)
6. d 3” bP)
6. 5) ”° bP)
6. 6 3” 9°
6. 7 ” 9°
6. 8 99 >
6. 9 ‘. é
6.10 * 3
6.11 Es is
6.12 . ‘.
6.14 4 te
6.15 » »
6.16 se ss
6.17 xf x
6.19 st >
6.20 ‘ 10
6.21 e z
6.23 _ 4
6.25 i ad
6.27 & 5
6.29 o a
EXPERIMENTS WITH MYRMICA AND LASIUS. 163
At 6.31 p.m. she returned and took another. Again
6.33 3 és
6.35 % i
6.36 x4 Y
6.37 it $
6.38 29 ”
6.40 x e
6.41 rE ‘
6.45 i Ks
6.47 f y
6.49 m z
6.50 % %
6.5] 4 6
6.52 i I,
6.53 ¥. ‘s
6.55 ss f
6.56 Z “
6.57 * A
0 B n
7 1 bP) bb)
a.12 aa i
Ce bb) re)
After these 45 visits, she came no more till 8 P.M. ;
but when I returned at 10 p.m. I found all the pupee
gone. During the time she was watched, however, she
brought no other ant to assist.
I also made similar experiments with Myrmica
ruginodis and Lasiws niger, imprisoning (as before)
all ants that came, except the marked ones, and with
mM 2
164 EXPERIMENTS TO TEST
similar results. The details will be found in the
Appendix, but need not be given in full here.
I then tried the following experiment :—
In figure 3, A is the ants’ nest, 0 the door of
the nest. M is the section of a pole on which the
whole apparatus is supported. B is a
board 2 feet long; C, D, E, and F are slips
Fig. 3.
of glass connected with the board B by
narrow strips of paper G, H, lL K is a
movable strip of paper, 14 inch long,
connecting the glass ¥ with the strip H;
and L is another movable strip of paper,
as nearly as possible similar, connecting
Handi. On each of the slips of glass c
and F I put several hundred larve of L.
flavus. The object of the larvae on C was
to ascertain whether, under such circum-
> stances, other ants would find the larvee acci
dentally ; and I may say at once that none
eo “¢ did so. I then put an ant (A), whom I
had imprisoned overnight, to the larve on F. She
took one, and, knowing her way, went straight home
over the bridge K and down the strip #. Now it
is obvious that by always causing the marked ant
(a) to cross the bridge kK on a particular piece of
paper, and if at other times the papers K and L were
reversed, I should be able to ascertain whether other
ants who came to the larve had kad the direction
and position explained to them ; or whether, having only
POWERS OF COMMUNICATION. 165
been informed by a of the existence of the larvee, they
found their way to them by tracking 4’s footsteps. If the
former, they would in any case pass over the bridge k
by whichever strip of paper it was constituted. On
the other hand, if they found the larve by tracking,
then as the piece of paper by which a passed was
transferred to L, it would mislead them and carry them
away from the larvee to 1. In every case, then, I trans-
posed the two papers forming the little bridges as
soon as the ant A had crossed over K and L.
I put her (November 7, 1875) to the larve on F
at 6.15 a.m. After examining them carefully, she re-
turned to the nest at 6.34. No other arts were out ;
but she at once reappeared with four friends and
reached the larve at 6.38. None of her friends, how-
ever, crossed the bridge; they went on to D, wandered
about, and returned home. 4 returned to the larve at
6.47, this time with one friend, who also went on to D
and returned without finding the larvee.
7. 0. Ant A to larvee.
fends: An An ant at 710(e ust
L to I.
7.17 i with a friend, who at 7.21 e
ae (with two cee aa
am ig | one of whom at 7 ?
Hlesy = the other at 7.35 a
with a friend who
7.30 » went ontoD,and+ 7.41 09
a AGRO ania iets
166
7.46 Ant A to larve.
7.55
8. 3
8. 8
8.19
8.24
8.39
8.50
9.12
9.22
9.40
9.47
9.55
10.35
EXPERIMENTS TO TEST
29
An ant at 7.42 |
went over
L tol.
7.47 a
7.48 As
7.54 a
C50
9.10 found the
larvee.
9.30 went over L
to I.
At 10.35 I imprisoned her till 12.30, when I put her
again to the larvee.
12.48 back to larve.
12.55
LO
1.15
1.20
>» > 1.1
29 29 1.10
9 39 1.13
An ant at 12.58 went over L tol.
39 99
29 99
29 9
After this she did not come any more. During the
time she made, therefore, 25 visits to the larve; 21
other ants came a distance of nearly 4 feet from the
nest and up to the point of junction within 2 inches of
POWERS OF COMMUNICATION. 167
the larvee ; but only one passed over the little bridge to
the larvee, while 15 went over the bridge L tol. On
repeating this experiment with another marked ant, she
herself made 40 journeys, during which 19 other ants
found their way to the point of junction. Only 2 went
over the little bridge to the larvae, 8 went over L to 1,
and the remainder on to D.
In another similar experiment the marked ant made
16 journeys; and during the same time 13 other ants
came to the point of junction. Of these 13, 6 went
on to D, 7 crossed over L to 1, and not one found the
larve. Thus altogether, out of 92 ants, 30 went on to
p, 51 crossed over in the wrong direction to I, and only
11 found their way to the larve.
From January 2 to January 24 (1875) I made a
series of similar observations; and during this time 56
ants came in all. Of these, 20 went straight on to
D, 26 across the paper to 1, and only Fig. 4.
10 to the larve.
This, I think, gives strong reason to
conclude that, under such circumstances,
ants track one another by scent.
I then slightly altered the arrange-
ment of the papers as shown in the
accompanying diagram (fig. 4). A, as
before, is the nest, o being the door.
B is the board; h is a glass on which
are placed the larvee; m is a similar glass, but empty ;
n a strip of paper: to the end of m are pinned two
168 EXPERIMENTS TO TEST
other strips f and g, in such a manner that they can be
freely turned round, so that each can be turned at will
either to h or m. Under ordinary circumstances the
paper /, as in the figure, was turned to the larvee; but
whenever any ant, excepting the marked one, came, I
turned the papers, so that f led to mandgtoh. The
result was striking, and I give the observation in full
in the Appendix. In all, 17 ants came, every one of
whom took the wrong turn and went to m.
Although the observations above recorded seem to
Fig. 5. me almost conclusive, still I varied the
experiments once more (see fig. 5),
making the connexion between the
board B and the glass containing the
larve by three separate but similar
strips of paper, d, e, and f, as shown in
the figure. Whenever, however, a
strange ant came, I took up the strip f
™ and rubbed my finger over it two or
three times so as to remove any scent, and then re-
placed it. As soon as the stranger had reached the
paper e, I took up the strip d, and placed it so as to
connect ¢ with the empty glass m. Thus I escaped the
necessity of changing the paper f, and yet had a scented
bridge between e and m. The details, as before, are
given in the Appendix.
In this experiment the bridge over which the
marked ant passed to the larvee was left in its place,
the scent, however, being removed or obscured by the
POWERS OF COMMUNICATION. 169
friction of my finger ; on the other hand, the bridge (d)
had retained the scent, but was so placed as to lead
away from the larve ; and it will be seen that, under
these circumstances, out of 41 ants which found their
way towards the larve as far as e, 14 only passed over
the bridge f to the larve, while 27 went over the
bridge d to the empty glass m.
Taking these observations as a whole, 150 ants
came to the point e, of which 21 only went on to the
larvee, while 95 went away to the empty glass. These
experiments, therefore, seem to show that when an
ant has discovered a store of food and others flock to
it, they are guided in some cases by sight, while in
others they track one another by scent.
I then varied the experiment as follows :—I put an
ant (L. niger) to some larvee as usual, and when she knew
her way, I allowed her to go home on her own legs ; but
as soon as she emerged from the nest, if she had any
friends with her, I took her up on a bit of paper and
carried her to the larvae. Under these circumstances very
few ants indeed found their way tothem. Thus, on June
23, 1876, at 5.30, an ant which had been previously
under observation was put to some larve. She took
one and returned as usual to the nest. At 5.34 she
came out with no less than 10 friends, and was then
transferred to the larvee. The others wandered about a
little, but by degrees returned to the nest, not one of
them finding their way to the larve. The first ant
picked up a larva, returned, and again came out
170 EXPERIMENTS TO TEST
of the nest at 5.39 with 8 friends, when exactly
the same thing happened. She again came out with
companions at the undermentioned times :--
Number of Number of
Hour, Friends, Hour. Friends.
d.44 4 6.44 _-
5.47 4 6.46 3
5.49 — | 6.49 2
5.52 = | 6.56 =
5.04 5 6.59 _
5.57 2 ive 2
5.59 2 7. 4 —
Os 1 5) 7. 6 3
6. 4 ] 128 3
6:4 —_— 7.10 5
6.11 3 als “=
6.14 4 tals 3
6.17 6 7X9 7
6.20 — 7.21 5)
6.23 5 7.24 —
6.25 6 7.26 3
6.29 8 7.29 1
6.32 2 | 7.31 2
6.35 — 7.35 —
6.42 4
Thus during these two hours more than 120 ants
came out of the nest in company with the one under
observation. She knew her way perfectly ; and it is
POWERS OF COMMUNICATION, 171
clear that if she had been left alone, all, or at least
most of, these ants would have accompanied her to the
store of larve. Three of them were accidentally
allowed to do so; but of the remainder, only 5 found
their way to the larvee; all the others, after wandering
about a while, returned hopelessly to the nest.
One of the ants which I employed in my experi-
ments was under observation several days. I was,
however, away from home most of the day, and when I
left in the morning and went to bed at night I put her
in a bottle ; but the moment she was let out she began
to work again. On one occasion I was away for a week,
and on my return I let her out of the bottle, placing
her on a little heap of larvee about 3 feet from the
nest. Under these circumstances I certainly did not
expect her to return. However, though she had thus
been six days in confinement, the brave little creature
immediately picked up a larva, carried it off to the
nest, and, after half an hour’s rest, returned for another.
I conclude, then, that when large numbers of ants
come to food they follow one another, being also to a
certain extent guided by scent. The fact, therefore,
does not imply any considerable power of intercom-
munication. There are, moreover, some other cireum-
stances which seem to show that their powers in this
respect are but limited. For instance, I have already
mentioned that if a colony of Polyergus changes the
situation of its nest, the mistresses are all carried to
the new one by the slaves. Again, if a number of F.
172 EVIDENCE OF COMMUNICATION.
fusca are put in a box, and in one corner a dark place
of retreat is provided for them with some earth, one soon
finds her way toit. She then comes out again, and going
up to one of the others, takes her by the jaws. The
second ant then rolls herself into a heap, and is carried
off to the place of shelter. They then both repeat the
same manceuvre with other ants, and so on until all their
companions are collected together. Now it seems to
me difficult to imagine that so slow a course would be
adopted if they possessed any considerable power of
descriptive communication.
On the other hand, there can, I think, be no doubt
that they do possess some power of the kind.
This seems to me clearly shown by the following
observations. In order, if possible, to determine
whether the ants in question were brought to the
larvee, or whether they came casually, I tried (1875)
the following experiments: I took three tapes, each
about 2 feet 6 inches long, and arranged them
parallel to one another and about 6 inclies apart.
One end of each I attached to one of my nests
(L. niger), and at the other end I placed a small
glass. In the glass at the end of one tape I placed a
considerable number (300 to 00) of larvee. In the
second I put two or three lane only; in the third
none at all, The object of the lakt was to see whether
many ants would come to the glasves under such cir-
cumstances by mere accident; and I may at once say
that but few did so. I then took two ants and
EVIDENCE OF COMMUNICATION. 173
placed one of them to the glass with many larvae, the
other to that with two or three. Each of them took a
larva and carried it to the nest, returning for another,
and soon. After each journey I put another larva in
the glass with only two or three larvee, to replace that
which had been removed. Now, if other ants came
under the above circumstances as a mere matter of
accident, or accompanying one another by chance, or
if they simply saw the larvee which were brought and
consequently concluded that they might themselves
also find larvee in the same place, then the numbers
going to the two glasses ought to be approximately
equal. In each case the number of journeys made by
the ants would be nearly the same; consequently, if it
was a matter of scent, the two glasses would be in the
same position. It would be impossible for an ant,
seeing another in the act of bringing a larva, to judge
for itself whether there were few or many larve left
behind. On the other hand, if the friends were
brought, then it would be curious to see whether more
were brought to the glass with many larve, than to
that which only contained two or three. I should also
mention that, excepting, of course, the marked speci-
mens, every ant which came to the larvae was im-
prisoned until the end of the experiment. I give the
details in the Appendix.
The results of the above experiments are shown at
a glance in the following Table :—
174 EVIDENCE OF COMMUNICATION,
Tabular View of Experiments on Power of Communication.
Glass with many larve Glass with one or two larve
Obser- = ESS See EE eee
ye Time No.of | No.of Time No.of | No.of
occupied | journeys | friends occupied | journeys | friends
hours hours
i 1 7 ijl
2 — -—— —- 1 6 0
3 — —- —— 2 13 8.
4 — oe — 3 24 5
5 3 38 22 ] 10 3
6 24 32 UG)
7 1 5 16
8 13 11 21 3 23 2
S) — — — 13 7 3
10 1 15 13 2 21 1
1a 2 32 20 1 11 1
12 5 26 10
13 — — — 5 19 1
14 — — — 3 20 4
15 24 41 3 2 5 0
16 il 10 16 23 10 2
17 43 53 2 43 40 10 |
18 — - — 2 20 iL
19 1 11 12
20 — — _ 1 6 0
21 13 20 15 44 74 27
22 = = = 11 25 ay
23 4 71 7 7
24 a —— — 2 35 4
25 2 34 3
26 13 oD 21 2 18 0
27 2 37 9 13 15 10)
28 14 9 10 2 14 0
29 2 37 5 13 25 3
30 13 9 10 2 14 0
3L 2 37 5 1} 25 3
32 2 24 4 1 if 0)
33 33 43 17 33 26 1
3 1 27 28 1 18 12
35 1 14 2 1 16) 9
52 678 BO4 59S | 545 104
It must be admitted that this mode of observing
EVIDENCE OF COMMUNICATION. 175
is calculated to increase the number of friends brought
by the ants to the glass with only 2 or 3 larve, for
several reasons, but especially because in many cases
an ant which had for some time had access to a glass
with many larvee was suddenly deprived of it, and it
might well be that some time elapsed before the
change was discovered. Some stray ants would, no
doubt, in any case have found the larve; and we
may probably allow for about 25 under this head.
Again, some would, no doubt, casually accompany their
friends ; if we allow 25 also in this respect, we must
deduct 50 from each side, and we shall have 254
against 54. Nevertheless, even without any allowances,
the results seem to me very definite. Some of the
individual cases, especially perhaps experiments 9, 10,
20, 21, and 22 (see Appendix), are very striking ; and,
taken asa whole, during 52 hours, the ants which had
access to a glass containing numerous larve brought 304
friends ; while during 59 hours those which were visiting
a glass with only 2 or 3 larve brought only 104 to
their assistance.
One case of apparent communication struck me
very much. I had had an ant (L. niger) under obser-
vation one day, during which she was occupied in
carrying off larvee to her nest. At night I imprisoned
her in a small bottle; in the morning I let her out at
6.15, when she immediately resumed her occupation.
Having to go to London, I imprisoned her again at
9 oclock. When [ returned at 4.40, I put her again
176 EVIDENCE OF COMMUNICATION.
to the larvee. She examined them carefully, but went
home without taking one. At this time no other ants
were out of the nest. In less than a minute she came
out again with 8 friends, and the little troop made
straight for the heap of larvee. When they had gone
two-thirds of the way, I again imprisoned the marked
ants; the others hesitated a few moments, and then,
with curious quickness, returned home. At 5.15 I
put her again to the larve. She again went home
without a larva, but, after only a few seconds’ stay in
the nest, came out with no less than 13 friends. They
all went towards the larve; but when they got about
two-thirds of the way, although the marked ant had
on the previous day passed over the ground about 150
times, and though she had just gone straight from
the larvee to the nest, she seemed to have forgotten
her way and wandered; and after she had wandered
about for half an hour, I put her to the larve. Now
in this case the 21 ants must have been brought out
by my marked one; for they came exactly with her,
and there were no other ants out. Moreover, it would
seem that they must have been told, because (which
is very curious in itself) she did not in either case
bring a larva, and consequently it cannot have been
the mere sight of a larva which induced them to
follow her. I repeated an experiment similar to this
more than once.
For instance, one rather cold day, when but few
ants were out, I selected a specimen of Atta testaceo-
EXPERIMENT WITH AN ATTA. 77
pilosa, belonging to a nest which I had brought back
with me from Algeria. She was out hunting about
six feet from home, and I placed before her a large
dead bluebottle fly, which she at once began to drag
to the nest. I then pinned the fly to a piece of cork,
in a small box, so that no ant could see the fly until
she had climbed up the side of the box. The ant
struggled, of course in vain, to move the fly. She
pulled first in one direction and then in another, but,
finding her efforts fruitless, she at length started off back
to the nest empty-handed. At this time there were
no ants coming out of the nest. Probably there. were
some few others out hunting, but for at least a quarter
of an hour no ant had left the nest. My ant entered
the nest, but did not remain there; in less than a
minute she emerged accompanied by 7 friends. I
never saw so many come out of that nest together
before. In her excitement the first ant soon distanced
her companions, who took the matter with much more
sang-froid, and had all the appearance of having come
out reluctantly, or as if they had been asleep and were
only half awake. The. first ant ran on ahead, going
straight to the fly. The others followed slowly and
with many meanderings; so slowly, indeed, that for
twenty minutes the first ant was alone at the fly,
trying in every way to move it. Finding this still
impossible, she again returned to the nest, not chancing
to meet any of her friends by the way. Again she
emerged in less than a minute with 8 friends, and
N
178 EXPERIMENT WITH AN ATTA.
hurried on to the fly. They were even less energetic
than the first perty ; and when they found they had
lost sight of their guide, they one and all returned to
the nest. In the meantime several of the first detach-
ment had found the fly, and one of them succeeded in
detaching a leg, with which she returned in triumph
to the nest, coming out again directly with 4 or 5
companions. ‘These latter, with one exception, soon
gave up the chase and returned to the nest. I do not
think so much of this last case, because as the ant
earried in a substantial piece of booty in the shape of
the fly’s leg, it is not surprising that her friends should
some of them accompany her on her return; but
surely the other two cases indicate a distinct power of
communication.
Lest, however, it should be supposed that the result
was accidental, I determined to try it again. Accord-
ingly on the following day I put another large dead fly
before an ant belonging to the same nest, pinning it
to a piece of cork as before. After trying in vain for
ten minutes to move the fly, my ant started off home.
At that time I could only see two other ants of that
species outside the nest. Yet im a few seconds, con-
siderably less than a minute, she emerged with no less
than 12 friends. As in the previous case, she ran
on ahead, and they followed very slowly and by no
means directly, taking, in fact, nearly half an hour to
reach the fly. The first ant, after vainly labouring for
about a quarter of an hour to move the fly, started off
EXPERIMENT WITH AN ATTA. 179
again to the nest. Meeting one of her friends on the
way she conversed with her a little, then continued
towards the nest, but, after going about a foot, changed
her mind, and returned with her friend to the fly.
After some minutes, during which two or three other
ants came up, one of them detached a leg, which she
carried off to the nest, coming out again almost immedi-
ately with six friends, one of whom, curiously enough,
seemed to lead the way, tracing it, I presume, by scent.
I then removed the pin, and they carried off the fly in
triumph.
Again, on June 15, 1878, another ant belonging to
the same nest had found a dead spider, about the same
distance from the nest. I pinned down the spider as
before. The ant did all in her power to move it ; but
after trying for twelve minutes, she went off to the nest.
Although for a quarter of an hour no other ant had left
the nest, yet in a few seconds she came out again with
10 companions. As in the preceding case, they followed
very leisurely. She ran on ahead and worked at the
spider for ten minutes; when, as none of her friends
had arrived to her assistance, though they were wan-
dering about, evidently in search of something, she
started back home again. In three quarters of a
minute after entering the nest she reappeared, this
time with 15 friends, who came on somewhat more
rapidly than the preceding batch, though still but
slowly. By degrees, however, they all came up, and
after most persevering efforts carried off the spider
N 2
180 EXPERIMENT WITH PHEIDOLE.
piecemeal. On July 7, I tried the same experiment
with a soldier of Pheidole megacephala. She pulled
at the fly for no less than fifty minutes, after which she
went to the nest and brought five friends exactly as
the Atta had done.
In the same way, one afternoon at 6.20 I presented
a slave of Polyergus with a dead fly pinned down.
. The result was quite different. My ant pulled at the
fly for twenty-five minutes, when, as in the previous
cases, she returned to the nest. There she remained
four or five minutes, and then came out again alone,
returned to the fly, and again tried to carry it off.
After working fruitlessly for between twenty and twenty-
five minutes, she again went back to the nest, staying
there four or five minutes, and then returning by her-
self to the fly once more. I then went away for an
hour, but on my return found her still tugging at the
fly by herself. One hour later again I looked, with the
same result. Shortly afterwards another ant wandering
about found the fly, but obviously, as it seemed to me,
by accident.
At 3 o’clock on a subsequent day I again put a dead
fly pinned on to a bit of cork before a Formica fusca,
which was out hunting. She tried in vain to carry it off,
ran round and round, tugged in every direction, and at
length at ten minutes to four she returned to the nest :
very soon after she reappeared preceded by one and
followed by two friends; these, however, failed to dis-
cover the fly, and after wandering about a little returned
EXPERIMENT WITH FORMICA. 18]
to the nest. She then set again to work alone, and in
about forty minutes succeeded in cutting off the head
of the fly, which she at once carried into the nest. In
alittle while she came out again, this time accompanied
by five friends, all of whom found their way to the fly ;
one of these, having cut off the abdomen of the fly,
took it into the nest, leaving three of her companions
to bring in the remainder of their prey.
These experiments certainly seem to indicate the
possession by ants of something approaching to lan-
guage. It is impossible to doubt that the friends were
brought out by the first ant; and as she returned
empty-handed to the nest, the others cannot have been
induced to follow her merely by observing her proceed-
ings. In face of such facts as these, it is impossible
not to ask ourselves how far are ants mere exquisite
automatons ; how far are they conscious beings? When
we see an ant-hill, tenanted by thousands of industrious
inhabitants, excavating chambers, forming tunnels,
making roads, guarding their home, gathering food,
feeding the young, tending their domestic animals,
—each one fulfilling its duties industriously, and
without confusion,—it is difficult altogether to deny
to them the gift of reason; and the ‘preceding observa-
tions tend to confirm the opinion that their mental
powers differ from those of men, not so much in kind
as in degree.
182
CHAPTER VIII.
ON THE SENSES OF ANTS.
The Sense of Vision.
Ir is, | think, generally assumed not only that the world
really exists as we see it, but that it appears to other
animals pretty much as it does to us. A little con-
sideration, however, is sufficient to show that this is
very far from being certain, or even probable.
In the case of insects, moreover, the mode of vision
is still an enigma. They have, at least many of them
have, a large compound eye on each side ; and ocelli,
generally three in number, situated on the summit of
the head. The compound eyes consist of a number of
facets, each situated at the summit of a tube, to the
base of which runs a fibre of the optic nerve.
The structure of the ocellus and that of the com-
pound eye are essentially different, and it does not seem
possible that either the ocellus should be derived from
the compound eye, or the compound eye from the ocel-
lus. On the contrary, both seem to point back to
a less developed ancestral type. Starting from such an
origin, an increase of the separate elements and an im-
provement of the lens would lead to the ocellus, while
TWO KINDS OF EYES. 183
an inerease of the number of eyes would bring us to
‘the compound eye.
On the other hand, it must be admitted that there
are reasons for considering the different kinds of eyes
to be of perfectly distinct origin. The eye of Limulus,
according to Grenacher, is formed on a plan quite
unlike that of other Crustacea. Again, the develop-
ment of the eye in Musca, to judge from Weismann’s
observations, is very dissimiliar from that of other
insects. The varied position of the eye in different
groups, as, for instance, in Pecten, Spondylus,
Euphausia, Onchidium, &c., point to the same con-
clusion.
It seems clear that the image produced: by the
ocelli must be altogether different from the picture
given by the compound eyes; and we may therefore
reasonably conclude that the two organs have distinct
functions. It used formerly to be supposed that the
compound eyes were intended for distant, the ocelli for
near vision. Claparéde, however, has maintained the
opposite theory, while Mr. Lowne regards the ocelli as
incapable of producing ‘ anything worthy the name of
an image,’ and suspects that their function ‘is the
perception of the intensity in the direction of light,
rather than vision.’
The ocelli, or simple eyes, probably see in the same
manner as ours do. That is to say, the lens throws an
image on the back of the eye, which we call the retina.
In that case they would see everything really reversed,
184 HOW INSECTS SEE.
us we do; though long practice has given us the right
impression. The simple eye of insects thus resembles
ours in this respect.
As regards the mode of vision of the compound eyes,
there are two distinct theories. According to one—-
the mosaic theory of Muller—each facet takes in only
a small portion of the field; while according to the
other, each facet acts as a separate eye.
This latter view has been maintained by many high
authorities, but it is difficult to understand how so
many images could be combined into one picture. Some
insects have more than 20,000 facets on each side of
their head. No ants, indeed, have so many, but
in some—as, for instance, in the males of Formica
pratensis —there are not less than 1,000. The theory,
moreover, presents some great anatomical difficulties.
Thus, in certain cases there is no lens, and conse-
quently there can be no image ; in some it would seem
that the image would be formed completely behind the
eye, while in others again it would be in front of the
receptive surface. Another difficulty is that any true
projection of an image would in certain species be pre-
cluded by the presence of impenetrable pigment, which
only leaves a minute central passage for the light-rays.
Again, it is urged that even the sharpest image would
be useless, from the absence of a suitably receptive
surface; since the structure of the receptive surface:
corresponding to each facet seems to preclude it from.
receiving more than a single impression.
THE MOSAIC THEORY. 185
The prevailing opinion of entomologists now is that
each facet receives the impression of one pencil of rays ;
so that, in fact, the image formed in a compound eye
is a sort of mosaic.
On the other hand, this theory itself presents
great difficulties. Those ants which have very few
facets must have an extremely imperfect vision.
Again, while the image produced on the retina of the
ocellus must of course be reversed as in ovr own eyes;
in the compound eyes, on the contrary, the vision would,
on this theory, be direct. That the same animal should
see some things directly, and others reversed ; and yet
obtain definite conceptions of the outer world, would
certainly be very remarkable.
In fact, these, so far fortunate, insects realise the
epigram of Plato—
Thou lookest on the stars, my love,
Ah, would that I could be
Yon starry skies, with thousand eyes
That I might look on thee!
But if the male of F. pratensis sees 1,000 queens
at once, when only one is really present, this would
seem to be a bewildering privilege, and the prevailing
opinion among entomologists is, as already mentioned,
that each facet only takes in a portion of the object.
‘But while it is difficult to understand how ants see,
it is clear that they do see.
From the observations of Sprengel there could of
186 LIMITS OF VISION.
course be little, if any, doubt, that bees are capable of
distinguishing colours; and I have proved experi-
mentally that this is the case. Under these circum-
stances, I have been naturally anxious to ascertain,
if possible, whether the same holds good with ants.
I have, however, found more difficulty in doing so
because, as shown in the observations just recorded,
ants find their food so much more by smell than by
sight.
This being so, I could not apply to ants those
tests which had been used in the case of bees.
At length, however, it occurred to me that I
might utilize the dislike which ants, when in their
nests, have to light. Of course they have no such
feeling when they are out in search of food; but if
light is let in upon their nests, they at once hurry
about in search of the darkest corners, and there they
all congregate. If, for instance, 1 uncovered one of
my nests and then placed an opaque substance over one
portion, the ants invariably collected in the shaded part.
I procured, therefore, four similar strips of glass,
coloured respectively green, yellow, red, and blue, or,
rather, violet. The yellow was rather paler in shade,
and that glass consequently rather more transparent
than the green, which, again, was rather more trans-
parent than the red or violet. I also procured some
coloured solutions.
Prof. Dewar was kind enough to test my glasses
and solutions with reference to their power of trans-
POWER OF DISTINGUISHING COLOURS, 187
mitting colour. Taking the wave-length of the ex-
‘treme visible red as 760 and that of the extreme
violet as 397, we have
760 to 647 give red.
647 ,, 585 ,, orange.
585 ,, 575 4, yellow.
Dia, 490 sy oreen:
497 ,, 455 ,, blue.
445 ,, 397 °',, violet.
The result of his examination of my glasses and
solutions was as follows :—
The light-yellow glass cut off the high end down
to wave-length 442.
The dark-yellow glass cut off the high end down
to wave-length 493.
The green glass cut off the high end down to wave-
length 465, and also the red to 616.
The red glass cut off the high end down to-wave-
length 582.
The violet glass cut off the orange and yellow from
wave-length 684 to 583, and a band between
wave-lengths 543 and 516.
The purple glass cut off the high end down to
wave-length 528.
The solution of chromate of potash cut off the
high end to 507.
The saffron cut off the high end to about 473.
The blue fluid cut off the low end to 516.
The red fluid cut off the high end to 596.
188 EXPERIMENTS WITH COLOURED GLASSES.
I then (July 15, 1876) laid the strips of glass on
one of my nests of Formica fusca, containing about
170 ants. These ants, as I knew by many previous
observations, seek darkness, at least when in the nest,
and would collect in the darkest part. I then, after
counting the ants under each strip, moved the glasses,
at intervals of about half an hour, so that each should
by turns cover the same portion of the nest. The
results were as follows—the numbers indicating the
approximate numbers of ants under each glass (there
were sometimes a few not under any of the strips of
glass) :—
ie Green. Yellow. Red. Violet.
50 40 80 9
Ze Violet. Green. Yellow. Red.
0) 20 40 100
3: Red. Violet. Green. Yellow.
60 0 50 50
4, Yellow. Red. Violet. Green.
50 70 1 40
Ds Green. Yellow. Red. Violet.
30 30 100 O
6. Violet. Green. Yellow. Red.
) 14 5 140
Me Red. Violet. Green. Yellow.
50 ) 40 70
8. Yellow. Red. Violet. Green.
40 50 1 70
EXPERIMENTS WITH COLOURED GLASSES. 189
9. Green. Yellow. Red. Violet.
60 35 65 0
10. Violet. Green. Yellow. Red.
1 50 40 70
AT, Red. Violet. Green. Yellow.
50 2 50 60
uD: Yellow. Red. Violet. Green.
35 ao 0 70
Adding these numbers together, there were, in the
twelve observations, under the red 890, under the
green 544, under the yellow 495, and under the violet
only 5. The difference between the red and the green
is very striking, and would doubtless have been more
so, but for the fact that when the colours were trans-
posed the ants which had collected under the red
sometimes remained quiet, as, for instance, in cases
7and 8. Again, the difference between the green and
yellow would have been still more marked but for the
fact that the yellow always occupied the position last
held by the red, while, on the other hand, the green
had some advantage in coming next the violet. In
considering the difference between the yellow and
green, we must remember also that the green was
decidedly more opaque than the yellow.
The case of the violet glass is more marked and
more interesting. To our eyes the violet was as opaque
as the red, more so than the green, and much more so
than the yellow Yet, as the numbers show, the ants
190 EXPERIMENTS WITH COLOURED GLASSES.
had scarcely any tendency to congregate under it.
There were nearly as many under the same area of the
uncovered portion of the nest as under that shaded by
the violet glass.
Lasius flavus also showed a marked avoidance of
the violet glass.
I then experimented in the same way with a nest
of Formica fusca, in which there were some pup,
which were generally collected in a single heap. I
used glasses coloured dark yellow, dark green, light
yellow, light green, red, violet, and dark purple. The
colours were always in the preceding order, but, as
before, their place over the nest was changed after
every observation.
To our eyes the purple was almost black, the violet
and dark green very dark and quite opaque ; the pupze
could be dimly seen through the red, rather more
clearly through the dark yellow and light green, while
the light yellow were almost transparent. There were
about 50 pupze, and the light was the ordinary diffused
daylight of summer.
These observations showed a marked preference for
the greens and yellows. The pupz were 64 times
under dark green, 3 under dark yellow, 34 under red,
and once each under light yellow and light green, the
violet and purple being altogether neglected.
I now tried the same ants under the same colours,
but in the sun; and placed a shallow dish containing
some 10 per cent. solution of alum sometimes over
EXPERIMENTS WITH COLOURED GLASSES. non
the yellow, sometimes over the red. I also put four
thicknesses of violet glass, so that it looked almost
black.
Under these circumstances, the pupze were placed
under the red 7 times, dark yellow 5, once they
were half under each, but never under the violet,
purple, light yellow, dark or light green.
The following day I placed over the same nest, in
the sun, dark green glass, dark red, and dark yellow.
In nine observations the pup were carried three times
under the red and nine times under the yellow.
I then tried a similar series of experiments with
Lasius niger, using a nest in which were about
40 pupe, which were generally collected in a single
heap all together. As before, the glasses were moved
in regular order after each experiment ; and I arranged
them so that the violet followed the red. As far,
therefore, as position was concerned, this gave violet
rather the best place. The glasses used were dark
violet, dark red, dark green, and yellow, the yellow
being distinctly the most transparent to our eyes.
Experiment Experiment
1. Pupze under yellow. 8. Pup under green.
2. ” ” 9. »” red.
3. ” ” 10. 39 yellow.
4. ” ” ie 9 red.
5. ” ” 12 9 yellow.
6. bs x 13. a a
Ce $e green. 14. 5 red.
192 EXPERIMENTS WITH COLOURED GLASSES.
Experiment Experiment
15, Pup under green. 24. Pup under red.
16. a 58 25. = yellow.
tte sf yellow. 26: 35 red.
18. ” +) 27. ” ”
ho. “3 red. lt 28% 5 5
20. ” ” 29. ” ”
21. as yellow. | 30. 5 yellow.
22. saa 99 alls 55 red.
2d: es a 32. is green.
I now put two extra thicknesses of glass over the
red and green.
33. Pupze under red. { 37. Pupe under red.
34, a yellow. 38. = 53
30: £ red. 39. a yellow.
36. 5 yellow. | 40. es red.
The result is very striking, and in accordance with
the observations on Formica fusca. In 40 experi-
ments the pupze were carried under the yellow 19
times, under the red 16 times, and under the green 5
times only, while the violet was quite neglected.
After the first twenty observations, however, I removed
Tb.
I then tried a nest of Cremastogaster scutellaris
with violet glass, purple glass, and red, yellow, and
green solutions, formed respectively with fuchsine,
hbichromate of potash, and chloride of copper. The
purple looked almost black, the violet very dark; the
EXPERIMENTS WITH COLOURED GLASSES. 193
red and green, on the contrary, very transparent, and
the yellow even more so. The yellow was not darker
than a tincture of saffron. The latter indeed, to my
eye, scarcely seemed to render the insects under them
at all less apparent ; while under the violet and purple
I could not trace them at all. I altered the relative
positions as before. The nest contained about 50
larvee and pupe.
I made thirteen trials, and in every case the larve
and pup were brought under the yellow or the green
-—never once under any of the other colours.
Again, over a nest of Formica fusca containing
about 20 pupz I placed violet glass, purple glass, a
weak solution of fuchsine (carmine), the same of
chloride of copper (green), and of bichromate of potash
(yellow, not darker than saffron).
I made eleven trials, and again, in every case the
pup were brought under the yellow or the green.
I then tried a nest of Lasius flavus with the
purple glass, violet glass, very weak bichromate of
potash, and chloride of copper as before.
With this species, again, the results were the same
as in the previous cases.
In all these experiments, therefore, the violet and
purple light affected the ants much more strongly than
the yellow and green.
It is curious that the coloured glasses appear to
_act on the ants (speaking roughly) as they would, or,
O
194 «DISLIKE OF VIOLET.
I should rather say, inversely as they would, on a
photographic plate. It might even be alleged that the
avoidance of the violet glass by the ants was due to their
preferring rays transmitted by the other glasses. From
the habits of these insects such an explanation would be
very improbable. If, however, the preference for the
other coloured glasses to the violet was due to the trans-
mission and not to the absorption of rays—that is to
say, if the ants went under the green rather than the
violet because the green transmitted rays which were
agreeable to the ants, and which the violet glass, on
the contrary, stopped—then, if the violet was placed
over the other colours, they would become as distasteful
to the ants as the violet itself. On the contrary, how-
ever, whether the violet glass was placed over the others
or not, the ants equally readily took shelter under them.
Obviously, therefore, the ants avoid the violet glass
because they dislike the rays which it transmits.
But though the ants so markedly avoided the violet
glass, still, as might be expected, the violet glass cer-
tainly had some effect, because if it were put over the
nest alone, the ants preferred being under it to being
under the plain glass oniy.
I then compared the violet glass with a solution
of ammorio-sulphate of copper, which is very similar in
colour, though perhaps a little more violet, and arranged
the depth of the fluid so as to make it as nearly as pos-
sible of the same depth of colour as the glass.
EXPERIMENTS WITH COLOURED SOLUTIONS. 195
Approx. number
of Ants Exp.1. Exp. 2. Exp. 3. Exp.4. Exp. 5. Exp. 6.
under the
Glassy tess 0) 0 0 2 0) 2
Solution... 40 80 100 80 50 70
Exp. 7. Exp. 8. Exp. 9. Exp. 10. Total
Glass (0) 2 333 8)
Solution... 60 40 90 100 ze 710
In another experiment with Lasius niger I used
‘the dark yellow glass, dark violet glass, and a violet
solution of 5 per cent. ammonio-sulphate of copper,
diluted so as to be, to my eye, of exactly the same tint
as the violet glass; in 8 observations the pupz were
three times under the violet solution, and 5 times
under the yellow glass. I then removed the yellow
glass, and in 10 more observations the pup were
always brought under the solution.
It is interesting that the glass and the solution
should affect the ants so differently, because to my
eye the two were almost identical in colour. The
glass, however, was more transparent than the solu-
tion.
To see whether there would be the same difference
between red glass and red soluticn as between violet
glass and violet solution, I then (Aug. 21) put over a
nest of Formica fusca a red glass and a solution of
carmine, as nearly as I could make it of the same tint.
In 10 experiments, however, the ants were, generally
speaking, some under the solution and some under
the glass, in, moreover, as nearly as possible equal
numbers.
August 20.—Over a nest of Formica fusca con-
o 2
196 EXPERIMENTS WITH COLOURED SOLUTIONS.
taining 20 pup, I placed a saturated solution of
bichromate of potash, a deep solution of carmine, which
let through scarcely any but the red rays, and a white
porcelain plate.
Obs.
1. Under the bichr. of potash were 0 pupxe, carmine 18, porcelain 2
2. 5 on Oa: 7 6 0 14
3 x 55 Gna; “0 3 os 11
4 ” ” 0 ” ’ 5 ” 18
5 “6 ss Gis oy 4 fp 10
6 9 p One x 19 3 1
i 5 ORS 5 0 53 20
8 op 5 As - 15 os l
9 » ” 2 ” ” 4 ” 14
10 ” ” 0 bs) ” 4 ” 16
11 ” ” 0; ” 3 ” 17
Total ... coos 1G} 81 124
I then put over another nest of Formica fusca
four layers of red glass (which, when examined with
the spectroscope, let through red light only), four
layers of green glass (which, examined in the same
way, transmitted nothing but a very little green), anda
porcelain plate. Under these circumstances the ants
showed no marked preference, but appeared to feel
equally protected, whether they were under the red
glass, the green glass, or the porcelain.
Thus, though it appears from other experiments
that ants are affected by red light, still the quantity
that passes through dark red glass does not seem greatly
to disturb them. I tested this again by placing over a
nest containing a queen and about 10 pupze a piece of
EXPERIMENTS ON A QUEEN ANT. 197
opaque porcelain, one of violet, and one of red glass,
all of the same size. The result is shown below.
‘Obs.
~ (pup were taken - under
1. Queen went under red glass (Sandee red glass orci
2. 7 porcelain 0 5 7 99
By i red glass 0 s9 7 9
he ” ” 6 ” 2 ”
5. 3 33 6 a 2 3)
6. Fr és 3 = 7 ”
i . £ 10 ” 0 ”
8. - 55 4 a 6 ”
9. FF os 1 5 0 ”
10. - porcelain 0 os 10 ”
Tal 3 red glass 10 8 0 »
12. Pe porcelain 4 3 6 Ap
13. iF red glass 7 “2 3 ”
14. 33 porcelain 4 rs 6 x
15. red glass 4 S 6 as
16. es porcelain 0 33 10 1
U7 3 red glass 10 Pe, 0 9
18. A 95 8 2 ”
19. a porcelain 7 > 3 ”
20. oA oY 1 ” 9 rr)
Total 90 88
Obviously, therefore, the ants showed no marked
preference for the porcelain. On one, but only on one
occasion (Obs. 9), most of the pupze were carried under
the violet glass, but generally it was quite neglected.
I now tried a similar experiment with porcelain and
yellow glass.
Obs.
(pupeeweretaken 9, under
1, Queen went under porcelain 8 | under yellow i porcelain
2. 2° 9 2 ” 8 ”
3. ” 9 8 ” 2 ”?
198 EXPERIMENTS WITH SPECTRUM.
Obs.
4, Queen went under yellow glass 5 { eae intr 5 { Piste as
5 “6 porcelain 3 a 8 ay
6. A yellow glass 8 A 3 Aa
Tho of porcelain 6 ms 5 Re
8. ” » 0 9 a 9
Gh ” ” 0 ”» 10 »
10. ” yellow glass 5 35 5 3
WL. es porcelain 8 + 2 -"
12. ” ” 3 ” 7 ”
13. +5 yellow glass 10 ee 0
14. Pe porcelain 0 mn 10 -
1: As yellow glass 10 2 0 .
16. ” ” 7 ” 3 ”
17. a 3 10 +5 0 5
18. A porcelain 1 eS 9 nh
19: sf 53 0 35 10 -
98
Je)
ia)
The porcelain and yellow glass seemed, therefore,
to affect the ants almost equally.
IT then put two ants on a paper bridge, the ends
supported by pins, the bases of which were in water.
The ants wandered backwards and forwards, endea-
vouring to escape. I then placed the bridge in the
dark and threw the spectrum on it, so that succes-
sively the red, yellow, green, blue, and violet fell on the
bridge.
The ants, however, walkec backwards and forwards
without (perhaps from excitement) taking any notice of
the colour.
I then allowed some ants (Lasius niger) to find
some larve, to which they obtained access over a
narrow paper bridge. When they had got used to it,
LIMITS OF VISION. 199
I arranged so that it passed through a dark box, and
threw on it the principal colours of the spectrum,
namely, red, yellow, green, blue, and violet, as well as
the ultra-red and ultra-violet; but the ants took no
notice.
It is obvious that these facts suggest a number of
interesting inferences. I must, however, repeat the
observations and make others; but we may at least, I
think, conclude from the preceding that :—(1) ants
have the power of distinguishing colours ; (2) that they
are very sensitive to violet; and it would also seem (3)
that their sensations of colour must be very different
from those produced upon us.
But I was anxious to go beyond this, and to attempt
to determine how far their limits of vision are the
same as ours. We all know that if a ray of white light
is passed through a prism, it is broken up into a
beautiful band of colours—the spectrum. To our eyes
this spectrum is bounded by red at the one end and
violet at the other, the edge being sharply marked at
the red end, but less abruptly at the violet. But a ray
of light contains, besides the rays visible to our eyes,
others which are called, though not with absolute
correctness, heat-rays and chemical rays. These, so far
from falling within the limits of our vision, extend far
beyond it, the heat-rays at the red, the chemical rays
at the violet end.
I have tried various experiments with spectra
derived from sunlight; but, owing to the rotation of
200 THE ULTRA-RED AND ULTRA-VIOLET RAYS.
the earth, they were not thoroughly satisfactory. Mr.
Spottiswoode was also good enough to enable me to
make some experiments with electric light, which were
not very conclusive ; more recently I have made some
additional and much more complete experiments,
through the kindness of Prof. Dewar, Prof. Tyndall,
and the Board of Managers of the Royal Institution,
to whom I beg to offer my cordial thanks.
Of course, the space occupied by the visible spec-
trum is well marked off by the different colours.
Beyond the visible spectrum, however, we have no
such convenient landmarks, and it is not enough to
describe it by inches, because so much depends on the
prisms used. If, however, paper steeped in thalline is
placed in the ultra-violet portion of the spectrum, it
gives, with rays of a certain wave-length, a distinctly
visible green colour, which therefore constitutes a green
band, and gives us a definite, though rough, standard
of measurement.
In the above experiments with coloured spectra,
the ants carried the pup out of the portion of the
nest on which coloured light was thrown and deposited
them against the wall of the nest; or, if I arranged a
nest of Formica fusca so that it was entirely in the
light, they carried them to one side or into one corner.
It seemed to me, therefore, that it would be interesting
so to arrange matters, that on quitting the spectrum, after
passing through a dark space, the ants should encounter
not a solid obstacle, but a barrier of light. With this
EXPERIMENTS WITH ELECTRIC LIGHT. 201
object, I prepared some nests 12 inches long by 6 inches
wide; and Mr. Cottrell kindly arranged for me at
the Royal Institution on the 29th of June, by means of
the electric light, two spectra, which were thrown by two
glass prisms on to a table at an angle of about 45°.
Each occupied about 6 inches square, and there was a
space of about 2 inches between them—that is, between
the red end of the one and the violet of the other.
Experiment 1.—In one of the spectra I placed a nest
of Formica fusca, 12 inches by 6, containing about
150 pupe, and arranged it so that one end was distinctly
beyond the limit of the violet visible to us, and all but
to the edge of the green given by thalline paper, and
the other just beyond the visible red. The pupe at first
were almost all in or beyond the violet, but were carried
into the dark space between the two spectra, the bright
thalline band being avoided, but some pupe being
deposited in the red.
Experiment 2.—I then tried the same experiment
with a nest of Lasius niger, in which there were many
larvee as well as pupe. They were all at the commence-
ment at the blue end of the nearer spectrum. The
larvee were left by themselves in the violet, while pupee
were ranged from the end of the green to that of the
red inclusive.
Experiment 3.—Arvanged a nest of L. niger as
before ; at the commencement the pupe and larvee were
much scattered, being, however, less numerous in the
violet and ultra-violet rays. Those in the ultra-violet
202 EXPERIMENTS WITH ELECTRIC LIGHT.
rays were moved first, and were deposited, the larvee in
the violet, and the pupz in the red.
Experiment 4.—Made the same experiment with
another nest of LZ. niger. At the commencement the
larvee and pupze were in the violet and ultra-violet
portion, extending to double the distance from the
visible end to the thalline band. The ants soon began
bringing the pupz to the red. Over part of the red I
placed a piece of money. The pupze were cleared from
the ultra-violet first. That the pupz were not put in
the red for the sake of the red light was evident,
because the space under the coin was even more
crowded than the rest. The pupz were heaped up in
the dark as far as the thalline band of the other spec-
trum. I then brought the second spectrum nearer to
the first. The pupz which thus came to be in the
thalline band were gradually moved into the dark.
Experiment 5.—Tried the same with another nest
of L. niger. The pup were at first in the violet and
ultra-violet about double as far as the thalline line,
while most of the larvae were in the green. The
furthest part was cleared first; and they were again
brought principally into the yellow, red, and dark.
Again, I scattered them pretty equally, some being
in the ultra-violet portion, as far as double the distance
of the thalline from the violet; most, however, being
in the violet and blue.
The ants began by removing the pupze which were
EXPERIMENTS WITH ELECTRIC LIGHT. 203
in and near the thalline band, and carried them into
the yellow or red.
Experiment 6.—-Repeated the same experiment.
Begun it at 11.15. Placed some pupz in the red, some
in the yellow, and a few scattered over the second
spectrum ; there were none in the nearer one.
They were all carried away from the red past the
violet, and put down in the dark portion, or in the red
and yellow, of the nearer spectrum.
These experiments surprised me much at the time,
as I had expected all the pup to be carried into the space
between the two spectra; but it afterwards occurred to
me that the ultra-violet rays probably extended further
than I had supposed, so that even the part which lay
beyond the thalline band contained enough rays to
appear light to the ants. Hence perhaps they selected
the red and yellow as a lesser evil.
Experiment 7.—I altered, therefore, the arrange-
ment. Prof. Dewar kindly prepared for me a con-
densed pure spectrum (showing the metallic lines) with
a Siemens’ machine, using glass lenses and a mirror to
give a perpendicular incidence when thrown on the
nest. I arranged the pup again in the ultra-violet
as far as the edge of the fluorescent light shown with
thalline paper. The pupe were all again removed, and
most of them placed just beyond the red, but none in
the red or yellow.
Experiment 8.—Arranged the light as before, and
placed the pup in the ultra-violet rays. In half an
204 EXPERIMENTS WITH ELECTRIC LIGHT.
hour they were all cleared away and carried into the dark
space beyond the red. We then turned the nest round
so that the part occupied by the pupze again came to be
in the violet and ultra-violet. The light chanced to be
so arranged that along one side of the nest was a line of
shadow ; and into this the pup were carried, all those
in the ultra-violet being moved. We then shifted the
nest a little, so that the violet and ultra-violet fell on
some of the pupze. These were then all carried into
the dark, the ones in the ultra-violet being moved first.
In these experiments with the vertical incidence
there was less diffused light, and the pupz were in no
case carried into the red or yellow.
Experiment 9.—I arranged the light and the ants
as before, placing the pup in the ultra-violet, some
being distinctly beyond the bright thalline band. The
ants at once began to remove them. At first many
were deposited in the violet, some, however, being at
once carried into the dark beyond the red. When all
had been removed from the ultra-violet, they directed
their attention to those in the violet, some being carried,
as before, into the dark, some into the red and yellow.
Again, when those in the violet had all been removed,
they began on the pupz in the red and yellow, and
carried them also into the dark. This took nearly half
an hour. As I had arranged the pupe so that it might
be said that they were awkwardly placed, we then
turned the nest round, leaving the pupe otherwise as
they had been arranged by the ants; but the result of
ANTS NOT SENSITIVE TO ULTRA-RED RAYS. 205
moving the nest was to bring some of them into the
violet, though most were in the ultra-violet. They
were, as before, all carried into the dark space beyond
the red in about half an hour,
We then turned the glass round again, this time
arranging the end about the length of the spectrum
beyond the end of the violet visible to oureyes. They
began clearing the thalline band, carrying some into
the violet, but the majority away further from the
spectrum. In a quarter of an hour the thalline band
had been quite cleared ; and in half an hour a band
beyond, and equal to the thalline band, those in the
violet being left untouched. After the pups in the
ultra-violet portion had all been moved, those in the
violet were also carried away and deposited about twice
as far from the edge of the violet as the further edge
of the bright thalline band.
Experiment 10.—Experimented again with the
same arrangement as before, using another nest of
Lasius niger and placing the pup in the violet and a
little beyond. The ants at once began removing them
into the dark, tunnelling into the heap, and then carry-
ing away those in the ultra-violet first, although they
were further off. In half an hour they had all been
moved out of the violet and ultra-violet, about half
being placed in the dark, and half having been pro-
visionally deposited in the red and yellow.
Experiment 11.—Same arrangement as_ before.
The pup being placed all along one side of the nest,
206 ANTS NOT SENSITIVE TO ULTRA-RED RAYS,
from the edge of the red to a distance beyond the violet
as great as the whole length of the spectrum. I began
at 4.15. By degrees they were all cleared away from the
spectrum, except those in the violet, where indeed, and
immediately outside of which, the others were placed.
At 5, however, they began to carry them back into the
red. At 5.45 the blue and violet were nearly cleared,
the pupe being placed in the red and yellow. At 6.15
they had all been brought from the violet and ultra-
violet into the red and yellow.
I then shook up the pupe so that they were
arranged all along one side of the nest, and extended
about an inch beyond the red. This excited the ants
very much, and in less than ten minutes all those in the
spectrum, and for about 6 inches beyond the violet, were
moved, but at first they were put down anywhere, so that
they were scattered all over the nest. This, however,
lasted for a very short time, and they were all carried
into the dark beyond the red, or into the extreme end
at some distance beyond the violet. At 7 the edge
of the heap of pupz followed the line of the red at one
end, coming about } inch within it, which was not
owing to want of room, as one side of the nest was
almost unoccupied; at the other end they were all
carried 3 inches beyond the end of the violet.
It would seem, then, as the result of these experi-
ments, that the limits of vision of ants at the red
end of the spectrum are approximately the same
as ours, that they are not sensitive to the ultra-red
BUT VERY SENSITIVE TO ULTRA-VIOLET RAYS. 207
rays ; but, on the other hand, that they are very sen-
sitive to the ultra-violet rays, which our eyes cannot
perceive.
I then arranged the same ants in a wooden frame
consisting of a base and two side walls, between which
in the middle was a perpendicular sliding door. The
pup had been arranged by the ants in the centre of
the nest, so that some were on each side of the door.
We then threw, by means of a strong induction-coil, a
magnesium-spark on the nest from one side, and the
light from a sodium-flame in a Bunsen burner on the
other, the light being in each case stopped by the sliding
door, which was pressed close down on the nest. In this
way the first half was illuminated by the one light, the
second by the other, the apparatus being so arranged
that the lights were equal to our eyes—that, however,
given by the magnesium, consisting mainly of blue,
violet, and ultra-violet rays, that of the sodium being
very yellow and poor in chemical rays. In a quarter of
an hour the pupe were all carried into the yellow.
The sodium light being the hotter of the two, to
eliminate the action of heat I introduced a water-cell
between the ants and the sodium-flame, and made the
two sides as nearly as possible equally light to my eye.
The pup, however, were again carried into the sodium
side.
I repeated the same experiment as before, getting
the magnesium-spark and the sodium-flame to the same
degree of intensity, as nearly as my eye could judge,
208 EXPERIMENTS WITH MAGNESIUM SPARK
and interposing a water-screen between the sodium-
flame and the ants. The temperature was tested by
the thermometer, and I could distinguish no difference
between the two sides. Still the ants preferred the
sodium side. This I repeated twice. I then removed
the magnesium-spark somewhat, so that the illumina-
tion on that side was very much fainter than on the
other; still the pups were carried into the sodium-
light. I then turned the nest round so as to bring
them back into the magnesium. They were again
carried to the sodium side.
Once more I repeated the same experiment. The
light on the magnesium side was so faint that I could
scarcely see the pupz, those on the sodiuin side being
quite plain. The thermometer showed no difference
between the two sides. The pupze were carried into
the sodium-light. Ithen turned the nest round twice ;
but the pupz were each time carried out of the
magnesium-light.
These experiments seemed strongly to indicate, if
not to prove, that ants were really sensitive to the
ultra-violet rays. Now to these rays sulphate of
quinine and bisulphide of carbon are extremely opaque,
though perfectly transparent in the case of visible rays,
and therefore to our eyes entirely colourless and trans-
parent. If, therefore, the ants were really affected by
the ultra-violet rays, then a cell containing a layer of
sulphate of quinine or bisulphide of carbon would tend
to darken the underlying space to their eyes, though
to ours it would not do so.
AND SODIUM FLAME. 209
It will be remembered that if an opaque substance is
placed over a part of a glass nest, other things being
equal, the ants always congregate under it; and that if
substances of different opacity are placed on different
parts of a nest, they collect under that which seems to
them most opaque. Over one of my nests of Formica
fusca, therefore, I placed two pieces of dark-violet glass
4 inches by 2 inches; and over one of them I placed a
cell containing a layer of bisulphide of carbon, an inch
thick, slightly coloured with iodine. In all these experi-
ments, when I moved the liquids or glasses, I gave
the advantage, if any, to the one under which experi-
ence showed that the ants were least likely to congre-
gate. The ants all collected under the glass over
which was the bisulphide of carbon.
I then thought that though no doubt the iodine
rendered the bisulphide more completely impervious to
the ultra-violet rays, I would try the effect of it when
pure and perfectly colourless. I therefore tried the
same experiment with pure bisulphide, moving the two
glasses from time to time in such a manner that the
ants had to pass the first violet glass in order to reach
that over which was the bisulphide.
At 8.30 the ants were all under the glass over which
was the bisulphide of carbon: I then changed
the position.
8.45 “, Ne 2
9 ” 3? 39
9.15 ”? > bb)
210 EXPERIMENTS WITH
Although the bisulphide of carbon is so perfectly
transparent, I then thought I would try it without
the violet glass. I therefore covered part of the nest
with violet glass, a part with a layer of bisulphide of
carbon, moving them from time to time as before, and
the ants in every case went under the bisulphide.
I then reduced the thickness of the layer of bisul-
phide to ;4, of an inch, but still they preferred the
bisulphide.
Then thinking that possibly the one shelter being a
plate of glass and the other a liquid might make a
difference, I tried two similar bottles, one contain-
ing water and the other bisulphide of carbon; but in
every case the ants went under the bisulphide of
carbon. On the other hand, when I used coloured solu
tions so deep in tint that the ants were only just visible
through them, the ants went under the coloured liquids.
October 10.--I uncovered the nest at 7 A.M., giving
the ants an option between the bisulphide of carbon
and various coloured solutions, taking for violet am-
monio-sulphate of copper ; for red, a solution of carmine
so deep in tint that the ants could only just be seen
through it ; for green, a solution of chlorate of copper ;
and for yellow, saffron. They were each separately
tried with the bisulphide, and in every case the ants
preferred the coloured solution.
I now took successively red, yellow, and green
glass ; but in every case the ants preferred the glass to
the bisulphide. Although, therefore, it would seem
BISULPHIDE OF CARBON. 211
from the previous experiments that the bisulphide
darkened the nests to the ants more than violet glass,
it would appear to do so less than red, green, or yellow.
I now made some experiments in order, if possible,
to determine whether the reason why the ants avoided
the violet glass was because they disliked the colour
violet, or whether it was because the violet glass trans-
mitted more of the ultra-violet rays.
For this purpose I placed a layer of the bisulphide
of carbon over a piece of violet glass. By this arrange-
ment I got the violet without the ultra-violet rays ;
and I then contrasted this combination with other
coloured media.
First, I took a solution of bichromate of potash
(bright orange), and placed it on a part of the nest, side
by side with the violet glass and bisulphide of carbon.
I should add that the bichromate of potash also cuts off
the ultra-violet rays. In all the following observations
I changed the position after each observation.
At 1.30 p.m. the ants were under the bichromate.
* Py half under the bichromate
and half under the violet
glass and bisulphide.
Set AM, . under the bichromate.
8.30 - 95 under the violet glass and
bisulphide.
9 - a half under each.
9.30 Ss Ks some under each, but most
P2
212 EXPERIMENTS WITH
under the violet glass and
bisulphide.
9.45 oe ef half under each.
10 ” 39 bb] 33
In this case, therefore, though without the layer of
bisulphide the violet glass would always have been
avoided, the result of placing the bisulphide over the
violet glass was that the ants did not care much
whether they were under the violet glass or under the
bichromate of potash.
I then took the same solution of carmine which I
had already used.
LO; The ants were under the carmine.
10.15 99 0 99
10.30 ne most under the carmine, but
some under the violet.
10.45 A under the carmine.
An i most under the carmine, but
some under the violet.
Here, then, again the bisulphide made a distinct
difference, though not so much so as with the bichro-
mate of potash,
I then took the solution of chlorate of copper
already used.
1 About half the ants were under each.
1.30. The greater number were under the violet
glass and bisulphide.
BISULPHIDE OF CARBON. 213
2. The greater number were under the violet
glass and bisulphide.
2.30 ” 2 9
3. Almost all were under the glass and bisulphide.
The addition of the bisulphide thus caused the violet
glass to be distinctly preferred to the chlorate of copper. |
I then took a solution of sulphate of nickel, almost
exactly the same tint as, or a shade paler than, the
chlorate of copper.
At 3.45 the ants were under the violet glass and
bisulphide.
4. ” 9 29
5D. 9 ” 9
October 18.
7 AM. EP i a
8. About half of the ants were under each.
Here the effect was even more marked.
I then took some saffron 1 inch in thickness and of
a deep-yellow colour.
12.45 The ants were about half under each.
1. Most of the ants were under the violet glass
and bisulphide.
1.15 ” ” ”
2. Most of the ants were under the saffron.
Here, again, we have the same result.
I then tried the different-coloured glasses, all of
which, as I had previously found, are unmistakably
preferred to the violet. It remained to be seen what
214 EXPERIMENTS WITH
effect placing the bisulphide of carbon on the violet
would have.
First, I placed side by side, as usual, a piece of
green glass and the violet glass covered with bisulphide
of carbon :—
lst exp. Half of the ants were under each.
2nd ,, They were under the violet glass and
bisulphide.
3rd_ sy, ” ” »
4th exp. Most of them were under the violet glass
and bisulphide.
5th 99 29 29 9
Next, I tried pale-yellow glass.
1st obs. The ants were almost all under the violet
glass and bisulphide.
2nd ,, About three-quarters were ,, 95
3rd_,, They were all - =
4th ,, About half were under each.
I then took the dark-yellow glass.
1st obs. About half the ants were under the yellow
glass and half under the violet glass and
bisulphide.
2nd ,, Most of them were under the violet glass
and bisulphide.
Shao ss - 5 yellow glass.
Ath: ,, 3 violet glass
and bisulphide.
5th ,, About half under each.
BISULPHIDE OF CARBON. 215
I now took deep-red glass.
Ist obs. The ants were under the red glass.
2nd ,, Half of the ants were under each.
3rd_,, Most of the ants were under violet glass
and bisulphide.
4th ,, Half were under each.
It seemed evident, therefore, that while if violet
glass alone was placed side by side with red, yellow, or
green, the ants greatly preferred any of the latter, on
the other hand, if a layer of bisulphide of carbon, which
to our eyes is perfectly transparent, was placed over
the violet glass, they then went as readily, or even
more readily, under it than under other colours.
In order to be sure that it was not the mere
presence of a fluid, or the two layers of glass, to which
this was due, I thought it would be well to trya similar
series of experiments, using, however, a layer of similar
thickness (1 inch) of water coloured light blue by
ammonio-sulphate of copper.
I therefore took again the piece of violet glass, over
which I placed a flat-sided bottle, about 1 inch thick,
containing a light-blue solution of ammonio-sulphate
of copper; and, in contrast with it, I used the same
coloured glasses as before. The difference, however,
was very marked, the ants always preferring the red,
green, and yellow to the violet.
These experiments seem to demonstrate that in
the previous series the ants were really influenced by
216 EXPERIMENTS WITH
some difference due to the bisulphide of carbon, which
affected their eyes, though not ours.
I then thought it would be interesting to use,
instead of the bisulphide, a solution of sulphate of
quinine (4 dr. to 4 ounces), which differs from it in
many points, but agrees in cutting off the ultra-violet
rays. I used, as before, a layer about an inch thick,
which I placed over violet glass, and then placed by its
side the same coloured glasses as before.
First, I took the red glass.
Obs. 1. About half the ants were under each.
5, 2. Most of them were under the red glass.
,, 3. About half under each; rather more under the
violet glass and sulphate of quinine than
under the red glass.
9 4. 29 99 99
I now took the dark-yellow glass instead of the red.
Obs. 1. Most of the ants were under the violet glass and
sulphate of quinine.
yuo 2 evAlll Ls re a
39 3. 3 bb) 99 39
9 Fe os 0° 9 yellow glass.
bb) 5. 99 99 33 bb)
» 6. All the ants were under the violet glass and
sulphate of quinine.
, 7. About half under each.
», 8. Rather more under the violet glass and sulphate
of quinine than under the yellow glass.
BISULPHIDE OF CARBON. i 217
I then took the light- yellow glass instead of the dark.
Obs. 1. The ants were al? under the violet glass and
sulphate of quinine.
2. Rather more than half under the yellow glass.
3. Almost all under the violet glass and sulphate
of quinine.
»5 4. All ” 9 ”? ey)
I then took the green glass instead of the yellow.
Obs. 1. They were under the violet glass and sulphate
of quinine.
BeGh sy ey) oy) 29
3, 3. About half under each.
5, 4. About three-quarters under the green glass.
», 5. Almost all under the violet glass and sulphate
of quinine.
Thus, then, while if the ants have to choose
between the violet and other coloured glasses, they
will always prefer one of the latter, the effect of
putting over the violet glass a layer either of sul-
phate of quinine or bisulphide of carbon, both of
which are quite transparent, but both of which cut off
the ultra-violet rays, is to make the violet glass seem
to the ants as good a shelter as any of the other glasses.
This seems to me strong evidence that the ultra-violet.
rays are visible to the ants.
I then tried similar experiments with a saturated
solution of chrome alum and chromium chloride. These
218 CHROME ALUM AND CHROMIUM CHLORIDE.
are dark greenish blue, very opaque to the visible
light-rays, but transparent to the ultra-violet. I used
a layer + inch thick, which was still so dark that I
could not see the ants through it; and for comparison,
a solution 1 inch thick of bisulphide of carbon, moving
them after each observation as before.
Exp. 1. The ants were under the bisulphide of
earbon.
99 De ” ” ”
Exp. 3. Most of the ants were under the bisulphide
of carbon.
» 4. All but three a -
> 5. All » >
I now took chromium chloride instead of alum.
Exp. 1. Most were under the bisulphide of carbon.
bb) 2. All bb] bb) bP)
9) Os Almostrall ., i a
4, About three-fourths were under the
chromium chloride.
. All were under the chromium chloride.
. About two-thirds -
. About one-half under each.
. All under the bisulphide of carbon.
. About three-fourths under the bisulphide-
bb]
cOoOnNT G&S
Ne)
of carbon.
», 10. About half ,, vs
» 11. All under the chrome alum.
oy ee Gs bisulphide of carbon.
ANTS SENSITIVE TO ULTRA-VIOLET RAYS. 219
This result is very striking. It appears to show that
though to our eyes the bisulphide of carbon is absolutely
transparent, while the chrome alum and chromium chlo-
ride are very dark, to the ants, on the contrary, the
former appears to intercept more light than a layer of
the latter, which to our eyes appears dark green.
The only experiments hitherto made with the view
of determining the limits of vision of animals have
been some by Prof. Paul Bert! on a small fresh-water
crustacean belonging to the genus Daphiia, from
which he concludes that they perceive all the colours
known to us, being, however, specially sensitive to the
yellow and green, and that their limits of vision are
the same as ours.
Nay, he even goes further than this, and feels
justified in concluding from the experience of two
widely divergent species—Man and Daphnia —that
the limits of vision would be the same in all cases.
His words are —
A. ‘Tous les animaux voient les rayons spectraux
que nous voyons.’
B. ‘Ils’ ne voient aucun de ceux que nous ne
voyons pas.’
C. ‘Dans l’étendue de la région visible, les différ-
ences entre les pouvoirs éclairants des différents rayons
coloriés sont les mémes pour eux et pour nous.’
He adds, that ‘puisque les limites de visibilités
semblent étre les mémes pour les animaux et pour nous,
1 Archiv. de Physiol. 1869, p. 547.
220 THE SENSE OF COLOUR.
ne trouvons-nous pas la une raison de plus pour
supposer que le réle des milieux de l’ceil est tout-a-fait
secondaire, et que la visibilité tient & Pimpressionnabilité
de l’appareil nerveux lui-méme ?’
Such a generalisation would seem to rest on but a
slight foundation ; and I may add that I have made
some experiments myself! on Daphnias which do not
agree with those of M. Bert. On the contrary, I
believe that the eyes of Daphnias are in this respect
constituted like those of ants.
These experiments seem to me very interesting.
They appear to prove that ants perceive the ultra-violet
rays. Now, as every ray of homogeneous light which
we can perceive at all appears to us as a distinct colour,
it becomes probable that these ultra-violet rays must
make themselves apparent to the ants as a distinct
and separate colour (of which we can form no idea),
but as unlike the rest as red is from yellow, or green
from violet. The question also arises whether white
light to these insects would differ from our white light
in containing this additional colour. At any rate, as
few of the colours in nature are pure, but almost all
arise from the combination of rays of different wave-
lengths, and as in such cases the visible resultant would
be composed not only of the rays which we see, but of
these and the ultra-violet, it would appear that the
colours of objects and the general aspect of nature
1 British Assoc. Report 1881, and Linnean Soc. Jown. 1882.
THE SENSE OF HEARING. 221
must present to them a very different appearance from
what it does to us.
The Sense of Hearing.
Many eminent observers have regarded the antennz
of insects as auditory organs, and have brought forward
strong evidence in favour of their view.
I have myself made experiments on grasshoppers,
which convinced me that their antenne serve as organs
of hearing.
So far, however, as Ants, Bees, and Wasps are con-
cerned, the evidence is very conflicting. The power of
hearing has indeed generally been attributed to them.
Thus St. Fargeau, in his ‘ Hist. Nat. des Hyménoptéres,’!
thinks there can be no doubt on the subject. Bevan
expresses, no doubt, the general opinion with reference
to Bees, when he says that ‘ there is good evidence that
Bees have a quick sense of hearing.’ ?
As regards Wasps, Ormerod, who studied them
so lovingly, came to the same conclusion.®
On the other hand, both Huber‘ and Forel ® state
that ants are quite deaf. As I have already men-
tioned in the ‘Linnean Journal’ (vols. xii. and xiii.),
I have never succeeded in satisfying myself that my
ants, bees, or wasps heard any of the sounds with
Y Vier i. p: 113: 2 The Honey Bee, p. 264.
3 Nat. Hist. of Wasps, p. 72. * Nat. Hist. of Ants.
5 Fourmis de la Suisse, p. 121.
222 THE SENSE OF HEARING.
which I tried them. I have over and over again
tested them with the loudest and shrillest noises [
could make, using a penny pipe, a dog-whistle, a
violin, as well as the most piercing and startling
sounds I could produce with my own voice, but all
without effect. At the same time, I carefully avoided
inferring from this that they are really deaf, though
it certainly seems that their range of hearing is very
different from ours.
In order, if possible, to throw some light upon
this interesting question, I made a variety of loud
noises, including those produced by a complete
set of tuning-forks, as near as possible to the ants
mentioned in the preceding pages, while they were
on their journeys to and fro between the nests and
the larvae. In these cases the ants were moving
steadily and in a most business-like manner, and any
start or alteration of pace would have been at once
apparent. I was never able, however, to perceive that
they took the slightest notice of any of these sounds.
Thinking, however, that they might perhaps be too
much absorbed by the idea of the larve to take any
notice of my interruptions, I took one or two ants at
random and put them on a strip of paper, the two ends
of which were supported by pins with their bases in
water. The ants imprisoned under these circumstances
wandered slowly backwards and forwards along the
paper. As they did so, I tested them in the same
manner as before, but was unable to perceive that they
APPARENT DEAFNESS OF ANTS. 223
took the slightest notice of any sound which I was
able to produce. I then took a large female of F.
ligniperda, and tethered her on a board to a pin by a
delicate silk thread about 6 inches in length. After
wandering about for a while, she stood still, and I
then tried her in the same way; but, like the other
ants, she took no notice whatever of the sounds.
It is of course possible, if not probable, that ants,
even if deaf to sounds which we hear, may hear others
to which we are deaf.
Having failed, therefore, in hearing them or making
them hear me, I endeavoured to ascertain whether they
could hear one another.
To ascertain then if possible whether ants have the
power of summoning one another by sound, I tried the
following experiments. I put out (Sept. 1874) on the
board where one of my nests of Lasiws flavus was
usually fed, six small pillars of wood about an inch
and a half high, and on one of them I put some
honey. A number of ants were wandering about on
the board itself in search of food, and the nest itself
was immediately above, and about 12 inches from, the
board. I then put three ants to the honey, and when
each had sufficiently fed I imprisoned her and put
another; thus always keeping three ants at the
honey, but not allowing them to go home. If then
they could summon their friends by sound, there
ought soon to be many ants at the honey. The results
were as follow :
224 ATTEMPTS TO ASCERTAIN
September 8.—Began at 11 a.m. Up to 3 o'clock
only seven ants found their way to the honey, while
about as many ran up the other pillars. The arrival of
these seven, therefore, was not more than would
naturally result from the numbers running about close
by. At 3 we allowed the ants then on the honey to
return home. The result was that from 3.6, when the
first went home, to 3.30, eleven came; from 3.30 to 4,
no less than forty-three. Thus in four hours only seven
came, while it was obvious that many would have
wished to come, if they had known about the honey,
because in the next three quarters of an hour, when
they were informed of it, fifty-four came.
On September 10 I tried the same again, keep-
ing as before three ants always on the honey, but not
allowing any to go home. From 12 to 5.30, only eight
came. Those on the honey were then allowed to take
the news home. From 5.30 to 6, four came; from
6 to 6.30, four ; from 6.30 to 7, eight ; from 7.30 to 8,
no less than fifty-one.
On September 23 we did the same again, begin-
ning at 11.15. Up to 3.45 nine came. The ants
on the honey were then allowed to go home. From
4 to 4.30 nine came; from 4.30 to 5, fifteen; from 5
to 5.30 nineteen; from 5.30 to 6, thirty-eight. Thus
in three and a half hours only nine came; in two,
when the ants were permitted to return, eighty-one.
Again, on September 30 I tried the same arrange-
ment, again beginning at 11. Up to 3.30 seven ants
WHETHER ANTS CALL ONE ANOTHER. 225
came. We then allowed the ants which had fed to
go home. From 3.30 to 4.30 twenty-eight came.
From 4.30 to 5, fifty-one came. Thus in four hours
and a half only seven came; while when the ants were
allowed to return no less than seventy-nine came in an
hour and a half. It seems obvious therefore that in
these cases no communication was transmitted by
sound.
Again, Professor Tyndall was good enough to arrange
for me one of his sensitive flames; but I could not
perceive that it responded in any waytomyants. The
experiment was not, however, very satisfactory, as I was not
able to try the flame with a very active nest. Professor
Bell most kindly set up for me an extremely sensitive
microphone : it was attached to the underside of one of
my nests; and though we could distinctly hear the ants
walking about, we could not distinguish any other
sound.
It is, however, far from improbable that ants may
produce sounds entirely beyond our range of hearing.
Indeed, it is not impossible that insects may possess
senses, or sensations, of which we can no more form an
idea than we should have been able to conceive red or
green if the human race had been blind. The human
ear is sensitive to vibrations reaching at the outside to
38,000 in a second. The sensation of red is produced
when 470 millions of millions of vibrations enter the
eye in a similar time; but between these two numbers,
vibrations produce on us only the sensation of heat;
Q
226 EXPERIMENTS WITH SENSITIVE FLAME.
we have no special organs of sense adapted to them.
There is, however, no reason in the nature of things
why this should be the case with other animals; and
the problematical organs possessed by many of the
lower forms may have relation to sensations which we
do not perceive. If any apparatus could be devised
by which the number of vibrations produced by any
given cause could be lowered so as to be brought within
the range of our ears, it is probable that the result
would be most interesting.
Moreover, there are not wanting observations which
certainly seem to indicate that ants possess some sense
of hearing.
I am, for instance, indebted to Mr. Francis Galton
for the following quotation from Colonel Long’s recent
work on Central Africa.! ‘I observed,’ he says, ‘the
manner of catching them’ (the ants, for food), ‘as here
pictured’ (he gives a figure). ‘Seated round an ant-
hole were two very pretty maidens, who with sticks
beat upon an inverted gourd, “bourmah,” in cadenced
time to a not unmusical song, that seduced from its
hole the unwary ant, who, approaching the orifice, was
quickly seized.’ (The species of ant is not mentioned.)
Moreover, there are in the antennz certain remark-
able structures, which may very probably be auditory
organs.
These curious organs (Fig. 6) were first noticed,
1 Central Africa, by Col. C. €. Long, p. 274.
ANTS PROBABLY HEAR HIGH NOTES. 227
so far as I am aware, by Dr. J. Braxton Hicks in his ex-
cellent paper on the ‘Antennz of Insects,’ published in
the 22nd volume of the ‘Linnean Transactions ;’ and,
again, by Dr. Forel in his ‘Fourmis de la Suisse.
They certainly deserve more attention than they have
yet received. The cork-shaped organs (Figs. 6 and 7, ¢ e)
occur in allied species; but these stethoscope-like
organs have not, so far as I am aware, been yet
observed in other insects. They consist of an outer
sac (Figs. 6 and 7, s), of a long tube (¢), and a posterior
chamber (w), to which is given a nerve (7).
Forel! also describes these curious organs. He
appears to consider that the number varies consider-
Fig. 6.
Terminal portion of antennz of Myrmica ruginodis 8 x 75.
ably, namely, from 5 to 12. My own impression is
that this difference is only apparent, and that in reality
the numbers in each species vary little. Though
’ Trans. of Linnean Soc., vol. xxii. p. 391.
2 Fourmis de la Suisse, p. 301.
Q 2
228 ORGANS OF SENSE
sometimes the presence of air renders them very con-
spicuous, they are in others by no means easy to make
Fig. 7.
awa c
Diagrammatic section through part of Fig. 6.
c, chitinous skin of the antenna. ee, two of the cork-shaped
organs. s, external chamber of one of the stethoscope-shaped
organs. ¢, the tube. , the posterior sac. m, the nerve.
out ; and I think that when a small number only are
apparently present, this is probably due merely to the
fact that the others are not brought out by the mode
of preparation.
In addition to the group of these organs situated
in the terminal segment, there is one, or in some rare
cases I have found two, in each of the small preceding
segments. The tubes in these segments appeared to
the eye to be nearly of the same length as those in the
terminal segment, but I could not measure their exact
length, as they do not lie flat. In some cases, when
the segment was short, the tube was bent—an indica-
tion, perhaps, that the exact length is of importance.
It is possible that these curious organs may be audi-
tory, and serve like microscopic stethoscopes. Professor
Tyndall, who was good enough to examine them with
me, concwred in the opinion that this was very pro-
bable. I believe I am correct in saying that the bend-
IN THE ANTENNZ OF ANTS. 229
ing of the tube in the short segments would make
little difference in its mode of action.
Kirby and Spence were, I believe, the first to
notice that an insect allied to the ants (Mutilla
Europea) has the power of making a sibilant,
chirping sound, but they did not ascertain how
this was effected. Goureau! subsequently called at-
tention to the same fact, and attributed it to fric-
tion of the base of the third segment of the abdo-
men against the second. Westwood,? on the other
hand, thought the sound was produced ‘ by the action
of the large collar against the front of the mesothorax.
Darwin, in his ‘ Descent of Man,’ adopts the same view.
«I find,’ he says,’ ‘ that these surfaces (i.e. the over-
lapping portions of the second and third abdominal
segments) are marked with very fine concentric ridges,
but so is the projecting thoracic collar, on which the
head articulates ; and this collar, when scratched with
the point of a needle, emits the proper sound.’ Landois,
after referring to this opinion, expresses himself strongly
in opposition to it. The true organ of sound is, he
maintains,‘ a triangular field on the upper surface of
the fourth abdominal ring, which is finely ribbed, and
which, when rubbed, emits a stridulating sound. It
certainly would appear, from Landois’ observations,
that this structure does produce sound, whether or not
' Ann. de la Soc. Ent. de France, 1837.
2 Modern Classifications of Insects, vol. ii.
8 Descent of Man, vol. i. p. 366.
4 Thierstimmen, p. 132.
230 STRIDULATING APPARATUS
we consider that the friction of the collar against the
mesothorax may also assist in doing so.
Under these circumstances, Landois asked himself
whether other genera allied to Mutilla might not
possess a similar organ, and also have the power of pro-
ducing sound. He first examined the genus Ponera,
which, in the structure of its abdomen, nearly resem-
bles Mutilla, and here also he found a fully developed
stridulating apparatus.
He then turned to the true ants, and here also he
found a similar rasp-like organ in the same situation.
It is indeed true that ants produce no sounds which
are audible by us; still, when we find that certain
allied insects do produce sounds appreciable to us by
rubbing the abdominal segments one over the other;
and when we find, in some ants, a nearly similar
structure, it certainly seems not unreasonable to
conclude that these latter also do produce sounds,
even though we cannot hear them. Landois describes
Fig. 8.
Attachment of abdominal segments of Zasius flavus © x 225.
the structure in the workers of Lasius fuliginosus as
having 20 ribs in a breadth of 0°13 of a millimetre,
ON ABDOMINAL SEGMENTS. 235%
but he gives no figure. In Fig. 8 I have represented
the junction of the second and third abdominal seg-
ments in Lasius flavus, x 225, as shown in a longi-
tudinal and vertical section. There are about ten
well-marked ribs (7), occupying a length of approxi-
mately ;4, of an inch. Similar ridges also occur
between the following segments.
In connection with the sense of hearing I may
mention another very interesting structure. In the
year 1844, Von Siebold described! a remarkable organ
which he had discovered in the tibize of the front legs
of Gryllus, and which he considered to serve for the
purpose of hearing. These organs have been also
studied by Burmeister, Brunner, Hensen, Leydig, and
others, and have recently been the subject of a mono-
graph by Dr. V. Graber,? who commences his memoir
by observing that they are organs of an entirely unique
character, and that nothing corresponding to them
Fig. 9.
Tibia of Lasiws flavus % x 75.
occurs in any other insects, or indeed in any other
Arthropods.
1 Ueber das Stimm. und Gehororgan der Orthopteren, Wieg-
mann’s Art. f. Natur., 1844.
2 Die Tympanalen Sinnesapparate der Orthopteren, von Dr
Vitus Graber, 1875.
232 REMARKABLE STRUCTURE IN
1 have therefore been very much interested by dis-
covering (1875) in ants a structure which seems in
some remarkable points to resemble that of the
Orthoptera. As will be seen from a glance at Dr.
Graber’s memoir, and the plates which accompany it,
the large trachea of the leg in the Orthoptera is con-
siderably swollen in the tibia, and sends off, shortly
after entering the tibia, a branch which, after running
for some time parallel to the principal trunk, joins it
again. See, for instance, in his monograph, plate ii.,
fig. 43; plate vi., fig. 69 ; plate vil, fig. 77; &e.
Now, I have observed that in many other insects the
tracheze of the tibia are dilated, and in several I have
been able to detect a recurrent branch. The same is
also the case in some mites. I will, however, reserve
what I have to say on this subject, with reference to
other insects, for another occasion, and will at present
confine myself to the ants. If we examine the tibia,
say of Lasius flavus, Fig. 9, we shall see that the
trachea presents a remarkable arrangement, which at
once reminds us of that which occurs in Gryllus and
other Orthoptera. In the femur it has a diameter of
about =;55 of an inch; as soon, however, as it enters
the tibia, it swells to a diameter of about 51, of an
inch, then contracts again to =+,, and then again, at
the apical extremity of the tibia, once more expands
to <1,. Moreover, as in Gryllus, so also in Fornica, a
small branch rises from the upper sac, runs almost
THE TIBIA OF ANTS. 233
straight down the tibia, and falls again into the main
trachea Just above the lower sac.
The remarkable sacs (Fig. 9,8 s) at the two ex-
tremities of the trachea in the tibia may also be well
seen in other transparent species, such, for instance,
as Myrmica ruginodis and Pheidole megacephala.
At the place where the upper tracheal sac con-
tracts (Fig. 9), there is, moreover, a conical striated
organ (x), which is situated at the back of the leg, just
at the apical end of the upper tracheal sac. The
broad base lies against the external wall of the leg, and
the fibres converge inwards. In some cases I thought
I could perceive indications of bright rods, but I was
never able to make them out very clearly. This also
reminds us of a curious structure which is found in the
tibize of Locustidee, between the trachea, the nerve,
and the outer wall, and which is well shown in some of
Dr. Graber’s figures.
On the whole, then, though the subject is still
involved in doubt, I am disposed to think that ants
pereeive sounds which we cannot hear.
The Sense of Smell.
I have also made a number of experiments on the
power of smell possessed by ants. I dipped camel’s-hair
brushes into peppermint-water, essence of cloves, laven-
der-water, and other strong scents, and suspended them
234 THE SENSE OF SMELL
about 1 of an inch above the strips of paper along which
the ants were passing, in the experiments above recorded.
Under these circumstances, while some of the ants passed
on without taking any notice, others stopped when they
came close to the pencil, and, evidently perceiving the
smell, turned back. Soon, however, they returned and
passed the scented pencil. After doing this two or
three times, they generally took no further notice of
the scent. This experiment left no doubt on my mind;
still, to make the matter even more clear, I experi-
mented with ants placed on an isolated strip of paper.
Over the paper, and at such a distance as almost, but
not quite, to touch any ant which passed under it, I
again suspended a camel’s-hair brush, dipped in assa-
foetida, lavender-water, peppermint-water, essence of
cloves, and other scents. In this experiment the
results were very marked; and no one who watched
the behaviour of the ants under these circumstances
could have the slightest doubt as to their power of
smell.
I then took a large female of F. ligniperda and
tethered her on a board by a thread as before. When
she was quite quiet I tried her with the tuning-forks ;
but they did not disturb her in the least. I then ap-
proached the feather of a pen very quietly, so as almost
to touch first one and then the other of the antenne,.
which, however, did not move. I then dipped the pen
in essence of musk and did the same; the antenna
was slowly retracted and drawn quite back. I then
THE SENSE OF SMELL. 235
repeated the same with the other antenna. If I
touched the antenna, the ant started away, apparently
smarting. I repeated the same with essence of laven-
der, and with a second ant. The result was the same.
Many of my other experiments—for instance, some
of those recorded in the next chapter—point to the
same conclusion ; and, in fact, there can be no doubt
whatever that in ants the sense of smell is highly
developed.
CHAPTER IX.
GENERAL INTELLIGENCE, AND POWER OF FINDING
THEIR WAY.
A NUMBER of interesting anecdotes are on record as to
the ingenuity displayed by ants under certain circum-
stances.
M. Lund, for instance, tells the following story as
bearing on the intelligence of ants :'—
‘Passant un jour prés d’un arbre presque isolé, je
fus surpris d’entendre, par un temps calme, des feuilles
qui tombaient comme de la pluie. Ce qui augmenta
mon étonnement, c’est que les feuilles détachées avaient
leur couleur naturelle, et que arbre semblait jouir de
toute sa vigueur. Je m’approchai pour trouver l’expli-
cation de ce phénoméne, et je vis qu’a peu prés sur
chaque pétiole était postée une fourmi qui travaillait
de toute sa force; le pétiole était bientot coupé et la
feuille tombait par terre. Une autre scéne se passait
au pied de Varbre: la terre était) couverte de fourmis
occupées 4 découper les feuilles 4 mesure qu’elles tom-
baient, et les morceaux étaient sur le champ transportés
dans le nid. En moins d’une heure le grand cuvre
1 Ann. des Sci. Nat. 1831, p. 112.
ECONOMY OF LABOUR. 237
s’'accomplit sous mes yeux, et Varbre resta entiérement
dépouillé.’
Bates! gives an apparently similar, but really very
different account. ‘The Saitiba ants,’ he says, ‘ mount
the tree in multitudes, the individuals being all
worker-minors. Each one places itself on the surface
of a leaf, and cuts with its sharp scissor-like jaws a
nearly semicircular incision on the upper side ; it then
takes the edge between its jaws, and by a sharp jerk
detaches the piece. Sometimes they let the leaf drop to
the ground, where a little heapaccumulates, until carried
off by another relay of workers; but, generally, each
marches off with the piece it has operated upon.’
Dr. Kerner recounts” the following story communi-
cated to him by Dr. Gredler of Botzen :—
‘One of his colleagues at Innsbriick, says that
gentleman, had for months been in the habit of sprink-
ling pounded sugar on the sill of his window, for a
train of ants, which passed in constant procession from
the garden to the window. One day, he took it into
his head to put the pounded sugar into a_ vessel,
which he fastened with a string to the transom of the
window; and, in order that his long-petted insects
might have information of the supply suspended above,
a number of the same set of ants were placed with the
sugar in the vessel. These busy creatures forthwith
' Naturalist on the Amazons, vol. i. p. 26.
* Flowers and their Unbidden Guests, Dr. A. Kerner. Trans. by
W. Ogle, 1878, p. 21.
238 STATEMENT BY
seized on the particles of sugar, and soon discovering
the only way open to them, viz. up the string, over
the transom and down the window-frame, rejoined their
fellows on the sill, whence they could resume the old
route down the steep wall into the garden. Before
long the route over the new track from the sill to the
sugar, by the window-frame, transom, and string was
completely established; and so passed a day or two
without anything new. Then one morning it was
noticed that the ants were stopping at their old place,
that is, the window-sill, and getting sugar there. Not
a single individual any longer traversed the path that
led thence to the sugar above. This was not because
the store above had been exhausted; but because some
dozen little fellows were working away vigorously and
incessantly up aloft in the vessel, dragging the sugar
crumbs to its edge, and throwing them down to
their comrades below on the sill, a sill which with
their limited range of vision they could not possibly
see!”
Leuckart also made a similar experiment. Round a
tree which was frequented by ants, he spread a band
soaked in tobacco water. The ants above the band
after awhile let themselves drop to the ground, but
the ascending ants were long baffled. At length he
saw them coming back, each with a pellet of earth in
its mouth, and thus they constructed a road for them-
selves, over which they streamed up the tree.
PREVIOUS OBSERVERS. 239
Dr. Buchner records the following instance on the
authority of a friend (M. Theuerkauf) :—
‘A maple tree standing on the ground of the
manufacturer, Vollbaum, of Elbing (now of Dantzic)
swarmed with aphides and ants. In order to check
the mischief, the proprietor smeared about a foot width
of the ground round the tree with tar. The first ants
who wanted to cross naturally stuck fast. But what
did the next? They turned back to the tree and
carried down aphides, which they stuck down on the
tar one after another until they had made a bridge, over
which they could cross the tar-ring without danger.
The above-named merchant, Vollbaum, is the guarantor
of this story, which I received from his own mouth on
the very spot whereat it occurred.’!
In this case I confess I have my doubts as to the
interpretation of the fact. Is it not possible that as
the ants descended the tree, carrying the aphides, the
latter naturally stuck to the tar, and would certainly
be left there. In the same way I have seen hundreds
of bits of earth deposited on the honey with which I
fed my ants.
On one occasion Belt observed? a community of
leaf-cutting ants (@codoma), which was in the process
of moving from one nest to another. ‘ Between the
old burrows and the new one was a steep slope. In-
stead of descending this with their burdens, they cast
» Mind in Animals, by Prof. Ludwig Biichner, p, 120.
* Naturalist in Nicaragua, O. Belt, p. 76.
240 EXPERIMENTS AS TO POWERS.
them down on the top of the slope, whence they
rolled to the bottom, where another relay of labourers
picked them up and carried them to the new burrow.
It was amusing to watch the ants hurrying out with
bundles of food, dropping them over the slope, and
rushing back immediately for more.’
With reference to these interesting statements, I
tried the following experiment :—
October 15 (see Fig. 10).—At a distance of 10
inches from the door of a nest of Lasiws niger I fixed
Fig. 10. an upright ash wand 3 feet 6 inches
high (a), and from the top of it
I suspended a second, rather shorter
wand (b). To the lower end of this
@ second wand, which hung just over the
¢ entrance to the nest (¢), I fastened
a flat glass cell (d@)in which I placed a number of larvee,
and to them I put three or four specimens of L. niger.
The drop from the glass cell to the upper part of the
frame was only 4 an inch; still, though the ants
reached over and showed a great anxiety to take this
short cut home, they none of them faced the leap, but
all went round by the sticks, a distance of nearly 7
feet. At 6 p.m. there were over 550 larvee in the glass
cell, and I reduced its distance from the upper surface
of the nest to about ~ of an inch, so that the ants
could even touch the glass with their antenne, but
could not reach up nor step down. Still, though the
drop was so small, they all went round. At 11 P.M. the
OF ECONOMISING LABOUR. 241
greater number of the larvae had been carried off; so
I put a fresh lot in the cell. The ants were busily at
work. At 3 a.M.I visited them again. They were
still carrying off the larvae, and all going round. At
6 A.M. the larvee were all removed. I put a fresh lot,
and up to 9 a.M. they went on as before.
The following day (October 17) I took two longer
sticks, each 6 feet 6 inches in length, and arranged
them in a similar manner, only horizontally instead of
vertically. I also placed fine earth under the glass
supporting the larve. At 8 o’clock I placed an ant on
the larve; she took one, and I then coaxed her home
along the sticks. She deposited her larva and im-
mediately came out again, not, however, going along
the stick, but under the larvae, vainly reaching up and
endeavouring to reach the glass. At 8.30 I put her
on the larve again, and as she evidently did not know
her way home, but kept stretching herself down and
trying to reach the earth under the glass cell, I again
coaxed her home along the sticks. At 9.3 she came
out again, and again went under the larvee and wandered
about there. At 10 I put her on the larve and again
helped her home. At 10.15 she came out again, and
this time went to the stick, but still wanted some
guidance. At 10.45 she again reached the frame, but
immediately came out again, and I once more coaxed
her round. After wandering about some time with a
larva in her mouth, she dropped down at 11.14. After.
depositing her larva, she came out directly and went
R
242 WANT OF INGENUITY IN ASSISTING
under the larvee. I again coaxed her round, and this
time also she dropped off the glass with her larva. At
12.30 she came out again, and for the last time I
helped her round. After this she found her way by
herself. At 12.20 another (No. 2) found her way
round and returned at 12.37. For the next hour their
times were as follows :—
No. 1. No. 2.
12.46
12.47
12.54 12.54
10
. Pe a
1a
Ls
1.12
1.14
Tako
eal
1.26
1.28
eo2
1.34
1.38
1.41
1.45
1.47
1.52
1.54
Thus they both made 9 visits in an hour. As
regards actual pace, I found they both did about 6 feet
ONE ANOTHER OVER CHASMS. 243
ina minute. Soon after these began, other ants came
with them. It was a beautiful day, and all my ants
were unusually active. At 1 p.m. I counted 10 on the
sticks at once, by 1.30 over 30, and at 5 in the after-
noon over 60. They went on working very hard, and
forming a continuous stream till I went to bed at 11;
and at 4 in the morning I found them still at work ;
but though they were very anxious and, especially at
first, tried very hard to save themselves the trouble of
going round, they did not think of jumping down, nor
did they throw the larvee over the edge.
Moreover, as I had placed some sifted mould under
the glass, a minute’s labour would have been sufficient
to heap up one or two particles, and thus make a little
mound which would have enabled them to get up and
down without going round. A mound } inch high
would have been sufficient; but it did not occur to
them to form one.
The following morning (October 18) I put out some
larvee again at 6 A.M. Some of the ants soon came;
and the same scene continued till 11.30 a.m., when I
left off observing.
Again, on October 22, I placed a few larve in a
glass, which I kept continually replenished, which
was suspended 4 of an inch above the surface of the
frame containing their nest, but only connected with it
by tapes five feet long. I then, at 6.30, put a L. niger
to the larve; she took one and tried hard to reach
down, but could not do so, and would not jump; so I
R 2
244 WANT OF INGENUITY IN
coaxed her round the tapes. She went into the nest,
deposited her larva, and immediately came out again.
I put her back on the larve at 7.15; she took one, and
again tried hard, but ineffectually, to reach down. I
therefore again coaxed her round. She went into the
nest, deposited her larva, and came out again directly
as before. I put her back on the larve at 7.35, when
the same thing happened again. She got back to the
nest at 7.40, and immediately came out again. This
time she found her way round the string, with some
help from me, and reached the larvee at 7.50. I helped
her home for the last time. The next journey she
found her way without assistance, and reached the
larve at 8.26. After this she returned as follows,
V1Z. :—
At 8.50
9200
9.10
SIRIUS
9.28
I now made the length of the journey round the
tapes 10 feet. This puzzled her a little at first.
She returned as follows :—
9.41 10.35
9.55 10.44
10. 8 10.54
10.16 EG
10.26 11.14 with afriend
CONSTRUCTING BRIDGES. 245
I now increased the length to 16 feet, and watched
her while she made thirty journeys backwards and
forwards. She also brought during the time seven
friends with her.
It surprised me very much that she preferred to go
so far round rather than to face so short a drop.
In illustration of the same curious fact, I several
times put specimens of L. niger on slips of glass raised
only one-third of an inch from the surface of the nest.
They remained sometimes three or four hours running
about on the glass, and at last seemed to drop off
accidentally.
Myrmica ruginodis has the same feeling. One
morning, for instance, I placed one in an isolated
position, but so that she could escape by dropping one-
third of an inch. Nevertheless at the same hour on
the following morning she was still in captivity, having
remained out twenty-four hours rather than let herself
down. this little distance.
Again I filled a saucer (woodcut, Fig. 11, s) with
water and put in it a block of wood (w), on the top of
which I fastened a projecting wooden rod (8), on the
end of which I placed a shallow glass cell (A) containing
several hundred larvee. From this cell I allowed a slip
of paper (P) to hang down to within 3; of an inch
of the upper surface of the nest. At one side I put
another block of wood (Cc) with a lateral projection
(D) which hung over the cell containing the larve.
I then made a connexion between D and A, so that ants
246 WANT OF INGENUITY
could ascend ©, and, passing over D, descend upon the
larve. I then put some specimens of Lasius niger to
the larvee, and soon a large number of ants were en-
gaged in carrying off the larve. When this had con-
tinued for about three hours, I raised D 53, of an inch
above A. The ants kept on coming and tried hard to
reach down from D to A, which was only just out of
their reach. Two or three, in leaning over, lost their
foothold and dropped into the larve; but this was
obviously an accident; and after a while they all gave
up their efforts, and went away, losing their prize, in
spite of most earnest efforts, rather than drop 53, of
0
an inch.
At the moment when the separation was made there
were fifteen ants on the larve. These could, of course,
have returned if one had stood still and allowed the
others to get on its back. This, however, did not
occur to them; nor did they think of letting themselves
drop from the bottom of the paper on to the nest.
Two or three, indeed, fell down, I have no doubt, by
accident ; but the remainder wandered about, until at
length most of them got into the water. After a time
the others abandoned altogether as hopeless the attempt
to get at the larvee.
I waited about six hours, and then again placed the
IN CONSTRUCTING BRIDGES, 247
glass (A) containing the larve so as to touch the piece
of wood (pb), and again put some ants to the larve.
Soon a regular string of ants was established; when I
again raised the wood (D) 53; of an inch above the glass
(a), exactly the same result occurred. The ants bent
over and made every effort to reach the larvee, but did
not drop themselves down, and after a while again
abandoned all hope of getting the larve.
In order to test their intelligence, it has always
seemed to me that there was no better way than to
ascertain some object which they would clearly desire,
and then to interpose some obstacle which a little
ingenuity would enable them to overcome. Following
up, then, the preceding observations, I placed some
larve in a cup which I put on a slip of glass surrounded
by water, but accessible to the ants by one pathway in
which was a bridge consisting of a strip of paper 4
inch long and 4 inch wides Having then put a Lasius
niger from one of my nests to these larve, she began
carrying them off, and by degrees a number of friends
came to help her. I then, when about twenty-five ants
were so engaged, moved the little paper bridge slightly, .
so as to leave a chasm, just so wide that the ants could
not reach across. They came and tried hard to do so;
but it did not occur to them to push the paper bridge,
though the distance was only about 4 inch, and they
might easily have done so. After trying for about a
quarter of an hour, they gave up the attempt and re-
turned home. This I repeated several times.
248 WANT OF INGENUITY
Then, thinking that paper was a substance to which
they were not accustomed, I tried the same with a bit
of straw 1 inch long and 2 inch wide. The result was
the same. I repeated this more than once.
Again I suspended some honey over a nest of
Laswus flavus at a height of about 4 an inch, and
accessible only by a paper bridge more than 10 feet’
long. Under the glass I then placed a small heap of
earth. The ants soon swarmed over the earth on to the
glass, and began feeding on the honey. I then
removed a little of the earth, so that there was an
interval of about 4 of an inch between the glass and
the earth; but, though the distance was so small, they
would not jump down, but preferred to go round by the
long bridge. They tried in vain to stretch up from the
earth to the glass, which, however, was just out of their
reach, though they could touch it with their antenne ;
but it did not occur to them to heap the earth up a
little, though if they had moved only half a dozen
particles of earth they would have secured for them-
selves direct access to the food. This, however, never
- occurred to them. At length they gave up all attempts
to reach up to the glass, and went round by the paper
bridge. I left the arrangement for several weeks, but
“they continued to go round by the long paper bridge.
Again I varied the experiment as follows :—Having
left a nest without food for a short time, I placed some
honey on a small wooden brick surrounded by a little
moat of glycerine }an inch wide and about 515 of
IN CONSTRUCTING EARTHWORKS. 249
an inch in depth. Over this moat I then placed a
paper bridge, one end of which rested on some fine
mould. I then put an ant to the honey, and soon a
little crowd was collected round it. I then removed
the paper bridge; the ants could not cross the
glycerine ; they came to the edge and walked round and
round, but were unable to get across, nor did it occur
to them to make a bridge or bank across the glycerine
with the mould which I had placed so conveniently for
them. I was the more surprised at this on account of
the ingenuity with which they avail themselves of earth
for constructing their nests. For instance, wishing, if
possible, to avoid the trouble of frequently moistening
the earth in my nests, I supplied one of my communities
of Lasius flavus with a frame containing, instead of
earth, a piece of linen, one portion of which projected
beyond the frame and was immersed in water. The
linen then sucked up the water by capillary attraction,
and thus. the air in the frame was kept moist. The
ants approved of this arrangement, and took up their
quarters in the frame. To minimize evaporation I
usually closed the frames all round, leaving only one or
two small openings for the ants, but in this case I left
the outer side of the frame open. The ants, however,
did not like being thus exposed ; they therefore brought
earth from some little distance, and built up a regular
wall along the open side, blocking up the space between
the upper and lower plates of glass, and leaving only
one or two small openings for themselves. This struck
250 INGENUITY IN BUILDING NESTS.
me as very ingenious. The same expedient was, more-
over, repeated under similar circumstances by the
slaves belonging to my nest of Polyergus.
The facility or difficulty with which ants find their
way, while it partly falls within the section of the
subject dealing with their organs of sense, is also
closely connected with the question of their general
intelligence.
Partly, then, in order to test how far they are
guided by sight, partly to test their intelligence, I
made various observations and experiments, the ac-
companying woodcuts being reduced copies of tracings
of some of the routes followed by the ants during the
course of the observations.
I may here note that the diagrams Figs. 12-17 are
careful reductions of large tracings made during the
experiments. Though not absolutely correct in every
minute detail of contour, they are exact for all practical
purposes. As the ants pursued their way, pencil-mark-
ings in certain instances, and coloured lines in others,
were made so as to follow consecutively the paths
pursued.
Experiment 1—February. On a table communi-
cating with one of my nests (see Fig.12)I placed upright
a common cylindrical lead pencil + inch in diameter
and 7 inches long, fastened with sealing-wax to a
penny piece. Close to the base of the pencil (a) I
brought the end of a paper bridge (B) leading to the
nest, and then placed a shallow glass with larve at ©,
DIFFICULTY IN FINDING WAY. 251
4 inches from the base of the pencil. I then put an
ant to the larvee; when she had become acquainted
with the road, she went very straight, as is shown in
the woodcut (Fig. 12). In one case, at the point E, she
dropped her larva and returned for another. When
Routes followed in experiment No. 1, as detailed above.
A, position of pencil. B, paper bridge. C and D, glass with larvee.
E, point where larva dropped, the opposite arrow and loop marking
return route, 1,2, 3,4, comparatively straight paths to the glass,
5, 5, circuitous route on shifting of glass. , different access to nest,
she returned on the next journey and was on the glass,
I moved it 3 inches, to D, so that the end of the glass
was 6 inches from the base of the pencil. If she were
much guided by sight, then she would have had little
252 DIFFICULTY IN
or no difficulty in finding her way back. Her pathway,
however (No. 5), which is traced on the paper, shows
that she was completely abroad ; and, after all, she got
back to the nest by a different route.
Fig. 13.
Routes followed in experiment No. 2, as mentioned in text.
B, paper bridge leading to nest. ©, glass tray with larve, in its
first position ; and D in its position when shifted, 1, 2, 3, 4, thin
white lines indicating the comparatively straight routes. 5, thick
white line, and 6, dotted line showing tortuous paths when glass had
been altered in position. The arrows indicate directions travelled.
FINDING THEIR WAY. 253
I then varied the experiment as subjoined, and as
shown in the woodcut (Fig. 13).
Experiment 2.—I connected the table with the
nest by a paper bridge, the end of which is shown
at B (Fig. 13), and which came down about an inch
from the pole supporting the nest (see Fig. 1). This
pole rose 18 inches above the table. I then put the
glass tray (C) with larve as before, 12 inches from
the base of the pole, and put an ant to the larve.
When she had learnt her way I traced four of her
routes, as shown in the thin lines 1, 2,3,4. I then
on her next journey (5, thick white line), when she
was on the tray (C), moved it three inches to D, as
shown in the figure, and again traced her route. The
contrast is very striking between the relatively straight
thin white lines 1, 2, 3, 4 of the four journeys when
familiar with the road; whereas in the broad white line
No. 5 the zigzag twistings show how much difficulty
the ant experienced in finding her way. When she re-
turned I again moyed the tray as before, and the dotted
sinuous white line (6) shows the course she followed.
Experiment 3.—I then again varied the experi-
ment as follows :—I placed the larvee in a small china
cup on the top of the pencil, which thus formed a
_ column 74 inches high. The cross line close to the
arrows (Fig. 14) is as before, the base of the paper bridge
leading to the nest. shows the position of the penny
on which the pencil was supported. The dotted white
lines 1, 2, 3,4 show the routes of a marked ant on four
254 SIGHT LITTLE USED
successive journeys from the nest to the base of the
pencil. Ithen moved the pencil 6 inches to D, and
the two following routes are marked 5 and 6. In one
of them, 5 (thick white line), the ant found a stray
Fig, 14.
ZY
a 7)
‘oe
3, a
Routes followed in experiment No. 3, as described in text.
The line at the six arrows represents a paper bridge going to nest.
C, china cup on top of pencil. D, pencil moved. &, place where
a stray larva was found. 1, 2, 3,4, dotted lines show the nearly
direct journeys. 6, thick white line (crossing © in black) of route
returning to nest, the ant having picked up a stray larva at E. 6,
very circuitous thin white Jine of track from nest to pencil D.
IN FINDING THEIR WAY. 255
jarva at E, with which she returned to the nest, without
finding the pencil at all. On the following journey,
shown in the fine white zigzag line (6), she found the
pencil at last, but, as will be seen, only after many
meanderings. -
Diagram of complex path traversed in experiment 4.
A, first position of pencil. B, second position of pencil. 1, 2,
straight lines of two tracks of the observed ants. 3, winding narrow
white line, showing course pursued by the same ant before arriving
at B, when the position of the pencil was unchanged.
Experiment 4.—I then repeated the observation
256 SIGHT LITTLE USED
on three other ants(see Figs. 15-17) with the same
result; the second was 7 minutes before she found the
pencil, and at last seemed to do so accidentally ; the
third actually wandered about for no less than half an
hour (Fig. 15), returning up the paper bridge several
times.
Other experiments somewhat similar to the pre-
Diagram representing three tracks of an ant in another experiment.
A, the first position of pencil and the food, towards which and
from the base-line of nest 1 and 2 lead by nearly direct broadish
white lines to A. When the latter was removed to B the ant, in its
effort to reach this, pursued the narrow white winding line ending
in 3 >
ceding, the results of which are shown in the figures
16 and 17, seem to prove that this species of ant, at any
IN FINDING THEIR WAY. 201
rate, guides itself but little by sight. This, which I
had not at all anticipated, seems to follow from the
fact that after the pencil and tray of larve had been
removed but a short distance to the right or left, the
Another tracing showing a similar experiment. 1, 2, 3, the direct
broad lines towards A; and 4, the complicated track made whea
reservoir of larve was removed to B.
ants on their journey to the shifted object travelled
very often backwards and forwards and around the spot
where the coveted object first stood. Then they would
retrace their steps towards the nest, wander hither and
Ss
258 IMPORTANCE OF SCENT.
thither from side to side between the nest and the
point A, and only after very repeated efforts around the
original site of the larvee reach, as it were accidentally,
the object desired at B.
Another evidence of this consists in the fact that if
when ants (L. niger) were carrying off larvee placed in a
cup ona piece of board, I turned the board round so that
the side which had been turned towards the nest was
away from it, and vice versa, the ants always returned
over the same track en the board, and, in consequence,
directly away from home.
If I moved the board to the other side of my
artificial nest, the result wasthe same. Evidently they
followed the road, not the direction.
In order further to test how far ants are guided by
sight and how much by scent, I tried the following ex-
periment with Lasiws niger. Some food was put out at
the point @ on a board measuring 20 inches by 12 (Fig.
Fig. 18. 18), and so arranged
that the ants in going
straight to it from the
nest would reach the
board at the point b,
and after passing under
a paper tunnel, ¢, would
proceed between five
pairs of wooden bricks, each 3 inches in length and 12
in height. When they got to know their way, they went
quite straight along the line de to a. The board was
IMPORTANCE OF SCENT. 259
then twisted as shown in Fig. 19. The bricks and tunnel
being also rearranged so that they were exactly in the
same direction as before, but the board having been moved,
the line d e was now outside them. This change, however,
didnot at all discom- Fig. 19.
pose the ants; but
instead of going, as
before, through the
tunnel and between
the rows of bricks
to a, they walked
exactly along the
old path to e.
I then arranged
matters as before,
but without the tunnel and with only three pairs of
bricks (Fig. 20). When an ant had got quite used to the
path d to e, I altered
the position of the
bricks and food, as
shown in Fig. 21, mak-
ing a difference of 8
inches in the position
of the latter. The ant
came as before, walked
up to the first brick,
touched it with her antennz, but then followed her old
line to a. From there she veered towards the food, and
very soon found it. When she was gone, I altered it
§ 2
260 - THE SENSE OF DIRECTION,
again, as shown in Fig. 22; she returned after the usual
interval, and went again straight to a; then, after some
Fig. 21. wanderings, to f, and
at length, but only
after a lapse of 25
minutes, found the
food at g. These ex-
periments were re-
peated more than once,
and always with simi-
lar results. I then
varied matters by re-
moving the bricks,
which, however, did not
seem to make any dif-
ference to the ants.
I then accustomed
some ants (Lasius ni-
ger) to go to and fro over a wooden bridge, b,c (Fig. 23),
to some food.
Fig, 23
ies SW | c
| | nK4
When they had got quite accustomed to the way, I
watched when an ant was on the bridge and then turned
it round, so that the end 6 was atc, andcatb. In
most cases the ant immediately turned round also; but
even if she went on to 0 orc, as the case may be, as
EXPERIMENTS. 261
soon as she came to the end of the bridge she turned
round.
I then modified the arrangement, placing between
the nest and the food three similar pieces of wood.
Then when the ant was on the middle piece, I trans-
posed the other two. To my surprise this did not at
all disconcert them.
I then tried the arrangement shown in Fig. 24.
Fig. 24.
a is a paper bridge leading tothe nest ; 6 is a board
about 22 inches long by 13 broad, on which is a disk of
white paper fastened at the centre by a pin d; ¢ is
some food. When the ants had come to know their way
so that they passed straight over the paper disk on their
way from a to e, I moved the disk round with an ant,
on it, so that f came to g andgto/f. As before, the
ants turned round with the paper. _
As it might be possible that the ants turned
round on account of the changed relative position
of external objects, I next substituted a_ circular
box 12 inches in diameter, open at the top, and
262 EXPERIMENTS WITH
7 inches high (in fact, a hat-box) for the flat paper,
cutting two small holes at f and g, so that the ants
passing from the nest to the food went through the box
entering at f and coming out at g. The box was fixed
Fig. 25.
at d, so that it might turn easily. I then, when they
had got to know their way, turned the box round as
soon as an ant had entered it, but in every case the
Fig. 26.
ant turned round too, thus retaining her direction. I
then varied the experiment as shown in Figs. 25 and 26.
I replaced the white disk of paper, but put the
food e at the middle of the board. When the ant had
ROTATING DISKS. 263
got used to this arrangement I waited till one was on
the disk (Fig. 25) and then gently drew it to the other
side of e, as shown in Fig. 26. In this case, however,
the ant did not turn round, but went on to g, when she
seemed a good deal surprised at finding where she was.
In continuation of the preceding experiments I
constructed a circular table 18 inches in diameter.
It consisted, as shown in Figs. 27 and 28, of three
concentric pieces—a central F G, an intermediate
D E, H I, and an outer piece B C, K L, each of these
three pieces being capable of separate rotation. This
arrangement was kindly devised for me by Mr. Francis
Galton.
I then connected the table with a nest of Lasius
niger by a paper bridge A, and also made a paper path
across the table, as shown in Fig. 28, divided into five
pieces corresponding to the divisions of the table.
This I did because I found that the ants wandered less
if they were provided with a paper road than if they
walked actually on the wood itself. I then placed a
cup containing larve on the table at B, and put an ant on
264 EXPERIMENTS WITH
the larvee. She at once picked one up, and, with some
little guidance from me, carried it off to the nest,
returning at once for another, bringing some friends
with her to help. When she knew her way, I gradually
moved the cup across the table along the paper path
Fig. 28.
to M, placing it on a column five inches high. After
a while the ants came to know the way quite well,
and passed straight along the path from the nest to
the larve at M. Having thus established a service of
ants, I tried the following experiments :—
1. I removed the piece of paper G F. This dis-
ROTATING TABLE. 265
turbed them; but they very soon re-established the
chain.
2. I turned round the central piece of the table
¥, so that the paper G F was reversed, G being where
e had been, and vice versa. This did not seem to
diconcert the ants at all. They went straight over
the paper as before, without a moment’s hesitation.
3. When some ants were between 1 and D, I rotated
the outer circle of the table halfway round, which of
course carried the cup containing the larve from L to B.
The ants took no notice of this, but went straight to L.
4, When some ants were between I and D, I rotated
the table several times, bringing it finally to its
original position. This disturbed them a good deal ;
but eventually they all continued their course to L.
5. When some ants were between I and D, I half
rotated the two centre parts of the table, the result of
which, of course, was that the ant was moving to-
wards, instead of away from, the nest. In every case
the ants turned round too, so as duly to reach L. So
also those which were on their way back from the
larvee to the nest turned in the same manner.
6. When the ants were between I and p, I half
rotated the whole table. Again the ants turned round
too, though of course in this case, when they reached
the place where L had been, the cup with the larvee
was behind them at B.
The two latter experiments, though quite in accord-
ance with those previously made, puzzled me a good
266 * EXPERIMENTS WITH
deal. Experiment 3, as well as some of those recorded
previously, seemed to show that ants were little guided
in such cases by the position of surrounding objects.
However, I was anxious to test this.
7. Accordingly I took a round box and placed it
upside down on the table, having cut two niches, one
at each side, where it lay on the paper path, so as to
afford a passage for the ants, as in the experiments
recorded in my previous paper; but on this occasion I
left the lid on, cutting, however, a hole through which
I could watch the result. In this case, therefore, the
surrounding objects, i.e. the walls of the box, turned
round with the table. Then, as before, when the ants
were between I and D, I turned the table half round.
The results were as follows :—
Ants which | Ants which
turned did not turn
Experiment 1 1 2
si 2 1 i
“lbige 1 1
” 4 4 2
i 5 0 1
bh) 6 0 | 1
7 0 3
” 8 il 1
a 9 0) iL
= 10 2 2
A pA | 1 1
‘ 12 | 0 3
| 11 19
In this case, then, only 11 ants turned; and as 4
of them were together, it is possible that 3 simply
A ROTATING BOX. 267
followed the first. Moreover, the ants which turned
did so with much more hesitation and less immediately.
8. For comparison, I then again tried the same
experiment, but without the box. The results were as
follows :—
| Ants which Ants which
turned did not turn
Observation 1 3 0
” 2 3 0
ales 3 1?
» 4 3 | 0)
” 5 4 220)
6 4 0
| 1
in
~~
Under these circumstances, therefore, all the ants
but one certainly turned, and her movements were
undecided.
From these last two experiments it is obvious that
the presence of the box greatly affected the result, and
yet the previous results made it difficult to suppose
that the ants noticed any objects so distant as the walls
of the rooms, or even as I was myself. The result
surprised me considerably ; but I think the explanation
is given by the following experiments.
I again put some larve in a cup, which I placed in
the centre of the table; and I let out an ant which I
had imprisoned after the previous experiments, placing
her in the cup; she carried off a larva to the nest and
soon returned. When she was again in the cup I half
rotated the table: when she came out she seemed a
268 EFFECT OF LIGHT.
little surprised ; but after walking once round the cup,
started off along the paper bridge straight home.
When she returned to the cup I again half rotated the
table. This time she went back quite straight. When
she had come again, I once more half rotated the table ;
she returned quite straight. Again the same happened.
A second ant then came: I half rotated the table as
before. She went wrong for about an inch and a half,
but then turned round and went straight home.
I was working by the light of two candles which were
on the side of the table towards the nest. The next time
the two ants came I half rotated the table as before, and
moved the candles to the far side. This time the ants
were deceived, and followed the paper bridge to the end
of the table furthest from the nest. This I repeated a
second time, with the same result. I then turned the
table as before without altering the lights, and the
ants (four of them) went back all right. I then again
turned the table, altering the lights, and the ant went
wrong.
I then altered the lights without rotating the table :
the first ant went wrong; the second right; the third
wrong; the fourth wrong; the fifth hesitated some
seconds, and then went wrong; the sixth right; the
seventh went all but to the edge the wrong way, but,
after various wanderings, at last went right. When,
therefore, the direction of the light was changed, but
everything else left as before, out of seven ants, five’
were deceived and went in the wrong direction.
After an interval of a week, on March 25, I arranged
EFFECT OF LIGHT. 269
the nest and the rotating table as before, and let out
three ants which I had imprisoned on the 19th, and
which knew their way. I put them on the larve at m
as before. The paper pathway had been left untouched.
The ants examined the larve and then went straight
home along the paper path; but, to my surprise, only
one of them carried off a larva. Nevertheless they
had evidently taken the news to the nest, for the ants
at once began coming to the cup in considerable num-
bers and carrying off the larve. Ido not altogether
understand this proceeding, and unluckily had not
marked the first three ants; so that I cannot tell
whether they brought or sent their friends. It seems
possible that they felt unequal to the exertion of carrying
a burthen to the nest until they had had some food.
When the ants were fairly at work I turned the
table 90 degrees. In this case eight ants which were
on their way to the larve continued their march along
the paper, while two turned back; but none left the
paper and went across the table straight for the larve.
I then stopped the experiment for a while, so that
the excitement might subside; as when the ants
become too numerous it is not so easy to watch them.
When all was quiet I put the cup with the larve
on the middle of the table, and covered the greater
part of the table with the box as before. In a short
time some ants again came to the larve, and then,
just as they were leaving the cup on their way home, I
turned the table, as before, half round.
Under these circumstances, however, instead of
270 RELUCTANCE OF ANTS
turning as in the previous experiment, ten ants, one
after another, continued their course, thus coming out
of the box at the end furthest from the nest. When
ten ants successively had, under these circumstances,
gone wrong, to make the experiment complete, I tried
it again, everything being the same, except that
there was no box. Under these circumstances five
ants, one after the other, turned directly the table was
rotated.
From these experiments, therefore, it seems clear
that in determining their course the ants are greatly
influenced by the direction of the light.
March 27.—1I let out two ants imprisoned on the
25th, and placed them on the larve, which I put on a
column 7 inches high, covered with blue paper, and
communicating with the nest by the paper path
(A, Fig. 29) arranged as usual, but supported on
pins. At first I arranged it as shown below, placing
the larvee at M, on a table 18 inches in diameter,
Fie. 29. so that the ants, on arriving at
y, ase — the larvee, made nearly a semi-
; iy circle round the edge of the
fem 13 table. I then gradually moved
| the larvee to M’ and afterwards
\ " to mM’. The ants, however,
\ obviously knew that they were
ead going unnecessarily round. They
ran along the paper bridge in a very undecided manner,
=
continually turning round and often coming down the
TO GO OUT OF THEIR WAY. 271
pins ; while in returning to the nest they persistently
came down the side of the pillar nearest to the nest,
though I repeatedly attempted to guide them the
other way. Even when placed on the paper bridge
between M and M, they were very dissatisfied. In
fact, it was obvious that they knew they were being
sent a long way round, and were attempting to make a
shorter cut.
I then again placed the larve on the column at
M, and when the ants were once more going to and
fro regularly along the paper path, I altered the
position of the column and larve to M’, placing the
edge of the pillar, which the ants had been accustomed
to ascend, towards the paper bridge, connecting it with
the original bridge by a side- Fig. 30.
bridge a, M being an ineh from
the original bridge. Under
these circumstances three ants
ran on to M; then two found
their way over the bridge a to
mM’. Of the next ten ants, five
went to M and five over a to M’.
The next ten all went over the paper bridge a to M’.
I then put the pillar and the larvee on the other side
of the original paper path at mM’, connected with the
main path by a short bridge a’, taking for a’ a new
piece of paper, so that scent would be no guide. I left
the little bridge a in its place. The ants went as
follows :—
272 ANTS TO SOME EXTENT
To M’ 1 To mw 0 Tom O
oh ial pot 30 sewed
5p GUitaeL Beal) Ce:
” 1 ” 0 ” 1
» 1 sya all 5, AE
39 0 >] 0 59 1
”» 1 ae) Pater 0
9 1 op O meet 0
0 1 ah Pe) sntaO)
3 1 z lei) nda EO)
” ] ” 1 or) 0
99 1 99 1 35 O
as ] $5 0 ss
12 3 5
It seems clear, therefore, that though the ants did
not trust so much to their eyes as a man would have
done under similar circumstances, yet that they were
to some extent guided by sight.
I then removed all the paper pathways and put the
Fig. 31. pillar tom. Of the first two ants
which came to the table, the first
found the pillar in five minutes,
the second, after wandering about
for a quarter of an hour, gave the
search up in despair, and went
home. I then moved the pillar
to mM’, and watched the next ant
that came on to the table; she found it in a minute or
GUIDED BY SIGHT. PAG
two. I then moved ittom”’. Two ants came together.
One found the pillar in 7 minutes; the other took no
less than 25, although, as already mentioned, the table
was only 18 inches in diameter. Obviously, therefore,
though it seems clear that they are helped by sight, still
these last observations support those previously re-
corded, and show that in finding their way they do
not derive by any means so much assistance from their
eyes as we should under corresponding circumstances.
274
CHAPTER X.
BEES.
I ORIGINALLY intended to make my experiment prin-
cipally with bees, but soon found that ants were on the
whole more suitable for my purpose.
In the first place, ants are much less excitable, they
are less liable to accidents, and from the absence of
wings are more easy to keep under continuous obser-
vation.
Still, I have made a certain number of observations
with bees, some of which may be worth here recording.
As already mentioned, the current statements with
reference to the language of social insects depend much
on the fact that when one of them, either by accident or
in the course of its rambles, has discovered a stock of
food, in a very short time many others arrive to profit
by the discovery. This, however, does not necessarily
imply any power of describing localities. If the bees
or ants merely follow their more fortunate comrade,
the matter is comparatively simple; if, on the con-
trary, others are sent, the case becomes very different.
In order to test this I proposed to keep honey in a
given place for some time, in order to satisfy myself
METHOD OF OBSERVATION. 275
that it would not readily be found by the bees; and
then, after bringing a bee to the honey, to watch
whether it brought others, or sent: them—the latter of
course implying a much higher order of intelligence
and power of communication.
I therefore placed some honey in a glass, close to
an open window in my sitting-room, and watched it for
sixty hours of sunshine, during which no bees came
to it.
I then, at 10 a.M. on a beautiful morning in June,
went to my hives, and took a bee which was just
starting out, brought it in my hand up to my room
(a distance of somewhat less than 200 yards), and gave
it some honey, which it sucked with evident enjoyment.
After a few minutes it flew quietly away, but did not
return ; nor did any other bee make its appearance.
The following morning I repeated the same experi-
ment. At 7.15 I brought up a bee, which sipped the
honey with readiness, and after doing so for about four
minutes flew away with no appearance of alarm or
annoyance. It did not, however, return ; nor did any
other bee come to my honey.
Onseveral other occasions I repeated the same experi-
ments with alike result. Altogether I tried it more than
twenty times. Indeed, I rarely found bees to return to
honey if brought any considerable distance at once. By
taking them, however, some twenty yards each time they
came to the honey, I at length trained them to come to
my room. On the whole, however, I found it more con~
rT 2
276 BEES DO NOT INVARIABLY
venient to procure one of Marriott’s observatory hives,
both on account of its construction, and also because I
could have it in my room, and thus keep the bees more
immediately under my own eye. My room is square, with
three windows, two on the south-west side, where the hive
was placed, and one on the south-east. Besides the
ordinary entrance from the outside, the hive had a small
postern door opening into the room; this door was
provided with an alighting-board, and closed by a plug :
as a general rule the bees did not notice it much unless
the passage was very full of them.
I then placed some honey on a table close to the
hive, and from time to time fed certain bees on it.
Those which had been fed soon got accustomed to come
for the honey; but partly on account of my frequent
absence from home, and partly from their difficulty
in finding their way about, and their tendency to lose
themselves, I could never keep any marked bee under
observation for more than a few days.
Out of a number of similar observations I will here
mention a few and give them in detail in the Appendix,
as throwing some light on the power of communicating
facts possessed by the bees; they will also illustrate the
daily occupations of a working bee.
Experiment 1.—Thus, on August 24, 1874, I opened
the postern door leading into my room at 6.45 A.M., and
watched till 1 p.m. three bees, which had been trained
to come to honey at a particular spot. They did not,
however, know their way very well, and consequently
BRING FRIENDS TO SHARE TREASURES. 277
lost a good deal of time. One made 23 journeys
backwards and forwards between the hive and the
honey, the second 13, and the third only 7.
The following day I watched the first of these bees
from 7.23 to 12.54, during which time she made 19
journeys. Scarcely any other bees came, but I did not
record the exact number.
Experiment 2.—I watched another bee from 6.55
A.M. till 7.15 p.M., during which time she made 59
visits to the honey, and only one other bee came
to it.
Experiment 3.— Another from 7 A.M. till 3 P.M. ;
she made 40 journeys, and only two other bees came.
She returned the two following mornings, and was
watched for three hours each day, during which time
no other bee came.
Expervment 4.—Another morning I watched a dif-
ferent bee from 9.19 A.M. to 2 P.M.: she made 21 jour-
neys, and no other bee came.
Then, thinking that perhaps this result might be
due to the quantity of honey being too small, I used a
wide-mouthed jar, containing more than one pound of
honey.
Experiment 5.—I watched two bees from 1.44 till
4.30, during which time they made 24 journeys, but only
one other bee came. .
Expervment 6.—Besides the honey in the jar I
spread some out over two plates, so as to increase the
surface. I watched a bee from 12.15 till 6.15 p.m. She
278 DIFFICULTY IN
made 28 journeys, but did not bring a single friend
with her.
Experiment 7.—On July 19 I put a bee toa honey-
comb which contained twelve and a half pounds of honey
at 12.30, and which was placed in a corner of my room
as far as possible from the window. That afternoon she
made 22 visits to it, and no other bee came. The
following morning she returned at 6.5 a.M., and I
watched her till 2. She made 22 journeys, but did not
bring a single friend with her.
Experiment 8.—Another bee was also brought to
the same honeycomb, watched from 2.30 till 7.14. She
made 14 journeys, but did not bring a single friend.
I might give other similar cases, but these are, I
think, sufficient to show that bees do not bring their
friends to share any treasure they have discovered, so
invariably as might be assumed from the statements
of previous observers. Possibly the result is partly
due to the fact that my room is on the first floor, so
that the bees coming to it flew at a higher level than
that generally used by their companions, and hence
were less likely to be followed.
Indeed, I have been a good deal surprised at the
difficulty which bees experience in finding their way.
For instance, I put a bee into a bell-glass 18 inches
long, and with a mouth 6} inches wide, turning the closed
end to the window; she buzzed about for an hour,
when, as there seemed no chance of her getting out,
I put her back into the hive. Two flies, on the
FINDING THEIR WAY. 279
contrary, which I put in with her, got out at once. At
11.30 I put another bee and a fly into the same glass:
the latter flew out at once. For half an hour the bee
tried to get out at the closed end; I then turned the
glass with its open end to the light, when she flew out at
once. To make sure, I repeated the experiment once
more with the same result.
Some bees, however, have seemed to me more in-
telligent in this respect than others. A bee which 1
had fed several times, and which had flown about in
the room, found its way out of the glass in a quarter of
an hour, and when put in a second time came out at
once. Another bee, when I closed the postern door
which opened from my hive directly into my room,
used to come round to the honey through an open
window.
One day (April 14, 1872), when a number of
them were very busy on some berberries, I put a saucer
with some honey between two bunches of flowers ; these
flowers were repeatedly visited, and were so close that
there was hardly room for the saucer between them,
yet from 9.30 to 3.30 not a single bee took any notice
of the honey. At 3.30 I put some honey on one of the
bunches of flowers, and it was eagerly sucked by the
bees; two kept continually returning till past five in
the evening.
One day when I came home in the afternoon I found
that at least a hundred bees had got into my room
through the postern and were on the window, yet not
280 BEES FOLLOW ONE ANOTHER
one was attracted by an open jar of honey which stood
in a shady corner about 3 feet 6 inches from the
window.
Another day (April 29, 1872) I placed a saucer of
honey close to some forget-me-nots, on which bees
were numerous and busy; yet from 10 a.M. till 6 only
one bee went to the honey.
I put some honey in a hollow in the garden wall
opposite my hives at 10.30 (this wall is about five feet
high and four feet from the hives), yet the bees did
not find it during the whole day.
Qn March 30, 1873, a fine sunshiny day, when the
bees were very active, I placed a glass containing
honey at 9 in the morning on the wall in front of the
hives; but not a single bee went to the honey the
whole day. On April 20 I tried the same experiment
with the same result.
September 19.—At 9.30 I placed some honey in a
glass about four feet from and just in front of the
hive, but during the whole day not a bee observed it.
As it then occurred to me that it might be
suggested that there was something about this honey
which rendered it unattractive to the bees, on the
following day I first placed it again on the top of the
wall for three hours, during which not a single
bee came, and then moved it close to the alighting-
board of the hive. It remained unnoticed for a quarter
of an hour, when two bees observed it, and others soan
followed in considerable numbers.
TO STORES OF FOOD. 281
It is generally stated not only that the bees in a
hive all know one another, but also that they immedi-
ately recognise and attack any intruder from another
hive. It is possible that the bees of particular hives
have a particular smell. Thus Langstroth, in his in-
teresting ‘ Treatise on the Honey-Bee,’ says, ‘ Members
of different colonies appear to recognise their hive
companions by the sense of smell ;’ and J believe that
if colonies are sprinkled with scented syrup they may
generally be safely mixed. Moreover, a bee returning
to its own hive with a load of treasure is a very dif-
ferent creature from a hungry marauder; and it is
said that a bee, if laden with honey, is allowed to enter
any hive with impunity. Mr. Langstroth continues:
‘There is an air of roguery about a thieving bee which,
to the expert, is as characteristic as are the motions of
a pickpocket to a skilful policeman. Its sneaking look
and nervous, guilty agitation, once seen, can never be
mistaken. It is at any rate natural that a bee which
enters a wrong hive by accident should be much sur-
prised and alarmed, and would thus probably betray
herself.
So far as my own observations go, though bees
habitually know and return to their own hive, still, if
placed on the alighting-board of another, they often
euter it without molestation. Thus :—
On May 4 I put a strange bee into a hive at 2
o'clock. She remained in till 2.20, when she came out,
but entered again directly. 1 was away most of the
282 BEHAVIOUR OF BEES
afternoon, but returned at 5.30; at 6 she came out of
the hive, but soon returned ; and after that I saw no
more of her.
May 12.—A beautiful day, and the bees very active.
I placed twelve marked bees on the alighting-board of
a neighbouring hive. They all went in; but before
evening ten had returned home.
May 13.—Again put twelve marked bees on the
alighting-board of another nest; eleven went in. The
following day I found that seven had returned home ;
the other five I could not see.
May 17.—Took a bee, and, after feeding her and
marking her white, put her to a hive next but one to
her own at 4.18. She went in.
4,22. Came out and went in again.
4.29. Came out. I fed her and sent her back.
4.35. Came out. Took a little flight and came back.
4.45. Went in, but returned. 4.52. Went in.
4.53. Came out. 4.56. ss
4,57. “t ABB a ae
5. 1. Came out, took another little flight, and returned.
I fed her again. 5.25. Went in again.
5.28. Came out again. 5.29. 93
5.31. R 5.33. th
5.36. a 5.40. ‘
5.46. Shut her and the others in with a piece of note-
paper.
6.36. One of the bees forced her way through. I
opened the door; and several, including the
IN A STRANGE HIVE. 283
white one, came out directly. Till 6.50 this bee
kept on going in and out every minute or two;
hardly any bees were flying, only a few stand-
ing at the doors of most of the hives. At
7.20 she was still at the hive door.
May 20.—Between 6 and 7 p.m. I marked a bee
and transferred her to another hive.
May 21.—Watched from 7.30 to 8.9 in the morning
without seeing her. At half-past six in the evening
went down again, directly saw and fed her. She was
then in her new hive; but a few minutes after I ob-
served her on the lighting-stage of her old hive; so I
again fed her, and when she left my hand she returned
to the new hive.
May 22.—8 o'clock. She was back in her old
hive.
May 23.—About 12.30 she was again in the new
hive.
Though bees which have stung and lost their sting
always perish, they do not die immediately ; and in the
meantime they show little sign of suffering from the
terrible injury. On August 25 a bee which had come
several times to my honey was startled, flew to one of
the windows, and had evidently lost her way. While
I was putting her back she stung me, and lost her
sting in doing so. I put her in through the postern,
and for twenty minutes she remained on the landing-
stage ; she then went into the hive, and after an hour
returned tothe honey and fed quietly, notwithstanding
284 LABOUR OF BEES NOT INCESSANT.
the terrible injury she had received. After this, how-
ever, I did not see her any more.
Like many other insects, bees are much affected
by light. One evening, having to go down to the
cellar, I lit a small covered lamp. A bee which was
out came to it, and, flying round and round like a
moth, followed me the whole of the way there.
I often found that if bees which were brought to
honey did not return at once, still they would do so a
day or twoafterwards. For instance, on July 11, 1874,
a hot thundery day, and when the bees were much out
of humour, I brought twelve bees to some honey: only
one came back, and that one only once; but on the
following day several of them returned.
My bees sometimes ceased work at times when I
could not account for their doing so. October 19 was a
beautiful, sunshiny, warm day. All the morning the
bees were fully active. At 11.25 I brought one to the
honeycomb, and she returned at the usual intervals for
a couple of hours ; but after that she came no more, nor
were there any other bees at work. Yet the weather
was lovely, and the hive is so placed as to catch the
afternoon sun.
I have made a few observations to ascertain, if
possible, whether the bees generally go to the same
part of the hive. Thus,—
October 5.—I took a bee out of the hive, fed her,
and marked her. She went back to the same part.
October 9.—At 7.15 I took out two bees, fed and
RECKLESSNESS OF BEES. 285
marked them. They returned; but I could not see
them in the same part of the hive. One, however, I
found not far off.
At 9.30 brought out four bees, fed and marked them.
One returned to the same part of the hive. I lost sight
of the others.
Since their extreme eagerness for honey may be
attributed rather to their anxiety for the commonweal
than to their desire for personal gratification, it cannot
fairly be imputed as greediness; still the following
scene, described by Dr. Langstroth, and one which
most of us have witnessed, is incompatible surely with
much intelligence. ‘No one can understand the
extent of their infatuation until he has seen a con-
fectioner’s shop assailed by myriads of hungry bees.
I have seen thousands strained out from the syrup
in which they had perished ; thousands more alighting
even upon the boiling sweets; the floor covered and
windows darkened with bees, some crawling, others
flying, and others still so completely besmeared as
to be able neither to crawl nor fly—not one in ten
able to carry home its ill-gotten spoils, and yet the air
filled with new hosts of thoughtless comers.’!
If, however, bees are to be credited with any moral
feelings at all, I fear the experience of all bee-keepers
shows that they have no conscientious scruples about
robbing their weaker brethren. ‘If the bees of a strong
stack,’ says Langstroth, ‘once get a taste of forbidden
1 Hive- and Honey-Bee, Langstroth, p. 277.
286 WANT OF AFFECTION.
sweets, they will seldom stop until they have tested the
strength of every hive.’ And again, ‘Some bee-
keepers question whether a bee that once learns to
steal ever returns to honest courses.’ Siebold has men-
tioned similar facts in the case of certain wasps-( Polistes).
Far, indeed, from having been able to discover any
evidence of affection among them, they appear to be
thoroughly callous and utterly indifferent to one
another. As already mentioned, it was necessary for
me occasionally to kill a bee; but I never found that
the others took the slightest notice. Thus on October
11 I crushed a bee close to one which was feeding—in
fact, so close that their wings touched; yet the sur-
vivor took no notice whatever of the death of her
sister, but went on feeding with every appearance of
composure and enjoyment, just as if nothing had hap-
pened. When the pressure was removed, she remained
by the side of the corpse without the slightest appear-
ance of apprehension, sorrow, or recognition. She evi-
dently did not feel the slightest emotion at her
sister’s death, nor did she show any alarm lest the
same fate should befall her also. In a second case
exactly the same occurred. Again, I have several
times, while a bee has been feeding, held a second
bee by the leg close to her; the prisoner, of course,
struggled to escape, and buzzed as loudly as she could ;
yet the bee which was feeding took no notice whatever.
So far, therefore, from being at all affectionate, I doubt
whether bees are in the least fond of one another.
DEVOTION TO QUEEN. 287
Their devotion to their queen is generally quoted
as an admirable trait; yet it is of the most limited
character. For instance, I was anxious to change
one of my black queens for a Ligurian; and accord-
ingly on October 26 Mr. Hunter was good enough to
bring me a Ligurian queen. We removed the old
queen, and we placed her with some workers in a box
containing some comb. I was obliged to leave home
on the following day ; but when I returned on the 30th
I found that all the bees had deserted the poor queen,
who seemed weak, helpless, and miserable. On the 31st
the bees were coming to some honey at one of my
windows, and I placed this poor queen close to them.
In alighting, several of them even touched her ; yet not
one of her subjects took the slightest notice of her. The
same queen, when afterwards placed in the hive, im-
mediately attracted a number of bees.
As regards the affection of bees for one another, it
is no doubt true that when they have got any honey
on them, they are always licked clean by the rest;
but I am satisfied that this is for the sake of the
honey rather than of the bee. On September 27, for
instance, I tried with two bees: one had been drowned,
the other was smeared with honey. The latter was
soon licked clean ; of the former they took no notice
whatever. I have, moreover, repeatedly placed dead
bees by honey on which live ones were feeding, but the
latter never took the slightest notice of the corpses.
Dead bees are indeed usually carried out of the
288 SENSE OF SMELL.
hive ; but if one is placed on the alighting-stage, the
others seem to take no notice of it, though it is in
general soon pushed off accidentally by their move-
ments. I have even seen the bees sucking the juices
of a dead pupa.
As regards the senses of bees, it seems clear that
they possess a keen power of smell.
On October 5 I put a few drops of eau de Cologne
in the entrance of one of my hives, and immediately
a number of bees (about fifteen) came out to see what
was the matter. Rose-water also had the same effect ;
and, as will be mentioned presently, in this manner
I called the bees out several times; but after a few
days they took hardly any notice of the scent.
These observations were made partly with the view
of ascertaining whether the same bees act as sentinels.
With this object, on October 5 I called out the bees by
placing some eau de Cologne in the entrance, and
marked the first three bees that came out. At 5 P.M.
I called them out again; about twenty came, including
the three marked ones. I marked three more.
October 6.—Called them out again. Out of the first
twelve, five were marked ones. I marked three more.
October 7.—Called them out at 7.30 a.M. as before.
Out of the first nine, seven were marked ones.
At 5.30 P.M. called them out again. Out of six,
five were marked ones.
October 8.—Called them out at 7.15. Six came out,
all marked ones.
SENTINELS. 289
October 9.—Called them out at 6.40. Out of the
first ten, eight were marked ones.
Called them out at 11.30 a.m. Out of six, three
were marked. I marked the other three.
Called them out at 1.30 P.M. Out of ten, six were
marked.
Called them out at 4.30. Out of ten, seven were
marked. j
October 10.—Called them out at 6.5 a.M. Out of
six, five were marked.
Shortly afterwards I did the same again, when out
of eleven, seven were marked ones.
5.30 P.M. Called them out again. Out of seven,
five were marked.
October 11.—6.30 a.m. Called them out again.
Out of nine, seven were marked.
5 p.M. Called them out again. Out of seven, five
were marked.
After this day they took hardly any notice of the
scents.
Thus in these nine experiments, out of the ninety-
seven bees which came out first, no less than seventy-
one were marked ones, though out of the whole number
of bees in the hive there were only twelve marked for
this purpose, and, indeed, even fewer in the earlier ex-
periments. I ought, perhaps, to add that I generally
fed the bees when I called them out.
290 SENSE OF HEARING.
The Sense of Hearing.
August 29.—The result of my experiments on the
hearing of bees has surprised me very much. It is
generally considered that to a certain extent the
emotions of bees are expressed by the sounds they
make,! which seems to imply that they possess the
power of hearing. I do not by any means intend to
deny that this is the case. Nevertheless I never found
them take any notice of any noise which I made, even
when it was close to them. I tried one of my bees
with a violin. I made all the noise I could, but to my
surprise she took no notice. I could not even see a
twitch of the antenne. The next day I tried the same
with another bee, but could not see the slightest sign
that she was conscious of the noise. On August 31 I
repeated the same experiment with another bee with
the same result. On September 12 and 13 I tried
several bees with a dog-whistle and a shrill pipe; but
they took no notice whatever, nor did a set of tuning-
forks which I tried on a subsequent day have any more
effect. These tuning-forks extended over three octaves,
beginning with a below the ledger line. I also tried
with my voice, shouting, &c., close to the head of a bee ;
but, in spite of my utmost efforts, the bees took no
notice. I repeated these experiments at night when
the bees were quiet; but no noise that I could make
seemed to disturb them in the least.
2 See, for instance, Landois, Zeits. f. wiss. Zool. 1867, p. 184.
COLOUR SENSE. 291
In this respect the results of my observations on
bees entirely agreed with those on ants, and I will
here, therefore, only refer to what has been said in
a preceding chapter.
The Colour Sense of Bees.
The consideration of the causes which have led to
the structure and colouring of flowers is one of the
most fascinating parts of natural history. Most botanists
are now agreed that insects, and especially bees, have
played a very important part in the development of
flowers. While in many plants, almost invariably with
inconspicuous blossoms, the pollen is carried from
flower to flower by the wind, in the case of almost all
large and brightly coloured flowers this is effected by
the agency of insects. In such flowers the colours,
scent, and honey serve to attract insects, while the size
and form are arranged in such a manner that the
insects fertilise them with pollen brought from another
plant.
There could, therefore, be little doubt that bees
possess a sense of colour. Nevertheless I thought it
would be desirable to prove this if possible by actual
experiment, which had not yet been done. Accordingly
on July 12 I brought a bee to some honey which
I placed on blue paper, and about 3 feet off I
placed a similar quantity of honey on orange paper.
After she had returned twice I transposed the
papers; but she returned to the honey on the blue
iy
292 EXPERIMENTS WITH
paper. After she had made three more visits, always
to the blue paper, I transposed them again, and she
again followed the colour, though the honey was left
in the same place. The following day I was not able to
watch her; but on the 14th at—
7.29 A.M. she returned to the honey on the blue paper.
ToL leit:
7.44 we As (i ale
7.56 5 aa
I then again transposed the papers. At 8.5 she
returned to the old place, and was just going to
alight ; but observing the change of colours, without a
moment’s hesitation darted off to the blue. No one
who saw her at that moment could have entertained
the slightest doubt about her perceiving the difference
between the two colours. At 8.9 she went.
8.13 she returned to the blue; 8.16 went.
8.20 e 5 B03 Ls
8.26 xs 9% 8:30) x
Transposed the colours again.
At 8.35 she returned to the blue, and at 8.39 went.
8.44 9 nA 8.40 Ae
8.50 > AA SiS oe
Transposed the colours again.
8.57 she returned again to the blue; 9.0 ,,
9. 4 3” 99 oe tf bb)
9.12 i a uisge as.
9.19 she returned again to the blue ;
9.25
9.30
9.40
9.50
COLOURED PAPER,
293
9.22 went.
fH G2 OF,
. Oe te
J 9.44 ,,
- DOM las
Transposed the colours again.
10. 2 she returned again to the blue; 10. 6
10.10
10.20
10.30
10.40
10.48
D2
11.2]
11.26
11.36
iS 10.14
. 10.25
es 10.34
i 10.44
- 10.51
a 11.14
and flew about, having
been disturbed.
$8 11.28 went.
i. 11.40
39
12. 5 came and flew about, but did not settle till—
12.17 she returned again to the blue ;
12.21 came and flew about.
12.17 went.
Though it was a beautiful afternoon, she did not
return any more that day.
On October 2 I placed some honey on slips of glass
resting on black, white, yellow, orange, green, blue,
and red paper.
A bee which was placed on the orange
returned twenty times to that slip of glass, only once
or twice visiting the others, though I moved the posi-
tion and also the honey. The next morning again two
294 EVIDENT POWER OF
or three bees paid twenty-one visits to the orange and
yellow, and only four to all the other slips of glass. I
then moved the glass, after which, out of thirty-two
visits, twenty-two were to the orange and yellow.
This was due, I believe, to the bee having been placed
on the orange at the beginning of the experiment.
I do not attribute it to any preference for the
orange or yellow; indeed, I shall presently give reasons
for considering that blue is the favourite colour of
bees.
October 6.—I had ranged my colours in a line, with
the blue at one end. It was a cold morning, and only
one bee came. She had been several times the pre-
ceding day, generally to the honey which was on the
blue paper. This day also she came to the blue; I
moved the blue gradually along the line one stage
every half-hour, during which time she paid fifteen
visits to the honey, in every case going to that which
was on the blue paper.
Again, on September 13 at 11 a.m., I brought up a
bee from one of my hives; at 11.40 she returned to
honey which I had put ona slip of glasson green paper.
She returned at 11.51. And again at
12.1
e 12.13
bs 12.22
, 12.33
r 12.46
H 12.58
She returned at 1.12.
33
9
se
DISTINGUISHING COLOURS. 295
1.49
2 ke
2.25
2.40.
This time she lost her way in
the room.
This time she got stuck in the
honey, and had to clean
herself.
I now put red paper instead
of the green, and put the
green paper with a similar
quantity of honey on it a
foot off.
2.51 to the honey on green paper.
I then gently moved the
green paper, with the bee
on it, back to the old spot.
When the bee had gone, I
put yellow paper where the
green had been, and put
the green again a foot off.
3. 0to the honey on the yellow
paper. I disturbed the
bee, and she at once flew
to the honey on the green
paper; when she had gone,
I put orange paper in the
old place, and put the green
paper about a foot off.
3.10 to the honey on the green paper.
296 EVIDENT POWER OF
I again gently moved the
paper, with the bee on it,
to the usual place; and
when the bee had gone,
put white paper in the old
place, and put the green a
foot off.
She returned at 3.20 tothe honey on the green paper.
I again gently moved the
green paper, with the bee
on it, to the old place; and
when she had gone, re-
placed it by blue paper,
putting the green a foot off.
a 3.30 to the honey on the green paper.
I again repeated the same
thing, putting yellow in-
stead of blue.
a 3.40 to the green paper. I now re
versed the position of the
yellow and green papers ;
but
ee 3.51 to the green. After this
ie 4. 6
- 4.15
AS 4,28, when she left off for the day,
nor were there any bees still working in the garden.
The same afternoon a wasp, which I was observing,
remained at work till 6.29 P.M.
DISTINGUISHING COLOURS. 297
August 20.—About noon I brought five bees to
some honey at my window. They all soon returned,
and numerous friends came with them. One of them
I put to some honey on blue paper. She returned as
follows, viz. :—
At 12.36 At 2.30
12.42 2.38
12.53 3. 2
1.28 3.10
1.38 3.22
1.49 3.50
2. 2 4, 4
2.11 4.14
2.24 4.23
when I left off watching and shut her out. The longer
intervals are due to her having got some honey every
now and then on her wings and legs, when she lost a
little time in cleaning herself.
August 21.—I opened my window at 6 am. No
bee came till at 7.33 the one above-mentioned came to
the honey on blue paper.
I also placed some honey on orange paper about
two feet off.
At 7.42 she returned to the honey on blue paper,
and again
7.55 she returned to the honey on blue paper.
8. 3
8.14
9 ”
39 2)
298 EVIDENT POWER OF
At 8.25 She returned to the honey on blue paper.
8.36 > “4
8.44 m= a
3.54 ” ”
9. 5 i
39
I then transposed the papers, but not the honey.
At 9.16 she came back to the honey on blue paper.
I then transposed the papers again.
At 9.29 she came back to the honey on blue paper.
I then transposed them again.
At 9.39 ” ” ” ”
At 9.53 she came back to the honey on blue paper.
I now put green paper instead of orange, and transposed
the places.
At 10.0 she came back to the honey on green paper.
I transposed them again.
At 10.8 she came back to the honey on blue paper.
I transposed them again.
At 10.21 she came back to the honey on green paper.
I now put red paper instead of green, and transposed
the places.
At 10.30 she came back to the honey on blue paper.
I transposed them again.
At 10.42 9 bb) 9 9
10.53 bb) 29 39 39
11. 4 +P) ” 99 9
1 1.16 >) 9 29 bb)
I now put white paper instead of red, and trans-
posed the places.
DISTINGUISHING COLOURS. 299
At 11.28 she came back to the honey on blue paper.
T transposed them again.
At 11.4] > 29 >) 99
11.56 9 bb) ”° 29
12. 8 > 99 bP) 29
At 12.17 she came back to the honey on blue paper.
1 now put green paper again instead of white, and
transposed the places.
At 12.27 she came back to the honey on blue paper.
] transposed them again.
At 12.40 = 3 “5 5
12.50 ” 2 » ”
1. 0 re) 9 ) ”
1.13 9 9 ” >
At 1.25 she came back to the honey on blue
paper, and then to the green. I transposed them
again.
At 1.40 she came back to the honey on blue paper.
[transposed them again.
At 1.47 she came back to the honey on green paper.
5 1.57 she came back to the honey on blue paper,
and then to the green.
At 2. 6 she came back to the honey on blue paper.
9) 2.17 ” ” ” ”
The following day I accustomed this bee to green
paper. She made 63 visits (beginning at 7.47 and
ending at 6.44), of which 50 were to honey on green
paper.
The following day, August 23, she began work,—
300 EVIDENT POWER OF
At 7.12 returning to honey on green paper. I then
put some on yellow paper about a foot off.
At 7.19 she turned to the honey on green paper.
I transposed the colours.
At 7.25 she turned to the honey on green paper.
I replaced the yellow paper by orange and transposed
the places.
At 7.36 she turned to the honey on green paper.
I transposed the colours so that the orange might be on
the spot to which the bee was most accustomed.
At 7.44 she turned to the honey on green paper.
I now put white instead of orange.
At 7.55 she turned to the honey on green paper.
Transposed the papers.
At 8.1 she turned to the honey on green paper.
I now put blue paper instead of white.
At 8.12 she turned to the honey on blue paper;
but it will be remembered that she had been previously
accustomed to come to the blue. I now put red instead
of blue.
At 8.23 she turned to the honey on green paper.
8.25 ” ” ”
8.47 ” ” ”
I then ceased observing and removed the honey.
99
29
Thus the bee which was accustomed to green,
returned to that colour when it was removed about a
foot, and replaced by yellow, orange, white, and red ;
but, on the other hand, when it was replaced by blue,
she went to the blue. I kept this bee under obser-=
DISTINGUISHING COLOURS. 301
vation till the 28th, but not with reference to
colours.
August 24.—At 7.45 I put another bee to honey
on green paper, to which she kept on returning till
9.44, The next day (August 25) she came at 7.38, and
I let her come to the green paper till 9. The follow-
ing morning she returued at 6 A.M., coming back as
follows, viz. :—
At 6.10
6.18
6.25
6.35
6.45
6.54
7.3
7.13
I now put orange in place of green, and put the
green a foot off.
At 7.24 she returned to the green. I replaced the
paper with the bee on it; and when she had gone I
put light blue in place of the green, and again moved
the green a foot off.
At 7.36 she returned to the blue. I again replaced
the paper with the bee on it; and when she had gone I
put yellow in place of the green, and again moved the
green a foot off.
At 7.44 she returned to the green. I then did
302 M. BONNIER’S VIEWS.
exactly the same, only putting vermilion in place of
the green.
At 7.55 she returned to the green. I then did ex-
actly the same, only putting white in place of green.
At 8. 3 ” +) ” ”
These observations clearly show that bees possess
the power of distinguishing colours.
It remained to determine, if possible, whether
they have any preference for one colour over another.
M. Bonnier in a recent memoir! denies this. He
does not question the power of insects to distinguish
colours, which he admits that the preceding observa-
tions clearly prove, but he maintains that they would
not be in any way attracted or guided by the colours
of flowers. This he has attempted to demonstrate by
experiment. With this view he proceeded as follows:
—He took four cubes, 22 centim. by 12 (¢.e. about 9
inches by 34), and coloured red, green, yellow, and white,
placing them 6 feet apart in a line parallel to and about
60 feet distant from the hives. He then placed on
each an equal quantity of honey, and from minute
to minute counted the number of bees on each cube.
He found that the number of bees on each was approx-
imately equal, and that the honey was removed from
each in about twenty minutes. In the experiment he
records the bees began to arrive directly the honey
was arranged, and in ten minutes there were nearly a
hundred bees on each cube. I presume, therefore, that
1 Les Nectaires.
M. BONNIER’S EXPERIMENT. 303
the bees were previously accustomed to come to the
spot in question, expecting to find honey. .
I do not think, however, that any conclusive result.
could be expected from this experiment. In the first
place, after the first five minutes there were about
thirty bees on each cube, and in less than ten minutes
nearly a hundred, and the colour therefore must have
been almost covered up. The presence of so many bees
would also attract their companions. Moreover, as the
honey was all removed in less than twenty minutes, the
bees were evidently working against time. They were
like the passengers in an express train, turned hurriedly
into a refreshment-room; and we cannot expect that
they would be much influenced by the colouring of the
tablecloth. In fact, the experiment was too hurried,
and the test not delicate enough.
Then, again, he omitted blue, which I hope to show
is the bee’s favourite colour, and his cubes were all
coloured. It is true that one was green; but any one
may satisfy himself that a piece of green paper on
grass is almost as conspicuous as any other colour. To
make this experiment complete, M. Bonnier should
have placed beside the honey on the coloured cubes a
similar supply, without any accompaniment of colour tc
render it conspicuous.
I could not, therefore, regard these experiments as
at all conclusive. The following seem to me a more
fair test :—-
I took slips of glass of the size generally used for
304 EXPERIMENTS TO TEST
slides for the microscope, viz. 3 inches by 1, and past
on them slips of paper coloured respectively blue, green,
orange, red, white,and yellow. I then put them ona lawn,
in a row, about a foot apart, and on each put a second
slip of glass with a drop of honey. I also put with them
a slip of plain glass with a similar drop of honey. I had
previously trained a marked bee to come to the place for
honey. My plan then was, when the bee returned and
had sipped about for a quarter of a minute, to remove the
honey, when she flew to another slip. This then I took
away, when she went to a third; and so on. In this
way—as bees generally suck for three or four minutes
—I induced her to visit all the drops successively before
returning to the nest. When she had gone to the nest
I transposed all the upper glasses with the honey, and
also moved the coloured glasses. Thus, as the drop of
honey was changed each time, and also the position of
the coloured glasses, neither of these could influence
the selection by the bee.
In recording the results I marked down successively
the order in which the bee went to the different coloured
glasses. For instance, in the first journey from the
nest, as recorded below, the bee lit first on the blue,
which accordingly I marked 1; when disturbed from
the blue, she flew about a little and then lit on the
white ; when the white was removed, she settled on
the green; and so on successively on the orange, yellow,
plain, and red. I repeated the experiment a hundred
times, using two different hives—one in Kent and
PREFERENCE FOR PARTICULAR COLOURS. 305
one in Middlesex—and spreading the observations over
some time, so as to experiment with different bees,
and under varied circumstances. Adding the numbers
together, it of course follows that the greater the
preference shown for each colour the lower will be the
number standing against it.
The following table gives the first day’s observa-
tions i extenso :—
Journeys Blue Green ae Orange Red White Yellow
| i 3 6 4 7 2 5
2 5 4 7 6 1 2 3
3 a 4 7 6 5 3 2
4 2, 4 6 a 5 1 3
5 1 + tf 2 6 5 3
6 1 2 3 6 5 4 7
1 2 1 4 7 3 5 6
8 3 4 6 2 7 5 i
9 5 1 7 4 6 3 2
10 1 6 7 5 33 2 4
1] 4 6 5 2 Tf 3 i!
| 26 39 | 65 | Bl 55 35 37
In the next series of experiments the bees had
been trained for three weeks to come to a particular
spot on a large lawn, by placing from time to time
honey on a piece of plain glass. This naturally gave
the plain glass an advantage; nevertheless, as will be
seen, the blue still retained its pre-eminence. It seems
hardly necessary to give the observations in detail.
The following table shows the general result :—
xX
306 EXPERIMENTS SHOWING
Series Green |Orange| Plain | Red | white Yellow
|
|
39 Bi 65 55 35 Onin
57 59 72 66 58 70
76 82 ie 53 53 67 |
Ist ate 06
2nd, May 30 ...
3rd; July; 2) a.
shee aes 61 | 64 |) 80+) 66 1. aORIMEBS
thik ewe 47| 39| 40| 40] 36| 42
Git ae estone 8 Or oLOu| tela: 6 7
7th, ,. 20. 39 | 50] 47| 49] 41] 49
Sth, 8 28 46 48 52 ait 25 31
9th, ,, 25 64 | 38] 52| 33] 35 | 46
427 | 440 | 491 | 413 | 349 | 405 |
papier Beseeb Ab 2a é
The precautions taken seem to me to have placed
the colours on an equal footing ; while the number of
experiments appears sufficient to give a fair average.
It will be observed also that the different series agree
well among themselves. The difference between the
numbers is certainly striking. Adding together 1, 2,
3, 4, 5, 6, and 7, we get 28 as the total number given
by each journey; 100 journeys therefore give, as the
table shows, a total of 2,800, which divided by 7 would
of course, if no preference were shown, give 400 for
each colour. The numbers given, however, are—for
the blue only 275, for the white 349, yellow 405, red
413, green 427, orange 440, and plain glass as many as
491.
Another mode of testing the result is to take the
per-centage in which the bees went respectively to each
colour first, second, third, and so on. It will be
observed, for instance, that out of a hundred rounds
the bees took blue as one of the first three in 74 cases,
PREFERENCE FOR BLUE. 307
and one of the last four only in 26 cases; while, on the
contrary, they selected the plain as one of the first
three only in 25 cases, and one of the last four in 75
cases.
| Blue | Green Orange | Plain Red | White | Yellow
First | 31 10 ih Sel ae Ono 9
Second jaar 11 13 Hei, 10 aly tp) 2a)
Third BO 32b. 12 8 13 | 16 TES ila |
Hoanthy) 2ewaiaeS | 23.) ele aT na 1254) 20}
Fifth Ay ho Oa i £3 15 ROG tae ten 10 |
Sixth Ba Spee iis 22 Ale lake may 1) 9
Seventh ... 4 16 16 DA aS Bea 19
|
100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 100 100
I may add that I was by no means prepared for
this result. Miller, in his remarkable volume on
Alpine Flowers, states that bees are much more attracted
by yellow than by white.' In the same work he gives
the following table :—
there were
Flowers
Flies and Other
Butterflies Gnats insects
Bees
3 yellowish-white species 12°8 | 51°3 15-4 20°5
23 yellow i 47 21-5 28-1 7-2
16 red es 51-4 35:1 9:2 82
7 blue i 64:9 26°6 10-7 1-9
This table does not indeed show any absolute pre-
ference for one colour rather than another. In the
first place, the number of species compared is very
different in the case of the different colours; and in
1 Alpenblumen, p. 487.
= x 2
308 PAUCITY OF BLUE FLOWERS.
the second place, the results may of course be due to
the taste, quantity, or accessibility of the honey (all of
which we know exercise a great influence), rather than
by the colour of the flower. Still the table rather
seemed to indicate that bees preferred red, white, and
yellow, to blue.
I may very likely be asked, if blue is the favourite
colour of bees, and if bees have had so much to do
with the origin of flowers, how is it that there are
so few blue ones? I believe the explanation to be
that all blue flowers have descended from ancestors
in which the flowers were green; or, to speak more
precisely, in which the leaves immediately surround-
ing the stamens and pistil were green; and that they
have passed through stages of white or yellow, and gene-
rally red, before becoming blue. That all flowers were
originally green and inconspicuous, as those of so many
plants are still, has, I think, been shown by recent
researches, especially those of Darwin, Muller, and
Hildebrand.
But what are the considerations which seem to
justify us in concluding that blue flowers were formerly
yellow or white? Let us consider some of the orders
in which blue flowers occur with others of different
colours.
For instance, in the Ranunculacee,'! those with
simple open flowers, such as the buttereups and Thalic-
17 take most of the following facts from Miiller’s admirable
work on Alpine Flowers.
- PROBABLE REASON. 309
trums, are generally yellow or white. The blue
delphiniums and aconites are highly specialised,
abnormal forms, and doubtless, therefore, of more recent
origin. Among the Caryophyllacez the red and purplish
species are amongst those with highly specialised
flowers, such as Dianthus and Saponaria, while the
simple open flowers, which more nearly represent the
ancestral type, such as Stellaria, Cerastuum, &c., are
yellow and white.
Take, again, the Primulacee. The open-flowered,
honeyless species, such as Lystmachia and Trientalis,
are generally white or yellow; while red, purple, and
blue occur principally in the highly specialised species
with tubular flowers. The genus Anagallis here, how-
ever, certainly forms an exception.
Among the violets we find some yellow, some blue
species, and Miller considers that the yellow is the
original colour. Viola biflora, a small, comparatively
little specialised fly-flower, is yellow; while the large,
long-spurred V. calcarata, specially adapted to humble-
bees, is blue. In V. tricolor, again, the smaller
varieties are whitish-yellow; the larger and more
highly developed, blue. Myosotis versicolor we know
is first. yellow and then blue; and, according to Miller,
one variety of V. tricolor alpestris is yellow when it
first opens, and gradually becomes more and more blue.
In this case the individual flower repeats the phases
which in past times the ancestors have passed through.
The only other family I will mention is that of the
310 LATE ORIGIN OF BLUE FLOWERS
Gentians. Here, also, while the well-known deep blue
species have long tubular flowers, specially adapted to
bees and butterflies, the yellow Gentiana lutea has
a simple open flower with exposed honey.
Miillerand Hildebrand! have also pointed out that the
blue flowers, which, according to this view, are descended
from white or yellow ancestors, passing in many cases
through a red stage, frequently vary, as if the colours had
not had time to fix themselves, and by atavism assume
their original colour. Thus Aquélegia vulgaris, Ajuga
Genevensis, Polygala vulgaris, P. comosa, Salvia pra-
tensis, Myosotis alpestris, and many other blue flowers,
are often reddish or white; Viola calcarata is normally
blue, but occasionally yellow. On the other hand, flowers
which are normally white or yellow, rarely, I might
almost say never, vary to blue. Moreover, though it is
true that there are comparatively few blue flowers, still,
if we consider only those in which the honey is con-
cealed, and which are, as we know, specially suited to
and frequented by bees and butterflies, we find a larger
proportion. Thus, of 150 flowers with concealed honey
observed by Miller in the Swiss Alps,? 68 were white
or yellow, 52 more or less red, and 30 blue or violet.
However this may be, it seems to me that the
preceding experiments show conclusively that bees do
prefer one colour to another, and that blue is distinctly
their favourite.
1 Die Farben der Bliithen, p. 26.
2 Alpenblumen, p. 492.
311
CHAPTER XI.
WASPS.
I] HAVE also made a few experiments with wasps.
So far as their behaviour, when they have discovered
a store of food, is concerned, what has been said with
reference to bees would apply in the main to wasps also.
I will give some of the details in the Appendix, and
here only refer very briefly to some of the experiments.
Experiment 1.—Watched a wasp, which I had accus-
tomed to come to my room for honey, from 9.36 a.m. to
6.25 p.M. She made forty-five visits to the honey, but
did not bring a single comrade.
Experiment 2.—The following day this wasp began
working—at least, came to my room for the first time at
6.55 A.M., and went on passing backwards and forwards
most industriously till6.17 p.m. She made thirty-eight
journeys, and did not bring a single friend.
Experiment 3.—Another wasp was watched from
6.16 a.M. till 6 P.M. She made fifty-one journeys, and
during the day five other wasps came to the age I
do not think she brought them.
Experiment 4.—Another wasp was watched from
10 a.m. to 5.15 P.M.; she made twenty-eight journeys,
312 POWER OF COMMUNICATION.
and brought no friend. This wasp returned the next
morning at 6 A.M.
Experiment 5.—A wasp was watched from 11.56
AM. to 5.36 P.M. She made twenty-three journeys,
without bringing a friend.
Experiment 6.—Another wasp between 6.40 a.m.
and 5.55 P.M. made sixty journeys, without bringing a
friend.
Experiment 7.—Another wasp between 7.25 A.M.
and 6.43 p.M. made no less than ninety-four visits to
the honey, but did not bring a single friend.
Experiment 8.—I watched a wasp on September 19.
She passed regularly backwards and forwards between the
nest and the honey, but during the whole day only one
other wasp came of herself to the honey; this wasp
returned on the 20th, but not one other. The 21st was
a hot day, and there were many wasps about the house ;
my honey was regularly visited by the two marked wasps,
but during the whole day only five others came to it.
September 22.—Again only one strange wasp came,
up to one o'clock.
September 27.—Only one strange wasp came
October 2 and 3.—These days were cold; a few
marked bees and wasps came to my honey, but no
strangers.
October 4.—'Two strangers.
October 6.—Only one stranger.
On these days the honey was watched almost with-
POWER OF HEARING. 313
out intermission the whole day, and was more or less
regularly visited by the marked bees and wasps.
My experiments, then, in opposition to the state-
ments of Huber and Dujardin, serve to show that wasps
and bees do not im all cases convey to one another in-
formation as to food which they may have discovered,
though I do not doubt that they often do so. Of
course, when one wasp has discovered and is visiting
a supply of syrup, others are apt to come too; but I
believe that in many instances they merely follow one
another. If they communicated the fact, considerable
numbers would at once make their appearance ; but I
have not often found this to be the case. The frequent
and regular visits which my wasps paid to the honey
put out for them, prove that it was very much to their
taste; yet few others made their appearance.
These and other observations of the same tendency
seem to show that, even if wasps have the power of in-
forming one another when they discover a store of good
food, at any rate they do not habitually do so.
On the whole, wasps seem to me more clever in
finding their way than bees. I tried wasps with the
glass mentioned on p. 278, but they had no difficulty
in finding their way out.
My wasps, though courageous, were always on the
alert, and easily startled. It was, for instance, more
difficult to paint them than the bees; nevertheless,
though I tried them with a set of tuning-forks covering
314 COURAGE OF WASPS.
three octaves, with a shrill whistle, a pipe, a violin, and
my own voice, making in each case the loudest and
shrillest sounds in my power, I could see no symptoms
in any case that they were conscious of the noise.
The following fact struck me as rather remarkable.
One of my wasps smeared her wings with syrup, so that
she could not fly. When this happened to a bee, it was
only necessary to carry her to the alighting-board, when
she was soon cleaned by her comrades. But I did not
know where this wasp’s nest was, and therefore could
not pursue a similar course with her. At first, then,
I was afraid that she was doomed. I thought, however,
that I would wash her, fully expecting, indeed, to terrify
her so much that she would not return again. I there-
fore caught her, put her in a bottle half full of water,
and shook her up well till the honey was washed off. I
then transferred her to another bottle, and put her in
the sun to dry. When she appeared to have recovered
I let her out: she at once flew to her nest, and
I never expected to see her again. To my surprise, in
thirteen minutes she returned as if nothing had hap-
pened, and continued her visits to the honey all the
afternoon.
This experiment interested me so much that I re-
peated it with another marked wasp, this time, how-
ever, keeping the wasp in the water till she was quite
motionless and insensible. When taken out of the
water she soon recovered; I fed her; she went quietly
away to her nest as usual, and returned after the usual
TAME WASP. 315
absence. The next. morning this wasp was the first to
visit the honey.
I was not able to watch any of the above-mentioned
wasps for more than a few days, but I kept a specimen
of Polistes gallica for no less than nine months.
I took her, with her nest, in the Pyrenees, early in
May. The nest consisted of about twenty cells, the
majority of which contained an egg; but as yet no
grubs had been hatched out, and, of course, my wasp
was as yet alone in the world.
I had no difficulty in inducing her to feed on my
hand; but at first she was shy and nervous. She kept
her sting in constant readiness; and once or twice in
the train, when the railway officials came for tickets,
and I was compelled to hurry her back into her bottle,
she stung me slightly—I think, however, entirely from
fright.
Gradually she became quite used to me, and when
I took her on my hand apparently expected to be fed.
She even allowed me to stroke her without any appear-
ance of fear, and for some months I never saw her
sting.
When the cold weather came on she fell into a
drowsy state, and I began to hope she would hibernate
and survive the winter. I kept her ina dark place, but
watched her carefully, and fed her if ever she seemed
at all restless.
She came out occasionally, and seemed as well as
usual till near the end of February, when one day I
316 POWER OF DISTINGUISHING COLOURS.
observed she had nearly lost the use of her antennx,
though the rest of the body was as usual. She would
take no food. Next day I tried again to feed her ; but
the head seemed dead, though she could still move her
legs, wings, and abdomen. The following day I offered
her food for the last time ; but both head and thorax
were dead or paralysed; she could but move her tail,
a last token, as I could almost fancy, of gratitude and
affection. As far as I could judge, her death was quite
painless; and she now occupies a place in the British
Museum.
Power of distinguishing Colours.
As regards colours, I satisfied myself that wasps are
capable of distinguishing colour, though they do not
seem so much guided by it as bees are.
July 25.—At 7 a.m. I marked a common worker
wasp (Vespa vulgaris), and placed her to some honey
on a piece of green paper 7 inches by 44. She worked
with great industry. After she had got well used to the
green paper I moved it 18 inches off, putting some
other honey on blue paper where the green had pre-
viously been. She returned tothe blue. I then replaced
the green paper for an hour, during which she visited
it several times, after which I moved it 18 inches, as
before, and put brick-red paper in its place. She returned
to the brick-red paper. But although this experiment
indicates that this wasp was less strongly affected by
EXPERIMENTS WITH COLOURED PAPERS. 317
colours than the bees which I had previously observed,
still I satisfied myself that she was not colour-blind.
I moved the green paper slightly and put the
honey, which, as before, was on a slip of plain glass,
about four feet off. She came back and lit on the green
paper, but finding no honey, rose again, and hawked
about in search of it. After 90 seconds I put the
green paper under the honey, and in 15 seconds she
found it. I then, while she was absent at the nest,
moved both the honey and the paper about a foot from
their previous positions, and placed them about a foot
apart. She returned as usual, hovered over the paper,
lit on it, rose again, flew about for a few seconds, lit
again on the paper, and again rose. After 2 minutes
had elapsed I slipped the paper under the honey, when
she almost immediately (within 5 seconds) lit on it.
It seems obvious, therefore, that she could see green.
I then tried her with red. I placed the honey on
brick-red paper, and left her for an hour, from 5 P.M. to
6, to get accustomed to it. During this time she con-
tinued her usual visits. I then put the honey and the
coloured paper about a foot apart; she returned first
to the paper and then to the honey. I then transposed
the honey and the paper. This seemed to puzzle her.
She returned to the paper, but did not settle. After
she had hawked about for 100 seconds I put the honey
on the red paper, when she settled on it at once. I
then put the paper and the honey again 18 inches
apart. As before, she returned first to the paper, but
318 EXPERIMENTS WITH COLOURED PAPERS.
almost immediately went to the honey. In a similar
manner I satisfied myself that she could see yellow.
Again, on August 18 I experimented on two wasps,
one of which had been coming more or less regu-
larly to some honey on yellow paper for four days, the
other for twelve—coming, that is to say, for several
days, the whole day long, and on all the others, with
two or three exceptions, for at least three hours in the
day. Both, therefore, had got well used to the yellow
paper. I then put blue paper where the yellow had
been, and put the yellow paper with some honey
on it about a foot off. Both the wasps returned to the
honey on the blue paper. I then moved both the papers
about a foot, but so that the blue was somewhat nearer
the original position. Both again returned to the blue.
I then transposed the colours, and they both returned
to the yellow.
Very similar results were given by the wasp watched
on September 11. After she had made twenty visits
to honey on blue paper, I put it on yellow paper, and
moved the blue 12 inches off. She came back to the
yellow. Ithen put vermilion instead of yellow; she
came back to the vermilion. I transposed the colours ;
she came back to the vermilion.
I put white instead of vermilion; she came to
the blue.
59 | green RS white ; she came to the blue.
PPE OTBNGes | (55 green ; she came to the blue.
I transposed the colours ; she returned to the orange.
EXPERIMENTS WITH COLOURED PAPERS. 319
I put white instead of orange ; she came to the white.
3» green $ white ; she came to the blue.
55 purple Ss green; she came to the
purple.
5 orange 9 purple; she came to the
orange.
oneed es orange; she came to the
green.
I transposed the colours ; she came to the blue.
” 29 D) » green.
So far, therefore, she certainly showed no special
predilection for the blue. I then left her the rest
of the day to visit the honey on blue paper exclusively.
She made fifty-eight visits to it. The following
morning I opened my window at 6.15, when she im-
mediately made her appearance.
I let her make ten more visits to the honey on blue
paper, moving it about a foot or so backwards and
forwards on the table. I then put orange paper instead
of the blue, and put the blue about a foot off. She
returned to the orange.
I put yellow instead of orange; she came to the
yellow.
» vermilion ,, yellow; she came to the
vermilion. ©
» white 55 she came to the white.
55 green » White; she came to the
green.
I transposed the colours ; she came to the blue.
320 EXPERIMENTS WITH COLOURED PAPERS.
I now put vermilion instead of green, and moved
both of them a foot, but so that the vermilion was
nearest the window, though touching the blue; she
came to the vermilion.
Again, September 11, I marked a wasp. She re-
turned to the honey over and over again with her usual
assiduity. The following morning I put the honey on
green paper; she came backwards and forwards all day.
On the 13th I opened my window at 6.8, and she came
in immediately. During an hour she made ten
journeys. On her leaving the honey for the eleventh
time, I placed some honey on vermilion paper where
the green had been, and put the honey and the green
paper about a foot off.
She came at 7.25 to the vermilion. I then put orange
instead of vermilion.
s 7.34 ,, orange. JI then put blue
instead of orange.
7.40 ,, blue. I then put white in-
stead of blue.
7.47. ,, white. Ithen put yellow in-
stead of white.
7.55 4, yellow and then to the green.
I transposed the colours.
8.02 green. I then moved both
99 9
colours about a foot, but so that the yellow was a little
nearer to the old place.
She returned at 8.9 to the yellow.
PERCEPTION OF COLOUR. 321
I then removed the yellow paper and honey, and
placed the honey which had been on the green paper
about a foot from it on the table.
At 8.15 she returned and lit on the green paper,
but immediately flew off to the honey. I then trans-
posed the honey and the paper.
At 8.24 she returned and again lit on the paper, but
immediately flew off to the honey.
Thus, therefore, though it is clear that wasps can
distinguish colours, they appear, as might be expected
from other considerations, to be less guided by them
than is the case with bees.
I have been much struck by the industry of wasps.
They commence work early in the morning, and do not
leave off till dusk. I have several times watched a
wasp the whole day, and from morning to evening, if
not disturbed, they worked without any interval for rest
or refreshment. One of my wasps made no less than
94 journeys from the nest to the honey in one day.
The details of some of these observations are given in
the Appendix, p. 405.
Every one has heard of a ‘bee-line.’ It would be
no less correct to talk of a wasp-line. On August 6
I marked a wasp, the nest of which was round the
corner of the house, so that her direct way home
was not out of the window by which she entered,
but in the opposite direction, across the room to a
window which was closed. I watched her for some
hours, during which time she constantly went to the
Y
322 CONCLUSION.
wrong window, and lost much time in buzzing about at
it. August 7, I was not able to watch her. August 8
and 9, I watched her from 6.25 a.M., when she made
her first visit. She still constantly went to the closed
window. August 10 and 11, I was away from home.
August 12, she made her first visit at 7.40, and still,
went tothe closed window. August 13, her first visit
was at 6.15; she went to the closed window and remained
buzzing aboutthere till 7, when I caught her and put her
out at the open one by which she always entered.
August 15 and 16, she continued to visit the honey,
but still, always, even after ten days’ experience, con-
tinued to go to the closed window, which was in the
direct line home; though on finding it closed she
returned and went round through the open window by
which she entered.
APPENDICHS.
32
APPENDIX A.
Tables illustrating Experiments on Division of Labour.
(See p. 45.)
TaBLE I.—Slaves of Formica fusca.
Nest No. 1.
DIVISION OF LABOUR.
S Si eg ec coco r=)
: : Ge -
o IS [2 (COC = ae °
- ine)
Pa) ° iy, COSp CoO :
7
ee) SO” tooco Son Oot sco too
ait Fim
19
1 Sooo CCC e Om eee coco ce
. ° 19
« |e ie fecoofeoscooccees
Sis oo Soeee Segoe >
a 3 :
Sale a Zz AZ
ov
aos .
a OPE COSSSSSooSSOS 1909000
FS
Psoccoo te Bo ccco coco oSo
re .
q "A244
s
“A ine) o
Sy OO, PPS SC COSC OR SO OC CC'S
Z
oD
H
tf
0
Pop oooooos i000 fi ico
DIVISION OF LABOUR. 325
oe) of
Cf oO =)
=) oooooocoeo oooocecooco & ooo
AZ A
- . : 2)
ooo :9 :900°0°°°0° oooococeocoqo ©& Bae
io)
SeSSeS 1950066 SS 56 sSoeosSe one ot
SooCcooosooocoooSooooooooooSo Go 36
Oo
zocoee TSO SSK Sse se
coooococoooco
ae) oD . . .
TS SS a PSO SS 8S) a2
co) SS BSS OOOSSS) Boo aS oS sere)
. 99 00
PAA
H . .
ee a sooocoeceoce\Ncooooo © :oc°0
a) ie) =)
SOC oF oceo, cossooosooosesos =) 7O On
O ac) oD . °
ee soooooooo oococ°o :
ISISISISIOO IO OOSCC OS HOOSCOOooOS oOCoS
oD
a ooooo
us}
oD aco
SS OO NSS a ee
&
cocoon%o roOCCCOOOCOS 8 SCSOSCSCO owe
ie A OV
eye ie)
oooooocoocoococoecooo : :o0o0c0°o iy ae
; OD. eaeUl sae * 8 te ie)
She. OS) OH ONSD) OMS NSSSNSNSVSY OS DIOSK =) eis
TAN Of HIS SO
TABLE I. (continued).
DIVISION OF LABOUR.
9
7
1
AS = oooo cocoooocoeocoeocooo co
ie)
ooo oooo SS OS oo
12
ae ae oooo ocoocoocoeocoocoeoqcseo eo
oS SOS CIS) Cocco Ho so “Soc cio
6
Je)
ooo cooco oo,cooococoeoqcoco oo
A
~ oo
ive)
ooo oococe ocooooooo ooooo oo
A
3
ae) =) 5 o
SS SSC SSSoeetooose 36 ©
A A ; a
.co Ba ©
° SPs oe eescoocoos,oceseo So
oo
Se
A
ooo ocoo°o ceoooooceceqceoco coo
12
il
ns!
6 Bem oe
oo :9o0008%8 ooo 1ScOCCS'S SS)
BEA Aa
. - . of
ooooco :o oo ooo :o00°0° o oo
A : Z
3
Siweoeooeooo sceooeooocececooo oo
A
on
10 of B of
a COM SClomowooceomoc co oomerS
ZA A 7, q
om © Zo
8
eccoocoo, coofco ff oocs
SoS
A A AGA
2ClIS 29OOCS SCOTSSO FOSSSSCO 2 oS
Date
DIVISION OF LABOUR. 327
oO oooooocoocoocooooooeoooono ooo
ao
Oo i I SS SS SS OO ooo
=)
ice)
oO coscscoossy Fosoosoossos ooo
A
lor)
Yo - 8
SS SOOO S eA Oo aS
SOoSco Sooo
A 7
0
[e.e) (oo) lor) ce)
Soo moo SSSISSoo See SSS ooo
A A A
ice)
Z
©
o o°o°oo ooooooqoooqcooocecocdos ooo
A
o ooocooocoecooooecococo »
Friend
feeding
0
0
10)
0
0
9)
10)
. o .
o oo i, Mes Slee SloVlers Slee oisneonie ite}
ao ooooocoocoeoococecoooococoecoocoecnoe
oO oooocoococoooooqocoococeococecoe
tml
. lee)
ee SS OS
0
d
her N 9
for) .
SE NN a de dt soooooo
Friend
marke
oO ooooocooocococecococoecqocnéa“ae—“a Soe)
oO ooooocoococoocococqcoooqooqcoeocooooso
lon)
i=) el ee ee ee eS :
SJ SSS) 69 Soqaqesxgyos a) Sy OS] aS a) :
S FAANMAWNOPADOAAMAMO’nMDARAOHAM s
wm SoA TR HNNNANN
328
Slaves of Polyergus. (See p. 45.)
Taste II.
DIVISION OF LABOUR.
i
o o of S
= ZZ ooco ro)
5 Je) ‘
o (=) 2, Se One =) i=)
ae Ss) i) off scoscco eS
co . . )
ZA 5 Zaz °
So Sh ee oo
é
Zi A oe Z
Ney 5 5)
© coo zw iOSoCS NINN SSS SIS
aS Sooo. Too oSeSooseoolee
b Ton)
Z AZAAZ q
~ ie iS. SS oo oof oooft cos
Pgh Oa Os Za Za A Z
rae Ste, 3 S6eS6 Se eceooas
a : : :
Zils eZ =z Aw
. 19 ito)
nN S) 2 SOO, SOF SOSOSSSSSS i900 io:
oo Neca Si SOS COSC oo LOSS
ae Z 4 AG Z
s ere. Oo LOL SSeS ocooofe to
iss a a Zee AAA Z
19
x [co wo coceosoooy iososcoce is
z [os coop yp PSSDDOSOSOOSSS
19 ©
o oy, ooosososcoseocoosooyosco
SS. TS aeecas aS Sa Sao Desa
v
a Zw = ZA Zz ze
29 19:20 © (Jo) ito) eo
é oo ° SLaseco lo Loos coo
Aine Zt A AA
DIVISION OF LABOUR.
BeeSoooooy i) ocooocooocoeocoo
i=)
ocoscoscocos ocoooocoocococsecdoo
A
. . 19 © 19
oo -o -oo°o°dc]o 5g SSIS ep SSIS >
a} :
3
Aco eS SSloloin OS SSCOooOCooSo ooo
7,
coooo. ooo ae os oe oo =
Zz A VA PA
ooo Ssocoscoos i) Sas. ooooco
a — A
=) :
. 19 Le) 5
oocoo BS SS 2 2 Sr OS 2
. 19
oooooo SR elliot yh ee 2
19 :
20000, 00005 Se Sooo Ee oooo :
Zi Zz A :
SSSOSCOCSCCOL Co, fBocofococos
a Aiea A
° =) No)
oooooococecnoeoso SS SS Se
i=) re) wo
SoDSCCCOOL ooo Pp Poop ocooo Se
A AGA Z A
SS000 ico o LP OPP coofpofcocoS
a A
Aimee
1D 109
ooeooocooocoocooscoososse : oococo
3
9
Taste II. (continued).
DIVISION OF LABOUR.
lor)
= eo Seo o Cn Con oo Oo
on lor}
aa nr} for)
cS o BOO 6 SOS, 7° oo o
~
Re ZB
| oS .oeooo Se ocsoace) Scio °
é oooo DSSS he oS °
Z AG
oo) =) ooo 3 AS SoS eS Oo
5 A ZB A
ry So >-Ooo°O 2 SaSeSooee oo So
g Zz Aa
é oO =
~ o 2o00 Ss SooSgoTtoo SS
A 7,
oo Ss SogcSs eo ceocooo Too ro)
S
cS) S oesece Ss MSeSoooe SS Td
a
no a
Mee wees S coocoO BLO °
‘ a
v4 Eq
Lal =
o
Ss Seis oS 1 ISLS Sisco) “SO a
Zz
= S SES sce SS Go cscs Sees ro)
S Se oooS So coo ooco oo ro)
oe
o o ooco OB, COoSSoe oo oS
a
BZ oO
«© S SSoe S' eSecoce! oS) fat
ne A
t Ss SooSe o of Ffcoce oo ro)
AA
Oo
S = Boo 4 oo
3 SoS) Sco sc SH >coOoSO°O a) o
3 c he Z ’ Zz
RE
pica) Ook OO fa) mA Oo Hid © Le 2) o
re ae eae ae _
331
DIVISION OF LABOUR.
oococo
ooo
TIN
oooo
ooo
ITN
OI N|GIN
0
pexreu
pus y
0
0
NGO)
eee
0
TIN
0
ITN
ITN
0
0
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‘9 pur G ‘son Hovq ynd 7T
ooo
ITN
paxreu
puolty
0
0
0
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0
0)
0
0
"2 ‘ON youq ynd Mou T
0
0
9N
0
0
0
ITN
)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0)
9N
0
0
0
0
0
0
So
Oo
o °°
So ©
ooood
ooo
TIN
o oO
4G
&@
6S
16
06
332 DIVISION OF LABOUR.
TaBLE II. (continued).
(mn
nan
a S
e |ooceoeo™Metoos cotecooesco) soo
a 2 Zz
i) aod
° SOSSoSoesoscaegPoSsop a SS sae
ZA AAG
a a oo
re ere
2S Coe] a> SSeoosa] ase
Z Zz
rc N
. ls =
-e |oo :000 ScocoooooooCoCoOS Sco
PA ra
oe S coe
© roe coe ccccool FC ocessce ooo
ZiZiZ Z
3
» |oocooooRoooSooOSoSeSOoSoSeSS oso
| Zi
re re
co = = .
Sy eS SSSI SISK SISOS) SS SSIS)
3
re ce —
na Sooo como omoomo com oe oor
q Z GZ
ri -
- DQ22 SO ISS 2 22 FSS SS
SSSoo Tes TSSSeseceaS 1555050
SE i a
er re re
SSoTossoodsseos
Zw Z Zz
oN a OA I SS OOS SS
9
8
ri ol ee co
DIN NS SENS SS 2 ig a ae
7
RECOGNITION OF FRIENDS. 333
APPENDIX B.
Tue following are the details referred to on p. 122:—
On August 4, 1875, I separated one of my colonies
of Formica fusca into two halves, and kept them
entirely apart.
On March 15 following I put in a stranger and one
of the old companions from the other half of the nest at
7 A.M., and watched them longer than those previously
experimented on. The stranger was very soon attacked ;
the friend seemed quite at home.
June 4, 1876.—8 A.M. Put into the nest a stranger
and an old friend. The stranger was at once attacked,
and dragged about by one of her antenne. 9 A.M. The
stranger was being attacked; the friend, though not
attacked, kept rather away from the other ants.
10.30 a.m. The stranger was attacked, not the friend.
12.30 P.M. ditto, 1 P.M. ditto, 1.30 p.m. ditto, 2 P.M.
ditto, 2.30 P.M. ditto, 4 P.M. ditto, 4.30 P.M. ditto. 5 P.M.
The stranger was dragged out of the nest.
June 5.—Putina stranger and a friend at 9.30. At.
10 the stranger was being attacked, not the friend.
10 a.m. ditto, 10.30 A.M. ditto.
At 11 a.m. I put in another stranger and another old
friend, when nearly the same thing was repeated. At
11.30 a.m. the stranger was being dragged about by her
antenne ; the friend was not attacked. 12 a.m. The
stranger was by herself in a corner of the nest. The
friend was almost cleaned from the paint by which she
was marked. I then put in another friend. At 2 P.M.
the stranger was being dragged about by an antenna,
334 RECOGNITION OF FRIENDS
the friend was being cleaned. 2.30 p.m. ditto, 3 ditto.
At 3.30 p.m. the friend was almost clean: the stranger
was being dragged about. 6 P.M. ditto.
June 10.—Repeated the same observation at 10 A.M.,
but transposed the colours by which they were distin-
guished, so that there might be no question whether
perhaps the difference of treatment was due to the
difference of colouring. At 11 a.m. the friend was all
right, the stranger was being dragged about by an
antenna. 11.30 a.m. the friend all right, the stranger
being dragged about by one leg. 12 a.m. ditto.
12.30 p.m. the friend all right, the stranger being
dragged about by an antenna. 1 P.M. ditto, 2 P.M. ditto,
3 P.M. ditto.
July 3.—Put in a friend and a stranger at 11 A.M.
At 11.30 a.m. the stranger was being dragged about,
the friend was being cleaned. 12 A.M. ditto. 12.30 a.m.
both were now being attacked. 1 P.M. ditto.
This seems to show that some at least of the
ants have forgotten their old friends. Perhaps, however,
these were young ants.
July 16.—Put in two friends at 7.45 a.m. At 8 A.M.
each was being dragged about by anantenna. 8.30 A.M.
one was being dragged about by both antenne, the
other by both antennez and one leg. 10 A.M. both were
still attacked, but it is curious that at the same time
others were cleaning off the paint. 12.30 p.m. both
still attacked.
July 17.—Put ina friend at 8.15 a.m. At 8.30 A.M.
they were cleaning her. At 9 A.M. she was almost clean.
9.30 A.M. she seemed quite at home, and had only one
spot of paint on her. 10.20 a.m. ditto.
July 20.—Put ina friend and stranger at 9 A.M.
At 9.30 A.M. the friend seemed all right ; the stranger
was in a corner by herself. At 10 A.M. the friend was
being cleaned ; the stranger had come out of her corner
and was being fiercely attacked. At 11 A.M. the friend
AFTER LONG SEPARATION. aon
seemed quite at home and was almost cleaned; the
stranger was being dragged about, but wasalmost cleaned.
At 12 a.m. the same thing was going on, and also at
12.30 p.m. At 1.30 P.M. the stranger was still being
pulled about ; but what struck me as remarkable, the
friend also had hold of one of the ants by an antenna.
At 2 p.m. the friend was by herself, the stranger was
being attacked. At 4 p.m. the friend again had hold
of an ant by an antenna; the stranger was being
pulled about. At 5 p.m. the friend seemed quite at
home in the nest, the stranger was dragged out of the
nest. The following morning I was still able to dis-
tinguish the friend ; she seemed quite at home.
August 5.—Put in a stranger and a friend at 8 A.M.
At 8.30 A.M. both were attacked. 9 a.m. ditto, 9.30
A.M. ditto, 10 a.m. ditto, 11 A.M. ditto, 12.30 a.m. ditto.
August 6.—Repeated the experiment at 2 A.M.
Both ants hid themselves in corners. At 3.30 A.M. the
stranger was being attacked; the friend was ina corner
by herself. At 4.30 a.m. both were attacked. 5.30
A.M. ditto.
August 7.—-Put in a stranger and a friend at 8.30
AM. At 8.45 a.M. both were being attacked. 9.30 a.m.
ditto, 10 a.m. ditto.
August 8.—Put in a friend at 7 a.m. At 8 A.M.
she seemed quite at home with the others. At 9 A.M.
they had almost cleanedher. At 9.30 A.m. she seemed
quite at home with the others. At 10 a.m. ditto.
August 12.—Put in a friend and a stranger at 7
P.M. Both were immediately attacked. 7.15 a.m. they
were being dragged about. 7.45 A.M. ditto, 8 ditto,
8.15 A.M. ditto.
August 13.—Put in a friend at 6.30 a.m. At 7.50
A.M. two attacked her. At 8 a.m. she was being
attacked by one ant, but another was cleaning her.
8.15 A.M. ditto. 8.45 a.m. Two were attacking her,
one dragging at her by an antenna. 9 A.M. ditto, 9.30
336 RECOGNITION OF FRIENDS
A.M. ditto, 10 a.M. ditto, 10.30 a.m. ditto. Others had
almost entirely cleaned off the paint.
At 5 P.M. put a friend and a stranger into the other
half of the nest. At 5.15 ‘a.m. the friend seemed
quite at home, and had been nearly cleaned; the
stranger was being attacked. 5.30 A.M. ditto, 8.15 A.M.
ditto. 7.15 a.M. Two of the ants were dragging the
stranger out of the nest; the friend had been quite
cleaned.
August 14.—At 8.15 a.m. I put an ant from each
half of the nest into the other. At 8.30 A.M. one was
alone in the corner, the other was being attacked. At
9 a.M. both were being attacked. 9.30 A.M. ditto, 10.30
A.M. ditto; 11.30 a.M. ditto, both, however, being almost
cleaned.
August 19.—At 8 a.m. I put into each nest one
from the other. The one was received amicably and
cleaned, so that after a while I lost sight of her. It was
clear that she was received in a friendly manner,
because no fighting was going on. At 11 a.m. I put
into the same nest another friend: at 11.30 a.m. she
was all right, and, being cleaned at 12 a.m., I could no
longer distinguish her.
The ant put into the other nest was not so well
received. At 9.30 A.M., 11.30 a.M., and 12.30 A.M. she
was being dragged about, but she was also being cleaned,
and after 12.30 a.m. I lost sight of her. As the paint
had been entirely removed, but no ant was being
attacked, I have no doubt she was at length recognised
as a friend.
August 21.—At 10.15 4.m. I again put into each
nest an ant from the other. One was at once cleaned,
and I could not find her. I should, however, certainly
have seen her if she had been attacked.
The other was at first attacked by one of the ants ;
but this soon ceased, and they began to clean her. By
11.30 a.M. she was quite at her ease among the other
AFTER LONG SEPARATION. 337
ants, and almost clean. After 12 a.m. I could not see her
any more. At 1.40 p.m. I again put into each nest an
ant from the other, accompanied, however, in both cases
by a stranger. The contrast was most marked, and no
one who saw it could have doubted that the friends and
strangers were respectively recognised as such, or that
they themselves were fully aware of their posi-
tion.
In the first nest the friend at once joined the other
ants, who began to clean her. The stranger ran about
in evident alarm, was pursued by the others, and took
refuge inacorner. At 2 p.m. the friend was with the
other ants, the stranger alone inacorner. At 2.25 P.M.
the friend was almost cleaned, and after 2.30 P.M. we
could no longer distinguish her: the stranger was still
alone. At 3.40 p.m. she came out of her hiding-place
and was attacked; after a while she escaped from the
nest. At 5.30 p.m. she met one of the ants, and a
battle at once began. I separated the combatants and
put the stranger back near her own nest, which she at
once entered, and where she was soon cleaned by her
own friends.
I will now describe the adventures of the other
couple. The friend immediately joined the other ants ;
the stranger was hunted about and soon seized. At 2
P.M. the friend was all right, the stranger being dragged
about. At 2.30 p.m. ditto. The stranger was soon
afterwards dragged out of the nest. The friend, whom
I watched at intervals till 6.30 P.m., continued on the
best terms with the others; it was quite clear, there-
fore, that they did not regard her as a stranger.
She herself was not afraid of, and did not avoid
them. Still for some time she apparently wished to
return to the ants with whom she had recently lived.
She came out of the nest, and tried to find her way
home. I put her back again, however, and by the even-
ing she seemed to have accustomed herself to the
zZ
338 RECOGNITION OF FRIENDS
change. I then opened the door of the nest soon after
5 p.M.; but she showed no wish to leave her newly re-
joined friends.
September 1.—At 11 A.M. I again put into each half
of the nest an ant from the other and a stranger. In
the one nest the friend joined the other ants, and seemed
quite at home; the stranger, on the contrary, en-
deavoured to conceal herself, and at length, at 4 in the
afternoon, escaped from the nest.
In the other division the friend also appeared quite
at home. The stranger, on the contrary, endeavoured
to escape, but in the course of the afternoon was
attacked and killed.
October 15.—At 8 A.M. I repeated the same experi-
ment. In the first nest, up to 10 4.M., neither ant was
attacked ; and it is curious that the stranger was licked,
and, indeed, almost cleaned. Soon afterwards, however,
the ants began to attack her, and at three P.M. she was
expelled, the friend, on the contrary, being quite at
home. Still the following day, at noon, I found her out
of the nest (all the rest being within). This almost
looks as if, though safe, she did not feel happy; and
I accordingly put her back to her old home, which
she at once entered.
In the other division the friend was soon nearly
cleaned, and the stranger partly so. The friend seemed
quite at home. At 12.30 the stranger was being
dragged about by three ants; but after this I lost sight
of her.
November 10.—At 11.30 put into one of the divi-
sions a friend anda stranger. At 12 the friend was
all right, the stranger was being dragged about by an
antenna. From this time till 7 p.m. the stranger was
continually being dragged about or held a prisoner,
while the friend was quite at home.
November 11.—At 10.15 I put into the other
division a friend and a stranger. At 11 the friend was
AFTER LONG SEPARATION. 339
quite at home, and the colour with which I had marked
her had been almost cleaned off. The stranger, on the
contrary, was being dragged about by two of the ants.
After this, however, I could not find her. She had, no
doubt, escaped from the nest.
November 12.—The following day, therefore, at
11.30, I again put a friend and a stranger into this
division of the nest. The friend seemed quite at
home. One of the ants at once seized the stranger by
an antenna and began dragging her about. I will give
this observation in detail out of my note-book.
At 11.45. The friend is quite at home with the
rest; the stranger is being dragged about.
At 12. The friend is all right. Three ants now
have hold of the stranger by her legs and an antenna.
At 12.15, 12.30, 12.45, and at 1 the stranger was
thus held a prisoner.
At 1.30 one now took hold of the friend, but soon
seemed to find out her mistake, and left go again.
At 1.45. The friend is all right. The stranger is
being attacked. The friend also has been almost
cleaned, while on the stranger the colour has been
scarcely touched.
At 2.15. Two ants are licking the friend, while
another pair are holding the stranger by her legs.
At 2.30. The friend is now almost clean; so that
I could only just perceive any colour. The stranger,
on the contrary, is almost as much coloured as ever.
She is now near the door, and, I think, would have
come out, but two ants met and seized her.
At 3. Two ants are attacking the stranger. The
friend was no longer distinguishable from the rest.
At 3.30, 3.40, and 5 the stranger was still held a
prisoner.
At 6.0. The stranger now escaped from the nest,
and I put her back among her own friends.
December 11.—At 10 A.M. I again put in a friend
z 2
340 RECOGNITION OF FRIENDS AFTER A
and a stranger. The friend was not attacked, and con-
sorted peaceably with the rest. I found her again all
right on the following morning. The stranger, on the
contrary, was soon attacked and expelled.
December 22.—Repeated the same experiment.
The stranger was attacked and driven out of the nest.
The friend was received quite amicably.
December 26.—Ditto. The friend was received as
usual. I lost sight of the stranger, who probably escaped.
December 31.—Ditto. The stranger, after being
dragged about some time in the nest, made her
escape. But even outside, having met with an ant
accidentally, she was viciously attacked.
January 15, 1877.—Ditto.
January 16.—I put in two friends; but thinking
the preceding experiments sufficient, I did not on this
occasion add a stranger. Neither of the friends was
attacked.
January 19.—Put in two friends at 11 A.M.
Neither was attacked, and the following morning they
were all right amongst the rest.
January 22.—Put in three friends with the same
result.
January 24.—Put in two friends with the same
result.
January 26.—Put in three friends with the same
result.
February 11.—I put in two friends from the other
division at 10 a.m. I looked at 10.15, 10.30, 11,
11.30, 12, 2,4, and 6 p.m. They were on every occa-
sion quite at home amongst the others.
February 12.—Put in three from the other division
at 12. They were quite at home. I looked at them
at 12.30, 1, 2, 4, and 6. Only for a minute or two at
first one appeared to be threatened.
February 13.—Put in one friend from the other
division. The ant was put in at 9.15 A.M., and visited
SEPARATION OF MORE THAN A YEAR. 341
at 9.30, 10, 11,12,and 1. She was evidently quite at
home.
February 15.—Ditto. The ant was put in at 10.14
A.M., and visited at 10.30, 11, 12, 1, 2,3, and 4. She
was not attacked.
February 19.—Ditto. The ant was put in at 10
A.M., and visited at 10.15, 10.30, 11, 12, 1, and 2.
She was not attacked.
March 11.—Ditto. Ditto at 9.30 a.M., visited at
10.30, 12.30, 2.30, and 5.30. She was not attacked.
March 12.—Ditto. Ditto at 10 a.M., visited at 12,
2, and 4. She was not attacked.
March 18.—Put in two friends at 1 P.M., visited at
2 and 4. She was not attacked.
April 21.—Put in one friend at 9.30 a.m. At 10
she was all right, also at 12 and 4 P.M. She was not
attacked.
April 22.—Put in two friends at 8.30 4.m. Visited
them at 9 and 10, when they were almost cleaned.
After that I could not find them; but I looked at 2, 4,
and 6, and must have seen if they were being attacked.
Apri 23.—Put in two friends at 12.32. Visited
them at 1,2,3,4,and 6 p.m. They were not attacked.
May 13.—Put in two friends and a stranger at 7.45.
At 9 the two friends were with the rest. The stranger
was in a corner by herself. 11 ditto, 12 ditto. At 1
the friends were all right; the stranger was being
attacked. 2, the friends all right; the stranger had
been dragged out of the nest. The next morning I
looked again ; the two friends were all right.
May 14.—Put in the remaining three friends at 10.
Visited them at 11, 12,1, 2,4, and 6. They were not
attacked, and seemed quite at home.
This completed the experiment, which had lasted
from August 4, 1875, till May 14, 1877, when the last
ones were restored to their friends. In no case was a
friend attacked.
342 RECOGNITION OF FRIENDS AFTER A
The difference of behaviour to friends and strangers
was therefore most marked.
The friends were gradually licked clean, and except
for a few moments, and that probably by mistake,
never attacked. The strangers, on the contrary, were
not cleaned, were at once seized, were dragged about
for hours with only a few minutes’ interval, by one, two,
or three assailants.
Though the above experiment seemed to me con-
clusive, I thought it would be well to repeat it with
another nest.
I therefore separated a nest of Formica fusca into
two portions on October 20, 1876.
On February 25, 1877, at 8 a.m. I put an ant from
the smaller lot back among her old companions. At
8.30 she was quite comfortably established among them.
At 9 ditto, at 12 ditto, and at 4 ditto.
June 8.—I put two specimens from the smaller lot
back as before among their old friends. At 1 they were
all right and among the others. At 2 ditto. After this
I could not distinguish them amongst the rest; but they
were certainly not attacked.
June 9.—Put in two more at the same hour. Up
to 3 in the afternoon they were neither of them attacked.
On the contrary, two strangers from different nests,
which I introduced at the same time, were both very
soon attacked.
July 14.—I put in two more of the friends at 10.15.
In a few minutes they joined the others, and seemed
quite at home. At 11 they were among the others.
At 12 ditto, and at 1 ditto.
July 21.—At 10.15 I put in two more of the
old friends. At 10.30 I looked; neither was being
attacked. At 11 ditto, 12 ditto, 2 ditto, 4 ditto, and
6 ditto.
October 7.—At 9.30 I put in two, and watched
them carefully till 1. They joined the other ants and
SEPARATION OF MORE THAN A YEAR. 343
were not attacked. I also put in a stranger from
another nest. Her behaviour was quite different.
She kept away from the rest, running off at once in
evident fear, and kept wandering about, seeking to
escape. At 10.30 she got out; I put her back, but
she soon escaped again. I then put in another
stranger. She was almost immediately attacked. In
the meantime the old friends were gradually cleaned.
At 1.30 they could scarcely be distinguished; they
seemed quite at home, while the stranger was being
dragged about. After 2 I could no longer distinguish
them. They were, however, certainly not attacked.
The stranger, on the contrary, was killed and brought
out of the nest.
This case, therefore, entirely confirmed the pre-
ceding, in which strangers were always attacked; friends
were in most cases amicably received, even after more
than a year of separation. But while the strangers
were invariably attacked and expelled, the friends were
not always recognised, at least at first. It seemed as if
some of the ants had forgotten them, or perhaps the
young ones did not recognise them. Even, however,
when the friends were at first attacked, the aggressors
soon seemed to discover their mistake, and friends were
never ultimately driven out of the nest. This recogni-
tion of old friends after a separation of more than a
year seems to me very remarkable.
The details are, I fear, tedious, but I have thought
them worth giving, because a mere general statement,
without particulars, would not give so clear an idea of
the result.
344 POWER OF COMMUNICATION.
APPENDIX C.
THE following are the details of the observation re-
corded on p. 161 :—
At 9.45 I put an ant (N1) to a raisin.
At 9.50 she went to the nest.
9.55 I put another (N2) to the raisin.
10.0 she went to the nest.
10. O N1 came back.
10.2 she went to the nest.
10. 7 N1 came back.
10.9 she went to the nest.
10.11 N2 came back.
10.13 she went to the nest.
10.12 N1 came back.
10.14 she went to the nest.
10.13 put another (N3) to the raisin.
10.18 she went to the nest.
10.16 N1 came back.
10.17 she went to the nest.
10.22 N2 came back.
10.24 she went to the nest.
(I here overpainted N2, and she returned no more.)
At 10.24 N1 came back.
10.26 she went to the nest.
10.30 N1 came back.
10.32 she went to the nest.
10.33 N3 came back.
10.35 she went to the nest.
POWER OF COMMUNICATION. 345
At 10.35 N1 came back. (She met with an acci-
dent. At first she seemed a good deal hurt, but
gradually recovered.)
At 10.40 N3 came back.
10.46 she went to the nest.
10.46 a stranger came; I bottled her.
10.47 9 ” »)
10.52 N1 came back.
10.54 she went to the nest.
10.57 N3 came back.
11.2 she went to the nest.
11. 8 N3 came back.
11.13 she went to the nest.
11.10 a stranger came; I removed her to a
little distance.
At 11.11 a stranger came ; marked her N4.
11.16 N3 came. At 11.18 went.
11523 N4,' ,, TDs 35
11.24 N3 ,, 126s
M2 ANA... 55 LO ds
P31 NS), 11.34 ,,
i352 N45, L390. 333
11.40 N3_,, 142) 3
11.40 N4_ ,, oS ltaas
145 NS” ,, DATs 33
» a stranger came.
11.48 N1 came. L495,
11.49 N4 ,, A 5On
i fo) Cd Lh.53ai1,;
HOS NS! 55 Tio byes
11.54 N4__,, DTSG.,
2 vORNS) ::4, Teas os
oy) N4 39 ” 29
oy Nl ” »)
Te. 5 N4 _,, TEC iss
P27 ONS 55 17ers
1213 N30 .5 mona
346 POWER OF COMMUNICATION.
At 12.14 N4 came. 12.15 went.
12.17 a stranger came.
12.19 N4 came. 12.20 ,,
12.20 N3_,, 1222 5
P22 ENDO, 12.25 ,,
12.25 N4 ,, 12:26: 55
12:27 NS)... 12.28 ,,
12.30 N4 12.32 ‘55
ae stranger came.
55 N3(was disturbed) 12.37 ,,
12.38 N4 came. 12.40 ,,
LT 2ADUNS: 5,
12.47 N4 ,, 12.49 ,,
Thus during these three hours only six strangers
came. The raisin must have seemed almost inexhaust-
ible, and the watched ants in passing and repassing
went close to many of their friends; they took no
notice of them, however, and did not bring any out of
the nest to co-operate with them in securing the food
though their regular visits showed how much they
appreciated it.
Again (on July 15), an ant belonging to one of
my nests of Formica fusca was out hunting. At 8.8 I
put a spoonful of honey before her. She fed till 8.24,
when she returned to the nest. Several others were
running about. She returned as follows :—
9.10 to the honey, but was disturbed, ran away, and
returned at 10.40. At 10.53 went back to the nest ;
¥ 11.30 Peet eae
Si 12.5 but was disturbed; she ran away again, but
Pa 1.30 At 1.44 to the nest;
ie 2. 0 ee lame
a ST 55 se oon a
a 3.34 ‘si Gud Gra are
ie 4.15 5 oN Ae ae
POWER OF COMMUNICATION.
Returned at 4.52
> 5.56
9 6.25
> @.13
+ 7.45
8.22
9.18
os 10.10
During the whole day
pendent discovery.
347
At 5. 3 went back to the nest.
ae) OL O
she brought no friend, and
only one other ant found the honey, evidently an inde-
348 POWER OF COMMUNICATION.
APPENDIX D.
THE following are the details referred to on page
164 :—
September 24, 1875.—I put out two sets of larve ;
and to one of them I placed two specimens of
Myrmica ruginodis, which I will call 1 and 2. They
returned as follows, carrying off a larva on each
journey :—
No. 1. No. 2.
10.23
10.26
10.28
10.32
10.34
10.37
10.40
10.41 bringing a friend.
10.50
10359
LEG
11.16
11.40
11.44
11.45
11.46 an ant came alone.
11.56
125.0
12. 6 bringing a friend.
POWER OF COMMUNICATION. 349
INoz 1: No. 2.
12.15
12.16
2522
12.29
12.34
12.36
12.40
12.47
12.53
12.59
125
1. 6
1.16
1.20
1.21
1.26
RE 45)
1.42
1.47
1.54
1.55 with 2 friends.
1.59
2b 2
Pe!
2. 9 with a friend.
2.10
2.16
2.18
2.24
2.25
2.34
12.17 an ant came alone.
12.22 a a
12.45 an ant found the second
set of larvee.
12.58 two ants found the
second set of larvee.
1. 7 an ant found the second
set of larvee.
2: 3 anjeant found the
larvee. ?
2.25 another ant found the
second set of larvee,
350
POWER OF COMMUNICATION
No. 1.
2.36
2.44
3.28
3.40
3.48
3.55
4. 0
Ya
4.16
4.27
4.35
4.42
4.53
No. 2.
4.31
4.39
4.53
with a friend.
POWER OF COMMUNICATION. 351
No. 1. No. 2.
4.58
a)
Ds O
5 1)
5.17 Dalia
5.25
5.32
5.40
5.46
d.00
6. 5
6. 8
6.11
6.16
6.20
They came no more up to 7.30, when we left off
watching. The following morning at 6.5 I found No. 1
wandering about, and evidently on the look-out. I
put her to some larve; and shortly afterwards No. 2
also found them. Their visits were as follows :—
6.10
6.21
6.36
6.42
6.44
6.52
(ieee Teo!
We
pala
ole}
(len
7.29
7.30 another ant found the
UB larvee.
7.40
352 POWER OF COMMUNICATION.
7.49
7.54
8. 5
8.13
8.25
8.31
8.39
8.44
8.48
Thus, during this period these two ants carried off
respectively 62 and 67 larvee ; 10 strangers found the
larvee, half of them only coming to the set visited by
the ants under observation. This seems to show that
most of them, at any rate, found the larve for them-
selves.
I will now pass to Lasius niger.
September 27, 1875.—At 3.55 p.m. I put an ant of
this species to some larve. She returned as follows :—
4.3 5. 6
4.11 5.10
4.21 5.14
4.25 5.18
4.28 5.23
4.31 5.29
4.37 5.40
4.40 5.43
4.44 5.46
4.48 5.50
4.52 5.54
4.56 5.59
5. 0
when she met with an accident. During this time no
other ant came to the larvee.
On October 1, 1875, at 6.15 a.M., I put three speci-
POWER OF COMMUNICATION. 353
mens of Lasiws niger to some larve. One did not
return ; the other two behaved as follows :—
No. 1 returned to the larve at No. 2 at Other ants came at
6.52
Ta
7.14 to lot 2.
UP?
7.30
(ears
7.42 7.42
7.45 to lot 3.
7.50
7.54
8. O
Sak
8. 6 with a friend. 8. 6
8. 9
8.10
S17
8.19) to lot de
ei
8.25
8.26
8.32
8.36
S37) 55
8.38
8.39
8.41
8.44
Sid oe aes
Here I left off watching for half an hour.
SPP
9.28
9.29
9.35 9.35
354 POWER OF COMMUNICATION.
No. 1 returned to the larve at No. 2 at Other ants came at
9.41
9.45
9.47
9.50
952
9.54 with a friend.
9.57
9.58 to lot 1.
LOO
TO et
HOZS9
10.11
10.13 with a friend.
10.16 10.16
10.25
10.30
10.36
10.46
10.50
1055
10.58
1 ra
12
IS
LS 7
LL. 8
1S
11.16
12-19 Liwvs9
e223
Li25
27
11.29 with a friend.
11-30
11.33
POWER OF COMMUNICATION, 0090
No. 1 returned to the larve at No. 2at Other ants came at
IAS i7/
11.41
11.42
11.45 11.47 to lot 1.
11.48
11.49
LESS
11.59
aL
aA:
Pee ts)
12°29
2
OMA ee.
ETS) TAS
12.18
12509) ogee
12.20
ea
12.25
12.29 with a friend.
12.30
VAR
12.36
12.39
12.42
12.43
12.45
12.47
12.48
ize
12.53
12.54
121567 8
LMSW LG
l. O with friend. 1290)
INN, D
356 POWER OF COMMUNICATION.
No. 1 returned to the larvee at No. 2 at Other ants came at
| Pe?
ey 53
ei,
ERY)
1.10
1.11 to lot 1.
1S.
1.14
ek
1.18 1.18
1h
1.24
eo 128
1.28
1.30
1.33
1.35
1.36
1.39
1.42 1.42
1.45
1.46
1.48 1.48
1.51
1.53
Usy7/
1.59
Paes |
2. 4
2.15
Dale:
D2)
2322
2225
229
POWER OF COMMUNICATION. 357
No. 1 returned to the larve at No.2 at Other ants came at
2:30
Zeal
2.39
2.40
2.43
2.44
2.47
2.49
2.50
2.04
2:01
3. O
3. 4 with a friend.
Ben
3. 9 with a friend.
S12
3.14
3.16 3.16
3.20
Sail
3.23
3.26 3.26
3.30 3.30
3.33 3.33
3.35 3.35
ot
3.38
3.39
3.41
3.43
3.45
3.46
3.48
3.49
3.54
008 POWER OF COMMUNICATION.
No. 1 returned to the larvee at No.2 at Other ants came at
4. 3
4. 4
4.7
4.12
4.15
4.26
4.26
4.29
4.31
4.32
4.34
4.36
4.39
4.40
4.42
4.43
4.44
4.49 4.49
4.55
4.58
Daree iy
5. 6 with two friends,
Live ff after which she came no more.
The first ant returned at
5.10
Dele
Dlld
5.18
ara |
SAD,
5.28
5.31
5.09) to lot 2s
POWER OF COMMUNICATION 359
The first ant returned at
5.35 7.28
5.38 Geol
eclt 7.34
iF gAls 7.38
oo TAN
5.54 1.44
6. O Ag
6. 4 (asa
Gad Tess
6.14 7.59
Gola 85.2
6.20 S25)
6.28 8.12
6.31 8.15
6.48 8.18
6.54 8.20
Ue 8.24
(ae 8.28
te 6 8.32
Halal 8.35
Tigi: 8.38
7.18 8.42
Weal 8.44 another
eee: 8:45 [ant came.
25 9.44
We continued to watch till 10.15, but she came no
more. She had, however, in the day carried off to the
nest no less than 187 larve. She brought 5 friends
with her; less than 20 other ants came to the larvee.
October 3.—I put a Lasius niger to some larve.
She returned as follows, viz :—
1.42 2. 4
1.48 2. 8
1.52 2.12 with a stranger
2250 215
360 POWER OF COMMUNICATION.
Ziily) 4. 7
2.24 4.10
2.27 4.12
2.32 4.15
2.36 4.18
2.40 4.22
2.44 4.25
2.49 4.29
2.57 4.32
ood 4.35
3. 4 4.38
Sher 4.43
3.10 4.46
3.13 4.49
3.15 F 4.54
3.18 4.57
3.20 5. O
3.23 5. 3
3.31 5. 6
3.39 5.10
3.38 5.14
3.41 5.18
3.49 with a friend. 5.22
3.51 5.26
3.04 5.29
3.57 She dropped on the floor
4. 1 of my room.
4. 4
-.] picked her up; and she returned at
6.40 7. 7 with 3 friends.
6.50 7.11. She now fell into
6.54 some water.
7. 4
In addition to the above experiments with larve, I
tried the following with syrup.
POWER OF COMMUNICATION.
April 19.—I put out a little syrup on eleven slips of
glass,which I placed on eleven inverted flower-pots on the
lawn. At 8.35 a Lasius niger found the honey on one
of the flower-pots.
she returned to the
Be | honey, and at
9.2] ¥
9.42 <
10.12 is
10.35 .
11. 9 i
11.45 -
11.57 i
12.20 §
12.45 e
138 y
1.34 se
1.57 hy
2.28 as
2.49 6
2.59 *
3.9 ia
3.29 é
3.59 és
After which I watched till 6 P.M.; but she did not
return again tothe honey. During the above time
eight ants came to the same honey, and twenty-one to
the other ten deposits.
On July 11 I put one of my specimens of Lasius
niger to some honey at 7.10. She fed till 7.25, when
she returned to the nest.
At 7.32 she returned. At 7.36 another ant came,
7.50 [whom I imprisoned.
8.11
“TAT
9.30
9.50
10.21
10.46
11:20
11.50
LS 4
12.30
12.53
1.18
29
| 9. 5 went back to the nest.
9
362 POWER OF COMMUNICATION,
At 8.36 she returned.
8.59 by
9-17 f
9.38 i
9.53 i
10.10 if
10.27 5
10.44 4;
16 is
11.16 A
11.38 is
12. 0 ss
12.36 i At 12.45 another ant came,
[whom I imprisoned.
12.56 5
121 is
1.44 ¥
2.10 i
2.21 i
2.29 5
2.50 ‘ 2.51 A
3. 5 55
After this she did not come back any more up
to 8 P.M. ;
April 25 was a beautiful day. At 9 a.m. I put some
syrup in the same way on five inverted flower-pots,
and at
9.10 put an ant to one of the deposits of syrup. At
9.34 another ant came to the samesyrup. ‘This one
I willcall No 2. At
9.40 No. 1 returned.
10.45 No. 2 re At 11 one came to the same
honey; this one I will call
No. 3.
1l.7.Nowd " but did not come back any more.
12:31 Now2 os and at 12.47 went.
POWER OF COMMUNICATION, 363
1.15 No. 3 returned, and at 1.25 went.
M2 No. 2 FA 5 LAS 5
5 No. 3 > Ney RE he aud
Be No.2) © Ve ES iy Orme
230 INOs.3 2 55 2530) he
2.56No.2 ,, Bayh doh T ulnar
3.24 No. 2 returned.
4.19 No. 2
99
After which I went on watching till 7, but none of
these three returned. During the day 7 ants came to
this honey, and 27 to the other four deposits. Here,
therefore, it is evident that the three watched ants did
not communicate, at any rate, any exact information to
their friends.
June 27, 1875.—I placed four inverted glasses
(tumblers) on the grass, and on the top of each placed
a little honey. I then, at 8 o’clock, put two ants, be-
longing to F. nigra, to the honey on one of the glasses.
At 8.25 No. 1 came back, and at 8.45 she returned
to the nest, but did not come to the honey any more.
At 9.5 No. 2 came out and wandered about; I put
her to the honey again; she fed and at 9.22 returned
to the nest.
ae returned to at | 9.45 (ues back to the
honey, and at nest.
10.42 ‘3 3 10.50 3
10.58 _ 3 11.10 Pe
11.21 35 “3 11.39 s
12.45 5s 9 Ee en ee
1.40 29 39
I continued to watch till 7 p.M., but neither of them
returned any more.
August 7, 1875.—I put out four small deposits of
honey (which I continually renewed) on slips of glass
placed on square pieces of wood, and put an ant (L.
niger) to one of them at 9.20. She fed and went away.
364
POWER OF COMMUNICATION.
At 9.35 she returned, and fed till 9.43
10.14
10.25
10.37
99
29
39
39
9
99
10:17
10.27
10.40
This time a friend came with her.
At 10.47 she returned, and fed till 10.53
11.14
She was dis-
{turbed.
At this time there was a shower of rain, so I
removed the honey for half an hour.
At 5. 2 she returned, and fed till 5.10
POWER OF COMMUNICATION. 365
At 6.25 she returned, and fed till 6.27
6.32 i . 6.35
6.40 2 as 6.44
6.49 4 ie 6.53
7.15 f is 7.20
7.25 x . 7.27
7.30 ‘ sf 7.33
7.36 i > 7.37
During the whole of this time only three other ants
came to the honey.
On January 3, 1875, I placed some larve in three
small porcelain saucers in a box 7 inches square attached
to one of my frame-nests of Lasvus flavus (Pi. I.
Fig. 2). The saucers were in a row 6 inches from the en-
trance to the frame, and 14 inch apart from one another.
At 1.10 an ant came to the larve in the cup which
I will call No. 1, took a larva, and returned
to the nest.
1.24 she returned and took another.
1.45 29 ”
2.10 she went to the further saucer, No. 3. I
took her up and put her to No. 1. She
took a larva and returned.
2.24 she returned to cup No. 3. As there were
only two larvee in this cup, I left her alone.
She took one and returned.
2.31 she returned to cup No. 3 and took the
last larva.
2.40 she came back to cup No. 3 and searched
diligently, went away and wandered about
for two minutes, then returned for another
look, and at length at 2.50 went to cup
No. 1 and took a larva.
3. 0 came to cup | and took a larva.
ad
*9 99
366
POWER OF COMMUNICATION,
3.15 came to cup 1 and took a larva, first,
however, going and examining cup 3 again.
3.18 came to cup 3, then went to cup 2 and
took a larva.
3.30 came to cup 3, then went to cup 2 and
took a larva.
3.43 came to cup 3, then went to cup 2 and
took a larva.
5.53 came to cup 3, but did not climb up it,
then went to cup 2 and took a larva, which
she either dropped or handed over to
another ant ; for without returning to the
nest, at 3.55 she returned to the empty
cup, and then to cup 2, where she took
the last larva, so that two cups are now
empty.
4. 3she came to cup 3, then to cup 2, and
lastly to cup 1, when she took a larva
4.15 came to cup 1 and took a larva.
4,22 4
4.38 >» >
5. O came to cup 3, then to cup 2, and lastly to
cup 1, when she took a larva.
5.19 came to cup | and took a larva.
bb)
5.00 35 2, and then to cup 1 and took
a larva.
6.20 ne 1 and took the last larva.
[ now put about 80 larvee into cup 3. n
It is remarkable that during all this time she never
came straight to the cups, but took a roundabout and
apparently irresolute course.
At 7.4 she came to cup 1 and then to cup 3, and
then home. There were at least a dozen ants exploring
in the box; but she did not send any of them to the
larvee.
At 7.30 she returned to cup 3 and took a larva.
POWER OF COMMUNICATION. 367
I now left off watching for an hour. On my return
at 8.30 she was just carrying off a larva.
8.40 she came back to cup 3 and took a larva.
8.55 she came to cup 1,then to cup 3 and took alarva.
9.12 9, 39 ” ”
9.30 * 3 > 9
9.52 ”° a oy) 9
10.14
29 99 29
10.26 she went and examined cup 2, then to cup 3
and took a larva.
At 10.45 she came to cup 3, and I went to bed.
At 7 o'clock the next morning the larve were all
removed. In watching this ant I was much struck by
the difficulty she seemed to experience in finding her
way. She wandered about at times most irresolutely,
and, instead of coming straight across from the door of
the frame to the cups, kept along the side of the box;
so that in coming to cup 3 she went twice as far as she
need have done. Again, it is remarkable that she
should have kept on visiting the empty cups time after
time. I watched for this ant carefully on the following
day; but she did not come out at all.
During the time she was under observation, from 1]
till 10.45, though there were always ants roaming about,
few climbed up the walls of the cup. Five found their
way into the (empty) cup 1, and one only to cup 3. It
is clear, therefore, that the ant under observation did
not communicate her discovery of larvee to her friends.
The following day I watched again, having, at 7
A.M., put larvee into one of the porcelain cups arranged
as before. No ants found them for several hours.
At 11.37 one came and took a larva.
55 11.50 she returned and took a larva.
Plo BS ‘
99 12. 9 99 99
99 12.16 99 99
368 POWER OF COMMUNICATION.
At 12.21 she returned and took a larva.
39 12.26 99 +P)
»» 12.32 29 »
29 12.37 29 29
»» 12.41 > %
95 12.45 09 29
9» 12.50 09 >
29 ae >» >
29 : 99 29
29 1.11 29 29
”° 1.21 29 29
29 1.35 29 39
» 1.40 0 29
29 1.44 29 29
9 1.52 39 39
29 ig 99 29
99 es 99 39
bb) 2.10 99 39
99 2.17 99 39
29 2.24 39 29
bb) 2.30 39 39
9 2.36 99 29
23 2.43 99 29
» 2.48 99 0
» 2.04 09 >
> ae 2 9
29 Y 29 9
bb) 3.10 29 29
29 3.14 99 99
9 3.19 39 9
29 3.34 bb) +P)
b>) 3.39 99 29
bb) 3.47 29 39
9 bee 9 99
29 : 29 99
9 4.13 99 9
”° 4.20 29 29
CO-OPERATION. 369
At 4.28 she returned and took a larva.
” 4.39 ” ”
” 4.44 9 ”
” 4.50 ” ”
” 4.55 ” oy)
” 5. 1 ” ”
” Det ” ”
” 5.17 ” ”
” 5.23 ” ”
5) ) 5.28 ” 29
” 5.40 ” ”
9 5.45 9 3”
” 5.59 bb) 39
>P) 6. 9 9 ”
” 6.13 ” ”
3, 0.39 ss 5
6:40 ss 5
”° 6.46 ” ”
» 6.51 09 9
” 6.58 ” 9
” 7. 2 ” ”
2” Gus ” ”
” 7.12 ” ”
” 7.16 ” ”
” 7.21 ” ”
” 7.26 ” 2
9 7.39 ” ”
” 7.44 ” ”
” 7.93 2” ”
” 7.57 ” ey)
oy) 8. 3 29 9
+e) 8. 8 +) ”
Ay teal le} a5 53
” 8.20 ” ”
oy) 8.26 9 9
» 8.31 09
33) OLOO A Oe
370 EXPERIMENTS ON CO-OPERATION.
At 8.45 she returned and took a larva.
39 8.50 99 bb)
29 8.55 99 29
39 9. 2 39 9
29 9.11 ” 2?
39 9.19 39 29
99 9.25 99 bb)
39 9.33 99 bP)
99 9.40 29 bb]
bb) 9.46 99 9
39 9.52 29 29
39 10.32 bP) 99
9 10.39 39 29
» 10.49 os ”»
29 10.54 9 39
2 Li. 1 >» >
At this time I went to bed. There were still about
twenty-five larve in the cup, which had all been
removed when I looked at 6.15 the next morning
During the whole time she was under observation, only
two other ants found their way to the cup, though
there were some wandering about in the box all day.
Towards evening, however, they went into the nest, and
for some hours my ant was the only one out. It will
be observed that she returned at shorter intervals than
the previous ones. This was partly because she had a
shorter distance to go, and partly because she was not
bewildered by three cups, like the preceding. I had
placed a bit of wood to facilitate her ascent into the
cup. This she made use of, but instead of going the
shortest way to the cup, she followed the side of the
box, partly, perhaps, because the floor was covered with
a plate of porcelain. This, however, would not account
for the fact that at first she invariably went beyond the
cup, and even past the second cup; gradually, however,
this circuit became smaller and smaller; but to the
EXPERIMENTS ON CO-OPERATION. 371
last she went round the outside of cup 1, instead of
going straight to the spot where I had placed the bit
of wood.
On January 9 again I watched her under simi-
lar circumstances. From 9.35 to 1.40 she made 55
journeys to and fro, carrying off a larva each time; but
during this period only one other ant found the larve.
In the afternoon of the same day I watched the
ant which had been under observation on the 3rd Jan.
From 3.27 to 9.30 she made forty-two visits, during
which time only four other ants came to the larve.
On January 10 I watched the same ant as on the
4th. Between 11 a.m. and 10 P.M. she made no less
than ninety-two visits ; and during the whole time only
one strange ant came to the larve.
On January 18 I put out some more larve in the
small porcelain cups. Between 8 and 9 both these ants
found them, and kept on coming all day up to 7 P.M.,
when I left off observing. There were a good many
ants wandering about in the box; but up to 4 o’clock
only four came to the larve. Two of them I impri-
soned as usual; but two (which came at 4.30 and 4.36)
I marked. These went on working quietly with the
first two till I left off observing at 7 P.M.; and during
this latter time only three other ants found the larvee.
On January 31 I watched another specimen. At
9.14 I put her into a small cup containing a number of
larvee. She worked continuously till half-past seven in
the evening, when I left off watching. During that
time she had made more than ninety journeys, carrying
each time a larva to the nest. During the whole time
not a single other ant came to the larve.
Again, on February 7, I watched two ants in the
samemanner. At 7 A.M. I put some larve in the small
china cups. Up to 8 noants hadcome tothem. Soon
after 8 I put two marked ants, neither of them being
the same as these whose movements are above recorded.
BB2
372 EXPERIMENTS ON CO-OPERATION.
They were then watched until a quarter to eight in the
evening, during which time one of them had made
twenty-six journeys, carrying off a larva each time ; the
other forty-two. During this period of about eleven
hours, two other ants had come to the cup at which
these were working, and the same number to one of the
other cups.
None of these ants, therefore, though they had found
a large number of larvee, more than they could carry in a
whole day, summoned any other to their assistance.
Again, February 7, 1875, I put some larvee in three
porcelain cups in the feeding-box of a frame containing
a nest of Lasiws flavus, about six inches from the
entrance of the frame, and put, at 8 and 8.29 a.m.
respectively, two ants to the larve in the left-hand
cup. They each carried off a larva and returned as
follows :—
No. 1. No. 2.
At 8.35 — returned again and took another.
9. 0 a ” ”
9. 7 ” ”
9.20 ” +)
9.30 a> +P) 9
9.43 >» 0
9.54 Worn ” 2°
9.56 a <9
10.20 id i
10.25 —
bb) 3”
At 10.43 another ant came to the larve in the
right-hand cup. I imprisoned her.
At
11. 0 returned again and took another.
Las —
11.15
EXPERIMENTS ON CO-OPERATION, 373
At. 11.37 — returned again and took another.
11.40
11.52 9 »
At 12.2 another ant came to the larve in the left-
hand cup. I imprisoned her.
29 99
AGU2 3 — returned again and took another.
12.15 Re 3
12.30 ; is
HOST) se _ ke
12.41 3 "
12.50 ‘, .
12.58 . és
1. 0 eee ” ”
Ne ” ”
1.12 paras oy) ”
1.16 : :
1.28 :
1.32 ma >) 9
1.35 99 ”
1.44 : Y
1.50 co bm ” ”
1.55 9 ”
2. 6 ” ”
2. 9 ao oy) +P)
2.17 . i
2.29 ” ”
2.39 ior oy) +)
2.42 :
2.49 2.49 . 3
3. 0 a ” ”
3. 3
99 29
At 3.10 another ant came to the left-hand cup. I
imprisoned her.
At 3.14 returned again and took another.
3.15
bb) 99
3.24
3” 39
374 EXPERIMENTS ON CO-OPERATION.
At 3.31 — returned again and took another.
3.34 a
3.36 a 99 bb)
At 4.10 another ant came to the middle cup. I
imprisoned her.
bb)
At 4.45 — returned again and took another.
5.50 As
6. 2 6. 2
7.48 7.48
After this they were not watched anymore. It will
be observed that the second ant made many more visits
than the first—namely, forty-two in about eleven hours,
as against twenty-six in eleven hours and a half.
During this time two ants came to the larve in the
cup they were visiting, and three to the other two cups.
The following case is still more striking. On July
11, 1875, at 11 a.M.,I put a Lasius flavus to some pup
of the same species, but from a different nest. She made
eighty-six journeys, each time carrying off a pupa with
the following intervals. Commencing—
At1l. 0 At 11.29 again.
11. 5 she returned. 1.49 <3
11. 9 returned again. Tloo) | 5;
11.16 again. 1250. <,
11207 | EPS me
124: a5 12.105 a
11.26 ,, 1230) ae
EXPERIMENTS ON CO-OPERATION. 375
At 12.40 again. At 3.40 again.
12.44 ,, SATS,
12-50) 5; 3.05) ss
La i Deol ss
ELON ASO 35
toe 3 Ae) 35
Lean ANON Nes
1.33) "5; A NS 15,
1.43 ,, Ata ss
40) hes ASO? Ss
a2 ss ATS) 35
150) 55 4.20 4,
Pear iss 4.23 ,,
2.10) 5 4.26 ,,
2.1775; 4.30 ,,
2:20 35 Aha vs
er) os 4.40 ,,
2.32 5 4.43 ,,
2.35 55 4.45 ,,
2 ol >> 4.49 ,,
2.40 ,, 4,53 ,,
2.43 55 4.55 ,,
2A 5, 4.58 ,,
2.53 45 Sa SS,
2.56 55 De de ss
2.59 55 oe.
See 55 Delos
Dena hiss O22) 5s
oO 5 D290) 55
Salar 5 D208) 55
3.16 ;; Deda 55
as20)"s,, Dsa0) ls;
3.29; 55 Ded0 |) 35
3.33 45, O00" ',,
Bcd) 5 CaO lay
376 EXPERIMENTS ON
After which she did not come again till 8, when we
left off watching. During the whole of this time she
did not bring a single ant to help her. Surely it would
have been in many respects desirable to do so. It will
be seen that some of the pupze remained lying about
and exposed to many dangers from 11 a.M. till 7 P.M.;
and when she left off working at that time, there were
still a number of the pupz unsecured; and yet, though
she had taken so much pains herself, she did not bring
or send others to assist her in her efforts or to complete
her work.
I have given the above cases at length, though I
fear they may appear tedious and prolix, because they
surprised me much.
No doubt it more frequently happens that if an ant
or a bee discovers a store of food, others soon find their
way to it, and I have been anxious to ascertain in what
manner this is effected. Some have regarded the fact
as a proof of the power of communication; others, on
the contrary, have denied that it indicated any such
power. Ants, they said, being social animals, naturally
accompany one another; moreover, seeing a companion
coming home time after time with a larva, they would
naturally conclude that they also would find larve in
the same spot. It seemed to me that it would be very
interesting to determine whether the ants in question
were brought to the larve, or whether they came
casually. I thought therefore that the following experi-
ment might throw some light on the question, ‘viz.: to
place several small quantities of honey in similar
situations, then to bring an ant to one of them, and
subsequently to register the number of ants visiting
each of the parcels of honey, of course imprisoning for
the time every ant which found her way to the honey
except the first. If, then, many more came to the
honey which had been shown to the first ant than to
the other parcels, this would be in favour of their
POWER OF COMMUNICATION. 377
possessing the power of communicating facts to one
another, though it might be said they came by scent.
Accordingly, on July 13, 1874, at 3 p.m., I took a piece
of cork about 8 inches long and 4 inches wide, and stuck
into it seventeen pins, on three of which I put pieces
of card with a little honey. Up to 5.15 no ant had
been up any of these pins. I then put an ant (Lasius
niger) to the honey on one of the bits of card. She
seemed to enjoy it, and fed for about five minutes, after
which she went away. At 5.30 she returned, but went
up six pins which had no honey on them. I then put
her on to the card. In the mean time twelve other
ants went up wrong pins and two up to the honey ;
these I imprisoned for the afternoon. At 5.46 my first
ant went away. From that time to 6 o’clock seven
ants came, but the first did notreturn. One of the seven
went up a wrong pin, but seemed surprised, came down,
and immediately went up to the right one. The other
six went straight up the right pin to the honey. Up
to 7 o’clock twelve more ants went up pins—eight
right, and four wrong. At 7 two more went wrong.
Then my first ant returned, bringing three friends with
her ; and they all went straight to the honey. At 7,11
she went home: on her way to the nest she met and
accosted two ants, both of which then came straight to
the right pin and up it to the honey. Up to 7.20
seven more ants came and climbed up pins—six right,
and one wrong. At 7.22 my first ant came back with
five friends; at 7.30 she went away again, returning at
7.45 with no less than twenty companions. During
this experiment I imprisoned every ant that found her
way up to the honey. Thus, while there were seven-
teen pins, and consequently sixteen chances to one, yet
between 5.45 and 7.45 twenty-seven ants came, not
counting those which were brought by the original ant ;
and out of these twenty-seven, nineteen went straight
up the right pin. Again, on the 15th July, at 2.30, I
378 EXPERIMENTS ON
put out the same piece of cork with ten pins, each with
a piece of card and one with honey. At 4.40 I put an
ant to the honey; she fed comfortably, and went away
at 4.44.
At 4.45 she returned, and at 5. 5 went away again.
» 5.40 ”? ” 5.55 ”
spy ek - and again at 6.25 and 6.59.
There were a good many other ants about, which, up to
this time, went up the pins indiscriminately.
At 7.15 an ant came and went up the right pin, and
another at 7.18. At 7.26 the first ant came back with
a friend, and both went up the right pin. At 7.28
another came straight to the honey.
At 7.30 one went up a wrong pin.
,» 7.31 one came to the right pin
9 1.36 PA us with the first ant.
b}) 7.39 29 bb)
99 7.40 bb) 39
99 7.41 99 bP)
bb) 7.43 99 99
9° 7.45 bP) 99
39 7.46 bb) bb)
3 ss wrong pin.
99 29 bb}
» 147 two 4, -
5 448 One) 5, right pin.
,, the first ant came back.
,, 7.49 another ant came to the right pin.
eee) aa #4 wrong ,,
» 7.51 ” ” right ”
5 bhree ants > 155 wrong ,,
», 7.52 one ant 9 right ,,
99 1.55 55 ” WrOne >>
bb) bb) right bb}
bP)
BM (fifa 8 wrong ,,
POWER OF COMMUNICATION. 379
At 7.58 one ant came to the right pin.
3 eke OM Sy 5 WYONY' 4,
Thus after 7 o’clock twenty-nine ants came; and
though there were ten pins, seventeen of them went
straight to the right pin.
On the 16th July I did the same again. At 6.25 I
put an ant to the honey ; at 6.47 she went.
At 6.49 an ant came to the right pin.
», 6.50 another 5 35
» 6.55 sy 29 29
SGSOO 55 »» wrong pin, and then to
the right one.
>» 6.58 ,, 9 right pin.
shh iO)
>) 99 39 39
», ¢. 5 the first ant came back, and remained at the
honey till 7.11.
»5 7. 5 another came to the right pin ; but she was
with the first.
», ?. 6 another ant came to the right pin.
» 7. 6 ”
»5 1.12 29
» 1.13 ”
39 99
99 39
bb) 29
These two ants were met by the first one, which
crossed antennze with them, when they came straight
to the honey.
At 7.14 another ant came straight to the honey.
», 7.21 the first ant returned; at 7.26 she left.
», 7.24 another ant came, but went first to a wrong
pin, and then on to the right one.
», an ant came to wrong pin.
99 39 29 39
9
» 1.34 ”
bb) 7.35 39 bb) 29
», 7.38 the first came back, at 7.45 went away again.
380 EXPERIMENTS ON
At 7.42 an ant went to a wrong pin.
99 C47 99 399 99
99 7.48 99 99 29
9 7.49 ”° 99 99
Pi ir ss 5 the right pin.
», ¢.55 the first ant returned, and at 7.56 went
away again.
» (07 an ant went to wrong pin.
BA (ici) fe right ,,
Pats) a wrong ,,
>] 99 right 99
pe cone i wrong ,,
After this, for an hour no more ants came. On this
occasion, therefore, while there were ten pins, out of
thirty ants, sixteen came to the right one, while four-
teen went to one or other of the nine wrong ones.
July 18.—I put out the boards as before at 4 o’clock.
Up to 4.25 no ant came. I then put one (No. 1) to the
honey; she fed for a few minutes, and went away
at 4.31.
At 4.35 she came back with four friends, and went
nearly straight to the honey. At 4.42 she went away,
but came back almost directly, fed, and went away again.
At 4.57 she returned, and at 5.8 went away again.
», 4.45 an ant came to wrong pin.
99 4.47 ”? 99
»» 4.49 > >
» 4.50 as right pin.
9 4.52 ) ”
a5 ASOD 3 wrong pin.
»> 4.56 = right pin. This ant (No. 2) I
allowed toreturn tothenest,
which she did at 5.23.
ea ako + right pin.
1 . wrong pin.
POWER OF COMMUNICATION. 381
At 5.12 an ant came to right pin.
I changed the pin.
», 0-16 an ant came to the pin which I had put in
the same place.
a as right pin.
95 9-19 ” ”
3 0.20 two ants oe with No, 2.
3» ant No; 1 2 and went at 5.25.
3 0.25 an ant - This ant had been
spoken to by No. 2.
» 5.26 another ant i
99 0.30 9 ”
9) 0.37 9 ”
>» 9.40 99 99
» 0.41 ant No. 1 3s and went at 5.49,
», 0.45 another ant -
Koc ae ‘
> 0.51 ant No. 1 came back, and 5.54 went.
», 0.08 twoants came to the right pin.
» 0.99 another ant ss Ay
came to a wrong pin.
I changed the pin again.
», 6.49 an ant came to the pin which I had put in
the same place.
7. 1 another ant came to the right pin.
9 7.20 ” ”
” 7.33 ” ”
», ¢.46 ant No. 1 returned, 7.55 went.
29 39
Thus during this time, from 4.50 until 7.50, twenty-
nine ants came, twenty-six went to the right pin, while
only three went up any of the nine wrong ones. More-
over, out of these twenty-six, only four were distinctly
brought by the two ants which I had shown the
honey.
On the 19th I tried a similar experiment. The
marked ants frequently brought friends with them ; but,
382 EXPERIMENTS ON
without counting these, from 3.20 to 8 o’clock, out of
forty-five ants, twenty-nine went up the right pin, while
sixteen went up the nine wrong ones.
Thus on
July 13, out of 27 ants, 19 went right and 8 wrong.
» 1d » 29 5 17 oy) 12 5,
5 LOS 5p 180) a5 LO ry) 14° 5,
» 18 pa 20 ay ao ry) See
Brae Nae sae aie 9 16s,
Or adding them all together, while there were never
less than ten pins, out of 156 ants, 103 came up the
right pin, and only 53 up the others.
I was at first disposed to infer from these facts that
the first ant must have described the route to its friends,
but subsequent observations satisfied me that they
might have found their way by scent.
POWER OF COMMUNICATION. 383
APPENDIX E.
THE following are the details of the experiment
referred to in p. 168 :—
January 24, 1875.—I put an ant, which already
knew her way, on the larve at 3.22.
At 3.30 she returned.
4,15 a At 3.38 another ant came ; and
4.25 Bs the bridge f being
4.34 35 turned towards m,
shewent over it tom.
iD) ae 3.50 a; uh
1 4.35 . i)
4.56 a 5.15 es si
At 5. 5 she returned.
5.14 -
5.25
99
January 25.—6.30 a.M. put two ants, which knew
their way, to the larve.
No. 1. No. 2.
Returned 6.55
+ (iran
Returned 7.11
eS GUS
s C2G
3 The)
*5 7.46
384 EXPERIMENTS ON
Now: No. 2.
Returned 7.49
Returned 7.51
‘ss 7.53 5
5 God
> 8. O
55 8.53
m, 8. 8
8.16 an ant to m.
a 8.17
Be 8.18
Si ea
8.22 -
“3 8.25 - 8.25
8.27 ue
5 8.29
6 8.30
es 8.31
: - 8.34
a 8.35
a 8.36
3 8.40 a4 8.40
wt 844
8.45 is
, 8.46
i, 8.47
_ 8.51 53 8.51
Ee 8.55
es 8 59
a 9.3
“3 9. 8
nte9.13
» 9.24
i 9.27
oS
POWER OF COMMUNICATION. 385
No. 1.
Returned 9.37
39
9.43
9.45
9.47
9.50
9.55
9 58
10s
LOE
10.10
No. 2.
Returned 9.35
>)
9.43
9.45
9.51
9.55
9.58
1.10
LORn
10.10
10.15
10.17
10.20
10.22
10.30
10.33
10.35
10.39
10.42
10.46
10.49
10.51
10.53
CC
9.44 an ant to m.
10.11
386
Returned
EXPERIMENTS ON
No. 1. No. 2.
10.58 Returned 10.58
1G 6)
ets A
1 eS}
ie
11.10
2
11.16
11.21
11.23
126° 5, 1196
daes0) | 9.. OLAESO
WES et ee LESS
11.36
Ay Se AG
11245), eh ata
11.46
Galles 0
Barend tse
SMES
11.58
enn tales S
12. 0
12.16
12.20 ,, | 1220
12a | Meso
1.2
11.15 another ant
to m.
12.2001) .;
dropped.
imprisoned her.
POWER OF COMMUNICATION. 387
No. 1. No. 2.
Returned 12.31 12535 an ant to m.
a 12.36
Ss 12.44
a 12.46
Pe 12.50
35 12.54
33 12.59
2 1 |
I then put her into a small bottle.
I let them out again at 7.10 on the 27th. Though
the interval was so long, they began at once to work ;
but one unfortunately met with an accident. The other
returned as follows, viz. at
7.20
7.30
7.40
7.48 stranger to m.
7.46
(eon |
7.55
7.59
In these experiments, therefore, 17 unmarked ants
came ; but at the point they all took the wrong turn,
and not one reached the larve.
388 EXPERIMENTS ON
APPENDIX F.
THE following are the details referred to on p. 168 :—
January 27, 1875.—At 5.30 I let out the same two
ants as were under observation in the preceding experi-
ments.
No 1. No; 2.
Returned at 5.40, the other not till 6.49
f 6. 0
95 6. 8
6 6.26 6.22 an ant to m.
4 6.32
3 6.37
a 6.41
is 6.45
g Gages US ris sl cB Ong
: 6.51 G52
_ 6.54 e Ks 7. 0 6.53 an ant to
larvee.
zs ((e|
9 7.5 9 ” 7. 6
fe 7: 9 ee te ye Tens
e Cell Fe ., Ca
ae ae 7.22 7.27an anttom.
i Tob! TUS airs
= 7.29 7 - 7.34
I then put them into the bottle
POWER OF COMMUNICATION. 389
January 28.—Let them out at 6.45.
No. 1. No. 2.
Back at 7. 0
a — fies
sede Ge no
ee als
“5 — Tale
igs LO.
ntsc
ey) heed
7.31 an ant to m.
» = (BY,
as — 7.42
np , 4d She dropped into
sn de hee, some water.
satu 8552
Soe pool
8.20
= S220
Pe S230
oe asa)
so 8.40
» 8.44
a) B48
I then put them. into the bottle.
January 29.—I let them out at 7.35 a.m.
No. 1 returned at 7.47, after which I saw her no
more. I fear she must have met with an accident.
No, 2 returned at
390 EXPERIMENTS ON
8.50 another ant came to the larve;
marked her No. 3.
8.56
O25
9.19 No. 3.
9.20
9.26
9.36
9.46 2 ants to larve.
9.47 5 ants to m.
At 9.40 I found one of the ants which had been
under observation on the 24th, and put her to the
larvee. She returned as follows (No. 4) :—
No. 2. No. 3. No. 4.
9.50
9.52
9.55
9.58
10. 3
10.10
TOF
OES)
10.20 10.20
10.23
10.26 10.26
10:29
10.33
10.36
HOSS é
10.40
10.41 10.41
10.44 10.44
10.48
Ot
10.53
10.56
bl?
11.23
11.28
11.33
11.40
11.47
POWER OF COMMUNICATION. 391
No; 2;
No. 3.
10.57
ies
11.10
11.14
11.18
11.23
11. 5 an ant to larvee.
Mees > “
11.20 ~ 55
1a] Bs ce
11.22 an ant to m.
11.25 an ant to larve.
hisses oe
33
11.55 an ant to m.
392
1.44
EXPERIMENTS ON
No. 2.
12. 8
123
12.18
1.55
12.39
12.45
POWER OF COMMUNICATION. 393
I then put her into a small bottle. We kept a look-
out for Nos. 2 and 3 till 7.30 p.m.; but they did not
return.
January 30.—Let No. 4 out at 7 am. She
returned at 7.45.
No. 3 came
of herself at (8+ 9 Bp te
Returning at 8. 9 8. 6
8.15 another ant to larvee.
“7 8.20
8.25
os 8.30
3 8.36
No. 3. No. 4.
Returning at 8.40
8.43
8.51 an ant tom.
a 8.52
Boe
ae oe 3
Imprisoned them.
Let them out at 10.55.
Returning at 11. 1
9 1.9
11.14 another ant to m.
And they went on coming regularly till 1, when I put
them again into a bottle.
January 31.—Let them out at 6.35 A.M
No. 3. No. 4.
6.55
7.12
rats
7.21
394 EXPERIMENTS ON
No. 3. No. 4,
7.29
Cpe
7.42 7.42
7.48
(ASS)
7.55 another ant to m.
8. O ‘
Sl
8.12
8.18
8.20
8.24 ;
8.27
8.28
8.32
8.36 an ant to larvee.
8.39
8.44
I imprisoned them.
January 31.—Let them out at 5.35 P.M.
No. 3. No. 4.
syle
6.25
6.35
6.48
6.53
(ier
Mena
eat
7.16
7.20
7.23 another ant to larvee.
7.25
7.26 a
Coat 5 M.
POWER OF COMMUNICATION. 395
No. 3.
7.29 another ant to m.
7.30 7.30 3 larvee.
Im prisoned her daa 3 M.
February 1.—Let her out at 7.5.
No. 3.
She returned at 7.20
“5 7.30
7.38 another ant to m.
-- 7.40
a 7.48
‘ 7.58
7.09 -
33 8. 6
33 8.12
8.14 .
8.17 By
a 8.22
Imprisoned her and let her out again at 6.20 P.M.
She returned at 6.35
® 6.52
é 7. 0
as poke
re 7.15
id 7.20
7.25
Imprisoned her.
February 2.—Let her out at 6.30 A.M.
She returned at 6.50
a 7. 0
7. 2 another ant to m.
> Se”
7.10 two other ants to m.
5s 7.13
396 EXPERIMENTS ON
She returned at 7.17
7.27 another antto larvee.
3 7.28
7 7.36
7.38 “5 mM.
“s 7.45
“1 7.50
7.51 0 09
Ss 7.55
” 8. 4
8. 6 2” ”
an 8.11
ae 8.18
‘9 8.25
a 8.30
35 8.35
5 8.45
8.46
Imprisoned her.
In this experiment, then, the bridge over which the
marked ant passed to the larvee was left in its place,
the scent, however, being removed or obscured by the
friction of my finger; on the other hand, the bridge
had retained the scent, but was so placed as to lead
away from the larvee; and it will be seen that, under
these circumstances, out of 41 ants which found their
way towards the larve as far as ¢, 14 only passed over
the bridge f to the larve, while 27 went over the
bridge d to the empty glass m.
Taking these observations as a whole, 150 ants
came to the point e, of which 21 only went on to the
larvee, while 95 went away to the empty glass. These
experiments, therefore, seem to show that when an
ant has discovered a store of food and others flock to
it, they are guided in some cases by sight, while in
others they track one another by scent.
POWER OF COMMUNICATION, 397
APPENDIX G.
Tut following are the details of the experiment referred
to on p. 172 :—
Experiment 1.—Time occupied, 1 hour. The ant
with few larve made 6 visits and brought no friends.
The one with many larve made 7, and brought 11
friends.
Experiment 2.—Time occupied, 2 hours. The ant
with few larve made 13 journeys, and brought 8
friends. The one with many larve did not come
back.
Expervment 3.—Time occupied, 3 hours. The ant
with few larve made 24 journeys, and brought 5
friends. The one with many larve made 38 journeys,
and brought 22 friends.
Experiment 4.—-Time occupied, 24 hours. The
ant with few larvee did not come back. The one with
many made 32 journeys, and brought 19 friends.
Experiment 5.—Time ocupied, 1 hour. The ant
with few larvae made 10 journeys, and brought 3
friends. The other made 5 journeys and brought 16
friends.
Experiment 6.—Time occupied, 1} hour. The ant
with few larvee made 15 journeys, but brought no
friends. The other made 11 journeys and brought 21
friends.
Expervment 7.—I now reversed the glasses. Time
occupied 3 hours. The ant with few larvee made 23
journeys and brought 4 friends.
398 EXPERIMENTS ON
Experiment 8.—Time occupied, 14 hour. The ant
with few larvee made 7 journeys and brought 3 friends.
The one with many larvae made 19 journeys and brought
6 friends.
Experiment 9.—Time occupied, 1 hour. The ant
with few larvee made 11 journeys and brought 1 friend.
The one with many larve made 15 journeys and
brought 13 friends.
Experiment 10.—I now reversed the glasses, the
same two ants being under observation ; so that the ant
which in the previous observation had few larvee, now
consequently had many, and vice versa. Time occupied
2 hours. The ant with few larvae made 21 journeys
and brought 1 friend. The one with many larvee made
32 journeys and brought 20 friends. These two experi-
ments are, I think, very striking.
Experiment 11.—Time occupied, 5 hours. The
ant with few larvae made 19 journeys and brought 1
friend. The one with many larvee made 26 journeys
and brought 10 friends.
Experiment 12.—Time occupied, 3 hours. The ant
with few larvee made 20 journeys and brought 4 friends.
The one with many larve brought no friends and made
17 journeys.
Experiment 13.—Time occupied, 1 hour. The ant
with few larvee made 5 journeys and brought no friends.
The one with many made 10 journeys and brought 16
friends.
Experiment 14.—I now reversed the glasses. Time
occupied, 24 hours. The ant with few larvee made 10
journeys and brought 2 friends. The other made 41
journeys and brought 3 friends.
Experiment 15.—Time occupied, 44 hours. The
ant with few larvee made 40 journeys and brought 10
friends. Of these, 8 came at the beginning of the ex-
periment, and I much doubt whether they were brought ;
during the last hour and a half she only brought 1
POWER OF COMMUNICATION, 399
friend. However, I think it fair to record the observa-
tion.
The ant with many larve made 47 journeys and
brought 1 friend.
Experiment 16.—Time, 44 hours. The ant with
few larvee made 20 journeys and brought 1 friend. She
did not return after the first 2 hours. The other ant
made 53 journeys and only brought 2 friends. This
latter was the same one as in the previous experiment,
when, however, she had the glass with only two or three
larvee.
Expervment 17.—Time, 1 hour. The ant with few
larvee made 6 journeys and brought no friend. The
one with many larvee made 11 journeys and brought 12
friends.
Experiment 18.—Time, 14 hour. The ant with
few larvee made 25 journeys and brought four friends.
The one with many larvee made 20 journeys and brought
15 friends.
Expervment 19.—Time, 44 hours. The ant with
few larvee made 74 journeys and brought no less than
27 friends. This is quite in opposition to the other
observations ; and I cannot account for it. She was
the ant who brought 15 friends in the previous experi-
ment, and it certainly looks as if some ants were more
influential than others. The ant with many larvee
made 71 journeys and only brought 7 friends.
EHaperiment 20.—Time, 2 hours. Theant with few
larvee made 35 journeys and brought 4 friends. The
one with many larvee made 34 journeys and brought 3
friends.
Expervment 21.—I now transposed the two glasses.
Time, 14 hour. The ant with few larve made 15
journeys and brought no friends. The other made 35
journeys and brought 21 friends.
Experiment 22.—I now transposed the glasses
again. Time, 2 hours. The ant with many larve made
400 EXPERIMENTS ON POWER OF COMMUNICATION.
37 journeys and brought 9 friends. The ant with few
larvee made 18 journeys and brought no friend. This,
I think, isa very striking case. She was under observa-
tion 54 hours; and the scene of her labour was the
same throughout. The first 2 hours she had few larvee
and brought 4 friends ; then for 14 she had many larvee
and brought 21 friends; then again for 2 hours she
had few '‘larvee and brought no friend.
Expervment 23.—Time, 14 hour. The ant with
few larvee made 25 journeys and brought 3 friends.
The other made only 9 journeys, but brought 10 friends.
EHepervment 24.—I now transposed the glasses.
Time occupied, 2 hours. The ant which now had few
larvee made 14 journeys, but brought no friends. The
other made 37 journeys and brought 5 friends.
Experiment 25.—Time 3 hours. I put an ant for an
hour toa full glass; she made 10 journeys and brought
4 friends. I then left only two or three larve: in the
second hour she made 7 journeys and brought no
friend. I then again filled the glass; and during the
third hour she made 14 journeys and brought 3
friends.
EXPERIMENTS ON CO-OPERATION. 40]
APPENDIX H.
Tue following are the detailed observations on bees
alluded to in Chapter X.
August 24.—I opened the postern door at 6.45, and
watched some marked bees till the middle of the day.
Bee No. 1.
6.50 One came to the honey. She then flew to the
window, but after buzzing about for some time
returned to the hive.
21 back to honey. 7.23 back to hive,
.26 back to honey.
30 flew to window and then fell on the floor. I was
afraid she would be trodden on, so at 7.45. I
showed her the way to the hive.
8.40 back to honey.
8.45 back to hive. I now closed the postern door
till 10.15.
10.35 back to honey. 10.39 to hive.
10.45 _ and then to hive.
12.35 A 12.37 to hive again.
Bee No. 2.
7. 0 she cametothe honey. 7. 5 she went back to hive.
7.12 back to the honey. 7.22 5
7.24 5s 7.30 i.
7.42 33 7.46 is
7.52 os 7.57 i
DD
402 COMMUNICATION AMONG BEES.
8. 5 back to the honey. 8. 9 she went back to hive.
8.15 . 8.20 9
8.26 ms 8.30 99
8.40 oe 8.44 ”
8.55 x 9. 0 9
I then closed the door till 10.15; at 9.5, however,
she came round to the honey through an open window,
but could not find her way back, so I had to put her
into the hive.
10.15 back to the honey. _10.17shewent back to hive.
10.20 “5 10.23 a
10.30 o 10.33 a
10.50 . 10.55 5
Mies ol “f Me 6
Neal a iia 35
11.33 os ? os
11.45 A 11.50 5
1250 “5 12. 3 on
12.10 “3 12.15 . 10.21 i
LO.26. OR aaa 10.30 ie
COMMUNICATION AMONG BEES.
10.30 bee No. 4 came.
405
10.35 went back to hive.
MOG. ty) ees 10.45
MOG — 4, - ds 10.52
OAD ~ 25, (ee 10.52
Os oe rete 11. 9
eae eee 40 he ies
Lictiews Lee ana ee 11.16
Laer 11.29
11.22 a strange bee came.
11.26 bee No. 4 came. Pes
SO" es ne eae es)
f eur TOM 11.36
llores ae 11.45
Teste PRs “Tree 11.50
LAT is. Tose. 1159
5» another strange bee came.
12. 1 bee No. 4 came. 1236
Te, a ne 12408
On oy, One ae 12. 7
Hees ear GO 3: 1ee7
Da LT. 12.18
112) eae aaa ae 12.21
IDO hz, 12.31
iOS0n = 10". 12.33
[ogee Ge Ts |, 12.46
(oie er ca 12.44
[eyo wo, 12.40
[24sec 10: 12.49
TER lice Rane 12.54
eet ce. Une eae 12.54
R253) eee TOW) 35 12.56
12257) ee Te 1230
TONY peta tee Une ie
TRG Nee tea nal. ate ?
1, 2. Se iL As 16
1s: cummed 1.12
1.10 8 1.16
406 COMMUNICATION AMONG BEES.
1.10 bee No. 7 came 1.16 went back to hive.
eG"). sg tee 1.19 “
Pir) co! Monkees 1.21 ..
100. ae eee 1.24 e
LO Peer meres 1.25 if
Don eee ae 1.24 3
Le5ks, ee toe Wee 1.27 i
18397.) gh ean
POM s, eats
After this I ceased recording in detail; but the
above shows that while the marked bees came regu-
larly, only in two cases did any unmarked bees come
to the honey.
In the above cases the honey was poured into
saucers, but not weighed. In the following I used a
wide-mouthed jar containing rather more than one
pound of honey.
1.44 bee No. 5 came. 1.45 went away.
104) 5 Veo me. 1.58 -
2. 2 ” 5 5, 2. 5 ”?
Pare EO 5S 2.13 7
Bor OF issn ol bie 2.15 -
Pil OAeearsce Onna sy 2.20 :
ryalleee Ses IE oe 2.21
228 ft iy Lae 2.31 +5
Pei: vit: REMAN es 2.41 .
Zoe) 1/55) | WROMESS 2.40 7
BEAD ny i595) 1 OEE 2.51 >
eae ee Diissn eld 2.55
99
3.10 another came which I Hnmbaned as No. 14.
3.11 bee No. 1 came: 3.13 went away.
SiGe 5s 3.29 mS
Bi)" a en 3.23 x
SiO ements) |S 3.23 “
5.30) pie b 4) 3.32 sf
3.31 1) Amon 3.33 <
COMMUNICATION AMONG BEES. 407
3.37 bee No.1 came. 3.40 went away.
BSG). Leave Shao alee
See aye valh 3.41 «
oh) aaa deethar sd Bag yo
S46) © 45 did ee Seok . She was
Soy 8 AAs 3.56 es | disturbed.
4. 0 ” 1 , 4. 3 ”
4. 0 ” 5 55 4. 3 %
Ae lao 4.11 -
AROSE et entb, Oe ase
AaNGn ee ies 4,20 «
ASORE Lg lk Maton e 3,
Ces oeieen ea 4.29 .
AGG. iy Mee, 4,29 i
During the whole of this time only one strange bee
came, as recorded above.
In the following case I put out, besides one pound
of honey, also four ounces of honey spread over two
plates.
12.15 one of my marked _—12.21 she went.
bees came.
12.26 she returned. 12.31 =
12.36 i 1944. 5
12.51 %; 15 ae an.
eee r ee ee
1.15 i 1. Toye nkuee
1.25 ¥ ee a
1.38 i a
1.49 “ 1S ohne
25 0 ‘i 2k és
2.14 - Bub Otie)):,
2.25 eC ee)
2.38 5 OA). |.
2.50 3 2.58 ff
408 COMMUNICATION AMONG BEES.
3.20 she returned. 3.32 she went. She was
3.39 = 3.45 », \ [disturbed.
3.52 i Peni arn al
a7 a 4. 9 ns
4.15 a 4.20 >
4,27 i 4.3 &
4.43 x 445,
4.50 he 4.59 he
Baa i [eee ae
5.25 ae. 5.3) des,
5.42 as BEAR. MI.
5.56 . 6. 1 e
During this time no other bee came to the honey.
I had, on August 20, introduced some bees to honey
in my room, since which it had been much visited by
them. On the 24th I put a bee to some honey inside
a flower-pot five inches high and five wide at the base.
The flower-pot was laid on its side, and the mouth
closed, so that the bee had to come out through the
hole in the bottom, which was about 4 an inch in dia-
meter. To make things easier for her, I made her a
small alighting-board of wood, the top of which was
level with the hole. I then placed the flower-pot on
the spot where she was accustomed to find the honey.
She had made her first visit that morning at 6.45, re
turning
7.23. I then arranged the flower-pot as de-
scribed, and put her, while feeding, into
it: she found her way out without diffi-
culty.
At 7.40 she returned, but did not seem able to find
9.55
LONG:
At
COMMUNICATION AMONG BEES. 409
her way; so I put her in. The same
thing happened again at
she found her way in easily, and had no
further difficulty. She returned at
This time a friend came with her and
followed her in.
I captured her. No. 2
took no notice, but returned
10.19
10.30
10.44
10.54
DOD eee
Or & OO bo
KS OMOTIN DS Oo >
Co —
At 2.43
GAS
making 59 visits.
410 COMMUNICATION AMONG BEES.
After which she came no more that day. With the one
exception above mentioned, during the whole time no
other bee came to the honey. I might also mention
that I had put out six similar flower-pots in a row, and
that this seemed to puzzle the bee a good deal; she
frequently buzzed about before them, and flew from one
to the other before entering. When she went in, she
generally stood still just inside the entrance for about
thirty seconds, buzzing loudly with her wings. I
thought at first whether this could be intended as a
sort of gong to summon other bees to the feast ; but
though several were flying about, at any rate none came.
The following day (August 25) she came at 6.51, and
had made nine journeys up to 8.41, when I left off
watching. During this time no other bee came.
August 26.—She came at 6.32, and up to 8.43 had
made thirteen journeys.
August 27.—She came at 6.7, and up to 8.43 had
made fourteen journeys.
August 28.—Sbe came at 6.17, and up to 7.11 had
made five journeys. During these days no other bee
came.
On July 19 I put a bee (No. 10) to a honeycomb
containing 12 lbs. of honey
At 12.30 she returned. At 12.36 went back to hive.
12.50 ae 12.55 -
eG a ie 112 4
1.53 % 157
2.5 29 2+ 9 9
2.16 ie 2.20 “
2.28 - 2.32? e
2.49 és 2.55 c.
3.13 s 3.20 bs
3.31 mA 3.39 ¥
3.45 ‘ 3.55 .
COMMUNICATION AMONG BEES. 411
4.18 she returned. 4.24 went back to hive.
4,31 i 4.37 é
4.47 ie 4.58 i
5.10 es 5.19 -
5.27 i 5.30 4
6. 9 is 6.15 z
6.23 # 6.29 i
7.19 4 7.24. a
Tsao - 7.40 x
7.50 x Wfeays) i
and during all this time no other bee came to the comb.
On the following morning, July 20, this bee came
to the honeycomb
At 6. 5 A.M. At 6.10 went back to hive.
6.37 she returned. 6.42 x
pile K 7.21 é
7A] i 7.47 a
8. 8 if 8.12 i
8.21 di 8.25 fi
8.32 fs 8.54 se
9. 4 ” o. 9 ey)
9.45 if 9.51 i
10. 4 iM 10.10 x
10.19 10.26 ij
10.40 ie 10.47 i
10.59 f ie si
11.14 i 11.19 ie
11.44 i 11.52 i
11.59 i 12. 6 e
12.15 is 12.23 a
12.29 i 12.35 e
12.41 5, (was dis-
turbed) 12.52 =
1.2 5 Jen x
1.16 if 1.30 i
1.46 é 1.55
412 COMMUNICATION AMONG BEES.
I then left off observing ; but during the whole of this
time no other bee had come to the comb.
October 9.—I took a bee (No. 11) out of the hive
and put her to some honey: she returned and kept on
visiting it regularly.
October 10.—This bee came to the honey at
7.30 A.M., and went on visiting it; but I was not able
to watch her continuously. During these two days no
other bee came to this honey.
October 11.—No. 11 came to the honey
At 7.12 a.M., but did not alight.
7.18 she returned. At 7.21 went back to hive.
7.27 i 73
7.38 ‘2 7.44
7.51 is 7.56
8. 2 % 8. 8
8.15 - 8.22
8.30 a 8.35
8.41 £ 8.46
8.55 if 8.59
9. 6 9.11
9.20 s 9.25
9.45 . 9.50
9.55 i TON
10.97 ‘ 10.11
10.19 ‘ 10.23
by
10.30 a strange bee came ; I killed her.
10.35 she returned. At 10.40 went back to hive.
10.55 »
1a 4. ss
11.26 x
11.35 3
Another strange bee came.
At 11.52 she returned. At 11.55 went.
eer “
10.59
1212
29
99
12.31
after which she did not come any more that day.
COMMUNICATION AMONG BEES.
NNWNNNHP He He wb
Or Go
i G9 ND et
Oo bo
Do NO OW SP DH DW BD bw
oe
°
=
o
B
se
bb}
413
It
was, however, a bad day, and after 1 o’clock she was
almost the only bee which came out of the hive.
The
following morning she came to the honey at 7.58 A.M.,
but did not alight, behaving just as she had done the
day before.
At 8. 6 a.m. No. 11 returned to rcs At 8. 9 went.
8.14
10.12
10.16
10.26
10.33
10.40
29
8.20
8.34
8.46
8.59
9.14
9.24
9.33
9.44
but was disturbed.
Astrange bee came. At 9.59 No. 11 went.
At 10. 5 she returned to the honey. At 10. 8 went.
10.13
10.20
10.28
10.36
10.46
4)4 COMMUNICATION AMONG BEES.
10.55 a strange bee came. No. 11 returned to the
honey regularly, and went on coming.
October 13.—At 6.28 A.M. she came, but, as before,
flew away again without alighting.
At 6.32 she came to the honey. At 6.36 went away,
6.42 ed 36 6.46 Es
6.51 “ “3 6.56 a
Galo 3 GIA a
7.26 y ‘ 7.04 as
7.46 ee es 7.50 55
C00 5 J as 8. O a
8.12 * a 8.15 x
8.20 es 9% 8.26 Si
8.30 _ a 8.33 3)
8.37 4 Be 8.44 5
8.50 i a 8.56 pa
and so on.
October14.—She came for the first time at 8.15 A.M.,
and went on visiting the honey at the usual intervals.
After this day I saw her no more; she had probably
met with some accident. But these facts show that
some bees, at any rate, do not communicate with their
sisters, even if they find an untenanted comb full of
honey, which to them would be a perfect Eldorado.
This is the more remarkable because these bees began
to work in the morning before the rest, and continued
to do so even in weather which drove all the others
into the shelter of the hive. That the few strange
bees which I have recorded should have found the
honey is natural enough, because there were a good
many bees about in the room. My room, I may add,
is on the first floor ; if it had been on the level of the
ground I believe that many more bees would have found
their way to the honey.
I will now proceed to the similar observations made
with wasps.
EXPERIMENTS WITH WASPS. 415
The first one, I believe a worker of Vespa Germanica,
I marked and put to some honey on September 18.
The next morning she came for the first time
at 7.25, and fed till 7.28, when she began flying
about the room, and even into the next; so I thought .
it well to put her out of the window, and she then flew
straight away to her nest. My room, as already
mentioned, had windows on two sides; and the nest
was in the direction of a closed window, so that the
wasp had to go out of her way in passing out through
the open one.
At 7.45 she came back. I had moved the glass
containing the honey about two yards; and though it
stood conspicuously, the wasp seemed to have much
difficulty in finding it. Again she flew to the window
in the direction of her nest, and I had as before to
show her the way out, which I did at 8.2.
At 8.15 she returned to the honey almost straight.
At 8.21 she flew again to the closed window, and
apparently could not find her way, so at 8.35 I put
her out again. It seems obvious from this that wasps
have a sense of direction, and do not find their way
merely by sight.
At 8.50 back to honey, and 8.54 again to wrong
window ; but finding it closed, she took two or three
turns round the room, and then flew out through the
open window.
At 9.24 back to the honey, and 9.27 away, first,
however, paying a visit to the wrong window, but with-
out alighting.
At 9.36 back to honey; 9.39 away, but, as before, going
first to wrong window. She was away, there-
fore, 9 minutes.
9.50 back to honey ; 9.53 away.! Interval 11 minutes.
10. 0 =», 9 10. 7 ” +) 11 9
1 This time straight.
416 COMMUNICATION.
10.19 back to honey; 10.22 away. Interval 12 minutes.
1:85: 7 y, Au eTO.sOn ie i TO able:
1OA7.0%, ge AOS Ou s ee
ii wanes ae Ge. Phat: ,
non . ion 3 ae
ssa Sc sae oo 5 | <0)
ee eO8 Weak oe Fae
12.3 5, ” 12.5 ,, ” 11 ”
12.13 ,, ” 12.155 ” 9 8 ”
12.25 ,, Oe gare ice MOU ee
1280) a Oe: ae 5 peel ane
154 eee es ne Coy Sia Oa
115 ,, 9 1.19 ,, gg) SEO,
EPA ob) oy) 1.30 ,, ” 8 ”
Here for the first time another specimen came to
the honey.
At 1.37 back to honey; 1.39 away.!
1.46 ,, on 149 ,, Interval 7minutes
1 54 99 bb) 1.58 ye) 39 5 bb)
2. 5 99 39 2. tf 99 99 a bb)
2.15 39) bb) 2.19 22) 99 8 39
yah ke ns DED isk 53 8 ss
2.39 bb) bb) 2.42 bb) 99 7 99
2.50 99 bb) 2.54 99 99 8 99
3. 2 399 bh) 3. 6. 99 99 8 bb)
3.14 bb) bb) 3.17 bb) bb) 8 bhi
3 26 bb) 39 3 29 39 99 9 99
Boo. 4s st oo a 9 e
3 50 99 bb) 3.58 bb) 99 8 bb)
4 i bb) 99 4.12 bP) 39 9 39
4.20 ,, 9 4.23 5, ” So hls
4 32 bb) 99 4.36 99 99 9 bb)
1 Was rather disturbed, as I tried to mark her.
2 She very often, however, throughout the day, in going away,
flew to the other window first, and then, without alighting, returned
to and went through the open one.
COMMUNICATION. a7
4.46 back to honey; 4.49 away. Interval 10minutes.
5. 3
dD. 0 99 9 99 99 1] 99
Dols ts or) aroun tl LONER 4
5.26 39 99 5.30 99 29 9 99
5AON:, ios raat 5 © LOM
ero lene esi ono” 5s oS TO ae
6. 7 99 99 6.11 99 29 8 29
6.20 99 39 6.25 99 99 9 29
She did not come any more that day; but, as will
be seen, she had made forty-five visits to the honey i in
eleven hours.
During the whole of this time no
strange wasp, except the one above mentioned, came to
this honey.
The following day, September 20, this wasp made
her appearance in my room at 6.55, when she flew
straight to the honey.
At 6.55 came to honey; 6. ce went away.
7. 8
18
30
41
53
a
ffs
bs
de
ie
8.
8.15
8.27
8.38
8.50
ee Al
9.12
9.22
9.
1
2
34
9.46
NOSE
10.13
10.28
10.38
39
», Absent 9 minutes.
S
“TO 0 HOH WMD HO
418 COMMUNICATION,
10.53 came to honey; = ‘4 away. Absent 11 minutes.
Py. 7 39 39 bb) MA ”°
11.21 6 nee sy ag ROMs
11.32 % 11.36 So
The wasp which came once yesterday returned and
rather disturbed the first.
At11.49cameto honey; 11. away. Absent 13 minutes.
11.57 5 12
12. 8 i ea
29 99 7 9
bb) 99 8 29
Here I was away for about two hours.
2.42 came to honey ; 2.46 away.
2.58 - 3.-2. ,, Interval 12 minutes
3.15 an gies Faigle 5
3.25 a oO. ~ 8 59
Here I was called away.
4.25 came to honey; 4.28 ,,
4.A1 e A Anas See ar aaa
5.15 . OIE Ae eer
5.30 - EVN The rates:
5.45 " 550) ie Hay arate a
6. 2 9 ORES ae ” 12 ”
6.15 @ Gola a ARR TL Cs
This was the last visit that day. She made, there-
fore, thirty-eight visits during the time she was watched,
which was not quite eight hours. She was at work
from 6.55 to 6.15; and assuming that she was occupied
in the same manner during the three hours when she
was not watched as during the rest of the time, she
would have made over fifty visits to the honey during
the day.
Wishing, however, to have a complete record of a
day’s work, I watched her the following day without
intermission.
COMMUNICATION.
419
September 21.—I began watching at ten minutes
past six.
6.16 came to honey; 6.19 away.
6.29
6.41
6.55
fell
1.23
1.37
7.56
6.32
6.44
Tio
€.15
7.26
7.42
8. 3
99
Interval 10 minutes.
9
ual
ital
8
1l
14
39
Was disturbed, and seemed rather troubled.
8.11 came to honey ; 8.14 away.
8.20
8.31
8.40
8.50
8.58
9. 8
9.18
9.30
9.39
9.50
10. 1
10.14
10.25
10.37
10.47
1130
SALE
11.34
11.50
12. 5
12.20
12.36
r).8
8.24
Interval 8 minutes.
eT8eMmMUOTISTONOHDODAITS
420 COMMUNICATION.
1.26 came to honey; 1.28 away. Interval 15 minutes.
1.40 i 1.42 5; 93. ae
1.57 ” 2, 2 ” ” 15 »
2.10 eS i le tae if a
2.25 - 230" mi
2.45 29 2.56 2 ” 15 ”
She buzzed about at the other window for a few
minutes, which made the interval longer than
usual.
3.13 came to honey ; 3.18 away. Interval 17 minutes.
3.29 Fe BO 85 % ili ve
3.41 Bs, Be eae 3 PA 10 -
3.49 P S025 “55 nS 4 es
4. 2 bb) 4. 6 bb) 3° 7 99
4.19 a 4.22 ,, 9914 LS 4 ay
4.29 5 4.33 ,, ” ti ”
4.40 < 4.44 ,, 9 Nes
4.51 99 4.53 ” ” 7 ”
D 4 bb) 5. 6 99 bb} 11 39
5.16 9 5.20 5, 9 10 ry)
jean be 5.35 4, i 12 af
5.45 < Sy) VE es as 10 i
It will be seen that the intervals of her absence
were remarkably regular. On one occasion, indeed,
she was only away four minutes; but this time I think
she had been disturbed, and had not provided herself
with a regular supply of food.
The number of visits was fifty-one in eleven hours
and a half. I tried whether she would be in any way
affected by a dead wasp, so I put one on the honey;
but she took no notice whatever.
I observed with other wasps, that when the open
window was not the shortest way to their nests, they
had a great tendency to fly to that which was in the
right direction, and to remain buzzing about there.
INDUSTRY OF WASPS. 421
During the whole of this day only four or five
strange wasps came to the honey.
As regards the regularity of their visits, and the
time occupied, other wasps which I observed agreed
very closely with this one. For comparison, it may be
worth while to give one or two other cases. I will
commence with that of a worker, I believe V. vulgaris,
observed on September 19.
10 a.m. I put her to the honey; she fed and then flew
about the room, and at last got into my bee-
hive.
10.54. She came in again at the window. I again put
her to the honey. She again flew all about
the room.
11.41. She returned, and this time came to the
honey; but when she had fed again flew
round and round the room, and did not seem
able to find her way out. I therefore put her
out.
12.11 she returned, and the same thing happened again.
12.28 ce. | 12.31 flew straight away.
1254 3
12.53 . 12-5 tee.
1.10 3
1.26 a Ogu eo
1.38 5 1.41 » Interval 9 minutes
1.50 ft 534 an Qik
2. 3 ” 2. 6 ry) » 10 ”
2.12 3 DG pat arta
Was disturbed.
2.20 : 225 ee iced
2.40 +») 2.43 ” 2 15 oy)
2.51 J pe ea . | eat
3. 1 2”? 3. 4 ” ” 7 ”
3.13 Sella. 5. ome
3.25 oo) a sp eg
422 REGULARITY OF VISITS.
3.35 Pig: back \ 3.38 eee \ Interval 7 minutes.
away
to honey ;
3.46 53 3.50 $3 Boia oP icp
3.58 ” apt ” ” 8 ”
4.10 ars 4.14 3 Ae aa
4.23 ee 4.25 ms 3 Oya
4.34 of 4.38 98 si ae oe
4.46 35 4.50 i 95 Sores
4,58 2” 5. 4 ” ” 8 ”
5.14 », Was disturbed and flew about. 8 __,,
She did not return any more that evening, but
made her appearance again at half-past six the next
morning.
From twelve o’clock, when she had learnt her way,
till five, she made twenty-five visits in five hours, or
about five an hour, as in the previous cases.
It struck me as curious that on the following day
this wasp seemed by no means so sure of her way, but
over and over again went to the closed window.
Again, September 21, at 11.50 I fed a wasp.
11.56 she returned to honey; 11.57 flew away.
12. 6 3 t258 3%
1.25 “5 45 2 ss
1.37 39 * 1.39 5
1 57 29 29 2 0 29
2.15 3 5 2.17 “3
2.22 99 2.25 6
2.32 5 as 2.36 3
2.50 os 9 2.55 “5
3 2 99 29 3 4 29
3.14 os s 3.18 =
3.28 35 ~ 3.30 =
3.40 3 as 3.44 x
3.51 os AS 3.55 =
4. 4 5 4. 8 os
A DAY'S WORK. 423
? she returned to honey ; 4.31 flew away.
4.37 35 5 4.41
4.46 ¥ +s 4.48 +)
AST! ie bs Onis
ae0 9 s 5.12 45
5.22 99 = 5.26
5.31 . x 5.36 %
She made therefore twenty-three journeys, but did
not bring a single friend.
The last case of -which I will give particulars is
the following:—On September 10, 1875, I marked
another wasp, also a worker, of, I believe, V. vulgaris.
On the 11th she came to the honey for the first time,
returning at 7.25, and left at 7.27
>» 7.34 % T3t
» 7.41 » 7.44
” 7.49 » 7.51
x 7.56 5 7.58
y ee e 8. 6
i 8.13 i 8.16
5 8.20 i 8.23
bb) 8.30 39 8.32
z 8.37 if 8.40
SAG hai ested
39
She was disturbed.
Returning at 9. 4, she left at 9. 5
3 2209 » 9.10
a 9.15 Hs 9.16
She was disturbed..
Returning at 9.30, she left at 9.32
es 9.50 . 9.54
She was disturbed.
Returning at 10. 0, she left at 10. 2
a) LOLOL), 10:13
Cyt TG eOM nee! LOS
24.
A DAY’S WORK.
Returning at 10.26 she left at 10.28
10.33
10.41
10.47
10.54
LTO
ad
11.14
11.20
11.26
11.33
0)
ROU Rt a ta
An WwW HE”
COO m= OF ATR Oo - ©
| I
10.35
10.43
10.49
10.56
12.57
1
1
1
if
1
1
1.39
1
li
2
2
2
A DAY’S WORK. 425
Returning at 2.33 she left at 2.35
t 2.40 2.42
- 2.45 ? 2.47
‘. 2.53 %: 2.56
< 3. 0 a! a02
ne Saud HA 3. 5
3.15 fn 3.11
a 3.23 zs 3.17
i 3.30 - 3.25
f 3.37 5 3.32
i 3.49 3 3.39
e 3,52 . 3.47
i 3, 5 i 3.54
< 4. 0 is 4. 2
i 4. 6 i 4. 9
a 4.15 4 4.17
2, 4,22 6 4.24
4,29 ‘ 4.3
a 4.35 i 4.37
a 4.41 - 4,43
-; 4.50 . 4.52
- 4.57 . 4.59
if 5. 2 i 5.5
= 5.10 ¥ 5.12
in 5.17 ni 5.19
% 5.23 © 5.25
i 5.30 i 5.32
ss 5.3 is 5.39
i 5.44 4 5.46
i 5.50 ti 5.52
i 5.56 ih 5.58
i 6. 2 ie 6. 4
6.7 ¥ 6. 9
6.13 as 6.15
6.20 e 6.22
3 6.28 st 6.30
4 6.34 ik 6.36
i 6.41 i 6.43
426 A DAY’S WORK.
This was her last visit for the evening, making no less
than ninety-four visits in the day, during which time
only two other wasps found the honey, though it was
lying exposed on a table at an open window. It will
be seen that she worked with the utmost industry and
regularity. The following morning she came at 6.18
and made twenty visits up to 8.18, after which I did
not record them. During this time no stranger came.
No doubt, however, if a wasp is put to honey in an
exposed place, other wasps gradually find their way to
it. In the preceding experiments some few, though
but few, did so. I then thought I would try a simi-
lar experiment with concealed honey. Accordingly,
on September, 20 I marked a wasp and put her
to some honey, which she visited assiduously. The
following morning I opened my window at 6, and she
made her first visit at 6.27, the temperature being 61°
Fahr. I then placed the honey in a box communi-
cating with the outside by an india-rubber tube 6
inches long and 4 inch in diameter. The wasp, how-
ever, soon got accustomed to it, and went in and out
without much loss of time. The 22nd was finer; and
when I opened my window at 6 in the morning, she
was already waiting outside, the temperature being 61°.
The 23rd was rather colder, and she came first at 6.20,
the temperature being again 61°.
I was not at home during these days; but, as far
as I could judge from watching in the mornings and
evenings, no other wasp found the honey. On the
24th I had a holiday and timed her as follows. It was
rather colder than the preceding days, and she did not
come till 6.40, when the temperature was 58° She
returned as follows :—
6.49 722
6.58 7.32
7.12 | 7.40
A DAY’S WORK. 427
7.00 8.45
8. 0 8.52
8a9 9. 2
8.19 9.12
8.26 9.45
8.35 ‘
I had almost closed the window, so that she had a
difficulty in finding her way.
9.58 10.32
10.10 10.51
The temperature was still only 60°, and it was rain-
ing, scarcely any other wasps about.
AUB iced! 2.59
1p ea 3. 8
Dae E 3.14
11.29 3.23
11.40 3.32
11.46 3.40
11.56 3.48
12. 6 3.57
12.14 4.12
12.25 4.20
12.33 4.29
leet 4.39
1.32 4.47
1.42 4.58
1.53 5. 6
re) 5.17
21) 5.28
2.26 5.3
2.35 5.42
2.51 5.02
This was her last visit. During the whole day no
other wasp found the honey. [ also tried other wasps,
428 DESCRIPTION OF
concealing the honey in the same manner, and with a
similar result.
I have no doubt some wasps would make even more
journeys in a day than those recorded above.
wy
The following are descriptions of some new species
referred to in the preceding pages. The first is the
Australian honey ant.
_ CAMPONOTUS INFLATUS, n. sp.) Operaria.—Long.
15 mill. Nigra, tarsis pallidioribus; subtiliter cori-
acea, setis cinereo-testaceis sparsis ; antennis tibiisque
haud pilosis ; tarsis infra hirsutis ; mandibulis punctatis,
hirsutis, sexdentatis ; clypeo non carinato, antice in-
tegro ; petioli squama modice incrassata, antice con-
vexa, postice plana emarginata. Hab. Australian.
The colour is black, the feet being somewhat paler.
The body is sparsely covered with stiff cinereo-testa-
ceous hairs, especially on the lower and anterior part
of the head, the mandibles, and the posterior edge of
the thorax. The head and thorax are finely coriaceous.
The antennz are of moderate length, twelve-
jointed; the scape about one-third as long as the
terminal portion, and somewhat bent. At the apex of
the scape are a few short spines, bifurcated at the
point. At the apex of each of the succeeding segments
are a few much less conspicuous spines, which decrease
in size from the basal segments outwards. The antenna
is also thickly clothed with short hairs, and especially
towards the apex with leaf-shaped sense-hairs. The
clypeus is rounded, with a slightly developed median
lobe and a row of stiff hairs round the anterior border ;
it is not carinated.
The mandibles have six teeth, those on one side
being rather more developed and more pointed than
1 In the Linnean Jowrn.v. I have given figures of this species.
THE AUSTRALIAN HONEY ANT. 429
those on the other. They decrease pretty regularly
from the outside inwards.
The maxillze are formed on the usual type. The
maxillary palpi are six-jointed, the third segment being
but slightly longer than the second, fourth, or fifth ;
while in Myrmecocystus the third and fourth are
greatly elongated. The segments of the palpi have on
the inner side a number of curious curved blunt hairs
besides the usual shorter ones.
The labial palpi are four-jointed. The eyes are
elliptical and of moderate size. The ocelli are not
developed.
The thorax is arched, broadest in front, without any
marked incision between the meso- and meta-notum ;
the mesonotum itself is, when seen from above, very
broadly oval, almost cireular, rather broader in front
and somewhat flattened behind. The legs are of
moderate length, the hinder ones somewhat the
longest. The scale or knot is heart-shaped, flat
behind, slightly arched in front, and with a few stiff,
slightly diverging hairs at the upper angles. The
length is about two-thirds of an inch.
The following refers to a new species of mite which
I have found in nests of Lastius flavus, and of which
Mr. Michael has been good enough to draw up the
following description.
UROPODA FORMICARIA, sp. nov.
This species, although it falls strictly within the
genus Uropoda, and not within Kramer’s genus
Trachynotus as defined by that writer, still in most
respects, except the very distinctions upon which the
genus is founded, resembles Trachynotus pyriformis
(Kramer) more closely than it does any other recorded
species. It is, however, decidedly different, and is
characterised by the squareness of its abdomen, the
thickness and roughness of its chitinous dermal skele-
430 DESCRIPTION OF A MITE
ton, and especially by the powerful chitinous ridges or
wing-like expansions on the lateral surface between the
second and third pair of legs.
Length, ¢ and ¢, about -95 millim.
Breadth se peu es OOleN iss
The abdomen is almost square, but somewhat longer
than broad, and slightly narrowed at its junction with
the cephalothorax, from which it is not plainly dis-
tinguished. The extreme edge is a strong chitinous
ridge bordered with a thick fringe of short, stout,
curved hairs, asin 7’. pyriformis. The dorsal surface
of the cephalothorax is also narrowed towards the front,
and has a curved anterior margin bent down so as to
protect the mouth, as in that species; it bears a few
of the same kind of hairs as the abdomen, and has a
chitinous thickening at each side. The abdomen rises
almost perpendicularly from the marginal ridge. There
is a central depression occupying the posterior half, or
rather more than half of the abdomen; and at the bottom
of this depression are transverse ridges, the hinder ones
nearly straight, and the anterior ones bent in the
middle, the central point being forward ; at the sides of,
but not in, this depression, are two chitinous blocks
which seem to form a starting-point fer the ridges.
Anterior to this depression the central portion of the
creature, 7.e. its longitudinal dorsal axis, is higher in
level than in parts nearer the margin, and forms an
irregular triangle of rough chitine. A broad chitinous
plate or ridge projects on each side above the second
leg, and between that and the third, evidently for their
protection; it is probably flexible at the will of the
creature, as in the genus Oribates.
The sternal surface has strongly marked depressions
for the reception of the legs. The cox of the first
pair of legs are largely developed, flattened, almost
touch in the median line, and nearly conceal the mouth,
PARASITIC ON ANTS, 431
as in the typical Uropodas. The genital opening of
the male is rather large, round, and placed centrally
between the coxze of the second pair of legs. The
female appears only to be distinguished from the male
by being more strongly chitinised, and by the con-
spicuous valval plate which occupies the whole space
between the coxze of the second and third pairs of legs
and extends beyond both.
The nymph is less square in the abdomen than the
adult, and the border of hairs is absent; the margin is
somewhat undulated, the concave undulations being so
placed as to give free action to the legs when raised ;
the central depression of the abdomen is far less
marked than in the adult; a slight ridge runs all
round the dorsal surface a little within the margin ;
four ridges, two anterior and two posterior, run from
the circumscribing ridge to a raised ellipse in the centre ;
there are not any plates for the protection of the legs,
and the coxee of the first pair are not flattened as in the
adult.
This mite lives in the nests of Formica flava.
Description of a New Genus and Species of Phoriac
parasitic on Ants. By G. H. VERRALL, Esq., Memb.
Entom. Soe.
Sir Jon Lusgock has kindly forwarded for my exa-
mination and determination certain specimens of dip-
terous insects said to have been found parasitic on species
of ants, which latter he has been studying with care as
to their habits. Having given considerable attention to
the family Phoride, I was agreeably surprised to find
the parasitic specimens to be forms new to science.
One of these is a new species of the genus Phora; the
other I regard as possessing characters swt generis, and
hence define it under the generic title Platyphora, at
432 DESCRIPTION OF TWO NEW
the same time bestowing on the species the name of
the discoverer, who worthily pursues entomological re-
searches, spite of many pressing public engagements.
The subjoined descriptions embrace the diagnostic
peculiarities of the insects in question.
PHORA FORMICARUM, n. sp.—Nigro-cinerea, fronte
setosa, caniculata ; antennis mediocribus, cinereis; palpis
magnis, flavis ; halteribus flavidis ; pedibus totis pallide
flavis, inermibus, tibiis intermediis unicalcaratis, posticis
modice dilatatis ; alis subhyalinis, nervo secundo sim-
plici, nervulis vix undulatis. Long. vix 4 lin.
Frons broad, grey, bristly, two large bristles being
close to the eye-margin ; down the centre is a deep
impressed channel, which at its lower end joins a
channel above the antennz, and at its upper end a
channel round the raised vertical triangle ; the space
between these two latter channels (comprising the true
frons) is about once and a half broader than deep ;
on the vertical triangle are two bristles; the third
joint of the antennz is moderately large, ovate, grey ;
the arista short, somewhat yellowish, almost naked ;
the palpi conspicuous, all pale yellow, with a few short
black bristles at the tip; on the cheeks are some short
black bristles.
The thorax is grey or brownish grey, broad, not much
arched, the disk being nearly flat, and on the hinder
part absolutely concave ; on the disk there are no long
bristles, but a dense clothing of rather short black
bristles ; along the side of the thorax between the
humeri, the base of the wing, and the scutellum are
some long black bristles, and two on the thorax just
before the scutellum; on each side of the scutellum
are two long bristles; halteres dirty pale yellow ;
abdomen bare, dull black, with slightly yellowish
incisures; ovipositor polished black, long, slightly
incurved and grooved.
FLIES PARASITIC ON ANTS. 433
Legs pale yellow, including the coxz, clothed with
minute black bristles ; all the coxee with two or three
black bristles at the tips, the legs otherwise bare
excepting the spurs; femora flattened and widened,
especially the hind pair, the hind tibiz also slightly
flattened and widened on the apical half; middle tibize
with a long spur inside at the tip, and hind tibize with
a small one inside and a very minute one outside; tarsi
longer than the tibize, joints gradually diminishing in
length.
Wings very slightly smoky, broad; second thick
vein not extending half the length of the wing, thick-
ened, but not forked at its tip; first veinlet with a
steady curve; second very slightly curved at base,
otherwise straight; third very slightly undulated;
fourth hardly visible at base, evident towards tip, very
slightly undulated ; costa bristly up to end of second
thick vein.
This species is readily distinguished by its simple
second thick vein, channelled frons, small size, and by
the absence of bristles on the tibiz.
It is parasitic on Lasius niger.
PLATYPHORA, 0. gen.
Lata, planx, tota absque setis. Frons latissima.
Thorax transversus. Abdomen parvus. Alarum vena
cubitalis simplex, subacostali parallela; venule undu-
latee ; costa ad basin subciliata.
Distinguished from all the existing genera of
Phoridz by its flat and broad shape, which resembles
that of the small species of Sphwvocera. The absence
of strong bristles on the frons, thorax, and legs also
distinguishes it from all the genera except Gymnophora,
which, however, is of the usual arched Phora-shape,
and has the cubital vein forked, costa bare, &e.
FF
434 PLATYPHORA LUBBOCKII.
PLATYPHORA Lupgockit.—Nigra, nitida; abdomine
triangulari, segmento tertio parvo; femoribus posticis
basi flavidis ; alis apice latis, flavido-hyalinis, costa ad
basin subciliata, vena cubitali ad medium costz extensa
subcostali parallela, venulis undulatis. Long. ? lin.
Broad, flat, shining; frons very broad, the eyes
scarcely occupying each one-sixth the width of the
head; it is moderately shining, gently arched, and
pretty densely clothed with minute bristles; the
three ocelli visible slightly luteous ; antennze with the
third joint rather large, somewhat rounded; thorax
broad, flat, rather broader than the head, angles
tolerably rounded, disk shining (in appearance sug-
gesting a small Spherocera), beset with very minute
bristles, which become rather scarcer towards the
hinder part; scutellum rather dull, margined, nearly
four times as broad as long: abdomen black, narrower
and shorter than the thorax (again suggestive of
Spherocera); each segment after the second success-
ively narrower, the last one being almost trian-
gular; the third segment is very short, contracted
under the second; the hind margins form a curved
convex towards the thorax, the first segment being
slightly emarginate in the middle; the sixth (last) is
much the longest. Legs stoutish, blackish, basal two-
thirds of hind femora yellowish; middle tibize with
two small spines at the tip. Wings considerably over-
lapping the abdomen, yellowish hyaline, darker about
the basal half of the costa, blunt at the tip, cubital
vein extending about half the length of the wing, and
the costa slightly ciliate up to its end, subcostal vein
running parallel to it and ending just before it; both
veins a little thickened at their ends; first veinlet
curved §S-like, considerably at its base, slightly at its
end, vanishing distinctly before the tip of the wing;
second veinlet also S-like, diverging at its end from
the first, and ending distinctly below the tip of the
PLATYPHORA LUBBOCKII. 435
wing; third veinlet slightly undulated, ending very
wide from the second ; fourth faint, not reaching the
end of the wing. i
This description having been made from a specimen
gummed down on card, though in very good condi-
ae i dp rao ay 1 So ine
he faced | ,
ACG" Tun Senses OF BueEs. ¥ Yesterday Sir John
Lubbock read to the members of the Linnean Society
an account of his further observations on the habits of
insects made during the past year. The two queen ants
| which have lived with him since 1874, and which are
now, therefore, 10 less than eight years old, are still
alive and laid’ eggs last summer_as usual. His oldest
| workers are seven years old. Dr Miler, in a recent
review, had courteously criticised his experiments on
the colour sense of bees, but Sir John Lubbock pointed
out that he had anticipated the objections suggested by
Dr. Miiller, and had guarded against the supposed
source of error. The difference was, moreover, not one
of principle, nor does Dr. Miller question the main
conclusions arrived at, or doubt the preference of bees
for blue, which, indeed, is strongly indicated by his
own observations on \flowers. Sir John also recorded
soine further experiments with reference to the
power of hearing. Some bees were trained to
come to honey which was placed on a musical
box on the lawn close to a window. The musical
box was kept going for several hours a day
for a fortnight. It was then brought into the
house and placed out of sight, but at the open window,
and only about seven yards from where it had been
before. The bees, however, did not find the honey,
though when it was once shown them they came to it
readily encugh. Other experiments with a microphone
were without results. Everyone knows that bees when
swarming are popularly, and have been ever since the
time of Aristotle, supposed to be influenced by clanging
kettles, &c. Experienced apiarists are now disposed to
doubt whether the. noise has really any effect, but Sir
John suggests that evenif it has, with reference to
which he expressed no opinion, it is possible that what
the bees hearare not the loud low sounds, but the
higher overtones at the verge of or beyond our range of
hearing. As regards the industry of wasps, he timed a
bee and a wasp, for each of which he provided a store of
honey, and he found that the wasp began earlier in the
morning (at four a.m.),and worked on later inthe day. He
did not, however, quote this as proving greater industry
‘on the part of the wasp, as it might be that they are
less sensitive to cold. Moreover, though the bee’s pro- }
boscis is admirably adapted to extract honey from
tu ular flowers, when the honey is exposed, as in this
ease, the wasp appears able to swallow it more rapidly.
This particular wasp began work at four in the morning, |
and went on without any rest or intermission till a
-quarter to eight in the evening, caine which time she
paid Sir John 116 visits. y
p>
434 PLATYPHORA LUBBOCKII.
PLATYPHORA Luszockit.—Nigra, nitida; abdomine
triangulari, segmento tertio parvo; femoribus posticis
basi flavidis; alis apice latis, flavido-hyalinis, costa ad
basin subciliata, vena cubitaliad medium cost extensa
subcostali parallela, venulis undulatis. Long. ? lin.
Broad, flat, shining; frons very broad, the eyes
scarcely occupying each one-sixth the width of the
head; it is moderately shining, gently arched, and
pretty densely clothed with minute bristles; the
three ocelli visible slightly luteous ; antennz with the
third joint rather large, somewhat rounded ; thorax
broad, flat, rather broader than the head, angles
tolerably rounded, disk shining (in appearance sug-
gesting a small Spherocera), beset with very minute
bristles, which become rather scarcer towards the
hinder part; scutellum rather dull, margined, nearly
four times as broad as long: abdomen black, narrower
and shorter than the thorax (again suggestive of
Sphcerocera); each segment after the second success-
ively narrower, the last one being almost trian-
gular; the third segment is very short, contracted
under the second; the hind margins form a curved
convex towards the thorax, the first segment being
slightly emarginate in the middle; the sixth (last) is
much the longest. Legs stoutish, blackish, basal two-
thirds of hind femora yellowish; middle tibize with
two small spines at the tip. Wings considerably over-
lapping the abdomen, yellowish hyaline, darker about
the basal half of the costa, blunt at the tip, cubital
vein extending about half the length of the wing, and
the costa slightly ciliate up to its end, subcostal vein
running parallel to it and ending just before it; both
veins a little thickened at their ends; first veinlet
curved S-like, considerably at its base, slightly at its
end, vanishing distinctly before the tip of the wing;
second veinlet also S-like, diverging at its end from
the first, and ending distinctly below the tip of the
PLATYPHORA LUBBOCKII. 435
wing; third veinlet slightly undulated, ending very
wide from the second ; fourth faint, not reaching the
end of the wing.
This description having been made from a specimen
gummed down on card, though in very good condi-
tion, I am unable to decide on the sex, or to examine
the face, palpi, base of antenne, or coxe.
Wie vury avode Hover yuri eevee WucrG 26 GeWw VOOM
before. The bees, however, did not find the honey,
though when it was once shown them they came to it
readily encugh. Other experiments with a microphone
were without results. Everyone knows that bees when
swarming are popularly, and have been ever since the
time of Aristotle, supposed to be influenced by clanging
kettles, &c. Experienced apiarists are now disposed to
doubt whether the-noise has really any effect, but Sir
John suggests that evenif it has, with reference to
which he expressed no opinion, it is possible that what
the bees hearare not the loud low sounds, but the
higher overtones at the verge of or beyond our range of
hearing. As regards the industry of wasps, he timed a
bee and a wasp, for each of which he provided a store of |
honey, and he found that the wasp began earlier in the
morning (at four a.m.),and worked on later inthe day. He
did not, however, quote this as proving greater industry
on the part of the wasp, as it might be that they are
less sensitive to cold. Moreover, though the bee’s pro- |
-boseis is admirably adapted to extract honey from
tu ular flowers, when the honey. is exposed, as in this"
ease, the wasp appears able to swallow it more rapidly.
This particular wasp began work at four in the morning, |
| and went on without any rest or intermission till a
| Guarter to eight in the evening, during which time she
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ABD
BDOMEN of ant described, 10,
13; of the Mexican honey
ant, 19, 47
Acacia with hollow thorns in-
habited by ants, 57
Affection less powerful than
hatred among ants, 106 ; absence
of, among bees, 286
Agricultural ants, 61, 92
Aldrovandus quoted as to ants, 61
Amazon ants, see Polyergus ru-
Sescens
Amber, an intermediate form of
ant preserved in, 68
Analogies between ant societies
and human, 91
André quoted as to Platyarthrus,
75; as to the slaves of YF. san-
guinea, 80
Anergates, 85 ; no workers among
them, 86; degraded condition
of, 89
Animal food, queens hatched in
an artificial nest supplied with,
40
Angraecum sesquipedaie, length of
flowers of, 52
Anomma arcens, the Driver ant,
described, 20, 63; their blind-
ness, 65
Ants, three families of, 1; four
periods of life in, 6; duration of
life among, 8, 38, 40; structure |
APH
of, 10; different classes of indi-
viduals among, 18 ; communities
of, 24; games of, 28; their rela-
tion to plants, 50; often insecti-
vorous, 59; their relations to
other animals generally hostile,
63; their enemies, 26, 67 ; their
domestic animals, 67-78 ; pro-
gress among, 90; their beha-
viour towards each other, 94,
&e.; mental powers of, 181;
their sense of vision, 11, 182—
220, 258; of smell, 127, 238,
258; of hearing, 221, 226; stri-
dulating apparatus among, 230;
their intelligence, 236
‘Ant eges,’ 7
‘ Ant-rice,’ 61
Antenna of ant described, 10;
sense organ in terminal portion
of, illustrated, 227
Antenne as means of communica-
tion among ants, 153 ; as organs
of hearing, 221, 226; of smell,
94, 234
Antirrhinum fertilised by humble
bees, 54.
Aphides made use of by ants, 25,
67 ; different species of, utilised
by different ants, 68; their
honey, 69; their eggs tended by
ants, 70; not domesticated by
F. fusca, 91
438
ARI
Aristida oligantha, ‘ant-rice,’ 61
Artificial nests for ants, 3, 164
Aieuchus pilularius, anecdote of,
154
Atrophy of the imaginal discs of
the ant-workers, 12; of the
sting in Formica, 15; of the
eyesof Platyarthrus and Beckia,
75
Atta barbara, the eye in, 11;
variety of workers among, 19
— structor, its treatment of col-
lected grain, 61
testaceo-pilosa, experiment with,
as to power of communication,
177
Attachment among ants, 94
Auditory organs, structures in ant-
antenne probably serve as, 226
Australian honey ant, 49; de-
scribed, 428
ATES, Mr., quoted as to the
five kinds of workers in
Satiba, 22; as to ant-play, 29;
as to the use made by ants of
leaves, 57; as to the armies of
Eciton, 65; as to leaf-cutting
by Satiba, 237
Batrisus, rarely more than one
specimen of, found in an ants’
nest, 78
Beckia, one of the ant-guests, 74
Bees, occasional fertility of
workers among, 36; means of
recognition among, 126; their
sense of hearing, 221, 290; ob-
servations with, 274; difficulty
in finding their way, 278; their
behaviour in a strange hive, 281;
their recklessness, 285; their
want of mutual affection, 286 ;
their influence on the develop-
ment of flowers, 51, 291; their
colour sense, 291; their prefer-
ence for blue, 294-310; experi-
ments on communication among
them, 276, 401
INDEX,
CAR
Beetles kept in ants’ nests, 74, 76,
0
Belt, Mr. Thomas, quoted as to
floral defences against ants, 51;
as to defence against leaf-cut-
ting ants, 57; on the raids of
Eciton, 66; on an ant-like
spider, 66
Bert, Prof. Paul, as to the limits
of vision, 219
Bichromate of potash, experiments
with, 211
Bisulphide of carbon, experiments
with, 208 ;
Blanchard, M., quoted as to the
origin of nests, 30
Blindness of Anomma and Eciton,
65 ; of Platyarthrus and Beckia,
75
Blue, the favourite colour of bees,
294, 304, 310; flowers, their late
origin, 308
Bonnet, M., on aphis eggs, 70
Bonnier, M., on indifference to
colour among bees, 302
Bothriomyrmex meridionalis, the
eye in, 11
Brazil, blind hunting ants of, 65;
use made by the Indians in, of
the tenacity of an ant-bite, 96
Buchle dactyloides, seed of, col-
lected by ants, 61
Btichner, Dr., as to Texan harvest-
ing ants, 62
Burmeister, on the power of recog-
nition among insects, 126
Butterfly, ants seen licking the
larva of, 68
Cong s inflatus, de-
scribed, 428
— ligniperdus, the eye in, 11;
communication among 158
Captivity, mode of keeping ants
in, 2, 3; a wasp in, 315
Caterpillars killed by ants, 59, 65
Caryophyllacee, correlation of
form and colour in, 309
INDEX.
CHE
Chenniwm, rarely more than one
specimen of, in an ants’ nest, 78
Christ, M., on the length of life of
queen ants, 9; on ant roads, 25
Chrome alum, experiments as to
ant vision with, 217
Chromium chloride, experiments
with, 217
Claparéde, M, as to insect-vision,
183
Clark, Rev. Hamlet, as to an ant-
tunnel in 8, America, 25
Claviger, a blind beetle, a guest
in ants’ nests, 75, 76; experi-
ments with, by M. Lespés, 90
Cleanliness of ants, 29
Coccida, their use to ants, 68
Cocoons spun by some larvee of
ants, 7
Colobopsis truncata and C. fusipes,
two forms of the same species,
20
Colour-sense of ants, 186, &c.; of
bees, 291, &c.; of wasps, 316;
less developed among wasps
than bees, 321
Colours of flowers, evolution of,
308
Communication, power of, among
ants, 153, &c.; among bees,
156; experiments as to, with
ants, 160, 344, 376; with bees,
276, 401; with wasps, 311, 415
Communities of ants, 24 ; power
of mutual recognition among
members of, 119, 333
Compassion among ants, instances
of, 106, 108 ; absence of, among
bees, 286
Co-operation, experiments as to,
among ants, 365-376
Correlation of form of knot with
stinging power in ants, 13; of
colour in flowers with specialisa-
tion of form, 308
Courage of ants, 27; of wasps,
314
Crematogaster lineolata, adoption
of a queen by, 34
439
DUJ
Crematogaster scutellaris, their
neglect of friends in trouble,
98; experiments as to percep-
tion of colour among, 192
— sordidula, threatening attitude
of, 16
Cross-fertilisation effected by in-
sects, 50
fi) peas limits of vision in,
219
Darkness, education of young
ants conducted in, 5; effect of,
on the eyes of Platyarthrus and
Beckia, 75
Darwin, on the sound produced
by Mutilla, 229
— Francis, on the use of the leaf-
cups of teazle, 52
Dead, treatment of the, among
bees, 287
Defences of flowers against un-
bidden guests, 52-7
Degradation of Strongylognathus,
85; caused by slaveholding, 89
Dewitz, Dr., on the non-develop-
ment of the sting in the For-
micide, 14; on eggs laid by
fertile workers, 36, 40
Dinarda dentata in ants’ nests,
76, 77
Dipsacus sylvestris, leaf-cups of, 52
Direction, sense of, among ants,
260; guided by the position of
the light, 268; sense of, among
bees, 278; among wasps, 321,
420
Discs, atrophy of imaginal, in
worker ants, 12; cleared by
harvesting ants, 61; experi-
ments as to sense of direction
with rotating, 261, &c.
Division of labour among apts,
23, 44; tabular view of experi-
ments on, 324
Domestic animals of ants, 68-78
Driver ants, see Anomma ar'cens
Dujardin, M., as to the power of
440
EBR
communication among bees, 156,
313
ke RARD, M., his observations
as to the origin of ants’ nests,
51
Eciton, the eye in, 11
— drepanophora, their order in
marching, 21
— erratica, soldiers among, 21;
their covered galleries, 65
— legionis at play, 29
— vastator, soldiers among, 21 ;
their covered galleries, 65
Economy of labour among ants,
experiments as to, 240, &c.
Eggs of ants described, 6; laid
occasionally by worker ants, 35 ;
by worker bees and wasps, 36 ;
these always produce males, 37 ;
as to difference of sex in, 40;
of aphis, tended by ants, 69;
and hatched in captivity, 71
Electric light, experiments on ants
with, 200
Emery’s observations on Colobopsis,
20
Enemies of ants, 26, 67
Evolution of colour in flowers, 308
Experiments, as to the adoption of
aqueen by ants, 32; as to di-
vision of labour among ants, 23,
44, 324; as to their care of
aphis-eggs, 70; on Claviger, 90 ;
as to the treatment by ants of
injured companions, 94, 107 ;
with chloroformed ants, 98,
108-111; with drowned ants,
99; with buried ants, 102; as
to treatment of stranger ants,
104, 119, 124, 333; as to mode
of recognition, 108; with in-
toxicated ants, 111-118; as to
power of recognition among
ants, 119, 333 ; and among bees,
126; with ant-pupz removed
from nest, 129-147; on sister-
ants brought up separately, 147-
INDEX.
FOO
152; as to power of communi-
cation among ants, 160-181,
344-376 ; among bees, 274, 401;
among wasps, 311, 415; as to
perception of colour, 186; with
coloured solutions, 194; with
spectrum, 198 ; with the electric
light, 201; as to ultra-violet
rays, 200-220; with magnesium
spark, 207 ; as to sense of hear-
ing among ants, 222; among
bees, 290; as to sense of smell
among ants, 233, 258; among
bees, 288 ; as to ant intelligence,
237 ; as to economy of labour,
241; as to ingenuity among
ants, 243-6; as to their power
of finding their way, 250; as
to means of tracking, 168, 383,
387; as to sense of direction
among ants, 260; among bees,
278; and among wasps, 321; as
to guidance of ants by sight,
266; as to the behaviour of
bees in a strange hive, 281; as
to their compassion, 286 ; as to
their colour sense, 291; and
their preference of certain
colours, 302; as to colour sense
among wasps, 316
Expulsion of ant from nest, 98
Eyes of two kinds in ants, 10;
compound, 182; various de-
velopments of, 183
ACETS of the eye in ants,
number of, 11; described, 182
Feeding, loss of instinct of, 76, 85,
87
Fertilisation of plants by insects,
50, 291
Fighting among ants, different
modes of, 17
Flowers, their defences against
unprofitable insects, 51-55; in-
fluence of bees on their develop-
ment, 291; paucity of blue, 308
Food of ants, 25, 63; its effect in
INDEX.
FOR
determining the sex in ants and
bees, 40; individual ants in
certain species serve as recep-
tacles of, 47
Foragers, certain ants of a nest
told off as, 45, 47
Forel, Dr., referred to as to the
emergence of pup of ants, 8;
as to their compound eyes, 10;
as to the position of spiracles,
14; as to the offices of young
ants, 23; asto F. rufa, 27; as
to ant-games, 28, 29; as to
origin of nests, 31; as to eggs
laid by workers, 35; on the
honey ant, 40; on the germina-
tion of grain in ant-stores, 61 ;
as to beetles in ant nests, 78;
as to the slaves of ”. sanguinea,
80; as to the slave-making of
Strongylognathus, 85; on Aner-
gates, 86; on the behaviour of
ants to each other, 94; on re-
cognition among ants, 120; as
to power of communication
among ants, 158; as to their
insensibibility to sound, 221 ; as
to special organs in their an-
tenn, 227
Formica bispinosa, its nest, 24
— cinerea, 16; character of, 27;
eggs laid by workers among, 37,
39; duration of life of, 42
— congerens, Thiasophila in nests
of, 77
— exsecta, mode of attack of, 17;
extent of nest of, 24; Thiaso-
phila in nests of, 77
— flava, Uropoda in nests of, 431
— fusca, occasionally spins a
cocoon, 7; its timidity, 27; in-
troduction of a queen among,
34; eggs laid by workers
among, 38, 39 ; queens produced
in captivity, 40; longevity of,
42; division of labour among,
45; occasionally found in the
nests of &. rufa, 79; enslaved
by F. sanguinea, 80; Platy-
441
FOR
arthrus received in nests of, 90;
their condition analogous to
that of the hunting races of
men, 91; their neglect of friends
in trouble, 96; expulsion of a
member from the nest, 98 ; mite
attached to the head of a queen
of, 98; their neglect of im-
prisoned companions, 103 ; hos-
tility towards imprisoned
strangers, 104; instances of
their kindness to crippled com-
panions, 106; experiments as
to recognition among, 122, 130,
134, 233; on power of commu-
nication among, 161, 180; as to
perception of colour among, 188,
193, 201
Formica gagates enslaved by F.
sanguinea, 80
— ligniperda, experiments as to
sense of hearing among, 223 ; as
to sense of smell among, 254
— nigra, experiment as to power
of communication among, 363
— pratensis, eye of, 10, 184; at-
tacked by /. ewsecta, 18; its
treatment of slain enemies, 27 ;
Stenamma in nests of, 78; large
communities of, 119
— rufa, its power of ejecting poi-
son, 15; its mode of attack, 17,
27; nests of, 23; large number
of insects kept in nests of, 74,
75; Stenamma in nests of, 78
— rufibarbis perhaps a variety of
EF. fusca, 80
— sanguinea, its mode of attack,
17 ; duration of life of, 41, 42;
Dinarda in nests of, 77; their
periodical attack on neighbour-
ing nests, 79; slaves made by,
80; not yet degraded by slave-
holding, 88; they apparently
understand the signals of Pra-
tensis, 159
Formicidae, one of the three fami-
lies of ants, 1; power of sting-
ing absent in them, 13
442
FRA
Franklin, Dr., as to power of com-
munication among ants, 155
Friends, behaviour of ants to, 97,
101; recognition of, 119, 333
ALLERIHKS, covered, made by
EHeiton, 65
Galton, Mr. Francis, on domestic
animals kept as pets, 77
Games among ants, 28
Gélieu, M., on means of recogni-
tion among bees, 126
Gentians, colours of, 310
Glasses, experiments on ants with
coloured, 186, &c.
Gould, Mr., on the emergence of
the imago, 8; on ant-games,
28; on the eggs of aphides, 69
Goureau, M., on the sound pro-
duced by Mutilla, 229
Graber, Dr. von, on the sense
organs in the legs of Gryllus,
231
Grain collected and stored by ants,
26,60; germination of, prevented
by ants, 61
Gredler, Dr., anecdote of ant-intel-
ligence told by, 237
Grimm’s observations on Dinarda,
76
Grote, Mr., quoted as to the ne-
cessity of morality in societies,
93
Growth of insects takes place
during the larval stage, 8
Guests of ants, 74
Gryllus,sense organs in tibiz of,231
ABITATIONS of ants, 24
Hagens, von, quoted as to
myrmecophilous beetles, 77;
on the slave-making of Strongy-
lognathus, 85 ; on Anergates, 86 ;
his suggestions as to Strongy-
lognathus, 87
Hairs of plants as defences against
insects, 55
Harvesting ants, &9, 92; in the
South of Europe and Texas, 61
INDEX.
INS
Hatred a stronger passion with
ants than affection, 106
Head of ant described, 10; large
size of, in workers of certain
species, 20, 22
Hearing, sense of, among insects,
221; possibly present in ants,
226; among bees, 290; among
wasps, 313
Heterius sesquicornis, in
nests, 77
Hicks, Dr. J. Braxton, on the
antenn of insects, 227
Hildebrand on the variations of
blue flowers, 310
Honey, love of ants for, 51; of
aphis, 69; experiments on ants
entangled in, 98
Honey ants, 19, 47 ; independently
originated in Mexico and Texas,
49; of Australia described, 428
Hope, Mr., quoted as to harvest-
ing ants, 60
Horse ant, see F. rufa
Huber, as to ants playing, 28; as
to the formation of a nest, 30;
on the care taken by ants of
aphis eggs, 70; as to slavery
among ants, 81; as to their re-
cognition of friends, 120; as to
their deafness, 221
Hunting ants, 59, 63, 91
Hydnophytum formicarum, its as-
sociation with ants, 58
Hymenoptera, common origin of
the sting in the, 15; the social,
means of communication be-
tween, 153
ants’
NDIVIDUAL differences be-
tween ants, 95, 101; between
bees, 279
Industry of ants, 27; of wasps,
321, 421
Insects, their metamorphoses, 8 ;
their agency in fertilisation of
flowers, 50, 291 ; mimicking ants,
66; kept by ants, 73; recogni-
tion among, 126; their vision,
INDEX.
INS
182; their hearing, 221; pos-
sibly possess senses inconceiva-
ble to ourselves, 225
Insensible ants, experiments with,
99-108
Intelligence among ants, 181, 236;
experiments as to, 240
Intoxicated ants, experiments on,
111; tabular view of experi-
ments, 118; experiments re-
ferred to, 128
Ke on floral defences, 52;
on the uses of nectaries, 56
Knot in ants, specific characters
offered by form of, 13
Kirby and Spence, Messrs., as to
power of communication among
ants, 156; on the power of sound
in Mutilla, 229
ABOUR, division of, among
ants, 23, 44; experiments as
to economising, 240; tabular
view of experiments on, 324-332
Landois, on the sound emitted by
Mutilla, 229; on stridulating ap-
paratus in ants, 230
Langstroth, Dr., as to recognition
by smell among bees, 281; on
their recklessness, 285
Larve of ants described, 6; of
stranger nests carefully tended,
129
Lasius brunneuspreters the aphides
of the bark of trees, 68
— flavus, period of larval life in,
7; the eye in, 11; will not
adopt a strange queen, 32 ; mites
in the nest of, 67; keeps flocks
of the root-feeding aphis, 68 ;
keeps four or five species of
aphis in its nests, 73; Platy-
arthrus a guest of, 75, 90; they
have arrived at the ‘pastoral
stage’ of progress, 91; their
behaviour to a dead queen, 108;
to chloroformed friends and
strangers, 108-111; to intoxi-
445
LEP
cated friends and strangers, 111;
their treatment of strangers,
123; perception of colour among,
190, 193, 195; experiments as
to sense of hearing among, 223 ;
stridulating apparatus in, 231;
structure in tibia of, 232; want
of ingenuity among, 248 ; earth-
works constructed by, 249; ex-
periments with, as to power of
communication, 365; as to co-
operation, 372; new species of
mite found in nests of, 429
Lasius niger, workers among, 19;
fed by aphides, 25; egys laid
by workers among, 37; longe-
vity of, 42; typical nest of, illus-
trated, 42; and described, 44;
they carry seeds of violet into
their nests, 59; their choice
among aphides, 68; Platy-
arthrus aguest of, 75; Heterius
found in nests of, 77; experi-
ments as to Claviger in nests of,
90; observations on a wounded
worker among, 95; experiments
with buried individuals of, 102;
with pup as to recognition
among, 131; as to power of
communication among, 160, 163,
172, 175, 356-362, 377; as to
perception of colouramong, 191,
201; as to their intelligence,
240; their want of ingenuity,
242, 246; as to scent, 258; as
to sense of direction among,
260; Phora formicarum para-
sitic on, 433
— fuliginosus, the eye in, 11;
stridulating apparatus in, 230
Latreille quoted as to compassion
shown by ants, 94
Leaf-cutting ants, 57
Legs of ants described, 12
Leptothorax acervorum, Platy-
arthrus a guest of, 75; Tomo-
gnathus in nests of, 87 note
— muscorum, Tomognathus in
nests of, 87 note
444
LES
Lespés, M., on eggs laid by work-
ers, 35; on grain stored by ants,
61; on the feeding of Zome-
chusa by ants, 76; on the
domestic animals of ants, 90
Leuckart, his experiments on ant-
intelligence, 238
Life, duration of, among ants, 8
Light, dislike of ants to, 2, 186;
as aid to sense of direction
among ants, 268; bees attracted
by, 284
Ligurian queen bee, introduction
of a, 287
Limits of vision with ants, experi-
ments as to, 199-206; in Daph-
nia, 219
Lincecum, Dr., as to Texan har-
vesting ants, 62
Linnzeus quoted as to aphides, 67
Locust, ants apparently deceived
by a leaf-like, 66
Lomechusa fed by ants, 76
Long, Col., as to the sense of
hearing among certain ants, 226
Longevity of workers of Zasius
niger, 38, 42; of queen ants, 9, 40
Lowne, Mr., quoted as to the func-
tions of ocelli, 183
Lund, M., quoted as to the intel-
ligence of ants, 236
Lycena pseudargiolus, ants seen
licking the larva of, 68
CCOOK, Mr., quoted as to
the adoption of a queen by
Crematogaster, 34 ; as to honey-
ants, 48; as to the grain-fields
of the Texan harvesting ant, 62 ;
as to ants licking the larva of a
butterfly, 68; on recognition by
smell among ants, 127
Miirkel quoted as to insects kept
by F. rufa, 74
Maimonides as to the ownership of
ant-stores of grain, 59
Males only produced by eggs laid
by workers among bees, wasps,
and ants, 36, 37; of Anergates
INDEX.
MYR
wingless, 86; of Zomognathus
wingless, 87 note
Mandibles of ants, 11; pointed in
Polyergus. 18; but toothless,
82; sabre-like in S. Huberi, 84
Marking ants, bees, and wasps,
methods of, 5
Meer Hassan Ali, as to harvesting
ants, 60
Mental powers of ants differ from
those of mén in degree rather
than in kind, 181
Metamorphoses undergone by in-
sects, 8
‘Metamorphoses of
quoted, 30
Mexico, honey-pot ants in, 19, 47
Michael, Mr., description of Uro-
poda by, 429
Microphone, experiment with, 225
Mimicry, protective, instances of,
66
Mischna, rules in, respecting ant-
hoards of grain, 59
Mites, ants infested by, 26, 98;
new species in nests of Lasius
Jlavus, 429
Mocquerys, M., on the tenacity of
the bite of the ant, 96
Mogegridge, Mr., on harvesting
ants, 61
Morality among ants, question as
to, 93; among bees, 285
Mosaic theory of the vision of com-
pound eyes, 184
Moseley, Mr. H. N., quoted as to
the connection between ants
and certain epiphytes, 58
Mouth of ant described, 11
Miiller, his observations on Cla-
viger, 76; on the mosaic theory
of vision, 184; on the colour
sense in bees, 307; on blue
flowers, 310
Mushrooms grown by ants, 57
Myrmecina Latreillii, the eye in,
11; their mode of defence, 16 ;
said to be phlegmatic in disposi-
tion, 27
Insects,’
INDEX. 445
MYR
Myrmecocystus mexicanus, honey-
holding individuals among, 19 ;
foragers bring supplies of honey
to them, 47
Myrmecodia armata, its associa-
tion with ants, 58
Myrmecophilous insects, 68-78
Myrmica vuginodis, period of lar-
val life in, 7; length of life of
males of, 9; origin of a nest of,
32; observations on a wounded
specimen of, 96; experiments as
to recognition among, 121; as
to communication among, 164,
348; illustration of terminal
portion of antenna of, 227;
sense-organ in tibia of, 233;
their unwillineness to face a fall,
245
— scabrinodis, cowardly nature
of, 27; Platyarthrus a guest of,
75
Myrmicide, one of the three fa-
milies of ants, 1; correlation of
form of knot with power of
stinging in the, 13
ECTARIES, uses of, 56
I Nests for ants, artificial, de-
scribed, 3, 164; of ants classified
and described, 23, &c.; three
modes of formation of, sug-
gested, 30; of Lasius niger de-
scribed and illustrated, 42
Neuters among ants, production
of different forms of, 22
Normann, M. de, honey ants
brought from Mexico by, 47
CELLUS, or simple eye in
ants, 10; absent in the work-
ers of some species, 11; origin
of, 182
@codoma cephalotes, the Saiiba
ant, five kinds of individuals
among, 21; extent of nest of,
24; leaf-cutting among, 237;
intelligence of, 239
POG
(eophylla, sting in, 13
Organ of sense in antenna of ant,
226; in tibia of Gryllus, 231 ;
in tibia of ant, 232
Ormerod, Mr., as to the sense of
hearing among wasps, 221
Ova of aphis described, 71 note
ARASITES of ants, 26, 67, 74,
431, 433; of bees, 26
Pass-word, experiments as_ to,
among ants, 108 ; supposed use
of, among bees and ants, 126;
experiments as to, with pup»,
129; existence of, apparently
disproved, 147
Pets, domestic animals kept as, by
savages, 77
Phases of life among men and
ants, analogy between, 91
Pheidole megacephala, pugnacity
of small workers of, 20; experi-
ment as to power of communi-
cation among, 180; sense-organ
in tibia of, 233
— pallidula, the eye in, 11; com-
munication among, 158
— providens, its storage of grass
seeds, 60
Phora formicarum, its attacks
on ants, 26, 74; described, 432
Phoridz parasitic on ants, 67, 74;
new genus and species of, 431
Pigs kept as pets by savages, 77
Plagiolepis pygmea, the eye in, 11
Plants, relation of ants to, 50;
their different modes of defence
against unprofitable insects, 51;
benefited by the action of in
sectivorous ants, 59
Plato, epigram by, quoted, 185
Platyarthrus Hoffmanseggii,aguest
of the ants, 75; experiments
with, 90
PlatyphoraLubbockii,67; described
434
Pogonomyrmex barbatus, stores
‘ant-rice,’ 61
446
POI
Poison ejected by Formica rufa, 15
Polistes, robbery among, 286; P.
gallica, a specimen of, kept for
nine months, 315
Polyergus rufescens, the eye in, 11;
its mode of combat, 18; indi-
vidual courage of, 27; males
produced from eggs laid by
workers among, 39, 45; greatly
dependent on its slaves, 80, 83;
slave-making expedition of, de-
scribed, 81; degrading effect of
slave-holding on, 89; imprisoned
friends and strangers equally
neglected, 105; power of com-
munication among, 158, 180
Polygonum amphibium, glandular
hairs absent from specimens
growing in water, 56
Ponera contracta, the eye in, 11
Poneride, one of the three families
of ants, 1; form of knot in, 13;
stridulating apparatus in, 230
Primulacee, evolution of colour
in, 309
Protective mimicry, 66
Pupee of ants, 7; experimented on
as to power of recognition
among ants, 129
Python said to have been de-
stroyed by the Driver ants, 64
UEEN ants, longevity of, 9,
41; their wings, 12; several
in anest, 19; reluctance of ants
to adopt anew, 32; never pro-
duced from workers’ eggs, 36;
seldom produced in captivity,
40; treatment of a dead, 108
Queen bees, limited nature of de-
votion of subjects to, 287
Tee UNCULACEH, correla-
tion of colour with speciali-
sation of form in, 308
Recognition of friends by ants,
experiments on, 108, &c., 119,
INDEX.
STE
&e.; after long separation, 123,
233, 333 ; means of, 125 ; among
bees, 126; experiments as to,
with pupz,129-147 ; as to sister
ants brought up separately, 147 ;
proved to be communal, not per-
sonal, 152
Relations, behaviour of ants to, 93
Retrogression of organs: of sting,
14; of wings, 15; of eyes, 75
Roads made by ants, 25
Robbery among bees, 285
Rufescent ants on a slave-making
expedition, 81
QIT. FARGEAU, Lepeletier de,
A) on the origin of ants’ nests,
31; on the benevolence of ants,
94; as to hearing among insects,
221
Saiiba ant, see @ceodoma cephalotes
Sauvages, Abbé Boisier de, on the
connection between ants and
aphides, 68
Savage, Rev. T. S., * On the Habits
of Driver Ants,’ quoted, 20, 63,
64
Scavengers, some ant-guests may
serve as, 75
Scent, power among ants of track-
ing by, 124, 171; experiments
with different kinds of, 233;
importance of, to ants, 258
Schenk, Anergates discovered by,
86
Secretion of aphis retained till re-
quired by ants, 69; of Claviger
and Dinarda as food for ants,
75, 76
Seeds of violet collected by ants,
26; stored by ants, 60; and
prevented from sprouting, 61
Senses of ants, 182; organs of,
226, 232
Sentinels among bees, 288
Sex of eggs determined by treat-
ment, 40, 41
Siebold, von, on sense-organs in
INDEX.
SIG
Gryllus, 231 ; on robbery among
Polistes, 286
Sight, how far ants are guided by,
251, 258, 266, 270
Signals given by ants, 158
Slave-holding, structural changes
induced by, 82; degradation
caused by, 89
Slave-making ants, 18 ; expedition
of, 81
Slavery among ants, origin of, 79;
degrading tendency of, 82-89
Smell of Myrmecina possibly pro-
tective, 17; on recognition
among ants by, 127; sense of,
among ants, 233 ; the probable
means of recognition among
bees, 281 ; sense of, keen among
bees, 288
Snake killed by Driver ants, 64
Soldiers among ants, 20; those of
Satiba do not fight, 22; their
origin, 22
Solenopsis fugax, the eye in, 11;
the enemy of its hosts, 78
Solomon on the foresight of the
ant, 59, 60
Sound, apparent insensibility of
ants to, 222; possible existence
of, beyond human auditory
range, 223, 233; how produced
by Mutilla, 229; apparent in-
sensibility of bees to, 290
Specialisation of form in flowers
correlated with colour, 308
Spectrum, experiments as to per-
ception of, by ants, 198
Spiders, their intelligence in es-
caping the Ecitons, 66 ; mimick-
ing ants, 66
Spiracles of ant, position of, 12, 14
Stenamma Woodnardii, the eye in,
11; found exclusively in nests
of Formica, 78
Stethoscope-like organs in antenna
of ant, 228
Sting in ants, possible correlation
of, with form of knot, 13; pro-
bable common origin of, in ants,
447
TYN
bees, and wasps, 14; atrophied
condition of, in Formica, 15; the
loss of, fatal to bees, 283
Strangers, behaviour of ants to-
wards, 104, 109, 119, 333
Stridulating apparatus in Mutilla,
229 ; in ants, 230
Strongylognathus Huberi, its mode
of slave-making, 84
— testaceus, the eye in, 11; slave-
holders in spite of their feeble-
ness, 84; their degradation, 87,
89
Sulphate of quinine, experiment
with, as to ant vision, 216
Surgical use of ant heads in Bra-
zil, 96
Sykes, Mr., quoted as to seed-
collecting ants, 60
AME wasp, behaviour of a, 315
Tapinoma, length of period of
larval life in, 7
— erraticum, the eye in, 11; their
agility, 24; Heterius in nests
of, 77
Teazle, possible uses of leaf-cup
in, 52
Tetramorium cespitum, the eye in,
11; feigns death as a defence,
17; alleged greediness of, 27;
enslaved by Strongylognathus,
84; entire dependence of Ane7-
gates upon, 85
Texas, harvesting ants in, 61
Thiasophila angulata in ants’ nests,
77
Thorax of ant described, 12
Tibia of Gryllus, sense organ in,
231; of Lasius, 232; of Locus-
tide, 233
Tomognathis sublevis, only
workers of, known, 87 note
Tracks of ants illustrated, 251-257
Tuning-forks, experiments with,
222
Tunnels formed by ants, 25
Tyndall, Professor, experiment
448
TYP
with sensitive flames, 225; as to
sense organs in antenne, 228
Typhlopone, absence of eyes in, 11
LTRA-RED rays, ants not sen-
sitive to, 206
Ultra-violet rays, sensitiveness of
ants to, 201-220
Uropoda formicaria described, 429
ARIETIES produced in beetles
frequenting nests of various
ants, 77
Verrall, G. H., Esq., description of
a new genus of Phorida, 26, 431
Vespa germanica, experiment
with, as to communication, 415
— vulgaris, experiment as to
colour with, 316
Vibrations producing sensations
of sound and colour, 225
Violet light, avoidance of, by ants,
189
Violets, colours of, 309: seeds of,
carried into nests by Lasius, 26,
59
Viscidity of plants, a defence
against insects, 55, 56
Vision among ants, 182; of the
INDEX.
WOR
ocelli, 183; of compound eyes,
184 ; limits of, 199, 206, 219
ALKHR, Mr., honey ant sent
from Australia by, 48
Wasps, occasional fertility of
workers among, 36; sense of
hearing among, 221; experi-
ments with, 311, 415; more
clever than bees in finding their
way, 313; their courage, 314;
account of a tame one, 315;
their colour sense, 316; their
industry, 421
Water, ants’ visits prevented by,
52
Wesmael, M., describes Myrmeco-
cystus, 47
Westwood, Mr., on the production
of neuters, 22; on the sound
produced of Mutilla, 229
Wings of ants, atrophy of, among
the workers, 12; pulled off after
flight by the queen ants, 12, 19
Winter, aphis eggs tended by ants
through the, 70
Workers among ants always wing-
less, 12; varieties of form
among, 19-22; occasional fer-
tility of, 35 ; longevity of, 87, 88
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Plate 1.
Fig.l. Lasius niger ) 4. Myrmico ruginodis 2)
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3.¥Formica fusca , 6. Formica sanguinea ,
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Formica rufo.
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