara Falls tourist of the year 1817.
(Pub. Buf. hist. soc. 5:111-133.)
The journal of Captain Richard Lanslow of the Honorable East India
Service, giving a full itinerary of the journey. There is no attempt to
describe the Falls, but there is much concerning the travel conditions of the
time.
1818
How.anpb, Mrs. SARAH Hacarpb. Extracts from the tour of Sarah
Howland, and some of the poetry, letters, and other papers preserved by
her, together with some account of her family compiled by her great grand-
son, Howland Pell. (N. Y.>) 1890.
An account of a journey from New York to Niagara Falls by carriage
in 1818. ‘The trip took two months. There is a chronicle of various stops
on the journey, but no detailed description of the Falls, which were
visited on July 15 and 16.
1821
The fashionable tour; or, A trip to the Springs, Niagara, Quebeck, and
Boston, in the summer of 1821. Saratoga Springs: G. M. Davison.
1822. Pp. 99-110.
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Open Road — Guides — Railroads — Canals — Bridges
1822
PooLe, STANLEY LANE. The life of the Right Hon. Stratford 1822
Canning, Viscount Stratford de Redcliffe . . . Lond.: Longmans, Pole
Green. 1888. Vol. 1. Pp. 331-334.
No description of Niagara, no word about it, in fact, except that it is
there, but much interesting detail concerning the journey thither, the progess
of settlement, and the opening of the country.
1823
New York (STATE) LEGISLATURE. An act to incorporate the 1823
Niagara canal company. (Laws of 1823, chap. 132.) New York
: : Legislature
Regular act of incorporation.
1825
The fashionable tour in 1825. An excursion to the springs, Niagara, 1825
Quebec and Boston. Saratoga Springs: G. M. Davison. 1825. Pp:
119-124.
GiLpIn, T. A northern tour . . . Phila.: Carey. Pp. 145-150. 1825
Gilpi
(A) northern tour; being a guide to Saratoga, Lake George, Niagara, ae
Canada, Boston, etc. . . . Phila.: Carey and Lea. 1825. Pp: /147—
150.
Little resemblance to a guide-book. Interesting and sympathetic descrip-
tion. A discussion as to the correct pronunciation of the word “‘ Niagara.”
1826
(The) northern traveller: containing the routes to Niagara, Quebec, 4826
and the Springs, with the tour of New England, and the route to the coal
mines of Pennsylvania. 2d ed. imp. & ext. N. Y.: A. T. Goodrich.
1826. Pp. 80-95.
A guide to points of interest, scenic and historical. A view of Niagara
from below, engraved by Peter Maverick, one of the best of the early
engravers. [he view in question is of the Horseshoe Fall at Table Rock
and very much emphasizes the distance behind the sheet of falling water.
In the edition of 1834 the account of the Falls is found on pages 69-70.
On page 70 is the following description of the ‘‘ Sorcerer’s Cave.”
A very singular cavern was discovered, in 1825, about a mile
below the falls, which is reached by descending the old Indian
1203
1826
1827
1828
Stuart
Niagara Falls
ladder, a steep path-way, rendered passable by roots, rocks, etc.
The cave is about 80 yards below the ladder. The way to it is
difficult; the passage is barely large enough to admit a man, and
in it are found stalactites, and specimens of something that seems
like petrified moss or wood. About 20 feet above is a beautiful
spring, issuing from a rock, in a singular rocky position; and
there is another cave near by which is also worthy of a visit.
1827
A tnp to Niagara. By a Washingtonian. (Soc. lit. miss., Nov.
1827. 3:657-664.)
An account of the journey to the Falls, with a description of the cataract
and the effect of the spectacle upon the feelings of the beholder.
1828
STUART, JAMES. Three years in North America. 3d ed. rev. Edin.:
Robert Cadell. Lond.: Whittaker and Co. 1833. Vol. I. Pp. 138,
140-141.
From Black-Rock we had a very pleasant ride, by a level
road along the river side sixteen miles, to Chippewa, the battle-
ground of a severely contested action between the Americans and
the British in 1814, and to Niagara Falls, three miles farther.
The country we passed through was entirely level, greatly over-
cropped, and there was very little appearance of industry or
exertion to reclaim it. Wherever the stage stopped to water the
horses, the doors were crowded with children offering apples
and plums for sale; and we saw, for the first time on this side
of the Atlantic, several beggars.
We distinctly heard the sound of the cataract, about ten miles
from the falls; but it is often heard at a far greater distance in
favourable states of the wind and atmosphere, even, it is said,
thirty miles from them. The spray, appearing like a cloud of
smoke, was visible at the distance of more than two miles.
The best points of view are from the Table Rock and from
the boat, from which the falls, as well on the American as on the
1204
Open Road — Guides — Railroads — Canals — Bridges
Canada side, are seen. But the rapids are seen to the greatest 1828
advantage from Goat Island, to which a very ingeniously con- Stuart
structed and strong rough bridge has been thrown on the Ameri-
can side, over great blocks of rock and rapids.
There is no difficulty in getting to these stations. To Table
Rock, the way across the field from the hotel is without any
difficulty; and there is a winding path to facilitate the descent
of about 300 feet to the boat. The water is a good deal agi-
tated at the point, about 1,200 yards in width, where the boat
crosses, but the boatman’s knowledge of the eddies enables him
to pass with perfect safety in ten or fifteen minutes. Passengers
must, however, lay their account with something like a drenching
from the spray of the falls in crossing, and should be well pro-
vided with great coats. There is a steep wooden stair from the
landing-place, to the top of the bank on the American side. . . .
1829
STONE, WILLIAM LEETE. From New York to Niagara. Journal 1829
of a tour, in part by the Erie canal, in the year 1829, (Pub. Buff. hist, Stone
soc. 1910. 14:238-24/1.)
We left Lockport in a mail coach at half past 1. Our tra-
velling companions hence to Lewiston, were a boisterous gang of
Universal Suffrage Jackson men, on their way to attend the
exhibition got up by the hotel-keepers at the Falls, to collect a
crowd of customers in a dull season. Our road was across to
the “ Ridge Road,’ which we did not reach until within two
miles of Lewiston, was over a new country, some of the way
almost entirely unsettled. “The land was higher than for the
last hundred miles, and the soil apparently somewhat inferior.
But the forests were yet more lofty and imposing. Oaks and occa-
sionally sycamores of immense size, now mingled with the tower-
ing maples and elms. We passed through a section of the Indian
reserved lands, partially settled by a portion of the Tuscarora
tribe of Indians. ‘These improved lands, with a very few excep-
tions, appeared in a sad state of neglected cultivation. For several
miles, while traversing the northern verge of this mountain ridge,
1205
1829
Stone
Niagara Falls
our admiration was engrossed by the prospect of one of the most
glorious uncultivated landscapes upon which the eye of man ever
reposed. Beneath our feet on the north, and extending from east
to west as far as the eye could reach, was stretched a belt of
woodland, apparently perfectly level, from the base of the moun-
tain to the southern shore of the lake. Although the whole of
this tract of land is sparsely settled, yet the forest so far predomi-
nates over the occasional spots of cultivation, that the latter were
entirely merged in, and lost in the former. ‘To the eye, the tops
of the trees presented the even surface of a parlour floor; and
the forests having changed the verdant foliage to those number-
less bright and beautiful hues which are the peculiar mark of our
American autumn, rendered the whole surface far more beautiful
than the most gorgeous carpet ever imported. All the colors and
hues which Nature can paint, were here blended together in the
sweetest harmony; and had the whole extent been covered by a
grand collection of all the blossoms that ever bloomed since the
gates of Paradise were closed, glowing in their richest and bright-
est tints, they could not have constituted a richer flower garden.
But “. . . expression cannot paint the breath of Nature
and her endless bloom! ”
Beyond this, the most delightful region that “fancy’s foot-
steps ever trod,” rolled the dark waters of Ontario, bounded on
the north by the azure hills of Upper Canada, which rose dimly .
in the distant horizon! Soon after we descended upon this lovely
plain, we came in sight of Lewiston beyond which the monu-
ment which Canadian patriotism has erected to the memory of
Gen. Brock, upon Queenston Heights, rose loftily in view.
Lewiston is a very pleasantly situated and pretty town. We did
not stop at the spacious and inviting hotel, but as the sun was
yet shining brightly upon us, we rode directly down to the ferry.
And here, for the first time did I behold the troubled waters of
the Niagara — the mighty river, the name of which of all others
was the most deeply implanted in my memory in my school boy
days! the grand outlet of the great inland seas of the still greater
1206
Open Road — Guides — Railroads — Canals — Bridges
West! The banks on either side above and on either hand, on 1829
the American shore, were high, rocky and precipitous; and the S'r¢
river itself is confined by its massive barriers, to a narrower space
than I had supposed. ‘The current is rapid, and it boils and
whirls, and in some places breaks into a surf, as though not yet
restored to tranquility after its angry leap over the great cata-
ract seven miles above. None but a small row-boat was plying
upon the ferry, in which we should, as strangers, scarcely have
ventured, had we not seen it safely rowed across the river by a
single hand, for our accommodation. We passed over the dark
and troubled current, however, speedily, and in safety; and for
the first time I found myself in a foreign country, and under the
power of one who “ a kingly crown has on.”” I am as decidedly
a Republican in principle, as any man. But I am no Jacobin —
no democrat. I hate the mob: and I have such an utter loathing of
the character of Jackson — such a thorough and hearty detesta-
tion of his scurvy administration, that it was a relief to me to
get beyond his jurisdiction. I seemed to breathe a purer air;
and although I love my own country best, and its institutions, yet
I regretted that my circumstances were such as to compel me to
return within the United States, until the people shall have
returned to their senses, and this disgraceful state of things ter-
minated. Att the tavern, near the ferry, I was detained nearly
an hour, for the want of a carriage, to take us over to the
Falls. shi
The village of Queenston stands at the foot of the heights,
and is not a town of much consequence, though rendered mem-
orable during the last war with England, by the brilliant, though
in the end unfortunate, expedition of Gen. Van Rensselaer, in
1812. I gazed for some time upon the heights, and upon the
steep ascent up which the gallant Solomon Van Rensselaer Jed
his troops, cutting his way through a line of British troops, with
his sabre, as he fell covered with wounds. I gazed also, but
with feelings of mingled shame and indignation upon the oppo-
site shore, Where our own recreant militia stood, refusing to pass
1207
1829
Stone
1830
1830
Ferrall
1830
Fowler
Niagara Falls
over and secure the victory which Van Rensselaer and the brave
Col. Fenwick had won—refusing to cross even to save their
brethren, who had gallantly carried the heights.
1830
The fashionable tour: a guide to travellers visiting the middle and
northern states and the provinces of Canada. 4th ed. enl. and imp.
Saratoga Springs: G. M. Davison and N. Y.: G. and C. and H. Carvill.
1830. Pp. 262, 268-275.
Full information is given as to stage routes. There is a matter-of-fact
description of the Falls, on both the Canadian and American sides. We
also learn that at that period, ‘‘On Bath Island ’’ mills had been erected,
** contiguous to what is termed the race-way which divides Bath from
Goat Island. The latter, which is 330 yards broad, is principally a
wilderness.”
FERRALL, S. A. A ramble of six thousand miles through the United
States of America. Lond.: Effingham Wilson. 1832. Pp. 28-35.
Beside the description of the walk from Tonawanta to the Falls there
is an account of the Falls themselves, which is not very satisfactory. Con-
siderable space is given to the queer characters seen in the hotel.
The distance from Tonawanta to the village of the Falls,
now called Manchester, is about eleven miles. “The way lies
through a forest, in which there are but a few scattered habita-
tions. A great part of the road runs close to the river Niagara;
and the occasional glimpses of this broad sheet of water, which
are obtained through the rich foliage of the forest, added to the
refreshing breeze that approached us through the openings, ren-
dered our pedestrian excursion extremely delightful.
FowLerR, JOHN. Journal of a tour in the state of New York in the
year 1830 . . . Lond.: Whittaker, Treacher and Arnot. 1831. Pp.
131-147.
From Buffalo, the approach may be made either on the
American or Canadian side of the river. I preferred the latter,
and getting into a stage about eight o'clock, was conveyed three
miles to Black Rock, a small, but increasing village on the east
bank of the river, and upon the line of the canal; like Buffalo
1208
Open Road — Guides — Railroads — Canals — Bridges
destroyed by the British in 1814. The river here is about a mile
in width, running with a very moderate current, and twenty-five
feet deep. Over this we were ferried in a boat, with paddles
worked by horses. On the Canada side, just as you land, are a
few houses, christened ‘* Waterloo,” very near the site of old Fort
Ernie, the scene of desperate engagements between the Americans
and the British, during the last war, as was, in fact, nearly the
whole extent of the river from lake to lake.
Continuing along the banks of the stream, we shortly came
opposite Grand Island, which is twelve miles long, and from two
to seven broad, and was ceded to the State of New York by the
Seneca Indians in 1815. We were about twelve miles distant,
when looking in the direction of the falls, I saw the spray, which
I at first mistook for smoke, rising in columns to a very consider-
able height, and the whole horizon around skirted with light
clouds; I also began to hear the sound of them very distinctly.
Besides Grand Island, the river contains a number of other small
islands, and independent of the influence of that excitement by
which, at every progressive step, the mind and feelings become
more deeply aroused, the ride itself, the whole distance, is one of
singular beauty and interest. Until we reached Chippewa, the
stream had been gliding along with a smoothness which left you
wholly unprepared for the ruffled and tumultuous scene it was so
soon to present.
The Terrapin Rocks are approached by a rudely constructed
bridge from Goat Island. They extend about 300 feet from the
shore to the Horse Shoe Fall, and, at their farthest verge, abso-
lutely overhang the vast abyss into which the torrent rolls with
all its thrilling and majestic grandeur.
I confess the impression was awful, but to me, if I may so say,
it was awfully enchanting; my excitement was raised to a pitch
which seemed to dispel the idea of danger, and I verily believe if,
at that moment, I had known it to be imminent, I should have
1209
1830
Fowler
1830
Fowier
Niagara Falls
retreated from the position with some hesitation and reluctance. I
was dumb with high and enthralling amazement.
From the Table Rock I next passed under the fall. The
descent is by means of a spiral stair-way which is inclosed, and on
arriving at the bottom of which I had to doff every vestige of
clothing, and was furnished by the guide, who was about to
accompany me, with a waterproof garment in lieu of it: the
necessity of this exchange I full soon discovered, being com-
pletely enveloped in a cloud of spray. The path is a very
rugged one, under awfully overhanging rocks, and as we
approached nearer and nearer, the roar, the tumult, and the agita-
tion which encompassed us “ around, above, below,” was appall-
ingly, grandly terrific. “The violence and density of the spray,
too, increased at every step, so that we were obliged to carry our
heads down to respire at all; and in one part, where there is a
considerable projection, it was driven against us with such almost
incredible vehemence that it required no trifling effort to keep on
our feet. I can compare it to nothing better than the most violent
of thunder rain, which, instead of falling vertically, is propelled
horizontally, with the fury of a tornado. The walking, too, is
rendered more difficult by the number of small eels, which are
twisting about under your feet in all directions. At length, how-
ever, staggering and stumbling on, we reached what is called
Termination Rock, 153 feet from the commencement of the
volume of water, and beyond which there is no proceeding, the
descent being nearly perpendicular. Few, I believe, evince any
inclination to explore thus far, though tales are told of persons
taking a meal underneath, and so on; which, for the mere say-so,
certainly might be done, as any one, if so disposed, might treat
himself to dinner in a shower-bath, nor fear having to complain
of a dry morsel; but be assured the inconvenience of such a cere-
mony under the Falls of Niagara would, if possible, be an hun-
dred-fold greater. After remaining some time seated on the
farthest projection of rock, contemplating the wildly majestic and
1210
Open Road — Guides — Railroads — Canals — Bridges
novel character of the scene around, I| returned to the stair-way,
and on reaching the little building which has been erected at the
top of it, and casting off my drenched surtout, I was presented
by my guide with a printed form of certificate, in testimony of the
performance, in the following words: To wit,—‘“* This may
certify that Mr. John Fowler has passed with me behind the
Great Falling Sheet, under the Falls of Niagara, to ‘Termination
Rock.’ Given under my hand, at the office of the General
Register of Visitors, at the Table Rock, this 30th day of August,
1830.— (Signed) W. D. Wright, G. N. F.”
Continuing from this along the bank, about a quarter of a mile
lower down, is a man in attendance with a small boat to ferry
across the river. To a stranger it would appear altogether impos-
sible for a boat to live in such a water, and certainly the impetu-
osity and strength of the current, together with its numerous
eddies, are not quite pleasant; but I had every confidence in my
ferryman, apparently grown gray in the service, and was right
little disposed to indulge in any groundless apprehensions of
danger. He even told me, but this he esteemed a feat, that his
son, a boy of twelve years of age, had, more than once, swam
across.
I ascended from this place [foot of the American Fall] by a
long flight of stairs, which has been constructed to the top of the
bank, and passing along the shore about a quarter of a mile, came
to a bridge which has actually been carried across the rapids to
Bath Island, and upon which, (will it be believed?) there is a
large paper mill, as well as other mills, in operation; there is also a
house where the weary traveller may find most comfortable
refreshment, and where I partook of all the dinner — it was a
very slight and hasty one, to be sure —I either had or needed dur-
ing the day. My feasting was of another character, but the
richest, the noblest, the most sumptuous banquet I ever did, I
ever can enjoy.
1830
Fowler
1830
Fowler
1831
1833
Butler
Niagara Falls
From Bath Island I passed by another bridge on to Goat
Island, which is perhaps about a mile in circumference, overgrown
with trees and shrubs of different kinds . . . buthere, in my
opinion, is obtained decidedly the finest view of the rapids, and
the principal fall, which is to be had from any situation around
them. I allude, of course, to the Terrapin Rocks. . . . There
is another very small island adjoining Goat Island, called J/ris
Island, from which a stair-way has been constructed to the foot
of the falls, affording an excellent position for contemplating them
from that part.
1831
(The) tourist or pocket manual for travellers on the Hudson river, the
western canal, and stage road, to Niagara Falls . . . 2d ed. enl. and imp.
N. Y.: Ludwig and Tolefree. Pp. 59-61.
In edition of 1838, see pages 55-60.
1833
BUTLER, FRANCES ANNE. Journal. 2 vols. Phila.: Carey, Lea
and Blanchard. 1835. Vol. II, Pp. 215-218.
The visit of this author, better known to the world as Fanny Kemble,
was made in July, 1833. She describes her journey to the Falls and the
approach to them, but does not attempt any description of the cataract.
At nine o’clock we started from Lockport: . . . The road
between Lockport and Lewistown is very pretty; and we got out
and walked whenever the horses were changed. . . . We
reached Lewistown at about noon, and anxious inquiries were
instituted as to how our luggage was to be forwarded when on the
other side; for we were exclustve extras — and for creatures so
above common fellowship there is no accommodation in this
levelling land. A ferry and a ferry-boat, however, it appeared
there were,— and thither we made our way. . . . Lhe ferry-
boat being at length procured, we got into it. The day was
sultry; the heat intolerable. The water of this said river Niagara
is of a most peculiar colour, like a turquoise when it turns green.
It was like a thick stream of verdigris, full of pale, milky streaks,
swirls, eddies, and counter-currents and looked as if it was running
1212
Open Road — Guides — Railroads — Canals — Bridges
up by one bank, and down by the other. I sat in the sun, on the 1833
floor of the boat, revising my verses. Butler
Arrived on the other side, i. e. Canada, there was a second
pause, as to how we were to get conveyed to the falls. My
father, , and D, betook themselves to an inn by the
road-side, which promised information and assistance; and
and I| clambering up the heights of Queenston, sat ourselves down
under some bushes, whence we looked towards Lake Ontario,
and where he told me the history of the place; how his country-
men had thumped my countrymen upon this spot, and how the
English general Brock had fallen, near where we sate. A monu-
ment in the shape of a stone pillar had been erected to his memory,
and to the top of this—betook himself to reconnoitre, which
ambitious expedition I felt no inclination to share. After he had
been gone some time, I thought I perceived signs of stirring down
by the inn door; I toiled up the hill to the base of the pillar to fetch
him, and we proceeded down to the rest of the party. An uneasy-
looking, rickety cart, without springs, was the sole conveyance
we could obtain, and into this we packed ourselves.
brought me some beautiful roses which he had been stealing for
me, and gave me a glass of milk, with which restoratives I
comforted myself, and we set forth. As we squeaked and creaked
(I mean our vehicle) up the hill, I thought either my father’s
or *s weight, quite enough to have broken the whole down,
but it did not happen. My mind was eagerly dwelling on what
we were going to see; that sight which said was the only one
in the world which had not disappointed him. I felt absolutely
nervous with expectation. The sound of the cataract is, they say,
heard within fifteen miles when the wind sets favourably: to-day
however there was no wind: the whole air was breathless with the
heat of midsummer; and though we stopped our wagon once or
twice to listen as we approached, all was profoundest silence.
There was no motion in the leaves of the trées, not a cloud sailing
in the sky, everything was as though in a bright warm death.
1213
1833
Butler
Vets33
Davison
1833
Shirre ff
Niagara Falls
When we were within about three miles of the falls, just before
entering the village of Niagara, stopped the wagon, and then
we heard distinctly, though far off, the voice of the mighty cataract.
Looking over the woods which appeared to overhang the course of
the river, we beheld one silver cloud rising slowly into the sky —
the everlasting incense of the waters. A perfect frenzy of impa-
tience seized upon me. I could have set off and run the whole
way, and when at length the carriage stopped at the door of the
Niagara House, waiting neither for my father, D , hor :
I rushed through the hall, and the garden, down the steep foot-
path cut in the rocks. I heard steps behind me, — was following
me; down, down I sprang, and along the narrow foot-path,
divided only by a thicket from the tumultuous rapids, I saw
through the boughs the white glimmer of that sea of foam — “ Go
on, go on, don’t stop,” shouted , and in another minute the
thicket was passed. I stood upon Table Rock. seized me
by the arm, and without speaking a word, dragged me to the
edge of the rapids, to the brink of the abyss. I saw Niagara —
Oh, God! who can describe that sight!!!
Davison, G. M. Niagara Falls: the traveler's guide through the middle
and northern states and the provinces of Canada. Saratoga Springs: 1833.
Pp. 264-272.
SHIRREFF, Patrick. A tour through North America; together with
a comprehensive view of the Canadas and United States as adapted for
agricultural emigration. Edinb: 1835. Pp. 88-94.
This literary farmer gives us his general impressions of the river and
Falls; the hotel on the American side; an account of his trip across the
ferry to Canada, behind the sheet,— the air currents, eels, and toads; the
beauty of the rapids; tells us the best side from which to take a first view
of the Falls; describes the city building on the Canadian side, and tells of
the agricultural state of the country around.
Immediately after dinner we set out for the Pavilion House, a
celebrated hotel in Canada, a porter conveying our luggage in a
barrow to the ferry, which we reached by descending a wooden
spiral staircase. The river is 1,200 yards broad. The agitated
1214
Open Road — Guides — Railroads — Canals — Bridges
state of the waters conveys an idea of danger, and we were
landed safely on the opposite beach in 14 minutes, having been
drenched in crossing by the spray of the falls. Mr. D
remained with the luggage, while we went in search of assistance
to transport it. Two men of colour were met carrying trunks to
the ferry, who brought ours on their return.
1834
Report on the location and expense of a ship canal around Niagara
Falls; also, from the Illinois river to Lake Michigan. With a report of a
select committee to the assembly April 14, 1834, relating to the connection
from Oswego to the Hudson. N. Y.: Office of the R. R. jour. 1834.
Pp. 1—7,
This report was collated from the report of N. S. Roberts, C. E.,
made in January, 1826, for an association of gentlemen residing in Man-
chester and Lewiston. It was published in pursuance of a resolution of
the Chamber of Commerce of New York, September, 1834. A state
convention was held at Utica September 11, 1834, to consider the project
for a canal around the Falls. This movement was inspired by jealousy of
Canadian canal development, and the projects of other states, and by the
fear of the loss of the upper lake trade, and the inadequacy of the Erie
canal as well as a desire for southern and western trade.
The following report, . . . iscollated . . . with the
view of ascertaining the location and expense of a Canal, of the
dimensions stated in the accompanying estimate. It has been
published at this latter day with a view to disseminate the only
information as yet possessed on this subject. It serves the pur-
pose, however of proving the practicability of the project, and
guide by which to judge of the comparative expense of a con-
struction on a larger scale.
This improvement, so decidedly national in its character, should
be proportioned to the largest class of steamboats and schooners
navigating the lakes, and correspond with the Ship or Steamboat
Canal on the St. Lawrence, with locks 55 feet wide, 10 feet
deep, and 200 feet long; by which vessels from the ocean can
be passed to our upper lakes.
1215
1833
Shirre ff
1834
1834
1834
1834
Tanner
1834
1835
Parsons
1835
Niagara Falls
It was this magnificent work, now in successful progress, under
the patronage of the British government, to be finished by contract
within two years, and the completion, by the State of Pennsyl-
vania, of her communication with Pittsburg, on the Ohio, which
induced the call of a State Convention at Utica, the 11th of
September last, “ to take into consideration the project of a Ship
Canal around the Niagara Falls, and one from Oswego to the
Hudson ”— the proceedings of which are hereunto annexed.
Steele’s Niagara guide book: being a synopsis of Steele’s book of
Niagara Falls . . . Buffalo. Steele. 1840.
** Steele’s Book of Niagara Falls, first published in 1834, and which
was the first work of any extent or accuracy ever published on the subject
of this great wonder of the world.”
TANNER, HENRY S. The American traveler or guide through the
United States. Phila.: Author. 1834. Pp. 86-87.
The height of the Falls, places of interest in the vicinity, routes from
Niagara. An engraving of the Falls as seen from the American ladder
forms the frontispiece of the book. ‘There is also a small view of the Falls
from Table Rock.
Another edition in 1836,
(The) western traveller’s pocket directory and stranger’s guide; exhibit-
ing distances on the principal canal routes in the states of New York and
Ohio, in the territory of Michigan, and in the province of Lower Canada,
etc. Schenectady: S. S. Riggs, Ptr. 1834. Pp. 32-34.
Some figures on distances and dimensions are given. ‘There is no
attempt at description. ‘There is a quotation from an English writer for the
trip under the Falls. “The points of interest are indicated in passing.
1835
Parsons, Horatio A. A guide to travelers visiting the Falls of
Niagara, containing much interesting and important information respecting
the Falls and vicinity, accompanied by maps. 2d ed. greatly enl.
Buffalo: Oliver G. Steele. 1835.
[VANDERWATER, ROBERT J.] The tourist or pocket manual for
Vanderwater travellers . . . N. Y.: Harper. 1835. Pp. 67-74.
1216
Open Road — Guides — Railroads — Canals — Bridges
Wituiams, W. G. Report of a survey around the Falls of Niagara 1835
with a view to the construction of a ship canal, made during the year 1835. Williams
(H. R. doc. 214, 24th Cong., Ist sess. )
1836
Parsons, Horatio A. The book of Niagara Falls. 3d ed. care- 1836
fully rev. and enl. and accompanied by maps. Buffalo: Oliver G. Steele. Parsons
1836.
Another edition in 1838.
. 1839
De VEAUX, SAMUEL. The Falls of Niagara, or tourist’s guide to 1839
this wonder of nature, including notices of the whirlpool, islands, etc., and De Veaux
a complete guide through the Canadas. Buffalo: William B. Hayden.
1839.
1840
Haw ey, JessE. Memorial against ceding to the United States the 1840
right to construct the Niagara ship canal and in favor of retaining it as the Hawley
property of the state. (N. Y. state sen. doc. 108. April 11, 1840.)
(The) New York state tourist. Descriptive of the Mohawk and Hudson 1840
rivers. N. Y.: Goodrich. 1840. Pp. 75-82.
Steele’s book of Niagara Falls. 7th ed. carefully rev. and imp. Buffalo: 1840
Oliver G. Steele. 1840.
** The work was originally prepared by Mr. H. A. Parsons, who was
for a long time resident at the Falls, and familiar with the whole scenery
at all seasons of the year, as well as with all the interesting localities in the
vicinity ; who omitted no means of obtaining accurate information in relation
to the various facts stated, and his work was the first on that subject, of any
extent or accuracy ever published.”
Other editions in 1846, 1847, 1848.
1841
BONNYCASTLE, Sir RICHARD H. The Canadas in 1841. Lond.:
Henry Colburn. 1842. Vol. I. Pp. 215-216; 241-247.
A short journey of seven miles from Newark, or, as it is now
generally termed, Niagara, takes you, either by the steam-boat
or coach, to Queenston. By the former you stem this beautiful
and rapid stream, having the most delightful scenery on either
77 1217
1841
Bonnycastle
1841
Bonnycastle
Niagara Falls
shore, and come suddenly, near Queenston, under the shadow of
the rocky barrier which there hems in the mighty river, with a
wall of rock almost perpendicular, and severed, as if by an earth-
quake, into a dreadful chasm only five or six hundred feet in
width, up which neither steam, sail, nor oar will ever navigate;
for from Queenston to the Falls, seven miles more, the angry river
rushes between these aged walls, in a succession of rapids, whirl-
pools, and rushings without affording even a continuous edge,
whereon the human foot may tread, to behold these mysterious
strugglings of the pent-up Father of Rivers.
If you go by stage to Queenston and the Falls, almost the
whole line of journey, for fourteen miles, reminds you of dear
England, being a succession of fine fields, farms, and orchards,
interspersed with noble groves of chestnut, whose dark foliage
adds sublimity to the swift and deep current that rolls, in cease-
less course, so frequently within your view, for the first seven
miles of the journey.
I attempted to make a road from the Clifton Hotel towards
the Whirlpool, but found so many conflicting interests, that I had
not the success which a longer residence might have afforded me.
At present the road is somewhat difficult to follow along the top
of the high, rocky precipitous wall which hems in the stream; but
an active adventurous person may achieve it, and well he is repaid.
A succession of magnificient rapids, caverns, and precipices are
presented to his view; and the road itself, as it exists, is not bad
for the first distance, or about a mile down to the Devil’s Cavern,
which is a large excavation, or natural hole, in the face of the
precipice, about one-third of the way down. Rattlesnakes’ Den
is another on the opposite side. ‘This road is a military reserva-
tion, and should be opened. It has not to contend with the diff-
culties which avarice otherwise threw in the way of the military
reserve at the Falls being made free to the public.
Sir John Colborne, and his predecessor Sir Peregrine Mait-
land, attempted to make the Falls available to all visitors with-
1218
Open Road — Guides — Railroads — Canals — Bridges
out expense. Sir Peregrine was resisted by an American, who 1841
kept the great hotel, and took possession of the public property ; Bonnycastle
and finding he could pocket a dollar or so for each person passing
down to the Table Rock, fought the government a long time with
success; and, owing to the engineer officer having employed an
unarmed working party of soldiers to level the obstacles this per-
son had purposely made in the paths, a most lucrative and excel-
lent case of grievance was got up, which fed the traitor Mackenzie
for years, and, I believe, is scarcely yet ended. ‘The juries of
the district, however, did not agree with the American hotel-
keeper and ultimately gave a verdict in favour of the government.
Sir John Colborne, desirous to open the Falls to the travelling
world, gave a license of occupation revocable at pleasure, to
Messrs. Clarke and Street, merchants of some wealth residing at
the Falls, with the express understanding that they were to offer
no obstacles to the public, were to keep the staircases and roads
in order, and to plant and beautify the banks. They had a
great interest in the locality; and having, with others, planned
the construction of a pleasure city, if I may use the term, at the
Falls of Niagara, which should become the most fashionable
place of British North America, and having commenced a rail-
road to bring the American travellers and produce from Buffalo,
they began erecting baths, a museum, etc., on the military reserve,
and contrary to the express articles of the agreement which had
been made with them — probably because they were the parties
who had most strenuously resisted the American hotel-keeper in
his endeavours to make Niagara a closed raree show.
The lieutenant-governor immediately took active measures to
put a stop to the proceedings of these worthy merchants, one of
whom was a Scotchman, the other originally from the United
States. With this view, he employed the officer of engineers in
charge of the reserve, to require them to desist from enclosing and
building and that officer warned by the fate of his predecessor,
taking care not to employ the military in any shape, caused one
small stone to be removed publicly from the walls. On this, the
43219
1841
Bonnycastle
1841
De Veaux
Niagara Falls
very persons who had obtained the license of occupation, with the
full understanding that it was granted to them in order to prevent
the possibility of such another attempt as that of the American
inn-keeper, now turned, full of grievance against the government,
brought two actions of trespass against the officer of engineers,
and, mirabile dictu! although one of them had sat on the judg-
ment seat when the jury punished the American for his covetous-
ness, they, by their great influence in the neighborhood, were able
to obtain a decided verdict, with damages of five hundred pounds
against the crown; and either they, or their heirs, now remain in
actual possession of land of which they had humbly begged the
temporary occupancy ?
The City of the Falls proved, as any sensible person might
have anticipated, a thorough failure, and the public have still
access to the Table Rock, and staircase, owing to Messrs. Clarke
and Street being unable to eject the government from a space of
one chain, or sixty feet in width, along the upper edge of the
precipice.
Travellers may, therefore, without paying toll to the miller
proceed as far as the mill, constructed by one of the parties on
the rapids above, and may also go down the staircase for nothing;
though such is the profit derived from this staircase, that the bar-
room, through which you must pass to descend, pays these people,
I am told, two hundred a year.
You must also pay for going under the sheet of water, which
is fair enough, as you must have a guide and water-proof dress.
But enough of this, which would not have been mentioned,
were it not that the travelling public from all parts of the world
is interested in it; and if the local government will put the case
in Chancery, as I intended to do, there is but little fear that the
beautiful banks of the Falls will not long remain at the mercy of
private speculators.
De VEAUX, SAMUEL. The travellers’ own book, to Saratoga Springs,
Niagara Falls and Canada, containing routes, distances; . . . Buffalo:
Faxon and Read. 1841. Pp. 95-258.
1220
Open Road — Guides — Railroads — Canals — Bridges
Written in colloquial form. Sketches are made in a tour round the 1841
Falls and vicinity, put into the form of four jaunts. Description, history, De Veaux
anecdotes, advice to travellers, fishing, etc., Part III, “* The Falls of
Niagara, description of this wonder of nature, of the whirlpool, islands, a
jaunt to Canada, Table Rock, Brock’s monument, etc.”
Another edition in 1845.
DwicHT, THEODORE, Jr. The northern traveller; containing the 1841
routes to the springs, Niagara, Quebec, and the coal mines; . . . 6th ed, Dwight
N. Y.: John P. Haven. 1841. Pp. 49-58.
A clear, concise description of the points of interest. Figures given are
inaccurate. Brief account of the battles of the War of 1812’ in the vicinity
of the Falls.
In edition of 1830, see pages 80-104.
1842
Pictorial guide to the Falls of Niagara; a manual for visitors . .
Buffalo: Salisbury and Clapp. 1842.
Throughout the book, which is divided into three parts, are directions for
visitors to the Falls. The first part deals with the Niagara strait and the
shores, the second describes the Falls and the remarkable scenes in the
vicinity, and the third gives the history of the region and various anecdotes.
1842
1843
HutettT, T. G. Every man his own guide to the Falls of Niagara, 1843
or, The whole story in a few words. By T. G. H., a resident at the Falls. Hulett
3d ed. . . . Buffalo: Faxon and Co. 1843.
Another edition in 1844.
On pages 110 to 124 is to be found Lyell on ‘‘ The Recession of
Niagara Falls”’ from his Lectures on Geology, and on pages 125-126
are the Hennepin and La Hontan descriptions of the Falls.
1844
Houtey, ORVILLE LUTHER. The picturesque tourist; being a guide 1844
through the northern and eastern states and Canada; ...N. Y.: J. aaciey
Disturnell. 1844. Pp. 174-176.
The tourist is referred to Orr’s Pictorial Guide to Niagara Falls, pub-
lished in 1842, for detailed description. A brief account of points of
1221
Niagara Falls
1844 interest and a list of the principal hotels are given, supplemented by a poem
Holley from the pen of Willis Gaylord Clark, two views and a detailed map or
chart of the Falls, islands, etc.
1845
1845 Peck’s tourist’s companion to Niagara Falls, Saratoga Springs, the
Lakes, Canada, etc. . . . Buffalo: William B. and Charles E. Peck.
1845.
1846
1846 (The) American guide-book; being a hand-book for tourists and
travellers through every part of the United States . . . Phila.: George S.
Appleton. 1846. Pt.i. Pp. 145-156.
Itinerary to places of scenic and historical interest. Two charts and a
view of the Falls from the Canadian side are included.
1846 Cousin GeorGE. Sketches of Niagara Falls and river. Buffalo:
Cousin George William B. and Charles E. Peck. 1846.
A juvenile sketch which contains a description and guide to the Falls
with maps and views.
1846 De Tivo, J. A guide to the Falls of Niagara, with a splendid
De Tivoli —_]ithographic view by A. Vaudricourt from a daguerreotype of J. Langheim.
N. Y.: Burgess, Stringer and Co. 1846.
1847
1847 Appleton’s railroad and steamboat companion. N. Y.: D. Appleton
and Co. Phila.: Geo. S. Appleton. 1847. Pp. 185-193.
1848
1848 Album of the Table Rock, Niagara Falls, and sketches of the Falls
and scenery adjacent. Buffalo: Jewett, Thomas. 1848.
Visitors’ inscriptions quoted from the registers.
1848 BARTON, JAMES L. Address on the early reminiscences of western
Barton New York and the lake region of the country. Delivered before the
Young men’s association of Buffalo, February 16, 1848. Buffalo:
Jewett, Thomas and Co. 1848. Pp. 15-18, 61-64.
Account of the portage road and portage business before the War of
1812.
1222
Open Road — Guides — Railroads — Canals — Bridges
(The) Niagara Falls guide. With full instructions to direct the
traveller to all the points of interest at the Falls and vicinity . . . Buffalo:
A. Burke. 1848.
Another edition in 1849,
1849
(The) Canadian guide book . . . Montreal: Armour and Ramsay.
1849. Pp. 1-9.
1850
Appleton’s new and complete United States guide book for travellers.
N. Y.: D. Appleton and Co. Phila.: Geo. S. Appleton. 1850. Pp.
209-217.
New and revised edition 1854, pp. 209-217.
1851
Burke’s descriptive guide; or, The visitor’s companion to Niagara Falls:
its strange and wonderful localities. By an old resident. Buffalo:
Andrew Burke. 1851.
Other editions issued in 1852, 1854, 1855, 1857, and 1858.
(The) Niagara Falls guide with full instructions to direct the traveller
to all points of interest at the Falls and vicinity. . . . 5th ed. rev.
Buffalo: James Faxon. 1851.
1852
Jounson, F. H. Every man his own guide at Niagara Falls without
1848
1849
1850
1851
1851
1852
the necessity of inquiry or possibility of mistake; including the sources of Johnson
Niagara, and all places of interest, both on the American and Canada
side. . . . Rochester: D. M. Dewey. (1852) Pp. 1-93.
Besides presenting many interesting facts regarding the Falls themselves,
the author includes descriptions of the several routes from the Falls to other
points.
Other editions in 1853, 1854, 1856.
Jounson, F. H. A guide for every visitor to Niagara Falls. Includ-
ing the sources of Niagara, and all places of interest, both on the American
and Canada side . . . Buffalo: Phinney and Co. (1852)
Other editions in 1853, 1856, 1865, 1868, and 1871.
1223
1853
1853
New York
Legislature
1854
Fowler
1854
1855
Niagara Falls
1853
Hackstaff’s new guide book of Niagara Falls; . . . Niagara Falls,
N. Y.: W. E. Tunis and Co. 1853.
Earlier editions were issued in 1850 and 1851 respectively.
New York (STATE) LEGISLATURE. An act to incorporate the
Niagara ship canal company. (Laws of 1853, chap. 595.)
This act which was passed July 21, 1853, is a general act of incor-
poration. It was amended by chapter 772 of the Laws of 1866.
1854
FowLer, REGINALD. Hither and thither; or, Sketches of travels on
both sides of the Atlantic. Lond.: Daldy. 1854. Pp. 204-213.
We crossed the stream again to Manchester on our way to
Buffalo. . . . The mode of conveyance to Buffalo was by
railroad, a distance of about twenty-one miles. The line, is
merely a slip of iron nailed along a stout wooden rail, and was
in many places broken and uneven. It would be perfectly unable
to bear the weight and friction of an English locomotive, but
answers tolerably well, where neither speed nor weight of the
carriages is great; at any rate it is an improvement on the heavy
“stage,” plunging at every yard into a mud hole. A slightly
open fence alone separated it for a considerable distance from the
high road; there was nothing else.
(The) Ontario and St. Lawrence steamboat company. Hand-book for
travellers to Niagara Falls, Montreal and Quebec, and through Lake
Champlain to Saratoga Springs. Buffalo: Jewett Thomas and Co. Pp.
36-49.
Stereotyped views.
1855
Springs, water-falls, sea-bathing resorts, and mountain scenery of the
United States and Canada; . . . N. Y.: J. Disturnell. 1855. Pp.
106-113.
Poem of David Paul Brown, Upon Being Asked to Describe Niagara. ;
descriptions of the various points of interest and other guide-book matter.
1224
Open Road — Guides — Railroads — Canals — Bridges
Tunis’s topographical and pictorial guide to Niagara; containing also 1855
a description of the route through Canada, and the great northern route,
from Niagara Falls to Montreal, Boston, and Saratoga Springs.
Niagara Falls: W. E. Tunis. 1855.
Other editions published in 1856, 1857, 1869, 1870, 1873, and 1874.
1856
ENSIGN, BRIDGMAN AND FANNING. Guide to the western rivers and 1856
lakes with engravings and railroad routes. N. Y.: Ensign, Bridgman and Eien
Fanning. 1856.
Plenty of figures but not very complete information as to points of
interest. The Cave of the Winds is located on the Canadian side. The
account is accompanied by a view of the Horseshoe Falls from the Canadian
side.
International topographical railroad guide between the Atlantic sea~ 4g56
board and the Missouri river. W. E. Tunis. Niagara Falls, N. Y.:
M. Wallace. Chicago: 1856. Pp. 52-58.
Compact and accurate account of Niagara Falls and vicinity, with
special attention to the Suspension Bridge two miles below the Falls.
1857
ALLEN, STEPHEN M. Address on the occasion of the opening of 1857
navigation to Niagara Falls, July 4, 1857. Niagara Falls, N. Y.: Pool Allen
and Sleeper. 1857.
A history of the Niagara portage.
DISTURNELL, J. comp. (A trip through the lakes of North America.) 1857
N. Y.: Disturnell. 1857. Pp. 206-217. Disturnell
HUNTER, WILLIAM S. Jr. Hunter’s panoramic guide from Niagara 1857
Falls to Quebec. . . . Boston. J. P. Jewett and Co. 1857. Pp, Hunter
1-18.
Profusely illustrated. Another edition in 1860.
Tourist’s guide to Niagara Falls, Lake Ontario, and St. Lawrence 1857
Rive =... Ne Ye Disturnell. -1857c.. Pp. 1-26.
(A) trip through the lakes of North America. . . . N. Y.: J. 1857
Disturnell. 1857. Pp. 206-217.
1225
1857
1859
1859
1859
1860
Nelson
1860
Roebling
1861
Barlow
Niagara Falls
Complete guide to the Niagara river, its rapids, falls, islands, and
romantic scenery, interspersed with quotations of prose and poetry relating
to the Falls.
1859
(The) Falls of Niagara: being a complete guide to the points of interest
around and in the immediate neighborhood of the great cataract; with
views taken from sketches by Washington Friend, esq. and from photo-
graphs. Lond.: T. Nelson and Sons. 1859.
The views are fine and beautifully colored. Another edition in 1860.
(The) new world in 1859, being the United States and Canada,
illustrated and described. . . . Lond.: (1859) Pp. 72-76.
** With these preliminary remarks (figures) we shall proceed to describe
the most important objects of interest, addressing ourselves as if the reader
were on a visit there.’’ The description, which is illustrated, begins on the
American side and makes the “‘ rounds.”
Niagara; its falls and scenery. . . . N. Y.: Harthill. (1859c)
Ppt 17:
1860
NELSON, T. AND Sons. The Falls of Niagara; being a complete
guide to all the points of interest around and in the immediate neighbor-
hood of the great cataract; with views taken from sketches by Washington
Friend and from photographs. Lond.: Nelson. 1860.
Gives colored views of the Falls.
RoEBLING, JOHN A. Report on the condition of the Niagara railway
suspension bridge, 1860. (Jour. Frank. inst. Dec. 1860. 70:361—372.)
This report was made after an absence of two years, and Mr. Roebling
says ‘After a thorough examination of all parts of the work, I am unable
to report any change.”
1861
Bartow, PETER W. Concluding observations and deductions on
the Niagara bridge. (Jour. Frank. inst. Mar. 1861. 71:160—165.)
BarLow, PETER W. Observations on the Niagara bridge. (Jour.
Frank. inst. Jan. 1861. 71:16—22.)
Deals with the deflection, strength and durability of the Roebling
bridge.
1226
Open Road — Guides — Railroads — Canals — Bridges
Bartow, PETER. Observations on the Niagara railway suspension 41861
bridge. (Jour. Frank. inst. Feb. 1861. 71:237-238.) Barlow
This article, taken from the London Builder No. 927, deals with the
suggestion of two London suspension bridges as a result of Barlow’s
observations on the Niagara bridge.
BarRLow, PETER W. On the mechanism of bridges. (Jour. Frank.
inst. Feb. 1861. 71:89-93.)
Deals with the construction and cure of the undulation of suspension
bridges.
1863
JoHNSON, F. H. Guide to Niagara Falls and its scenery. . . . 4863
Phila.: Childs. 1863. Johnson
A descriptive guide to all points of interest on both the American and
Canadian sides with some account of the geology and recession of the
Falls by Sir Charles Lyell.
Other editions in 1864, 1867, and 1868.
NATIONAL SHIP-CANAL CONVENTION. Proceeding of the cone 1863
vention held at the city of Chicago, June 2 and 3, 1863. Chicago: National
Tribune Co. 1863. Pp. 111-114. PE
Convention
Abstract from Captain W. G. Williams’s report on a Niagara ship
canal, made in 1835, showing the proposed routes.
1864
New York (STATE). Report of the committee on commerce and 4264
navigation on the bill for the incorporation of the Niagara ship canal com- New York
pany, transmitted to the legislature January 22, 1864. Albany: Comstock
and Cassidy. 1864. (Sen. doc. 21. January 22, 1864.)
Discusses the national character, military characteristics, commercial
importance, and history of the Niagara ship canal project, with the scale
of navigation and cost of transportation.
Niagara Falls. A guide and souvenir with a new series of views from 4964
photographs taken on the spot. Buffalo: Sage Sons and Co. 1864.
Itinerary separated from explanatory and anecdotal matter.
(A) souvenir of Niagara Falls, with a series of views in oil colors,
from photographs taken on the spot. Buffalo: Sage. 1864.
1227
1864
1864
1865
Hayes
1865
Woodman
1866
1866
Cutting
1866
Miles
1866
Niagara Falls
Descriptions of the points of special interest, of the river, below and
above, with an account of some of the legends connected with the Falls.
There is also a guide in English and French.
1865
Hayes, J. D. ‘ The Niagara ship canal;’’ and “ Reciprocity,”
papers written for the “* Buffalo commercial advertiser,’’ together with the
speech of Hon. Israel T. Hatch, in the convention at Detroit, July 14,
1865. Buffalo: Matthews and Warren. 1865. Pp. 1-21.
These papers, which were published by the resolution of the board of
trade, discuss the commercial, political, and military necessity of another
ship canal around the Falls of Niagara. Arguments against the proposed
improvement are also given.
WoopMAN, CHARLES C. Argument in favor of a marine railway
around the Falls of Niagara, addressed to the committee on military
affairs of the senate of the United States. February, 1865.
Includes extracts from Memorial of the National Canal Convention,
assembled at Chicago, June 1863, and a proposed act for the marine
railway in question.
1866
(The) Canadian handbook and tourist’s guide, giving a description of
Canadian lake and river scenery and places of historical interest with the
best spots for fishing and shooting. Comp. by H. B. Small, ed. by J.
Taylor. Montreal: Longmore and Co. 1866. Pp. 170-184.
Describes the view from Prospect Point before any improvements were
made. Another edition in 1867.
CutTtTinc, H. S. The Erie canal vs. the Niagara ship canal. Argu-
ment of Hon. H. S. Cutting before the assembly committee on commerce
and navigation, March 6, 1866.
Arguments against the Niagara ship canal.
Mires, Hiram. Address before the assembly committee on com-
merce. March 6, 1866.
Opposed to the Niagara ship canal as a dangerous experiment.
Railway time tables and traveller’s guide through central New York,
Niagara Falls, Saratoga Springs, etc. Buffalo: Felton and Brother.
1866. Pp. 91-100.
Three views by J. W. Orr.
1228
Open Road —- Guides — Railroads — Canals — Bridges
Traveler’s guide, and illustrated description of central New York, 1866
Niagara Falls, Saratoga Springs, etc., together with railroad time tables.
Buffalo: Felton and Brother. 1866. Pp. 43-52.
Besides a brief well-written account of the history of the Niagara
frontier, there is a most interesting, not to say entertaining and half jocular
account of all points of interest in order. It is written in an unusually
good style. Advises escape from the hackmen and ample time for a
leisurely survey. Of unusual literary merit for a guide book account.
There are two views of the Falls, one from the American shore and one
from Goat Island, neither of them very good.
Another edition in 1886.
Drive first to Table Rock; now but a ruin, with hardly a trace
of its former glory. In July, 1818, it lost forty feet of its width
and one hundred and sixty feet of its length. In 1828 three other
pieces fell off. In 1829 another body broke away, and on the
twenty-sixth day of June, 1850, a huge mass, two hundred feet
long, sixty feet wide, and one hundred feet thick, was precipitated
down the bank.
1867
HuntTER, WILLIAM S. Hunter and Chisholm’s panoramic guide from 1867
Niagara Falls to Quebec. Montreal: Chisholm. 1867. Pp. 1-18. Hunter
The authors have endeavored to give a ‘‘ panoramic or picture map of
all the most celebrated and picturesque points along the noble river.”
(SMALL, H. B. comp.) The Canadian handbook and tourist’s guide. 1867
Montreal: Longmore. 1867. Pp. 170-185. Small
1869
HumpuHreyY, JAMES M._ Speech in the house of representatives, 1869
January 14, 1869, on bill No. 1212, to provide for the construction of a Humphrey
ship-canal around the Falls of Niagara.
Proposed to substitute another bill providing federal aid for the enlarge-
ment of the Erie and Oswego canals.
1870?
BARHAM, WILLIAM. Descriptions of Niagara; selected from various 1870?
travellers: with original additions. Gravesend: n. d. Pp. 102-105; Barham
157-159.
1229
1870?
Barham
Niagara Falls
Pages 102-105 — Description of ‘Summer and Winter Scenery.—
River below the Falls.”” One of the original additions apparently.
The surrounding scenery on both sides of the river is in good
keeping with the magnificence of the Falls. It is just what it
should be,— grand, striking, and unique. By most visitors it is
only seen in summer. But in the winter it is also inimitable and
indescribably beautiful. ‘The trees and shrubbery on Goat and
other islands, and on the banks of the river near the Falls, are
covered with transparent sleet, presenting an appearance of “ icy
brilliants,”” or rather of millions of glittering chandeliers of all
sizes and descriptions, and giving one a most vivid idea of fairy-
land.
“For every shrub and every blade of grass,
And every pointed thorn, seems wrought in glass;
The frighted birds the rattling branches shun,
Which wave and glitter in the distant sun.”
The scene presents a splendid counterpart to Goldsmith’s
description of the subterranean grottos of Paros and Antiparos.
The mist from the Falls freezes upon the trees so gradually and
to such thickness, that it often bears a most exact resemblance to
alabaster; and this, set off by the dazzling colours of the rainbows
that arch the river from twenty different points, seems by natural
association to raise the imagination to that world, where the streets
are of pure gold, the gates of pearl, and night is unknown.
“* Look, the massy trunks
Are cased in the pure crystal; branch and twig
Shine in the lucid covering; each light rod,
Nodding and twinkling in the stirring breeze,
Is studded with its trembling water-drops,
Still streaming, as they move, with coloured light.
But round the parent stem, the long, low boughs
Bend in a glittering ring, or arbours hide
The glassy floor. Oh! you might deem the spot
The spacious cavern of some virgin mine,
Deep in the womb of earth, where the gems grow!
And diamonds put forth radiant rods, and bud
With amethyst and topaz, and the place
1230
A WINTER SCENE AT NIAGARA
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Open Road — Guides — Railroads — Canals — Bridges
Lit up most royally with the pure beam
That dwells in them; or, haply, the vast hall
Of fairy palace, that outlasts the night
And fades not in the glory of the sun;
Where crystal columus send forth slender shafts,
And crossing arches, and fantastic aisles
Wind from the sight in brightness, and are lost
Among the crowded pillars.”’
The winter scenery about the Falls is peculiar, a sight of which
is worth a journey of thousands of miles. Myriads of wild ducks
and geese spend the day in and above the rapids, and regularly
take their departure for Lake Ontario every night before dark;
though some are often found in the morning with a broken leg or
wing, and sometimes dead, in the river below the Falls. This
generally happens after a very dark or foggy night; and it is sup-
posed that, as they always have their heads up stream, while in
the water, they are carried down insensibly by the rapids, till they
find themselves going over the precipice, and then, in attempting to
fly, they dive into the sheet of water, and are buried for a time
under the Falls, or dashed upon the rocks. :
Dead fish too, of almost all sizes and descriptions, and weigh-
ing from one to seventy pounds, are found floating in the eddies
below the Falls, forming a dainty repast for gulls, loons, hawks,
and eagles. The splendid gyrations of the gulls, and their fear-
less approaches, enveloped in clouds of mist, up to the boiling
caldron directly under the Falls, attract much attention. But the
eagle, fierce, daring, contemplative, and tyrannical, takes his stand
upon the point of some projecting rock, or the dry limb of a
gigantic tree, and watches with excited interest the movements of
the whole feathered tribes below. Standing there in lordly pride
and dignity, in an instant his eye kindles and his ardour rises as
he sees the fish-hawk emerge from the deep, screaming with
exultation at his success. He darts forth like lightning, and gives
furious chase. The hawk, perceiving his danger, utters a scream
of despair, and drops his fish; and the eagle instantly seizes the
fish in air, and bears his ill-gotten booty to his lofty eyrie.
1231
1870?
Barham
1870?
Barham
Niagara Falls
Sometimes during a part of the winter, the ice is driven by the
wind from Lake Erie, and poured over the Falls in such immense
quantities as to fill and block up the river between the banks, for a
mile or more, to the depth of from thirty to fifty feet, so that
people cross the ice to Canada, on foot, for weeks together: the
river itself is never frozen over, either above or below the Falls,
but it affords an outlet for vast quantities of ice from the upper
lakes.
Pages 157-159—‘ The Village of Niagara Falls— Number of
visitors.”
The country in the immediate vicinity of the Falls on both sides
of the river presents many powerful attractions for a permanent
residence. For salubrity of air and healthfulness of climate, it
yields to no spot in the United States. Here,
** Nature hath
The very soul of music in her looks,
The sunshine and the shade of poetry.”’
The latitude here is forty-three degrees six minutes north, and
the longitude two degrees six minutes west from Washington. The
winters are generally much milder than in New England, owing,
as supposed, to the action of the two neighbouring lakes, that lie
on either side.
In a pamphlet published in London in the year 1834, written
by Robert Burford, Esq., who spent the summer and autumn of
1832, in taking a panoramic view of the Falls, it is stated that this
place is ‘*‘ without all question, the most healthful of any on the
continent of North America. The heat of summer can there be
borne with pleasure, while at the same time, the annoyance of
musquitoes and other insects is unknown. Various are the con-
jectures whence arises the remarkable salubrity of this region; but
the most natural is, that the agitation of the surrounding air pro-
duced by the tremendous Falls, combines with the elevation and
dryness of the soil, and absence of swamps, to produce this happy
result.”
1232
Open Road — Guides — Railroads — Canals — Bridges
In the summer of 1832, when the cholera raged in all the
villages around, as Buffalo, Lockport, Lewiston, &c., not a single
case occurred here. Again, when this disease visited many villages
of the vicinity, in the summer of 1834, this place was wholly
exempt.
The village of Niagara Falls on the American side, formerly
called Manchester, contains about 500 inhabitants.
There are two spacious hotels in the village, the Eagle and
the Cataract, which will accommodate a large number of per-
manent guests. . . . The village also contains a Presbyterian
Church, and a “* Union House,” for the use of all other denomi-
nations when they choose to come to it.— It has a Paper Mill, a
Flouring Mill, and a few Mechanics’ shops; and there is an
opportunity of using water here to an unlimited extent.
Canal boats and sloops come from the Erie Canal and the
Lake to Porter’s store-house, a short distance above the Falls.
There are three railroads now finished, which terminate at Niagara
Falls. One from Buffalo, distant twenty-two miles — one from
Lockport, and one from Lewiston. Stage-coaches run from the
Falls in all directions, and the mail passes regularly twice every
day. The roads from Buffalo, Lewiston, and Lockport are now
very good; equal to any in this region, and afford to travellers
many delightful views of the river, the Falls, and the rapids; —
especially as the road from Buffalo to Lewiston passes very near
the bank of the river the whole distance. The steamboat
Red Jacket also runs daily from Buffalo to the landing, two
miles above the Falls, and thence across to Chippewa, and returns
daily by the same route. This is a perfectly safe and very
pleasant route to the Falls. At Lewiston, seven miles below,
steamboats from Lake Ontario are daily bringing and receiving
passengers. Near Lewiston commences the celebrated Ridge
Road,— formerly, without doubt, a sand-bank on the margin of
Lake Ontario,— and runs east to Rochester, and thence nearly
to Oswego, a distance of about 140 miles.
1233
78
1870?
Barham
1870
1872
Alberger
1872
1872
Hadfield
1873
Faxon
1874
Chapin
1874
Horner
1876
Niagara Falls
National commercial convention, Detroit, Mich. Dec. 13, 1871.
Proceedings of the National commercial convention to consider the ques-
tion of increased transportation facilities from the West to the seaboard,
held in Detroit, December 15 (i. e. 13), 1871. Published by order of
the convention. Detroit: The Daily Post Book and Job Printing Estab-
lishment. 1872.
Advocated the building of a canal around the Falls of Niagara.
1872
ALBERGER, F. A. Speech on the Niagara ship canal bill, before the
house of assembly, March 20, 1872. Albany: Weed, Parsons and Co.
1872.
Believes the bill dangerous to the commercial interests and welfare of
the state. Includes the report of the Canal Board on the Niagara ship
canal.
(The) Clifton suspension bridge at Niagara Falls. . . . Niagara
Falls, N. Y.: Brundage. 1872.
HADFIELD, ROBERT. Memorial as to the proposed Niagara ship
canal, the course of commerce on the lakes, etc. See, Statistics and
information relative to the trade and commerce of Buffalo for the year
ending December 31, 1871. . . . Reported by William Thurstone,
Secretary. Buffalo: Warren, Johnson, and Co. 1872. Pp. 109-120.
Arguments against the proposed ship canal.
1873
Faxon’s illustrated hand-bock of travel by the Fitchburg, Rutland and
Saratoga railway line, ...,.., Bost.:, Faxon. | 1873.) Pp) 1042112:
Webster’s description, written in 1825, is quoted at length.
1874
CuHaPIN, J. R. Niagara Falls and how to see them. Buffalo:
(1874.)
Horner’s Buffalo and Niagara Falls guide and encyclopedia of
useful knowledge. Buffalo: Horner. 1874. Pp. 63-86.
1876
How to see Niagara. . . . Buffalo and N. Y.: Matthews, North-
rup and Co. _ 1876.
Profusely illustrated. Other editions in 1889 and 1890.
1234
Open Road — Guides — Railroads — Canals — Bridges
1877
New guide to Niagara, with descriptions of its scenery, casualties, 1877
narrow escapes, etc. Niagara Falls: Gazette printing establishment.
1877.
1879
Tunis’ illustrated guide to Niagara. Rev. and pub. by H. T. Allen. 1879
Buffalo: Courier. 1879. Tunis
1880
People’s guide to Buffalo, Niagara Falls and Chautauqua lake. 1880
Buffalo: 1880. Pp. 71-82.
1881
ALLEN, H. T. Allen’s illustrated guide to Niagara; rev. and pub.
by H. T. Allen. Buffalo: 1881. oy
Other editions issued in 1882 and 1883.
DELANO, F. R. The water power of Niagara. N. Y.: Banker’s 1881
pub. assn. 1881. P. 4. Delano
In this connection it may not be inappropriate to mention a
plan which was matured some years since for establishing a second
Manchester in the County of Niagara. It was known as the
Niagara ship canal project, and was the revival of a similar one
which had been entertained some years before, and for which a
survey had been made by authority of the War Department of
the United States. “Topographical Engineers under the charge of
Capt. W. G. Williams. In 1853 Mr. G. W. Holley, then a
member of the Legislature from Niagara, . . . presented a
bill which was passed, authorizing the construction of a ship canal
from some point on the river above the Falls into the river below
them, or into Lake Ontario. The reports to the Canadian authori-
ties of the operations of the Welland Canal for some years pre-
vious to that date showed that three-fourths of the business of
that canal was done by Americans, and there was a strong desire
manifested that a ship canal should be constructed on the Ameri-
can side of the river, which would be much shorter and more
safely navigated that the long Welland Canal. The idea was
so favorably received and supported by individual capitalists and
1235
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Delano
1881
1881
Sweetser
1882
Holder
Niagara Falls
by friends and officers of the Government, especially by Con-
gressional representatives in the United States Congress from the
Western and Northwestern states that a bill, with liberal pro-
visions, authorizing the work was passed by a large majority of
both branches of the Legislature of the State of New York.
There was also a reasonable prospect that a donation of public
land would be made in aid of the project. But the exciting
political questions which engaged the attention of the people from
1854 to 1860 prevented further action on the question. Since it
is supposed that Capt. Eades has started a new idea concerning
the transportation of ships by rail across the Isthmus of Panama,
it may be mentioned here that, in connection with the Niagara
Ship Canal, it was proposed, if it should be constructed, to trans-
fer ships of the largest size from the level of the Niagara river
to that of Lake Ontario by rail, in floating docks or tanks.
Another part of the plan was to furnish an inexhaustible water
power to be used at the Lewiston ridge, below which a city of
fountains was to be built. It is not impossible that the project
may be consummated as a work of necessity for the following
reason, if for no other, namely: that all the great water courses,
east of the Mississippi, are gradually shrinking in capacity, so that
in dry seasons like those of the last four years they cannot answer
the demands made upon them.
(The) Middle states: a handbook for travellers. . . . Bost.:
Osgood. 1881. Pp. 177-184.
SwEETSER, M. F. ed. The middle states; a handbook for travellers.
Ath ed. Bost.: Osgood. 1881. Pp. 177-186.
1882
'HHoLpER, THomas. A complete record of Niagara Falls and
vicinage, being descriptive, historical and industrial . . . Niagara
Falls: Published for the author. 1882.
Polite advertising schemes, illustrated.
1236
Open Road — Guides — Railroads — Canals — Bridges
1883
Buffalo Saengerfest guide and pocket companion; also guide to Niagara 1883
Falls. Buffalo: Hahn and Schelle. 1883.
The complete illustrated guide to Niagara Falls and vicinity. Gazette 1883
printing house. Niagara Falls: (1883)
Illustrations and map.
[PorTER, PETER Aucustus] The complete illustrated guide to 1883
Niagara Falls and vicinity. Niagara Falls.: Gazette printing office. Porter
1883.
Descriptive and scenic account of the Falls with some information
regarding its history and geology.
1884
Cantilever bridge over Niagara. (Knowl., April 4, 1884. 5:227.) 1884
The description of the bridge is taken from the Scientific American and
contains no reference to the Falls.
KincsBuRY, J. ADDISON. Pleasure and travel made easy. A better 1884
way to see old sights or new . . . Vol. I. Pittsburgh: Kingsbury. Knebury
1884.
An expense book of the Allegheny Valley R. R.
LEsPINASSE, R. The great cataract illustrated, and complete guide 1884
to all points of interest at and in the vicinity of the Falls of Niagara. . . . Lespinasse
Chicago: R. Lespinasse. 1884.
Quotations, pictures and general notes.
1885
RHINE, ALICE HyNEMAN, ed. Niagara Park illustrated; original 1885
and selected descriptions, poems and adventures. . . . N. Y.: Niagara Rhine
Pub. co. 1885c.
Points of interest, geography, history, geology, literature and legends.
SCHNEIDER, CHARLES C. The cantilever bridge at Niagara Falls 1885
and the discussion. (Trans. A. S.C. E. Nov. 1885. 14:499-606.) Schneider
This paper was read at the meeting of March 4, 1885, and is valuable
technically with the discussion as embodying the views of expert engineers.
Tuapy’s illustrated guide to Niagara Falls. . . . Niagara Falls, 1885
N. Y.: Thomas Tugby. 1885. Tugby .
1237
1886
Grand Trunk
Railway
1886
1887
Severance
1887
1887
Welch
1888
Bogart
1888
1888
1888
1888
Niagara Falls
1886
GRAND TRUNK RaILway. Excursion routes and rates from Buffalo and
Niagara Falls via Grand trunk railway and Richelieu and Ontario navi-
gation company’s steamers. Buffalo: 1886. Pp. 1-3.
Grand Trunk tourist’s guide. Buffalo: Matthews, Northrup and co.
(1886)
1887
SEVERANCE, FRANK Haywarp. Niagara in London: a brief study
from many standpoints. Buffalo: 1887.
A very interesting study, embodying some of the material later pub-
lished in more ample form in “* Studies of the Niagara Frontier.”
Views of Niagara Falls and vicinity. 1887. [Photographs] no
imprint.
WELCH, JANE MEADE. The neighborhood of the international park.
(Harp., Aug. 1887. 75:327-343.)
A charming account of Niagara river and Falls, from the point of
view of the artist, the historian, and the man of science and with special
reference to points of interest to the tourist.
18838
BocarT, JOHN. Feats of railway engineering. (Scrib. mag., July,
1888. 4:1-34.)
Includes accounts of the suspension and cantilever bridges at Niagara
Falls with illustrations and drawings.
Grand trunk railway system. (Summer resorts reached by the Grand
trunk railway and its connections. . . . [Buffalo, 1888.] Pp. 47-51.)
Michigan central railroad company. From city to surf. . . . “ The
Niagara Falls route.” Chicago: Rand, McNally. 1888. Pp. 1-78.
_ Niagara Falls illustrated. N. Y.: Albertype co. [1888]
Niagara Falls sketch book. Buffalo: Sumner. 1888c.
Innumerable scratchy little sketches illustrating every phase of a visit
and of the scenery. Interesting for inklings of conditions at the Falls at .
that period.
1238
Open Road — Guides — Railroads — Canals — Bridges
SEVERANCE, FRANK Haywarp. How to see Niagara. Railway 1888
guide and illustrated handbook of Buffalo, Niagara Falls and vicinity. Severance
Matthews, Northup and Co. June, 1888. Pp. 35-37.
Brief and clear.
1889
(The) great cataract of Niagara: its wonders, past and present. 1889
Buffalo: Matthews, Northrup and Co. 1889.
1899
Dun ap, P. E. comp. Sheldon and Hawley’s illustrated guide to 1890
Niagara Falls and points of interest. 1890. Dunlap
Fine photographic views of the Falls and suspension bridge from
various points of view.
[Gruck, J. F.] A little guide to Niagara Falls. . . . By anold 1890
resident. Buffalo and N. Y.: Matthews, Northrup and Co. 1890. Glick
Advertisement of hotel keepers at the Falls, but well written with but
little of an advertising nature and that unobtrusive. Mostly quotations
from prominent visitors and writers. ‘Takes up the beauty and grandeur
of the Falls, their moral influence, the length of time which one should
spend there, the climate, the best season for a visit, and the cost of the
trip. ‘There are many fine views.
Guide to Niagara Falls: historical, descriptive and short sketches from 1890
many authors. Buffalo: J. C. Prescott, excursion manager, Erie Railroad,
n. d.
Composed largely of advertising matter.
Jupson, WiLttiaM Pierson. From the west and north-west to the 1890
sea by the way of the Niagara ship canal. N. Y.: 1890. Judson
The military and commercial advantages of a Niagara ship canal,
accompanied by the report of Captain Carl F. Palfrey, Corps of Engi-
neers, U. S. A. On possible routes and cost of such a canal.
LEAGUE OF AMERICAN WHEELMEN. Eleventh annual meet, Niagara 1890
Falls, N. Y. August 25, 26, 27, 1890. Niagara Falls bicycle club. Pp. mee oF
17-24. oa
Wheelmen
Niagara Falls. [Buffalo and N. Y.: Matthews, Northrup, 1890.] 1890
Description of the Falls with quotations and illustrations. Gives also
1239
1890
1891
Newton
1892
Long
1892
Severance
1893
Hopkins
1893
Niagara Falls
the cost of a visit, with various details as to the best time for the trip, length
of stay and so forth.
1891
[NEWTON, SAMUEL B.] Niagara and Chautauqua. Compliments
of Western New York and Pennsylvania railroad. Buffalo: Wenborne-
Sumner. (1891.)
A descriptive guide to the Falls containing numerous sketches and
photographs interspersed with advertisements.
1892
Lonc, Exvias A. Niagara as it is. A complete guide. N. Y.:
Rural pub. co. 1892.
A systematic guide providing for the most economical and advantageous
use of the visitor's time. Tours are suggested, descriptions, general
information, anecdotes, ‘‘ impressions of visitors,’ with charts and views
are given.
[SEVERANCE, FRANK Haywarp.] A new guide to Niagara Falls
and vicinity. . . . Chicago and N. Y.: Rand, McNally. 1892.
Pp. 1-124.
Gives an itinerary for the trip to the Falls, with descriptions of the
scenery, history and other information.
©
1893
Hopkins, G. M. Atlas of the vicinities of the city of Niagara Falls,
North Tonawanda and Buffalo, N. Y. Phila.: 1893 c.
Plates 3 and 5 show the Falls and islands.
The Niagara book, a complete souvenir of Niagara Falls; containing
sketches, stories and essays . . . by W. D. Howells, Mark Twain,
Prof. Nathaniel S. Shaler, and others. Buffalo: Underhill and Nichols.
1893.
A book written to supply the lack of a “ good souvenir’ of Niagara
Falls. It consists of “* original stories, sketches, and essays — descriptive,
humorous, historical and scientific — dealing directly with Niagara Falls.”
A new and revised edition in 1901.
1240
Open Road — Guides — Railroads — Canals — Bridges
Contents:
Part I. Almy, F. What to see. Dunlap, O. E. Dramatic incidents. 1893
Porter, P. A. ‘Historic Niagara. Shaler, N.S. The geology of Niagara Hopkins
Falls. Day, D. F. The flora and fauna of Niagara Falls. Sellers, C.
Utilization of Niagara’s power.
Part I]. Twain, Mark. The first authentic mention of Niagara Falls.
Howells, W. D. Niagara first and last. Martin, E. S. As it rushes by.
Slicer, T. R. Famous visitors at Niagara Falls.
Part III. Buffalo and the Pan-American Exposition.
[SEVERANCE, FRANK Haywarp.] The Columbian year book. 1893
Niagara Falls and Buffalo, N. Y. Pub. by J. C. Prescott, excursion Severance
manager, Erie lines. Buffalo: 1893.
Mostly advertising matter. Directions as to how to see Niagara,
together with some statistics.
1894
New York‘central and Hudson river railroad company. What can] 1894
see? and how much will it cost me in two days at Niagara Falls? . . .
NewewIN. Y. Coand H.R: R. RR. Co. (1894.)
Itinerary and other information for visit to the Falls.
1895
Michigan central railroad. Niagara Falls from different points of 1895
view. Chicago: Knight Leonard and Co. 1895.
Quotations, information, colored views. Altogether a very pretty little
booklet.
Niagara Falls park and river railway. Niagara River from the rapids 1895
above the falls to Lake Ontario. (Buffalo: Matthews, Northrup. 1895.)
1896
DUNLAP, ORRIN E. The new steel arch bridge over Niagara Falls. 1896
(Eng. news, Jan. 2, 1896. 35:13-14.) Dunlap
“* One of the great engineering feats of the coming year.”
LutTarpD, AuGuUsTE. Aux Etats-unis. Deuxiéme édition. Paris: 1896
Société d’éditions scientifiques. N. Y.: Brentano. 1896. Pp. 196-205. Lutard
The author tells us the purpose of his “* guide’ when he says:
** Je me contenterai donc de décrire le Niagara tel que je l’ai vu en
1894, c’est-a-dire depuis la création des nouveaux parcs, et depuis |’éstab-
lissment du chemin de fer électrique . . . En un mot, je vais essayer
1241
1896
Lutard
1896
1896
Morse
1896
1896
Paul
1896
1897
1897
Cutter
Niagara Falls
d’étre un Guide utile pour le voyageur francais qui sera tenté de visiter cette
merveille qui vaut, a elle seule, le voyage en Amérique.”
Michigan central railroad company. Niagara Falls in miniature.
Chicago: Rand, McNally. 1896.
A very neat little booklet, well illustrated, consisting for the most part
of quotations from famous visitors and literary lights Anthony Trollope,
J. M. Heredia, Edwin Arnold, James A. Garfield, J. J. Audobon,
William Black, Lady Duffus Hardy, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Bayard
Taylor, etc.
Morse, Mrs. S. D. Greater Niagara. Tourist’s edition. Niagara
Falls. 1896.
*“‘Tts parks, its drives, its railways, its hotels; All the beauties of this
great watering place an dhow to see them.” Points of interest, scenic and
historical, are described.
New York central railroad. Two days at Niagara Falls. Published
by the passenger department of “‘America’s greatest railroad.” 1896.
Paul’s dictionary of Buffalo, Niagara Falls, Tonawanda, and vicinity.
Buffalo: Peter Paul Book Co. (1896.) Pp. 170-256.
** This complete guide” to ‘‘ Niagara as it is”’ gives suggestions for
tours, with accounts of the principal points of interest. Some impressions
of travellers are given, and information concerning the geology of the
district.
Pen and sunlight sketches of scenery reached by the Grand trunk railway
system and connections, with routes and rates for summer tours. 1896.
Pp vi6—25)
Dickens’s descriptions, together with information regarding access to the
Falls and river.
1897
Across Niagara’s gorge. (Battle Creek, Mich.: W. C. Gage and
Sons. 1897). (No title page, title taken from cover.)
A small guide to Niagara.
CUTTER’S guide to Niagara Falls, and adjacent points of interest.
Cutter’s guide pub. co. 1897.
Takes up not merely the usual scenic and historical material, but has two
very good articles on the power development at the Falls. All phases are
very well illustrated.
1242
Open Road — Guides — Railroads — Canals — Bridges
Features of the Falls. (St. ry. rev., Oct. 1897. 7:644-646.)
A description of the Falls and suggestions for visitors.
Grand trunk railway system. (Gateways of tourist travel. Pen and
camera pictures of scenery reached by the Grand trunk railroad system
and connection. N. d. 1897. Pp. 9-16.)
1898
The new bridge at Niagara Falls as it looks now. (Illus. Am., Sept.
23, 1898. 24:233.)
1899
The bridges of Niagara gorge. (Sci. Am., June 17, 1899. 80:296-
297.)
DUNLAP, ORRIN E. The romance of Niagara bridges. (Strand
mag., Nov. 1899. 18:430-433.)
No matter what caused the formation of the Niagara gorge,
the fact remains that its existence has forced a wonderful demon-
stration of man’s skill. “The romance of the Niagara Bridges is
the most marvellous and interesting story of its kind in the history
of the world.
It is, indeed, a strange coincidence that as the current of the
river cut its way through the canyon, it was separating what were
to be sections of two nations — the river being the boundary
between New York State and the Dominion of Canada — which
were later to be brought into mutual rejoicing over the connection
of the mighty cliffs by such a tender bond as that of a boy’s
kite-string.
In the early days, before the Niagara gorge had been spanned
by a bridge, the only means of crossing was by a ferry operated
close to the foot of the Falls — that great natural spectacle which
has for centuries commanded the admiration of the people of the
world. Then the Niagara locality was deemed quite a distance
west, but ambitious man kept plunging still farther westward to
open up the new country beyond. ‘The gorge of Niagara lay
across the direct pathway. It was evident that this obstacle to
travel must be overcome, and the necessary money was secured to
construct a bridge. The style of structure decided upon was of
the suspension type, and the site was at the point where the edges
1243
1897
1897
1898
1899
1899
Dunlap
1899
Dunlap
Niagara Falls
of the cliffs were over 800 feet apart, and this right above where
the terrible whirlpool rapids begin. . . .
The success met with by the promoters and builders of the
railway suspension bridge created a demand for a bridge two
miles farther up stream, close to the Falls, where the scenic feature
was more pronounced. After much opposition a charter was
obtained, and in the winter of 1867-68 a rope was carried across
the river at the site of the proposed new bridge on an ice bridge,
and thus connection was made between the cliffs at this point for
another structure which was to develop many interesting incidents
in bridge destruction and bridge construction. ‘The bridge first
built on this site was a wooden structure, opened tc the public on
January 2nd, 1869. It was only about 10 ft. wide, and carriages
were unable to pass one another on it. This led to long waits at
either end, and no doubt many readers of this artic] > will remem-
ber the long lines of carriages moving in one direciion across the
bridge in caravan form, while many others were waiting for the
line to pass in order that they might secure the right of way. Those
were the days when the Niagara hackman was in his prime, and
the locality had not been revolutionized by the electric trolley.
In 1872 steel supplanted wood in the bottom chord, and in 1884
the wooden towers, in which elevators were operated on the
Canadian side, gave way to towers of steel. In October, 1887,
the work of widening the bridge was commenced, and it was com-
pleted June 13th, 1888, without any suspension of traffic. ‘This
gave an entire new steel structure from bank to bank, with a span
of 1,268 ft. As a suspension bridge, it was the admiration of
all who visited Niagara, but it was doomed to an untimely fate.
On the night of January 9-10th, 1889, the Niagara locality
was visited by a terrific hurricane, and when daylight came in the
morning not a single inch of the bridge proper remained, it having
been torn away from the cliffs as though cut out by a knife, and
the entire mass of steel lay bottom up in the gorge below. On the
slopes of the bank on each side of the river the ends of the fallen
mass were visible, while beneath the deep, silent waters of the
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Open Road — Guides — Railroads — Canals — Bridges
river the greater portion of the wreck was hidden, and there it 1899
remains to this day. Dunlap
While they mourned the loss of their bridge the controlling
companies were equal to the occasion, and at once ordered it to be
duplicated. This rebuilding of the bridge was a feat of surprising
rapidity ; but as the iron-mills had all the patterns, the steel parts
were quickly at hand. On March 22nd, 1889, the duplicate
bridge was started, and on May 7th, 1889, it was opened for
travel, thus accomplishing one of the most notable feats of bridge
construction ever witnessed on the Niagara frontier. ‘This
structure had a width of 17!/y feet, and when it was built the men
behind it believed they were building for all time.
Not so, however. In 1889 they little realized that the ensuing
decade would bring forth such wonderful changes in the Niagara
region as to demand a voluntary destruction of the handsome
structure they had built, in order that it might give way to a more
modern and a better bridge. But all this was to be and has now
taken place. With the development of great units of electrical
power at Niagara Falls there was a revolutionizing force of won-
derful power set free. The horse-car lines of the region and
other new roads were electrically equipped, and a new force. was
set to work developing the Niagara surroundings. With the con-
struction of electric roads on both sides of the gorge for scenic
purposes there came a demand for international connection
of the lines, in order that a belt-line trolley service might be
operated about the gorge. The modern electric car is heavily
weighted, and it was found that none of the bridges were sufh-
ciently strong to furnish the required service. ‘This led to the
determination to replace the upper and new suspension bridge with
an all-metal arch.
This arch was built in 1897-98, and has the distinction of
being the greatest steel arch in the world. The abutments stand
close to the water’s edge on both sides of the river, and the length
of the main span between them is about 840 ft. This arch has
but one floor, on which room has been provided for double tracks
1245
1899
Dunlap
1899
1899
Keyes
1900
1900
1900
1901
Almy
1901
Cutter
Niagara Falls
for the electric car service, the road being the first international
line between the United States and Canada. There is ample
room for carriages, and walks are also provided for pedestrians.
As the bridge practically stands nght in front of the Falls, a grand
view of the cataract is obtainable. In the grace of its lines this
arch is surpassingly beautiful, and is today classed as one of the
wonderful things to be seen at Niagara. The method of erection
was very similar to the arch first erected across the gorge, the
suspension bridge being removed after the arch had been erected.
It is the fourth bridge built on this site.
Great gorge route. Niagara Falls and the Niagara gorge: being photo-
graphs by C. D. Arnold and G. E. Curtis; with text explanatory of the
views. Niagara Falls. 1899.
Keyes, Monroe JAMES. Tourists’ illustrated guide book to the
islands, peninsulas, and cities of Lake Erie and Niagara Falls. Bucyrus,
O.: News pub. co. 1899. Pp. 78-79.
Facilities indicated for quick trip.
1900
Passenger department of the Richelieu and Ontario navigation company.
Official guide. 1900. From Niagara to the sea. ...N.p. Pp. 5-9.
Rebuilding Niagara’s reservation bridges. (Sci. Am., Sept. 22, 1900.
83:187.)
An account of the construction of the concrete arch bridge between
the mainland and Goat Island.
Strengthening the cantilever bridge at Niagara. (Sci. Am., Oct. 20,
1900. 83:249-250.)
1801
Amy, FREDERIC. What to see. (/n The Niagara book. N. Y.:
Doubleday, Page and co. 1901. Pp. 3-28.)
“A consecutive description for visitors’ taking up the various points
of interest, scenic and historical, on both sides of the river, mapping out a
program for one day at Niagara, and giving various statistics of interest.
CuTTER, CHARLES. Pan-American, Buffalo and Niagara Falls:
a picturesque souvenir. 190Ic.
Some fine photographs of the Falls from various points of view.
1246
Open Road — Guides — Railroads — Canals — Bridges
DuNLAaP, ORRIN E. New concrete arch bridges at Niagara. (Sci. 1901
Am., Nov. 23, 1901. 85:327.) Dunlap
An article on the bridges which connect Goat Island with the mainland.
Handbook to the Pan-American exposition, Buffalo and Niagara Falls. 1901
Chicago: Rand, McNally. (1899-190Ic). Pp. 182-237.
Michigan central railroad. General passenger department. Niagara 1901
Falls. Chicago: Rand, McNally. 1901.
A well-arranged guide — How to see Niagara. The cost of the trip
is given with a description of the infinite variety of the scenery. There
is some account of the geology of the Falls and quotations from both prose
and poetry. The book is also illustrated.
JUuDSON, WILLIAM PIERSON. History of the various projects, reports, 1901
discussions and estimates for reaching the great lakes from tide-water, Judson
1768-1901. N.p. N.d. Pp. 10-12. (1901.)
A natural sequence of the many projects for canals of various
sizes from the Hudson to Lake Ontario, was the consideration of
a canal from Lake Ontario to Lake Erie, and projects for such a
canal were made in connection with and closely following the
ones already described.
The first action was taken in 1798 when a company was char-
tered by the State of New York to construct around Niagara
Falls, a canal capable of passing boats of eighty tons; which canal
was to be completed within ten years, but which was never begun.
On the expiration of this term, the Legislature directed the Sur-
veyor-General of the State of New York to explore a route for a
canal from the Hudson to Lake Erie and under this direction
James Geddes, C. E., made survey for a canal around Niagara
Falls from Schlossers to Lewiston. The results of this survey
were published under date of January 9, 1809, as a Senate reso-
lution, in which it was stated that goods were taken from Lake
Erie to Lake Ontario: by a 28-mile portage for which the charge
was $10 per ton for the Niagara transfer only.
In 1826 another and more accurate survey was made by private
individuals, where the matter rested until 1835, when Captain
William G. Williams, of the United States Topographical
1247
Niagara Falls
Engineers was detailed to make survey for a ship canal to connect
Lake Erie and Lake Ontario. Surveys were then made of five
different routes, the results of which are published in seven large
sheets, with report and estimates showing a canal with 10 feet
depth of water. These are published as Doc. 214, H. R. 24th
Congress, Ist session, 1836. This matter was again published as
H. R. No. 201, 24th Congress, 2nd session, 1837, and also again
published as part of H. R. Rep. 1430, 51st Congress, Ist session,
1890.
No further action was taken until 1853 when surveys, maps
and estimates for a canal with 14 feet depth of water were made
under New York State Commission by Charles B. Stuart, C. E.,
and Edward W. Serrell, C. E.
In 1863 President Lincoln appointed Charles B. Stuart, C. E.,
to make report and estimates for a gunboat canal of 12 feet depth
and this report was published as H. R. Doc. No. 51, 38th Con-
gress, Ist session, 1864. No action was taken until 1867, when
surveys were made for the United States during that year by
James S. Lawrence and Stephen S. Gooding, C. E. Six different
lines were surveyed; three from Lewiston on the Niagara River,
and three from Lake Ontaio; all being for a depth of 14 feet.
These were published, with maps and profiles in report of the
Chief of Engineers, U. S. A., pages 217 to 287, 1868, and again
as part of H. R. Rep. 1430, 51st Congress, Ist session, 1890.
In 1889 a revision of former estimates and surveys was made
by Captain Carl F. Palfrey, Corps of Engineers, U. S. A., for a
21-foot canal on two routes from Lake Ontario to Niagara river.
These were published, with profiles and estimates, in the annual
report of the Chief of Engineers, U. S.. A., for 1889, at page
2434.
In 1889 a bill was introduced in Congress by Representative
Sereno E. Payne as H. R. 582, 51st Congress, Ist session, under
date of December | 8th, providing for a Commission to select one
of these routes and appropriating $1,000,000 for construction
upon it. No action was taken by Congress.
1248
Open Road — Guides — Railroads — Canals — Bridges
In 1890 a report, with maps, profiles, and revised estimates was 1901
made by William Pierson Judson, M. Am. Soc. C. E., and was Je
published as part of H. R. No. 283, 52nd Congress, Ist session,
1892, and as part of Senate resolution of the 54th Congress, Ist
session, 1896, and was also published separately under title of
“From the West and Northwest to the Sea by Way of the
Niagara Ship Canal.” These estimates were for two routes from
Lake Ontario to Niagara River and for 21 feet depth of water.
Reports were also made to Congress in 1890 by Representative
Sereno E. Payne, and in 1892 by Representative C. A. Bentley,
and in 1896 by Representative C. A. Chickering, and by Senator
Calvin S. Brice, in each of which the commercial and engineering
aspects of the case were fully presented and favorably discussed.
In 1895, under Senate resolution 130, which became a law on
March 2, 1895, the President, in November, 1895, appointed a
United States Deep Waterways Commission, consisting of James
Angell, John E. Russell and Lyman E. Cooley, M. Am. Soc.
C. E. The report made to the Commission by Mr. Cooley con-
tains a large amount of valuable information on this subject and
is accompanied by profiles of all the routes, giving information
not before published. The report of the Commission was pub-
lished under date of 1897 as H. R. Doc. 192, 54th Congress,
2nd session.
In 1898 the United States Board of Engineers on Deep
Waterways elsewhere referred to, caused Charles L. Harrison,
M. Am. Soc. C. E., to make surveys and estimates for canals
21 feet and 30 feet deep, connecting the waters of Lake Ontario
and Lake Erie; the results of which surveys form a part of the
report of this Board which was submitted to Congress on
December 1, 1900.
In 1900 the State Engineer of New York, Edward A. Bond,
M. Am. Soc. C. E., caused estimates to be made for canals
around Niagara Falls as a part of the barge canal project on the
basis of 11 feet depth in the locks, and 12 feet depth in the water-
ways as given in the report of 1901.
79 1249
1901
Porter
1901
Rand-
McNally
1901
Reid
1902
Bishop
Niagara Falls
PorTER, PETER A. Official guide. Niagara Falls, river, frontier;
scenic, electric, historic, geologic, hydraulic. With illustrations by Charles
D. Arnold. (Buffalo: The Matthews-Northrup Works. 1901.)
A complete guide, covering every aspect of the subject. Accurate,
interesting, well written, and with fine views.
RaNnD-MCcNALLy. Hand-book to the Pan-American exposition,
Buffalo and Niagara Falls . . . Chicago and N. Y.: Rand, McNally.
(1901). Pp. 182-237.
Tells the traveler how to get to the Falls, the expense of the trip, and
suggests tours in the vicinity. Gives also something of the history of the
Falls and a description of the scenery.
Reip, RoBerT A. One hundred views of the Pan-American exposi-
tion, Buffalo, and Niagara Falls . . . Buffalo. 1901.
1902
BisHoP, IrRviNG. The red book of Niagara. A comprehensive guide
to the scientific, historical and scenic aspects of Niagara. For the use of
travellers . . . Buffalo: 1902.
An interesting and well-written guide describing the city of Niagara
Falls, telling in detail how to see the Falls to best advantage, enabling the
visitor, ‘‘ whether his tastes be for the scenic, the scientific or the historical,
to see Niagara from his own point of view, with the minimum outlay of time
and money."’ ‘The book gives a clear and concise account of the history,
geology, power developments and industries at the Falls. It closes with a
brief account of the fishing and hunting on the river, and differs from most
guides in including a short list of references on the subjects treated.
In 1861, Joel Robinson, with an engineer and assistant, piloted
the Maid of the Mist, one of the earlier steamers of that name,
through the rapids to Lewiston. The trip was accomplished in
safety, although the boat suffered some injury. On August 28,
1887, C. A. Perry of Suspension Bridge, N. Y., made the
passage of the Rapids to the Whirlpool in a life-boat of special
construction which he had himself made. R. W. Flack, of Syra-
cuse, attempted the same feat in July following, but was drowned.
A successful passage was made July 12, 1900, by Capt. Nissen
of Chicago. His boat, “* The Fool Killer,” had a length of 24
feet with a 4-foot beam and was provided with six air compart-
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Open Road — Guides — - Railroads — Canals — Bridges
ments. His idea of the boat seems to have been a misnomer. 1902
Several people have also safely passed through the rapids in strong Bishop
casks built specially for the purpose.
In July, 1883, Captain Matthew Webb, who had previously
swum across the English channel, lost his life while attempting
to swim the Rapids. His body was recovered a few days later
at Lewiston. A Bostonian named Kendall, in 1886, managed
by the aid of a life preserver, to get though alive, though much
exhausted.
Blondin came to Niagara in 1859 with his business manager,
Harry Calcourt. He gave his first performances on a wire cable
which was stretched across the Gorge from White’s Pleasure
Ground, about where the car-sheds of the Gorge Road now
stand. Ata subsequent exhibition, the cable was stretched across
the Whirlpool Rapids, just north of the present Lower Arch
Bridge. Among some of his feats were walking across the rope,
chained hand and foot; making the passage in the evening; cross-
ing with his feet encased in butter tubs; crossing without a
balancing pole; carrying a cooking stove to the middle of the
rope, where he stopped and cooked an omelette; turning hand-
springs, standing on his head, or sitting down sideways on the rope
two hundred feet above the water, and many other equally
daring acts. His greatest exploit was performed in 1860, when
he carried Calcourt across the Whirlpool Rapids on his back,
in the presence of the Prince of Wales. Four times in the course
of the trip Blondin stopped to rest, each time setting his burden
down upon the rope and resuming it to continue his journey.
Since Blondin’s day other rope-walkers have imitated his feats
with more or less success. In 1873 Bellini crossed on a rope
stretched from Prospect Park to the opposite side near the Ferry
Road. Stephen successfully crossed on a wire rope above the old
Suspension Bridge, in 1878, and also jumped from the wire to
the water. Samuel Dixon also crossed on the same wire.
Madame Spellerini and others have made the passage safely at
1251
1902
Bishop
Niagara Falls
various times, but no one achieved the reputation attained by
Blondin.
On October 24, 1901, Mrs. Annie Edson Taylor passed over
the Horseshoe Fall in a barrel and survived — a feat never before
accomplished by anyone. ‘The barrel in which Mrs. Taylor
made the trip was strongly built of oak and weighted at the lower
end with an anvil weighing 100 pounds. An opening at the top
large enough to admit the body was closed by a valve. The
barrel containing Mrs. Taylor was towed by two men in a row-
boat over to the Canadian channel and released. It passed over
the Horseshoe Fall about 200 feet from Table Rock, and was
recovered in an eddy near the Maid of the Mist landing on the
Canadian side. Except for a cut upon the head and a few
bruises Mrs. Taylor was uninjured.
The principal fish caught with the hook in the Niagara River
are yellow perch, yellow pike (the pike perch), blue pike, white,
rock and black bass, and muskallonge. The best perch fishing
begins about the middle of May and lasts until July. The fall
run begins early in August and may continue till the middle of
October, although the earlier part of the period is considered the
best. Blue pike bite voraciously for a few days early in May,
and are likely to be caught afterwards in fishing for perch.
Yellow pike are readily caught either with bait or by “ chuggin,”
from August | to September 15, although they may be taken in
small numbers after May 1, especially with minnows. Black
bass may be taken between June 16 and December 31. White
bass may be taken in May on the American side of the river,
but are protected on the Canadian side until later. Muskallonge
are sparingly caught in Buffalo harbor and around Grand Island
about June |, and in the latter region in August and September.
Sturgeon are speared in the river below the Whirlpool in May.
Eels are caught in great numbers below the Falls, where they
sometimes crawl out among the wet stones in their endeavor to
pass up the river.
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Open Road — Guides — Railroads — Canals — Bridges
The best places for fishing in the lower river are at Lewiston or 1902
Queenston and at Youngstown. Bishop
Above the Falls perch and rock ‘ah fishing may be had at
Schlosser’s dock and at La Salle. . . . The fish do not run
as large here as at Lewiston, but the fisherman is reasonably sure
of a fair catch in the proper season. At Buffalo there is much
fishing at the Ferry Street dock but the fish are small and few.
Yellow pike and blue pike are caught during August in the early
evening on the breakwater above Ferry Street. .
Duck hunting is good along the river in many places. Favorite
spots for this sport are the upper reach of the Niagara where it
leaves Lake Erie, in the vicinity of Grand Island, and between
Grand Island and the head of the rapids. In the autumn of
1900 ducks were quite numerous between the Upper Arch
Bridge and the Falls. During the winter they frequent the open
water above the rapids, where they are shot in large numbers.
Michigan central railroad company. Niagara Falls. Chicago. 1902. 1902
1903
American library association, twenty-fifth annual conference. Niagara 1903
Falls, June 22-27, 1903. Buffalo: Matthews, Northrup and Co. 1903.
A handsome booklet, well written and illustrated. Contains a history
of the Falls and reservation together with an account of power development
on the river.
1904
American institute of homeopathy. Sixtieth annual conference. Niagara 1904
Falls. June 20-25, 1904.
Deals with the scenic, historical and industrial aspects.
BurK’s guide of Niagara Falls: directions as suggested by a resident. 1904
Niagara Falls: C. E. Burk. 1904. Burk
1906
SEVERANCE, FRANK Haywarp. The story of Joncaire, his life and 4996
times on the Niagara. Buffalo. 1906. Passim. Severance
The following chapters are portions of an extended study,’ as
yet unpublished, of the operations of the French on the Lower
1 Published in 1917 under the title An Old Frontier of France,” 2 vol.
1253
1906
Severance
Niagara Falls
Lakes, with special reference to the history of the Niagara region.
The sources from which the narrative is drawn are almost wholly
documentary, both printed and in manuscript. The most impor-
tant printed sources are the “ London Documents,” and “ Paris
Documents,” which constitute volumes five and nine of the
‘Documents relative to the Colonial History of the State of New
York.” . . . Some examination of the manuscripts themselves
has been made in various depositaries, especially the Public
Record Office and the British Museum in London, the Canadian
Archives Office at Ottawa, and in the manuscripts office of the
New York State Library, at Albany. Some facts have been
gleaned from the Provincial Records of Pennsylvania. . . .
With the exception of the short but precious “Histoire du
Canada ” of the Abbé de Belmont; the “ Histoire de |’ Amerique
septentrionale”” of De Bacqueville de la Potherie (Paris 1722) ;
the works of Charlevoix and one or two other chroniclers who
were contemporary with the events of which they wrote, the fol-
lowing narrative is based entirely on the documents themselves.
In June, Alphonse de Toaty left Montreal for Detroit, at
which post he had been granted the privilege of trade, on condi-
tion that he would confine his operations to the jurisdiction of
Detroit, nor send goods for sale to distant tribes. In crossing
Lake Ontario, on his way to Niagara, he met nine canoes, all
going to Albany to trade. Three were from Mackinac, three
from Detroit and three from Saginaw. Tonty endeavored to
head off this prospective trade for the English and succeeded so
well, heightening his arguments by substantial presents, that they
all agreed not to go to Albany, but to go with him to Detroit.
Two days later, when this imposing flotilla was within six miles
of Niagara, they fell in with seventeen canoes, full of Indians and
peltries. In reply to his inquiries, these also admitted that they
were going to Albany to trade, though they added that they were
coming to Detroit afterwards. ‘Tonty was equal to the emer-
gency. Inspired by self-interest as well as loyalty to his govern-
ment, “he induced them also to abandon their design, by the
1254
Open Road — Guides — Railroads — Canals — Bridges
promise that the price of merchandise at Detroit should be 1906
diminished, and he would also give them some brandy.” There 5*¥et@"°*
followed a judicious distribution of this potent commodity.
One is tempted to conjure up the scene. Here were twenty-six
laden canoes, not counting Tonty’s own boats. They had come
long journeys from remote and widely separated points, and their
one objective point was the Englishman’s trading place on the
Hudson. But no sooner do they come under the blandishments
of the Frenchman, and scent the aroma of his brandy-kegs, than
these long-cherished plans so arduously followed, are thrown to
the winds. ‘They beach their canoes at or near the point of
Niagara. A cask of liquor is broached, and Tonty permits the
thirsty savages “to buy two or three quarts of brandy each, to
take to their villages. But they first agreed that it should be care-
fully distributed by a trusty person.”
In spite of these reassuring precautions, the transaction seems
somewhat to have burdened his mind, for he thought it well to
explain that “ he hoped the council would not disapprove of what
he had done, nor of the continuance of the same course, as he
had no other intention than merely to hinder the savages from
going to the English.”
He succeeded fairly well in that purpose. After the distribu-
tion of brandy, they all reembarked, seven of the canoes promising
to go to Montreal. ‘Tonty sent back with them his trusty inter-
preter, L’Oranger, to keep them from changing their minds as
they paddled down the lake. “* He was only able to conduct six
of them to Montreal; the seventh escaped and went to Orange.”
Meanwhile ten canoes joined the commandant’s own retinue;
all paddled swiftly up the Niagara to the old landing, made the
toilsome portage around the falls and pushed on together for
Detroit, where they arrived July 3d. It was a typical move in
the game that was being played, and France had gained the
point.
This expedition was notable for its use of the Niagara route.
Only a few years before we find Vaudreuil explaining to the
1255
1906
Severance
Niagara Falls
Minister that he dispatched the Sieur de Lignery to Mackinac,
and Louvigny to Detroit, by the Ottawa-river route, because the
Senecas had warned him that a band of Foxes lay in wait fot
plunder at the Niagara portage, or on Lake Erie.’ If this were
not duplicity on the part of the Senecas, it shows that war parties
from the West foraged as far east as the Niagara; notwithstand-
ing the supposed jealousy with which the Senecas guarded it.
One of the first legislative acts passed under Burnet had aimed
to put a stop to the direct trade between the English and the
French. It had long been the custom for Albany traders to carry
English-made goods to Montreal, while selling them to the
French, who in turn traded them to the Indians. The English
could supply certain articles which were more to the savage taste
than those sent over from France; and they could afford to sell
them at a lower price. Having stopped the peddling to the
French Governor Burnet made strong efforts to draw the far
Western Indians to Albany for trade direct with them. In these
efforts he was fairly successful. Bands of strange savages from
Mackinac and beyond, accompanied by the squaws and papooses,
presented themselves at Albany, where their kind had never been
seen before. "They had come down Lake Huron, past the French
at Detroit, and through Lake Erie; and paddling down the swift
reaches of the navigable Niagara had made the portage, reem-
barking below the heights and at the very doorway of the French
trading-house; with some interchange, no doubt of jeers and
imprecations, but none of furs for the French goods; and follow-
ing the historic highways for canoes they skirted the Ontario
* Vaudreuil to the Minister, Oct. 15, 1712. In a subsequent letter,
Nov. 6, 1712, Vaudreuil speaks of the band of Otagamis (i. e.
Outagamis, otherwise Foxes or Sacs), led by one Vonnere, who lay in
wait at the Niagara portage, so that an expedition for Detroit led by
M. de Vincennes was sent by the Ottawa River route, “‘ not only to avoid
those savages, but to prevent the convoy from being pillaged by the
Troquois,”” etc. The name “‘ Vonnere’’ is found elsewhere in the more
probable form “* Le Tonnerre,”’ i. e. ‘* Thunderbolt.”
1256
Open Road — Guides — Railroads — Canals — Bridges
shore to the Oswego, then passed up that river, through Oneida 1906
Lake and down the Mohawk until they could Jay their bundles 5*¥"""°*
of beaver skins before the English, on the strand at Albany.
This was, indeed, a triumph of trade. They spoke a language
which the traders there had never heard, but they brought many
packs of furs; and, with perhaps, a double interpretation, the
business sped to the entire satisfaction of the English. These
people came in various bands; about twenty hunters, in the spring
of 1722; and in the spring of 1723, over eighty, besides their
numerous train of women and children; with sundry other parties
following. They traveled over 1,200 miles to get to Albany.
There developed in England at this time a considerable outcry
against the monopoly enjoyed by the Hudson’s Bay Company;
and an ingenious advocacy of free trade in North American fur-
gathering. . . . Arthur Dobbs, who combined with the
natural British hostility to the French a bitterly critical attitude
towards the Hudson’s Bay Company, set forth at length in his
book views which no doubt met the approval of many of the
British public of his day. Curiously enough, one of his strongest
arguments was based on a map-maker’s blunder. On the large
map which accompanies his work, the Great Lakes are shown,
with “the great fall of Niagara’’ properly indicated at the outlet
of “Conti or Errie Lake.” The whole region of the Lakes is
shown, as accurately on the whole as on many another map, up
to that time; but running into Lake Erie, a few miles south of the
present site of Buffalo, the unknown geographer had added a
stream of considerable size, and named it “ Conde River.”’ Its
real prototype, in the annals of earlier explorers, may have been
the Cattaraugus or Eighteen-Mile Creek; but here we have it,
shown unduly large, as the only stream entering Lake Erie, its
head-waters coming from vague mountains to the southeast.
Contemplating this stream, and the exigencies of the fur trade
in the region, Mr. Dobbs saw a great opportunity for the British,
““ by forming a Settlement on the River Conde, which is navigable
. 1257
1906
Severance
Niagara Falls
into the Lake Errie, which is within a small distance of our
Colonies of Pennsylvania and Maryland, and being above the
great Fall of Niagara, and in the neighborhood of the Iroquese,
who are at present a Barrier against the French, and a sufficient
protection to our Fort and trading House at Oswaga, in their
Country upon the Lake Frontenac, who by that Trade have
secured the Friendship of all the Nations around the Lakes of
Huron and Errie. We should from thence, in a little Time,
secure the navigation of these great and fine Lakes, and passing to
the southward, at the same time, from Hudson’s Bay to the Upper
Lake, and Lake of Hurons, we should cut off the Communication
betwixt their Colonies of Canada and Mississippi, and secure the
Inland Trade of all that vast Continent.” Further on we have
more details, heal and imagined, of our region: “* The Streight
above Niagara at the Lake is about a League wide. From this to
the River Conde is 20 Leagues South-west; this River runs from
the S. E. and is navigable for 60 Leagues without any Cataracts
or Falls; and the Natives say, that from it to a River which falls
into the Ocean, is a Land Carriage of only one League. This
must be either the Susquehanna or Powtomack, which fall into
the Bay of Chisapeak.”’ He further argues the wisdom of mak-
ing a settlement on this wonderful river Conde, of building proper
vessels there to navigate these lakes, so that “‘ we might gain the
whole Navigation and Inland Trade of Furs, etc., from the
French, the Fall of Niagara being a sufficient Barrier betwixt us
and the French of Canada,” etc. It was alleged that the British
Government might easily induce colonists from Switzerland and
Germany “‘to strengthen our settlements upon this River and
Lake Erie.” Another suggestion was that disbanded British
troops be sent on half pay to Lake Erie, where they would “* make
good our possessions, which would be a fine retreat to our Sol-
diers, who can’t so easily, after being disbanded, bring themselves
again to hard Labour, after being so long disused to it.” The
more Mr. Dobbs dwelt upon it the more important this particular
project appeared. ‘The French were to be cut off from com-
1258
Open Road — Guides — Railroads — Canals — Bridges
munication with the Mississippi; Canada was to be “ made insig-
nificant for the French.” The entire free trade of North America
was to fall into the hands of the English. And finally, with a
burst of sentiment which recalls the devout aspirations of the
French missionaries, but is an anomaly in the plans of British
traders, he exclaims: ‘“‘ How glorious would it be for us at the
same time to civilize so many Nations, and improve so large and
spacious a country! by communicating our Constitution and Lib-
erties, both civil and religious, to such immense Numbers, whose
Happiness and Pleasure would increase, at the same Time that
an Increase of Wealth and Power would be added to Britain.” *
To the period we are now considering, belongs — if it belongs
to history at all —the Niagara visit of the Sieur C. Le Beau,
““avocat en parlement,’ romancer and adventurer at large.
According to his own testimony, this young man, a native of
Rochelle, went to Paris in 1729, and in the same year was drawn
from his legal studies into a voyage to Canada. Shipwrecked in
the St. Lawrence, he arrived at Quebec, in sad plight, June 18,
1729. He found employment as a clerk in the fur business
(“bureau du castor”) where he continued, making his home
with the Recollect Fathers, for more than a year. He ran away
from sober pursuits, in March, 1731 . . . and under sufficiently
fantastic conditions. He was accompanied, with other Indians, by
his mistress, an Abenaki maiden, with whom he had exchanged
clothes. He had resorted to this and other disguise to avoid
arrest by the French as a deserter. A long story is made of his
encounter with soldiers from Fort Niagara, and of his final sanc-
tuary in Seneca villages. He says that letters were received from
Montreal, by the commandant at Fort Niagara, ordering his
arrest, if he appeared in the neighborhood.
Needless to say, no mention of Le Beau is found in the official
correspondence. His book has for the most part the air of truth;
1See “An account of the Countries adjoining to Hudson’s Bay,”
etc., by Arthur Dobbs. Lond, 1744.
1259
1906
Severance
1906
Severance
1907
1907
1909
Buffalo
Historical
Society
1909
Severance
Niagara Falls
he is precise with his dates, and in his account of Indian customs
shows much accurate knowledge. Among the things that tell
against him are his allusions to a Jesuit priest, Father Cirene,
among the Mohawks; but this name is not found in all the Rela-
tions of the order. His account of Niagara Falls is dubious; he
says they are 600 feet high. This is La Hontan’s figure of many
years before. Le Beau has much to say of La Hontan and his
misrepresentations, but the indications are that he accepted one of
that gay officer’s wildest exaggerations, and that he may never
have seen Niagara at all. He probably came to Canada, and
had some experience among the Indians; and when he wrote his
book, chose to so enlarge upon what he had really seen and experi-
enced, still holding to a thread of fact, that the result has little
interest as fiction, and no value whatever as history.
1907
Niagara, and how to see it. Meetings of the S, A. F. and O. H.
1907. Pp. 33-34.
Rebridging Niagara. (Harp. w., July 31, 1907. 41:756—762.)
With special reference to the new upper steel arch bridge just below the
Falls.
1909
BuFFALO HisToricAL Society. Publications. Vol. XIII. 1909.
(See index for references to Niagara ship canal and effect of opening of
Erie canal on the Niagara portage.)
SEVERANCE, FRANK Haywarpb. Historical sketch of the board of
trade, the merchants exchange, and the chamber of commerce of Buffalo.
(Pub. Buff. hist. soc. 1909. 13:311-313.)
Opposition to the Niagara ship canal.
On one subject which came up time and again, championed by
many boards of trade and individuals, both in and out of Con-
gress, the Buffalo Board of Trade was uniformly and consistently
obdurate. That was the Niagara Ship Canal. Ship canals
around the falls had been proposed in very early days; and advo-
cated, after surveys and elaborate reports, from 1835, at intervals
through nearly four decades. In December, 1871, a Niagara
1260
AywustA ayy ul saa4y uo Aeids uazo1y ayy Jo yaya ayy Buimoys
VUVOVIN LY ANIOG YAILNIAY VW
Open Road — Guides — Railroads — Canals — Bridges
Ship Canal convention was held at Detroit. The Buffalo Board 1909
of Trade did not send delegates, but prepared instead an able °°v"@"
argument against the proposed construction. ‘This argument, in
printed form, was laid before the convention. ‘The Buffalo
Board, while expressing a deep interest in all feasible projects for
cheapening transportation, pronounced the Niagara Ship Canal
unnecessary and useless in the attainment of that object. It pro-
tested against any Federal appropriation therefor, holding that the
national finances did not warrant such an outlay, and — an even
stronger argument — that if built, the canal would benefit foreign
commerce at the expense of our own. It claimed that the true
solution of the question which the Detroit convention had under
discussion, was the improvement of the Erie Canal, and the
cheapening of transportation from the West by that route.
The outcome of the convention, in view of the wide attention
which it attracted, and the heat which marked its deliberations,
suggests the “ridiculous mouse” of old AXsop. Resolutions
were adopted asking ‘* Representatives in Congress to do all in
their power to procure an appropriation’’ to build the canal.
Nothing followed; and although the Niagara Ship Canal scheme
is almost perennial in its cheerful reappearance, it is apparently as
far from realization as it was in 1871, 1863, or 1835.
Symons, THomas W. The United States government and the New 1909
York state canals. (Pub. Buff. hist. soc. 1909. 13:131-133.) Symons
An account of federal action on a canal around Niagara Falls.
1910
FERNALD, FREDERICK ATHERTON. The index guide to Buffalo and 1902
Niagara Falls . . . Buffalo, N. Y.: F. A. Fernald. 1910. Fernald
Arranged on the dictionary or encyclopedia plan. Excellent articles
on the Falls, the town and its industries, and all points of interest, scenic
and historical, with several views.
1913
CUMBERLAND, BaRLow. A century of sail and steam on the Niagara 1913
river. Toronto. 1913. Pp. 31-32; 99-101; 121; 169. Cumberland
, 1261
1913
Cumberland
Niagara Falls
Though devoted to the history of the Niagara river ports and especially
to the rise of the Niagara Navigation Company, this volume incidentally
contains interesting material, here and there, on travel conditions to, from
and around the Falls.
The “ Railroad Cars” were those of the “ Buffalo and Niagara
Falls Railroad ’’ opened in 1836, then running two trains a day
each way between Buffalo and the Falls, leaving Buffalo at nine
in the morning and five in the afternoon. Manchester was the
name of the town laid out in the neighborhood of the Falls, where
from the abundance of water power it was expected a great manu-
facturing centre would be established.
An advertisement in a later year (1844) mentions the steamer
“Emerald” to “ leave Buffalo at 9 a. m. for Chippawa, arrive
by cars at Queenston for steamer for Toronto, Oswego, Rochester,
Kingston and Montreal.”
The “cars” at Queenston were those of a horse railroad which
had been constructed along the main road from Chippawa to
Queenston, of which some traces still remain. The rails were long
wooden sleepers faced with strap iron.
It was in this season of 1878 that the converging railways in
the districts spreading from the south and southwest towards
Buffalo, began a system of huge excursions for three days to
Niagara Falls and return, on special trains both ways, and at
rates for the round trip not far from, and often less, than single
fare. Most of these separate railways have since been merged into
some one or other of the main Trunk Lines, but then they were
independent and each sending in its quota on its own account to
make up a * Through Special.” ‘The most successful excursions
of these were the series which came every week from the then
Wabash District, from Indiana and the southwest, and were
known as the “ Friendly Hand” excursions. The name arose
from a special trade mark which appeared in all the Wabash
folders and announcements, of an outstretched hand with the
thumb and fingers spread, on each of which was shown the line
1262
jo See ee
Open Road — Guides — Railroads — Canals — Bridges
and principal stations of each one of the contributing railways
that fed their excursions into the main stem. ‘The excursionists
were energetic, and although the “ Falls ’’ was the focus of their
route, we induced large numbers of them to cross over to Toronto.
A prevailing slogan was:
** One day to Falls,
One day to stay,
Next day Toronto
And then * get away.’””’
In those early days, before the ‘‘ Park Commissioners ”’ on both
sides of the river had taken public possession of the surroundings,
there were few places at the Falls from which either the river or
the rapids could be seen without paying a fee. The proprietors of
these places issued tickets in little books, containing coupons for
admittance to all, or to a selection, of these “points of interest,”
and put them all in the hands of the managers of the excursions.
The advertisement ‘‘ dodgers” announced:
Special Inducement for this Excursion to the Falls
Suspension Bridge and Return.. 25c.
Pe Replay’ Prices for Prospect) barks seins, Ueaalariinesce: 25¢.
Ane Are Gallery \uedign eho tues ae, 25¢.
ron are:te Museum and Operators....... 50c.
Garden of Living Animals..... 25¢.
One ticket purchased on the train for $1.00
Admits the Holder to all these regular prices.
A good round commission on these sales was a helpful “‘ find”
or “side cut”’ to the energetic young railway men who personally
accompanied these excursions, through their trains, on the way
to the Falls, carrying large satchels with their selections of
“Points of Interest’ and other tickets, and answering the multi-
tude of enquiries made by their tourist patrons. An extension
ticket to “Toronto and Return” was a pleasant addition to
their wares, and a satisfactory introduction to us. . .
1263
1913
Cumberland
1913
Cumberland
1914
1916
Person
Canal Board
Niagara Falls
Under the hill there can be discerned beneath the shadow of
the Height the old road leading up from the lower level of the
dock to the upper level upon which, what is left of the Town of
Queenston stands. It is marked and scarred with the ruts of
many decades and full of memories. Upon these slopes the
Indian made his way to the waterside at the Chippewa creek.
Here came the trappers with their bales of furs brought down
from the far North-West. Here came the vovageur traders of
France with beads and gew-gaws for barter with the Indians, and
later the English with blankets and firearms.
In the earliest days two portages were available, one on each
side of the river, but during the French period and for long, long
after the one on the east side from Lewiston was mainly used, its
terminus at Lake Erie being called Petite Niagara as distinctive
from the great Fort Niagara at its lower end.
1914
Greater Buffalo and Niagara frontier. Commercial and industrial . . .
Publicity committee of the Buffalo chamber of commerce. 1914.
“* Some pertinent facts regarding industrial Niagara Falls.”
1916
Person, C. W. Over the whirlpool by aerial cable. (Sci. Am.,
March 25, 1916. 114:330.)
A description with illustrations of an aerial scenic railway recently con-
structed over the whirlpool at Niagara.
The following titles contain no information in their imprints which makes
it possible to assign even an approximate date for the publication. Under
these circumstances it seemed best to list these together at the close of this
chapter, with no attempt at a chronological arrangement for them.
No Date
CANAL Boarp. Proceedings. Report of the canal board on the
Niagara ship canal.
Advocates enlarging the Erie canal in place of building a new and rival
route around the Falls.
(The) Falls of Niagara depicted by pen and camera. Buffalo and
N. Y.: Matthews, Northrup and Co. N.d.
1264
Open Road — Guides — Railroads — Canals — Bridges
A handsome book. The views are fine and the descriptions of the
Falls are taken from those of various literary lights and famous visitors.
Grand trunk railway system. Across Niagara’s gorge. (Battle Creek,
Mich. N.d.)
A neat little booklet, beautifully illustrated, designed to serve as a
souvenir of the steel arch bridge and of the Falls.
Guide to Niagara Falls. Niagara Falls: Niagara Falls Gazette.
N.d.
Hooker, SAMUEL. (Handbill advertising himself as guide to Niagara
Falls.) Buffalo. N.d.
A list of minerals to be found at the Falls together with the specimens
of animals and Indian antiquities to be seen there.
Michigan central railroad. Niagara Falls from many points of view.
Chicago: Knight Leonard and Co. N.d.
Impressions of visitors and information for visitors.
New York central and Hudson river railroad company. “Two days at
Niagara Falls. (Four track ser. No. 9.) N.d.
Descriptive guide giving quotations and views.
New York central and Hudson river railroad, passenger department.
Health and pleasure on “‘America’s greatest railroad.’’ (Four track
series.) Pp. 159-162.
Niagara in summer and winter. No imprint.
Niagara (photographic views). No imprint.
(The) Niagara river from the rapids above the Falls to Lake Ontario.
Buffalo and N. Y.: Matthews, Northrup and Co. N.d.
Advertisement of the Niagara Falls Park and River Railway showing
the advantages accruing to the tourist from using the route in question.
(The) North American tourist. N. Y.: Goodrich. N.d. Pp.
85-92.
Descriptions of the various points of interest together with the best
possible positions from which to view them.
Pocket guide to Niagara Falls. The complete illustrated guide to
Niagara Falls and vicinity. No imprint.
80 1265
Niagara Falls
SUMMARY
In no phase of Niagara literature is a more complete change
in conditions portrayed than in the writings cited in this chapter.
To this generation, accustomed to the comforts of rapid transit,
the accounts of horse-back and stage-coach trips of many miles
to view the greatest natural wonder of this continent are most
interesting. The earliest accounts dealing especially with the
conditions of travel to the Falls are largely written from the point
of view of possible trade with the district and contain information
concerning roads and portage. The narrative of T. C. published
in the Portfolio in 1810 is especially valuable for its accurate and
clear account of the country traversed, the conditions of agricul-
ture and trade, and the characteristics of the surrounding country
and people.
Early in the nineteenth century the trip to the Falls became
fashionable not only for European visitors, but also for the
well-to-do class of our own country. ‘This period gives us a
number of personal reminisences taken from letters and diaries.
The growing popularity of the trip also brought forth the publi-
cation of guide books describing the various routes to the Falls,
and the sights to be seen there. From these early days of the
nineteenth century down to the present time, the publication of
guides to Niagara has been steady and continuous. In the earlier
accounts we find mention of the trip by boat from one side of
the river to the other, and in later years the descriptions of the
bridges in accordance with the rapidly developing science of
engineermg. We also find interesting accounts of the first steam-
boats on the river, and the first railroads, with information about
the beginnings and progress of the Niagara excursion movement.
The Niagara ship canal project was also productive of much
writing in the shape of legislative documents, petitions of citizens,
discussion of the engineers and boards of trade and the like.
Along with the economic development of Niagara has arisen a
species of advertising literature, some of it giving valuable
1266
Open Road — Guides — Railroads — Canals — Bridges
information regarding the cataract in conjunction with its details
of power, situation, railroads, and accessibility.
It seems appropriate that after the gathering together of the
description and discussions of Niagara comprised in the preced-
ing chapters of this book, the work should close with those
accounts which picture for us the difficulties and hardships
encountered by early visitors to this great wonder of our world,
the gradual improvement of travel conditions with the advance
of science and transportation facilities, until now the opened road
has made Niagara a universal goal for travellers.
1267
PART OF THE AMERICAN FALL
From the foot of the Stair Case
Painted by H. (sic) J. Bennett (1831?)
Engraved by J. Hill Published by Henry I. Megarey, New York
“~
a
ALPHABETICAL LIST
Bibliography
Explanation of Signs and Abbreviations
When the name of the author has been unobtainable the title has been
put in according to the initial letter of the first word, excluding the article,
which is put in parentheses at the end of the title. If published under
initials and the name of the author cannot be determined it has been placed
in the order of the first letter of the initials. Brackets indicate material
which has been supplied by the author for the purpose of filling out names,
titles or words. Parentheses indicate material supplied by the author so
as to make the information conveyed in the title more complete. They
are also used to indicate the fact that the article or work indicated in the
title appears in a periodical or collection of other material. Where na
place or no date of publication is given it has been impossible to determine
the same. ‘The large Roman numerals at the extreme end of the title
indicate the chapter of the Anthology in which a selection from the work
is to be found.
A. N. C. Poem. (/n Rolph, Thomas, A brief account together with
observations, made during a visit in the West Indies, and a tour through
the United States of America, in parts of the years, 1832—33; together
with a statistical account of Upper Canada. Dundas, N. C.: Hackstaff,
SIBLa 12 oo PSE) RS 2 See Ae aCe ee VII
Abbott, Arthur Vaughan. Industrial Niagara. (R. of R., Sept.
Dia Yrs reste I Outta et cere luls lao wm leudew ig rare cbets Xx
Abboti, Lyman. Niagara Falls in harness. (Outl., Nov. 16, 1895.
be Ne ee Ma rae eae loo eh usta a at c/avare Neha, bole ia ao Reta x
Abdy, Edward Street. Journal of a residence and tour in the United
States of North America, from April, 1833, to October, 1834. Lond.:
JobuelViurrays MGo5:))) W286=294 5 6 os aes cheer Sdrc go hee eas XI
Abercromby, Ralph. Seas and skies in many latitudes; or, Wander-
ings in search of weather. Lond.: Stanford. 1888. Pp. 19-22. .IV
Accurate map of the English colonies (An) in North America
bordering on the river Ohio. 8 x 9'4. (Jn the Universal mag. Lond. :
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Acetylene searchlights proposed for Niagara Falls. (W. elec. July
10, 1897. g21 :22.)
1269
Niagara Falls
Across Niagara’s gorge. [Battle Creek, Mich.: W. C. Gage and
Sons. (1897)] (No title page, title taken from cover.)...... XII
Adams, Alton D. The American and Canadian channels of Niagara
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The destruction of Niagara Falls. (Cass., Mar. 1905. 27:
AD SAT eae a Tn aes LUA NO a Uy a ae a XI
—— Diversion of water from Niagara. (Elec. wld. & eng., Apr. 28,
1906). 1 47567528762) oh ce ope Sake ci ee ele lean eee ene XI
—— How to save Niagara Falls. (Tech. wld. Oct. 1905. 4:
KOTETG 72) aus ac Bact aie Sucka coveted Ghetto Nee ae rena XI
—— Niagara Falls already ruined. (Tech. wld., Apr., 1906. 5:
VEST LAZY seal aa Whine ashen) BS: eee a Ge XI
— Niagara power at Goat Island. (Sci. Am. Apr. 15, 1905.
OD DOO Wei c Sicmc orld esd erie lat caile th a RIOR ale unt al ceases te ee ean xX
—— Pipe line power in Niagara gorge. (Cass., Dec. 1905. 29:
Cen ET Ma ee peg TAN Mie MMO ARAN x
—- Power sites about Niagara Falls. (Sci. Am., Aug. 26, 1905.
D3 1 DDE)! i falta at iota ela ala phlei etna sate ate ae oine tear he cena ae eee xX
— Proposed dam for Lake Ere. (Sci. Am., Feb. 10, 1906.
OB NDT you's aia gle Ga ital wlelealloloulles at ain eer ele OLE Cee Ee x
—— Recession of Niagara Falls. (Sci. Am., Sept. 2, 1905. 93:
hs) Wie RDO eeaen mane nnrt nr MAN ier AMINO EY ARIAL ay aN ser VII
—— Uilizing the power of the Niagara rapids. (Eng. mag., June,
19052); (2938 TA98 72) oe eo ciepe te col ke els jevasee chs vee Cane ca xX
—— Wheel pits and tunnels for Niagara power. (Elec. rev. May
20,5) 1905." 46605 BOO et sie re isha s aver ake ore ees netes ieee e eeu xX
Adams, John Quincy. [Speech on Niagara Falls.] (Jn A souvenir
of Niagara.’ (Buffalo: Sage.” 11664. oF. 120.) 24. eee IV
Additional Niagara power for Buffalo. (W. elec. Dec. 4, 1897.
Zi 3d):
Aesthetic versus the economic value of the Falls (The).
(Sci. Am. sup., July 7, 1906. 62:25506~-25507.)
Agassiz, Garnault. Niagara — the “Mighty Thunderer.” A
reprint from the National magazine for September, 1912......... xX
Agassiz, Louis. Lake Superior; its physical character, vegetation, and
animals, compared with those of other and similar regions. With a
narrative of the tour by J. Elliot Cabot. ... Bost.: Gould, Kendall
and; Lmncaln’ 1850.84 P py 22 0 tee ar ee ee VI
Age of Niagara (The), (Pub. opin., Oct. 29, 1896. 21:560.). VII
[A review of Spencer’s * Duration of Niagara Falls.”] (Geog.
jours: (Lond):): Feb. 1895.) 5 122217352). ee ee ee VII
1270
Alphabetical List
Age of Niagara (The), (Nature, Nov. 1898. 59:16.)...... VII
Alberger, F. A. Speech on the Niagara ship canal bill, before the
house of assembly, March 20, 1872. Albany: Weed, Parsons and
METI err ee Pi x Brats shatelaiw cw aids een ea ate es XII
Album of the Table Rock, Niagara Falls, and sketches of the Falls
and scenery adjacent. Buffalo: Jewett, Thomas. 1848........ XII
Alec-Tweedie, Mrs. E. America as I] saw it; or, America revisited.
heey pviacmillan. ©1913; Ppt 347=356. 6s a ccd ec vee IV
Alexander, James Edward, Captain. Transatlantic sketches,
comprising visits to the most interesting scenes in North and South
America, and the West Indies. Lond.: Richard Bentley. 1833. 2:
LEC] STIG) He ie Sa CITT RECURS SEAL 8 AE alana pend a a III and VII
(Alexander, J. S.) Wonders of the west, or a day at the Falls of
Niagara, in 1825. A poem, by a Canadian. N. Y.: 1825....VIII
Alida; or, Miscellaneous sketches of incidents during the late American
war founded on fact. With poems. By an unknown author. 3d. ed.
rev. & imp. N. Y.: Printed for the author. 1841. Pp. 183-
EU ope SERINE TAC oats: Sine apy Meade SUIS. Re Se pen See VIII
Allard, Carl. Recentissima novi orbis, sive Americae Septentrionalis
et Meridionalis tabula. (Jn his Atlas minor. . . . Amstelo-dami.
Exvoticina Carol, Allard. [1696]. No. 138.) e208) 2. csks IX
Allen, H. T. Allen’s illustrated guide to Niagara; revised and pub-
lehedpyelt. oL s Allen.” Duftalo:. [681i ): eos. 8 oi as 6 ald XII
Allen, Stephen M. Address on the occasion of the opening of navi-
gation to Niagara Falls, July 4, 1857. Niagara Falls: Pool and
SER PIE Ta MM Ne RRR ated on acl: sap rans efic fants: o: Lek abe NENG Swe aula) heed XII
Allis, Almon Trask. Uncle Alvin at Niagara. (Jn his Uncle Alvin
at home and abroad. Hbornellsville. 1895. Pp. 112-134.).. VIII
Almy, Frederic. What to see. (/n The Niagara book. N. Y.:
Doubleday ace angio. 1901.) (Pp. 3-283)... oo ol 2 eae « XII
Along the Niagara-Toronto transmission line. (Elec. wld. &
eng. Sept. 16, 1905. 46:470-481.)
Aluminum as a conductor of electricity. (Jour. soc. chem. ind.,
Jan. 30, 1897. 16:73.)
Aluminum company of America. (Harp. w., June 14, 1913.
Bod ADEE MEMO Hin Lhthe sade’ oct b\e clcvat metus. oieed's eng hendnns xX
American civic association. The impending destruction of Niagara
Falls. Statement submitted to President Roosevelt. . . . Phila.:
1905.
Beemer IN FT a aga or [Eh OES fea) xcc sky Sw Gidea halves oe ae BON XI
Niagara Falls
American Civic Association. A Niagara emergency message for
instant consideration by every member of the American civic association.
DHarrisburgy 909 Ye SS a SR Re eu ent ae XI
—— _ [Preservation of Niagara Falls] (Clipping sheet, 2d ser., no.
62 Apee hOB SO08) cut he ihn Cee Apia eae ate etme a XI
Preservation of Niagara Falls: memorandum submitted on behalf
of the people of the United States, at the hearing held Nov. 26, 1906,
before the Hon. W. H. Taft, secretary of war, in the matter of the
admission of electric power generated in Canada from the water of the
Niagara ‘River? JR906) bce HGR ee ee See eee XI
American Gazetteer (The). Containing a distinct account of the
New World . . . Lond.: A. Millar and J. and R. Tonson. 1762.
Wt TB oi ap Eee eis a hha ae Abe a i A a V
American guide-book (The); being a hand-book for tourists and
travellers through every part of the United States. . . . Phila.:
George S. Appleton. 1846. Pt. 1, Pp. 145-156........... XII
American institute of homecpathy. Sixtieth annual conference.
Niagara Falls. June'20=25) 1904w os oii erage aie game XII
American library association. Twenty-fifth annual conference.
Niagara Falls, June 22-27, 1903. Buffalo: Matthews Northrup
Tito (Go am Bol Obs UmINeR US enone I ManE STA UAT MM MRL Ce ME EAL ie NA ae XII
American sketches, by a native of the United States. Lond: John
Mitler..; (Pip, 2 332249 yo ea ee reals os REO ae ITI
Ampere, Jean Jacques Antoine. Promenade an Amérique . ‘
Paris: Michel Lévy freres.. 1855.) 121622170. 52.40.00. oe. IV
Andrews, William C. How Niagara has been “* harnessed.”” (R. of
Rey June: 19017232 6942697 ee Mee kn en tes oe ee x
Annotated time table of the tour through Canada of their Royal
Highnesses the Duke and Duchess of Cornwall and York :
October; N9O: Hayes OE, RRO Pe wes i en ee ae cr IV
Annual register . . . of the year 1759. 4th ed. Lond.:
Je Dodsley. )) VZ165.). Le B25 % aiceryes sens let aera ne ge V
Another development of Niagara power planned. (Elec. wld.
Jan. 14, 1899. 33:49.)
Anville, Jean Baptiste Bourguignon d’. Amérique Septen-
trionale. 1746. (Jn his Atlas général. 1727-80. No. 10.)...1X
—— America Septentrionalis a domino d’Anville in Galliis edita nunc
in Anglia coloniis in interiorem Virginiam deductis nec non fluvii
Ohio cursu austa notio geographicis et historicis illustrata sumptibus
Homannianorum Heredum Noribergae ao 1756.............-. IX
1272
Alphabetical List
Anville, Jean Baptiste Bourguignon d’. Canada, Louisiane et
terres Angloises. (/n his Atlas général. 1727-80, No. 32.)...1X
North America, from the French of mr. D’Anville. Improved
with the back settlements of Virginia and course of Ohio. ;
(In Jefferys, Thomas, The natural and civil history of the French
dominion in North and South America. Lond.: 1760. Pt. I. Opp.
vi, UPS EOL ela hake aa CS SR Se SOA 8 iO Bs ao igre IX
—— North America. From the French of mr. d’Anville. Improved
with the back settlements of Virginia and the course of the Ohio.
Illustrated with geographical and historical remarks. (/n Jefferys,
Thomas, A general topography of North America and the West Indies.
. . Lond.: Printed for Robert Sayer and Thos. Jefferys.
1768. IGP e ees heehee ic ia ayartiny oe cle plies, GIRL eel a site Yar 1X
—— North America from the French of mr. D’Anville. Improved with
the English surveys made since the Peace. 1763. (Jn Mills, David,
A report on the boundaries of Ontario. Toronto: 1873.)....... IX
—— A particular map of the American lakes, rivers, etc. Par le Sr.
d’Anville de l’Academie R’le des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres et de
celle des Sciences de Petersbourg. Secretaire de M’gr. le Duc
d’Orleans. Lond.: Drawn and engraved for John Harrison, June 25,
1790. (Grosvenor library. Buffalo, N. Y. Maps, historical and
PMIEEC AMEOUSe ws NOs G2: ) sus esi ce bie are Meus ersueterateleramera eve siecle IX
Anzi, Conte Aurelio Delgi. Nuova Francia e Luigiana, 834x111.
(In Zani, Valerio, Il genio vagante. Biblioteca curiosa di cento a
piu relazioni di viaggi [etc.] raccolta dal signor conte Aurelio delgi
Anzi, (pseud.) Parma per I. & F. M. Rosati, 1691-1693. Pt. 2.
[chi pores ic 2 Ree: A ie RS ht Oa rR ne SAE atc Pg a ed IX
Appleton’s new and complete United States guide book for travellers.
N. Y.: D. Appleton and Co. Phila.: Geo. S. Appleton. 1850.
Fema PT eee mec castrate or yk utente hiatal Chatea: Ekta a alse XI
Railroad and steamboat companion. N,. Y.: D. Appleton and
Co. Phila.: Geo. S. Appleton. 1847. Pp. 185-193........ XII
Appleton, Thomas Gold. Goat Island, Niagara. (Jn his Faded
Jeaves.; poste. troperts) bros. «1672. P33.) $2025. aed VIII
Niagara. (Jn his Faded leaves. Bost.: Roberts Bros. 1872.
er on a rater a Se cl ealtten este esd cre wischia a epee eek aa ie VIII
Application of Niagara power to the work of the Inter-
national Traction Co. (The). (St. ry. jour. Feb. 3, 1900.
16:103-109.)
Applications of the Niagara power. (Eng. news, Aug. 1, 1895.
34:64.)
1273
Niagara Falls
“Aquarius.” Thoughts at Niagara. (Knick mag. Sept. 1843.
QP NOS FOG). is cle eRe SI thy ta) Lad a ae) Re ME
Archaelogia Americana. (Worcester, Mass.: 1820. 1:67—68.). .I
Archer, J . Niagara Falls. As seen from below. Painted by Wall.
6 x 914. (Jn Hinton, J. H., ed., History and topography of the
United States. New ed. Boston: Samuel Walker. 1834. 1:
OPD: FAG): He ee yeveuel hee AL! Woercallgwsinalia et abetted ot alae kesy SMe ct Came a nea Em IX
Arfwedson, Carl David. The United States and Canada in 1832,
1833, and 1834. Lond.: Richard Bentley. 1834. 2:312-326. .III
Argyll, Duke of. First impressions of the new world. (Lit. liv. age,
Jan..'3! 1880.)) 14423640 ae ey a IV
Arnold, Sir Edwin. Seas and lands. N. Y.: Longmans, Green.
POST) Pip ae ie I NS is 8 ara ee ae IV
Arnot, Raymond H. The industries of Niagara Falls. (Pop. sci.
Oct; 1908.) 732306316 yo eas pve iis eyelet ates Gene eee xX
Art on Niagara Falls; quotes description of Horatio Gates Strafford,
in his gazetteer of New York of 1824, at length. Albany. 1842.
Pp. 289-291.
Articles of incorporation, together with the by-laws of the Niagara
Falls water power co., as amended April 11, 1857, N. Y. Baker
and’ Goodwins, | f VES 7 ya icis lusts wie Gia ot ede Re ae ne rae penne peas x
Atkins, Barton. The river Niagara: descriptive and historical. Pan-
American edition: Buffalo: 1899 ojo ie unease eee eee V
Attempt to save Niagara (The). (Cent. April, 1885. [new ser.
TB 26D AAO D DY) colle care ve a aheheh es smite ele weit ele Lae eae neon
Aubert, F. Transport de force par I’électricité des chutes du Niagara a
Buffalo. (Le Genre civil. July 24, 1897. 31:201-202.)..... xX
Audubon, John James. Audubon and his journals, by Maria R.
Audubon; with notes by Elliott Coues. N. Y.: Scribner. 1897.
Ze2ZBOo 268) Ne oe. atta tas aia ky cy Nas ULB ene a VI
—— Ornithological biography. Edin.: Adam Black. 1831. 1:362-
BS Ea 8 0 LSU cola Nd ga ut ter eRe EL UM te ate gc RCL NAS VI
Austin, Henry. Niagara. (Indep, Nov. 29, 1900. 52:
11.01 37 Eat HARON OU EASA AL TNO SUM Die ad ME URI Con NAN NUM) Ch VIII
Avary, Harper L. Niagara as a dynamo. (Illus. Am. Dec. 26,
1896. 21:7-8.)
Babcock, James Staunton. Niagara. (Jn his Visions and voices.
Flartford: Fant: 1849. (Pp ts (2132) ks oe eee VIII
Baclé, L. Lutilisation de la force hydraulique des chutes du Niagara.
(Le Genre civil. Sept. 24, 1892. 21:342-345.)............ xX
1274
Alphabetical List
Bacon, Ezekiel. Aegri Somnia; recreations of a sick room. N. Y.:
ENE NAA Sy) ee, POS SEOT eo kc cic cules See nies da ves VII
Baird, Robert. Impressions and expressions of the West Indies and
North America in 1849. Edinb. and Lond.: Blackwood and Sons.
Peete POS dee ee We watt a ars, 2 Cle. «bo asda mala Boe es ne IV
Baker, Naaman R. An ode to Niagara. (J/n his Constancy and other
PEST IVICHIVIGEDIS:: POO Ai SE tA Os ii dicts urdu Rivard ole) area ete VIII
Bakewell, Robert, Jr. Observations on the Falls of Niagara, with
reference to the changes which have taken place and are now in progress.
Craeipub Sek LOST 4) 2 3tB IO) cw kde e tis misao oe Bowes VII
Observations on the whirlpool and the rapids below the Falls of
Niagaras, (Am. jour. sci: 2d ser, 1847. 4:25-36.)......... VII
On the Falls of Niagara and on the physical structure of the
adjacent country. (Loudon’s mag. of nat. hist. Jan,. 1830. 3:117-
TRIE err NR a es CARON NL cl aoa sg) Glavele a. we aeeishand © VII
Ballou, Maturin M. Footprints of travels; or, Journeyings in many
Pee OSts Vint seh Fat be 2.0. 0) crates cates ee tebe oveleiec a tats IV
Ballou, William Hosea. Niagara river. (Sci. Am. sup. Jan. |,
Pee NOPD OFO ie haat. chins haleladarakarelatele ¥ a0 6ieln obs VII
[Bamburgh, William Cushing]. Niagara Falls from uncommon
pots. of view. N. Y.: Phoenix art pub.:co. »1893...5.2....46. IX
Banks, George Linneaus ed. Blondin, his life and performances.
Lond.: Routledge, Warne and Routledge. 1862. Pp. 32-41.
Barber, John W. and Howe, Henry. Historical collections of the
State of. New York. N. Y.: S. Tuttle.’ 1841. - Pp. 352-357. 2... V
Barham, William. Descriptions of Niagara; selected from various
travellers: with original additions. Gravesend: n. d. Pp. 102-105;
DE Peary I A a UR MAR woe ge agian Merah Seo! 2 ele abe XII
Barhite, John A. Report to the constitutional convention of the sub-
committee of the committee on legislative powers relative to the diversion
of the waters of Niagara. (Ann. rept’s of the com’rs of the state
Teselv.at Niavarae | Albany: 1895. 11: 61-73.) 2.2.2.6... XI
Barker, George. The redemption of Niagara.— Views near the
Cataract.— From photographs and sketches by George Barker, Niagara
Falls. (Harp. w., July 18, 1885, 29: 460-461, 466.)........ XI
Barlow, Jool. The Columbiad. Lond.: 1809. P.29....... VII
Barlow, John R. John’s trip; or, A visit to Niagara Falls. A serio-
comic poem in four cantos. Niagara Falls: William Pool. 1871. VIII
1275
Niagara Falls
Barlow, John Richard. The maiden of the mist; an Indian legend of
Niagara: (origin of the great paintings the Red man’s fact and the
White man’s fancy.) Niagara Falls, N. Y.: Niagara Courier Press.
ho 6 1c IRAN eaters SD Bre ONT Sa RECON ici ugk eRe IY Ly VIII
Barlow, Peter W. Concluding observations and deductions on the
Niagara bridge. (Jour. Frank. inst. Mar., 1861. 71:160-165.) . XII
Observations on the Niagara bridge. (Jour. Frank. inst. Jan.
Ken DERN Al Gs He VAR) BACON eC Un ED Metal wiht ih. XII
Observations on the Niagara railway suspension bridge. (Jour.
Frank: inst Feb., fOOL: "is tr 2oe—2 36-) + ee econ ree XII
On the mechanism of bridges. (Jour. Frank. inst. Feb., 1861.
TI OIF D5) er ataiais: & ie eheie ate aee CRETE A ee one reee er Ta eae XII
Barlow, W.H. The upward jets of Niagara. (Jour. Frank. inst.,
Oct, TS772 1042 275-297.) 28 RR dey ie ee ae VII
Barralet, John James (del.) Lawson (sculpt.) View of the Falls
of Niagara. (Grosvenor library, Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara
Faller) POO 7 SVS 7 IV ERENT MD) tO) ae Ny eave eke rea eae IX
Bartlett, W. H. The Horse Shoe Fall, Niagara — with the tower.
7x4!'4. (Jn American scenery. From drawings by W. H. Bartlett.
The literary department by N. P. Willis. Lond.: G. Virtue. 1840.
| eats F720) eae ana AME hee rn eee Mam Fr yl oS YORU Kh Day IX
The landing on the American side. (Falls of Niagara.) 7 x 434.
(In American scenery. From drawings by W. H. Bartlett. The
literary department by N. P. Willis. Lond.: G. Virtue. 1840.
RES Yaa) MRO ey ier Meee CMe RR UN nUS MOHAN E Nets) atu aii Oa NE Ad TIS Li: IX
Niagara Falls. (From near Clifton house. )—- Chutes de Niagara
vues prés de Clifton house.-— Der wasserfall Niagara vom Cliftonchen
hotel gesehen. 7x 414. (Jn American scenery. From drawings by
W. H. Bartlett. The literary department by N. P. Willis. Lond.:
GeMVartues SAG 4.) cis cis ence 6 ele mic kane ance ee rene ea IX
Niagara Falls from the ferry. 7 x 414. (/n American scenery.
From drawings by W. H. Bartlett. The literary department by W. P.
Wialliss, Lond .2\Gs Virtue) (O40) 0 12 An) eae ise ease era IX
Niagara Falls. (From the top of the ladder on the American
side.) 714 x 434. (Jn American scenery. From drawings by W. H.
Bartlett. The literary department by N. P. Willis. Lond.: G. Virtue.
PG4O) De he pos 8 Chey Bee NAL Rae so 0 REN ph Leech CU ee cer IX
The rapids above the Falls of Niagara. 7x44. (Jn American
scenery. From drawings by W. H. Bartlett. The literary department
by’ N..P) Willis. ond:="G)) Virtues, 164057 16). IX
1276
Alphabetical List
Bartlett, William H. Views of Niagara Falls. (Grosvenor library,
Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 1697-187—. Mat 13,
cuit og yore: Lee ce Ra OS RO Pe cn Rn IX
Barton, Benjamin Smith. Description of the Falls of Niagara.
(Phila. med. and phy. jour. Phila.: J. Conrad and Co. 1804.
Bee We oa Pde eet) aa eselie, Giulio aie SIMs Syeda Ue! m ave 6s aha sieeve’ s Vil
Barton, James L. Address on the early reminiscences of western New
York and the lake region of country. Delivered before the Young
men’s association of Buffale, February 16, 1848. Buffalo: Jewett,
‘thomas and Go, 1648; -Pp.. 15—1'8), 61-64. ios ec. ok XII
Barton, Philip P. Niagara Falls power. ‘The organization of the
operating department of the Niagara Falls power company. (Cass.
Te Md eR PST OOD Meare. .isbcereie ia cle tedie teics'er'e tae. ee Sole! xX
Bartram, John. Observations on the inhabitants, climate, soil, rivers,
productions, animals, and other matters worthy of notice. Made by Mr.
John Bartram, in his travels from Pensilvania to Onondago, Oswego and
Lake Ontario, in Canada. To which is annex’d, a curious account of
the cataracts at Niagara. By Peter Kalm . . . Lond.: Whiston and
White. 1751. Pp. 79-94.
Bates, Katharine Lee. The song of Niagara. (Can. mag. May,
NEmEDR EN PT le praliet uh ict oa ters Sitvete aloe. ManGeen er ona Ra e cee” rated es: 3% VIII
Bauer, W.C. Niagara in winter and Niagara in summer........ IX
Baxter, W. E. America and the Americans. Lond.: George Rutledge
ANAT COSMO I DE pe LL I-LLOS salenaisonshahenatelerst at hale @ « IV and VI
Beardsley, Levi. Jeminiscences. .. N. Y.: C. Vinten. 1852.
ere ee Lec a age As jane he eiSomte (te codes Pata RG ME tae rar eile ake Bae V
Beaurain, Chr. de. Carte de |’Amerique Sept’le pour servir 4 l’intelli-
gence de la guerre entre les Anglois et les Insurgents Dediée 4 Mer. de
Sartine, Ministre de la Marine par M. le Chr. de Beaurain. Geographe
dusionrenconupensionnawes: “W277. WUE nes MOM SUPIGRE ZAIRE Mie gun Das WIL oO) VIII
Alphabetical List
Bull, Sara C. [Ole Bull’s “ Niagara”] (Jn her Memoirs of Ole
Bull. Bost.: Houghton, Mifflin & Co. 1886. Pp. 169-172.) . VIII
Bullock, W. Sketch of a journey through the western states of North
America from New Orleans, by the Mississippi, Ohio, city of Cin-
cinnati and Falls of Niagara, to New York, in 1827. . . . Lond.:
John Miller, 1827. Pp. xxiti-xxvi. (Thwaites, Early western
PEM Pe ANN a he tila: Garcia stern oye wield ayeleveceleve iow eee III
Bunn, Alfred. Old England and New England. Lond.: Bentley.
ere aC NU ema erick, anes. isis &. simvei'e wis dioiel mse. d! 6 os vee IV
Burbank, George B. The construction of the Niagara tunnel, wheel
pit,and canal, \(Cass, July, 1695. 6:213-224.) 2.20. 60. as >
Burford, Robert. Description of a view of the Falls of Niagara, now
exhibiting at the Panorama, Leicester square, painted by the proprietor,
Robert Burford, from drawings taken by him in the autumn of 1832.
eS BN CATT AN) [F516 78 | 2 SE ee IX
Burke’s descriptive guide; or, The visitor's companion to Niagara
Falls: its strange and wonderful localities. By an old resident.
aioe SEC ACME es) OD Lied cain oh di sh.o. 6) oi's, ee ahere \ocalereie: oh anesd XII
Burk’s guide of Niagara Falls: directions as suggested by a resident.
INiedcan alc Meme burke! | FOF i. ss a aad era a evavas treeless XII
Burne-Jones, Philip. Dollars \and democracy. With numerous
illustrations from original drawings by the author. N. Y.: 1904. Pp.
ee Oy ey Ue Ce ke oiieaeibe tare wala eee ee XI
Burroughs, Rev. Charles. Niagara Falls. (/n his The poetry
of religion and other poems. Bost.: Ticknor, Reed and Fields. 1851.
Bases CUES EE 242 co) che) bie. Cox acesetier é eleaeta where ate E VIII
Burton act to be extended. (Elec. wld. & eng., Feb. 22, 1913.
SR ae eae BIR oi Sak oe chee wid cws 6c a. Wo rspetansears ahs Chew ui talebens XI
The Burton bill and its effects on electrical developments
at Niagara Falls. (Elec. wld. & cas June 29, 1907. 49:
[2 EELIALE (a) ct biel Al GRA OR Oy Soa X and XI
Busch, Moritz. Wanderungen zwischen Hudson und Mississippi, | 851
und 1852. Stuttgart und Tubingen. 1854. 2:1Z1.......... IV
Business Men’s Association of Niagara Falls. The water-power
of Niagara applied to manufacturing purposes: the hydraulic tunnel of
the Niagara Falls power company: and accurate description of one of
the greatest industrial undertakings of the age. [Buffalo: Matthews,
INGethralpay wae Wha aamnies Ca iti ettitha ark ee eee a ely Ho's ote MBH > Gan
Butler, Frances Anne. Journal. 2 Vols. Phila.: Carey, Lea and
Blanca Voda wee SOO es cio benisin ces vide gdcaes . XII
Niagara Falls
Butler, W. F. The great lone land; a narrative of travel and adventure
in the north-west of America. Lond.: Low, Marston, Low, Searle.
[OFZ Pe 2S i We ANT PMNS Oe ote Pt ee a IV
Buttre, J. C. Niagara Falls. (Lit. liv. age, May 27, 1854. 41:
BO Dey hs Satna eh antells (kc UU TATUM Ben AA SALAH nove IX
Bye, J (sc.) The Falls of Niagara with the adjacent country.
614 x 14. Lond.: J. Johnson. 1804. (/n Volney, C. F., View
of the climate and soil of the United States. Lond.: for J. Johnson.
1804. Pl. 3. \ P./99., ‘Also’ Phila.: Conrad: 1804. P)'80.). /1X
C. R. (del.) Niagara Falls. (Horseshoe Fall) John Poppel (sc.)
Published for Herman J. Meyer. N. Y.: 1851.............. IX
John Poppel. (sc.) Niagara Falls. (Horseshoe Fall) (Grosve-
nor library, Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 1697-187—.
15%) Ean oR) te eNO a MPRA ea URINE ALC E MAMAS AS di IX
Cable bridge at Niagara replaced by conduit. (W. elec. Aug.
1, 1903. 33:74.)
Cableway over Niagara’s whirlpool. (Lit. dig. May 13, 1916.
52:1365.)
Cabot, J. Elliot. see Agassiz, Louis.
Caine, W. S. A trip round the world in 1887-1888. Lond.: Rout-
ledge:'andSons:\\\" 1886.) Pp\27--S2 ees a eer ae IV
Calcium carbide. (Elec. wld. June 5, 1897. 29: 733-734.)..X
Calendar of N. Y. col. mss., indorsed land papers; in the office
of the secretary of state of N. Y. (1643-1803) Albany: Weed,
Parsons & Co. 1864. P.\653.. Sept.'7;'1 784.) 3727435 Se V
In the office of the secretary of state of N. Y. (1643-1803)
Albany: Weed, Parsons & Co. 1864. P. 865. Dec. 1, 1791.
SY DADA Sean D NOE HIS AUR VLU PATNA UDR peau nh yd V
In the office of the secretary of state of N. Y. (1643-1803)
Albany: Weed, Parsons & Co. 1864. P. 866. Dec. 12, 1791.
AC, oA ANNO UN AMICON AS RRR OU UE MS SR a Vv
In the office of the secretary of state of N. Y. (1643-1803)
Albany: Weed, Parsons & Co. 1864. P. 908. Feb. 4, 1793.
1015) 174] RL CE EN RCT OEM HAM RA R ttaTOse A i cae V
In the office of the secretary of state of N. Y. (1643-1803)
Albany: Weed, Parsons & Co. 1864. P. 910. Mar. 14, 1793.
DO TOD ei ey Pi Gea cUa LUIS BEML Masi en as Cac A V
Alphabetical List
Callington, W. R. Birdseye view of the River Niagara from Lake
Erie to Lake Ontario; showing the situation and extent of Navy Island
and the towns and villages on the banks of the river in Canada and the
United States, . . . from an actual survey made in 1837. Bost. .[X
Cameron, P. Calderon. Niagara Falls in winter.
Cameron, Rederick. Catalogue of plants which have been found
growing without cultivation in the park and its outlying territories. . . .
(Ann. rep’ts of the com’rs for the Queen Victoria Niagara Falls
Pea T MTS SAID actu olds ie ierte ee) aunt cliches rls hod, ae oe VI
Catalogue of plants which have been found growing without cul-
tivation in the park and its outlying territories. . . . (Ann. rep’ts
of the com’rs for the Queen Victoria Niagara Falls park. 1895.
HUD RASE EA rer tore cla a Navies Grec a a mtatien al LSC /Ser Uae ale: Wi actewaiaild, ay eisile VI
Campanius Holm, Thomas. [View of the Falls of Niagara.]
T. Ch. (sc.) 514 x 534. (In his, Kort beskrifning om provincien Nya
Severige uti America, som nu forjden af the Engelske kallas Pennsyl-
vania. Stockholm: S. Wankyfs. 1702. Opp. p. 4.)......... IX
Campbell, John Francis. A short American tramp in the fall of
1864. Edinb.: Edmonston and Douglas. 1865. Pp. 228-264. VII
Campbell, Patrick. Travels in the interior inhabited parts of North
America. In the years 1791 and 1792. . . . Edinb.: Guthrie.
Megaman Ene EA ire saints esha ak Oieiace rere tasane nate aye ucbieuai eis chat opens lf
Campbell, Thomas. The emigrant. (Jn Descriptive: catalogue of
the Gluck collection in the Buffalo Public Library. Buffalo, N. Y.:
1899.)
Campuzano, D. Juan Bustamente y. Del Atlantico al Pacifico;
Apuntes e Impresiones de un Viaje a traves de los Estados Unidos.
Nigdresmiloeoan sep S460“S64 en tr Ah NS Ge Sia IV
Canada — Commission of conservation. Water powers of
Canada; by Leo. G. Denis and Arthur V. White. Ottawa: The
WMorumer cos ei uit, ) (See ander) oskinis cmos diisbelsiaegice as aie xX
Canada seventy years ago. 3d ed. St. Catherines, Ont.: 1860. .V
Canadian electrical development at Niagara. (Eng. (Lond.:)
uae eee oO eG sh SO IOs etic te ed ome awa an aalte xX
Canadian girl, or the Pirate of the lakes (The), a story of the
affections; by the authoress of the Jew’s daughter. Lond.: W. Bennett.
Reser ne Ot ogee. Melo a cia Voie ciate alec’ s Dacatane VIII
Canadian guide book (The). . . . Montreal: Armour and
t RSTTTCE Sipe bE: cabot] By ony EELS It Mua Cars LO pe See ee PPE XIl
Niagara Falls
Canadian handbook and tourist’s guide (The), giving a descrip-
tion of Canadian lake and river scenery and places of historical interest
with the best spots for fishing and shooting. (Comp. by H. B. Small,
ed. by J. Taylor. Montreal: Longmore and Co. 1866. Pp. 170—
OA sass sie eB wee ele 00 fo a Nett eel ea geh ete cide AA Ges MS Mists eR A earn XII
Canadian-Niagara power. (Elec. wld. & eng., Apr. 11, 1908.
22 BY 0 A NRE MN MASS OM iGH EME AL CAwL SUM Da ADA Leys WN AI as XI
Canadian-Niagara power company (The). (Elec. wid. May
27, 1899. 33:707.)
Canadian-Niagara power company’s development. (Can.
eng. Novy 1902") 9 290=2920)) ee eee ian a CiNae Aen A era ee xX
Canadian Niagara power company’s transmission to Buf-
falo. (Elec. wld. & eng., June 29, 1907. 49:1299-1302.)...X
Canadian-Niagara power league (The). (Elec. rev. Nov. 24,
1897. 31:251.)
Canadian-Niagara power to-day. (Elec. wld. & eng. Jan. 7,
1905. 45:17—20.)
Canadian power plant (The). (Elec. wld. Jan. 14, 1899.
BRAT AAO.) ior eeu higce 8 Se Le ep a alienate SOs REESE eee XxX
Canadian tourist (The). . . . Montreal: Hew Ramsay. (cop.
1856.)
Canal board. Proceedings. Report of the canal board on the Niagara
Ships "Cama ia) ee hirey peg aie ae ne hE eI VG Md ne et a ec XII
Canale, G. D. To Niagara. (Lit. liv. age, Aug. 28, 1858. 58:
TUG Ve ned aes a caly Hee aa ahh a ens Cone oo alec RE a Nena Ota he ela VIII
Cantilever bridge over Niagara. (Knowl. April 4, 1884. 5:
0129) MAU I PUG PLR aT UENO Abe See Apa BITE XII
Caparn, Harold A. Present status of Niagara Falls. (Landscape
architecture.) "April, :1914. 4-No:\3. 16 i.) ch ewan eee seme XI
Captivity and sufferings of Benjamin Gilbert and his family,
1780-83 (The). Reprinted from the original edition of 1784 with
introduction and notes by Frank H. Severance. Cleveland. 1904.
Pps ZOE TSO ee his OI Ne eI Ke REN CHCA he ue Atos Vv
Carborundum company (The). (Elec. wid. June 5, 1897.
29:731—732.)
Carlisle, George William Frederick Howard. ‘Two lectures on
the poetry of Pope, and on his own travels in America. Delivered to
the Leeds Mechanics’ institution and literary society, December 5th and
Gth@1 850.) eeds.; 1650. Pp: \25—2O 0 ancien eat eta XI
1290
Alphabetical List
Carpenter, William Lant. The falls of Niagara in winter. (Nature,
LaCie AP URI R eo 65) LEAL Dd c'shs c olMaield Sel aterailt eles abeie eh s Vv
Carpio, Manuel. Soneto a la Catarata del Niagara. (Jn Poesias de
Manuel Carpio con su biografia escrita por el Sr. Doctor Jose Bernardo
Conto. Nuova edicion. Veracruz-Pueblo: Liberias La Ilustracion.
Panic: As Donnamett. 1663.) P2206.) 60. oe ee. VIII
Carta della nouva Inghilterra, Nuova York, e Pensilvania. (Jn
Atlante dell’ America. [anon.] Liverno: Presso Gio Tomasso Masi,
@eamp.conbapprovazione., lie770) No. 2a)isei. vb. ava dil oe IX
Carta rappresentante i cinque Laghi del Canada. (/n Atlante
dell’America. (anon) Liverno: Presso Gio Tomasso Masi, e comp.
BONPAUPLOVAZIONes LLL Fen INGE Di) iale winicvoteversya ‘aie Qvetey Ad plsid woke IX
Carte de la nouvelle France, augmentée depuis Ja derniére seruant a
la navigation faicte en son vray Meridien par le S’r. de Champlain,
Capitaine pour le Roy en la Marine, le quel depuis, l’an 1603, jusques
en l'année 1629; a descouvert plusieurs costes terres; lacs rivieres et
Nations de sannoges por cy diuant incognues comme il se voit en ses
relations qui’l a faict. Imprimer en 1632. (Jn O'Callaghan, E. B.
Documentary history of the state of New York. Albany: 1849.
3: Frontispiece P. 13.)
Carte pour suivre la relation des voyages de cavalier de La
Salle, 1669-1682. 7x 64. (Jn Société de géographie. Bulletin.
SSE GIe Me Pearse POGUs UAE ends Fevers eins odie: os ented ould ack IX
Carter, James C. Oration at the dedication of the state reservation at
Niagara, July 15, 1885. (19th ann. rep’t of the com’rs of the
state reserv. at Niagara.) Albany: 1903. Pp. 263-277.)..... XI
Carus, Paul. ‘The chief’s daughter: a legend of Niagara. Chicago:
Carus-Wilson, Charles A. The Niagara spray clouds. (Nature.
March 2, 1893. 47: 414.)
Carver, Jonathan, captain. Travels through the interior parts of
North America, in the years 1766, 1767, and 1768. Lond.: J.
AVS ey GL TTTSb Saa Soars Woh Bed 0 0 AR a Re II
[Cass, Lewis.] France, its king, court and government. By an Ameri-
cans Nowy cu Wiley and Putnam. (1840: Pp. 127-130... ... II
Cassier’s magazine. Niagara power number. July, 1895. 8:173-
eG ELL ee fis ET ARG OR a i xX
Cataract of Niagara (The). (1702) (Print.)........... IX
Cataract house, Niagara Falls. (Grosvenor library, Buffalo, N.
Y. Views of Niagara Falls, 1697-187—. Mat 17.)....... IX
1291
Niagara Falls
Cataract House, Niagara Falls. (Grosvenor library, Buffalo,
N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 1697-187—. Mat 17.)....IX
Cataract power company’s transmission plant (The). (Elec.
wid. July 2, 1898. 32: 3-4.)
Cazin, F. M. F. Niagara power. (Elec. wld., July 17, 1897. 30:
IPOS E. 3 TO ESTE eM RANE 8) ae ORE Ah OOC URN UMAR ANE NIL X
Central station campaign at Niagara Falls (A). (Elec. wld.
& eng. Nov. 16, 1905. 46: 863.)
Chamberlin, John. [Letter to editor by John Chamberlin of Buffalo
on “ The Niagara Reservation’ and its remarkable and various plant
life.], -. (Garden’ and: forest; Nov: 3018925 52/575) hee eee VI
Chambers, William. Things as they are in America. Lond. and
Edin.: William and Robert Chambers. 1854. Pp. 102-112....XI
Champlain, Samuel de, Champlain map, 1632. (Jn Oeuvres de
Champlain publiées sons le patronage de L’ Université Laval par L’ Abbé
C.—H. Laverdiére. 2d ed. Quebec: 1870. 2: opp. 1385.)..IX
Des Savvages, ov, Voyage de Samvel Champlain de Brovage,
fait en la France Novvelle, l’an mil six cens trois: contenant les moeurs,
facon de viure, mariages, guerres, & habitation des sauuages de Canadas
. . . A Paris, Chez Clavde de Monstr’ceil. [1604.] Pp. 42, 45-46,
47, (CEuvres de Champlain, publiées sous le patronage de |’ Université
Laval par l’abbé C.-H. Laverdiére. Quebec: Imprimé au Séminaire
par G.-E)))Desbarats. ’ 1870.) 12106, 109-110) TUL) oe eae I
Voyages. Translated from the French by Charles Pomeroy Otis.
With historical illustrations, and a memoir by the Rev. Edmund Farwell
Slafter. Boston: Prince Society. 1878-1882. 1:271, 274-276. .1
Chandler, Henry. The nymph of Niagara gorge. Buffalo:
11512) 0 eMC RIE ROB eI NGA oD TDRSS NA ES IE MEN ih re NS VIII
Changes in the Buffalo-Niagara Falls power transmission
line. (St. ry. jour., Dec., 1897. 13: 860.)
Channing, William Ellery. The Niagara Fall. (/n his Poems.
Bost. >) Little aad) Brown: 1843.) (Pasa. a doe eine VIII
Channing, William H. Niagara. (Jn his Leaves of spring gathered
in autumn. [Poems] Phila.: Press of J. B. Lippincott and Co.
1883. Pp. 66-79.)
Chapin, J. R. Niagara Falls and how to see them. Buffalo:
Gc) SMR SDN AIP. THEATAR Pay Ue MEARS ALE U ceaialaa” ICCA (oe XII
Alphabetical List
Chapter on Niagara (A). (Am. month. mag. June, 1838. 11
PSO OO aly oh Ralphs ole G m's, o’a drei viajb whole ntareralie Wins aca Ill
Charles, Emily Thornton. An address to the body of a man in the
whirlpool. Niagara. (/n her Lyrical poems. Phila.: Lippincott.
Maa a eRe CSIP at bnchahard cligr titer ale. as wie! ciite 'e'ebe\celeheanela ere eve ca VIII
Charlevoix, Pierre Frangois Xavier de. Histoire et description
generale de la Nouvelle France, avec le Journal Historique d’un voyage
fait par ordre du roi dans |’Amerique Septentrionale. Paris: Chez la
Veuve Ganeau. 1744. 5:335-336, 343-347........00000. I
Journal of a Voyage to North-America. Undertaken by order of
the French King. Containing the geographical description and natural
history of that country, particularly Canada . . . Ina series of
letters to the Duchess of Lesdiguiéres. Translated from the French.
London: R. and J. Dodsley. 1761. 1:345—356............. I
Chateaubriand, Frangois Auguste René, vicomte de. Atala; ou,
Les amours de deux sauvages dans le désert. Paris: Impr. de Migneret,
GU, LEST FOTIA EIS ca WN Di UT AIG BAU Ra ann RD Rene VIII
Atala; or, The amours of two Indians in the wilds of America.
lEonda- hor ie meen i tOO2. Pp T2021 2 Wins cae oie wales VIII
Travels in America and Italy. Lond.: Colburn. 1828.
SL) SORE IE A at Rie CURIE NY Oa OOD RUAN re ean OM eRe TLS II
Chatelain, H. A. Carte contenant le royaume du Mexique et la
Floride, dressée sur les meilleures observations et sur les memoires les
plus Nouveaux. (Jn his Atlas historique [anon.] fol. Amsterdam:
PAT Z OL Ney Gi ING: 27 SOU. Siiiale alae danas ciate sna ara mua te atalle IX
Carte de la Nouvelle France ot se voit le cours des grandes
riviére de S. Laurens et de Mississipi, aujourd’hui S. Louis. (Jn his
Atlas historique. [anon.] fol. Amsterdam: 1705-20. V. 6, No.
72S NI] AVY Mies ACROSS Ne eI RE PEO a AA EA RR ENP EHEC Pra ee MEP REA IX
Carte du Canada ou de Ja Nouvelle France, & des découvertes
qui y ont été faites. (Jn his Atlas historique. [anon.] fol. Amsterdam:
BAO —=2U ety OSING ZOOL) cers arson sues wreak hehe a ated sae te IX
Carte trés-curieuse de la Mer du Sud, contenant des remarques
nouvelles & trés-utiles non seulement sur les ports & iles de cette mer,
mais aussi sur les principaux pais de |’Amérique tant Septentrionale
que Méridionale . . . (/n his Atlas historique. [anon.] fol. Am-
sterconrs, 1a Go--20.) Wi 6: Ne? 30st 17.) ik ee eo ee IX
Saut ou chute d’eau de Niagara. 414 x 5. (Jn his Atlas
historique. [anon.] fol. Amsterdam: 1705-20. V. 6, No. 24:
SEE” Lobe Med dobby, MAM ania RRS saris 1 ise Mean ce Reon a PEA eae IX
Niagara Falls
Cheap electricity for all. (Conservation commission of the state
of ‘INew.) York: )\. : mideeiie isi vatey sat aye etselictenie ehieuettte ene ere name >
Chemical plant at Niagara (A). (Jour. soc. chem. ind., Jan. 30,
16972 162:73:)
Chester, Greville John. Transatlantic sketches in the West Indies,
South America, Canada and the United States. Lond.: Smith, Elder.
18692) Pp 279-22 see oe ai ie EU NN Te eer nee tne IV
Chisholm, Hugh J. Niagara. Chisholm’s complete guide to the
grand cataract. [Portland, Me.: Chisholm Bros. 1891.] Bound
with: New album of Niagara Falls. N. Y. [Portland, Me.:
1891 >]
Christmas, H. Canada in 1849. Pictures of Canadian life; or, The
emigrant churchman. By a pioneer of the wilderness. Edited by the
Rev. H. Christmas. Lond.: Richard Bentley. 1850. 1:131—
1) ee er eR Rai cM R MUA IRmIuNiS MEARE AUN UML) oxo) IV
Church, Frederick Edward. Niagara. 1857............. IX
The great fall, Niagara. Painted by Frederick Edward Church.
N. Y.: Williams, Stevens, Williams and Co. 1857............ IX
[Church’s Niagara.] (Lit. liv. age, Oct. 24, 1857. 55:254-
ES) ENO EURO UNG emit MAMMA SAM OTE, AULA RIENL AS olb& 8. ga) IX
Church’s new picture of Niagara (Mr.). (Lit. liv. age, May
15,) 18685) 97 4444S) oo SSE EAR ua IX
Clark, George L. Niagara Falls power, different types of develop-
ment. |! (Cass. May, 19050) 262796 le nie ae nn ele ate xX
Clark, John. Memoirs of Colonel John Clark, of Port Dalhousie,
C. W. (Ontario hist. soc. Papers and records. 7:173-175.)..XII
Clark, Lewis Gaylord, editor. The literary remains of the late
Willis Gaylord Clark, including the Ollapodiana Papers, the Spirit
of Life, and a selection from his various prose and poetical writings.
N. Y.: Burgess, Stringer and Co. 1844. Pp. 154-172...... III
Clark, Willis Gaylord. (Poem.) (Jn Holley, George W., Niagara;
its history and geology, incidents and poetry . . . N. Y., Buffalo,
Woronto. 1872) Wp Ole G22). si ie ee saat Meena VIII
Clarke, John M. The menace to Niagara. (Pop. sci. mo., Apr.,
1905.) "GO:489=504 2) sai ie a EON ear OU IT V/s ae ie ase XI
—— A scientist’s view of Niagara. (Harp. w., Nov. 21, 1903.
AT spt 2s) TEGO Dy LOe Ne ae RG ROC Ta die ne alan VIL,
Claypole, E. W. The eccentricity theory of glacial cold versus the
facts. (Trans. Edin. Geol. Soc. 1888. 5:534-548.)...... VIL
1294
hana
Alphabetical List
Claypole, E. W. Falls of rock at Niagara. (Nature. Feb, 14, 1889,
MUU A TSN BPMN IETS Gre fe ol) Gur eiick ofiih:'s Ws) aye el a:lee vj OUatM ew letedie 8 VII
—— The old gorge at Niagara. (Science ns. Aug. 13, 1886.
Pee SCI aR CHL c Hierren eet crerc ultie) s aict's, bi's' dialtqbe Mtaranebeiune Wie O's VII
Clifton house, Niagara Falls. (Grosvenor library, Buffalo, N. Y.
Views of Niagara Falls. 1697-187-. Mat. 17.)......ecee. IX
Clifton suspension bridge at Niagara Falls (The). . . .
Diamar lb alisINinY. > orunagage: “1G72.6 60646 deme biece epeaine XII
Clinch, Rev. Joseph H. Niagara. (Jn his The captivity in Babylon,
and other poems. Bost.: Burns. 1840. Pp. 77-81.)........ VII
Clinton, DeWitt. The life and writings of DeWitt Clinton by William
W. Campbell, (N. Y.: Baker and Scribner. 1849. Pp. 130-
OLS Me tieas te RS eR EDI DRS ARI RP NO VI
Clinton, George W. Journal of a tour from Albany to Lake Erie by
the Erie canal in 1826. (Pub. Buf. Hist. Soc. 14:292-293.)...VI
Sketches of Niagara Falls and river by Cousin George. Buffalo:
ee MOANA NEE ic lyne aso) ails telois «elcid aie tee ecalecs V and VIII
Cockburn, Lieut.-Col. James Patterson, R. A. Chute du Niagara
and Entrance to the cave of the Horseshoe, Niagara, on the English side.
(Grosvenor library, Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 1697-
Hes eee ayer iste cies ose) de esate, 8 avehat Bhoparettosema neve ebiesaveveee IX
—— Falls of Niagara. Lond.: Ackermann & Co. 1833...... IX
The Falls of Niagara. Engraved by C. Hunt. Lond.: Acker-
RRP CAAE eS MMLC JIA Coe ete e355), seve, Um ave wshevecel dette dia luiehate ors IX
Coe, Ben F. Evolution of Niagara power. (Coll. w. May 28, 1896.
PE eR Pa Nie nil ste sta kee tats ati Nei iay MeL eh eto Aum re X
Coke, E. T. A subaltern’s furlough: descriptive of scenes in various parts
of the United States, upper and lower Canada, New Brunswick, and
Nova Scotia, during the summer and autumn of 1832. Lond.: Saunders
SHEN ONS PVP OL SUT ec ste da leia halite eck mein XI
Cole, Thomas. A distant view of the Falls of Niagara. From an
original picture in the possession of Joshua Bates, Esq. Painted by T.
Cole, Esq. Engraved and printed by Fenner Sears & Co. 414 x 54.
Lond.: I. T. Hinton and Simpkin & Marshall, 1831. (/n Hinton,
J. H. ed., History and topography of the United States. 3d ed.
Lond: J.Dowding (G42: 2: opp, 484.) O28 es IX
A distant view of the Falls of Niagara. Painted by T. Cole.
Engraved on steel by T. S. Woodcock. 514 x 734. Bost: S.
Walker. 1832. (Jn Malte-Brun, Conrad, A system of universal
geography. Bost.: S. Walker. 1834. 2:199.)..........00- IX
1295
Niagara Falls
Cole, Thomas. The Falls of Niagara. (Twenty years ago.) 334 x 6.
(In Our globe; a universal picturesque album, ed. by the North
American bibliographic institution. Phila.: 1840. 1:9:)....... IX
A distant view of the Falls of Niagara. From an original picture
in the possession of Joshua Bates, Esq., painted by T. Cole, Esq.
Lond.: Pub. April 1, 1831, by I. T. Hinton and Simpkin & Marshall.
(Grosvenor library. Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 1697—
VO 72.7 Mat Qs eae en ORR NOES VE FRSC uei a Re ea IX
A distant view of the Falls of Niagara, painted by T. Cole, Esq.,
engraved on steel by T. S. Woodcock. Boston: pub. by S. Walker,
1832. (Grosvenor library, Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls.
69787." Mat Oe ee eres eh Caney e ket aye Alec eee IX
Coles, Abraham. Niagara. (/n his The microcosm, and other poems.
NOY; Appletons) 1 68 spi 2192222 nee a evereeieustaae VIII
—— A Sabbath at Niagara. (/n his The microcosm and other poems.
N.Y. D: Appleton ‘and ‘Co. y 1681.00 Pp: 226-235 iene ee VIII
Colt, Mrs. S. S. ed. ‘The tourist’s guide through the empire state.
Albany. 1871. Pp. 188-196.
Colton, C. Tour of the American lakes, and among the Indians of the
North-west territory, in 1830 . . . Lond.: Westley, Davis. 1833.
DeeM eM Tee ihe oan, Crap stone ene Pas Caetter Cre cane RUAU AE Daren Cana aE Ill
Combe, George. Notes on the United States of North America during
a phrenological visit in 1838-9-40. Phila.: Cary and Hart. 1841.
PA fo | 0 RU eR RAG MMe VAM NEI Pere CEIN, EMAAR A AEN ALD NE 9s III
Comettant, Jean Pierre Oscar. Voyage pittoresque et ancedo-
tique dans le Nord et le Sud des Etats-Unis d’Amerique. Paris.
18668). Pp VAG 1 LO sire hecaele vekceneteeNe le etesioee eat Cie oa OF a ape IV
Commelia, Anna Olcott. Niagara. (€/n her Of such is the kingdom,
and other poems. N. Y.: Fowler and Wells. 1894. Pp. 17-
VA OR URS Aa at y ROMA ESA Us SPOUT E RORUIN RACE OATS 5 PUR Imei aes VIII
Complete illustrated guide to Niagara Falls and vicinity
(The). Gazette printing house. Niagara Falls: (1883).
Comstock, John Lee. Outlines of geology. Hartford: D. F. Robin-
sone 183400.) SO 23 Gee eee NC UY EN dal ee VII
Conclusions of the Niagara power companies regarding
Niagara (The). (Elec. rev. Mar. 25, 1905. 46:494.)..... x
Continued protection of Niagara (The). (Outl., Feb. 6, 1909.
GR ZIAKZT DG) SLs 5 PS Spaiel ee BONA Bie fel ER Cana lean nee XI
Alphabetical List
Constitutional convention. Report of the subcommittee on pro-
posed constitutional amendment. (Ann. rep’ts of the com’rs of the
state reserv. at Niagara. 1904. 21:149-167.)............. XI
Construction of the Niagara Falls hydraulic plant. I. (Eng.
Pe lanka Ooo 27s OZ=( SO). 6 bees Sala Re ee 4
aie Eneerec. var. tt, U8952 2722932294 )iee ei xX
—— I[]I. (Eng. rec., Apr. 22, 1893. 27:415-416.)........ xX
—— IV. (Eng. rec., May 20, 1893. 27: 490-491.)........ xX
—— V. (Eng. rec. July 8, 1893. 28:87-88.)............ X
u— VI. (Eng. rec., Aug. 19, 1893. 28:183-184.)........ xX
—— VII. (Eng. rec., Sept. 30, 1893. 28: 280-281.)........ xX
—— VIII. (Eng. rec., Oct. 21, 1893. 28: 328-329.)....... xX
EX) Cine recs) Novi 401893. 26: 360:))s os. foes xX
Control and regulation of Niagara river. (Elec. wld. & eng.,
Repeal ere IF levercnaieie 6 sieves vibe vsbe'e ee 0 os sito XI
Control of navigable streams (The). (Elec. wld. & eng., Feb.
(IIS lg Ts i066 12 19) oe i aC ae ee XI
Cook, Joel. Niagara. (Jn his America, picturesque and descriptive.
Phila.: Coates. 1900. Vol. II. Pp. 379-386).
Cook, Joseph. Overtones; a book of verse. N. Y.: Knickerbocker
PSL TM OD =O e's. cvaie' aie sie. si shel deda-abe eisiwyeveitrs ‘el cue VIII
Cooke, Henry. An excursion to Niagara and Canada. (Colburn’s
new monthly, mag. 9) 649. 67 %358=3605) ooo. iin, etree ieneiel IV
Cooper, James Fenimore. ‘The oak openings; or The bee-hunter
~ wel ¥.: Burgess, Stringer: 1848: -2:216—217 60. 5 VIII
The pathfinder; or The inland sea . . . Phila.: Lea and Blan-
Chard) PICTOU Tea 495 (25 D2 ole’ scot cies ccaieve chelate VIII
—— The spy; a tale of the neutral ground . . . Lond.: H. Colburn
BBG Rsenteve: LOS. be AU So aic e cisps elatecceat aie aus & whee oie VIII
Copeland, Benjamin. Niagara and other poems. Buffalo: Mat-
shewe-Nortardpsy hGO4, © Pp blot os oie caidicvote sates casters VIII
Cornish, Vaughan. The travels of Ellen Cornish; being the memoir
of a pilgrim of science, with sixty-five plates from photographs by the
author, maps and plans. Lond.: W. J. Ham-Smith. 1913. Pp.
DAE EEN So 8 AIG DO Tes RR ae Oe ERO PND @ > ANE eC VII
Cornwallis, Kinahan. Royalty in the New World; or The Prince
of Wales in America. New York: Doolady. 1860. Pp. 145-
Ge Ee lyesy SUE Gee Sa neta AD ib” EERO a 8 Roe eee tC & IV
Niagara Falls
Coronelli, [M. V.]. L’Amérique Septentrionale, ou la Partie Septen-
trionale des Indes occidentales. Dressée sur les Nouveaux Corrigée et
augmentée Par le Sr. Tillemon; et Dediée a son Excellence Monsiegneur
Pierre Venier, ambassadeur ordinaire de la Serenissime Republique de
Venise, pres di sa Majesté tres Christienne Louis le Grand. Par le
P. Coronelli, Cosmographe de la Ser’me Republique de Venise.
A Paris: Chez J. B. Nolin sur le Quay de I’Horloge des Palais, Vers le
Pont Neuf, a l’Enseigne de la Place des Victoires. Avec Privilege du
FRoy:) 1G69 2 ik ke oie, Oe ais eT, ot pu act ibaa Re a IX
La Louisiana, parte settrionalle scoperta sotto la protettione de
Luigi XIV, Ré di Francia. Dal. Coronelli. (Atlante Veneto. Venice:
1695. D528.) ra a ae Ca ne ceed ca tee ct ee IX
—— Partie occidentale du Canada ou de la Nouvelle France ou sont
les nations des Ilinois, de Tracy, les Iroquois, et plusieurs autres peu-
ples; avec la Louisiane nouvellement découverte . . . Dressée sur les
Memoires les plus Nouveaux Par le P. Coronelli Cosmographe de la
Ser’me Republique de Venise. Corrigée et augmentée Par le S’r.
Tillemon; et Dediée a Monsieur |’Abbé Baudrand. A Paris. Chez
J. B. Nolin sur le Quay de |’Horloge de Palais Vers le Pont Neuf
a l’Enseigne de la Place des Victoires. Avec Privilege du Roy.
Wololc MAP ee PL ReMi ea UUM MOC AM iii R OL IX
—— Partie orientale du Canada ou de la Nouvelle France ou sont
les Provinces, ou Pays de Saguenay, Canada, Acadie . . . Les
Peuples, au Nations des Etechemins, Iroquois, Attiquomeches . . .
avec la Nouvelle Angleterre, la Nouvelle Ecosse, la Nouvelle York, et
la Virginie, les Isles de Terre Neuve, de Cap Breton . . . Dressée sur
les Memoires les plus Nouveaux Par le P. Coronelli cosmographe de la
Serenis’me Republique de Venise. Corrigée et augmentée par le S.
Tillemon; et Dediée a Monsieur ]’Abbé Baudrand par son tres humble
Serviteur J. B. Nolin. A Paris. Chez J. B. Nolin. 1689...... IX
Cortambert, Louis Richard. ‘‘ Excursion aux cataractes du Niagara.
Juin, 1833.” (In his Voyage au pays des Osages. Un tour en
Sicile:+;Paris::A);Bertrand.."16374) Pp. 6o-GO ick ee eee Il
Cost of Niagara. (Lit. dig., Sept. 23, 1916. 53:742.)
Cost of power at Niagara (The). (Jour. Frank. inst., June,
1895. 139:477-478.)
Cousin George. Sketches of Niagara Falls and river. Buffalo:
Wim; iB. and’ Chas) Es\Peck. (:l846a20 oe weaniine an eeieieee XII
Cowdin, Jasper Barnett. Ripple brook, Niagara Falls; two poems.
Brooklyn, N: .Y¥.:/ 1686.) Pe7eisiccs telecon ele cea VIII
Alphabetical List
Coyle, William H. Falls of Niagara, as seen from the Table rock.
October, 1834. A poem . . . Jacksonville: Calvin Goudy, Ptr.,
1835.
Cox, F. A. and Hoby, J. The Baptists in America; a narrative of
the deputation from the Baptist Union in England, to the United States
and Canada. N. Y.: Leavitt, Lord. 1836. Pp. 207-209... III
Goxe, Reginald: The Luna’Fall. wi... cee eee IX
VICE en Cie TAICIS ech Ges ance a, a. hel whee: wei ella’s «aleve a Gara IX
Craig, W. M. (del.) Falls of Niagara; on the river St. Lawrence in
Canada. T. Wallis. (sc.) Published as the act directs by C. Brightly
and T. Kinnersley, Bungay; Nov., 1804...............ee00. IX
Cramer, Charles. Etwas iiber die Natur Wunder in Nord America.
Zweiter Alschnitt. St. Petersburg: Gretsch. 1840. Pp. 6-9....V
Cranch, Christopher Pearse. The cataract isle. (Jn Johnson,
R. L., Niagara; its history, incidents, and poetry. . . . Wash.: W.
rel esn ah RO Tere pe teeter = Os Jie! atera! 60:24 Giardia dial ela eters; aleve s VIII
Creation and development of the state reservation at Ni-
agara (The). (Ann. rep’ts of the com’rs of the state reserv: at
DNR R HEA OnE SAO pr «aes war d's, ohayiev tere ‘are: brave+ahete'® 6 XI
Creuxius Franciscus (S. J.). New France in 1660. (Reduced
facsimile from his *‘ Historia Canadensis.” Paris: 1664.)...... IX
New France in 1660. (Reduced facsimile from his Historia
Canadensis. Paris: 1664.) (Jn Thwaites, R. G., Jesuit relations.
Cleveland: Burrows Bros. 1900. 46: frontispiece.).......... IX
Crévecouer, Hector St. John de. Description of Niagara Falls in a
letter to his son under date of July, 1785. (Mag. Am. hist., Oct.,
LOZOR AV Ob olisepts app: 605-6132) oo ee ek as II and IX
[Crévecouer, Hector St. John de.] Voyage dans la haute
Pensylvanie et dans |’état de New York, par un membre adoptif de la
nation Oneida. ‘Traduit et publié par l’auteur d’un cultivateur
Américan. Paris: De Crapelet. 1801. 2:148-193.......... II
Crowley, Mrs. Richard. Echoes from Niagara: historical, qpolitical,
personals Buffalo: Moulton, | 1'690)).Pp. 1-19. 2. ood. ce. V
Cruikshank, Julia. Whirlpool heights: the dream-house on the
Niagara river. Lond.: George Allen & Unwin, Ltd. 1915....VIII
Cumberland, Barlow. A century of sail and steam on the Niagara
river. Toronto: 1913. Pp. 31-32; 99-101; 121; 169...... XII
Currie, P. W. On the ancient drainage at Niagara Falls. (Geog.
lObr OE OU hOGA e heh eee Pa lhe ee VII
1299
Niagara Falls
Currie, P. W. On the ancient drainage.of Niagara Falls. (Trans. of
the Can. inst. Aug., 1901. 7: pt. 1. No. 13:7-14.)....... VII
Currier, N. Niagara Falls from Table Rock. (Grosvenor
library, Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 1697-187—.
1) CRA Bp er Se na Se ae AAS UE ae LD OR MBAR Carey al Woy ENE ST | IX
Curtis, George William. Lotus-eating. A summer book. N. Y.:
Flarper’ Bros.) 16522 Ppsi7 ao lO2 sie ye ene eee eee nae IV
Cutter, Charles. Pan-American, Buffalo and Niagara Falls: a
picturesque,-souvenir.}) POO Tie. fale eee Gee ee ae eee ge XII
Cutter and Koonz. Panoramic views of Niagara Falls. Niagara
Falls: Cutter and\Koonz: (190M ieee chee Oat oe ath ee eee IX
Cutter, G. W. Morning at the Falls. (Jn his Poems and fugitive
pieces. Cincinnati: Moore, Wilstach, Keys. 1857. Pp. 266—
715 oA) MANO aCe ey OT em TH oy Mee apn ANU lpr Rinne VAG. VIII
—— Niagara. (J/n his Poems and fugitive pieces. Cincinnati: Moore,
Wialstach!: Keys, 18372 Pp. 00-183:.) sae sie eee ee eee VIII
Cutter’s guide to Niagara Falls, and adjacent points of
interest. Cutter’s guide publishing co. 1897.............. XII
Cutting, H. S. The Erie canal vs. the Niagara ship canal. Argument
of Hon. H. S. Cutting before the assembly committee on commerce
and ‘navigation, Mareh 6, G66.) Saco eee tnrede ee eee XII
D. W. The glory of Niagara. (Life and health, Aug., 1897. Pp.
PA OE: PEAS) GF) Mae Marne APE RA RT AUER QR nara aba) 1 IV and Xl
Dale Stephen M. Seeing Niagara Falls for the first time. Ladies’
home jour? June, 1904." 121) 9200.) ie erence cio ice eterna eee XI
Dalton, Willam. Travels in the United States of America and part
of Upper Canada. . . . Appleby. (Eng.): R. Bateman.
RSA WS ene eC aS VPM ara AU PUA REAL RS OSe LS Hernia NANI So III
Dana, Charles A. Niagara Falls. (General view from Clifton
house.) 4x6. (Jn Dana, C. A. ed., The United States illustrated.
2' vol in‘ one. NYY J Meyer. [165 3) wbst Sie iin rea IX
Darby, - The straits of Niagara, from a map by Mr. Darby.
64n1Y. Un Blane, W. N., Travels through the United States
and Canada. Lond.: Baldwin & Co. 1828. Opp. p. 404.)...IX
Darby, William. Brooke’s universal gazetteer, or new geographical
dictionary: . . . 3d Am. ed. Phil.: Bennett and Walton. 1820.
Py aa Be sei Reg ar ORR A) I A a Sa a Vv
The straits of Niagara. 61x13. (Jn his A tour from the
city of New York to Detroit in the Michigan territory. N, Y.: For
the ‘author! F8194) Oppiipy M5 5.) hee ee cee tie a ete cea ete IX
1300
Alphabetical List
Darby, William. A tour from the city of New York, to Detroit, in
the Michigan territory, made between the 2d of May and the 22d of
September, 1818 . . . The tour is accompanied with a map upon
which the route will be designated; a particular map of the Falls and
river of Niagara, and the environs of the city of Detroit. N. Y.:
Kirk and Mercein. 1819. Pp. 160-169.
View of the United States, historical, geographical, and statistical ;
exhibiting, in a convenient form, the natural and artificial features of
the several states. . . . Phila.: Tanner. 1828. Pp. 209-216.V
Darton, Nelson Horatio. Catalogue and index of contributions to
North American geology, 1732-1891. (U.S. geol. survey. Bull.
No. 127. Wash.: 1896. Pp. 686-702.)
Data on electric baking with Niagara power. (Elec. wid. &
eng. Aug. 12, 1905. 46:268.)
Daubeny, Charles Giles Bridle. Journal of a tour through the
United States and Canada, made during the years 1837-1838.
Oxford: T. Combe, ptr. 1843. Pp. 44-48......... VII and XI
Davenport, Bishop. A new gazetteer, or geographical dictionary, of
North America and the West Indies. . . . Balt.: M’Dowell. 1833.
EI assert eh ala anc al-eletovohjei Seta ek aeald one wwe the tenaitia V
Davies, Thomas. An east view of the great cataract of Niagara.
Engraved on copper by J. Foregeron. 1760.........00ssc00: IX
Davis, Major Henry. “Great Horseshoe Fall.” (1848>)..IX
Davis, Rebecca Harding. The passing of Niagara. (Indep. Nov.
PB). 9 [fe S17 IN S278 His A Aa Bs Lc a er ne ee XI
Davison, G. M. Niagara Falls: the travelers’ guide through the middle
and northern states and the provinces of Canada. Saratoga Springs.
He Sera MA OA AIL iid Oe sr ak RE SS Ra a ok Hn XII
Day at the Falls (A). (Colburn’s new mo. mag., 1838. 4:
AIPM en NONEeN ENT Ra tale ca ar deci Gila ee Whaat aly wey el ace isl 66 III
Day, David F. A catalogue of the flowering and fern-like plants
growing without cultivation in the vicinity of the Falls of Niagara.
(Ann. rep’ts of the com’rs of the state reserv. at Niagara. 1898.
EL: Be Sali 2) sv es a ad ER ae ie OP a VI
Catalogue of the Niagara flora. A catalogue of the flowering
and fern-like plants growing without cultivation in the vicinity of the
Falls of Niagara. (Ann. rep’ts of the com’rs of the state reserv. at
LEAST SAAN] RS 1S YIN: CA OAPs 1 2) YOR AGES VI
' 1301
Niagara Falls
Day, David F. Catalogue of the Niagara flora. (1602 se sni9 3 Se eet IX
Der Niagara Fall. (Grosvenor library, Buffalo, N. Y. Views of
Niagara: Falls;)) 16975187. Mat.) 25.) Suave nner eee IX
Der Niagara fluss. Verlag d.Englishen Kunstanstalt vy. A. H. Payne.
Deeipzig) aid Dresdens sis eins Gk. TNS) SR ARS ea Eee IX
De Roos, F. F. American Falls of Niagara. Printed by C. Hull-
mandel. (1827.)
De Roos, F. F. (delt.) American Falls of Niagara. (Grosvenor
library, Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 1697-187—.
Dat BOS) oka © Sheree ee ARIS Oc CT BA Cone al Aor ee IX
The crescent seen from below the circular ladder. Printed by C.
Hullmandel. (1827) (Grosvenor library, Buffalo, N. Y. Views of
Niagara’ Falls 6971879 Mar 10.) ee eee IX
River Niagara. Cloud of the Falls. (Grosvenor library, Buffalo,
N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 1697-187—. Mat 10.)...... IX
De Roos, John Frederick Fitzgerald. Personal narrative of
travels in the United States and Canada in 1826. Lond.: W. H.
Amsworths 18270) (Pps ola nye ae tare aera el eater eee a III
Desecration of Niagara. (Ladies’ home jour. June, 1906.
VAG a A A) aaa RELATOR EU RUE PITFALL UAL SPARE SuRP Ey CM I bath hae XI
Descent into the rapids of Niagara. An authentic narrative.
(Knicker. [N2“Y2] Oct.) 1851.) 38: 414-416.) . oe ce ss es VIII
Description of a view of the Falls of Niagara. . . . Boston:
Perkins & Marvin, ptrs., 1837.
Descriptions of the Falls of Niagara. (Mag. of Am. hist., July,
1880. 5: 47-56.)
Desor, E. ‘The falls of Niagara and their retrograde movement . . .
tr. by J. D. Meredith. (Pottsville scientific association. Pottsville,
Penn: Bulletins Janie Rebs. 0555 ep. oO) se ree ree VII
(Ueber Niagara Falls.) (Geologische gesellschaft. Seitschrift.
Sept:; 1853. Fide 5...) Pp.y64 3-044.) ) [Abstract] ini aye VII
Destruction of Niagara (The). (Spec., June 30, 1883. 56: 831-
Xe A MOU Mera ea ae RR Y CTO MMR SUAS URN RAD NE SECURE LT AMUN NA XI
Destruction of Niagara Falls (The). (Metal. & chem. eng. Dec.,
19126 VO FIFO) io Ge dais Os Ws Oral iecr al er ataniede het aaa eee XI
Alphabetical List
Destruction of Niagara Falls (The). (R. of R., Apr., 1905,
BAD a Un seeiet UATE Oe wie Shes ay teal fe) s'-eh'd-s. clMPsl siial ele(wigi mal ahold a/e\'e-s) 0 XI
De Tivoli, J. A guide to the Falls of Niagara, with a splendid litho-
graphic view by A. Vaudricourt from a daguerreotype of J. Lang-
heim. N. Y.: Burgess, Stringer and Co. 1846............. XII
Detmers, Arthur. The Devil’s hole massacre. (The Niagara
frontier landmarks ass’n. Buffalo. 1906. Pp. 47-52.).......... V
Detroit (Mich.) board of trade. Niagara ship canal. ‘The
necessities of the great west require a depth of not less than fourteen or
fifteen feet. An unanswerable argument on the subject. [Detroit, 1866.]
Deuther, Charles George. Canticles of Niagara, and other poems.
PG GO OGN i oue bel rape ts aes asobee) abate ta eay ates uke 8.8 geedld o VIII
De Veaux, Samuel. The Falls of Niagara, or tourist’s guide to this
wonder of nature, including notices of the whirlpool, islands, etc., and a
complete guide through the Canadas. Buffalo: William B. Hayden.
EMME pelle By ale Bite hy kok SOO UIRY ag Gach ny SONA Bee Steel g big XII
Map of Niagara Falls and guide table. 12 x 16. (Jn his
The traveller’s own book, to Saratoga Springs, Niagara Falls and
@anaaa.). «+. buttalo:: Faxon, &. Read.) 18412) c)o26.0 ois oa win IX
The travellers’ own book, to Saratoga Springs, Niagara Falls and
Canada, containing routes, distances; . . . Buffalo: Faxon and Read.
Pe DIG. caters oot Stata teas anceome ie gnarare: atuieiene ea XII
Development of electric power at Niagara Falls (The).
Garures pts 75 Fo Ws OSA 5— [7 Gs ia syauereen bos Oem sieliavs allele oc »4
Development of Niagara Falls power on the Canadian side
(The). (Elec. rev. May 12, 1897. 30:223.)
Devoy, John, comp. A history of the city of Buffalo and Niagara
Falemeaeeest xual NOOO int medi eeaLy PS Ni aN Se V
Dewart, Edward Hartley. Songs of life; a collection of poems.
Toronto: Dudley and Burns. 1869. Pp. 79-82........... VIII
De waterval van Niagara. (Grosvenor library, Buffalo, N. Y.
Wiews of Niagara. Falls: .697—16/——. ‘Mat 3.) 200. 6 eS. IX
DeWeese, Truman A. How Niagara is “* harnessed.” (R. of R.,
alee aT SOF) ke aieresarsvohtectatstene ed OIG. we ce adie eee xX
Dewey, Mary E., editor. Life and letters of Catharine Sedgwick.
INGek see e dampers ALOT ban Wepe. ESOT SO oo Re oe aes eae III
Dexter, Charles. Niagara. (Jn his In memoriam versions and idle
measures. Cincinnati: Robert Clarke & Co. 1891. P. 186~—
SILI) FOR ERB E BG ES SP a Phe A et VIII
Dickens, Charles. American notes for general circulation. Lond.:
Shapmamends late, 1842.4) 22176-180) 53 sk a IV
1305
Niagara Falls
Die Schnellen des Niagara. (Grosvenor library, Buffalo, N. Y.
Views of Niagara Falls, | 11697-187——.) Mat \22.) i. 0 oe IX
Dilke, Charles Wentworth. Greater Britain. A record of travel in
English-speaking countries during 1866-7. Phila.: Lippincott. 1869.
Bs G96) ha aces CN NRE Ria RNY AR ALT OND A OS I Be cr ee a IV
Discharge of the Niagara river (The). (Eng. mag. Apmil, 1900.
Kode! WAS 2s ft PD era Re STEROL R Cre alec mile 6% XI
Distant electric power transmission. (Eng. mag., July, 1900.
19: 586-587.)
Distribution of Niagara energy in Auburn. (Elec. wid., May
2, 1908. 51: 899-902.)
Distribution of Niagara power at Buffalo. (W. elec. June 27,
will896: 1823205
Disturnell, J. comp. (A trip through the lakes of North America.
NiO Y se; Disturnells)) 1657 Pps) 206221 72) ohn a cera XII
Diversion of Niagara river. (Sci. Am., Mar. 17, 1906. 94:
PACS) RE EDS ME EI a RAL MeL AWAD. Mit Beh 8 ts XI
Dixon, James. Personal narrative of a tour through a part of the
United States and Canada: with notices of the history and institutions
of Methodisma in America. N. Y.: Lane and Scott. 1849. Pp. 110-
DD cere a MUR MRTLNG vse Ned tvaiee Sch gt eat atts es aL Es eetied age naa IV
Dog goes over Niagara Falls alive (A). (Knowledge. 1882.
1:574.)
Dollar, George. The Niagara fools. (Strand, Sept, 1897. 14:
SIZES 3. yi i\ialerstetonanene eetels: a) Waste aires aah Cohn Rete schol Aue ah Mate eS V
Donohoe, Thomas. The Iroquois and the Jesuits. The story of the
labors of Catholic missionaries among these Indians. Buffalo: Catholic
Publication\Go.’!) 18955) Pp. S2,02Z07 ik icias elee ie ae eee Vv
Dore, Gustave. Atala album, photographs of twelve illustrations to
Chateaubriand’s Atala. Phila.: Frederick Leypoldt. N. Y.: F. W.
Christe) | (WEG ee Se ic OS WS ace ae eer een IX
Dorr, Eben P. Niagara’s historic environs. (Four-track news. Feb.,
1904. Pp. LOATH i ee UA egy AS ese Bn ee V
Dow, Charles Mason. Address to the international commissioners
appointed to investigate concerning the conditions and uses of the waters
adjacent to the boundary lines between Canada and the United States,
at Niagara Falls, New York, September 14, 1905. (Ann. rep’ts of
the com’rs of the state reserv. at Niagara, 22:67-75.).......... XI
The State Reservation at Niagara: a history. Albany. J. B.
Tayon ‘Coy! OVA eR Te RORY cchavetetabalers Rete ike Beaten XI
Alphabetical List
Dow, Charles Mason. Hennepin memorial address. (Ann. rep’ts of
the com’rs of the state reserv. at Niagara. 27:10—16.)........ XI
How to protect Niagara Falls. (Outl., Jan. 27, 1906. 82:
BMPR CAMP CHEE Para ate) wicsi0s Ua ee" alex) al 6 oy'nj.0j a ahaha NaN Reman U a AMS aie XI
—— Letter to Governor Odell, requesting him to veto the Niagara,
Lockport and Ontario power company bill. (Ann. rep’ts of the com’rs
of the state reserv. at Niagara.; 21: 215-—229.).........%00.-. XI
Drake, Joseph Rodman. Niagara. (J/n his Culprit fay and other
poems. N. Y.: George Dearborn. 1836. Pp. 65-67.)..... VIII
Dry as Niagara. (Outl., Nov. 24, 1906. 84:690-691.)....XI
Dudley, Paul. An account of the falls of the river Niagara, taken at
Albany, October 10, 1721, from Monsieur Borassaw, a French native
of Canada. (Royal Society of London, Philosophical transactions.
CS TEL EES WEARS) rao Hoe 52 ED I
Dufferin, The marchioness of. My Canadian journal, 1872-78.
Extracts from my letters home written while Lord Dufferin was gov-
ernor-general. New York: 1891. Pp. 39-40; 450.......... XI
Dumas, A. Lutilisation des chutes du Niagara pour la production de
energie electrique. (Le Genre civil. Feb. 8, 1896. 28:225-
NNR! Soh eet ANI cheats ch aa aut Nee Oe, ahi MAR EP Aliyah rat's. ishoda ioars Xx
DuMond, F. V. Niagara illustrations. (Jn Trumbull, William,
Legend of the white canoe. N. Y. & Lond.: Putnam. 1894.)..IX
Duncan, John M. Travels through part of the United States and
Canada in 1818 and 1819. Glasgow. 1823. 2:52-57..... VII
Travels through part of the United States and Canada in 1818
and 1819. N. Y.: W. B. Gilley; New Haven: Howe & Spalding.
[ENS [pe tdS ES 5 Rr Te Oat Rn ee ean a Ill
[Duncan, Mrs. M. G. Lundie.] America as I found it. Lond.:
DMisgeeesoet fp S65-S36004 ae La wekoe see ene IV
Dunlap, Orrin E. Accident to a ten thousand horse power alternator
at Niagara. (Elec. rev., May 15, 1908. 62: 823.)
Additional power facilities at Niagara Falls. (W. elec. Nov.
COT mre eto 9 SOO. SON) seas ele wee eleve Ghee wre eos wets arqvene xX
—— Calcic carbide plant at Niagara Falls. (W. elec. Jan. 18,
Pee SIS Pett ier PS Lc icta dra's en ou bj wyous X
—— California and Niagara power transmission compared. (W. elec.
Dec. 19, 1903. 33:459-460.)
Canadian electric power stations at Niagara. (Nature, Dec. 14,
Lie SIV Ee ALLEN 6 a AA ER: Sl a X
1307
Niagara Falls
Dunlap, Orrin E. The Canadian Niagara Falls development. (Elec.
rev. May (Se 1905) (SOs 737.) ee cule re ate else rates rear te teense anal »4
Canadian Niagara [power company]. (Elec. rev., Feb. 10,
1905. 56: 233.)
—— The Canadian Niagara power development. (Elec. rev. Jan.
3, 1903. 42:12-15.)
Conveying the roar of Niagara by telephone to New York. (W.
elecs/ "May 30;) 18964) 822650) ey Aiea On eben en atote x
The crime against Niagara. (Harp. w., Apr. 7, 1906. 50:
ALAA TB.) i Sid gee Gale ea RCM tle SATA SUCH AE IE SRP RAM X and XI
—— Curious engineering feat at Niagara. (Sci. Am., Nov. 11 and
25s 1905S) "OBS SEZ 42 Bie ire ens cave ey ele ete hee eee X
—— Developing power of lower Niagara. (W. elec., June 18, 1898.
ZB SOO): bene vstan ied aees Cob Ose ic ke taller a teeta etic rake toe ileal Ne anne aoa xX
—— Developments at Niagara Falls for the utilization of its power.
(Elec. rev. Sept. 12, 1903. 43:344-349.)....... 0.00 ce eee x
— Dynamiting the Niagara ice jam. (Sci. Am., May 8, 1909.
OO: 34923 SO )istie iis Ae ae eee AU ote A Ss es eee ee a Vv
—— Electric heaters in the great Niagara power house. (Elec. engr.,
Apr. 14, 1897. 23: 396-397.)
—— Electric power transmission at Niagara. (W. elec. Feb. 8,
VS9G8 ASP OIRO Zins ok Se AAs Ue: i i de ea a Ree xX
Electrical development at Niagara Falls, Canada. (Elec. rev.,
Heb) LO SV905 56s 23M) ccleaner edie aa Mee ceo xX
Electrical matters at Niagara Falls. (Elec. wld., Jan. 4, 1897.
27: 8-9.)
Extension of the Niagara Falls hydraulic power and manufac-
turing company’s plant. (Elec. engr., Nov. 25, 1897. 24:508.)
Extension of the Niagara Falls power company’s plant. (W.
elec. July 31, 1897. 21: 60-61.)
Extension of the Niagara power house. (Elec. eng., Sept. 16,
1896. 22:269-271.)
The extension of the power plant of the Niagara Falls power
company. | (Eng. news, ‘Oct.14,-1897. 38: 242.)\. 02 02.35.02) x
Foolhardy attempts at passing the whirlpool rapids of Niagara.
(SeuAm)) Sept: 262 1901655 2012024) eri hie enneas V
The frost-king at Niagara. (Booklover’s mag. Dec. 1903.
2: 645-651.)
—— A great concrete retaining wall. (Sci. Am., May 12, 1906.
OS 50 FOG ei Ns Nl Pn Cee a et ha e xX
Alphabetical List
Dunlap, Orrin E. Heroes of Niagara. (Royal, May, 1902. 8:
57-66.)
—— The ice bridge in the Niagara gorge. (Eng. news, Feb. 9, 1899.
SPS Teta Pa eT ONS otal al cs atateN he S)eve/ o''oy af ails wa henapa eeh el ae ohare s 1. V
—— The ice condition at Niagara river. (Sci. Am., Feb. 7, 1903.
Pee Rai Mater aric) Marae aia Aaa ie tone: ei or'a wate. 6 aie ahaa, Mtabee sarees Vv
—— Illuminating Niagara with its own power. (Sci. Am., Oct. 19,
De iSO AS Wala artrere) aatcite ia) {202 Ra al Sracaratiaigiel dha een a eunete x
—— Illumination of Niagara Falls. (W. elec. July 24, 1897. 21:
43-44,
— Is Niagara doomed? (Tech. wld. July, 1905. 3:557-
BART EMNN AR ELL Bt PRN aI 1a TRet ella aries otal ate a ok acute RUA GS Tak a teh otal Wide! olin eas ah XI
—— The latest hydro-electric power house at Niagara Falls. (W.
elec. Mar. 23, 1907. 40: 250.)
——— Lightning strikes the Niagara power plant. (Sci. Am., Feb. 14,
1903. 88:111.)
- Lord Kelvin and the Niagara power transmission. (Elec. eng.,
ENE OE HAE ie satay cl cee ata erate ots ch a aVarey a paharte LEEKS toed a'dntanibe xX
Making sodium peroxide at Niagara. (Elec. eng., June 23,
1897... 23: 701.)
—— Manufacture of calcium carbide. (W. elec. May 16, 1896.
18: 233-235.)
—— The manufacture of carborundum. (Elec. power. Jan., 1896.
EUR ar coe he GT ata oak atlarfented Seok atid seea va ey Sees 8 / Sal oher eal eS oot xX
The manufacture of chemicals by Niagara power. (Elec. eng.,
POE GOGO NOL 2 2 AAO 2 FOU A silty sie ole pareve slanoia ciate, oats « xX
More power at Niagara Falls. (W. elec. Mar. 21, 1896.
[if SES US ay ANT at OSU g rates ith t SEEPS REC NA et ee xX
—— New concrete arch bridges at Niagara. (Sci. Am., Nov. 23,
Ue Te is ks tee hs co athe, aah Rites Ill oles late wiera crete Wodiarne XII
—— A new 130,000 horse-power plant at Niagara Falls. (Sci.
Pirie h Gro. i Dos 244248 GS Molesey acute iota btee eevee xX
—— The new plant of the Canadian Niagara Falls company. (Sci.
Pint PCCNG FUTURO NOU ASR 5d Os ieee sch uta Ao edia Mahle 3 X
— — New power development at Niagara Falls. (Cass. Mar., 1896.
Ee) toe A (570) 1 See st RN 2 RITE it see Ree alee SOMES LG? Ae DPI GRE a a x
—— The new power house at Niagara. (Elec. rev., June 12, 1903.
52:1023.)
— New power house at Niagara Falls. (Sci. Am. sup., June 13,
T9OSs ome 22041 229482.) Nee ae aid 5 ane xX
1309
Niagara Falls
Dunlap, Orrin E. The new steel arch bridge over Niagara Falls.
(Ens, ‘news; Jan.) 2, 1696;,°) 351 B=P4y oie os eis oc cteae XII
New wheel-pit of the Niagara Falls power company’s power
plant at Niagara Falls, New York. (Eng. news, Apr. 5, 1900.
43: 229-230.)
New work at Niagara Falls by the hydraulic company. (Elec.
eng., July 28, 1898. 26: 73-75.)
Niagara and its notoriety-seekers. (Cosmop., Mar. 1902. 32:
bio Jo ee te Bn RMU EMS URS oe Oe OS Uiey Tee HERR Mtncrg tents cu, aA V
—— Niagara-Buffalo transmission line. (W. elec. Dec. 25, 1897.
24357.)
—— Niagara Falls as an electrical center. (W. elec., June 12, 1897.
20: 3252327.)
(The) Niagara Falls hydraulic power asa manufacturing com-
pany’s new work. (Elec. eng., Dec. 4, 1895. 20:537-539.)....%
Niagara Falls power supply interrupted by fire. (Eng. news,
Feb. 5, 1903. 49:129.)
—— Niagara in winter. (Cosmop., Apr. 1900. 28:593-604.).V
—— Niagara model for the electrical exposition. (W. elec., Apr.
18s) 18965" TSslOlHtB 25) eee ies Se aR ae ae xX
Niagara power development on the Canadian side. Ww. elec.
July 25, 1903. 33: 55-56.)
Niagara — the scene of perilous feats. (Cosmoy., Feb. 1902.
BD: SHB BAO! \ii i x WG ia wm were la te viat te BITS wee ie eke VW;
— Nikola Tesla at Niagara Falls. (W. elec., Aug. 1, 1896.
|e TSS a) RAE re eC ae regan eM enue ns gain fb eit be D<
Novel features of the Niagara Falls lighting plant. (W. elec.,
Aug. 15, 1896. 19: 73-74.)
Old hydraulic canal plant at Niagara Falls transformed for
electric transmission. (W. elec., Dec. 5, 1896. 19:273-274.)..X
One year of electric power transmission at Niagara Falls. (W.
elec. April 4, 1896.. 18:163.)....... A ON AN ee a x
Power development on the Canadian side of Niagara Falls.
(Eng. ‘news, ‘Dec: Tt, 1902!) 48: 490-491) tine ei ane xX
Power transmission from Niagara Falls. (Cass., Jan., 1897.
VT EZO AY i 5 ile ei a eek RIAL Fei ee Tas Fare Re oe SFG NA Oe ea x
Prospects of Niagara power on the Canadian side of the Falls.
(Sei Am?)"Mar.'7,119035."88 7G.) se eae ee eee ee xX
The recent subsidence of Niagara Falls. (Sci. Am., Mar. 6,
1909: MOOS TY POZE iee beac oie tc pecan ay eterna a ee Vv
1310
Alphabetical List
Dunlap, Orrin E. Remarkable diversion of Niagara’s waters. (Sci.
eA AUS) GO DAA pc iiiael oie d ie eyaneiieny aeale Uleyélimsie;iee abe V
—— The romance of Niagara bridges. (Strand. mag. Nov., 1899.
ra Tate ae Dh eee) tin tae hata aech ow cctiand sate ocak al eammentae sibs XII
—— A short circuit at Niagara. (Elec. rev., Mar. 31, 1905.
20: 535.)
Transformer equipment for street railway service at Niagara
Falls. (W. elec. Jan. 25, 1896. 18:37.)
—— Transmission of Niagara power to Buffalo. (Elec. eng., Oct.
SO a eet 4 Leeds sts ch id Swoon che totevabek eis os Uiaky ola wnt’ Xx
m— (The) Use of Niagara power by the Buffalo general electric
company. (Elec. eng., Jan. 5, 1899. 27:17-22.)
Water supply of Niagara. (W. elec. Feb, 8, 1896. 18:
BRR MR eS eTcPa yh eek creeks fo ok erie sal'siiaa baie ar atatets. a s(abalitaeit XI
The wonderful story of the chaining of Niagara. (Wld’s. work,
Pe oe aibee OA SODA), ka uists hetsrs wile a bea Gockel e deb xX
Dunlap, P. E., cornp. Sheldon and Hawley’s illustrated guide to
Niagara Falls and points of interest. I1890...........0ce000> XII
Dunlap, William. A trip to Niagara; or, Travellers in America. A
farce in three acts. Written for the Bowery Theatre, New York.
eee Ean tty tort iO 5 Olxs whe) aneiets Steholarwlele Glare avgeece gists VIII
Dunlop, William. Recollections of the American war, 1812-14.
Toronto: Historical Publishing Co. 1905. Pp. 56-58........ V
Dunn, E——. Intermittent water-fall. (Sci. Am. December 4,
PAOLA De) yo ciao kde atevacgo1o'e wire, Sesletnne oie wile iabenaG xX
Duty on Niagara current. (Elec. wld. & eng. Jan. 12, 1907.
49:92.)
Dwight, Theodore, Jr. The northern traveller; containing the
routes to the springs, Niagara, Quebec, and the coal mines; . . . 6th
eat) 2 John Pb. Maven.) (641%) Pp49-58 7 oo a ck XII
Dwight, Timothy. Travels; in New-England and New-York. New
Haven: Timothy Dwight. S. Converse, printer. 1821-1822. 4:
ESD UTE gee SNM SU ROS Oa 2 a VII
E. Falls of Niagara. (Portfolio. May, 1811. 5:450—452.)...III
E. S. C. A legend of the Manitou rock. Containing also Professor
Lyell’s lectures upon the recession of Niagara Falls. Buffalo: Faxon.
eee ih wb. Prey pee oe 4 SI ES 0 Si V
Early history of the falls and city. (St. ry. rev., Oct., 1897.
aI Ee ST Ses tarte sd CAC e Be ca hele, a a}e'd & 0/Stegale V
Niagara Falls
Eastman, F. S. A history of the state of New York from the first
discovery of the country to the present time. N. Y.: Bliss. 1828.
Pps DHOOs a bigs eas ST HAE OS CAEN aI NAC UR TS ca V
Eaton, Amos. An index to the geology of the northern states, with
transverse sections, extending from Susquehanna river to the Atlantic,
crossing Catskill mountains; to which is prefixed a geological gram-
mar.» 2d edso" Troy, 4 Nay s71820.4" Pow 24-2 see cee VII
Ebelings, Christoph Daniel. Erdbeschreibung und Geschichte von
Amerika. Die vereinten Staaten von Nordamerika. Hamburg: Carl
Emst -Bohn.’ 1793=1796.') 2:/634-639) 0. 20 Oyen ee Vv
Eddy, I. H. Map of the straights of Niagara from Lake Erie to Lake
Ontario. 15 x 7. N. Y.: Prior & Dunning. 1813. (/n Smith,
D. W., A gazetteer of the province of upper Canada. N. Y.: Prior &
Dunning’) POTS is iieico evel his ic cal ar aC icrehe eat oil ame IX
[Editorial comment on Cassier’s Niagara power number. ]
Outl., July 27, 1895. 52:128.)
Edmands, I. R. and others. Niagara Falls power and American
industries; a symposium. (Trans. Am. electro-chem. soc. April,
1916. 29:59-97.)
Edwards, C[harles] R. A story of Niagara. To which are appended
reminiscences of a custom house officer. Buffalo: Breed, Lent. 1870.
Pps ZB Oi ie eis RNS OTR RIE a ae aia ahora Set ON CEN Nees VIII
Edwards, E. Jay. The capture of Niagara. (McClure, Oct., 1894.
|S OA Ae oo Sh) Vr Me LAMBS Meee r amateur ret re xX
Edwards, Ernest. Niagara: photo-gravures from originals. Troy:
Nims) and (mighty NG oe eh pene so Ua ao oa oe 1X
Effect of power development on the Canadian Falls at
Niagara. (Metal. & chem. eng. June, 1913. 11:307.)..... xX
Effect of water diversion for power purposes on Niagara
Falls. (Eng. news, Mar. 17, 1910. 63: 306-307.)........ XI
Electric features of Niagara (The). (Elec. wld. June 5, 1897.
VAS AY fl Ko Sy (7. Ve AT PE ry SCURRY ENA UC A a IAs xX
Electric machinery at Niagara (The). (Dub. rev. sci. not. April
1, 1894. 114:421.)
Electric manufacture of sodium (The). (Elec. wld. June 5,
1897. 29: 733.)
Electric power at Niagara. (Harp. w. Jan. 3, 1903. 47:
5135)
—— (Sci. Am. supp. Jan. 24, 1903. 55: 22633.)
1312
Alphabetical List
Electric power development at Niagara Falls (The). (Sci.
Sr AUNT UM C8 0 eam 2 19 Ao) a Pt x
Electric power development at Niagara Falls, I. (Sci. Am.,
ee Oe NZI SNAG ies iisld. are cit Calal aletclaiaiphaereelen.e3 xX
Electric power development at Niagara Falls, If. (Sci. Am.,
hy VEN aNd IST OTS PRM i Ee (0 TES 19.1 1) i A OA ae Xx
Electric power development at Niagara Falls, HE. (Sci. Am.,
Re ae W906: 194 ZAG 2 4O eel cles « adie wha tae ee as xX
Electric power from Niagara Falls. (Elec. rev., Nov. 20, 1896.
39: 673.)
Electric power in a nut and bolt factory. (Elec. wld. Jan. 30,
1897. 29:183.).
Electric power in Ontario. (Power. Nov. 3, 1908. 29:
EMIS re take wt eee NEN ata ad Deda Shay ge AL IN iS Ur xX
Electric railway bridge in Queen Victoria park railway.
(W. elec. Sept. 5, 1903. 33:171.)
Electric railway development at Niagara Falls. (Elec. rev.
Beet OUGs LAO 2 SA eens etstenavads, oval gtelapetedeneree/arele alaycneiene xX
Electric railways of the Niagara river region (The). (St.
RIGHT OCE OSL al Se DO O-Olls aka tia a oie Asie ate efoaie« xX
Electric scintillator may illuminate Niagara Falls. (W. elec.
June 22, 1907. 40:555.)
Electrical development at Niagara Falls. The new wheel pit.
Pelee revs) April) 14)2 1697), 30: 169-070) er. os. ee x
Electrical features of Niagara (The). (Elec. wld. June 5,
1897. 29: 719-734.)
Electrical Niagara. (Power. Feb., 1895. 15:12.)........ xX
[Electrical review.] Editorial comment on the “ alleged destruction ””
Gutnecbalissin( Nove o, LOO. Sis ZUG). oo sted os oe ccs ete XI
Electrical transmission plant of the Niagara, Lockport, and
Ontario power company. (Ry. & eng. rev. Jan. 4, 1908.
48: 9-12.)
Electricity at Niagara Falls. (Am. elec. June, 1897. 9:211-
Phe A) COREE ANE COLI CS TAI Li Xx
—— (Elec. rev. June 9, 1897. 30: 269-270.)
(Eng. (Lond.:) June 26, 1903. 95: 646-650.)
Electro-chemical industries of Niagara Falls (The). (Electro-
chem. & metal. ind. July, 1905. 3:253-255.)..........-:- xX
a 1313
Niagara Falls
Electro-chemistry at Niagara Falls. (Pub. opin., July 22, 1897.
ZO MAY es Ge RW EOC MUN Gk 1 SE a X
Electrolytic generators at Niagara Falls. (Elec. rev. Nov.
3, 1897. 312219.)
Electrolytic production of chlorate of potash (The). (Elec.
wld. Jan. 14, 1899. 33:46.)
Eliza.’ ‘Niagara. (Soc. ‘ht. miss..Jan:)) 1837." '3:2-—-227) VIII
Ellicott, Andrew. Description of the Falls of Niagara. (Columbian
mag.) June, 1790.) 44931-3320) oe Wai ccieiee cece eee II
—— View of the Falls of Niagara. Thackera & Vallance (sc.).
LF 62, 0 Dae eMac arr BACK NIU MAHTN iN US OAM AM AN Ao IX
—— View of the Falls of Niagara. (Columbian mag. June, 1790.
Be SOL) P28 codes eietevsabie winiere angie etal cle bie ioe tele elsteleue het er e ere IX
—— View of the Falls of Niagara. (Mag. of Am. hist. July, 1880.
STS FD MRR Gene ene Staion co mcee me cab Aa AIS MLE EG A As IX
—— View of the Falls of Niagara. 334 x 7. (S. Hill, eng.).
(Mass. mag. Boston: I. Thomas. July, 1790. 2:387.)...... IX
Emily and Clara’s trip to Niagara Falls; by the editor of “‘ The
youth’s casket.” N. Y.: Phinney, Blakeman, and Mason. (c. a.
1855.): Poids AB ee eve SS Bn oe ied haar VII
Emmons, Richard. ‘The Fredoniad or independence preserved; an
epic poem on the late War of 1812. Bost.: Wiliam Emmons. 1827.
3vol. Also 2d ed. Phila.: William Emmons. 1830. 1 vol. . VIII
Endicott, . American Fall of the Niagara. (Grosvenor library,
Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 1697-187-. Mat 23.)..IX
Engleheart, Gardner D. Journal of the progress of H. R. H.
the Prince of Wales through British North America; and his visit to the
United States, 10th July to 15th November, 1860. Privately printed.
1860." Pps GB266 we eee COR aT ae Ree rar ea eee XI
Ensign, Bridgman and Fanning. Guide to the western rivers and
lakes with engravings and railroad routes. N. Y.: Ensign, Bridgman
and Fanning. |! AGS Ge bien ays hee ea rete inn eee ae XII
Enys, Captain. Visit to Niagara. Journal of Capt. Enys, 29th regi-
ment, 1787. (Rept. on Can. archives, 1886. Pp. cexxvi—ccxxxiii. ).II
Erosion at Niagara. (Nature. April 25, 1907. 75: 607.)
Evans, Estwick. A pedestrious tour, of four thousand miles, through
the western states and territories, during the winter and spring of 1818.
Concord, N. H.: Joseph C. Spear. 1819. Pp. 76-81. (Thwaites,
Early western travels, 1748-1846. 8:174-177.)............ {Il
1314
Alphabetical List
Evans, Lewis. A general map of the middle British colonies in
America; viz., Virginia, Mariland, Delaware, Pensilvania, New Jersey,
New York, Connecticut, and Rhode Island; of Aquanishuonigy,
the country of the confederate Indians . . . comprehending their
beaver hunting countries, of Lakes Erie, Ontario, and Champlain. . .
Carefully copied from the original published at Philadelphia . . ~
Lond.: Printed for John Bowles. (Jn Evans, Lewis, Geographical,
historical, political, philosophical and mechanical essays . . . Phila.:
Printed by B. Franklin and D. Hall. 1755. P. 32.)......... IX
A general map of the middle British colonies in America . . .
Carefully copied from the original published at Philadelphia. Lond.:
For John Bowles. 1771. (American maps, V, No. 16.)...... IX
A general map of the middle British colonies in America, viz.,
Virginia, Maryland, Delaware, Pensilvania; New Jersey, New York,
Connecticut, and Rhode Island, of Aquanishuonigy, the country of the
confederate Indians . . . Corrected and improved with the addition
of the line of forts on the back settlements by Thos. Jefferys. (Jn
Jefferys, Thomas, General topography of North America and the
West Indies. Lond.: Printed for Robert Sayer and Thomas Jefferys.
MCMRING aay ee LUM Grunt cei a ieianetmeber ovate anera eae /erels IX
——
Falls of Niagara. N. Y.: Fless & Ridge Printing Co. (1891>).
(Leisure hour. Sept. 28, 1854. 3:615-619.).
Falls of Niagara (The). 1764. From a newspaper of the day.
(Mass.mag:,) 1790: 2 SOQ Do oa ark a ee II
Falls of Niagara and its water power (The). (Nature, Mar.
22, 1894s) APSAB2Z—ASG ii ites Hee Al ARC ad) LS lee a nee xX
Falls of Niagara (The): being a complete guide to the points of
interest around and in the immediate neighborhood of the great cataract;
with views taken from sketches by Washington Friend, Esq., and from
photographs. Lond.: T. Nelson and Sons. 1859............ XII
depicted by pen and camera (The). Buffalo and N. Y.:
Matthews, Northrap and ‘Cot; WANide oy oss eee ase ee XII
(The). (In Glimpses of the wonderful. N. Y.: Wiley and
Putnam: |) 18475) Pei 7 5262 nice Bel eerie usc ta hae eee ea V
(The). Grosvenor library, Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara
Falls, 16972168 7=)) Welat 1) Gr 8 eee ee es ee eee IX
1316
Alphabetical List
Falls of Niagara (The). Grosvenor library. Buffalo, N. Y. Views
of Niagara Falls. 1697-187-. Mat 16.).........cceeeee IX
—— (The). (Harp. w. Sept. 11, 1875. 19:139-141.)....1V
—— (The). (Home friend. Lond: 1852. 1 no. 22:510-
RON RSMMC Petts ece, er etone/ cake ancy aNsy ial c leis c's: Siradenetens tee ale aiate: eiieibe my < V
—— in Camada. Engraved by Scott from a drawing. Pub. by R.
Wilkes, Jan., 1913. (Grosvenor library, Buffalo, N. Y. Views of
Puraearatrialise 1697167) Miati6:)-.3.) oe « Ua ok bole lela seis IX
—— (The). 1820. (Grosvenor library, Buffalo, N. Y. Views of
Pingara, Falls.) ) 1697=167—.. Mat 26) 0% ees wclgace dee « IX
mem (The). (Penny mag., Oct. 15, 1836. 5:405-406.)..... V
——— reprints of Hennepin, Lahontan, newspaper 1764, Ellicott,-Rush,
C. Williamson. (Mag. Am. hist. July, 1880. 5:47-56.)....IX
eet Sat. mage Deci i TOSL:, 9 ls LOO 2D De) oh 8 Se ih ele wvel'eye Vv
sketches by the way: a poem. By an author for the first
time. N. Y.: 1829.
—— (The). (Twenty years ago.) Grosvenor library, Buffalo,
N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 1697-187-. Mat 9.)...... IX
—— (The). [View.] 314x414. (n The Lumiere, containing a
variety of topographical views in Europe and America. N. Y.: H. R.
RRC VCC Osan FO Sa Wik Dee) Neal ticity Gramatelstetar gy chedtace Wah ak ae IX
—— [View.] 514 x 11. [Inset to Popple, Henry, A map of the
British empire in America. Fol. Lond.: W. H. Toms & R. W.
SSE S725) (ile ge ae PN Mein Ae eae i IX
Farley, Rev. Frederick A. A visit to Niagara. (Lynch, Anna C.,
The Rhode Island book. Providence: Fuller. 1841. Pp. 69-
SUE Sy ORR RE, RIE LECCE SRS) SUEY BAS OP A a IV
Faris, R. L. Digest of paper by Spencer on ** Soundings under Niagara
Falls and in gorge’”’ later published in his ‘* Evolution of Falls of
Niagara... Gocis, Apr. 10) 1908. 27: 587—589:).. 2.5 bee VII
Fashionable tour (The): a guide to travellers visiting the middle
and northern states and the provinces of Canada. 4th ed. enl. and imp.
Saratoga Springs: G. M. Davison; and N. Y.: G. and C. and H.
arvle ml OoGen tt pee Olu LOO 20D o cecctats ord esc ea ce s'6/0)s « XII
Fashionable tour in 1825 (The). An excursion to the springs,
Niagara, Quebec and Boston. Saratoga Springs: G. M. Davison.
SSE ag EST Ta 1S oa 2 Tg sage ae AY Rone XII
Fashionable tour (The); or, A trip to the Springs, Niagara, Que-
beck, and Boston, in the summer of 1821. Saratoga Springs: G. M.
Bierce eee eps Som PO oe cae la lig oe etc mce'e die Ries XII
1317
Niagara Falls
Fawcett, Walden, The new Niagara. (Am. mf. & ir. wld. Dee.
25 L902. eo NPps DETSIZO2) ae oi ORS Ae aE Me ee Xx
Faxon’s illustrated hand-book of travel by the Fitchburg, Rutland and
Saratoga railway line, . . . Bost.: Faxon. 1873. Pp. 104—
18 aaa ae rear Wr rr a ah er We Ne iat Ur RN AS Ud ik XII
Featherstonehaugh, G. W. On the ancient drainage of North
America, and the origin of the cataract of Niagara. (Mon. Am. jour.
of-geol. and nat} isci:« July, 1631. WT 1S=21 ee oe ee ee VII
Features of the Falls. (St. ry. rev., Oct. 1897. 7: 644-646.) . XII
Fenn, Alice Maud. Niagara. (Art jour, 1885. 38: 237-
LADY ae ORS OR a Oe WIR eee ODE Au EU ae, Se IX
Fenn, Harry. Niagara. S. V. Hunt (sc.). N. Y.: D. Appleton
Bi Cor STS iis PO eae ile ie eae ae ate er IX
—— S. V. Hunt (sc.). Niagara. N. Y.: D. Appleton and Co.
1873. (Grosvenor library, Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls.
1697-18 7——.)) Matto ie Ol ee ee RO eae IX
Fenning, D., Collyer, J., and others. New system of geography.
Lond); Crowder.) 1:765: "72 OF 12.5 Loney 3G Eee 4) Seneca ae V
Fer, N de. Le Canada, ou Nouvelle France, la Floride, la
Virginie, Pensilvanie, Caroline, Nouvelle Angleterre et Nouvelle Yorck,
I’Isle de Terre Neuve, la Louisiane et le Cours de la Riviére de Misisipi.
Par N. de Fer. Geographe de Monseig. le Dauphin. A Paris. Chez
Veatentns 17020 8 Shai Siete k eta ROUGE I AU SOR oa IX
Ferguson, William. America by. river and rail; or, Notes by the way
on the new world and its people. Lond.: James Nisbet. 1856. Pp.
Fernald, Frederick Atherton. The index guide to Buffalo and
Niagara Falls. . . . Buffalo, N. Y.: F. A. Fernald. 1910... XII
Ferrall, S. A. A ramble of six thousand miles through the United
States of America. Lond.: Effingham Wilson. 1832. Pp. 28-—
Be IO Ei ORE ATS SUNN De Bey BACCO Te ae RL a a ea XII
Ferree, J. W. The falls of Niagara and scenes around them. N. Y.:
ALS.) Barnes and Co.2 167640 on atte eas oie ci ee eae IV
Fidler, Isaac. Observations on professions, literature, manners, and
emigration, in the United States and Canada, made during a residence
there in 1832. Lond.: Whittaker, Treacher. 1833. Pp. 209-
DAA ie EER LIC SP NR OO ND SS RECEND SER NSN 30 9 SUB nL Ill
Fields, Annie, ed. Life and letters of Harriet Beecher Stowe.
Bost. and N. Y.: Houghton, Mifflin. [1897.] Pp. 89-90..... Il
1318
Alphabetical | List
Finch, I. Travels in the United States of America and Canada. . . .
laondes Longman. Hees, 18332) Pp. 328-331. 2 ie. eo ee VII
Fire at the Niagara Falls power company’s plant. (Elec. rev.
Feb. 7, 1903. 42: 202.)
First impressions of America. (Leisure hr., June 3, 1871. 20:
SP MERE GE My Weal ah Yes c ay aial ace wud’ ey racers aC eeaokes Ss: ah ee eee ke V
Fisher, Richard Swainson. A new and complete statistical gazetteer
of the United States of America. N. Y.: J. H. Colton. 1853....V
Fitzgerald and Bennie laboratories in Niagara Falls (The).
(Metal. & chem. eng. Sept., 1912. 10: 535-536.)
Fitzgerald, Francis A. Manufacture and development of corborun-
dum at Niagara Falls. (Jour. Frank. inst., Feb., 1897. 143:81-
MPU MEAS ich ieee Melty LAS A cells ae aS il xX
Five thousand horse-power turbines for the Niagara power
plant (The). (Eng. news, Mar. 30, 1893. 29:294.)...... xX
Fleming, William. Four days at Niagara Falls, in North America.
Manchester: Love and Barton. [840.0 ..006...0.. ccc adeons Ill
Flint, James. Letters from America, containing observations on the
climate and agriculture of the western states, the manners of the people,
the prospects of emigrants. . . . Edinb.: W. and C. Tait. 1822.
Pp. 290-294, (Thwaites, Early western travels, 1748-1846. 9:
Beret ferent yal as en aici c (acetates: a iatanel a a emai wie III
Flint, Timothy. History and geography of the Mississippi valley. . .
2d ed. Cincinnati: Flint, Lincoln. 1832. 1: 443-445....... V
—— [Niagara Falls in 1828.] (Western monthly review. Cincinnati.
REPT N ceer ae Ronis ye) etl as o arrad terion ene) erate gel wake eratmoke tates Ill
Plyadesr. ©... Niagara ‘Falls,’ 8) x 15.9 W893... sven s geese IX
Folly and courage at Niagara. (Knowl. Sept. 7, 1883. 4:
Beemer r cl ith oko OES hark a towed ole ees o Wike emer ete rele ee ele a ate V
Food factory (A). Harp w. June 14, 1913. 57:pt. 1, 15.)
“Fool Killer” taking soundings (The). (Sci. Am., Oct. 5,
US ah ASB EG I) 1) ORME AE URS Ba aN Pe i i re aS VII
Foot, Lyman. Notices of geology and mineralogy (of Niagara Falls
region.) - (Ami, jour..of scr. (822. 4:.Neo., 1, 35=37.): 3 6035. VII
Forbes, George. MHarnessing Niagara. (Black. Sept., 1895. Pp.
EEE GOA) Mohan ANG AE ddl gee eon NS OS EB a aR EE xX
Harnessing Niagara. (Critic, Oct., 1895. 125:507-518.)
Forbes, George. ‘The utilization of Niagara. (Jour. soc. arts, Dec.
Ge PE Ot i lindiic a -spctar tude 8 bse ee de seota tsb Neo aha tele X
1319
Niagara Falls
Forster, John. Life of Charles Dickens. Phila.: J. B. Lippincott.
1672-1874, |): 404-405; 33433) Seo Cae ene eee IV
F[oster], F[anny] E[liza]. Lines to a friend at Niagara. (Jn her
Pebbles of poetry.. ‘Bost.2'Foster. 1658) (\P.\Z0))r ee VIII
Foster, Horatio A. Niagara power in Buffalo. (W. elec., Jan. 8,
198 6s 22526227.) oe) Ea CREE A Bn Cee Se ee oe X
Four Kings of Canada (The), being a succinct account of four
Indian princes lately arriv’d from North America, with a particular
description of their country . . . with several other extraordinary
things worthy of observation, as to the natural or curious productions,
beauty, or fertility of that part of the world. London. 1710.
Reprinted by J. E. Garratt and Co. London. 1891. Pp. 41-42..I
Fourth progress report of the international waterways com-
mission. (Eng. news, Jan. 21, 1909. 61:84-86.)........ XI
Fowler, John. Journal of a tour in the state of New York, in the year
1830. . . . Lond.: Whittaker, Treacher and Arnot. 1831. Pp.
21) EE) BRON PRR ean (mney MRUobe MURA HNL Us sl OS ies arcana Gai XII
Fowler, Reginald. Hither and thither; or, Sketches of travels on both
sides of the Atlantic. Lond.: Daldy. 1854. Pp. 204-213....XII
Fowler, Thomas. The journal of a tour through British America to
the Falls of Niagara . . . written during the summer of 1831.
‘Aberdeen: Sinith. °1832;),7 Pp. "214231 os cee III
Francis Abbott: or, The hermit of Niagara. A tale of the old
and new world. By the author of Matallak &c. Boston: Gleason’s
Publishing lal W646. ecole oie) are eisteietoiote teliere ievemeeeepeter VIII
[Frankenstein, G. N.] Niagara. (Harp. Aug., 1853. 7:289-
BOD ica tere alche at sitet ii b)ieele'tetaite Me ie lee ae Guan Mts ene to kt Te ereeen tee net IX
—— Niagara Falls. (Jones sc.) E. Forrett & Co. Phila:
CUBS Beye re tials whee hehe Wee Neca lacie titel iene chia Re crane Ras ie nent eM IX
Franquelin, Jean Baptiste Louis. Carte de la Louisiane ou des
voyages du sr. de la Salle & des pays qu'il a découverts depuis la
Nouvelle France jusqu’au golfe Mexique, les années 1679, 80, 81 &
82. 2014 x 16. Paris: 1684. (Jn Thwaites, R. G. ed., Jesuit
relations. Cleveland: Burrows Bros. 1900. 63: opp, title page.) .IX
Map of 1688 of North America. (Jn Marshall, Orasmus H.,
Historical writings. Albany: Munsell & Sons. 1887. P. 93.)..IX
Fraser, J. Malcolm. Niagara in winter. (Pearson’s mag. Dec.
TE9Z. )) 45099), eiseiteysyaioiiess) els) alelie! prei'n eal tokens hotelshonelts tateite te celle V
1320
Alphabetical List
Fraser, John. Canadian pen and ink sketches. Montreal: Gazette
Taptafiicee COMM NOU | Diy Waa WO se: «iis: «toy aby elie te oder eiehe: aed a's IV
Fraser, John Foster. America at work. Lond.: Cassell. 1903.
PPMMBUES 7 LO Aas be te taved cect: &: ose era card fue san o' < @'al at cada syrah) IAT ad. tide a xX
Frechette, Louis. Le Niagara. (See Michigan Central Railroad
Company. From city to surf. . . . Chicago: Rand, McNally. 1888.
PORNO ese ude BARC d och atebatie ie acelanalic ss) Sa ardleder eters VIII
Freeman, L. R. Big four in water power. (Tech. world. March,
1915. 23:24-27.)
French, Benjamin Franklin. Louisiana historical collections.
N. Y.:.Wiley and Putnam. 1846. 2: 249—250............%. V
French, J. H. Gazetteer of the state of New York. . . . Syracuse:
SOOO). Ape AS9— AO se NA cea cso woke ld cee ea tates V
Friend, Washington. General view of Niagara Falls. 1846. .[X
Wiewaoietne: Canadian alba sictaeie. cae ese saieis adie ahalesden ood IX
—— Views of Niagara Falls. (/n Falls of Niagara: a complete
guide. . . . T. Nelson & Sons. Lond., Edinb., N. Y. & Toronto.
SUTRA HAS TENABLE setae diets a Doe eae ae Bg aM IX
Frizell, Joseph Palmer. Water-power, an outline of the development
and application of the energy of flowing water. N. Y.: J. Wiley &
Sons. Lond.: Chapman & Hall. 1900.
[Frontispiece of vicinity showing development and editorial on electrical
power development at Niagara Falls.] (Sci. Am., Aug. 12, 1908.
93:117-118.)
Fryer, Thomas T. A catalogue of books, pamphlets, engravings,
etc., relating largely to Niagara Falls. Buffalo, N. Y.: T. T. Fryer.
1894.
Fullerton, Aubrey. Repairing Niagara Falls. (Tech. wld. June,
UE aT DS SS FR ae ET a XI
Fulton, Mrs. Linda de K. Nadia, the maid of the mist: a story of
Punamaraa WRisU AOS s LOO Ns tice occ laid ste ante) fetal lac atk Ga ds VII
Fumugalli, P. Niagara. (Grosvenor library, Buffalo, N. Y.
Miewsol Niagara, Falls,’ 1697=167——. | Mat 5.) 35 oe. oe os IX
Further development of Niagara Falls power. (Sci. Am.,
ctor icloUme LOR wean hs aman ler cea ited xX
Future of Buffalo, Tonawanda, Niagara Falls and the tun-
nel; the great power (The). Buffalo: Niagara printing Co.
n.d.
1321
Niagara Fails
G. A. G. C. Erosion at Niagara; [Review of Gilbert’s “* Recession of
Niagara Falls and report of Carvel Hall in Bull. of U. S. geol. surv.
No..:306:, 19072): (Natures) 190720) 75: GOT) ethan eee VII
G. H. Installation Hydro-électrique des chutes du Niagara. Nouveaux
développements. (Le Genre civil. Mar. 3, 1900. 26: 280—302.).X
La nouvelle fossé aux turbines de la Niagara Falls power com-
pany. Le Genre civil. May 11, 1901. 39:26.)............ xX
Galinee, René Brehan de. Exploration of the Great Lakes, 1669-
1670, by Dollier de Casson and De Bréhan de Galinée. Galinée’s
narrative and map, with an English version, including all the map
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SOT AOD!) cic ssitaepo vine tesehosa daemon e le Rualgiete camenaiene earetoaene Caran VII
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| BYE >| 0 cA) HREM ENR tu APE YAlEM RUG RUR Gann NAM UE ie e Cary VIII
Gazetteer of the province of Upper Canada (A): to which is
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A Kolo 35 I AR ICN WASP EOD RAL DAIS STEN NS ls Sour IX
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Alphabetical List
Gendron, Le Sieur. Qvelqves Particvlaritez dv pays Des Hvrons en
la Novvelle France Remarquées par le Sieur Gendron, Docteur en Medi-
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Baptiste de Rocoles, Conseiller et Aumosnier du Roy, & Historiographe
de sa Majesté. A Troyes, & A Paris, chez Denys Bechet, . .. et
Lovis Billaine, . . . MDCLX. Pp. 7-8. Colophon: Achevé
d’imprimer & Albany, N. Y., par J. Munsell, ce 25 Adut, 1868... .]
_ General electric company. The industrial value of Niagara Falls.
[ Washington: 1906.] (United States.— Rivers and harbors com-
mittee, House doc., 59th cong., Ist sess. No. 4.)
Niagara power on the street railways of Buffalo and vicinity.
Tha (Aya RO hy ITO DSM AS a a ea OM AO et RR xX
Geographical, historical, commercial and agricultural view
of the United States of America. . . . Lomnd.: Edwards and
ere errs Wane Onis. were. dara aes ak webohe kideiaealins mele we. V
Geology of Niagara. (Sci. Am. sup. March 3, 1900. 49:
Re O NR OUR TG nk lr IY SN 5ce gO StaRRS Caddo stat wath eo: Sala VII
Geology of Niagara Falls (The). (Chambers’ jour., Oct. 9,
ON RS OU AEA 8 BA 1 (8) Te CUPRA 2 GO ee VII
Geyelin, Emil. Geyelin-Jonval turbines in the plant of Niagara Falls
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Giacosa, Giuseppe. Impressioni d’ America. Milano: Cogliati. 1908.
PMS ere A pe CAP ete 5s a, th gy ates teh es one elie ao ote ar dlaMel a akik sete IV
Gibbes, L. R. On some points which have been overlooked in the past
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Remarks on Niagara Falls. (Proc. A. A. A. S. (Aug.,
PMO MO DE 2 O97 Os) siccats are. o'e Garcia Wel srel aeons VII
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Whoa Nelconvana sons: 1687, Pp:"16251.. 7266... . oc V
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Gilbert, Grove Karl. Evolution of Niagara Falls. Review of
Spencer's book. (Sci., July 31, 1908. 28:148-151.)....... VII
The history of the Niagara river. (Ann. rep’ts of the com’rs
of the state reserv. at Niagara. Albany: 1890. 6:61-84.)....VII
The history of the Niagara river. (Ann. rep’ts of the Smith.
Mate HOSOY NGensraDp ee pe (251-290) ware lice ones ewes VII
Niagara Falls and their history. (Nat’l geographic monographs.
Senta, | Lenda Wibe saa e heiccsice sda eee os e's a cls sabe VII
Niagara river as a geologic chronometer. (Nature, May 17,
PSI MPP Ne a wae a Acc Oh RIAD a Shak ben clarce d's ete Was VII
1323
Niagara Falls
Gilbert, Grove Karl. The place of Niagara Falls in geologic history.
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—— The rate of recession of Niagara Falls —I. (Sci. Am. sup.,
Apr.’ 20) 19075 "6352615 7=—26000)) shoe a a ee ae VII
—— The rate of recession of Niagara Falls—AII. (Sci. Am. sup.,
Apr 27219072 “632 2679-26 183s) soo ay ee ee VII
Rate of recession of Niagara Falls. Accompanied by a Report
of survey of crest line of Niagara Falls, by W. Carvel Hall. U. S.
geol. survey, Bull. 306. 1907. (Ann. rep’ts of the com’rs of the
state reserv. at Niagara. Albany: J. B. Lyon. 1907. 23:
Le BY fi ee a Ao LARD AMOUR Nie it, 8 VII
Recent earth movement in the great lakes region. Extract from
the 18th annual report of the United States geological survey. 1896—
97. Pt. 2. (Ann. rep’ts of the com’rs of the state reserv. at Niagara.
B99 45 2 GO TB ry Paitin ahs wie ee Me cherie ancl otae a eae Tae VII
Gilbert, Howard Worcester. Niagara. (Jn his Aldornere and two
other Pennsylvania idylls. . . . Bost.: Index Ass’n. 1885. Pp.
Co fos oo 9) MRM Nae RRR NL StS Mee OV Sp arly SLAIN LCS 8 VIII
Gilder, Richard Watson. At Niagara. (Jn his Poems. Bost. &
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Giles, Charles. Pioneer; a narrative of the nativity, experience,
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incidents, observations, and reflections. N. Y. G,. Lane and P. P.
Sandford: "1644s oeie o'oeccc eae ae es ons Re ne SER roe eco III
Gillette, King C. The human drift. Boston: New era pub. co.
ne. \CUB94) oP 87 BO et AN Seon se Niet ere ed a ee X
Gilman, Caroline. The poetry of travelling in the United States.
With additional sketches, by a few friends; and A week among auto-
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|B cPar ean arr iPay RnssOrteant oie nage Tim Ney Vi aN gC Oe III
Gilpin, T. A northern tour. Phila.: Carey. 1825. Pp. 145-
Pe) O RA HERA ARM re mMpE MOR gray rR Mn AN, Nigualle AA Lt ls XII
Glover, H. J. The great international railway suspension bridge over
the Niagara river in full view of the Falls, connecting the United States
and Canada, the New York Central and Great Western railways.
(Grosvenor library, Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 1697-
BO 7! | Ma Uaioe iis jo eos ee a ane a IX
Goat Island, Niagara. (Jn Rhine, Alice Hyneman, Niagara
park illustrated. . . N. Y.: Niagara Pub. Co. 1885. c. P. 77.)
1324
Alphabetical List
(Gluck, J. F.] A little guide to Niagara Falls. . . . By an old
- resident, Buffalo and N. Y.: Matthews, Northrup and Co. 1890. . XII
Goat Island, Niagara. (/n Rhine, Alice Hyneman, Niagara park
illustrated. . . . N. Y.: Niagara Pub. Co. . 1885. cc. P.
PME Re shee ic Oe Nek oh Rater ed eres a Wieser adaWece so. one die abs aleve VIII
Godley, John Robert. Letters from America. Lond.: Joha Murray.
EMT Seah eens Lilt s aaa ravoh ah aneheiaietarelaitel Mta/starate IV
Goldsmith, Oliver. The traveller, or a prospect of society. (Jn his
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PES TSUMETOCESIN YM Series a dar arte aly ere tscill acd! etal aiboe'@ oraie eile. ate VIII
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RErMINe es Oar petro LO os eiorsteaia Ure wtciate aoe te ede arnere IV
Goodrich, S. G. A pictorial geography of the world. . . . Bost.:
Miucseroacderss) G40.) Eps Zat=2OGe oi, uly sla ca tlereleleeocies 3 V
Gordan, Thomas F. Gazetteer of the state of New York. . . .
Ene Le oGu Ook Abb pe Us Zi. 'h ccs a alates arglsele «ei suelevelersrs V
Gorge road at Niagara (The). (Sci. Am. Mar. 28, 1896. 74:
PTO NVme artes ery are aia ara eat cae eh heh! 3 Putt RAINS aes ><
Gosman, Robert. Narrative of John Vanderlyn’s. tour to Niagara in
ROU eC ube hist soce) 15): | S917 Ss) sje eve e sereie si t's IX
Gosselman, Karl August. Resa i Norra Amerika. Itvenne Delar
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. . « Lond.: Simpkin and Marshall. 1822. Vol. I, Pp. 63-77.)
Government and Niagara Falls (The). (Outl., Feb. 16, 1907.
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Government regulation of Niagara power. (Sci. Am., Feb.
[oss FIRELOGS Fo: STE 008) sent ee ae aE ea Ae i a XI
[Governor Robinson’s message.] (Nation, Feb. 6, 1879. 28:
101-102.)
Governor Sulzer urges state control of Niagara water
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Grabau, Amadeus W. Guide to the geology and paleontology of
Niagara Falls and vicinity, with a chapter on postpliocene fossils of
Niagara by Elizabeth J. Letson. (Bul. of the N. Y. state museum,
April, 1901. 9: No. 45. Also Bul. of the Buf. Soc. of Nat. Sci.
ap, Hamer MG Se Rese SN os ih ke SOM oes EN hh as VII
1325
Niagara Falls
Guide to the geology and paleontology of Niagara Falls and
vicinity. (Ann. rep’ts of the com’rs of the state reserv. at Niagara.
Albany: 1901. 18: app. 1-152.)
Grand Trunk Railway. [Excursion routes and rates from Buffalo
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Grand Trunk Railway system. Across Niagara’s gorge. [Battle
Greek: Michi aie Poe oo chi ei i tanger en ee ete Ae . XII
(Gateways of tourist travel. Pen and camera pictures of
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med. 1897, Pps: 9-1G.): heats scaccieus a tie ceeh ee eee Xil
(Summer resorts reached by the Grand Trunk railway and its
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Grand Trunk tourists’ guide. Buffalo: Matthews, Northrup and
Coz KCIBEGY ei eesve cal hte Sa cal ate acta teenie tals eae ee XII
Grande chute du Niagara. (163 P. de Haut.) (Grosvenor
library, Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 1697-187—.
144) EN Sa) Mee AYA TAR ICINne PROMI aN OR TIN I Ne: IX
Granger, James N. and Paine, Barker R. The great tunnel at
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1893.
Grant, G. C. Niagara Falls as an index of time. (Hamilton Scientific
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Grave of Washington (The); villa of Mount Vernon, and key to
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Coo 184607 Pa S37 a a wikia oe ieee aie cuentas eee VI
Gray, David. Letters, poems and selected prose writings. Buffalo:
Counter''Go.\ 1888." (Pp. 1347-950 oe ae mine eiesehae cnet ete eee IV
Gray, Hugh. ‘ Map of Canada, etc.” (Jn his Letters from Canada,
written during a residence there in the years 1806, 1807, 1808. .. .
Lond.: Longman, Hurst, Rees, and Orme. 1809.)........... IX
Great cataract of Niagara; its wonders, past and present
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Great continental as well as national enterprise (A). Con-
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Great Falls of Niagara (The). [Engraving on map of the northern
provinces of the United States drawn and engraved for Thompson’s
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1326
Alphabetical List
Great Gorge Route. Niagara Falls and the Niagara gorge: being
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Getne views; Niagara Falls:, 1899)... 60:6. Satie cle dels eee as XII
Great Lakes and Niagara (The). (Geog. jour. (Lond.), Feb.,
BE Fa 4 eae IO) eves Giase avase eliesera 4, ong wheharn te sdehacwe ate SCAM & VII
Great power house at Niagara (A). (Sci. Am., June 18, 1898,
TAC) Hu ehesala Alea dld'd oY wkd a8 ae ad 88 abide steht lores xX
Great tunnel at Niagara (The). (Power. Sept., 1890. 12:
SEUSS PA eh atara Ci) Pata nter ake sAGre a Ae hdl etela wd ee ob aelmandels xX
Greater Buffalo and Niagara frontier. Commercial and indus-
trial, . . . Publicity committee of the Buffalo chamber of commerce.
Rea eae eI n Bera tera vwiccale Cie ec idia ov. sielaneke: ties ta y« XII
——— Niagara Falls, the Tonawandas, Lockport and Depew, com-
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Greater Niagara. Niagara Falls; Mrs. S. D. Morse. 1896... .1V
Green, Andrew H. Communication . . . relative to the state reserva-
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Last public address of the late Hon. Andrew H. Green, concern-
ing the state reservation at Niagara. (Ann. rep’ts of the com’rs of the
Staterreserv. at Niagara. ) 20. 91-104.) 2... ccc ce cee vce eae XI
Letters concerning the diversion of waters from Niagara Falls.
(6th ann. rep’t of the com’rs of the state reserv. at Niagara. Albany:
RNR EEN. ce eS ur arch ates aaho us etad Cie) eel san sh'aceie Weis see staid XI
—— Letter to J. W. Langmuir, chairman, commissioners of Queen Vic-
toria Niagara Falls park, under date of October 19, 1894, concerning
the diversion of water at Niagara Falls. (Ann. rep’t of the com’rs of the
BateureseEV at INTAG ata 25 ils) ccc e S eed d waste eed bumhaoarotece riers XI
Letters to Theodore E. Hancock, attorney general of the state of
New York, under date of July 17 and 18, 1894, concerning the
diversion of water at Niagara Falls. (Ann. rep’t of the com’rs of the
States reccevoaty Niagaras 12552-9352) hee k cetsne Oth abe edb XI
Letter to Walter Q. Gresham, secretary of state, Washington,
concerning the diversion of water at Niagara Falls, under date of
October 17, 1894. (Ann. rep’t of the com’rs of the state reserv. at
Niagara. (12: 49-50.)
Saving Niagara. (/n American park and out-door art associa-
tion. General addresses of the 7th annual meeting. Buffalo, July,
BROS. AM aS Ee Is) ck ew SGeieee oh ee kieieelca Da 20 XI
1327
Niagara Falls
Green, Andrew H.; Bogart, John; Kibbe, August S. Letters
concerning surveys and appropriations. (Ann. rep’t of the com’rs of
the state reserv. at Niagara. Albany: 1891. 7:81-88.)...... XI
Greene, Charles E. The cantilever bridge at ee (Sci. May
9, 1884. 3:572-574.)
Greene, Francis Vinton. The equities at Niagara . . . [Wash.]
CPQOS i rice ei e re Ce Ne Ze aru Chane A Ne ee xX
=—— Niagara Falls in 1907. Ontario power co. of Niagara Falls. .X
Greene, J. W. Free Niagara. Buffalo: Matthews, Northrup and
Co. i CBSE), 8.5 ee ee tN Ee, BE cen AN a iat et ee XI
Greene, S. Dana. Distribution of the electrical energy from Niagara
Falls;,:\(Cass) July, 18956 (62333362 ona xX
Greenleaf, James L. Report on the water-powers of the drainage
basins of Lakes Huron and Erie, in the United States, with report
on the water-power of the Niagara river. (Final reports, 10th census.
16: 487-512.)
Also in U. S. 47th cong., 2d sess. H. Misc. docs., v. 13, No. 42,
Pt. 16; serial 2146.
Greenwood, Francis William Pitt. Falls of Niagara. (The
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——— Miscellaneous writings. Bost.: Crosby and Nichols. [1846]
Pp 200 SOB ee ere RV OTN L OI sen ti R25 AT AMSLE Se aa a oe III
Greenwocd, Thomas. A tour in the states and Canada. Out and
home in six weeks. Lond.: Gill. 1883. Pp. 69-73.......... V
Gregory, Henry Ellsworth. Legal status of the Niagara river.
IN YS TG OG sey ae Sere URL. STU SU CM ge ICS ea XI
Gregory, J. W. Niagara as a geological chronometer. (Nature,
Now?!) 19085) FOAMS ie ee TS SHOR a Re nee rea VII
Griffin, Sir Lepel Henry. The great republic. Lond.: Chapman
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Grimshaw, Robert. Three million horse-power in winter. (Cass.
Jan.) AS89386 GP p73 V7 9s) ieee ole alee ae Sauer Unk eer en xX
Grinfield, Thomas. Hymn on Niagara. (Jn Barham, William,
Descriptions of Niagara; selected from various travellers; . . . Grave-
Sena snide Pps ih LOAD eG er RNa He Gey Pm a a gee VIII
Groome, W——. Graham, A. W. Niagara. (Grosvenor library,
Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 1697-187-. Mat 16.).IX
Grosvenor Library, Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls, taken
from various sources.’ /1G97Z-18 720.55 6 cick on ee cere ees IX
Alphabetical List
Guernsey, Alfred H. Niagara. (Harp., Aug., 1853. 7:289-
NE Ore eee eieiaic et ath Wd a oie. solo ew eidhareenrenee aie ele aoe IX
Guest, Lady Theodora. A round trip in North America . . .
Lond.: Edward Stanford. 1895. Pp. 187-194.’........... VI
Guide to Niagara Falls . . . Phila: G. W. Childs. 1864.
Another edition in 1868.
Niagara Falls: Niagara Falls Gazette. nd........ ats Mew
historical, descriptive, and short sketches from many authors.
Buffalo: J. C. Prescott, excursion manager, Erie railroad. N.d... XII
Gunning, W. D. The past and future of Niagara. (Pop. sci. mo.,
ERC ore ts RCE Ae) asia. sod bie eral ace ee oe cco ween dete o's VII
Gurney, Joseph John. A journey in North America, described in
familiar letters to Amelia Opie. Norwich: Printed for private circula-
POO Te EDs SIT S24 oe a ooo eles sorouae oe a # "es cvs III, VI, VII
Guthrie, William Norman. Niagara twice seen, and other verse.
[Sewanee, Tenn.]: Univ. Press; Cincinnati: Clarke. [c 1910.]
MORN SS ERS cr tars Tate) ats; ofa cla oa ei eve, Shey hat keiiasioy «siete VIII
Gzowski, Sir Casimir S. Description of the international bridge
constructed over the Niagara river near Fort Erie, Canada, and Buffalo.
Toronto: 1873.
H. E. D. The fugitive slave’s apostrophe to Niagara. (/n Buckingham,
Joseph T., Personal memoirs and recollections of editorial life. Bost.:
Mircknor, ixced. Fields: “852. 2:192-194)))0 0 ee. oe es VIII
H. E. J. “‘A poem of the elements,” an appreciation of Niagara:
Puanist, 1691. (Critic! Sept. 22): 1894: (25:161.)... 5.0.5... VIII
H. D. M. The Falls of Niagara. (West. lit. mess’gr., Aug. 17,
Vin Lg PAGS ELAR Es HARARE ICN RCS AMOR en OP an VIII
Hackstaff’s new guide book of Niagara Falls . . . Niagara
RaleeiNcntes\Waetsy bunis-and.Co, T6530. 8 a5.0 cde eed ol XII
Hadfield, Robert. Memorial as to the proposed Niagara ship canal,
the course of commerce on the lakes, etc. See statistics and information
relative to the trade and commerce of Buffalo for the year ending
December 31, 1871 . . . Reported by William Thurstone, Secretary.
Buffalo: Warren, Johnson and Co. 1872. Pp. 109-120...... XII
Hall, Captain Basil. Travels in North America, in the years 1827
and 1828. Edinb.: Cadell. 1829. 1:177-208; 351-354... III
Forty etchings, from sketches made with the camera lucida, in
North America, in 1827 and 1828. 4th ed. Edinb. and Lond.:
POSS IEC Ee PL is Ca RGR ILI ue tele woah @ 8s Stee IX
84
Niagara Falls
Hall, Captain Basil. I. Niagara from below. II. Niagara from
above. III. Niagara on the American side. IV. Bridge across the
rapids at Niagara. V. A general view of the Falls of Niagara.
VI. The river Niagara flowing into Lake Ontario. (Grosvenor library,
Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 1697-187—. Mat 11.) .IX
Notice of the pressure of the atmosphere, etc., within the cataract
of Niagara.’ (Jour. ‘Frank. inst.) 1827. 5: 48-512). 2) VII
Hall, Francis. The Niagara frontier. 714 x10. (/n his Travels in
Canada and the United States in 1816-1817. Lond.: Longman,
Hurst; Rees, ‘Orme, & Browne: hS8lB.ie Se ee ee eee IX
Travels in Canada and the United States, in 1816 and 1817.
Lond.: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, & Brown. 1818. Pp. 230—
VAS | AEN ASL Rea NUL Mr DES NEA MUN Rien yA vey
Hall, James. Niagara Falls and river. (Ann. rep’ts of the fourth
geol. dist. of Nu Yo. 1836.\iep. AT Sti eee ene VII
Niagara Falls; their physical changes, and the geology and
topography of the surrounding country. Bost.: 1844.......... VII
Niagara Falls — their physical changes, and the geology and
topography of the surrounding country. (Bost. jour. nat. hist., Jan.,
VGO425 > Ae TOG TBA pe i a ABC area cara et at ani ee a VII
—— Niagara Falls; its past, present and prospective condition. (Ann.
rep'ts of the com’rs of the state reserv. at Niagara. Albany: 1892.
Pps 672892) ) 5 es oe ik RUA eae ale ee eat a Pie Tear ca re eee a VII
—— Niagara Falls, its past, present, and prospective condition.
(Geology of N. Y. Pt. 4. Fourth geological dist. Pp. 383—
BOS) ee rt SGN NLT LU LAUR CT ECE VII
Niagara Falls; their physical changes, and the geology and
topography of the surrounding country. Bost.: 1844.
Note [on recession of Niagara Falls]. (Proc. A.A.A.S.
(Aug: 1856.) 1857.81 0= pt 2) 76-70.) eerie eae eee VII
[On the geology of the region of Niagara Falls.] (Proc. Bost.
Soc. of Nat. Hist. Boston: 1844. 1:52.)...............2. VII
Trigonometrical survey and map of Niagara Falls. (Geology of
N. Y. Pt. 4. Fourth geological dis’t. Pp. 402-404.)...... VII
Hall, Lansing V. Ode to Niagara. (Jn his Voices of nature. N. Y.:
Gray and Green) 1868:) Pp. 192-193.)iNa. eee eee VIII
Hall, W. Carvel. Report of survey of the crest line of Niagara Falls.
(Ann. rep’ts of the com’rs of the state reserv. at Niagara. 1906.
D3 OF2732) essa hin tere eal an tet oalis lal gu ted elalen tat ede at Gene aea VII
Alphabetical List
Hall and Mooney. Niagara Falls from near the head of the ferry
stairs. (Grosvenor library, Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls.
BLA INTER ides aiakat chal ch dhareie: s iasa'eisia'e| al alahe ehelalatelmieiele IX
—— View from the pagoda. (Grosvenor library, Buffalo, N. Y.
Views of Niagara Falls. 1697-187-. Mat 17.).........00- IX
Hallett, P Notes on Niagara. (Brit. Assn. for the A. S.
Report of 54th meeting. 1885. Pp. 774—745.)............ VII
Hamilton, Thomas. Men and manners in America. Edinb. and
PEGS Sees AOS tere ote aivlio a nlicy rave deals s/es sisi e Gace VII
Hamilton, . Niagara Falls, American side. IIx 24. Eng. by
MM PMMEN Celery Coninay Sh OAD! ye: aia eraieie is ai re. wale Tasselc) oud eset eel eles IX
—— Niagara Falls, Canada side. 11 x 22. Eng. by J. M. Butler.
Fara IeEC HO AOE) cs ieee crater ere wiglaretavenacerdetais oie stale -ra ale IX
Hamilton, J . Niagara Falls. (American side.) (Grosvenor
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Si preiardemtetod Gtr EUSA eutetl Zoase) Ha he Wim i Rae a oe a eo nae VIII
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SESE FoR S fl CO eR TET ARS! 2 Shoe US Fes lee a an eB XI
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P6972 Pe AAS oink le ee le a NNER ETT oh ens ve UL te IX
Description de la Louisiane, nouvellement decouvérte au Sud
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Description of Louisiana; translated from the edition of 1683
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[Hennepin, Louis.] A fac-simile view of Niagara Falls. (Grosvenor
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Wat Hs) ek Re as Brn UR A at oe IX
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A map of a new world between New Mexico and the frozen
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A new discovery of a vast country in America, extending above
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Alphabetical List
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Nouvelle decouverte d’un tres grand pays Situé dans |’Amerique,
entre Le Nouveau Mexique, et La Mer Glaciale, Avec les Cartes, & les
Figures necessaires, & de |’Histoire Naturelle & Morale, & les avantages,
qu’on en peut tirer par l’etablissement des colonies . . . A Utrecht.
Chez Guillaume Broedelet. 1697. Pp. 44-46, 441-456........ I
Henry, Georges. Utilisation des chutes du Niagara. [Etat actual
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Henry, Walter. Events of a military life; being recollections after
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LIP GSR ON este MRIS a Rigi) AR MnP smn EC RD A Re Od Eg III
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Nitnawle Oct ts LOGOr | TOe2723222 4a ee Sel ea ese VII
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Heriot, George. Travels through the Canadas, containing a descrip-
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View of the Falls of Niagara, from the bank near Birche’s Mills
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1335
Niagara Falls
Herschel, Clemens. Utilization of the Falls of Niagara, (Eng.
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Hervieu, A Indians at Niagara. (Jn Power, Tyrone, Impres-
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Hess, B The falls of Niagara, from the Canada side. 1859.1X
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16226 (Pps 144. 5185-186; 198221 0 ie oa eee VI
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Hill, $ View of the Falls of Niagara. (Grosvenor library,
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Hine, E. Curtiss. PN PROS AEE ang IX and XII
Niagara Falls
Horner’s Buffalo and Niagara Falls guide and encyclopedia
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“Horrible waste”? at Niagara (The). (Lit. dig., Oct. 12,
RoR ARM: fa Vy oa) Uae on i ong RRA ANG NT VAT Ra Taio Sal ea act oa XI
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Lele BBG. 22569 PTs ae EN OHA) See ek ee VII
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How to see Niagara . . . Buffalo and N. Y.: Matthews, Northrup
Late (iy Oc AMIE! fo 7A 0 A Pena ee ue TREN KOA UCT SEE A TAmarN Gi aan || XI
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| HAR) ISR Sia A a aural A MENU Ler A RN UCIM ALG CRIM SAO VIII
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Pp 2SORZ 69) nielsvadave clare aia mete eis eae eee een ache reo tea IV
Their wedding journey. Boston and N. Y.: Houghton Mifflin
and Covi FOG: sep. 19-17) 266291 Oe Ce ie eee VIII
Niagara revisited, twelve years after their wedding journey.
(Adian.)(May: 1683!) ) 511-598-010) et ee ee ee VIII
Howison, John. Sketches of Upper Canada, domestic, local, and
characteristic: to which are added, practical details for the information
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of, America.’ +) Edinb., Tond.: 16212) "Pp. Gites hoe eee III
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Howland, Mrs. Sarah Hagard. Extracts from the tour of Sarah
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1338
Alphabetical List
Hubbard, Elbert. Power; or The story of Niagara Falls . . . East
PAUEOV SUNS MON LBs sie ae cia et cide ck o 6
International waterways commission organized. (Ann.
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Inverted Geyelin-Jonval turbines at Niagara Falls. (Eng.
Ree ME OA COOP Ye tt Ue le lias Xx
1341
Niagara Falls
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1646. FP ST Bieler ie ere I Ae Ie athe IVD CN Toneaae See II
J. V. C. (del.) View of Niagara river and Lake Ontario from the
top of the mountain at Lewiston. Jewett, Thomas & Co. printers.
(Grosvenor library, Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 1697—
OFS IN Dat a CU AEA 0 cb a a a ee IX
Jackson, Moses. To America and back: a holiday run. Lond.:
MceCorquodale.’\) 1886: \Pp. I Z1 2134 oe cds ns eee eee IV -
James, Henry. Niagara, 1871. (Jn his Portraits of places. Boston.
Osgood:)) 604." (ps) 304-376. Del he ye ye oO ee eet XI
James, Thomas Horton. Rambles in the United States: ae Canada
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Ppe/-o:
James, William. Map of the straits of Niagara from Lake Erie to
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military occurrences of the late war between Great Britain and the
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Jameson, Mrs. A. B. M. Winter studies and summer rambles in
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TOR oD INE ON Ae Sia) Le TS UR Ne HS De A RL at We Ill
Jefferys, Thomas. Chart of the Atlantic ocean, with the British,
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A map of Canada and the northern part of Louisiana with the
adjacent countries. (/n his The natural and civil history of the French
dominion in North and South America. Lond.: 1760. Pt. I,
ORE) ig. he) sre OMe ONE CNA RUEN STA UO Ee IX
A map of Canada and the northern part of Louisiana with the
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Johnson, Clifton. Highways and by-ways of the Great Lakes.
Wo'Y i: Macnallans! 91) Pps S825 4G eee eee ete a cae Vv
1342
Alphabetical List
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the necessity of inquiry or possibility of mistake; including the sources
of Niagara, and all places of interest, both on the American and Canada
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A guide for every visitor to Niagara Falls. Including the sources
of Niagara, and all places of interest, both on the American and
Canada side. . . . Buffalo: Phinney & Co. (1852)......... XII
Guide to Niagara Falls and its scenery. . . . Phila.: Childs.
CSS C8 a PET Wl AEE DS AUC RR aT XII
Statistics of Niagara Falls and vicinity. . . . Buffalo: E. A.
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Johnson, Guy. Map of the country of the six nations. (Jn Pouchot,
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Map of the frontiers of the northern colonies with the boundary
line established between them and the Indians at the treaty held by S.
Will Johnson at Fort Stanwix in nov. 1768. (/n O'Callaghan,
E. B., Documentary history of the state of New York. Albany:
SSUES: AC aS ERD ARE ARS AIO Ee oe ane aS SONS a UR IX
e-——- Map of the frontiers of the northern colonies with the boundary
line established between them and the Indians at the treaty held by S.
Will Johnson at Ft. Stanwix, in nov. 1768. (/n Mills, David,
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The country of the six nations proper, with part of the adjacent
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Mewny ork. Albany: 1S49.. 42660.) oo... ssc baa big oles ole IX
Johnson, H. G. A map of Niagara river, four miles above and three
mnece belows thet allss) C1649) Ee.) si35 Nes se eects es IX
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its history, incidents and poetry. . . . Wash.: Neale. 1898. Pp.
AHIR PEER t S he cic iat tre ale 8 Gre arti wet eccreler aleve ete VIII
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SMFS ats AA Ga ASS Se UCR SOOT LR LONI EN, a OU NEA a a Vv
Johnson, Wallace C. A new development of power at Niagara.
SEES AG FRE SNES Mtoe RNG 2.16 MC | 0 TER ea xX
Power development at Niagara Falls other than that of the
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A a OE Sheva A heat teed Bi eh nhl a eee t ats 2 eich atunetey »4
Niagara Falls
Johnson, Wallace C. ‘The pulp mill of the Cliff paper company of
Niagara Falls, New York, and discussion. (Trans. Am. S. C. E.
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Johnston, Charles. A narrative of the capture, detention, and ransom
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| Fe lb © SN Mee AnT eer me HERD NN MAW nih Pale eNO L cea aM 6 Fo IX
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DDB EY. SO RO MLE GAS, MERON es Cs ee NA Ln IX
Nouvelle découverte des plusieurs nations dans la Nouvelle France,
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Jordan, C. W. An account of a visit to the power plant of the Ontario
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The development of electrical power at Niagara Falls. (Nature.
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Joutel, Henri. Carte nouvelle de la Louisiane, et de la riviére de
Mississippi, découverte par feu mr. de la Salle. . . . Dressée par le
S’r. Joutel, qui etoit de ce Voyage. 1713. (n his Journal of La
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1344
Alphabetical List
Joutel, Henri. Carte nouvelle de la Louisiane, et de la riviere de
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Salle’s last voyage, 1684-7. . . . New ed. Albany: J. McDonough.
REM irlg ei acl G oo ahens aisirereit co ould ata ieEenaaee a ¢ «6 IX
A new map of the country of Louisiana and of ye river Missisipi
in North America, discover’d by monsr de la Salle in ye years 1681
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Alphabetical List
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PEO ae | SOI FOO). es. sd aena ule yh oe Wetec sect Aelia tafe t= Vv
Marshall, W. G. Through America; or, Nine months in the United
States. Lond.: Sampson, Low, Marston, Searle, and Rivington. 1881.
Peer Ee tk Aa tant ye abt retinas 2S auaamen es (ow £5 geeks XI
[Marston, Frank.] Frank’s ranche . . . Bost.: Houghton Mifflin.
‘SiS EL” Leys) Ge oe 0 NOUR Recent oe OO Bate ela a VII
Niagara Falls
Martin, Robert Montgomery. British colonies; their history, extent,
condition and resources. Lond. and N. Y.: J. and S. ‘Tallis.
(UG50 9). ADiweils spp ALT OE COR Nai US Ce em V
Martin, Thomas Commerford. Niagara on tap. (Jour. Frank.
insts}:(Oct, 16965") VA2Z°Z8723029 io is Oe GER ON eee ees xX
Niagara on tap. (Jour. Frank. inst., Nov., 1896. 142:354—
BGG.) Ue csc cohen delohatevelakenetichal oh alleles hel crehei aye tobchelche tone U Rea en tana x
—— The utilization of Niagara. (Ann. rep’ts Smith. inst., 1896.
Bie DE TDD FEZ SLD id oi leteiali needa Si eures tier dave betes ay alata tet eee xX
The utilization of Niagara. (Printed in Proc. of Royal inst.
of Gt Bri 15269-2799) Baa Oe: Rees BN ee eee xX
Martineau, Harriet. Retrospect of western travel. Lond.: Saunders
and ‘Otleys P8382] S962 OO ee Peak Aes eS ies ee eee Ill
Mather, J. H. and Brockett, L. C. A geographical history of the
state of New York. Utica: Fuller. 1851. Pp. 348-349...... V
[Mathews.] A summer month; or, Recollections of a visit to the
Falls of Niagara, and the lakes. Phila: H. C. Carey and I. Lea.
18235 (Ppl GSB Mele ie Ne A aS ee ea Ill
Mathews, Catharine van Cortlandt. Andrew Ellicott, his life
and Jetters, «JN. Ys::Graftons .1906.0\Pp: 72-760 rte IX
Matthews, Northrup & Company. A little guide to Niagara
Falls . . . and a program for a two weeks’ visit, by an old resident.
Buffalo: Matthews, Northrup and Co. 1890.
Maude, John. Visit to the Falls of Niagara, in 1800. Lond.:
Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown and Green. 1826. Pp. 13]—
PG He Ss aN ND OCHS Vk NES ASS Slade ea vere II, LX and XII
Maverick, Peter (sc.) Niagara from below. (Grosvenor library,
Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 1697-187—. Mat 8.) .IX
Maxwell, Archibald Montgomery. A run through the United
States during the autumn of 1840. Lond.: Henry Colburn. 1841.
Tis 26052870552 ENO) oie Re OIG: ate ance ae Ill
Meadows, J. From the stone tower at Niagara. (Lit. liv. age. Aug.
LE B55. WAG Hi Sa hE BM HES TN nine LID Reale WA
Meagher, William. A visit to the Falls of Niagara. (Irish mo.
May, 1879. 7:271-—274.).
Medley, Julius George. An autumn tour in the United States and
Canada.) kond. ssi SsNang a8 732 psS6-00e.. eee XI
Meister, Wilhelm. Creation’s pride. (Jn Johnson, R. L., Niagara,
its history, incidents, and poetry. Wash.: W. Neale. 1898. P.
BBS) viele ieidict a et didi dialaia lah acd ialt tect lata eid ali ttahid oN AM ae MERE pe VIII
|
|
Alphabetical List
Melish, John. Travels in the United States of America, in the years
1806 & 1807, and 1809, 1810, & 1811... . Phila: T. and G.
POD el 11 Wee oy SPO LUD vs apc iel-sitet at's seen ayereialie: Phat III and XII
View of the country round the Falls of Niagara. J. Vallance.
(sc.) 6144x4. (Cn his A military and topographical atlas of the
United States, including the British possessions and Florida: (etc.)
Tamers GC talmers (Oto) Oppiopuskbs acces eka he Mae IX
View of the country round the Falls of Niagara. 614 x 4.
(/n his Travels through the United States. Phila.: G. Palmer. 1815.
RPPMPITSRTU STOR RAR S DLL DUR URSE ML Ler the RUPERT ead ll le ee IX
——— View of the country round the Falls of Niagara. 614x 4. (In
his Geographical description of the United States with the contiguous
countries including Mexico and the West Indies. New ed. Phila.:
Eiratherauthor RO.) PGs) yee ous ila bo a's hee Que as IX
Mellen, Greenville, ed. Book of the United States... N. Y.:
Pera MS tots HNO D 6 Miron thie yats cigs whee evans oh cc bdetiole ts V
Memorandum concerning the jurisdiction, powers and pro-
ceedings of the commissioners of the state reservation at
Niagara with respect to the preservation of the Falls and
scenery of Niagara. (Ann. rep’ts of the com’rs of the state reserv.
CDSG VA ona)? AS 10 2) aka ARR eS re Oe no ae XI
Meredith, E. A. The Queen Victoria Niagara Falls Park. (Can.
OPEL TY SAAN SDL OP SON). calles cials widiens 8s. 4 bc eee XI
Merrill, Frederick J. H. A guide to the study of the geological
collections of the New York state museum. (Bul. of the N. Y. state
museum. Nov., 1898. 4: No. 19. Albany: 1898. See index) . VII
Merritt, J. P. Canada seventy years ago, or Prince Edward’s visit
to Niagara: )3d ed... St.Catharines, Ont.; 1660. 000.002... VIII
Mershon, Ralph D. High voltage measurements at Niagara. (Trans.
Am. inst. elec. engrs., Atlantic City. June 30, 1908. 27, pt. II:
845-929.)
Losses and critical voltages of high tension transmission lines.
Mermoeieia eents 1) 906. 4s 2IO-29 1.) ins a dekh hele She us See xX
The transmission plant of the Niagara, Lockport and Ontario
power company. (Trans. Am. inst. elec. engrs., N. F. June 26,
ho eee ED T2751 SA LS ian ela 5 OR one od gw dias X
Metz, . (del.) The Falls of Niagara. Heath. (sc.) Published
as the act directs by Harrison & Co. April, 1783............. IX
1357
Niagara Falls
Meursium, Jacobum. Novissima et accuratissima totius Americae
descriptio per Jacobum Meursium. 17 x 20. (/n Montanus, Arnoldus,
De nieuwe en onbekende wereldt. Amsterdam: J. Meurs. 1671.
FEFOMUSPIECE! i HGH Her Whe senalaG (ih ie GLA CIRC RRND NR RMR RL OB A Dann IX
Michigan Central Railroad company. From city to surf
“The Niagara Falls route.’ Chicago: Rand, McNally. 1888.
Pp NT Bi eee Ae OR ea NN SB eee ee ee XII
General passenger department. Niagara Falls. Chicago: Rand,
McNally.) dQ Ot iii ee aici ie a ee a ae ce eee XII
Niagara Falls:)))\Chicage! 902 siciier ties eee nae oat cere XII
Niagara Falls from different points of view. Chicago: Knight
Leonard .and Coe)! VEO ae eel le UN NR ein a ae XII
Niagara Falls from many points of view. Chicago: Knight
Lseonard and ‘Co. Neds iligin tens tcsein pin alice tate tae hve Caen eae XII
Niagara Falls in miniature. Chicago: Rand, McNally.
TR 27 cc ena ea IUERT CENT PD LIANE CDNE KH AIOE RD MIR ER ne LIANE, XII
Middle States: a handbook for travelers (The). . . . Bost.:
Osgood) “VEST hep. 7 Fea ce minle ia ioe Late ier eee eae XII
Middleton, Charles Theodore. ‘The great cataract or waterfall of
Niagara in North America. 614 x 1014. (/n his A new and com-
plete system of geography. fol. Lond.: For J. Cook. 1779.
YANI> 05 1h) WIN aie ere ge) PLS Mati OAS Pas aad WAR UMN, diay ey hs IX
Mignot, Louis R. Niagara. (A painting.) 1893.......... IX
Milbert, J. Chite du Niagara prise du coté Américain. Deroy, Lith.
(Jn Milbert J., Itineraire pittoresque du Fleuve Hudson et des parties
laterales ]’Amerique du Nord d’aprés les dessins originaux pris sur les
lieux. Paris: chez Henry Gaugain et Cie. Editeurs. No. 36.)..1X
Chite général du Niagara, coté du Canada. Adam et Jacottet
Lith. (/n Milbert, J., Itineraire pittoresque du Fleuve Hudson et des
parties laterales ]’Amerique du Nord d’aprés les dessins originaux pris
sur les lieux. Paris: chez Henry Gaugain et Cie. Editeurs. No.
E15) ae ea ED So RTM Tie) Ve Ana TA TW MEER GHC TRIN APIA Cy! A IX
—— Fer a cheval de la chite du Niagara coté de Canada. Sabatier,
Lith. (/n Milbert, J., Itineraire pittoresque du Fleuve Hudson et des
parties laterales |’ Amérique du Nord d’aprés les dessins originaux pris
sur les lieux. Paris: chez Henry Gaugain et Cie. Editeurs. No.
LA eS RAN WSCCRR Le Ui Re nM THOM ARMY ND Meg Gl os dS. Se IX
—— __Itinéraire pittoresque du fleuve Hudson et des parties latérales de
l’Amérique du Nord, d’aprés les dessins originaux pris sur les lieux.
Paris: Flenri Gaugainet'Ciel? [2187-2040 bie ese eer III
1358
Alphabetical List
Milbert, Jacques-Girard. Cascata del N iagara and Saut du Niagara.
Myon. (sc.) (Grosvenor library, Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara
Behe NO.) Mab Byyic nude eile ries bam omen) Mey ge IX
Miles, Hiram. Address before the assembly committee on commerce.
PMB OROE NOOO: cairn taar el dbaens bell Laie: sf. ay NY XII
(Home mag., Mar., 1899, 2 VAG 12 0A UND AA a V
Mitchill, Samuel L. A. summary of remarks made on the Falls of
Niagara, by the Hon. Samuel L. Mitchill, as gathered from his con-
versations and display of mineral specimens. (The Portfolio, Sept.,
DE PUOes J ELIE GIN UM EN Ie in na a VII
Jemison, De-he-wa-mis. 4th ed. N.Y. and Auburn. 1856. App.
Jy 1 UGE o7 58) PR NS ea eT Sa a AO Re a Vv
M’Jilton, J. N. Niagara. (Jn his Poems. Bost.: Otis, Broaders.
USA TESA 229 ES ANN aa a OM VC a a VIII
Moll, Herman. A catalogue of a new and compleat atlas or set of
twenty-six two-sheet maps. All composed and done according to the
newest and most exact observations, by Herman Moll, geographer.
ECU TRIAS o2eh) (a SN RT AR a ee Mc Ue ee IX
——— A map of New France containing Canada, Louisiana, etc., in
North America according to the patent granted by the King of France
to Monsieur Crozat, dated the 14th of September, 1712, N. S. and
registered in the Parliament of Paris the 24th of the same month. (/n
his Atlas geographicus: or compleat system of geography (ancient and
modern), for America. Savoy. Eli Nutt for John Nicholson. 1717.
251515180) cte dig. HS i ena a AR Oe a IX
observations . . . [1712.] (Maps of America. 1: No. PASE) Ee D. <
A new & correct map of the whole world. 1719. Cn his
The world described. fol. Lond.: 1710-1720. No. 71 AR 2 IX
—— A new and exact map of the dominions of the King of Great
Britain on ye continent of North America . . . according to the newest
and most exact observations. (In his The world described. fol.
Boreeumte 07200, Noy 8s) iaccssnsccscesees ok tO IX
1359
Niagara Falls
Moll, Herman. A new and exact map of the dominions of the King of
Great Britain on ye continent of North America, containing New Found-
land, New Scotland, New England, New York, New Jersey, Pennsil-
vania, Maryland, Virginia, and Carolina. According to the newest and
most exact observations. Dedicated to the Honourable Walter Douglas.
PAIS abla) Ve Oe, RS Me EA OE, ein IX
—— A new and exact map of the dominions of the King of Great
Britain on ye continent of North America . . . according to the newest
and most exact observations. [1730]? (Maps of America. 1:
Nos P22) Be PA ee AE. eC SE OSS cn IX
To the Right Honourable John Lord Sommers, Baron of Evesham
in ye county of Worcester, President of Her Majesty’s most honourable
Privy Council, etc. This map of North America according to ye
newest and most exact observations is most humbly dedicated by your
lordship’s most humble servant. (Buf. hist. soc.)............2. IX
Monck, Frances Elizabeth Owen Cole. My Canadian leaves, an
account of a visit to Canada in 1864-1865. Lond.: Bentley. 1891.
Pp USS 202O) ico car eos niet ne la, ack ar orelineesere erie geen ena eee IV
Money-making power of Niagara. (Outlook. June 23, 1906.
83: 483-484.).
Montule, Edouard de. A voyage to North America, and the West
Indies in 1817. Lond.: Phillips. 1821. Pp. 92-95. .IIIl and IX
Moodie, Mrs. Susanna Strickland. Life in the clearings. Lond.:
Ri Bentley...) / 18535 Pp: 330=S71 50% ko cc Sere ones XI
Moore, George. Journal of a voyage across the Atlantic; with notes
on Canada and United States . . . in 1844. Lond.: Printed for
private circulation, 11645" (Pp. 59-628). 2200) .ae ee eee IV
Moore, Thomas. Memoirs, journal & correspondence of Thomas
Moore; ed. by Lord John Russell. Lond. Longman, Brown, Green
and Longman’: 11853.) PA G9=17 3. ee a eee Il
Life and death of Lord Edward Fitzgerald. Lond.: Longman,
Rees, Orme, Brown and Green, 1831. Pp. 144-145.......... II
To the honourable W. R. Spencer. (Jn his Poetical works.
N. Y.: D. Appleton and Co. 10 vol. 1853. 2: 313-319.)..VIII
—— To the Lady Charlotte Rawdon. (Jn his Poetical works. N. Y.:
D.. Appleton ‘and'Co. 10 vyoli\1'853:) 12213252335.) <2 | ee VIII
More aspects of conservation. (Metal. & chem. eng. Mar., 1913.
UUSEUZERIB.) Oe Oe Gee ee ace X
Alphabetical List
More leaves from Mr. Keeley’s journal. (Colburn’s new mo.
coe, SAGE TS SRB 151 2 ey ee a ee San Pa ge Sle III
[Moreton, Mrs. C. J.] Niagara above the cataract. (Jn her Mis-
cellaneous poems . . . [Phila.:] Porter and Coates. 1875. Pp.
NE ae BRS ts A GM ies, cake Mas, tial cal al Wale am cabarets aPE VIII
—— Niagara below the cataract. (Jn her Miscellaneous poems . . .
[Phila.:] Porter and Coates. 1875. Pp. 165-169.)...... Vill
Morley, John. Life of Richard Cobden. Lond.: Chapman and
BAS Pat CA GS Seka ce oc Cheyah Saber adinae vers tere Mets Goch moet Ill
Morpeth, George William Frederick Howard, Lord. Niagara
Falls. (Jn Holley, G. W., Niagara; its history and geology, incidents
and poetry ... N. Y. Buffalo, Toronto: 1872. P. 172.)..VIII
Morris, Charles. Niagara Falls and the Thousand Islands. (Half
hours of travel at home and abroad. Phila.: Lippincott. 1896.
MMMM se AP Etre vapred ge ol 5 cat Go Sa cy wats Gay cai baer Siventer oo cohecerostat wisa\'a Veltonle: V
Morris, William. Letters sent home. Out and home again by way
of Canada and the United States; or, What a summer’s trip told me of
the people and the country of the great West. Lond.: F. Warne.
N. Y.: Scribner, Welford and Armstrong. (1875). Pp. 202-
LOE. Shel d Oh PR EE TE SOR a Re TS IV and XI
Morse, Jedidiah. The American gazetteer . . . 2d ed., corrected.
Ba 2 SETAE BAAS ne ae Oe Pan Pie i Vv
and Richard C. A new universal gazetteer, or geographical
dictionary . . . 3d ed. rev. and corrected. New Haven: S. Converse.
EAL SN E1591 | ah IE aS Se ne fr eae ave Cop V
The traveler’s guide or pocket gazetteer of the United States.
New Haven: Nathan Whiting. 1823.
and Morse, Sidney Edwards. Geography made easy .
22d ed. Bost.: Richardson and Lord. 1890. P. 84.
Morse, Mrs. S. D. Greater Niagara. Tourist’s edition. Niagara
SUOMI ELE St BE TNS OS oP erm XII
Most surprising cataract of Niagara in Canada (The).
Engraved for Millar’s New and complete and universal system of
geography. (Grosvenor library, Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara
Te
Reaves Ges toe) hats Sc) uc. Ba sie a very we Sal tare Wane Sd IX
Mullin, E. H. The city of the future. (Cass. Nov., 1897. 13:27-
S0:).
Munger, Gilbert. Niagara Falls. (Painting.)
Munro, J. Electricity from Niagara. (Chambers’ jour., Mar. 25,
1893. 70:177-180.)
Niagara Falls
Munro, J. Electricity from Niagara. (Liv. age. May 27, 1893.
197: 567-571.).
Munro, Robert. A description of the Genesee country in the state
of New York. New York; Printed for the author. 1804. (O’Cal-
laghan, Doc. hist. of the state of New York. 2:1177.)........ III
Murray, Amelia M. Letters from the United States, Cuba, and
Canada. New York: Putnam & Co. 1856. Pp. 109-115...XI
Murray, Charles Augustus. Travels in North America during the
years 1834, 1835, and 1836. Including a summer residence with the
Pawnee tribe of Indians in the remote prairies of the Missouri, and a
visit to Cuba and the Azore Islands. Lond.: Richard Bentley. 1839.
PSO a iy card ERE LOL GE TE Rie LASSEN) SO aa III
Murray, Hugh. The encyclopedia of geography . . . revised, with
additions, by Thomas G. Bradford. Phila.: Cary, Lee and Blanchard.
PB3Z7 i) BSS OG i. Ce hls, alte kei ee GN Nene oh eee Vv
Music of Niagara. (Scribner’ss mo. June, 1881. 22: 307-
BOB Di gS sc TR RNS ae MA ERIN eT UN eR ee VIII
Nash, Wallis. Oregon; there and back in 1877... Lond:
Macmillan ‘and? Cos) 18780" Pp. 264227 te ieee eee IV
National commercial convention, Detroit, Mich. Dec. 13,
1871. Proceedings of the National commercial convention to con-
sider the question of increased transportation facilities from the West
to the seaboard, held in Detroit, December 15 (i. e. 13), 1871. Pub-
lished by order of the convention. Detroit: The Daily Post book and
job ‘printing ‘establishments| | 1G7Z2 210 4 see eee ee eee XII
National society of colonial dames of America. Preservation of
Niagara Falls. (Washington: Gov’t print. off. 1906.)....... XI
National ship-canal convention. Proceedings of the convention
held at the city of Chicago, June 2 and 3, 1863. Chicago: Tribune
Col) T8630 Rp eS ae elk NC crete et ea XII
Natural scenery and power development at Niagara Falls.
(W. elec. July 18, 1903. 33:38.)
Neal, John. (O’Cataract, Jehu.) Battle of Niagara, a poem, with-
out notes, and Goldau, or the Maniac harper. Baltimore: N. G.
Maxwell!) 16180) (PpsiG72 72-73 eee, ar ee aaa VIII
Wandering recollections of a somewhat busy life; an autobiog-
raphy.’ Bost: )Roberts (Bros!) 869 ie el ian ee V
Nelson, T. and Sons. The Falls of Niagara; being a complete guide
to all the points of interest around and in the immediate neighborhood
1362
Alphabetical List
of the great cataract; with views taken from sketches by Washington
Friend and from photographs. Lond.: Nelson. 1860......... XII
Nethercut, Mary Bell. Niagara Falls; a bibliography. (University
of Wisconsin, Library School. Madison, Wis.: June, 1913.)
New album of Niagara Falls, N. Y. Portland, Me.: Chisholm
Bros. (1891>)
New aluminum producing plant for the Pittsburgh reduc-
tion company. (Eng. news, Oct. 24, 1895. 34:275.)
New and accurate map of the English empire in North
America (A), representing their rightful claim as confirm’d by chart-
ers, and the formal surrender of their Indian friends; likewise the
encroachment of the French, with several forts they have unjustly
created therein. By a Society of anti-gallicans. Sold by W. Herbert
and Robert Sayer. Lond.: 1755. (American maps, II, No. 21.) .IX
New bridge at Niagara Falls as it looks now (The). (Illus.
Seep ss LOGON 24 Zoo: soe adden ss cern dene eae XII
New cave of the winds (A). (Eng. (Lond.:) April 3, 1903.
ieee Pees tpt dete Me ESE dhl at cule ada Ghat Ach one tals a iey SOM) ota V
New guide to Niagara, with descriptions of its scenery,
casualties, marrow escapes, etc. Niagara Falls: Gazette print-
OMESTAD HG NINGHLYE |) MOT A cli 2.6 a tis od ote hia, eS ais epee eee XII
New hydraulic works at Niagara Falls (The). (R. R. gaz.
\TIEE. SES a oho FE) TCADA a an ee ona ay ey EE PE? BD xX
New installation at Niagara Falls. (Elec. rev., Mar. 26, 1897.
40: 427.)
New map of North America from the latest discoveries (A).
1763. (anon) 11x15. (/n the London mag. Lond.: For R.
Balbawinee enue Gs. 32S Opp. \OF).)) sss tie vcd aos eo. 0 Bleed eaters IX
New map of North America, with the West India islands
(A). Divided according to the preliminary articles of peace, signed
at Versailles, 2 Jan. 1783, wherein are particularly distinguished
the United States and the several provinces, governments, etc. which
compose the British dominions, laid down according to the latest sur-
veys, and corrected from the original materials, of Governor Pownall,
member of Parliament. Lond.: Laurie & Whittle. May 12, 1794.1X
New map of North America, with the West Indies (A) . . .
Laid down according to the latest surveys, and corrected from the
original material of Governor Pownall. Lond.: Laurie and Whittle.
1794. (American maps, II, No. 36-39.)................0. IX
1363
Niagara Falls
New Niagara (The). Harp. w., Jan. 3, 1903. 47:11, 31.)..X
New Niagara power canal. (Sci. Am., June 13, 1903. 88: 444.)
New power transmission line (The). (Eng. news, Jan. 17,
L901. | AS SARE PES Re Gis Ta i ena X
New projects at Niagara. (W. elec. Nov. 6, 1897. 21:260.)
New railroad bridge at Niagara (The). Railroad gaz. April
24, 1896. 28: 281-282.)
New turbines for the Niagara Falls power company (The).
(Eng. rec., Nov. 23, 1901. 44:500-501.)
New uses for Niagara power. (Elec. eng. June 23, 1897. 23:
TD hiv che LS sBbane tay BG NRW | EDR E aa Sie eek tee Ratan xX
New water power development below Niagara Falls (The).
(Eng? ‘riews, Var) 26, 1896: 135 201) ice Oe ec eee eee xX
New wheelpit of the Niagara Falls power company (The).
(Eng. ‘rec. (Feb. 116;, 1901.4’ 431505151) ae a eo ec ee x
New York Central and Hudson River Railroad Company.
Two days at Niagara Falls. [Four track ser., no. 9.]......... XII
New York Central and Hudson River Railroad, passenger
department. Health and pleasure on “America’s greatest railroad.”
("\Four-track series) bp: 15921 G2 Pe Ne ee XII
New York Central and Hudson River Railroad Company.
What can I see? and how much will it cost me in two days at Niagara
Falls3} sa. Nii¥sNi Ye C and Ho R. Ro Ra Co qlee inate
New York Central Railroad. Two days at Niagara Falls. Pub-
lished by the passenger department of “America’s greatest railroad.”
E>): ae RAN cine a NBN uA SA i A LATA tA (5. Os XII
New York hydro-electric development. (Metal. & chem. eng.
une. TORS ETS BOGE) ow feraiels haces & crete Nena tae ene eet nme xX
New York hydro-electric development and Niagara Falls.
(Metal: & ‘chem. eng:) July,:1913. 41123702371.) 6 ee eee xX
New York (State) — Citizens. Petition of citizens of the state of
New York in relation to Niagara Falls. (New York State. Assembly
doc. 1883. 3:No. 47.)
New York (State).— Commissioners of the state reserva-
tion at Niagara Falls. Application of the commissioners of the
state reservation at Niagara, on behalf of the state of New York, to
acquire lands in the village of Niagara Falls. Niagara Falls, N. Y.s
Gazette office. 1884.
1364
Alphabetical List
New York (State). Supplemental report of the commissioners of the
state reservation at Niagara. ‘Transmited to the Legislature Jan. 31,
1887. Albany: Argus Co. 1887.
New York (State) constitutional convention, 1894. Revised
record of the constitutional convention of . . . New York, May 8,
1894, to September 29, 1894. Rev. by W. H. Steele. Albany, N.
fear bnenArous:t rintine’ Coz) (900 eg ei os che ee we eal XI
New York (State) Legislature. An act concerning the Niagara
Falls power company. (Laws of 1893. 116th sess. Chap. 477:
BURMA SSN LAP LSU dt | AM aE a bh ae eA opel eiaael XI
An act confirming and defining certain riparian rights of the
Niagara Falls hydraulic power and manufacturing company. (Laws
Beeooo.” 1th sess: ‘Chap: 9671395. ee. no ee who. Se oe XI
An act for opening the navigation between Lake Erie and Lake
Ontario, passed April 5, 1798. (Laws of 1798. Chap. 93.)..XII
An act to amend chapter 707 of the laws of 1893 entitled “‘An
act to incorporate the Model town company, to define its rights,
powers and privileges and for other purposes.” (Laws of 1894.
leariseser chaps O05 1570s) :s)..+ sta ce mieta a erecta wee wares XI
An act to amend the public lands law, by including certain lands
of the state as a part of the state reservation at Niagara. (Laws of
Roe one L2otaesess, Chap.) DUG21 1 GG: )inuis see ee cane < ercunes XI
An act to amend the public lands law, in relation to sewer through
lands of the state reservation at Niagara. (Laws of 1908. 131st
seat! 1S iweic oy (078 Aaa Ne URN TIGERS
An act to amend the public lands law relative to constructing and
operating water main along the lands of the state reservation at Niagara.
tleaweoriol2.. 135th sess: Chap. 236: 4512). oe 2 aes a. XI
An act to authorize the selection, location and appropriation of
certain lands in the village of Niagara Falls for a state reservation and
to preserve the scenery of the Falls of Niagara. (Laws of 1883.
Rei eecoa Chap: 556% O09! il rw iene o batasualemaet els ls ee XI
An act to incorporate the Buffalo and Niagara power and drain-
age company. (Laws of 1889. 112th sess. Chap. 366: 484.)..XI
An act to incorporate the Lewiston water supply company in
Niagara county, New York. (Laws of 1888. I1Ith sess. Chap.
BRIE CMR hie S80 ain 'a's'e yy etka ald ae Meee Che ot ee ee XI
An act to incorporate the Lockport water supply company. (Laws
SGereouly 109th sess. Chap: 106:187.)i..c0 25 2 ke cei cee XI
1365
Niagara Falls
New York (State) Legislature. An act to incorporate the lower
Niagara river power and water supply company. (Laws of 1902.
P2Z5th vsesse Chaps) 539s ZO oi eehe a phere sea iel ane eee XI
An act to incorporate the Model town company, to define its
rights, powers and privileges and for other purposes. (Laws of 1893.
11 6thisess.: Chaps 707 37 53.) ie Sn oe cc XI
—— An act to incorporate the Niagara canal company. (Laws of
J82335) Chaps A325) Seis siic weege scl eeee ote eA ane sake Re ee eee a XII
An act to incorporate the Niagara county irrigation and water
supply company. (Laws of 1891. 114th sess. Chap. 259. P.
1°) A) REGS USAC eT MIRON ID ae UE Neen MaMa USE UNEASY A soe XI
An act to incorporate the Niagara, Lockport and Ontario power
company. (Laws of 1894. 117thsess. Chap. 722. P. 1806.) .XI
An act to incorporate the Niagara river hydraulic company.
(Laws of 1853:5) ‘Ghape 11 G2)iik iss ciiiiece ie i eee rete XI
An act to incorporate the Niagara river hydraulic tunnel power
and sewer company of Niagara Falls, New York. (Laws of 1886.
109th ‘sess: ‘Chap: 83. (Piet 23.) ie) ccicecca ere exenier te een ene XI
An act to incorporate the Niagara ship canal company. (Laws
ro) Oppel Who. Ye Pim GB: ) «ants 1°15 Yh) WNP Py Pade eNO OR HURT LU AE ial XII
An act to provide for the maintenance and management of the
state reservation at Niagara. (Laws of 1885. 108th sess. Chap.
286.1) SPQ Oe Us OS AU cea Cee A ae ae XI
An act to provide for the payment of the awards made for the
lands selected and located by the commissioners of the state reservation
at Niagara. (Laws of 1885. 108th sess. Chap. 182. P. 337.)..XI
An act relating to the Niagara Falls power company. (Laws of
189203 11 Sthisess. Chap. 51 SUE OA] cee nia amg eee XI
Joint committee on conservation and utilization of water power.
Report transmitted to the legislature Jan. 30, 1912. Albany: the
Argus Co. 1912. (See index.)
Water supply commission. . . . Studies of water storage for
flood prevention and power development in New York state under
public ownership and control. Progress report under chap. 569, Laws
of 1907, transmitted to the governor and legislature Feb. 1, 1908.
Albany: J. B. Lyon. 1908.
New York (State). Memorial of the citizens of New York, in favor
of a canal navigation between the great western lakes and the tide-
waters of the Hudson. (Pub. Buf. Hist. Soc., Vol. XIII. 1909.
See: index’ for’ references.) /i5.cl.)cheilieke cuven ene eet Cie oe ee XII
1366
Alphabetical List
New York (State). Memorial of the citizens of New York in favor
of a canal navigation between the great western lakes and: the tide-waters
of the Hudson. N. Y.: Samuel Wood and Sons. 1816....... XII
m—— Report of the committee on commerce and navigation on the bill
for the incorporation of the Niagara ship canal company, transmitted
to the legislature January 22, 1864. Albany: Comstock and Cassidy.
Reem Coen. doc. 21.) January 22) 1864, )%00 5 os atele oe ote XII
New York state reservation at Niagara. By-laws of the com-
missioners, together with the ordinances, rules and regulations for the
government of the reservation. 2d ann. rep’t of the com’rs of the
state reserv. at Niagara. Albany: 1887. Pp. 25-28.)........ XI
e——— [Extracts from annual reports. (Ann. rep’ts of the com’rs of
tesstare reser) atyNiagarae | 21) G00 Gi ci cee ccna ech XI
w—— Official correspondence and opinions. (Ann. rep’ts of the com’rs
of the state reserv. at Niagara. 21:117-148.).............. XI
t———— Resolutions and correspondence relating to a roadway from the
state reservation at Niagara to Lake Ontario. (5th ann. rep’t of the
mean ibany: POOO. |; Pp Dh-55. ee artes one ea: XI
New York State. Reservation Commission at Niagara.
Map and guide of the New York State Reservation at Niagara.
RAO Oe ss ialacide & ole) Scab al ecationay Gide onepatatenene: eaters IX
New York (State). Surveys of the crest of Niagara Falls. (Ann.
rep’ts of the state engineer and surveyor (1890). Albany: J. B.
Pore DZ OAS) oc ig6 sis ah Ras Oo oles Hei wbe es Sheik VII
New York state survey. Special report on the preservation of the
scenery of Niagara Falls, and fourth annual report on the triangulation
of the state for the year 1879. James T. Gardner, Director. Albany:
Charles Van Benthuysen and Sons. 1880. Pp. 1-42......... XI
e— Special report on the preservation of the scenery of Niagara Falls,
and fourth annual report on the triangulation of the state for the year
1879. James T. Gardner, Director. Albany: Charles Van Benthuy-
PEONC SONS POGUE ED DF FU a cee c 2 ude elctael ds aimiclet ore yane VI
New York state tourist (The). Descriptive of the Mohawk and
Hudson rivers. N. Y.: Goodrich. 1840. Pp. 75-82....... XII
New world in 1859 (The), being the United States and Canada,
illustrated and described. . . . Lond: nd. (1859) Pp. 72-
FES SB RSS Spa = A Se XII
News for bibliophiles. (Nation, Oct. 20, 1910. 91: 360-361.)
1367
Niagara Falls
[Newton, Samuel B.] Niagara and Chautauqua. Compliments of
Western New York and Pennsylvania Railroad. Buffalo: Wenborne-
Sumner, 1 WOOU ih Sete erie iirc ede ead cer ees XII
Niagara. (Harp., Aug., 1853. 7:289-305.)
(Hist.-mas:, Jan, 16712: 2d secs G79.) Oe a ats ered Vv
(Mag. Am. hist. April, 1887. 17:349-350.)......... V
Niagara J. (Nation, Oct. 12, 1871. 13:238-239.)......... XI
Niagara II. (Nation, Oct. 19, 1871. -13:254-255.)........ XI
Niagara. (Jn Billardon de Sauvigny, Edme Louis. Hirza, on Les
Illinois, tragedie. Paris: Le veuve Duchesne. 1780. Frontis-
PIECE: Fs else iayasd (an ote Siete Bo aNEPOS ele ANOS 2 cae ene IX
Niagara. (/n Longfellow, H. W., Poems of places. Boston: James R.
Osgood ‘and: (0!) (27 156=159))) Gries oot cece ee eee VIII
Niagara. (/n Porter, P. A., Goat Island. (Niagara Falls, N. Y.:)
POO ee Scie tats CCR a se Beene a eee ren ete tee ae VIII
Niagara a great workshop. (Can. eng. Oct., 1906. 13: 360.)
Niagara: a mischievous bill. (Outl., Feb. 23, 1907. 85:
BOB.) FES e BO ie sank Siete alta lacks) Suave de ue ore a eee XI
Niagara. [A poem.] N.p. N.d.
Niagara. A poem, by a member of the Ohio bar. N. Y.: Edward O.
Jenkins.( FEA G ee OO nO ae nine he eee Vill
Niagara again. (Outl. May 19, 1906. 83:106-107.)...... XI
Niagara again in danger. (Cent., May, 1913. 86:150-151.) .XI
Niagara and beyond. . . . Chicago: Rand, McNally & Co. 1887.
Niagara, and how to see it. Meetings of the S. A. F. and O. H.
1907.5) Ppi; S834 ie Sonia Meee ae ee ee ee eee XII
Niagara and Shawenegan. (Sat. rev., Dec. 6, 1884. 58:719-
720.)
Niagara and the nation. (Outl., Apr. 14, 1906. 2: 828-830.) . XI
Niagara and Victoria. (Sci. Am., Sept. 2, 1911. 105:203.)..V
Niagara as an industrial center. (Sci. Am. May 27, 1899. 80:
343-344.)
Niagara book (The), a complete souvenir of Niagara Falls; contain-
ing sketches, stories and essays . . . by W. D. Howells, Mark Twain,
Prof. Nathaniel S. Shaler, and others. Buffalo: Underhill and Nichols.
TOO i eR tes a Nae i WALD Dear Ce coy ei cu nee XII
Niagara break-down (The). (Elec. wild. & eng. Feb. 7, 1903.
41:224.)
Niagara-Buffalo transmission (The). (Elec. rev., Jan. 1, 1897.
40: 6-7.)
1368
Alphabetical List
Niagara-Buffalo transmission line (The). (Elec. rev. June 23,
SR UO OO eG ine at Revd eu oy x
(Elec. rev. July 7, 14, 1897. 31:4, to) a x
Niagara by moonlight. (Jn Rhine, Alice Hyneman ed., Niagara
Dereallustrated,, . 50) NL OoYe Niagara Pub. Co. 1885c. P.
Bs Voss ahs sia Las RUN eae Ma Gils aaa VIII
Niagara by night. (Leisure hr., May 12, 1866. 15:301.)..... V
Niagara campaign (The). (Outl., Jan. 27, 1906. 827150) co
Niagara dispute (The). (Elec. wld. & eng. Jan. 5, 1907. 49:
ef 05, Sie Shr be ET PAUL) ORES xX
Niagara Falls. [Buffalo: Mathews, Northrup. 1890]......... V
[Buffalo and N. Y.: Mathews, Northrup. 1890.]....... XII
Heredia, and . . . other person. . . ..Nip. 1834.
Niagara Falls convention; the cataract and city of its name,— Their
early history and world-wide fame — Romantic legend, etc. .
(St. ry. rev. Sept. 1897. 7: 633-669.)
Niagara Falls accident (The). (Elec. rev. Feb. 7, 1903. 42:
185.)
Niagara Falls again. (Outl., Feb. 255 UU Sse sel ee XI
Niagara Falls again threatened. (Sci. Am., May 27, 1911.
1 NL SG aE ee mma Le ST. iO We XI
Niagara Falls as a source of energy. (Am. jour. sci., Nov.,
TELE 2) a a ae a ORNRRE GA ORUE OL Da xX
Niagara Falls as an electro-chemical center. (Cur. lit., June,
NEO LI Vii. oe cist ay eich vhs Gah on X
Niagara Falls association. Report of the executive committee.
Jan., 1885. Poyatelyprnted., . 1S65au: 3. Joes. 4s ets XI
Niagara Falls — Buffalo power transmission line (The).
(Elec. wld. June 5, 1897, 29: PVE oe LS By ee eae xX
Niagara Falls. (Chutes du Niagara) Paris: 1837........... IX
1369
Niagara Falls
Niagara Falls dry for a day. (Canadian naturalist. Montreal.
1663): 2d icer. 1s OB.) avin Gs cae cette hehe etka aie ee ree V
Niagara Falls electric power plant (The). (Sci. Am. Jan. 25,
NOI Gi) TAS eee, eae aOle Zot MANY SACS cL AL Aa D4
Niagara Falls electrical handbook (The). Being a guide for
visitors from abroad attending the international electrical congress, St.
Louis, Mo., September, 1904. Published under the auspices of the
American institute of electrical engineers, Niagara Falls. 1904....X
Niagara Falls from a new point of view. (Sci. Am., Sept. 9,
CON MOS 227) oe 2 esis te we le iavenles aerate a re Teen eee ie a a XI
I. Niagara Falls from the Ferry. II. Aus fluss des Niagara. III.
Outlet of the Niagara. IV. Below Table Rock (Niagara). V.
Niagara Falls (central view from Clifton House). (Grosvenor
library, Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 1697-187—.
Dat TACs ecient UD E Sicined ea Ay began ae IX
Niagara Falls. (General view from Clifton House). Pub. for
Hermann “J. Meyer INO Yor PUSS 40 oe es 2 cena eens IX
Niagara Falls guide (The). With full instructions to direct the
traveler to all the points of interest at the Falls and vicinity . . .
Buffalo: (Burkes. (1846. 5c aie we aie caster rote tencee voters ete epee ae XII
Niagara guide book (The), being a synopsis of Steele’s Book of
Niagara Falls. 2ded. Buffalo, N. Y.: Steele’s press. 1846.
Niagara Falls guide with full mstructions to direct the
traveller to all points of interest at the Falls and vicinity
(The); .. . 5thed. rev. Buffalo: James Faxon. 1851..... XII
Niagara Falls hydraulic power and manufacturing com-
pany’s plant. (Eng. rec. January 20, 1900. 41:53-56.)
Niagara Falls hydraulic power and manufacturing com-
pany. (Elec: wid) June 551897." 297 30=731)i2 oe ae xX
Niagara Falls hydraulic power plant. (Sci. Am. April 4,
VE962 ZA YZI GA er arate, Satie Sata ee hen ae xX
Niagara Falls hydraulic tunnel (The). (Am. architect. April
1601887) "21)3189=190:)
Niagara Falls illustrated. N. Y.: Albertype Co. [1888]... .XII
Niagara Falls in winter: its scenery and ice bridge. [Buffalo.
Tas UNS eS OO er RO iy ie aa ratte ce ee a ee V
Niagara Falls industrial number. (Sci. Am. sup., Mar. 3, 1900.
49! 20207220220.) eon RR Oe BOk. AI Ca Seay Ae Re ea xX
Niagara Falls marine railway. Report [of the chief engineer] on
a marine railway around the Falls of Niagara. 1864. N. Y.: 1864
1370
Alphabetical List
Niagara Falls paper company’s power plant (The). (Eng.
news, Apr. 26, 1894. 31: 350-351.)
Niagara Falls park and river railway. Niagara river from the
rapids above the falls to Lake Ontario. [ Buffalo: Matthews, North-
UL) SUE ES De nine oh. 8) 0 mem nnn XII
Niagara Falls power. _ Its application and use on the Niagara
frontier. Buffalo: Courier Co. 1901.
Niagara Falls power company. (Annual reports. N. Y.?:
1906-19—.)
———— (Elec. wid. June 5, 1897. 29. tf at eo a) ee x
—— (Eng. news. Nov. 8, 1890. ZA SAS OA erat ae atl ike ee x
Information for visitors. Sept. 1, 1906. no. imp.
Niagara Falls power company and Canadian-Niagara
power company. Information for visitors. April. 141910) 25.
Niagara Falls power company’s new turbines. (Eng. rec.,
Oct. 18, 1903. Lr toe oe EEC ae 121 WL A xX
Niagara Falls power developments. (Elec. rev., Aug. 17, 1906.
a Fe ise le alia NR UR MOL Gy X
Niagara Falls power plant. (Elec. wl'd. February 6, 1892.
19: 85-86.)
—— (Eng. news, May 24, 1894. 3]. 426-428.)
(Eng. news, May 31, 1894. 3]. 447.)
Niagara Falls power question (The). (W. elec. Jan. 26,
OULU AUST E SAIS ener tr ee eng 2 THe TPL YO IG xX
Niagara Falls power tunnel (The). (Eng. news, Dec. 29, 1892.
28: 614.)
Niagara Falls; quotation from the Report of Luther R. Marsh on the
Reservation of Niagara Falls. (Mag. Am. hist. Dec., 1885. 14:
S012) BIER oI DY ET XI
Niagara Falls runs dry. (Harp. w., Apr. 4, 1903. 47: Pt I,
ate il oka. oie dale glee eA E Mh Vv
Niagara Falls sketch book. Buffalo: Sumner. 1888c.IV and XII
Niagara Falls the great manufacturing village of the West;
being a statement of the operations of the Niagara Falls hydraulic
company, with an appendix containing the charter and by-laws of the
company, letters from distinguished engineers. . . . Boston: 1853.
Niagara Falls tunnel (The). (Elec. rev., Feb. 20, 1892. 19:
S20) ck, REE TRACT NRC eer Ma ME re AUG Ca xX
Niagara Falls turbines (The). (Eng. news, Apr. 6, 1893. 29:
351)
1371
Niagara Falls
Niagara Falls water volume. (Eng. rec., Mar. 21, 1891. 23:
256.)
[Niagara frontispiece] and Niagara Falls from the Ameri-
can shore. (Grosvenor library, Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara
Falls.) 16972187=—0 Mat ASS eee ao cie ene IX
Niagara gorge (The). [A review of Taylor on ‘‘ Origin of the
gorge of the whirlpool rapids at Niagara.’’] (Science. May 6, 1898.
New sere iF O27) 9 eis ios ah Mic Pe Cen Ne fare OU ee VII
Niagara gorge railway. (Eng. mag. Nov. 1900. 20: 284-286.)
Niagara in danger again. (Outl., May 20, 1911. 98:88.)..XI
Niagara in summer and winter. no imp.............++-- XII
[Niagara in winter] (Harp. June, 1852. 5:127.)........... V
(Harps mo:,: Febi; 1655410241041.) 2 Se eee V
‘Niagara in winter. (Lit. liv. age, Mar. 17, 1866. 88: 799.)....V
Niagara in winter dress. (Harp. w., Mar. 5, 1881. 25:158.)..V
Niagara, its falls and scenery, etc. N. Y.: Alexander Hubbell
& Co. 1848.
Niagara; its falls and scenery ... . N. Y.: Harthill [1859 c]
Pps MUZAK SAN OL, EAN BY Ee aren ae XII
Niagara mastered. (Eng. (Lond.:) Oct. 14, 1892. 74: 319.)..%
Niagara ontap. (Lit. digest. April, 1916. 52:963-964.)....X
Niagara: [photographic views] no imp..........000eeeeeeees XII
Niagara plant of the Ontario power company. (Elec. wld.
& eng. Mar. 4, 1905. 45: 423.)
Niagara power. (Cur. lit, Aug., 1900. 29:127-128.)...... xX
(Elec) reve July 75 FBO Ze Ss hO.) eee ee ie eee xX
———= (Elec, rev., July 13,°1906.) 5980.) sco os ee
—— (Elec. wld. & eng. Mar. 23, 1907. 49: 586.)
(Elec: wid): June 13,1908.) 50 2t7ZED) ee eo ree X
Niagara power at Syracuse. (Ry. & eng. rev. June 1, 1907.
AT ABB S459.) rick Gk BGO eR a Cnn Dm NAG xX
Niagara power banquet. (Elec. wld. Jan. 16, 1897. 29:83,
85-86.)
Niagara power for Canada. (Elec. wld. & eng. Feb. 2, 1907.
49: 223.)
Niagara power for Canadian cities. (W. elec. Dec. 26, 1903.
33: 483.)
Niagara power for the Buffalo railway. (St. ry. rev. Aug. 15,
1896. 6:506—507.)
—— (St. ry. rev. Dec. 15, 1896. 6: 757-758.)
1372
Alphabetical List
Niagara power for the Buffalo railway system. (St. ry. jour.,
SEE let TA TTI eds ees: ha le ye xX
Niagara power in Buffalo. (Elec. rev. Dec. 29, 1897. 3]:
Gye Be ENE OAD AE UE ST eA Oe) (on X
—— (Elec. rev. Jan. 20, 1897. 30:26.)
(Elec. wld. & eng. Nov. 4, 1905. 46: 771-773.)
Niagara power in the gorge. I. (Elec. wld. & eng. Nov. 18,
ee HO OAL O99.) 5. va wba OURRT Eds Vick a 4
II. (Elec. wld. & eng. Nov. 25, 1905. 46: 899-900.)....X%
Niagara power in Toronto. (Elec. wid. & eng. June 24, 1905.
“LOPS OA) RRS RRO Se reno os ae Ca ey ee x
Niagara power plant. I. (Eng. rec., Sept. 24, 1892. 26: 266-
PS. te 22, NP tl ORE RU alah xX
Niagara power plant of the electrical development com-
pany of Ontario (The). I. Description of design and structures.
(Eng. news, Nov. 9, 1905. 54: 475-478.)
—— II. Methods of construction. (Eng. news, Nov. 30, 1905.
54:561-564.)
Niagara power privileges. (W. elec. April 18, 1896. 18:187.)
Niagara power schemes. (Eng. Feb. 16, 1906. 81:218—
2 CEES OAC RITE Ea OED SPH IGA) oe Shay Wi 4
Niagara preservation number. (Chaut., Aug., 1907. 47:260,
BSR SOL Juul. a} etl aed Bee Ue, XI
Niagara problem under legislation. (Pop. sci. mo., May, 1906.
mL aa Re CU aE hs er a) | XI
Niagara railway arch (The). (Eng. mag. June, 1898. 15:475—
476.)
Niagara railway suspension bridge (The). (Engineering. Dec.
9, 1887. 44:595-598.)
Niagara reservation (The). (Critic, Mar. 21, 1896. 28:
PE Seis 3 2.0. sax die witrd teed cial eee XI
Niagara river development. (Sci. Am., Oct. 121901. 185:
EE Re Sail he peo se urna GM once Lhe OE xX
Niagara river from the rapids above the Falls to Lake
Ontario (The). Buffalo and N. Y.: Matthews, Northrup and Co.
er a eset ugh an XI]
1373
aw,
&
Niagara Falls
Niagara ship canal, its military and commercial necessity-
Neos) 1863:
Niagara the majestic . . . Buffalo, N. Y.: C. D. Amold. 1901.
Niagara. The Niagara Falls power company, Niagara Falls, N. Y.,
and the Canadian Niagara power company, Ontario, April 1, 1907.
BenslerPressCo:.) ‘Buttalos) nid ye yes A ed an Dk
Niagara’s industrial beauty. (Lit. dig, Dec. 7, 1912. 45:
1060-1061.)
Niagara’s oldest power plant. (Harp. w., June 14, 1913. 57,
pte TSG iG iethe nS Baca NN, Bd AR GSMA Sg ee x
Nichols, T. L. Forty years of American life. 2d ed. Lond.: Long-
mans, ‘Green? 16745) Pp 204-205 iy Oe nea aN ae ena IV
Nikola Tesla and the electrical outlook — the new develop-
ment in power transmission. (R. of R. Sept., 1895. 12:
Ae To 2OtA 7 NNR li MG Ce MUST N Nea NIC RS Miah UU M0 D<
Noble, Louis L. The course of empire, Voyage of life, and other
pictures of Thomas Cole, N.A.; with selections from his letters and
miscellaneous writings; illustrative of his life, character and genius.
N. Y.: Cornish, Lamport, and Co. 1853. Pp. 104-106; 375-
AY As ee RAD EN URN T eR SUCK MIMI MM aS CM GI OS 2 1X
Noel, J. (del.) Outhwaite (sc.) Les cataracts du Niagara. [1860>?]
(Grosvenor library, Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 1697—
1B 722) Mab AROS Oey oN Maat INR a IX
—— (del.) Outhwaite (sc.) Pont suspender sur le Niagara [1860?]
(Grosvenor library, Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 1697—
eo Reanta \/ Eau APAlD ay BUM nM DONT RIAN sete Hit EN RIA Ne Se IX
[Norman, Henry.] The preservation of Niagara. (Nation, Sept.
1 SSR PSB ZO T ) eeeG eal VN AT le a ee ne XI
Norris, Henry H. Electric progress in United States in 1906. (W.
elec. Jan. 5, 1907. 40:7.)
North America according to the latest observations. (/n
Gordon, Patrick, Geography anatomiz’d: or the geographical grammar.
Lond.: Knapton, Knaplocke and Co. 1733. Opp. p. 343.)....IX
North American tourist (The). N. Y.: Goodrich. N.d. Pp.
CI ees AMER A RR) ANUS MATA UMN MEP ME ERT WE iy XIf
Northern tour (A) ; being a guide to Saratoga, Lake George, Niagara,
Canada, Boston, etc. . . . Phila.: Carey and Lea. 1825. Pp.
AZAD es il belo ne Rhee ho ke he pa feharke heated Ne neke Pence Saget Roane XII
Alphabetical List
Northern traveler (The) ; containing the routes to Niagara, Quebec,
and the Springs, with the tour of New England, and the route to the
coal mines of Pennsylvania. 2d ed. IMpy So eEXteee Ney ALL Te
eas RO 00) Pps BONO i wy fi My a eM XII
Nunn, Paul N. The development of the Ontario power company.
(Presented at 22d ann. conv. of the Am. inst. elec. engrs. Asheville,
eerie 25551 905.)).)., sot ee oe ae wae ey Wah ne fhis X
—— The development of the Ontario power company. Niagara Falls:
The Ontario power company. n.d.
—— Hydro-electric enterprise in Canada. (Can. eng., Mar., 1905.
|S ELS 00) Gls ES OED AT Io CR Me ele X
22 Tee 5 LEG JEP i ean nan ene UC RIN IX
O’Bryan, William. A narrative of travels in the United States . . .
Lond.: Printed for the author. 1836. Pp: sl 9219 Gea A III
Observation tower, Niagara Falls. (Eng. (Lond.:) May 8,
ee OM ete es eal yeni Vv
O’Callaghan, E. B. The documentary history of the state of New
rae edny 1849) 8055) 1570.0 eA yds! Vv
—— The documentary history of the state of New York. Albany
C42) al OCA 2 7 a ee ee a V
—— The documentary history of the state of New York. Albany
Re mares ey A LY oe NN MA Ok Mai V
-—— The documentary history of the state of New York. Albany
Be OCS ee cos. Lace ty as SM Ry J V
—— The documentary history of the state of New York. Albany.
CELT Ue Td CUREEESSI Pn ps met Rela Werer Ie Vee ity tar ent can Vv
—— The documentary history of the state of New York. Albany
Berm AN? NICS: cair \s Megas ieee 0 oi alah A V
Niagara Falls
O’Ferrall, Simon Ansley. A ramble of six thousand miles through
the United States of America. Lond.: Effingham Wilson. 1832.
Pp. 27-33.
Offenbach, Jacques. America and the Americans. Lond.: William
Reeves. ((1877)3 5) Pp 74 275i ee eee earns area IV and XI
Ogden, John Cosens. A tour, through Upper and Lower Canada.
By a citizen of the United States . . . Litchfield. 1799. Pp. 110-
DUD access eee ees iheael Ges cideca dene uawepeions uence Mlae veer at etic ceae ese ee tear XII
Olmstead, Frederick Law, and Vaux, Calvert. General plan
for the improvement of the Niagara reservation. Niagara Falls, N. Y.:
PBZ yc csce Rie, ANG se) ORI ROUS Ma MAT I a CL XI
One hundred tons of calcium carbide. (Eng. news, May 4,
1899. 41: 291.)
Ontario and St. Lawrence steamboat company (The). Hand-
book for travellers to Niagara Falls, Montreal and Quebec, and
through Lake Champlain to Saratoga Springs. Buffalo: Jewett, Thomas
and ;Co: 2 Ppy) BEA. airs leech Sie Aerated Sefee Ceeeiene XII
Inset of Horseshoe Fall. (Grosvenor library, Buffalo, N. Y.
Views of Niagara Falls. 1697-187—. Mat 22.)............ IX
Ontario — Hydro-electric power commission. Annual reports
1=5:
Ontario-New York. Topographic map of the Niagara gorge. (U. S.
geol. surv., G. O. Smith, Dir. and Geol. surv. of Can., R. W. Brock,
Dare) NOUS Sy PME VZIOOO Ds ais ek ee atte le ee eee VII
Ontario 110,000-vclt power transmission system (The).
(Eng. news, Mar. 18, 1909. 61: 301.)
[Ontario power company.] (Elec. rev., May 12, 1905. 56:
778.)
Ontario power company begins operations (The). (Elec.
wid. & eng. July 15, 1905. 46:91.)
Ontario power company’s development at Niagara Falls.
(W. elec. Dec. 26, 1903. 33:481.)
Ontario power company’s plant at Niagara Falls. (Sci. Am.,
Feb. 11) 19050 592 AZO ye ps Ws a eee ese xX
Ontario power plant at Niagara. (Elec. wld. & eng. Mar. 18,
1905 5 Ab SOB) eres aera a a athe Si oedeedacer sent tena a ae xX
Opening of the Niagara Canadian power company’s plant.
(Set, Aim:;, Feb.) 4)4'905. 9210421051), 0. ccs Oe he eee X
Orbigny, Alcide Dessalines D.’ Voyage pittoresque dams les deux
Ameriques . . . Paris: chez L. Tenre. 1836. Pp. 477-479,
1376
Alphabetical List
[Original resolution describing the proposed limits of the
Niagara reservation.] (lst Ann. rep’t of the com’rs of the state
resery. at Niagara. Albany: 1886. Pp. 11-15.)............ XI
QOssoli, Sarah Margaret Fuller. At home and abroad; or, Things
and thoughts in America and Europe. (Arthur B. Fuller, editor.)
merece “ost. and Lond. 31856.) Pp. S10 ek Posie teens IV
Marchesa d’. Summer on the lakes, in 1843 . . . Bost.:
Little and Brown; N. Y.: Francis. 1844. Pp. I1-13........ IV
Other uses of Niagara power. (Elec. wld. June 5, 1897. 29:
734.)
Ottens, R. and J. Carte des possessions Angloises et Francoises du
continent de l’Amérique Septentrionale. Kartt van de Englesche en
Fransche bezittingen in hets vaste land van Noord America, 1755.
Peemsterdam: Chez R. et J. Ottens. 2. odode wie ee dees IX
Over Niagara Falls. (Harp. w., Sept. 29, 1866. 10:612.)..VIII
Overbury, Frederick. Electro-chemistry at Niagara Falls. (Cass.
PEGS es GNLN 227-2290.) . RG. eee le ee el ta xX
Overton, Henry. A map of the British plantations on the continent
of North America, according to the notes and improvements of mr.
Bolton, made in the original of mr. Danville with the history of each
Puagmnstie marin. 7... [729-1760]. oe hee a vnc ate ee IX
Owahyah. Birch bark legends of Niagara, founded on traditions among
the Iroquois, or Six nations; a story of the lunar-bow, which brilliantly
adorns Niagara Falls by moonlight; or Origin of the totem of the wolf.
Speatneont.;sjour,.erinting Co., 1884. 2.5.2 5. o.5te os a VIII
Oxley, J. Macdonald. Niagara under yoke. (Wd. today. Sept.,
MESO SUG pos 2 se or 28 Sg DUA erate Waatetete ><
Paasche, Hermann. Kulture-und Reiseskizzen aus Nord — und
Mittel-Amerika. Magdeburg: Albert Rathke. 1894. Pp. 24-31.
Palacio, Don Vicente Riva and Mateos, Don Juan A. La
cataracta del Niagara. (Jn their Dramatic works. Mexico City.
UT SG, SR AES CRU SS eee ae A RMR SUrt pr a cae VIII
Palairet, I Carte des possessions Angloises et Francoises du con-
tinent de |’Amérique Septentrionale. Londres: 1759. (Am. maps.
Ee er eh haf chia oa rath ele Pera Aa eam dee MENS IX
Palmer, B. Frank. Apostrophe to Niagara. (Jn Porter, Peter A.,
Official guide. Niagara Falls, river, frontier . . . Buffalo: The
Matthews Northrup Works. 1901. Pp. 289-290.)........ VIII
Panoramic view of Niagara. c. 1852.................. IX
87 1377
Niagara Falls
Panton, J. Hoyes. Flora of Queen Victoria Niagara Falls park.
(Ann. rep’ts of the com’rs for Queen Victoria Niagara Falls park.
HES9. At ZS Ty ieee COS eee eee RI Sera CARA VI
Park, Rev. Roswell. Niagara Falls. (Jn his Jerusalem; and other
poems, juvenile and miscellaneous... N. Y.: Stanford. 1857.
Pps PAZ V ZS ee ee ee RO eH ea a ea VIII
Niagara Falls. (Jn his Selections of juvenile and miscellaneous
poems. Phila.: Desilver, Thomas. 1836. Pp. 70-73.)...... VIII
Parker, John C. Niagara power at the Lackawanna steel plant.
(Elec. jour. Jan., 1907. 4: 32-42.)
Parkman, Francis. Historic handbook of the northern tour. Lakes
George and Champlain. Niagara, Montreal, Quebec. Bost.: Little,
Brown.” Ol685. Pp 9S SNON ea ers eaten AVAL eee a eae Vv
[Parrott, Caryl S.] A descriptive reading on Niagara Falls...
Philas:) WF Reaug." WO GO eo eee ee id a IV
Parsons, Horatio A. The book of Niagara Falls. 3d ed. Care-
fully rev. and enl., and accompanied by maps. Buffalo: Oliver G.
Steele; VOBG oe ON Ae AACR Ca eae XII
A guide to travelers visiting the Falls of Niagara, containing much
interesting and important information respecting the Falls and vicinity,
accompanied by maps. 2d ed. greatly enl. Buffalo: Oliver G. Steele.
VO PIR Weert Niet ar aaa aun a SY GUNN RADA aco eae XII
Part of the fall of Niagara, on the side of Canada. (Grosve-
nor library, Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 1697-187-.
1,44 apa MAINES LAD Nore NT SPI er RGR UM on Ne MUNIN INL SID ON IX
Passenger department of the Richelieu and Ontario Navi-
gation Company. Official guide, 1900. From Niagara to the sea
PANS (1 OUR eo RNs Ih” HUSAIN IMU LC AMEE NENG MEISE AAG SAUNA Lod. | XII
Passing of the Niagara observation tower. (W. elec. Dec.
Bi POO 8s) SB ABO) ie A tien Geel At Nek ay a ar ee Vv
Patton, Edmund. A glimpse at the United States and the northern
states of America, with the Canadas, comprising their rivers, lakes and
falls during the autumn of 1852 .. .Lond.: Effingham Wilson.
16535) Pp 9 Oe ie at are CHE NOON Hie eee IV and VI
Paul’s dictionary of Buffalo, Niagara Falls, Tonawanda, and
vicinity. Buffalo: Peter Paul Book Co. (1896). Pp. 170-
VAS) UN OGM eee n RRR KIDSU AN AMINE RIMM ey ot DURE Bi XII
1378
Alphabetical List
Peck’s tourist’s companion to Niagara Falls, Saratoga
Springs, the Lakes, Canada, etc. . . . Buffalo: William B.
PME AW Esa) REC LOA atetelevaleiiel s.4: 4 alm oc est deave Pealleig Balt XI
Pen and sunlight sketches of scenery reached by the Grand
trunk railway system and connections, with routes and
rates for summer tours. 1896. Pp. 18-25........... XII
Pendelton Niagara; Niagara Falls. (Grosvenor library,
Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 1697-187—. Mat
PN ahs Baie yr wie gtr Wietnca hae cond are a ahs ahah IX
Pennell, Joseph. Niagara Falls. (Cent., May, 1911. 82:77-
REIS ee ee Lint unuras a cinas d wids og elated bea otal deere einiats IX
People’s guide to Buffalo, Niagara Falls and Chautauqua
Pea Uiralos PHOOOs) pi 7 LaOLalets: ssc Lisle eeeie ea areleleys XII
Perkins, Frank C. Canadian Niagara power for Buffalo. (W.
Elec. June 19, 1907. 40:57.)
The great ice jam at Niagara. (Sci. Am., May 1, 1909.
DINGS ELBE. cto EE TRO TRG ACEI CSE Se a V
—— The Niagara power transmission plant. (Elec. wld. Feb. 9,
ES AOD SLO pha Siicsiters vend eih, dielse ccave sherawat era dia wie weaker xX
—— Niagara power transmission up to date. (Elec. wld., Nov. 21,
1896. 28:621-622.)
Six Niagara power installations under way —a million horse-
power to be developed at Niagara Falls. (Elec. wld. & eng. April
Mh PAA) PO be yi oe ea a ak Bia. 8 era Sete gre) a eavwrlohsile @ a eens xX
Two proposed methods of transmitting power from Niagara Falls
to Chicago. (Elec. wld. & eng., Feb. 20, 1892. 29:121-122.)
Person, C. W. Air route over the whirlpool. (Illus. wld. June 16,
1916. 25:479-480.)
—— Nerviest man; untangling cables over the Niagara whirlpool.
(St. Nicholas. March, 1917. 44: 459-460.)
—— Over the whirlpool by aerial cable. (Sci. Am. March 25, 1916.
Coie SIE UN ARR GREE gp SE Dog Se XII
Petite chute du Niagara (162 P. de Haut.) (Grosvenor library,
Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 1697-187—. Mat 5.) .IX
Pfeiffer, Ida Reyer. A lady’s second journey round the world.
Lond.: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans. 1855. 2: 337-—
Sem i METS on er te ral ove ote | eee Ses Jats As 2 aes IV
Philoppoteaux, Paul. Cyclorama of Niagara. 40050.
MP TCe ESI SO esa dos So) ear iia) aiatehe ove daw iahw hd ds» sva/eve dees IX
Niagara Falls
Pictorial guide to the Falls of Niagara: a manual for visitors . .
Buffalo Salisbury and Clapp; yl G4a2mi nes ane eee XII
Pidgeon, Daniel. Ain engineer’s holiday; or, Notes of a round trip
from longitude 0° to o°. Lond.: Keegan Paul, Trench & Co. 2v.
1882... L293 —POG peck want Pee ee Geet ea nk Aa ea a IV
Pierie, William. View of the cataract of Niagara, from a drawing
taken on the spot by Lt. Pierie of the Royal Artillery. Richard Wilson
Pinx... William Byme:'(se.)y)1) 7665 So es ee oe ee IX
Pinkerton, John. A general collection of the best and most interesting
voyages and travels in all parts of the world. . . . Lond.: Longman.
18120 1352296:
Pioneer work at Niagara. (Am. elec. Jan., 1900. 12:38.).X
Plea for the conservation of Niagara Falls (A). (Eng. news,
Dec. 21, 1905. 54: 668.)
Pocket guide to Niagara Falls. The complete illustrated guide to
Niagara) Falls sandy vicinity: ino (imps c ce esis le reine XII
Pohlman, Julius. The life history of Niagara. (Trans. Am. inst.
mining engrs. Buffalo meeting. 1888. 17: 322-338.)........ VII
Life history of the Niagara river. (Proc. A. A. A. S. Aug.,
1883: 32202.) wihAlbsstract |e ey Musk acid ahead ec VII
Niagara Falls. (Jn Encyclopedia Americana. ed. by F. C.
Beach & others. Americana Co. N. Y.: 1904. Vol. II.)....VII
The Niagara gorge. (Pre-glacial erosion along the course of
the Niagara.) (Proc. A. A. A. S. Aug., 1886. 35:221-222.)
[Abstract]: ot ee a ae ae ce At Ur a aR ea VII
Pond, Chester E. The Falls of Niagara. Our school of sublimity
ses) dopekay (Kanes iB GBi0 ei caih oven Sie tcae eye ea ee eae IV
Poole, Stanley Lane. The life of the Right Hon. Stratford Canning,
Viscount Stratford de Redcliffe. . . . Lond.: Longmans, Green.
1868.) 4s 331334 eerie ia eye pak Aha Obrien eee Pate eae XII
Pope, Franklin Leonard and Pope, Ralph R. The distribution
of electric power at Niagara. (Eng. mag., Dec., 1895. 10: 407-
Ba Me ce sacs dade eto iabialn Poles alg LRN OR Me ea te Os ce xX
Popham, William Lee. Niagara Falls romance. Louisville, Ky.:
The World: Supply Co.) ect Ole) conc ae ae ene aa ene eee VII
Popple, Henry. America Septentrionaliss A map of the British
empire in America with the French and Spanish settlements adjacent
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=—— Map of America; Mariland, Pensilvania, New Jersey, New
York, and the western part of Connecticut. N.d............. IX
1380
Alphabetical List
Popple, Henry. A map of the British empire in America. fol. Lond.:
em etien VOIS Gc ERs lis DEGIEN DO a sis scale atelecaibhel ate bile ve 6 IX
—— A map of the British empire in America with the French and
Spanish settlements adjacent thereto. (Maps of America I, No.
MEME ee) siasa cope c cera aha eine tana wid Hal Cidledae a Diaiela ia 8) 2 IX
A map of the British empire in America with the French, Spanish
and Dutch settlements adjacent thereto. Certified by Edmund Halley.
“meterdam;: Covens and Mortier.. Nid. oii. c00s 05 ssdsens- IX
Porter, Albert H. Reminiscences of Niagara from 1806 to 1872,
with a list of the early settlers. By an old resident. Printed for
private circulation: Niagara Falls: Pool. 1872.2. 2.0.5 .06625<. V
Some details of the Niagara tunnel. (Cass. July, 1895. 8:
BREESE AUD Tie) TSI (a? sie vice en's Seven SMM a Te Cau nee taaab a besa ere arate xX
Porter, Peter Augustus. A catalogue of books, pamphlets, engrav-
ings, etc., relating largely to Niagara Falls. N.p. N.d.
Champlain not Cartier made the first reference to Niagara Falls
foeireratare: Niagara Falls. 1699 ae cic. Hac oe sccbs. old sversnsiete V
The complete illustrated guide to Niagara Falls and vicinity.
(Niagara Falls: Gazette Printing Office. 1883.)............ XII
The first buildings ever erected by white men at Niagara Falls,
inane) (Niagara.Front. Elist. Soc. leaf.) nds... Sie oss ax: V
The first reference to Niagara Falls in literature. [Niagara
Falls, N. Y.: Gazette Pub. Co. 1899.]
Goat Island. (Ann. rep’ts of the com’rs of the state reserv. at
ReRIRE ATA EO SAI Le cha ewe (care teh'sre gy-oiel'es sara tiatelece ais! a) aprons V
Goat Island. [Niagara Falls, N. Y.:] 1900.
Historic Niagara. (Ann. rep’ts of the com’rs of the state reserv.
Beiazaras, Auipany: 18694. 10:57=71.) 2.3.5 doce ee ese V
How lake commerce began; La Salle’s visits to the Niagara.
iNracarattalicu IN: (Yoo nid. Pe Uo lant eta temie aiers V and IX
A legend of Goat Island ascnbed to Father Louis Hennepin,
who visited Niagaram 1678. . . . Niagara Falls: (1900). .VIII
[Lines in a young lady’s album.] (/n Johnson, R. L., Niagara,
its history, incidents and poetry . . . Wash.: W. Neale. 1898. Pp.
- SEC) NEA a Aa ee eerie me BA VIII
—— Niagara an aboriginal center of trade. Niagara Falls. 1906..V
Niagara county in that souvenir history. 1902. P. 1 ff.
Porter, Peter A. The Niagara region in history. (Cass. July, 1895.
(pd eh Sane Gus PRRAERIS ee BRB ean eect Be Pama, MSM rana ty Ihe ge Vv
Niagara Falls
Porter, Peter A. Official guide. Niagara Falls, river, frontier: scenic,
electric, historic, geologic, hydraulic. With illustrations by Charles D.
Amold. [Buffalo: The Matthews Northrup Works. 1901.]..XIi
Porter’s Niagara Falls collection. (Nation. Oct. 20, 1910.
91: 360-361.)
Potter, Alvah K. Address to the international commissioners appointed
to investigate concerning the conditions and uses of the waters adjacent
to the boundary lines between Canada and the United States, at Niagara
Falls, New York, September 14, 1905. (Ann. rep’ts of the com’rs
of 'the'state reserv. ‘at Niagara: 22: 77261) ie eee XI
Pouchot, M. . Memoir upon the late war in North America,
between the French and English, 1755-60; followed by observations
upon the theatre of actual war, and by new details concerning the man-
ners and customs of the Indians; with topographical maps. Translated
and edited by Franklin R. Hough. Roxbury, Mass.: W. Elliott
Woodward. /1866:)'2 153-15 Gig ne os eine rea I and XII
Powell, Ann. Journal of a tour from Montreal to Detroit, 1789,
with notes by Eliza Susan Quincy. (Mag. Am. hist., July, 1880.
Bi STAGE) ee ee ee eh UR MOS tai calle Aaeaa If
Power development of the Toronto and Niagara power com-
pany. (Eng. rec., Feb. 13, 1904. 49:180-183.)........... xX
Power developments at Niagara. (Eng. mag., Feb., 1900. 18:
776-777.)
Power from Niagara. (Can. eng. April, 1902. 9:91.)
(Current lit. August, 1900. 29:127.)
Power houses at Niagara. (Sci. Am. sup. Dec. 19, 1903. 56:
23386.)
Power interests at Niagara Falls. (W. elec. Mar. 14, 1896.
PSU 27s) Cece rhs Big Sila elle EO SN IL eet ee x
Power of Niagara (The). Niagara Falls power co. Niagara Falls,
INS 2) POG Ce Re a) Nia AN Rea xX
———=. (Pub. opin., Sept: 7, 1899) 272303.) oi i ere we ice xX
—— Taking stock of the energy utilized. (Sci. Am. sup. Sept 23,
POV 72 ZOSD lk re Cee ais ie ae a xX
Power of the flood. (Cur. lit, Aug., 1900. 29:127-128.)....X
Power plant of the Niagara Falls hydraulic power and
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33:43—46.)
1382
Alphabetical List
Power plant of the Niagara Falls hydraulic power and
manufacturing company. (Power. Dec. 17, 1895. 15:
SONS AE RIDES AE Ae eR xX
Power stations at Niagara (The). (Sci. Am. sup., Feb. 3, 1894.%
Power, Tyrone. Impressions of America, during the years 1834 and
fea. ‘Lond. :’ Richard Bentley. 18356. 1: 391-411. ....... XI
Prentice, Archibald. A tour in the United States. Lond.: 1848.
Pe TRE NE Mes ACAa 1 alah sai alia ar adhe, ale fave uie at aha is IV
Prescott, William H. Letter to the Earl of Carlisle regarding a
Niagara picture by Lebron, under date of January 27, 1851. (Pub.
Re ATSIC ee FO APA SE) slat cvd o Gte so) analelitahal dis aly gate the IX
Present condition of the Niagara Falls power plant (The).
(Jour. Frank. inst., Mar., 1895. 139: 228.)
Preservation of Niagara Falls. (Ann. rep’ts of the com’rs of
Eaestate (reserv.rat, Niagaray 2O:1TO21S sy) ee ue ia ee bo XI
[Preservation of Niagara Falls.] (Critic, Feb. 17, 1883. 3:
PPO MEE BEMIS EIS Br ee TOA Le 2 XI
(Ene. mews; Apr. 16)' 19033 | 49::347.) 05.0 80.0 ee. XI
Preservation of Niagara Falls (The). (Harp. w. May 15,
“iste Le Le Ne 4 (SS) de ol Le Oe Se XI
[Preservation of Niagara Falls.] (Harp. Dec., 1882. 66:151—
120 GARI IRE aa sr nc Hat ACARD i ara Aa ea CPanel Gone ks eee XI
Preservation of Niagara (The). (Nature, June 11, 1885. 32:
Bee Taree see tak s VN ahah cid a aid galeries arate ah ara XI
Preservation of Niagara Falls. (QOutl., Apr. 7, 1906. 82:
WIE ren tea su ARON MN a Sy PSC aN @ Oy ein Sy iin aad ube tek ae XI
M@utlscaly 29066 OS 652-055. ry oe aasdeyaicesba tale XI
Preservation of Niagara Falls (The). (Outl., Feb. 3, 1912.
RP een Ce cn aa eee a's, 5 a) oo haa vaca arte, aT eet: ay 5 XI
Preservation of Niagara (The). (Sci. May 15, 1885. 5:
SSS SN IN 1 RS AR a er ee XI
Preserve Niagara. (Outl., Oct. 14, 1905. 81: 348.)....... XI
Preston, T. R. ‘Three years’ residence in Canada, from 1837 to 1839,
with notes of a winter voyage to New York, and journey thence to the
British possessions. Lond.: Richard Bentley. 1840. 2:11-20. .III
Priest, William. Travels in the United States of North America,
commencing in the year 1793, and ending in 1797. . . . Lond.: J.
Peer eien DOO chee we Yeks oP ee re ry ta VII
Prieto, Guillermo. Viaje a los Estados-Unidos. Por Fidel. 3 vols.
Mexico: Dublan y Chavez. 1878. 2:285-312............ VIII
1383
Niagara Falls
Princess Louise at Niagara (The). (Harp. w. Mar. 22, 1879.
23:237.)
Pringle, J. F. Lunenburgh or the old eastern district, its settlement and
early progress: with personal recollections of the town of Cornwall,
from) 1824/02) 2")). “Cormwall. (16902) "Paolit2Z: Galea XII
Prior, Samuel. Niagara Falls woodcut. (Jn his The universal travel-
fer 243 dtond 118232. (Pp 97 92582) Ma eae eee ee IX
The universal traveller, containing the popular features and con-
tents of the best standard modern travels in the four quarters of the
world: London. 1823.45 Pp./57 92582 oo yo iale cue ara ee Vi
Pritchard, F. E. Power transmission at Niagara. (Elec. wld., Apr.
$6 1892. 1D: ZOBs) oe ce hier, Sn lc eta eiael a eee ee ee x
Pritchard, Myron T., comp. Poetry of Niagara . . . compiled
by M. T. Pritchard. Bost.: Lothrop Pub. Co. (1901)...... VIII
Proctor, Richard A. Niagara. (Knowl. Aug. 3, 1883. 4:72-
VE. 3) aE NEAT eA ROS OR EL Lat UK «Tera LEN RSS V
Production of chlorate of potash at Niagara Falls. (Jour. soc.
chem. ind., Oct. 31, 1896. 15: 753.)
Progress on Niagara Falls tunnel. (Eng. news, Jan. 9, 1892.
27233:)
Progress on power station no. 2 of the Niagara Falls power
company. (Eng. news, Oct. 2, 1902. 48:250.)
Projects for the utilization of Niagara. (Engineering. Oct. 23,
Nov. 13, Nov. 20, 1891. 52: 468-469; 559-562; 589-591.)
Projects for water-power development about Niagara Falls.
(Eng: news, Novi)24, 1692) 28-489) Ono ie ane sae ee xX
Pulszky, Francis A, and Theresa W. White, red, black; sketches
of society in the United States during the visit of their guest (Kossuth).
ond: , Truebner)) 1853.05) S227 ee a ee earn ae IV
Queen Victoria Niagara Falls Park; official documents
De ihe eS INN ONE RAVAGE DEE a 8 a 1 XI
Queen Victoria Niagara Falls Park commissioners. Annual
reports; : 1685) tovdate cs ca ie Pleas RR U Ne er Nate at ne ae XI
R. C. An account of the English and French colonies in North America.
(Universal ‘mag: !!) Nove (17550172 21822210) ere ee ee V
Rafinesque, Constantine Samuel. A life of travels and researches
in North America and the south of Europe. Phila.: For the author
by F. Turner. 1836. P. 81.
1384
Alphabetical List
Rafter, George W. Water resources of the state of New York. Pt.
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survey, No. 24. Wash.: 1899. Pp. 24-25, 48, 58-63.)....VII
Water resources of the State of New York, pt. 2.° (Water-
supply and irrigation papers of the United: States geological survey, No.
PEN GSS GR Os) Pp. LSI asa) ia k chete bhesccons a eheedt crateia bisis X
Ragueneau, Paul. Relation of what occurred in the mission of the
Fathers of the Society of Jesus in the Huron’ country in New France
in the years 1647 and 1648. Sent to Rev. Father Estienne Charlet,
Provincial of the Society of Jesus in the Province of France. By
Father Paul Ragueneau of the same Society, Superior to the Huron
mission. (Thwaites, Jesuit Relations, 23: 63.).........0+--5- I
Railway time tables and traveler’s guide through Central
New York, Niagara Falls, Saratoga Springs, etc. Buffalo:
Felton and brother. 1866. Pp. 91-100...............:.. XII
Ramsay, Sir Andrew C. On some of the glacial phaenomena of
Canada and the northeastern provinces of the United States during the
drift period. (Proc. Geol: Soc. of London. Quarterly. jour. 1859.
BME IV ete Sait 1s Dag 5 coy Sick em aU Ea oh oueuar) GRR ai gie Vi
Rand-McNally. MHand-book to the Pan-American exposition, Buffalo
and Niagara Falls . . . Chicago and N. Y.: Rand, McNally.
Pee =2 5740. a). nd aicle a ale seo Mase Rreermeereene eee XII
Randolph, Isham. Review of the report of William Spencer, M.A.,
Ph.D., F.G.S., On the physics of the Niagara river. (Ann. rep’t of
the com’rs for Queen Victoria Niagara Falls park. 1908. 23:
PEN see a6 Son wha. oh ss SG elm heme Seterera ees dae se XI
Rankine, William B. The accomplished utilization of Niagara.
REerence fans OF LOO72 | LSS 2A ox a: «eid steicte comectawettry Gti xX
—— The accomplished utilization of Niagara. (Sci. Am. sup. July
10, 1897. 44:17945.)
—— National cyclopedia of American biography . .. N. Y.:
Pine VU eOUG VoL 40
Relation des descouvértes et des voyages du sieur de la
Salle, seigneur et gouverneur du fort de Frontenac, au
dela grands lacs la Nouvelle-France, faits par lordre
de Monseigneur Colbert.— 1679-1680-1681. (Margry,
Découvertes et établissements des Francais dans . . . l’Amerique Sep-
tentrionale.’:' ‘Tome (Tip: 44 eee ie ela) eke ener eae By |
1386
Alphabetical List
Remarkable phenomenon at Niagara (A). (Cur. lit., May,
ERS Te SSS PA Ue Ng Sar Sst ods ged SMM UAIAL gh Siew, brah Vv
Remington, Cyrus K. Bibliography of Niagara Falls. (Ann. rep’ts
of the com’rs of the state reserv. at Niagara. Albany: 1894. 10:
72-107.)
List of publications, paintings, maps and engravings relating to
Niagara Falls. (Ann. rep’ts of the com’rs of the state reserv. at
Niagara. 1895. 11: 75-83.)
Replogle, Mark A. Electricity and water power and their inter-
relations; a popular treatise. N. Y.: Elec. Rev. Pub. Co. 1896. Pp.
ries ELS MEER RRA RRR VE eR CR ENR AE My EAS RM RO at xX
Report by the international waterways commission on Ni-
agara Falls. (Eng. news, Apr. 5, 1906. 55:394-395.)....XI
Report of the survey to determine the crest lines of the
Falls of Niagara in 1890, errata and additional monu-
ments. (Ann. rep’ts of the com’rs of the state reserv. at Niagara.
EAE HOS 2a OOF iba < sievcaleiatelo ld ane She cele ete saa doles VII
[Report on Niagara Falls (A)]. (Eng. news, May 17, 1906.
SRaebeIEE roche nn eat lub 8 Na, arate typ ae a ares XI
Report on the location and expense of a ship canal around
Niagara Falls; also, from the Illinois river to Lake Michi-
gan. With a report of a select committee to the assembly Apmil 14,
1834, relating to the connection from Oswego to the Hudson. N. Y.:
Mrrceiah thers fxs jours -b634:) Poy le7o ss ose ee ces leas XII
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(Eng. (Lond.), Nov. 13, 1891. 52:559-562.)
(Eng. (Lond.), Nov. 20, 1891. 52:589-591.)
[Review of “‘ The age of Niagara Falls, as indicated by the
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(22 Ue ee Sct ee Be ee ere an a oe VII
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LQB STRUT yi g ahs Gs Re Te OD GG ea eee ae Re IV
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1404
Alphabetical List
Three sisters, Niagara river above the Falls (The). (Grosve-
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sly NE RCS ea 2a BR) Oe Se Pd a NAM A Me NA ee IX
Three views in colors from “ The Falls of Niagara ”’ (guide-
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Through the gorge of Niagara. Photo-gravures. N. Y.: The
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Thunstrom, Louis L. How to save Niagara. (Sci. Am., July 8,
Ne PI ecb sci ike. o4 spahoveh case luauciale rose diadeteas Mente enone XI
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BUDE DO OS ee ek an es ay Bd oh ae an, III
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RRM Ree T PG Sida. gualla lk heid hau fey net Reweabed Ile, able oleh eid XII
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Transformation of Niagara power into three-wire direct
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(Am. electn., Feb., 1900. 12: 59-67.)
1405
Niagara Falls
Transformers for the Niagara Falls — Buffalo transmission.
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Transmission of electricity from Niagara Falls to Buffalo.
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Transmission of power from Niagara Falls to Buffalo com-
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Traveler’s guide, and illustrated description of central New
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Fe UR. es PAN Saar MN ery LL NR aL ARE AMR LATA Sonbc ye OES nd XII
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Pa As Bar Aap ah MR RUS RHE RUM Demlu fear A Mi ti Rs VIII
Treaty for the control of international waterways (A).
(Eng news, June’ 9) ‘1910: (636616625). ina. creer XI
Trip through the lakes of North America (A) ...N. Y.:
J. (Distarnells( 185975" eps 2062 7 eae hee ee ee ae XII
Trip to Niagara (A). By a Washingtonian. (So. lit. messenger,
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Trolley-car bridge at Niagara. (St. ry. rev. Mar. 15, 1896.
6:169.)
Trolley to cross Niagara. (St. ry. rev. Feb. 15, 1896. 6:
LODE) does Pee ae a cote ee ea ie a ee xX
Trollope, Anthony. North America. Lond.: Chapman and Hall.
1BG2. SF WSO SUBD iene Citadines ete Nene se cles a IV
Trollope, Frances Miltom. Domestic manners of the Americans.
Lond.: Whittaker, Treacher. 1832. Pp. 302—309.......... III
[Trotter, Isabella Strange.] First impressions of the new world
on two travelers from the old in the autumn of 1858. Lond.: Long-
man, Brown, Green, Longmans, Roberts. 1859. Pp. 50-61....V
Trowbridge, John. Niagara Falls considered as a source of electrical
energy. (Sei:,:May 1531685052401 —4032)icn ton oie
House committee on foreign affairs. Diversion of water from the
Niagara river. Hearings . . . 63d Cong., 2d sess. Jan. 16, 1914.
Wash:: (Gov tprint. off, TOT 4a os ie ane nay ee xX
House committee on foreign affairs . . . Diversion of
water from Niagara river. 63d Cong., 2d sess. . . . Report to
accompany House report 16542. Wash.: Gov't print. off. 1914..X
U. S.— Preservation of Niagara Falls conference committee. Preserva-
tion of Niagara Falls. Conference report on H. 18024, for control
and regulation of waters of Niagara river [and] preservation of the
Falls. (June 25, 1906. U.S. 59th Cong., Ist sess. House rep’t
5O05S: rserial 49088) oo ee ie ee Se eh e Gia oa ea XI
U. S. Congress. Report of the deep waterways commission prepared
at Detroit, Michigan, December 18-22, 1896, by the commissioners,
James B. Angell, John E. Russell, Lyman E. Cooley, accompanied by
a report on technical work and several topical reports and drawings per-
taining thereto. Wash.: 1897. H. R. doc. 92. 54th Cong.,
Zed S056" ain ei care distin eia eure araeeae auere ere mts elerensceras si alstisvacenids aie XI
Alphabetical List
U. S.— Rivers and harbors committee. (House.) Control and regula-
tion of waters of Niagara river, preservation of Niagara Falls, etc.
Report by Mr. Burton from the committee on rivers and harbors,
amending by substitute H. 18024, for control and regulation of waters
of Niagara river [and] preservation of the Falls. June 2, 1906.
U. S. 59th Cong., Ist sess. House rep’t 4654; serial 4908.) ... . XI
—— Rivers and harbors committee. (House.) Control and regula-
tion of the waters of Niagara river, etc. Report by Mr. Burton from
the committee on rivers and harbors to accompany H. J. Res. 262.
Feb. 23, 1909. (U.S. 60th Cong., 2d sess. House rep’t 2265; serial
MAP er ee Uy SN TN oe a2 Re leon, handed sad aioe ater b role ie oleae « XI
Rivers and harbors committee. (House.) Preservation of
Niagara Falls. (H.R. 16086 and H. R. 16748.) Hearings . . .
(Feb. 17, 1908, and appendix.) Wash.: Gov’t print. off. 1908. .XI
Rivers and harbors committee. (House.) Preservation of
Niagara Falls (H. R. 18024). MHearings (April 12—May 8) before
the committee . . . Wash.: Gov’t print. off. 1906. (U.S. 59th
Seg {URE ga URSA tS EA UL) Oe ce 4 ee XI
Rivers and harbors committee. (House.) Preservation of
Niagara Falls. Hearings on the subject of H. R. 26688, Sixty-first
Congress, second session, relating to the control and regulation of the
waters of Niagara river and the preservation of Niagara Falls, held
before the committee on rivers and harbors of the House of Repre-
sentatives of the United States, 61st Cong., 3d. sess. Wash.: Gov't
PES SALAD MRM cote oes doe ah eee seat sea tele a lorie, Sic ahd -atioke! aienclls XI
—— Rivers and harbors committee. (House.) Preservation of
Niagara Falls. Report by Mr. Burton from the committee on rivers
and harbors, favoring H. J. Res. 83, for report upon the preservation
of the Falls. Jan. 31, 1906. (U.S. 59th Cong., Ist sess. House
ermine a Serial 4 9 OO.) Ph aia) sue ole eran Sky cele cis Simiearein uw abeld XI
War Department. Hearings in the matter of the granting of per-
mits for the transmission from the Dominion of Canada into the United
States of power from the Niagara river, before the secretary of war
at Washington, D. C. Nov. 26 & 27, 1906. Wash.: Gov’t print.
PRETO Sein cose eM vegas aie aie dia Reaves le lots eure ats ah ta dhacnnSto de xX
War Department. National park at Niagara Falls. Letter from
the secretary of war, submitting, with copy of a report of a special
committee, a recommendation for the establishment of a national park
at Niagara Falls. Dec. 21, 1909. (U.S. 61st Cong., 2d sess.
faaneceaoc +5 |: serial 5634.) 6 oi ede eos hicks Sw deca eas RI
3 89 1409
Niagara Falls
U. S.— War Department . . . Preservation of Niagara Falls. Message
from the President . . . transmitting a letter from the secretary of war,
submitting additional information concerning the operation of the United —
States Lake Survey from June 29, 1906, to June 29, 1911. Wash.:
Gov. print. off. I911. (U. S. 63d Cong. 2d sess. House. doc. ;
DAG)" COLE LE SR EIU AN tae dtl a ieee XI §
War Department . . . Preservation of Niagara Falls. Message y
from the President . . . transmitting a letter from the secretary —
of war, submitting additional information concerning the operation of
the United States Lake Survey from June 29, 1906, to June 29, 1911.
Wash.: Gov’t print. off. 1911. (U.S. Cong., 2d sess. House
doc. 246.)
War Department . . . Preservation of Niagara Falls. Message
from the President . . . transmitting information relative to scientific
investigations made by certain officers of the War Department, for the
preservation of Niagara Falls . . . Wash.: Gov't print. off. 1911.
(U.S: 62d Cone) Tstizesss \Sen! doe. TO5.)5 2.00 9..2 syieeree XI
Unonius, Gustaf. Minnen fran en Sjuttondrig vistelse i Nordvestra
Amerika. Andra Upplagan. Upsala: W. Schultz. 1862. Pt. II,
PDs} FOS Fb! yt ob. eR, Bis Mevtetelaiie hel hehe athe eat ee ear ne IV
United States and Canada, as seen by two brothers in 1858
and 1861. Lond.: Edward Stanford. 1862. Pp. 84-89.
Unwin, W. Cawthorne. [Discussion of Prof. Forbes’s paper on
the Niagara project.] (Jour. soc. arts, Dec. 16, 1892. 41:97-98.)
Mechanical energy and industrial progress. (Cass. July, 1895.
rode ke 77.9.0) Le nO ee NUON Can ENO RE Se Peay I ME SE Tbe. X
— — The Niagara Falls power stations. (Proc. inst. M. E. (Lond.:)
1906.) Pp. 1B 521 AB) cls ine ce ORie AAIe Ad a xX
Upham, Warren. The age of Niagara Falls as indicated by the
erosion at the mouth of the gorge. (Sci., Oct., 1898. ns. 8:
bs) YB) WU a eee Ne TIN Sean MOY NOME DULCE QR RIL 2 Lee VII
Geological history of the Great Lakes and Niagara Falls. (Inter-
natlhiq.,July,V905.. Us 248 265 ie Uke eas eee ee VII
Niagara as a measure of post-glacial time. (Rec. past, Sept.,
1908. 72 244-246.) ee eee ON a ee VII
Niagara gorge and St. David’s channel. (Geol. Soc. of Am.
bulletin: )Jan..25)) 1i898., 9: 1011 WO ie ee eee VII
The Niagara gorge as a measure of the post-glacial period. (Am.
geol., July, 1894:;) 14: 62-65.) Rho Se el ee reeenee VII
Niagara river since the ice age. (Nature, June 28, 1894.
501 98-199!) i oe ei ehte ec eunralic ie UI a a UG ea VII
| Alphabetical List
Upham, Warren. Origin and age of the Laurentian lakes and of
Niagara Falls. (Am. geol. Sept., 1896. 18:169-177.)....VII
The past and future of Niagara Falls. (Ann. rep’ts of the
_com’rs of the state reserv. at Niagara. Albany: 1903. 19: 229-
RI RCH es ShoUa h anlaice slag gt! ui Lila! SORTS a VII
|Urban, Henry. Utilisation des chutes du Niagara. (Societe Belge
muetecuiciens. Feb., 1907. 24:33-48.):0..2...0.... 0000. xX
Use of Niagara Falls power (The) — Interesting facts about a
_ great and growing power district. (Elec. rev. May 12, 1897. 30:
| 217-218.)
'Use vs. beauty at Niagara. (Lit. dig., Jan. 11, 1913. 46:
DM ee a eek ek ca Leona le ea XI
Utilization of Niagara. (Eng. news. Nov. 29, 1890. 24: 493.)
| | Utilization of Niagara (The). (Dub, rev. sci. not. April, 1893.
21 SS) SIE SST Soe Se Ee RR ae hee xX
—— I. (Eng. (Lond.), Sept. 26, 1890. 50: 355-258.)...... xX
,—— II. (Eng. (Lond.), Oct. 17, 1890. 50: 449-451.)..... xX
| —— III. (Eng. (Lond.), Oct. 24, 1890. 50:473-475.)....X
1—— (Eng. (Lond.), Dec. 23, 1892. 54: 787.)..........05. x
}—— VII. (Eng. (Lond.), Jan. 2, 1891. 51:14, 19-21.) .X and XI
| — VIII. (Eng: (Lond.), Feb. 27, 1891, 5t:2355—
PAI oS gS oo ewido, 68 S625 6 cevdls io 6B lale aide eal g X and XI
—— (Elec. wid., Sept. 24, 1892. 20:193-194.)........... x
—— (Am. architect. Sept. 17, 1904. 85: 93-94.)
(Sci. Am. sup., Oct. 22, 1904. 58:24081-24082.)
Utilization of the power of Niagara Falls (The). (Eng. rec.,
Aug. 8, 1891. 24:152.)
(Ens. recy Aus. 15.1691) 2451742175.) os i.e S xX
| Sa (R. R. gaz. July 17, 1891. 23:501-502.)
and notes on engineering. (Elec. rev. Aug. 29, 1891.
19:10-11.)
Utilizing Niagara ... (Industries of Buffalo. Buffalo: Elstner
eee D Te Ps CO= 71 ike. cis he ehe aod tee ehahenebae aiecats xX
Utilizing Niagara Falls. (Elec. wid., Aug. 10, 1889. 14:88.)..X
| Utilizing the power of Niagara. (Nation, Aug. 8, 1889. 49:
| SSS te ci oo ede a ee a a ea xX
Valero, Fernando. Bosgejo de la republica de los Estados Unidos de
_ Norte-America: Escrito en Washington por el C. L. Fernando Valero
| el afio de 1825; i publicado en Guatemala en el de 1830. (Guate-
mala) Impr. dela Union (1830) Pp. 1-15.............. Il
1411
|
|
Niagara Falls
Van Cleve, A. Howell. Utilization of water power at Niagara Falls.
(Bulletin of the Buf. soc. of nat. sci. 8: No. 1.)............. xX
Vandalism at Niagara Falls. (Sci. Am., Apr. 15, 1905. 92:
VAS |) RAE AES AOE MDP PG aN Nye MAR ALU OGM yA i Vues yh ES XI
Vander Aa, Pierre. Canada ou Nouvelle France, suivant les nouvelle
observations de Messrs. de l’Academie Royale des Sciences, . . .
Augmentées de Nouveau. A Leide: Chez Pierre Vander Aa. (Un
la Galerie agréable du Monde. Leide: P. Vander Aa. [17292]
Vol. “RoAmenque, ie eo iene ee ae peeto Aero cole eo e e eeeee IX
Nouvelle carte de l’Amerique . . . dressée suivant les plus
nouvelles découvertes par les plus habiles géographes, et tout nouvelle-
ment mise en lumiere par Pierre Vander Aa. (Jn La Galerie agréable
du Monde. Leide: P. Vander Aa. [1729?] Vol. I. Amerique.) . IX
L’Amerique selon les Nouvelles observations de Messrs de
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[I. Georee, delin. J. Baptist sculp.] (Jn La Galerie agréable du
Monde. Leide: P. Vander Aa. [1729] Vol. I. Amerique.)..... IX
L’Ameérique septentrionale suivant les nouvelles observations de
Messrs. l’ Academie Royale des Sciences. . . . Augmentées de nouveau.
834 x 11%. A Leide: Chez Pierre Vander Aa. (In Hooge, Romein
de, Les Indes orientales et occidentales et autres lieux. Leide: Pierre
Vander ‘Aa: [16800]! Pre ORONO ea a IX
Vanderburch, . (del.) Voute sons la Chute du Niagara. Boreda
por debajo de la Catarata del Niagara. (Grosvenor library, Buffalo,
N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 1697-187—. Mat 8.)..... IX
Vanderlyn, John. View of Niagara Falls from the Canadian side.
sO: Mie RMaO Ne AS RUAN IANA ANAM MALS NN IR Nee Pd a IX
A view of the western branch of the Falls of Niagara, taken
from the Table Rock, looking up the river, over the rapids. Engraved
by Fe Ca Lewis? BOD aCe Us Pee nee a IX
[Vanderwater, Robert J.] The tourist or pocket manual for travel-
Jers.) 5 4th ved: (NL YeeoParper. 11635.) (Pov G727440 ae Xi
Van Duzee, L. D. Niagara. (Jn his By the Atlantic, later poems.
Bost.: Lee and Shepard. 1892. Pp. 247-250.)............ VIII
Van Rensselaer, Mrs. Schuyler. Niagara. (Cent., June, 1899.
36: 1842202 i) ie eee eh Ni Ta oer ee ae IV
Niagara. (Jn Stories of the Great Lakes; retold from St.
Nicholas. N. Y.: Century. 1907. Pp. 59-71.).
Vanuxem, Lardner. Second annual report of the geological survey
of the third district of the state of New York. 1838. P. 271... VII
1412
Alphabetical List
Variations in the level of the lakes. (Can. jour. Jan. 1854.
BNE RUTH eG Wika civan ac aye eh arene ee lase oct wat aah eriaeal saa tanl beer VII
Vaudricourt, A
Veduta Generale della Cascata di Niagara. Berniere, inc.
(Grosvenor library, Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 1697—
Beem eee VEAL Ns FiSta) sy oh ot yes che. daar ene ele, toe mee: scent acta at aay IX
Veduta Generale della Cascata di Niagara. Bernieri, inc.
(Grosvenor library, Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 1697-
ete Eee Ya Se ey Seu, Lea ulcer auoy ciara yates, aoe Whee aL Sahn ine IX
Vespucius, pseud. Geological phaenomena of the Falls of Niagara.
(Christian observ., Sept., 1841. 41: 530-538.).........0.. VII
—— Geological phaenomena of the Falls of Niagara. (Mus. for. lit.,
Pepe 45° (n. ser. 15 )\:435—440. oe 5) aes ee neal sh dle eo, ote VII
View of Niagara Falls. (/n Engleheart, Gardner D., Journal of
the progress of H. R. H. the Prince of Wales through British North
‘America; and his visit to the United States, 10th July to 15th Novem-
ber, 1860. Privately printed. 1860. Pp. 63-66.).......... IX
View of Niagara as it may be a few years hence (A). (Harp.
Pm Ee Se OB 39.) 202. Pais, ea aie cnet ate clued mnie ies tole XI
View of the Fall of Niagara. (Grosvenor library, Buffalo, N. Y.
Views of Niagara Falls. 1697—-187—. Mat 2.)
Views of Niagara Falls and vicinity, 1887. [photographs] n.
TTT) on GCSE USS OOS RG ne sae Ay CON yy MS AN XII
Views of Niagara Falls, New York. [Columbus, O.: Ward.
1890. ]
Vigne, Godfrey T. Six months in America. Lond.: Whittaker,
Wreacher., Ose.) 25123-1542 \..6 ascieie cae eo ale as III and IX
Visit to Niagara (A). (Lit. liv. age, Nov. 2, 1844. 3:37.)...V
Vivian, Hussey H. Notes of a tour in America, from August 7th to
November 17th, 1877. Lond.: Stanford. 1878. Pp. 36-40...1V
Vivian, W——. American Fall from a ravine opposite. Engraved
on stone by T. M. Baynes. Published by C. Hullmandel. 183—.IX
British or Horseshoe Fall. Engraved on stone by T. M. Baynes.
eigreniny: ©. bilimandek. ~: O98 FF hie hs shea welche rere shake IX
Horseshoe Fall from the Canada bank. Engraved on stone by
T. M. Baynes. Printed by C. Hullmandel. 183—........... IX
——. Niagara. Engraved on stone by T. M. Baynes. Printed by
MIR TIGEE 3) LO Ss oo hie don eee esl oc bien Malas walaM oy okie IX
Niagara Falls
Vivian, W. Side of the American Fall and Horseshoe Fall in the
distance. Engraved on stone by T. M. Baynes. Printed by C. Hull-
mHANGEL, ©, HEB hay ae, Nae TT OC ee IX |
Volney, Constantin Francois Chasseboeuf, Comte de. Section
of Niagara at the middle of the stream and course of the St. Lawrence
at Niagara taken from ‘* Views of the climate and soil of the United
States of America” in 1804. (Grosvenor library, Buffalo, N. Y.
Views of Niagara Falls. 1697-187—. Mat 6.)........... IX
——-.
-———— The romance of modern engineering. . . . 2d ed. Phila:
Lippincott; Lond.: Pearson. 1904. Pp. 11-33.............. xX
The wonders of modern engineering. . . . Phila.: Lippincott.
Lond): Seeley, Service: 1992.) Pp.) 11=33n cee in eee xX
Williams, C. T. [Letter on the preservation of Niagara Falls.] (Sci.
Am:,' June: 24. 19015) TO4 GIO) ee. nisin clemson eater erences XI
Williams, Edward T. Niagara in romance and commerce. (Harp.
wes June 14: 1913. SF spb ly 29) ei rte ea ee ee xX
—— Niagara Falls and the electrical age. Niagara Falls, N. Y.:
1914.
1418
<< ——
Alphabetical List
Williams, Edward T. Niagara, queen of wonders; a history of the
big events in three centuries along the Niagara frontier. . . . Bost.:
Chapple Pub. Co. 1916.
The power of Niagara Falls. (Niagara Falls, N. Y. Industrial
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Using Niagara’s power. (Harp. w., June 14, 1913. 57: pt.
PTS Ay Rak. N edhe coup eraseten ents phe Voix ates UEIOEL HR ad NuCRTORE xX
Williams, Espy. Niagara. (J/n his Dream of art, and other poems.
meeremetinan, bods. | bP: LOL). spose oios Ww ee biclotelele ne VIII
Williams, J. David, ed. America illustrated. N. Y.: The Arundel
“oheeate) 6 hga ha eye 2 | ea Pen ey Wa MA ARR YO V
Williams, W. G. Report of a survey around the Falls of Niagara
with a view to the construction of a ship canal, made during the year
hoo. Uiiereedoc. 214, 24th Cong.) Ts seta, it. eh daa Ss XII
Williamson, Charles. The Falls of Niagara. 1799. (Mag. of
Am. hist. July, 1880. 5:54-56; or O’Callaghan, E. B., Doc.
hist. of the state of New York. Albany: Weed, Parsons and Co.
Nea ee LG ERON = Ves siss sd cbase se alate aieteralensi egies shtcere ae XII
Williamson, Peter. The travels of Peter Williamson, among the
different nations and tribes of savage Indians in America . . . likewise,
an accurate description of the Falls of Niagara . . . Edinb.: Printed
fee Pe satitcieny We sal EN. LOL a. «, «lars ia.s| eerisiann cunt abe alelaiees II
Willis, Bailey. Changes in the recession of the Falls of Niagara.
(Science n.s. Sept. 18, 1908. 28: 381—384.).............. VII
Willis, Nathaniel Parker. Inklings of adventure. N. Y.: Saunders
mee gar ane Serer LEH F< SO. ISN Savin wrayer rons eae CATER et Ill
American scenery. Lond.: 1840. See index........... Iil
{[Wilson, Alexander.] ‘The foresters; a poem, descriptive of a
pedestrian journey to the Falls of Niagara, in the autumn of 1803. By
the author of the American Ornithology. (The Portfolio. March,
UALS Sed eS OS ae ry AE ee eee te on Pan Be VIII
The foresters; a poem, descriptive of a pedestrian journey to the
Falls of Niagara, in the autumn of 1804, by the author of the American
ornithology. Pub. by Samuel Tomlinson, Bucks County, Pa. Phila.:
Pann Sovlerhso. Ge: FPO. sk Soho cte eit aha. dbs VIII
General view of the Falls of Niagara. (Grosvenor library,
Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 1697—187—. Mat 7.) .IX
View of the great pitch taken from below and General view of
the Falls of Niagara, eng. by George Cooke. (Portfolio, March,
PER SO ING. © 35 POR POR P eee Wanese Fea tees 6 4. OOD IX
1419
Niagara Falls
Wilson, Alexander and Bonaparte, Charles Lucien. American
ornithology; or the natural history of the birds of the United States.
Ed. by Robert Jameson. 4 vol. Edinb.: Constable and Co. 1831.
AS AINA RAN BD um cre NAA ae a a IG Ly Meet co SIO Re VI
Wilson, Robert. Niagara Falls — Horseshoe. 15x21. Eng. by
William’ (Byrnes 768): Bi se ee OR ae Mi a ae IX
Wilson, Thomas. Transatlantic sketches; or, Traveling reminiscences
of the West Indies and United States. Montreal: John Lovell. 1860.
sk os Id ho PRC SEAR ANE Ca cite Walaa Ny oils WEAKEN IV
Winchell, Alexander. Walks and talks in the geological field.
NEY: ‘Chaut. Press) \ 1 GS6: (UP AS eres nr Clu Ue a ae Vin
Winckelmann, and Schue . Aussicht auf den Niagara
Fall. (Grosvenor library, Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls.
TOO 72187 = Mat 7) ie hee oe tea gee ont as ieee ear ade eo IX
Wines, Mary J. Niagara Falls. (Jn her Infant harper and other
poems. Cambridge, Mass.: Hurd & Houghton. 1874. P. 193.) . VIII
Winter scenery for Niagara roads. (St. ry. rev. Feb. 15, 1896.
6: 94.)
Winterbotham, W. An historical, geographical, commercial and
philosophical view of the United States of America, and of the European
settlements in America and the West Indies. The first American
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Wise decision (A). (Outl., Feb. 2, 1907. 85:236.)....... XI
Withrow, William H. Our own country. Canada scenic and
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Witteman, Adolph. New bond paper map of Niagara Falls and
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Witmer, Tobias. Map of the town of Niagara. Drawn from surveys
and authentic records by Tobias Witmer, surveyor, 1854. 24x50.
Buffalo, N. Y.: Lith. by W. Berggoetz. [1854.]............ IX
Wonders of Canada (The). A letter from a gentleman to the
Antigua Gazette, New York, August 21, 1768. (Mag. Am. hist.,
April, 11877.) Vol! te pe T2432 7 4G oe ea ihe iene ene aerate II
Wood, De Volson. Five thousand horse power turbines at Niagara
Falls. (Jour. w. soc. eng., Jan., 1897. 2:92-99.)
A turbine of the Niagara power company. (Am. mach., Jan.
23, 18963). 4D POGLTOZ ire ee eile ohne a ane Res a eee eee X
Wood, Eugene. Niagara. (McClure, Sept., 1906. 27: 475-
1 1) CDR MME PEPER RIS ERP NERA AAU dant ica EY NR les ort Bis V
Alphabetical List
Wood, M. Elva. Songs of the noon and night. N. Y. 1866. P.
Woodbridge, J. E. The development and extension of the Niagara
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The Niagara Falls power plant. (Elec. wld., Jan. 7, 1899.
PE N—n SE Me iar ecco: Lect draY'or'et eitistioiovef'el atstneryl si ate isheetaro aenarel ctiaee xX
—— Power developments at Niagara. (Eng. mag., Feb., 1900.
18:776—777.)
Woodbridge, William C. Rudiments of geography on a new plan.
eo Ulthred&) Harttord:"Gookes 18290. Pi62. sic c:. cic inie cs « of Vv
Woodman, Charles C. Argument in favor of a marine railway
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Woods, Nicholas A. The Prince of Wales in Canada and the
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ene eRe to) Wa tck eter eee nN eT In vane ts Vaan Pac Ney iaie fatal cata Caney IV
Woodward, Robert Simpson. List of co-ordinates used and deter-
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— — On the rate of recession of Niagara Falls. (Am. jour. of sci.
BAC LO Ot OA Ne apace ace artis 4d oh Soe ohare eed aoe ei eee aaes VII
On the rate of recession of Niagara Falls as shown by the results
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me 2 oem Ne Nate a creeks he haustetdla Wiis a ave ere valve agente VII
—— On the rate of recession of Niagara Falls. (Sci. Sept. 3, 1886.
SIS 52 A YSIS Oa Rea UR eg RPP Se a VII
Worcester, James. Cataract of Niagara. (Literary souvenir; a
weekly journal of literature, science and the arts. Lowell. June 19,
RSH SHO TOOK IS oe OS chaise) sich clo hhe Sree Eee te ener IV
Work of the Tonawanda power company (The). (Am. elec.
April 1900. 12:155-163.)
Works of the Ontario power company (The) —I. (Eng. rec.,
ree OU OU AZO ADEs) tc 1c eee Soe ects SNe sn ichaes xX
i (Eng. ree, Oct:. 15; 1904: 50s 460-462. )e 2. ee. X
—— III. (Eng. rec., Oct. 22, 1904. 50:480-482.).......... x
IV._(Eng. rec., Oct. 29, 1904. 50: 504-505.).......... 4
Wrestle with Niagara (A). (Every Sat., Aug. 12, 1871. II:
MPa Sit hed eae har ol i Us ae a ED, OPANS Uncadronniar fatal stlaly cho omea ge V
—— (Lit. liv. age, Aug. 19, 1871. 110:509-511.)......... V
1421
Niagara Falls
Wright, Frances. Views of society and manners in America; in a
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