9086 Z6EP0 LOL ¢

: : ‘>i sat
ei ; LA es aye} ’ otee

Digitized by the Internet Archive
in 2007 with funding from
Microsoft Corporation

http://www.archive.org/details/antsbeeswaspsrecOOlubbuoft

=

INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC SERIES

VOL. XL.

. Fig 1. Lasius miger § 4. Myrmica ruginodis §
Pr » TIOVES 5. Pokyergus rufescens ,
3.Formica fusca , 6. Formica Samguinen »

West Newman & C® chrom. lish,

\

WASPS —
f x
= “i
A RECORD OF OBSERVATIONS ON THE HABITS aes
OF THE SOCIAL HYMENOPTERA ap
.
.
se
BY

Sm JOHN LUBBOCK, Barr. MP. F.RS.D.C.L. LL.D.
F _- (ae oh Ss Cea ae s

PRESIDENT OF THE LINNEAN GOCIETY : PRESIDENT OF THE INSTITUTE OF BANKERS
e AUTHOR OF ‘ PREHISTORIC TIMES’ ‘THE ORIGIN OF CIVILISATION’ ETC. é.
—. HONORARY SECRETARY OF THE LONDON BANKERS Y '

as a ee ar eames nears ¥

SIXTH EDITION we NF
: My
r. LONDON rs
_ -KEGAN PAUL, hia & CO, 1 PATERNOSTER SQUARB
a
; %
"te

PREFACH.

en oo a;

1 mS volume contains the record of various experi-
‘ments seis with ants, bees, and wasps, during the past ne
n years ; and most of which have appeared in the ¥
at of the Linnean Society,’ for the years 1874 |
t » 1882. Other occupations and many interruptions,

Saal ical and professional, have prevented me from .
x ting them so full and complete as I had hoped. ;
‘My parliamentary duties, in particular, have absorbed >
‘most of my time just at the season of year when these
Hsects can be most profitably studied. I have, there-
fore, whenever it seemed necessary, carefully recorded
the month during which the observations were made ; |
‘for the instincts and behaviour of ants, bees, and wasps
‘are by no means the same throughout the year. My ie
“object has been not so much to describe the usual =
“ bits of these insects as to test their mental condition. | ;

nd powers of sense. a

a

vi PREFACE.

Although the observations of Huber, Forel, McCook,
and others are no doubt perfectly trustworthy, there are
a number of scattered stories about ants which are quite
unworthy of credence; and there is also a large class
in which, although the facts may be correctly recorded,
the inferences drawn from them are very questionable.
I have endeavoured, therefore, by actual experiments
which any one may, and I hope others will, repeat
and verify, to throw some light on these interesting

questions.

The principal point. in which my mode of experi-
menting has differed from that of previous observers
has been that I have carefully marked and watched
particular insects ; and secondly, that I have had nests
under observation for long periods. No one before had
ever kept an ants’ nest for more than a few months.
I have one now in my room which has been under
constant observation ever since 1874, 7.¢. for more than

seven years.!

' I may add that these ants are still (August 1882) alive and well,
The queens at least are now eight years old, if not more.

_ Thad intended to make my observations principally
on bees; but I soon found that ants were more con-

they have also more power and flexibility of mind.
They are certainly far calmer, and less excitable.

I do not attempt to give anything like a full life-
_ history of ants, but I have here reproduced the sub-
stance of two Royal Institution lectures, which may
_ serve as an introduction to the subject. Many of the
facts there recorded will doubtless be familiar to most
of my readers, but without the knowledge of them the
4 experiments described in the subsequent chapters would
_ scarcely be intelligible.

[have given a few plates illustrating some of the

‘species to which reference has been most frequently
; m 2 ; selecting Lithography (as I was anxious that the
" figures should be coloured), and having all the species
- of ants drawn to one scale, although I was thus obliged

al PREFACE.

Bates, Dr. GUNTHER, Mr. KixBy, and Mr. Warernovse,
for their kind assistance in the preparation of the
plates.

As regards bees and wasps, I have confined myself
for want of space to the simple record of my own

observations.

I am fully conscious that experiments conducted
as mine have been leave much to be desired, and
are scarcely fair upon the ants. In their native
haunts and under natural conditions, more especially

in warmer climates, they may well be expected not
only to manifest a more vivid life, but to develop
higher powers,

I hope, however, that my volume will at least show
the great interest of the subject, and the numerous
problems which still remain to be solved. |

Hieu Eims, Down, KENT:
October 18, 1881.

CONTENTS.

~ CHAPTER I.
INTRODUCTION

ition of ants in the Animal Kingdom—Ants divided into
three families—Number of species—Mode of observation—
Nests—Mode of marking ants—Stages in life of ants—Egg,
_ larva, pupa, imago—Length of life—Structure of ants—
_ Head, thorax, abdomen, antenna, eyes, ocelli, mouth parts,
_ legs, wings, sting—Origin of the sting—Character of ants—
Wars among ants— Modes of fighting —Queen ants—Workers
—Different classes of workers—The honey ant—Soldiers—
Origin of the soldiers—Division of labour—Habitations of
~ ants—Communities of ants—Food—Enemies—Character—

ay aedustry—Games—Cleanliness . . A

f

ag CHAPTER II.
FORMATION AND MAINTENANCE OF NESTS.

Foun n of new nests—Doubts on the subject—Views of
Po taher, Blanchard, Forel, St. Fargeau, Ebrard—Experiments
with queens— Foundation of a nest of Myrmica by two
B _ queens—Adoption of queens—Fertility of workers—Eggs

daidby fertile workers always produce males—Queens seldom

x CONTENTS.

CHAPTER III.

ON THE RELATION OF ANTS TO PLANTS. E

; PAGE
Flowers and-insects—Ants not so important in relation to
flowers as bees, but not without influence—Ants seldom
promote cross-fertilisation, and hence injurious to flowers—
Modes by which they are excluded — Belt — Kerner —
Aquatic plants — Moats — Dipsacus —Slippery surfaces—
Gentian, snowdrop, cyclamen — Concealment of honey—
Antirrhinum, Linaria, Campanula, Ranunculus, Lamiwn,
Primula, Geranium, &c.—Protection of honey by thickets
of spines or hairs—Protection by viscid secretions—/Silene,
Senecio, Linnea, Polygonum, &c.—Milky juice—Lactuca—
Nectaries on leaves—Leaf-cutting ants—Ants as tree guards
—Importance of ants in destroying other insects—Har-
vesting ants—Solomon—The Mischna—Meer Hassan Ali—

Sykes—Moggridge—Agricultural ants—Lincecum—McCook 50

CHAPTER IV,
RELATIONS TO OTHER ANIMALS.

Hunting ants—The Driver ants—Ecitons—Insects mimicking
ants—Enemies of ants—Parisites—Mites—Phora— Domestic
animals of ants—Aphides—Eggs of Aphides kept through
the winter by ants—Blind beetles—Pets—Progress among
ants—Relations of ants to one another—Stenamma—Solenopsis
—Slave-making ants — Formica sanguinea — Polyergus —
Expeditions of Polyergus—Polyergus fed by the slaves—
Strongylognathus—Degradation of Strongylognathus—Aner-
gates—Explanation of the present state of Strongylognathus
and Anergates—Progress among ants—Phases of life—
Hunting, pastoral, and agricultural species . - 63

CHAPTER V.
BEHAVIOUR TO RELATIONS.

Mr. Grote on ‘ Morality as a necessity of society "Behaviour
of ants to one another—Statements of previous writers:

cy 5 ae Roa

~ _- je an a Ta a >
- = a as

Me Pe

5 aaa - ‘or
2” a _ CONTENSS.

id ;

its — spertmonte Toctated combats—Neglect of com-
-panions if in trouble—Experiments with insensible ants—
Drowned ants—Buried ants—Contrast of behaviour to
friends and strangers—lInstances of kindness—A crippled
ant—A dead queen—Behaviour to chloroformed friends—
Behaviour to intoxicated friends ’

a

CHAPTER VI.
RECOGNITION OF FRIENDS.

mber of ants in a community—They all recognise one another
—aAll others are enemies—Recognition after separation—
Strange ants never tolerated in a nest—Experiments—Be-
haviour to one another after a separation of more than a
year—Recognition unmistakable—How are they recognised ?
—Some naturalists have suggested by scent, some by a
pass-word—Experiments with intoxicated ants—With pupx
removed from the nest and subsequently returned—Separa-
_ tion of a nest into two halves, and recognition as friends by
the ants in each half of young bred in the other half—Pupe
tended by ants from a different nest treated as friends in
the nest from which they were taken, and as strangers if
_ put into the nest of oa neither per-
1 sonal nor by means of a pass-word

CHAPTER VIL.
POWER OF COMMUNICATION.

‘Biatoments of previous writers: Kirby and Spence, Huber,
Franklin, Dugardin, Forel—Habit of bringing friends to
food—Exceptional cases— Experiments to determine whether
ants are brought or directed to stores of food—Scent—Sight

_ Experiments with different quantities of food—Ants
_ which returned empty-handed and brought friends to
a, assist . . - ; . . .

.- 119

- 158

x CONTENTS.

CHAPTER VIII.
THE SENSES OF ANTS.

SIGHT :—Difficulty of understanding how insects see—Number
of eyes—Two theories—Views of Miiller, Grenacher,
Lowne, Claparede—Appreciation of colour—Sensitiveness
to violet—Perception of ultra-violet rays. HEARING :—An-
tennz regarded by many entomologists as organs of hearing
—Opinions as to whether ants, bees, and wasps hear—
General opinion that bees and wasps can hear—Huber and
Forel doubt in the case of ants—Experiments with ants—
Forel’s observations—Colonel Long—Mr. Tait—Structure of
anterior tibia. THE SENSE OF SMELL > A _. 182

CHAPTER IX.
GENERAL INTELLIGENCE.

Statements of previous writers—Economy of labour—Experi-
ments as to ingenuity in overcoming obstacles and econo-
mising labour—Experiments with bridges, embankments,
and moats—Earthworks—Ingenuity in building nests—
Difficulty in finding their way—Experiments with movable.
objects—Sense of direction—Experiments with rotating
disks—Experiments with rotating table—Influence of light 236

OHAPTER X
BEES.

Difficulty experienced by bees in finding their way—Communi-
cation between bees—Bees do not by any means always
summon one another when they have discovered a store of
food—Bees in strange hives—Infatuation of bees—Want of
affection—Behaviour to queen—Sentinels—The sense of
hearing—The sense of colour—Experiments with coloured
papers—Power of distinguishing colours—Preference for
blue—Influence of bees on the colours of flowers—Blue ~
flowers—Paucity of blue flowers—Blue flowers of compara-
tively recent origin . , - ¢ 274

g , —_— iy >), ea
ie eS NS Shin gee cae A ne ee hy bas
© ; % rs F, i ae Mi he 4 “a r > ne = a ik” ee = ~ Wl eae | -- 7 ae. Ls
“ “ 4 Pa eS ) - a: 4 J
pee Se ea ep eee ee ee 1 RA be
SS - a - Sd. ie d i ' oD. ; Gate
Drs ae Oe es Cee pee ay ae, Pate e me
; : _ 4 . # :.

a
i

<
J
=

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

___ The sign § indicates a worker; ¢ a male; and ? a queen.
| PLATE I.

Fig. 4. Myrmica ruginodis 9

5 flavus 3. » 5. Polyergus rufescens 3.

» 3. Formica fusca § » 6, Formica sanguinea §.
PLATE I.

Atta barbara § major. , Fig. 4. Pheidole megacephala 3

PLATE IV.
Fig. 1. Camponotus inflatus §. Fig. 3. Strongylognathus testa-
- ca | cous 9.
tum & » Anergates atratulus 9.
PLATE V.
Lasius flavus 2. » 6. Aphis.
a * » 7. Platyarthrus Hoffman-
» larva.
» pupa. » Claviger foveolatus.

ee

CHARD, E.

LIST OF THE

- PRINCIPAL BOOKS AND MEMOIRS

REFERRED TO.

. Desc. des Fourmis d’Europe. Rev. et Mag. de

Zool., 1874. .

. The Naturalist on the Amazons.
. The Naturalist in Nicaragua.
. ‘Les animaux voient-ils les mémes rayons

lumineux que nous?’ Arch. de Physiol, 1869
. Metamorphoses of Insects, Trans. by Duncan.

DISSIER DE Savvaans, Abbé. Lorigine du Miel. Journ. de

Physique, vol. i.

. Mind in Animals.
. On Myrmica molefaciens. Proc. Acad. Nat.

Sci. Philadelphia, 1860.

. Manual of Entomology.
. On the Genus Myrmica. Trans. Linn. Soc.,

1854.

. Origin of Species.
. Suirapporti delle Formiche colle Tettigometre.
. Ueber Bau und Entwickelung des Stachels der

Ameisen. Zeits. f. Wiss. Zoologie, vol. xxviii

. Obs. sur les Abeilles, Ann. des Sci. Nat., 1852.
. Notes on the Honey-making Ants. Proc.

California Acad., 1873.

. Die Ameisen-Colonien u. deren Mitbewohner.
. Saggio di un ordinamento naturale dei Mir-

micidei.
a

‘

-

xvill

Emery, C.

FOREL, A.

GELIEU, J. DE .
GouLp, Rev. W.
GRABER, VITUS

GREDLER, V.

GRIMM. 2
HAGENS, Herr VON

” »”
HEER, O. ‘

Huser, P.
‘Auxey, T. H.

Kerner, Dr. A.

KIRBY AND SPENCE

Lanpols, Dr. H.
LANGSTROTH, L. L.
LATREILE, P.
Lzspks, C.

LINCECUM, GIDEON

Lone, Col. 0. G.
LUBBOOK, Sir J.

Lunp, M

LIST OF BOOKS AND MEMOIRS,

. Le Formiche ipogei. Ann, Mus. Civ. di Si

Nat. di Genova,

. Fourmis de la Suisse.

. Le Conservateur des Abeilles. :

. Account of English Ants. a
. Die Tympanalen-Sinnesapparate der Or.

thopteren.

. Der zoologische Garten.

. Die Myrmecophilen, Stettin. Ent. Zeits., 1845,
. Ueber

Ameisengiste. Berlin. Ent. Zeits.,

1865. “

Ueber Ameisen mit gemischten Colonien. ~
Berlin. Ent. Zeits., 1867. - 4

. Die Hausameisen Madeiras. oars Nat.

Ges., 1852,

. Natural History of Ants.
. On the Reproduction of Aphis. Trans Linn,

Soc., xxii. 1859.

. Flowers and their Unbidden Guests. Trans.

by Ogle.
Introd. to Entomology.

. Thierstimmen; also Zeits. fiir Wiss. Zool., —

1867.

. Treatise on the Honey Bee.
- Hist. Nat. des Fourmis.

Sur les Mceurs de Lomechusa aaa Ann, }
des Sci. Nat., 1863.

. On the Agricultural Ant of Texas. Linn.

Journal, 1861.

. Central Africa. ee

On the Anatomy of Ants. Trans. Linn, Sot,
1879.

. Ova and Pseudova of Insects. Phil. Trans.,

1858.

. Obs. on Ants, Bees, and Wasps. Parts 1-9,

» Linn. Journ., 1874-81.

- On Some Points in the Anatomy of ante .

Micros. Soc., 1877.

. Lettres sur les Habitudes de quelques Fousmis

du Brésil. Ann. des Sei. Nat., xxiii. 1831.

' F ' ri cand : 4 -%.
; 2 oS. ; -2 ae
’ onal ee vi ete a. ee

“y cay » Lad nail f we

— OF BOOKS AND MEMOIRS. xix

* Rote on Adoption of a Queen Ant. Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1879.
. On the Nat. His. of the Agricultural Ant of
Texas.

. The Honey Ant of Texas.

. Beit. zur Kenntniss der unter Ameisen leben-
a den Insecten. Germar’s Zeit. Ent., 1841.
Mayr, Dr.G.L. =. Europ. Formiciden. ‘
* . Leben und Wirken der einh. Ameisen.

be

id g
_Mervert,F. ._. Bidrag til de Danske Myrers Naturhistorie,
: Kidbenhaven, Dansk. vid. Selsk., 1861.
_ Meyen, J. . .» Ueber coconlose Ameisenpuppen. Stettin.
F Ent. Zeit., 1854.

Murer, P. W.J. . Beitriige zur Naturgeschichte der Gattung
a Claviger. Germar’s Mag. de Zool., 1818.
OrmeEnop, E.L. . Natural History of Wasps.
_ ‘Ramperr, M nc . Mceurs des Fourmis.
| Rozenr, E. . . Observations sur les Mceurs des Fourmis,
Ann. des Sci. Nat., 1842.
Rocer, J. > . Beit. zur Kennt. der Ameisenfauna der
a Mittelmeerlinder. Berlin. Ent. Zeit., 1857.
Sr. FARGEAU, LEPELETIER. Hist. Nat. des Hyménoptéres.
_ SaunpERs, Epwarp Brit. Heterogyna and Foss. Hymenoptera.
4 Trans, Ent, Soc., 1880.
svace, 7.8. . . On the Habits of Driver Ants. Trans, Ent.
‘ Soc., 1847.
§ScHENK, Professor . Beschr. Nassau. Ameisenarten. Stettin. Ent.
: Zeit., 1853.
C. T. von. Ueber das Stimm. und Gehérorgan der Or-
3 thopteren. Weissmann’s Arch., 1844.
‘Sirs, F. . « Cat. of Brit. Foss. Hymenoptera.
‘ . . Essay on British Formicidw. Trans Ent.
Soc., N.S. vol. iii. p. 98.
. Account of Pheidole providens. Trans. Ent.
Soc., 1836.
. Sur une nouv. Espéce de Fourmi du Mexique.
Bull. de l’Acad. de Sci. de Bruxelles, 1838,
. Modern Classification of Insects.
Obs. on Typhlopone. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist,
1841.

ANTS, BEES, AND WASPS.

CHAPTER I,

INTRODUCTION,

a£ Anthropoid apes no doubt approach nearer to
man in bodily structure than do any other animals;
but when we consider the habits of Ants, their social
organisation, their large communities, and elaborate
habitations; their roadways, their possession of domestic
animals, and even, in some cases, of slaves, it must be
admitted that they have a fair claim to rank next to
‘man in the scale of intelligence. They present, more-
over, not only a most interesting, but also a very ex-
tensive field of study.

D asite are divided into three families: the Form-
icide, Poneride, and Myrmicide, comprising many
genera and a large number of species. In this country
_ we have rather more than thirty kinds; but ants be-
1 come more numerous in species, as well as individuals,
im warmer countries, and more than a thousand species
B

2 ' NUMBER OF SPECIES.

are casas. Even this large number is certainly far 1
. short of those actually in existence.’ "4

Ihave kept in captivity about half of our British —
‘species of ants, as well as a considerable number of —
foreign forms, and for the last few years have generally —
had from thirty to forty communities under observation. —
After trying various plans, I found the most con-
venient method was to keep them in nests consisting —
of two plates of common window glass, about ten
inches square, and at a distance apart of from +5 to
3 of an inch (in fact just sufficiently deep to allow
the ants freedom of motion), with slips of wood round —
the edges, the intermediate space being filled up with
fine earth, If the interval between the glass plates
was too great, the ants were partly hidden by the ~
earth, but when the distance between the plates of —
glass was properly regulated with reference to the
size of the ants, they were open to close obser-
vation, and had no opportunity of concealing them-
selves. Ants, however, very much dislike light in —
their nests, probably because it makes them think -
themselves insecure, and [ always therefore kept
the nests covered over, except when under actual

1 [have had some doubt whether I should append descriptions
of the British species. On the whole, however, I have not thought
it necessary todo so. They are well given in various entomological —
works: for instance, in Smith’s Cat. of British Fossorial Hymen-
optera, published by the Trustees of the British Museum ;. Saunders’
‘ Synopsis of British Heterogyna,’ Trans. Entomological Soc. London; —
and in Mayr’s Die Lurep. Formiciden, all of which are cheap‘and
easily procurable. I have, however, given figures of the principal
species with which I have worked,

ee eal uae
ve iain He
¢

m_*
a

~~
ae

>: ww
es ~~ tn) -F
hed

we 4,

a
~ Be mae

3 .
“i

ar MODE OF OBSERVATION. 3
‘observation. y found it convenient to have one side
of the nest formed by a loose slip of wood, and at one
corner I left a small door. These glass nests I either
sept in shallow boxes with loose glass covers resting
on baize, which admitted enough air, and yet was im-
pervious to the ants; or on stands surrounded either
by water, or by fur with the hairs pointing downwards.
Some of the nests I arranged on stands, as shown in

Fra, 1,

q D
er hse ae wk zE
3 Cu Cc
B ae:
| ew |

. 1. AA is an upright post fixed on a base B B.
0 00: is a square platform of wood round which runs a
- ditch of water. Above are six nests, D, each lying
on a platform E, which could be turned for facility of
"observation, as shown in the dotted lines D’ and E’.
Thus the ants had a considerable range, as they could
_ wander as far as the water ditch, The object of having
- the platform C C larger than the supports of the nests
B2

3

Bi

e
+3

ve

‘

o
ds

al or. a 5 Pr '

4 ARTIFICIAL NESTS.

was that if the ants fell, as often happened, they were
within the water boundary, and were able to return ~
home. This plan answered fairly well, and saved space, |
but it did not quite fulfil my hopes, as the ants were
so pugnacious, that I was obliged to be very ‘careful
which nests were placed on the same stand.

Of course it is impossible to force the ants into
these glass nests. On the other hand, when once the
right way is known, it is easy to induce them to go in.
When I wished to start a new nest I dug one up, and ~
brought home the ants, earth, &c., all together. I
then put them over one of my artificial nests, on one
of the platforms surrounded by a moat of water. Gra- —
dually the outer earth dried up, while that between
the two plates of glass, being protected from evapo-
ration, retained its moisture. Under these circum-
stances the ants found it more suitable to their
requirements, and gradually deserted the drier mould ~
outside, which I removed by. degrees. In the earth ‘ '
between the plates of glass the ants tunnelled out
passages, chambers, &c. (fig. 2, p. 43), varying in form
according to the circumstances and species.

Even between the plates of glass the earth gradually. ’

dried up, and I had to supply artificial rain from time to
time. Occasionally also I gave them an altogether new
nest. They seem, however, to get attached to their old ~
homes, and I have still (August, 1882) one community —
- which has inhabited the same glass case ever since 1874,
It is hardly necessary to say that the individual

eae CES IN HABITS. 5
nts belonging to the communities placed on the
stands just described, knew their own nests perfectly
well.

These nests gave me special facilities for observing
the internal economy of ant life. Another main ditfe-
rence between my observations and those of previous
naturalists has consisted in the careful record of the
actions of individual ants. The most convenient mode
of marking them was, I found, either with a small dab
of paint on the back, or, in the case of bees or wasps, by
snipping off a fragment at the extremity of the wing.
This, I need hardly say, from the structure of the
wing, gives the insect no pain; in fact, as it is only
_ necessary to remove a minute portion, not sufficient to
make any difference in their flight, they seemed
-searcely to notice it. I never found any difficulty in
painting bees or wasps; if they are given a little honey
they become so intent that they quietly allow the
paint to be applied. Of course too much must not be
put on, and care must be taken not to touch the wings
or cover up the spiracles. Ants require somewhat more
delicate treatment, but with a little practice they could
also be marked without any real difficulty.

No two species of Ants are identical in habits ; and,
on various accounts, their mode of life is fur from easy to
unravel. In the first place, most of their time is passed
underground: all the education of the young, for
instance, is carried on in the dark. Again, ants are
_ essentially gregarious ; it is in some cases difficult to

° : : oe
= 46 STAGES IN THE LIFE OF ANTS—EGGS. | ~ ae

: keep a ee alive by themselves in captivity, and at

any rate their habits under such circumstances are
entirely altered. If, on the other hand, a whole com=-
munity is kept, then the greater number introduces a
fresh element of difficulty and complexity. Moreover,
even individuals of the same species seem to differ —
in character, and the same individual will behave —
very differently under different circumstances. Al- —
though, then, ants have attracted the attention of many —
of the older naturalists,—Gould, De Geer, Reaumur,
Swammerdam, Latreille, Leuwenhoeck, Huber,—and
have recently been the object of interesting obser-
vations by Frederick Smith, Belt, Moggridge, Bates,
Mayr, Emery, Forel, McCook, and others, they still
present one of the most promising fields for observation —
and experiment.
The life of an ant falls into four well-marked —
periods—those of the egg, of the larva or grub, of the
pupa or chrysalis, and of the perfect insect or imago. —
The eggs are white or yellowish, and somewhat elon-—
gated. They are hatched about fifteen days after being -
laid. Those observed by me have taken a month or
six weeks,
The larve of ants (Pl. V. fig. 3), like those of
bees and wasps, are small, white, legless grubs, some-
what conical in form, narrowing towards the head.
They are carefully tended and fed, being carried about 7
from chamber to chamber by the workers, probably in
order to secure the most suitable amount of warmth —

> 2 oT “ilies A °, ul iy Tr" bce SE 2 et a i De
eT hee ee ee

ah laird

~’
.

LARVA—PUPA, 7

and moisture. TI have observed, also, that they are
very often assorted according to age. It is sometimes
very curious in my nests to see them arranged in
groups according to size, so that they remind one of
a school divided into five or six classes.
As regards the length of life of the larve, Forel
supposed! that those of Yapinoma matured the
quickest, and were full-grown in about six or seven
weeks. Some of Myrmica ruginodis, however, ob-
served by me, turned into pupz in less than a month.
In other cases the period is much longer. In certain
species, Lasius flavus, for instance, some of the larve
live through the winter.
fig. 4), sometimes naked, sometimes covered with a
silken cocoon, constituting the so-called ‘ ant-eggs.’
We do not yet understand why some larve spin
_ cocoons, while others remain naked. As a general

in a cocoon, while those which have, are naked.
Latrielle was the first to observe that in one species
(F. fusca) the larve sometimes spin a cocoon, and
sometimes remain naked. The reason for this differ-
_ ence is still quite unknown, After remaining some
a days: in this state they emerge as perfect insects.

attempt, if they were not assisted ; and it is very pretty
to see the older ants helping them to extricate them-

_ * Les Fourmis de la Swisse, p. 420.

When full grown the larve turn into pupe (Pl. V-

tule, the species which have not a sting, are enveloped

Ih many cases, however, they would perish in the |

8 ; PUPA—IMAGO.

selves, carefully unfolding their legs and smoothing =|
out the wings, with truly feminine tenderness and —
delicacy. Our countryman Gould long ago mentioned, —
and the fact has since been fully confirmed by Forel,
that the pup are unable to emerge from the cocoons
without the assistance of the workers. The ants
generally remain from three to four weeks in_this_
condition.

In the case of ants, as with,other insects which pass
through similar metamorphoses, such as bees, wasps, —
moths, butterflies, flies, and beetles, &c., the larval
stage is the period of growth. During the chrysalis
stage, though immense changes take place, and the
organs of the perfect insect are more or less rapidly
developed, no food is taken, and there is no addition
to the size or weight.

The imago or perfect insect. again takes food, but
does not grow. . The ant, like all the insects above
named, is as large when it emerges from the pupa as it ~
ever will be, though the abdomen of the females some-
times increases in size from the development of the
eggs.

We have hitherto had very little information as to
the length of life in ants in the imago, or perfect, state.
So far, indeed, as the preparatory stages are concerned,
there is little difficulty in approximately ascertaining
the facts; namely, that while in summer they take

only a few weeks, in some species, as our small yellow _

meadow ants (Lasius flavus), the autumn larve

& LENGTH OF LIFE. 9
remain with comparatively little change throughout
the winter. It is much more difficult to ascertain the
length of life of the perfect insect, on account of their
gregarious habits, and the difficulty of recognising
individual ants. I have found, however, as we shall
presently see, that their life is much longer than has
been generally supposed.

It is generally stated in entomological works that the
males of ants die almost immediately. No doubt this
is is generally the case. At the same time, some males
of Myrmica ruginodis, which I isolated with their
mates in August 1876, lived until the following spring;
one of them till May 17.

It has also been the general opinion that the
- females lived about a year. Christ ' indeed thought
they might last three or even four seasons, but this
_wasymerely a suggestion, and Forel expressed the
general opinion when he said, ‘ Je suis persuadé qu’en

automne il ne reste presque plus que les ouvriéres
closes pendant le courant de l’été.’ The average
life of a queen is also, he thinks, not more than twelve
months. I have found, however, that the life of the
queens and workers is much longer than had been sup-
posed. I shall give further details in a subsequent
chapter, but I may just mention here that I have
now (August 1882) two queens which have lived with

' me since the year 1874. They must therefore be at

least eight years old, and seem still quite strong and
* Naturgeschichte der Insekten.

go glk thls aa i Sith he SS a
ES ot eo : : orem ¥ ro

—

yy) au eee . ; . y ;

19: *.. STRUCTURE OF ANTS.

well. They continue still (1882) to tay a few ces

which, I may add, produce workers.!
ay. I have also some workers which I have had since 1875. _
\ _ The body of an ant consists of three parts: the
y head, thorax, and abdomen. ‘The head bears the prin-
cipal organs of sense, and contains the brain, as the
anterior portion of the nervous system may fairly be
called. The thorax, supporting the legs and, when
they are present, the wings, contains the principal
muscles of locomotion. The abdomen contains. the
_ stomach and intestines, the organs of reproduction, the

.
¢
Es

\ sting, &e.
Returning to the head: the antenne consist of a
short spherical basal piece, a long shaft, known as the
scape, and a flagellum of from six to seventeen (gene-
rally, however, from ten to thirteen) short segments,
the apical ones sometimes forming a sort of club. The
number of segments is generally different in the males
and females. . .
The eyes are of two kinds. Large compound eyes, one
on each side of the head ; and ocelli, or so-called simple :
eyes. The compound eyes consist of many facets.‘ The —
number differs greatly in different species, and in the —
different sexes, the males generally having the greatest
number. Thus, in Formica pratensis there are,
according to Forel, in the males about 1,200 in each —
eye, in the fertile females between 800 and 900, in the
workers about 600. Where the workers vary in size

' Having reference to the facts stated on page 37, this is a result
of great physiological interest.

Se 4” 74” eee x Pe 5 ae
ae ere
SHE HEAD. 11
¥
they differ also in the number of facets. Thus, again
follow ng the same authority, the large workers of
Camponotus ligniperdus have 500, the smaller ones
only 450; while in the Harvesting ant (Atta barbara)
the contrast is even greater, the large specimens
having 230, the small ones only from 80 to 90. The
ordinary workers have in Polyergus rufescens about
— 400; in Lasius fuliginosus, 200 ; in Tapinoma erra-
ticwm, 100; in Plagiolepis pygymaa, 70 to 80; in
_ Lasius flavus, about 80; in Bothriomyrmex meri-
_dionalis, 55; in Strongylognathus testaceus, Stenamma
| Westwoodii, and Tetramorium cespitwm, about 45 ;
in Pheidole paulidula, about 30; Myrmecina La-
-treillei, 15; Solenopsis fugaz, 6 to 9; while in Ponera
_ contracta there are only from 1 to 5; in Eciton only 1;
and in Typhlopone the eyes are altogether wanting.
_ The number of facets seems to increase rather with
the size of the insect than with the power of vision.
_ The ocelli are never more than three in number,

“4 2 UJ 7 ws F ~~.

>a oe 7 12 Miao” > e . > *Ly ae; > | : %

. . ' ~ ye t= : '
vw > d 7

disposed i in a triangle with the apex in front. Some-
- the anterior ocellus alone is present. In some
species the workers are altogether without ocelli, which,
K a owever, are always present in the queens and in the
_ The mouth parts are the labrum, or upper lip ; the
t pair of jaws or mandibles ; the second pair of jaws

a pair of palpi.
aa '

? ‘or decile, which are provided with a pair of palpi, —
or feelers ; and the lower lip, or labium, also bearing

ar

ta THE THORAX,

The thorax is generally considered to consist, as in ;
other insects, of three divisions—the prothorax, meso-
thorax, and metathorax. I have elsewhere, however,
given reasons into which I will not at this moment
enter, for considering that the first abdominal segment
has in this group coalesced with the thorax. The
thorax bears three pairs of legs, consisting of a coxa,
trochanter, femur, tibia and tarsus, the latter composed
of five segments and terminating in a pair of strong
claws. . )

In the males and females the meso- and meta-
thorax each bear a pair of wings, which, however, in
the case of the female, are stripped off by the insects
themselves soon after the marriage flight.

The workers never possess wings, nor do they show
even a rudimentary representative of these organs. Dr.
Dewitz has, however, pointed out that the full-grown
larvee of the workers possess well-developed ‘ imaginal
disks,’ like those which, in the males and females, de-
velope into the wings. These disks, during the pupal
life, gradually become atrophied, until in the perfect
insects they are represented only by two strongly
chitinised points lying under the large middle thoracic
spiracles. No one unacquainted with the original
history of these points would ever suspect them to be
the rudimentary remnants of ancestral wings.!

The thorax also bears three pairs of spiracles, or
breathing holes.

Zeit. f, wiss. Zool., vol. xxviii. p. 555,

THE ABDOMEN. 13

The abdomen consists of six segments, in the queens
and workers, that is to say in the females, and seven m
» males. In the Formicide the first segment, as a
rule, forms a sort of peduncle (known as the scale
or knot) between the metathorax and the remainder of
the abdomen. In the Myrmicide two segments are
thus detached from the rest.
_ The Poneride form, as regards the peduncle, and
in some other respects, an intermediate group between
the Formicidw and the Myrmicide. The second abdo-
minal segment is contracted posteriorly, but not so
“much so as to form a distinct knot.
The form of the knot offers in many cases valuable
‘specific characters.
I am disposed to correlate the existence of a

of stinging, which is wanting in the Vormicid
Though the principal mobility of the abdomen is
given in the former, as in the latter, by the joint
between the metathorax and the knot, still the second
segment of the peduncle must increase the flexibility,
which would seem to be a special advantage to those
‘species which have a sting. It must indeed be
admitted that CEcophylla' has a sting, and yet only
one knot; but this, of course, does not altogether
_ negative my suggestion, which, however, I only throw
_ out for consideration.

1 Proe, Linn, Soe., vol. v. p. 101.

pa

second knot among the Myrmicide with er

ji -

me Oe ay, he "ee we +. 4 ory | i =
PG dey a yaa eT Peas en Sees
- ¥ we

sh "YAS . :
4 b
ch Ge tai: Rp: eh

14 THE STING,

The knot is provided with a pair of spiracles, “4
~which are situated, as Forel states, in the front of the
segment, and not behind, as supposed by Latreille. :

In most entomological works it is stated that the —
Myrmicide have a sting, and that, on the contrary,
the Formicide do not possess one. The latter family,
indeed, possess a rudimentary structure representing —
the sting, but it seems merely to serve as a support for |
the poison duct. Dr. Dewitz, who has recently pub-
lished! an interesting memoir on the subject, denies
that the sting in Formicide is a reduced organ, and
considers it rather as in an undeveloped condition.
The ancestors of our existing Ants, in his opinion,
had a large poison apparatus, with a chitinous support.
like that now present. in Formica, from which the —
formidable weapons of the bees, wasps, and Myrmicide
have been gradually developed. I confess that I am
rather disposed, on the contrary, to regard the con-
dition of the organ in Formica as a case of retrogres-
sion contingent upon disuse. I find it difficult to
suppose that organs—so complex, and yet so similar—
as the stings of ants, bees, and wasps, should haye
been developed independently. 3

Any opinion expressed by M. Dewitz on such a _
subject is, of course, entitled to much weight; never-
theless there are some general considerations which
seem to me conclusive against his view. If the sting

) Zeit. f. wiss. Zoal., vol. xvviii. p, 527.

ORIGIN OF THE STING. is

0 - Formica represents a hitherto undeveloped organ,
‘then the original ant was stingless, and the present
' stings of ants have an origin independent of that
belonging to the other aculeate Hymenoptera, such
as bees and wasps. These organs, however, are so
’ complex, and at the same time so similarly constituted,
_ that they must surely have a common origin, Whether
the present sting is derived from a leaf-cutting instru-
ment, such as that from which the sawfly takes its name,
I will at present express no opinion. Dr, Dewitz him-.
self regards the rudimentary traces of wings in the
} larvee of ants as the remnants of once highly-developed
organs ; why, then, should he adopt the opposite view
with reference to the rudimentary sting? On the
whole, I must regard the ancestral ant as having pos-

dition of that of Formica is due to atrophy, perhaps
through disuse,

cult to understand why ants, having once acquired a
sting, should allow it to fall into desuetude. There are,
_ however, some considerations which may throw a certain
light on the subject. The poison glands are much larger
in Formica than in Myrmica. Moreover, some species

able distance. In Switzerland, after disturbing a nest
_ of Formica’rufa, or some nearly allied species, I have
_ found that a hand held as much as 18 inches above the
ants was covered with acid, But even when the poison

sessed a sting, and consider that the rudimentary con- .

__ Onthe other hand, it is certainly, at first sight, diffi- —

_ have the power of ejecting their poison to a consider- ;

tts . |,’
. =

eee

16 THE POISON OF ANTS.

is not thus fired at the enemy from a distance, there
are two cases in which the sting might be allowed te
fall into disuse. Firstly, those species which fight
with their mandibles might find it on the whole most —
convenient to inject the poison (as they do) into the ©
wounds thus created. Secondly, if the poison itself is
so intensified in virulence as to act through the skin,

a piercing instrament would be of comparatively small _

advantage. I was amused one day by watching some
specimens of the little Cremastogaster sordidula and
the much larger Formica cimerea. The former were
feeding on some drops of honey, which the Formicas
were anxious to share, but the moment one approached,
the little Cremastogasters simply threatened them

_ with the tip of their abdomen, and the Formicas

immediately beat a hasty retreat. In this case the
comparatively large Formica could certainly have had
nothing to fear from physical violence on the part of ©
the little Cremastogaster. Mere contact with the
poison, however, appeared to cause them considerable
pain, and generally the threat alone was sufficient to
cause a retreat.

However this may be, in their modes of fighting,
different species of ants have their several peculiarities.
Some also are much less military than others. Myr-
mecna Latreillii, for instance, never attack, and
scarcely even defend themselves. Their skin is very
hard, and they roll themselves into a ball, not defend-
ing themselves even if their nest is invaded ; to pre-

| MODES OF FIGHTING. 2 17

vent which they make the entrances small, and often
station at each a worker, who uses her head to stop
the way. The smell of this species is also, perhaps, a
protection. Tetramoriwm cwspitwm has the habit of
feigning death. This species, however, does not roll
itself up, but merely applies its legs and antenne —
closely to the body.
_ Formica rufa, the common Horse ant, attacks in
serried masses, seldom sending out detachments, while
single ants scarcely ever make individual attacks.
‘They rarely pursue a flying foe, but give no quarter,
pkilling as many enemies as possible, and never hesi-
tating, with this object, to sacrifice themselves for the
common good.
Formica sanguinea, on the contrary, at least in
their slave-making expeditions, attempt rather to
terrify than to kill. Indeed, when invading a nest,
they do not attack the flying inhabitants unless these
are attempting to carry off pups, in which case the
F. sanguimeas force them to abandon the pupe.
When fighting, they attempt to crush their enemies
with their mandibles.
_ Formica exsecta is a delicate, but very active
‘species. They also advance in serried masses, but in
close quarters they bite right and left, dancing about
bi 3 avoid being bitten themselves. When fighting
with larger species they spring on to their backs,
d then seize them by the neck or by an antenna.
y also have the instinct of acting together, three
Cc

18 DIFFERENT CLASSES OF INDIVIDUALS. AG .

or four seizing an enemy at once, and then pulling
different ways, so that she on her part cannot get at
any one, of her foes. One of them then jumps on
her back and cuts, or rather saws, off her head. In ~
battles between this ant and the much larger F. pra- }
tensis, many of the F. exsectas may be seen on the
backs of the F’. pratensis, sawing off their heads from —
behind. ;
The species of Lasiws make up in numbers what
_ they want in strength. Several of them seize an
enemy at once, one by each of her legs or antenne,
and when they have once taken hold they will suffer
themselves to be cut in pieces rather than leave go.
Polyergus rufescens, the celebrated slave-making
or Amazon ant, has a mode of combat almost peculiar
to herself. The jaws are very powerful, and pointed.
If attacked—if, for instance, another ant seizes her by
a leg—she at once takes her enemy’s head into her
jaws, which generally makes her quit her hold. If she
does not, the Polyergus closes her mandibles, so that —
the points pierce the brain of her enemy, paralysing
the nervous system. The victim falls in convulsions,.
setting free her terrible foe. In this manner a com-
paratively small force of Polyergus will fearlessly —
attack much larger armies of other species, and suffer
themselves scarcely any loss.
Under ordinary circumstances an ants’ nest, like
a beehive, consists of three kinds of individuals:
workers, or imperfect females (which constitute the

<

= ed tT -? oe =" y Ne >
E ae te a tu ’
* .
Ss , s° -

THE HONEY ANT. 19

zre miahelity), males, and perfect females. There

are, however, often several queens in an ants’ nest;
while, as we all know, there is never more than one.
‘queen mother in a hive. The queens of ants are pro-
vided with wings, but after a single flight they tear
them off, and do not again quit the nest. In ad-
dition to the ordinary workers there is in some species
a second, or rather a third, form of female. In almost
any ants’ nest we may see that the workers differ more
or less in size. The amount of difference, however,
depends upon the species. In Lasius niger, the small
brown garden ant, the workers are, for instance, much
more uniform than in the little yellow meadow ant,
or in Atta barbara (PI. II. figs. 1 and 2), where some
of them are much more than twice as large as others.
But in certain ants there are differences still more re-
markable. Thus, ina Mexican species, Myrmecocystus,!
besides the common workers, which have the form of
‘ordinary neuter ants, there are certain others in which
the abdomen is swollen into an immense sub-diapha-
nous sphere. These individuals are very inactive, and
serve principally as living honey-jars. I have described
in a subsequent page a species of Camponotus (PI. IV. °
fig. 1) from Australia, which presents us with the same
remarkable phenomenon. In the genus Pheidole (Pl.
Il, figs. 3 and 4), very common in southern Europe,
there are also two distinct forms without any interme-
‘diiate gradations; one with heads of the usual propor-

* Wesmacl, Bull. Acad. Roy. Bruzelles, vol. v. p. 771.
c2

20 . WORKERS—SOLDIERS. _

tion, and a second with immense heads provided with —
very large jaws. This differentiation of certain indi-
viduals so as to adapt them to special functions seems ~
to me very remarkable; for it must be remembered
that the difference is not one of age or sex. The large- —
headed individuals are generally supposed to act as —
soldiers, and the size of the head enables the muscles —
which move the j jaws to be of unusual dimensions; but
the little workers are also very pugnacious. Indeed, ~
in some nests of Pheidole megacephala, which I had
for some time under observation, the small workers
were quite as ready to fight as the large ones.
Again, in the genus Oolobopsis Emery discovered —
that two ants, then supposed to be different species, and
known as Colobopsis truncata and C. fuscipes, are really
only two forms of one species. In this case the entrance —
to the nest is guarded by the large-headed form, which ]
may therefore fairly be called a soldier. -
Savage observed among the Driver Ants, where also J
there are two kinds of workers, that the large ones’
arranged themselves on each side of the column formed
by the small ones. They acted, he says, evidently the
part of guides rather than of guards. At times they
place ‘their abdomen horizontally on the ground, and
laying hold of fixed points with their hind feet (which f
together thus acted as a fulcrum), elevate the anterior
portion of their bodies to the highest point, open wide —
their jaws, and stretch forth their antenna, which for
the most part were fixed, as if in the act of listening

FIVE KINDS OF INDIVIDUALS IN SAUBA. _ 21

‘and watching for approaching danger. They would
yecasionally drop their bodies to the ground again, run
r fT to one side, and fiercely work their jaws and antenne,
as if having detected some strange sounds in the dis-
tance. Discerning nothing, they would quickly return
to their posts and resume their positions, thus acting
as scouts.”!
The same thing has been noticed by other natu-
alists. Bates, for instance, states that in the marching
columns of Eciton drepanophora the large-headed
workers ‘all trotted along empty-handed and outside
the column, at pretty regular intervals from each other,
like subaltern officers in a marching regiment. .. I
did not see them change their position, or take any
notice of their small-headed comrades;’ and he says
if the column was disturbed they appeared less
pugnacious than the others.
- In other species, however, of the same genus, Eciton
vastator and E. erratica, which also have two distinct
inds of workers, the ones with large heads do appear
fo act mainly as soldiers. When a breach is made in
one of their covered ways, the small workers set to
we ork to repair the damage, while the large-headed ones
e forth in a menacing manner, rearing themselves
~_ threatening with their jaws.
S In the Sauba Ant of South America (Gcodoma
cephalotes), the complexity is carried still further;
__ * Rey. T. S. Savage on the ‘Habits of the Driver Ants,’ 7rans.
Ent. Soe., vol. v. p. 12.

es wee Se ee pe VL
. nf, EES eye - wz
ae ‘ i > - a"

Tg eee ' a ar
Ne" ORIGIN OF THE SOLDIERS, ese |
Lund! pointed out that there were two different kinds
of workers, but Bates has since shown that there are
in this species no less than five classes of individuals,
namely: 1. Males. 2. Queens. 3. Small ordinary
workers (Pl. III. fig. 2). 4. Large workers (Pl. III.
fig. 1), with very large hairy heads. 5. Large workers, —
with large polished heads. Bates never saw either of
these two last kinds do any work at all, and was not
able to satisfy himself as to their functions. They
have also been called soldiers, but this is obviously a —
misnomer—at least, they are said never to fight. Bates
suggests® that they may ‘ serve, in some sort, as passive
instruments of protection to the real workers. Their
enormously large, hard, and indestructible heads may
be of use in protecting them against the attacks of
insectivorous animals. They would be, on this view, a
kind of pieces de resistance, serving as a foil against —
onslaughts made on the main body of workers.’
This does not, I confess, appear to me a probable —
explanation of the fact, and on the whole it seems that —
the true function of these large-headed forms is not
yet satisfactorily explained. .
The question then arises whether these different
kinds of workers are produced from different eggs. —
I am disposed to concur with Westwood in the
opinion® ‘that the inhabitants of the nest have the ©
instinct so to modify the circumstances producing this

1 Ann. des Sci. Nat. 1831, p. 122. 2 Loc. cit., p. 31.
® Modern Classification of Insects, vol. ii. p. 225,

.

DIVISION OF LABOUR. . 23

ate of imperfection, that some neuters shall exhibit
characters at variance with those of the common kind.’
This, indeed, credits them with a very remarkable
instinct, and yet I see no more probable mode of ac-
-econnting for the facts. Moreover, the exact mode by
which the differences are produced is still entirely
unknown. |
__M. Forel, in his excellent work on ants, has pointed
out that very young ants devote themselves at first to
‘the care of the larve and pups, and that they take no
share in the defence of the nest or other out-of-door
work until they are some days old. This seems natural,
because at first their skin is comparatively soft; and it
would clearly be undesirable for them to undertake rough
work or run into danger until their armour had had
time to harden. There are, however, reasons for think-
ing that the division of labour is carried still further. I -
do not allude merely to those cases in which there are
completely different kinds of workers, but even to the
ordinary workers. In LZ. flavus, for instance, it seems
probable that the duties of the small workers are
somewhat different from those of the large ones,
though no such division of labour has yet been detected.
I shall have to record some further observations point-
ing in the same direction.
_ The nests of ants may be divided into several
classes. Some species, such as our common Horse ant
ica, rufa), collect large quantities of materials,
such as bits of stick, fir leaves, &c., which they heap

.

24° HABITATIONS OF ANTS. i
up into conical masses. Some construct their.nests of

earth, the cells being partly above, partly below, the
ny" natural level. Some are entirely underground, others
eat into the trunks of old trees.

In warmer climates the variations are still more
numerous. Formica bispinosa, of Cayenne, forms its
nest of the cottony matter from the capsules of Bombax.
Sykes has described! a species of Myrmica which
builds in trees and shrubs, the nest consisting of thin
leaves of cow-dung, arranged like tiles on the roof of a
house; the upper leaf, however, covering the whole.

In some cases the nests are very extensive. Bates —
mentions that while he was at Par& an attempt was
made to destroy a nest of the Sauba ants by blowing
into it the fumes of sulphur, and he saw the smoke
issue from a great number of holes, some of them not
less than seventy yards apart.

A community of ants must not be confused with an
ant hill in the ordinary sense. Very often indeed a
community has only one dwelling, and in most species ’
seldom more than three or four. Some, however, form
numerous colonies. M. Forel even found a case in
which one nest of F. exsecta had no less than two
hundred colonies, and occupied a circular space with a
radius of nearly two hundred yards. Within this area
they had exterminated all the other ants, except a few
nests of Tapimoma erraticum, which survived, thanks
to their great agility. In these cases the number of

1 Trans. Ent. Soc., vol. i.

“ae. ee ae” i “ig «] ae =
ae -
> . - ee
. . '
COMMUNITIES OF ANTS. 25

ant. thus associated together must have been enor-
mus, Even in single nests Forel estimates the
s at from five thousand to half a million.
ike also make for themselves roads. These are
not merely worn by the continued passage of the ants,
as has been supposed, but are actually prepared by
the ants, rather however by the removal of obstacles,
than by any actual construction, which would indeed
not be necessary, the weights to be carried being so
‘sme In some cases these roadways are arched over
‘with earth, so as to form covered ways. In others, the
ants excavate regular subterranean tunnels, sometimes
of considerable length. The Rev. Hamlet Clark even
assures us that he observed one in South America, which
passed under the river Parahyba at a place where it was
as broad as the Thames at London Bridge. I confess,
however, that I have my doubts as to this case, for I
lo not madexstand how the continuity of the tunnel was
__ The food of ants consists of insects, great numbers
of which they destroy; of honey, honeydew, and fruit :
indeed, scarcely any animal or sweet substance comes
amiss to them. Some species, such, for instance, as
the small brown garden ant (Lasius niger, Pl. I. fig. 1),
iscend bushes in search of aphides. The ant then
| E the aphis gently with her antenne, and the aphis
" emits a drop of sweet fluid, which the ant drinks. Some-
_ times the ants even build covered ways up to and over
the pecies which, moreover, they protect from the

26 FOOD—ENEMIES.

attacks of other insects. Our English ants do not
store up provision for the winter; indeed, their food
is not of a nature which would admit of this. I have
indeed observed that the small brown ant sometimes |
carries seeds of the violet into its nest, but for what
purpose is not clear. Some of the southern ants,
however, lay up stores of grain (see Chapter III.).

Ants have many enemies. They themselves, and
still more their young, are a favourite food of many
animals. They are attacked also by numerous para- —
sites. Ifa nest of the brown ants is disturbed at any ©
time during the summer, some small flies may probably
be seen hovering over the nest, and every now and ~
then making a dash at some particular ant. These
flies belong to the genus Phora, and toa species hitherto —
unnamed, which Mr. Verrall has been good enough to
describe for me (see Appendix). They lay their eggs
on the ants, inside which the larve live. Other species
of the genus are in the same way parasitic on bees. —
Ants are also sometimes attacked by mites. On
one occasion I observed that one of my ants had a
mite attached to the underside of its head. The mite,
which maintained itself for more than three months in
the same position, was almost as large as the head.
The ant could not remove it herself. Being a queen,
she did not come out of the nest, so that I could not
do it for her, and none of her own companions thongit
of performing this kind office.

In character the different species of ants differ very —

CHARACTER—INDUSTRY. 27

much from one another. F. fusca (PI. I. fig. 3), the
one which is pre-eminently the ‘slave’ ant, is, as
might be expected, extremely timid ; while the nearly
allied F. cimerea has, on the contrary, a considerable
amount of individual audacity. F. rufa (Pl. IL. fig. 5),
the horse ant, is, according to M. Forel, especially
characterised by the want of individual initiative,
and always moves in troops; he also regards the
genus Formica as the most brilliant; though others
excel it in other respects, as, for instance, in the
sharpness of their senses. JF. pratensis worries its
slain enemies; F. sanguinea (Pl. I. fig. 6) never
does so. The slave-making ant (P. rufescens, PI. I.
fig. 5) is, perhaps, the bravest of all. If a single indi-
vidual finds herself surrounded by enemies, she never
attempts to fly, as any other ant would, but transfixes —
her opponents one after another, springing right and
left with great agility, till at length she succumbs,
overpowered by numbers. M. scabrinodis is cowardly
-and thievish; during wars among the larger species
they haunt the battle-fields and devour the dead.
_Tetramoriwm is said to be very greedy; Myrmecina
_ very phlegmatic. -

_ In industry ants are not surpassed even by bees
and wasps. They work all day, and in warm weather,
_ if need be, even at night too. I once watched an ant
_ from six in the morning, and she worked without
intermission till a quarter to ten at night. I had put
her to a saucer containing larve, and in this time she

*
re
t
~

28 GAMES,
_ carried off no less than a hundred and eighty-seven to
the nest. I kept another ant, which I employed in my ~
experiments, under continuous observation several days. —
When I started for London in the morning, and again —
when I went to bed at night, I used to put herina
small bottle, but the moment she was let out she
began to work again. On one occasion I was away
from home for a week. On my return I took her out
of the bottle, placing her on a little heap of larve
about three feet from the nest. Under these circum-
stances I certainly did not expect her to return. How- —
ever, though she had thus been six days in confine-—
ment, the brave little creature immediately picked up —
a larva, carried it off to the nest, and after half an
hour’s rest returned for another.
Our countryman Gould noticed! certain ‘amuse-_
ments’ or ‘ sportive exercises,’ which he had observed —
among ants. Huber also mentions? scenes which he —
had witnessed on the surface of ant hills, and which,
he says, ‘I dare not qualify with the title gymnastic,
although they bear a close resemblance to scenes of —
that kind.’ The ants raised themselves on their hind
legs, caressed one another with their antenne, engaged
in mock combats, and almost seemed to be playing
hide and seek. Forel entirely confirms Huber’s state-
ments, though he was at first incredulous. He
says: &— 7

1 An Account of English Ants, p. 103.
2 Nat. Hist. of Ants, p. 197. 8 Loe. cit., p. 367.

p= CLEANLINESS. | 29

oa * Malgré V’exactitude avec laquelle il décrit ce fait,
Yavais peine a y croire avant de l’avoir vu moi-méme,
_ mais une fourmiliére pratensis m’en donna I’exemple 4
| plusieurs reprises lorsque je l’approchai avec précaution.
“Des ¥ (i.e. workers) se saisissaient par les pattes ou
par les mandibules, se roulaient par terre, puis se
retachaient, s’entrainaient les unes les autres dans les
trous de leur déme pour en ressortir aussitét aprés, etc.
_ Tout cela sans aucun acharnement, sans venin ; il était
_ évident que c’était purement amical. Le moindre
souffle de ma part mettait aussitét fin 4 ces jeux.
_J’ayoue que ce fait peut paraitre imaginaire 4 qui ne
Ya pas vu, quand on pense que I’attrait des sexes ne
peut en étre cause.’
Bates, also, in the case of Eciton legionis, observed
behaviour which looked to him ‘ like simple indulgence
in idle amusement, the conclusion,’ he says, ‘ that the
ants were engaged merely in play was irresistible.’ !
Lastly, I may observe that ants are very cleanly
animals, and assist one another in this respect. I have
often seen them licking one another. Those, moreover,
which I painted for facility of recognition were gradu-
ally cleaned by their friends,

- * Loe. cit., vol. ii. p. 362.

CHAPTER It,

ON THE FORMATION AND MAINTENANCE OF NESTS, AND ©
ON THE DIVISION OF LABOUR.

Iris remarkable that notwithstanding the researches of
so many excellent observers, and though ants’ nests”
swarm in eyery field and every wood, we did not know -
how their nests commence.

Three principal modes have been suggested. After
the marriage-flight the young queen may either—

1. Join her own or some other old nest ;

2. Associate herself with a certain number of —
workers, and with their assistance commence a new
nest ; or :

3. Found a new nest by herself.

The question can of course only be settled by ob-
servation, and the experiments made to determine it
had hitherto been indecisive.

Blanchard, indeed, in his work on the * Metamor- —
phoses of Insects’ (I quote from Dr. Duncan’s transla-
tion, p. 205), says :—‘* Huber observed a solitary female
go down into a small under-ground hole, take off her
own wings, and become, as it were, a worker; then she
constructed a small nest, laid a few eggs, and brought —

ar

ORIGIN OF AN ANTS’ NEST. 31
up the larve by acting as mother and nurse at the same
7 oD

time
“es

This, however, is not a correct version of what
fuber says. His words are :—‘ I enclosed several females
in a vessel full of light humid earth, with which they
constructed lodges, where they resided, some singly,
‘othersincommon. They laid their eggs and took great
eare of them ; and notwithstanding the inconvenience
of not being able to vary the temperature of their habi-
t tion, they reared some, which became larve of a
tolerable size, but which soon perished from the effect
of my own negligence.’ !
It will be observed that it was the eggs, not the
larve, which, according to Huber, these isolated females
reared. It is true that he attributes the early and uni-
form death of the larve to his own negligence, but the
fact remains that in none of his observations did an
isolated female bring her offspring to maturity.
_ Other entomologists, especially Forel and Ebrard,
have repeated the same observations with similar results;
and as yet in no single case had an isolated female been
‘known to bring her young to maturity. Forel even
thought himself justified in concluding, from his ob-
ervations and from those of Ebrard, that such a fact
could not occur.
_ Lepeletier de St. Fargeau? was of opinion that ants’
nests originate in the second mode indicated above, and
_ °\ Natural History of Ants, Huber, p. 121.
_—-*®- Hist, Nat. des Ins. Hyménoptires, vol. i. p. 143.

32 RELUCTANCE TO ADOPT A NEW QUEEN. |

it is, indeed, far from improbable that this may occur. .
No clear case has, however, yet been observed. M, de
St. Fargeau himself observes! that ‘les particularités
qui accompagnent la formation premiére d’une four-
miliére sont encore incertaines et mériteraient d’étre
observées avec soin.’ ca
Under these circumstances I made the following
experiments :— 4
la. I took an old, fertile, queen from a nest of
Lasius flavus, and put her to another nest of the same
species. The workers became very excited and attacked —
her. .
b. I repeated the experiment, with the same result. —
c. Do. do, Inthis case the nest to which the queen —
was transferred was without a queen; still they would
not receive her.
dande. Do. do. do.
I conclude, then, that, at any rate in the case of LZ. —
flavus, the workers will not adopt an old queen from
another nest. 1
The following observation shows that, at any rate
in some cases, isolated queen ants are capable of giving —
origin to a new community. a
On August 14, 1876, I isolated two pairs of Myr-
mica ruginodis which I found flyingin my garden, I
placed them with damp earth, food, and water, and —
they continued perfectly healthy through the winter.

1 Hist. Nat. des Ins. Hyménopteres, vol. i. p. 144.

ORIGIN OF A NEST OF MYRMICA. 33

= >
iy

n April one of the males died, and the second in the
iddle of May. The first eggs were laid between April
2 and 23. They began to hatch the first week in
ne, and the first larva turned into a chrysalis on
e 27th; asecond on the 30th; a third on July 1,
en there were also seven larve and two eggs. On
he 8th there was another egg. On July 8 a fourth
larva had turned into a pupa. On July 11 I found
here were six eggs, and on the 14th about ten. On the
5th one of the pupx began to turn brown, and the
ggs were about 15 innumber. On the 16th a second
upa began to turn brown. On the 2Ist a fifth larva
jad turned into a pupa, and there were about 20 eggs.
In July 22 the first worker emerged, and a sixth larva
ud changed. On the 25th I observed the young worker
trying the larve about when I looked into the nest ;
.second worker was coming out. On July 28 a third
er emerged, and a fourth on Aug 5. The eggs
ppeared to be less numerous, and some had probably
een devoured.
This experiment shows that the queens of Myrmica
uginodis have the instinct of bringing up larve and the
swer of founding communities. The workers remained
t six weeks in the egg, a month in the state of
®, and twenty-five to twenty-seven days as pupe.
Since, however, cases are on record in which com-
munities are known to have existed for many years,
seems clear that fresh queens must be sometimes
ulopted. Ihave indeed recorded several experiments
D

34 ADOPTION OF A QUEEN,

in which fertile queens introduced into queenless ne sts
were ruthlessly attacked, and subsequent experiments
have always had the same result. Mr. Jenner Fust,
however, suggested to me to introduce the queen into
the nest, as is done with bees, in a wire cage, and leave
her there for two or three days, so that the workers
might, as it were, get accustomed toher. Accordingly
I procured a queen of F. fusca and put her with some
honey in a queenless nest, enclosed in a wire cage so
that the ants could not get at her. After three days I
let her out, but she was at once attacked. Perhaps I
ought to have waited a few days longer. On the con-
trary, Mr. McCook reports a case of the adoption of a
fertile queen of Cremastogaster lineolata by a colony
of the same species: '—‘The queen,’ he says, ‘was
taken April 16, and on May 14 following was introduced
to workers of a nest taken the same day. The queen
was alone within an artificial glass formicary, and
several workers were introduced. One of these soon
found the queen, exhibited much excitement but no
hostility, and immediately ran to her sister workers, all
of whom were presently clustered upon the queen.

their comrades, until the body of the queen (who is
much larger than the workers) was nearly covered with
them. They appeared to be holding on by their man-
dibles to the delicate hairs upon the female’s body, and

' Proce. Acad. Natwral Sciences of Philadelphia, 1879. ‘ Note on
the Adoption of an Ant-Queen,’ by Mr, McCook, p. 139.

: of attention continued until the queen, escorted by
workers, disappeared in one of the galleries. She was
entirely adopted, and thereafter was often seen moving
freely, or attended by guards, about the nest, at times
engaged in attending the larve and pupe which had
been introduced with the workers of the strange colony.
The workers were fresh from their own natural home, and
‘the queen had been in an artificial home for a month.’

In no case, however, when I have put a queen into
one of my nests has she been accepted.

Possibly the reason for the difference may be that
the ants on which I experimented had been long living
-inarepublic ; for, I am informed, that if bees have been
long without a queen it is impossible to induce them to
ecept another.

_ Moreover, I have found that when I put a queen
with a few ants from a strange nest they did not

attack her, and by adding others gradually, I succeeded

in securing the throne for her.

It is generally stated that among ants the queens

only lay eggs. This, however, is not correct.

_ Denny' and Lespés? have shown that the workers

also are capable of producing eggs; but the latter as-
ed that these eggs never come to maturity. Forel,
| isievar, has proved® that this is not the case, but

1 Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 2nd ser., vol. i.
3 Ann. des Sci. Nat., 1863.
* Fourmis de la Suisse, p. 329.

36 EGGS LAID BY FERTILE WORKERS |

that in some cases, at any rate, the eggs do produc
young. Dewitz even maintains! that the workers
habitually lay eggs, and explains the difference which
on this view exists between the workers of ants and
those of bees, on the ground that (as he supposes) the
majority of ants die in the autumn, so that the eggs
laid by the queens alone would not be sufficient to
stock the nest in the spring; while among bees the
majority survive the winter, and consequently the eggs
laid by the queen are sufficient to maintain the num-
bers of the community. In reply to this argument, it
may be observed that among wasps the workers all
perish in the autumn, while, on the contrary, among
ants I have proved that, at least as regards many
species, this is not the case. Moreover, although eggs -
are frequently laid by workers, this is not so often the
case as Dewitz appears to suppose. Forel appears to
have only observed it in one or two cases. In my
nests the instances were more numerous; and, indeed, ~
I should say that in most nests there were a few fertile
workers.

Among bees and wasps also the workers are occa
sionally fertile ; but, so far as our observations go, it is
a curious fact that their eggs never produce females,
either queens or workers, but always males. The four
or five specimens bred by Forel from the eggs’ of
workers were, moreover, all males.

It became therefore an interesting question whether

1 Zeit. f. miss. Zool., vol, xxviii. p. 536.

. ALWAYS PRODUCE MALES. 37
the same is the rule among ants; and my nests have
supplied me with some facts bearing on the question.
Most of my nests contained queens; and in these it
would be impossible, or at least very difficult, to dis-
tinguish and follow the comparatively few eggs laid
by the workers. Some of my nests, however, con-
tained no queen; and in them therefore all the eggs
must have been laid by workers.

One of these was a nest of Formica cinerea, which
I brought back from Castellamare in November 1875.
At that time it contained no eggs or larve. In 1876
a few eggs were laid, of which fifteen came 'to maturity,
and were, I believe, all males. In 1877 there were
fourteen pups, of which twelve came to maturity, and
were all males. ey )

Again, in a nest of Lasius niger, kept in captivity
since July 1875, there were in 1876 about 100 young ;
and these were, as far as I could ascertain, all males.
At any rate there were about 100 males, and I could
“not find a single young female. In 1877 there were
again some pupe; but owing to an accident none of
them came to maturity. In 1878 fifteen came to
‘maturity ; and fourteen were males. The other I could
not find after it left the pupa skin; but I have no
doubt, from the appearance of the pupa, that it was
also a male.
| Another nest of Lasius niger, taken in November
_ 1875, brought in 1878 only one young ant to maturity ;
_ and this was a male.

38 EGGS LAID BY FERTILE WORKERS

Again, in a nest of Formica fusca, taken in 1875,
though in 1876 and 1877 eggs were laid and a few
arrived at the pupa-state, none came to maturity.
They were all, however, either males or queens, and, I
have little doubt, were males. In 1878 one came 4
maturity, and it was a male.

‘A nest of F. fusca, captured in 1876, did not beni .
up any young in 1877. In 1878 three larve came to”
maturity; and they all proved to be males. Another
nest of F. fusca, captured in 1877, in 1878 brought
only one young one to maturity. This was a male.

In the following year (1879), I again carefully
watched my nests, to see what further light they
would throw on the subject.

In six of those which contained no queen, eggs
were produced, which of course must necessarily have
been laid by workers.

The first of these, the nest of Lasius niger,
which I have watched since July 1875, and which,
therefore, is interesting from the great age of the
workers, about ten larvee were hatched, but only four
reached the pupa state. Of these one disappeared ;
the other three I secured, and on examination they all
proved to be males. The nest of Lasiws niger, which
has been under observation since November 1875, pro-
duced about ten pup. Of these I examined seven, all”
of which I found to be males. The others escaped me. —
I believe that, having died, they were brought out and
thrown away.

ALWAYS PRODUCE MALES. 39

The nest of Formica cinerea, captured at the same
time, produced four larve, all of which perished before
arriving at the pupa stage. The larve of males and
of queens are much larger than those of workers,
and these larve were too big to have been those of
workers.

In a nest of Formica fusca, which I have had
under observation since August 1876, three pups were
produced. They were all males. Another nest of
Formica fusca produced a single young one, which also
was a male.

Lastly, my nest of Polyergus rufescens, which M.

Forel was so good as to send me in the spring of 1876,
in 1879 produced twelve pupx. Eleven of these turned
out to be males. The other one I lost; and I have
little doubt that it was brought out and thrown away.
It was certainly not a worker. As regards the first
three of these pups, I omitted to record at the time
whether they belonged to the Polyergus or to the
slaves, though I have little doubt that they belonged to
the former species. The last eight, at any rate, were
es of Polyergus.
Indeed, in all of my queenless nests, males have
been produced; and in not a single queenless nest has
aworker laid eggs which have produced a female, either
_ @ queen or a worker. Perhaps I ought to add that
_ workers are abundantly produced in those of my nests
_ which possess a queen.
While great numbers of workers and males have

"
“A

q

i
«
6

40 QUEENS SELDOM PRODUCED IN CAPTIVITY.

come to maturity in my nests, with one excoptiag n t
a single queen has been produced.
This was in a nest of Formica fusca, in which five”
queens came to maturity. The nest (which, I need
hardly say, possessed a queen) had been under observa=
tion since April 1879, and the eggs therefore must
have been laid in captivity. The nest had been richly
supplied with animal food, which may possibly account
for the fact.
It is known that bees, by difference of food, &e.,
possess the power of obtaining at will from the same
eggs either queens or ordinary workers. Mr. Dewitz,'
however, is of opinion that among ants, on the con-—
trary, the queens and workers are produced from
different kinds of eggs. He remarks that it is very
difficult to understand how the instinct, if it is to be
ealled instinct, which would enable the working ants —
to make this difference can have arisen. This is no
doubt true; but it seems to me quite as difficult to
understand how the queens, which must have originally
laid only queen eggs and male eggs, can have come to
produce another class, Moreover, however great the
difficulty may be to understand how the ants can have
learnt to produce queens and workers from one kind of
egg, the same difficulty exists almost to the same
extent in bees, which, as Mr. Dewitz admits, do possess
the power. Moreover, it seems to me very unlikely
that the result is produced in one way in the case of

1 Zeit. fiir wise, Zool. 1878, p. 101.

ORIGIN OF QUEENS. 41

~ bees and in another in that of ants. Itis alsoa strong
| argument that in none of my nests, though thousands
of workers and males have been produced, had I ever
observed a queen to be so until the year 1879. On
_ the whole, then, though I differ from so excellent a
naturalist with much hesitation, I cannot but think

i given egg into either a queen or a worker.
| I have already mentioned that the previous views
| as to the duration of life of ants turn out to be quite
_ erroneous. It was the general opinion that they lived
_ for a single year. I have, however, now in my posses-
| sion two queens, which I have had under observation
_ ever since the year 1874. They must now (August
1882) therefore be more than eight years old. They
seem in perfect health, and in 1881 laid fertile eggs, a
fact which suggests physiological conclusions of great
interest.
| I have, moreover, little doubt that some of the
workers now in this nest were among those originally
¢ ed, the mortality after the first few weeks having
been but small. This, however, I cannot prove.
A nest of F. sanguinea, which M. Forel kindly
rwarded to me on September 12, 1875 (but which
contained no queen), gradually diminished in numbers,
until in February 1879 it was reduced to two F. san-
_ guineas and one slave. The latter died in February
4 1880. One of the two mistresses died between May
_ 10 and May 16, 1880, and the other only survived her

42 f LONGEVITY OF ANTS.

a few days, dying between the 16th and 20th. These
two ants, therefore, must have been five years old at
least. It is certainly curious that they should, after
living go “long, have died within ten days of one
another. There was nothing, as far as I could see, in
the state of the nest or the weather to account for this,
and they were well supplied with food; yet I hardly
venture to suggest that the survivor pined away for
the loss of her companion.
Some workers of F. cinerea lived in one of 7
nests from November 1875 to April 1882.
Workers of F. fusca have attained the age of six
years in several of my nests, and in one of Lasius niger
brought in on November 30, 1875, there were no
queens; and, as already mentioned, no workers have
been produced. Those now living (February 1883) are
therefore the original ones, and they must be more
than seven years old.
The duration of life in ants is therefore or ;
greater than has been hitherto supposed.
Though I lose many ants from accidents, especially.
in summer, in winter there are very few deaths. |
I have given the following figure (fig. 2), which
represents a typical nest belonging to Lasiws niger,
because it is a good instance of the mode in which
my ants excavated chambers and galleries for them-
selves, and seems to show some ideas of strategy. The
nest is, as usual, between two plates of glass, the outer
border is a framework of wood, and the shaded part

¢ ARRANGEMENT OF A NEST. 43

Fig. 2.

Ground-plan of a typical nest of Zasius niger, reduced. a,
Marrow doorway ; db, hall; ¢, vestibule; ¢, main chamber; e¢, inner

Sanctum ; f,/,/, /. narrow entrance passages to sanctum ; g, 7, Spe-
cial pillars.

44 ARRANGEMENT OF CHAMBERS,

represents garden mould, which the ants have them-
selves excavated, as shown in the figure. For the
small doorway (a), indeed, I am myself responsible.
I generally made the doorways of my nests narrow, so
as to check evaporation and keep the nests from
becoming too dry. It will be observed, however, that
behind the hall (6) the entrance contracts, and is still
further protected by a pillar of earth, which leaves on
either side a narrow passage which a single ant could
easily guard, or which might be quickly blocked up.
Behind this is an irregular vestibule (¢), contracted
again behind into a narrow passage, which is followed
by another, this latter opening into the main chamber
(d). In this chamber several pillars of earth are left,
almost as if to support the roof. Behind the main
chamber is an inner sanctum divided into three cham-
bers, and to which access is obtained through narrow
entrances (f, f, f,f). Most of the pillars in the main
chamber are irregular in outline, but two of them
(g, g) were regular ovals, and round each, for a distance
about as long as the body of an ant, the glass had been
most carefully cleaned. This was so marked, and the
edge of the cleaned portion was so distinct, that it is
impossible not to suppose that the ants must have
had some object in this proceeding, though I am unable”
to suggest any explanation of it.

I have already mentioned (ante, p. 23), that there
is evidence of some division of labour among ants.
Where, indeed, there are different kinds of workers,

DIVISION OF LABOUR. 45

this is self-evident, but even in species where the
| workers are all of one type, something of the same
_ kind appears to occur.
In the autumn of 1875 I noticed an ant belonging
_ to one of my nests of F. fusca out feeding alone. The
_ next day the same ant was again out by herself, and for
' some weeks no other ant, so far as I observed, came out
_ to the food. I did not, however, watch her with suffi-
cient regularity. In the winter of 1876, therefore, I
_ kept two nests under close observation, having arranged
_ with my daughters and their governess, Miss Wendland
(most conscientious observers), that one of us should
look at them once an hour during the day. One of the
nests contained about 200 individuals of F. fusca, the
other was a nest of P. rufescens with the usual slaves,
about 400 in number. The mistresses themselves
never came out for food, leaving all this to the slaves.
We began watching on November 1, but did not
keep an hourly register till the 20th, after which date
| the results are given in the following tables (see
_ Appendix). Table No. 1 relates to the nest of F.
and the ants are denoted by numbers. The
at which we omitted to record an observation are

_ marked with an 0. An ant, marked in my register as
No. 3, was at the time when we began observing acting
as feeder to the community.

The only cases in which other ants came to the honey

46 DIVISION OF LABOUR,

out, whom we registered as No. 4, another on the osth,
registered as No. 5. Other ants came out occasionally,
but not one came to the honey (except the above men-—
tioned) from November 28 till January 3, when another .
(whom we registered as No. 6) began feeding. After
this a friend visited the honey once on the 4th, once
on the 11th, and again on the 15th, when she was
registered as No. 7.

Table No. 2 is constructed in the same way, but —
refers to the nest of Polyergus. The feeders in this
case were, at the beginning of the experiment, regis-
tered as Nos. 5, 6, and 7. On November 22 a
friend, registered as No. 8, came to the honey, and
again on December 11; but with these two exceptions
the whole of the supplies were carried in by Nos. 5 and
6, with a little help from No. 7.

Thinking now it might be alleged that possibly
these were merely unusually active or greedy individuals,
I imprisoned No. 6 when she came out to feed on the
5th. As will be seen from the table, no other ant had
been out to the honey for some days; and it could
therefore hardly be accidental that on that very evening
another ant (then registered as No. 9) came out for
food. This ant, as will be seen from the table, then
took the place of No. 6, and (No. 5 being imprisoned
on January 11) took in all the supplies, again with
little help from No. 7. So matters continued till the
17th, when I imprisoned No. 9, and then again, 4.¢. 0
the 19th, another ant (No. 10) came out for the food,

THE HONEY ANT. 47

aided, on and after the 22nd, by another, No. 11. This
seems to me very curious. From November 1 to
January 5, with two or three casual exceptions, the
whole of the supplies were carried in by three ants,
one of whom, however, did comparatively little. The
other two were imprisoned, and then, but not till then,
a fresh ant appears on the scene. She carried in the
food for a week; and then, she being imprisoned, two
others undertook the task. On the other hand, in
Nest 1, where the first foragers were not imprisoned,
they continued during the whole time to carry in the
necessary supplies.

The facts therefore certainly seem to indicate that
certain ants are told off as foragers, and that during
winter, when little food is required, two or three are
sufficient to provide it.

I have, indeed, no reason to suppose that in our
English ants any particular individuals are specially
adapted to serve as receptacles of food. M. Wesmael,
however, has described ' a remarkable genus (Myrmeco-
_ eystus mexicanus), brought by M. de Normann from
Mexico, in which certain individuals in each nest serve
as animated honey-pots. To them the foragers bring
_ theirsupplies, and their whole duty seemsto be to receive
_ the honey, retain it, and redistribute it when required.
Their abdomen becomes enormously distended, the in-
tersegmental membranes being so much extended that

1 Bull. de VAcad. des Sei. de Bruweliles, vol. v. p. 771.

48 THE HONEY ANT.

the chitinous segments which alone are visible exter=_
nally in ordinary ants seem like small brown transverse q
bars. The account of these most curious insects given
by MM. de Normann and Wesmael has been fully con-
firmed by subsequent observers; as, for instance, by
Lucas,! Saunders,? Edwards,’ Blake,‘ Loew,’ and
McCook.® a
On one very important point, however, M. Wesmael
was in error; he states that the abdomen of these ab-
normal individuals ‘ne contient aucun organe; ou
plutét, il n’est lui-méme qu’un vaste sac stomacal.’
Blake even asserts that ‘ the intestine of the insect is
not continued beyond the thorax,’ which must surely be
a misprint ; and also that there is no connexion between
the stomach and the intestine! These statements,
however, are entirely erroneous; and, as M. Forel has
shown, the abdomen does really contain the usual organs,
which, however, are very easily overlooked by the side
of the gigantic crop. |
I have therefore been much interested in receiving

a second species of ant, which has been sent me by
Mr. Waller, in which a similar habit has been evolved
and a similar modification has been produced. The two
species, however, are very distinct, belonging to totally

» Ann. Soe. Ent. de France, v. p. 111,

2 Canadian Entomologist, vol. vii. p. 12.

* Proc. California Academy, 1873.

* Tbid., 1874,

5 American Nat., viii. 1874,
* The Honey Ants.

HONEY ANTS. 49

ferent genera ; and the former is a native of Mexico,
hile the one now described comes from Adelaide in
Australia. The two species, therefore, cannot be de-

eended one from the other ; and the conclusion seems
nevitable that the modification has originated inde-

It is interesting that, although these specimens
apparently never leave the nest, and have little use
therefore for legs, mandibles, &c., the modifications
' which they have undergone seem almost confined to the

abdominal portion of the digestive organs. The head
and thorax, antenne, jaws, legs, &c. differ but little
from those of ordinary ants.

' T have since received another species from Australia with the
me peculiarity.

50

CHAPTER III.

ON THE RELATION OF ANTS TO PLANTS.

Ir is now generally admitted that the form and colour,
the scent and honey of flowers, are mainly due to the
unconscious agency of insects, and especially of bees.
Ants have not exercised so great an influence over the
vegetable kingdom, nevertheless they have by no
means been without effect.

The great object of the beauty, scent, and honey
of flowers, is to secure cross fertilisation; but for this
purpose winged insects are almost necessary, because
they fly readily from one plant to another, and gener-
ally confine themselves for a certain time to the same
species. Creeping insects, on the other hand, naturally
would pass from one flower to another on the same
plant ; and as Mr. Darwin has shown, it is desirable
that the pollen should be brought from a different
plant altogether. Moreover, when ants quit a plant,
they naturally creep up another close by, without any
regard to species. Hence, even to small flowers, such
as many crucifers, composites, saxifrages, &c., which,
as far as size is concerned, might well be fertilised by
ants, the visits of flying insects are much more advan-

EXCLUSION OF ANTS FROM FLOWERS, 51

‘ageous. Moreover, if larger flowers were visited by
ants, not only would they deprive the flowers of their
honey without fulfilling any useful function in return,
but they would probably prevent the really useful
. | visits of bees. If you touch an ant with a needle or a
bristle, she is almost sure to seize it in her jaws; and -
if bees, when visiting any particular plant, were liable
_ to have the delicate tip of their proboscis seized on by
the horny jaws of an ant, we may be sure that such a
“species of plant would soon cease to be visited. On
_ the other hand, we know how fond ants are of honey,
and how zealously and unremittingly they search for
food. How is it then that they do not anticipate the
ees, and secure the honey for themselves? This is
guarded against in several ways.
Belt appears to have been the first naturalist to
attention to this interesting subject.
_ £ Many flowers,’ he says,' ‘ have contrivances for pre-
ve ae useless insects from obtaining access to the

4 ‘Great Slhaiitio has of a years a cal by

alists to the wonderful contrivances amongst
owers to secure cross fertilisation, but the struc-
ire of many cannot, I believe, be understood, unless
‘we take into consideration not only the beautiful adap-
tations for securing the services of the proper insect or
* The Naturalist in Nicaragua. By Thos, Belt, F.G.S., pp. 131
wm 133,

5 n2
%

52 ISOLATION BY WATER.

bird, but also the contrivances for preventing i
that would not be useful from obtaining access to
nectar. Thus the immense length of the A
sesquipedale of Madagascar might, perhaps, have been
more easily explained by Mr. Wallace, if this ———
tant purpose had been taken into account.’

Kerner has since published a very interesting
work,! especially devoted to the subject, which has
been translated into English by Dr. Ogle.

In aquatic plants, of course, the access of ants is
precluded by the isolation in water. Nay, even many
land plants have secured to themselves the same advan-
tage, the leaves forming a cup round the stem. Some
species have such a leaf-cup at each joint, in others
there is only a single basin, formed by the rosette of
radical leaves. In these receptacles rain and dew
not only collect, but are retained for a considerable
time. In our own country Dipsacus sylvestris (the
common teazle) is the best marked instance of this
mode of protection, though it is possible that these
cups serve another purpose, and form, as suggested by
Francis Darwin, traps in which insects are caught, and
in which they are dissolved by the contained fluid, so
as to serve as food for the plant. However this may
be, the basins are generally found to contain water,
even if no rain has fallen for some days, and must,
therefore, serve to prevent the access of ants.

The next mode of protection is by means of slippery

' Kerner: Flowers and their Unbidden Guests.

SLIPPERY SURFACES, 53

surfaces. In this case, also, the leaves often form a
collar round the stem, with curved surfaces over which
ants cannot climb. ‘I have assured myself,’ says
Kerner, ‘not only by observation, but by experiment,
that wingless insects, and notably ants, find it impos-
sible to mount upwards over such leaves as these.
The little creatures run up the stem, and may even
not unfrequently traverse the under surface of the
_ leaves, if not too smooth; but the reflexed and slip-
_pery margin is more than the best climbers among
_ them can get over, and if they attempt it they invari-
ably fall to the ground. There is no necessity for the
lamina of the leaf to be very broad; even narrow
leaves, as, for instance, those of Gentiana verna, are
enough for the purpose, supposing, of course, that the
margin is bent backwards in the way described.’
Of this mode of protection the cyclamen and snow-
he offer familiar examples. In vain do ants attempt
ito obtain access to such flowers, the curved surfaces
baile them; when they come to the edge they inevit-
itty drop. off to. the ground again. In fact, these
- pendulous flowers protect the honey as effectually
o- the access of ants, as the hanging nests of the
weaver and other birds protect their eggs and young
_ from the attacks of reptiles.
Inu a third series of plants the access of creeping
- insects is impeded or altogether prevented by certain
parts of the flower being crowded together so as to
leave either a very narrow passage or none at all, Thus

54 CLOSED FLOWERS.

the Antirrhinum, or snapdragon, is completely closed,
and only a somewhat powerful insect can force its way
in. The flower is in fact a strong box, of which the
Humble-bee only has the key. The Linarias are another
case of this kind. The Campanulas, again, are open
flowers, but the stamens are swollen at the base,
and in close contact with one another, so that they
form the lid of a hollow box in which the honey is
secreted. In some species the same object is effec-
ted by the stamens being crowded together, as in
some of the white Ranunculuses of the Alps. In
other cases, the flower forms a narrow tube, still
further protected by the presence of hairs, sometimes
scattered, sometimes, as in the white dead nettle,
forming a row.

In others, as in some species of Narcissus, Primula,
Pedicularis, &c., the tube itself is so narrow that even
an ant could not force its way down.

In others, again, as in some of the Gentians, the
opening of the tube is protected by the swollen head
of the pistil.

In others, as in clover, lotus, and many other
Leguminose, the ovary and the stamens, which cling
round the ovary in a closely-fitting tube, fill up almost
the whole space between the petals, leaving only a
very narrow tube.

Lastly, in some, as in Geraniwm robertianwm,
LTinum catharticum, &e., the main tube itself is
divided by ridges into several secondary ones.

PROTECTION BY THICKETS OF HAIRS, 55

In still more numerous species the access of ants
and other creeping insects is prevented by the presence
_ of spines or hairs, which constitute a veritable chevaux
_ de frise. Often these hairs are placed on the flowers
_ themselves, as in some verbenas and gentians. ‘ Some-
_ times the whole plant is more or less hairy, and it
will be observed that the hairs of plants have a great
tendency to point downwards, which of course con-
_ stitutes them a more efficacious barrier.

| In another class of cases access to the flowers is
_ prevented by viscid secretions. Everyone who has any
acquaintance with botany knows how many species
bear the specific name of ‘Viscosa’ or ‘ Glutinosa.’
We have, for instance, Bartsia viscosa, Robinia viscosa,
Linum viscosum, Euphrasia viscosa, Silene viscosa,
Dianthus viscidus, Senecio viscosus, Holostewm glu-
tinoswm, &c. Even those who have never opened a
botanical work must have noticed how many plants are
more or less sticky. Why is this? What do the plants
' gain by this peculiarity? The answer probably is, at
any rate in most cases, that creeping insects are thus
kept from the flowers. The viscid substance is found
most frequently and abundantly on the peduncles im-
_ mediately below the blossoms, or even on the blossoms
_ themselves. In Epimedium alpinum, for instance,
_ the leaves and lower parts of the stem are smooth,
_ while the peduncles are covered with glandular, viscid
' hairs. The number of small insects which are limed
_ and perish on such plants is very considerable. Kerner

56 VISCIDITY OF PLANTS.

counted sixty-four small insects on one inflorescence of
Lychnis viscosa. In other species the flower is viscid ;
as, for instance, in the gooseberry, Linnea borealis,
Plumbago Europea, &e.

Polygonum amphibium is a very interesting
case. The small rosy flowers are richly supplied with
honey; but from the structure of the flower, it would —
not be fertilised by creeping insects. As its name
indicates, this plant grows sometimes on land, some-
times in water. Those individuals, however, which
grow on dry land are covered by innumerable glan-
dular viscid hairs, which constitute an effectual pro-
tection. On the other hand, the individuals which
grow in water are protected by their situation. To
them the glandular hairs would be useless, and in fact
on such specimens they are not developed.

In most of the cases hitherto mentioned the viscid
substance is secreted by glandular hairs, but in others
it is discharged by the ordinary cells of the surface.
Kerner is even of opinion that the milky juice of
certain plants—for instance, of some species of Lactuca
(lettuce)—answers the same purpose. He placed
several kinds of ants on these plants, and was surprised
to find that their sharp claws cut through the delicate
epidermis; while through the minute clefts thus made
the milky juice quickly exuded, by which the ants
were soon glued down. Kerner is even disposed to
suggest that the nectaries which occur on certain
leaves are a means of protection against the unwel-

ANTS PROTECTING TREES. 57

come, because unprofitable, visits of creeping insects,
by diverting them from the flowers.

_ Thus, then, though ants have not influenced the
present condition of the vegetable kingdom to the
‘same extent as bees, yet they also have had a very
considerable effect upon it in many ways.

Our European ants do not strip plants of their
leaves. In the tropics, on the contrary, some species
do much damage in this manner.

Bates considers! that the leaves are used ‘ to thatch
the domes which coyer the entrances to their sub-
' terranean dwellings, thereby protecting them from
the rains.’ Belt, on the other hand, maintains that
they are torn up into minute fragments, so as to form
flocculent mass, which serves as a bed for mush-
rooms; the ants are, in fact, he says, ‘mushroom
"growers and eaters.’ ?

Some trees are protected by one species of ants
from others. A species of Acacia, described by Belt,
bears hollow thorns, while each leaflet produces honey
in a crater-formed gland at the base, as well as a small,
_ Sweet, pear-shaped body at the tip. In consequence, it is
inhabited by myriads of a small ant, which nests in the
} : ollow thorns, and thus finds meat, drink, and lodging

all provided for it. These ants are continually roaming

over the plant; and constitute a most efficient body-
guard, not only driving off the leaf-cutting ants, but,
in Belt’s opinion, rendering the leaves less liable to be

4 Loo. cit., ¥. i. p. 26. * Loo. cit., p. 79.

58 ANTS AS TREE-GUARDS.

eaten by herbivorous mammalia. Delpino mentions

that on one occasion he was gathering a flower of Clero-
dendrum fragrans, when he was himself ‘suddenly
attacked by a whole army of small ants.’ !

Moseley has also called attention? to the relations
which have grown up between ants and two ‘ curious
epiphytes, Myrmecodia armata and Hydnophytum
formicarum. Both plants are associated in their
growth with certain species of ants. As soon as the ‘
young plants developa stem, the ants gnaw at the base
of this, and the irritation produced causes the stem to
swell; the ants continuing to irritate and excavate
the swelling, it assumes a globular form, and may
become even larger than a man’s head.

‘The globular mass contains within a labyrinth of
chambers and passages, which are occupied by the ants
as their nest. The walls of these chambers and the
whole mass of the inflated stem retain their vitality
and thrive, continuing to increase in size with growth.
From the surface of the rounded mass are given off
small twigs, bearing the leaves and flowers.

‘It appears that this curious gall-like tumour on
the stem has become a normal condition of the plants,
which cannot thrive without the ants. In Myrmecodia
armata the globular mass is covered with spine-like
excrescences. The trees I referred to at Amboina had
these curious spine-covered masses perched in every —

! Scientific Lectures, p. 33.
2 Notes by a Naturalist on the ‘Challenger,’ p. 389.

INSECTIVOROUS ANTS. 59

fork, and with them also smooth surfaced masses of a
species of Hydnophytwm.’

_ There are, of course, many cases in which the action
of ants is very beneficial to plants. They kill off a
great number of small caterpillars and other insects.
Forel found in one large nest that more than twenty-
eight dead insects were brought in per minute; which
would give during the period of greatest energy more
than 100,000 insects destroyed in a day by the
inhabitants of one nest alone.

Our English hunting ants generally forage alone,
but in warmer countries they hunt in packs, or even
troops.

As already mentioned, none of our northern ants
store up grain, and hence there has been much dis-
cussion as to the well-known passage of Solomon. I
have indeed observed that the small brown ants, Lasius
niger, sometimes carry seeds of the violet into their
nests, but for what purpose is not clear. It is, however,
‘now a well-established fact that more than one species
_ of southern ants do collect seeds of various kinds.
faet, of course, has long been known in those

Indeed, the quantity of grain thus stored up is some-
_ times so considerable, that in the ‘ Mischna,’ rules are
laid down with reference to it; and various com-
mentators, including the celebrated Maimonides, have
discussed at length the question whether such grain
_ belonged to the owner of the land, or might be taken

‘i

i
%

by gleaners—giving the latter the benefit of the doubt. —
They do not appear to have considered the rights of
the ants.

Hope! has called attention to the fact that Meer
Hassan Ali, in his ‘History of the Mussulmans,’
expressly mentions it. ‘More industrious little crea-_
tures,’ he says, ‘cannot exist than the small red ants, —
which are so abundant in India. I have watched them —
at their labours for hours, without tiring. ‘They are so
small, that from eight to twelve in number labour with :
great difficulty to convey a grain of wheat or barley,
yet these are not more than half the size of a grain of
English wheat. I have known them to carry one of
these grains to their nest, at a distance from 600 to
1,000 yards. They travel in two distinct lines over
rough or smooth ground, as it may happen, even up |
and down steps, at one regular pace. The returning
unladen ants invariably salute the burthened ones, who
are making their way to the general storehouse; but it
is done so promptly, that the line is neither broken nor
their progress impeded by the salutation.’

Sykes, in his account of an Indian ant, Pheidole
providens,? appears to have been the first of modern
scientific authors to confirm the statements of Solomon.
He states that the above-named species collects large
stores of grass seeds, on which it subsists from February

60 HARVESTING ANTS.

—_

—— a

Trans. Ent. Soc. 1840, p. 213. :
2 Ibid. 1836, p. 99, Dr. Lincecum has also made a similar ’
observation. q

AGRICULTURAL ANTS. 61

to October. On one occasion he even observed the
ants bringing up their stores of grain to dry them
after the closing thunderstorms of the monsoon; an
observation which has been since confirmed by other
naturalists.

It is now known that harvesting ants occur in the
warmer part of Europe, where their habits have been
observed with care, especially by Moggridge and Lespés.
It does not yet seem quite clear in what manner the
ants prevent the grains from germinating. Moggridge
found that if the ants were prevented from entering
the granaries, the seeds began to sprout, and that this
was also the case in deserted granaries. It would ap-
pear therefore that the power of germination was not
destroyed.

On the other hand, Lespés confirms the statement
_long ago made by Aldrovandus that the ants gnaw off
the radicle, while Forel asserts that Atta structor
_ allows the seeds in its granaries to commence the pro-
_ cess of germination for the sake of the sugar.
bi A Texan ant, Pogonomyrmex barbatus, is also a

harvesting species, storing up especially the grains of
Aristida oligantha, the so-called ‘ant rice, and of a
| grass, Buchle dactyloides. These ants clear disks, ten
_ or twelve feet in diameter, round the entrance to their
_ nest, a work of no small labour in the rich soil, and
under the hot sun, of Texas. I say ‘clear disks,’ but
_ some, though not all, of these disks are occupied, espe-
@ially round the edge, by a growth of ant rice. These

62 AGRICULTURAL ANTS,

ants were first noticed by Mr. Buckley,’ and their

habits were some time afterwards described in more
detail by Dr. Lincecum,? who maintained not only that
the ground was carefully cleared of all other species of
plants, but that this grass was intentionally cultivated
by the ants. Mr. McCook,’ by whom this subject has
been recently studied, fully confirms Dr. Lincecum
that the disks are kept carefully clean, that the ant
rice alone is permitted to grow on them, and that the

produce of this crop is carefully harvested; but he —

thinks that the ant rice sows itself, and is not actually
cultivated by the ants. I have myself observed in
Algeria, that certain species of plants are allowed by the
ants to grow on their nests.

1 Proc, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1860.

2 Linnean Journal, 1861, p. 29.
® The Nat. Hist. of the Agricultural Ants of Tewas, p. 38.

63

CHAPTER IV.

ON THE RELATIONS OF ANTS TO OTHER ANIMALS,

Tue relations existing between ants and otheranimals are
even more interesting than their relations with plants.
As a general rule, not, however, without many remark-
ble exceptions, they may be said to be those of deadly
hostility.
Though honey is the principal food of my ants,
ey are very fond of meat, and in their wild state
ants destroy large numbers of other insects. Our

cks, or even in troops.

Savage has given 'a graphic account of the ‘ Driver’
ants (Anomma arcens, West.) of West Africa. They
keep down, he says, ‘the more rapid increase of noxious
s and smaller reptiles; consume much dead
al matter, which is constantly occurring, decaying,
g offensive, and thus vitiating the atmosphere,

'*On the Habits of the Driver Ants,’ Trans. Ent. Soc. 1847
4,

64 HUNTING ANTS.

their dwellings, towns, and their vicinity in a state of
comparative cleanliness. The dread of them is upon
every living thing.

‘Their entrance into a house is soon known by the
simultaneous and universal movement of rats, mice,
lizards, Blapside, Blattide, and of the numerous
vermin that infest our dwellings. Not being agreed,
they cannot dwell together, which modifies in a good
measure the severity of the Drivers’ habits, and renders”
their visits sometimes (though very seldom in my view) —
desirable. ‘

‘They move over the house with a good degree of -
order, unless disturbed, occasionally spreading abroad, —
ransacking one point after another, till, either having
found something desirable, they collect upon it, when
they may be destroyed en masse by hot water. ....

‘When they are fairly in, we give up the house,
and try to await with patience their pleasure, thankful,
indeed, if permitted to remain within the narrow limits —
of our beds or chairs.’

These ants will soon destroy even the largest animal |
if it is confined. In one case Savage saw them kill near
his house a snake four feet long. Indeed, it is said that
they have been known to destroy the great python, ~
when gorged with food and powerless. The natives
even believe that the python, after crushing its victim,
does not venture to swallow it, until it has made a
search, and is satisfied that there are no Drivers in the ~
vicinity! It is very remarkable that these hunting

ECITONS. 65

nts are blind. They emerge, however, principally by
ight, and like some of the blind hunting ants of
Brazil (Zeiton vastator and EF. erratica), well described
by Bates,' prefer to move under covered galleries, which
hey construct rapidly as they advance. ‘The column
foragers pushes forward step by step, under the
tection of these covered passages, through the
kets, and on reaching a rotting log, or other
promising hunting ground, pour into the crevices in
earch of booty.’

The marauding troops of Ecitons may, in some
pases, be described as armies. ‘Wherever they move,’
ys Bates,? ‘the whole animal world is set in commo-
ion, and every creature tries to get out of their way.
But it is especially the various tribes of wingless insects
at have cause for fear, such as heavy-bodied spiders,
ints of other species, maggots, caterpillars, larve of
‘eockroaches, and so forth, all of which live under fallen
ves or in decaying wood. The Ecitons do not mount
very high on trees, and therefore the nestlings of birds

= not much incommoded by them. The mode of
eration of these armies, which I ascertained, only
r long-continued observation, is as follows: The
aain column, from four to six deep, moves forward in
'@ given direction, clearing the ground of all animal
a dead or alive, and throwing off, here and there,
a thinner column to forage for a short time on the
? ¥ The Naturalist on the River Amazon, vol. ii. p. 364.
* Ibdid., p. 358.

F

66 INSECTS MIMICKING ANTS. ;

flanks of the main army, and re-enter it again afte
their task is accomplished, If some very rich place be
encountered anywhere near the line of march—for
example, a mass of rotten wood abounding in insect
larvee, a delay takes place, and a very strong force of
ants is concentrated upon it.’

Belt, also, has given! an excellent account of these
Ecitons, He observed that spiders were peculiarly
intelligent in escaping them, making off several ya
in advance ; and not like cockroaches and other stupider
insects, taking shelter in the first hiding-place, where
they were almost sure to be detected. The only chance
of safety was either to run right away or to stand still.
He once saw a Harvestman (Phalangiwm) standing
in. the midst of an army of ants with the greatest
cirecumspection and coolness, lifting its long legs one
after the other. Sometimes as many as five out of
the eight would be in the air at once, but it always
found three or four spots free from ants, on which it
could safely place its feet. On another occasion, Belt
observed a green leaf-like locust, which remained per-
fectly still, allowing the ants to run over it,
they did, but seem to have been quite deceived by it
appearance and immobility, apparently taking it fora
leaf,

In other cases, insects mimic ants, and thus escape
attack or are able to stalk their prey. Belt mention:
a spider which in its form, colour, and movements so

! The Naturalist in Nicaragua, p. 17.

much resembled an ant, that he was himself for some

time deceived.

_ Nor are ants without their enemies. We all know
how fond birds are of their larvee and pupe. They have

also numerous parasites. I have already alluded to the

mites which are often found in ants’ nests. These are

of several kinds; one of them, not uncommon in the

and has been described for me by Mr. Michael (see
Appendix).
Certain species of Diptera, belonging to the family

at some of them are a new species of the genus Phora,
and that among them is also the type of a new genus,
which he proposes to call Platyphora, doing me the
honour of naming the species after me. I subjoin his
jescription in the appendix,
But the social and friendly relations which exist
yetween ants and other animals are of a more complex
and much more interesting character.
It has long been known that ants derive a very
mportant part of their sustenance from the sweet
"juice excreted by aphides. These insects, in fact,
as has been over and over again observed, are the
cows of the ants; in the words of Linnzus, ‘ Aphis
ormicarum vyacca.’ A good account of the rela-
existing between ants and aphides was given
: ¥2

ENEMIES OF ANTS, 67

nests of Lasius flavus, turned out to be a new species, _

>.

68 DOMESTIC ANIMALS OF ANTS.

more than a hundred years ago by the Abbé Boisi
de Sauvages.!

Nor are the aphides the only insects which serve as
cows to the ants. Various species of Coccide,
Cercopis, Centrotus, Membracis, &c., are utilised in the
same manner. H, Edwards? and M’Cook ® have observed
ants licking the larva of a butterfly, Lycana pseudar-
giolus.

The different species of ants utilise different speci
of aphis. The common brown garden ant (Lasius
niger) devotes itself principally to aphides which
frequent twigs and leaves; Lasiws brumneus, to the
aphides which live on the bark of trees; while the
little yellow ant (Lasiws flavus) keeps flocks and herds
of the root-feeding aphides. .

In fact, to this difference of habit the difference
colour is perhaps due...The Baltic amber contai
among the remains of many other insects a species of
ant intermediate between our small brown garden ants
and the little yellow meadow ants. This is possibly
the stock from which these-and other allied species are
descended. One is tempted to suggest that the bro
species which live so much in the open air, and:climb
up trees and bushes, have retained and even deepe
their dark colour; while others, such as Lasius fla

1 Observations sur Vorigine du miel, par YAbbé Boisier
Sauvages, Jour. de Physique, vol. i. p. 187.

2 Canadian Entomologist, January 1878.

* The Mound-making Ants of the Alleghanies, p. 289.

APHIDES, 69

he yellow meadow ant, which lives almost entirely
delow ground, has become much paler.
The ants may be said almost literally to milk the
phides; for, as Darwin and others have shown, the
aphides generally retain the secretion until the ants
are ready to receive it. The ants stroke and caress the
aphides with their antenne, and the aphides then
emit the sweet secretion.
As the honey of the aphides is more or less sticky,
it is probably an advantage to the aphis that it should
be removed. Nor is this the only service which ants
ender to them. They protect them from the attacks
of enemies; and not unfrequently even build cowsheds
of earth over them. The yellow ants collect the root-
eding species in their nests, and tend them as carefully
s their own young. But this is not all. The ants not
only guard the mature aphides, which are useful; but
iso the eggs of the aphides, which of course, until
hey come to maturity, are quite useless. These eggs
sre first observed by our countryman Gould, whose
xcellent little work on ants! has hardly received the
sntion it deserves. In this case, however, he fell
error. He states that ‘the queen ant’ [he is
peaking of Lasius flavus] ‘lays three different sorts of
sggs, the slave, female, and neutral. The two first are
“deposited in the spring, the last in July and part of
August; or, if the summer be extremely favourable,

70 EGGS OF APHIDES KEPT THROUGH

perhaps a little sooner. The female eggs are covered
with a thin black membrane, are oblong, and about
the sixteenth or seventeenth part of an inch in length.
The male eggs are of a more brown complexion, and |
usually laid in March.’ |

These dark eggs are not those of ants, but of
aphides. The error is very pardonable, because the
ants treat these eggs exactly as if they were their own,
guarding and tending them with the utmost care. I
first met with them in February 1876, and was much
astonished, not being at that time aware of Huber’s
observations. I found, as Huber had done before me,
that the ants took great care of these brown bodies,
carrying them off to the lower chambers with the
utmost haste when the nest was disturbed. I brought
some home with me and put them near one of my
own nests, when the ants carried them inside. That
year I was unable to carry my observations further.
In 1877 I again procured some of the same eggs, and
offered them to my ants, who carried them into the
nest, and in the course of March I had the satisfaction
of seeing them hatch into young aphides. M. Huber,
however, did not think that these were ordinary eggs
On the contrary, he agreed with Bonnet, ‘ that the
insect, in a state nearly perfect, quits the body of i
mother in that covering which shelters it from the cold
in winter, and that it is not, as other germs are, in the
egg surrounded by food by means of which it is de-
veloped and supported. It is nothing more than ar

THE WINTER BY ANTS. 71

_ asylum of which the aphides born at another season
have no need ; it is on this account some are produced
_ naked, others enveloped in a covering. The mothers .
_ are not, then, truly oviparous, since their young are
_ almost as perfect as they ever will be, in the asylum in
_ which Nature has placed them at their birth.’!
} This is, I think, a mistake. I do not propose here
to describe the anatomy of the aphis; but I may
observe that I have examined the female, and find
these eggs to arise in the manner described by Huxley,’
and which I have also myself observed in other aphides
and in allied genera.* Moreover, I have opened the eggs
_ themselves, and have also examined sections, and have
satisfied myself that they are really eggs containing
ordinary yelk. So far from the young insect being
‘nearly perfect,’ and merely enveloped in a protective
‘membrane, no limbs or internal organs are present.
In fact, the young aphis does not develop in them
until shortly before they are hatched.‘
When my eggs hatched I naturally thought that
the aphides belonged to one of the species usually
found on the roots of plants in the nests of Lasius

flavus. To my surprise, however, the young creatures

' The Natural History of Ants, by M. P. Huber, 1820, p. 246.
Linnean Transactions, 1858.

* Philosophical Transactions, 1859.

* I do not enter here into the technical question of the difference
_ between ova and pseudova. I believe these to be true ova, but the
point is that they are not a mere envelope containing a young aphis,
but eggs in the ordinary sense, the contents of which consist of yelk,
and in which the young aphis is gradually developed.

7

made the best of their way out of the nest, and, indeed, —

72 EGGS OF APHIDES KEPT THROUGH

were sometimes brought out by the ants themselves.
_In vain I tried them with roots of grass &c.; they
wandered uneasily about, and eventually died. More-
over, they did not in any way resemble the subterranean
species. In 1878 I again attempted to rear these
young aphides; but though I hatched a great many

——————

eggs, I did not succeed. In 1879, however, I was more —
fortunate. The eggs commenced to hatch the first —

week in March. Near one of my nests of Lasius
flavus, in which I had placed some of the eggs in
question, was a glass containing living specimens of
several species of plant commonly found on or around
ants’ nests. To this some of the young aphides were
brought by the ants. Shortly afterwards I observed on
a plant of daisy, in the axils of the leaves, some small
aphides, very much resembling those from my nest,
though we had not actually traced them continuously.
They seemed thriving, and remained stationary on the
daisy. Moreover, whether they had sprung from the
black eggs or not, the ants evidently valued them, for
they built up a wall of earth round and over them.
So things remained throughout the summer; but on
the 9th October I found that the aphides had laid some
eggs exactly resembling those found in the ants’ nests;
and on examining daisy-plants from outside, I found
on many of them similar aphides, and more or less of
the same eggs. |

I confess these observations surprised me very much.

THE WINTER BY ANTS. 73

statements of Huber, though confirmed by
Sc da, have not, indeed, attracted so much notice
as many of the other interesting facts which they have
recorded ; because if aphides are kept by ants in their
: it seems only natural that their eggs should
also occur. The above case, however, is much more
markable. Here are aphides, not living in the ants’
ts, but outside, on the leaf-stalks of plants. The
eggs are laid early in October on the food-plant of
the insect. They are of no direct use to the ants,
yet they are not left where they are laid, exposed to the
srity of the weather and to innumerable dangers,
but brought into their nests by the ants, and tended
yy them with the utmost care through the long winter
mths until the following March, when the young ones
re brought out and again placed on the young shoots of
the daisy. This seems to me a most remarkable case
if prudence. Our ants may not perhaps lay up food
x the winter; but they do more, for they keep during
ix months the eggs which will enable them to procure
od during the following summer, a case of prudence
aexampled in the animal kingdom.
_ The nests of our common yellow ant (Lasius flavus)
contain in abundance four or five species of aphis,
_ more than one of which appears to be as yet undescribed.
In addition, however, to the insects belonging to this
ily, there are a large number of others which live
bitually in ants’ nests, so that we may truly say that

r English ants possess a much greater variety of

74 - OTHER DOMESTIC ANIMALS

domestic animals than we do ourselves. Markel satis-
fied himself that large nests of Formica rufa might
contain at least a thousand of such guests;! and I
believe that the aphides in a large nest of Lasius
flavus would ‘often be even more numerous. André?
gives a list of no less than 584 species of insects,
which are habitually found in association with ants,
and of which 542 are beetles. =
The association of some of these insects with ants”
may be purely accidental and without significance.
In some of them no doubt the bond of union is
merely the selection of similar places of abode; in
some few others the ants are victimized by parasites of
which they cannot rid themselves. There are, for
instance, the parasitic mites, and the small black fly,
belonging to the genus Phora, which lays her eggs on
ants, and which I havealready mentioned. Then there.
are some insects, such as the caterpillar of that beautiful
beetle, the rosechafer, which find a congenial place of
residence among the collection of bits of stick, Ke,
with which certain species of ants make their nests.
Another class of ant guests are those which reside
actually in the galleries and chambers of, and with, the
ants, but which the latter never touch. Of these the
commonest in England are a species allied to Pod
for which I have proposed the name Beckia (Pl. V.

1 Beit. cur Kenntniss der unter Ameisen lebenden Ti
Markel, Germar’s Zeit. f. Ent. 1841, p. 210.
2 Rev. et Mag. de Zool, 1874, p. 205.

KEPT BY ANTS. 75

fig. 5). It is an active bustling little being, and I
have kept hundreds, I may say thousands, in my
‘nests. They run about in and out among the ants, keep-
ing their antenne in a perpetual state of vibration.
Another very common species is a sort of white wood-
louse (Pl. V. fig. 7), which enjoys the rather long name
of Platyarthrus Hoffmanseggii. André only mentions
Platyarthrus as living with Formica rufa, Myrmica
scabrinodis, and Leptothorax acervorum. I have
found it also with Lasius niger, L. flavus, and F.
fusca. It runs about, and is evidently at home,
among the ants. Both Platyarthrus and Beckia,
from living constantly in the dark, have become
blind; I say ‘have become,’ because their ancestors
no doubt had eyes. In neither of these cases have I
ever seen an ant take the slightest notice of either of
these insects. One might almost imagine they had
the cap of invisibility.

It is certain that the ants intentionally (if I
May so say) sanction the residence of these insects
im their nests. An unauthorised’ interloper would be
at once killed. I have, therefore, ventured to suggest
hat these insects may, perhaps, act as scavengers.

In other cases the association is more close, and the
nts take the greatest care of their guests.

It appears that many of these insects produce a
secretion which serves as food for the ants. This is
certainly the case, for instance, with the curious blind
beetle, Claviger (Pl. V. fig. 8), (so called from its club-

76 MYRMECOPHILOUS BEETLES,

shaped antennz),which is quite blind,' and appears to -

be absolutely dependent upon the ants, as Miiller first
pointed out. It even seems to have lost the power of
feeding itself; at any rate it is habitually fed by the ants,
who supply it with nourishment as they do one another.
Miiller saw the ants caressing the beetles with their
antenne. The Clavigers have certain tufts of hairs at the
base of the elytra, and Miiller, whose observations have
since been confirmed by subsequent entomologists, saw
the ants take their tufts of hairs into their mouths and
lick them, as well as the whole upper surface of the body,
with apparently the greatest enjoyment. Grimm? has
made a similar observation with reference to Dinarda
dentata, another of these myrmecophilous beetles.
He several times observed the ants licking the tuft
of hairs at the end of the abdomen. Lespés* has con-
firmed this. On one occasion he saw an ant feed a
Lomechusa. Several of the former were sucking a
morsel of sugar. The beetle approached one of them,
and tapped her several times on the head with her
antenns. The ant then opened her mandibles, and fed
the Lomechusa as she would have done one of her own
species. The Lomechusa crept on the sugar, but did
not appear able to feed herself.

As might naturally be expected the myrmecophilous
insects are not found indiscriminately in the nests of

1 Germar’s Mag. de Zool. 1818, p. 69.
2 Stettin. Lnt. Zeit. 1845, p. 123,
8 Ann. Soc. Ent. France, 1855, p. 51.

ee a

PETS. 77

_

ants, but while some associate with several species,
many are confined to a few or even to one.

V. Hagens is of opinion' that in some of these
beetles which frequent the nests of two or more species
of ant, varieties have been produced. Thus he has
observed that the specimens of Thiasophila angulata
in nests of Formica congerens are darker than those
found with F. exsecta. Heterius sesquicornis found
with ZLasius niger and Tapinoma erraticum are
smaller than those which occur in the nests of larger
ants; and the form of Dinarda dentata, which is met
with in nests of F. sanguimea, has rather wider wing-
cases than the normal type.

I would by no means intend to imply that the
relations between ants and the other insects which
live with them are exhausted by the above suggestions.
On the contrary, various other reasons may be imagined
which may render the presence of these insects useful
or agreeable to the ants. For instance, they may emit
an odour which is pleasant to the ants. Again, Mr.
Francis Galton has, I think, rendered it very probable
that some of our domestic animals were kept as pets
before they were made of any use. Unlikely as this
‘May appear in some cases, for instance in the pig, we
know as a fact that pigs are often kept by savages as
pets. I would not put it forward as a suggestion
which can be supported by any solid reasoning, but it

» Berlin, Ent. Zeit. 1866, p. 108.

78 RELATIONS BETWEEN DIFFERENT

seems not altogether impossible that some of these
tame insects may be kept as pets.

It is from this point of view a very interesting fet !
that, according to Forel, in the cases of Chenniwm and
Batrisus there is rarely more than one beetle in each
nest.! 7

I now come to the relations existing between the
different species of ants.

It is hardly necessary to say that, as a general rule,
each species lives by itself. There are, however, some in-
teresting exceptions. The little Stenamma Westwoodit
(Pl, III. fig. 3) is found exclusively in the nests of the
much larger. F’. rufa and the allied F. pratensis. We do
not know what the relations between the two species are. —
The Stenammas, however, follow the Formicas when
they change their nest, running about among them and
between their legs, tapping them inquisitively with
their antenne, and even sometimes climbing on to
their backs, as if for a ride, while the large ants seem
to take little notice of them. They almost seem to be
the dogs, or perhaps the cats, of the ants. Another small .
species, Solenopsis fugax (PI. III. fig. 4), which makes
its chambers and galleries in the walls of the nests of
larger species, is the bitter enemy of its hosts, The
latter cannot get at them, because they are too large
to enter the galleries. The little Solenopsis, there-
fore, are quite safe, and, as it appears, make incursions
into the nurseries of the larger ant, and carry off the

1 Fourmis de la Suisse, p. 426,

SPECIES OF ANTS. 79

larvee as food. It is as if we had small dwarfs, about
eighteen inches to two feet long, harbouring in the
walls of our houses, and every now and then carrying
_off some of our children into their horrid dens. __

Most ants, indeed, will carry off the larve and pupe
of others if they get a chance; and this explains, or at
any rate throws some light upon, that most remarkable
phenomenon, the existence of slavery among ants. If
you place a number of larve and pupe in front of a
nest of the Horse ant (/. rufa), for instance, they are
soon carried off; and those which are not immediately
required for food remain alive for some time, and are
even fed by their captors.

Both the Horse ant (Formica rufa, Pl. II. fig. 5)
and the slave ant (/. fusca, Pl. I. fig. 3) are abun-
dant species, and it must not unfrequently occur
that the former, being pressed for food, attack the
latter and carry off some of their larve and pupe.
Under these circumstances it no doubt occasionally

ens that the pupe come to maturity in the nests
the Horse ant, and it is said that nests are some-
es, though rarely, found in which, with the legiti--
‘mate owners, there are a few F. fuscas, With the
Horse ant this is, however, a very rare and exceptional

phenomenon ; but with an allied species, F. sanguinea
- (Pl. I. fig. 6), a species which exists in some of our
= erm counties and throughout Europe, it has
_ become an established habit. The F. sanguineas

; » periodical expeditions, attack neighbouring nests,

80 SLAVE-MAKING ANTS.

carrying off the larve and pupz, selecting those which
will produce workers. When the latter come to maturity

they find themselves in a nest consisting partly of F.~

sanguineas, partly of their own species, the results of
previous expeditions. They adapt themselves to cir-

cumstances, assist in the ordinary household duties, —
and, having no young of their own species, feed and —

tend those of the F. sanguimeas. But though the F,
sanguimeas are thus aided by their slaves, or as they
should rather perhaps be called, their auxiliaries, they
have not themselves lost the instinct of working. It

seems not improbable that there is some division of —

functions between the two species, but we have as yet
no distinct knowledge on this point; and at any rate
the F. sanguineas can ‘do’ for themselves, and carry
on a nest, if necessary, without slaves.

The species usually enslaved by F’. sanguinea are —

Formica fusca and F. rufibarbis, which indeed are so
similar that they are perhaps varieties rather than
species. Sometimes both occur in the same nest.
André says that they also make slaves of Formica
gagates,! Schenk asserts? the same of Lasius alienwus,

and F. Smith of ZL. flavus, but Forel denies these —

statements.®

Another species, Polyergus rufescens, is much
more dependent on its slaves, being, indeed, almost
entirely so.

1 Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1874, p. 164.
2 Cat. of Brit. Foss. Hymen., p. 7.
8 Fourmis de la Suisse, p. 363.

ek

Ea?

ig» aR ee eee ek ee ee ee he
ay ag we she SEs ty "a. | . -—
ie 3°; eee the a? =» ete ~ 4
E m9 . : ” oa | . Vs 2) ai ; :

~<a _ FORMICA—POLYERGUS, 81°

For the knowledge of the existence of slavery
mong ants we are indebted to Huber,! and I cannot
esist quoting the passage in which he records his
discovery :—‘ On June 17, 1804,’ he says, ‘ while walk-
ing in the environs of Geneva, between four and five
mn the evening, I observed close at my feet, traversing
he road, a legion of Rufescent ants.
_ €They moved in a body with considerable rapidity,
ind occupied a space of from eight to ten inches in
length, by three or four in breadth. In a few minutes
they quitted the road, passed a thick hedge, and entered
_ pasture ground, where I followed them. They
ound along the grass without straggling, and their
slumn remained unbroken, notwithstanding the ob-
tacles they had to surmount. At length they ap-
groached a nest, inhabited by dark ash-coloured ants,
he dome of which rose above the grass, at a distance
f twenty feet from the hedge. Some of its inhabitants
rere guarding the entrance; but, on the discovery of
mm approaching army, darted forth upon the advanced
uard. The alarm spread at the same moment in the
terior, and their companions came forth in numbers
rom their underground residence. The Rufescent ants,
he bulk of whose army lay only at the distance of two
aces, quickened their march to arrive at the foot of
th ant-hill ; the whole battalion, in an instant, fell
Upon and overthrew the ash-coloured ants, who, after —
but obstinate conflict, retired to the bottom of
1 The Natural History of Ants, by M. P. Huber, p. 249.
G

82 EXPEDITIONS OF POLYERGUS.

their nest. The Rufescent ants now ascended the
hillock, collected in crowds on the summit, and 00
possession of the principal avenues, leaving some of
' their companions to work an opening in the side of the
ant-hill with their teeth. Success crowned their enter-
prise, and by the newly-made breach the remainder of
the army entered. Their sojourn was, however, of
short duration, for in three or four minutes they
returned by the same apertures which gave them
sheiphoce each bearing off in its mouth a larva or a
pupa.’ .

The expeditions generally start in the —
and are from 100 to 2,000 strong.

Polyergus rufescens present a striking lesaoiy
the degrading tendency of slavery, for these ants have
become entirely dependent on their slaves. Even
their bodily structure has undergone a change: the
mandibles have lost their teeth, and have become mere
nippers, deadly weapons indeed, but useless except ir
war. ‘They have lost the greater part of their instincts +
their art, that is, the power of building; their domestie
habits, for they show no care for their own young, al
this being done by the slaves; their industry—they
take no part in providing the daily supplies; if the
colony changes the situation of its nest, the master, 4
are all carried by the slaves on their backs to the new
one; nay, they have even lost the habit of feeding,
Huber placed thirty of them with some larvee and pupa
and a supply of honey in a box. ‘ At first,’ he say

i ROGERS US FED BY THE SLAVES. 83
they mppenied to pay some little attention ito the
larve ; they carried them here and there, but presently
replaced them. More than one-half of the Amazons
lied of hunger in less than two days. They had not
even traced out a dwelling, and the few ants still in
existence were languid and without strength. I com-
miserated their condition, and gave them one of their
black companions. This individual, unassisted, estab-
lished order, formed a chamber in the earth, gathered
together the larve, extricated several young ants that
' ere ready to quit the condition of pups, and preserved
2 life of the remaining Amazons.’

De Wie chearvatiia has been fully confirmed by other
i However small the prison, however large
he quantity of food, these stupid creatures will starve
in the midst of plenty rather than feed themselves.

_ M. Forel was kind enough to send me a nest of
Polyergus, and I kept it under observation for more
han four years. My specimens of Polyergus certainly
ever fed themselves, and when the community changed
ts nest, which they did several times, the mistresses
re carried from the one to the other by the slaves.
was even able to observe one of their marauding ex-
editions, in which, however, the slaves took a part.

I do not doubt that, as Huber tells us, specimens of
Volyergus if kept by themselves in a box would soon
8 of starvation, even if supplied with food. I have,
ever, kept isolated specimens for three months by
ing them a slave for an hour or two a day to clean
a2

84 STRONGYLOGNATHUS.

and feed them: under these circumstances they re-
mained in perfect health, while, but for the slaves,
they would have perished in two or three days. Ex-
cepting the slave-making ants, and some of the Myr-
mecophilous beetles above described, I know no case
in nature of an animal having lost the instinct of
feeding.

In P. rufescens, the so-called workers, though
thus helpless and idle, are numerous, energetic, and :
in some respects even brilliant. In another slave-
making ant, Strongylognathus, the workers are
much less numerous, and so weak that it is an un-
solved problem how they contrive to make slaves.
In the genus Strongylognathus there are two species,
S. hubert and 8. testaceus. S. huberi, which was
discovered by Forel, very much resembles Polyergus
rufescens in habits. They have sabre-like mandibles, —
like those of Polyergus, and their mode of fighting is”
similar, but they are much weaker insects; they make
slaves of Tetramoriuwm cespitwm, which they carry off 4
as pupe. In attacking the Tetramoriwms they seize -
them by the head with their jaws, just in the same
way as Polyergus, but have not strength enough to
pierce them as the latter do. Nevertheless, the Tetra-_
moriwms seem much afraid of them. d

The other species, Strongylognathus testaceus, is”
even weaker than S. hwberi, and their mode of life is
still in many respects an enigma. They also keep the
workers of Jetramoriwm in, so to say, a state of

ee

ae Oe aloe ae

a: Seer

neananation OF STRONGYLOGNATHUS. 85

lavery, but how they procure the slaves is still a
nystery. They fight in the same manner as Polyergus:
but yet Schenk, Von Hagens, and Forel all agree that
they are no match for the Zetramoriwms, a courageous
pecies, and one which lives in large communities. On
me occasion Forel brought a nest of Tetramoriwm
nd put it down very near one of Strongylogna-
hus testaceus with Tetramoriwm slaves. A battle at
nee commenced between the two communities. The
trongylognathus rushed boldly to the fight, but,
hough their side won the day, this was mainly due
9 the slaves. The Strongylognathus themselves were
Imost all killed ; and though the energy of their attack
semed at first to disconcert their opponents, Forel
ssures us that they did not succeed in killing even a
ingle Tetramoriwm. In fact, as Forel graphically
bserves, Strongylognathus is ‘une triste caricature’
' Polyergus, and it seems almost impossible that by
mselves they could successfully attack a nest of
amori Moreover, in Strongylognathus, the
ers are comparatively few. Nevertheless, they are
ways found with the Tetramoriwms, and in these
jixed nests there are no males or females of Tetra-
but only those of Strongylognathus. Again,
L ® whole work of the nest is done by the slaves,
ough Strongylognathus has not, like Polyergus,
) entirely lost the power of feeding itself.
But if the economy of Strongylognathus is an
higma, that of Anergates is still more mysterious.

who found a small community consisting of males,

ons: - ANERGA'TES,

_ The genus Anergates was discovered by Schenl ;

females and workers, which he naturally supposed t
belong to one species. Mayr, however, pointed out
that the workers were in fact workers of Tetramort
cespitum ; and it would appear that while in Strongy
lognathus the workers are comparatively few, Ane
gates differs from other ants in having no worker
at all. The males and females live with Tetramoriun
cespitum, and are in several respects very peculiar,—
for instance, the male is wingless. One might conside
it rather a case of parasitism than of slavery,-but thi
difficulty is that in these mixed nests there are no males,
females, or young of Tetramoriwm. As to this all ob=
servers are agreed. It seems quite clear that Aner
gates cannot procure its slaves, if such they are, by”
marauding expeditions like those of Polyergus ; in the
first place, because the Anergates are too few, and
secondly, because they are too weak. The whole ques=_
tion is rendered still more difficult by the fact that]
neither Von Hagens? nor Forel ever found either lary
or pupe of T'etramoriwm in the mixed nests. The com: i
munity consisted of males and females of Anergate C85
accompanied and tended by workers of Tetramoriwm
cespitum. The Anergates are absolutely depen t

1 ¢Die Nassauischen Ameisen-Species,’ Stettin Ent. Zeit. bs
p. 186.

2 Burop. Formicidae, p. 56.

* Verh. des Natur. Vereines der Preuss. Rheinlande und West
phalens, 1867, p. 53. See also V. Hagens. Berl. Lnt. Zeit. 1867, p. 102

oes * -_ |
. | A
, é
“ e A, . ae
) um a
< 7 *) f
‘ e el =i @ yD
| oo & ;
* 5 *%

5 thei aves; et cannot even feed themselves.
i whole problem is, therefore, most puzzling and
resting.’

. cane Me ongidignichna Von Hagens made two
aggestions, the first being that this insect is really a
monstrous form of Zetramoriwm. This, however,
annot at any rate be the case with Anergates. On
the whole, then, he inclined to think that perhaps the
ests containing Strongylognathus or Anergates are
only parts of a community, and that the young of the
Tetramoriwms are in another nest of the same com-
munity. This would account for the absence of the
young of the Tetramoriwms, but would not remove
all the difficulties. It is in other respects not
consistent with what we know of the habits of ants,
id on the whole I agree with Forel in thinking the
suggestion untenable.

The difficulty of ‘accounting for the numbers of
Te tramoriwms, coupled with the absence of young,
fas indeed almost insuperable as long as the workers
were supposed to live only for one year. My observa-
ic * tke which show that even in captivity
on s may live for as long as six years, place the ques-
7" a different position, and give us, I think, a clue.
On the whole, I would venture to suggest that the
ial Bi cat female Anergates make their way into a nest

4 On the contrary, in Tomognathus sublevis, a Finland species
which lives in the nests of Leptothoraz muscorum and J. acervorum,
‘the workers only are known. The male, like that of Anergates, is

‘ingless.

88 EXPLANATION OF THE PRESENT STATE OF

‘a5

of Tetramoriwm, and in some manner contrive to assas- _
sinate their queen. I have shown that a nest of ants
may continue, even in captivity, for six years, without —
a queen: If, therefore, the female of Anergates. could —
by violence or poison destroy the queen of the Tetra- —
moriwms, we should in the following year have a com- —
munity composed of the two Anergates, their young, ©
and workers of T'etramoriwm, in the manner described |
by Van Hagens and Forel. This would naturally not
have suggested itself to these naturalists, because if —
the life of an ant had, as was formerly supposed, been —
confined to a single season, it would of course have 4
been out of the question; but as we now know that ©
the life of ants is so much more prolonged than had —
been supposed, it is at least not an impossibility. >

It is conceivable that the Tetramoriums may have ©
gradually become harder and stronger; the marauding —
expeditions would then be less fruitful and more dan- 4
gerous, and might become less and less frequent. If,
then, we suppose that the females found it possible F|
to establish themselves in nests of Tetramoriwm, the 4
present state of things would almost inevitably be, by
degrees, established. Thus we may explain the re-
markable condition of Strongylognathus, armed with —
weapons which it is too weak to use, and endowed with —
instincts which it cannot exercise.

At any rate, these four genera offer us every grada- _ FS
tion. from lawless violence to contemptible parasitism. —
Formica sanguinea, which may be assumed to haye ©

3

parativel Ep rebeutly taken to slave-makitig, has not as
ha materially affected.

_ Polyergus, on the contrary, already illustrates the
bs ering tendency of slavery. They have lost their
owledge of art, their natural affection for their
ye ung, and even their instinct of feeding! They are,
4 ever, bold and powerful marauders.

_ In Strongylognathus, the enervating influence of
slavery has gone further, and told even on the bodily
strength. They are no longer able to capture their
aves in fair and open warfare. Still they retain a
semblance of authority, and, when roused, will fight
a vely, though in vain.

_ In Anergates, finally, we come to the last scene of
this sad history. We may safely conclude that in
distant times their ancestors lived, as so many ants
do now, partly by hunting, partly on honey; that by

degrees they became bold marauders, and gradually took

to keeping slaves; that for a time they maintained
their strength and agility, though losing by degrees
their real independence, their arts, and even many of
their instincts; that gradually even their bodily force
dwindled away under the enervating influence to
which they had subjected themselves, until they sank
to their present degraded condition—weak in body and
% d, few in numbers, and apparently nearly extinct,
e miserable representatives of far superior ancestors,
oe a precarious existence as qoute
es of their former slaves.

>

90 _ PROGRESS AMONG-ANTS, =

Lespés has given a short but interesting account
of some experiments made by him on the relatiahl |
existing, between ants and their domestic animals,
from which it might be inferred that even within
the limits of a single species some communities are
more advanced than others. He states that speci-
mens of the curious blind beetle Claviger, which
‘always occurs with ants, when transferred from a nest
of Lasius niger to another which kept none of these —
domestic beetles, were invariably attacked and eaten.
From this he infers that the intelligence necessary to
keep Clavigers is not coextensive with the species, but |
belongs only to certain communities and races, which,
so to say, are more advanced in civilisation than the
rest of the species.

_ With reference to the statements of Lespés, I have
more than once transferred specimens of Platyarthrus
from one nest to another, and always found them
received amicably. I even placed specimens from ~
a nest of Lasius flavus in one of Formica fusca _
with the same result. I brought from the South of —
France some specimens of a different species, as yet i
undescribed, and put them in a nest of Formica fusca, —
where they lived for some time, and brought up more ©
than one brood of young. These creatures, however,
occur in most ants’ nests, while Clavigers are only
found in some.

But whether there are differences in advancement
within the limits of the same species or not, there are

ert: y considerable differences between the different
‘species, and one may almost fancy that we can trace
"stages corresponding to the principal steps in the
history of human development.

‘represent an abnormal, or perhaps only a temporary
state of things, for slavery seems to tend in ants as in
men to the degradation of those by whom it is
adopted, and it is not impossible that the slave-making.
species will eventually find themselves unable to com-
pete with those which are more self-dependent, and
have reached a higher phase of civilisation. But
“putting these slave-making ants on one side, we find in
the different species of ants different conditions of life,,
- curiously answering to the earlier stages of human
progress. For instance, some species, such as Formica
fusca, live principally on the produce of the chase ;
fo: though they feed partly on the honey-dew of
aphides, they have not domesticated these insects.
These ants probably retain the habits once common to
allants. They resemble the lower races of men, who
“subsist mainly by hunting. Like them they frequent
_ woods and wilds, live in comparatively small communi-
_ ties, and the instincts of collective action are but little

battles are single combats, like those of the Homeric
heroes. Such species as Lasius flavus represent a
distinctly higher type of social life; they show more
skill in architecture, may literally be said to have

a4 ry ‘pie sub a ag _< hs

a7 ry Sere ‘ tS.3 A ’ : . + 4
AL ft ee: -_ r e; 4
} Rs or as 7 .
es ae Oe 7 :
eee PHASES OF LIFE, ; )
| . 4

I do not now refer to slave-making ants, which

developed among them. They hunt singly, and their —

92 HUNTING, PASTORAL, AND AGRICULTURAL ANTS.
domesticated certain species of aphides, and may be
compared to the pastoral stage of human progress—to
the races which live on the produce of their flocks and
herds. Their communities are more numerous; they
act much more in concert; their battles are not mere
single combats, but they know how to act in combina-

tion. I am disposed to hazard the conjecture that — |
they will gradually exterminate the mere hunting |

species, just as savages disappear before more advanced
races. Lastly, the agricultural nations may be com-
_ pared with the harvesting ants.

Thus there seem to be three principal types, offer-
ing a curious analogy to the three great phases—the
hunting, pastoral, and agricultural stages—in the
history of human development.

CHAPTER V.
BEHAVIOUR TO RELATIONS.

Grote, in his ‘Fragments on Ethical Subjects,
regards it as an evident necessity that no society can
exist without the sentiment of morality. ‘ Everyone,’
he says, ‘who has either spoken or written on the sub-
ject, has agreed in considering this sentiment as ab-
solutely indispensable to the very existence of society.
Without the diffusion of a certain measure of this feel-
ing throughout all the members of the social union,
the caprices, the desires, and the passions of each
separate individual would render the maintenance of
established communion impossible. Positive
orality, under some form or other, has existed in

ry society of which the world has ever had ex-
If this be so, the question naturally arises whether
ants also are moral and accountable beings. They have
their desires, their passions, even their caprices. The
you mg are absolutely helpless. Their communities are
‘Sometimes so numerous, that perhaps London and
Pekin are almost the only human cities which can
% mpare with them. Moreover, their nests are no mere
dllections of independent individuals, nor even tem-

clear. But however this may be, various observers —

94 - BEHAVIOUR OF ANTS TO ONE ANOTHER, —

porary associations like the flocks of migratory bir¢ ;
but organised communities labouring with the utmost
harmony for the common good. The remarkable
analogies which, in so many ways, they present to om .
human societies, render them peculiarly interesting to”
us, and one cannot but long to know more of their
character, how the world appears to them, and to what
extent they are conscious and reasonable beings. .

For my own part I cannot make use of Mr. Grote’s
argument, because I have elsewhere! attempted to show
that, even as regards man, the case is not by any means

have recorded in the case of ants instances of atta
ment and affection.

Forel lays it down as a general rule that if ants are —
slightly injured, or rather unwell, their companions take™
care of them: on the other hand, if they are badly
wounded or seriously ill, they are carried away from»
the nest, and left to perish.

Latreille, also, makes the following statement:—- ~
‘Le sens de Vodorat,’ he says,? ‘se manifestant
d’une maniére aussi serisible, je voulois profiter |
de cette remarque pour en découvrir le siége. On a
soupgonné depuis longtemps qu il résidoit dans les ~
antennes. Je les arrachai 4 plusieurs fourmis fauves —
ouvriéres, auprés du nid desquelles je me trouvois. Je :
vis aussitét ces petits animaux que j’avois ainsi mutilés ~

1 The Origin of Civilisation and the Primitive Condition of Man. «
2 Hist. Nat. des Fourmis, p. 41. x

tomber dans un état d’ivresse ou une espéce de folie.
Ils erroient ci et 1a, et ne reconnoissoient plus leur
chemin. Ils m’occupoient ; mais je n’étais pas le seul.
Quelques autres fourmis s’approchérent de ces pauvres : ee
‘affligées, portérent leur langue sur leurs blessures, et y >
Jaissérent tomber une goutte de liqueur. Cet acte de
sensibilité se renouvela plusieurs fois; je l’observois “a
vec une loupe. Animaux compatissans! quelle legon
ne donnez-vous pas aux hommes.’

*Jamais,’ says M. de Saint Fargeau,' ‘ une Fourmi a
"en rencontre une de son espéce blessée, sans ’enlever
et la transporter 4 la fourmiliére. L’y soigne-t-elle? -
Je ne sais, mais je vois dans ce fait une bienveillance se
que je ne retrouve dans aucun autre insecte, méme 5

BOC!
-

I have not felt disposed to repeat M. Latreille’s
experiment, and M. de St. Fargeau’s statement is I
think by no means correct ; indeed, many of my expen-
ences seem to show not only a difference of character
in the different species of ants, but that even within
the limits of the same species there are individual
differences between ants, just as between men.

I will commence with the less favourable aspect. i¢
On one occasion (August 13) a worker of Lasius ;
nig or, belonging to one of my nests, had got severely of
wounc ed, but not so much so that she could not feed; = Sh
for though she had lost five of her tarsi, finding herself “a
lear some syrup, she crept to it and began to feed. I }
* Hist. Nat. des Ins. Hyménoptires, vol. i. p. 99. oe,

th.

96 EXPERIMENTS.

laid her gently on her back close to the entrance into
the nest. Soon an ant came up to the poor sufferer,
crossed ‘antennze with her for a moment, then went
quietly on to the syrup and began to feed. Afterwards
three other ants did the same ; but none took any more _
notice of her. .
August 15.—I found at 1 p.M.a Myrmica ruginodis
which, probably in a fight with another ant, had
lost the terminal portion of both her antenne. She
seemed to have lost her wits. I put her into her |
nest ; but the others took no notice of her; and after —
wandering about a little, she retired into a solitary place,
where she remained from 3 P.M. to 8 without moving.

The following morning I looked for her at 5.30, and |

found her still at the same spot. She remained there

till 9, when she came out. She remained out all day;

and the following morning I found her dead. |
Indeed, I have often been surprised that in certain —

cases ants render one another so little assistance. The
tenacity with which they retain their hold on an ©
enemy they have once seized is well known. M. ~

Mocquerys even assures us that the Indians of Brazil
made use of this quality in the case of wounds ; causing
an ant to bite the two lips of the cut and thus bring — }
them together, after which they snip off the ant’s head, —
which thus holds the lips together. He asserts that he
has often seen natives with wounds in course of healing
with the assistance of seven or eight ants’ heads!?

1 Ann. Soc. Ent. France, 2 s6r. tom. ii. p. 67,

Bet een, cterviel Ein some of my ants had
he hea of thers hanging ont thi eg for a con-
arable time; and as this must certainly be very
iieddent: it seems remarkable that their friends
: nld not relieve them of such an awkward encum-
The behaviour of ants to one another differs also
- much according to circumstances; whether, for instance,
they are alone, or supported by friends. An ant which
would run away in the first case will defend herself
bravely in the second.

If an ant is fighting with one of another species,
her friends rarely come to her assistance. They seem
generally (unless a regular battle is taking place) to
lake no interest in the matter, and do not even stop to
look on. Some species, indeed, in such cases never
ppear to help one another ; and even when the reverse
‘is the case, as for instance in the genus Lasius, the
ti th seems to be that several of them attack the same
enemy—their object being to destroy the foe, rather
than to save their friend.

_ On one occasion several specimens of Formica fusca
bel nging to one of my nests were feeding on some
‘om ey spread on a slip of glass (May 22). One of
nm had got thoroughly entangled init. I took her
tp her down just in front of another specimen
bel elonging to the same nest, and close by I placed a drop
0 ot honey. The ant devoted herself to the honey and
tly neglected her friend, whom she left to perish.

H°

“Le

Ro
gs

hae

98 NEGLECT OF COMPANIONS IF IN TROUBLE.

Again, some specimens of Cremastogaster scutellaris —

were feeding quietly (May 22) on some honey spread on
a slip of glass, and one of them had got thoroughly

mixed in it. I took her out and put her on the glass _
close by. She could not disentangle herself; not one of

her friends took the least notice of her, and eventually
she died. I then chloroformed one, and put her on the
board among her friends. Several touched her, but
from 12 to 2.30 P.M. none took any particular notice
of her.

On the other hand, I have only on one occasion seen
a living ant expelled from her nest. This happened in a
community of F, fusca. I observed (April 23, 1880)
an ant carrying another belonging to the same commu-
nity away from the nest. The condemned ant made a
very feeble resistance. The first ant carried her burthen

hither and thither for some time, evidently trying to

get away from the nest, which was enclosed in the usual

manner by a fur barrier. After watching for some time —

{ provided the ant with a paper bridge, up which she

immediately went, dropped her victim on the far side, —
and returned home. Could this have been a case in
which an aged or invalid ant was being expelled from

the nest ?
I have often had ants in my nests to which mites
had attached themselves.

Thus, on October 14, 1876, I observed that one —

of my ants (Formica fusca) had a mite attached

to the underside of her head, which it almost equalled —

a

rie . — rs
, ot ee j oni oe P fe ma be :
a eet wm FS a ace A a i ts

"EXPERIMENTS WITH INSENSIELE ANTS, 99
+] in shies The poor ant could not remove it herself, and,
being a queen, never left the nest, so that I had no
_ opportunity of doing so. For more than three months
_ none of her companions performed this kind office for
her.
With reference to this part of the subject, also, I
__ have made some experiments.
| January 3, 1876.—I immersed an ant (Lasius
niger) in water for half an hour; and when she was
_ then to all appearance drowned, I put her on a strip of ©
_ paper leading from one of my nests to some food. The
strip was half an inch wide; and one of my marked
ants belonging to the same nest was passing continually
_ to and froover it to some food. The immersed ant lay
there an hour before she recovered herself; and during |
_ this time the marked ant passed by eighteen times
_ without taking the slightest notice of her.
_ I then immersed another ant in the water for an
‘ hour, after which I placed her on the strip of paper as in
_ the preceding case, She was three-quarters of an hour
_ before she recovered: during this time two marked
ants were passing to and fro; one of them went by |
eighteen times, and the other twenty times; and two
_ other ants also went over the paper; but none of them
took the slightest notice of their drowned friend.
I then immersed another ant for an hour, and
put her on the strip of paper. She took an hour to
recover. The same two marked ants as in the previous
_ observation were at work. One passed thirty times, the
ua?

100 EXPERIMENTS WITH DROWNED ANTS.

other twenty-eight times, besides which five others
passed by; but not one took the slightest notice. i‘

I immersed three ants for eight hours, and then
put them on the strip of paper. They began to recover
in three-quarters of an hour, but were not quite them- —
selves till half an hour afterwards. During the first
three-quarters of an hour two marked ants passed, each |
four times ; and two others also went by. During the
following half-hour the two marked ants passed sixteen
times, and three others; but none of them took any
notice. : |

I immersed another ant for forty minutes, and put
her on the strip of paper. She recovered in twenty
minutes, during which time the marked ones, which
were the same as in the preceding case, went by four-
teen times without taking any notice.

I immersed two ants for ten hours, and then placed
them on the strip of paper. The same two marked ants
passed respectively eighteen and twenty-six times, and
one other passed by also without taking any notice. —
After this I left off watching.

I immersed two ants for four hours, and then put
them on the strip of paper. They began to recover
in an hour, during which two marked ants, not the
same as in the preceding case, passed respectively
twenty-eight and ten times, and two others went by;
but none of them took any notice ;

I immersed an ant for an hour, and then put heron
the same strip of paper as in the previous cases. A marked

ant vesaat her twelve times ; three others also went by
;. ‘but took no notice of her; but, on the other band, 2
fourth picked her up and carried her off into the nest.

Again, I immersed an ant for an hour, and put her

on the strip of paper. The marked ant passed twice,
after which she did not return. Soon after, another ant
_ came by and, picking up the immersed one, carried
her off to the nest.

I do not bring forward these cases as proof or even as
evidence that ants are less tender to friends in distress —
than previous observers have stated to be the case; but

_ they certainly show that tenderness is not invariably
the rule; and, especially when taken in connexion with
the following cases, they are interesting illustrations
_ of the individual differences existing between ants—that
there are Priests and Levites, and good Samaritans
among them, as among men.

As evidence both of their intelligence and of their
affection for their friends, it has been said by various
observers that when ants have been accidentally buried
_ they have been very soon dug out and rescued by their
companions. Without for one moment doubting the
- facts as stated, we must remember the habit which ants
_ have of burrowing in loose fresh soil, and especially their
_ practice of digging out fresh galleries when their nests
_are disturbed.

It seemed .to me, however, that it would not be
difficult to test whether the excavations made by ants
__ under the circumstances were the result of this general

~

102 EXPERIMENTS WITH BURIED ANTS.

habit, or really due to a desire to extricate their
friends. :
With this view I tried the following experiments —

(1) On August 20 I placed some honey near a nest
of Lasius niger on a glass surrounded with water, and
so arranged that in reaching it the ants passed over
another glass covered with a layer of sifted earth, about
one-third of an inch in thickness. I then put some
ants to the honey, and by degrees a considerable num-—
ber collected round it. Then at 1.30 p.m. I buried an
~ ant from the same nest under the earth, and left her
there till 5 p.M., when I uncovered her. She was only
just covered by the earth, and was none the worse, but
during the whole time not one of her friends had
taken the least notice of her.

(2) I arranged (September 1) some honey again in
the same way. At 5 P.M. about fifty ants were at the
honey, and a considerable number passing to and fro.
I then buried an ant as before, taking of course one
from the same nest. At 7 P.M. the number of ants at
the honey had nearly doubled. At 10 p.m. they were
still more numerous, and had carried off about two-
thirds of the honey. At 7 a.M. the next morning the
honey was all gone, two or three were still wandering
about, but no notice had been taken of the prisoner,
_ whom I then let out. In this case I allowed the honey
to be finished, because I thought it might perhaps be |
alleged that the excitement produced by such a treasure

distracted their attention, or even (on the principle of

doing the greatest good to the greatest number) that

Eis

oo “Ts 7 \ . >
, Ae rs ‘ . vs ‘ es ¢
“fay, * ” y 4

a

i Saal in securing a treasure of
ie before they rescued their comrade, who, though
‘in confinement, was neither in pain nor danger. So far
_ as the above ants, however, are concerned, this cannot,
I think, be urged.
(3) On the 8th September I repeated the experi-
ment, burying some antsat4pP.M. Up to 6.3 no attempt
~ had been made to release them. LI let them out and
buried some more. The next morning, at 7 .M., the
honey was all gone, some ants were still wandering about,
but no notice had been taken of the captives, whom I
then liberated.
(4) I then (August 21) made exactly the same
experiment with Myrmica ruginodis, as representing
the other great family of ants, and with the same
‘result.

In order to test the affection of ants belonging to

the same nest for one another I tried the following
_ experiments. I took six ants from a nest of F.

fusca, imprisoned them in a small bottle, one end of .

_ which was covered with a layer of muslin. I then put
the muslin close to the door of the nest. The muslin
was of open texture, the meshes, however, being
sufficiently small to prevent the ants from escaping.
_ They could not only, however, see one another, but
communicate freely with their antennw. We now
watched to see whether the prisoners would be tended
or fed by their friends. We could not, however,
observe that the least notice was taken of them. The
4 experiment, nevertheless, was less conclusive than

| axrmunesns wort BURIED NTs . 103

204 - % CONTRAST OF BEHAVIOUR

could be wished, because they might have been — "
night, or at. some time when we were not looking. c
struck me, therefore, that it would be interesting ie a
treat some strangers also in the same manner.
On September 2, therefore, I put two ants from one
of my nests of F. fusca into a bottle, the end of which
was tied up with muslin as described, and laid it down —
close to the nest. In a second bottle I put two ants
from another nest of the same species. The ants —
which were at liberty took no notice of the bottle con= —
taining their imprisoned friends. The strangers i in the
other bottle, on the contrary, excited them considerably.
The whole day one, two, or more ants stood sentry, as _
it were, over the bottle. In the evening no less than
twelve were collected round it, a larger number than
usually came out of the nest at any one time. The
whole of the next two days, in the same way, there
were more or less ants round the bottle containing the
strangers; while, as far as we could see, no notice |
whatever was taken of the friends. On the 9th the —
ants had eaten through the muslin, and effected an —

entrance. We did not chance to beon the spot at the

moment; but as I found two ants lying dead, one in
the bottle and one just outside, I think there can be
no doubt that the strangers were put to death, The ~
friends throughout were quite neglected. »

September 21.—I then repeated the experiment,
putting three ants from another nest in a bottle as —
before. The same scene was repeated. The friends E

ere neglected. On the other hand, some of the ants
_ were always watching over the bottle containing the

‘strangers, and biting at the muslin which protectea
them. The next morning at 6 a.m. I found five ants
thus occupied. One had caught hold of the leg of one
_of the strangers, which had unwarily been allowed to
_ protrude through the meshes of the muslin. They
_ worked and watched, though not, as far as I could see,
with any system, till 7.30 in the evening, when they
effected an entrance, and pisses attacked the
Raider 24.—I repeated the same experiment
_with the same nest. Again the ants came and sat over
“the bottle containing the strangers, while no notice was
‘taken of the friends.
_ The next morning again, when I got up, I found
five ants round the bottle containing the strangers,
none near the friends. As in the former case, one of
the ants had seized a stranger by the leg, and was trying
> drag her through the muslin. All day the ants
elustered round the bottle, and bit perseveringly,
‘though not systematically, at the muslin. The same
thing happened all the following day.
These observations seemed to me sufficiently to test
he behaviour of the ants belonging to this nest under
these circumstances. I thought it desirable, however,
to try also other communities. I selected, therefore,
two other nests. One was a community of Polyergus

‘ufescens with numerous slaves. Close to where the
ft

.

s

41g

a

106 INSTANCES OF KINDNESS TO FRIENDS.

ants of this nest. came to feed, I placed as before twill %
_ small bottles, closed in the same way—one containing Fs
two slave ants from the nest, the other two strangers. &
These ants, however, behaved quite unlike the pre-
ceding, for they took no notice of either bottle, and —
showed no sign either of affection or hatred. One is —
almost tempted to surmise that the warlike spirit of |
these ants was broken by slavery. a |

The other nest which I tried, also a community of ©
Formica fusca, behaved exactly like the first. They |
took no notice of the bottle containing the friends, but
clustered round and eventually forced their way into —
that containing the strangers.

It seems, therefore, that in these curious insects
hatred is a stronger passion than affection.

Some of those who have done me the honour
of noticing my papers in the ‘Linnean Journal,’
have assumed that I disputed altogether the kindly —
feelings which have been attributed to ants. I
should, however, be very sorry to treat my favour-—
ites so unfairly. So far as I can obserye, ants of
the same nest never quarrel. I have never seen
the slightest evidence of ill-temper in any of my —
nests: all is harmony. Nor are instances of active
assistance at all rare. Indeed, I have myself wit-—
nessed various cases showing care and tenderness on 7
their part.

In one of my nests of Formica fusca was san ant
which had come into the world without antenne.
Never having previously met with such a case, 1 |

A CRIPPLED ANT. 1of ae

i her with great interest; but she never ap- 5
2¢ Feo lants the nest. At length one day I found Anne
epee about in an aimless sort of manner, and
appa ently not knowing her way at all. After a while
she fell in with some specimens of Lasius flavus, who
directly attacked her. I at once set myself to separate
them; but whether owing to the wounds she had
received from her enemies, or tomy rough, though well-
meant handling, or to both, she was evidently much
wounded, and lay helplessly on the ground. After some
time another Formica fusca from her nest came by.
She examined the poor sufferer carefully, then picked
he up carefully and carried her away into the nest.
Tt would have been difficult for any one who witnessed
his scene to have denied to this ant the Reser, of
umane feelings.
| Again, in one of my nests of Formica fusca on ee.
January 23, 1881, I perceived a poor ant lying on her “

ck and quite unable to move. The legs were in sf
mped attitudes, and the two antenn rolled up in
She was, of course, altogether unable to feed

elf. After this I kept my eye on her. Several

times I tried uncovering the part of the nest where she
The other ants soon carried her into the shaded
part. On March 4 the ants were all out of the nest, :
probably for fresh air, and had collected together in a «
corner of the box; they had not, however, forgotten
her, but had carried her with them. I took off the
glass lid of the box, and after a while they returned as
“usual to the nest, taking her in again. On March 5

- 108 A DEAD QUEEN.
she was still alive, but on the 15th, notwithstanding |
their care, she was dead ! i,
At the present time I have two other ants pei ect! ;
crippled in a similar manner, and quite unable to move,
which have lived in two different nests, belonging also
to F. fusca, the one for five the other for four months.
In May 1879 I gave a lecture on Ants at the Royal
Institution, and was anxious to exhibit a nest of
Lasius flavus with the queen. While preparing the’
nest, on May 9, we accidentally crushed the queen. —
The ants, however, did not desert her, or drag her
out as they do dead workers, but, on the contrary,
carried her with them into the new nest, and subse-
quently into a larger one with which I supplied them,
congregating round her, just as if she had been alive,
for more than six weeks, when we lost sight of her.
In order to ascertain whether ants knew their
fellows by any sign or pass word, as has been suggested
in the case of bees, I was anxious to see if they could re-
cognise them when in a state of insensibility. I tried
therefore the following experiments with some specimens
of Lasius flavus. .
September 10, at 6 P.M., a number of these ants were
out feeding on some honey, placed on one of my tables,
and surrounded by a moat of water. I chloroformed
four of them and also four from a nest in my park, at some
distance from the place where the first had been origi-
nally procured, painted them, and put them close to the
honey. Up to 8.20 the ants had taken no notice of

- iW , Se én :

3 1 Mk TO CHLOROFORMED FRIENDS. 109
eir insensible fellow creatures. At 9.20 I found that
fo r friends were still lying as before, while the four
ngers had been removed. Two of them I found
i heen thrown over the edge of the board on which
the honey was placed. The other two I could not see.
Again, on September 14, at 8.40, I put in the
same way four friends marked white, and four
strangers marked red, close to where my L. flavus were
ut feeding on honey placed on a slip of glass over
er. For some hours they took no notice of them.

>

Some time after another took up a stranger and carried
her into the nest at 2.35. A second stranger was
imilarly carried into the nest at 2.55, a third at 3.45,
while the fourth was thrown over the edge of the board
at 4.20. Shortly after this two of the strangers were
rought out of the nest again and thrown into the
water. A second friend was thrown away, like the
first, at 4.58, the third at 5.17, and the fourth at 5.46.
I could not ascertain what happened to the last stranger,
but have little doubt that she was brought out of the
est and thrown away like the rest.

On the following day at 6.45 I tried the same ex-
iment again, only reversing the colors by which they
redistinguished. At 7 one of the strangers was carried
off an dropped over the edge of the glass into the water,
lat 8asecond. At 8.45 a friend was taken up and,
ter being carried about some time, was thrown into

At length one took a friend, and after carrying her ~
about some time dropped her, at 12.40, into the water.

110 BEHAVIOUR TO CHLOROFORMED FRIENDS.
the moat. At 9.45 a friend was picked up. and
carried into the. nest, but brought out again and
thrown ‘away about 3 in the afternoon, The other
four remained where they were placed until 8 P.M., and
though the other ants often came up and examined
them, they did not carry them off.

September 29.—Again placed nine chloroformed
ants, five friends and. four strangers, close to where a
number were feeding. There was a continual stre am
of ants to the honey, ten or fifteen being generally
there at once. |

A stranger was picked upat 10.20 pe praesei
Se ace has gti ae ‘>
A friend ” ” 11.22 ”
Astranger ,, ” 11,35 ”
wo . . 11.41 ”

Shortly after the others were picked up and carried
away to the edge of the board, where they were dropped,
but none were taken into the nest. j

October 2.—Again at 10 a.m. placed ten chloro-
formed ants, five friends and five strangers, close to |
where some were feeding. They were picked up and —
carried off as before in the following order :— .
At 11. 5 a stranger was picked up and dropped at Ma FI

11.12 a friend » » 11.50 —

11.25 a stranger . ie 11.36 —

12, 7 ” ” ” 12.45

12.10 a friend “4 me 12.16

A110 gk up and dropped at 2. 6
_. 1.42 a friend e 1.46
on 162 |, . a 1.56
mee, * 3.10
- Only one of them, oi that one a stranger, was

ied into the nest at 12.45, but brought out again
at 1.10.

October 6.—At 9 A.M. again tried the same experi-
ent with four strangers and five friends.

9.52 ” a is 9.38

9.35 a stranger ‘s 39 9.45

; 9.45 a friend » a 9.52
10. 8astranger ,, ” 10.17
10.17 a friend a ok 10.20
«10.22 astranger x 10.25
10.28 - ‘s * 10.40
10.25 a friend fos a 10.31

None of them were carried into the nest,
_ These experiments seem to prove that under such
circumstances ants, at least those belonging to this
) do not carry off their friends (when thus
rendered insensible) into a place of safety.
I think, however, that in this experiment the
mts being to all intents and purposes dead, we could
not expect that any difference would be made between
riends and strangers. I therefore repeated the same
xperiment, only, instead of chloroforming the ants,
Tintoxicated them. This experiment is more difficult,

j At 9.25 a friend was picked up and i croseet at 9.31 |

112 BEHAVIOUR TO INTOXICATED FRIENDS,

as it is not in all cases easy to hit off- the requisite
degree of intoxication. The numbers therefore of
friends and strangers are not quite the same, because
in some cases the ants recovered too quickly and had
to be removed. In such cases I have latterly replaced
the ant so removed by another, so as to keep the
number of friends and strangers about equal. The
sober ants seemed somewhat puzzled at finding their
intoxicated fellow creatures in such a disgraceful con-
tion, took them up, and carried them about for a time ~
in a somewhat aimless manner. ‘

November 20.—I experimented with six friends
and six strangers, beginning at 11. |

At 11.30 a friend was carried to the nest.

11.50 a stranger was dropped into the water.

12.30 ” ” ”
12.31 a friend *. Pr
1.10 a stranger Ps 9
1.18 ” ” ”
1.27 ” ” ”
1.30 a friend (partly recovered) was taken to
the nest.

2.30 a friend was taken up and carried sboill
till 2.55; she was then taken to the nest, but at the
door the bearer met two other ants, which seized the
intoxicated one, carried her off, and eventually
dropped her into the water. ,; _

At 3.35 a friend was carried to the nest. s
Out of these twelve, five strangers and two friends

: d into the iahie’ none of die ‘strangers,
t. three friends were taken to the nest. None of

th he friends were brought out of the nest again. bth
_ November 22.—Experimented in the same way on
- four friends and four strangers, beginning at 12 o’clock.
At 12.16 a stranger was taken and dropped into

the water.
12.21 ” ” »
s 12.23 ” ” ”
12.40 » ”

I then put four more strangers ealed 5 as before.
_ At 3.10 a stranger was taken and dropped into the
é water.

3.30 » » »
3.35 ” ” ”
q 3.44 a friend (partly recovered) was taken back
: to the nest. |
’ 4.10 a stranger was taken and dropped into the
water.
4.13 a friend (partly recovered) was taken back
to the nest.

the Sa lonie were taken to the nest, and none were
_ dropped into the water.
December 1.—Experimented with five friends and
2 strangers, beginning at 2.15.
_ At 2.30 a stranger was dropped into the water.

3. 2 ” » »

In this case eight strangers were dropped into the ,
r, and none were taken to the nest ; two friends, on ~

114 _ BEHAVIOUR TO INTOXICATED FRIENDS.

At 3.20 a friend was taken into the nest. .
3.35 a stranger was taken into the nest, but after~ .
wards brought out again and thrown into —
the water. i
3.52 ” % ” ” :
4. 5I put out four more friends and as many
strangers.

4.45 a stranger was dropped into the water. .
5.10 4 taken into the nest, but
afterwards brought out and —
thrown into the water.
5.24 e taken into the nest, but
afterwards brought out and
thrown into the water.

5.55 a friend was thrown into the water.

6. 4. a stranger $s os

6. 4 92 ; ” 9°

6. 8 a friend was taken into the nest.

6.20 ” ” ”?

6.23 ” ” ”

6.30 a stranger was dropped into the water.
6.50 a friend 45 = i,

8. 5 a friend was taken into the nest. s

In this case two friends were thrown into the water —
and seven taken into the nest ; while six strangers were
thrown into the water and four were taken into the nest ; 4
all of these, however, were afterwards brought out again —
and thrown away,
December 8.—Experimented with six friends and six.
strangers, beginning at 11.30

__ At 11.30 a friend was carried to nest. —

11.47 - »” ”
‘11.50 » »
11.52 4 <

11.56 a friend was dropped into water.

11.58 astranger_,, R*

11.58 ” pm Rs

12 a stranger was carried to nest. “et

12. 2 ¥. . uJ Si

12. 3 os “s Fe > Se
I then put four more of each, andasafriendora
anger was carried off, replaced her by another.
At 12.45 a friend to the water. j

12.58 a stranger was dropped into the water.

. .
- _
i ¢ Le

4 1 a friend to the nest. i
1 6 9 =

1 ” »” ide

1.58 ” ” vo

1.59 Fe ” a

2.30 a stranger to the water. ta

_ 2.30 ” A
, 2.35 a stranger to the nest. hee
we 2.42 a stranger to the water. Fa
a 2.48 ” ” Ps.
ero 251 ” ” ak a
ey ae is ae
2.55 a friend to the nest. 7 2

2°55 a stranger to the water. * *

2.55 ” ” a

12 eae

| ; : ; as:
; , ‘ “Sane

116 BEHAVIOUR TO INTOXICATED FRIENDS.

At 3. 2 a friend to the water. ra
3. 6 a stranger to the water.
3.12 a friend to the water.
3.15 5 >»

3.16 a friend to the nest.
3.22 a stranger to the water
3.25 a

3.25 a friend to the nest.
3.35 a stranger to the water.
3.50 a friend to the nest.
3.50 ” ”

All these ants appeared quite insensible. Altogether
sixteen friends were taken to the nest and fivethrown into
the water, while of the strangers only three were taken
to the nest, and fifteen were thrown into the water.
Moreover, as in the preceding observation, even the
three strangers which were at first taken to the nest
were soon brought out again and thrown away; while
this was not the case with any of the friends as far as
we could ascertain, though we searched diligently for
them also. In this case also all the intoxicated ants —
were motionless and apparently insensible.

January 15.—Repeated the same experiment,
beginning at 12.20. Up to7 P.M. not oneof the intoxi-

cated ants had been moved. At 8.20 we found a

stranger in the water, at 9.30 another, and at the —
following morning a third. The others were untouched.

January 17.—Repeated the same experiment, —
beginning at 11.30.

At 12a friend was carried to the nest.
12.20 a stranger was dropped into the water.
12.34 a friend was carried to the nest.
12.40 a stranger was dropped into the water
12.45 a friend was carried to the nest.

1 astranger » »
1 ” ” water
(Stopped observing till 2.)

2.30 a stranger was dropped into the water.
2.30 a stranger was carried to the nest.
4.10 8 9 ”
4.30 a friend PS is
6.20 a stranger » water.

6.35 ” ” ”
Thus, then, the general results were that the ants
removed forty-one friends and fifty-two strangers. Of
the friends, thirty-two were carried into the nest and

- nine were thrown into the water. Of the strangers, on
the contrary, forty-three were thrown into the water ;
only nine were taken into the nest, and seven of these
were shortly afterwards brought out again and thrown
away. Indeed,I fully believe that the other two were
treated in the same manner, though we could not satisfy
_ ourselves of the fact. But it was only by very close
| observation that the seven were detected, and the other

two may well have escaped notice.
It seems clear, therefore, that even in a condition
_ of insensibility these ants were recognised by their

BEHAVIOUR TO INTOXICATED FRIENDS. 117

-
.

=

it ee <, oF

,

- :
The ee a

ee ae ye pe
Mahe! «Sy. Macy
Py he th

-118 BEHAVIOUR TO INTOXICATED
‘Tabular View.—Eaxperiments on Chloroformed and
; Intoxicated Ants.
\ CHLOROFORMED ANTS.
‘3 FRIENDS STRANGERS
Carried to Nest | ween] Us! Carried toNest | wX0..| Une.)
Sept. 10 ise 4 4
14 t Bos 2 2
and brought
out again
15 1 1 see 2
and brought
out again
29 Bax 5 4
Oct. 2 5 1 4
and brought
out again
6 ee 5 ose 4
1 20 4 3 20
INTOXICATED ANTS.
Noy. 20 8 2 the wee 5
22 2 es Te sai 8
In these cases some of the Ants had partly recovered; in the
following they were quite insensible.
Dec. 1 7 2 eve 3 6
none brought all these
out again brought out
again
8 16 5 3 15
none brought all these
out again brought out
again
Jan. 15 4 eit 8
17 4 ots 38 6
none brought one brought
' out again out again
27 7 2 30

ee ee ee

CHAPTER VI.

RECOGNITION OF FRIENDS.

Tr has been already shown that with ants, as with
bees, while the utmost harmony reigns between those
belonging to the same community, all others are
enemies. I have already given ample proof that a strange
ant is never toleratedin a community. This of course
implies that all the bees or ants of a community have
the power of recognising one another, a most surprising
fact, when we consider the shortness of their life and
their immense numbers. It is calculated that in a
single hive there may be as many as 50,000 bees, aud
in the case of ants the numbers are still greater. In
the large communities of Formica pratensis it is
probable that there may be as many as from 400,000
to 500,000 ants, and in other cases even these large
“numbers are exceeded.
If, however, astranger is put among the ants of
another nest, she is at once attacked. On this point
I have satisfied myself, as will be seen in the following
pages, that the statements of Huber and others are
perfectly correct. If, for instance, I introduced a
stranger into one of my nests, say of Formica fusca or

i

")
boat

120 RECOGNITION OF FRIENDS.

Lasius niger, she was at once attacked. Oneantwould

seize her by an antenna, another by a leg, and she was —
either dragged out of the nest or killed. i
Moreover, we have not only to deal with the fact —

that ants know all their comrades, but that they recog-

nise them even after a lengthened separation.

Huber mentions that some ants which he had kept
in captivity having accidentally escaped, ‘met and
recognised their former companions, fell to mutual
caresses with their antenne, took them up by their
mandibles, and led them to their own nests; they
came presently in a crowd to seek the fugitives under
and about the artificial ant-hill, and even ventured to —
reach the bell-glass, where they effected a complete
desertion by carrying away successively all the ants —
they found there. In a few days the ruche was
depopulated. These ants had remained four months
_ without any communication.’! This interesting state-
ment has been very naturally copied by succeeding _
writers. See, for instance, Kirby and Spence’s ‘In-

troduction to Entomology,’ vol. ii. p. 66, and Newport,

‘Trans. of the Entomological Society of London,’
vol. ii. p. 239.

Forel, indeed, regards the movements observed by
Huber as having indicated fear and surprise rather than
affection ; though he is quite disposed to believe, from —
his own observations, that ants would recognise one
another after a separation of several months.

1 Huber, p. 172.

_ The observation recorded by Huber was mad
casually, and he did not take any steps to test it by
‘subsequent experiments. The fact, however, is of
so much importance that I determined to make
further observations on the subject. In the first place,
I may repeat that I have satisfied myself by many
experiments, that ants from one community introduced
into another,—always be it understood of the same
species,—are attacked, and either driven out or killed.
It follows, therefore, that as within the nest the most
complete harmony prevails—indeed,I have never seen
a quarrel between sister ants—they must by some means
recognise one another.

_ When we consider their immense numbers this is
sufficiently surprising ; but that they should recognise
one another, as stated by Huber, after a separation of
months, is still more astonishing.

bservations.

Accordingly, on August 20, 1875, I divided a colony
of Myrmica ruginodis, so that one half were in one
A, and the other half in another, B, and were
kept entirely apart.

_ On October 3, I put into nest B a stranger and
‘an old companion from nest A. They were marked
with a spot of colour. One of them immediately
flew at the stranger; of the friend they took no

October 18.—At 10 a.m. I put in a stranger and a

aa re ne t |
RECOGNITION OF FRIENDS. 121

I determined therefore to repeat and extend his

122° RECOGNITION OF FRIENDS moet a s

friend from nest A. In the evening the former was. q
killed, the latter was quite at home. ‘a
October 19.—I put one ina small bottle with a
friend from nest A. They did not show any enmity. 1
then put in a stranger; and one of them immediately —
began to fight with her. :
October 24,—I again put into the nest a stranger |
and a friend. The former was attacked, but not the —
latter. The following day I found the former almost ~
dead, while the friend was all right. | )
October 31.—I again put a stranger and a friend into’ ;
the nest. The former was at once attacked; in this
case the friend also was, for a moment, seized by the —
leg, but at once released again. On the following
morning the stranger was dead, the friend was all —
right.
November 7.—Again I put in a stranger anda friend.
The former was soon attacked and eventually driven ©
out; of the latter they did not seem to me to take any —
particular notice. I could see no signs of welcome, no
gathering round a returned friend; but, on the other
hand, she was not attacked. |
Again, I separated one of my colonies of Formica 4 |
fusca into two halves on August 4, 1875, and kept
them entirely apart. From time to time I put speci- _
mens from the one half back into the other. The de- «
tails of this experiment will be found in the Appendix. —
At first the friends were always amicably received, but
after some months’ separation they were occasionally

_ “ ‘ " a
A e |
\ J “ey, *
ie + " et 4 Z ae
-— . 4 _ 4 . .
“— ee - r - nant ' >
ey! eo hee wi “Sa? : re Tees
s, La ry le _— * ’ “ é : = 5
Ver” me © . a : ee
. ie .

-_
«

ER SEPARATION OR NEARLY TWO YEARS 123

2 -

ttacke Sa ans Gl Ates dha Seshoara the focmg cules,
1 not recognise them. Still they were never killed,

r driven out of the nest, so that evidently when a

nists ke was made, it was soon recognised. No one

who saw the different manner in which these ants and

strangers were treated, could have the slightest doubt -

t the former were recognised as friends and the a

iter as enemies. The last three were put back on :

[ay 14, 1877, that is to say, after a separation of a

year and nine months, and yet they were amicably re-

eived, and evidently recognised as friends !

_ These observations were all made on Formica fusca,

nd it is of course possible that other species would as

ehave in a different manner. :

_ Indeed, in this respect Lasius flavus offers a sur-

rising contrast to F. fusca. I was anxious to see

hether the colonies of this species, which are very

fumerous round my house, were in friendly relations a
fith one another. With this view, I kept a nest of L.

avus for a day or two without food, and then gave

them some honey, to which they soon found their way
1 numbers. I then put in the midst of them an ant

Wf the same species from a neighbouring nest; the

did not attack, but, on the contrary, cleaned her

hough, from the attention she excited and the

jumerous communications which took place between
and them, I am satisfied that they knew she was

nt one of themselves. After a few minutes she accom-
unied some of the returning ants to the nest. They

¢

124 TREATMENT OF STRANGERS, =

did not drag nor apparently guide her; but she went
with the rest freely. This I repeated several times —
with the same result. . |
I then took four ants, two from a nest about 500 —
yards from the first in one direction, the other from an |
equal distance in another. In all cases the result was —
the same. I then got a few from a colony about half a _
mile off. These also were most amicably received, and
in every case the stranger went of her own accord te
the nest. One of the strangers was, indeed, dragged
about half way to the entrance of the nest, but was |
then left free and might have run away if she had
liked. She, however, after wandering about for half a
minute, voluntarily entered the nest. In one or two _
eases the stranger ran as quickly and straight to the |
nest as if she had been there over and over again. |
This, I suppose, can only have been by scent; and cer=
tainly no hounds in full cry could have pursued their ©
game more directly or with less hesitation. In other ©
cases, however, they were much longer before they went —
in. To satisfy myself that these facts were not owing —
to the nest having been taken from that of colonies or
allies, I subsequently experimented with some ants of —
the same species from a nest in Hertfordshire ; and they
also behaved in a similar manner. In one or two cases —
they seemed to be attacked, though so feebly that I coulé
not feel sure aboutit; but in no case were the ants killed.”
The following fact surprised me still more. I p at
an ant (Aug. 13) at 9 A.M. on a spot where a number ¢

r
‘

"TREATMENT OF STRANGERS. ~ 125

Ss teu (belonging to one of my nests of domesti-
i ants) had been feeding some hours previously,
ough none were there, or, indeed, out at all, at the
ment. The entrance to the nest was about eight
off; but she walked straight to it and into the
A second wandered about for four or five minutes,
and then went. in ; a third, on the contrary, took a wrong
direction, and, at any rate for three-quarters of an hour,
id not find the entrance.
At that time, however, I did not ascertain what
ecame of the specimens thus introduced into a strange
mmunity. I thought it would be worth while to
determine this, so I subsequently (1881) took six ants
from one of my nests of L. flavus, marked them, and
troduced them into another nest of the same species.
As in the preceding cases they entered quite readily ;
gut though they were not at first attacked, they were
idently recognised as strangers. The others ex-
mined them carefully, and at length they were all
enout of the nest. Their greater readiness to enter
nge nest may perhaps be accounted for by the fact
hat, as a subterranean species their instinct always is
to conceal themselves underground, whereas, F. fusca,
j hunting species, does not do so except to enter its
_ How do these ants and bees recognise their com-
anions? The difficulty of believing that in such
populous communities every individual knows every
ther by sight, has led some entomologists to suppose

ot”

~n

126 ‘MODE OF RECOGNITION.

that each nest had a sign or password. This was, for
instance, the opinion of Gélieu, who believed that in
each hive the bees had some common sign or password. |
As evidence of this, he mentions ! that one of his hives |
had been for some days robbed by the bees fron 2
another: ‘et je désespérais de conserver cet essaim,
lorsqu’un jour, sur le soir, je le vis fort inquiet, fort
agité, comme sil eit perdu sa reine. Les abeilles
couraient en tout sens sur le devant et le tablier de |
ruche, se flairant, se tatant mutuellement, comme si
elles eussent voulu se dire quelque chose. C’était pour
changer leur signe de reconnaissance, qu’elles changérent
en effet pendant la nuit. Toutes les pillardes qui
revinrent le lendemain, furent arrétées et tuées. Plu-
sieurs échappérent aux gardes vigilantes qui défendaient
l’entrée; elles avertirent sans doute les autres du
danger qu’elles avaient couru, et que l’on ne pouvai
plus piller impunément. Aucune de celles qui voulu-
rent recommencer leurs déprédations ne pénétra dans
ruche, dont elles avaient fait leur proie, et qui prospé
merveilleusement.’ fl
Dujardin doubts the explanation given by Gélieu. ~
He thinks that the nest which was robbed was at that”
time queenless, and that the sudden change in the |
behaviour of the bees was due to their having acquired ©
a queen.
Burmeister, on the contrary, in his excellen
‘Manual of Entomology,’ says that ‘ the power of com= |
1 Le Conservateur des Abeilles, p. 143. 1 |

a - ate ane . Fe an re
La
‘id

‘G
«
=

ae. a Ty ‘te. ? ae
_ a USE OF PASS SIGNS. > YER Foe
mu SOU Gide edaidie what: they’ porpves “ts $
peculis to. insects. Much has been talked of the
so-called signs of recognition in bees, which is said to a
consist in recognising their comrades of the same hive “
by means of peculiar signs. This sign serves to pre- #
vent any strange bee from entering into the same hive ”
without being immediately detected and killed. It, +:
however, sometimes happens that several hives have fa
the same signs, when their several members rob each hae
other with impunity. In these cases the bees whose t
1 live suffers most alter their signs, and then can im-
ely detect their enemy.’ !
4 Others, again, have supposed ants recognise one “—
another by smell. ere
_ Mr. McCook states that ants more or less soaked in ~ —
er are no longer recognised by their friends, but, on
the contrary, are attacked. Describing the following
observation, he says : °—‘ I was accidentally set upon the
track of an interesting discovery. An ant fell into a s
a containing water placed at the foot of a tree. She e,
remained in the liquid several moments and crept out.
Immediately she was seized in a hostile manner, first
'y one, then another, then by a third: the two an-
tenne and one leg were thus held. A fourth ant
assaulted. the middle thorax and petiole. The poor
little bather was thus dragged helplessly to and fro ’
or a long time, and was evidently ordained to death, “> ‘

+ Burmeister’s Entomology, p. 502.
* Mound-making Ants of the Alleghanies, p. 280.

128 SUPPOSED RECOGNITION BY SCENT. ~

assailants kept their hold; one finally dropped,
other I could not tear loose, and so put the pair back
upon the tree, leaving the doomed immersionist to her :
hard fate.’
After recording one or two other similar observa- —
tions, he adds:'—‘ The conclusion, therefore, seems
‘warranted that the peculiar odour or condition by which
the ants recognise each other was temporarily destroyed
by the bath, and the individuals thus “ tainted” were
held to be intruders, alien and enemy. This con-
clusion is certainly unfavourable to the theory that any
thing like an intelligent social sentiment exists among
the ants. The recognition of their fellows is reduced
to a mere matter of physical sensation or “ smell.”’

This conclusion does not, I confess, seem to me to be
conclusively established. |
We can hardly suppose that each ant has a pecu- —
liar odour, and it seems almost equally difficult, con-
sidering the immense number of ants’ nests, to suppose
that each community has a separate and peculiar smell.
Moreover, in a previous chapter I have recorded some
experiments made with intoxicated ants. It will be
remembered that my ants are allowed to range oyera
table surrounded by a moat of water. Now, as already

mentioned, out of forty-one intoxicated friends, thirty-—
two were carried into the nest and nine were thrown |
into the water; while out of fifty-two intoxicated
' Mound-making Ants of the Alleghamtes, p. 281. |

po
+

1 re “a 2 ns

sen ‘USE OF vA at hag

aig

“two were taken into the nest and fifty were

» tilt the water. I think it most probable that

n these two were subsequently brought out and

ted like the rest.

It is clear, therefore, that in these species, and I

believe in most, if not all others, the ants of a com- ~~

munity all recognise one another. The whole question >

full of difficulty. It occurred to me, however, that Py
axperiments with pupe might throw some light on ‘i
the subject. Although all the communities are deadly

enemies, still if larvee or pup from one nest are trans-

ferred to another, they are tended with apparently as

much care as if they really belonged to the nest. In

erect, though sex is no protection, the young are

ed, at least when they belong to the same species.

y oreover, though the habits of ants are greatlychanged

if they are taken away from their nest and kept with :,

mily a few friends, still, under such circumstances, they

‘ ‘ill carefully tend any young who may be confided to

th sm. Now if the recognition were individual—if the

ants knew any one of their comrades, as we know our

friends, not only from strangers, but from one another

—then young ants taken from the nest as pupe and

Te d after they had come to maturity would not

be recognised as friends. On the other hand, if the ;

Tecognition were effected by means of some signal or

ord, then the pupe which were intrusted to ants

n another nest would have the password, if any, of ey

hat nest; and not of their own. Hence in this case .

, K

4
= ew
~~,

130 |. EXPERIMENTS WITH PUPR.

they would be amicably received in the nest from
_ which their nurses had been taken, but not in their
own. \ 46g
In the first place, therefore, I put, on Sietentaell 2,4
1877, some pupe from one of my nests of Formica
fusca with a couple of ants from the same nest. On —
the 27th I put two of the ants, which in the meantime —
had emerged from these pup, back into their own
nest at 8.30 A.M., marking them with paint as usual.
At 9 they seemed quite at home; at 9.30, ditto; at
10, ditto; and they were nearly cleaned. " After that
I could not distinguish them.
On the 29th another ant came out of the pupa-—
state; and on October 1 at 7.45 I put her back into
the nest. She seemed quite at home, and the others ©
soon began to clean her. We watched her from time
to time, and she was not attacked; but, the colour -
_ being removed, we could not recognise her after 9.30.
On July 14 last year (1878) I put into a small glass
some pup from another nest of Formica fusca with
two friends. !
On August 11 I put four of the young ants which
had emerged from these pupx into the nest. After
the interval of an hour, I looked for them in vain.
The door of the nest was closed with cotton-wool; so
that they could not have come out; and if any were
being attacked, I think we must have seen it. I
believe, therefore, that in the meantime they had been
cleaned. Still, as we did not actually watch them, E-

‘ satisfied a pedis ineitice, ‘oro are:xt
| PM At 5.30 they were all right; at 5.45, ditto,

2 being almost cleaned. At 6 one was all right;
ie other was no longer recognizable, having been quite
Deisasied, At 6.30 also one was quite at home; the
other could not be distinguished. At 7 both had been
completely cleaned.

The following day I marked another, and put ler
in at 6 am. At 6.15 she was all right among the
others, and also at 6.30, 7, 7.30, 8, and 9.30, after
which I could no longer distinguish her.

Again, on the following day I put in another at
6.45 AM. At 7 she was quite at home, and also at
7.15, 7.30, 8, and to 9.30, after which I did not watch
‘her.

To test the mode in which the ants of this nest
would behave to a stranger, I then, though feeling no

was very striking. The stranger was a powerful ant;
‘still she was evidently uncomfortable, started away
from every ant she met, and ran nervously about,

ing to get out of the nest. She was, however, soon

tacked.

re placed in a glass with five ants from the same

{ : On December 8 I took three of the ants which had ©

rr merged from these pupe, and at midday put them

‘doubt as to the result, introduced one. The difference

_ Again, on October 1 some pupe of Lasius niger a

Iback into their old nest, having marked them by nicke ”

had accidentally injured this ant.

132 " PUPA REMOVED FROM NEST,

ing the claws. Of course, under these circumstances _
we could not’ watch the ants. I examined the nest, —
however, every half hour very carefully, and am satisfied
that there\was no fighting. The next morning there —
was no dead ant; nor was there a death in the nest for
more than a fortnight. t
December 21.—Marked three more in the same
manner, and put them im at 11.15 a.m. Looked at
the usual intervals, but saw no fighting. The next
morning there was no dead one outside the nest; but
I subsequently found one of these ants outside, and
nearly dead. I am, however, disposed to think that I

December 23.—Painted three, and put them in at
10a.M. At 11 they were unmolested, 12 ditto, 1 ditto,
2 ditto, 3 ditto, 4 ditto, 5 ditto. At 3 I put in three
strangers for comparison: two of them were soon
_ attacked; the other hid herself in a corner; but all —
three were eventually dragged out of the nest. I found
no other dead ant outside the nest for some days.

December 29.—Painted three more, and put them in
at 10.304.m. At 11 they were unmolested, 12 ditto, 1
ditto, 2 ditto. During the afternoon they were once or
twice attacked for a minute or two, but the ants seemed
soon to perceive the mistake, and let them go again.
The next morning I found one dead ant, but had
no reason to suppose that she was one of the above —
~ three. The following morning there was again only —
one dead ant outside the nest; she was the third of the

Se tentacy 23 found no other dead one.
; ivaaintry 3, 1879.—Painted three more, and put

‘could not see the third ; but no ant was being attacked.
(12 ditto. 1, all three are unmolested; 2 ditto; 5
ditto. As already mentioned, for some days there was
‘no dead ant brought out of the nest.

at 11.30 a.m. At 12 two were all right among the
others; I could not find the third; but no ant was
being attacked. 12.30 ditto, 1 ditto, 2 ditto, 4 ditto.
On the following morning I found two of them all
right among the others. There was no dead ant.
January 13.—Painted three more and put them in
at 12.30. At 1 they were all right. 2 ditto. 4, two were
‘unmolested ; I could not see the third, but she was
‘not being attacked. The next morning, when I looked
at the nest, one was just being carried, not dragged,
0 The ant carried her about 6 inches and then put
her down, apparently quite unhurt. She soon returned
» the nest, and seemed to be quite amicably re-
: d by the rest. Another one of the three also
semed quite at home. The third I could not see; but
ap p to January 23 no dead one was brought out of the
ne | Fanary 19.—Marked the last three of these ants,
d put them into the nest at 9.30 am. They were
ched continuously up to 1. At that time two of

F 4 in on the 23rd, as mentioned above. Up

them in at 11.30 a.m. At 12 two were all right: we.

January 5.—Painted three more and put them in —

134 ANTS REMOVED AS PUPA, AND RESTORED

them had been almost completely cleaned. One was
attacked for about a minute soon after 11, and another —
a little later; but with these exceptions they were
quite amicably received, and seemed entirely at home
among the other ants.
Thus every one of these thirty-two ants was amic- —
ably received.
These experiments, then, seem to prove that ants —
removed from a nest in the condition of pupa, but *
tended by friends, if reintroduced into the parent nest,
are recognised and treated as friends. Nevertheless
the recognition does not seem to have been complete. —
In several cases the ants were certainly attacked,
though only by one or two ants, not savagely, and only —
for a short time. It seemed as if, though recognised
as friends by the great majority, some few, more
ignorant or more suspicious than the rest, had doubts
on the subject, which, however, in some manner
still mysterious, were ere long removed. The case
in which one of these marked ants was carried out of
the nest may perhaps be explained by her having been”
supposed to be ill, in which case, if the malady is con-
sidered to be fatal, ants are generally brought out of
the nest. |
It now remained to test the result when the pups |
were confided to the care of ants belonging toa different
nest, though, of course, the same species. |
I therefore took a number of pupe out of some of
my nests of Formica fusca and put them in small

mo Bhs att |
| 90m ner arn cous 19 auronry 18). <"he
, with ants from another nest of the same species, :
Now, as already mentioned, if the recognition were |
Fetiscted by means of some signal or password, then, as a
we can hardly suppose that the larve or pupe would ere.
be sufficiently intelligent to appreciate, still less to yt
remember it, the pupw which were intrusted to ants
_ from another nest would have the password, if any,of =
that nest, and not of the one from which they had been mG
taken. Hence, if the recognition were effected by
‘some password or sign with the antenne, they would
‘be amicably received in the nest from which their
nurses had been taken, but not in their own. poy
I will indicate the nests by the numbers in my js

~ note-book. i
On August 26 last year I put some, pupe of
_ Formica fusca from one of my nests (No. 36) with two
workers from another nest of the same species. Two =|
emerged from the chrysalis state on the 30th; and on * a a
September 2 I put them, marked as usual, into their ‘:
old nest (No. 36) at 9.30 a.m. At 9.45 they seemed unk
quite at home, and had already been nearly cleaned. “a
At 10.15 the same was the case, and they were scarcely “i
distinguishable. After that I could no longer make ‘s
them out; but we watched the nest closely, and I | e
‘think I can undertake to say that if they had been —
attacked we must have seen it. a
_ Another one of the same batch emerged on August or _
18, but was rather crippled in doing so. On the 2ist
I put her into the nest (No. 36). This ant wasat once

136 ANTS REMOVED AS PUP, AND RESTORED .
attacked, dragged out of the nest, and dropped into the —
surrounding moat of water. Aer
Again, on July 14 last year (1878) I put some pupe —
of Formica fusca from nest No. 36 into a glass with |
three ants of the same species from nest No. 60. J
On the 22nd I put an ant from one of these pup
. into her old nest (No. 36) at 9.30 a.m. She was at-—
- tacked. At 10 she was being dragged about. 10.30
ditto, I regretted she was not watched longer.
August 8.—Put another ant which had emerged
from one of these pups into her old nest (No. 36) at
7.45 4M. At 8 she seemed quite at home among the —
others. 8.15 ditto, 8.30 ditto, 9 ditto, 9.30 ditto. |
August 9.—Put two other young ants of this
batch into their old nest (No. 36) at 7 a.m. At 7.15
they were all right. At 7.30 one of them was being
dragged by a leg, but only, I think, to bring her under ~
shelter, and was then let go. Young ants of this spe-
cies, when the nest is disturbed, are sometimes dragged
to a place of safety in this way. At 8.30 they were
all right and nearly cleaned. After this I could not —
distinguish them; but if they had been attacked, we
must have seenit. | |
August 11.—Put in another one as before at 8.30
AM. At 8.45 she was unmolested. At 9 she was 4
dragged by a leg, like the last, but not for long; and —
at 9.30 she was quite comfortable amongst the others.
10 ditto, 10.45 ditto, 12 ditto, 5 ditto. -.
August 24.—Put in the last two ants of this lot —

3 =" ae .

ro ane pe comme 70 MATURITY. 137.
Ss > fore , ab 9.15, AM. At 9.30 they were unmolested.
9.4 sito. At 10 they were almost cleaned. At 10.30
I could only distinguish one ; and she had only a speck
of colour left. She appeared quite at home ; and though
I could no longer distinguish the other, I must have
seen it if*she had been attacked. ii
Thus, then, out of seven ants of this batch vis back
into their old nest, six were amicably received. On the
other hand, I put one into nest No. 60, from which the
three nurses were taken. She was introduced into the
nest at 8.15 a.M., and was at once attacked. 8.45, she
was being dragged about. 9 ditto, 9.15 ditto, 9.30 ditto.
Evidently therefore she was not treated as a friend.
Again, on July 14, 1878, I put some pupe of
Formica fusca from nest No. 60 with three ants from
nest No. 36.
On August 5 at 4 pw. I put an ant which had
emerged from one of these pups, into her old nest
oh 60). At 4.15 she seemed quite at home. They
e already cleaning her ; and by 4.30 she was no longer
intngiae, We watched the nest, however, care
ally for some time ; and I feel sure she was not attacked. .
August 6.—Put another of this batch into nest
No. 60 at 7.15 a.m. At 7.30 she was not attacked. At
8, one of the ants was carefully cleaning her. At 8.15
she was quite at home among the others. At 8.30
ditto; she was nearly cleaned. 9.30 ditto.
_ August 8.—Put in another as before at 7.45. At
she was all right. 8.30 ditto, 9.30 ditto, 9.45 ditto,

v2
*~ F- a
‘ wi

138 ANTS REMOVED AS PUPA, AND RESTORED

August 9.—Put in another as before at 7 A.M. At
7.30 she is quite at home among the others, and already —
nearly cleaned. At8I could no longer distinguish her 5
but certainly no ant was being attacked. 9 ditto. -

August 11.—Put in another as before at 8 A.M. _
At 8.15 she was quite at home. 8.30 ditto, 9 ditto, —
9.30 ditto, 10 ditto, 12.30 ditto. 4

August 13.—Lastly, I put in the remaining young —
ant as before at 7 A.M. At 7.15 she was unmolested. —
_ At 7.30 ditto and nearly cleaned. At 8 I could no

longer distinguish her; but no ant was being attacked.

Thus, then, as in the preceding experiment, these ~
six ants when reintroduced into the nest from which ~
they had been taken as pup, were received as friends.
On the other hand, on August 5 I put a young ant of
the same batch into nest No. 36, from which the three —
nurses had been taken. She was introduced at 11 and —
was at once attacked. At11.30 she was being dragged
about, and shortly after was dragged out of the nest.
I then introduced a second; but she was at once
attacked like the first.

August 22.—I put some pupe of Formica fusca
from nest No. 64 under the charge of three ants from
nest No, 60. By September 7 several young ones had ”
emerged. I put two of them into nest No. 64 at
8.15 aM. They were amicably received, as in the pre-—
ceding experiments, and the ants began to clean them.
At 8.30 they were allright. 8.45 ditto. At 9 they had
been completely cleaned, so that I could not distingpish

, rfi Ct. 72 .. ; : - :

= 10 THE NEST AFTER COMING TO MATUR-TY. 139
the 1; but there was no fighting going on in the
On the same day, at 9.45 a.m., I put into nest 64
two more as before. At 10 they were both quite at
home among the other ants, 10.15 ditto, 10.30 ditto,
11 ditto, 12 ditto, 1 ditto. I then put in a stranger;
and she was at once fiercely attacked.

_ September 8.—Put in two more of the ants which

At 9.45 they were all right. 10 ditto, 10.30 ditto, 11
ditto, 11.30 ditto, 12 ditto, 1 ditto.
On the other hand, on September 14, I put one of
these ants in the same manner into nest No. 60 at 6.30
A.M. She was at once attacked. At 6.45 she was being
dragged about by anantenna. 7 ditto. At 7.30 she was
_ by herself in one corner. At 8.30 she was again being
dragged about. 9.30 ditto. The difference, therefore,
was unmistakable.
_ Once more, on July 29 I put some pupe of Formica
fusca from out of doors under the charge of three ants
from nest No. 36.
_ August 3.—Several had come out, and I put two
of them into the nest of their nurses (No. 36) at 2 P.M.

~

Both were at once attacked. At 2.45 they were being
dragged about. 3 ditto. 3.30 one was being dragged
about. 4, both were being attacked. Eventually one
was turned out of the nest. The other I lost sight of.
August 4.—Put two more of this batch into nest
». 36, at 12.30. One was at once attacked. 1, one

had emerged from the pups, as before, at 9.30 A.M. .

> ‘

140 YOUNG ANTS RECOGNISED EVEN.

was iistag dragged about by an antenna. 2.30, both
were being attacked. At 2.45 one was dragged out of
the nest.
| I then put back one of the old ones; as might have
been expected, she was received quite amicably.
I then tried the same experiment with anotner
species, Lasius niger. I took some pupe from two of —
my nests, which I knew not to be on friendly terms, —
and which I will call 1 and 2, and confided each batch
to three or four ants taken from the other nest. When
they had come to maturity I introduced them into the
nests as before.
They were taken from their nest on September 143; —
and the results were as follows.
Pupz from nest 1 confided to ants from nest 2.
September 20.—Put one of the young ones into
nest 2 at 7.15 a.M. Several at once threatened her.
At 7.25 one of the ants seized her by an antenna, and —
began dragging her about. 7.30, she was still being
dragged about. 8, ditto. 8.15, she was now being
dragged about by three ants. 8.30, she was still attacked.
9, ditto. At 9.15 she was dragged out of the nest.
September 23.—Put two of the young ants into
nest 1 at 9.15 4.M. One was at once attacked, and
the other a few minutes afterwards. 9.45, both were
attacked. 10,ditto. One was now dead and hanging on ©
toa leg of assailant. 10.15 ditto. 10.45, both were still —
being dragged about. a
At 11 a.m. I put into nest 2 three more very young —

2. ine i ene - ... x - oe

A = -... + * : : SP wry “ae ey &s a. omg Oe 7

tes

yan meMovED IN THE STATE OF PUPA. 141 ee
;

At 11.10 one was attacked. At 11.20 all three een
@ being viciously attacked, and yet one was nearly hy
aned. At 12 one was being attacked, one was alone
na corner, the other we could not find. At 12.10 one
was dragged out of the nest and then abandoned, on
y thich, to my surprise, she ran into the nest again, .
Which no old ant would have done. She was at once 4
again seized by an antenna. At 12.30 she was still Pasi
eing dragged about; the second was being cleaned. a
n this instance, therefore, I think two out of the three oe
re eventually accepted as inmates of the nest. as
September 25.—Put two of the young ones into
nest 1 at 2.30 p.m. At 2.45 one was attacked, but not
viciously. 3 ditto, 3.15 ditto. No notice was taken of
the other, though several ants came upand examined her. lg
8.30, the first was not attacked, the second was almost in
cleaned. 4, the first has been again attacked, but not
‘iciously, and moreover has been partly cleaned. The
second was evidently received as a friend, and was almost
leaned. 4.30, they are both comfortably among the
sand are almost clean. At 5 I could no longer
distinguish them. i
‘| now pass to the other batch, namely, pupe from yy .
, t 2 with ants from nest 1. .

_ September 25.—Put three of the young ants into 2
est 1 at 9.30 a.m. At 9.45 two were attacked, the aa
third was by herself. 10 ditto. At 10.15 one made her |
a ape from the nest. At 10.20 the third was attacked. .
At 10.30 one of them was dragged out of the nest, and

“7

142 YOUNG ANTS RECOGNISED
then abandoned. At 10.50 the third also was draggec
out of the nest.

I then put two of these ants and a third young one
into nest\2. At 11.15 a.M. they seemed quite happy;
but at 11.30 two were being dragged about; the third,
who was very young, was, on the contrary, being care-
fully cleaned. At 12 this last one was undistinguish-
able; of the other two, one was being attacked, the
second was taken no notice of, though several ants
came up to her. At 12.5 the first was dragged out of
the nest and then abandoned; the second was being”
carefully cleaned. This went on till 12.20, when the
paint was entirely removed. a

September 27.—I put in three more of these young
ants into nest 1, at 7.45 AM. At8 o’clock they seemed
quite at home among the other ants. A few minutes
after, one was being held by a leg; the other two seemed
quite at home. At 8.30 one was almost cleaned, the
other I could not see. At 9 two of them were quite at
home, but I could not see the third. At 9.30 they were
both nearly cleaned ; and after that we were no long
able to distinguish them.

Thinking the results might be different if the ants
were allowed to become older before being returned into
their nests, I made no further observations with these
ants for two months. Ithen took two of the ants which
had emerged from the pupx separated on Septem=

. e .
f 7: q at ey
1 Z i ‘ ao
* at . *,."—s v7

} 2 be <0 ‘one al » re oe va i i’
¥ = vipa fee nl app ; — oe © i" “17,
EVEN catia lexsovaD AS PUPR. 143 —

on
a <n
212 satin ht ons (that toy in nat a
hi g marked them as usual, with paint. They showed :
Rigas of fear, but ran about among the other ants with *
‘eve y appearance of being quiteat home. At 12.15 ditto. a
“At 12.30 one was being cleaned. At 12.45 both were Ye
being cleaned ; and by 1 o’clock they could scarcely be
distinguished from the other ants. There had not | -
been the slightest symptoms of hostility. After this a
hour we could no longer identify them ; but the nest Va
was carefully watched throughout the afternoon,and I .
think I can undertake to say that they were not Ry,
attacked. When we left off watching, the nest was o>
enclosed in a box. The next morning I examined it :
carefully, to see if there were any dead bodies. This
was not the case; and I am satisfied, therefore, that
neither of these two ants was killed. To test these *
nts, I then, on November 24, at 8.30 A.M., put into
the nest two ants from nest 2. At 8.40 one was

tacked ; the other had hid herself away in a corner. ie:

At 9.15 both of the ants were being dragged about. At =

§ 19.85 one was dragged out of the nest and then released, Pe

d the other a few minutes afterwards. After watch- +i .

ing them for some time to see that they remained out-
de, I restored them to their own nest. The contrast,

therefore, was very marked.

a akan on November 25, I took two ants which had
1 from pupe belonging to nest 2, removed on re
‘ ibe 20, and brought up by ants from nest 1, Cae
* aC d put them back into. their old nest at 2 p.m. They

a9

1

were watched continuously until 4 p.m., but were not

144 YOUNG ANTS RECOGNISED

attacked, nor eventhreatened. The following morning —
one of them was quite well, the other one we could
not distinguish ; she had probably been cleaned. If
she had been killed, we must have found her dead
body. I then at 10 a.m. put in two more. At
10.30 one of them was attacked for a moment, but
only for a moment. With this exception neither of
them was attacked until 2 o’clock, when one of them —
was again seized and dragged about for a minute or
two, but then released again. We continued watching
them till half-past 4, when they seemed quite at home
amongst the others. On the other hand a stranger,
put in as a test at 12, was at once attacked. It was
curious, however, that although she was undoubtedly —
attacked, yet at the very same time another ant began —
to clean her. i

The next morning we found one ant, and only one, in
the box outside the nest; and this turned out to be the ©
stranger of yesterday. She had been almost cleaned ;
but there were one or two small particles of paint still
remaining, so that there could be no doubt of her
identity. J

The next day, November 27, I put in three more
of the ants derived from these pupze at 10 a.m. At
10.30 they were all right, running about amongst the
orhenys At 11 vialock ine same was the case; k a

5,
ee Fl ae gar ¥ f
OF ote a + es. wy 2se :

. WW my : . 4
Ee

e¢ am Joa

_ wise ya cd
at ve a

| ray, but released again in less than a minute. Shortly
erwards one of the others was also seized, but let go
gain almost immediately. At one o'clock they were
all right, and also at two. They had, however, in the
meantime been more than once threatened, and even

ubout as strangers would have been. At three o’clock
‘found one of them dead; but I think I must have
accidentally injured her, and I do not believe that she was
tilled by the other ants, though I cannot speak quite
ositively about it. The other two were quite at home,

unning about comfortably amongst the rest ; the other

_ November 28.—I put in the last two ants from the
bove-mentioned batch of pupe at noon. Like the
receding, these ants were occasionally threatened, and
2n sometimes attacked for a moment or two; but
he other ants soon seemed to find out their mistake,
nd on the whole they were certainly treated as friends,
® attacks never lasting more than a few moments.
he of them was watched at intervals of half an hour
: til 5 p.m.; the other we could not distinguish after
P.M. the paint having been licked off; but we
* geerteinly have observed it had she been
On the whole, then, all the thirty-two ants belonging
° > Formica fusca and Lasius niger, removed from
L

Fils wes REMOVED ASPUPR. = «145

: mentarily seized, though they were never dragged —

d had been partly cleaned. At six one of them was ~

[could not distinguish ; but certainly no ant was being ~

+
~~ 2 te. -

146 — SISTER ANTS RECOGNISED

their nest as pups, attended by friends and restored | ‘0
their own nest, were amicably received. ‘
What is still more remarkable, of twenty-two ants
belonging to F. fusca, removed as pupa, attended by
strangers, and returned to their own nest, twenty were
amicably received. As regards one I am doubtful; |
last was crippled in coming out of the pupa-case; and
to this perhaps her unfriendly reception may have been
due. ‘4g
Of the same number of Lasius niger developed |
in the same manner from pup tended by strangers
belonging to the same species, and then returned into
their own nest, nineteen were amicably received, three
were attacked, and about two I feel doubtful.
On the other hand, fifteen specimens belonging to
the same two species, removed as pups, tended by
_ strangers belonging to the same species, and then put
into the strangers’ nest, were all attacked.
The results may be tabulated as follows :—

Pupm brought up by friends Pupe brought up by strangers. .
and replaced intheirown nest. | put in own nest. | Put in strangers’ nest.
Attacked; so. /3 0 it 16
Received amicably . 33 37 0

ai
The differences cannot be referred to any difference
of temperament in different nests. The specimens of

es ‘EVEN IF BROUGHT UP SEPARATELY. 147
- nee

eases, amica’ ily received ants bred from its own pups
but tended by ants from 60, it showed itself fiercely
hostile to ants from pups born in nest 60, even when
these had been tended by ants from nest 36. Nest 60,
again, behaved in a similar manner ; amicably receiving,
asa general rule, its own young, even when tended
y ants from 36; and refusing to receive ants born in
nest 36, even when tended by specimens from nest 60.
_ These experiments seem to indicate that ants of the
game nest do not recognise one another by any pass-
word. On the other hand, they seem to show that if ants
‘are removed from a nest in the pupa-state, tended by
strangers, and then restored, some at least of their rela-
tives are puzzled, and for a time doubt their claim to con-
‘sanguinity. I say some, because while strangers under
the circumstances would have been immediately at-
tacked, these ants were in every case amicably received
by the majority of the colony, and it was sometimes
several hours before they came across one who did not
Tecognise them.

In all these experiments, however, the ants were
ta en from the nest as pup, and though I did not
hink the fact that they had passed their larval existence
in the nest could affect the problem, still it might do
so. I determined therefore to separate a nest before

ain the result. Accordingly I took one of my nests
f F. fusca, which I began watching on Sept. 13, 1878,

42

ae ee Vee 3
Aes Ka toAe. 4
“44 ¥ ~ i ? : ~< Pe
whe ; £ } Pad gy aa J dy ? = vd
OE pee fa ‘

the young were born, or even the eggs laid, and then —

and which contained two queens, and on February 8, _

148 > ~~ SISTER ANTS RECOGNISED

1879, divided it into halves, which I will call A and B,
so that there were approximately the same number of
ants with a queen in each division. At this season,
of cotrse,the nest contained neither young nor even
eggs. ‘During April both queens began to lay eggs.
On July 20 I took a number of pupe from each division |
and placed each lot in a separate glass, with two ants”
from the same division. On August 30 I took four
ants from the pup bred in B, and one from those in A
(which were not quite so forward), and after marking —
them as usual with paint, put the B ants into nest
A, and the A ant into nest B. They were received
amicably and soon cleaned, ‘Two, indeed, were once a
attacked for a few moments, but soon released. On F
the other hand, I put two strangers into nest A, but nd
they were at once driven out. For facility of observa=—
tion I placed each nest in a closed box. On the 3lst—
I carefully examined the nests and also the boxes in
which I placed them. I could only distinguish one
of the marked ants, but there were no dead ants either
in the nests or boxes. —
I carefully examined the box in the same way for —
several successive mornings, but there was no dead
ant. If there had been I must have found the body, —
and I am sure, therefore, that these ants were not —
attacked. ;
Again, on August 31 I put two more of the ants
which had emerged from the pups taken out of nest —
B, and nursed by ants from that nest, into nest A at

| = i) .
ie ?S-. ¥
+ a ~*s
al Stier r

a -.. .
10 a.m. At 10.30 a.m. they were quite comfortable
amongst the others. At 11 a.m. I looked again and
: seemed quite at home, as also at 11.30 a.M., after
which for some time I looked every hour, and they
were never attacked. The next morning I found them
peaceably among the other ants.

_ On September 15 I put three of the ants which had
emerged from the pupe taken out of nest A, and
n ursed by ants from that nest, and put them into nest

at home. I looked again at 2.30 p.M., with the same
result, At 3.30 p.m. I could only find two, the third
having no doubt been cleaned, but no ant was being
tacked. At 5.30 p.m. they were no longer distin-
guishable, but if any one was being attacked we must
have seen it. The next morning they all seemed quite
eaceful, and there was no dead ant in the box. I
looked again on the 17th and 19th, but could not
di tinguish them. As, however, there was no dead
mt, they certainly had not been killed. I then put in
paeenges she was soon attacked and driven out of
nas that, as usual, they would not tole-
2an ant whom they did not recognise as in some
"way belonging to the community.
_ Again, on April 10, 1881, I divided a two-queened
est of Formica fusca, leaving a queen in each half.
Mt that time no eggs had yet been laid, and of course
= were no larve or pupe. In due course both
laid eggs, and young ants were brought up in

__- BVEN IF BROUGHT UP SEPARATELY. 149

B at 1.30 p.m. They seemed to make themselves quite -

Pere ad aK -
150 RECOGNITION NOT INDIVIDUAL OR PERSONAL, —

each half of the nest. I will call the two halves: as !
before A and B. i |
On August 15, at 9 a.m., I put three of the you 1g
ants from A into B, and three from B into A. At
9.30 A.M. none were attacked, 10 a.m. ditto, 10.30 a.M. —
ditto. One was being cleaned; 12 a.m. ditto, 2 P.M
ditto. In fact, they seemed quite at home with
other ants. The next morning I was unable to recog
nise them, the paint having been entirely removed. ©
The ants were all peaceably together in the nest, and —
there were no dead ones either in the nest or in the |
outer box. It is evident, therefore, that they had
been treated as friends. ; ‘=
August 17.—I put in three more from B into A at
noon. At 12.30 p.m. they were with the other ants;
at 1 P.M. ditto, at 2 P.M. ditto, at 3 P.M. ditto, at |
5 p.M. ditto. The following morning I was still able /
to recognise them, though most of the paint had been
removed. They also were evidently treated as part of
the community. | ry
September 19.—Put in three more from A into B |
at’ 8.30 a.m. I looked at them at intervals of half an |
hour, but none of them were attacked. Next morning
there was no ant outside the nest, nor had any been
killed,
October 10.—Put in three more at 7 A.M. and
looked at intervals of an hour. They were not at
tacked, and evidently felt themselves among friends,
The next morning I was still able to recognise

| | on DUE 10 THE USE OF A PASSWORD, 151
I toad cnt either in the nest or the outer

_ Tastly, on October 15, I put in four more at 7 4.M.,
md watched them all day at short intervals. They
exhibited no sign of fear, and were never attacked.
In fact, they made themselves quite at home, and were
evidently, like the preceding, recognised as friends. For
the sake of comparison at noon I again put in a stranger.

der behaviour was in marked contrast. The preceding
seemed quite at home, walked about peaceably

7 ong the other ants, and made no attempt to leave’

the nest. The stranger, on the contrary, ran uneasily
about, started away from any ant she met, and made
every effort to get out of the nest. After she had
three times escaped from the nest, I put her back with
ar own friends.
_ Thus, then, when a nest of Formica fusca was
divided early in spring, and when there were no young,
2 ants produced in each half were in twenty-eight
cases all received as friends. In no case was there the
lightest trace of enmity.
{ “These observations seem to-me conclusive as far as
: the y go, and they are very surprising. In the previous
eriments, though the results were similar, still the
is experimented with had been brought up in the
and were only removed after they had become
‘pr It might therefore be argued that the ants
aving nursed them as larve, recognized them when
ry came to maturity; and though this would cer-

ee ee ee, a, Bie is

wean ge vw Ms ree = a * — wy
ee a ee . Sh, Re, ge A
SS gts eee * A ey ‘
nia faiy ly te a " ‘ ; |

tee

a

¥ -

”?
~

¥

2

not be said to be impossible. In the present case,
however, the old ants had absolutely never seen the
young ones until the moment when, some days after —
arriving at maturity, they were introduced into the ©
nest; and yet in twenty-one cases they were undoubt- —
edly recognised as belonging to the community. -

It seems to me, therefore, to be established by |
these experiments that the recognition of ants is not
personal or individual; that their harmony is not
due to the fact that each ant is ‘individually acquainted
with every other member of the community. )

At the same time, the fact that they recognise —
their friends even when intoxicated, and that they |
know the young born in their own nest even when 1
they have been brought out of the chrysalis by |
strangers, seems to indicate that the recognition is nob
effected by means of any sign or password. ;

CHAPTER VII.

POWER OF COMMUNICATION.

Tue Social Hymenoptera, according to Messrs. Kirby
an¢ Spence,' ‘have the means of communicating to
each other information of various occurrences, and use
a kind of language which is mutually understood,
+ + + ~ and is not confined merely to giving intel-
ligence of the approach or absence of danger ; it is
also co-extensive with all their other occasions for
commt nicating their ideas to each other.’
_ Huber assures us as regards Ants? that he has
*frequently seen the antenne used on the field of
battle to intimate approaching danger, and to ascertain
their own party when mingled.with the enemy ; they
are also employed in the interior of the ant-hill to
apprise their companions of the presence of the sun, so
favourable to the development of the larve, in their
‘excursions and emigrating to indicate their route, in
a recruitings to determine the time of departure,’
Elsewhere also he says * ‘ that should an Ant fall ~
in with any of her associates from the nest pad
sx in the right way by the contact of their antennex.’

| 1 Introduction to Entomology, ii. p. 50. * Loe, cit. p. 206.
oo

154 STATEMENTS OF PREVIOUS AUTHORS.

These statements are most interesting; and it is i

much to be regretted that he has not given us in detail

the evidence on which they rest. In another passage, —

indeed, he himself says,! ‘If they have a language, I
cannot give too many proofs of it.’ Unfortunately,
however, the chapter which he devotes to this impor-—
tant subject is very short, and occupied with general —

statements rather than with the accounts of the par-
ticular experiments and observations on which those

statements rest. Nor is there any serious attempt to
ascertain the nature, character, and capabilities of this
antennal language. Even if by motions of these organs

Ants and Bees can caress, can express love, fear, anger,

&e., it does not follow that they can narrate facts or
describe localities.

The facts recorded by Kirby and Spence are not
more explicit. It is therefore disappointing to read in
the chapter especially devoted to this subject, that, as

regards the power possessed by Ants and Bees to com-
municate and receive information, ‘ it is only necessary ‘

to refer you to the endless facts in proof, furnished by
almost every page of my letters on the history of Ants

and of the Hive Bee. I shall therefore but detain you
for a moment with an additional anecdote or two, ~

especially with one respecting the former tribe, which
is valuable from the celebrity of the narrator.’ *

The first of these anecdotes refers to a Beetle ©
(Ateuchus pilularius) which, having made for the |

1 Loc. cit. p. 205.

=

ee —_—

~~.

4
*

.

Re eee een re

;

2
|

*

—
ww &

~ s +4 4 ay 4
2» * p 5 i>
-_ oe 7? *4 = % 7 “ ‘ . re %
Py" a . » ’ v= | b
7 oS: - * al e . . A
Sir’ } nee . ee
et a '
P An “2 ‘ + , ;
_ HUBER, KIRBY AND SPENCE. 155

tion of its eggs a pellet of dung too heavy for it :
move, ‘repaired to an adjoining heap and soon re- CH
itis’ wih three of his companions. All four now s
E applied their united strength to the pellet, and at
; length succeeded in pushing it out, which being done,
the three assistant Beetles left the spot and returned “
to their own quarters.’ This observation rests on the =
authority of an anonymous German artist ; and though as
‘we are assured that he was a ‘man of strict veracity,’
I am by no means satisfied that his explanation
of what took place is correct. M. Fabre, in his -
interesting ‘Souvenirs Entomologiques,’ records a 2>I
similar observation, but explains it in another
manner, and ‘thus places the facts in a very different
light.
___ The second case is related by Kalm, on the authority
_ of Dr. Franklin, but again does‘not seem to me to justify
the conclusions drawn from it by Messrs. Kirby and
Spence. Dr. Franklin having found a number of ants
ina jar of treacle, shook them out and suspended the
_ jar ‘ by a string from the ceiling. By chance one ant
remained, which, after eating its fill, with some diffi-
culty found its way up the string, and, thence reaching
_ the ceiling, escaped by the wall to its nest. In less
_ than half an hour a great company of ants sallied out re
_ of their hole, climbing the ceiling, crept along the “
' string into the pot and began to eat again; this they she
‘eontinued until the treacle was all consumed, one
. ‘swarm running up the string while another passed

' 156 < KIRBY AND SPENCE.

down. It seems indisputable that the one ant had in
~ this instance conveyed news of the booty to his com- 4 4
rades, who would not otherwise have at once directed”
their steps in a body to the only accessible route’?!
Elsewhere, Messrs. Kirby and Spence say :*—* If you
scatter the ruins of an ants’ nest in your apartment, you
will be furnished with another proof of their language. ©
The ants will take a thousand different paths, each going —
by itself, to increase the chance of discovery; they will ——
meet and cross each other in all directions, and perhaps —
will wander long before they can find a spot convenient
for their reunion. No sooner does any one discovera
little chink in the floor through which it can pass
below than it returns to its companions, and, by means

of certain motions of its antenne, makes some of them

comprehend what route they are to pursue to find it, |
sometimes even accompanying them to the spot; |
these, in their turn, become the guides of others, till —
all know which way to direct their steps.’ ¥ .

Here, however, Messrs. Kirby and Spence do not _
sufficiently distinguish between the cases in which the
ants were guided, from those in which they were directed _
to the place of safety. It is obvious, however, that the
power of communication implied in the latter case-is —
much greater than in the former. .

A short. but very interesting paper by Dujardin on
this subject is contained in the ‘ Annales.des Sciences’
for 1852. He satisfied himself that some bees which

1 Loc, cit. p. 422. 2 Introd. to Entomology, vol. ii. p. 6.

a - - r,
"eee, i eee ano

a . ; ay an ‘ *s f as ms P '

i i . 7 ;
ae Dosanben: as 157

ca EE AME ot cay bien bth porpoes ‘avaient da
, evoir dans la ruche un avertissement porté par quel-
yues-unes de celles qui étaient venues isolément, soit a

nain, he tried the following experiment, which he says,
ime parait tout-i-fait concluante. Dans |’épaisseur
dun mur latéral 4 18 métres de distance des ruches A
‘et B, se trouve une niche pratiquée, suivant l’usage du
pays, pour constater la mitoyenneté, et recouverte par
un treillage et par une treille, et cachée par diverses
jlantes grimpantes. J’y introduisis, le 16 novembre,
ume soucoupe avec du sucre légérement humecté; puis
P llai présenter une petite baguette enduite de sirop &

; ne abeille sortant de la ruche. Cette abeille s’étant —

ey & la baguette poursucer le sirop, je la
ra asportai dans la niche sur le sucre, ou elle resta cing
1 six minutes jusqu’é ce qu’elle se fut bien gorgée;

elle commenga alors 4 voler dans la niche, puis deca et
devant le treillage, la téte toujours tournée vers la

liche, et enfin elle prit son vol vers la ruche, ov elle
_ *Un quart d’heure se passa sans qu'il revint une
eule abeille & la niche; mais, 4 partir de cet instant,
les vinrent successivement au nombre de trente, ex-
plorant la localité, cherchant l’entrée de la niche qui
wait da leur étre indiquée, et od Vodorat ne pouvait

ullement les guider, et, 4 leur tour vérifiant avant de
eto urner 4 la ruche, les signes qui leur feraient re-
trou er cette précieuse localité ou qui leur permet-

dessein, soit par hasard. That no doubt might re-

158 FOREL. a

traient de Vindiquer a d’autres, Tous les jours suivants:
les abeilles de la ruche A vinrent plus nombreuses a
la niche ot j’avais soin de renouveler le sucre bumecté,
et pas une seule de la ruche B n’eut le moindre
soupgon de l’existence de ce trésor et ne vint volerdece
cété. Il était facile, en effet, de constater que les
premiéres se dirigeaient exclusivement de la ruche a a
niche, et réciproquement.’

It is of course clear from these observations that —
the ants and bees accompanied their fortunate friends
to the stores of food which they had discovered, but
this really does not in itself imply te possession of any
great intelligence.

That ants and bees have a certain power of com- |
munication cannot, indeed, be doubted. Several ©
striking cases are mentioned by M. Forel. For in-
stance, on one occasion an army of Amazon ants
(Polyergus rufescens) was making an expedition to |
attack a nest of F. rufibarbis. They were not, how- |
ever, quite acquainted with the locality. At length it
was discovered :—*‘ Aussitdt,’ he observes, ‘ un nouveau ~
signal fat donné, et toutes les amazones s’élancérent —
dans cette direction.’ On another occasion he says :—
‘Je mis un gros tas de 7. cespitwm d’une variété de
grande taille & un décimétre d’un des nids d’une —
colonie de Pheidole pallidula. En un clin d’ceil
Valarme fut répandue, et des centaines de Pheidole se —
jetérent au-devant de l’ennemi.’ |

The species of Camponotus, when alarmed, ‘non

159

ment se frappent vivement et 4 coups répétés les
Des tichies; soaio en méme temps ils frappent le sol
de ou trois fois de suite avec leur abdomen, et
-répétent cet acte & de courts intervalles, ce qui pro-
duit un bruit trés marqué qu’on entend surtout bien
- Jorsque le nid est dans un trone d’arbre.’!

It would even seem, according to M. Forel, that
some species understand the signs of others. Thus
F. sanguinea, he says,’ is able to seize ‘]’instant ot
les pratensis se communiquent le signal de la déroute,
et elles savent s’'apprendre cette découverte les unes
aux autres avec une rapidité incroyable. Au moment
méme ou l’on voit les pratensis se jeter les unes contre
autres en se frappant de quelques coups rapides,
| nis cesser toute résistance et s’enfuir en masse, on
-yoit aussi les sanguinea se jeter tout-d-coup au milieu
elles, sans la plus petite retenue, mordant 4 droite et &
gauche comme des Polyergus, et arrachant des cocons
de toutes les pratensis qui en portent.’

_ M. Forel is of opinion (p. 364) that the different
species differ much in their power of communicating
with one another. Thus, though Polyergus rufescens
‘is rather smaller than F. sanguinea, it is generally
‘victorious, because the ants of this species understand
one die: more quickly than those of F. sanguimea.

_ These statements are extremely interesting, and
certainly appear to imply considerable intelligence.
f, however, his inferences are correct, and the social
1 Loe. cit. p. 355. * Loe, eit. p. 359.

’

-
*

‘

BS had — eA
i pe a? b=

a
¢

160 CONDITIONS OF THE PROBLEM.

| Hymenoptera are really so highly gifted, it outa ;
not to be necessary for us to rely on accidental observa- —
tions ; we ought to be able to test them by appropriate 4
experiments.
Those which I have made with reference to bedi ‘i
-_ will be described in a subsequent chapter.
Every one knows that if an ant or a bee in the course
of her rambles has found a supply of food, a number of —
others will soon make their way to the store. This, —
however, does not necessarily imply any power of de- —
scribing localities. A very simple sign would suffice,
and very little intelligence is implied, ifthe other ants
merely accompany their friend to the treasure which she”
has discovered. On the other hand, if the ant or bee ~
can describe the locality, and send her friends to the ~ :
food, the case is very different. This point, therefore, q
seemed to me very important; and I have made a
number of observations bearing on it. S|
The following may be taken as a type of what hap- —
pens under such circumstances. On June 12, 1874, I
put a Lasius niger, belonging to a nest which I had ry)
kept two or three days without food, to some honey.
She fed as usual, and then was returning to the nest, —
when she met some friends, whom she proceeded to
feed. When she had thus distributed her stores, she ~
returned alone to the honey, none of the rest coming ei
with her. When she had asecond time laid in a stock
of food, she again in the same way fed several ants on —
her way towards the nest; but this time five of those y¥

glirSe a al < s > c Af
¢ , &, A ‘a Se)
— te, ay. 2 shor he en 3 tr ° a“
) | «ial Soe 1 2° » . ,
a ee eae ;
= a ~~ ” %
CIES MORE COMMUNICATIVE THAN OTHERS, 161

|. AZ i

» fed returned with her to the honey. In due course
he number at the honey would have increased.
Some species, however, act much more in association
han others—Lasius niger, for instance, much more
han Formica fusca. ,

_ In March 1877 I was staying at Arcachon. It was
beautiful and very warm spring day, and numerous
ecimens of Formica fusca (Pl. I, fig. 3) were
oursing about on the flagstones in front of our
At about 10.45 a.m. I put a raisin down before
me of them. She immediately began licking it,
nd continued till 11.2 a.m., when she went off
Imost straight to her nest, the entrance to which was
bout twelve feet away. In a few minutes she came
mit again, and reached the fruit, after a few wander-
gs, at about 11.18 a.m. She fed till 11.30 a.m.,
shen she returned once more to the nest.

_ At 11.45 another ant accidentally found the fruit.
[imprisoned her.

At 11.50 the first returned, and fed till 11.56, when
he went off to the nest. On the way she met and
alked with three ants, none of whom, however, came
othe fruit. At 12.7 she returned, again alone, to the

On the following day I repeated the same experi-
ne The first ant went backwards and forwards
stween the raisin and the nest for several hours, but

ni six others found their way to it.
. . M

a
3s

‘
-

» five would no doubt have brought others, and so |

Appendix. Pr
, on July 11, 1875, I i oe out some pups in be
saucer, and at 5.55 p.m. they were found by a F. fuse
who as usual carried one off to the nest.
At 6 p.m. she returned and took another,

6. 1 ” ”
© 6. 3 ” ”
6. 4 ” ”
6. 5 » »
6. 6 » »
6. 7 bb) ”
6. 8 » ”
6. 9 ” ”
6.10 ” ”
6.11 ”» ”
6.12 7 99
6.14 99 99
6.15 ” »
6.16 » 9
6.17 ” »
6.19 ” %
6.20 ” 99
6.21 ” ”
6.23 ” ”
6.25 ” 9°
6.27 ” ” *
6.29 ” ” ‘
6.30 ” » J

>
es
o
3-3 °3S @ US.8. 8B 29S BF B.S Bk Be as

a. oe oe a we oe te os fe ee ok oe ee ae ee ie eee

Pe 7. 2 +
pon 7. 6 ” ”

| After these 45 visits, she came no more till 8 P.M.;
ye when I returned at 10 P.M. I found all the pupe
me. e. During the time she was watched, however, she
rought no other ant to assist.
Eisler made similar experiments with Myrmica
uginodis and Lasius niger, imprisoning (as before)
that ame, except the marked ones, and with

I . ~~ ; on.
164 EXPERIMENTS TO TEST

similar results. The details will be found in the
Appendix, but need not be given in full here. D
a | then tried the following experiment :—
In figure 3, A is the ants’ nest, o the door of ©
the nest. M is the section of a pole on which the q
whole apparatus is supported. B is a
board 2 feet long; C, D, E, and F are slips
of glass connected with the board B by
narrow strips of paper G, H, I. K is a
movable strip of paper, 1} inch long, |
connecting the glass ¥ with the strip H; —
and L is another movable strip of paper,
as nearly as possible similar, connecting
Handi. On each of the slips of glass@
and F I put several hundred larve of L.
flavus. The object of the larve on © was
to ascertain whether, under such circum=
© stances, other ants would find the larvee acci- —
dentally ; and I may say at once that none
did so. I then put an ant (a), whomI ~
had imprisoned overnight, to the larve on F, She ~
took one, and, knowing her way, went straight home |
over the bridge K and down the strip oH. Now it
is obvious that by always causing the marked ant § .
(4) to cross the bridge kK on a particular piece of ©
paper, and if at other times the papers K and L were 4
reversed, I should be able to ascertain whether other —
ants who came to the larve had had the direction —
and position explained to them ; or whether, having only —

Fig. 3.

f & _ POWERS OF COMMUNICATION. 165 Cae
: + *
Pinkemed by 4 of the existence of the larve, they ==
im und their way to them by tracking a’s footsteps. If the RY

er, they would in any case pass over the bridge k
re idsheves strip of paper it was constituted. On ‘
the other hand, if they found the larve by tracking, ae
then as the piece of paper by which a passed was a
‘transferred to L, it would mislead them and carry them

~

away from the larve to1. In every case, then, I trans- a7"

‘posed the two papers forming the little bridges as rac?
‘soon as the ant a had crossed over K and L. ae
_ I put her (November 7, 1875) to the larve on F
t 6.15 a.m. After examining them carefully, she re- i).
turned to the nest at 6.34. No other ants were out; r re
‘but she at once reappeared with four friends and
reached the larve at 6.38. None of her friends, how-
r, crossed the bridge; they went on toD, wandered =
about, and returned home. a returned to the larve at =
6.47, this time with one friend, who also went on to D é
and returned without finding the larve. .
ay “44
7. 0. Ant to larve. -
me 5, An ant at eo eicay 4 . :
7.17 ps with a friend, who at 7,21 ~ A
ty with two friends, rhs
eae: x one of whom = a ig grey .
a the other at 7.35 sal il te
with afriend who) _ Oy
” ee on to D, “ 141‘ y :
then'at...:.... 2

‘ i pik he Era Peer
: at Re be or
. . p . i ¢
, , i “see :
ar es, oe
: a : ; , j : = a

166 EXPERIMENTS TO TEST “|
- , “i

7.46 Ant atolarve. Anant at 7.42 {Went a

L tol
TIO05- (ss oo: . DT
a ee hse w=
R62 a >» 75M gp
nie... *:, » tet | 2
8.24 is 9.10 found the
8.39 . »» 9.30 went over L~
to I.
8.50"
oe {
909°"...
BOs ae
eT a
ee
O85"

At 10.35 I imprisoned her till 12.30, when I put her
again to the larve.

12.48 back to larve.

12.55 * An ant at 12,58 went over L tol.
1. 0 ” ” 1. 1 9. 99 a
1.15 23-7 » 1,10 ” ”

1.20 ss et 1.13 3

After this she did not come any more. During the
time she made, therefore, 25 visits to the larve; 21
other ants came a distance of nearly 4 feet from the
nest and up to the point of junction within 2 inches of

POWERS OF COMMUNICATION. - 167

the larve ; but only one passed over the little bridge to
the larve, while 15 went over the bridge L tor. On
repeating this experiment with another marked ant, she
herself made 40 journeys, during which 19 other ants
found their way to the point of junction. Only 2 went
_over the little bridge to the larve, 8 went over L to I,
_and the remainder on to b.

In another similar experiment the marked ant made
16 journeys; and during the same time 13 other ants

on to D, 7 erossed over L to, and not one found the
farve. Altogether, out of 92 ants, 30 went on toD,
61 crossed over in the wrong direction to 1, and only
11 found their way to the larve.
From January 2 to January 24 (1875) I made a
series of similar observations; and during this time 56
ants came in all. Of these, 20 went straight on to
D, 26 across the paper to 1, and only Fig. 4.
10 tothe larve.
This, I think, gives strong reason to
conclude that, under such circumstances,
ants track one another by scent.
I then slightly altered the arrange- 8 E====
ment of the papers as shown in the
accompanying diagram (fig. 4). A, as
before, is the nest, o being the door.
B is the board; h is a glass on which
_ are placed the larve; m isa similar glass, but empty ;
ma strip of paper: to the end of m are pinned two

J

’
.

‘
A

came to the point of junction. Of these 13, 6 went —

7
:

19807 EXPERIMENTS TO'TEST = |

other strips f and g, in such a manner that they can be
freely turned round, so that. each can be turned at will —
either to h or m. Under ordinary circumstances the ©
paper fras in the figure, was turned to the larve ; but —
whenever any ant, excepting the marked one, came, I
turned the papers, so that f led tom andgtoh. The |
result was striking, and I give the observation in full
in the Appendix. In all, 17 ants came, every one of 3
whom took the wrong turn and went to m. |
Although the observations above recorded seem to —
Fig. 5. me almost conclusive, still I varied the |
experiments once more (see fig. 5), |
A. making the connexion between the ~
-hoard B and the glass containing the |

8 larvee by three separate but similar ~
d strips of paper, d, e, and /, as shown in
e the figure. Whenever, however, a
VAN strange ant came, I took up the stri |
ANS g P pf

™ and rubbed my finger over it two or
three times so as to remove any scent, and then re-
placed it. As soon as the stranger had reached the —
paper e, I took up the strip d, and placed it soas to

bridge between ¢ and m. The details, as before, are
given in the Appendix.

In this experiment the bridge over which the ~
marked ant passed to the larve was left in its place,
the scent, however, being removed or obscured by the

a me a . ® nah ~~ 7
a3 eae: D pats « le v= ~ ‘ 5 7 » \
my eb - > ee 2 ‘ ; een Pisa
» —
_ POWERS OF COMMUNICATION. 169 +

tly finger ; on the other hand, the bridge (d) ,
i retained the Seiad less sai plana ae to lead ~ 3
ay from the larve ; and it will be seen that, under
ad cireumstances, out of 41 ants which found their +
ep apepaitateleopteesey shad pesaed
the bridge / to the larve, while 27 went over the
bridge d to the empty glass m.
_ aking these observations as a whole, 150 ants
came to the point e, of which 21 only went on to the
larve, while 95 went away to the empty glass. These -
experiments, therefore, seem to show that when an ate
ant has discovered a store of food and others flock to — ca
it, they are guided in some cases by sight, while in ae
others they track one another by scent. :
__ I then varied the experiment as follows :—I put an /
ant (L. niger) to some larve as usual,and when she knew *
her way, I allowed her to go home on her own legs ; but
‘as soon as she emerged from the nest, if she had any
friends with her, I took her up on a bit of paper and 3
carried her tothe larve. Under these circumstances very <a
few ants indeed found their waytothem. Thus, on June |
23, 1876, at 5.30, an ant which had been previously
under observation was put to some larve. She took “
mne and returned as usual to the nest. At 5.34 she ae
came out with no less than 10 friends, and was then
transferred to the larve. The others wandered about a
little, but by degrees returned to the nest, not one of |
hem finding their way to the larve. The first ant

eked up a larva, returned, and again came out

a a oe on eae
™ y ok.
>

Foye) PET pak a SOP ee ee
- r Ve a - TY As - "i
‘ eR * ma
x . ‘pl
i Ua i m
in. EXPERIMENTS TO TEST | ae

of the nest at 5.39 with 8 friends, when exe iy
the same thing happened. She again came out with
companions at the undermentioned times :—

Number of | Number of
Hour, Friends, Hour. Friends.
5.44 4 6.44 ae
5.47 4 6.46 3
5.49 == 6.49 2
5.52 oe 6.56 “=
5.54 5 6.59 —-
5.57 2 722 2
5.59 2 7.4 —
G.:2 5 tw 6 3
6. 4 1 ‘ 7.8 3
6. 7 —_ 7.10 5
6.11 3 7s —
6.14 4 7.17 825)
6.17 6 7.19 7
6.20 _ 7.21 5
6.23 5 7.24 —
6.25 6 7.26 3
6.29 8 7.29 1
6.32 2 7.31 2
6.35 —- 7.35 a
6.42 4

Thus during these two hours more than 120 ani
came out of the nest in company with the one under
observation. She knew her way perfectly; and it is

en i ll

oot ee

Doce Sei aii il
POWERS OF comatuntoation. . 171

ele that if she had been left alone, all, or at least
most of, these ants would have accompanied her to the

re of larve. Three of them were accidentally
owed to do so; but of the remainder, only 5 found
their way to the larve ; all the others, after wandering
about a while, returned listlessly to the nest.

One of the ants which I employed in my experi-
ments was under observation several days. I was,
however, away from home most of the day, and when I
left in the morning and went to bed at night I put her
in a bottle ; but the moment she was let out she began
to work again. On one occasion I was away for a week,
and on my return I let her out of the bottle, placing
her on a little heap of larve about 3 feet from the
eer Under these circumstances I certainly did not

xpect her to return. However, though she had thus
been six days in confinement, the brave little creature
immediately picked up a larva, carried it off to the
nest, and, after half an hour’s rest, returned for another.

I conclude, then, that when large numbers of ants
‘come to food they follow one another, being also to a
certain extent guided by scent. The fact, therefore,
does not imply any considerable power of intercom-
‘munication. There are, moreover, some other cireum-
es which seem to show that their powers in this
spect are but limited. For instance, I have already
nentioned that if a colony of Polyergus changes the
fituation of its nest, the mistresses are all carried to
the new one by the slaves, Again, if a number of F.

172 EVIDENCE OF COMMUNICATION. | —

fusca are put in a box, and in one corner a dark place
of retreat is provided for them with some earth, one soon’
finds her way toit. She then comes out again, and going
up to one of the others, takes her by the jaws. The
second ant then rolls herself into a heap, and is carried -
off to the place of shelter. They then both repeat the
same manceuvre with other ants, and so on until all their
companions are collected together. Now it seems to
me difficult to imagine that so slow a course would be
adopted if they possessed any considerable power ‘.
descriptive communication. %
On the other hand, there can, I think, be no doubt
that they do possess some power of the kind. 7
This seems to me clearly shown by the following _
observations, In order, if possible, to determine
whether the ants in question were brought to the ~
larvee, or whether they came casually, I tried (1875) |
the following experiments: I took three tapes, each —
about 2 feet 6 inches long, and arranged them
parallel to one another and about 6 inches apart.
One end of each I attached to one of my nests
(L. niger), and at the other end I placed a small
glass. In the glass at the end of one tape I placed a
considerable number (300 to 600) of larve. In the
second I put two or three larve only; in the third
none at all. The object of the last was to see whether
many ants would come to the glasses under such cir-
cumstances by mere accident; and I may at once say
that but few did so. I then took two ants and

wl i ae eit

EE ce EO ea ee ee Pe

a
aced one of them to the glass with many larve, the
other to that with two or three. Each of them took a
and soon. After each journey I put another larva in
he glass with only two or three larve, to. replace that
thich had been removed. Now, if other ants came
under the above circumstances as a mere matter of
scident, or accompanying one another by chance, or
if they simply saw the larve which were brought and
consequently concluded that they might themselves
Iso find larve in the same place, then the numbers

equal. In each case the number of journeys made by
he ants would be nearly the same ; consequently, if it
was a matter of scent, the two glasses would be in the
same position. It would be impossible for an ant,
seeing another in the act of bringing a larva, to judge
r itself whether there were few or many larve left
ehinc On the other hand, if the friends were
brought, then it would be curious to see whether more
rere brought to the glass with many larve, than to
that which only contained two or three. I should also
nention that, excepting, of course, the marked speci-

mens, every ant which came to the larve was im-
risoned until the end of the experiment. I give the
: ails in the Appendix.

_ The results of the above experiments are shown at
glance in the following Table :—

. onl ok ( a a “i .” ‘4 * ot ve be “i 4 ees
2 - b. 4 aoe a “Se ys ”- ‘
“ ates :. “ati aes ‘ -4 a a 1a
Boy’ 2 ts fre a "tt ; <7 ; haat
me! © 1 BND aes ‘ ee ke |
: = y 4 : - v
‘EVIDENCE OF COMMUNICATION. — 173

and carried it to the nest, returning for another, ~

a
4 4s

going to the two glasses ought to be approximately

—

Tabular View of Experiments on Power of Com

‘/ Ne . b nan i : Wal Bete
T * Py wy et Gu “A
4 F ' ‘ cP bs
174 _ EVIDENCE OF COMMUNICATION. >

Glass with many larvee Glass with one or two larve |
Obser- -
vations | time | No.of | No.of Time | No.of | No.of
occupied | journeys | friends occupied | journeys} friends |
hours hours
1 1 7 11 h
2 -s — 1 6 04
3 a ae = 2 13 8
4 oo oo — 3 24 5
5 3 38 22 ] 10 3:
6 24 82 19 :
7 1 5 16 }
8 1} 11 21 3 23 ee
9 — — — 1} 7 3
10 1 15 13 2 21 1
1l 2 32 20 1 11 L
12 5 .~ 26 10
13 == — -- 5 19 ¥ a
14 — —_— — 3 20 4
15 24 41 3 2 5 0
16 1 10 16 2 10 2
17 44 53 2 4 40 10
18 -—— — —- 2 20 1
19 1 va 12 f
20 — — — 1 6 0
21 14° 20 15 74 27
22 —- — — 1 25 4
23 4} 71 T
24 — “= a 2 85 4 .
25 2 34 3 My
26 1} 35 21 2 18 0
27 2 37 9 1} 15 0
28 1} 9 10 2 14 0
29 2 37 5 1} 25 &:
30 1} 9 10 2 14 Oe
81 2 37 5 1} 25 3
32 2 24 7 1 7 0%
33 34 43 17 34 26 1
34 1 27 28 1 18 12
35 1 14 2 1 15 9
52 678 304 594 545 104

It must be admitted that this mode of obs

_ EVIDENCE OF COMMUNICATION. =—«-:1175
is calculated to increase the number of friends brought
by the ants to the glass with only 2 or 3 larva, for
several reasons, but especially because in many cases
an ant which had for some time had access to a glass
with many larve.was suddenly deprived of it, and it
might well be that some time elapsed before the

nge was discovered. Some stray ants would, no
Joubt, in any case have found the larve; and we
‘may probably allow for about 25 under this head.
gain, some would, no doubt, casually accompany their
friends ; if we allow 25 also in this respect, we must
deduct 50 from each side, and we shall have 254
against 54. Nevertheless, even without any allowances,
the results seem to me very definite. Some of the
individual cases, especially perhaps experiments 9, 10,
20, 21, and 22 (see Appendix), are very striking ; and,
taken as a whole, during 52 hours, the ants which had
access to a glass containing numerous larve brought 304
friends ; while during 59 hours those which were visiting
glass with only 2 or 3 larve brought only 104 to |
ir assistance.
One case of apparent communication struck me
_ very much. I had had an ant (L. niger) under obser-
tion one day, during which she was occupied in
" carrying off larve to her nest. At night I imprisoned
_ her in a small bottle; in the morning I let her out at
_ 6.15, when she immediately resumed her occupation.
re: ving to go to London, I imprisoned her again at
_ 8oc'clock. When I returned at 4.40, I put her again

Ss

176 - EVIDENCE OF COMMUNICATION.

to the larvee. She examined them carefully, but went i
home without taking one. At this time no other ants
were coe of the nest. In less than a minute she came —
out again with 8 friends, and the little troop made
straight for the heap of larve. When they had gone —
two-thirds of the way, I again imprisoned the marked —
ants; the others hesitated a few moments, and then,
with curious: quickness, returned home. At 5.15 I”
put her again to the larve. She again went home ~
without a larva, but, after only a few seconds’ stay in
the nest, came out with no less than 13 friends. They
all went towards the larve; but when they got about
two-thirds of the way, although the marked ant had
on the previous day passed over the ground about 150
times, and though she had just gone straight from
the larvee to the nest, she seemed to have forgotten —
her way and wandered; and after she had wandered
about for half an hour, I put her to the larve. Now
in this case the 21 ants must have been brought out
by my marked one; for they came exactly with her,
and there were no other ants out. Moreover, it would —
seem that they must have been told, because (which —
is very curious in itself) she did not in either case
bring a larva, and consequently it cannot have been ~
the mere sight of a larva which induced them to .
follow her. I repeated an experiment similar to this —
more than once.
For instance, one rather cold day, iwhibai’ but few
ants were out, I selected a specimen of Atta testaceo-

OS eo ee eo pee a eee

a | CENPERIMENT WITH AN ATTA. 177

belonging to a nest which I had brought back ©
EA ioe foe Aleta She was out hunting about
/ six feet from home, and I placed before her a large
dead bluebottle fly, which she at once began to drag
tothe nest. I then pinned the fly to a piece of cork,
ina small box, so that no ant could see the fly until
she had climbed up the side of the box. The ant
struggled, of course in vain, to move the fly. She

pulled first in one direction and then in another, but,

_ finding her efforts fruitless, she at length started off back —

to the nest empty-handed. At this time there were
no ants coming out of the nest. Probably there were
_ some few others out hunting, but for at least a quarter
_of an hour no ant had left the nest. My ant entered
the nest, but did not remain there; in less than a
minute she emerged accompanied by 7 friends. I
never saw so many come out of that nest together
before. In her excitement the first ant soon distanced
her companions, who took the matter with much more
g-froid, and had all the appearance of having come
ou reluctantly, or as if they had been asleep and were
only half awake. The first ant ran on ahead, going
straight to the fly. The others followed slowly and
‘with many meanderings; so slowly, indeed, that for
twenty minutes the first ant was alone at the fly,
t irying in every way to move it. Finding this still
impossible, she again returned to the nest, not chancing
to meet any of her friends by the way. Again she
emerged in less than a minute with 8 friends, and
N

_

178 ‘EXPERIMENT WITH AN ATTA.

hurried on to the fly. They were even less energetic —
than the first. perty ; and when they found they had —
lost sight of their guide, they one and all returned to —
the nest. In the meantime several of the first detach-
ment had found the fly, and one of them succeeded in
~ detaching a leg, with which she returned in triumph ~
to the nest, coming out again directly with 4 or 5
companions. ‘These latter, with one exception, soon —
gave up the chase and returned to the nest. I do not~
think so much of this last case, because as the ant
carried in a substantial piece of booty in the shape of —
the fly’s leg, it is not surprising that her friends should
some of them accompany her on her return; but —
surely the other two cases indicate a distinct power of
communication. .
Lest, however, it should be supposed that the result ~
was accidental, I determined to try it again, Accord--_
ingly on the following day I put another large dead fly
before an ant belonging to the same nest, pinning it —
to a piece of cork as before. After trying in vain for
ten minutes to move the fly, my ant started off home. —
At that time I could only see two other ants of that
species outside the nest. Yet in a few seconds, con-
siderably less than a minute, she emerged with no less
than 12 friends. As in the previous case, she ran
on ahead, and they followed very slowly and by no
means directly, taking, in fact, nearly half an hour to
reach the fly. The first ant, after vainly labouring for
about a quarter of an hour to move the fly, started off

7

‘EXPERIMENT WITH AN ATTA. 179. .

again to the nest. Meeting one of her friends on the
way she conversed with her a little, then continued
towards the nest, but, after going about a foot, changed
her mind, and returned with her friend to the fly.
After some minutes, during which two or three other
_ ants came up, one of them detached a leg, which she
earried off to the nest, coming out again almost immedi-
_ ately with six friends, one of whom, curiously enough,
seemed to lead the way, tracing it, I presume, by scent. —
_ I then removed the pin, and they carried off the fly in
_ triumph.

Again, on June 15, 1878, another ant belonging to
the same nest had found a dead spider, about the same >
distance from the nest. I pinned down the spider as
_ before. The ant did all in her power to move it; but
after trying for twelve minutes, she went off to the nest.
Although for a quarter of an hour no other ant had left
the nest, yet in a few seconds she came out again with
_ 10 companions. As in the preceding case, they followed
very leisurely. She ran on ahead and worked at the
spider for ten minutes; when, as none of her friends
_ had arrived to her assistance, though they were wan-
_ dering about, evidently in search of something, she
_ started back home again. In three quarters of a
_ minute after entering the nest she reappeared, this
_ time with 15 friends, who came on somewhat more
rapidly than the preceding batch, though still but
_ slowly. By degrees, however, they all came up, and
after most persevering efforts carried off the spider
x2

\

180 . EXPERIMENT WITH PHEIDOLE.

piecemeal. On July 7, I tried the same experiment —
with a soldier of Pheidole megacephala. She pulled
at the fly for no less than fifty minutes, after which she
went to the nest and brought five friends exactly as_
the Atta had done.

In the same way, one afternoon at 6.20 I presented
a slave of Polyergus with a dead fly pinned down.
The result was quite different. My ant pulled at the
fly for twenty-five minutes, when, as in the previous
cases, she returned to the nest. There she remained
four or five minutes, and then came out again alone,
returned to the fly, and again tried to carry it off.
After working fruitlessly for between twenty and twenty-
five minutes, she again went back to the nest, staying
there four or five minutes, and then returning by her-
self to the fly once more. I then went away for an
hour, but on my return found her still tugging at the
fly by herself. One hour later again I looked, with the
same result. Shortly afterwards another ant wandering
about found the fly, but obviously, as it seemed to me,
by accident.

At 3 o’clock on a subsequent day I again put a dead
fly pinned on to a bit of cork before a Formica fusca,
who was out hunting. She tried in vain to carry it off,
ran round and round, tugged in every direction, and at.
length at ten minutes to four she returned to the nest :
very soon after she reappeared preceded by one and
followed by two friends; these, however, failed to dis-
eover the fly, and after wandering about a little returned

EXPERIMENT WITH FORMICA. 181

to the nest. She then set again to work alone, and in
about forty minutes succeeded in cutting off the head
of the fly, which she at once carried into the nest. In
alittle while she came out again, this time accompanied
by five friends, all of whom found their way to the fly ;
one of these, having cut off the abdomen of the fly,

took it into the nest, leaving three of her companions —

to bring in the remainder of their prey.
These experiments certainly seem to indicate the

possession by ants of something approaching to lan- —

guage. It is impossible to doubt that the friends were
brought out by the first ant; and as she returned
empty-handed to the nest, the others cannot have been
induced to follow her merely by observing her proceed-
ings. In face of such facts as these, it is impossible
not to ask ourselves how far are ants mere exquisite
automatons ; how far are they conscious beings? When
we see an ant-hill, tenanted by thousands of industrious
inhabitants, excavating chambers, forming tunnels,
making roads, guarding their home, gathering food,
_ feeding the young, tending their domestic animals,
—each one fulfilling its duties industriously, and
without confusion,—it is difficult altogether to deny
to them the gift of reason; and the preceding observa-
tions tend to confirm the opinion that their mental
powers differ from those of men, not so much in kind

as in degree.

182 +a

CHAPTER VIII.

ON THE SENSES OF ANTS.

The Sense of Vision.

Ir is, I think, generally assumed not only that the world
really exists as we see it, but that it appears to other
animals pretty much as it does to us. A little con-
sideration, however, is sufficient to show that this is
very far from being certain, or even probable.

In the case of insects, moreover, the mode of vision
is still an enigma. They have, at least many of them
have, a large compound eye on each side ; and ocelli,
generally three in number, situated on the summit of
the head. The compound eyes consist of a number of
facets, each situated at the summit of a tube, to the
base of which runs a fibre of the optic nerve.

The structure of the ocellus and that of the com-
pound eye are essentially different, and it does not seem
possible that either the ocellus should be derived from
the compound eye, or the compound eye from the ocel-
lus. On the contrary, both seem to point back to
a less developed ancestral type. Starting from such an
origin, an increase of the separate elements and an im-
provement of the lens would lead to the ocellus, while

= of the number of eyes would bikag vi th
__ the compound eye.

On the other hand, it must be admitted that there
are reasons for considering the different kinds of eyes
to be of perfectly distinct origin. The eye of Limulus,
according to Grenacher, is formed on a plan quite

unlike that of other Crustacea. Again, the develop-
ment of the eye in Musca, to judge from Weismann’s
observations, is very dissimiliar from that of other
‘insects. The varied position of the eye in different
groups, as, for instance, in Pecten, Spondylus,
_Euphausia, Onchidiwm, &e., point to the same con-
clusion.

_ . It seems clear that the image produced by the
ocelli must be altogether different from the picture
given by the compound eyes; and we may therefore
reasonably conclude that the two organs have distinct
functions. It used formerly to be supposed that the
compound eyes were intended for distant, the ocelli for
near vision. Claparéde, however, has maintained the
opposite theory, while Mr. Lowne regards the ocelli as
‘incapable of producing ‘anything worthy the name of
an image,’ and suspects that their function ‘is the
perception of the intensity in the direction of light,
rather than vision.’

The ocelli, or simple eyes, probably see in the same
‘manner as ours do. ‘That is to say, the lens throws an
image on the back of the eye, which we call the retina.
In that case they would see everything really reversed,

184 ' HOW INSECTS SEE. 8 ° | (a

as we do; though long practice has given us the right —
impression. The simple eye of insects thus resembles —
ours in this respect. 4
As regards the mode of vision of the compound eyes,
there are two distinct theories. According to one—
the mosaic theory of Miiller—each facet takes in only
a small portion of the field; while according to the
other, each facet acts as a separate eye.
This latter view has been maintained by many high
authorities, but it is difficult to understand how so
many images could be combined into one picture. Some
insects have more than 20,000 facets on each side of —
their head. No ants, indeed, have so many, but
in some—as, for instance, in the males of Formica
pratensis —there are not less than 1,000. The theory,
moreover, presents some great anatomical difficulties.
Thus, in certain cases there is no lens, and conse-
quently there can be no image ; in some it would seem
that the image would be formed completely behind the
eye, while in others again it would be in front of the
receptive surface. Another difficulty is that any true
projection of an image would in certain species be pre-
cluded by the presence of impenetrable pigment, which
only leaves a minute central passage for the light-rays.
Again, it is urged that even the sharpest image would
be useless, from the absence of a suitably receptive
surface; since the structure of the receptive surface
corresponding to each facet seems to preclude it from —
~ receiving more than a single impression.

each facet receives the impression of one pencil of rays ;
so that, in fact, the image formed in a compound eye
is a sort of mosaic.

On the other hand, this theory itself presents
great difficulties. Those ants which have very few
facets must have an extremely imperfect vision.
Again, while the image produced on the retina of the
_ocellus must of course be reversed as in our own eyes;
in the compound eyes, on the contrary, the vision would,
_on this theory, be direct. That the same animal should
‘see some things directly, and others reversed ; and yet
obtain definite conceptions of the outer world, would
certainly be very remarkable.

In fact, these, so far fortunate, insects realise the
epigram of Plato—

Thou lookest on the stars, my love,
Ah, would that I could be

Yon starry skies, with thousand eyes
That I might look on thee !

But if the male of F. pratensis sees 1,000 queens
' at once, when only one is really present, this would
seem to be a bewildering privilege, and the prevailing
opinion among entomologists is, as already mentioned,
that each facet only takes in a portion of the object.

_ But while it is difficult to understand how ants see,
it is clear that they do see.

From the observations of Sprengel there could of

186 LIMITS OF VISION.

course be little, if any, doubt, that bees are capable rs ;
distinguishing colours; and I have proved experi-
mentally, as will be shown in a subsequent chapter,
that this is the case. Under these circumstances, I
have been naturally anxious to ascertain, if possible,
whether the same holds good with ants. I have,
however, found more difficulty in doing so because, as

_ shown in the observations just recorded, ants find their ©
food so much more by smell than by sight.
This being so, I could not apply to ants those
tests. which had been used in the case of bees.
At length, however, it occurred to me that I
might utilize the dislike which ants, when in their
nests, have to light. Of course they have no such
feeling when they are out in search of food; but if
light is let in upon their nests, they at once hurry
about in search of the darkest corners, and there they
all congregate. If, for instance, I uncovered one of
my nests and then placed an opaque substance over one
portion, the ants invariably collected in the shaded part. .
I procured, therefore, four similar strips of glass,
coloured respectively green, yellow, red, and blue, or,
rather, violet. The yellow was rather paler in shade,
and that glass consequently rather more transparent
than the green, which, again, was rather more trans-
parent than the red or violet. I also procured some
coloured solutions.
Prof. Dewar was kind enough to test my glasses
and solutions with reference to their power of trans-

a

POWER OF DISTINGUISHING COLOURS, 187

me visible red as 760 and that of the extreme
let as 397, we have
760 to 647 give red.
647 ,, 585 ,, orange.
: 585 ,, 575 ,, yellow.
575 ,, 497 ,, green.
497 ,, 455 ,, plue.
445 ,, 397 ,, violet.
The result of his examination of my glasses and
utions was as follows :—
The light-yellow glass cut off the high end down
_ to wave-length 442.
The dark-yellow glass cut off the high end down
to wave-length 493.
‘The green glass cut off the high end down to wave-
length 465, and also the red to 616.
The red glass cut off the high end down to wave-
length 582.
‘The violet glass cut off the orange and yellow from
wave-length 684 to 583, and a band between
_ wave-lengths 543 and 516.
‘The purple glass cut off the high end down to
» wave-length 528.
‘The solution of chromate of potash cut off the
high end to 507.
_ The saffron cut off the high end to about 473,
The blue fluid cut off the low end to 516.
_ The red fluid cut off the high end to 596.

g colour. Taking the wave-length of the ex —

188 EXPERIMENTS WITH COLOURED GLASSES.

I then (July 15, 1876) laid the strips of glass )
one of my nests of Formica fusca, containing abot
170 ants. These ants, as I knew by many previou
observations, seek darkness, at least when in the nes

and would collect in the darkest part. I then, afte

counting the ants under each strip, moved the glasse:
at intervals of about half an hour, so that each shoul
by turns cover the same portion of the nest.- Thi

results were as follows—the numbers indicating th

approximate numbers of ants under each glass (ther
were sometimes a few not under any of the strips |

glass) :—

1.

Green.
50
Violet.
0
Red.
60
Yellow.
50
Green.
30
Violet.
0
Red.
50

‘Yellow.

40

Yellow.

40
Green.
20
Violet.
0
Red.
70

Yellow.

30
Green.
14
Violet.
0
Red.
50

Red.
80

Yellow.

40
Green.
50
Violet.

Violet.
0
Red.
100
Yellow.
50
Green.

- ia ee +
~ 7 N+ i 7 -~— ns >A 4% ee be
pF es 4 : e 4 i 9 FON Me ad ‘yt se!

v ~~ eee Oe Tr oo ‘
Rad _
heer >. .

i) aan e) : 1 5
‘EXPERIMENTS WITH COLOURED GLASSES. 189
Green. Yellow. Red. Violet.
60 35 65 0
Violet. Green. Yellow. Red. .
: 1 50 404 10
1. Red. Violet. Green. Yellow.
. 50 2 50 60
12. Yellow. Red. Violet. Green.
35 55 0 70

Adding these numbers together, there were, in the
felve observations, under the red 890, under the
reen 544, under the yellow 495, and under the violet
y 5. The difference between the red and the green
very striking, and would doubtless have been more
, but for the fact that when the colours were trans-
sed the ants which had collected under the red
metimes remained quiet, as, for instance, in cases
and 8. Again, the difference between the green and
llow would have been still more marked but for the
et that the yellow always occupied the position last
Id by the red, while, on the other hand, the green
ud some advantage in coming next the violet. In
sidering the difference between the yellow and
een, we must remember also that the green was
ecidec ly more opaque than the yellow.

The case of the violet glass is more marked and
greinteresting. To our eyes the violet was as opaque
th » red, more so than the green, and much more so
un the yellow. Yet, as the numbers show, the ants

ant

190 EXPERIMENTS WITH COLOURED GLASSES. : y.

had scarcely any tendency to congregate under |
There were neariy as many under the same area of tl
uncoyered portion of the nest as under that shaded ]
the violet glass.
Lasius flavus also showed a marked avoidance of
the violet glass. , ;
I then experimented in the same way with a nest
of Formica fusca, in which there were some pupé
which were generally collected in a single heap. I
used glasses coloured dark yellow, dark green, li
yellow, light green, red, violet, and dark purple.
colours were always in the preceding order, but, ¢
before, their place over the nest was changed aft
every observation.
To our eyes the purple was almost black, the viol
and dark green very dark and quite opaque; the pup

the light yellow were almost transparent. There were
about 50 pup, and the light was the ordinary diffused
daylight of summer. ;

These observations showed a marked preference for
the greens and yellows. The pupx were 64 ti
under dark green, 3 under dark yellow, 3} under
and once each under light yellow and light green, the
violet and purple being altogether neglected. &

I now tried the same ants under the same colo 1s
but in the sun; and placed a shallow dish containing
some 10 per cent. solution of alum sometimes over

glo, sometimes over the red. I also put four
esses of violet glass, so that it looked almost

Under these circumstances, the pups were placed
inder the red 7 times, dark yellow 5, once they
re half under each, but never under the violet,
yurple, light yellow, dark or light green.

The following day I placed over the came nest, in
he sun, dark green glass, dark red, and dark yellow.
In nine observations the pups were carried three times
under the red and nine times under the yellow.

4 ‘] then tried a similar series of experiments with
fasius niger, using a nest in which were about
(0 pups, which were generally collected in a single
eap all together. As before, the glasses were moved
n regular order after each experiment ; and I arranged
hem so that the violet followed the red. As far,
herefore, as position was concerned, this gave violet
ather the best place. The glasses used were dark
dark red, dark green, and yellow, the yellow
ng distinctly the most transparent to our eyes.
xperiment Experiment

1. Pupe under yellow. 8. Pupe under green.

: 2. ” ” 9. ” red.

” ” 10. ” yellow.
Pe ” 11. a red.
” ” 12. 99 yellow.
” ” 1 3. ” ”

” green. 14. » red.

191

192 EXPERIMENTS WITH COLOURED GLASSES, _ x

Experiment Experiment

15. Pup under green. | 24. Pups under roa

| Se er % 25. ” yellc
17.\ 4, yellow. | 26. Ps red.
18. ” ” 27. ” 2
19. x red. 28. af a
20. ” ” 29. ” Et
21. ‘ yellow. | 30. r= yellow.
22. ” ” 31. ” red.
23. Pe a9 32. ” green.

I now put two extra thicknesses of a over thi
red and green.

33. Pup under red. 37. Pupe under red. 7
34. = yellow. | 38. RS ry
35. a OS 39. > yellow.
36. Ss yellow. | 40. ue red.

The result is very striking, and in accordance with
the observations on Formica fusca. In 40 experi
ments the pups were carried under the yellow 1
times, under the red 16 times, and under the green ;
times only, while the violet was quite neglected
After the first twenty observations, however, I remov 2
it.

I then tried a nest of Cremastogaster scutellart
with violet glass, purple glass, and red, yellow, and
green solutions, formed respectively with fuchsine,
bichromate of potash, and chloride of copper. The
purple looked almost black, the violet very dark; the

3 EXPERIMENTS WITH COLOURED GLASSES, 193
i and green, on the contrary, very transparent, and
e yellow even more so. The yellow was not darker
n a tincture of saffron. The latter indeed, to my
», scarcely seemed to render the insects under them
it all less apparent ; while under the violet and purple
‘could not trace them at all. I altered the relative
positions as before. The nest contained about 50
arvee and pupe.

I made thirteen trials, and in every case the larve
and pupz were brought under the yellow or the green
—never once under any of the other colours.

Again, over a nest of Formica fusca containing
ibout 20 pupe I placed violet glass, purple glass, a
solution of fuchsine (carmine), the same of
hloride of copper (green), and of bichromate of potash
yellow, not darker than saffron).

I made eleven trials, and again, in every case the
pz were brought under the yellow or the green.

I then tried a nest of Lasius flavus with the
mrple glass, violet glass, very weak bichromate of
otash, and chloride of copper as before.

_ With this species, again, the results were the same
s in the previous cases.

) hh all these experiments, therefore, the violet and
le light affected the ants much more strongly than
Ei sstiow and green.

It is curious that the coloured glasses appear to
et on the ants (speaking roughly) as they would, or,
4 vy)

194 ; DISLIKE OF VIOLET.

I should rather say, inversely as they would, on a
photographic plate. It might even be alleged that the
avoidance of the violet glass by the ants was due to their
preferring rays transmitted by the other glasses. From
the habits of these insects such an explanation would be
very improbable. If, however, the preference for the
other coloured glasses to the violet was due to the trans-
mission and not to the absorption of rays—that is to
say, if the ants went under the green rather than the”
violet because the green transmitted rays which were
agreeable to the ants, and which the violet glass, on
the contrary, stopped—then, if the violet was placed
over the other colours, they would become as distasteful
to the ants as the violet itself. On the contrary, how-
ever, whether the violet glass was placed over the others
or not, the ants equally readily took shelter under them.
Obviously, therefore, the ants avoid the violet glass |
because they dislike the rays which it transmits. 3

But though the ants so markedly avoided the violet
glass, still, as might be expected, the violet glass cer-
tainly had some effect, because if it were put over the |
nest alone, the ants preferred being under it to beir o
under the plain glass only. a

I then compared the violet glass with a solution
of ammonio-sulphate of copper, which is very similar in
colour, though perhaps a little more violet, and arranged —
the depth of the fluid so as to make it as nearly as pos-
sible of the same depth of colour as the glass.

ak E
Revas Pearle he peeps ele
0; O; OF 3] O}; 3} OO; 32] 8] OO; 9
Solution 40} 80/100} 80| 50} 70} 60} 40] 90/100/710

_ Im another experiment with Lasius niger I used
the dark yellow glass, dark violet glass, and a violet
solution of 5 per cent. ammonio-sulphate of copper,
diluted so as to be, to my eye, of exactly the same tint
as the violet glass; in 8 observations the pup were
¥ three times under the violet solution, and 5 times
. “under the yellow glass. I then removed the yellow
glass, and in 10 more observations the pupe were
always brought under the solution.
It is interesting that the glass and the solution
should affect the ants so differently, because to my
eye the two were almost identical in colour. The
glass, however, was more transparent than the solu-
tion.

_ To see whether there would be the same difference
between red glass and red solution as between violet
glass and violet solution, I then (Aug. 21) put over a
nest of Formica fusca a red glass and a solution of
eee, as nearly as I could make it of the same tint.
In 10 experiments, however, the ants were, generally
Beaking, some under the solution and some under

the glass, in, moreover, as nearly as possible equal

August 20.—Over a nest of Formica fusca con-

> o2

196 EXPERIMENTS WITH COLOURED SOLUTIONS. i

taining 20 pupe, I placed a saturated solution of

- bichromate of potash, a deep solution of carmine, which —
let through scarcely any but the red rays, and a white

porcelain plate. .

min Under the bichr. of potash were 0 pupz, carmine 18, porcelain 2 —
2. ” ” 0 ” ” 6 ” 14
3. ” ” 6 ” ” 3 »” il
4. ” ” 0 ” ” 5 ” 18
5. ”» ” 6 ” ” 4 ” 10 ,
6. ” ” 0 ” ” 19 ” 1
7. ” ” 0 ” ” 0 > 20 o
8 ” ” 4 ” ” 15 . ” |
9. »” % 2 »” ” 4 ” 14
10.. »” ” 0 ” » 4 ” 16
11 » ” 0 » ” 3»
Total 18 81

124

I then put over another nest of Formica fusca
four layers of red glass (which, when examined with
the spectroscope, let through red light only), four
layers of green glass (which, examined in the same
way, transmitted nothing but a very little green), anda ‘@
porcelain plate. Under these circumstances the ants
showed no marked preference, but appeared to feel
equally protected, whether they were under the red
glass, the green glass, or the porcelain. . |

Thus, though it appears from other experiments —
that ants are affected by red light, still the quantity
that passes through dark red glass does not seem greatly
to disturb them. I tested this again by placing over a
nest containing a queen and about 10 pupe a piece of

oc othe al ae 7m! ane ; 4
bes Cb A ey =
a! Spin vm “ 4 a Ba tas Ss j +e
a : % *- , wird a * *
BS; eS. A~s tes 4 : “82 ,
« i; . ts aq 7 .
; ON A QUEEN ANT. 197

yue porcelain, one of violet, and one of red glass,
‘all of the same size. The result is shown below.
Obs.

1. Queen went under red glass were taken

under _
vate vol glade 2 1p

oO
_

” 0 ” 7 ”
” red glass 0 ” 7 ”
» ” 6 ” 2 ”
” » 6 ” 2 ”
” » 8 ” 7 ”
” ” 10 ” 0 ”
” ” 4 ” 6 ”
" » 1 ” 0 ”
= porcelain 0 Pa 10 *
» red glass 10 - 0 ”
” porcelain 4 ” 6 wn"
= red glass 7 pd 3 pe
is porcelain 4 » 6 ”
” red glass 4 s 6 S
” porcelain 0 ” 10 Pa
* red glass 10 - 0 os
” ” 8 ” 2 ”
is porcelain 7 2 3 Pe
” ” 1 ” 9 ”
Total ... eee 90 88

_ Obviously, therefore, the ants showed no marked —
preference for the porcelain. On one, but only on one
occasion (Obs. 9), most of the pups were carried under
‘the violet glass, but generally it was quite neglected.

___ I now tried a similar experiment with porcelain and
_-yelle glass.

“

aa rats eae ventniate +(e. *{ ten under

” 4 » »” »
” ” : ” 2 »

Lyne ©

Obs.
_* 4, Queen went under yellow glass 5{
5. aN porcelain 3
6. » Ss yellow glass 8
: fs » porcelain 6
: 8. » ” 0
. 9. ‘ ter O
10. * yellow glass 5
BE 4 porcelain 8
: 12. » “ 3
13. n yellow glass 10
14. y porcelain 0
ha 15. ‘ yellow glass 10
16. » » 7
17. ‘ * 10
18. s porcelain 1
‘ Y 19. » ” 0
98

aviitae. = Ee ee FO ae Se a ee oP eo ee
RO aS OF Rae, ee aeRO eee
ve im at OR Se, Late ya ely) Seas

< ’ a8 eh A te --

We

-

Ns

198 ° EXPERIMENTS WITH SPECTRUM.

pups were taken .
under yellow

* 8

» 3

” 5

” 7

” 10

”» 5

» 2

”» 7

» 0

” 10

” 0

” 3

» 0

» 9

» 10

92

~to affect the ants almost equally.

I then put two ants on a paper bridge, the ends
supported by pins, the bases of which were in water.
The ants wandered backwards and forwards, endea-
vouring to escape. I then placed the bridge in the
dark and threw the spectrum on it, so that succes-
sively the red, yellow, green, blue, and violet fell on the —

bridge.

The ants, however, walkec backwards and forwards
without (perhaps from excitement) taking any notice of

the colour.

I then allowed some ants (Lasiws niger) to find
sume larve, to which they obtained access over a
narrow paper bridge. When they had got used to it,

4

under
porcainae m

»

4
-

S Buy

The porcelain and yellow glass seemed, therefore,

% 3.3.5 88.8

I arranged so that it passed through a dark box, and
threw on it the principal colours of the spectrum,
namely, red, yellow, green, blue, and violet, as well as
the ultra-red and ultra-violet; but the ants took no
notice.

‘It is obvious that these facts suggest a number of
interesting inferences. I must, however, repeat the
_ observations and make others; but we may at least, I
think, conclude from the preceding that:—(1) ants
"have the power of distinguishing colours ; (2) that they
are very sensitive to violet ; and it would also seem (3)
that their sensations of colour must be very different
from those produced upon us.

But I was anxious to go beyond this, and to attempt
to determine how far their limits of vision are the
saine as ours. We all know that if a ray of white light
is passed through a prism, it is broken up into a
_ beautiful band of colours—the spectrum. To our eyes
this spectrum is bounded by red at the one end and
violet at the other, the edge being sharply marked at
thé red end, but less abruptly at the violet. But a ray
_of light contains, besides the rays visible to our eyes,
others which are called, though not with absolute
_ correctness, heat-rays and chemical rays. These, so far
from falling within the'limits of our vision, extend far
beyond it, the heat-rays at the red, the chemical rays
at the violet end.

derived from sunlight; but, owing to the rotation of

I have tried various experiments with spectra —

ee

200 THE ULTRA-RED AND ULTRA-VIOLET RAYS.

the earth, they were not thoroughly satisfactory. Mr. 4
Spottiswoode was also good enough to enable me to.
make some experiments with electric light, which were q
not very conclusive ; more recently I have made some ~
additional and much more complete experiments,
through the kindness of Prof. Dewar, Prof. Tyndall,
and the Board of Managers of the Royal Institution,
to whom I beg to offer my cordial thanks.

Of course, the space occupied by the visible spec-
trum is well marked off by the different colours.
Beyond the visible spectrum, however, we have no
such convenient landmarks, and it is not enough to
describe it by inches, because so much depends on the
prisms used. If, however, paper steeped in thalline is
placed in the ultra-violet portion of the spectrum, it
gives, with rays of a certain wave-length, a distinctly 3
visible green colour, which therefore constitutes a green
band, and gives us a definite, though rough, standard
of measurement.

In the above experiments with coloured spectra, —
the ants carried the pupz out of the portion of the
nest on which coloured light was thrown and deposited
them against the wall of the nest; or, if I arranged a
nest of Formica fusca so that it was entirely in the —
light, they carried them to one side or into one corner.
It seemed to me, therefore, that it would be interesting
so to arrange matters, that on quitting the spectrum, after
passing through a dark space, the ants should encounter —
not a solid obstacle, but a barrier of light. With this —

201

object, I prepared some nests 12 inches long by 6 inches
_ wide; and Mr. Cottrell kindly arranged for me at
the Royal Institution on the 29th of June, by means of
the electric light, two spectra, which were thrown by two
“glass prisms on to a table at an angle of about 45°.
Each occupied about 6 inches square, and there was a
space of about 2 inches between them—that is, between
tbe red end of the one and the violet of the other.
Ewperiment 1.—In one of the spectra I placed a nest .
of Formica fusca, 12 inches by 6, containing about
150 pup, and arranged it so that one end was distinctly
beyond the limit of the violet visible to us, and all but
_to the edge of the green given by thalline paper, and
the other just beyond the visible red. The pup at first
were almost all in or beyond the violet, but were carried
into the dark space between the two spectra, the bright
thalline band being avoided, but some pupe being
deposited in the red.
_ Eaperiment 2.—I then tried the same experiment
with a nest of Lasius niger, in which there were many
larve as well as pupx. They were all at the commence-
ment at the blue end of the nearer spectrum. The
larve were left by themselves in the violet, while pupe
were ranged from the end of the green to that of the
red inclusive.
Experiment 3.—Arranged a nest of L. niger as
before ; at the commencement the pup and larve were
auch scattered, being, however, less numerous in the
et and ultra-violet rays. Those in the ultra-violet

~

f ‘
&,

202 EXPERIMENTS WITH ELECTRIC LIGHT.

rays were moved first, and’ were deposited, the larvae i in
the violet, and the pupz in the red. |
Experiment 4.—Made the same experiment with
another nest of LZ. niger. At the commencement the
larve and pupx were in the violet and ultra-violet
portion, extending to double the distance from the
visible end to the thalline band. The ants soon began
bringing the pupz to the red. Over part of the red I
placed a piece of money. The pupz were cleared from
the ultra-violet first. That the pups were not put in
the red for the sake of the red light was evident,
because the space under the coin was even more
crowded than the rest. The pupz were heaped up in
the dark as far as the thalline band of the other spec-
trum. I then brought the second spectrum nearer to
the first. The pupze which thus came to be in the
thalline band were gradually moved into the dark.
Experiment 5.—Tried the same with another nest
of L. niger. The pupe were at first in the violet and
ultra-violet about double as far as the thalline line,
while most of the larve were in the green. The
furthest part was cleared first ; and they were again
brought principally into the yellow, red, and dark. 4
Again, I scattered them pretty equally, some being
in the ultra-violet portion, as far as double the distance
of the thalline from the violet; most, however, ——
in the violet and blue. i
The ants began by removing the pupze which were

ae as ee < , 4 - >"

in and near the thalline band, and carried them into
ne yellow or red.

_ Experiment 6. —Repeated the same experiment.
& egun it at 11.15. Placed some pupe in the red, some
in the yellow, and a few scattered over the second
y vectrum; there were none in the nearer one.

_ They were all carried away from the red past the
‘violet, and put down in the dark portion, or in the red
and yellow, of the nearer spectrum.

_ These experiments surprised me much at the time,
as I had expected all the pupe to be carried into the space
between the two spectra; but it afterwards occurred to
me that the ultra-violet rays probably extended further
than I had supposed, so that even the part which lay
beyond the thalline band contained enough rays to
appear light to the ants. Hence perhaps they selected
ne red and yellow as a lesser evil.
Experiment 7.—I altered, therefore, the arrange-
ment. Prof. Dewar kindly prepared for me a con-
densed pure spectrum (showing the metallic lines) with
a Siemens’ machine, using glass lenses and a mirror to
give a perpendicular incidence when thrown on the
nest. I arranged the pupe again in the ultra-violet
far as the edge of the fluorescent light shown with
dl ine paper. The pup were all again removed, and
t of them placed just beyond the red, but none in
Sel or yellow.

DP Biaperiment 8.—Arranged the light as balla and
placed the pupe in the ultra-violet rays. In half an

“EXPERIMENTS WITH ELECTRIC LIGHT, 203

r 2S eee eo ag eos Bian ?

r,
a
. 7

204 EXPERIMENTS WITH ELECTRIC LIGHT, ~
hour they were all cleared away and carried into the da rk
space beyond the red. We then turned the nest rouna
so that the part occupied by the pupz again came to be
in the violet and ultra-violet. The light chanced to be
so arranged that along one side of the nest was a line of
shadow ; and into this the pup were carried, all those
in the ultra-violet being moved. We then shifted the
nest a little, so that the violet and ultra-violet fell on
some of the pups. These were then all carried into
the dark, the ones in the ultra-violet being moved first.

In these experiments with the vertical incidence
there was less diffused light, and the pupee were in no
case carried into the red or yellow.

Experiment 9.—I arranged the light and the ants
as before, placing the pupe in the ultra-violet, some
being distinctly beyond the bright thalline band. The
ants at once began to remove them. At first many
were deposited in the violet, some, however, being at_
once carried into the dark beyond the red. When all
had been removed from the ultra-violet, they directed —
their attention to those in the violet, some being carried,
as before, into the dark, some into the red and yellow.
Again, when those in the violet had all been removed,
they began on the pupz in the red and yellow, and
carried them also into the dark. This took nearly half
an hour. As I had arranged the pup so that it might
be said that they were awkwardly placed, we then
turned the nest round, leaving the pups otherwise as”
they had been arranged by the ants; but the result of

&
«

-
7 _ ANTS ‘Nor SENSITIVE TO ULTRA-RED RAYS. 205
ie Sha aisdd wah to. being some of ‘them into'the
~ yiolet, though most were in the ultra-violet. They
ere, as before, all carried into the dark space beyond
the red in about half an hour.
We then turned the glass round again, this time
nging the end about the length of the spectrum
beyond the end of the violet visible to oureyes. They
began clearing the thalline band, carrying some into
the violet, but the majority away further from the
spectrum. In a quarter of an hour the thalline band
had been quite cleared ; and in half an hour a band.
beyond, and equal to the thalline band, those in the
violet being left untouched. After the pupx in the
ultra-violet portion had all been moved, those in the
violet were also carried away and deposited about twice
as far from the edge of the violet as the further edge
of the bright thalline band.
_ Eaperiment 10.—Experimented again with the
same arrangement as before, using another nest of
Lasius niger and placing the pupa in the violet and a
little beyond. The ants at once began removing them
into the dark, tunnelling into the heap, and then carry-
_ ing away those in the ultra-violet first, although they
were further off. In half an hour they had all been
moved out of the violet and ultra-violet, about half
being placed in the dark, and half having been pro-
Yisionally deposited in the red and yellow.
| _ Eaperiment 11.—Same. arrangement as before.
The pupe being placed all along one side of the nest,

.
: *

206 ANTS NOT SENSITIVE TO ULTRA-RED RAYS,

from the edge of the red to a distance beyond the vio! at
as great as the whole length of the spectrum. I began
at 4.15. \ By degrees they were all cleared away from the
spectrum, except those in the violet, where indeed, and.
immediately outside of which, the others were placed.
At 5, however, they began to carry them back into the
red. At 5.45 the blue and violet were nearly cleared,
the pupz being placed in the red and yellow. At 6.15
they had all been brought from the violet = te: a-
violet into the red and yellow.

I then shook up the pupz so that Ae were
arranged all along one side of the nest, and extended
about an inch beyond the red. This excited the ants
very much, aud in less than ten minutes all those in the
spectrum, and for about 6 inches beyond the violet, were
moved, but at first they were put down anywhere, so that
they were scattered all over the nest. This, however,
lasted for a very short time, and they were all carried
into. the dark beyond the red, or into the extreme end
at some distance beyond the violet. At 7 the edge
of the heap of pupze followed the line of the red at one
end, coming about } inch within it, which was not
owing to want of room, as one side of the nest vy :
almost unoccupied; at the other end they were al )
carried 3 inches beyond the end of the violet. 4

It would seem, then, as the result of these experi<
ments, that the limits of vision of ants at the red
end of the spectrum are approximately the same
as ours, that they are not sensitive to the ultra-re

- —
Lo

. i
es, ee, SPY
™

_ BUT VERY SENSITIVE TO ULTRA-VIOLET RAYS. 207
“rays ; but, on the other hand, that they are very sen-

. pptive. to the ultra-violet rays, which our eyes cannot
perceive. .

I then arranged the same ants in a wooden fram

consisting of a base and two side walls, between which
in the middle was a perpendicular sliding door. The
pupe had been arranged by the ants in the centre of
the nest, so that some were on each side of the door.
“We then threw, by means of a strong induction-coil, a
magnesium-spark on the nest from one side, and the
light from a sodium-flame in a Bunsen burner on the

_ door, which was pressed close down on the nest. In this
way the first half was illuminated by the one light, the
second by the other, the apparatus being so arranged
that the lights were equal to our eyes—that, however,
given by the magnesium, consisting mainly of blue,
violet, and ultra-violet rays, that of the sodium being
very yellow and poor in chemical rays. In a quarter of
an hour the pupe were all curried into the yellow.
The sodium light being the hotter of the two, to
eliminate the action of heat I introduced a water-cell
between the ants and the sodium-flame, and made the
_ two sides as nearly as possible equally light to my eye.
The pups, however, were again carried into the sodium
_ side.
___I repeated the same experiment as before, getting
the magnesium-spark and the sodium-flame to the same
| degree of intensity, as nearly as my eye could judge,

other, the light being in each case stopped by the sliding —

208 EXPERIMENTS WITH MAGNESIUM SPARK

and interposing a water-screen between the sodium- —
flame and the ants. The temperature was tested by 4
the thermometer, and I could distinguish no difference
between the two sides. Still the ants preferred the
sodiuin side. This I repeated twice. I then removed —
the magnesium-spark somewhat, so that the illumina-—
tion on that side was very much fainter than on the —
other; still the pups were carried into the sodium- _
‘light. I then turned the nest round so as to bring
them back into the magnesium. They were again
carried to the sodium side.
Once more I repeated the same experiment. The j
light on the magnesium side was so faint that I could
scarcely see the pups, those on the sodium side being —
quite plain. The thermometer showed no difference
between the two sides. The pupz were carried into ©
the sodium-light. Ithen turned the nest round twice;
but the pupz were each time carried out of the
magnesium-light. 7
These experiments seemed web: to indicate, if
not to prove, that ants were really sensitive to the
ultra-violet rays. Now to these rays sulphate of —
quinine and bisulphide of carbon are extremely opaque, —
though perfectly transparent in the case of visible rays, —
and therefore to our eyes entirely colourless and trans- _
parent. If, therefore, the ants‘were really affected by
the ultra-violet rays, then a cell containing a layer of
sulphate of quinine or bisulphide of carbon would tend —
to darken the underlying space to their eyes, though ©
to ours it would not do so

—< ~
sal de eats a, —". Ts ¥
‘ PA, Se Z ae ng f on
ay “we ; wt es
.: ie 4 ‘
AND SODIUM FLAME, 209

_ It will be remembered that if an opaque substance is
laced over a part of a glass nest, other things being
qual, the ants always congregate under it ; and that if
substances of different opacity are placed on different
parts of a nest, they collect under that which seems to
them most opaque. Over one of my nests of Formica
fusca, therefore, I placed two pieces of dark-violet glass
inches by 2 inches; and over one of them I placed a
cell containing a layer of bisulphide of carbon, an inch
thick, slightly coloured-with iodine. In all these experi-
nents, when I moved the liquids or glasses, I gave
he advantage, if any, to the one under which experi-
ace showed that the ants were least likely to congre-
The ants all collected under the glass over
ghich was the bisulphide of carbon.

_ Ithen thought that though no doubt the iodine
endered the bisulphide more completely impervious to
he ultra-violet rays, I would try the effect of it when
ure and perfectly colourless. I therefore tried the
ame experiment with pure bisulphide, moving the two
lasses from time to time in such a manner that the
nts had to pass the first violet glass in order to reach
tt over which was the bisulphide.

t 8.30 the ants were all under the glass over which
was the bisulphide of carbon: I then changed
the position.

| 9.15 ” » ”

ee cer cn ON
2 7 -, A, t Fi j m; ry ig
2 'p or ee Cot | . 7 * i . ¢ ee “
oe se i Ae

; 3

_ 4
*

210 ss: EXPERIMENTS WITH

Although the bisulphide of carbon is so perfec ly
transparent, I then thought I would try it without
the violet glass. I therefore covered part of the nest
with violet glass, a part with a layer of bisulphide of
carbon, moving them from time to time as before, and
the ants in every case went under the bisulphide. |

I then reduced the thickness of the layer of bisul-
phide to 54; of an inch, but still they preferred the
bisulphide.

Then thinking that possibly the one shelter being a
plate of glass and the other a liquid might make a
difference, I tried two similar bottles, one contain:
ing water and the other bisulphide of carbon; but in
every case the ants went under the bisulphide of
carbon. On the other hand, when-I used coloured solu
tions so deep in tint that the ants were only just visible
through them, the ants went under the coloured liquids.

October 10.—I uncovered the nest at 7 A.M., giving
the ants an option between the bisulphide of carbor
and various coloured solutions, taking for violet am-
monio-sulphate of copper ; for red, a solution of carmine
so deep in tint that the ants could only just be seen
through it ; for green, a solution of chlorate of copper;
and for yellow, saffron. They were each separatel
tried with the bisulphide, and in every case the ants
preferred the coloured solution. .

I now took successively red, yellow, and gree!
glass; but in every case the ants preferred the glass t
the bisulphide. Although, therefore, it would see: i i |

darkened the nests to the ants more than violet glass,
it would appear to do so less than red, green, or yellow.
I now made some experiments in order, if possible,
to determine whether the reason why the ants avoided
the violet glass was because they disliked the colour
violet, or whether it was because the violet glass trans-
mitted more of the ultra-violet rays.
For this purpose I placed a layer of the bisulphide

ment I got the violet without the ultra-violet rays ;
and I then contrasted this combination with other
coloured media.

_ First, I took a solution of bichromate of potash
(bright orange), and placed it on a part of the nest, side
_by side with the violet glass and bisulphide of carbon.
I should add that the bichromate of potash also cuts off
the ultra-violet rays. In all the following observations
Ichanged the position after each observation.

At 1.30 p.m. the ants were under the bichromate.

= 3 - » equally divided.
A.M. 55 » under the bichromate.
8.30 ” » under the violet glass and
‘ bisulphide.
2 » equally divided.
9.30 9 » some under each, but most
under the violet glass and
bisulphide.

of carbon over a piece of violet glass. By this arrange- —

‘ .
. oe oa

212 » EXPERIMENTS WITH

9.45 a.M. the ants were equally divided.

1 0 ”° 39 | « >” ”

In this case, therefore, though without the layer of

* bisulphide the violet glass would always have been
avoided, the result of placing the bisulphide over the
violet glass was that the ants did not care much
whether they were under the violet glass or under the
bichromate of potash.

I then took the same solution of carmine which I

~ had already used. .

10. The ants were under the carmine.

10.15 ” ” ”

10.30 i“ most under the carmine, but
some under the violet.

10.45 under the carmine.

14. = most under the carmine, but

some under the violet.

Here, then, again the bisulphide made a distinet
difference, though not so much so as with the bichre ‘
mate of potash.

I then took the solution of chlorate of copper
already used. |

1 The ants were equally divided. |
1.30. The greater number were under the violet
glass and bisulphide.
2. The greater number were under the violet
glass and bisulphide.

_ BISULPHIDE OF CARBON. a3
2.30. The greater number were under the violet
glass and bisulphide.
3. Almost all were under the glass and bi-
sulphide.

. The addition of the bisulphide thus caused the violet
| glass to be distinctly preferred to the chlorate of copper.
I then took a solution of sulphate of nickel, almost
exactly the same tint as, or a shade paler than, the
chlorate of copper.

At 3.45 the ants were under the ip: glass and

; bisulphide.
4. ” ” » *F
5. ” ” ”
October 18. .
7 AM. ” ” ”

8. The ants were equally divid
Here the effect was even more marked.

I then took some saffron 1 inch in thickness and of
a deep-yellow colour.

12.45 The ants were about half under each.
1. Most of the ants were under the violet glass
and bisulphide.
1.15 ss S -
2. Most of the ants were under the saffron.

Here, again, we have the same result.

I then tried the different-coloured glasses, all of
which, as I had previously found, are unmistakably
preferred to the violet It remained to be seen what

214

would have. 7

EXPERIMENTS: WITH -

effect. placing the bisulphide of carbon on the violet

First, AT placed side by side, as usual, a piece of
green glass and the violet glass covered with bisulphide
of carbon :—

Ist exp. The ants were equally divided. ~
2nd ,, They were under the violet glass and

bisulphide.
3rd 4, at >” »
4th exp. Most of them were under the violet glass
and bisulphide. j
5th ” ”» oe ”

Next, I tried pale-yellow glass.
‘Ist obs. The ants were almost all under the violet

glass and bisulphide. ©
2nd ,, About three-quarters were ,, a
3rd _,, They were all a v
4th ,, About half were under each.

I then took the dark-yellow glass.

Ist obs. About half the ants were under the yellow.
glass and. half under the violet glass and

bisulphide.
2nd ,, Most of them were under the violet glass
and bisulphide.
3rd ,, éy oA yellow glass.
4th ,, > 55 violet glass —

and bisulphide. —

5th ,, Equally divided.

1st. obs. The ants were under the red glass.

2nd ,, Half of the ants were under each.

3rd _,, Most of the ants were under violet glass
and bisulphide.

4th ,, The ants were equally divided.

It seemed evident, therefore, that while if violet
_ glass alone was placed side by side with red, yellow, or
green, the ants greatly preferred any of the latter, on
_ the other hand, if a layer of bisulphide of carbon, which
_ to our eyes is perfectly transparent, was placed over
the violet glass, they then went as readily, or even
| more readily, under it than under other colours.

In order to be sure that it was not the mere
presence of a fluid, or the two layers of glass, to which
this was due, I thought it would be well to try a similar
series of experiments, using, however, a layer of similar
thickness (1 inch) of water coloured light blue by
-ammonio-sulphate of copper. !
I therefore took again the piece of violet glass, over
which I placed a flat-sided bottle, about 1 inch thick,
containing a light-blue solution of ammonio-sulphate
of copper; and, in contrast with it, I used the same
coloured glasses as before. The difference, however,
’ was very marked, the ants always preferring the red,
_ green, and yellow to the violet.

_ ‘These experiments seem to demonstrate that in
the previous series the ants were really influenced by

7
. .
2 > 3 di : .
am a “ys : et
a.* ~ *.» .
~~ = . * a? es ba

ave

216 EXPERIMENTS WITH
some difference due to the bisulphide of carbon, which
affected their eyes, though not ours. .
I then thought it would be interesting to use,
instead of the bisulphide, a solution of sulphate of
quinine (4 dr. to 4 ounces), which differs from it in
many points, but agrees in cutting off the ultra-violet ©
rays. I used, as before, a layer about an inch thick,
which I placed over violet glass, and then placed by its
side the same coloured glasses as before.
First, I took the red glass.
Obs. 1. The ants were about equally divided.
» 2. Most of them were under the red glass.
», 3. Nearly equally divided ; rather more under the
violet glass and sulphate of quinine than
under the red glass.

>”? 4, 9 bb] ”

I now took the dark-yellow glass instead of the red.

Obs. 1. Most of the ants were under the violet glass and :

sulphate of quinine. —
>” 2. All ” ” ”»
” 3. ” ” ” bb es :
a ” ” yellow glass.
” 5. ” ” ” ”
,, 6. All the ants were under the violet glass and

sulphate of quinine.
» 7. Equally divided.
», 8. Rather more under the violet glass and sulphate 4
of quinine than under the yellow glass.

a > ad a . ‘ *
“Then tok theight-yllow gant of the dr
| Obs. 1. The ants were all under the violet glass and
sulphate of quinine.
_y 2. Rather more than half under the yellow glass,
», 3. Almost all under the violet glass and ae

of quinine,
” 4. All ” ” ” »”

I then took the green glass instead of the yellow.
| Obs. 1. They were under the violet glass and sulphate
of quinine.

» 2. ” ” ”

» 3. Equally divided.

», 4. About three-quarters under the green glass.

» 5. Almost all under the violet glass and sulphate
of quinine.

Thus, then, while if the ants have to choose
between the violet and other coloured glasses, they
always prefer one of the latter, the effect of
putting over the violet glass a layer either of sul-
phate of quinine or bisulphide of carbon, both of
which are quite transparent to our eyes, but both of
“which cut off the ultra-violet rays, is to make the
" Yiolet glass seem to the ants as good a shelter as any
' of the other glasses. This seems to me strong evidence
that the ultra-violet rays are visible to the ants.

_ I then tried similar experiments with a saturated
| solution of chrome alum and chromium chloride. These

:
.
.

218 CHROME ALUM AND CHROMIUM CHLORIDE,

-
_—s \ rn
: *
ae,
~ 5

eh

are dark greenish blue, very opaque to the visible
light-rays, but transparent to the ultra-violet. I us od L
a layer t inch thick, which was still so dark that I
could not see the ants through it; and for comparison,
a solution 1 inch thick of bisulphide of carbon, movit o
them after each observation as before.

earbon.

”° 2. ” ”

”
Exp. 3. Most of the ants were under the bisulphide

of carbon.
» 4. All but three ” ”
33 5. ‘ All 3” bb]

I now took chromium chloride instead of alum.

Exp. 1. Most were under the bisulphide of carbon,
9 2. All 9 ” ”

», 3. Almost all ,, vy EE a

», 4. About three-fourths were under the

chromium chloride.

,, 5. All were under the chromium chloride.

» 6. About two-thirds Pa na

, 7. About one-half under each.

,, 8. All under the bisulphide of carbon.

», 9. About three-fourths under the bisulphide
of carbon.

», 10. About half “i yy

» 11. All under the chromium chloride.
Pe ty 5 bisulphide of carbon. ©

though to our eyes the bisulphide of carbon is absolutely

transparent, while the chrome alum and chromium chlo-

ride are very dark, to the ants, on the contrary, the

former appears to intercept more light than a layer of
the latter, which to our eyes appears dark green.

' The only experiments hitherto made with the view
of determining the limits of vision of animals have

been some by Prof. Paul Bert! on a small fresh-water

crustacean belonging to the genus Daphnia, from

which he concludes that they perceive all the colours

known to us, being, however, specially sensitive to the
yellow and green, and that their limits of vision are

| the same as ours.

Nay, he even goes farther than this, and feels

| justified in concluding from the experience of two

widely divergent species—Man and Daphnia that

the limits of vision would be the same in all cases.

_ His words are—

A. ‘Tous les animaux voient les rayons spectraux

me nous voyons.’

B. ‘Ils ne voient aucun de ceux que nous ne

ns pas.’

C. ‘Dans l’étendue de la région visible, les différ-

ences entre les pouvoirs éclairants des différents rayons

| coloriés sont les mémes pour eux et pour nous.’

He adds, that ‘puisque les limites de visibilités

| semblent étre les mémes pour les animaux et pour nous,

{

1 Archiv. de Physiol. 1869, p. 547.

, aisle r
ANTS SENSITIVE TO ULTRA-VIOLET RAYS. 219
7 This result is very striking. It appears to show that —

_ supposer que le réle des milieux de l’ceil est: tout-a

220 THE SENSE OF COLOUR.

ne trouvons-nous pas 14 une raison de plus pow

secondaire, et que la visibilité tient 4 l’impressionnabilité
de aie gs nerveux lui-méme ?’ ]

Such a generalisation would seem to rest on but a
slight foundation; and I may add that I have made
some experiments myself! on Daphnias which do not
agree with those of M. Bert. On the contrary, I
believe that the eyes of Daphnias are in this respect
constituted like those of ants.

These experiments seem to me very interésttrill
They appear to prove that ants perceive the ultra-violet
rays. Now, as every ray of homogeneous light which
we can perceive at all appears to us as a distinct colour,
it becomes probable that these ultra-violet bi mu be
make themselves apparent to the ants as a distinct
and separate colour (of which we can form no “idea)y
but as unlike the rest as red is from yellow, or green
from violet. The question also arises whether white
light to these insects would differ from our white light
in containing this additional colour. At any rate, as
few of the colours in nature are pure, but almost all
arise from the combination of rays of different wave-
lengths, and as in such cases the visible resultant would
be composed not only of the rays which we see, but 0}
these and the ultra-violet, it would appear that the
colours of objects and the general aspect of nature

1 British Assoc. Report 1881, and Linnean Soc. Jowrn. 1882.

‘as eae |
-\ THE SENSE OF HEARING. 221
must present to them a very different appearance from
what it does to us.
The Sense of Hearing.

Many eminent observers have regarded the antennz
of insects as auditory organs, and have brought forward
‘strong evidence in favour of their view.

I have myself made experiments on grasshoppers,
which convinced me that their antennz serve as organs
of hearing.

- So far, however, as Ants, Bees, and Wasps are con-

cerned, the evidence is very conflicting. The power of

g has indeed generally been attributed to them.
Thus S - Fargeau, in his ‘ Hist. Nat. des Hyménoptéres,’ '
s there can be no doubt on the subject. Bevan
esses, no doubt, the general opinion with reference
, aoen, when he says that ‘ there is good evidence that
Bees have a quick sense of hearing.’ ?

_ As regards Wasps, Ormerod, who studied them
80 lovingly, came to the same conclusion.®

On the other hand, both Huber‘ and Forel ® state
_ that ants are quite deaf. As I have already men-
" tioned in the ‘Linnean Journal’ (vols. xii. and xiii.),
I have never succeeded in satisfying myself that my
ants, bees, or wasps heard any of the sounds with
2 Vol. i. p. 1138. * The Honey Bee, p. 264.

* Nat. Hist. of Wasps, p 72. * Nat. Hist. of Anta,
gy * Fourmis de la Suisse, p. 121.

222 ‘THE SENSE OF HEARING.
which I tried them. I have over and over again
tested them with the loudest and shrillest noises J
could make, using a penny pipe, a dog-whistle, a
violin, as well as the most piercing and starili ng
sounds I could produce with my own voice, but ¢ 1
without effect. At the same time, I carefully avoid
inferring from this that they are really. deaf, though
it certainly seems that their range of hearing is ver, y
different from ours.

In order, if possible, to throw some light upor
this interesting question, I made a variety of loud
noises, including those produced by a complete
set of tuning-forks, as near as possible to the an
mentioned in the preceding pages, while they were
on their journeys to and fro between the nests and
the larve. In these cases the ants were movin 7
steadily and in a most business-like manner, and any
start. or alteration of pace would have been at once
apparent. I was never able, however, to perceive that
they took the slightest notice of any of these sounds.
Thinking, however, that they might perhaps be too
much absorbed by the idea of the larve to take any
notice of my interruptions, I took one or two ants at
random and put them on a strip of paper, the two ends
of which were supported by pins with their bases in
water. The ants imprisoned under these circumstances
wandered slowly backwards and forwards along the
paper. As they did so,I tested them in the same
manner as before, but was unable to perceive that they

"APPARENT | DEAFNESS OF ANTS. 223

delicate silk thread about 6 inches in length. After
_ wandering about for a while, she stood still, and I
then tried her in the same way; but, like the other
ants, she took no notice whatever of the sounds.
_ It is of course possible, if not probable, that ants,
even if deaf to sounds which we hear, may hear others
to which we are deaf.
Having failed, therefore, in hearing them or making
them hear me, I endeavoured to ascertain whether they
could hear one another.
To ascertain then if possible whether ants have the
power of summoning one another by sound, I tried the
following experiments. I put out (Sept. 1874) on the
board where one of my nests of Lasius flavus was
usually fed, six small pillars of wood about an inch
and a half high, and on one of them I put some
honey. A number of ants were wandering about on
the board itself in search of food, and the nest itself
_ was immediately above, and about 12 inches from, the
board. I then put three ants to the honey, and when
_ each had sufficiently fed I imprisoned her and put ~
_ another; thus always keeping three ants at the
honey, but not allowing them to go home. If then
they could summon their friends by sound, there
ought soon to be many ants at the honey. The results
were as follow :

2)! Oe ee ee a OF) oe
eT CARS Ferg iy Be” ae ee ’
- F . 4 r, ae °, a
' ” ae ri ‘ t 7
.s a . ¥ *y
- : , et .

224 ATTEMPTS TO ASCERTAIN

September 8.—Began at 11 a.m. Up to 3 o’clock
only seven ants found their way to the honey, while
about as many ran up the other pillars. The arrival of
these seven, therefore, was not more than would
naturally result from the numbers running about close
by. At 3 we allowed the ants then on the honey to
return home. The result was that from 3.6, when the
first went home, to 3.30, eleven came; from 3.30 to 4,
no less than forty-three. Thus in four hours only seven
came, while it was obvious that many would have
wished to come, if they had known about the honey,
because in the next three quarters of an hour, when —
they were informed of it, fifty-four came.

On September 10 I tried the same again, keep-
ing as before three ants always on the honey, but not
allowing any to go home. From 12 to 5.30, only eight
came. Those on the honey were then allowed to take
the news home. From 5.30 to 6, four came; from
6 to 6.30, four ; from 6.30 to 7, eight ; from 7.30 to 8,
no less than fifty-one.

On September 23 we did the same again, begin-
ning at 11.15. Up to 3.45 nine came. The ants
on the honey were then allowed to go home. From
4 to 4.30 nine came; from 4.30 to 5, fifteen; from 5
to 5.30 nineteen; from 5.30 to 6, thirty-eight. Thus
in three and a half hours only nine came; in two,
when the ants were permitted to return, eighty-one. _

Again, on September 30I tried the same arrange- :
ment, again beginning at 11. Up to 3.30 seven ants

WHETHER ANTS CALL ONE ANOTHER. 225
came. We then allowed the ants which had fed to
| go home. From 3.30 to 4.30 twenty-eight came.
_ From 4.30 to 5, fifty-one came. Thus in four hours
_ and a half only seven came; while when the ants were
allowed to return no less than seventy-nine came in an
hour and a half. It seems obvious therefore that in
hese cases no communication was transmitted by
sound.
Again, Professor Tyndall was good enough to arrange
for me one of his sensitive flames; but I could not
perceive that it responded in any waytomyants. The
‘experiment was not, however, very satisfactory, as I was not
' able to try the flame with a very active nest. Professor
_ Bell most kindly set up for me an extremely sensitive
| microphone : it was attached to the underside of one of
"my nests; and though we could distinctly hear the ants
_ walking about, we could not distinguish any other
sound.
It is, however, far from improbable that ants may
produce sounds entirely beyond our range of hearing.
| Indeed, it is not impossible that insects may possess
‘senses, or sensations, of which we can no more form an
idea than we should have been able to conceive red or
_ green if the human race had been blind. The human
_ ear is sensitive to vibrations reaching at the outside to
a: 000 in a second. The sensation of red is produced
when 470 millions of millions of vibrations enter the
_ eye in a similar time; but between these two numbers,
_ vibrations produce on us only the sensation of heat;
M Q

'
f
|

226 EXPERIMENTS WITH SENSITIVE FLAME, ©

we have no special organs of sense adapted to hed
There is, however, no reason in the nature of thi ie .
why this should be the case with other animals; an¢
the problematical organs possessed by many of the
lower forms may have relation to sensations which
do not perceive. If any apparatus could be deviset
by which the number of vibrations produced by a Ly
given cause could be lowered so as to be brought withir
the range of our ears, it is probable that Ma result
would be most interesting.
Moreover, there are not wanting observations which
certainly seem to indicate that ants possess some sense
of hearing.
I am, for instance, indebted to Mr. Francis Galto
for the following quotation from Colonel Long’s recen t
work on Central Africa.! ‘I observed,’ he says, ‘
manner of catching them’ (the ants, for food), ‘as here
pictured’ (he gives a figure). ‘Seated round an ani
hole were two very pretty maidens, who with sticks
beat upon an inverted gourd, “bourmah,” in cadenced
time to a not unmusical song, that seduced from its
hole the unwary ant, who, approaching the orifice, wa
quickly seized.’ (The species of ant is not mentioned.)
Moreover, there are in the antenns certain remark-
able structures, which may very probably be auditor
organs.
These curious organs (Fig. 6) were first noticed

1 Central Africa, by Col. © C. Long, p. 274.

i<

cr uae
. .

< ete ais Fy we)

a he, ra i ? va

‘ '

"ANTS PROBABLY HEAR HIGH NOTES, 227
so far as I am aware, by Dr. J. Braxton Hicks in his ex-
_ cellent paper on the ‘Antenne of Insects,’ published in
the 22nd volume of the ‘Linnzan Transactions ;’ and,
by Dr. Forel in his ‘Fourmis de la Suisse.
‘They certainly deserve more attention than they have
yet received. The cork-shaped organs (Figs. 6 and 7, ¢ e)
occur in allied species; but these stethoscope-like
organs have not, so far as I am aware, been yet
sbserved in other insects. They consist of an outer
sac (Figs. 6 and 7, s), of a long tube (¢), and a posterior
chamber (w), to which is given a nerve (7).

Forel! also describes these curious organs. He
appears to consider that the number varies consider-

_ Terminal portion of antenna of Myrmica ruginodis % x 75.

nly, namely, from 5 to 12. My own impression is
that this difference is only apparent, and that in reality
he numbers in each species vary little. Though

1 Trans. of Linnaan Soc., vol. xxii. p. 391.
® Fourmis de la Suisse, p. 301.

Te bes Jj “ar Fa ee el rr ;! é . ¥ pl
I earns Pal Set a. Rls
*s Pes Ce pe eee
' “ Si. Ly 2 oy A>
m 7, ee
° 1 Bee,
228 ORGANS OF SENSE ~ mg
i A

sometimes the presence of air renders them very con-
spicuous, they are in others by no means easy to make

\

Fig. 7.

.

Diagrammatic section through part of Fig. 6.
c, chitinous skin of the antenna. ee, two of the cork-shape
organs. s, external chamber of one of the stethoscope-shap ed
organs. t, the tube. wm, the posterior sac. m, the nerve, 7

out ; and I think that when a small number only are
apparently present, this is probably due merely to the
fact that the others are not brought out by the mode
of preparation. ‘ .
In addition to the group of these organs situated

in the terminal segment, there is one, or in some rare
cases I have found two, in each of the small precedi og
segments. The tubes in these segments appeared tc
the eye to be nearly of the same length as those in
terminal segment, but I could not measure their exac
length, as they do not lie flat. In some cases, whet
the segment was short, the tube was bent—an indica
tion, perhaps, that the exact length is of importance. .
It is possible that these curious organs may be audi
tory, and serve like microscopic stethoscopes. Profess 0
Tyndall, who was good enough to examine them wit |
|

me, concurred in the opinion that this was very pro-_
bable. I believe I am correct in saying that the ben d.

4

a“

’ as *
2 ** 44>‘ * *
Mar Le ‘a a
Ws. :
i a . =
+ ie
IN THE ANTENNZ OF ANTS. 229

ug of the tube in the short segments would make
ttle difference in its mode of action.

_ Kirby and Spence were, I believe, the first to
jotice that an insect allied to the ants (Mutilla
opea) has the power of making a sibilant,
ping sound, but they did not ascertain. how
his was effected. Goureau' subsequently called at-
ention to the same fact, and attributed it to fric-
om of the base of the third segment of the abdo-
men against the second. Westwood,? on the other
and, thought the sound was produced ‘ by the action
f the large collar against the front of the mesothorax.’
arwin, in his ‘ Descent of Man,’ adopts the same view.
I find, he says,’ ‘ that these surfaces (i.e. the over-
ng portions of the second and third abdominal
a nents) are marked with very fine concentric ridges,
ut so is the projecting thoracic collar, on which the
d articulates ; and this collar, when scratched with
: ppoint of a needle, emits the proper sound.’ Landois,
er referring to this opinion, expresses himself strongly
opposition to it. The true organ of sound is, he
uintains,‘ a triangular field on the upper surface of
he Srorth abdominal ring, which is finely ribbed, and
lich, when rubbed, emits a stridulating sound. It
inly would appear, from Landois’ observations, _
t this structure does produce sound, whether or not

1 Ann, de la Soc. Ent. de France, 1837.

* Modern Classifications of Insects, vol. ii.
* Descent of Man, vol. i. p. 366.
* Thieratimmen, p. 132.

230. STRIDULATING APPARATUS

we consider that the friction of the collar against the
mesothorax may also assist in doing so.

Under these circumstances, Landois asked himself
whether other genera allied to Mutilla might not
possess a similar organ, and also have the power of pro-
ducing sound. He first examined the genus Ponera,
which, in the structure of its abdomen, nearly resem
bles Mutilla, and here also he found a fully developed
stridulating apparatus.

He then turned to the true ants,' and here also he
found a similar rasp-like organ in the same situation.
It is indeed true that ants produce no sounds whic!
are audible by us; still, when we find that certai
allied insects do produce sounds appreciable to us by
rubbing the abdominal segments one over the other;
and when we find, in some ants, a nearly similar
structure, it certainly seems not unreasonable t
conclude that these latter also do produce sound
even though we cannot hear them. Landois describe

Fig. 8.

Attachment of abdominal segments of Lasius flavus § x 225.

the structure in the workers of Lasius fuliginosus as
having 20 ribs in a breadth of 0°13 of a millimetre, |
! Some tropical ants are said to produce a chirping sound,

the cu of the second Bil third abdominal seg-
ints tn-Lbstas foone, x 225, as shown in a longi-
tudinal and vertical section. There are about ten
well-marked ribs (7), occupying a length of approxi-
mately ;4,5 of an inch. Similar ridges | also occur
_ between the following segments.
In connection with the sense of hearing I may
mention another very interesting structure. In the
_ year 1844, Von Siebold described ' a remarkable organ
_ which he had discovered in the tibix of the front legs
of Gryllus, and which he considered to serve for the
purpose of hearing. These organs have been also
_ studied by Burmeister, Brunner, Hensen, Leydig, and
others, and have recently been the subject of a mono-
graph by Dr. V. Graber,’ who commences his memoir —
by observing that they are organs of an entirely unique
character, and that nothing corresponding to them

Fig. 9.

Tibia of Lasius flavus ¥ x 75.
occtrs in any other insects, or indeed in any other

Arthropods.

" Ueber das Stimm. und Gehérorgan der Orthopteren, Wieg-
mann’s Art. f. Natur., 1844.

* Die Tympanalen Sinnesapparate der Orthopteren,’ von Dr
Vitus Graber, 1875. :

\ 2 . ~

232 REMARKABLE STRUCTURE IN

I have therefore been very much interested by dis-
covering (1875) in ants a structure which seems in ~
some remarkable points to resemble that of the .'
Orthoptera. As will be seen from a glance at Dr. —
Graber’s memoir, and the plates which accompany it,
the large trachea of the leg in the Orthoptera is con-
siderably swollen in the tibia, and sends off, shortly —
after entering the tibia, a branch which, after running
for some time parallel to the principal trunk, joins it
again. See, for instance, in his monograph, plate ii.,
fig. 43; plate vi., fig. 69 ; plate vii., fig. 77; &e.

Now, I have observed that in many. other insects the
trachez of the tibia are dilated, and in several I have
been able to detect a recurrent branch. The same is
also the case in some mites. I will, however, reserve
what I have to say on this subject, with reference to
other insects, for another occasion, and will at present
confine myself to the ants. If we examine the tibia,
say of Lasius flavus, Fig. 9, we shall see that the
trachea presents a remarkable arrangement, which at
once reminds us of that which occurs in Gryllus and
other Orthoptera. In the femur it has a diameter of
about zj55 of an inch; as soon, however, as it enters
the tibia, it swells to a diameter of about z1, of an
inch, then contracts again to 1,, and then again, at
the apical extremity of the tibia, once more expands
to x45. Moreover, as in Gryllus, so also in Formica,a —
small branch rises from the upper sac, runs almost _

. ‘ye r >, ae es of =
es pa a ee esi Ss ae Sela
3 ;
THE TIBIA OF ANTS. ! 233:
ight down the tibia, and falls again into the main

. trachea just above the lower sac.
_ The remarkable sacs (Fig. 9,8 8) at the two ex-
_tremities of the trachea in the tibia may also be well
seen in other transparent species, such, for instance, =
as Myrmica ruginodis and Pheidole megacephala. E

At the place where the upper tracheal sac con- “+s
tracts (Fig. 9), there is, moreover, a conical striated
organ (x), which is situated at the back of the leg, just
at the apical end of the upper tracheal sac. The
broad base lies against the external wall of the leg, and
the fibres converge inwards. In some cases I thought
I could perceive indications of bright rods, but I was S
| able to make them out very clearly. This also
reminds us of a curious structure which is found in the cae
tibize of Locustide, between the trachea, the nerve, ~
n¢ 208 a wall, and which is well shown in some of

ber’s figures.

| on. the whole, then, though the subject is still
‘involved in doubt, I am disposed to think that ants
perceive sounds which we cannot hear.

The Sense of Smell.

;

_ I have also made a number of experiments on the

| power of smell possessed by ants. I dipped camel’s-hair
iL s into peppermint-water, essence of cloves, laven-

7 r-water, and other strong scents, and suspended them

t =

. the scent. This experiment left no doubt on my mind; —

RTS cae Ay nd A ee
r : ie .% af oe

r . 4 _ * « 4 2
= > 7 4
' : ; x

234 THE SENSE OF SMELL

about } of an inch above the strips of paper along which
the ants were passing, in the experiments above recorded. y
Under these circumstances, while some of the ants passed —
on without taking any notice, others stopped when they —
came close to the pencil, and, evidently perceiving the
smell, turned back. Soon, however, they returned and —
passed the scented pencil. After doing this two or —
three times, they generally took no further notice of

still, to make the matter even more clear, I experi-
mented with ants placed on an isolated strip of paper.
Over the paper, and at such a distance as almost, but
not quite, to touch any ant which passed under it, I
again suspended a camel’s-hair brush, dipped in assa-
foetida, lavender-water, peppermint-water, essence of
cloves, and other scents. In this experiment the —
results were very marked; and no one who watched —
the behaviour of the ants under these circumstances —
could have the slightest doubt as to their power of
smell. :

I then took a large female of F. ligniperda and
tethered her on a board by a thread as before. When
~ she was quite quiet I tried her with tH® tuning-forks ;
but they did not disturb her in the least. I then ap-
proached the feather of a pen very quietly, so as almost
to touch first one and then the other of the antenne,
which, however, did not move. I then dipped the pen
in essence of musk and did the same; the antenna
was slowly retracted and drawn quite back. I then

“Tepe Seip icey adi: Sho” other. anton. ifr
et Fac hed d the antenna, the ant started away, apparently
smarting. I repeated the same with essence of: laven-
- der, and with a second ant. The result was the same.
‘Many of my other experiments—for instance, some

_ of those recorded in the next chapter—point to the
_ same conclusion ; and, in fact, there can be no doubt

- developed.

_ whatever that in ants the sense of smell is highly

CHAPTER IX.

GENERAL INTELLIGENCE, AND POWER OF FINDING
THEIR WAY.

A NUMBER of interesting anecdotes are on record as to
the ingenuity displayed by ants under certain cireum- —
stances.

M. Lund, for instance, tells the following story as
bearing on the intelligence of ants :'—

‘Passant un jour prés d’un arbre presque isolé, je ©
fus surpris d’entendre, par un temps calme, des feuilles
qui tombaient comme de la pluie. Ce qui augmenta
mon étonnement, c’est que les feuilles détachées avaient
leur couleur naturelle, et que l’arbre semblait jouir de
toute sa vigueur. Je m’approchai pour trouver l’expli-
cation de ce phénoméne, et je vis qu’é peu prés sur
chaque pétiole était postée une fourmi qui travaillait
de toute sa force; le pétiole était bientét coupé et la
feuille tombait par terre. Une autre scéne se passait
au pied de l’arbre: la terre était’ couverte de fourmis
occupées a découper les feuilles 4 mesure qu’elles tom-
baient, et les morceaux étaient sur le champ transportés
dans le nid. En moins d’une heure le grand cuvre

1 Ann, des Sci. Nat. 1831, p. 112.

dépouillé.’

; Bates ' gives an apparently similar, but really very
_ different account. ‘The Saiiba ants,’ he says, ‘ mount
the tree in multitudes, the individuals being all
-worker-minors. Each one places itself on the surface
of a leaf, and cuts with its sharp scissor-like jaws a

takes the edge between its jaws, and by a sharp jerk
- detaches the piece. Sometimes they let the leaf drop to
_ the ground, where a little heapaccumulates, until carried
_ off by another relay of workers; but, generally, each
marches off with the piece it has operated upon.’

Dr. Kerner recounts? the following story communi-
_ cated to him by Dr. Gredler of Botzen :—

‘One of his colleagues at Innsbriick, says that
gentleman, had for months been in the habit of sprink-
ling pounded sugar on the sill of his window, for a
train of ants, which passed in constant procession from
the garden to the window. One day, he took it into
his head to put the pounded sugar into a vessel,
which he fastened with a string to the transom of the
window; and, in order that his long-petted insects
_ might have information of the supply suspended above,
‘a number of the same set of ants were placed with the
_ Sugar in the vessel. These busy creatures forthwith

; 1 Naturalist on the Amazons, vol. i. p. 26.
; * Flowers and their Unbidden Guests, Dr. A. Kerner, Trans. by
| wW, Ogle, 1878, p. 21.

. ‘@accomplit | sous mes yeux, et l’arbre resta entiérement

nearly semicircular incision on the upper side; it then |

~ gee!’

238 STATEMENT BY

seized on the particles of sugar, and soon discovering ©
the only way open to them, viz. up the string, over —
the transom and down the window-frame, rejoined their —
fellows on the sill, whence they could resume the old
roule down the steep wall into the garden. Before
long the route over the new track from the sill to the
sugar, by the window-frame, transom, and string was —
completely established; and so passed a day or two
without anything new. Then one morning it was
noticed that the ants were stopping at their old place, —
that is, the window-sill, and getting sugar there. Not
a single individual any longer traversed the path that
led thence to the sugar above. This was not because
the store above had been exhausted ; but because some *
dozen little fellows were working away vigorously and

incessantly up aloft in the vessel, dragging the sugar |
erumbs to its edge, and throwing them down to
their comrades below on the sill, a sill which with ©
their limited range of vision they could not possibly

Leuckart also made a similar experiment. Round a
tree which was frequented by ants, he spread a band
soaked in tobacco water. The ants above the band
after awhile let themselves drop to the ground, but .
the ascending ants were long baffled. At length he
saw them coming back, each with a pellet of earth in
its mouth, and thus they constructed a road for them-
selves, over which they streamed up the tree.

239
Dr. Biichner records the following instance on the
_ suthority of a friend (M. Theuerkauf) :—

_ _*A maple tree standing on the ground of the
manufacturer, Vollbaum, of Elbing (now of Dantzic)
swarmed with aphides and ants. In order to check
the mischief, the proprietor smeared about a foot width
of the ground round the tree with tar. The first ants”
who wanted to cross naturally stuck fast. But what

did the next? They turned back to the tree and
_ earried down aphides, which they stuck down on the
tar one after another until they had made a bridge, over
which they could cross the tar-ring without danger.
_ The above-named merchant, Vollbaum, is the guarantor
_ of this story, which I received from his own mouth on
_ the very spot whereat it occurred.”

_ In this case I confess I have my doubts as to the
interpretation of the fact. Is it not possible that as
the ants descended the tree, carrying the aphides, the
latter naturally stuck to the tar, and would certainly

| ~

of bits of earth deposited on the honey with which I
fed my ants.

On one occasion Belt observed? a community of
leaf-cutting ants (@codoma), which was in the process
of moving from one nest to another. ‘ Between the
old burrows and the new one was a steep slope. In-
stead of descending this with their burdens, they cast

wy

* Mind in Animals, by Prof. Ludwig Biichner, p. 120.
* Naturalist in Nicaragua, O. Belt, p. 76.

be left there. In the same way I have seen hundreds —

- rushing back immediately for more.’

240 EXPERIMENTS AS TO POWERS

them down on the top of .the slope, whence they
rolled to the bottom, where another relay of labourers —
picked them up and carried them to the new burrow. ©
It was amusing to watch the ants hurrying out with —
bundles of food, dropping them over the slope, and

With reference to these interesting statements, I
tried the following experiment :—
October 15 (see Fig. 10).—At a distance of 10
inches from the door of a nest of Lasius niger I fixed —
Fig. 10. an upright ash wand 3 feet 6 inches —
high (a), and from the top of it

"4 I suspended a second, rather shorter
wand (b). To the lower end of this

d second wand, which hung just over the

igs —_I¢ entrance to the nest (c), I fastened
a flat glass cell (d@)in which I placed a number of larve,
and to them I put three or four specimens of L. niger.
The drop from the glass cell to the upper part of the
frame was only 4 an inch; still, though the ants
reached over and showed a great anxiety to take this —
short cut home, they none of them faced the leap, but
all went round by the sticks, a distance of nearly 7
feet. At 6 P.M. there were over 550 larvee in the glass —
cell, and I reduced its distance from the upper surface
of the nest to about % of an inch, so that the ants
could even touch the glass with their antennz, but
could not reach up nor step down. Still, though the
drop was so small, they all went round. At 11 p.m. the

OF ECONOMISING LABOUR. 241

greater number of the larve had been carried off, so
I put a fresh lot in the cell, The ants were busily at
_ work. Next morning at 3 A.M. I visited them again.
They were still carrying off the larve, and all going
round. At 6 a.M. the larve were all removed. I put
a fresh lot, and up to 9 a.M. they went on as before.
The following day (October 17) I took two longer
sticks, each 6 feet 6 inches in length, and arranged
them in a similar manner, only horizontally instead of
vertically. I also placed fine earth under the glass
supporting the larve. At 8 o’clock I placed an ant on
the larve; she took one, and I then coaxed her home
along the sticks. She deposited her larva and im-
mediately came out again, not, however, going along
the stick, but under the larve, vainly reaching up and
endeavouring to reach the glass. At 8.30I put her
on the larve again, and as she evidently did not know
her way home, but kept stretching herself down and
trying to reach the earth under the glass cell, I again
coaxed her home along the sticks. At 9.3 she came
out again, and again went under the larve and wandered
- about there. At 10 I put her on the larve and again
helped her home. At 10.15 she came out again, and
this time went to the stick, but still wanted some
guidance. At 10.45 she again reached the frame, but
immediately came out again, and I once more coaxed
her round. After wandering about some time with a
~ larva in her jaws, she dropped down at 11.14. After
depositing her larva, she came out directly and went
R

12.30 she came ont again, and for the last time I

i ss a

242 | WANT OF INGENUITY IN ASSISTING —

under the larve. I again coaxed her round, and thi
time also she dropped off the glass with her larva. At

helped her round. After this she found her way by
herself. At 12.20 another (No..2) found her way
round and returned at 12.37. For the next hour the
times were as follows :—

No. 1. No. 2.
12.46
12.47 :
12.54 12.54
1. 0
Re:
1: 7
1. 8
1.12
1.14
1.19
1.21
1.26
1.28
1.32
1.34
1.38 :
1.41
1.45
1.47
1.52
1.54

Thus they both made 9 visits in an hour. As
regards actual pace, I found they both did about 6

‘ina minute. Soon after these began, other ants came
' with them. It was a beautiful day, and all my ants
_ were unusually active. At 1 p.m. I counted 10 on the
sticks at once, by 1.30 over 30, and at 5 in the after-
noon over 60. They went on working very hard, and
forming a continuous stream till I went to bed at 11;
and at 4 in the morning I found them still at work ;
but though they were very anxious and, especially at
_ first, tried very hard to save themselves the trouble of
going round, they did not think of jumping down, nor
did they throw the larve over the edge.
Moreover, as I had placed some sifted mould under
_ the glass, a minute’s labour would have been sufficient
to heap up one or two particles, and thus make a little
- mound which would have enabled them to get up and

_ would have been sufficient; but it did not occur to
them to form one.

lurve again at 6 a.M. Some of the ants soon came ;
and the same scene continued till 11.30 4.m., when I
left off observing.

Again, on October 22, I placed a few larve in a
glass, which I kept continually replenished, which
was suspended 4 of an inch above the surface of the
_ frame containing their nest, but only connected with it
_ by tapes five feet long. I then, at 6.30, put a L. niger

down, but could not do so, and would not jump; so I
a2

The following morning (October 18) I put out some

- QNE ANOTHER OVER CHASMS. 243°

be

down without going round. A mound } inch high —

244 WANT OF INGENUITY IN

coaxed her round the tapes. She went into the nest,
deposited her larva, and immediately came out again.
I put her back on the larve at 7.15; she took one, and
again tried hard, but ineffectually, to reach down. I
therefore again coaxed her round. She went into the
nest, deposited her larva, and came out again directly
as before. I put her back on the larve at 7.35, when
the same thing happened again. She got back to the ~
nest at 7.40, and immediately came out again. This
time she found her way round the string, with some
help from me, and reached the larve at 7.50. I helped
her home for the last time. The next journey she
found her way without assistance, and reached the
larve at 8.26. After this she returned as follows,
viz. :—

At 8.50
9. 0
9.10
9.17
9.28

I now made the length of the journey round the
tapes 10 feet. This puzzled her a little at first.
She returned as follows :—

9.41 | 10.35
9.55 10.44
10. 8 10.54
10.16 1l. 6

10.26 ‘ 11.14 withafriend

CONSTRUCTING BRIDGES, 245

1 now increased the length to 16 feet, and watched
her while’she made thirty journeys backwards and
_ forwards. She also brought during the time seven
- friends with her.

| It surprised me very much that she preferred to go
_ so far round rather than to face so short a drop.

In illustration of the same curious fact, I several
"times put specimens of L. niger on slips of glass raised
only one-third of an inch from the surface of the nest.
| They remained sometimes three or four hours running

Hi

Myrmica ruginodis has the same feeling. One
_ morning, for instance, I placed one in an isolated
position, but so that she could escape by dropping one-
' third of an inch. Nevertheless at the same hour on
| the following morning she was still in captivity, having
' remained out twenty-four hours rather than let herself
down this little distance.

Again I filled a saucer (woodcut, Fig. 11,8) with
_ water and put in it a block of wood (w), on the top of
which I fastened a projecting wooden rod (B), on the

" several hundred larve. From this cell I allowed a slip
| of paper (P) to hang down to within 3, of an inch
the upper surface of the nest. At one side I put
nother block of wood (c) with a lateral projection
D) which hung over the cell containing the larve.
I then made a connexion between p and 4, so that ants

about on the glass, and at last seemed to drop off_

end of which I placed a shallow glass cell (A) containing ~

246 WANT OF INGENUITY

could ascend ©, and, passing over D, descend upon the
larvee. I then put some specimens of Lasius niger to
the larvee, and soon a large number of ants were en-
gaged in carrying off the larvae. When this had con-
tinued for about three hours, I raised p + of an inch
above a. The ants kept on coming and tried hard to
reach down from D to A, which was only just out of
their reach. Two or three, in leaning over, lost their
foothold and dropped into the larve; but this was”
obviously an accident; and after a while they all gave
up their efforts, and went away, losing their prize, in
spite of most earnest efforts, rather than drop 3; of

an inch.
*

Fig. 11.

D
A
wa ie
$ P \
J

At the moment when the separation was made there
were fifteen ants on the larve. These could, of course,
have returned if one had stood still and allowed the

oceur to them; nor did they think of letting themselves
drop from the bottom of the paper on to the nest.
Two or three, indeed, fell down, I have no doubt, by
aecident ; but the remainder wandered about, until a
length most of them got into the water. After a time
the others abandoned altogether as hopeless the attempt
to get at the larve.

=.

IN CONSTRUCTING BRIDGES, 247

giass (A) containing the larve so as to touch the piece
of wood (D), and again put some ants to the larve.
Soon a regular string of ants was established; when I
_ again raised the wood (p) ;4; of an inch above the glass
_ (a), exactly the same result occurred. The ants bent
_ over and made every effort to reach the larve, but did
not drop themselves down, and after a while again
abandoned all hope of getting the larve.

In order to test their intelligence, it has always
seemed to me that there was no better way than to
ascertain some object which they would clearly desire,
and then to interpose some obstacle which a little
ingenuity would enable them to overcome. Following
up, then, the preceding observations, I placed some
larve in a cup which I put on a slip of glass surrounded
_ by water, but accessible to the ants by one pathway in
which was a bridge consisting of a strip of paper 3
inch long and } inch wide. Having then put a Lasius
niger from one of my nests to these larve, she began
carrying them off, and by degrees a number of friends
came to help her. I then, when about twenty-five ants
were so engaged, moved the little paper bridge slightly,
‘so as to leave a chasm, just so wide that the ants could
not reach across. They came and tried hard to do so;
but it did not occur to them to push the paper bridge,
though the distance was only about 4 inch, and they
might easily have done so. After trying for about a
quarter of an hour, they gave up the attempt and re-
turned home. This I repeated several times.

ba » 5S a “4 ; = yw |-
ih yu Ee ea ac BS
aad reps > -* ©. ¥ . a : we ? 7
¢ . 4 J .

4

hy ea

248 WANT OF INGENUITY

Then, thinking that paper was a substance to which }
they were not accustomed, I tried the same with a bit —
of straw 1 inch long and } inch wide. The result was
the same. I repeated this more than once. «4

Again I suspended some honey over a nest of —
Lasius flavus at a height of about 4 an inch, and —
accessible only by a paper bridge more than 10 feet —
long. Under the glass I then placed a small heap of —
earth. The ants soon swarmed over the earth on to the —
glass, and began feeding on the honey. I then
removed a little of the earth, so that there was an
interval of about + of an inch between the glass and
the earth; but, though the distance was so small, they
would not jump down, but preferred to go round by the ~
long bridge. They tried in vain tostretch up from the
earth to the glass, which, however, was just out of their
reach, though they could touch it with their antennz;
bvt it did not occur to them to heap the earth upa
little, though if they had moved only half a dozen —
particles of earth they would have secured for them-
selves direct access to the food. This, however, never
occurred to them. At length they gave up all attempts
to reach up to the glass, and went round by the paper
bridge. I left the arrangement for several weeks, but
they continued to go round by the long paper bridge.

Again I varied the experiment as follows :—Having
left a nest without food for a short time, I placed some
honey on a small wooden brick surrounded by a little
moat of glycerine 4 an inch wide and about +5 of

*

a. Tork Se de oo

“IN CONSTRUCTING EARTHWORKS. 249

an inch in depth. Over this moat I then placed a
paper bridge, one end of which rested on some fine
_ mould. I then put an ant to the honey, and soon a
little crowd was collected round it. I then removed
the paper bridge; the ants could not cross the
_ glycerine ; they came to the edge and walked round and
round, but were unable to get across, nor did it occur
to them to make a bridge or bank across the glycerine
with the mould which I had placed so conveniently for
them. I was the more surprised at this on account of
the ingenuity with which they avail themselves of earth
for constructing their nests. For instance, wishing, if
possible, to avoid the trouble of frequently moistening
the earth in my nests, I supplied one of my communities
_ of Lasius flavus with a frame containing, instead of
earth, a piece of linen, one portion of which projected
_ beyond the frame and was immersed in water. The

linen then sucked up the water by capillary attraction,
_ and thus the air in the frame was kept moist. The
ants approved of this arrangement, and took up their
quarters in the frame. To minimize evaporation I
_ usually closed the frames all round, leaving only one or
_ two small openings for the ants, but in this case I left
the outer side of the frame open. The ants, however,
_ did not like being thus exposed ; they therefore brought
_ earth from some little distance, and built up a regular
_ wall along the open side, blocking up the space between
_ the upper and lower plates of glass, and leaving only
_ one or two small openings for themselves. This struck

250 INGENUITY IN BUILDING NESTS.

me as very ingenious. The same expedient was, more-
over, repeated under similar circumstances by the
slaves belonging to my nest of Polyergus.

The facility or difficulty with which ants find their
way, while it partly falls within the section of the —
subject dealing with their organs of sense, is also —
closely connected with the question of their general
intelligence.

Partly, then, in order to test how far they are
guided by sight, partly to test their intelligence, I
made various observations and experiments, the ac-
companying woodcuts being reduced copies of tracings
of some of the routes followed by the ants during the —
course of the observations.

I may here note that the diagrams Figs. 12-17 are
careful reductions of large tracings made during the
experiments. Though not absolutely correct in every —
minute detail of contour, they are exact for all practical
purposes. As the ants pursued their way, pencil-mark-

ings in certain instances, and coloured lines in others,

were made so as to follow consecutively the paths
pursued.

Experiment 1.—February. On a table communi-
cating with one of my nests (see Fig.12)I placed upright
a common cylindrical lead pencil } inch in diameter
and 7 inches long, fastened with sealing-wax to a
penny piece. Close to the base of the pencil (a) I
brought the end of a paper bridge (B) leading to the

nest, and then placed a shallow glass with larve at 0, ©

DIFFICULTY IN FINDING WAY. 251

4 inches from the base of the pencil. I then put an
ant to the larve; when she had become acquainted
with the road, she went very straight, as is shown in
the woodcut (Fig. 12). In one case, at the point E, she

dropped her larva and returned for another. When

Routes followed in experiment No. J, as detailed above.

A, position of pencil. B, paper bridge. Cc and D, glass with larve,
BE, point where larva dropped, the opposite arrow and loop marking
return route. 1,2, 3, 4, comparatively straight paths to the glass,
5, 5, circuitous route on shifting of glass. , different access to nest.
she returned on the next journey and was on the glass,
I moved it 3 inches, to D, so that the end of the glass
was 6 inches from the base of the pencil. If she were
much guided by sight, then she would have had little

252 DIFFICULTY IN

or no difficulty in finding her way back. Her pathway,
however (No. 5), which is traced on the paper, shows
that she was completely abroad ; and, after all, she got

back to the nest by a different route.
Fig. 13.

Routes followed in experiment No, 2, as mentioned in text.

B, paper bridge leading to nest. ©, glass tray with larve, in its
first position ; and D in its position when shifted, 1, 2,3, 4, thin
white lines indicating the comparatively straight routes. 65, thick
white line, and 6, dotted line showing tortuous paths when glass had
been altered in position. The arrows indicate directions travelled.

FINDING THEIR WAY. 253

; I then varied the experiment as subjoined, and as
shown in the woodcut (Fig. 13).

Experiment 2.—I connected the table with the
nest by a paper bridge, the end of which is shown
at B (Fig. 13), and which came down about an inch
_ from the pole supporting the nest (see Fig. 1). This
pole rose 18 inches above the table. I then put the
| glass tray (c) with larve as before, 12 inches from
_ the base of the pole, and put an ant to the larve.
_ When she had learnt her way I traced four of her
_ routes, as shown in the thin lines 1, 2,3,4. I then
- on her next journey (5, thick white line), when she
- was on the tray (C), moved it three inches to p, as
_ shown in the figure, and again traced her route. The
_ contrast is very striking between the relatively straight
_ thin white lines 1, 2, 3, 4 of the four journeys when
_ familiar with the road; whereas in the broad white line
_ No. 5 the zigzag twistings show how much difficulty
_ the ant experienced in finding her way. When she re-
_ turned I again moved the tray as before, and the dotted
_ sinuous white line (6) shows the course she followed.
Experiment 3.—I then again varied the experi-
_ ment as follows :—I placed the larve in a small china
_ cup on the top of the pencil, which thus formed a
column 7} inches high. The cross line close to the
__ arrows (Fig. 14) is as before, the base of the paper bridge
_ leading to the nest. shows the position of the penny
_ on which the pencil was supported. The dotted white
lines 1, 2, 3,4 show the routes of a marked ant on four

254 SIGHT LITTLE USED

successive journeys from the nest to the base of the
pencil. I then moved the pencil 6 inches to D, and
the two following routes are marked 5 and 6. In one
of them, 5 (thick white line), the ant found a stray

Routes followed in experiment No, 3, as described in text.

The line at the six arrows represents a paper bridge going to nest.
C, china cup on top of pencil. D, pencil moved. 4k, place where
a stray larva was found. 1, 2,3, 4, dotted lines show the nearly
direct journeys. 5, thick white line (crossing c in black) of route
returning to nest, the ant having picked up a stray larva at E. 6,
very circuitous thin white line of track from nest to pencil D.

IN FINDING THEIR WAY. 255

larva at BE, with which she returned to the nest, without
finding the pencil at all. On the following journey,
shown in the fine white zigzag line (6), she found the

pencil at last, but, as will be seen, only after many

meanderings.

Diagram of complex path traversed in experiment 4.

A, first position of pencil B, second position of pencil. 1, 2,
straight lines of two tracks of the observed ants, 3, winding narrow
white line, showing course pursued by the same ant before arriving

at B, when the position of the pencil was unchanged

—

Experiment ii—I then repeated the observation

256 SIGHT LITTLE USED

on three other ants (see Figs. 15-17) with the same
result: the second was 7 minutes before she found the
pencil, and at last seemed to do so accidentally; the
third actually wandered about for no less than half an
hour (Fig. 15), returning up the paper bridge several
times.

Other experiments somewhat similar to the pre-

1

Diagram representing three tracks of an ant in another experiment.

A, the first position of pencil and the food, towards which and
from the base-line of nest 1 and 2 lead by nearly direct broadish
white lines to A. When the latter was removed to B the ant, in its
effort to reach this, pursued the narrow white winding line ending
in3—

ceding, the results of which are shown in the figures
16 and 17, seem to prove that this species of ant, at any

a

— a

IN FINDING THEIR WAY. 257

rate, guides itself but little by sight. This. which I
Lad not at all anticipated, seems to follow from the
fact that after the pencil and tray of larve had been

removed but a short distance to the right or left, the

Another tracing showing a similar experiment. 1, 2, 3, the direct
broad lines towards A; and 4, the complicated track made when
reservoir of larvie was removed to B

anis on their journey to the shifted object travefied
very often backwards and forwards and around the spot
where the coveted object first stood. Then they would
retrace their steps towards the nest, wander hither and

=

" % Ls ee aati WE oe
j ; ‘i a a af Pips =
4 4 ; x |
258, _ IMPORTANCE OF SCENT.

thither from side to side between the nest and t 16
point A, and only after very repeated efforts around the
original site of the larve reach, as it were accidentally,
the object desired at B. all
Another evidence of this consists in the fact that if
when ants (L. niger) were carrying off larve placed in a
cup ona piece of board, I turned the board round so that
the side which had been turned towards the nest was
away from it, and vice versd, the ants always returned
over the same track on the board, and, in conseqhen ety
directly away from home.

If I moved the board to the other side of my
artificial nest, the result wasthe same. Evidently they
followed the road, not the direction. )

In order further to test how far ants are guided by.
sight and how much by scent, I tried the following ex-
periment with Lasiws niger. Some food was put out at
the point @ on a board measuring 20 inches by 12 (Fig.

Fig. 18. . 18), and so arranged
i that the ants in going
lle straight to it from the
rl nest would reach the
hl | board at the point b,
LH. | and after passing under
th a paper tunnel, ¢, would
a proceed between five

pairs of wooden bricks, each 3 inches in length and 1?
in height. When they got to know their way, they went
quite straight along the line de lu a. The board was

| ‘then twisted as shown in Fig. 19. The bricks and tunnel
being also rearranged so that they were exactly in the
samedirection as before, but the board having been moved,
the line de was now outside them. This change, however,
did not atall discom- Fig. 19.

_ pose the ants; but

instead of going, as b

before, through the

tunnel and between

the rows of bricks

to a, they walked

exactly along the

_ old path to e.

bricks (Fig. 20). When an ant had got quite used to the
path d to e,I altered Fig. 20.

_ the position of the i
bricks and food, as it
shown in Fig. 21, mak- a

ng a difference of 8
nches in the position i
of the latter. The ant i
same as before, walked a
ip to the first brick,

touched it with her antenne, but then followed her old
linetoa. From there she veered towards the food, and

a

/

260 THE SENSE OF DIRECTION.

again, as shown in Fig. 22; she returned after the usual
interval, and went again straight to a ; then, after some
Fig. 21. wanderings, to f, and —

at length, but only
4 4 after a lapse of 25

i 4 7 minutes, found the ©
food at g. These ex-

4 4 periments were re-
peated more than once, —
a and always with simi-—
Fig. 22. lar results. I then
varied matters by re-—
«s moving the bricks,
which, however, did not

NS seem to make any dif-
as ference to the ants.
f om y I then accustomed —
@ some ants (Lasius ni-
ger) to go to and fro over a wooden bridge, b,c (Fig. 23),
to some food, |

Fig. 23 mi

When they had got quite accustomed to the way, I
watched when an ant was on the bridge and then turned
it round, so that the end b was atc, andcatb. In

most cases the ant immediately turned round also; but |
even if she went on to b orc, as the case may be, as

a a a i i i ea

“. EXPERIMENTS. 261

soon as she came to the end of the bridge she turned

round. ow

_ I then modified the arrangement, placing between
the nest and the food three similar pieces of wood.

Then when the ant was on the middle piece, I trans-

posed the other two. To my surprise this did not at

all disconcert them.

I then tried the arrangement shown in Fig. 24.

Fig. 24.

¢O

_ q@isa paper bridge leading to the nest; b is a bourd
about 22 inches long by 13 broad, on which is a disk of
white paper fastened at the centre by a pin d; e¢ is
‘some food. When the ants had come to know their way
so that they passed straight over the paper disk on their
way from a to e, I moved the disk round with an ant
on it, so that f came to g andgto/. As before, the
ants turned round with the paper.
As it might be possible that the ants turned
_ round on account of the changed relative position
of external objects, I next substituted a circular
‘box 12 inches in diameter, open at the top, and

262 | -EXPERIMENTS WITH

7 inches high (in fact, a hat-box) for the flat paper, —
cutting two small holes at f and g, so that the ants —
passing from the nest to the food went through the box —
entering at f and coming out at g. The box was fixed ©

Fig. 25.

at d, so that it might turn easily. I then, when they
had got to know their way, turned the box round as
soon as an ant had entered it, but in every case the

Fig. 26.
aN
t O

i

ant turned round too, thus retaining her direetion. I
then varied the experiment as shown in Figs. 25 and 26.
I replaced the white disk of paper, but put the

Bee a Ee Se GS

“ROTATING ‘DISKS. 263

“got used. to this arrangement I waited till one was on

the disk (Fig. 25) and then gently drew it to the other
side of ¢, as shown in Fig. 26. In this case, however,
_ the ant did not turn round, but went on to g, when she
_ seemed a good deal surprised at finding where she was.
In continuation of the preceding experiments I

constructed a circular table 18 inches in diameter.
It consisted, as shown in Figs. 27 and 28, of three
concentric pieces—a central F G, an intermediate
DE, H 1, and an outer piece B C, K L, each of these

Fig. 27.

F af, —! £8 A

three pieces being capable of separate rotation. This
arrangement was kindly devised for me by Mr. Francis
Galton.

' I then connected the table with a nest of Lasius
niger by a paper bridge a, and also made a paper path
across the table, as shown in Fig. 28, divided into five
pieces corresponding to the divisions of the table.
This I did because I found that the ants wandered less
if they were provided with a paper road than if they
walked actually on the wood itself, I then placed a
_ cup containing larve on the tuple at B, and put an ant on

264. _ EXPERIMENTS, WITH

the larve. She at once picked one up, and, with some
little guidance from me, carried it off to the nest,
<a returning, at once for another, bringing some friends a
with her to help. When she knew her way, I gradually —
moved the cup across the table along the paper path

Fig. 28.

to M, placing it on a column five inches high. After —
a while the ants came to know the way quite well, —
and passed straight along the path from the nest to —
the larve at M. Having thus established a service of
ants, I tried the following experiments :— a

1. I removed the piece of paper G F. This dis- —

ee ie 7d Fs & x;
ROTATING TABLE. 265

vurbed them; but they very soon re-established the
_ 2. I turned round the central piece of the table a
F, so that the paper G F was reversed, G being where
_¥ had been, and vice versd. This did not, seem to
diconcert the ants at all. They went straight over
the paper as before, without a moment’s hesitation.
3. When some ants were between 1 and p,1 rotated
the outer circle of the table halfway round, which of
course carried the cup containing the larve from L to B.
The ants took no notice of this, but went straight to L.
4, When some ants were between 1 and D, I rotated
the table several times, bringing it finally to its
original position. This disturbed them a good deal ;
but eventually they all continued their course to L.
5. When some ants were between 1 and p, I half
rotated the two centre parts of the table, the result of
which, of course, was that the ant was moving to-
wards, instead of away from, the nest. In every case
the ants turnea round too, so as duly to reach L. So
also those which were on their way back from the
_larve to the nest turned in the same manner.
| 6. When the ants were between 1 and p, I half
' rotated the whole table. Again the ants turned round
_ too, though of course in this case, when they reached
the place where L had been, the cup with the larve
was behind them at B.
! The two latter experiments, though quite in accord-
ance with those previously made, puzzled me a good

266 EXPERIMENTS WITH

deal. Experiment 3, as well as some of those recorded
previously, seemed to show that ants were little guided
in such cases by the position of surrounding ee
However, I was anxious to test this.

7. Accordingly I took a round box and placed it
‘upside down on the table, having cut two niches, one
at each side, where it lay on the paper path, so as to
afford a passage for the ants, as in the experiments
recorded in my previous paper; but on this occasion I
left the lid on, cutting, however, a hole through which
I could watch the result. In this case, therefore, the
surrounding objects, .e. the walls of the box, twmed
round with the table. Then, as before, when the ants
were between I and D, I turned the table half round.
The results were as follows:—

Ants which Ants which

turned did not turn
Experiment 1 1 2
” 2 dk 1
” 3 1 1
” 4 4 3
= 5 0 1

= 6 0 1 j

i 7 0 3
” 8 \ l 1
a Oona 0 1
~ Or ae 2 2
ioe a 1 1
re 12 0 3
| 1 19

In this case, then, only 11 ants turned; and as 4
of them were together, it is possible that 3 simply

A ROTATING BOX. 267

followed the first. Moreover, the ants which turned
_ did so with much more hesitation and less immediately.
_ 8. For comparison, I then again tried the same
experiment, but without the box. The results were as
follows :—

Ants which Ants which
Observation turned

aoe whe
ee www s
cooreoc

20 1

Under these circumstances, therefore, all the ants
but one certainly turned, and her movements were
From these last two experiments it is obvious that
the presence of the box greatly affected the result, and
yet the previous results made it difficult to suppose
_ that the ants noticed any objects so distant as the walls
of the rooms, or even as I was myself. The result
surprised me considerably ; but I think the explanation
_is given by the following experiments,

_ Tagain put some larve in a cup, which I placed in
the centre of the table; and I let out an ant which I
had imprisoned after the previous experiments, placing
_her in the cup; she carried off a larva to the nest and
soon returned. When she was again in the cup I half
rotated the table: when she came out she seemed a

ee ee ee vate ye ee
4 aig + sa, = ? ,° - A Te a .
Pw 4 :" : » f
y 4 4M ra re. 4

268 EFFECT OF LIGHT. -

little surprised ; but after walking once round the cup,
started off along the paper bridge straight home.
When she returned to the cup I again half rotated the -
table. This time she went back quite straight When
she had come again, I once more half rotated the tsble ;
she returned quite straight. Again the same happened.
A second ant then came: I half rotated the table. as"
before. She went wrong for about an inch and a half,
but then turned round and went straight home.

I was working by the light of two candles which were _
on the side of the table towards the nest. Thenexttime
the two ants came I half rotated the table as before, and
moved the candles to the far side. This time the ants
were deceived, and followed the paper bridge to the end
of the table furthest from the nest. This I repeated a
second time, with the same result. I then turned the — |
table as before without altering the lights, and the
ants (four of them) went back all right. I then again
turned the table, altering the lights, and the ant went
wrong.

I then altered the lights without rotating the table:
the first ant went wrong; the second right; the third
wrong; the fourth wrong; the fifth hesitated some
seconds, and then went wrong; the sixth right; the
seventh went all but to the edge the wrong way, but, __
after various wanderings, at last went right. When,
therefore, the direction of the light was changed, but
everything else left as before, out of seven ants, five
were deceived and went in the wrong direction. '

After an interval of a week, on March 25, I arranged — .

EFFECT OF LIGHT. 269

'

the nest and the rotating table as before, and let, out
_ three ants which I had imprisoned on the 19th, and
“which knew their way. I put them on the larve at m
as before. The paper pathway had been left untouched.
The ants examined the larve and then went straight
home along the paper path; but, to my surprise, only
_ one of them carried off a larva. Nevertheless they
had evidently taken the news to the nest, for the ants
at once began coming to the cup in considerable num-
bers and carrying off the larve. Ido not altogether
understand this proceeding, and unluckily had not
marked the first three ants; so that I cannot tell
whether they brought or sent their friends. It seems
possible that they felt unequal to the exertion of carrying
_a burthen to the nest until they had had some food.
When the ants were fairly at work I turned the
table 90 degrees. In this case eight ants which were
on their way to the larve continued their march alonz
the paper, while two turned back; but none left the
paper and went across the table straight for the larve.
| I then stopped the experiment for a while, so that
_ the excitement might subside; as when the ants
_ become too numerous it is not so easy to watch them.
. When all was quiet I put the cup with the larve
_ on the middle of the table, and covered the greater

_ part of the table with the box as before. In a short
_ time some ants again came to the larve, and then,
just as they were leaving the cup on their way home, I
_ turned the table, as before, balf round.
. Under these circumstances, however, instead of

270.0 RELUCTANCE OF ANTS

turning as in the previous experiment, ten ants, one 4
after another, continued their course, thus coming out.
of the box at the end furthest from the nest. When —
ten ants successively had, under these circumstances,
gone wrong, to make the experiment complete, I tried —
in again, everything being the same, except that —
there was no box. Under these circumstances five
ants, one after the other, aarned directly the table was
rotated. ;
From these experiments, therefore, it seems clear
that in determining their course the ants are greatly —
influenced by the direction of the light. 4
March 27.—1 let out two ants imprisoned on the
25th, and placed them on the larve, which I put on a
column 7 inches high, covered with blue paper, and
communicating with the nest by the paper path
(a, Fig. 29) arranged as usual, but supported on
pins. At first I arranged it as shown below, placing —
the larve at M, on a table 18 inches in diameter,
Fig. 29. so that the ants, on arriving at
the larvee, made nearly a semi-
circle round the edge of the
, table. I then gradually moved —
* the larve to wm’ and afterwards
to mM’. The ants, however,
obviously knew that they were
going unnecessarily round. They
ran along the paper bridge in a very undecided manner, —
continually turning round and often coming down the

5 “ y —- =a Sa , ae FF
icy gee Pee, ee eee le
-. “bag i ah + Pe WA “ew * "|
ie ar ,
om

' ‘0 GO OUT OF THER way. 271

“pins while in returning to the nest they persistently —
came down the side of the pillar nearest to the nest,
though I repeatedly attempted to guide them the
other way. Even when placed on the paper bridge
between M and Mm, they were very dissatisfied. In
‘act, it was obvious that they knew they were being
_ sent a long way round, and were attempting to make a
_ shorter cut.
I then again placed the larve on the column at
M, and when the ants were once more going to and
_ fro regularly along the paper path, I altered the
position of the column and larve to Mm’, placing the
| edge of the pillar, which the ants had been accustomed
_ to ascend, towards the paper bridge, connecting it with
the original bridge by a side- Fig. 30.
_ bridge a, M being an ineh from
the original bridge. Under
these circumstances three ants
“ran on to M; then two found
_ their way over the bridge a to
m’. Of the next ten ants, five
went to M and five over a to mM’.
The next ten all went over the paper bridge a to m’.
| I then put the pillar and the larve on the other side
” of the original paper path at m’, connected with the
“main path by a short bridge a’, taking for a’ a new
piece of paper, so that scent would be no guide. [ left
the little bridge @ in its place. The ants went as
follows :—

A RE th ae oe ae eee
i ea at he Eee aaa
‘ . SoA ae eS x
272 _ ANTS TO SOME EXTENT 4
To mM” 1 To mM 0 Tom 0
” 1 ” 0 ” i S
\ys 1 ” 0 ” 1
99 1 ” 0 ” l
saad pea yt, ae
2° 0 ” 0 33 1
> ] oe 0 » O
3”) ] 99 a 3” 0
F, ] a’ a
Ss 1 3. "0 iy Os
2 1 ” 1 0) 0
Ss 1] = 1 area
39 ] 99 0 ae 0
12 3 5

It seems clear, therefore, that though the ants did
not trust so much to their eyes as a man would have
done under similar circumstances, yet that they were
to some extent guided by sight.

I then removed all the paper pathways and put cli
Fig. 31. pillar tom. Of the first two ants”

5 which came to the table, the first

found the pillar in five minutes,
the second, after wandering about
for a quarter of an hour, gave the
search up in despair, aud went:
home. :I then moved the pill:
to m’, and watched the next ant
that came on to the table; she found it in a minute or

GUIDED. BY SIGHT. 273

‘two. I then moved ittom”’. Two ants came together.
One found the pillar in 7 minutes; the other took no
less than 25, although, as already mentioned, the table
- was only 18 inches in diameter. Obviously, therefore,
though it seems clear that they are helped by sight, still
these last observations support those previously re-
corded, and show that in finding their way they do
not derive by any means so much assistance from their

eyes as we should under corresponding circumstances.

274

CHAPTER X.

BEES.

I ORIGINALLY intended to make my experiment prin-
cipally with bees, but soon found that ants were on the
whole more suitable for my purpose.
In the first place, ants are much less excitable, they .
are less liable to accidents, and from the absence of —
- wings are more easy to keep under continuous obser-—
vation.
Still, I have made a certain number of observations
with bees, some of which may be worth here recording. -
As already mentioned, the current statements with
reference to the language of social insects depend much
on the fact that when one of them, either by accident or
in the course of its rambles, has discovered a stock of
food, in a very short time many others arrive to profit
by the discovery. This, however, does not necessarily
imply any power of describing localities. If the bees”
or ants merely follow their more fortunate comrade.
the matter is comparatively simple; if, on the con-
trary, others are sent, the case becomes very different.
In order to test this I proposed to keep honey in a
given place for some time, in order to satisfy myself

we

METHOD OF OBSERVATION. 275

that it would not readily be found by the bees; and
then, after bringing a bee to the honey, to watch
whether it brought others, or sent them—the latter of
course implying a much higher order of intelligence
and power of communication.

I therefore placed some honey in a glass, close to
an open window in my sitting-room, and watched it for
sixty hours of sunshine, during which no bees came
to it.

I then, at 10 a.m. on a beautiful morning in June,

went to my hives, and took a bee which was just
starting out, brought it in my hand up to my room
(a distance of somewhat less than 200 yards), and gave
___ it some honey, which it sucked with evident enjoyment.
| After a few minutes it flew quietly away, but did not
return ; nor did any other bee make its appearance.
The following morning I repeated the same experi-
ment. At 7.15 I brought up a bee, which sipped the
_ honey with readiness, and after doing so for about four
minutes flew away with no appearance of alarm or
annoyance. It did not, however, return ; nor did any
other bee come to my honey.
Onseveral other occasions I repeated the same experi-
_ ments with alike result. Altogether I tried it more than
_ twenty times. Indeed, I rarely found bees to return to
honey if brought any considerable distance at once. By
_ taking them, however, some twenty yards each time they
_ came to the honey, I at length trained them to come to
| my room. On the whole, however, I found it more con-
r2

276 BEES DO NOT INVARIABLY

venient to procure one of Marriott’s observatory hives, —
both on account of its construction, and also because I —
could have it in my room, and thus keep the bees more ©
immediately under my own eye. My room is square, with
three windows, two on the south-west side, where the hive
was placed, and one on the south-east. Besides the —
ordinary entrance from the outside, the hive had asmall —
postern door opening into the room; this door was —
provided with an alighting-board, and closed by a plug:
as a general rule the bees did not notice it much unless .
the passage was very full of them.

I then placed some honey on a table close to the
hive, and from time to time fed certain bees on it.
Those which had been fed soon got accustomed to come
for the honey; but partly on account of my frequent
absence from home, and partly from their difficulty
in finding their way about, and their tendency to lose
themselves, I could never keep any marked bee under
observation for more than a few days.

Out of a number of similar observations I will here
mention a few and give them in detail in the Appendix, ©
as throwing some light on the power of communicating —
facts possessed by the bees; they will also illustrate the —
daily occupations of a working bee. .

Experiment 1.—Thus, on August 24, 1874, I opened
* the postern door leading into my room at 6.45 A.M., and
watched till 1 p.M. three bees, which had been trained —
to come to honey at a particular spot. They did not, —
however, know their way very well, and consequently

BRING FRIENDS TO SHARE TREASURES. 277

lost a good deal of time. One made 23 journeys
backwards and forwards between the hive and the
honey, the second 13, and the third only 7.
The following day I watched the first of these bees
from 7.23 to 12.54, during which time she made 19
journeys. Scarcely any other bees came, but I did not
record the exact number.
Experiment 2.—I watched another bee from 6.55,
aM. till’ 7.15 p.m., during which time she made 59
visits to the honey, and only one other bee came
to it.
Experiment 3.— Another from 7 a.m. till 3 P.m. ;
she made 40 journeys, and only two other bees came.
She returned the two following mornings, and was
watched for three hours each day, during which time
no other bee came.
Experiment 4.—Another morning I watched a dif-
_ ferent bee from 9.19 4.M. to 2 P.M.: she made 21 jour- ~
__ neys, and no other bee came.
Then, thinking that perhaps this result might be
_ due to the quantity of honey being too small, I used a
_ wide-mouthed jar, containing more than one pound of
honey.
Experiment 5.—I watched two bees from 1.44 till

_ 4,30, during which time they made 24 journeys, but only
_ one other bee came.
} Experiment 6.— Besides the honey in the jar I

spread some out over two plates, so as to increase the
surface. I watched a bee from 12.15 till 6.15 p.m. She

278 DIFFICULTY THT

“made 28 journeys, but did i bring a single friend
with her.

Experiment 7.—On July 19 I put a beetoa honey- —

comb which contained twelve and a half pounds of honey

at 12.30, and which was placed in a corner of my room ~

as far as possible from the window. That afternoon she

made 22 visits to it, and no other bee came. The ~

following morning she returned at 6.5 a.M., and I
watched her till 2. She made 22 journeys, but did not
bring a single friend: with her.

Experiment 8.—Another bee was also tronke to

the same honeycomb, watched from 2.30 till 7.14. She
made 14 journeys, but did not bring a single friend.
I might give other similar cases, but these are, I

think, sufficient to show that bees do not bring their
friends to share any treasure they have discovered, so —

invariably as might be assumed from the statements
of previous observers. Possibly the result is partly

due to the fact that my room is on the first floor, so —

that the bees coming to it flew at a higher level than
that generally used by their companions, and hence
were less likely to be followed.

Indeed, I have been a good deal surprised at the ~

difficulty which bees experience in finding their way.

For instance, I put a bee into a bell-glass 18 inches _
long, and with a mouth 6} inches wide, turning the closed"
end to the window; she buzzed about for an hour, —
when, as there seemed no chance of her getting out, —

I put her back into the hive. Two flies, on the

\

ace me ae Dee rt eel

593 - FINDING THEIR WAY. 279

contrary, which I put in with her, got out at once. At
_ 11.30 I put another bee and a fly into the same glass:
_ the latter flew out at once. For half an hour the bee
tried to get out at the closed end; I then turned the
glass with its open end to the light, when she flew out at
once. To make sure, I repeated the experiment once
- more with the same result.

Some bees, however, have seemed to me more in-
telligent in this respect than others. A bee which I
_ had fed several times, and which had flown about in
the room, found its way out of the glass in a quarter of
an hour, and when put in a second time came out at
once. Another bee, .when I closed the postern door
_ which opened from my hive directly into my room,
used to come round to the honey through an open
window.

One day (April 14, 1872), when a number of
them were very busy on some berberries, I put a saucer
with some honey between two bunches of flowers ; these
flowers were repeatedly visited, and were so close that
there was hardly room for the saucer between them,
yet from 9.30 to 3.30 not a single bee took any notice
ofthe honey, At 3.30 I put some honey on one of the
bunches of flowers, and it was eagerly sucked by the
_ bees; two kept continually returning till past five in
the evening.

One day when I came home in the afternoon I found
that at least a hundred bees had got into my room
through the postern and were on the window, yet not

‘
'

280 -—-BEES FOLLOW ONE ANOTHER

one was attracted by an open jar of honey which stood
in a shady corner about 3 feet 6 inches from the
window. | a

Another day (April 29, 1872) I placed a saucer of ©
honey close to some forget-me-nots, on which bees —
were numerous and busy; yet from 10 a.m. till 6 only
one bee went to the honey.

I put some honey in a hollow in the garden wall
opposite my hives at 10.30 (this wall is about five fee: —
high and four feet from the hives), yet the bees did —
not find it during the whole day.

Qn March 30, 1873, a fine sunshiny day, when the
bees were very active, I placed a glass containing
honey at 9 in the morning on the wall in front of the —
hives; but not a single bee went to the honey the —
whole day. On April 20 I tried the same experiment
with the same result.

September 19.—At 9.30 I placed some honey in a
glass about four feet from and just in front of the
hive, but during the whole day not a bee observed it.

As it then occurred to me that it might be
suggested that there was something about this honey

which rendered it unattractive to the bees, on the |

following day I first placed it again on the top of the
wall for three hours, during which not a single
bee came, and then moved it close to the alighting-
board of the hive. It remained unnoticed for a quarter
of an hour, when two bees observed it, and others soon
followed in considerable numbers.

TO STORES OF FOOD. 281

It is generally stated not only that the bees in a
hive all know one another, but also that they immedi-
ately recognise and attack any intruder from another
hive. It is possible that the bees of particular hives
have a particular smell. Thus Langstroth, in his in-
teresting ‘ Treatise on the Honey-Bee,’ says, ‘ Members
of different colonies appear to recognise their hive
companions by the sense of smell ;’ and I believe that
-if colonies are sprinkled with scented syrup they may
generally be safely mixed. Moreover, a bee returning
to its own hive with a load of treasure is a very dif-
ferent creature from a hungry marauder; and it is
said that a bee, if laden with honey, is allowed to enter
any hive with impunity. Dr. Langstroth continues:
‘There is an air of roguery about a thieving bee which,
to the expert, is as characteristic as are the motions of
a pickpocket to a skilful policeman. Its sneaking look
and nervous, guilty agitation, once seen, can never be
mistaken.” It is at any rate natural that a bee which
enters a wrong hive by accident should be much sur-
_ prised and alarmed, and would thus probably betray _
herself.
| So far as my own observations go, though bees
habitually know and return to their own hive, still, if
placed on the alighting-board of another, they often
_ enter it without molestation. Thus:—
On May 4 I put a strange bee into a hive at 2
@clock. She remained in till 2.20, when she came out,
but entered again directly. I was away most of the

262 > *\ - BEHAVIOUR OF BEES —

afternoon, but returned at 5.30; at 6 she came out of
the hive, but soon returned; and after that J saw no-
more of her. .
May 12.—A beautiful day, and the bees very active.
I placed twelve marked bees on the alighting-board of
a neighbouring hive. They all went in; but befor®)
evening ten had returned home.
May 13.—Again put twelve marked bees on the |
alighting-board of another nest; eleven went in. The
following day I found that seven had returned home ;
the other five I could not see.
May 17.—Took a bee, and, after feeding her and
marking her white, put her to a hive next but one to
her own at 4.18. She went in.
4,22. Came out and went in again.
4.29. Came out. I fed her and sent her back.
4.35. Came out. Took a little flight and came back. —
4.45. Went in, but returned. 4.52. Went in.

4.53. Came out. 4.56. Pe

Me eae ee 4,58, nice

5. 1. Came out, took another little flight, and returne ;
{ fed her again. 5.25. Went in again.

5.28. Came out again. 5.29. Ps 7

5.31. “ 5.33. a i;

5.36. ‘. 5.40. » a

5.46. Shut her and the others in with a piece of note
paper. |

6.36. One of the bees forced her way cpoagi |
opened the door; and several, including

4 » Naess a ee -:. ri 5», a’ +" »! rv "wc
he : e - - : : - . -
¥ tga us ah ae < ‘.

- IN A STRANGE HIVE. ' 2835

white one, came out directly. Till 6.50 this bee
kept on going in and out every minute or two;
hardly any bees were flying, only a few stand-
ing at the doors of most of the hives. At
7.20 she was still at the hive door.
May 20.—Between 6 and 7 p.m. I marked a bun
and transferred her to another hive.
May 21.—Watched from 7.30 to 8.9 in the morning
without seeing her. At half-past six in the evening
went down again, directly saw and fed her. She was
then in her new hive; but a few minutes after I ob-
served her on the lighting-stage of her old hive; so I
again fed her, and when she left my hand she returned
to the new hive.

May 22.—8 o'clock. She was back in her old
hive.

May 23.—About 12.30 she was again in the new
hive.
Though bees which have stung and lost their sting
always perish, they do not die immediately ; and in the
| meantime they show little sign of suffering from the
’ terrible injury. On August 25 a bee which had come
several times to my honey was startled, flew to one of
the windows, and had evidently lost her way. While
I was putting her back she stung me, and lost her
sting in doing so. I put her in through the postern,
‘and for twenty minutes she remained on the landing-
; she then went into the hive, and after an hour
returned tothe honey and fed quietly, notwithstanding

f

284 LABOUR OF BEES NOT INCESSANT.

the terrible injury she had received. After this, how-
ever, I did not see her any more.

Like many other insects, bees are stiaili affected
by light. One evening, having to go down to the
cellar, I lit a small covered lamp. A bee which was
out came to it, and, flying round and round like a
moth, followed me the whole of the way there.

I often found that if bees which were brought ta
honey did not return at once, still they would do so a
day or twoafterwards. For instance, on July 11, 1874,
a hot thundery day, and when the bees were much out.
of humour, I brought twelve bees to some honey: only
one came back, and that one only once; but on the
following day several of them returned. |

My bees sometimes ceased work at times when I
- eould not account for their doing so. October 19 was a
beautiful, sunshiny, warm day. All the morning the
bees were fully active. At 11.25 I brought one to the
honeycomb, and she returned at the usual intervals for
a couple of hours; but after that she came no more, nor
were there any other bees at work. Yet the weather
was lovely, and the hive is so placed as to catch the
afternoon sun.

I have made a few observations to ascertain, if
possible, whether the bees generally go to the same
part of the hive. Thus,— ,

October 5.—I took a bee out of the hive, fed her,
and marked her. She went back tothesame part.

October 9.—At 7.15 I took out two bees, fed and —

RECKLESSNESS OF BEES. 285

marked them. They returned; but. I could not see
them in the same part of the hive. One, se I
found not far off.

F At 9.30 brought out fourbees, fed and marked them.
_ One returned to the same part of the hive. I lost sight
of the others.

Since their extreme eagerness for honey may be

attributed rather to their anxiety for the commonweal
_ than to their desire for personal gratification, it cannot
_ fairly be imputed as greediness; still the following
_ scene, described by Dr. Langstroth, and one which
most of us have witnessed, is incompatible surely with
much intelligence. ‘No one can understand the
extent of their infatuation until he has seen a con-
' fectioner’s shop assailed by myriads of hungry bees.
_ I have seen thousands strained out from the syrup
in which they had perished ; thousands more alighting
even upon the boiling sweets; the floor covered and
le windows darkened with bees, some crawling, others
flying, and others still so completely besmeared as
to be able neither to crawl nor fly—not one in ten
able to carry home its ill-gotten spoils, and yet the air
filled with new hosts of thoughtless comers.”
If, however, bees are to be credited with any moral
_ feelings at all, I fear the experience of all bee-keepers
shows that they have no conscientious scruples about
_ robbing their weaker brethren. ‘If the bees of a strong
ad says Langstroth, ‘once get a taste of forbidden
1 Hive- and Honey-Bee, Langstroth, p. 277.

‘ g
¢

4 eee hee ee ea oS NL. Pee oe
” * ke be > ‘ ie ye hae ero ~.* co -
a2 "AAG ay oe AY ?,
Cyr ~t 4 _~
= av

3" Sie
4

SRA, > +. eh _ .
+ 4 r +." - Caw

286 WANT OF AFFECTION.. ct

sweets, they will seldom stop until they have tested the.
strength of every hive.’ And again, ‘Some bee-
keepers question whether a bee that once learns to.
steal ever returns to honest courses.’ Siebold has men~
tioned similar facts in the case of certain wasps:( Polistes),

Far, indeed, from having been able to discover any
evidence of affection among them, they appear to be
thoroughly callous and utterly indifferent to one
another. As already mentioned, it was necessary for
me occasionally to kill a bee; but I never found that
the others took the slightest notice. Thus on October
11 I crushed a bee close to one which was feeding—in —
fact, so close that their wings touched; yet the sur=
vivor took no notice whatever of the death of her
sister, but went on feeding with every appearance of
composure and enjoyment, just as if nothing had hap-
pened. When the pressure was removed, she remained
by the side of the corpse without the slightest appear-
ance of apprehension, sorrow, or recognition. She evi-
dently did not feel the slightest emotion at her
sister’s death, nor did she show any alarm lest th 7
same fate should befall her also. In a second case
exactly the same occurred. Again, I have several
times, while a bee has been feeding, held a second
bee by the leg close to her; the prisoner, of course,
struggled to escape, and buzzed as loudly as she could;
yet the bee which was feeding took no notice whatever.
So far, therefore, from being at all affectionate, I doubt
whether bees are in the least fond of one another.

4

DEVOTION TO QUEEN, 287

Their devotion to their queen is generally quoted
as an admirable trait; yet it is of the most limited
‘character, For instance, I was anxious to change
- one of my black queens for a Ligurian; and accord-
ingly on October 26 Mr. Hunter was good enough to
_ bring me a Ligurian queen. We removed the old
queen, and we placed her with some workers in a box
' containing some comb. I was obliged to leave home
i on the following day ; but when I returned on the 30th
I found that all the bees had deserted the poor queen,
' who seemed weak, helpless, and miserable. On the 31st
| the bees were coming to some honey at one of my
_ windows, and I placed this poor queen close to them.
' In alighting, several of them even touched her ; yet not
one of her subjects took the slightest notice of her. The
_ same queen, when afterwards placed in the hive, im-
_ mediately attracted a number of bees.
| As regards the affection of bees for one another, it
' is no doubt true that when they have got any honey
"on them, they are always licked clean by the rest;
' but I am satisfied that this is for the sake of the
. lhoney rather than of the bee. On September 27, for
" instance, I tried with two bees: one had been drowned,
the pie was smeared with honey. The latter was
soon licked clean ; of the former they took no notice
_ whatever. I have, moreover, repeatedly placed dead
bees by honey on which live ones were feeding, but the
iatter never took the slightest notice of the corpses.
Dead bees are indeed usually carried out of the

288 SENSE OF SMELL. * ,
hive ; but if one is placed on the alighting-stage, a
caste seem to take no acne of it, sougm it is in

ments. I have even seen the bees sucking the j juic 28
of a dead puna.
As regards the senses of bees, it seems clear that
they possess a keen power of smell.
On October 5 I put a few drops of eau de Cologne
in the entrance of one of my hives, and immediately
a number of bees (about fifteen) came out to see what
was the matter. Rose-water also had the same effect ;
and, as will be mentioned presently, in this manner
I called the bees out several times; but after a few
days they took hardly any notice of the scent.
These observations were made partly with the view
of ascertaining whether the same bees act as sentinels,
With this object, on October 5 I called out the bees by
placing some eau de Cologne in the entrance, and
marked the first three bees that came out. At 5 P.M
I called them out again; about twenty came, including
the three marked ones. I marked three more.
October 6.—Called them out again. Out of the first
twelve, five were marked ones. I marked three more.
October 7.—Called them out at 7.30 a.m. as before.
Out of the first nine, seven were marked ones.
At 5.30 P.M. called them out again. Out of six
five were marked ones. .
October 8.—Called them out at 7.15. Six came out,
all marked ones.

> gterELs. 289

October 9.—Called them ont at 6.40. Out of the
first ten, eight were marked ones.
- Called them out at 11.30 a.m. Out of six, three

| were marked. I marked the other three.

- Called them out at 1.30 P.M. Out of ten, six were
- marked.
Called them out at 4.30. Out of ten, seven were
f marked.
| October 10.—Called them out at 6.5 a.m. Out of
i six, five were marked.
_ Shortly afterwards I did the same again, when out
_ of eleven, seven were marked ones,
5.30 p.m. Called them out again. Out of seven,
. five were marked.
October 11.—6.30 a.m. Called them out again.
_ Out of nine, seven were marked.
5 p.m. Called them out again. Out of seven, five
were marked.
After this day they took hardly any notice of the
scents.
‘Thus in these nine experiments, out of the ninety-
seven bees which came out first, no less than seventy-

one were marked ones, though out of the whole number
of bees in the hive there were only twelve marked for
this purpose, and, indeed, even fewer in the earlier ex-
periments. I ought, perhaps, to add that I generally
fed the bees when I called them out.

Uw

LO ee t i OL let ch |, dee ee BA ot Oe
oe we Bee he ws am
’ , a. wet * 7 ye. 's e
- ‘ ‘ -< - : 7 ’ ‘
2 . j«
: “4 sd - ,
*) ‘ " « .

290. SENSE OF HEARING.

The Sense of Hearing.

The result of my experiments on the hearing c f
bees has surprised me very much. It is generally
considered that to a certain extent the emotions
of bees are expressed by the sounds they make,’
which seems to imply that they possess the power’
of hearing. I do not by any means intend to deny
that this is the case. Nevertheless I never found
them take any notice of any noise which I made, even
when it was close to them. I tried one of my bees
with a violin, I made all the noise I could, but to my
surprise she took no notice. I could not even see a
twitch of the antenne. The next day I tried the same
with another bee, but could not see the slightest sign
that she was conscious of the noise. On August 31 I
repeated the same experiment with another bee with
the same result. On September 12 and 13 I tried
several bees with a dog-whistle and a shrill pipe; but.
they took no notice whatever, nor did a set of tuning=
forks which I tried on a subsequent day have any more
effect. These tuning-forks extended over three octaves,
beginning with a below the ledger line. I also tried
with my voice, shouting, &c., close to the head of a bee;
but, in spite of my utmost efforts, the bees took no
notice. I repeated these experiments at night wher
the bees were quiet; but no noise that I could make
seemed to disturb them in the least.

1 See, for instance, Landois, Zits. f. wiss. Zool. 1867, p. 184.

COLOUR SENSE. ; 291

_ [In this respect the results of my observations on
_ bees entirely agreed with those on ants, and I will
' here, therefore, only refer to what has been said in
_ apreceding chapter. (See pp. 225-233.)

The Colowr Sense of Bees.

The consideration of the causes which have led to

_ the structure and colouring of flowers is one of the
_ most fascinating parts of natural history. Most botanists
are now agreed that insects, and especially bees, have
| played a very important part in the development of
_ flowers. While in many plants, almost invariably with
_ inconspicuous blossoms, the pollen is carried from
flower to flower by the wind, in the case of almost all
_ large and brightly coloured flowers this is effected by
_ the agency of insects. In such flowers the colours,
scent, and honey serve to attract insects, while the size
_ and form are arranged in such a manner that the
insects fertilise them with pollen brought from another
plant.

. There could, therefore, be little doubt that bees
possess a sense of colour. Nevertheless I thought it
would be desirable to prove this if possible by actual
_ experiment, which had not yet been done. Accordingly
on July 12 I brought a bee to some honey which
I placed on blue paper, and about 3 feet off I
placed a similar quantity of honey on orange paper.
After she had returned twice I transposed the
papers; but she returned to the honey on the blue

v2

= a es nots! =/ uae ane ®
Sit il «NA eh ke
ai ¥ Ay \ + oa" eg
‘ i“ = ‘
- ie ry “, ba ee
e. x ' PA
esi te 7
292 EXPERIMENTS WITH . A

paper. After she had made three more visits, always
to the blue paper, I transposed them again, and she
again followed the colour, though the honey was left
in the same place, The following day I was not able to
watch her; but on the 14th at— 7

7.29 A.M. she returned to the honey on the blue paper.

At 7.31 she left.
7.44 ” ” oy V4] 29
7.56 ert =

I then again transposed the papers. At 8.5 she
returned to the old place, and was just going to
alight ; but observing the change of colours, without a
moment’s hesitation darted off to the blue. No one
who saw her at that moment could have. entertained
the slightest doubt about her perceiving the difference
between the two colours. At 8.9 she went.

8.13 she returned to the blue; at 8.16 she left.

8:20 » . 8.28. ae
$26. ‘> 8.30. am
Transposed the colours again. ;
At 8.35 she returned to the blue, and at 8.39 left.
8.44 ‘ = 8.47 4,
8.50 " ] 8.53 yy
Transposed the colours again.
8.57 she returned again to the blue; 9.0 4,
9. 4 = Ks 9. 7

9.12 : . 9.15 am

COLOURED PAPER, 293
9.19 she returned again to the blue; 9.22 left.
9.25 ” » 9.27 §;,
9.30 .. és 9.34 ,,
9.40 ” » 044° 5
9.50 * » 9.55
Transposed the colours again.

10. 2 she returned again to the blue; 10. 6

”
10.10 ” ” 10.14 4,
10.20 9 ” 10.25 4
10.30 ” ” 10.34,
10.40 ” ” 10.44 ,,
10.48 ” » 10.51 ,,
11.12 ” ” 1114 ,,
11.21 ” and flew about, having

been disturbed.

11.26 " 9% 11.28 left.
11.36 ” ” 1140 ,,

12. 5 came and flew about, but did not settle till—
12.17 she returned again to the blue; 12.17 went.
12.21 came and flew about.

Though it was a beautiful afternoon, she did not
return any more that day.
On October 2 I placed some honey on slips of glass
resting on black, white, yellow, orange, green, blue,
and red paper. A bee which was placed on the orange
returned twenty times to that slip of glass, only once
or twice visiting the others, though I moved the posi
tion and also the honey. The next morning again twu

294 EVIDENT POWER OF

or three bees paid twenty-one visits to the orange and
yellow, and only four to all the other slips of glass. I
then moved the glass, after which, out of thirty-two ;
visits, twenty-two were to the orange and yellow.
This was due, I believe, to the bee having been placed —
on the orange at the beginning of the experiment.
I do not attribute it to any preference for the
orange or yellow; indeed, I shall presently give reasons —
for considering that blue is the favourite colour of —
bees. ‘

October 6.—I had ranged my colours in a line, with ©
the blue at one end. It was a cold morning, and only —
one bee came. She had been several times the pre-
ceding day, generally to the honey which was on the
blue paper. This day also she came to the blue; I
moved the blue gradually along the line one stage —
every half-hour, during which time she paid fifteen
visits to the honey, in every case going to that which
was on the blue paper.

Again, on September 13 at 11 a.m., I brought up a
bee from one of my hives; at 11.40 she returned to
honey which I had put ona slip of glass on green paper.
She returned at 11.51. And again

At 12. 1
5» 12.13
»» 12.22
» 12.33
» 12.46
» 12.58

DISTINGUISHING COLOURS. ; 205

"She returned at 1.12. This time she lost her way in
the room. ;
9 1.49 F

” 2. 1. This time she got stuck in the
honey, and had to clean
herself.

S 2.25

” 2.40. I now put red paper instead
of the green, and put the
green paper with a similar
quantity of honey on it a
foot off.

9 2.51 to the honey on green paper.
I then gently moved the
green paper, with the bee
on it, back to the old spot. —
When the bee had gone, I
put yellow paper where the
green had been, and put
the green again a foot off.

7 3. 0to the honey on the yellow

paper. I disturbed the

bee, and she at once flew
to the honey on the green
paper; when she had gone,

I put orange paper in the

old place, and put the green

paper about a foot off.

9 3.10 to the honey on the green paper.

I Bit as 9 Dye Oe SR ENE a ne
\ ae eg bea 3 Pt Se oe: er.
as { "es Soto By Bey! g ts
“ monte, Sr gta, Meme Sa
; a A ee [
296. ’ EVIDENT. POWER OF ~ = = 4

I again gently moved the |
paper, with the bee on it,
mat to the usual place; and
' when the bee had gone, —
put white paper in the old ©
place, and put the green a
foot off.
She returned at 3.20 tothe honey on the green paper.
I again gently moved the —
green paper, with the bee ‘
on it, to the old place; and
when she had gone, re- —
placed it by blue paper, —
putting the green a foot off. —
- 3.30 to the honey on the green paper.
I again repeated the same ~
thing, putting yellow in-—
stead of blue.
pa 3.40 to the green paper. I now re-
versed the position of the

yellow and green papers; —

but
” 3.51 to the green. After this
= 4. 6
” 4.15 |
4,28, when she left off for the day,

nor were there any bees still working in the garden.
The same afternoon, a wasp, which I was observing
remained at work till 6.29 P.M.

| 297
ss August 20.—About noon I brought five bees to

and numerous friends came with them. One of them
I put to some honey on blue paper. She returned as

follows, viz. :—

At 12.36 At 2.30
» 12.42 »» 2.38
» 12.53 » 3 2
oe 186 » 3.10
ie » 822 |
» 1.49 » 3.50
» 22 » 4 4
vy et » 414
yy 2024 > 4.23

| when I left off watching and shut her out. The longer
intervals are due to her having got some honey every

| little time in cleaning herself. |

| August 21.—I opened my window at 6 a.m No
_ bee came till at 7.33 the one above-mentioned came to
_ the honey on blue paper.

I also placed some honey on orange paper about
_ two feet off.

At 7.42 she returned to the honey on blue paper,

and again
7.55 she returned to the honey on blue paper.
8. 3 ” ”

8.14 : 7

some honey at my window. They all soon returned,

) now and then on her wings and legs, when she losta .

"7 r eae eat Slat
‘ 3 : | *
| )
298 : EVIDENT POWER OF 7

At 8.25 She returned to the honey on blue paper. —

29. 8.36 ” ”

”° 8. ” ” —
9 8.54 ” ” “a
”° 9. 5 ” ”

I then transposed the papers, but not the honey.

At 9.16 she came back to the honey on blue paper.
I then transposed the papers again.

At 9.29 she came back to the honey on blue paper.
I then transposed them again,

At 9.39 ( m4 |

At 9.53 she came back to the honey on tags paper.
Inow put green paper instead of orange, and transposed
the places.

At 10.0 she came back to the honey on green pepe
I transposed them again.

At 10.8 she came back to the honey on blue paper
I transposed them again.

At 10.21 she came back to the honey on green paper. —
I now put red paper instead of green, and transposed

the places.
At 10.30 she came back to the honey on blue paper.
T transposed them again. a
At 10.42 >» » » %»
», 10.53 ” ” ” ”
» il. 4 ” ” ” ”
» 11.16 ” ” ” ” .

T now put white paper instead of red, and trans
posed the places. ri]

=

At 11.28 she came back to the honey on blue paper.
I transposed them again.
At 11.41 , a ‘. a

11.56 ” ” ” ”

12. 8 ” ”
At 12.17 she came back to the honey on blue paper.
I now put green paper again instead of white, and :

_ transposed the places.

) At 12.27 she came back to the honey on blue paper.
T transposed them again.
At 12.40 ” ” ” ”

12.50 - - " 7
l. 0 ” ” ” ”
1.13 9 ” ”

At 1.25 she came back to the honey on blue

paper, and then to the green. I transposed them
| At 1.40 she came back to the honey on blue paper.
__ I transposed them again.
) At 1.47 she came back to the honey on green paper.
ia y, 1.57 she came back to the honey on blue paper,
_ and then to the green.
| At 2. 6 she came back to the honey on blue paper.
99 2.17 ” ”
7 ive thllbelegitiey-E eosusbénked thls ‘bis torfices
paper. She made 63 visits (beginning at 7.47 and
_ ending at 6.44), of which 50 were to honey on green
peper.
_. The following day, August 23, she began work,—

300 EVIDENT POWER OF
At, 7.12 returning to honey on green paper. "‘Ptben d
put some on yellow paper about a foot off. q
At 7.19 she turned to the honey on green paper.
I transposed the colours.
At 7.25 she turned to the ote on green paper. —
I replaced the yellow paper by orange and transposed —
the places. oe
At 7.36 she turned to the honey on green paper.
I transposed the colours so that the orange might be on ~
the spot to which the bee was most accustomed.
At 7.44 she turned to the honey on green paper. ,
I now put white instead of orange.
At 7.55 she turned to the honey on green paper. —
Transposed the papers.
At 8.1 she turned to the honey on green paper.
I now put blue paper instead of white.
At 8.12 she turned to the honey on blue paper;
but it will be remembered that she had been previously
accustomed to come to the blue. I now put red instead —
of blue. | |
At 8.23 she turned to the honey on green paper.
” 8.25 ” ” ” ”
» 8.47 ” ” ” ”
1 then ceased observing and removed the honey.
Thus the bee which was accustomed to green,
returned to that colour when it was removed about a
foot, and replaced by yellow, orange, white, and red 5
but, on the other hand, when it was replaced by blue,
she went to the blue. I kept this bee under, obser=

{<gf

a ¢
‘

ee ee ee ee ee ee le FT

a ty were “s yY a «

Fi « ate 4 a ;
1a } - ii - - .
' . “et .

f 4 ie *

Ps .

_ DISTINGUISHING COLOURS. 301

. vation till the 28th, but not with reference to
colours,

August 24.—At 7.45 I put another bee to honey
_ on green paper, to which she kept on returning till
9.44. The next day (August 25) she came at 7.38, and
_ I let her come to the green paper till 9. The follow-
ing morning she returued at 6 a.M., coming back as
follows, viz. :—

At 6.10
» 6.18
» 6.25
» 6.35
» 6.45
» 6.54
AS
ee AT

_I now put orange in place of green, and put the
green a foot off.

| At 7.24 she returned to the green. I replaced the -
| paper with the bee on it; and when she had gone I
put light blue in place of the green, and again moved
the green a foot off.

At 7.36 she revurned to the blue. I again replaced
the paper with the bee on it; and when she had gone I
put yellow in place of the green, and again moved the
_ green a foot off.

f At 7.44 she returned to the green. I then did

302. - M. BONNIER'S VIEWS.

exactly the same, only putting vermilion in place of
_ the green.

At 7.55 she returned to the green. I then did ex-
actly the same, only putting white in place of green.

At 8. 3 she returned to the green.

These observations clearly show that bees possess
the power of distinguishing colours.

It remained to determine, if possible, whether
they have any preference for one colour over another.
M. Bonnier in a recent memoir! denies this. He
' does not question the power of insects to distinguish

colours, which he admits that the preceding observa-

tions clearly prove, but he maintains that they would
not be in any way attracted or guided by the colours
of flowers. This he has attempted to demonstrate by
experiment. With this view he proceeded as follows:
—He took four cubes, 22 centim. by 12 (7.e. about 9

inches by 34), and coloured red, green, yellow, and white, —

placing them 6 feet apart in a line parallel to and about
60 feet distant from the hives. He then placed on

each an equal quantity of honey, and from minute

to minute counted the number of bees on each cube.

He found that the number of bees on each was approx- —
imately equal, and that the honey was removed from —

each in about twenty minutes. In the experiment he
records the bees began to arrive directly the honey
was arranged, and in ten minutes there were nearly a
hundred bees on eacheube. I presume, therefore, that

1 Les Nectatres.

vy j

oo ~. F —

M. BONNIER'S EXPERIMENT. 303

the bees were previously accustomed to come to the
spot in question, expecting to find honey.

I do not think, however, that any conclusive result
could be expected from this experiment. In the first
place, after the first five minutes»there were about
thirty bees on each cube, and in less than ten minutes
nearly a hundred, and the colour therefore must have
been almost covered up. The presence of somany bees
would also attract their companions. Moreover, as the
honey was all removed in less than twenty minutes, the
bees were evidently working against time. They were
like the passengers in an express train, turned hurriedly
into a refreshment-room ; and we cannot expect. that
they would be much influenced by the colouring of the
tablecloth. In fact, the experiment was too hurried,
and the test not delicate enough.

Then, again, he omitted blue, which I hope to show
is the bee’s favourite colour, and his cubes were all
coloured. It is true that one was green; but any one
may satisfy himself that a piece of green paper on
grass is almost as conspicuous as any other colour. To
make this experiment complete, M. Bonnier should
have placed beside the honey on the coloured cubes a
similar supply, without any accompaniment of colour to
_ render it conspicuous.

I could not, therefore, regard these experiments as
_ at all conclusive. The following seem to me a more
fair test :—- .

I took slips of glass of the size generally used for

-

304 - EXPERIMENTS TO TEST °

slides for the microscope, viz. 3 inches by 1, and pasted cm
them on slips of paper of the same size, coloured re-
spectively blue, green, orange, red, white, and yellow. |
I then put them on a lawn, in a row, about a foot apart,
and on each put a second slip of glass with a drop of © '
honey. I also put with thema slip of plain glass with a
similar drop of honey. I had previously trained a marked —
bee to come to the place for honey. My plan then was,
when the bee returned and had sipped about for a quarter
of aminute, to remove the honey, when she flew toanother —
slip. This then I took away, when she went to a third; _
and so on. In this way—as bees generally suck for
three or four minutes—I induced her to visit all the
drops successively before returning to the nest. When
she had gone to the nest I transposed all the upper
glasses with the honey, and also moved the coloured
glasses. Thus, as the drop of honey was changed each
time, and also the position of the coloured glasses,neither
of these could influence the selection by the bee.
In recording the results I marked down successively
the order in which the bee went to the different coloured —
glasses. For instance, in the first journey from the
nest, as recorded below, the bee lit first on the blue, —
which accordingly I marked 1; when the blue was
removed, she flew about a little and then lit on the
white ; when the white was removed, she settled on the
green ; and so on successively on the orange, yellow, —
plain, and red. I repeated the experiment a hundred
times, using two different hives—one in Kent and

>. peg! <
ae “FOR PARTICULAR coLouRS. 305
=e in P| ae spreading the observations over
some time, so as to experiment with different bees,
and under varied circumstances. Adding the numbers
together, it of course follows that the greater the
_ preference shown for each colour the lower will be the
_ number standing against it.
i, The following table gives the first day’s observa-
_ in extenso :—

Journeys | Blue Green —— Orange Red White | Yellow
1 1 8 6 4 7 2 5
2 5 4 7 6 1 2 3
3 1 os 7 6 5 3 2
t 2 4 6 7 5 1 8
5 1 + vi 2 6 5 8
6 1 2 a 6 5 4 7
7 2 1 a 7 8 5 6
8 8 4 6 2 7 5 1

‘9 5 1 7 4 6 3 2
10 1 6. 7 5 3 2 a
ll 4 6 5 2 7 8 1

26 389 65 61 55 85 87

In the next series of experiments the bees had
been trained for three weeks to come to a particular
' spot on a large lawn, by placing from time to time
honey on a piece of plain glass. This naturally gave
"the plain glass an advantage; nevertheless, as will be
on, the blue still retained its pre-eminence. It seems
ardly necessary to give the observations in detail.
ne following table shows the general result :—
‘ x

wo ane te: i 7

sy . ee i - i ie yy f

: ees
306 EXPERIMENTS SHOWING -

Series MecoF| Blue | Green |orange Plain | Rea | White [Yellow
Ist ..( «| 11] 26] 39] 51| 65] 55] 35] 87
2nd, May 30... | 15 | 38] 57] 59] 72] 66] 58] -70
8rd, July 2...| 16] 44] 76| 82] 73] 63] 63] 67
£th, a Ei 15| 43] 61] 64] 80] 66| 50] 56
Sth, ,, 5..| 10] 36| 47] 39| 40] 40] 36] 42

oT Sas, 2{ 2] 81, 9] 10| 14) @eeeue
7th, , 20... | 11] 33] 39] 50| 47] 49| 41] 49
8th, ,, 23 10] 31| 46] 48] 52] 387] 85] 31
9th, ,, 25 10| 22] 54] 38] 52] 33] 35] 46
100 | 275 | 427 | 440 | 491 | 413 | 349 | 405

The precautions taken seem to me to have placed —
the colours on an equal footing ; while the number of ©
experiments appears sufficient to give a fair average. —
It will be observed also that the different series agree
The difference between the

well among themselves.

numbers is certainly striking. Adding together 1,2, |
3, 4, 5, 6, and 7, we get 28 as the total number given —

by each journey; 100 journeys therefore give, as the
table shows, a total of 2,800, which divided by 7 would
of course, if no preference were shown, give 400 for |
each colour. The numbers given, however, are—for
the blue only 275, for the white 349, yellow 405, red ,
413, green 427, orange 440, and plain glass as many as" /

491.

a

Another mode of testing the result is to take the —

per-centage in which the bees went respectively to each”

colour first, second, third, and so on. :
observed, for instance, that out of a hundred rounds —

the bees took blue as one of the first three in 74 cases, —

It will be

es ee Cua
rls oe ny
~
PREFERENCE FOR BLUE. 307

q and one of the last four only in 26 cases; while, on the
_ contrary, they selected the plain as one of the first ©
three only in 25 cases, and one of the last four in 75

eh O71 28 aR pa, 4 ee
100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100

I may add that I was by no means prepared for
this result.

I may very likely be asked, if blue is the favourite
colour of bees, and if bees have had so much to do
with the origin of flowers, how is it that there are
so few blue ones? I believe the explanation to be

in which the flowers were green; or, to speak more
_ precisely, in which the leaves immediately surround-
ing the stamens and pistil were green; and that they”
have passed through stages of white or yellow, and gene-
rally red, before becoming blue. That all flowers were
_ originally green and inconspicuous, as those of so many
plants are still, has, I think, been shown by recent
"researches, especially those of Darwin, Miiller, and
Hildebrand.

' But what are the considerations which seem to

x2

_ that : all blu blue flowers have descended from ancestors _

308 LATE ORIGIN OF BLUE FLOWERS. ~

justify us in concluding that blue flowers were formerly.
‘yellow or white? Let us consider some of the orders |
in which blue flowers occur with others of different
colours.
_ For instance, in the Ranunculaceex,' those with
simple open flowers, such as the buttercups and Thalic-
trums are generally yellow or white. The blue
delphiniums and aconites are highly specialised,
abnormal forms, and doubtless, therefore of more recent °
origin, Among the Caryophyllacex the red and purplish
species are amongst those with highly specialised
flowers, such as Dianthus and Saponaria, while the
simple open flowers, which more nearly represent the —
ancestral type, such as Stellaria, Cerastiwm, &e., are
yellow and white.

Take again the Primulacese. The open-flowered,
honeyless species, such as Lysimachia and Trientalis,

are generally white or yellow; while red, purple, and _

blue occur principally in the highly specialised species
with tubular flowers. The genus Anagallis here, how-
ever, certainly forms an exception.

Among the violets we find some yellow, some blue
species, and Miiller considers that the yellow is the —
original colour. Viola biflora, a small, comparatively —
little specialised fly-flower, is yellow; while the large, —
long-spurred V. calcarata, specially adapted to humble-
bees, is blue. In V. tricolor, again, the smaller —

'Itake most of the following facts from Miiller’s admirable —
work on Alpine Flowers.

ejb

Sue ORIGIN’ OF BLUE FLOWERS. 309

_ highly developed, blue. Myosotis versicolor we know
_ is first yellow and then blue ; and, according to Miiller,
‘one variety of V. tricolor alpestris is yellow when it
first opens, and gradually becomes more and more blue.

The flowers of one species of Lantana last three

third day purple.

_ The only other family I will mention is that of the
Gentians. Here, also, while the well-known deep blue

species have long tubular flowers, specially adapted to

‘a simple open flower with exposed honey.
Miiller and Hildebrand' have also pointed out that the
blue flowers, which, according to this view, are descended

through a red stage, frequently vary, as if the colours had
not had time to fix themselves, and by atavism assume
their original colour. Thus Aquilegia vulgaris, Ajuga
Genevensis, Polygala vulgaris, P. comosa, Salvia pra-
tensis, Myosotis alpestris, and many other blue flowers,
are often reddish or white ; Viola calcarata is normally
blue, but occasionally yellow. On the other hand, flowers
which are normally white or yellow, rarely, I might

Imost say never, vary to blue. Moreover, though it is

' Die Farben der Blithen, p. 26.

' varieties are whitish-yellow; the larger and more

Tn th: this case the individual flower repeats the phases
which i in past times the ancestors have passed through. _

_ days, and, as Fritz Miiller first pointed out, are on the”
_ first day yellow, on the second day orange, and on the

bees and butterflies, the yellow Gentiana lutea has

from white or yellow ancestors, passing in many cases

me) eed im vig’ ts
rr
’ ¥“- Gs = a
, : Ne Mar’ ©
ee 2 ok
310 LATE ORIGIN OF BLUE FLOWERS. 2

true that there are comparatively few blue flowers, still, 4
if we consider only those in which the honey is con- +
cealed, aut which are, as we know, specially suited to
and frequented by bees and butterflies, we find a larger ,
proportion. Thus, of 150 flowers with concealed boney
observed by Miiller in the Swiss Alps,! 68 were white
or yellow, 52 more or less red, and 30 blue or violet.
_ However this may be, it seems to me that the
preceding experiments show conclusively that bees do
prefer one colour to another, and that blueis distinctly _
their favourite. ; w ci

: Alpenblumen, p- 492.

CHAPTER XI.

WASPS.

{ HAVE‘also made a few experiments with wasps.
So far as their behaviour, when they have discovered
a store of food, is concerned, what has been said with
reference to bees would apply in the main to wasps also.
I will give some of the details in the Appendix, and
here only refer very briefly to some of the experiments.

Experiment 1.—Watched a wasp, which I had accus-
_ tomed to come to my room for honey, from 9.36 A.M. to
6.25 p.m. She made forty-five visits to the honey, but
did not bring a single comrade.
Experiment 2.—The following day this wasp began
_ working—at least, came to my room for the first time at
6.55 a.M., and went on passing backwards and forwards
_ most industriously till6.17 p.m. She made thirty-eight
journeys, and did not bring a single friend.

Experiment 3.—Another wasp was watched from
6.16 a.m. till 6 p.m. She made fifty-one journeys, and
during the day five other wasps came to the honey. I
do not think she brought them.

Experiment 4.—Another wasp was watched from
10 a.m. to 5.15 P.M.; she made twenty-eight journeys,

\

ms : LW -%
312 POWER OF COMMUNICATION.
and brought no friend. This wasp returned the next

morning at 6 A.M.
Experiment 5.—A wasp was watched from 11.56

AM. to 5. 36 p.m. She made twenty-three journeys,

without bringing a friend.

Experiment 6.—Another wasp between 6.40 A.M.
and 5.55 P.M. made sixty journeys, without bringing a

friend.

Experiment 7.— Another wasp between 7.25 A.M. —
and 6.43 P.M. made no less than ninety-four visits to _

the honey, but did not bring a single friend.
‘Experiment 8.—I watched a wasp on September 19.

She passed regularly backwards and forwards between the

nest and the honey, but during the whole day only one

other wasp came of herself to the honey; this wasp |

returned on the 20th, but not one other. The 21st was
a hot day, and there were many wasps about the house;
my honey was regularly visited by the two marked wasps,
but during the whole day only five others came-to it.

September 22.—Again only one strange wasp came,
up to one o'clock.

September 27.—Only one ‘olga wasp came

October 2 and 3.—These days were cold; a few
marked bees and wasps came to my honey, but no
strangers.

October 4.—Two strangers.

October 6.—Only one stranger.

On these vere the honey was watched almost with-

—_— oe

Fo ae '— > se [s.. it =<
4 ae si =e ; , ‘en m,
- POWER OF HEARING. 313

out intermission the whole day, and was more or less
regularly visited by the marked bees and wasps.
_ My experiments, then, in opposition to the state-
ments of Huber and Dujardin, serve to show that wasps
and bees do not in all cases convey to one another in-
formation as to food which they may have discovered,
though I do not doubt that they often do so. Of
course, when one wasp has discovered and is visiting
a supply of syrup, others are apt to come too; but I
believe that in many instances they merely follow one
‘another. If they communicated the fact, considerable
numbers would at once make their appearance ; but I
have not often found this to be the case. The frequent
and regular visits which my wasps paid to the honey
put out for them, prove that it was very much to their
taste; yet few others made their appearance.
These and other observations of the same tendency
seem to show that, even if wasps have the power of in-
forming one another when they discover a store of good
food, at any rate they do not habitually do so.
On the whole, wasps seem to me more clever in
finding their way than bees. I tried wasps with the
glass mentioned on p. 278, but they had no difficulty
in finding their way out.
My wasps, though courageous, were always on the
alert, and easily startled. It was, for instance, more
difficult to paint them than the bees; nevertheless,
though I tried them with a set of tuning-forks covering

314) COURAGE OF WASPS.. ‘\ alt

three octaves, with a shrill whistle, a pipe, a violin,and —
my own voice, making in each case the loudest and —
shrillest sounds in my power, I could see no symptoms
in any case that they were conscious of the noise.

The following fact struck me as rather remarkable.
One of my wasps smeared her wings with syrup, so that
she could not fly. When this happened to a bee, it was _
only necessary to carry her to the alighting-board, when —
she was soon cleaned by her comrades. But I did not ~
know where this wasp’s nest was, and therefore could —
not pursue a similar course with her. At first, then,
I was afraid that she was doomed. I thought, however, —
that I would wash her, fully expecting, indeed, to terrify
her so much that she would not return again. I there-
- fore caught her, put her in a bottle half full of water, —
and shook her up well till the honey was washed off. I
then transferred her to another bottle, and put her in —
the sun to dry. When she appeared to have recovered —
I let her out: she at once flew to her nest, and —
I never expected to see her again. To my surprise, in
thirteen minutes she returned as if nothing had hap-
pened, and continued her visits to the honey all the —
afternoon.

This experiment interested me so much that I re- _
peated it with another marked wasp, this time, how-
ever, keeping the wasp in the water till she was quite _
motionless and insensible.e When taken out of the
water she soon recovered; I fed her; she went quietly
away to her nest as usual, and returned after the usual —

TAME WASP. 315

absence. The next morning this wasp was the first to
visit the honey.

I was not able to watch any of the above-mentioned
wasps for more than a few days, but I kept a specimen
_ of Polistes gallica for no less than nine months.

/ I took her, with her nest, in the Pyrenees, early in
May. The nest consisted of about twenty cells, the
majority of which contained an egg; but as yet no
grubs had been hatched out, and, of course, my wasp
was as yet alone in the world.

I had no difficulty in inducing her to feed on my
hand ; but at first she was shy and nervous. She kept
her sting in constant readiness; and once or twice in
the train, when the railway officials came for tickets,
and I was compelled to hurry her back into her bottle,
she stung me slightly—I think, however, entirely from
_ fright.

Gradually she became quite used to me, and when
I took her on my hand apparently expected to be fed.
She even allowed me to stroke her without any appear-
ance of fear, and for some months I never saw her
When the cold weather came on she fell into a
drowsy state, and I began to hope she would hibernate
and survive the winter. I kept her ina dark place, but
watched her carefully, and fed her if ever she seemed
at all restless.

She came out occasionally, and seemed as well as
usual till near the end of February, when one day I

Ye

\

316 POWER OF DISTINGUISHING COLOURS.
4

observed she had nearly lost the use of her antennz,
though the rest of the body was as usual. She would
take no food. Next day I tried again to feed her ; but
the head seemed dead, though she could still move her
legs, wings, and abdomen. The following day I offered
her food for the last time ; but both head and thorax —
were dead or paralysed; she could but move her tail,
a last token, as I could almost fancy, of gratitude and - |
affection. As far as I could judge, her death was quite —
painless; and she now occupies a place in the British
Museum.

ee.) Se ee eS

Power of distinguishing Colowrs.

As regards colours, I satisfied myself that wasps are
capable of distinguishing colour, though they do not
. seem so much guided by it as bees are. |

July 25.—At 7 AM. I marked a common worker
wasp (Vespa vulgaris), and placed her to some honey
on a piece of green paper 7 inches by 44. She worked
with great industry. After she had got well used tothe _
green paper I moved it 18 inches off, putting some )
other honey on blue paper where the green had pre-
viously been. She returned tothe blue. I then replaced
the green paper for an hour, during which she visited ©
it several times, after which I moved it 18 inches, as —
before, and put brick-red paper in its place. She returned
to the brick-red paper. But although this experiment —

indicates that this wasp was less strongly affected by

colours than the bees which I had previously observed,
still I satisfied myself that she was not colour-blind.

I moved the green paper slightly and put the
) honey, which, as before, was on a slip of plain glass,
about four feet off. She came back and lit on the green
f Peper, but finding no honey, rose again, and hawked
about in search of it. After 90 seconds I put the
green paper under the honey, and in 15 seconds she
found it. I then, while she was absent at the nest,
‘moved both the honey and the paper about a foot from
their previous positions, and placed them about a foot
apart. She returned as usual, hovered over the paper,
lit on it, rose again, flew about for a few seconas, lit
again on the paper, and again rose. After 2 minutes
had elapsed I slipped the paper under the honey, when
she almost immediately (within 5 seconds) lit on it.
‘It seems obvious, therefore, that she could see green.

I then tried her with red. I placed the honey on
brick-red paper, and left her for an hour, from 5 P.M. to
6, to get accustomed to it. During this time she con-
tinued her usual visits. I then put the honey and the
coloured paper about a foot apart; she returned first
to the paper and then to the honey. I then transposed
the honey and the paper. This seemed to puzzle her.
she returned to the paper, but did not settle. After
she had hawked about for 100 seconds I put the honey
on the red paper, when she settled on it at once. I
put the paper and the honey again 18 inches

part. As before, she returned first to the paper, but

a

almost immediately went to the honey. In a similar
manner I satisfied myself that she could see yellow.
Again, on August 18 I experimented on two wasps, —
one of which had been coming more or less regu- —
larly to some honey on yellow paper for four days, the —
other for twelve—coming, that is to say, for several —
days, the whole day long, and on all the others, with ©
two or three exceptions, for at least three hours in the
day. Both, therefore, had got well used to the yellow —
paper. I then put blue paper where the yellow had —
been, and put the yellow paper with some honey
on it about a foot off. Both the wasps returned to the —
honey on the blue paper. I then moved both the papers
about a foot, but so that the blue was somewhat nearer
the original position. Both again returned to theblue. —
I then transposed the colours, and they both returned —
to the yellow. 4
Very similar results were given by the wasp watched ~
on September 11. After she had made twenty visits
to honey on blue paper, I put it on yellow paper, and
moved the blue 12 inches off. She came back to the
yellow. Ithen put vermilion instead of yellow; she’
came back to the vermilion. I transposed the colours 5
she came back to the vermilion. |
I put white instead of vermilion; she came to
the blue.
» green a white ; she came to the blu
» orange ,, green; shecame to the blu
I transposed the colours ; she returned to the ora

318 EXPERIMENTS WITH COLOURED PAPERS.

‘

abit with Shah 2k PAPERS, 319

_ I put white instead of orange ; she came to the white.
» green ~ white ; she came to the blue.
» purple Pe green; she came to the

purple.
» orange 4, purple; she came to the
orange.
» green ” orange; she came to tbe
green.
I transposed the colours ; she came to the blue.
” » green.

So far, therefore, she uiinis showed no special
predilection for the blue. I then left her the rest
of the day to visit the honey on blue paper exclusively.
She made fifty-eight visits to it. The following
morning I opened my window at 6.15, when she im-
_ mediately made her appearance.
I let her make ten more visits to the honey on blue
paper, moving it about a foot or so backwards and
_ forwards on the table. Ithen put orange paper instead
3 of the blue, and put the blue about a foot off. She
returned to the orange.
I put yellow instead of orange; she came to the
yellow.
» vermilion ,, yellow; she came to the
vermilion.
» white » vermilion ; she came to the
white.
» green » White; she came to the
green.
I transposed the colours; she came to the blue.

*

320 EXPERIMENTS WITH COLOURED PAPERS.

I now put vermilion instead of green, and moved
both of them a foot, but so that the vermilion was
nearest the window, though touching the blue; she
came to the vermilion.

Again, September 11, I marked a wasp. She re
turned to the honey over and over again with the usual
assiduity. The following morning I put the honey on

green paper; she came backwards and forwards all day. —
On the 13th I opened my window at 6.8, and she came.

in immediately. During an hour she made ten
journeys. On her leaving the honey for the eleventh
time, I placed some honey on vermilion paper where
the green had been, and put the honey and the green
paper about a foot off.

She came at 7.25 to the vermilion. I then put orange
instead of vermilion.

z 7.34 ,, orange. I then put blue

instead of orange.

> 7.40 ,, blue. I then put white in- :

stead of blue.
7.47. ,, white. . I then put yellow in-
stead of white.

”

- 7.55 ,, yellow and then tothe green. —

I transposed the colours.
is 8.2 ,, green. I then moved both

colours about a foot, but so that the yellow was a little. }

nearer to the old place.
She returned at 8.9 to the yellow.

PERCEPTION OF COLOUR. — —_—:«@3:221

I then removed the yellow paper and honey, and
placed the honey which had been on the green sl
about a foot from it on the table.

At 8.15 she returned and lit on the green paper,
but immediately flew off to the honey. I then trans-
_ posed the honey and the paper.

At 8.24 she returned and again lit on the paper, but
immediately flew off to the honey.

Thus, therefore, though it is clear that wasps can
distinguish colours, they appear, as might be expected
from other considerations, to be less guided by them

than is the case with bees.
I have been much struck by the industry of wasps.
They commence work early in the morning, and do not
leave off till dusk. I have several times watched a
wasp the whole day, and from morning to evening, if
not disturbed, they worked without any interval for rest
or refreshment.

Being anxious to compare bees and wasps in this
respect, on August 6, 1882, I accustomed a wasp and
three bees to come to some honey put out for them on
two tables, one allotted to the wasp, the other to the
bees. The last bee came at 7.15 p.m. The wasp con-
tinued working regularly till 7.47, coming at intervals
of between six and seven minutes. Next morning,

when I went into my study a few minutes after 4 a.M.,
I found the wasp already at the honey. The first bee
came at 5.45, the second at 6.

The wasp occupied about a minute, or even less, in
Y

2
:
:

ti ee an se eed

=

322 CONCLUSION.

supplying herself with a load of honey, and made
during the day, as shown in the Appendix (p. 423), no~
less than 116 visits to the honey, or 232 journeys
between my room and her nest, during which she
carried off rather more than sixty-four grains of honey.

It would, however, perhaps be unfair to the bees to

regard this as indicating that they are less industrious —

than wasps. The deficiency may be due to their being
more susceptible to cold.

I may add that I then left home for a few days. I
covered over the honey, leaving only a small entrance
for the wasp. When I returned on the 12th, I found
her still at work, and by herself. It was evident that
she had continued her labours, but without bringing
any friends to assist her. a 4

Every one has heard of a ‘bee-line.’ It would be
no less correct to talk of a wasp-line. On August 6
I marked a wasp, the nest of which was round the
corner of the house, so that her direct way home.
was not out of the window by which she entered,
but in the opposite direction, across the room to a
window which was closed. I watched her for some
hours, during which time she constantly went to the
closed window, and lost much time in buzzing about at —
it. August 7, I was not able to watch her. August 8
and 9, I watched her from 6.25 a.M., when she made
her first visit. She still constantly went to the closed
window. August 10 and 11,1 was away from home.
August 12, she made her first visit at 7.40, and still

+ vid »“ 2 " — _.
a 4. eee. 6? ee
" <a Te, ew ae
4 Vi ae eS aA fy
re ~ A 1 : 3 +
a, ow - — 2 > » ‘
" - a ; . 823
7 » ' é - .- . . +

q Neat tb ae eisied tad. August 13, her first visit
By was at 6.15; she went to the closed window and remained
buzzing about there till 7, when I caught her and put
_ her out at the open one by which she always entered.
3 August 15 and 16, she continued to visit the honey, - in
but still, always, even after ten days’ experience, con- a7

_ tinued to go to the closed window, which was in the __
- direct line home; though on finding it closed she

returned and went round through the open window by _

_ which she entered. — : 7 tay

APPENDIX A.

us on Division of Labour,

sperime?
(See p. 45.)
TaBLE I.—-Siaves of Formica fusca. Nest No. 1.

Ex

Tables illustrating

.

10

— a —) ocooo o

0.
0

. . om .
: © so ooccocSo :
a

2° coor Moco
. ‘a ZA

a) *
ooococoooo 29°, Fo ee o

SOs tccooo cot Oo™Moco :oo
i A” a :

a“ .
oo BOWS BOOeS SS See
Le}

i) i) :ooCco coooocececoeo

A

ow. 7 on oD ‘
Oo: "OS 1:00, CSCO, ScSoSoCSoOSoOS
i . . Z, Z
=
Aa

Zs
S .
a | OL¢, cCOSCSCSCoOSCOSCOOS i9ocoSo
& §
oO «O19 OD i
“ oooo°o : oooocosoosos
a "AAA

x
of
oo, ooooooooosooSoooSS

ll

_i
oo pocooyoooooooesoo°S

10

s
oo 6999999099 99S eae

oO ~
———

“ybed™ tH

ts eooooceco|cocococec“eso

6.30

ocoooooo :t0900 if i090

i] oo;
om
© 6
AA

Sn gente

°
®
=

coal Hid Oh OD
an ANAAAAN

Nov. 20

eescosso & ep ccccoo cocecso

. 2°
Op y,cecessoo ecooscoosesss 93999
: . -. ©
coo :9 sooooo ecocececeoo © iPys

. . i]
esoosco :ooosooso cO 3:9 seoooSososo id

ccotscoooososcosessoosoesossoss SO ic io

Zeeces isososoo o:0 :0

oooooooooes

orl cel

Scooosooosoooossy oo isose oto:

Sigg oo isesoooess isocs io: co :sc09

Sop ooosS ioscocoooooSsooS oicoco
a

. o

oop eocoocoy cocccoocescc]o © ico,

- . °o ico} . .
ioooooy, ooo, ooseo issoooosess SoSse
tOOCCOSCS tooo oCOOSO itoooSoSoSoSSO oSsSco :

esesooooooosooooocol coos ocoooco

Sooo ooooogoooooosooocoo,

foo
cook cee

Le] -o o
ye2ooeoo ipo,e

o* * :
eocoo, oS icoooooooos

ecscoocosoososooscescs : tcooo of sco

> DIVISION OF LABOUR.

10

‘

©
Pl a a ag ocooossseessesss Se

©
ooo coos COCO, SoCo SSOSS OO

ire)
pS OS Se ooooooooooeooo oo

©S:00000 OC8000 3:0 io i000 CO

©
ocooooooo Wg SS LSS Se +e oo

~ or)
ooooooco Dg SS ee oo

# :
ooooooo VOoOSoOO BOI oeS oo

2500000 C0009, 00000 30 of
a A . a

3
ior) : ©
So iE pgooe ODL a Oe ae oo

ooooooo ecoooooooeooeoeoco oo

12

TazxE I. (continued).
2

‘ Zen ot
oo ae
5

ooo :oooososo SO
WAZ : : -

1l

. - .
eooooo :° OO yee joooOF oo

10

=)

Zoo eooo, essooeooooscoososo oOo

o
re} or)
oo ooo chooco*oscoscco oo
Zao? wi > Z

=)
om © ~ © Cc co
oo ooo oo o coooo
mi Zi me 2, a ae

or) © oo
ooo ooo eoo,ceo

———

———

OO — ——

————————E —_

See ve ei a ee CC

DIVISION OF LABOUR.

oeoooocococooeceoceoceococeo oco

ao
Pop oooooooscosoer coco ooo

>
coooooooy Foosooocoocs oco

So
a oo o a
oo,co oooo,ceoo occ
<I

—]
GOOG, COSSOSS SS SSSSSCO ooo

sc
esoocosescocese Hocos ooo

Oo io icococoooooCoSCCooCS

eocooooooocececoceococeoceoce|co

eocococeo\coceoce\ceoce|ceocec\oso

°

eccoocoococooscooooooscso :ocooosscoso

o

_
coooooSooooooF CoS icoooooy

Hroccgeccccooeccccee :ooooco

co

eccoscocoooocooocoscososo :coooces

—]

eccococococoococoooeceoceoeceoco

coopoooooooooooooooososcoe

eoo isccooosoooosos 1:90:09 !9 to

| — Led heiaatlaeala atten —$" t- --P-t—P-t-t-t-7 7-4 b-P
a

Bs

.

TaBLE I].—Slaves of Polyergus. (See p. 45.)

DIVISION OF LABOUR
= or ccoosco
5 es ;
O ° : coo [Oo 30
( . 5 1°:
Cy We fon) [O° off scococo
qi : AA
x |2o cocco coeff coccco coo
A Za Zz
er -) :
o |oo w% ISSO oooSoSoooo iZose
So cooo* ~“scoccococo ce
»
a AZAZ A
a ie 6. 666 tod oat ios
Ma ees a A A A
ab enki s eo Hole at ce ocooooosoo
ma? nae AN 3 ABA
. wm .
a | o: SOS SZ SSOSSOSSS 199 i0 }
oo S508 28% sccococoofcoo
coml .
A Z ‘Aaa A
= oom “sot ot ooo SS cooofo io
ot a ae ae” 4 ZAG A :
296
ee | OO Wecoooooosy 1999909 °
& loo COS, oZSCooSoS OOS SOOSS
19 ©
o ov, ooooosoosooooso Sooo, OSS
oo -Lressese © sccccocoo tooo
* Ae A~ A A
19 19:19 co
ofcoo oo
x | oo peepee ta 7, a
2%
i—J 19 Aye . a6 a .
ry Oo.» 866! es a)
3 Sag { cima sched : 2 oy
Ar) GC 6 be CO 2 Ori Ol 68 HID 6 i OO ©

zZcccoooosy © ecoooooescso

RS ES eccooscoosoooosco
: ZA

. . al ono
co to tooooco yw CS ony cocosce

coo icooooo oo iscoooocosoo
A

- C=] eo C=) oO
coco coco oococooo,..w?So So oc :
S Zz Zz Pe

i] :
coon cocooocooo oo oor? top oocoo

a

= .
ptnabaadedtcass uae eco :
=m Zi

eco ioooooooCO cop cccce }

eCoccce joooy coccoooScesse }

- =] io} re)
oooo oooo So oS oooco :

—

© © .3
eccoocoocooooo.co 7+, COCO, coooSo

Zz Asa A
mPococoooooe$$ jooep coco,

ecocoy coco cocooy cooccCcS]

© 2.) ©
ooooo o,ccooso
SESS 99 Op O z J

i)
Zz
. © =] © 36 oe

, 10%
eococoeooececeoce|coc : cooo

AA

i ipoococc] 3: icoce

J * * * *
xz? 30:3 3'3
aaa ‘vhs gp chaaa ghee he

a)

330 DIVISION OF LABOUR. Cong

”
for)
= o osoco So Sy7oSe, OS ° \”
\ Sa 5] Do
alo E3000 2 coop yo o° °
ate Z
Pd o ocoo Oo ecooooo of °
for) former)
é oooo zw, CCSS7y CO °
. ~
© o icooo i, Owceey SO °
xs for or me
1% o tooo . coooy, °° °
- =|
~ o itiooo oc cooyoo oo 2
> | @ o oocoo So eococcooo Soo °
= gS
3 a o ooco Oo oococooo oo oe
S 3 :
rd © OD
~ Iie | BO coos Oo cooooo ko °
=| Ea Ez
~ Leal
a | a E
a | 8 o otco 2 ocooooO oO *
<
SI
n Ste oS oO. Ser ioog "o¢ °
S) o ococoo o oecooocoo oo °
rate)
e o ococo oboococo oo °
i=
33 Oo
ry o ooco o oecooocoo =e ve
for wor)
6 ® coco co op, coe of °
R © PP be t00002% to °
o : FEZ : Zz :
ETc) Oman oOo ra ND Hg - oO a
: re ten I soe foes Bion Boe | | on Ii ee | cool
af

>

4 mtd
Salm |, Und
’ “~~
u . ad |

331

DIVISION OF LABOUR.

oooo

ooo

oocoo

“soo

SIN

0
0
0

coooo

0
0
TIN

0 0
TIN; 0
TIN! 0

0 |IIN

OLN

coooo

ocooo

9N

of

ooo

0 0 0 0
0 |;9N] O JON
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
Pus g “son, youq gnd 7
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 IITN! O 0
‘L ‘ON youg ynd wou 7
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 ef re 0
o;|o]lolo

oooo

6
4

oooo

ooo

TIN

9N

oo

ILN

ooo
RASS

ITN

1%

332 _DIVISION OF LABOUK.
=r sS- = ‘
P Z| coooto,eos osotessoooso occ.
Zi z q
cd ene
a }oococoooocoscoo"oco"™sco0 oosS
Z ZAG
and a oo
re rere
e | ,ocooosotoo oocoooo ooo
' Zi Az
Ere : a
- oc is cot yooooooooscoso Soo
Z A
ee = ee
© ro Cee coceor Fr ococscos ooo.
ZAZ Zz
3
~e |oooooo Rgoocosososoooososeoso ooo
a a
© = Tiny 3
~ ooo, oot ocootoosooosss o :0
A Z
B]ile |oiceo :oocoooooooSoSoSSoSS ooo
& = = 4
= re Lame) cml
Sla |ooococcotocoo"cotcocsesososss
5 Zi a.
~ ca _
= cocoocotooocoocososo totes too
Zi a
| = ar
a|S |ooooco"™o™™, ocoocoococos tooosooes
< 4 AG
B
mn 4
= Soooe°eS Soo, ee > 9372S
ee Loma! _
BZ locooocococo"coo"ococooo™osooos
AZ Zz Z
N —
ea |ooooccoso"ocoo"coosccososcocosos
Z a
‘ a a ia a
ow |cooocco"oo"sccoosco™oo"se0090
Zi Z Z Z
ST CTR.
- |; ooooo™oo"oo"™o”"ssosooocosososso :
ZA Z 4 &Z
= z rt
s 20 [90S eC2S0C® [9 } 36 e iam
wt OR SE 8D ORS RS at ON SS 0 eS ee
g i So Oe oe oe Be ee oe AANN
z/24
*)

a

|

333

APPENDIX B.

Tue following are the details referred to on p. 122:—

On August 4, 1875, I separated one of my colonies
of Formica fusca into two halves, and kept them
entirely apart.
On March 15 following I put in a stranger and one
of the old companions from the other half of the nest at
7 a.M., and watched them longer than those previously
‘experimented on. The stranger was very soon attacked ;
the friend seemed quite at home.
June 4, 1876.—8 a.m. Put into the nest a stranger
‘and an old friend. The stranger was at once attacked,
and dragged about by one of her antenne. 9 A.M. The
was being attacked; the friend, though not
attacked, kept rather away from the other ants.
10.30 a.M. The stranger was attacked, not the friend.
12.30 P.M. ditto, 1 P.M. ditto, 1.30 P.M. ditto, 2 P.M.
| ditto, 2.30 p.m. ditto, 4 P.M. ditto, 4.30 P.M. ditto. 5 P.M.
The stranger was dragged out of the nest.
_ Jwne 5.—Putina stranger and a friend at 9.30. At
10 the stranger was being attacked, not the friend.
“10 A.M. ditto, 10.30 a.m. ditto.
At 11 a.m. I put in another stranger and another old
a .
friend, when nearly the same thing was repeated. At
11.30 a.m. the stranger was being dragged about by her
-antenne ; the friend was not attacked. 12 a.m. The
jad was by herself in a corner of the nest. The
friend was almost cleaned from the paint by which she
was marked. I then put in another friend. At2 P.M.

stranger was being dragged about by an antenna,

7

334 RECOGNITION OF FRIENDS

the friend was being cleaned. 2.30 P.M. ditto, 3 ditto.
At 3.30 P.M. the friend was almost clean: the stranger —
was being dragged about. 6 P.M. ditto.

June 10.—Repeated the same observation at 10 4.m., ~
but transposed the colours by which they.were distin- ~
guished, so that there might be no question whether
perhaps the difference of treatment was due to the
difference of colouring. At 11 a.m. the friend was un- —
molested, the stranger was being dragged about by an ©
antenna. 11.30 4.M. the friend unmolested, the stranger~
being dragged about by one leg. 12 A.M. ditto. —
12.30 p.M. the friend unmolested, the stranger being
dragged about by an antenna. 1 P.M. ditto, 2 P.M.
ditto, 3 P.M. ditto.

July 3.—Put in a friend and a stranger at 11 A.M.
At 11.30 a.m. the stranger was being dragged about,
the friend was being cleaned. 12 A.M. ditto. 12.30 A.M.
both were now being attacked. 1 P.M. ditto. '

This seems to show that some at least of the
ants have forgotten their old friends. Perhaps, however,
these were young ants.

July 16.—Put in two friends at 7.454.M. At 8 A.M.
each was being dragged about by anantenna. 8.30 A.M.
one was being dragged about by both antenne, the
other by both antennz and one leg. 10 A.M. both were
still attacked, but it is curious that at the same time
others were cleaning off the paint. 12.30 P.M. both
still attacked.

July 17.—Put ina friend at 8.15 a.m. At 8.30 A.M,
they were cleaning her. At 9 A.M. she was almost clean,
9.30 a.M. she seemed quite at home, and had only one
spot of paint on her. 10.20 a.. ditto.

July 20.—Put ina friend and stranger at 9 A.M.
At 9.30 a.m. the friend seemed all right; the strang
was in a corner by herself. At 10 .M. the friend
being cleaned ; the stranger had come out of her corner
and was being fiercely attacked. At 11 4.M. the fri

i: AFTER LONG SEPARATION. 335

seemed quite at home and was almost cleaned ; the
stranger was being dragged about, but wasalmost cleaned.
At 12 a.m. the same thing was going on, and also at
12.30 p.m. At 1.30 P.M. the stranger was still being
ed about; but what struck me as remarkable, the
friend also had hold of one of the ants by an antenna.
At 2 p.m. the friend was by herself, the stranger was
being attacked. At 4 p.m. the friend again had hold
of an ant by an antenna; the stranger was being
ed about. At 5 p.m. the friend seemed quite at
ome in the nest, the stranger was dragged out of the
nest. The following morning I was still able to dis-
tinguish the friend ; she seemed quite at home.
August 5.—Put in a stranger and a friend at 8 a.m.
At 8.30 a.m. both were attacked. 9 a.m. ditto, 9.30
A.M. ditto, 10 a.M. ditto, 11 A.M. ditto, 12.30 a.m. ditto.
August 6.—Repeated the experiment at 2 a.m.
Both ants hid themselves in corners. At 3.30 a.m. the
er was being attacked; the friend was in a corner
by herself. At 4.30 a.M. both were attacked. 5.30
A.M. ditto.
August 7.—Put in a stranger and a friend at 8.30
A.M. At 8.45 a.m. both were being attacked. 9.30 a.m.
ditto, 10 A.M. ditto.
August 8.—Put in a friend at 7 am. At 8 a.m.
_ she seemed quite at home with the others. At 9 a.m.
_ they had almost cleaned her. At 9.30 a.m. she seemed
quite at home with the others. At 10 a.m. ditto.
August 12.—Put in a friend and a stranger at 7
P.M. Both were immediately attacked. 7.15 a.m. they
_ were being dragged about. 7.45 a.m. ditto, 8 ditto,
8.15 A.M. ditto.
August 13.—Put in a friend at 6.30 a.m. At 7.50
A.M. two attacked her. At 8 a.m. she was being
_ attacked by one ant, but another was cleaning her.
8.15 am. ditto. 8.45 a.m. Two were attacking her,
_ one dragging at her by an antenna. 9 A.M. ditto, 9.30

— 336 RECOGNITION OF FRIENDS

A.M. ditto, 10 A.M. ditto, 10.30 a.m. ditto. Others had
almost entirely cleaned off the paint.

At 5 P.M. put a friend and a stranger into the other
half of the nest. At 5.15 a.m. the friend seemed —
quite at home, and had been nearly cleaned; the ~
stranger was being attacked. 5.30 a.M. ditto, 8.15 a.M.
ditto. 7..5 a.M. Two of the ants were dragging the
stranger out of the nest; the friend had been quite
cleaned.

August 14.—At 8.15 a.m. I put an ant from each
half of the nest into the other. At 8.30 A.M. one was
alone in the corner, the other was being attacked, At
9 a.M. both were being attacked. 9.30 4.M. ditto, 10.30.
A.M. ditto; 11.30 a.m. ditto, both, however, being ‘almost |
cleaned.

August 19.—At 8 a.m.I put into each nest one
from the other. The one was received amicably and
cleaned, so that after a while I lost sight of her. It was
clear that she was received in a friendly manner, —
because no fighting was going on. At 11 a.m. I put
into the same nest another friend: at 11.30 a.M. she
was all right, and, being cleaned at 12 a.m., I could no
longer distinguish her. .

The ant put into the other nest was not so well
received. At 9.30 a.M., 11.30 A.M., and 12.30 a.m. she’
was being dragged about, but she was also being cleaned,
and after 12.30 a.m. I lost sight of her. As the paint
had been entirely removed, but no ant was being
attacked, I have no doubt she was at length recognised
as a friend.

August 21.—At 10.15 4.mM. I again put into each
nest an ant from the other. One was at once cleaned,
and I could not find her. I should, however, cornu
have seen her if she had been attacked.

The other was at first attacked by one of the ants ;_
but this soon ceased, and they began to clean her. By
11.30 A.M. she was quite at her ease among the other

J
=

AFTER LONG SEPARATION, . 837

ants, and almost clean. After 12 a.m. I could not see her
any more, At 1.40 p.m. I again put into each nest an
ant from the other, accompanied, however, in both cases
by a stranger. The contrast was most marked, and no
one who saw it could have doubted that the friends and

ers were respectively recognised as such, or that.
they themselves were fully aware of their posi-
tion. ;

In the first nest the friend at once joined the other
ants, who began to clean her. The stranger ran about
in evident alarm, was pursued by the others, and took
refuge in acorner. At 2 P.M. the friend was with the
other ants, the stranger alone inacorner. At 2.25 P.M.
the friend was almost cleaned, and after 2.30 P.M. we
could no longer distinguish her: the stranger was still
alone. At 3.40 p.m. she came out of her hiding-place
and was attacked; after a while she escaped from the
nest. At 5.30 P.M. she met one of the ants, and a
battle at once began. I separated the combatants and
put the stranger back near her own nest, which she at
once entered, and where she was soon cleaned by her
own friends.

I will now describe the adventures of the other
couple. The friend immediately joined the other ants ;
the stranger was hunted about and soon seized. At 2
P.M. the-friend was all right, the stranger being dragged
about. At 2.30 p.m. ditto. The stranger was soon
afterwards dragged out of the nest. The friend, whom
I watched at intervals till 6.30 P.m., continued on the
best terms with the others; it was quite clear, there-
fore, that they did not regard her as a stranger.
She herself was not afraid of, and did not avoid
them. Still for some time she apparently wished to
return to the ants with whom she had recently lived.
She came out of the nest, and tried to find her way
_ home. — I put her back again, however, and by the even-
_ ing she seemed to have accustomed herself to the
Zz

¢ :
'

338 RECOGNITION OF FRIENDS

change. I then opened the door of the nest soon after
5 p.M.; but she showed no wish to leave her newly re-
joined. friends.

September 1.—At 11 a.m. I again put into each half ~

of the nest an ant from the other and a stranger. In
the one nest the friend joined the other ants, and seemed
quite at home; the stranger, on the contrary, en-
deavoured to conceal herself, and at length, at 4 in the
afternoon, escaped from the nest.

In the other division the friend also appeared quite
at home. The stranger, on the contrary, endeavoured
to escape, but in the course of the afternoon was
attacked and killed.

October 15.—At 8 a.M. I repeated the same experi-
ment. In the first nest, up to 10 A.M., neither ant was
attacked ; and it is curious that the stranger was licked,
and, indeed, almost cleaned. Soon afterwards, however,
the ants began to attack her, and at three P.M. she was
expelled, the friend, on the contrary, being quite at
home. Still the following day, at noon, I found her out
of the nest (all the rest being within). This almost

looks as if, though safe, she did not feel happy; and —

I accordingly put her back to her old home, which
she at once entered.

In the other division the friend was soon nearly
cleaned, and the stranger partly so. The friend seemed
quite at home. At 12.30 the stranger was being
dragged about by three ants; but after this I lost sight
of her.

November 10.—At 11.30 put into one of the divi-
sions a friend anda stranger. At 12 the friend was

all right, the stranger was being dragged about by an —

antenna. From this time till 7 P.M. the stranger was
continually being dragged about or held a prisoner,
while the friend was quite at home.

November 11.—At 10.15 I put into the other
division a friend and a stranger. At 11 the friend was

7 : AFTER LONG SEPARATION. 339

i.
‘

uite at home, and the colour with which I had marked
er had been almost cleaned off. The stranger, on the
con , was being dragged about by two of the ants.
afer is however, I could not find her. She had, no
doubt, escaped from the nest.

November 12.—The following day, therefore, at
11.30, I again put a friend and a stranger into this
division of the nest. The friend seemed quite at
home. One of the ants at once seized the stranger by
an antenna and began dragging her about. I will give
this observation in detail out of my note-book.

At 11.45. The friend is quite at home with th
rest; the stranger is being dragged about.

At 12. The friend is all right. Three ants now
have hold of the stranger by her legs and an antenna.

At 12.15, 12.30, 12.45, and at 1 the stranger was

- thus held a prisoner.

At 1.30 one now took hold of the friend, but soon

seemed to find out her mistake, and left go again.

At 1.45. The friend is all right. e stranger is
being attacked. The friend also has been almost

_ cleaned, while on the stranger the colour has been

scarcely touched. ,
At 2.15. Two ants are licking the friend, while

another pair are holding the stranger by her legs.

At 2.30. The friend is now almost clean; so that
I could only just perceive any colour. The stranger,

_ on the contrary, is almost as much coloured as ever.

She is now near the door, and, I think, would have
come out, but two ants met and seized her.
At 3. Two ants are attacking the stranger. The

friend is no longer distinguishable from the rest.

At 3.30, 3.40, and 5 the stranger was still held a
prisoner.

At 6.0. The stranger now escaped from the nest,

_ and I put her back among her own friends.

December 11.—At 10 a.m. I again put in a friend
z2

~ de a ae

340 RECOGNITION OF FRIENDS AFTER A

and a stranger. The friend was not attacked, and con-
sorted peaceably with the rest. I found her again all
right on the following morning. The stranger, on the
contrary, was soon attacked and expelled.

December 22.—Repeated the same experiment,
The stranger was attacked and driven out of the nest.
The friend was received quite amicably.

December 26.—Ditto. The friend was received as
usual. I lost sight of the stranger, who probably escaped.

December 31.—Ditto. The stranger, after being
dragged about some time in the nest, made her
escape. But even outside, having met with an ant
accidentally, she was viciously attacked.

January 15, 1877.—Ditto. .

January 16.—I put in two friends; but thinking
the preceding experiments sufficient, I did not on this
occasion add a stranger. Neither of the friends was
attacked.

Janwary 19.—Put in two friends at 11 A.M.
Neither was attacked, and the following morning they
were all right amongst the rest. q

January 22.—Put in three friends with the same _
result.

January 24.—Put in two friends with the same —
result.

January 26.—Put in three friends with the same
result.

February 11.—I put in two friends from the other —
division at 10 a.M. I looked at 10.15, 10.30, 11,
11.30, 12, 2, 4, and 6 P.M. They were on every occa-
sion quite at home amongst the others. j

February 12.—Put in three from the other division
at 12. They were quite at home. I looked at them
at 12.30, 1, 2,4, and 6. Only for a minute or two at
first one appeared to be threatened.

February 13.—Put in one friend from the other
division, The ant was put in at 9,15 a.m., and [looked —

sheet Ms OF wall

SEPARATION OF MORE THAN A YEAR. 341

at 9.30, 10,11, 12, and 1. She was evidently quite at

“Sic
February 15.—Ditto. The ant was put in at 10.15
A.M., and visited at 10.30, 11, 12, 1, 2,3, and 4. She
was not attacked.

February 19.—Ditto. The ant was put in at 10
A.M., and I looked at 10.15, 10.30, 11, 12, 1, and 2.
She was not attacked.

March 11.—Ditto. Ditto at 9.30 a.m.; visited at
10.30, 12.30, 2.30, and 5.30. She was not attacked.

March 12.—Ditto. Ditto at 10 a.m.; I looked at
12, 2, and 4. She-was not attacked.

March 18.—Put in two friends at 1 p.m.; I looked
at 2and 4. She was not attacked.

April 21.—Put in one friend at 9.30 a.m. At 10
she was all right, also at 12 and 4 P.M. She was not
attacked.

April 22.—Put in two friends at 8.30 a.m. I looked
at them at 9 and 10, when they were almost cleaned.
After that I could not find them; but I looked at 2, 4,
and 6, and must have seen if they were being attacked.

April 23.—Put in two friends at 12.32. I looked
at them at 1, 2, 3,4, and 6 p.m. They were not attacked.

May 13.—Put in two friends and a stranger at 7.45.
At 9 the two friends were with the rest. The stranger
was in a corner by herself. 11 ditto, 12 ditto. At 1
the friends were all right; the stranger was being
attacked. 2, the friends all right; the stranger had
been dragged out of the nest. The next morning I
looked again; the two friends were all right.

May 14.—Put in the remaining three friends at
10. I looked at them at 11, 12, 1, 2,4,and 6. They
were not attacked, and seemed quite at home.

This completed the experiment, which had lasted
from August 4, 1875, till May 14, 1877, when the last
ones were restored to their friends. In no case was a
friend attacked.

542 RECOGNITION OF FRIENDS AFTER A

The difference of behaviour to friends and strangers ~

was therefore most marked.

The friends were gradually licked clean, and except
for a few moments, and that probably by mistake,
never attacked. The strangers, on the contrary, were
not cleaned, were at once seized, were dragged about
for hours with only a few minutes’ interval, by one, two,
or three assailants.

Though the above experiment seemed to me con-
clusive, 1 thought it would be well to repeat it with
another nest.

I therefore separated a nest of Formica fusca into
two portions on October 20, 1876.

On February 25, 1877, at 8 a.m. I put an ant from
the smaller lot back among her old companions. At
8.30 she was quite comfortably established among them.
At 9 ditto, at 12 ditto, and at 4 ditto.

June 8.—I put two specimens from the smaker lot
back as before among their old friends. At 1 they were
all right and among the others. At 2 ditto. After this
I could not distinguish them amongst the rest; but they
were certainly not attacked.

June 9.—Put in two more at the same hour. U
to 3 in the afternoon they were neither of them attacked.
On the contrary, two strangers from different nests,
which I introduced at the same time, were both very
soon attacked.

July 14.—I put in two more of the friends at 10.15.
In a few minutes they joined the others, and seemed
quite at home. At 11 they were among the others.
At 12 ditto, and at 1 ditto.

July 21.—At 10.15 I put in two more of the
old friends. At 10.30 I looked; neither was being
attacked. At 11 ditto, 12 ditto, 2 ditto, 4 ditto, and
6 ditto.

October 7.—At 9.30 I put in two, and watched
them carefully till 1. They joined the other ants and

a

SEPARATION OF MORE THAN A YEAR. 343

were not attacked. I also put in a stranger from
another nest. Her behaviour was quite different.
She kept away from the rest, running off at once in
evident fear, and kept wandering about, seeking to
escape. At 10.30 she got out; I put her back, but
she soon escaped again. I then put in another
stranger. She was almost immediately attacked. In
the meantime the old friends were gradually cleaned.
At 1.30 they could scarcely be distinguished; they
seemed quite at home, while the stranger was bein
dragged about. After 2 I could no longer distingui
them. They were, however, certainly not attacked.
The stranger, on the contrary, was killed and brought
out of the nest.

This case, therefore, entirely confirmed the pre-
ceding, in which strangers were always attacked; triends
were in most cases amicably received, even after more
than a year of separation. But while the strangers
were invariably attacked and expelled, the friends were
not always recognised, at least at first. It seemed as if
_ some of the ants had forgotten them, or perhaps the

young ones did not recognise them, Even, however,
when the friends were at first attacked, the aggressors
soon seemed to discover their mistake, and friends were
never ultimately driven out of the nest. This recogni-
tion of old friends after a separation of more than a
year seems to me very remarkable.

The details are, I fear, tedious, but I have thought
them worth giving, because a mere general statement,
without particulars, would not give so clear an idea of
the result.

344 POWER OF COMMUNICATION.

APPENDIX C.

THE following are the details of the observation re
corded on p. 161 :—

At 9.45 I put an ant (N1) to a raisin.
At 9.50 she went to the nest.
9.55 I put another (N2) to the-raisin.

; 10.0 she went to the nest.
10. 0 N1 came back.
10.2 she went to the nest.
10. 7 N1 came back. a
10.9 she went to the nest. ’
10.11 N2 came back.
10.13 she went to the nest. q
10.12 N1 came back. .
10.14 she went to the nest. >
10.13 put another (N3) to the raisin. .
10.18 she went to the nest.
10.16 N1 came back.
10.17 she went to the nest.
10.22 N2 came back.
10.24 she went to the nest.

(I here overpainted N2, and she returned no more.)

At 10.24 N1 came back.
10.26 she went to the nest.

10.30 N1 came back.
‘ 10.32 she went to the nest.

10.33 N3 came back.
10.35 she went to the nest.

POWER OF COMMUNICATION. 345

At 10.35 Nl came back. (She met with an acci-
dent. At first she seemed @ good deal hurt, but
gradually recovered.)
At 10.40 N3 came back.
10.46 she went to the nest.
10.46 a aera came ; I imprisoned her.
10.47 K
10.52 Nl came back.
10.54 she went to the nest.
10.57 N3 came back.
11.2 she went to the nest.
11. 8 N3 came back.
11.13 she went to the nest.
11.10 a stranger came; I removed her to a
little distance.
At 11.11 a stranger came; marked her N4.

11.16 N3 came. At 11.18 went.
11.23 N4 ,, 11.25: ,
11.24N3 ,, 11.26 ,,
11.27 N4 ,, 11.29 ,,
11.31 N3 ,, 11.34 ,,
11.32 N4 ,, 11.35 ,,
11.40 N3 ,, 11.42 ,,
11.40 N4 ,, ata
11.45 N3 11.47 ,,
” a stranger came.
11.48 N1 came. 11.49 ,,
11.49 N4 ,, 11.50 ,,
11.51 Nl ,, 11.53 ,,
11.53 N3 ,, 11.56 ,,
11.54N4 ,, 11.56 ,,
12,.0N3 ,, 12.2 ,,
» Nd » ” ”
» Nl , ” ”
12.5N4 ,, 1352 Vso
12.6N3 ,, 13. 8),
12.13 N3 , 12.15 ,,

346 POWER OF COMMUNICATION.
At 12.14 N4 came. 12.15 went.

12.17 a stranger came.

.12.19 N4 came. 12:20u,;
12.20 N3 ,, 12.22 .,,
12.21 N1_,, 12.25 ,
12.25 N4 ,, 12.26 ,,
12.27 N3 ,, 12.28 ,,
12.30 N4 12.32 |,,

ee stranger came. .
»» N3(was disturbed) 12.37 ,,

12.38 N4 came. 12.40 ,,
12.42 N38 ,,
12.47 N4 ,, 12.49 ,,

Thus during these three hours only six strangers
came. The raisin must have seemed almost inexhaust-
ible, and the watched ants in passing and repassing
went close to many of their friends; they took no
notice of them, however, and did not bring any out of
the nest to co-operate with them in securing the food
though their regular visits showed how much they
appreciated it.

Again (on July 15), an ant belonging to one of
my nests of Formica fusca was out hunting. At 8.8 I
put a spoonful of honey before her. She fed till 8.24,
when she returned to the nest. Several others were
running about. She returned as follows :—

9.10 to the honey, but was disturbed, ran away, and
returned at 10.40. At 10.53 went back to the nest ;

. 11.30 “De, gigi:

% 12.5 butwas disturbed; she ran away again, but
% 1.30 “At 1.44 to the nest;

99 2. 0 » 2.15 $s

Pe 3. 7 Faget | Xs

34 ee eS ae
15 oes Soe

t 5. 3 went back to the nest. =

A ‘
» 610 , ” a
» 6.45 ” ” a"
” 7.18 ” ” ~
» 8.0 ” ” %
” 8.32 ” » 7 *
» 9.30 ” ” t2

aw

” 10.20 7a ”

| During the whole day she brought no friend, and Me
only one other ant found the honey, evidently an inde- Fits.

pendent discovery. =

r . &,

APPENDIX D.

THE following are the details referred to on page
164 :— =
September 24, 1875.—I put out two sets of larvee ;
and to one of them I placed two specimens of :
Myrmica ruginodis, which I will call 1 and 2. They
returned as follows, carrying off a larva on oat 4
journey :— e |

No. 1. No. 2.
10.23
10.26
10.28
10.32
10.34
10.37 ?
10.40 ;
10.41 bringing a friena.
10.50
10.55
ll. 6
11.16
11.40
11.44
11.45
11.46 an ant came alone.
11.56 :
12. 0

12. 6 bringing a friend.
12.11

POWER OF COMMUNICATION. 349

No. 1. No, 2.

12.15
12.16
12.22
12.29
12.34
12.36
12.40
12.47
12.53
12.59
1. 5
1. 6
1.16
1.20
1.21
1.26
1.35
1.42
1.47
1.54
1.55 with 2 friends.
1.59
2. 2
2. 4
2. 9 with a friend.
2.10
2.16
2.18
2.24
2.25
2.34

12.17 an ant came alone.
12.22 a w

12.45 an ant found the second
set of larvee.

12.58 two ants found the
second set of larve.

1. 7 an ant found the second
set of larve.

2.3 an ant found the

larvee.

2.25 another ant found the
second set of larvae,

<

4.31

By"
S

4.39 with a fiend.

4.42
4.47
4.53

~) eS > .
POWER OF COMMUNICATION. 351
No. 1. No. 2.
4.58
5. 3
5. 5
5. 9
5.17 5.17
5.25
5.32
6.40
5.46
5.55
6. 5
6. 8
6.11
6.16
6.20

They came no more up to 7.30, when we left off

. The following morning at ‘6.5 I found No. 1
about, and peeps on the look-out. I

put “yo to some larve; and shortly afterwards No. 2
also found them. heir visits were as follows :—

6.10
6.21
6.36

6.42
6.44
6.52
Gorn tol
7. 8
7.11
7.12
7.22
7.29 :
7.30 another ant found the
7.35 larve.

7.40

A ws

352 POWER OF COMMUNICATION .

No. 1. No. 2.
7.49
7.54
8. 5
8.13
8.25
8.31
8.39
8.44
8.48

Thus, during this period these two ants carried otf

respectively 62 and 67 larve; 10 strangers found the ~

larve, half of them only coming to the set visited by
the ants under observation. This seems to show that
most of them, at any rate, found the larve for them-
selves.

I will now pass to Lasius niger.

September 27, 1875.—At 3.55 p.m. I put an ant of
this species to some larve. She returned as follows :—

4. 3 5. 5
4.11 5.10 ©
4.21 5.14
4.25 5.18
4.28 5.23
4.31 5.29
4.37 5.40
4.40 5.43
4.44 5.46
4.48 5.50
4.52 5.54
4.56 5.59
5. 0

when she met with an accident. During this time no
other ant came to the larve.
On October 1, 1875, at 6.15 a.M., I put three speci-

4

s of Le a dig. aie atn One did not
TEE Gilat tro behaves so fullowny> |
steel te Ue lartey ah No. 2 at. Other ants came at

6.52 \ 4
7.12 } ae
‘ 7.14 to lot 2.
7.22
7.30
7.83
: 7.42 7.42
a ‘ 7.45 to lot 3.
, , 7.50 ;
4 7.54 ; J
_ F 8. 0
Vv 8.1
. 8. 6 with afriend. 8. 6
: ' 8. 9
Se 8.10
a 8.17
: 8.19. to lot 1.
a 8.23 4
8.25
8.26 M
. 8.32
8.36
¢ as?
. | S855)"
8.39
; 8.41 i
. 8.44 re
z 845: 5, Vee
lere I left off watching for half an hour. 7 =
9.28 A “
~ ie
aa “a9
A A ct? 24
4 ; A
’ : . © Ny! Ie
eo eo | - As e.ay cer

‘.

| io, 1 raturnedl $0 the Tasted “No. 2ab Other nt
a 9.41 iz:
7 Re. 2 14 ‘ ‘i . 9.45
. ie AT -
a aie 9.50 ‘ ye
eee, : 9.62 4"

Wks, 33 ¢ 9.54 with a friend. —

Pa i
or! ha 10. 0 oo
ir, 10. 1 | i
gre : 10. 9 is ‘3
eat | 10.11 oi
Bat} 10.13 with a friend. mt
a é 10.16 i 10.16
eee 3, , 10.25
aa 10.30
oe, ; 10.36
vee 10.46
10.50

T

< _ mb a -
—— = re ’ ar t </s
. - ’ - af ah
< SF a ¢ 7
he See ods oe maw acai «2
<= -* , . Tieee ~ tg ee ed ee .

Fie

ae

Ries. 10.55
- hae 10.58
e. : 11. 0

| 11. 2
ait eee ye .
Bore 11. 7

m

; at st it,
ee —-

.
¢
=
em
ay

Oe

'

1a

eee 11,,8 7
ae | 11.15 ae
| 11.16 |
11.19 11.19
11.23 |
| 11.25
| WZ) sinh Aly )
a 11.29 with a friend,
11.30

.
an -
~«Fr4

ifcys ;

+ py =
~. ,
‘e~

—
at

11.33 )
11 35

12.57.
1. 0 with friend.

aad

12.20

12.29 with a friend.
12.36
12.43
12.47
12.53

12.56 ,
12.57 A.
1.0

' * t ~

PR R O}
hs on WET at

‘

wr, iy ee se Bn of pet le brig ms
No, 1 returned to the larvee at ?

| es aac
Ywid, _* pe
oe es ;
+ oe
P at Pd |
P oo
SOMMUNICATIO! A

nN ; Te 2: gs a ,
larve at | -No.2at Other ants came at —

No. 1 returned to the larvee sale No, 2 at my: or
e 3 ; ; ‘ ?
4.4

ae
Pies AAD
ath? Sag
4,20
4,26
4,29
4.31

oa 4.34 5
4, 4.36 . ;
Kix 4.39

: : ‘w ie : 4.40
ae 4.42

aoe 4.44
Bier. 4.45

eae 4.49 4.49
Perey Oe 4.55.
Re e.. f -" 4,56 —
Dy i= 4.58
i — 4.59
a 5. 2 5. 2 Be
Be ) 5. 6 with: two file ;
Rees). 5. 7 after which she came no moi
Be? The first ant returned at By
5.10 . ee
5.13
5.15
5.18
eet. 5.21
Ai 5.25
7 > 5.28
ae 5.31

"POWER OF COMMUNICATION 359

7

f The first a returned at

L 5.35 7.28 :
5.38 7.31
5.41 7.34 :
5.45 7.38 ’
0.51 7.41
5.54 7.44
6. 0 7.47

6. 4 7.51

6. 7 7.55
6.14 7.59 $
6.17 8. 2 ‘
6.20 8. 5 ;
6.28 8.12 © -
6.31 8.15
6.48 8.18

6.54 8.20

1 7. 0 8.24

| Pe 8.28
7. 6 8.32
7.11 8.35
7.14 8.38
7.18 8.42 -

| 7.21 8.44 another
7.24 8°45 [ant came.
7.25 9.44

We continued to watch till 10.15, but she came no |
more. She had, however, in the day carried off to the
nest no less than 187 larve. She brought 5 friends
: with her; less than 20 other ants came to the larva.

October 3.—I put a Lasius niger to some larve. ;
_ She returned as follows, viz :— :

1.42 2. 4
1.48 2. 8
1.52 2.12 with a stranger.
2. 0 2.15

360 POWER OF COMMUNICATION.

2.19 4,7
2.24 4.10 .
2.27 4.12
2.32 4.15
2.36 4.18
2.40 4,22
2.44 , 4.25
2.49 4.29
2.57 4.32
361 4.35
3. 4 4.38
3. 7 4.43
3.16 4.46
3.13 4.49
3.15 4.54
3.18 4.57
3.20 5. 0
3.23 5. 3
3.31 ities
3.35 5.10
3.38 5.14
3.41 5.18
3.49 with a friend. 5.22
3.51 5.26 Ho
3.54 . 5.29
3.57 She dropped on the floor
4.1 of my room.
4. 4
I picked her up; and she returned at
6.40 7. 7 with 3 friends.
6.50 7.11. She now fell into
6.54 some water.
7. 4

In addition to the above experiments with larve, I
tried the following with syrup.

_ ees ae, ee ee
i.e os ee > eS 7 fs, ‘ el
- ee . 7

A a 309 a mY

.

POWER OF COMMUNICATION. | 361
pril 19.—I put out a little syrup on eleven slips of

lawn. At 8.35 a Lasius niger found the honey on one
| of the flower-pots.

8.50 { she returned to the

a

9. 21 ” ” 9.30 ” ”
9.42 ” ” 9.50 ” ”

; 10.12 ” ” 10.2 1 ” ”
10.35 ” ” 10.46 ” ”
11. 9 ” ” 11.20 ” ”
11.45 me % 11.50 ” ”
11.57 ” ” 12. 2 ” ”
12.20 ” ” 12.30 ” ”
1. 8 - +s 1.18 ” 9
1.34 ” ” 1.43 ” ”
1.57 ” ” 2. 7 ” ”
2.28 * % 2.33 9 9

§ 2 49 ” ” 2.53 ” 3:3
| 2.59 ” ” 3. 2 ” ”
3 9 ” ” 3.11 ” ”
3.29 ” ” 3.30 ” ”
3.59 9 9 4. 8 ” ”

After which I watched till 6 P.m.; but she did not
return again tothe honey. During the above time
_ eight ants came to the same honey, and twenty-one to
the other ten deposits.
On July 11 I put one of my specimens of Lasius
- niger to some honey at 7.10. She fed till 7.25, when
she returned to the nest.

At 7.32 she returned. At 7.36 another ant came,
7.47 ” 7.50 [whom I imprisoned.
8. 0 zs 8.11 ¥ A
a

eechish I placed on eleven inverted flower potsonthe ~

_.

362 POWER OF COMMUNICATION, es)
At 8.36 she returned.

859 ly :

9°17 ”

eal . v

9.53 se?

10.10 fe

WOT Fic,

10.44 i

11. 6 és

11.16 f.

11.38 3

12. 0 ” a 3s

12.36 + At 12.45 another ant came,
[whom Iimprisoned. —

12.56 “ ’

1.21 é

1.44 mh

2.10 f

2.21 2

2.29 i

2.50 es 2.51 B

3. 5 .

After this she did not come back any more up

to 8 P.M.
April 25 was a beautiful day. At 9 a.M, I put some
syrup in the same way on five inverted flower-potmm
and at
9.10 put an ant to one of the deposits of syrup. At
9.34 another ant came to the same syrup. This one

I willcall No 2. At yb

9.40 No. 1 returned. q
10.45 No. 2 ba At 11 one came to the same
honey; this one I will call

No. 3.

11. 7 No. 1 p> but did not come back any more.
12.31 No. 2 fs and at 12.47 went. — ,

iam 4 eS ee z.
~
+

‘POWER OF COMMUNICATION. 363

1.15 No. 3 returned, and at 1.25 went.

_ 1.22 No. 2 AR te 148 ,,
1.54 No. 3 a os a 3? &
2.18 No. 2 * i. 2.30 ,,
2.35 No. 3 ¥. - 2.36.
2.56 No. 2 ‘s x ee eee
3.24 No, 2 returned.
419No.2 ,

| After which I went on watching till 7, but none of

these three returned. During the day 7 ants came to
this honey, and 27 to the other four deposits. Here,
therefore, it is evident that the three watched ants did
not communicate, at any rate, any exact information to
their friends.

Jume 27, 1875.—I placed four inverted glasses
(tumblers) on the grass, and on the top of each placed

a little honey. I then, at 8 o'clock, put two ants, be-

longing to F. nigra, to the honey on one of the glasses.
At 8.25 No. 1 came back, and at 8.45 she returned
to the nest, but did not come to the honey any more.
At 9.5 No. 2 came out and wandered about ; I put
her to the honey again; she fed and at 9.22 returned
to the nest.

she returned to the went back to the
pe 8.28 { honey, and at }9.45 nest.
10.42 ” ” 10.50 ”
10.58 ty 11.10 i
11.21 ” 99 11.39 ”
12.45 ae 12.59 ‘
1.40 ” ”

I continued to watch till 7 p.m., but neither of them

- returned any more,

A 7, 1875.—I put out four small deposits of

honey (which I continually renewed) on slips of glass

placed on square pieces of wood, and put an ant (L.

niger) to one of them at 9.20. She fed and went away.

364 POWER OF COMMUNICATION. ~
At 9.35 she returned, and fed till 9.43
10.14 a i 10.17
10.25 (|, . 10.27
LOST a 10.40
This time a friend came with her.
At 10.47 she returned, and fed till 10.53
11. 0 2 f 11.14
11.35 a 11.40
11.52 4 mt 11.55
12.13 . . 12.16
1. 0 4 ig 1.5
1.15 Ss rs 1.18
1.26 4 +5 1.29
1.45 2 4 1.48
1.58 4 2.1
2. 9 a .. 2.14
2.20 &5 # 2.21 She was dis-
[turbed
2.25 ‘ * 2.30
2.37 é ae 2.40
3. 2 9 » 3. 8
3.16 ‘a @ 3.20
3.39 s i 3.41
3.58 “ s 4, 2
4.13 - 4.20
4,29 a $ 4.36

At this time there was a shower of rain, so I
removed the honey for half an hour.

At 5. 2 she returned, and fed till 5.10

5.20 A ; 5.25 ~4
5.33 eg i 5.37 |
5.42 te M! 5.45
5.50 .. ie 5.52
5.58 i 6. 6
6.15 +, i. 6.18

6.21 ns 3 6.23

CPi oo. v4
: r ~ 7%
ey

POWER OF COMMUNICATION. 365
At 6.25 she returned, and fed till 6.27
” ” 6.35
” » 6.44
» ” 6.53
%» » 7.20
= w 7.27
” ” 7.33
- é 7.37
Be - During the whole of this time only three other ants
at to the honey.

On January 3, 1875, I placed some larve in three —
small porcelain saucers in a box 7 inches square attached

to one of my frame-nests of Lasius pe (Pi. I.
Fig. 2). The saucers were in a row 6 inches from the en-
trance to the frame, and 1} inch apart from one another.

At 1.10 an ant came to the larve in the cup which
I will call No. 1, took a larva, and returned
to the nest.

1.24 she returned and took another.

1.45

2.10 she went to the further saucer, No. 3. I
took her up and put her to No. 1. She
took a larva and returned.

2.24 she returned to cup No. 3. As there were
only two larve in this cup, I left her alone.
She took one and returned.

2.31 she returned to cup No. 3 and took the
last larva.

2.40 she came back to cup No. 3 and searched
diligently, went away and wandered about
for two minutes, then returned for another
look, and at py at 2.50 went to cup
No. 1 and took a

3. 0 came to cup 1 and took a larva.

3. 7 ” ”

+ a ee er _. = — we. *~" wee Roa * + te” Be nae
;~— * war ure", 4~ ’ - mes | ao
? ” | "1 i. ‘ m ‘ tie
oan "as ’ ey? ¢.4 abe : os" -
‘ _ L
, .

366 POWER OF COMMUNICATION,

3.15 came to cup 1 and took a larva, first,
however, going and examining cup 3 agai

3,18 came to cup 3, then went to cup 2 and
took a larva.

3.30 came to cup 3, then went to cup 2 and
took alarva.

3.43 came to cup 3, then went to cup 2 and
took a larva. .

5.53 came to cup 3, but did not climb up it,
then went to cup 2 and took a larva, which —
she either dropped or handed over to
another ant; for without returning to the
nest, at 3.55 she returned to the empty —
cup, and then to cup 2, where she took —
the last larva, so that two cups are now
empty.

4. 3she came to cup 3, then to cup 2, and
lastly to cup 1, when she took a larva

4.15 came to cup 1 ‘and took a larva.

4.22 » »

4.38

5. 0 came to cup 3, then to cup 2, and lastly to
cup 1, when she took a larva. !

5.19 came to cup 1 and took a larva.

5.50 pe 2, and then to cup 1 and took .

a larva.
6.20 » 1 and took the last larva.

I now put about 80 larve into cup 3.

It is remarkable that during all this time she never —
came straight to the cups, but took a roundabout and —
apparently irresolute course.

At 7.4 she came to cup 1 and then to cup 3, and
then home. There were at least, a dozen ants explori
in the box; but she did not send any of them to the
larve.

At 7.30 she returned to cup 3 and tooka larva.

7

,

POWER OF COMMUNICATION. 367

I now left off watching for an hour. On my return
_at 8.30 she was just carrying off a larva.

8.40 she came back to cup 3 and took a larva.
8.55 she came to cup 1,then to cup 3 and took alarva.

9.12 ” ” ” ”
9.30 ” 3 ” ”
9.52 ” an ” ”
10.14 1
10.26 she went and examined cup 2, then to cup 3
and took a larva.

At 10.45 she came to cup 3, and I went to bed.

At 7 o’clock the next morning the larve were all

removed. In watching this ant I was much struck by
the difficulty she seemed to experience in finding her
way. She wandered about at times most irresolutely,
and, instead of coming straight across from the door of
the frame to the cups, kept along the side of the box;
so that in coming to cup 3 she went twice as far as she
need have done. Again, it is remarkable that she
should have kept on visiting the empty cups time after
time. I watched for this ant carefully on the sowhig
day ; but she did not come out at all.
the time she was under observation, from ]

till 10.45, though there were always ants roaming about,
few climbed up the walls of the cup. Five found their
way into the (empty) cup 1, and one only to cup 3. It -
is clear, therefore, that the ant under observation did
not communicate her discovery of larve to her friends.

The following day I watched again, having, at 7

A.M., put larve into one of the porcelain cups arranged
as before. No ants found them for several a

At 11.37 one came and took a larva,

» 11.50 she returned and took a larva.
” 11.59 ” ”

» 12. 9 ” ”

» 12.16 - a

\ os cee
> 12,32
» 12:37
» 12.41
yy» 12.45
» 12.50
99 12.57

» I.
poe Sh, |
49) aed
Ss) Lea
» 1.40
» 1.44
$52
5, 1.56
» 2.2
» 2.10
9-217
9» 2.24
» 2.30
Bray
» 2.43
» 2.48
» 2.54
o> 2,69
35.7 B53
3.10
» 314
3 BL9
9» 334
» 3.39
» 3.47
» 93.56
» 47
» 413
» 4.20

‘

”

39.

”
>
>

”

»?
+P
”
”
”»
bd

9
”

”
”»

”
9”

”
”
”
”
9

i)

”
”
>”
”
”
”
”
”
”
”
”
”

‘At 12, 21 se returned and t took a larva.

”
»
”
”
”
a
”
>
”
”
”

oh)

”
9
9
9
”
”°
9
”
”
9
”
”°
39
”
”
”
”°
”
”

Sa, Se eee False CaN
: oF: ¥ : - oP, 7
C Ve aF ip. * ee A>
a q ot sal in
see ; ee
“ 1

= ‘

HRRRARKREKKRRRRKRREKRARKKKREKRKEKKKEKKARRSA

”»
”»
”
”

’ =
RRERRRRARRKEKKRKRKKRKEKKRREKRKRRKKKRKRREKKKEKSRKES

370 | ~~ POWER OF COMMUNICATION.

At 8.45 she returned and took a larva.

» 8.50 ” ”

9 8.55 ” ”

‘» «=«9. 2 +) 9

» 9.11 +) ”?

2” 9.19 ” , ”

» 9.25 ” 2

» 9.33 ” ”

” 9.40 +) ” |
” 9.46 ”» ” 5
” 9.52 ” ”

95 10.32 ” 9

” 10.39 °° ”

» 10.49 4 $5

”° 10.54 ” ”

» Ll. 1 9 %

At this time I went to bed. There were still about
twenty-five larve in the cup, which had all been
removed when I looked at 6.15 the next morning
During the whole time she was under observation, only —
two other ants found their way to the cup, though ~
there were some wandering about in the box all day. —
Towards evening, however, they went into the nest, and —
for some hours my ant was the only one out. It will —
be observed that she returned at shorter intervals than —
the previous ones. This was partly because she had a —
shorter distance to go, and partly because she was not
bewildered by three cups, like the preceding. I had
placed a bit of wood to facilitate her ascent into the
cup. This she made use of, but instead of going the ©
shortest way to the cup, she followed the side of the
box, partly, perhaps, because the floor was covered with
a plate of porcelain. This, however, would not account
for the fact that at first she invariably went beyond the
cup, and even past the second cup; gradually, however, |
this circuit became smaller and smaller; but to the |

POWER OF COMMUNICATION. 371

last she went round the outside of cup 1, instead of
_ going straight to the spot where I had placed the bit
On January 9 again I watched her under simi-
lar circumstances. From 9.35 to 1.40 she made 55
journeys to and fro, carrying off a larva each time; but
during this period only one other ant found the larve.
In the afternoon of the same day I watched the
ant which had been under observation on the 3rd Jan.
From 3.27 to 9.30 she made forty-two visits, during
which time only four other ants came to the larve.
On January 10.1 watched the same ant as on the

than ninety-two visits; and during the whole time only
one strange ant came to the larve.
On January 18 I put out some more larve in the
small porcelain cups. Between 8 and 9 both these ants
found them, and kept on coming all day up to 7 P.M.,
_ when I left off observing. There were a good many
ants wandering about in the box; but up to 4 o’clock
only four came to the larve. Two of them I impri-
soned as usual; but two (which came at 4.30 and 4.36)
I marked. These went on working quietly with the
first. two till I left off observing at 7 P.M.; and during
_ this latter time only three other ants found the larve.
On January 31 I watched another specimen. At
9.14 I put her into a small cup containing a number of
larve. She worked continuously till half-past seven in
the evening, when I left off watching. During that
time she had made more than ninety journeys, carrying
each time a larva to the nest. During the whole time
not a single other ant came to the larve.
_ Again, on February 7, I watched two ants in the
_ samemanner. At 7 a.m. I put some larve in the small
_ china cups. Up to 8 noants hadcometothem. Soon
after 8 I put two marked ants, neither of them being
_ the same as these whose movements are above recorded.
, BB2

4th. Between 11 a.m. and 10 p.m. she made no less —

af

372 POWER OF COMMUNICATION.

They were then watched until a quarter to’eight inthe —
evening, during which time one of them had made
twenty-six journeys, carrying off a larvaeach time ; the
other forty-two. During this period of about eleven —
hours, two other ants had come to the cup at which
these were working, and the same number to one of the
other cups.
_ None of these ants, therefore, though they had found
a large number of larvee, more than they could carry in a
whole day, summoned any other to their assistance.
Again, February 7, 1875, I put some larve in three
porcelain cups in the feeding-box of a frame containing
a nest of Lasius flavus, about six inches from the
entrance of the frame, and put, at 8 and 8.29 a.m.
respectively, two ants to the larve in the left-hand
cup. They each carried off a larva and returned as
follows :—

No.1. No.2
At 8.35 — returned again and took another. —
9. 0 a. ” ” ;
9. 7 ” ”
9.20 9 ”
9.30 way ” +)
9.43 » ep?) cha
9.54 ate ” ”
9.56 » ”
10.20 9 »”
10.25 —

At 10.43 another ant came to the larve in the
right-hand cup. I imprisoned her.
At 11, 0 returned again and took another.

11. 1 eT 9 ”
11. 9 ” 2
71.15 yar ” ”
11.20 9 ”

11.29 ”

Pesala ce tlias ik datas ta. the lacoste tho leh ‘
band cup. I imprisoned her. + oy
At 12.3 | — returned again and took another. ‘“-.
| 12.15 i a me
; 12.30 it ‘ ois
12.37 — 3” ” _ , ¥ |
: 12.41 ze = Bae
> ‘ 12.50 ” ” ‘i &
_ 12.58 ” ” *
yy bay 9 - 4
: 11200 — ” Be
; 1.16 Ss - ten TF
a 1.28 9 ” ‘
i 1.32 — * 2 >!
- E 1.35 ” ” a
1.44 9 ” 7
. 1.50 3 ” ” te”
1.55 fe a ’ ie
. 2. 6 ” ” ‘ “ 3
Vl 2. 9 — ” ” ; . ‘a
2.17 ” ” eT e-
1 2.29 ” ” a *
. 2.39 = ” oo sr
2, 2.42 ” ” a
; 249 2.49 si ‘ipa
- - 30 — ” ” Se
3. 3 ” :
__ At 3.10 another ant came to the left-hand cup. I ‘
_ imprisoned her. fe
j At 3.14 returned again and took another, =
3.15 —= ” ” : ’

3.24 » ” :

874. POWER OF COMMUNICATION.

At 3.31

3.34
3.36 —

imprisoned her.

At 4.45
5.50

6. 2 6. 2
6.17

6.26

6.46

6.52

fan
7.13
7.18
7.48 7.48

After this they were not watched any more. It will )

”
”

>
?
”°
”
9
”
”?
>
”
”?
99

— retumell again and took another.

”

9

At 4.10 another ant came to the middle cup. I

+P)
>
”
2”?
”
”
”
”°
”
>
2°

be observed that the second ant made many more visits
than the first—namely, forty-two in about eleven hours,
as against twenty-six in eleven hours and a half.

During this time two ants came to the larve in the —

cup they were visiting, and three to the other two cups.

The following case is still more striking. On July
11, 1875, at 11 a.M., I put a Lasius flavus to some pup
of the same species, but from a different nest. She made
eighty-six journeys, each time carrying off a pupa with “4

the following intervals.

At 11. 0
11. 5 she returned.
11. 9 returned again.
11.16 again.
11.20 © ,,
11.24 ,,
11.26 ,,

Commencing—
At 11.29 again.

11.49
11.55
12. 0
12. 5
12.16
12.30

”
”
”
”
”
”»

— returned again and took another. |

.Se sess sss

a

Ssesesssssss

SSzxyssSssssssssysssyssssssyssyssyssssss¥

ae
+. ene

ve

Bed SS Sede
a a a

.)

4
4
w~1'

Pe
.

ye te
ye A, a

ee a ae

~

Apes
A ha 7

Li. @

sae.
: -
é Me

376 EXPERIMENTS ON

After which she did not come again till 8, when we ;
left off watching. During the whole of this time she
did not bring a single ant to help her. Surely it would —
have been. in many respects desirable to do so. It will —
be seen that some of the pupz remained lying about”
and exposed to many dangers from 11 4.M. till 7 P.M.3;
and when she left off working at that time, there were —
still a number of the pupz unsecured; and yet, though

she had taken so much pains herself, she did not bring

or send others to assist her in her efforts or to complete —
her work. 1a

I have given the above cases at length, though I —
fear they may appear tedious and prolix, because they
surprised me much,

No doubt it more frequently happens that if an ant
or a bee discovers a store of food, others soon find their
way to it, and I have been anxious to ascertain in what
manner this is effected. Some have regarded the fact
as a proof of the power of communication; others, on
the contrary, have denied that it indicated any such
power. Ants, they said, being social animals, naturally
accompany one another; moreover, seeing a companion
coming home time after time with a larva, they would
paturally conclude that they also would find larvee in
the same spot. It seemed to me that it would be very —
interesting to determine whether the ants in question
were brought to the larve, or whether they came -
casually. I thought therefore that the following experi-
ment might throw some light on the question, viz.; to— .
place several small quantities of honey in similar
situations, then to bring an ant to one of them, and
subsequently to register the number of ants visiting
each of the parcels of honey, of course imprisoning for
the time every ant which found her way to the honey —
except the first. If, then, many more came to the
honey which had been shown to the first ant than to
the other parcels, this would be in favour of their

Sree

POWER OF COMMUNICATION. 377 |

-

the power of communicating facts to one
ing might be said they came by scent.
- Accordingly, on aly 18 13, 1874, at 3 p.m., I took a piece
_ of cork about 8 inches long and 4 inches wide, and stuck
_ into it seventeen pins, on three of which I put pieces
_ of card with a little honey. Up to 5.15 no ant had
been up any of these pins. I then put an ant (Lasius
niger) to the honey on one of the bits of card. She
seemed to enjoy it, and fed for about five minutes, after
which she went away. At 5.30 she returned, but went
up six pins which had no honey on them. I then put
_ her on to the card. In the mean time twelve other
ants went up bai pins and two up to the honey ;
these I imprisoned for the afternoon. At 5.46 my first
ant went away. From that time to 6 o’clock seven
ants came, but the first did not return. One of the seven
went up a wrong pin, but seemed surprised, came down,
and Saar f went up to the right one. The other
six, went straight up the right pin to the honey. Up
to 7 o’clock twelve more ants went up pins—eight
‘ re ht, and four wrong. At 7 two more went wrong.
_ Then my first ant returned, bringing three friends with
her ; and they all went straight to the honey. At 7,11
she went home: on her way to the nest she met and
accosted two ants, both of which then came straight to
the right pin and up it to the honey. Up to.7.20
seven more ants came and climbed up pins—six right,
and one wrong. At 7.22 my first ant came back with
five friends; at 7.30 she went away again, returning at
_ 7.45 with no less than twenty companions. During
this experiment I imprisoned every ant that found her
way up to the honey. Thus, while there were seven-
teen pins, and consequently sixteen chances to one, yet
between 5.45 and 7.45 twenty-seven ants came, not
counting those which were brought by the original ant ;
and out of these twenty-seven, nineteen went straight
up the right pin. Again, on the 15th July, at 2.30, I ©

378 EXPERIMENTS ON

put out the same piece of cork with ten pins, each with
a piece of card and one with honey. At 4.401 put an
ant to the honey; she fed comfortably, and went “=

at 4.44. 3
At 4.45 she returned, and at 5. 5 went away again. —
” 5.40 ”° °° 5. 55 -

»» 6.13 ¥ and again at 6.25 and 6.59.

There were a good many other ants about, which, up uw
this time, went up the pins indiscriminately.

At 7.15 an ant came and went up the right pin, and
another at 7.18. At 7.26 the first ant came back with
a friend, and both went up the right pin. At 7.28
another came straight to the honey.

At 7.30 one went up a wrong pin.
» 7.31 one came to the right pin

» e080 ™ Pe with the firstant.
3” 7.39 bP) 3”

3” 7.40 > bb]

9° 7.41 ” 33

9° 7.43 ” 3”

9 7.45 ” ”°

bP] 7.46 ”» ” x

Bs 2 wrong pin.

9 ”» >”
9» (47 TWO 5 .
» 748 one 4, right pin.
», the first ant came back.
7.49 another ant came to the right pin.

» 7.50 ” ” wrong 5,
» 7.51 ” %” right ,,

» threeants ,, wrong ,,
», 7.52 one ant Py right: ,,
9 1-55 5 ” Wrong 5,

” ” ” right ”
99 TOT 5 ” Wrong 55

on
my

°

At 7.58 one ant came to the right pin,
» 7.59 5 ” Wrong 55

“Thus after 7 o’clock twenty-nine ants came; and
though there were ten pins, seventeen of them went
ht to the right pin.

the 16th Fuly I did the same again. At 6.25 I
put an ant to the honey ; at 6.47 she went.

At 6.49 an ant came to the right pin.

» 6.50 another me -

» 6.55 4 ” ”

ane - » Wrong pin, and then to
the right one.

» C ” » Tight pin.

J ag Als the first ant came back, and remained at the
honey till 7.11.
» 7. 5 another came to the right pin ; but she was

with the first.
»» 7. 6 another ant came to the right pin.
»” 7. 6 ” ” ”
” 7.12 ” ” ”
” 7.13 ” ” ”

These two ants were met by the first one, which
crossed antennze with them, when they came straight
to the honey.

At 7.14 another ant came straight to the honey.
» 7.21 the first ant returned; at 7.26 she left,
»» 7-24 another ant came, but went first to a wrong
pin, and then on to the right one.
»» an ant came to wrong pin.
» ” ” ”
»” ” ” ”

2 7.35
- ,, 7.38 the first came ‘back, at 7.45 went away again.

” ”

POWER OF COMMUNICATION. 379°

380 EXPERIMENTS ON

At 7.42 an ant went toa wrong pin.
99 7.47 %» ”° ”
» 7.48 ” air ”
” 7.49 ” ”
> Oe e » the right pin.
» 7.55 the first ant returned, and at 7.56 went
away again.
», 7.57 an ant went to wrong pin.
» 7.58 9 right ,,
» 8. 0 99 Wrong’ 95
” rT) right 4,
» 8.1 9 WEONE 49

After this, foran hour no more ants came. On this
occasion, therefore, while there were ten pins, out of
thirty ants, sixteen came to the right one, while four-
teen went to one or other of the nine wrong ones.

July 18.—I put out the boards as before at 4 o’clock.
Up to 4.25 no ant came, I then put one (No. 1) to the

honey; she fed for a few minutes, and went away —

at 4.31.

At 4.35 she came back with four friends, and went
nearly straight to the honey. At 4.42 she went away,
but came back almost directly, fed, and went away again,

At 4.57 she returned, and at 5.8 went away again.
» 4.45 an ant came to wrong pin.

”° 4, 47 ” ”°

95 4.49 ” er.

9» 4.50 a right pin.

” 4.52 ”° ”

» 455 yy wrong pin,

> 4.56 “ right pin. This ant (No. 2) 1
allowed toreturntothenest,
which she did at 5.23.

9 Oo. @ » right pin.

» 511 ” wrong pin,

rt

ee See elle

ee OTT | Oe eS =

ct a a ee

=

=

POWER OF COMMUNICATION. 381
At 5.12 an ant came to right pin.

I changed the pin.
» 5.16 an ant came to the pin which I had put in
the same place,
ee . right pin.
99 5.19 ” ”
», 5.20 two ants » with No, 2.
» ant No.1 - and went at 5.25.
» 5.25 an ant = This ant had been
spoken to by No. 2.
» 5.26 another ant »
9 5.35 ” ”
» 5.37 » »
»» 5.40 ss
», 5.41 ant No. 1 e and went at 5.49,
; ad 5.45 another ant os

» 5.50
‘i. ” 6.51 ant No. 1 came back, and 5.54 went.
», 5.58 twoants came to the right pin.
», 5.59 another ant Pe *
» came to a wrong pin.
I changed the pin again.
» 6.49 an ant came to the pin which I had put in

»

the same place.
» 7. 1 another ant came to the right pin.
9 7.20 ” 3

ae 33
oa .46 ant No. 1 returned, 7. 55 went.

__ Thus during this time, from 4.50 until 7.50, twenty-
nine ants came, twenty-six went to the right pin, while
only three went up any of the nine wrong ones. More-
over, out of these twenty-six, only four were distinctly
brought by the two ants which I had shown the

ey.
On the 19th I tried a similar experiment. The
ed ants frequently brought friends with them ; but,

382 _ EXPERIMENTS ON

without counting these, from 3.20 to 8 Salgek: out. of
forty-five ants, twenty-nine went up the right pin, while
sixteen went up the nine wrong ones.

Thus on

July 13, out of 27 ie 19 went right and 8 wrong. |

” ” bb) ” ”

” 1 6 > 30 2” 1 6 ” 1 4 ”
» 18 5 26 ,, 23 » 3»
” 1 9 ” 45 ” 29 ” 16 39

Or adding them all together, while there were never
less than ten pins, out of 157 ants, 104 came oP, the
right pin, and only 53 up the others.

I was at first disposed to infer from these facts that
the first ant must have described the route to its friends,
but subsequent observations satisfied me that they
might have found their way by scent.

APPENDIX Ef.

‘THe following are the details of the experiment

j "referred to in p. 168 :—

January 24, 1875.—I put an ant, which yoy sf

_ knew her way, on the larve at 3.22.
_ At 3.30 she returned. a’
. 415 , At 3.38 another ant came; and
aaa the bridge f being
4.34 od turned towards m,
shewent over it tom.
ee 3.50 > \
4.50 yy 4.35 apie ae
4.56 9” 5.15 ~ ”
At 5. 5 she returned.
3 8145.) 5
5 5.25 ”

January 25.—6.30 A.M. put two ants, which knew
their way, to the larve.

; No. 1, No. 2.
a Returned 6.55
hs ANF
Returned 7.11
»” 7.15
oy fo
ee...
me 746
a. , ” 7.47

" Retume ap Ben ee ig ae
A vie Mg oor Beborhed 7.51. 71> Fg
eae ee 7.53 é i Loge Pe a
>a oo gS. ae - ae
es ” 185°0 = : a oe ope!
“g ” - 8. 3 é he
8. 8 . Bteade <f,
8.17
| a. Fe gs EB gee ae
7 ~ x ; 3” 5 8.29 , ‘ar te
Raia “Bey

40 f ‘ \ ”° 8.35

“ Bie - : 3° 8.36
:: bt : ‘ ” yy ” 8.40
\ * , ’ - o- is ‘
. : , E " 8.45

a |
Oy oT : at i ” 8.46
1+ = Pt ae 8.47 . 4
ae aft Loe ag

i RS : ” 8.55 "ys

Z ees |

caer ; ” 9. 8 ;

pest * 9.18 ’
” 9.94 7

* eee

ah 3 5 Sais

vapoaee ” 9.32

#3 , ” 9.54 ,

5. ‘

a c
. -

an

a - . i

7a?

4 - J
~ 5 7 x

_ 7
-

, 2 i oe.

hie":

t<

A

10,11

‘.

on is -
+ hee tab)

P a
tet
yo ae ee

Shwe ee

“7 ~
«

“
\
y

ine e
i

54

10. 58 Returmed 10. 58
11. 0

11. 2
11. 5
11.10

11.12 ~

11.16
11.21
11.23

11.26
11.30

11.35
11.36
11.40

11.45
11.46

11.58

12. 0
12. 2
12. 6
12.10
12.14
12.16
12.20
12.24

”

11. 1

12.20 4,
dropped.

npr her.

; No.1. ek 5 Tm . “ un
ned 12.31 | 12.35 an ant to m. , ae
12.36 ©

12.44 3
12.46 ~ a
12.50 . ii
12.54 “ite
12.59 a
I then put her into a small bottle. ie
Llet them out again at 7.10 on the 27th. Though a
the interval was so long, they began at once to work ; ine
but one unfortunately met with an accident. Theother —
returned as follows, viz. at —
7.20 - Ser
7.30 .. c;
7.40 ft
7.48 stranger to m. :'
7.46 : A S

7.51 «ae

7.55 ri
7.59 a
In these experiments, therefore, 17 unmarked ants ,
came ; but at the point 7 they all took the wrong turn, 4,
and not one reached the larve. ey
2

ments.

”
”
”°
”
bb]
”
”»
”
”
”

”

I then put them into the bottle

No 1.

”

»

3°
”
”
9
”
”

APPENDIX F.

Tue following are the details referred to on p. 168 :— =
January 27, 1875.—At 5.30 I let out the same two —
ants as were under observation in the preceding experi-

”

”

»”
”
”
”
”
”

No. 2,
Returned at 5.40, the other not till 6.49

6.22 an ant tom.

6.49 6.50
6.62... 2

7. 0 6.53 an ant to
larvee, .

No. 1. No, 2.

mac at 7. 0
— 7.3

—- 7.12

ie mk tr
_
—
or

3s

et ars
bo to
aI

7.31 an ant to m,
os 7.32
— 7.42

7.45 She dropped into
7.52 some water.

3.3 Ss

%
@
bo

sees:
oe
bo
S

, 699
I then put them into the bottle.
January 29.—I let them out at 7.35 a.m.
_ No. 1 returned at 7.47, after which I saw her no
nore. I fear she must have met with an accident.
_ No. 2 returned at

390

8.56
9. 5
9.19

9.26
9.36
9.46

At 9.40 I found one of the ants which had been
under observation on the 24th, and put her to the
larve. She returned as follows (No. 4) :—

No. 2.

9.58
10.10

10.20

10.37
10.41
10.44
10.48

10.53

EXPERIMENTS ON ~

8,50 another ant came to the larveo;
marked her No. 3. q

No. 3.
9.20

2 ants to larve,
9.47 5 ants to m.

No. 3. No. 4.
9.50
9.52
9.55
10. 3
10.12
10.15
10.20
10.23
10.26 10.26
10.29
10.33
10.36
10.40
10.41
10.44
10.51

10.56

10.59
1l. 2

11. 5 an ant tolarve,

f 11.17
Ties 6611. 9 -
aR 11.10
i’, 11.13
if - 11.14
. 11.16 j on < “a
2 11.17 , , t: w<
11.18 art
11.20 11.20 * ” ‘;
11.21 2 f
11.22 an ant to mM.
11.23 11.23 11.23 Ys,
11.25 ananttolarve.
P 11.26 ee
% 11.28 i
11.30 rat
11.33 =-:11.33 ; ve.
11.35 » 9 ) -
‘ 11.40 . “> se
_* “ee 11.42 ae
a 11.44 A. 4
Kt (11.46 “a8
@t 11.47 46s i
. . 11.50 11.50 “ve ath
11.54 11.54 | ae
11.55 an ant to m. bs
11.58 11.58 me ¢ b
12. 1 me.
12, 6 ” »”» s * hee
12. 7 - , 2
~

3 POWER OF COMMUNICATION. — 393

I then put herinto a small bottle. We kept a look-
out for Nos. 2 and 3 till 7.30 p.m.; but they did not
return.
January 30.—Let No. 4 out at 7 am. She
- returned at 7.45. ’

~»

: ths at} 0 No. 4.
Returning at 8. 9 8. 6 .
| 8.15 another ant to larva,
: ps 8.20
8.25
on 8.30
- 8.36
No. 3. No. 4.
Returning at 8.40
8.43
' 8.51 an ant to m.
8.52
8. 8
” 9. 5
Imprisoned them.
Let them out at 10.55.
Returning at 11. 1
11. $
11. 8
” 11. 9

11.14 another ant to m.

And they went on coming regularly till 1, when 1 put
_ them again into a bottle.
January 31.—Let them out at 6.35 a.m.

No. 3. No. 4.
6.55
7.12
7.15

7.21

*
tr

Rea Heer Git
a:
het oes .
. ~ ~~
: 394
No. 3.

8.39
8.44

ae Ks iw aaah a ad, oS
Life 2 “g-4) , NAS, .
ae As = yee: Dae td a a sai}
e pa a 1% . “ —
Ces eae rit te
‘ ao " hs eu
od Hehe J ’ ‘ts ae
EXPERIMENTS ON ST
- ‘ . o
No. 4, 1 toe
7.29 DY
- *

8.18

8.28

I imprisoned them.

6.25
6.35
6.48
6.53
7. 2
ao

(od ©

7.16
7.20

7.25

ys January 31.—Let them out at 5.35 P.M.
No. 3.

No. 4.
5.47

7.55 another ant to m
8. 0 Ei

8.24 ies

8.36 an ant to larve.

7.23 another ant to larve.

7.26 » ” gael
7.27 & M.

7. @- 8) oe oo 7 “=
rs! Char Ae Ras! “a. ¢
+ *. ys m
Ve.

POWER OF COMMUNICATION. 395
No. 3.
| 7.29 another ant to m.
4 7.30 7.30 » larvae.
‘ Im prisoned her 7.31 e ‘mM.
February 1.—Let her out at 7.5.
No. 3.
She returned at 7.20
‘. 7.30
7.38 another ant to m.
L ” 7.40
# 7.48
” 7.58
. 7.59 -
f : ” 8. 6
, 9 8.12
; 0.14. sire
. 8.17 Pa
| P 8.22
oy pees her and let her out again at 6.20 P.M.
She returned at 6.35
ne 6.52
i 7.0
oe 7. 5,
i 7.15
cs 7.20
is 7.25
Imprisoned her.
February 2.—Let her out at 6.30 a.m.
She returned at 6.50
- 7. 0
7. 2 another ant to m.
” Zz 7
7.10 two otherants to m.
- 7.13

=,

s - 5 Meee “os Os — -. ea4

396 EXPERIMENTS ON
She returned at 7.17
7.27 another ant to larvze.
("99 7.28 |
NM 9p 7.36 *
7.38 » Me
% 7.45
ma 7.50
7.51 ” ”
es 7.55
a 8. 4
8. 6 ” ”
» 8.11
ie 8.18
ss 8.25
ss 8.30
“5 8.35
‘ 8.45
8.46

Imprisoned her.

In this experiment, then, the bridge over which the
marked ant passed to the larve was left in its place,
the scent, however, being removed or obscured by the
friction of my finger; on the other hand, the bridge’
had retained the scent, but was so placed as to lead
away from the larve; and ‘it will be seen that, under
these circumstances, out of 41 ants which found their
way towards the larve as far as e, 14 only passed over
the bridge f to the larve, while 27 went over the
. bridge d to the empty glass m.

Taking these observations as a whole, 150 ants
came to the point e, of which 21 only went on to the
larvee, while 95 went away to the empty glass. These
experiments, therefore, seem to show that when an
ant has discovered a store of food and others flock to
it, they are guided in some cases by sight, while in
others they track one another by scent.

—

APPENDIX G.

Tue following are the details of the experiment referred
to on p. 172 :—

Ewperiment 1.—Time occupied, 1 hour. The ant
with few larve made 6 visits and brought no friends.
The one with many larve made 7, and brought 1]
friends. ‘

Experiment 2.—Time occupied, 2:hours. The ant
with few larve made 13 journeys, and brought 8
friends. The one with many larve did not come
back.

Experiment 3.—Time occupied, 3 hours. The ant
with few larve made 24 journeys, and brought 5
friends. The one with many larve made 38 journeys,
and brought 22 friends.

E. iment 4.—-Time occupied, 24 hours. The
ant with few larve did not come back. The one with
many made 32 journeys, and brought 19 friends.

Experiment 5.—Time ocupied, 1 hour. The ant
with few larve made 10 journeys, and brought 3
friends. The other made 5 journeys and brought 16
friends.

Experiment 6.—Time occupied, 14 hour. The ant
with few larve made 15 journeys, but brought no
friends. The other made 11 journeys and brought 21
friends. . me

Experiment 7.—I now reversed the glasses. Time
occupied 3 hours. The ant with few larve made 23
journeys and brought 4 friends.

Ne \
398 EXPERIMENTS ON :

Experiment 8.—Time occupied, 1} hour. The ant

with few larvee made 7 journeys and brought 3 friends.
The one with many larve made 19 journeys and brought
6 friends.

Experiment 9.—Time occupied, 1 hour. The ant.

with few larvae made 11 journeys and brought 1 friend.
_ The one with many larve made 15 journeys and
brought 13 friends.

Experiment 10.—I now reversed the glasses, the

same two ants being under observation ; so that the ant
which in the previous observation had few larve, now
consequently had many, and vice versd. Time occupied
2 hours. The ant with few larve made 21 journeys
and brought 1 friend. The one with many larve made
32 journeys and brought 20 friends. These two experi-
ments are, I think, very striking.

Experiment 11.—Time occupied, 5 hours. The
ant with few larve made 19 journeys and brought 1
friend. The one with many larve made 26 journeys
~ and brought 10 friends.

Experiment 12.—Time occupied, 3 hours. The ant
with few larve made 20 journeys and brought 4 friends.
The one with many larve'brought no friends and made
17 journeys,

Experiment 13.—Time occupied, 1 hour. The ant
with few larvee made 5 journeys and brought no friends.
The one with many made 10 journeys and brought 16
friends.

Experiment 14.—I now reversed the glasses. Time
occupied, 24 hours. The ant with few larvae made 10
journeys and brought 2 friends. The other made 41
journeys and brought 3 friends.

Experiment 15.—Time occupied, 44 hours. The
ant with few larvee made 40 journeys and brought 10
friends. Of these, 8 came at the beginning of the ex-
periment, and I much doubt whether they were brought;
during the last hour and a half she only brought 1

POWER OF COMMUNICATION. 399

4
friend. However, I think it fair to record the observa-
tion.

The ant with many larve made 47 journeys and

brought 1 friend.

wpervment 16.—Time, 4} hours. The ant with
few larve made 20 journeys and brought 1 friend. She
did not return after the first 2 hours. The other ant
made 53 journeys and only brought 2 friends. This
latter was the same one as in the previous experiment,
when, however, she had the glass with only two or three
larvee.

Experiment 17.—Time, 1 hour. The ant with few
larvee made 6 journeys and brought no friend. The
one with many larve made 11 journeys and brought 12
friends.

Experiment 18.—Time, 14 hour. The ant with
few larve made 25 journeys and brought four friends.
The one with many larve made 20 journeys and brought
15 friends.

Experiment 19.—Time, 44 hours. The ant with
few larve made 74 journeys and brought no less than
27 friends. This is quite in opposition to the other
observations ; and I cannot account for it. She was
the ant who brought 15 friends in the previous experi-
ment, and it certainly looks as if some ants were more
influential than others. The ant with many larve
made 71 journeys and only brought 7 friends.

Experiment 20.—Time, 2 hours. The ant with few
larvee made 35 journeys and brought 4 friends. The
one with many larve made 34 journeys and brought 3
friends.

Experiment 21.—I now transposed the two glasses.
Time, 1} hour. The ant with few larve made 15

_ journeys and brought no friends, The other made 35

journeys and brought 21 friends.
Experiment 22.—I now a ea the glasses
again. Time, 2 hours. The ant many larve made

400 EXPERIMENTS ON POWER OF COMMUNICATION. —

37 journeys and brought 9 friends. The ant with few
larve made 18 journeys and brought no friend. This,
I think, is‘a very striking case. She was under observa-
tion 54 hours; and the scene of her labour was the
same throughout. The first 2 hours she had few larvae
and brought 4 friends; then for 14 she had many larvee
and brought 21 friends; then again for 2 hours she
had few'larvee and brought no friend.

Expervment 23.—Time, 1} hour. The ant with
few larvee made 25 journeys and brought 3 friends.
The other made only 9 journeys, but brought 10 friends.

Experiment 24.—I now transposed the glasses.
Time occupied, 2 hours. The ant which now had few
larvee made 14 journeys, but brought no friends. The
other made 37 journeys and brought 5 friends.

Experiment 25.—Time 3 hours. I put an ant for an
hour to a full glass; she made 10 journeys and brought
4 friends. I then left only two or three larve: in the
second hour she made 7 journeys and brought no
friend. I then again filled the glass; and during the
third hour she made 14 igommeye and brought 3
friends.

,
e-

7 . va
a “4
, 4 ,
is a)
*" ®

‘<
te . La Sexe
— sox soar OPERATION.

—_

APPENDIX H.

= following are the detailed observations on bees
alluded to in Chapter X.
August 24.—I opened the postern door at 6.45, and
et some marked bees till the middle of the day.

Bee No. 1.

6.50 One came to the honey. She then flew to the

window, but after buzzing about for some time
returned to the hive.
_ 7.21 came back to honey. 7.23 back to hive.
_ 7.26 came back to honey.
_ 7.30 flew to window and then fell on the floor. I was
‘afraid she would be trodden on, so at 7.45 I
Pe showed her the way to the hive.
8.40 came back to honey.
8.45 came back to hive. I now closed the postern
Ss door till 10.15.
10. 35 came back to honey. 10.39 to hive.
—-10.45 a and then to hive.
12.35 9" 12,37 to hive again.

Bee No. 2.
7. 0 shecametothehoney. 7. 5 she went back tothe

7.24 = 7.30

42 = 7.46

7 a - 7.57
% DD

sss

7.12 came back tothe honey. 7.22 » [hive.

4

, 402 COMMUNICATION “antone BEES. it See

-
a
_ 8. 5 came back to the honey. 8. 9 shewent toi |
8.15 ( 8.20 ke |
8.26 ., 8.30 ae by
8.40 is $44 - foo ae
Se cane 9. 0 is sg

I then closed the door till 10.15; at 9.5, however,
she came round to the honey through an open window, ~
but could not find her way back, so I had to put her
into the hive.

10.15 came back tothe honey. 10.17shewentback tohive. ‘

10.20 2 10.23 1 ee
10.30 A 10:83) 36/2.
10.50 pa 10.55 ”
11.7 1l. 6 2
11.17 és 11.23 a
11.33 » ? ”
‘11.45 > 11.50 v
12. 0 ” 12. 3 ”
12.10 12.15 ”
12.24 5s 12.30 ”
12.37 >” 12.43 ”
12.52 » 12.56 ”
Bee No. 3.

Also on August 24.
10.16 came to honey. 10.19 returned to hire
10.30 = 10.34 ‘
10.55 8 10.57" » 5
11. 2 ‘ 1l. 5 ae
11.11 wf 11.15 oe
11.24 4 11.27 a
11.35 % 11.37 sae
11.45 4 21.47 — 3
11.57 i ? 5.

12.13 3 12.16

Pea)

“ AMONG BEES.
‘ 12.26 came to honey. 12.30 returned to hive.
12.36 a 12.42 te
| 12.56 ” 12.59 Me
_'. The next day I timed this bee as follows :--_
7.23 came to honey. 7.25 returned to hive,
| 7.85 - 7.37 *-
744 % 7.45 .
8.10 rs 8.12 ‘i
8.53 8.55 7
(The door was then closed till 9.30.)
9 35 me 9.40 to window, and at
9.49 to hive.

10. 0 ” 10. 5 returned to hive.

10.13 : 10.15 -

10.22 ne 10.26 i

10.35 % 10.40 -

10.45 10.48 3

10.56 9 ? ”

11. 7 ‘ 11.12 *

11.18 i. 11.20 es

11.35 7 11.37 i

‘11.47 ss 11.51

12. 2 rs 12. 6 .

12.25 . 12.29 cs

151 >... 12.54 a

RY

pos -

During these observations scarcely any unmarked
_ bees came to the honey.
t In these cases the postern, beitig small and on one

‘side, was not very easily found.
_ been in an open place, no doubt the sight of their com-
panions feasting would have attracted other bees;
the honey was rather out of sight, being behind
the hive entrance, and was, moreover, only accessible
| by the —- and winding exit through the little
n door.
_ But, however exposed the honey might be, I found

If the honey had

Ste Te ev we eke T Oe Gm
‘ t od re L ‘ le tm, :. ght) Ne ee cea 5 So
rae ata deses. Oy a
~ ay se ee hes.
, tc : Ca \
; ; ae
-* ’ 4
~ s ve oe in ‘
404 _ COMMUNICATION AMONG BEES.

similar results, unless the bees were visible to their —

fellows. Of this it may be well to give some detailed —

evidence, \ ae
Thus, one morning at

9.19 { I brought a bee \ 9.24] 8 returned to

to some honey. the hive.
she came back
9.55] ae \ 10. 0 2
10. 8 -. 10.10 i
10.16 ‘ 10.19 .:
10.28 Pl 10:30 — Gea
10.37 ¥ 10.40 Pal
10.50 4 10.53 rd
119)" a ll. 4 .
11.11 a 11.15 ‘
11.22 , Mee be x
11.34 £ 11.37 3
11.46 a 11.50 9
11.55 re 12. 0 >
12. 6 a 12. 7 ”
12.40 =m 12.46 ”
12.54 os 12.57 ”
1.32 99 1.4 ”
Flew about.
1.15 ™ 1.18 ms.
1.23 3 1.27 a)
1.34 ‘. 1.41 Hi
1.54 & 2. 0 fi

After which she did not return. During this time no
other bee came to the honey.

Again on another occasion I watched several bees,
which on my list of marked bees stood as Neg. 3, 4, 75
8, 10, and 11. q

9.45 bee No. 10 came. 9.50 went back to hive.
1006 gs ee ee 10.3 a .
WOMB: ing 5 GAO tes 10.21 a
10.26 > eee oees 10.30 is

nGae. 6. 7%, 10.45
eee oe Ge 10.52
eer a TF. 10.52

merire 5, 7 % 11. 9
B1156 irks 11. 9
AD mre 11.16
oh Ee eee 11.29
11.22 a strange bee came. |
11.26 bee No. 4 came. 11.31 _
er 11.39
RS se 11.36
sre0. 4 11.45
eas oh 11.50
maar.» 10° ,, 11.59
» another strange bee came.
12. 1 bee No. 4 came. 12. 6
ne, aa 12. 8
tes Be er) Bey 12. 7
_—icke.. 0 2 12. 7
ae. 6 TU 12.18
easly. 5 oe 12.21
a ae 12.31
m_aiss0c¢ .. 10 , 12.33
oe a ae 12.46
TE a a ae 12.44
ital 6 ok ,. 12.40
-_ie4s 5) dO | 12.49
im Gg oT. =n 12.54
TO), « wee 12.54
a 1s6e-> , 10°, 12.56
ease yo! Hor, 1. 0
OY y A ae 12
me 0.4 AO” ?
ere ee 1. 6
ety are 1.12
Beil 5. 28-5 1.16
:
7

=
a ps
*“¢
v

10.30 bee No. 4 came.

COMMUNICATION AMONG BEES.
10.35 went back to hive.

+

vy. ysysys sy

‘

A

s\*

/~ 2. lt | hid Aba e i ee
5 ge ‘as gy. Ba) er ae pom. ie OS oa eS ie Sei
*, : tS hwy Oe hk

4 i, é&

ig a , A ue ts a oe orf
‘ ' . F ; > $.'. : » 26
i) ay JOG yaa) ae ee x it eae
ii at ke -

4 7 , Ex Ri oN Pe i]

. ~ % : ne ae
406 COMMUNICATION AMONG iene, 7

1.10 hee No. 7 came 1.16 went back es hives .
Rae Oke ATO: he |
WITS yih os 131 ele

Ve Een aitew pare 1.24 .

PSO a's “Go a, 136 ps =m

Por a: ab ne Hy 1.24.4

Meee ae 1.27 .

R905 i ate

129 5, tS

After this I ceased recording in detail; but the
above shows that while the marked bees came regu-
larly, only in two cases did any unmarked bees come
to the honey.

In the above cases the honey was poured into

saucers, but not weighed. In the following I used a e

wide-mouthed jar containing rather more than one
pound of honey.

1.44 bee No.5 came. 1.45 went away.
i? Cae” iste 1.58, ° Gy
WES panei ft Pa otra. aK
393) o- a ew 9.18) oh
0 an ip Poa 2.15.
pep btatene fPer 2.50: Phe
BAD 5... Ata 1
S06. ae 2.31 i
eS, aie Seago y he 2.41 ‘.

23924. ‘Saneee BAO.) Be
$160 UR hae 2.51 ‘
2.52 1 2.55

”°

3.10 thes came which I numbered as No. 14.
“8.11 bee No.l came. $3.13 went away.

RIO aa as a) ee

$20 6 aie 3.23 a

6:19 234 wo $:98.. 250

8130" ot ee Saas

$81 “eae 3.33 a

»”»
” .
o ‘

346 6, CUMS 3.51 pa She was
e disturbed.
”
”

406, #=%4-, 4.29 ns
4.26 Fis 4,29 *

_ During the whole of this time only one strange bee
_ eame, as recorded above.

In the following case I put out, besides one pound

of honey, also four ounces of honey spread over two -

plates. tay

_ 12.15 one of my marked 12.21 she went.
Ss bees came.

12.26 she returned. 12.31 =
12.36 » 12.44 pe
—=*12.51 ° 12.57 &
¥ Re 4 ” i ”

me. > $42.
1.25 Me 138 ihe
1.38 AA 1.44 a
a LSB.

» 2.0 a a gage
R14... igs 219 ,,
2.25 ‘ L hil JESS
«2.38 s 2.44 é
2.50 a 2.58 *
3.5 a S38) +z

Te. GE. an ee era, Satyr ee ee ee ae b Maren
( 08 “Wk et ss | ee = eee, <¢ ‘ oy ¢ he 2 A ee. ™ A xe
es eon 7 A ha i agieer se ae. ’
= 4 hah ; . Pp

ksh aaa |
“ Yee ee ¥
’ : i Yas
« hae < ae gale
lh oN ‘ :
2 }

=) ’ S wi = / Sh a ae
408 ‘COMMUNICATION AMONG BEES. — a7
3.20 she returned. 3.32 she went. She Ae
3.39 #. 3.45 » (disturbed.
3.52 | by es 4. 0 s ae
4. 7 ” 4, 9 oo : el
4060. Bs 7 ee es
4.27 5 re I Le
4.43 i 45 by
4.50 se 4,59 4
5.7 a ae tan a
5.25 ss 5.31 i a
5.42 aa ag El ae ig
B56. is a Mae aa .
6.14

During this time no other bee came to the honey.

I had, on August 20, introduced some bees to honey
in my room, since which it had been much visited by
them. On the 24th I put a bee to some honey inside’
a flower-pot five inches high and five wide at the base.
The flower-pot was laid on its side, and the mouth —
closed, so that the bee had to come out through the
hole in the bottom, which was about 4 an inch in dia-
meter. To make things easier for her, I made her a —
small alighting-board of wood, the top of which was
level with the hole. I then placed the flower-pot on
the spot where she was accustomed to find the honey. —
She had made her first visit that morning at 6.45, re
turning

At 6.55
7.6
7.14 : '
7.23. I then arranged the flower-pot as de- —
scribed, and put her, while feeding, into
it: she found her way out without diffi- —
culty. y
At 7.40 she returned, but did not seem able to find —

9.55
10. 6.

At

further difficulty. She returned at
This time a friend came with her and
followed her in. I captured her. No. 2
took no notice, but returned
10.19 At 2.43
10.30 2.59
10.44 3.23
10.54 3.33
ll. 6 3.44
11.20 ' 3.56
11.31 - 4. 7
11.44 4.21
11.55 4.34
12. 9 4.44
12.25 4.55
12.37 5.10
12.50 5.24
1. 2 5.35
1.14 5.46
1.25 5.58
(1.36 6. 9
1.47 6.20
1.57 6.42
2. 9 7. 0
2.19 7.15
2.31 making 59 visits.

8.88 she found her way in easily, and had no

-

P ‘ nm \-
Oe t Soe a
pa 2 at

”
‘ ~
4’

\

¥

a SMa ee,

M eae
rit ee

.
~

“5 hs a

Pe

ata

"» ie

=

’ “
ws
i -

a 01

410 COMMUNICATION AMONG BEES. —

After which she came no more that day. With theone
exception above mentioned, during the whole time no —
other bee came to the honey. I might also mention —
that I had put out six similar flower-pots in a row, and —
that this seemed to puzzle the bee a good deal; she
frequently buzzed about before Shem, and flew from one.
to the other before entering. When she went in, she
generally stood still just inside the entrance for about —
thirty seconds, buzzing loudly with her wings. I
thought at first whether this could be intended as a
- sort of gong to summon other bees to the feast; but
though several were flying about, at any rate none came. —
The following day (August 25) she came at 6.51, and
had made nine journeys up to 8.41, when I left off —
watching. During this time no other bee came.

August 26.—She came at 6.32, and up to 8.43 had
made thirteen journeys.

August 27.—She came at 6.7, and up to 8.43 had
made fourteen journeys.

August 28.—She came at 6.17, and up to 7. 11 had
made five journeys. During these days no other bee
came.

On July 19 I put a bee (No. 10) to a honeycomb
asiahing 12 lbs. of honey

At 12.30 she returned. At 12.36 went back to hive

12.50 is 12.55 99
1. 6 on 1.12 -
1.53 i. 1 57 99
2. 5 © 2. 9 Pe
2.16 - 2.20 ”
2.28 39 2.32? ”
2.49 9 2.55 ”
3.13 » 3.20 9
3.31 % 3.39 Ps
3.45 ‘ 3.55 9

4, 2 9” 4, 8 » f

4.24 went back tohive. =

: 4.31 ” 4.37 ” ST
4 v4 4.47 ” 4.58 ” “
6.10 a 5.19 nf "
6.27 » 5.30 s el
6 9 3 6.15 ee Hi.
S623 » 6.29 fe ‘ A
S719 x 7.24 ef ae
> 7.85 . 7.40 re <i eE
‘) 7.50 » 7.55 ty
" and during all this time no other bee casts ts Conca Be
On the following morning, July 20, this bee came - A
to the honeycomb |
At 6. 5 a.m. At 6.10 went back to hive. a;
6.37 she returned. 6.42 ” :
7.17 pe 7.21 pa > ual
7.41 N 7.47 w '
8. 8 S 8.12 + me
8.21 » 8.25 ”
8.32 ye 8.54 2
9. 4 » 2.9 *
9.45 . 9.51 & 3
-'10. 4 ‘ 10.10 * :
10.19 ¥ 10.26 ” a
10.40 is 10.47 rs 34
10.59 - 1l. 4 > ;
11.14 € 11.19 ‘A ?
11.44 ; 11.52 *
11.59 x 12. 6 a
12.15. pi 12.23 a .
12.29 % 12.35 2 +)
12.41 », (was dis- ~ 9%
: turbed) 12.52 Re |
1. 2 . 1. 9 8
1,16 — ” 1.30 ”

_ 1.46 Ss 1.55 e

r OOS LF et, Le ee we be
/ 4 ” ry % on i oe re “ye yee call a : ie) *
— : 1 : “a> a wie ; th
= <* 7 . =Y Ne , ¥) tL ‘ ty!
Meat >

» > yt £ * . 7% a ” Oty
> ‘ 4 - ; = i ee.
412 COMMUNICATION AMONG BEES. a
*

I then left off observing ; but during the sitio of this
time no other bee had come to the comb. a

October 9.—I took a bee (No. 11) out of the hive
and put her to some honey: she returned and kept on —
visiting it regularly. .

October 10.—This bee came to the honey .at
7.30 A.M., and went on visiting it; but I was not able
to watch her continuously. During these two we no
other bee came to this honey.

October 11.—No. 11 came to the honey

At 7.12 a.M., but did not alight.
7.18 she ictus: At 7.21 went back to hee.

7.27 - 7.31 3 4

7.38 s 7.44 “i |

7.51 a 7.56 =

8. 2 8. 8 e

8.15 a 8.22 :,

8.30 me 8.35 ts

8.41 ng 8.46 x

8.55 af 8.59 is

9. 6 » 9.11 A

9.20 ¥ 9.25 =

9.45 af 9.50. ‘if

9.55 ‘5 10. 1 af
10. 7 3 10.11 “
10.19 10.23 otis
10.30 a strange bee came ; I killed her. :
10.35 she returned. At 10.40 went back to hive.
10.55 é 10.59 - $
ll. 4 A 11. 8 es ‘
11.26 S 11.30 i
11.35 is 11.38

Another strange bee came.

At 11.52 she returned. At 11.55 went.
13; 7 - 1Z12- -5

ro

cox UNICATION AMONG BEES. = 418

, : i R: a Ny - “66 sks S
a =< 5 od “a
ai .~s -_-s . i es o J its a Me -
z 4 AR es ete eee, ~
* ™ es "AE ., een ee * - 4
ain ae hal ioe ms . 2 re ; WS
e a ‘ : 7 r 4 in @
ast hg % hs

oe oe
P 197 she returned. 12.22 went. 7
12.31 rs 12.36, wee
+1258 F % } *-% “a
tg = Oy cath ;
= 1.19 = 228+ a>
os A ee 13, 4
a 145 * 148 ,, whi
_ 2, 2 S a. €-5 +
2.15 ae a av 2
2.29 i 2.35 Ls
; 2.45 pe | 4 «
2.50 see 2.52 4 7
257 ic a 0°; Sie
after which she did not come any more that day. It- ‘a
was, however, a bad day, and after 1 o’clock she was ag oe

almost the only bee which came out of the hive. The pry
following morning she came to the honey at 7.58 a.M.,

ris

but did not alight, behaving just as she had done the co

At 8. 6 A.M. sd neo. ll returned to honey. At 8..9 went. © «7m

8.14 o - 8.20 4, ae

q 8.30 ” ” 8.34 a

8.42 = “ 8.46 , Ps;

8.54 f 3 8.59 4 i

9. 9 ‘. & 9.14 ,, 0

9.19 . ” » 9.24 5, a,

9.29 a if 9.38 4 >

9.37 i : 9.44 4, cee

~ 9.54 a © but was disturbed, = ae

_ Astrange beecame. At 9.59 No. 11 went. | ae

At 10. 5 she returned to the honey. At 10. 8 went. )

——- 10.12 . - 10.13, eee

10.16 ut ri 10.20 ,, (aol

10.26 x! 10.28 ,,
**.) 10.38 3 bs 10.36 ,, |

‘10.40 ., 73 10.46 ,, ty

414. COMMUNICATION AMONG BEES. Bo

10.55 a strange bee came. No. 11 returned to tlie

_ honey regularly, and went on coming. ws
October 13.—At 6.28 a.m. she came, but, as before, d

flew away again without alighting.

At 6.32 she came to the honey. At 6.36 went away,

oa Hh 8:46 a-ha
B.S Sg ‘i 6:56. anus
7.10 > ” 7.14 ”
7.26 ” : by) 7.34 ”?
7.46 ”° ” 7.50 ”
7.55 ° 9° 8. 0 >
8.12 ss 99 8.15 >”
8.20 ” °° 8.26 ”°
8.30 ” +) 8.33 ”
8.37 ” ” 8.44 ”?
8.8010 ii: a 8.56,
and so on.

October14.—She came for the first time at 8.154.M.,
and went on visiting the honey at the usual intervals,
After this day I saw her no more; she had probably
met with some accident. But these facts show that ~
some bees, at any rate, do not comniunicate with their
sisters, even if they find an untenanted comb full of
honey, which to them would be a perfect Eldorado. —
This is the more remarkable because these bees began
to work in the morning before the rest, and continued.
to do so even in weather which drove all the others —
into the shelter of the hive. That the few strange
bees which I have recorded should have found the —
honey is natural enough, because there were a good —
many bees about in the room. My room, I-may add,
is on the first floor ; if it had been on the level of the
ground I believe that many more bees would have found ~
their way to the honey.

I will now proceed to the similar observations, made
with wasps.

ss

The first one, I believe a worker of Vespa Germanica,

~ I marked and put to some honey on September 18.

-. The next morning she came for the first. time
at 7.25, and fed till 7.28, when she began flying
_ about the room, and even into the next; so I thought
_ it well to put her out of the window, and she then flew ©

straight away to her nest. My room, as already

mentioned, had windows on two sides; and the nest

- was in the direction of a closed window, so that the

_ wasp had to go out of her way in passing out through

_ the open one.

5 At 7.45 she came back. I had moved the glass
containing the honey about two yards; and though it
stood conspicuously, the wasp seemed to have much
difficulty in finding it. Again she flew to the window
in the direction of her nest, and I had as before to
show her the way out, which I did at 8.2.

At 8.15 she returned to the honey almost straight.

_ At 8.21 she flew again to the closed window, and
apparently could not find her way, so at 8.35 I put
her out again. It seems obvious from this that wasps
have a sense of direction, and do not find their way
merely by sight.

At 8.50 back to honey, and 8.54 again to wrong

_ window; but finding it closed, she took two or three -

turns round the room, and then flew out through the

open window.

' At 9.24 back to the honey, and 9.27 away, first,
however, paying a visit to the wrong window, but with-

_ out alighting.

La At 9.36 back to honey; 9.39 away, but, as before, going
“y first to wrong window. She was away, there-

fore, 9 minutes.
9.50 back to honey ; 9.53 away.' Interval 11 minutes,

* This time straight.

~ a Vy ster _ \: - i~« . 7 = on
J em i Br as BE os es oe % Au Ee ie
By Pe aan ee e ee ee 7
416 COMMUNICATION, ¥ fis ia
10.19 back to honey; 10.22 away. . Interval 12 minutes), ss
_ 10.35 ,, ” 10.39 ,, ” 13 2 NZ
10.47 ie » 10.50 ,, 2 9 yy
kiant pshitibls URN, Sop » if / Se
21-2) s, ss ie! ies » a eae
11.34 ,, ae ©. ee 95 EROS) Ue
11.49 ,, 4 Leer, 5) heen
4 be ae. CW i be eee Se
£2.13 «ss eee OS by ee ‘a 8. es
12,.25- ., eg (1 a »). 10a
12:39 ,, 5 Meee. ae yw 2
12.54 ,, Se a Fy Beer » kbs
V6 % be i We s 182m
1 227 ” ” 1. 30 ” ” 8 ”
. Here for the first time another specimen came to
the honey.

At 1.37 back to honey; 1.39 away.! a
146 ,, 3 1.49 ,, Interval 7minutes
1.54 ,, ” 1.58 ,. ” 5 ” ‘a
2. 5 3” ” 2. 7 bb) ”° 7 ”

2.15 > ” 2.19 ”° 9 8 bd ” J
2.27 : ” 99 2.32 39 ” 8 ”
2.39 4, a 2.42 ,, fa 7 s
2.50 ” ” 2.54 9 ” 8 ”
3. 2 ” ” 3. 6 >” 9 8 ”
3.14 > 3° 3.17 ”? 9 8 ”
3.26 ” ” 3.29 ” ” 9 LS
3.38 ,, “ 3.42 ,, x 9 og
3.50 5, » 308 45 29>) Oe
4,7-5 S 4:12 4, “ Ry
4. 20 ” ” 4.23 ” ” 8 ”
4, 32 ” 9 4.36 ” 99 9 ”

1 Was rather disturbed, as I tried to mark her. Fog
2 She very often, however, throughout the day, in going away, a
flew to the other window first, and then, without alighting, retuned r

to and went through the open one,

s 4.46 back eS re riag Interval 10minutes
5. ”

”

”

_ She did not come any more that day ; but, as will

be seen, she had made forty-five visits to the honey in
eleven hours. During the whole of this time no
strange wasp, except the one above mentioned, came to

e following day, September 20, this
ce in my room at 6.55, when

es
straight to the honey.

oh honey.

| Me

_ At 6.55 came to honey; 6.59 went away.

7.8

”
”
”
”
”

7.10
7.22
7.32
7.45
7.56

» Absent 9 minutes ©

”
”

”
”

; 5. 0 ” 9 ” ” ll
5.26 ,, ” 5.30 ,, » 9

- 640 , a ee Ae ie
5.54 ,, ” 5.59 ,, » 10

6. 7 ” ” 6.11 ” ” 8
6.20 ,, » 6.25 , 93°

CIBDDODOWDHDO HOH

made
e flew

ss Ss Ss

lho

418 COMMUNICATION.

‘10.53 came tohoney; 10.56 away. Absent 11 minntale

ll. 7 ” 11 ll °° ” 1l ”
yy 21 | ” 11. 25 ” ” 10 Bs ”
11.32. a 11:36; os. a

The wasp which came once yesterday returned and ;
rather disturbed the first.

_At11.49cametohoney; 11.50 away. Absent 13 minutes.

11.57 ” 12.0 5 ” - ”

12. 8 4 12.11 ,, = 8 lee
Here I was away for about two hours.

2.42 came to honey ; 2.46 away.

2.58 - 3.-2 ,, Interval 12 minutes ©
3.15 mi 8.1%... aoa

3.25 a i Oe

Here I was called away.
4.25 came to honey;4.28 ,,

4.41 by 4456, °,. 1
5.15 a 5.19, °° 4 “SOE
5.30 Pi bee yo Sie
5.45 a 5.50° 5 5, eee
6. 2 9 6. 6 ” ” 12 »
6.15 . 6.17 > oS

This was the last visit that day. She made, there-
fore, thirty-eight visits during the time she was watched,
which was not quite eight hours. She was at work
from 6.55 to 6.15; and assuming that she was occupied
in the same manner during the three hours when she
was not watched as during the rest of the time, she
would have made over fifty visits to the honey during
the day.
Wishing, however, to have a complete record of
day’s work, I watched her the following day vi
intermission.

a

COMMUNICATION. 419
September 21.—I began watching at ten minutes

past six.
6.16 came to honey ; s 19 away. |
6.29 é 6.32 ,, Interval 10 minutes.
6.41 ” 6.44 ,, ” 9 ”
6.55 ne ae oa oa? ee re
711 # FARit gee 9 atl"
7.23 ” 7.26 5 ” 8 ”
7.37 < 742 4, Rade Ts aes
7.56 2 ee oe
Was disturbed, and seemed rather troubled.
8.11 came to honey; 8.14 away. Interval 8 minutes.
8.20 e 8.24 , a ie
8.31 > 8.34 ,, So
8.40 é. 8.42 ,, * | ue
8.50 si 8.52 45 hem ctore
8.58 @ 9.'6 -s oe ae
9. 8 if 911 ,, ee Ao
9.18 fs 9.22 ,, a ere a
9.30 9 9.32 ,, et Ha
9.39 9» 9.40 ,, re et Gee
9.50 - 9.54 4 =f ie
10. 1 ” 10.5 ,, ” 7 ”
10.14 re 10.17 ,, Mee Shee
10.25 . 10.28 ,, an Ba a
10.37 10.40 ,, paris weve!
10.47 3 10.51 ,, ied Met
11. 0 eo ay anon PEER ie
11.17 “ 11.20 ,, Stee) Dt
11.34 ha7 ees aer 6a8
11.50 a 11.538 ,, oat Re ice
12. 5 an 12.8 ,, AR | BEER
12.20 = 12.24 ,, eins Aa
12.36 - 12.40 ,, oe teen
1. 8 e pA Re a Ngee
aRe2

~ 420 —- COMMUNICATION. | Oye
1.26 came to honey ; 1.28 away. Interval 15 minutes, |
1.40 142°, | yw 120
1.57 ( ” 2.2 5, » 1d 9
2.10 x 2.13 ,, > eS ee
2.25 %9 2.30 5, » 2 »
2.45 x 2.56 4 es oa

She buzzed about at the other window for a few
minutes, which made the interval longer than
usual. 3

3.13 came to honey; 3.18 away. Interval 17 minutes. —
3.29 acieig, 3.31. , m Liege .
3.41 ¥ Sd 3) Oe
3.49 ” 3.52 ” ” 4 ”

4, 2- a 4.°6 ” 7 ”

4.19 a 4,22 ,, 9 co

4.29 ” 4.33 ,, ” 7 ”

4.40 rs 4,44 ,, 99 ee

4.51 5 4.53 ,, >» ty

5. 4 A 5."O 4 . ll ‘

5.16 x 5.20. 5 * 10 es

5.32 e 5.35 ,, Pn 12 pe

5.45 i §.50 > 10 oa

It will be seen that the intervals of her absence
were remarkably regular. On one occasion, indeed,
she was only away four minutes; but this time I think
she had been disturbed, and had not provided herself
with a regular supply of food. .

The number of visits was fifty-one in eleven hours”
and a half. I tried whether she would be in any way —
affected by a dead wasp, so I put one on the honey;
but she took no notice whatever.

I observed with other wasps, that when the open ~
window was not the shortest way to their nests, they —
had a great tendency to fly to that which was in the —
right direction, and to remain buzzing about there.

INDUSTRY OF WASPS. 421

During the agra ca day only four or five
strange wasps came to the honey.

As the regularity of their visits, and the
time occupied, other wasps which I observed agreed
very closely with this one. For comparison, it may be
worth while to give one or two other cases. I will
commence with that of a worker,I believe V. vulgaris,
observed on September 19.

10 a.m. I put her to the honey; she fed and then flew
about the room, and at last got into my bee-

hive.

10.54. She came in again at the window. I again put
her to the honey. She again flew all about
the room.

11.41. She returned, and this time came to the
honey; but when she had fed again flew
round and round the room, and did not seem
able to find her way out. I therefore put her
out.

12.11 she returned, and the same thing happened again.

came back ,
-— { to honey ; } 12.31 flew straight away.
. ”

12.53 ” 12.57 i
1.10 »
1.26 a 1.29 =
1.38 ‘é 1.41 » Interval 9 minutes
1.50 od 1.53 ee g. Preg
2. 3 a 2. 6 - 4) 10 ere
2.12 ” 2.16 ” ” ”

Was disturbed

2.20 rm 2.25 = a) es
2.40 a 2.43 s a 20s
2.51 - 2.54 ae og”) AR ee
3.1 - 3. 4 a a Bare
3.13 - 3.16 m o Mie
3.25 ~ 3.28 ‘is a” abe

422 REGULARITY OF VISITS.

came back flew : oy ee ne ,
3.35 ee honey; } 338 tay Interval 7 minutes,
3.46 ee 3.50 ” ” 8
3.58 pe 4, 1 99 ” 5 yn
4.10 ” 4.14 ” ” 9 ”
4,23 - ch) ee Pat wee
4.34 ” 4.38 ” ” 9 ”
aes 9 ot ” ” : ”
5.1 4 Was disturbed and flew about. 8

She did not return any more that evening, but —
made her appearance again at half-past six the next
morning.

From twelve o’clock, when she had learnt her way,
till five, she made twenty-five visits in five hours, or
about five an hour, as in the previous cases.

It struck me as curious that on the following day
this wasp seemed by no means so sure of her way, but
over and over again went to the closed window.

Again, September 21, at 11.50 I fed a wasp.

11.56 she returned to honey ; 11.57 flew away.

12. 6 34 gS 12. 2a
1.25 Eo ® 1.97" 9 oe
1.37 - : 1.89"
1.57 ” ” 2. 0 ”
2.15 . x 9.1°0 ae
2.22 ‘ f 2.2609 <%
2.32 5 xg 9:36, ae
2.50 ” » 2.55 ”
3. 2 ” ” 3. 4 ”
3.14 55 ze 8.18
3.28 rt 3 3.805 a
3.40 . . 3.44 Se
3.51 fs 4 3.55 4g
4. 4 ” ” 4. 8 ”»

4.16 is si 420° ,,

A DAY'S WORK. — 423

? she returned to honey; 4.31 flew away.
eSTs. 2 7 441"

4.46 . 448.

4.57 sf a BO...
r 5. 9 ¥ s ot ees
; 5.22 = “ 5.26 4g
r 5.31 a - ose,

.
_. She made therefore twenty-three journeys, but did
not bring a single friend.

The last case of which I will’ give particulars is ,
: the following, which has been already alluded to on
_ p. 321. When I went to my sitting room at 4.13 a.M.,
I found her already there, though it was still almost -

dark. Her visits to the honey were as follows :—

4.13 AM., returning at

4.32 ,, >: ie
q 4.50 ,, » ”
6:5 i» 9 99
8.15. ~, PX
6.22 » a os
6.29 ., “ ”
5.36 ,, 5 »
: 6.43 ,, a os
; 5.50 ,, ne
5.57 ” ” ”
j 6. 5 »” ” ”
| 6.14 ,, a: s
6.23 ,, .
6.30 ,, ” ”
6.40 , fe a
| 6.48 ” ” ”
6.56 ,, ” ”
| ly aes md, ws
7.12 4, ” ”
Tele ‘ies = .
yh See Pa .

—— =.
“

7. 31 rad, returning at
9

7140 +5,
746 ,,
Ne) ls
8.
S105 <1,
BAS) oe
8.24 ,,
Case.
"G:O00 \ 5,
8.40 ,,
8.45 ,,
8.56 ,,
a ae
9,14" 5,
9.20 ,,
B26 eas
O31. ds
9.43 ,,-
9.50 55
sy
hee ees
110-5
Fea bee
10.24 ,,
1Q29> 14
1Q,37 © “sys
10,:45:- 34
10.50 ,,
10.59 4;
6 vee
Lia
11.22 i,
11,80. | 4,
ta es se
LLAT 4...
11.55
12,6 P.M,

de
29

ee
our

‘

a “Sine ,

=~

7
- J

wt
a
+3
ae
2
“ts
yh
R
‘-
a
hal
aes
~

ssssses3ss8

SSVSSssssssssssssssyssssssyssssysysyyssssss F

od eS 2 3

fs
“

i: 425 “a
s “> . .

Zu -
eT hs

-
,
£

—_

oe
AM

a

ay

a
426 ‘A DAY’S WORK. .
5. 3 P.M. returning at ;
‘ 5.14 ” ” ” :
( 5.25 ” Te ”
5.35 ” ”° ”
5.46 ” -) Ae ”
5.50 3 ”° ”
6. 5 > ”° ”° x
6.12 ” ” ”° p
6.20 > ”° ”
6.30 > ” ”
6.40 ” ”° ”
6.46 ”° ” ”
6.55 99 ”
fs 7 ” ” ”
7.17 ” ” ”
7.30 3” ” ”
7.36 > ” 9
7.46 bb) ” ”°

This was her last visit for the evening, and she thus
made no less than 116 visits in the day, during which
time only three other wasps found the honey, though
it was lying exposed on a table at an open window. It
will be seen that she worked with the utmost industry.
No doubt, however, if a wasp is put to honey in an
exposed place, other wasps gradually find their way to
it. In the preceding experiments some few, though
but few, did so. I then thought I would try a simi-
lar experiment with concealed honey. Accordingly, ~
on September 20, I marked a wasp and put her
to some honey, which she visited assiduously. The
following morning I opened my window at 6, and she
made her first visit at 6.27, the temperature being
61° Fahr. I then placed the honey in a box commu-
nicating with the outside by an india-rubber tube
6 inches long and } inch in diameter. The wasp, how- —
ever, soon got accustomed to it, and went in and out |
without much loss of time. The 22nd was finer; and

i asea I opined my window at 6 i in the morning, she
was already waiting outside, the temperature being 61°,
The 23rd was rather colder, and she came first at 6. 20,
the temperature being again 61°.
I was not at home during these days; but, as far
cm I could judge from watching in the mornings and
no other wasp found the honey. On the
24th I had a holiday, and timed her as follows. It was
rather colder than the preceding days, and she did not
come till 6.40, when the temperature was 58°. She
returned as follows :—

6.49 8.19

6.58 8.26

7.12 8.35

7.22 8.45
: 7.32 8.52

7.40 9. 2
; 7.50 9.12
a, 8. 0 9.45
8. 9

I had almost closed the window so that she hada
difficulty in finding her way.

: 9.58 10.32

10.10 10.51

The temperature was still only 60°, and it was rain-
ing, scarcely any other wasps about.

1m 1 1.21
' 11.11 1.32
11.21 1.42
11.29 1.53
| 11.40 2. 0
: 11.46 2.11
7 11.56 2.26
| 12. 6 2.35
, 12.14 2.51

12.25 2.59
12.33 3. 8

A DAY’S WORK. : 427

_

428 DESCRIPTION OF
3.14) 4.39
3.23 4.47
3.32 4.58
\ 3.40 5. 6
3.48 5.17
3.57 5.28
4.12 5.35
4.20 5.42
4,29 5.52

This was her last visit. During the whole day no

other wasp found the honey. JI also tried other wasps,

concealing the honey in the same manner, and with a
similar result.

I have no doubt some wasps would make even more
journeys in a day than those recorded above.

The following are descriptions of some new species
referred to in the preceding pages. The first is the -
Australian honey ant.

CAMPONOTUS INFLATUS, n. sp. Operaria.—Long.
15 mill. Nigra, tarsis pallidioribus; subtiliter cori-
acea, setis cinereo-testaceis sparsis ; antennis tibiisque
haud pilosis ; tarsis infra hirsutis ; mandibulis punctatis,
hirsutis, sexdentatis; clypeo non carinato, antice in-
tegro; petioli squama modice incrassata, antice con-
vexa, postice plana emarginata. Hab. Australian.

The colour is black, the feet being somewhat paler.
The body is sparsely covered with stiff cinereo-testa-
ceous hairs, especially on the lower and anterior part
of the head, the mandibles, and the posterior edge of ~_
the thorax. The head and thorax are finely coriaceous.

The antenne are of moderate length, twelve-
jointed; the scape about one-third as long as the
terminal portion, and somewhat bent. At the apex of ©

1 In the Linnean Journ.v. I have given figures of this species,

THE AUSTRALIAN HONEY ANT. 429

the scape are a few short spines, bifurcated at the

point. At the apex of each of the succeeding segments
are a few much less conspicuous spines, which decrease
in size from the basal segments outwards. The antenna
is also thickly clothed with short hairs, and especially
towards the apex with leaf-shaped sense-hairs. The ,
clypeus is rounded, with a slightly developed median
lobe and a row of stiff hairs round the anterior border ;
it is not carinated.

The mandibles have six teeth, those on one side
being rather more developed and more pointed than

if those on the other. They decrease pretty regularly
from the outside inwards.

The maxille are formed on the usual type. The
song hm are six-jointed, the third segment being
but slightly longer than the second, fourth, or fifth ;
while in Myrmecocystus the third and fourth are

§ greatly elongated. The segments of the palpi have on
_ «the inner side a number of curious curved blunt hairs
__ besides the usual shorter ones. .

The labial palpi are four-jointed. The eyes are

_ elliptical and of moderate size. The ocelli are not

developed.

The thorax is arched, broadest in front, without any
marked incision between the meso- and meta-notum ;
the mesonotum itself is, when seen from above, very
broadly oval, almost circular, rather broader in front
and somewhat flattened behind. The legs are of
moderate length, the hinder ones somewhat the
longest. The scale or knot is heart-shaped, flat
behind, slightly arched in front, and with a few stiff,
slightly diverging hairs at the upper angles. The
length is about two-thirds of an inch.

The following refers to a new ies of mite which

_ Ihave found in nests of Lasius flavus, and of which

Mr. Michael has been good enough to draw up the
following description.

430 DESCRIPTION OF A MITE

UROPODA FORMICARIA, sp. nov. .

This species, although it falls strictly within the
genus Uropoda, and not within Kramer’s genus
Trachynotus as defined by that writer, still in most
respects, except the very distinctions upon which the —
genus is founded, resembles Z'rachynotus pyriformis
(Kramer) more closely than it does any other recorded
species. It is, however, decidedly different, and is

characterised by the squareness of its abdomen, the —

thickness and roughness of its chitinous dermal skele-

ton, and especially by the powerful chitinous ridges or

wing-like expansions on the lateral surface between the
second and third pair of legs.

Length, ¢ and ¢, about -95 millim.
Breadth 8 9 55 ”

The abdomen is almost square, but somewhat longer
than broad, and slightly narrowed at its junction with
the cephalothorax, from which it is not plainly dis-
tinguished. The extreme edge is a strong chitinous
ridge bordered with a thick fringe of short, stout,
curved hairs, as in 7. pyriformis. The dorsal surface
of the cephalothorax is also narrowed towards the front,
and has a curved anterior margin bent down so as to
protect the mouth, ag in that species; it bears a few

of the same kind of hairs as the abdomen, and hasa

chitinous thickening at each side. The abdomen rises
almost perpendicularly from the marginal ridge. There
is a central depression occupying the posterior half, or
rather more than half of the abdomen; and at the bottom
of this depression are transverse ridges, the hinder ones
nearly straight, and the anterior ones bent in the
middle, the central point being forward; at the sides of,
but not in, this depression, are two chitinous blocks
which seem to form a starting-point for the ridges.
Anterior to this depression the central portion of the

———— Ct

a RP

PARASITIC ON ANTS. 431
creature, i.e. its longitudinal dorsal axis, is higher in

level than in parts nearer the margin, and forms an

irregular triangle of rough chitine. A broad chitinous

late or ridge projects on each side above the second
eg, and between that and the third, evidently for their
protection; it is probably flexible at the will of the
creature, as in the genus Oribates.

The sternal surface has strongly marked depressions
for the reception of the legs. The cox# of the first
pair of legs are largely developed, flattened, almost
touch in the median line, and nearly conceal the moutb,
as in the typical Uropodas. The genital opening of
the male is rather large, round, and placed centrally
between the coxew of the second pair of legs. The
female appears only to be distinguished from the male
by being more strongly chitinised, and by the con-
spicuous yalval plate which occupies the whole space
between the cox of the second and third pairs of legs
and extends beyond both.

The nymph is less square in the abdomen than the
adult, and the border of hairs is absent; the margin is
somewhat undulated, the concave undulations being so
placed as to give free action to the legs when raised ;
the central depression of the abdomen is far less
marked than in the adult; a slight ridge runs all
round the dorsal surface a little within the in ;
four ridges, two anterior and two posterior, run naa
the circumscribing ridge to a raised ellipse in the centre ;
there are not any plates for the protection of the |
= cox of the first pair are not flattened as in the

t.
This mite lives in the nests of Formica flava.

_—

432 ~—SO+DESCRIPTION OF TWO NEW

Description of a New Genus and Species of Phoridee
parasitic on Ants. By G. H. VERRALL, Esq., Memb.
Entom. Soc.

Sm Jonn Lussock has kindly forwarded for my exa-
mination and determination certain specimens of dip-
terous insects said to have been found parasitic on species
of ants, which latter he has been studying with care as
to their habits. Having given considerable attention to
the family Phoridz, I was agreeably surprised to find
the parasitic specimens to be forms new to science.
One of these is a new species of the genus Phora; the
other I regard as possessing characters sui generis, and
hence define it under the generic title Platyphora, at

the same time bestowing on the species the name of

the discoverer, who worthily pursues entomological re-
searches, spite of many pressing public engagements.

The subjoined descriptions embrace the diagnostic
peculiarities of the insects in question.

PHORA FORMICARUM, n. sp.—Nigro-cinerea, fronte —

setosa, caniculata ; antennis mediocribus, cinereis; palpis
magnis, flavis ; halteribus flavidis ; pedibus totis pallide
flavis, inermibus, tibiis intermediis unicalcaratis, posticis
modice dilatatis; alis subhyalinis, nervo secundo sim-
plici, nervulis vix undulatis. Long. vix } lin.

Frons broad, grey, bristly, two large bristles being

close to the eye-margin ; down the centre is a deep
impressed channel, which at its lower end joins a
channel above the antenne, and at its upper end a
channel round the raised vertical triangle ; the space
between these two latter channels (comprising the true
frons) is about once and a half broader than deep;
on the vertical triangle are two bristles; the third
joint of the antennz is moderately large, ovate, grey ;
the arista short, somewhat yellowish, almost naked ;
the palpi conspicuous, all pale yellow, with a few short

Y

_ FLIES PARASITIC ON ANTS. _ 433.

black bristles at the tip ; on the cheeks are some short
~ black bristles.
_ _The thorax is grey or brownish grey, broad, not much
_ arched, the disk being nearly flat, and on the hinder
) ol gereegd concave ; on the disk there are no long
_ bristles, but a dense clothing of rather short black
bristles; along the side of the thorax between the
humeri, the base of the wing, and the scutellum are
some long black bristles, and two on the thorax just
before the scutellum; on each side of the scutellum
are two long bristles; halteres dirty pale yellow ;
abdomen bare, dull black, with slightly yellowish
_incisures; ovipositor polished black, long, slightly
- ineurved and grooved.

Legs pale yellow, including the cox, clothed with
minute black bristles ; all the coxe with two or three
black bristles at the tips, the legs otherwise bare

excepting the spurs; femora flattened and widened,
_ especially the hind pair, the hind tibie also slightly
flattened and widened on the apical half; middle tibie
_ with a long spur inside at the tip, and hind tibie with
_ a small one inside and a very minute one outside ; tarsi
: pen. than the tibie, joints gradually diminishing in
lengtb.

ings very slightly smoky, broad; second thick
vein not extending half the length of the wing, thick-
ened, but not forked at its tip; first veinlet with a
steady curve; second very slightly curved at base,
otherwise straight; third very slightly undulated;
fourth hardly visible at base, evident towards tip, very
_ slightly undulated; costa bristly up to end of second
thick vein.
| This species is readily distinguished by its simple
’ second thick vein, channelled frons, small size, and by
_ the absence of bristles on the tibie.
It is parasitic on Lasius niger.

FF

,

me ee ae ee Ft

Y

)
7

434 PLATYPHORA LUBBOCKIIL.

PLATYPHORA, 0. gen. La

Lata, planx, tota absque setis. Frons latissima. —
Thorax transversus. Abdomen parvus. Alarum vena ~
cubitalis simplex, subacostali parallela; venule undu-
late ; costa ad basin subciliata. F

Distinguished from all the existing genera of ©
Phoride by its flat and broad shape, which resembles —
that of the small species of Spherocera. ‘The absence
of strong bristles on the frons, thorax, and legs also
distinguishes it from all the genera except Gymnophora, ©
which, however, is of the usual arched Phora-shape, —
and has the cubital vein forked, costa bare, &e.

PLaTyPHoRA LupBocku.—Nigra, nitida; abdomine
triangulari, segmento tertio parvo; femoribus posticis
basi flavidis; alis apice latis, flavido-hyalinis, costa ad
basin subciliata, vena cubitaliad medium coste extensa
subcostali parallela, venulis undulatis. Long. ? lin.

Broad, flat, shining; frons very broad, the eyes
scarcely occupying each one-sixth the width of the
head; it is moderately shining, gently arched, and —
pretty densely clothed with minute bristles; the
three ocelli visible slightly luteous ; antenne with the —
third joint rather large, somewhat rounded; thorax
broad, flat, rather broader than the head, angles -
tolerably rounded, disk shining (in appearance sug- —
gesting a small Spherocera), beset with very minute
bristles, which become rather scarcer towards the
hinder part; scutellum rather dull, margined, nearly —
four times as broad as long: abdomen black, narrower
and shorter than the thorax (again suggestive of —
Spherocera); each segment after the second success- —
ively narrower, the last one being almost trian-
gular; the third segment is very short, contracted
under the second; the hind margins form a curyed ©
convex towards the thorax, the first segment being —

y emarginate in the middle; the sixth (last) is

thirds of hind femora yellowish; middle tibie with
_ two small spines at the tip. Wings considerably over-
lapping the abdomen, yellowish hyaline, darker about
_ the basal half of the costa, blunt at the tip, cubital
_ vein extending about half the length of the wing, and
_ the costa slightly ciliate up to its end, sabecetil vein
running parallel to it and ending just before it; both
_ veins a little thickened at their ends; first veinlet
_ curved S-like, considerably at its base, slightly at its

_ second veinlet also S-like, diverging at its end from

_ the first, and ending distinctly below the tip of the
_ wing; third veinlet slightly undulated, ending very
bride from the sill fourth faint, not codine the
_ end of the wing. .
____ This description having been made from a specimen
_. gummed down on card, though in very good condi-
_ tion, I am unable to decide on the sex, or to examine
the face, palpi, base of antenne, or coxe.

re?

‘much the longest. Legs stoutish, blackish, basal two- | us

end, vanishing distinctly before the tip of the wing;

Se - Ah Sk ea oa NT ey aman 5

beet ae

a INDEX.

4 semen.

f ABD APH

h BDOMEN of ant described, 10, of, 10; different classes of indi- |

18; of the Mexican honey viduals among, 18 ; communities

sant, 19, 47 of, 24; of, 28; their rela-
Acacia with hollow thorns in- tion to plants, 50; often insecti-

habited by ants, 57 vorous, 59; their relations to.

ee oe ace
ae ants, 61, 92
oe Sega nae adi daarieg ar
Amazon ants, see Polyergus ru-

Sescens

cence intermediate form of
ant preserved in, 68

Analogies between ant societies
and human, 91

André quoted as to Pi hrus,
75; as to the slaves of F. san-

80

Anergates, 85 ; no workers among
—. 86; degraded condition

Autos food, queens hatched in
_ an artificial nest supplied with,

40
1 f
ren ee sesquipedale, length o

Anomma idee the Driver ant,
described, 20, 63; their blind-
ness, 65

Ants, three families of, 1; four
of life in, 6; duration of
among, 8, 38, 40 ; structure

other animals generally hostile,
63; their enemies, 26, 67; their
domestic animals, 67-78; pro-
gress among, 90; their beha-
viour towards each other, 94,
&c.; mental powers of, 181;
their sense of vision, 11, 182-
220, 258; of smell, 127, 238,
258; of hearing, 221, 226; stri-

dulating a among, 230 ;
their intelligence, 236
‘ Ant eggs,’ 7
* Ant-rice,’ 61

Antenna of ant described, 10;
sense organ in terminal portion
of, illustrated, 227.

Antenn# as means of communica-
tion among ants, 153; as organs
of hearing, 221, 226; of smell,
94, 234

Antirrhinum fertilised by humble

54
Aphides made use of by ants, 25,
67 ; different species of, utilised
by different ants, 68; their
honey, 69; their eggs tended by
ants, 70; not domesticated by
F. fusca, 91

Aristida oligantha, ‘ant-rice,’ 61

Artificial nests for ants, 3, 164

Ateuchus pilularius, anecdote of,
154

Atrophy of the imaginal discs of
the ant-workers, 12; of the
sting in Formica, 15; of the
eyesof Platyarthrus and Beckia,
75

Atta barbara, the eye in, lis
variety of workers among, 19

— structor, its treatment of col-
lected grain, 61

— testaceo-pilosa, experiment with,|
as to power of communication,
177

Attachment among ants, 94

Auditory organs, structures in ant-
antennz probably serve as, 226

Australian honey ant, 49; de-
scribed, 428

ATES, Mr., quoted as to the
five kinds of workers in

Satiba, 22; as to ant-play, 29;
as to the use made by ants of
leaves, 57; as to the armies of
Eciton, 65; as to leaf-cutting
by Saiiba, 237

Batrisus, rarely more than one
specimen of, found in an ants’
nest, 78

Bechia, one of the ant-guests, 74

Bees, occasional fertility of
workers among, 36; means of
recognition among, 126; their
sense of hearing, 221, 290; ob-
servations with, 274; difficulty
in finding their way, 278; their
behaviour in a strange hive, 281;
their recklessness, 285; their
want of mutual affection, 286 ;
their influence on the develop-
ment of flowers, 51, 291; their
colour sense, 291; their prefer-
ence for blue, 294-310; experi-
ments on communication among
them, 276, 401

SL, SSE eens age ee
p ‘Sane oe
-s A as Bee “oe
ia s. we he h
ae sy os
we Ss | ae
» - , ae
1
INDEX. ~ ey
\- oS)

Beetles kept in ants’ nests, 74, 76,
90 ene

Belt, Mr. Thomas, quoted as to
floral defences against ants, 51;
as to defence against leaf-cut-
ting ants, 57; on the raids of
Eciton, 66; on an ant-like
spider, 66 —

Bert, Prof. Paul, as to the limite
of vision, 219

Bichromate of potash, experianeaiial
with, 211

Bisulphide of carbon, experiments
with, 208 ;

Blanchard, M., quoted as to bi
origin of nests, 30

Blindness of Anomma and Eniton,
65 ; of Platyarthrus and Beckia,
75

Blue, the favourite colour of bees,
294, 304, 310; flowers, their Wit
origin, 308

Bonnet, M., on aphis eggs, 70

Bonnier, M.,, on indifference to.
colour among bees, 302

Bothriomyrmea meridionalis, the
eye in, JL

Brazil, blind hunting ants of, 65; :
use made by the Indians in, of
the tenacity of an ant-bite, 96 —

Buchle dactyloides, seed of, col-
lected by ants, 61

Biichner, Dr., as to Texan harvest
ing ants, 62

Burmeister, on the power of recog-
nition among insects, 126 G

Butterfly, ants seen licking the
larva of, 68

C4uPONOTUS inflatus, doe

scribed, 428

— ligniperdus, the eye in, 11;
communication among 158

Captivity, mode of keeping ants
in, 2,3; a wasp in, 315

Caterpillars killed by ants, 59, 65 —

Caryophyllacee, correlation
form and colour in, 309

- ~ 20
_ Colour-sense of ants, 186, &c.; of

bees, 291, &c.; of wasps, 316;
less developed among wasps
than bees, 32

‘Colours of eek evolution of,
— 808

J “ante, 166, 844, 376; with bees,

. 276,401; with wasps, 311, 415
unities of ants, 24 ; power

passion among ants, instances
of, ech A 108 ; absence of, among

paar experiments as to,

.

| "of a queen by, 84

Rtesindion of fore of
of form of knot with

cor sang Dt eden in ants, 13; of
colour in flowers wi th specialisa-
tion of form, 308

Courage of ants, 27; of wasps,

‘B14
Hineolata, adoption

Crematogaster scutellaris, their
neglect of friends in trouble,
98; experiments as to percep-
tion of colour among, 192

eet threatening attitude
of, 16

Cross-fertilisation effected by in-

sects, 50

Yb sx moh limits of vision in,

Darkness, education of PE tetas 3
ants conducted in, 5; effect of,
on the eyes of Platyarthrus and
Bechia, 75

Darwin, on the sound produced
by Afutilla, 229

—- Francis, on the use of the leaf-

f teazle, 52
Dead, treatment of the, among

Dekamen. ‘of flowers against un-
bidden guests, 52-7

Degradation of athus,
85; caused by slaveholding, 89

Dewitz, Dr., on the non-develop-
ment of ‘the sting in the For-
micide, 14; on eggs laid by
fertile workers, 36, 10 :

Dinarda dentata in ants’ nests,
76, 77

Di sylvestris, leaf-cups of, 52

Direction, sense of, among ants,
260; guided by the position of
the light, 268; sense of, among
bee. 278; among wasps, 321,

Dises, atrophy of imaginal, in
worker ants, 12; cleared by
harvesting ants, 61; experi-
ments as to sense of direction
with rotating, 261, &c.

Division of labour among apts,
23, 44; tabular view of experi-
ments on, 324

Domestic animals of ants, 68-78

Driver ants, see Anomma arcens

Dujardin, M., as to the power of

5

440

EBR

communication among bees, 156,
313
\
BRARD, M., his observations
as to the origin of ants’ nests,
31
Eciton, the eye in, 11
— drepanophora, their order in
marching, 21
— erratica, soldiers among, 21;
their covered galleries, 65
— legionis at play, 29
— vastator, soldiers among, 21;
their covered galleries, 65
Economy of labour among ants,
experiments as to, 240, &e.
ges of ants described, 6; laid
occasionally by worker ants, 35 ;
by worker bees and wasps, 36 ;
these always produce males, 37 ;
as to difference of sex in, 40;
of aphis, tended by ants, 69;
and hatched in captivity, 71
Hlectric light, experiments on ants
with, 200
Hmery’s observations on Colobopsis,
20

“Enemies of ants, 26, 67

Evolution of colour in flowers, 308

&xperiments, as to the adoptien of
a queen by ants, 32; as to di-
vision of labour among ants, 23,
44, 324; as to their. care of
aphis-eggs, 70; on Claviger, 90 ;
as to the treatment by ants of
injured companions, 94, 107;
with chloroformed ants, 98,
108-111; with drowned ants,
99; with buried ants, 102; as
to treatment of stranger ants,
104, 119, 124, 8333; as to mode
of recognition, 108; with in-
toxicated ants, 111-118; as to
power of recognition among
ants, 119, 333; and among bees,
126; with ant-pupe# removed
from nest, 129-147 ; on sister-
ants brought up separately, 147-

INDEX. ) ae

FOO (s,m

152; as to power of communi-
cation among ants, 160-181, —
344-376 ; among bees, 274, 401;
among wasps, 311, 415; as to
perception of colour, 186; with
coloured solutions, 194; with
spectrum, 198 ; with the electric
light, 201; as to ultra-violet —
rays, 200-220; with magnesium
spark, 207 ; as to sense of hear- —
ing among ants, 222; among
bees, 290; as to sense of smell
among ants, 233, 258; amy
bees, 288 ; as to ant intelligence,
237; as to economy of labour,
241; as to ingenuity among
ants, 243-6; as to their power
of finding their way, 250; as
to means of tracking, 168, 383,
387; as to sense of direction —
among ants, 260; among bees,
278; and among wasps, 321; as
to guidance of ants by sight,
266; as to the behaviour of
bees ina strange hive, 281; as —
to their compassion, 286; as to —
their colour sense, 291; and ~
their preference of certain
colours, 302; as to colour sense
among wasps, 316

Expulsion of ant from nest, 98

Eyes of two kinds in ants, 10;
compound, 182; various de-
velopments of, 183

ACETS of the eye in ants,

number of, 11; described, 182

Feeding, loss of instinct of, 76, 83,
87

Fertilisation of plants by insects,
50, 291

Fighting among ants, different
modes of, 17

Flowers, their Anteumel against
unprofitable insects, 51-55; in-
fluence of bees on their develop-
ment, 291; paucity of blue, 308

Food of ants, 25, 63; its effect in

ed

INDEX, 441

determining the sex in ants and
J seral 40; individual ants in
certain species serve as recep-
tacles of, 47
certain ants of a nest
told off as, 45, 47
© Forel, Dr., ip pic — to the
emergence of pups of ants, 8;
as to their compound eyes, 10;
as to the position of es,
14; as to the offices of young
ants, 23 ; as to F. rufa, 27; as
t. to an es, 28, 29; as to
y nests, 31; as to eggs
x by workers, 35; on the
honey ant, 40; on the germina-
tion of grain in ant-stores, 61 ;
as to beetles in ant nests, 78;
as to the slaves of F. sanguinea,
f 80; as to wo eee a of
, cata foamy 85; on Aner-
gates, 86; on the behaviour of
ants to each other, 94; on re-
cognition among ants, 120; as
| to power of communication
_ mong ants, 158; as to their
a insensibibility to sound, 221 ; as
hese organs in their an-
tennz, 227

. eggs laid by workers among, 37,
39; duration of life of, 42
— congerens, Thiasophila in nests
of, 77
— exsecta, mode of attack of, 17;
; ‘extent of nest of, 24; Thiaso-
. ne re 17 ,
= a, Uropoda in nests o ”

~ gecoon ditys 2;

cocoon, 7; its timi 27; fh
troduction of a queen among,
84; eggs laid by workers
among, 38, 39 ; queens produced
in vity, 40; longevity of,
42; division of labour among,

FoR

arthrus received in nests of, 90;
their condition analogous to
that of the hunting races of
men, 91; their neglect of friends
in trouble, 96; expulsion of a ©
member from the nest, 98 ; mite
attached to the head of a queen
of, 98; their neglect of im-
prisoned companions, 103 ; hos-
tility towards imprisoned

strangers, 104; instances of
their kindness to crippled com-
a 106; ents as

ition among, 122, 130,

186, 233; on power of commu-
nication among, 161, 180; as to
perception of colour among, 188,
193, 201

Formica gagates enslaved by F.
sanguinea, 80

— ligniperda, experiments as ps
sense of hearing among, 223 ;
to sense of smell among, 234°

— nigra, experiment as to power
of communication among, 363

— pratensis, eye of, 10, 184; at-
tacked by F. ewsecta, 18; its
treatment of slain enemies, 27 ;
Stenamma in nests of, 78 ; large
communities of, 119

— rufa, its power of ejecting poi-
son, 15; its mode of attack, 17,
27; nests of, 23; large number
of insects kept in nests of, 74,
75; Stenamma in nests of, 78

— rufibarbis perhaps a variety of
F. fusca, 80

— sanguinea, its mode of attack,
17; duration of life of, 41, 42;
Dinarda in nests of, 77; their
oo attack on neighbour-

ng nests, 79; slaves made by,
80; not yet degraded by slave-

holding, 88; they apparently
understand the signals of Pra-
tensis, 159

Formicida, one of the three fami-
lies of ants, 1; power of sting-
ing absent in them, 13 P

442

FRA
Franklin, Dr., as to power of com-

* munication among ants, 155

Friends, behaviour of ants to, 97,
101; recognition of, 119, 333

ALLERIES, covered, made by

Eciton, 65

Galton, Mr. Francis, on domestic
animals kept as pets, 77

Games among ants, 28

Gélieu,. M., on means of recogni-
tion among’ bees, 126

Gentians, colours of, 310

Glasses, experiments on ants with
coloured, 186, &c.

Gould, Mr., on the emergence of
the imago, 8; on ant-games,
28; on the eggs of aphides, 69

Goureau, M., on the sound pro-
duced by Mutilla, 229

Graber, Dr. von, on the sense
organs in the legs of Grylius,
231

Grain collected and stored by ants,
26,60; germination of, prevented
by ants, 61

Gredler, Dr., anecdote of ant-intel-
ligence told by, 237

Grimm’s observations on Dinarda,
76

Grote, Mr., quoted as to the ne-
cessity of morality in societies,
93

Growth of insects takes place
during the larval stage, 8

Guests of ants, 74

Gryllus,sense organs in tibie of,231

ABITATIONS of ants, 24
Hagens, von, quoted as to

myrmecophilous beetles, 77;
on the slave-making of Strongy-
lognathus, 85 ; on Anergates, 86 ;
his suggestions as to Strongy-
lognathus, 87

Hairs of plants as defences against
insects, 55

Harvesting ants, §9, 92; in the
South of Europe and Texas, 61

INS. ,
Hatred a stronger passion with
ants than affection, 106
Head of ant described, 10; large —
size of, in workers of certain
species, 20, 22
Hearing, sense of, among insects, _
221; possibly present in ants, —
226; among bees, 290; among
wasps, 313 i
Heterius sesquicornis,
nests, 77 /
Hicks, Dr. J. Braxton, on the —
antennm of insects, 227 ;
Hildebrand on the vei of
blue flowers, 310
Honey, love of ants for, 81; of
aphis, 69 ; experiments on ants
entangled i in, 98 '
Honey ants, 19, 47 ; independently
originated i in Mexico and Texas, —
49; of Australia described, 428
Hope, Mr., quoted as to harvest-
ing ants, 60
Horse ant, see F. rufa 7
Huber, as to ants playing, 28;
to the formation of a nest, 30;
on the care taken by ants of
aphis eggs, 70; as to slavernya
among ants, 81; as to their re-
cognition of friends, 120; as to
their deafness, 221
Hunting ants, 59, 63, 91 7
Hydnophytum formicarum, its as- .
sociation with ants, 58
Hymenoptera, common origin of —
the sting in the, 15; the social,
means of communication be-
tween, 153

in ants’

NDIVIDUAL differences be-
tween ants, 95, 101; between
bees, 279
Industry of ants, 27; of WaT sf :
321, 421
Insects, their metamorphoses, 8p © ‘
their agency in fertilisation of —
flowers, 50, 291 ; mimicking ants, —
66; kept by ants, 73; as
tion among, 126; their vision, —

Basersitie ants, roca tote with,

; Intelligence among ants, 181, 236;

.

RNER on floral defences, 52 ;
on the uses of nectaries, 56
Knot in ants, specific characters
offered by form of, 13
Kirby and Spence, Messrs., as to
power of communication among
ants, 156 ; on the power of sound
in Mutilla, 229

ABOUR, division of, among

_ _ view of experiments on, 324-332
Landois, on the sound emitted by

f
a
o
i
:
}
;
:
;
:
f

smell among bees, 281; on
recklessness, 285

Larne of ants described, 6; of
tended,

stranger nests carefully

period of larval life in,
7; ~ eye in, 11; will not

queen, 32 ; mites
iy the nest at, Of) keeps Socks

arthrus a guest of, 75, 90; they
have arrived at the ‘pasto

108-111; to intoxi-

cated friends and strangers, 111;
oo treatment of strangers,

23; perception of colour among,
0, 193, 195; experiments as
to sénse of hearing amoug, 223 ;
stridulating ap us in, 231;
structure in tibia of, 232; want
of ingenuity among, 248 ; earth-
works constructed by, 249; ex-
periments with, as to power of
pa pn 865; as to or
operation, 372; new species o
mite found in nests of, 429

Lasius niger, workers among, 19;
fed by aphides, 25; eggs laid
ee workers among, 37; longe-

ty of, 42; typical nest of, illus-
trated, 42; and described, 44;
they carry seeds of violet into
their nests, 59; their choice
among aphides, 68; Platy-
arthrus a guest of, 75; "Heterius
found in nests of, 77; experi-
ments as to Claviger in nests f,
90; observations on a wo
worker among, 95; experiments
with buried individuals of, 102;

among, 131;
communication among, 160, 163,
172, 175, 356-362, 377; as to
perception of colour among, 191,
201; as to their intelligence,
240; their want of ingenuity,
242, 246; as to scent, 258; as
to sense of direction among,
260; Phora formicarum para-
sitic on, 433

Latreille quoted as to
shown by ants, 94

Leaf-cutting ants, 57

Legs of ants described, 12

Leptothoraz acervorum, Platy-
arthrus a guest of, 75; Tomo-
gnathus in nests of, 87 note

— muscorum, Tomognathus in
nests of, 87 note

444

LES

Lespés, M., on eggs laid by work-
ers, 35; on grain stored by ants,
61; on the sorte 8 of Lome-
chusa by ts, 76; on the
domestic arimals of ants, 90

Leuckart, his experiments on ant-

intelligence, 238
- Life, duration of, among ants, 8

Light, dislike of ants to, 2, 186;
as aid to sense of direction
among ants, 268; bees attracted
by, 284

Ligurian queen bee, introduction
of a, 287

Limits of vision with ants, experi-
ments as to, 199-206; in Daph-
nia, 219

Lincecum, Dr., as to Texan har-
vesting ants, 62

Linnzus quoted as to aphides, 67

Locust, ants apparently deceived
by a leaf-like, 66

Lomechusa fed by ants, 76

Long, Col., as to the sense of
hearing among certain ants, 226

Longevity of workers of Zasius
niger, 38, 42; of queen ants, 9, 40

Lowne, Mr., quoted as to the func-
tions of ocelli, 183

Lund, M., quoted as to the intel-
ligence of ants, 236

Lycena pseudargiolus, ants seen
licking the larva of, 68

CCOOK, Mr., quoted as to
the adoption of a queen by
Crematogaster, 34; as to honey-
ants, 48; as to the grain-fields
of the Texan harvesting ant, 62;
_ yas to ants licking the larva of a
butterfly, 68; on recognition by
smell among ants, 127
Markel quoted as to insects kept
by 7. rufa, 74
Maimonides as to the ownership of
ant-stores of grain, 59
Males only produced by eggs laid
by workers among bees, wasps,
and ants, 36, 37; of Anergates

INDEX. i

MYR

wingless, 86; of Tomognathus
wingless, 87 note ‘
Mandibles of ants, 11; pointed in
Polyergus, 18 ; but toothless,
82; sabre-like in S. Huberi, 84
Marking ants, bees, and wasps, ~
methods of, 5
Meer Hassan ‘Ali, as to harvesting
ants, 60 ;
Mental powers of ants differ from
those of men in degree rather
than in kind, 181
Metamorphoses undergone by in- |
sects, 8
‘Metamorphoses of
quoted, 30

Insects,’

’ Mexico, honey-pot ants in, 19, 47

Michael, Mr., description of Uvo- —
poda by, 429

Microphone, experiment with, 225

Mimicry, protective, instances of,
66

Mischna, rules in, respecting ant-
hoards of grain, 59

Mites, ants infested by, 26, 98;
new species in nests of Lasius
flavus, 429

Mocquerys, M., on the tenacity of.
the bite of the ant, 96

Moggridge, Mr., on harvesting
ants, 61

Morality among ants, question as
to, 98; among bees, 285

Mosaic theory of the vision of com-
pound eyes, 184 :

Moseley, Mr. H. N., quoted as to,
the connection between ants
and certain epiphytes, 58

Mouth of ant described, 11

Miiller, his observations on Cla-
viger, 76 ; on the mosaic theory
of vision, 184; on the colour
sense in bees, 307; on blue
flowers, 310

Mushrooms grown by ants, 57

Myrmecina Latreillii, the eye in,
11; their mode of defence, 16;
said to be phlegmatic in a
tion, 27

rer deg Ve supplies of

y ee its associa-
tion wih ants, 58
ecophilous insects, 68-78
ruginodis, period of lar-
val life in, 7; length of life of
males of, 9; origin of a nest of,
82; observations on a wounded
specimen of, 96; experiments as
to recognition among, 121; as
‘te communication among, 164,
$48; illustration of
P portion of antenna of, 227;
: sense-organ in tibia of, 233;
their unwillingness to face a fall,
3 245
_ — seabrinodis, cowardly nature
-) 27; Platyarthrus a guest of,

if

_ Myrmicida, one of the three fa-
milies of ante, 1; correlation of
form of knot with power of
stinging in the, 13

OTARIES, uses of, 56
Nests for ants, artificial, de-
scribed, 3, 164; of ants classified
and described, 23, &c.; three
modes of formation of, sug-
gested, 30; of Lasius niger de-
scribed and illustrated, 42
Neuters among ants, production
of different forms of, 22
Normann, M. de, honey ants
brought from Mexico by, 47

QCCELLvs, or simple eye in
ants, 10; absent in the work-

ant, five
among, 21; extent of nest of,

Sitetrencs sha 237 ;

ee ae. ee ee oe

} lune individuals duals among, 18;

eophylla, sting in, 13
of sense in antenna of ant,
226; in tibia of Grylius, 231;

in tibia of ant, 232
Se one to the sense of
amo 221
Ova of aphis descri 71 note

RASITES of ants, 26, 67, 74,
431, 433; of bees, 26

Pass-word, experiments as to,
among ants, 108 ; supposed use
of, among bees and ants, 126;
experiments as to, with pupa,
129; existence of, apparently
disproved, 147.

Pets, domestic animals kept as, by
savages, 77

Phases of life among men and
ants, analogy between, 91

Pheidole megacephala, pugnacity
of small workers of, 20; experi-
ment as to power of communi-
cation among, 180; sense-organ
in tibia of, 233 re

— pallidula, the eye 11; com-
munication acne 158 ,

— providens, its storage of grass
seeds, 60

Phora formicarum, its attacks
on ants, 26, 74; described, 432
Phoridz parasitic on ants, 67, 74;
new genus and species of, 431

Pigs kept as pets by savages, 77

Plagiolepis pygmea, the eye in, 11

Plants, relation of ants to, 50;
their different modes of defence
against unprofitable insects, 51;
benefited by the action of in-
sectivorous ants, 59

Plato, bg , quoted, seuisl
Platyart

of ct te “ant 75; ptt et
i a anette ts described

Pognomyrce barat, ore the

Poison ejected by Formica rufa, 15 |-

Polistes, robbery among, 286; P.

- gallica, a specimen of, kept for
nine months, 315

Polyergus rufescens, the eye in, 11;
its mode of combat, 18; indi-
vidual courage of, 27; males
produced from eggs laid by
workers among, 39, 45; greatly
dependent on its slaves, 80, 83;
slave-making expedition of, de-
scribed, 81; degrading effect of

slave-holding on, 89; imprisoned:

friends and strangers equally
neglected, 105; power of com-
munication among, 158, 180

Polygonum amphibium, glandular
hairs absent from specimens
growing in water, 56

Ponera contracta, the eye in, 11

Poneride, one of the three families
of ants, 1; form of knot in, 13;
stridulating apparatus in, 230

Primulacee, evolution of colour
in, 309

Protective mimicry, 66

Pupz of ants, 7; experimented on
as to power of recognition
among ants, 129

Python said to have been de-
stroyed by the Driver ants, 64

UEEN ants, longevity of, 9,
41; their wings, 12; several
in a nest, 19; reluctance of ants
to adopt a new, 32; never pro-
duced from workers’ eggs, 36;
seldom produced in captivity,
40; treatment of a dead, 108
Queen bees, limited nature of de-
votion of subjects to, 287

ANUNCULACEZ, correla-
tion of colour with speciali-
sation of form in, 308
Recognition of friends by ants,
experiments on, 108, &c., 119,

INDEX. ara

STE :
&c.; after long separation, 123,
233, 333 ; means of, 125 ; among
bees, 126; experiments as to,
with pupee,129—147 ; as to sister
ants brought up separately, 147;

‘i

proved to be communal, not per-

sonal, 152
Relations, behaviour of ants to, 93
Retrogression of organs: of sting,
14; of wings, 15; of eyes, 75 ~
Roads made by ants, 25
Robbery among bees, 285
Rufescent ants on a slave-making
expedition, 81

4

>

gr FARGEAU, Lepeletier de,
on the origin of ants’ nests,

31; on the benevolence of ants,
94; as to hearing among insects,
921

Saiiba ant, see @eodoma cephalotes i

Sauvages, Abbé Boisier de, on the
connection between ants and
aphides, 68

Savage, Rev. T. S., * On the Habits
of Driver Ants,’ quoted, 20, 63,
64

Scavengers, some ant-guests may
serve as, 75

Scent, power among ants of track-
ing by, 124, 171; experiments
with different kinds of, 233 ;
importance of, to ants, 258

Schenk, ‘Anergates discovered by,
86

Secretion of aphis retained till re-
quired by ants, 69; of Claviger
and Dinarda as food for ants,
75, 76

Seeds of violet collected by ants,
26; stored by ants, 60; and
prevented from sprouting, 61

Senses of ants, 182; organs of,

226, 232
Sentinels among bees, 288

—~

Sex of eggs determined by treat-

ment, 40, 41
Siebold, von, on’ sense- Bi in =

by, 89
a ants, 18 ; expedition

&

among ants, 233; the probable

means of recognition among

bees, 281 ; sense of, keen among
8

ant, 59, 60

apparent insensibility of
ants to, 222; ble existence
of, beyond human auditory

Spiders, their intelligence in es-
caping the Ecitons, 66; mimick-
ing ants, 66

; _ Spaces 0 ant, position of, 12, 14

Woodwardii, the eye in,

11; found exclusively in nests

» of Formica, 78

Stethoscope-like organs in antenna
of ant, 228
_ 8Sting in ants, é correlation

of, with form of knot, 13; pro-
bable common origin of, in ants,

TYN

and wasps, 14; atrophied

bees,
condition of, in Formioa, 15; the

loss of, fatal to bees, 283
Stores, made by ants, 59
Strangers, behaviour of ants to-

wards, 104, 109, 119, 333
Stridulating apparatus in Mutilla,

229; in ants, 230

— testaccus, the eye in, 11; slave-
holders in spite of their feeble-
hess, 84; their degradation, 87,89

Sulphate of quinine, experiment
with, as to ant vision, 216

Surgical use of ant heads in Bra-

, 96

Sykes, Mr., quoted as to seed-

collecting ants, 60

ME wasp, behaviour of a, 315
Tapinoma, length of period of
larval life in, 7
— erraticum, the eye in, 11; their
Pd 24; Heterius in nests
of, 77

Teazle, possible uses of leaf-cup

in, 52

Tetramorium cespitum, the eye in,
11; feigns death as a defence,
17; alleged Oomearh of, set
enslaved p Bree sas
84; entire atdanes of Ane

gates upon, 85
Texas, harvesting ants in, 61
Thiasophila an in ants’ nests,
77

Thorax of ant described, 12

Tibia of ot Zan sense organ
231; of us, 232; yp rton
tide, 233

Tomognathus sublevis, only
workers of, known, 87 note

Tracks of ants illustrated, 251-257

Tuning-forks, experiments with,
222

Tunnels formed by ants, 25

Tyndall, Professor, experiment

448

TYP

with sensitive flames, 225 ; as to
sense organs in antenne, 228
Typhlopone, Pimenee of eyes in, 11

LTRA-RED rays, ants not sen-
sitive to, 206

Ultra-violet rays, sensitiveness of
ants to, 201-220

Uropoda formicaria described, 429

ARIETIES produced in beetles
frequenting nests of various
ants, 77
Verrall, G. H., Esq., description of
a new genus of Phorida, 26, 431
Vespa germanica, experiment
with, as to communication, 415
— vulgaris, experiment as to
colour with, 316
Vibrations producing sensations
of sound and colour, 225
Violet light, avoidance of, by ants,
189
Violets, colours of, 309; seeds of,
carried into nests by Lasius, 26,
59
Viscidity of plants, a defence
against insects, 55, 56
Vision among ants, 182; of the

LONDON :

PRINTED BY

INDEX.

WOR

ocelli, 183; of compound eyes,
184 ; limits of, 199, 206, 219 as ;

we Mr., honey ant sent
from Australia by, 48

Wasps, occasional fertility of
workers among, 36; sense of
hearing among, 221; experi-
ments with, 311, 415; more
clever than bees in finding their
way, 313; their courage, 314;
account of a tame one, 315;
their colour sense, 316; their
industry, 421

Water, ants’ visits pesvenied by,
52

Wesmael, M., describes Myrmeco-
cystus, 47

Westwood, Mr., on the production
of neuters, 22; on the sound
produced of Mutilla, 229

Wings of ants, atrophy of, among
the workers, 12; pulled off after
flight by the queen ants, 12, 19

Winter, aphis eggs tended by ants’
through the, 70

Workers among ants always wing-
less, 12; varieties of form |
among, 19-22; occasional fer-
tility of, 35 ; longevity of, 87, 88

‘

SPOTTISWOODER AND CO., NEW-STREET SQUARE
AND PARLIAMENT STREET

Plate

1 Atta barbara 3 major. 3. Pheidole megacephala $ major
= cas senor & — . ; ». minor
5. Formica rufa

Weet Newer & CT chrom. lech

Plate 3.

¥

1. @codoma cephalotes ¥ major. 3. Stenaamma Westwoodii §
4 \ . » minor. 4. Solenopsis fugax ,.

West Newrncarn @ CP chrome. lite

ey >

Plate 4.

_

A

1 Camponows inflatus ¥ 3. Strongylognathus testaceus ¥.
2. Tetramorium cespitum ,. 4.Anergates atratulus 9.

West Newman &C° chrome. lity

Plate 5.

1. Lasius flavus 9 5. Beckia albinos

eign asa = oF 6. Aphis

3. —.— —,~Larva. 7. Platyarthrus Hoffmanseqgit.
os. —,- Papa 8. Clawiger foveolatus.

West New mas & Ct chrome lith

. 4
Pay

hithoe nc!

" PRE- HISTORIC TIMES,
AS ILLUSTRATED BY ANCIENT REMAINS AND THE
MANNERS AND CUSTOMS OF MODERN SAVAGES,

Fourth Edition, 1878. (Williams & Norgate.)

THE ORIGIN OF CIVILISATION AND THE
PRIMITIVE CONDITION OF MAN.

Fourth Edition. 1882. (Longmans, Green, & Co.)

MONOGRAPH OF THE COLLEMBOLA AND

THYSANURA.
1871. (Ray Society.)

ON THE ORIGIN AND METAMORPHOSES
OF INSECTS.

With Illustrations. Third Edition. 1883. Orown 8yo. 3s. 6d.
(Maemillan & Co.)

ON BRITISH WILD FLOWERS CONSIDERED
IN RELATION TO INSECTS.

With Illustrations. Third Edition. 1882. Crown 8vo. 4s. 6d. v
(Macmillan & Co.)

| q ADDRESSES, POLITICAL AND EDUCATIONAL. —

1879. (Macmillan & Co.)

SCIENTIFIC LECTURES.
1879. (Macmillan & Co.)

FIFTY YEARS OF SCIENCE;
” Being the Address delivered at York to the British Association,
August, 1881. |
(Macmillan & Co.) 1882.
66

THE

INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC SERIES.

Each Book eee in One Volume. Crown 8vo. cloth. |

POOR ORE OA ORR

I, FORMS of WATER: a Familiar Exposition of the Origin
and Phenomena of GLACIERS. By J. Tynpaut, LL.D,, F.R.S.
With 25 Illustrations. Eighth Edition. 5s,
Il. PHYSICS and POLITICS; or, Thoughts on the Application
of the Principles of ‘Natural Selection’ and ‘Inheritance’ to Politival
Society. By WALTER BAGEHOT, Sixth Edition. 4s. :
III. FOODS. By Epwarp Surrn, M.D., LL.B., F.RS. Wiehe
Illustrations. Seventh Edition. 5s.

IV. MIND and BODY: the Theories of their Relation. By
ALEXANDER BAIN, LL.D. With Four Illustrations, Seventh Edition. 45,

V. The STUDY of SOCIOLOGY. By Hxrzert Spencer. Tenth
Edition. 5s.
VI. On the CONSERVATION of ENERGY. By Batrour
STEWART, M.A., LL.D., F.R.S. With 14 Illustrations. Sixth Edition. 5s.
VII. ANIMAL LOCOMOTION; or, Walking, Swimming, and
Flying. By J. B. Permicrew, M.D., F.R.S., &c. With 130 Iilustrations.
Second Edition. 5s.
Vill. RESPONSIBILITY in MENTAL DISEASE. By Henry
MAUDSLEY, M.D, Fourth Edition. 5s.
IX. The NEW CHEMISTRY. By Professor J. P. Cooxn, of the
Harvard University. With 31 Dlustrations. Sixth Edition. 65s.
X. The SCIENCE of LAW. By Professor Suetpon Amos, Fifth
Edition. 5s. ;
XI, ANIMAL MECHANISM: a Treatise on Terrestrial and Aérial
Locomotion. By Professor E. J. MAREY. With117Illustrations. Second —
Edition. 5s. q
XII. The DOCTRINE of DESCENT and DARWINISM. By
Professor Oscar ScHMiIpDT (Strasburg University). With 26 Illustrations.
Fifth Edition. 5s.
XIII. The HISTORY of the CONFLICT between RELIGION
and SCIENCE. By J. W. Draper, M.D., LL.D. Seventeenth
Edition. 5s.
XIV. FUNGI: their Nature, Influences, Uses, &. By M. C. Cooxr
M.A., LL.D. Edited by the Rev. M. J. Berkeny, M.A., F.L.8. With
numerous Illustrations. Third Edition. 5s,

a

London: KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, & CO., 1 Paternoster Square.

. ™~ ~. 9 ~
4 ~

‘The International Scientific Series—continued.

XV. The CHEMICAL EFFECTS of LIGHT and PHOTO-

[ GRAPHY. By Dr. Heamaxn Vocew (Polytechnic Academy of
4 Berlin). Translation thoroughly revised. With 100 Illustrations. Fourth

J Edition. 54. ;

_ XVI. The LIFE and GROWTH of LANGUAGE. By Wuuuas

} Dwieut Wuiryey. Third Edition. 5s,

XVLU. MONEY and the MECHANISM of EXCHANGE. By
W. Srantey Jevons, M.A., F.R.S. Fifth Edition. 5s.

| XVII. The NATURE of LIGHT, with a General Account of

ul PHYSICAL OPTICS. By Dr. Evozne Lommet. With 188 Illus-
trations and a Table of Spectra in Chromo-lithography. Third Edition. 5,

XIX, ANIMAL PARASITES and MESSMATES. By Monsieur
Vax BesEDpEN. ‘With 83 Dlustrations. Second Edition. 5s.

XX. FERMENTATION. By Professor Scuiirzensercer. With
28 Illustrations, Third Edition, 5s.

XXI. The FIVE SENSES of MAN. By Professor Beanstaiy.
: With 91 Illustrations. Third Edition. 5s,

XXIL The THEORY of SOUND in its RELATION to MUSIC.
By Professor Prerro BLASERNA. With numerous Illustrations. Second
Edition. 5s,

XXII. STUDIES in SPECTRUM ANALYSIS. By J. Norman
Lockyrr, F.R.S. With Six Photographic Illustrations of Spectra, and
numerous Engravings on Wood. Second Edition. 6s. 6d.

XXIV. A HISTORY of the GROWTH of the STEAM ENGINE.
By Professor R. H. Tuurnsroy. With numerous Illustrations. Second
Edition. 64, 6d.

XXV. BDUCATION asa SCIENCE. By Arexanpee Bar, LL.D.
Fourth Edition. 5s.

XXVI. The HUMAN SPECIES. By Professor A. pz Quatreraczs,
Membre de l'Institut. Third Edition. 5s.

XXVIII MODERN CHROMATICS. With Application to Art and
Industry. By Ocpgn N. Roop. Second Edition. With 130 original Dlus-
trations. 5s.

XXVIII. The CRAYFISH: an Introduction to the Study of Zoology.

By T. H. Hvxtey, F.R.S, Third Edition. With 82 Illustrations, 5..

XXIX. The BRAIN as an ORGAN of MIND. By H. Cuantron
Basttax, M.D. Third Edition. With 184 Illustrations. 5s,

‘London: KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, & CO., 1 Paternoster Square.

.

- XXX. The ATOMIC THEORY. By Professor A, Wortz.
age bs S- CLEMINSHAW, F.C.S. Third Edition. 5s. Midis
XXXL The NATURAL CONDITIONS of EXISTENCE as

y affect Animal Life. By Kart SeMpmr. Beton Haition.
; With 2 Maps and 106 Woodcuts. 5s. Z ; 1
XXXII. GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY of MUSCLES and NERVE Ss.

By Prof. J. RosENTHAL. Second Edition. With Iustrations. 53.

XXXII. SIGHT: an Exposition of the Principles of Monocular and
Binocular Vision. By JoserH Lx Contr, LL.D, With 132 Ilustrations, 53.

f k F
_ XXXIV, ILLUSIONS: a Psychological Study. By Jamus Suxty,.
Second Edition. 5s. ° - :%

XXXV. VOLCANOES: what they are and what they teach. By
JouHN W. Jupp, F.RS, Second Edition, With 96 Illustrations, 5s
XXXVI. SUICIDE: an Essay in Comparative Moral Statistics.
By Professor E. MoRSELLI. 5s. © z
XXXVI. THE BRAIN AND ITS FUNCTIONS. By J. Luvs,
Physician to the Hospice de la Salpétriére. With numerous Ilus-
trations. Second Edition. 5s. aa

XXXVI. MYTH AND SCIENCE: an Essay. By ‘Tro

VIGNOLI. 5s. 3

XXXIX. THE SUN. By C. A. Youne, Ph.D., LL.D. Second Edition,
With numerons Illustrations. 5s.

XL. ANTS, BEES, and WASPS. A Record of Observations —
on the Habits of the Social Hymenoptera. By Sir JoHN LUBBOCK,

Bart., M.P. Sixth Edition. With 5 Chromo-lithographic Plates, 5s.

XLI. ANIMAL INTELLIGENCE. By Guorcr J. ae
LL.D., F.R.S. Second Edition. 5s.

XLII. The CONCEPTS and THEORIES of MODERN
PHYSICS. By J.B. Srattio. 5s. a
XLII. DISEASES of MEMORY. An Essay in the Positive
Psychology. By TH. Rrsor. Second Edition. 5s, }

XLIV, MAW BEFORE METALS. By N. Joy, Correspondent
de l'Institut de France. Second Edition. 5s,

XLV. THE SCIENCE of POLITICS. By Prof, Suenpon
Amos. 55. ,;

XLVI."ELEMENTARY METEOROLOGY. By Rozerr H
Scotr. 5s, ’

London : KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, & CO., 1 Paternoster Square,

A LIST OF
KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH & CO.’'S
PUBLICATIONS.

3.83,

1, Paternoster Square, |
London.
‘i A LIST OF
KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH & CO.’S
PUBLICATIONS.

CONTENTS.
PAGE J _ PAGE
GENERAL LITERATURE. . 2{| POETRY. . © © « 34
INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC Works oF FicTIo o! oe ee

SERIES . . ¢« « 29 | BOOKS FOR THE YOUNG 4, 44
MILITARY WORKS, oh eee

GENERAL LITERATURE.

ADAMS, F. 0., F.R.G.S.—The History of Japan. From the
Earliest Period to the Present time. New Edition, revised. 2
vols, With Maps and Plans. Demy 8vo, 21s. each.’

ADAMSON, H. T., B.D.—The Truth as it is in Jesus. Crown
8vo, 8s. 6d. :

The Three Sevens. Crown 8vo, 5s. 6d.
The Millennium ; or, the Mystery of God Finished. Crown 8yo,
cloth, 6s.

A. K. H. B.—From a Quiet Place. A New Volume of Sermons,
Crown 8vo, 55. :

ALLEN, Rev. R&R. M.A.—Abraham: his Life, Times, and
Travels, 3800 years ago, With Map. Second Edition,
Post 8vo, 6s,

eer Grant, B.A.—Physiological Esthetics. Large post

vO, 9S.

ALLIES, T. W., M.A,—Per Crucem ad Lucem. The Result of a
Life. 2 vols. Demy 8vo, 25s. ie fe

A Life’s Decision. Crown 8vo, 75. 6d.

ANDERDON, Rev. W. H.—Fasti Apostolici; a Chronology of the
years between the Ascension of our Lord and the Martyrdom
of SS. Peter and Paul, Crown 8vo, cloth, 2s, 6d,

Kegan Paul, Trench & Co.'s Publications. 4

ANDERSON, R. C., C.E.—Tables for Facilitating the Calcula-
tion of Every Detail in connection with Earthen
and Masonry Dams. Royal 8vo, £2 2s,

ARCHER, Thomas.—About my Father’s Busin@™s. Work amidst
the Sick, the Sad, and the Sorrowing. Cheaper Edition, Crown
8vo, 25. 6d. :

ARMSTRONG, Richard A., B.A.—Latter-Day Teachers, Six
Lectures. Small crown 8vo, 2s. 6.

ARNOLD, Arthur.—Social Politics, Demy 8vo, 14s,

Free Land. Second Edition. Crown 8vo, 6s,

AUBERTIN, F. ¥.—A Flight to Mexico. With Seven full-page
Illustrations and a Railway Map of Mexico, Crown 8vo, 7s. 6:.

BADGER, we Perey, D.C.L—An English-Arabic Lexicon.
In which the equivalent for English Words and Idiomatic
Sentences are rendered into literary and colloquial Arabic.
Royal 4to, £9 95.

BAGEHOT, Walter.—The English Constitution. Third Edition.
Crown 8vo, 7s. 6d.

Lombard Street. A Description of the Money Market. Seventh

Edition, Crown 8vo, 7s. 6d.

Some Articles on the Depreciation of Silver, and Topics
connected with it. Demy 8vo, 5s.

BAGENAL, Philip H—The American-Irish and their In-
fluence on Irish Politics. Crown 8vo, 5s.

BAGOT, Alan, C.E.—Accidents in Mines: their Causes and
Prevention, Crown 8vo, 6s,

The Principles of Colliery Ventilation. Second Edition,
greatly enlarged.

Crown 8vo, 55.
BAKER, Sir Sherston, Bart.—Halleck’s International Law ; or,
Rules ing the Intercourse of States in Peace and War,
A New Edition, revised, with Notes and Cases. 2 vols. Demy
8vo, 38s.
The Laws relating to Quarantine, Crown 8vo, 12s, 6d,
BALDWIN, A Pe #H.—The Large and Small Game of
Bengal and the North-Western Provinces of India,

With numerous Illustrations, Second Edition. 4to, 21s,
BALLIN, Ada S. and F. L.—A Hebrew Grammar, With
Exercises selected from the Bible. Crown 8vo, 75. 6d.
BARCLAY, .—Mountain Life in Algeria. With numerous

nl ns by Photogravure. Crown 4to, 16s,
BARLOW, Yames H.—The Ultimatum of Pessimism. An
Ethical Study. Demy 8vo, cloth, 6s,

BARNES, William.—An Outline of English Speechcraft,
Crown 8vo, 45,

4 A List of

BARNES, William.—continued,

Outlines of Redecraft (Logic), With English Wording.
Crown 8yo, 35.

BARTLEY, G. C. T.—Domestic Economy: Thrift in Every-Day
Life. Taught in Dialogues suitable for children of all ages.
Small crown 8vo, 2s.

BAUR, Ferdinand, Dr. Ph.—A Philological Introduction to
Greek and Latin for Students, Translated and adapted
from the German, by C. KEGAN Paut, M.A., and E. D,
STONE, M.A. Second Edition, Crown 8vo, 6s,

BAYNES, Rev. Canon R. H.—At the Communion Time. A
Manual for Holy Communion. With a preface by the Right Rev,
the Lord Bishop of Derry and Raphoe. Is. 6d.

BELLARS, Rev. W.—The Testimony of Conscience to the
Truth and Divine Origin of the Christian Revela~
tion. Burney Prize Essay. Small crown 8vo, 3s. 6d.

BELLINGHAM, Henry, M.P.—Social Aspects of Catholicism
and Protestantism in their Civil Bearing upon
Wations. Translated and adapted from the French of M. le
Baron de Haulleville. With a preface by His Eminence
Contints Manning. Second and Cheaper Edition. Crown 8vo,
35. 6d.

BENN, Alfred W.—The Greek Philosophers. 2yols. Demy 8vo,
cloth, 28s.

BENT, }. Theodore.—Genoa: How the Republic Rose and Fell.
With 18 Illustrations, Demy 8vo, 18s.

BLOOMFIELD, The Lady —Reminiscences of Court and Dip-
lomatic Life. With three portraits and six illustrations by
the Author. Third edition. 2 vols. Demy 8vo, cloth, 285.

BLUNT, The Ven. Archdeacon.—The Divine Patriot, and other
Sermons. Preached in Scarborough and in Cannes, Crown
8vo, 6s,

BLUNT, Wilfred S.—The Future of Islam. Crown 8vo, 6s,
BONWICK, ¥., F.R.G.S.—Pyramid Facts and Fancies. Crown
8vo, 55.
Egyptian Belief and Modern Thought. Large post 8vo,
10s. 6d.

BOUVERIE-PUSEY, S, E. B.—Permanence and Evolution.
An Inquiry into the Supposed Mutability of Animal Types.
Crown 8vo, 5s.

BOWEN, H. C., M.A.—Studies in English. For the use of Modern
Schools. Third Edition, Small crown 8vo, 15, 6d.

English Grammar for Beginners. Feap, 8vo, 1%

Kegan Paul, Trench & Co.'s Publications. 5

BRIDGETT, Re. T. E.— oy of the Holy Eucharist in
Great Britain. 2 vols. y 8vo, 185,

BRODRICK, the Hon, G. C.—Political Studies. sDemy 8yo, 145.

BROOKE, Rev. S. A.—Life and Letters of the Late Rev. F. W.
Robertson, M.A. Edited by. 7
I, Uniform with Robertson’s Sermons, 2 vols. With Steel
Portrait. 75. 6d.

II. Library Edition. With Portrait. 8vo, 12s.

Ill. A Popular Edition. In 1 vol., 8vo, 6s.

The Spirit of the Christian Life. A New Volume of
Sermons. Second Edition. Crown 8vo, 7s. 6d.

The aa of Faith. Sermons TS ence on various occasions,
Fifth Edition. Crown 8vo, 7s. 6d.

Theology in the English Poets.— , Coleridge, Words-
worth, and Burns, Fourth and Cheaper Edition. Post 8vo, 5s.

Christ in Modern Life. Sixteenth and Cheaper Edition.
Crown 8vo, 55.

oak First Series. Twelfth and Cheaper Edition. Crown

VO, 55.
——— Second Series, Fifth and Cheaper Edition. Crown
vo, 5s.
BROOKE, W. G., M.A.—The Public Worship Regulation

Act. With a Classified Statement of its Provisions, Notes,
and Index. Third Edition, revised and corrected. Crown

Six Privy Council Judgments.—1850-72. Annotated by,
Third Edition. Crown 8vo, 9s.
BROWN, Rev. F. Baldwin, B.A.—The Higher Life. Its Reality,
Ex , and Destiny. Fifth Edition. Crown 8vo, 5s.
Doctrine of Annihilation in the Light of the Gospel of
Love. Five Discourses. Third Edition. Crown 8vo, 2s. 6d.
The Christian Policy of Life. A Book for Young Men of
Business. Third Edition. Crown 8vo, 3s. 6d.

BROWN, F. Croumbie, LL.D.—Reboisement in France; or,
Records of the Replanting of the Alps, the Cevennes, and the
Pyrenees with Trees, Herbage, and Bush, Demy 8vo, 12s, 62.

The Hydrology of Southern Africa. Demy 8vo, tos. 6¢,

BROWN, S. Borton, B.A.—The Fire Baptism of all Flesh;
ors ye Coming Spiritual Crisis of the Dispensation. Crown
vo, 6s.

BROWNE, W. R.—The Inspiration of the New Testament.
With’a Preface by the Rev. J. P. Norris, D.D. Feap. 8vo, 2s. 6d.

BURCKHARDT, ¥acob.—The Civilization of the Period of the
Renaissance in Italy. Authorized translation, by S. G. C.
Middlemore. 2 vols, Demy 8vo, 24s,

6 A List of —

BURTON, Mrs. Richard.—The Inner Life of Syria, Palestine,
and the Holy Land. With Maps, Photographs,
ee, Plates, Cheaper Edition in one volume. Large post

vo, 10s, 6d,

BUSBECO, Ogier Ghiselin de.—His Life and Letters. By CHARLES
THORNTON Forster, M.A., and F. H. BLACKBURNE DANIELL, —
M.A. 2vols. With Frontispieces, Demy 8vo, 245, —

CARPENTER, Dr. Phillip P.—His Life and Work. Edited by
his brother, Russell Lant Carpenter. With Portrait and Vignettes,
Second Edition. Crown 8vo, 7s. 6d.

CARPENTER, W. B., LL.D., M.D., F.R.S., etc.—The Principles
of Mental Physiology. With their Applications to the
Training and Discipline of the Mind, and the Study of its Morbid
Conditions. Illustrated. Sixth Edition. 8vo, 125.

CERVANTES.—The Ingenious Knight Don Quixote de la
Mancha. A New Translation from the Originals of 1605 and
1608. By A.J. DUFFIELD. With Notes. 3 6 Demy 8vo, 42s.

CHEYVNE, Rev. T. K.—The Prophecies of Isaiah. Translated
with Critical Notes and Dissertations. 2 vols. Second Edition.
Demy 8vo, 255.

CLAIRAUT.—Elements of Geometry. Translated by Dr.
KaInEs. With 145 Figures. Crown 8vo, 45. 6d.

CLAYDEN, P. W.—England under Lord Beaconsfield. The
Political History of the Last Six Years, from the end of 1873 to
the beginning of 1880. Second Edition, with Index and con-
tinuation to March, 1880. Demy 8vo, 16s,

CLODD, Edward, F.R.A.S.—The Childhood of the World: a
Simple Account of Man in Early Times, Sixth Edition. Crown
8vo, 3s.

"A Special Edition for Schools. 15.

The Childhood of Religions. Including a Simple Account of
the Birth and Growth of Myths and Legends. Ninth Thousand.
Crown 8vo, 5s.

A Special Edition for Schools. 1s, 6d.

Jesus of Nazareth. With a brief sketch of Jewish History to the
Time of His Birth. Small crown 8vo, 6s,

COGHLAN, F. Cole, D.D.—The Modern Pharisee and other
Sermons. Edited by the Very Rev. H. H. Dickinson, D.D.,
Dean of Chapel Royal, Dublin. New and Cheaper Edition. -
Crown 8vo, 7s. 6d.

COLERIDGE, Sara.—Phantasmion. A Fairy Tale. With an In-
troductory Preface, by the Right Hon. Lord Coleridge, of Ottery
St. Mary. A New Edition. Illustrated. Crown 8vo, 7s. 6d.

Memoir and Letters of Sara Coleridge. Edited by her
Daughter. With Index, Cheap Edition, With one Portrait.
7s. Od.

Kegan Paul, Trench & Co’s Publications. 7

~~

Collects Exemplified. Being Illustrations from the Old and New
Testaments of the Collects for the Sundays after Trinity. By the
Author of “‘ A Commentary on the Epistles and Gospels,” Edited
by the Rev. Joserm JAcKsoNn, Crown 8vo, 5s.

COLLINS, Mortimer.—The Secret of Long Life. Small crown 8vo,

3. 6d.
CONNELL, A. X.—Discontent and Danger in India. Small
crown 8vo, 35. 6d.

COOKE, Prof. J. P.—Scientific Culture. Crown 8vo, 1s.

COOPER, H. ¥.—The Art of Zaraishing on Rational and
esthetic Principles. New and Cheaper Edition, Feap.
8vo, Is. 6d,

CORFIELD, Prof., M.D.—Health. Crown 8vo, 6s.

CORY, William.—A Guide to Modern English History. Part I.
—MDCCCXV.-MDCCCXXX. Demy 8yo, 9s. IL—
MDCCCXXX.-MDCCCXXXV.,, 155.

CORY, Col. Arthur.—The Eastern Menace. Crown 8vo, 7s. 6d.

COTTERILL, H. B.—An Introduction to the Study of Poetry.
Crown 8vo, 75. 6d.

COURTNEY, W. Z.—The Metaphysics of John Stuart Mill.
Crown 8vo, §s. 6¢,

COX, Rev. Sir W., M.A., Bart.—A History of Greece from
the Earliest Period to the end of the Persian War.
New Edition. 2 vols. Demy 8vo, 36s.

The Mythology of the Aryan Nations. New Edition,
Demy 8vo, 16s.

A General History of Greece from the Earliest Period
to the Death of Alexander the Great, with a sketch of
the subsequent History to the present time. New Edition.
Crown 8vo, 75. 6d.

Tales of Ancient Greece. New Edition. Small crown 8vo, 6s,

School History of Greece. New Edition. With Maps, Fcap.
8vo, 35. 6a.

The Great Persian War from the History of Herodotus.
New Edition. Fcap. 8vo, 3s. 6d.

A Manual of Mythology in the form of Question and
Answer. New Edition. Fecap, 8vo, 3s.

An Introduction to the Science of Comparative Myth-
ology and Folk-Lore. Crown 8vo, gs.

COX, Rev. Sir G. W., M.A. Bart., and JONES, Eustace Hinton.—
Popular Romances of the’ Middie Ages. Second
Edition, in 1 vol, Crown 8vo, 6s.

COX, Rev. Samuel,—Salvator Mundi ; or, Is Christ the Saviour of all
Men? Seventh Edition, Crown 8vo, Sy,

*

8 A List of

COX, Rev. Samuel.—continued.
The Genesis of Evil, and other Sermons, mainly expository.
Second Edition, Crown 8vo, 6s.

A Commentary on the Book of Job. With a Translation.
Demy 8vo, 155.

CRAUFURD, A. H.—Seeking for Light: Sermons. Crown 8vo, §s,
CRAVEN, Mrs.—A Year’s Meditations. Crown 8vo, 6s.

CRAWFURD, Oswald.—Portugal, Old and New. With IIlustra-
tions and Maps. New and Cheaper Edition. Crown 8vo, 6s.

CROZIER, Fohn Beattie, M.B.—The Religion of the Future.
Crown 8vo, 6s.

Cyclopedia of Common things. Edited by the Rev. Sir GEORGE
W. Cox, Bart., M.A. With 500 Illustrations. Third Edition.
Large post 8vo, 7s. 6d.

DALTON, Rev. Fohn Neale, M.A., R.N.—Sermons to Naval
Cadets. Preached on board H.M.S. *‘ Britannia.” Second
Edition. Small crown 8vo, 3s. 6d.

DAVIDSON, Rev. Samuel, D.D., LL.D.—The New Testament,
translated from the Latest Greek Text of Tischen-
dorf. A New and thoroughly revised Edition. Post 8vo, Ios. 6d.

Canon of the Bible: Its Formation, History, and Fluctuations,
Third and revised Edition. Small crown 8vo, $s.

The Doctrine of Last Things contained in the New Testa-
ment compared with the Notions of the Jews and the Statements
of Church Creeds. Small crown 8vo, cloth, 3s. 6d. :

DAVIDSON, Thomas.—The Parthenon Frieze, and other Essays,
Crown 8vo, 6s.
DAVIES, Rev. J. L., M.A.—Theology and Morality. Essays on
Questions of Belief and Practice. Crown 8vo, 7s. 6d.
DAWSON, Geo., M.A.—Prayers, with a Discourse on Prayer.
Edited by his Wife. Eighth Edition. Crown 8vo, 6s.
Sermons on Disputed Points and Special Occasions.
Edited by his Wife. Third Edition. Crown 8vo, 6s.
Sermons on Daily Life and Duty. Edited by his Wife,
Third Edition. Crown 8vo, 6s.
The Authentic Gospel. A New Volume of Sermons. Edited
by GrorceE St. Ciarr. Second Edition. Crown 8vo, 6s,
Three Books of God: Nature, History, and Scripture.
Sermons edited by George St. Clair. Crown 8vo, cloth, 6s,
DE REDCLIFFE, Viscount Stratford.—\Wwhy am I a Christian ?
Fifth Edition. Crown 8vo, 3s.

DESPREZ, Phillip S., B.D.—Daniel and John ; or, the Apocalypse
of the Old and that of the New Testament. Demy 8yo, 12s,

Kegan Paul, Trench & Co.'s Publications. 9

_DIDON, Rew. Father.—Science without God. Conferences by.
Translated from the French by Rosa Corper. Crown 8vo,
cloth, 5s.

|" DOWDEN, Edward, LL.D.—Shakspere: a Critical Study of his
Mind and Art. Sixth Edition. Post 8vo, 12s.
Studies in Literature, 1789-1877. Second and Cheaper Edition.
| Large post 8vo, 6s.

DREWRY, G. 0., M.D.—The Common-~Sense Management of
the Stomach. Fifth Edition. Fcap. 8vo, 2s. 6d.

DREWRY, G. 0., M.D., and BARTLETT, H. C., Pk.D.—Cup and
Platter ; or, Notes on Food and its Effects. New and Cheaper
Edition. ” Small 8vo, Is. 6d.

_ DUFFIELD, A. ¥—Don Quixote: his Critics and Commen~
tators. With a brief account of the minor works of MIGUEL DE
CERVANTES SAAVEDRA, and a statement of the aim and end of
the greatest of them all. A |handy book for general readers.
Crown 8yo, 3s. 6¢.

DU MONCEL, Count.—The Telephone, the Microphone, and
the poenogreD ls. With 74 Illustrations. Second Edition.
Small crown 8vo,

_ EDGEWORTH, F. Y.—Mathematical Psychics. An Essay on
the rs ame plication of Mathematics to Social Science. Demy 8vo,
75s.

EDIS, Robert W., F.S.A., etc.—Decoration and Furniture of
Town Houses: a Series of Cantor Lectures, delivered before
the of Arts, 1880. Amplified and Enlarged. With 29
F Eyota ustrations and numerous Sketches. Second Edition.
vO, 12s, 6d.

Educational Code of the Prussian Nation, in its Present
Form. In accordance with the Decisions of the Common Pro-
— Law, and with those of Recent Legislation. Crown 8vo,
2s. .
Education Library. Edited by PHitip MAGNus :—
An Introduction to the Histo of Educational
ys Ze By Oscar BrowninGc, M.A. Second Edition.
3.
John Amos Comenius: his Life and Educational Work. By
Prof. S. S, Laurtg, A.M. 3s. 6d.
Old er Education. By the Rev. Prof. MAmAFFY, M.A,
3. 6d.
Eighteenth Century Essays. Selected and Edited by Austin
Dozsson. With a Miniature Frontispiece by R. Caldecett,
Parchment Library Edition, 6s. ; vellum, 7s. 6¢.

ELSDALE, Henry,—Studies in Tennyson's Idylls. Crown 8vo, 5s,

|
f
|
|
|
.
7

oe

10 A List of

a

ELVOT, Sir Thomas.—The Boke named the Gouernour. Edited
from the First Edition of 1 531 by Henry HERBERT STEPHEN
Crort, M.A., Barrister-at-Law. With Portraits of Sir Thomas
and Lady Elyot. copied by permission of her Majesty from Hol-
bein’s Original D rawings at Windsor Castle, 2 vols. Feap. 4to,
50S. \

Eranus. A Collection of Exercises in the Alcaic and Sapphic ietres:
Edited by F, W. Cornisu, Assistant Master at Eton. Crown
8vo, 25.

EVANS, Mark.—The Story of Our Father’s Love, told to
Children, Fifth and Cheaper Edition. With Four Illustrations.
Feap. 8vo, Is. 6d.

A Book of Common Prayer and Worship for House-
hold Use, co iy exclusively from the Holy pat aad
Second Edition. Fcap. 8vo, Is.

The Gospel of Home Life. Crown 8vo, 4s. 6d.

The King’s Story-Book. In Three Parts. Fcap. 8vo, 1s. 6d,
each.

*,* Parts I. and II. with Eight Illustrations and Two Picture Maps,
now ready.

“Fan Kwae” at Canton before Treaty Days 1825-1844.
By an old Resident. With frontispiece. Crown 8vo, cloth, 5s.

FELKIN, H. M.—Technical Education in a Saxon Town,
Published for the City and Guilds of London Institute for the —
Advancement of Technical Education, Demy 8vo, 2s.

FLOREDICE, W. H.—A Month among the Mere Irish. Small
crown 8vo, 55.

Folkestone Ritual Case: the Arguments, Proceedings, Judgment,
and Report. Demy 8vo, 25s.

FORMBY, Rev. Henry.—Ancient Rome and its Connection
with the Christian Religion : An Outline of the History
of the City from its First Foundation down to the Erection of
the Chair of St. Peter, A.D. 42-47. With numerous Illustrations
of Ancient Monuments, Sculpture, and Coinage, and of the
Antiquities of the Christian Catacombs. Royal 4to, cloth extra,
42 10s. ; roxburgh half-morocco, £2 12s. 6d.

FRASER, Donald.—Exchange Tables of Sterling and Indian
Ru pee Currency, upon anew and extended system, embracing
Values from One Farthing to One Hundred Thousand Pounds,
and at rates progressing, in Sixteenths of a Penny, from Is. 92. to
2s, 3d. per Rupee, Royal 8vo, 10s, 6d,

FRISWELL, ¥ Hain.—The Better Self. Essays for Home Life.
Crown 8vo, 6s.

Kegan Paul, Trench & Co.'s Publications. II

FARDINER, Samuel R., and ¥. BASS MULLINGER, M.A.~
Introduction to the Study of English History. Large
Crown 8vo, 9s.
peer ae ae Conmien Belden nee ny Poe A
arrative of the in ium, 1815. ith Maps and
6 Plans. Demy 8vo, 16s. e.
GARDNER, J M-D.— Longevity : The Means of Prolong!
Life after Middle Age. Fourth Edition, revised on
Small crown 8vo, 4s.
GEDDES, .—History of the Administration of John de
. Witt, Grand Pensionary of Holland, Vol. I. 1623-1654. With
it Portrait. Demy 8vo, 155.
GENNA, £.—Irresponsible Philanthropists. ~ some
it Chapters on the Employment of Gentlewomen. crown
peSORCE, Henry.—Progress and ne A an In into the
Causes of Industrial ressions, and of Increase of Want with
Increase of Wealth. e Remedy. Second Edition. Post
8vo, 7s. 6d, Also a cheap edition. Sewed, price 6d.
‘GILBERT, Mrs. — Autobiography and other Memorials.
Edited by Josiah Gilbert. Third and Cheaper Edition With
Steel Portrait and several Wood Engravings. Crown 8ve, 7s. 6d.
(GLOVER, F., M.A.—Exempla Latina. A First Construing Book,
with Short Notes, Lexicon, and an Introduction to the Analysis
of Sentences. Fceap. 8vo, 2s
copwin, William.—The Genius of Christianity Unveiled.
Being Essays never before published. Edited, with a Preface,
by Cr Keren Paul Crown 8vo, 75. 6d,
GOLDSMID, Sir Francis Henry, Bart., Q.C., M.P.—Memoir of.
With Portrait. Second E dition, revised. Crown 8vo, 6s,

peal Sm Commodore ¥. G.—Memoir of, with Extracts from
Letters and Journals. Edited by his Widow. With Steel
Engraved Portrait. Square 8vo, 55.

*,* Alsoa Edition with Maps, Woodcuts, and Steel Engraved
7

}
t

it. Square post 8vo, 145,
GOSSE, Edmund W.—Studies in the Literature of Northern
Europe. With a Frontispiece designed and etched Alma
Tadema. New and cheaper edition, Jarge crown 8yo,
GOULD, Rev. S. Baring, M.A.—The Vicar of Morwenstow : a
Memoir of the Rev. R. S. Hawker. With Portrait. Third
Edition, revised. Square post 8vo, tos. 6d.
Germany, Present and Past. New and Cheaper Edition.
Large crown 8vo, 75. 6¢.
GOWAN, Major Walter E.—A. Ivanoff's ee Grammar.
: 16th Edition.) Translated, enlarged, and arranged for use of
tudents — Russian Language. Demy 8vo, 6s,

12 A List of

GRAHAM, William, M.A.—The Creed of Science, Religious, Mo
and Social. Demy 8vo, 12s.

GRIFFITH, Thomas, A.M.—The Gospel of the Divine Life:
Study of the Fourth Evangelist. Demy 8vo, 145.

GRIMLEY, Rev. H. N., M.A.—Tremadoc Sermons, chiefly o
the Spiritual Body, the Unseen World, and th
Divine Humanity. Third Edition. Crown 8vo, 6s,

GRUNER, M.L.—Studies of Blast Furnace Phenomena
Tenens by L. D. B. Gorpon, F.R.S.E., F.G.S. Demy 8vo,
7s. 6d,

GURNEY, Rev. Archer.—SNords of Faith and Cheer. A Mission
of Instruction and Suggestion. Crown 8vo, 6s.

HAECKEL, Prof. Ernst.—The History of Creation. Translatio
revised by Professor E. RAy LANKESTER, M.A., F.R.S. With
Coloured Plates and Genealogical Trees of the various groups
rd both Plants and Animals. 2 vols. Second Edition. Post

VO, 325.

The History of the Evolution of Man. With numerous
Illustrations. 2 vols. Post 8vo, 32s.
Freedom in Science and Teaching. With a Prefatory Note
by T. H. Huxtey, F.R.S. Crown vo, 55,
HALF-CROWN SERIES :—
Sister Dora: a Biography. By MARGARET LONSDALE.

True Words for Brave Men: a Book for Soldiers and Sailors.
By the late CHARLES KINGSLEY.

An Inland Voyage. By R. L. STEVENSON. 4

Travels with a Donkey. By R. L. STEVENSON,

A Nook in the Apennines. By LEADER ScorTT.

Notes of Travel: being Extracts from the Journals of Count Von
MOLTKE.

Letters from Russia. By Count Von MoLrTKe.

English Sonnets. Collected and Arranged by J. DENNIS.

Lyrics of Love. From Shakespeare to Tennyson,
Selected and Arranged by W. D. ADAms,

London Lyrics. By F. Locker.

Home Songs for Quiet Hours. By the Rev. Canon R. H,
BAYNES.

HALLECK’S {International Law; or, Rules Regulating the Inter

course of States in Peace and War. A New Edition, revised,

with Notes and Cases by Sir SHERSTON BAKER, Bart. 2 vols,
Demy 8vo, 385.

HARTINGTON, The Right Hon. the Marquis of, M.P.—Election

Speeches in 1879 and 1880. ith Address to the Electors
of North-East Lancashire. Crown 8vo, 3s. 6d,

;

:
:
:

Kegan Paul, Trench & Co's Publications. 13

[AWEIS, Reo. H, R., M.A.—Current Coin. Materialism—The
Devil—Crime— Drunkenness—Pa Emotion—Recreation
—The Sabbath. Fourth and Cheaper Edition, Crown 8vo, 5s.

ag in the Air. Fourth and Cheaper Edition, Crown
5s.
Speech in Season. Fifth and Cheaper Edition. Crown 8vo, 5s.
Thoughts for the Times, Twelfth and Cheaper Edition.
Crown 8vo, 55. .
Unsectarian Family Prayers. New and Cheaper Edition.
Feap. Svo, Is. 6d.
HAWKINS, Edwards Comerford.—Spirit and Form. Sermcns
preached in the Parish Church of Leatherhead. Crown 8vo, 6s.
HAYES, A. H., Funr.—New Colorado, and the Santa Fé Trail.
With Map and 60 Illustrations. Crown 8vo, 9s.
HELLWALD, Baron F. Von.—The Russians in Central Asia.
A Critical Examination, down to the Present Time, of the
Geography and History of Central Asia. Translated by Lieut.-
hg ‘THEODORE WIRGMAN, LL.B, With Map. Large post
vO, 12s.
HENRY, Philif.—Diaries and Letters of. Edited by Matthew
Henry M.A. Large crown 8vo, cloth, 7s. 6d.
HIDE, Albert.—The Age to Come. Small crown 8vo, cloth, 2s, 6d.
HIME, Major H. W. L., R.A.—Wagnerism: A Protest. Crown
8vo, cloth, 2s. 6d.
HINTON, ¥.—The Place of the Physician. To which is added
Essays on the Law of Human Life, and on the

Relations between Organic and Inorganic Worlds.
Second Edition. Crown 8vo, 35. 6d.

Philosophy and Religion. Selections from the MSS. of the
— James HINTON, ited by CAROLINE Happon, Crown
VO, 55.
Physiology for Practical Use. Various Writers. With
50 Illustrations, Third and Cheaper Edition. Crown 8vo, 5s.
An Atlas of Diseases of the Membrana Tympani. With
Descriptive Text. Post 8vo, £10 Ios,

The Questions of Aural Surgery. With Illustrations, 2 vols,
Post 8vo, 125. 6d.

Chapters on the Art of Thinking, and other Essays.

ith an Introduction by SHApwortTH Hopcson, Edited by

C. H. Hinton, Crown 8vo, 8s. 6d.

The Mystery of Pain. New Edition, Feap. 8vo, 1."

Life and Letters. Edited by Ettice Hopxins, with an Intro-
duction y Sir W. W. Gut, Bart,, and Portrait ved on
Steel by C. H. Jeens. Fourth Edition. Crown 8yo, 8s. 6¢.

t4 A List of “

HOOPER, Mary.—Little Dinners: How to Serve them with
Elegance and Economy. Seventeenth Edition, Crown
8vo, 2s. 6d,

Cookery for Invalids, Persons of Delicate Digestion,
and Children. Third Edition. Crown 8vo, 2s. 6d.

Every-Day Meals. Being Economical and Wholesome Recipes
for Breakfast, Luncheon, and Supper. Fifth Edition, Crown:

8vo, 2s. 6d.
HOPKINS, Ellice.—Life and Letters of James Hinton, with an
Introduction by Sir W. W. Gutt, Bart., and Portrait ved

on Steel by C. H. JeEeNs. Fourth Edition. Crown 8vo, 8s. 6d.

Work amongst Working Men. Fourth edition. Crown
8vo, cloth, 35, 6d,

HORNER, The Misses.—SNalks in Florence. A Newand thoroughly
Revised Edition. 2 vols. Crown 8vo. Limp cloth. With Illus-
trations. r
VoL. I.—Churches, Streets, and Palaces. 10s. 6d,
Vou. II.—Public Galleries and Museums. 55,

HOSPITALIER, E.—The Modern Applications of Electricity.
Translated and Enlarged by JuLIus MAIER, Ph.D, With 170
Illustrations, Demy 8vo, 16s. .

Household Readings on Prophecy. By a Layman. Small
crown 8yo, 3s. 6d. 1

HUGHES, Henry,—The Redemption of the World. Crown 8yo,
35. 6d,

HULL, Edmund C. P.—The European in India. With a Medical
Guide for Anglo-Indians, By R. S, Mair, M.D., F.R.C.S.E,
Third Edition, Revised and Corrected, Post 8vo, 6s,

HUNTINGFORD, Rev. £., D.C.L.—The Apocalypse. With a
Commentary and Introductory Essay, Demy 8vo, 9s,

HUTTON, Arthur, M.A.—The Anglican Ministry: Its Nature
and Value in relation to the Catholic Priesthood. With a Preface
by His Eminence Cardinal Newman, Demy 8yo, 145,

HUTTON, Rev, C. F.—Unconscious Testimony ; or, the Silent
Witness of the Hebrew to the Truth of the Historical Scriptures,
Crown 8vo, cloth, 2s. 6d.

FENKINS, £., and RAYMOND, F.—The Architect’s Legal
Handbook. Third Edition, Revised. Crown 8vo, 6s.

FENKINS, Rev. R. C., M.A.—The Privilege of Peter, and the
Claims of the Roman Church confronted with the Scriptures,
the Councils, and the Testimony of the Popes themselves, Fcap,
8vo, 35. 6d. :

GERVIS, Rev. W. Henley.—The Gallican Church and the
Revolution. A Sequel to the History of the Church of
France, from the Concordat of Bologna to the Revolution,
Demy 8vo, 18s,

Kegan Paul, Trench & Co's Publications, 15

--

YOLL, L.—A Consul’s Manual and Shipowner's and Ship-

1 master’s Practical Guide in their Transactions

4 Abroad. With Definitions of Nautical, Mercantile, and
Terms; a Glossary of Mercantile Terms in English, French,

Italian, and Spanish ; Tables of the Money, Weights,

and Measures of the Principal Commercial Nations and their
Equivalents in British Standards; and Forms of Consular and
Notarial Acts. Demy 8vo, 12s,

JOHNSTONE, C. F., M.A.—Historical Abstracts: being Outlines

of the History of some of the less known States of Europe,
Crown 8vo, 75. 6d.

FOLLY, William, F.R.S.E., ee—The Life of John Duncan,
Scotch Weaver and Botanist. With Sketches of his
Friends and Notices of his Times, Large crown 8vo, with

. etched portrait, cloth, gs.

FONCOURT, Madame Marie de.—Wholesome Cookery. Crown
Svo, 35. 6d.

FONES, C. A.—The Foreign Freaks of Five Friends. With 30
Illustrations, Crown 8vo, 6s.

FONES, Lucy —Puddings and Sweets: being Three Hundred and
Sixty-five Receipts approved by experience. Crown 8vo, 25. 6:.
FOYCE, P. W., LL.D., ee.—Old Celtic Romances. Translated
from the Gaelic. Crown 8vo, 75. 6d.
FOYNES, ¥ L.—The Adventures of a Tourist in Ireland.
Second edition. Small crown 8vo, cloth, 2s. 6d.
|XAUFMANN, Rev. M., B.A.—Socialism : its Nature, its Dangers,
. and its Remedies considered. Crown 8vo, 7s. 6d.
Utopias ; or, Schemes of Social Improvement, from Sir Thomas
More to Karl Marx. Crown 8vo, 5s.
_KAY, Yoseph.—F ree Trade in Land. Edited by his Widow. With
: Preface by the Right Hon. Joun Bricut, M.P. Sixth Edition,
; Crown 8vo, 55.
_KEMPIS, Thomas 2.—Of the Imitation of Christ. Parchment
Lib Edition, 6s. ; or vellum, 75. 6¢. The Red Line Edition,
fcap. Svo, red edges, 2s. 6d. The Cabinet Edition, small 8vo,
| cloth limp, 1s. ; cloth boards, red edges, 15. 6¢. The Miniature
5 Edition, red edges, 32mo, 15.
f *,* All the above Editions may be had in various extra bindings.
XENT, C.—Corona Catholica ad Petri successoris Pedes
i Oblata. De Summi Pontificis Leonis XLII. As-
i
‘

{4
|

sumptione Epigramma. In Quinquaginta Linguis, Feap,
4to, 15s.

RERNER, Dr. A.—Flowers and their Unbidden Guests,
Translation edited by W. OGLE, M.A., M.D, With Illustrations,
Square Syo, 9%

16 A List of

30s.

KIDD, Joseph M.D.—The Laws of Therapeutics ; or, the Science
and Art of Medicine. Second Edition. Crown 8vo, 6s,
KINAHAN, G. Henry, M.R.I.A.—The Geology of Ireland, with

nao Illustrations and a Geological Map of Ireland. Square
VO, 155.

KINGSFORD, Anna, M.D.—The Perfect Way in Diet. A
Treatise advocating a Return to the Natural and Ancient Food
our Race. Small crown 8vo, 2s,

KINGSLEY, Charles, M.A.—Letters and Memories of his Life.
Edited by his Wife. With two Steel Engraved Portraits,
pee on Wood, Eleventh Cabinet Edition. 2 vols, Crown

VO; 12s. 8

All Saints’ Day, and other Sermons. Edited by the Rev. W.
HARRISON. ‘Third Edition. Crown 8vo, 75. 6d.
True Words for Brave Men. A Book for Soldiers’ and
Sailors’ Libraries. Eighth Edition. Crown 8vo, 2s. 6d.

KNIGHT, Professor W.—Studies in Philosophy and Literature,
Large Post 8vo, 7s. 6d.

KNOX, Alexander A.—The New Playground ; or, Wanderings in
Algeria. New and cheaper edition. Large crown 8vo, 6s.

LAURIE, S. S.—The Training of Teachers, and other Educational
Papers. Crown 8vo, 7s. 6d.

LEE, Rev. F. G., D.C.L.—The Other World 5 or, Glimpses of the
Supernatural, 2 vols, A New Edition. Crown 8vo, 15s.

LEWIS, Edward Dillon.—A Draft Code of Criminal Law and
Procedure. Demy 8vo, 21s.

LINDSAY, W. Lauder, M.D.—Mind in the Lower Animals in
Health and Disease. 2 vols. Demy 8vo, 325.
Vol. I.—Mind in Health, Vol. II.—Mind in Disease,

LLOYD, Walter.—The Hope of the World : An Essay on Universal
Redemption, Crown 8yo, 55.

LONSDALE, Margaret.—Sister Dora: a ip 2.7% With Portrait,
Twenty-fifth Edition, Crown 8vo, 2s. 6d,

LORIMER, Peter, D.D.—{ohn Knox and the Church of Eng»
land. His Work in her Pulpit, and his Influence upon her
Liturgy, Articles, and Parties, Demy 8vo, 12s,

John Wiclif and his English Precursors. By GERHARD
Victor LECHLER, Translated from the German, with additional
Notes, “New and Cheaper Edition, Demy 8vo, 10s. 6d,

- Kegan Paul, Trench & Co's Publications. 17

LOWDER, Charles.—A Bi phy. By the Author of “St. Teresa.”

New and Cheaper Editions Crown 8vo. With Portrait. 35. 6d.
MACHIAVELLI, Nicoli, The Prince. Translated from the Italian
N. H. T. —_ crown 8yo, printed on hand-made paper,

| MACKENZIE, Alexander.—How India is Governed. Being as
Account of England’s work in India, Small crown 8vo, 2s.
_ MACNAUGAT, Rev. Fohn.—Ccena Domini: An Essay on the Lord’s
Supper, its Primitive Institution, Apostolic Uses, and Subsequent
History. Demy 8vo, 14s.
_ MAGNUS, Mrs.—About the Jews since Bible Times. From the
: Babylonian Exile till the English Exodus. Small crown 8yo, 6s.
MAIR, R. S., M.D., F.R.C.S.E.—The Medical Guide for Anglo-
Indians. Being a Compendium of Advice to Europeans in
With'a Sapplment on the Management of Children in. India.
ith a t on the Management o i in Indi
Second Editon, Crown 8vo, limp cloth, 3s. 6d.
MANNING, His Eminence Cardinal.—The True Story of the
Vatican Council. Crown 8vo, 5s,
Many Voices. Crown 8vo, cloth extra, red edges, 6s. .
MARKHAM, Capt. Albert Hastings, R.N.—The Great Frozen Sea:
A Personal Narrative of the V: of the Alert during the Arctic
cs peng of 1875-6. With 6 Full- Tilustrations, 2 Maps,
27 Woodcuts, Fifth and Cheaper Edition. Crown 8vo, 6s.
A Polar Reconnaissance: being the Voyage of the Jshjirn
to Novaya Zemlya in 1879. With 10 Illustrations, Demy 8vo, 16s.
Marriage and Maternity ; or, Scripture Wives and Mothers. Small
crown 8vo, 45.
MARTINEAU, Gertrude—Outline Lessons on Morals. Small
crown 8vo, 3s. 6d.

McGRATH, Terence.—Pictures from Ireland. New and Cheaper
Edition. Crown 8vo, 2s,

MEREDITH, M.A,—Theotokos, the Example for Woman.
Dedicated, ission, to Lady AcNes Woop. Revised by
the Venerable eacon DENISON. 32mo, limp cloth, 1s. 6¢,

MILLER, Edward.—The History and Doctrines of Irvingism ;
or, the so-called Catholic and Apostolic Church, 2 vols, Large
post Svo, 25s,

The aah in Relation to the State. Large crown 8yvo,
7s. 6d.

MILNE, —Tables of Exchange for the Conversion of Sterling

into Indian and Ceylon C , at Rates from 1s, 8d, to
2s, | per Rupee. Second Edition. Svo, £2 2s.

MINCHIN, re G.— - egy since the War: Notes of a Tour in
the Autumn of 1879. Small crown 8yo, 3s, 6d.

18 A List of

MIVART, St. George—Nature and Thought: An Introduction to a
Natural Philosophy. Demy 8vo, cloth, ros, 6d,

MOCKLER, £.—A Grammar of the Baloochee Language, as
it is spoken in Makran (Ancient Gedrosia), in the Persia-Arabic
and Roman characters. Fcap. 8vo, 55.

MOLESWORTH, Rev. W. Nassau, M.A.—History of the Church
of England from 1660. Large crown 8vo, 7s. 6d.

MORELL, Ff. R.—Euclid Simplified in Method and Language.
Being a Manual of Geometry. Compiled from the most important
French Works, approved by the University of Paris and the
Minister of Public Instruction. Fcap. 8vo, 25. 6d.

MORSE, £. S., Pi. D.—First Book of Zoology. With numerous
Illustrations. New and Cheaper Edition. Crown 8vo, 2s. 6d.

MURPHY, John Nicholas—The Chair of Peter; or, the Papacy
considered in its Institution, Development, and Organization, and
in the Benefits which for over Eighteen Centuries it has conferred
on Mankind. Demy 8vo, cloth, 18s,

MUNRO, Major-Gen. Sir Thomas, Bart., K.C.B., Governor of Madras,
—SELECTIONS FROM HIS MINUTES AND OTHER OFFICIAL
Writincs. Edited, with an Introductory Memoir, by Sir ALEX-
ANDER ARBUTHNOT, K.C.S.1., C.LE. 2 vols. Demy 8vo, 30s,

NELSON, ¥. H., M.A.—A Prospectus of the Scientific Study —
of the Hindi Law. Demy 8vo, 95.

NEWMAN, J. H., D.D.—Characteristics from the Writings
of. Being Selections from his various Works, Arranged with
the Author’s personal Approval. Sixth Edition. With Portrait,
Crown 8vo, 6s.

*,* A Portrait of Cardinal Newman, mounted for framing, can he
had, 2s. 6d,

New Werther. By Loxi. Small crown 8yo, 2s. 6d,

NICHOLSON, Edward Byron.—The Gospel according to the
Hebrews, Its Fragments Translated and Annotated with a
Critical Analysis of the External and Internal Evidence relating
to it. Demy 8vo, 9s, 6d,
A New Commentary on the Gospel according to
Matthew. Demy 8yo, 12s,

The Rights of an Animal. Crown 8vo, 3s. 6d,
NICOLS, Arthur, F.G.S., F.R.G.S.—Chapters from the Physical

History of the Earth: an Introduction to Geology and
Palzontology. With numerous Ilustrations. Crown 8vo, 5s.

NOPS, Marianne.—Class Lessons on Euclid. Part I. Sorted
the First two Books of the Elements. Crown 8vo, cloth, 2s. 6d.

Notes on St. Paul’s*Epistle to the Galatians. For Readers of
the Authorised Version or the Original Greek, Demy 8yo, 25, 6d,

: Kegan Paul, Trench & Co's Publications. i9

Nuces: EXercises ON THE SYNTAX OF THE PuBLIC SCHOOL LATIN
Primer. New Edition in Three Parts. Crown 8vo, each 15.
*,* The Three Parts can also be had bound together, 3s,

OATES, Frank, F.R.G.S.—Matabele Land and the Victoria
Falls. A Naturalist’s Wanderi in the Interior of South
Africa. Edited by C. G, Oates, B.A. With numerous Ilustra-
tions and 4 Maps. Demy 8vo, 215.

OGLE, W., M.D., F.R.C.P.—Aristotle on the Parts of Animals.
Translated, with Introduction and Notes. Royal Svo, 125. 6¢.

OMEARA, Kathien.—Frederic Ozanam, Professor of the Sorbonne :
His Life and Work. Second Edition. Crown 8vo, 7s. 6d.

Henri Perreyve and his Counsels to the Sick. Small
crown 8vo, 5s.
OSBORNE, Rev. W, A.—The Revised Version of the New Tes-
tament. A Critical Commentary, with Notes upon the Text.
Crown 8vo, cloth, 5s.

OTTLEY, H. Bickersteth.—The Great Dilemma. Christ His Own
Witness or His Own Accuser. Six Lectures. Second Edition.
Crown 8vo, cloth, 3s. 6d.

Our Public Schools—Eton, Harrow, Winchester, Rugby,
Westminster, Marlborough, The Charterhouse,
Crown Svo, 6s,

OWEN, F. M.—John Keats: a Study, Crown 8vo, 6s.

OWEN, Rev. Robert, B.D,—Sanctorale Catholicum ; or, Book of
om: With Notes, Critical, Exegetical, and Historical. Demy

185,
An Essay on the Communion of Saints. Including an

Examination of the Cultus Sanctorum. 2s,

OXENHAM, Reo. F. Nutcombe.—What is the Truth as to Ever-
lasting Punishment. Part II. Being an Historical Inquiry
into the Witness and Weight of certain Anti-Origenist Councils.
Crown 8vo, 2s. 6d.

*,* Parts I. and II. complete in one volume, 7s,

OXONIENSES.—Romanism, Protestantism, Anglicanism.
Being a Layman’s View of some questions of the Day. Together
with Remarks on Dr. Littledale’s ‘‘ Plain Reasons against join-
ing the Church of Rome.” Crown 8vo, cloth, 3s. 6¢,

PALMER, the late William.—Notes of a Visit to Russia in
1840-1841. Selected and arranged by Joun H. Carpinat
NEWMAN, with portrait. Crown 8vo, cloth, 8s, 6d.

Parchment Library. Choicely Printed on hand-made lim

antique, 6s. ; vellum, 75. 6¢. each “aa :

French pg Selected and Annotated by Grorce Sarnts-

BuRY, With a minature frontispiece designed and etched by
H, G. Glindoni,

:

20 A List of

Parchment Library.—continued.

The Fables of Mr. John Gay. With Memoir by Austin
Dosson, and an etched portrait from an unfinished Oil Sketch
by Sir Godfrey Kneller.

Select Letters of Percy Bysshe Shelley. Edited, with an
Introduction, by RICHARD GARNETT.

The Christian Year. Thoughts in Verse for the Sundays and
Holy Days throughout the Year. With Miniature Portrait of the
Rev. J. Keble, after a Drawing by G. Richmond, R.A.

Shakspere’s Works. Now publishing in Twelve Monthly
Volumes,

Eighteenth Century Essays. Selected and Edited by Austin
Doxsson. With a Miniature Frontispiece by R. Caldecott.

Q. Horati Flacci Opera. Edited by F. A. CornisH, Assistant
Master at Eton. With a Frontispiece after a design by L. ALMA
TADEMA, etched by Leopold Lowenstam.

Edgar Allan Poe’s Poems. With an Essay on his Poetry by
ANDREW LANG, and a Frontispiece by Linley Sambourne.

Shakspere’s Sonnets. Edited by EDWARD DowpEN. With a
Frontispiece etched by Leopold Lowenstam, after the Death Mask.

English Odes. Selected by EDMUND W. GossE. With Frontis-
piece on India paper by Hamo Thornycroft, A.R.A,

Of the Imitation of Christ. By Tuomas A Kempis. A
revised Translation. With Frontispiece on India paper, from a —
Design by W. B. Richmond.

Tennyson’s The Princess: a Lge fs With a Miniature
Frontispiece by H. M. Paget, and a Tailpiece in Outline by
Gordon Browne. ‘

Poems: Selected from Percy ByssHE SHELLEY. Dedicated to
Lady Shelley. With a Preface by RICHARD GARNETT and_a
Miniature Frontispiece,

Tennyson’s **In Memoriam.” With a Miniature Portrait
in eau-forte by Le Rat, after a Photograph by the late Mrs,
Cameron,

PARKER, Joseph, D.D.—The Paraclete: An Essay on the Personality
and Ministry of the Holy Ghost, with some reference to current
discussions, Second Edition, Demy 8yo, 12s,

PARR, Capt. H. Hallam, C.M.G.—A Sketch of the Kafir and
Zulu Wars: Guadana to Isandhlwana. With Maps, Small
crown 8yo, 55.

PARSLOE, Foseph.—Our Railways. Sketches, Historical and
Descriptive. With Practical Information as to Fares and Rates,
etc,, and a Chapter on Railway Reform, . Crown 8yo, 6s,

Kegan Paul, Trench & Co.'s Publications. 21

.

_ PATTISON, Mrs. Mark.—The Renaissance of Art in France,
; With Nineteen Steel Engravings. 2 vols. Demy 8vo, 32s.

_ PEARSON, Rev. Sy gg A Book for Young Men
; ana Women. Second Edi Crown 8vo, 55.

PENRICE, Maj. }., B.A.—A Dictionary and Glossary of the
Koran.” With Copious Grammatical References and Explana-
tions of the Text. 4to, 215.

PESCHEL, Dr. Oscar.—The Races of Man and their Geo-
graphical Distribution. Large crown 8vo, 9s.

PETERS, F. H.—The Nicomachean Ethics of Aristotle. Trans-
lated by. Crown Svo, 6s.

PIDGEON, D.—An Engineer's Holiday ; or, Notes of a Round
Trip from . © ta O°, New and cheaper edition. Large
crown 8vo, 75. .

PLAYFAIR, Lieut.-Col.—Travels in the Footsteps of Bruce in
srifeal Drnwings, Phot =e Mat i Royal 4 ink

i ’ ogra) ps, etc. 4to clot

bevelled boards, gilt leaves, £3 35.

POLLOCK, Frederick—Spinoza, his Life and Philosophy.
Demy 8vo, 16s.

POLLOCK, W. H.—Lectures on French Poets. Delivered at the
Royal Institution. Small crown 8vo, 55.

POOR, Laura ZE.—Sanskrit and its Kindred Literatures.
Studies in Comparative Mythology. Small crown 8vo, 55.

PRICE, Prof. Bonamy.—Currency and Banking. Crown 8vo, 6s.

Chapters on Practical Political Economy. ing the Sub-
stance of Lectures delivered before the University of Oxford,
New and Cheaper Edition. Large post 8vo, 5s.

Proteus and Amadeus. A Correspondence. Edited by Aubrey
De Vere. Crown 8vo, 55.

Pulpit Commentary, The. (Old Testament Series.) Edited by the
Rev. J. S. Exevt and the Rev. Canon H. D. M. Spence.

Genesis. the Rev, T. Wu1TeLaw, M.A. ; with Homilies by
the Very 4 F, Montcomery, D.D,, Rev. Prof. R. A.
Reprorp, M.A., _LL.B., Rev. F. Hastrines, Rev. W.
Roserts, M.A. An Introduction to the Study of the Old
Testament by the Rev. Canon Farrar, D.D., F.R.S.; and
Introductions to the Pentateuch by the Right Rev. H. Cor-
pe D.D., and Rey. T, WHITELAW, M.A. Seventh Edition,
Tt “? 155.

Exodus. By the Rev. Canon RAWLINSON. With Homilies
Rev. J. Orr, Rev. D. Younc, Rev. C. A. GoopHArt, Rev.
so Naren and the Rev, H. T, Ronjouns, Third Edition.
16s,

22 A List of

» OF

Pulpit Commentary, The.—continued. oe
Leviticus. By the Rev. Prebendary Meyrick, M.A. Wi
Introductions by the Rev. R. CoLiins, Rev, Professor A. CAVE,
and Homilies by Rev. Prof. Reprorp, LL.B., Rey. J. A.
MACDONALD, Rev. W. CrarKson, Rev, S, R. ALDRIDGE,
LL.B.,\and Rev. McCHEyNE Epcar. Third Edition. 15s.

Numbers. By the Rev. R. WintersoTHaM, LL.B.; with
Homilies by the Rev. Professor W. Binnir, D.D., Rev. E. S.
Prout, M.A., Rev. D. Younc, Rev. J. WAITE, and an Intro-
duction by the Rev. THoMAS WHITELAW, M.A. Fourth
Edition. 15s. C

Deuteronomy. By the Rev. W. L. ALEXANDER, D.D. With
Homilies by Rev. C, Clemance, D.D., Rev. J. Orr, B.D,, Rey.
R: M. Edgar, M.A., Rev. D, Davies, M.A, Second edition.
15S.

Joshua. By Rev. J. j; LiAs, M.A. 3 with Homilies i Rev.
S. R. Atpripcr, LL.B., Rey. R. Grover, Rev. E. Dre
PressEnsf£, D.D., Rev. J. WAIT, B.A., Rev. F, W. ADENEY,
M.A. ; and an Introduction by the Rev. A. PLuMMER, M.A., D.D.
Fourth Edition. 12s. 6d.

Judges and Ruth. By the Right Rev. Lord A. C. Hervey,
D.D., and Rev. J. Morrison, D.D. ; with Homilies by Rev.
A. F. Murr, M.A,., Rev. W. F. ApeNgy, M.A,, Rev. W. M,
STATHAM, and Rev. Professor J. THOMSON, M.A. Fourth
Edition. 10s. 6d.

1Samuel. By the Very Rev. R. P. Smitu, D.D.; with Homilies
by Rev. DonALp FRASER, D.D., Rev. Prof. CHAPMAN, and
Rev. B, DALE. Fifth Edition. 15s.

1 Kings. By the Rev. poseny HAmmMonD, LL.B. With Homilies
by the Rev. E. De Pressenst, D.D., Rev. J. WAITE, B.A.,
Rev. A. ROWLAND, LL.B., Rev. J. A. MACDONALD, and Rey,
J. URQUHART. Third Edition. 15s.

Ezra, Nehemiah, and Esther. By Rev. Canon G. RAWLINSON,
M.A. ; with Homilies by Rev. Prof. J. R. THomson, M.A., Rev.
Prof, R. A. Reprorp, LL.B., M.A., Rev. W. S. Lewis, M.A.,
Rev. J. A. MACDONALD, Rev. A. MACKENNAL, B.A., Rev. W.
CLARKSON, B.A., Rev. F. Hastines, Rev. W. DINwIpDIE,
LL.B., Rev. Prof. RowLanps, B.A., Rev. G. Woop, B.A.,
Rev. Prof. P, C. BARKER, LL.B., M.A., and the Rev. J. S.
Exetu. Fifth Edition. 1 vol., 12s. 6d,

Pulpit Commentary, The. (New Testament Series.) :
St. Mark. By Very Dean Bickersteru, D.D.; with Homilies
by Rev. Prof. THomson, M.A,, Rev, Prof. Given, M.A., Rev.
Prof. Johnson, M.A., Rev. A, ROWLAND, B,A., LL.B., Rev.
A, Muir, and Rev. R. GREEN. 2 vols. Second Edition, ats,

Punjaub, The, and North-Western Frontier of India. By
an Old Punjaubee, Crown 8vo, 55.

Rabbi Jeshua. An Eastern Story. Crown 8vo, 3s. 6d.

Kegan Paul, Trench & Cos Publications. 23

~_

ares we st > Frank R. Y.—The New Politicus. Small crown 8vo,

£A benji Sohn Henry, sae sa Its “erg and i

ns. Hans pony by his pet With 44
Huatations, and 25 facsimiles of Inscriptions, “yen ato, 4to,
3 135. 6d.

READ, cones the Theory of Logic: An Essay, Crown

Realities of the Future Life. Small crown 8vo, ts. 6d.

RENDELL, ¥ M.—Concise Handbook of the Island of
Re te te With Plan of Funchal and Map of the Island. Fcap.
Is. 6d. .

REYNOLDS, Rev. ¥. W.—The Supernatural in Nature. A
Verification Free Use of Science. Second Edition, revised
Demy 8vo, 145.
The M of Miracles. New and Enlarged Edition.
Crown 8vo,
RIBO7, a 7i-—English Psychology. Second Edition. A
"R hea and Corrected Translation from the latest French Edition.
oee'p post 8vo, 9s.
Heredity : A Psychological Study on its ey 4 its Laws, its
Causes, and its Consequences. | oede crown 8yo, 9s.
ROBERTSON, The late Rev. F. W., M.A.—Life and Letters of.
Edited by the Rev. Stopford Brooke, M.A.

I. Two vols., uniform with the Sermons. With Steel Portrait.
Crown 8vo, 7s. 6a.

II. Library Edition, in Demy 8vo, with Portrait. 125.
III, A Popular Edition, in 1 vol. Crown 8vo, 6s.
Sermons. Four Series. Small crown 8vo, 3s. 6d, each.
The Human Race, and other Sermons. Preached at Chelten-
ham, Oxford, and Brighton. Large post 8vo, 7s. 6d.
Notes om Genesis. New and Cheaper Edition, Crown 8vo,
d-
Expository Lectures on St. Paul's Lo gree to the
orinthians. A New Edition. Small crown 8vo, 5:.

Lectures and Addresses, with other Literary Remains, A New
Edition. Crown 8vo, 55.

An Analysis of Mr. Tennyson’s “In Memoriam.”
(Dedicated by Permission to the Poet-Laureate.) Feap. 8vo, 2s.

The Education of the Human Race, Translated from the
German of Gotthold Ephraim Lessing. Feap. 8vo, 2s. 6.
The above Works can also be had, bound in half morocco.

*,° A Portrait of the late Rev. F, W. Robertson, mounted for framing,
can be ‘ti 2s. 6d,

24 A List of

Mountain and its Eruptions. With Maps and IIlustra-
tions. Square 8vo, 9s.

ROLLESTON, T. W. H., B.A.—The Encheiridion of Epictetus.
Translated from the Greek, with a Preface and Notes. Smai!
crown 8yo, 3s. 6d.

Rosmini’s Origin of Ideas. Translated from the Fifth Italian
Edition of the Nuovo Saggio Sui’ origine delle idee. 3 vols.
Demy 8vo, cloth. Vol. I. now ready, price 16s.

Rosmini’s Philosophical System. Translated, with a Sketch of
the Author’s Life, Bibliography, Introduction, and Notes by
Tuomas Davipson. Demy 8vo, 16s,

RULE, Martin, M.A.—The Life and Times of St. Anselm,
Archbishop of Canterbury and Primate of the
Britains. 2 vols. Demy 8vo, cloth, 21s.

SALTS, Rev. Alfred, LL.D.—Godparents at Confirmation.
With a Preface by the Bishop of Manchester, Small crown
8vo, limp cloth, 2s.

SALVATOR, Archduke Ludwig.—Levkosia, the Capital of Cyprus.
Crown 4to, 10s. 6d.

SAMUEL, Sydney M.—iewish Life in the East. Small crown
8vo, 35. 6d.

SAYCE, Rev. Archibald Henry.—Introduction to the Science of
Language. 2vols. Large post 8vo, 25s.

Scientific Layman. The New Truth and the Old Faith: are they
Incompatible? Demy 8vo, 10s, 62,

SCOONES, W. Baptiste—Four Centuries of English Letters:
A Selection of 350 Letters by 150 Writers, from the Period of the
Paston Letters to the Present Time. Second Edition. Large
crown 8yo, 9s.

SCOTT, Robert H.—‘Neather Charts and Storm Warnings.
Second Edition. Illustrated. Crown 8vo, 3s. 6d.

SHAKSPEARE, Charles—Saint Paul at Athens. Spiritual
Christianity in relation to some aspects of Modern Thought. Five
Sermons preached at St. Stephen’s Church, Westbourne Park,
With a Preface by the Rev. Canon FARRAR. Crown 8vo, 55.

SHELLEY, Lady.—Shelley Memorials from Authentic Sources,
With (now first printed) an Essay on Christianity by Percy Bysshe
Shelley. With Portrait. Third Edition. Crown 8vo, 55s.

SHILLITO, Rev. FYoseph.—SNomanhood : its Duties, ihe Ses
and Privileges. A Book for Young Women, Third Edition,
Crown 8vo, 35. 6d.

SHIPLEY, Rev. Orby, M.A.—Church Tracts: or, Studies in
Modern Problems. By various Writers. 2 vols, Crown
Svo, 5s. each,

Kegan Paul, Trench & Co's Publications. 25

=

SHIPLEY, Rev, Orby, M.A.—continued.

Principles of the Faith in Relation to Sin. Topics for
Thought in Times of Retreat. Eleven Addresses delivered during
fe ee living in the World. Demy

125,
SKINNER, the late James.—A Synopsis of Moral and Ascetical
Theology. With a Catalogue of Ancient and Modern Authori-

ties. ing to Centuries. With a prefatory Note
by Rev. T. T. Rathore Dees 4to, cloth, ros. 6d, “’
Sister Augustine, Superior of the Sisters of Charity at the St.
ohannis Hospital at Bonn, Authorised Translation by Hans
RAU, from the German ‘ Memorials of AMALIE VON
LasauLx.” Second Edition, Large crown 8vo, 7s. 6d.

SMITH, Edward, M.D., LL.B., F.R.S.—Health and Disease, as
Influenced by the Daily, Seasonal, and other Cyclical Changes in
the Human System. New Edition. Post 8vo, 7s. 6d.

Tubercular Consumption in its Early and Remediable
Stages. Second Edition, Crown 8vo, 6s,

SPEDDING, Yames—Reviews and Discussions, Literary,
Political, and Historical not relating to Bacon. Demy
Svo, 125. 6d.

Evenings with a Reviewer; or, Bacon and Macaulay.
With a Prefatory Notice by G. S. VENABLES, Q.C, 2
Demy 8vo, 18s.

STAPFER, Faul.—Shakspeare and Classical Antiquity:
Greek and Latin Antiquity as presented in Shakspeare’s Plays.
Translated by EMILy J. CAREY. Large post 8vo, 12s.

S7. BERNARD.—A Little Book on the Love of God. Translated
MARIANNE CAROLINE and COVENTRY PATMORE. Extra, gilt

top, 4s. 6d,
STEPHENS, Archibald Fohn, LL.D.—The Folkestone Ritual
Case. The Substance of the ent delivered before the

Judicial Committee of the Privy Council on behalf of the Re-
spondents. Demy 8vo, 6s.

STEVENSON, Rev. W. F.—Hymns for the Church and Home.
Selected and Edited by the Rev. W. Fleming Stevenson.
The Hymn Book consists of Three Parts :—I. For Public
Worship.—II. For Family and Private Worship.—III.
For Children.
*,* Published in various forms and prices, the latter ranging
from 8d. to 6s.
Lists and full particulars will be furnished on application
to the Publishers,

STEVENSON, Robert Louis.—Travels with a Donkey in the
pear With Frontispiece by Walter Crane. Small crown
vO, 2s,

~

26 A List of x

STEVENSON, Robert Louis.—continued.
An Inland Voyage. With Frontispiece by Walter Crane.
Small Crown 8vo, 2s. 6d.
Virginibus Puerisque, and other Papers. Crown 8yo, 6s

STRACHEY, Sir Fohn, G.C.S.Z., and Lieut.-Gen. Richard STRA CHE Bi
R.E., F.R.S.—The Finances and Public Works of
India, from 1869 to 1881. Demy 8vo, 18s.

STRECKER-WISLICENUS.—Organic Chemistry. Translated and
Edited, with Extensive Additions, by W. R. HODGKINSON,
Ph.D., and A, J. GREENAWAY, F.1.C, Demy 8vo, 21s.

SULLY, James, M.A.—Sensation and Intuition. Demy $8vo,
TOs.

Pabitininth a History and a Criticism. Second Edition. oe

8vo, 145,

SYME, David.—Outlines of an Industrial Science. Second

Edition. Crown 8vo, 6s.

Representative Government in England. Its Faults and
Failures. Second Edition, Large crown 8vo, 6s.

TAYLOR, Algernon.—Guienne. Notes of an Autumn Tour, Crown
8vo, 45. 6d,

THOM, $. Hamilton.—Laws of Life after the Mind of Christ.
Crown 8vo, cloth, 7s. 6d.

THOMSON, ¥. Turndull—Social Problems; or, An Inquiry

into the Laws of Influence. With Diagrams. Demy 8yo,
Ios.

TIDMAN, Paul F.—Gold and Silver Money. Part I.—A Plain
Statement. Part II,—Objections Answered. Third Edition,
Crown 8vo, Is.

TIPPLE, Rev. S, A.—Sunday Mornings at Norwood. Prayers
and Sermons. Crown 8vo, cloth, 6s.

TODHUNTER, Dr. 7.—A Study of Shelley. Crown 8vo, 7s.

TREMENHEERE, Hugh Seymour, C.B.—A Manual of the
Principles of Government, as set forth by the Authorities
of Ancient and Modern Times. New and enlarged Edition,
Crown 8vo, 55.

TUKE, Daniel Hack, M.D., F.R.C.P.—Chapters in the History
of the Insane in the British Isles. With 4 Illustrations.
Large crown 8yo, 12s,

TWINING, Louisa.—‘SNorkhouse Visiting and Management
during Twenty-Five Years. Small crown 8vo, 3s, 6d,

UPTON, Major R. D.—Gleanings from the Desert of Arabia.
Large post 8vo, 10s, 6d,

Kegan Paul, Trench & Co.'s Publications. 27

ets

VACUUS, Viater.—Flying South. Recollections of France and it
Littoral. Pr fron 8vo, 35. 6d,

VAUGHAN, H. Halford —New Readings and Renderings of
Shakespeare's Tragedies. 2 vols. Demy 8vo, 25:.
VILLARI, Professor.—Niccold Machiavelli and his Times.

Translated by Linda Villari. 2 vols. Large post 8vo, 245.

VOLCKXSOM, 2. W. V.—Catechism of Elementary Modern
Chemistry. Small crown 8vo, 3s. \

VYNER, Lady Mary.—Every Day a Portion. Adapted from the
Bible and the Prayer k, for the Private Devotion of those
living in Widowhood. Collected and Edited by Lady Mary
Vyner, Square crown 8vo, 5s.

_ WALDSTEIN, Charle, Ph.D.—The Balance of Emotion and

Intellect ; an Introductory Essay to the Study of Philosophy,
Crown 8vo, 6s.

WALLER, Rev. C, B.—The Apocalypse, reviewed under the Light
of the Doctrine of the Unfolding Ages, and the Restitution of All
Things. Demy Svo, 12s.

WALPOLE, Chas. George. —History of Ireland from the Earliest
Times to the Union with Great Britain. With 5 Maps
and Appendices. Crown 8vo, ros. 6d.

WALSHE, Walter Hayle, M.D.—Dramatic Singing Physiolo-
. gically Estimated. Crown 8vo, 3s. 6d.

WATSON, Sir Thomas, Bart., M.D.—The Abolition of Zymotic
Diseases, and of other similar Enemies of Mankind, Small
crown 8yo, 35, 6d.

WEDMORE, Frederich.—The Masters of Genre Painting. With
Sixteen Illustrations. Crown 8vo, 7s. 6d.

WHEWELL, William, D.D.—His Life and Selections from his
Moretti: Serreceage By Mrs. STAIR DouGtas. With a Portrait
from a Painting by SAMUEL LavRENCE. Demy 8vo, 215,

WHITE, A. D., LL.D.—Warfare of Science. With Prefatory
rat by Professor Tyndall. Second Edition, Crown 8vo,
35. 6d. ‘

WHITE, F. A.—English Grammar. Small crown 8vo, cloth, 2s.

WHITNEY, Prof. William Dwight.—¥Essentials of English
Grammar, for the Use of Schools, Crown 8vo, 3s. 6d,

WICKSTEED, P. H.—Dante : Six Sermons. Crown 8vo, 5s.

WILLIAMS, Rowland, D.D.—Psalms, Litanies, Counsels, and
Collects for Devout Persons. Edited by his Widow. New
and Popular Edition. Crown 8vo, 3s. 6¢.

28 A List of

WILLIAMS, Rowland D.D.—continued,
Stray Thoughts Collected from the Writings of the
late Rowland Williams, D.D. Edited by his Widow,
Crown 8yo, 35. 6d.

WILLIS, R.y M.D,—Servetus and Calvin : a Study of an Important
Epoch in the Early History of the Reformation. 8vo, 16s,

William Harvey. A History of the Discovery of the Circulation
of the Blood: with a Portrait of Harvey after Faithorne. Demy
8vo, 145,
WILSON, Sir Erasmus.—Egypt of the Past. With Chromo-litho-
graph and numerous Illustrations in the text. Second Edition,
Revised. Crown 8vo, 12s.

WILSON, H. Schiits—The Tower and Scaffold. A Miniature
Monograph, Large fcap. 8vo, Is.

WOLLSTONECRAFT, Mary.—Letters to Imlay. New Edition,
with a Prefatory Memoir by C. KEGAN PAUL. Two Portraits in
eau-forte by Anna Lea Merritt. Crown 8vo, 6s,

WOLTMANN, Dr. Alfred, and WOERMANN, Dr. Karl.—History
of Painting. Edited by Sidney Colvin, Vol. I. Painting in
Antiquity and the Middle Ages, With numerous Illustrations,

Medium 8vo, 28s. ; bevelled boards, gilt leaves, 30s.

WOOD, Major-General $ Creighton.—Doubling the Consonant,
Small crown 8vo, Is. 6d. E

Word was Made Flesh. Short Family Readings on the Epistles for
each Sunday of the Christian Year. Demy 8vo, tos, 6d,

WREN, Sir Christopher—His Family and His Times. With
Original Letters, and a Discourse on Architecture hitherto un-
peggy: By Lucy PHILLIMoRE, With Portrait. Demy

vo, 145,

WRIGHT, Rev. David, M.A.—Waiting for the Light, and other

Sermons. Crown 8vo, 6s.

VORKE, 7. F.—Notes on Evolution and Christianity. Crown
8vo, cloth, 6s.

YOUMANS, Eliza A.—An Essay on the Culture of the
Observing Powers of Children, especially in connection
with the Study of Botany. Edited, with Notes and a Supple-
ment, by Joseph Payne, F.C.P., Author of ‘‘ Lectures on the
Science and Art of Education,” etc. Crown 8vo, 2s, 6d,

First Book of Botany. Designed to Cultivate the Observing
Powers of Children. With 300 Engravings. New and Cheaper
Edition. Crown 8vo, 2s. 6d.

YOUMANS, Edward L., M.D.—A Class Book of Chemistry, on
Basis of the New System. With 200 Illustrations, Crown
VO, 55.

™-*

Kegan Paul, Trench & Co.'s Publications. 29

THE INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC SERIES.

I. Forms of Water: a Familiar Exposition of the Origin and
Phenomena of Glaciers. By J. Tyndall, LL.D., F.R.S, With
25 Illustrations. Eighth Edition. Crown 8vo, 55.

II. Physics and Politics ; or, Thoughts on the Application of the
Principles of ‘* Natural Selection ” and ‘* Inheritance ” to Political
Society. By Walter Bagehot. Sixth Edition. Crown 8vo, 45.

III. Foods. By Edward Smith, M.D., LL.B., F.R.S. With numerous
Illustrations. Seventh Edition. Crown 8vo, 5s.

IV. Mind and Body: the Theories of their Relation. By Alexander
i LL.D, With Four Illustrations, Seventh Edition. Crown

vO, 45.

V. The Study of Sociology. By Herbert Spencer. Tenth Edition.
Crown 8vo, 5s.

VI. On the Conservation of Energy. By Balfour Stewart, M.A.,
om F.R.S. With 14 Illustrations. Sixth Edition, Crown

VO, 55s

VII. Animal Locomotion ; or Walking, Swimming, and Flying. By
J. B. Pettigrew, M.D., F.R.S., etc. With 130 Illustrations.
Second Edition. Crown 8vo, 5s.

VIII. Responsibility in Mental Disease. By Henry Maudsley,
M.D, Fourth Edition. Crown 8vo, §s,

IX. The New Chemistry. By Professor J. P. Cooke. With 31
Illustrations. Sixth Edition, Crown 8vo, 5s.

X. The Science of Law. By Professor SheldonAmos, Fifth Edition.
Crown 8vo, 5s.

XI, Animal Mechanism : a Treatise on Terrestrial and Aerial Loco-
motion. By Professor E. J. Marey, With 117 Illustrations,
Second Edition. Crown 8vo, 55.

XII. The Doctrine of Descent and Darwinism. By Professor
Oscar Schmidt. With 26 Illustrations. Fifth Edition, Crown

aire? =

Svo, 55.

XIII. The of the Conflict between Religion and
Science. By J. W. Draper, M.D., LL.D. Seventeenth Edition.
Crown 8vo, 55 —-

XIV. Fungi: their Nature, Influences, Uses, ete. By M. C. Cooke,
M.D., LL.D. Edited by the Rev. M. J. Berkeley, M.A., F.L.S,
With numerous Illustrations, Third Edition. wn Svo, 55.

XV. The Chemical Effects of Light and Photography. By
Dr. Hermann Vogel. Translation thoroughly revised, With 100
Illustrations, Third Edition, Crown 8vo, 5s.

XVI, The Life and Growth of Language. By Professor William
Dwight Whitney. Third Edition. Crown 8vo, 5s.

30 | A List of

XVII, Money and the Mechanism of Exchange. By W.
Stanley Jevons, M.A., F.R.S. Fifth Edition. Crown 8yo, 55.

XVIII. The Nature of Light. With a General Account of Physical
Optics. / By Dr. Eugene Lommel. ‘With 188 Illustrations anda —
oe of Spectra in Chromo-lithography. Third Edition, Crown

VO, 55. .

XIX, Animal Parasites and Messmates. By Monsieur Van
Beneden. With 83 Illustrations. Second Edition. Crown 8yo, 5s.

XX, Fermentation. By Professor Schiitzenberger. With 28 Illus-
trations. Third Edition. Crown 8vo, 5s. :

XXI. The Five Senses of Man. By Professor Bernstein. With
gI Illustrations, Third Edition, Crown 8vo, 5s.

XXII. The Theory of Sound in its Relation to Music. By Pro-
fessor’ Pietro Blaserna. With numerous Illustrations, Second
Edition. Crown 8vo, 55.

XXIII. Studies in Spectrum Analysis. By J. Norman Lockyer,
F.R.S. With six photographic Illustrations of Spectra, and
pert x engravings on Wood. Crown 8yo. Second Edition,

XXIV. A History of the Growth of the Steam Engine. By
Professor R. H. Thurston, With numerous Illustrations. Second
Edition. Crown 8vo, 6s, 6d,

XXV. Education as aScience. By Alexander Bain, LL.D. Fourth
Edition. Crown 8vo, 5s.

XXVI. The Human Species. By Professor A. de Quatrefages. Third
Edition. Crown 8vo, 5s. ;

XXVII, Modern Chromatics. With Applications to Art and In-
dustry, By Ogden N, Rood. With 130 original Illustrations,
Second Edition. Crown 8vo, 55.

XXVIII. The Crayfish : an Introduction to the Study of Zoology. By
Professor T, H. Huxley, With 82 Illustrations, ‘Third Edition.
Crown 8vo, 55.

XXIX. The Brain as an Organ of Mind. By H. Charlton Bastian,
see With numerous Illustrations, Third Edition. Crown
VO, 55.

XXX. The Atomic Theory. By Prof. Wurtz. Translated by G.
Cleminshaw, F.C.S. Third Edition. Crown 8vo, 5s.

XXXI, The Natural Conditions of Existence as they affect
Animal Life. By Karl Semper. With 2 Maps and 106
Woodcuts, Second Edition, Crown 8yo, 55,

XXXII, General Physiology of Muscles and Nerves. By Prof.
J. Rosenthal, Second Edition, With Illustrations, Crown 8vo,
55.

Kegan Paul, Trench & Co’s Publications. at

XXXII binocular Bye Exposition of the Principles of Monocular and
ere mat wer heat le Conte, LL.D. With 132
VO, 55
XXXIV. Matelie cl aa amel By James Sully, Second
Edition, Crown 5s. vs :
XXXV, Volcanoes: what they are and what they teach.

Professor J. W. Judd, F.R.S. With 92 Illustrations on
ood. Second Edition. Crown 8vo, 55,

XXXVI. Suicide: an Essay in Carspocatien Moral Statistics. Prof.
E. Morselli, With Crown 8yvo, 55. ¢-

XXXVII. The Brain and its Functions. By J. Luys. With
Mlustrations, Second Edition. Crown 8vo, 5s.

SEANUE Myth and Science: an Essay. By Tito Vignoli. Crown

VO, 55.

XXXIX. The Sun. By Professor Young. With Illustrations, Second
Edition, Crown 8vo, 5s.

XL. Ants, Bees, and Wasps: a Record of Observations on the
Habits of the Social Hymenoptera. a4 Sir John Lubbock, Bart.,
M.P. With 5 Chromo-lithographic Illustrations, Fifth Edition.
Crown 8vo, 55,

XLI Animal Intelligence. By G. J. Romanes, LL.D., F.R.S.
Edition. Crown 8vo, 5s.

XLII. The Concepts and Theories of Modern Physics. By

J. B. STALLo, Second Edition. Crown 8vo, 53.

XLIIIL. Diseases of the Memory; An Essay in the Positive Psycho-
logy. By Prof. Th. Rrsot. Second Edition, Crown 8vo,
cloth, 5s.

Man before Metals. By N. Joty, with 148 Illustrati
Pee: Ney Rate Coes S40, bs se sol aca aa
XLV. The Science of Politics. By Prof, Suz.pon Amos. Crown

8vo, cloth, S.

MILITARY WORKS.

Army of the North German Confederation : a Brief peeczioticn
of its Organisation, of the Different Branches of the Service and
their réZ in War, of its Mode of Fighti , ete. Translated from
the Corrected Edition, by permission o the Author, by Colonel
Edward Newdigate. Demy 8yo, 5).

BARRINGTON, Capt. . T.—England on the Defensive ; or, the
Problem of Invasion Critically Examined, Large crown 8vo,
with Map, 75. 6d,

32 A List of

BLUME, Major W.—The Operations of the German Armies in —
France, from Sedan to the end of the War of 1870-71. With
Map. From the Journals of the Head-quarters Staff. Translated
by the late E. M. Jones, Maj. 20th Foot, Prof. of Mil. Hist.,
Sandhurst. Demy 8vo, 9s.

BOGUSLAWSKT, Capt. A. von.—Tactical Deductions from the
War of 1870-1. Translated by Colonel Sir Lumley Graham,
Bart., late 18th (Royal Irish) Regiment. Third Edition, Revised
and Corrected. Demy 8vo, 7s.

BRACKENBURY, Col. C. B., R.A., C.B.—Military Handbooks
for Regimental Officers. I. Military Sketching and Recon-
naissance, by Col. F. J. Hutchison, and Major H. G. Mac-
Gregor. Fourth Edition. With 15 Plates. Small 8vo, 6s. II.
The Elements of Modern Tactics Practically applied to English —
Formations, by Lieut-Col. Wilkinson Shaw. Fourth Edition,
With 25 Plates and Maps. Small crown 8vo, 9s. :

BRIALMONT, Col. A.—Hasty Intrenchments. Translated by
“ee Charles A. Empson, R.A. With Nine Plates, Demy —
8vo, 6s,

CLERY, C., Lieut.-Col.— Minor Tactics. With 26 Maps and Plans. —
Fifth and revised Edition. Demy 8vo, 16s,

DU VERNOIS, Col. von Verdy.—Studies in Leading Troops.
An authorised and accurate Translation by Lieutenant H. J. T.
Hildyard, 71st Foot. Parts I. and II, Demy 8vo, 7s.

GOETZE, Capt. A. von.—Operations of the German Engineers
during the War of 1870-1. Published by Authority, and
in accordance with Official Documents. Translated from the
German by Colonel G. Graham, V.C., C.B., R.E. With 6 large
Maps. Demy 8vo, 21s.

HARRISON, Lieut.-Col. R.—The Officer’s Memorandum Book

for Peace and War. Third Edition, Oblong 32mo, roan,
with pencil, 35. 6d,

HELVIG, Capt. H.—The Operations of the Bavarian Army
Corps. Translated by Captain G. S, Schwabe. With 5 large
Maps. In2vols. Demy 8vo, 245,

Tactical Examples: Vol. I. The Battalion, 15s. Vol. Il, The
Regiment and Brigade, 1os. 6¢. ‘Translated from the German by
Col. Sir Lumley Graham, With nearly 300 Diagrams. Demy 8vo.
HOFFBAUER, Caft.—The German Artillery in the Battles
near Metz. Based on the Official Reports of the German
Artillery. Translated by Captain E, O, Hollist. With Map and
Plans, Demy 8vo, 21s, c
LAYMANN, Capft.—The Frontal Attack of Infantry. Translated
by Colonel Edward Newdigate. Crown 8vo, 2s. 6d. :
Notes on Cavalry Tactics, Organisation, ete. By a Cavalry
Officer, With Diagrams, Demy 8vo, 12s, ;

~

Kegan Paul, Trench & Co.'s Publications. 33

PARR, Capt. H. Hallam, C.M.G.—The Dress, Horses, and
es of Infantry and Staff Officers. Crown

vO, Is.

SCHAW, Col. H.—The Defence and Attack of Positions and
Localities. Second Edition, revised and corrected, Crown
8vo, 35. 6d.

SCHELL, Maj. von.—The Operations of the First Army under
Gen. von Goeben. Translated by Col. C. H. von Wright.
Four Maps. Demy 8vo, 9s.

The Operations of the First Army under Gen. von Stein-
metz. Translated by Captain E. O. Hollist. Demy 8vo, 10s, 6d.

SCHELLENDORF, Major-Gen. B. von.—The Duties of the

General Staff. Translated from the German by Lieutenant
Hare. Vol. I. Demy 8vo, tos. 6¢.

SCHERFF, Maj. W. von.—Studies in the New Infantry
Tactics. Parts I. and II. Translated from the German by
Colonel Lumley Graham. Demy 8vo, 7s. 6¢,

SHADWELL, Maj.-Gen., C.B.—Mountain Warfare. Illustrated
the ge. pa of 1799 in Switzerland. Being a Translation of
the Swiss Narrative compiled from the Works of the Archduke
Charles, Jomini, and ee Also of Notes by General H.
Dufour on the Campaign of the Valtelline in 1635. With Appen-

dix, Maps, and Introductory Remarks. Demy 8vo, 16s,

SHERMAN, Gen. W. T7.—Memoirs of General W. T. Sherman,
Commander of the Federal Forces in the American Civil War.
> Himself. 2 vols, With Map. Demy 8vo, 24s. Copyright

lish Editi

STUBBS, Lieut.-Col. F. W.—The Regiment of Bengal Artillery.
The cree of its Ss wey x a ment, and War Services.
Compiled from Published Works, ficial Records, and various
Private Sources. With numerous Maps and Illustrations. 2 vols.
Demy 8vo, 325.

STUMM, Lieut. Hugo.—Russia’s Advance Eastward. Based on
Official Reports. Translated by Capt. C. E. H, VINCENT. With
Map. Crown 8vo, 6s,

VINCENT, Capt. C. 2. H.—Elementary Military Geography,
Reconnoitring, and Shetohing. Compiled Non-
on ay i = 18) and Soldiers of all Arms, Square crown

vo, 2s.

Volunteer, the Militiaman, and the Regular Soldier. By
a Public Schoolboy. Crown 8vo, 5s.

WARTENSLEBEN, Count H. von.—The Operations of the
South Army in January and espero 1871. Com-
piled from the Official War Documents of the Head-quarters of
the Southern Army. Translated by Colonel C. H. von Wright.
With Maps. Demy Svo, 6s.

, 5

34 A List of -

WARTENSLEBEN, Count H. von.—continued.

The Operations of the First Army under Gen. von —
Manteufel. Translated by Col. C. H. von Wright. Uniform
with the above. Demy 8vo, 9s.

WICKHAM, Capt. EF. H., R.A.—Influence of Firearms upon —
Tactics: Historical and Critical Investigations. By an OFFICER
OF SUPERIOR RANK (in the ;German Army). Translated by
Captain E. H. Wickham, R.A. Demy 8vo, 7s. 6d.

WOINOVITS, Capt. .—Austrian Cavalry Exercise. Translated
by Captain W. S. Cooke. Crown 8vo, 7s.

POETRY.

ADAMS, W. D.—\yrics of Love, from Shakspeare to Tennyson.
Selected and arranged by. Fcap. 8vo, extra, gilt edges, 3s. 6d.

ADAM OF ST. VICTOR.—The Liturgical Poetry of Adam of
St. Victor. From the text of Gautier. With Translations into —
English in the Original Metres, and Short Explanatory Notes,
by Digby S. Wrangham, M.A. 3 vols. Crown 8vo, printed on
hand-made paper, boards, 215.

Antiope: a Tragedy. Large crown 8vo, 6s.

AUBERTIN, F. F—Camoens’ Lusiads. Portuguese Text, with
Translation. Map and Portraits. 2 vols. Demy 8vo, 3os.

Seventy Sonnets of Camoens. Portuguese Text and Transla-

tion, with some original Poems. Dedicated to Capt. Richard F.
era Printed on hand-made paper, bevelled boards, gilt top,
7s. 6d.

AUCHMUTY, A, C.—Poems of English Heroism : From Brunan-
tasiryo Lucknow ; from Athelstan to Albert. Small crown 8vo,
Is. 6d.

AVIA.—The Odyssey of Homer. Done into English Verse by.
Feap. 4to, 15s.

speeaes oe Mrs. G. Z.—Ripples and Breakers: Poems. Square
VO, 5S.

BARNES, William.—Poems of Rural Life, in the Dorset
eres New Edition, complete in one vol. Crown 8yo,
Se

BAYNES, Rev. Canon H, R.—Home Songs for Quiet Hours. —
Fourth and cheaper Edition. Feap. 8vo, cloth, 2s. 6d. j
*,* This may also be had handsomely bound in morocco with

? gilt edges,
BENNETT, Dr. W. C.—Narrative Poems and Ballads. Feap,
8vo, sewed in coloured wrapper, Is,

Kegan Paul, Trench & Co’s Publications. 35

BENNETT, Dr. W. C.—continued.

Songs for Sailors. Demeaes ty § pecial Request to H.R.H.
the Duke of Edinburgh. With Steel Portrait and Illustrations.
Crown 8vo, 35. 6d.

An Edition in Illustrated Paper Covers, rs.

Songs of a Song Writer. Crown 8vo, 6s.
BEVINGTON, L. S.—Key Notes. Small crown 8vo, 5s.

BILLSON, C. %—The.Acharnians of Aristophanes. Crown
Svo, 35. 6d.
BOWEN, H. C., M.A.—Simple English Poems. English Literature

for ‘unior Classes, In Four Parts. Parts I., I1., and III, 6.
, and Part IV., 1s.

BRYANT, W.C.—Poems. Red-line Edition. With 24 Illustrations
and Portrait of the Author. Crown 8vo, extra, 7s. 6d.
‘ere Edition, with Frontispiece. Small crown $yo,
3S. .

BYRNNE, E. Fairfax.—Milicent: a Poem. Small crown 8vo, 6s.
Calderon’s Dramas: the Wonder-Working Magician—Life is a

Dream—the tory of St. Patrick. Translated by Denis
Florence MacCarthy. Post Svo, Ios.

Chronicles of Christopher Columbus. A Poem in 12 Cantos.
By M. D. C. Small crown 8vo.

sg or Froud Cowden. —Honey from the Weed. Verses.
VO, 75.

ex Colonel.—The Cardinal Archbishop: a Spanish Legend.
In 29 Cancions. Small crown 8vo, 5s.

CONWAY, Hugh.—A Life's Idylis. Small crown 8vo, 3s. 6d.
COPPEE, Francois.—LIExilée. Done into English Verse, with the
sanction of the Author, by I. O. L. Crown 8vo, vellum, 5s.

David Rizzio, Bothwell, and the Witch Lady. Three
Tragedies by the author of “‘ Ginevra,” etc. eee cloth, 6s.

DAVIE, S. S., M@.D.—The Garden of Fragrance, a com-
eo - the {Bostan of Sadi the inal Persian
Be English V. Crown 8vo, cloth, 7s. 6d.

DA eo EL Hort-Catsas Translated into English Verse. Crown

DE VERE, A .—The Foray of Queen Meave, and other
Legends of Ireland’s Heroic Small crown 8vo, 5s.

Alexander the Great: a Dramatic Poem, Small crown 8yo, 5:.

= Legends of St. Patrick, and other Poems, Small crown
VO, 55

36 A List of

DE VERE, Aubrey.—continued.
St. Thomas of Canterbury: a Dramatic Poem. Large feap,
8vo, 55.
Legends of the Saxon Saints. Small crown 8vo, 6s,

Antar and Zara: an Eastern Romance. Inisfail, and other
Poems, Meditative and Lyrical. Fcap. 8vo, 6s.

The Fall of Rora, The Search after Proserpine, and other
Poems, Meditative and Lyrical. Fcap. 8vo, 6s.

The Infant Bridal, and other Poems. A New and Enlarged
Edition. Fceap. 8vo, 7s. 6d. '

DILLON, Arthur.—River Songs and other Poems. With 13
autotype Illustrations from designs by Margery May. Fcap. 4to,
cloth extra, gilt leaves, 10s. 6d. ‘

DOBELL, Mrs. Horace.—Ethelstone, Eveline, and other Poems.
Crown 8vo, 6s.

DOBSON, Austin.—Vignettes in Rhyme, and Vers de Société.
Third Edition, Fceap. 8vo, 5s.
Proverbs in Porcelain. By the Author of “ Vignettes in”
Rhyme.” Second Edition. Crown 8vo, 6s.

Dorothy: a Country Story in Elegiac Verse. With Preface. Demy
8vo, 55.

DOWDEN, Edward, LL.D.—Poems. Second Edition. Feap. 8vo, 5s.

Shakspere’s Sonnets. With Introduction. Large post 8vo,
7s. Od,

DOWNTON, Rev. H., M.A.—Hymns and Verses. Original and
Translated. Small crown $vo, 3s. 6d.

DUGMORE, Rev. Ernest Edward.—From the Mountains of
the East: A Quasi-Dramatic Poem on the Story of the Pro-
phet-Soothsayer Balaam. Crown 8vo, cloth, 35. 6d.

DUTT, Toru.—A. Sheaf Gleaned in French Fields. New Edition,
with Portrait. Demy 8vo, 10s. 6d.

Ancient Ballads and Legends of Hindustan. With an

Introductory Memoir by Edmund W. Gosse. Small crown 8vo,
printed on hand-made paper, 55.

EDWARDS, Rev. Basil.—Minor Chords ; or, Songs for the Suffering :
a. Volume of Verse. Feap. 8vo, 35. 6d. ; 3 paper, 2s. 6d,

ELDRYTH, Maud.—Margaret, and other Poems. Small crown 8yo,
35. 6d.

ELLIOTT, Ebenezer, The Corn Law Rhymer.—Poems. Edited by his
son, the Rev. Edwin Elliott, of St. John’s, saigtae 2. vols.
Crown 8vo, 18s,

Kegan Paul, Trench & Co’s Publications. 37

English Odes. Selected, with a Critical Introduction by Eomunp W.
and a miniature frontispiece by Hamo Thornycroft,
an Elzevir 8vo, limp parchment antique, 6s.; vellum,
7s. 6d.
Epic of Hades, The. By the Author of “Songs of Two Worlds.”
Thirteenth Edition. Fecap. 8vo, 75. 6d.
*,* Also an Illustrated Edition, with 17 full-page designs in photo-
mezzotint by George R. Chapman. 4to, extra, gilt leaves, 255. ;
and a Large Paper Edition, with Portrait, 10s. 6d.

EVANS, Anne.—Poems and Music. With Memorial Preface by
ANN THACKERAY RitcHie. Large crown 8vo, 75.

GOSSE, Edmund W.—New Poems. Crown 8vo, 7s. 6d.

GROTE, A. R.—Rip van Winkle: a Sun Myth; and other Poems.
Small crown 8yo, printed on hand-made paper, limp parchment
antique, 5s.

GURNEY, Rev. Alfred.—The Vision of the Eucharist, and other
Poems. Crown 8vo, 55.

Gwen: a Drama in Monologue, By the Author of the ‘ Epic of
Hades.” Third Edition. Fecap. 8vo, 5s.

HAWKER, Robt. Stephen.—The Poetical Works of. Now first
collected and arranged. With a Prefatory Notice by J. G.
Godwin. With Portrait. Crown 8vo, 12s.

HELLON, H. G.—Daphnis: a Pastoral Poem. Small crown 8vo,

35. 6d,

HICKE ¥ £. H.—A Sculptor, and other Poems. Small crown
vO, 5S.

HOLMES, E. G. A.—Poems. First and Second Series. Feap. 8vo,
55. each,

Horati Opera. Edited by F. A. Cornisu, Assistant Master at Eton.
With a Frontispiece after a design by L. Alma Tadema, etched
by hee Lowenstam, Parchment Library Edition, 6s.; vellum,
75.

INGHAM, Sarson, C. ¥.—C2#dmon's Vision, and other Poems.
Small crown 8vo, 55.

FENKINS, Rev. Canon.—The Girdle Legend of Prato. Small
crown 8vo, 2s.
Alfonso Petrucci, Cardinal and Conspirator: an Historical
Tragedy in Five Acts. Small crown 8vo, 3s. 6d.
KING, Mrs. Hamilton.—The Disciples. Fourth Edition, with Portrait
and Notes. Crown 8vo, 75. 6d.

sy and other Poems, Second Edition. Fcap. 8vo,
4.

38 A List of

LANG, A.—X XXII Ballades in Blue China. Elzevir 8vo, ©
parchment, 5s,

LEIGH, Arran and Isla,—Bellerophon. Small crown 8vo, 5s.

LEIGHTON, Robert.—Records, and other Poems. With Portrait.
Small crown 8vo, 7s. 6d.

Living English Poets MDCCCLXXXII. With Frontispiece by
Walter Crane. Second Edition. Large crown 8vo. Printed on
hand-made paper. Parchment, 12s., vellum, 15s.

LOCKER, F.—London Lyrics. A New and Revised Edition, with
Additions and a Portrait of the Author. Crown 8vo, 6s.

*,* Also a New and Cheaper Edition. Small crown 8vo, 2s. 6d. -

Love Sonnets of Proteus. With Frontispiece by the Author. Elzevir
8vo, 55.

LOWNDES, Henry.—Poems and Translations, Crown 8vo, 6s,

LUMSDEN, Lieut.-Col. H. W.—Beowulf: an Old English Poem,
Translated into Modern Rhymes. Small crown 8vo, 55.

MACLEAN, Charles Donald.—_Latin and Greek Verse Transla-
tions. Small crown 8vo, 2s,

MAGNUSSON, Eirikr, M.A., and PALMER, E. H., M.A.—{ohan
Ludvig Runeherg’s Lyrical Songs, Idylls, and Epi-
grams. Fcap. 8vo, 55.

M.D.C.—Chronicles of Christopher Columbus. A Poem in
Twelve Cantos. Small Crown 8vo, cloth, 7s. 6d.

MEREDITH, Owen, The Earl of Lytton.—Lucile. With 160 Illustra-
tions, Crown 4to, extra, gilt leaves, 21s,

MIDDLETON, The Lady.—Ballads. Square 16mo, 3s. 6d,

MOORE, Mrs. Bloomfield.—Gondaline’s Lesson : The Warden’s Tale,
Stories for Children, and other Poems. Crown 8vo, 55.

MORICE, Rev. F. D., M.A.—The Olympian and Pythian Odes
of Pindar. A New Translation in English Verse. Crown
8vo, 75. 6d,

MORRIS, Lewis —Poetical Works of. New and cheaper Edition,
with Portrait. Complete in 3 vols., 5s. each. ;
Vol. I. contains ‘* Songs of Two Worlds.” Vol. II. contains ** Th
yee Hades.” Vol. III. contains *‘ Gwen” and ‘* The Ode of
ec.

MORSHEAD, E. D, A.—The House of Atreus. Being the
Agamemnon, Libation-Bearers, and Furies of Aischylus, rans-
lated into English Verse. Crown 8yvo, 7s.

NADEN, Constance W.—Songs and Sonnets of Spring Time.
Small crown 8vo, 55.

|

Kegan Paul, Trench & Co.'s Publications. 39

sean =| E. ¥-—The Sorrows of Simona and Lyrical
Small crown 8vo, cloth, 3s. 6d.
SB Re Edward B.—The Christ Child, and other Poems.
Crown 8vo, 45. 6d,
NOARKE, Major R. Com —The Bivouac ; or, Martial co With
an Appendix: Advice to the Soldier. Fcap. 8vo, 5s. 6d,

NOEL, The Hon. Roden.—A Little Child’s Monument. Second
Edition. Small crown 8vo, 3s. 6d.

aateneaes és Alfred.—The Inner and Outer Life Poems. Fcap.

Ode of Life, The. 2 the oe of “The Epic of Hades,” etc,
Fourth Edition. Crown 8vo, 5s.
spec John. —The Song of Roland. Translated into English
Verse. Large post 8vo, parchment antique, ros. 6d,
PAUL, C. Kegan.—Goethe’s Faust. A New Translation in Rhyme.
Crown 8vo, 6s.
PAYNE, Fohn.—Songs of Life and Death. Crown 8vo, 5:.
PENNELL, H. Cholmondeley.—Pegasus Resaddled. By the
Author of “‘ Puck on Pegasus,” etc., etc. With 10 Full-
Illustrations by George Du Maurier. Second Edition, Feap.
4to, elegant, 125. 6d,
PFEIFFER, ree .—Glan Alarch: His Silence and Song: a Poem.
Second ition. Crown 8vo, 6s.
Gerard’s Monument, and other Poems. Second Edition.
Crown 8vo, 6s,
Quarterman’s Grace, and other Poems. Crown 8vo, §s.

Poems. Second Edition. Crown 8vo, 6s.
Sonnets and roo New Edition. 16mo, handsomely printed

and bound in cl t edges, 45.
~ Under the Aspens; Lyrical and Dramatic. With Portrait.
Crown 8vo, 6s.
PIKE, Sarees the Inferno of Dante Allighierl. Demy
VO, 5S.

POE, Edear Allan.—Poems. With an me on his Sn by ANDREW
NG, and a Frontispiece by Linley Sambourne. Parchment
Library Edition, 6s, ; vellum, 7s. 6d.
RHOADES, —The Georgics of Virgil. Translated into
English Verse Small crown 8vo, 55.

wa 9g? yaad F.—A Handful of Honeysuckle, Feap,
VO, 35

a haha tae pasa Translated from Euripides. With
crown 8vo, 5s.

“40 A List of

SAUNDERS, John.—Love’s Martyrdom. A Play and Poem.
Small crown 8vo, cloth, 5s.

Schiller’s Mary Stuart. German Text, with English Translation on
opposite page by LEEDHAM WHITE, Crown 8vo, 6s.

Shakspere’s Sonnets. Edited by E>wArD DowDeEN. ' With a Fron-
tispiece etched by Leopold Lowenstam, after the Death Mask.
Parchment Library Edition, 6s. ; vellum, 7s, 6d.

Shakspere’s Works. In 12 Monthly Volumes. Parchment Library
Edition, 6s. each; vellum, 7s. 6d. each.

SHAW, W. F., M.A.,—Juvenal, Persius, Martial, and Catullus.
An Experiment in Translation. Crown 8vo, cloth, 5s,

SHELLEY, Percy Bysshe.—Poems Selected from. Dedicated to
Lady Shelley. With Preface by Richard Garnett. Parchment
Library Edition, 6s. ; vellum, 7s. 6d.

Six Ballads about King Arthur, Crown 8yo, extra, gilt edges,
35. 6d.

SKINNER, Yames.—Ccelestia. The Manual of St. Augustine. The
Latin Text side by side with an English Interpretation in Thirty-
six Odes with Notes, anda plea for the study of Mystical Theology.
Large crown 8vo, 6s.

SLADEN, Douglas B.—Frithjof and Ingebjorg, and other
Poems. Small crown 8vo, cloth, 5s.

Songs of Two Worlds. By the Author of ‘‘ The Epic of Hades.”
Seventh Edition. Complete in One Volume, with Portrait.
Fcap. 8vo, 75. 6d,

Songs for Music. By Four Friends, Containing Songs by Reginald
A. Gatty, Stephen H. Gatty, Greville J. Chester, and Juliana
Ewing. Square crown 8vo, 5s.

STEDMAN, Edmund Clarence.—Lyrics and Idylls, with other
Poems. Crown 8vo, 7s. 6d.

STEVENS, William.—The Truce of God, and other Poems. Small
crown 8yo, 3s. 6d.

TAYLOR, Sir H.—Works Complete in Five Volumes, Crown 8vo, 30s,

TENNYSON, Alfred.—Works Complete :—
The Imperial Library Edition. Complete in 7 vols. Demy
8vo, Ios. 6d. each ; in Roxburgh binding, 12s. 6d. each.
Author’s Edition. In 7 vols. Post 8vo, gilt 43s. 6d. ; or half-
morocco, Roxburgh style, 52s. 6d.
Cabinet Edition. 13 vols, Each with Frontispiece. Fcap. 8ya,
2s. 6d. each,

Cabinet Edition. 13 vols. Complete in handsome Ornamental
Case. 355.

Kegan Paul, Trench & Co's Publications. 41

TENNYSON, Alfred.—continued.
The Royal Edition. In 1 vol. With 26 Illustrations and
Portrait. Extra, bevelled boards, gilt leaves, 215.

The Guinea Edition. Complete in 13 vols. neatly bound and
: enclosed in box, 21s. ; F morocco or parchment, 31s, 6¢.

Shilling Edition. In 13 vols. pocket size, 1s. each, sewed.

: The Crown Edition. Complete in 1 vol. strongly bound, 6s. ;
extra gilt leaves, 75. 6¢. ; Roxburgh, half-morocco, 8s. 6¢.
*,* Can also be had in a variety of other bindings.

In Memoriam. With a Miniature Portrait in eau-forte by Le
Rat, after a Photograph by the late Mrs. Cameron. Parchment
Library Edition, 6s. ; vellum, 75. 6.

The Princess. A Medley. With a Miniature Frontispiece by
H. M. Paget, and a Tailpiece in Outline r Ramaas Rrowne
Parchment Library Edition, 6s. ; vellum, 75. 6d.

RES Shataee i maiew Seeeee, Babe YI,
Queen. Royal 4to, extra, gilt leaves, 21s. ; or in half-morocco, 255.

Original Editions :—

Ballads, and other Poems. Small 8vo, §s.

Poems. Small 8vo, 6s.

Maud, and other Poems. Small 8vo, 3s. 6¢, |

The Princess. Small 8vo, 3s. 6d.

Idylls of the King. Small vo, 55.

Idylis of the King. Complete. Small 8vo, 6s.

The Holy Grail, and other Poems. Small 8vo, 4s. 6d,

Gareth and Lynette. Small 8vo, 3s.

Enoch Arden, etc: Small 8vo, 3. 6d.

In Memoriam. Small 8vo, 4s.

Harold: a Drama. New Edition. Crown 8vo, 6s.

Queen Mary: a Drama. New Edition. Crown Svo, 6s,

The Lover's Tale. Ftap. Svo, 3s. 6¢.

Selections from the above Works. Super royal 16mo, 3s. 6d.;
gilt extra, 4s.

Songs from the above Works. 16mo, 2s. 6d. ; extra, 3s. 6d.

Idylls of the King, and other Poems. Illustrated ¥ Julia Mar-
garet Cameron, 2 vols, folio, half-bound morocco, £6 6r. each,

42 A List of

Tennyson for the Young and for Recitation. Specially arranged,
Fcap. 8vo, Is, 64,

The Tennyson Birthday Book. Edited by Emily Shakespear,

“A seperer 2s. 3; extra, 35.

*,* A superior Edition, printed in red and black, on antique

. specially prepared. Small crown 8vo, extra, gilt ieee act :
and in various calf and morocco bindings.

Hore Tennysonianz sive Ecloge e Tennysono Latine Redditz Cura
A. J. Church, A.M. Small crown 8vo, 6s.

THOMPSON, Alice C.—Preludes: a Volume of Poems. Illustrated
by Wa Thompson (Painter of ‘‘The Roll Call”). 8vo,
7s. O@,

jeer ee: Dr. %—Laurella, and other Poems. Crown 8vo,
Se .
Forest Songs. Small crown 8vo, 3s. 6d.
The True Tragedy of Rienzi: a Drama. 3s. 6d,
Alcestis : a Dramatic Poem. Extra fcap. 8vo, 5s.
A Study of Shelley. Crown 8vo, 7s,
Translations from Dante, Petrarch, Michael Angelo, and
Vittoria Colonna. Fcap. 8vo, 7s. 6d.
TURNER, Rev. C. Ternyson.—Sonnets, Lyrics, and Trans-
lations. Crown 8vo, 45. 6d,

Collected Sonnets, Old and New. With Prefatory Poem by
ALFRED TENNYSON; also some Marginal Notes by S. Ty.
COLERIDGE, and a Critical Essay by JAMES SPEDDING. Fcap,
8vo, 75. 6d.

WALTERS, Sophia Lydia,—The Brook : a Poem. Small crown 8vo,
35. 6d.

A Dreamer’s Sketch Book. With 21 Illustrations by Percival
Skelton, R. P. Leitch, W. H. J. Boot, and T. R. PrircHettT,
Engraved by J. D. Cooper. Feap. 4to, 125. 6d,

WATERFIELD, W.—Hymns for Holy Days and Seasons.
32mo, Is. 6d,

WAY, A., M.A.—The Odes of Horace Literally Translated in
Metre. Fcap,. 8vo, 2s,

WEBSTER, Augusta.—Disguises: a Drama, Small crown 8vo, 5s.
In a Day:aDrama. Small crown 8vo, cloth, 2s. 6d,

Wet Days. Bya Farmer. Small crown 8vo, 6s.

WILKINS, William.—Songs of Study. Crown 8vo, 6s.

WILLOUGHBY, The Hon. Mrs.—On the North Wind—Thistle=
= ech : 4: Volume of Poems, Elegantly bound, small crown —
vO, 75. 6d,

Kegan Paul, Trench & Co’s Publications. 43

WOODS, Fames Cha, = Child of the People, and other
Poems. crown 8vo, 5s.
YOUNG, Wm.—Gottlob, etcetera. Small crown 8vo, 3s. 6d.

YOUNGS, 4 Sharpe.—Paphus, and other Poems, Small crown 8vo,
»

WORKS OF FICTION IN ONE VOLUME,
BANKS, Mrs. G. I.—God's Providence House. New Edition.

Bvo, 35. 6d,
BETHAM-EDWARDS, Miss M.—¥Kitty. With a Frontispiece,
Crown 8vo, 6s.
Blue ae re or, mene Bey a ere the Author of
a. oe caper tion. Frontispiece.
FRISWELL, mde iaeoane of Two; or, The Left-Handed Bride,
8vo,

paige oe —By Still Waters: a Story for Quiet Hours. With
7 Illustrations. Crown 8vo, 6s,

-pepanartal Thomas.—A Pair of Blue Eyes. Author of “ Far from
the Madding Crowd.” New Edition, Crown 8vo, 6s.

The Return of the Native. New Edition, With Frontispiece,
Crown 8vo, 65.
HOOPER, Mrs. G.—The House of Raby, Crown 8vo, 3s. 6d,
INGELOW, nen gd the Skelligs: a Novel. With Frontispiece.
Second Edition. Crown 8vo, 6s.
MACDONALD, G.—Malcolm. With Portrait of the Author engraved
on Steel. Sixth Edition. Crown 8vo, 6s.
The M is of Lossie. Fourth Edition. With Frontispiece.
Crown 8vyo, 6s.
St. George and St. Michael. Third Edition, With Frontis-
piece. Crown 8vo, 6s,
ee tee ee f.—Half-a-Dozen Daughters. Crown $8vo,
3.
MEREDITH, alg > —Ordeal of Richard Feverel. New Edition,
Crown 8vo, 6s.
The Egoist ; A Comedy in Narrative. New and Cheaper Edition,
with Frontispiece. Crown 8vo, 6s,

PALGRAVE, W. ie Pete eg Agha: an Eastern Narrative,
Thiet Eas Crown 8vo, 6s. :

44 A List of

Pandurang Hari; or, Memoirs of a Hindoo. With an Introductory
Preface by Sir H. Bartle E, Frere, G.C.S.I1, C.B, Crown
8vo, 65. .

PAUL, Margaret Agnes.—Gentle and Simple; a Story. New and
Cheaper Edition, with Frontispiece. Crown 8vo, 65. —

SHAW, Flora L.—Castle Blair; a Story of Youthful Lives. New and
Cheaper Edition. Crown 8vo, 3s. 6d.

STRETTON, Hesba.—Through a Needle’s Eye: a Story. New
and Cheaper Edition, with Frontispiece. Crown 8vo, 6s.

TAYLOR, Col. Meadows, C.S.I., M.R.I.A.—Seeta: a Novel. New
and Cheaper Edition.» With Frontispiece. Crown 8vo, 6s.

Tippoo Sultaun : a Tale of the Mysore War. New Edition, with
Frontispiece. Crown 8vo, 6s.

Ralph Darnell. New and Cheaper Edition. With Frontispiece.
Crown 8vo, 6s.

A Noble Queen. New and Cheaper Edition. With Frontis-
piece. Crown 8vo, 6s.

The Confessions of a Thug. Crown 8vo, 6s.
Tara : a Mahratta Tale. Crown 8vo, 6s.
THOMAS, Moy.—A Fight for Life. Crown 8vo, 3s. 6d.

Within Sound of the Sea. New and Cheaper Edition, with Frontis-
piece. Crown 8vo, 6s,

BOOKS FOR THE YOUNG.

Aunt Mary’s Bran Pie. By the Author of * St. Olave’s.” Illustrated.
35. bs

BARLEE, £llen.—Locked Out: a Tale of the Strike, With a
Frontispiece. Royal 16mo, Is. 6d.

BONWICK, f., #.R.G.S.—The Tasmanian Lily. With Frontis-
piece. Crown 8vo, 55.

Mike Howe, the Bushranger of Van Diemen’s Land. New and

Cheaper Edition. With Frontispiece. Crown 8vo, 3s. 6d,

Brave Men’s Footsteps. A Book of Example and Anecdote for
Young People. By the Editor of ‘‘Men who have Risen.” With
4 eer ics by C, Doyle. Seventh Edition, Crown 8yo,
35. .

Children’s Toys, and some Elementary Lessons in General Knowledge
which they teach, Illustrated. Crown 8vo, 5s.

COLERIDGE, Sara, — Pretty Lessons in Verse for Good
Children, with some Lessons in Latin, in Easy Rhyme, A
New Edition, Illustrated. Feap, 8vo, 3s. 6d,

= a ED

Kegan Paul, Trench & Co.'s Publications. 45

COXHEAD, Ethel—Birds and Babies. Imp. 16mo. With 33
Illustrations. Cloth gilt, 2s. 6d.

DANVERS, N. R.—Little Minnie’s Troubles: an Every-day
ag ata With 4 Illustrations by W. H. Hughes. Fcap, 8vo,
3: *

Parted : a Tale of Clouds and Sunshine. With 4 Illustrations.
Extra fcap. Svo, 3. 6d.

Pixie’s Adventures; or, the Tale of a Terricr. With 21
Illustrations. 16mo, 4s. 6d.

Nanny's Adventures: or, the Tale of a Goat. With 12
Illustrations. 16mo, 45. 6d.

DAVIES, G. Christopher—Rambles and Adventures of our

School Field Club. With 4 Illustrations, New and Cheaper
Edition, Crown 8vo, 3s. 6d.

DRUMMOND, Miss.—Tripp'’s Buildings. A Study from Life, with
Frontispiece. Small crown 8vo, 35. 6d.

EDMONDS, Herbert.—Well Spent Lives: a Series of Modern Bio-
grtaphies. New and Cheaper Edition. Crown 8vo, 3s. 6d.

EVANS, Mark.—The Story of our Father's Love, told to Children.
Fourth and Cheaper Edition of Theology for Children, With 4
Illustrations. Fcap. 8vo, 15. 6d.

FARQUHARSON, M. .

I. Elsie Dinsmore. Crown 8vo, 35. 6d.
II, Elsie’s Girlhood. Crown 8vo, 3s. 6¢.
III. Elsie’s Holidays at Roselands. Crown 8vo, 3s. 6d.

HERFORD, Brooke.—The Story of Religion in England : a Book
for Young Folk. Crown 8vo, 55.

INGELOW, Fean.—The Little Wonder-horn. With 15 Illustra-
tions, Small Svo, 2s. 6d. q

JOHNSON, inia W.—The Catskill Fairies. Illustrated by
ALFRED FREDERICKS. 55.

KER, David.—The Boy Slave in Bokhara: a Tale of Central
Asia. With Illustrations. New and Cheaper Edition, Crown
Svo, 35. 6d.

The Wild Horseman of the Pampas. Illustrated. New
and Cheaper Edition. Crown 8vo, 3s. 6d.

LAMONT, Martha MacDonald.—The Gladiator: a Life under the
Roman Empire in the eaetes S the Third Century, With 4
Illustrations by HM. M. Paget. tra feap, Svo, 35. 6d,

LEANDER, Richard.—Fantastic Stories. Translated from the

Paulina B. Granville. With 8 Full-page Illustrations
by M. E, Fraser-Tytler. Crown 8vo, 5s.

46 A List of

LEE, Holme.—Her Title of Honour. A Book for Girls. New
Edition. With a Frontispiece. Crown 8vo, 55.

LEWIS, Mary A.—A Rat with Three Tales. New and Cheaper
Edition. er 4 Illustrations by Catherine F, Frere. 35. 6d.

MAC KENNA, S. F.—Plucky Fellows. A Book for Boys. With
6 Illustrations. Fifth Edition. Crown 8vo, 3s. 6d.

At School with an Old Dragoon. With 6 Illustrations. New
and Cheaper Edition, Crown 8vo, 3s. 6d.

Mc CLINTOCK, L.—Sir Spangle and the Dingy Hen. TIllus-
trated. Square crown 8vo, 25. 6d.

MALDEN, H. £.—Princes and Princesses: Two -Fairy Tales.
Tilustrated. Small crown 8vo, 2s. 6d.

Master Bobby. By the Author of ‘Christina North.” With 6 Illus-
trations. Fcap. 8vo, 3s. 6d.

NAAKE, ¥. T.—Slavonic Fairy Tales. From Russian, Servian,
ae and Bohemian Sources, With 4 Illustrations, Crown
VO, 55.

PELLETAN, E.—The Desert Pastor, Jean Jarousseau. Trans-
lated from the French. By Colonel E. P. De L’Hoste. Witha
Frontispiece. New Edition. Fcap. 8vo, 3s. 6d.

REANEY, Mrs. G. S.—Waking and Working; or, From Girlhood
to Womanhood. New and Cheaper Edition. With a Frontis-
piece. Crown 8vo, 3s. 6d,

Blessing and Blessed: a Sketch of Girl Life. New and
Cheaper Edition, Crown 8vo, 3s. 6d.

Rose Gurney’s Discovery. A Book for Girls. Dedicated to
their Mothers. Crown 8vo, 35. 6d.

English Girls: Their Place and Power. With Preface by the
Rev. R. W, Dale. Third Edition. Feap. 8vo, 2s. 6d,

Just Anyone, and other Stories. Three Illustrations, Royal
16mo, Is. 6d, t

Sunbeam Willie, and other Stories. Three Illustrations, Royal
16mo, Is. 6d.

Sunshine Jenny, and other Stories. Three Illustrations, Royal
16mo, Is. 6d.

ROSS, Mrs. E. (‘Nelsie Brook”)—Daddy’s Pet. A Sketch from
Humble Life. With 6 Illustrations. Royal 16me, Is,

SADLER, S. W., R.N.—The African Cruiser: a Midshipman’s
Adventures on the West Coast. With 3 Ilustrations. New
and Cheaper Edition. Crown 8vo, 2s, 6d,

- Kegan Paul, Trench & Co.'s Publications. 47

his Fortune, and other Stories. With 4 Illustrations.
ew and Cheaper Edition, Crown 8vo, 2s. 6d.

Seven Autumn Leaves from F. Land. Illustrated with 9
Square crown 8vo, 35. 6d. .

STOCKTON, Frank R.—A Jolly Fellowship. With 20 Illustra-
tions. Crown 8vo, 55.

STORR, Francis, and TURNER, Hawes.—Canterbury Chimes;
or, Chaucer Tales retold to Children. With 6 Illustrations from
the Ellesmere MS. Second Edition. Feap. 8vo, 3s. 6d.

STRETTON, Hesba.—David Lloyd’s Last Will. With 4 Illustra.
tions. New Edition. Royal 16mo, 2s. 6d.

The Wonderful Life. Sixteenth Thousand. Fcap. 8vo, 2s. 6c.

Sunnyland Stories. the Author of *‘ Aunt Mary’s Bran Pie.’
Illustrated. Edition. Small 8vo, 3s. 6d.

Tales from Ariosto Re-told for Children. ByaLady. With 3
Illustrations. Crown 8vo, 4s. 6d,

WHITAKER, Florence.—Christy’s Inheritance. <A London Story.
Illustrated. Royal 16mo, 1s. 6d,

ZIMMERN, H.—Stories in Precious Stones. With 6 Illustrations,
Third Edition. Crown 8vo, 5s,

a

~

- be

PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED, LONDON AND BECCLES.
a

e >

-.

‘ . «

) ofc Cott epee ity

UP a ST pc
at es thrice odd
om Sa% ante toes
} gsr owes ¥ ie

qh woirt viet AK
> WF ire oh

D2 LAP lft AS Og See Wale TD sprint igen >-
3 ee he mays i CS a Bae ;
Wo DOP PSST Fh rhe Riv ect an AE ‘
a FL. aw s fs wars = yj SE wore, a ’

A? Strat, | toh! iynab one

5S We Read 5 al aw a-tia ims
y yt red a au eget Jateta

Pell Pci SS ant Har ay alaolhe gs
ta ern = aa

, abveiiel eg *
met AT, rh rents
Or Se05 1s po? peat
7 Tie er
OS: ey Le
t a.

—— 8 =" _

’ Bind feat ry
-
o a 2

Ry: . , of :

He me me ee
~ ie are ae ‘ eo 9 meaner en = remem scene. ome = |

- a "

arse ears eS er eee ee VLU Vv wy

PLEASE DO NOT REMOVE
CARDS OR SLIPS FROM THIS POCKET
UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO LIBRARY
ZI Lubbock, (Sir) John
L Ants, Bees and Wasps...
6th ed
Biological
& Medical

Pgitweus
io Ue ek a tee
fier Send +b
bee Ep bh
ra

al o™~
eob, Gh
+cUNa sl

a

sates
Aceh
i

reheat Fee
Ph ites Cn

Tae
Os sari s
Met Aes

it

*

ath
‘