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T\7 APPENDIX ae: 8
Sb¥ — |
aoe

MANUAL OF MOLLUSCA,

TO THE

OF 8. P. WOODWARD, A.LS.,

CONTAINING SUCH

RECENT AND FOSSIL SHELLS

AS ARE NOT MENTIONED IN THE SECOND EDITION
OF THAT WORK.

J
f P RARE
Ol LUbore.

An : , ‘ Di x 7, YY} oO} vi
, , ; ‘ : iY 183 1
Sater) Kalyoh
ere {

2 géctional Liorhy.

By RALPH TATE, ALS: BGs:

EA THSONIAN

APR 29 1988
LIBRARIES

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VEBRBTUE & CO., 26,.1IVY LANE
NEW YORK: VIRTUE & YORSTON.
1868.

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TITRE PATTI ARES

CLASS I.—CEPHALOPODA.
ORDER J.—DIBRANCHIATA.

FamIty III.—TEUTHIDA.

PHYLLOTEUTHIS, Meek and Hayden.

Type, P. subovatus. Cretaceous. Nebraska.

Pen corneous, thin, suboyate, slightly concave below, and
conyex above. From behind the mid-
dle it narrows towards the front, the
outline of the lateral margins being
convex, while the posteriorend is more
or less obtusely angular. Apparently
related to Beloteuthis and Teudopsis.
(See p. 168.)

FamiIty LY.—BELEMNITIDZ.*

The Shell of Belemnites consists ~
fundamentally of :—

1. A hollow cone, the phragmocone,
Fig. 1, p, with a thin shelly wall,
termed the conotheca, c, and which is
divided by transverse septa, concave
above and convex below, into cham-
bers or loculi; the septa are perforated
nearthe ventral margin bya siphunecle.

2. A guard or rostrum, g, more or
less extensively enveloping the apical
part of the phragmocone. ‘* The
phragmocone is not a chambered
body made to fit into a conical hollow
previously formed in the rostrum,
as some have conjectured, but both
rostrum and cone grew together; the
former was formed on the exterior of
a secretive surface, and the latter on
the interior of another secretive sur-
face.” (Phillips. )

The rostrum is composed of calca- Fig. 1.
reous matter arranged in fibres per-
pendicularly to the planes of the laminew of growth. Pro-

* See p. 173.
B2 3

Ventral aspect.

Dorsal aspect.

MANUAL OF THE MOLLUSCA.

fessor Owen describes the fibres, in specimens from Christian
Malford, as of a trihedral prismatic form, and zoooth of an inch
in diameter. These fibres are disposed concentrically around
an axis, a, the so-called apical line, which extends from the
extremity of the phragmocone to that of the rostrum. Indica-
tions of a thin capsule or formative membrane appear in some
Belemnites investing the guard; in those of the Oxford clay
it is represented by a granular incrustation; in some lassic
species it appears in delicate plaits, like ridges or furrows; in
some specimens of Belemnitella mucronata from the upper chalk
of Antrim, it is in the form of a very thin nacreous layer.

3. A pro-ostracum, or anterior shell, which is a dorsal exten-
sion of the conotheca beyond the end where the guard disappears.
The surface of the conotheca is marked by lines of growth,
and, according to Voltz, it may be described in four principal
regions radiating from the apex: one dorsal, Fig. 2, a, with

Fig. 3. Fig. 4.

loop lines of growth advancing forward; two lateral, b, separated
from the dorsal by a continuous straight or nearly straight line,
and covered with very obliquely arched striz in a hyperbolic
form, in part nearly parallel to the dorso-lateral boundary line,
and in part reflexed, so as to form lines in retiring curves across
the ventral portion nearly parallel to the edges of the septa.

4

CEPHALOPODA.

There were at least three kinds of pro-ostracum in the
family Belemnitide.

A. In many Belemnites the extension of the conotheca seems
to run out in one simple broad plate, Fig. 3, as in B. hastatus
from Solenhofen.

B. In Belemnites Puzosianus, D’Orbigny, the pro-ostracum is
very thin, and apparently horny or imperfectly calcified in the
dorsal region, supported laterally by two long, narrow, parallel,
calcareous plates, Fig. 4, as in B. Puzosianus from the Oxford
clay. Professor Huxley considers this difference between the
pro-ostraca of generic importance.

C. The third kind of pro-ostracum is exhibited by Orthocera
elongata, De la Beche, the type of the genus Xiphoteuthis,
Huxley ; it is calcareous, and is composed of concentric lamellz,
each of which consists of fibres disposed perpendicularly to the
plane of the lamella; the phragmocone is very long and narrow,
and the guard cylindroidal.

Professor Huxley suspects that a thoroughly well-preserved
specimen of Belemnoteuthis will some day demonstrate the exist-
ence of a fourth kind of pro-ostracum among the Belemnitide.

The genera in the family are :—1, Belemnites ; 2, Belemnitella ;
3, Xiphoteuthis ; 4, Belemnoteuthis ; 5, Plesioteuthis ; 6, Celeno ;
7, Beloptera ; 8, Belemnosis; 9, Conoteuthis; and ? Helicerus.

‘‘The A anthoteuthes of Munster, so far as they are known
only by hooks and impressions of soft parts, may have been
either Belemnites, or Belemnoteuthis, or Plesioteuthes, or may have
belonged to the genus Celeno.” (Huxley.)

The genus Belopeltis, Voltz, was founded on the pro-ostraca
of Belemnites, species of which were unknown.

The genus Actinocamax, Miller, was founded on the guard
of Belemnites and Belemnitella, the upper parts of which had
decayed, and thus presented no alveolar cavity.

ORDER JJ.—TETRABRANCHIATA.
Famity I.—NAUvTILIDE
(including Faminy II.—ORrTHOCERATIDA).
DIVISION a.—AIR-CHAMBERS CONFINED TO ONE PART OF THE
SHELL.
ASCOCERAS, Barrande, 1846.*
Etymology, askos, » leathern bottle, and ceras.

* At p. 185 Mr. Woodward refers to M. Barrande’s second volume of the ‘* Cephalo-
pods of Bohemia.” The Ascoras, Glossoceras, and Aphragmites are here described.

7)

MANUAL OF THE MOLLUSCA.

Type, A. Bohemicum, Barr., Fig. 5.

Shell flask-shaped, smooth, transversely or
longitudinally striated, or ornamented with
annular folds, or plicated. The terminal cham-
ber (r) occupying the space above the air-
chambers (s), and extending down one side of
nearly the whole length of the shell in the
form of a wide and deep cavity, which is
embraced by the decurrent edges of the in-
complete septa (four or five in number). This
cavity also communicates at its base with a
small siphuncle which traverses the minute
apical air-chambers. Aperture of shell simple.

The wide ventral cavity of Ascoceras is of
the same nature as the large lateral siphuncle
of Cameroceras.

Fig. 5. Distribution, 16 species. Lower—Upper
Diagram of Ascoceras Q; = ° 7
( after Barrande). ice Bohemia, Norway, England, Ca

nuda.

GLOSSOCERAS, Barrande, 1865.

Etymology, glossa, a tongue, and ceras.

Type, G. gracile, Barrande. Upper Silurian. Bohemia.

Shell similar to that of Ascoceras, but the dorsal margin of the
aperture is extended in the form of a ligulate projection, sub-
triangularly rounded at the end, and recurved towards the inte-
rior of the shell.

This process gives rise to a distinct lobe on each side of the
opening, which is analogous to that which exists in Hercocerus,
Ophidioceras, and in certain species of Phragmoceras and Gom-
phoceras.

Distribution, 2 species. Middle and Upper Silurian. Anti-
costi; Bohemia.

APHRAGMITES, Barrande, 1865.

Etymology, a, without phragmos, a partition; and the usual
termination.
Type, Ascoceras Buchii, Barrande.
Shell, similar to that of Ascoceras, but the air-chambers are
jleciduous. ,
Distribution, 2 species. Upper Silurian. Bohemia.
a

CEPHALOPODA.

DIvIsIon }.—AIR-CHAMBERS OCCUPYING THE WHOLE CAVITY
OF THE SHELL.

PILOCERAS, Salter, 1859.

Etymology, pilos, a cap, and ceras, a horn.

Type, P. invaginatum, Salter, Fig. 6.

Shell, broad, conical, sub-cylindrical, or com-
pressed, and slightly curved. Siphuncle and septa
combined as a series of conical concave septa, which
fit into each other sheathwise.

Distribution, 3 species. Lower Silurian. Scot-
land. Canada. Fig. 6. Diagram

ol £tiocerus

ORTHOCERAS.* (after Salter).

Sub-genera :—
1. GonrocERAS, Hall, 1847.

Etymology, gonios, an angle.

Type, G. anceps. Lower Silurian. United States.

Shell, having the general form and structure of Orthoceras,
flattened with extremely salient angles; septa sinuous; section
of shell, an extended ellipse with projecting angles; siphuncle
ventral.

2. ENDOCERAS, Hall, see W. M., u. p. 192.
3. TRETOCERAS, Salter, 1858 (Diploceras, Salter, 1856).

Etymology, tretos, pierced.

Type, Orthoceras bisiphonatum, Sowerby. Lower Silurian.
Wales.

Shell elongated ; septa pierced by a sub-central beaded
siphuncle, and also by a deep lateral cavity continuous with
the terminal chamber, and passing down side by side with
the siphuncle—the cavity affecting at least seven of the upper-
most septa, if not the whole.

CYRTOCERAS.f

Sub-genera :—

1. OnocERAS, see W. M., ii. 193. ‘‘ The shells of this genus
and Cyrtoceras pass gradually into each other, but Onoceras may
be retained for those species which are much inflated in the ante-
rior half or two-thirds of the shell length” (Billings); and
‘‘ which have a more or less strangulated aperture” (Barrande),

* See p. 190. + See p. 194.
vi ~

MANUAL OF THE MOLLUSCA.

2. CYRTOCERINA,* Billings, 1865.

Type, C. typica, Billings.

Shell having the general characters of Cyrtoceras, but differs
in the short, thick form, and in the large siphuncle on the
dorsal side.

Distribution, 2 species. Silurian. Canada.

3. STREPTOCERAS, Billings, 1865.

Etymology, streptos, curved, and ceras.

Shell having the form of Onoceras, but with a trilobed aperture
like Phragmoceras.

Distribution, 2 species. Middle Silurian. Canada.

LirvirEs, Breynius.+

Type, L. lituus, Hisinger.

Shell discoidal, whorls (2—5) close or separate; last chamber
produced in a straight, or nearly straight line, sometimes
slightly curved, in a direction contrary to that of the spire;
lateral margins of the aperture extended and curved towards
the interior of the shell; the aperture contracted thus presents
two distinct orifices, the smaller corresponding to the convex or
ventral side, the larger to the concave or dorsal side of the shell.

I. lituus is the only species in which the aperture has been
observed. 28 species from the Middle and Upper ? Silurian
rocks of Europe and North America, belong here or to allied
genera.

Sub-genus :—OPHIDIOCERAS, Barrande, 1867.

Synonym, Ophioceras, Barrande, 1865.

Etymology, ophiodes, shaped like a serpent, and ceras.

Type, O. Nakholmensis, Kjerulf (Zituites).

Shell with the produced portion very short or wanting.

The shells of the Bohemian species are keeled on the convex
side.

Distribution, 7 species. Middle Silurian; Norway (1). Upper
Silurian, Bohemia (6).

LITuUNcULUS, Barrande, 1867.
Shell asin Lituites, but with a simple aperture. No species
have been yet observed.
Sub-genus :—DIScocERAS, Barrande, 1867.
Hiymology, diskos, a quoit, and ceras.
Type, D. antiquissimus, Eichwald (Lituites).
5 * See p. 194. t See p. 189.

CEPHALOPODA.

Shell with the produced portion very short or wanting.

This sub-genus bears the same relation to Litwunculus (the
existence of which is supposed) that Ophidioceras does to
Lituites.

Distribution, 3 species. Middle Silurian. Russia, Germany,
Norway.

HERCOCERAS, Barrande, 1867.

Etymology, erkos, a wall, and ceras.

T'ype, H. mirum, Bar. Middle Silurian, Bohemia.

Shell usually involute, as in Nautilus, rarely with separated
whorls as in Gyroceras, or with a spire as in T'rochoceras. Body-
chamber with a diaphragm perpendicular to the axis of the shell,
the concayity of which is opposed to that of the last septum.
This disposition throws the aperture on the convex side of the
shell, which is deeply excavated. Siphuncle dorsal, cylindrical,
inflated between the chambers, separated from the shell.

Nautilus subtuberculatus, Sandberger, from the Devonian of
Nassau, may belong to this genus.

BATHMOCERAS, Barrande, 1867.

Etymology, in allusion to the imbricated arrangement of the
partitions.

Type, B. complexum, Barr. (Orthoceras).

Shell haying the general appearance of Orthoceras. Part of
the body-chamber occupied by a series of imbricating plates,
which decrease in horizontal extension from below upwards.
Siphuncle composed of a series of superimposed funnel-shaped
tubes, the narrow end directed towards the aperture of the shell.

Distribution, 2 species. Middle Silurian, Bohemia.

AULACOCERAS, Hauer, 1860.

Etymology, aulax, a furrow, and ceras.

Type, A. sulcatum, Hauer, Fig. 7.

Shell straight, like Orthoceras ; corrugated,
with two deep lateral furrows; siphon simple,
very small, marginal and dorsal, situated
between the longitudinal sulci. The test
increases rapidly in thickness towards the
apex of the shell.

The genus is a transition form between

Fig. 7. Transverse sec-

the Nautilide and the Belemnitide. aisonhy: Adtaconedil eile
Distribution, 4 species. Upper Trias, catum.
Austria.

B3 9

MANUAL OF THE MOLLUSCA.

[FamILy GoNIATIDA. Barrande.]

Shell involute or straight; septa concave in their median
section ; sutures usually with angular lobes ; septai tubes coni-
cal, more or less prolonged, but always directed backwards.
Siphuncle cylindrical, of small diameter, always marginal ;
siphonal investment not persistent; conyexo-ventral margin of
the aperture sloped, lines of growth and ornamentation of the
shell with a corresponding sinuosity.

The genera enumerated in this family are Goniatites, Clymenia,
and Bactrites. Dr. Woodward includes the Goniatites and the
Bactrites (pp. 196, 197) with the Ammonitide; and the Cly-
menia with the Nautilidee (p. 190).

Famity JJI].—AMMONITIDA.

Shell various ; septa convex in their median section ; sutures
always lobed, ramified, or denticulated ; septal tube cylindrical
and always directed forwards. Siphuncle cylindroid of small
diameter, always marginal; siphonal investment more or less
solid and persistent. Convexo-ventral ? margin of the aperture
more or less prolonged, which determines a similar convexity
in the lines of growth and ornamentation of the test; there are
rare specific exceptions.

DIvIsion I.—SUTURES LOBED OR DENTICULATED AT THE BASE.
1. RHABDOCERAS (see p. 196).
2. Bacunina, D’Orbigny, 1850.

Example, B. Rouyana, D’Orb. Neocomian, France.

Shell like Baculites, but its lobes and saddles are not foliated,
there being between these forms a similar distinction to that
between Ceratites and Ammonites.

B. acuarius, Schlotheim, is from the Oxfordian strata of
Gammelshausen in Wurtemberg.

3. COCHLOCERAS, Hauer, 1860.

Etymology, cochlos, a snail-shell, and ceras.
Type, O. Fischeri, Hauer, Fig. 8.
Shell resembling that of Turrilites, with the sutural lobes
simple, as in Rhabdoceras and Clydonites.
10

CEPHALOPODA.

Distribution, 8 species. Upper Triassic strata of Hallstadt,

Austria.

Fig. 8. Shell and sutural lobes of Cochloceras Fischeri.

4, CHORISTOCERAS, Hauer, 1865.

Type, ©. Marshu, Hauer.

Shell somewhat similar in form to Crioceras, with the lobular
ornamentation characteristic of Ceratites.

Distribution, 4 species. Upper Trias, Austria.

5. CLYDONITES, Hauer, 1860.

+8
—ar_
Tad

ay

wy

<a
pate ese St
——

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sR ate I | 19

so

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Fig. 9. Shell of Clydonites costatus, Hau. Figs. 10a, 10b. Shell and suturallobes of C.
delphinocephalus, Hau.

Etymology, kiudon, the surge, with the usual termination.
Examples, Goniatites Eryx, Minst; Ammonites delphino-
cephalus, Hauer. Figs. 9, 10.

Shell, discoidal; sutures lobed; lobes entire, not crenulated
as in Ceratites.

Distribution, Upper Triassic strata, Hallstadt and St, Cassian,
in the Austrian Alps ; North-western Himalayas; 21 species.
Upper Cretaceous, 2 species described as Ceratites by D’Orbigny.

a

MANUAL OF THE MOLLUSCA.

6. CERATITES (see p. 197).
Division II.—SuUTURES FOLIATED

Including the genera Ammonites (p. 197), Toxoceras, Ancylo-
ceras,* Scaphites, Helicoceras, and Turrilites (p. 200), Hamites,
Piychoceras, and Baculites (p. 201), and the following.

ANISOCERAS (see p. 200), Pictet, 1854.

Etymology, anisos, unequal; and ceras.

Example, Hamites armatus, Sowerby.

Shell at first growing in an open helicoid spire, afterwards
more or less prolonged and reflected; ornamented by trans-
verse ribs. Sutures of septa divided into 5 lobes and 5 saddles,
all bipartite ; the lateral saddles are the largest.

Fossil, 12 species. Gault—Upper Green Sand, Europe. Cre-
taceous, India. 1 species, Jurassic. North-west Himalayas.

Species of Helioceras founded on helicoid portions of shells
may belong to this genus.

HAMULINA (see p. 201), D’Orbigny, 1852.

Example, H. dissimilis, D’Orb.

Shell conical prolonged, haying a portion of the body chamber
reflected, but not touching the other portion; section of the
shell round or laterally compressed; sutures of the septa
divided into six lobes, and as many saddles.

Hamulina differs from Hamites in being only once reflected
instead of twice, and from Ptychoceras in haying the reflected
portion of the shell separate from the other, not close together.

Distribution, 15 species. Neocomian, France. Ootatoor
group (= ? Gault), India.

PELTARION, Deslongchamps, 1859.

Founded on the mandibular armature of tetrabranchiate
cephalopods

* Many of the forms considered to belong te Crioceras have been ascertained
by M. Astier to be only more or less incomplete individuals of species belonging to
Ancyloceras. That Crioceras must merge into Ancyloceras appears inevitable.

12

GASTEROPODA.

Example, P. bilobatum. Upper Lias, Normandy. Fig. 11.
Calcareous plates nearly circular or transversely oval ; ante-

rior border rounded, posterior produced and truncated ; concave
above and flattened below; the two faces have one-half smooth
and the other concentrically striated in an inverse direction
to each other.

Fossil, 3 or 4 species. Up. Lias— Cor. Rag. England;
Normandy ; Wurtemberg.

CLASS II.—GASTEROPODA.
ORDER I.—PROSOBRANCHIATA.
Famity IJ.—MovRIcIp& (see p. 212, &c.).

The genera included in this family are :—

MUREX, TYPHIS, PISANIA, TROPHON, FASCIOLARIA, TURBI-
NELLA (Cynodonta, Latirus, Lagena), Fusus (Clavella, Chryso-
domus, Pusionella, Tritonidea), FULGUR, COMINELLA, MyRIs-
TICA, and LACHESIS

AwaAcuis, H. and A. Adams.

Type, Columbella scalarina, Sowerby.

Shell like Columbella; operculum elongated, unguiform,
nucleus terminal, having close analogies with Pisania.

Distribution, 27 species. Tropical America,

PTYCHATRACTUS, Stimpson, 1865.

Etymology, ptych, a fold ; atractus, a spindle.

Type, Fasciolaria ligata, Mighels and Adams. Deep water ;
United States.

13

MANUAL OF THE MOLLUSCA.

Shell fusiform, spirally striated ; aperture with a rather long
canal; columella plicated as in Fasciolaria; operculum lke
that of Chrysodomus. Lingual dentition, resembles that of the
Purpuride, 1:1:1. Rhachidian tooth, deeply arched, with
three denticles; lateral teeth versatile, elongated, simple, hook-
shaped, base swollen.

Buccrnopsis, Jeffreys, 1859.

Etymology, having the aspect of Buccinum.

Synonym, Liomesus, Stimpson, 1865,

Type, Buccinum Dalei, J. Sowerby, Britain.

Shell oval, spirally striated; epidermis filmy; spire short,
obtuse; outer lip smooth within; canal short and open; oper-
culum triangular; nucleus placed on the inner base of the
aperture.

The lingual dentition makes an enpennel to Mangelia, and
consists of a single plain and slightly curved tooth on each side
of a thin non-denticulated plate.

The egg cases of Buccinopsis are separate.

Distribution, 3 species. German Ocean, North Atlantic, Spitz-
bergen, Behring’s Straits.

Fossil. 3B. Dalei occurs in the Red, Antwerp, and Coralline
Crags. England, Belgium.

Cheletropis is the fry of species belonging to the Muricide.
Adamsia, Dunker, resembles a sculptured Cominella without
the sutural construction of the whorls. 2 species. Australia.

Famity I1I1.—Buccrnipz.*

The enumerated genera are :—

BuccinuM, PsEUDOLIVA, BuLLIA, EBuRNA, PHos, NASsA
(Cyllene, Northia, Cyclonassa), COLUMBELLA, TRUNCARIA, and
TEREBRA (Myurella), SUBULA (Huryta).

TruncARIA, A. Adams and Reeve, 1848.

Synonym, Buccinopsis, Deshayes.

Type, T. filosa (Buccinum). Adams and Reeve. China.

Shell oval, oblong; spire elongated; apex acute, often chan-
nelled at the Sabie. aperture oblong, dilated in front, angu-
lated, sometimes with a small canal behind; outer lip simple or
bordered; columella concave, abruptly truncated, and shorter
than the right lip.

* See p. 218, &e.
14

GASTEROPODA.

Species of this genus are Buccinums with a truncated colus
meila.

Distribution, 5 species. China, Central Ameria, Vigo Bay.

Fossil, 3 species. Hocene. Paris basin.

[FAMILY PuRPURIDA]

Is composed of the following genera :—

PurRpPuRA, including Monoceros (of sectional value)* and the
sub-genera :—

Concholepas, Cuma, Rapana (see p. 217, under Pyrula),
Pinaxia, Adams.

Topas, H. and A. Adams, 1853. Shell bucciniform, with a
small canal in the posterior angle of the aperture. Fossil,
3 species. Eocene. Paris.

Vitularia, Swainson, 1840. YV. salebrosa. South and Central
America. Shell with irregular varices; operculum as in Purpura.

Nitidella, Swainson. Shell as Cylindra; spire sometimes
decollated; lip continuous or crenated; operculum elongate;
nucleus lateral. ;

RIcINULA, HARPA, RHIZOCHCHILUS (Coralliophila, Adams),
and MaGinvs, with the

Sub-genus Leptoconchus, Riippell.

Shell similar to that of Magilus; young shell only with an
operculum.

[FAMILY CASSIDA. ]

The genera referred to this family are :—

RANELLA (p. 214), TRITON (p. 214), PYRULA (p. 217), Cassis
(p. 224), OniscrA (p. 225), CassIDARIA (p. 225), Doxium
(Malea) (p. 226), and

NASSARIA, Pfeiffer.

Animal analogous with that of Ranella, as regards the length
of the tentacles, position of the eyes, smallness of the head,
and by the form of the operculum, but is provided with a long
branchial siphon.

Shell sub-canaculated in front, and deeply notched.

[Faminty OLrIvipz]

Includes Oxtva (Olivella, Scaphula, Agaronia), ANCILLARIA
(Monoptygma, Lea).t

* See p. 223, t See p. 227.
15

MANUAL OF THE MOLLUSCA.

[FAMILY VOLUTIDE ]

Contains CoLUMBELLINA (p. 227), Mirra (Imbricaria, OCylindra,
Strigatella, and Hyalina) (p. 231), VoLUTA (Volutilithes, Scaphella,
Volutomitra, and Melo) (p. 230), CyMBA (p. 231), MARGINELLA
(p. 232), VoLVARIA (p. 232), and

Lyris, Gray, 1847.

Synonyms, Harpella, Gray; Eneeta, Gray.

Types, Li. deliciosa, Montf.; L. harpa, Barnes.

Shell ovate oblong, mitriform, thick, sometimes longitudi-
nally costated; aperture subovate, with a large. number of
columellar plaits, the two anterior of these being the strongest ;
posterior portion of the inner lip provided with a large number
of short cross-plaits. Operculum ovate-elongate, thin ; corneous
nucleus at first nearly central, at a more advanced age sub-
apical.

Distribution, 14 species. Pacific Ocean, America, Madagascar,
Australia, Japan, New Caledonia, Antilles.

Fossil, 3 species. Cretaceous. India. The species in the
Tertiary strata have not been distinguished from Voluta.

CystTisous, Stimpson, 1865.

Type, C. capensis, Cape of Good Hope.

Shell resembling that of Marginella; small, thin, ovate,
inflated, smooth, and polished; aperture narrow, columella
plaited.

Animal with an elongated foot, truncated in front; head ob-
long, depressed ; tentacles triangular, flattened, and horizontal ;
eyes at the lateral margins of the head, at the bases of the ten-
tacles. Lingual dentition, 0°1:0, resembling the rhachidian
teeth of Murex, thick and strong, with seven unequal conical
denticles.

[FAMILY CYPRAIDZ |

Includes ErRATo, Cyprma (Cyprovula, Luponia, and Trivia),
OvuLa (Volva and Radius), PACHYBATHRON, PEDICULARIA, and
DENTIORA, Pease, 1862.

Type, D. rubida, Sandwich Islands.
Shell differs from that of Pedicularia in the flat or excavated
columella, compressed, and toothed.
16

GASTEROPODA.
FAMILY CONIDE

Contains Conus (Conarbis), DIsAPHUS, PLEUROTOMA (Drillia,
Bela, Clionelia, Daphnella), CLAVATULA (T'omella), MANGELIA
(Clathurella), LACHESIS, CITHARA, and

BorsontA, Bellardi, 1839.

Synonym, Cordieria, Ronault, 1848.

Shell like Plewrotoma, with oblique folds on the thick colu-
mella, and thus establishes a passage between Plewrotoma and
Turbinella. ,

Distribution, 4 species. East Indies.

Fossil, 23 species. Hocene—. France, Italy, England,
United States.

GosAVIA, Stoliczka, 1865.

Type, Voluta squamosa, Zekeli.

Shell similar to that of Conus ; aperture narrow, elongated ;
base emarginate ; outer lips notched near the posterior suture ;
columella lp plicated, the anterior plaits being always the
strongest.

Fossil, 8 species. Cretaceous. — Eocene? Gosau; India.

[Faminty NATICIDz. |

The genera are—

NaTIcA, containing as sub-genera WNaticospis, Neverita,
Lunatia, Globulus, Globularia, Polinices, Cernina, and

Euspira (Agassiz), Morris and Lycett, 1850.

Spire more or less elevated ; whorls few, distinct, angulated,
or carinated. -

Fossil, 6 species. Inferior Oolite—. Forest Marble. Eng-
land.

‘* Huspira presents considerable affinities to the Paleozoic
genus, Scalites (Hall), in the lines of growth having the appear-
ance of a slight fissure, where the angle occurs in the volution.”
(Mor. and Lyc.)

SIGARETUS (and sub-genus Naticina).
LAMELLARIA (Oncidiopsis and Marsenia), VELUTINA.

AMAURA.

Type, A. candida, Méller. Greenland,
17

MANUAL OF THE MOLLUSCA.

“Animal allied to Natica; foot small, compact without any
posterior lobe ; the front lobe deeply sinuated; eyes subcuta-
neous, situated at the internal base of the lobe; operculum
terminal, few-whorled, horny, thin.

‘“‘ Shell ovate, imperforate, spire small, produced; mouth
reversed, pear-shaped, about half the length of the shell.”
(Moller. )

Fossil, species. Cretaceous. Germany, Britain.

DESHAYESIA, Raulin, 1844 (see p. 236).

Dedicated to M. Deshayes, author of ‘‘ Description des Ani-
maux sans Vertébres dans le bassin de Paris,” &c.

Synonym, Naticella, Grateloup (non Minster).

Type, D. Parisiensis, Raulin.

Shell subglobose, thick, umbilicated; spire short; aperture
entire, semicircular, oblique ; columella oblique ; callosity den-
ticulated ; umbilicus covered by the callosity; right lip acute,
smooth internally.

This genus presents a very remarkable combination of the
characters of Natica and Nerita, and appears to establish a pas-
sage between these two genera, types of distinct families.

Distribution, 2 species. Oligocene and Miocene. Paris and
Bordeaux Basins

PrycHostoMA, Laube.

Fossil, 3 species. St. Cassian.

[FamILty CANCELLARIDZ. ]

The genera are—
CANCELLARIA (Admete, p. 216), TRICHOTROPIS (p. 216),
? CERITHIOPSIS (p. 242), ? SEPARATISTA, and

PurPurina,* D’Orbigny, 1850 (p. 222).

Type, Purpurina Bellona, D’Orbigny, Fig. 12.

* This genus has been the subject of careful research and revision by Messrs.
Eugene Deslongchamps and Piette ; and I think it advisable to replace the characters
of this group, given in p. 222 of the Manual, by those emended by the authors above
mentioned,

ig

GASTEROPODA.

Shell oval, elongated, ventricose, thick ;
whorls rounded or rendered angular by the
upper portion being channelled ; last whort
much developed. Ornamentation usually of
large longitudinal ribs, crossed by numerous fA
striee ; aperture large in the young state, @
slightly notched in front ; columella rounded; %
umbilical groove deep, narrow, but well de-
fined.

Fossil, 8 species. Inferior Oolite—Kelloway

Fig. 12 Parpurina
Rock. England, France, Germany. id pias

TORELLIA (Loven), Jeffreys, 1867.

Dedicated to Dr. Otto Torell, of Norway.

Type, T. vestita, Jeffreys. Shetland and Norway.

Animal with the produced lips and lingual dentition of
Capulus.

Shell globose, covered with a velvety epidermis; spire very
short ; apex depressed ; aperture roundish ; pillar with a blunt
tubercle at its base; groove internal, scarcely perceptible ;
operculum like that of Z'richotropis.

[FAMILY NERITOPSIDS. |

Genera :—NERITOPSIS and NARICA with WNaticella as a sub-
genus (see p. 261).

(FAMILY PYRAMIDELLID.*]

The following genera and sub-genera are additional :—

PYRAMIDELLA. Sub-genus Chrysaillida, P. Carpenter, 1857.

Shell pupiform; peristone continuous; edge of lp thin;
columella-plait distinct, though hidden; operculum in the
typical species radiately corrugated.

Distribution, 25 species. E. and W. Indies, Japan, Mazatlan.

Opostomi1A. Some of the Mazatlan species have the peri-
stone continuous.

Sub-genera :—Auriculina, Gray.

Shell having the general aspect of Odostomia, but presenting
no vestige of a plait. Mazatlan, 3 species.

Fossil, 4 species. Tertiary. United States.

Parthenia, Lowe (Ebalia, Adams). Surface sculptured ;
columella plaited.

Distribution, 10 species. Mazatlan, Japan.

* See p. 238.
19

MANUAL OF THE MOLLUSCA.

ScALENOSTOMA, Deshayes, 1863.

Type, 8. carinatum, Isle of Bourbon.

Shell in form allied to Pyramidella and Niso, turriculated,
white, imperforate; columella not plicated; opening subtri-
angular, slightly bent in the direction of its length; margin
simple, notched near the suture.

CHEMNITZIA. Sub-genera:—Dunkeria, P. Carpenter (dedi-
cated to Professor W. Dunker). Aperture as in Chemnitzia,
but the whorls rounded as in Aciis; whorls cancellated.

Distribution, 7 species. Mazatlan, Japan.

Pseudomelania, Pictet and Campiche, 1864.

Etymology, pseudo, false, and Melania, a generic name.

Shell turriculated, spire acute, test thick, imperforate,
without ornamentation. Aperture oval, rounded in front, more
er less angulated behind; columella thick, conforming to the
general curvature of the aperture; lip simple.

Distribution. Trias—Chalk. Europe, South Africa. The
cretaceous species are 14 in number.

Kula. Sub-genus :—Zeiostraca, H. and A. Adams (Balcis,
Leach).

Shell with a slight varix on each side of the spire.

Distribution, 8 species. Mazatlan, Taboga.

AcIcuULINA, Deshayes, 1864.

Shell small, aciculated; apex laterally inclined; whorls
numerous, convex, smooth; aperture entire, small, subqua-
drangular; columella straight, narrow, cylindrical, and simple.

Distribution, 6 species. Eocene. Paris basin.

MATHILDA, Semper, 1865.

Shell turriculated, apex revolute, abruptly turned from left to
right ; whorls in the typical species transversely cingulated
and reticulated, longitudinally striated; aperture entire, subro-
tund, base sometimes subeffuse; lip acute; columella smooth,
not plicated.

Distribution. The type Turritella quadricarinatus, Brocchi,
is living in the Mediterranean, and is fossil in the Crag of
Anvers, and at Bologna. |

Fossil, 13 species. Eocene—. Europe, United States.

SoLEniscus, Meek and Worthen, 1860.

Etymology, soleniskos, a little channel or gutter.
20

GASTEROPODA.

Type, S. typicus. Upper Coal Measures. Springfield, Illinois,

Shell fusiform, smooth, body whorls contracted below into a
distinct straight canal, with an oblique plait on the columella.

Agrees with Macrocheilus in its smooth surface and columella
fold, but differs in its fusiform outline, narrow aperture, and
distinct canal. In its general appearance resembles Fasciolaria,
but has only one instead of two or three columella folds, and is
destitute of ornamentation, and its outer lip is smooth within.

EUCHRYSALIS, Lambe.

Fossil, 6 species. St. Cassian, Austria.

[FAMILY STILIFERIDZ. |

The genera are :—

STILIFER.—Dr. Fischer supposes that Stilifer, though living
like a parasite on the tegumentary system of the echinoderms or
their appendages, does not feed on their substance, as has been
supposed. Mr. Gwyn Jeffreys’s impression is that it feeds on
the excretions of the echinoderms.

STYLIFERINA, Adams.

Shell imperforated, ovateconical, thin, smooth; whorls many,
produced in a styliform spire; nucleus sinistral; aperture sub-
quadrate; lip simple, straight.

Distribution, 2 species. Japan.

M. Freyer, of Trieste, is of opinion that Entoconcha (EL.
murabilis), which is parasitic on Synapta digituta, is the
embryonic condition of a species of Natica.

‘“Famity TI.—CERITHIaApz.*

Includes CERITHIUM (fhinoclavis and Bittiwm), TRIFORIs,
PotamMipEs (Vicarya, Cerithidea, Terebralia, Pyrazus, and
Lampania), NERIN@A, and the following additional genera
and sub-genera :—

CERITHIUM.—Swub-genus. Sandbergeria, Bosquet, 1860.
Dedicated to Professor Sandberger. Type, Cerithium cancel-
lata, Nyst. sp. Shell short, like Cerithiwm, canal terminal,
very broad, and short. M. Bosquet describes the type as
having an operculum as in Stenothyra; it is very questionable
as to whether the operculum belonged to the shell.

* See p. 242, &c.
21

MANUAL OF THE MOLLUSCA.

Distribution, 29 species. Cretaceous; India. Eocene. France,
Netherlands.

Evustoma, Piette, 1855.

Type, E. tuberculosa, Piette.

Shell in the young state resembling Cerithiuwm; in the adult,
the margins of the aperture are much expanded and posteriorly
united by an indistinct canal; canal elongated.

Fossil, 2 species. Great Oolite. Ardennes.

EXELIssa, Piette, 1861.

Etymology, exelisso, to unfold.

Synonym, Kilvertia, Lycett, 1863.

Type, Cerithium strangulatum, D’Archiac.

Shell small, elongated, subcylindrical, somewhat pupzeform,
many whorled, perpendicularly costated, tuberculated or spined ;
last whorl cylindrical, contracted at the base, with a tendency
to separate from the axis; aperture orbicular, entire, the lips
elevated, produced, and slightly thickened ; columella solid.

Fossil, 14 species. Mid. Lias—Kimmeridge Clay. England
and France. The shelly freestone of the Inferior Oolite, Glou-
-cestershire, contains some undescribed species. Cretaceous, 1
sp. ? India.

FIBULA, Piette, 1857.

Example, Turritella Roissyi, D’Archiac.

Shell elongated, columella straight, with a rudimentary
groove near the base; outer lip arched, slightly notched at the
suture; base of the aperture forming a slight canal, or rounded
and entire, depending upon the exact period of growth at which
the animal perished.

The species of this genus possess characters intermediate and
approximating them to T7'urritella and to Cerithium.

Fossil, 21 species. Triassic—Cretaceous. Europe, India.

CrYPTOPLOCUS, Pictet and Campiche, 1854.

Etymology, cryptos, hidden ; ploce, a plait.

Example, Nerinzea monilifera, D’Orb.

Shell, as in Nerina, without columella and labial plaits ; one
plait on the posterior face of the aperture, a disposition very
analogous to that in some Cerithiums, such as C. nodulosum ;
aperture rounds‘, not channeled in front; umbilicated or im-
perforate.

22

GASTEROPODA.

Distribution, 7 species. Jurassic and Cretaceous. France,
Switzerland, Germany.

PLANAXIS. M. Deshayes places this genus in Littorinide,
but Dr. Macdonald states that it is anatomically closely related
to Cerithium, the lingual teeth are similar, and that the audi-
tory sacs contain spherical otoliths.

QuoytA, Deshayes, 1830.

Dedicated to the celebrated naturalist to the Astrolabe.

Synonyms, Fissilabria, Brown ; Leucostoma, Swainson.

Shell solid, elongated, conical, apex decollated; whorls flat,
the body whorl sub-angular at the base; aperture small, semi-
lunar, produced in front; columella thick, curved, truncated
anteriorly, with a spiral fold posteriorly, operculum horny,
paucispiral, nucleus lateral.

Distribution, 2 species. New Guinea, Cochin China.

Fossil. Eocene, Paris (1). Miocene, Dax (1).

The three following genera are provisionally referred to Cer-

thiade.
CERITELLA, Morris and Lycett, 1850.

Etymology, diminutive of Cerithium.

Synonym, Tubifer (pars), Piette, 1856.

Type, Ceritella acuta, Mor. and Lyc.

Shell turreted, subulate, spire acute; whorls flat, margins
usually sulcated; last whorl large; aperture elongated and
narrow; canal short; columella smooth, rounded, and slightly
reflected at the base; outer lip thin.

Fossil, 17 species. Middle Jurassic strata. England, France.

BRACHYTREMA, Morris and Lycett, 1850.

Etymology, brachyos, short, and tremos, a cut.

Examples, B. Buvignieri, Mor. and Lyc.,
R. Wrightii, Cotteau (Fig. 13).

Shell small, turreted, turbinated; whorls either
costated, nodulated, or cancellated; the last whorl
large and vyentricose; columella smooth, rounded, &
twisted near its base, and reflecting outwards, ©
forming a short, oblique canal; aperture
moderately subovate, its length being usually
less than that of the spire. wr

Some species, as B. varicosa and B. pygmea, Fig. 13.
acquired at certain arrests of growth thickened P7achytrema
outer lips or varices, as in Z’riton. ee

23

MANUAL OF THE MOLLUSCA.

Fossil, 16 species. The greater number belong to the Great
Oolite, others occur in the Kelloway Rock. England, France.

Mesostoma, Deshayes, 1864.

Example, M. grata, Dh.

Shell elongated, turreted, scalariform; aperture nearly cir-
cular, dilated, obliquely cut, terminating in front by a semi-
canaliculated angle; columella slightly concave, cylindrical,
obliquely truncated, lip simple, and slightly expanded.

Fossil, 4 species. ocene. Paris basin.

[Famity APoRRHAID#, Gray, 1856, ]

Includes the genera APORRHAIS (see p. 244), PTERODONTA,
STRUTHIOLARIA (p. 246), and Haut; also

ALARIA, Morris and Lycett, 1854.

Synonym, Tessarolax, Gabb, 1864.

Etymology, ala, a wing.

Examples, Alaria trifida, Phillips, sp.; A. cingulata, Pictet
and Roux, sp.

Shell turreted, fusiform, terminating anteriorly by a canal;
wing digitated or palmated, formed by the prolongation of the
free border of the last whorl, and which is appled against the
last whorl but one, but never adheres to the rest of the spire;
posterior canal wanting; right lip without a sinus.

Distribution, about 50 species. Jurassic. Hurope, Himalaya
Mountains, South Africa. Cretaceous, 9 species. England,
France, Germany.

The species of this genus have been referred to Rostellaria,
Pterocera, and Aporrhais.

DIARTHEMA, Piette.

Shell with continuous varices.
Distribution. Lower Oolites. France.

Pelicaria vernis, Adams, has a spiral shell; the spire of adult
covered with an enamel coat; aperture ovate; outer lip sinuous,
sharp-edged.

? BULIMELLA, Hall, 1857.

Shell more or less fusiform; whorls convex, the last one much
enlarged; columella truncated; outer lip thin, with a slight
notch or sinus at the margin near its-junction with the pillar.

Distribution, 3 species. Carboniferous. Indiana.

24

GASTEROPODA.

[FAMILY VERMETIDZ. |

The shells of species of this family are distinguished from
those of the Serpulce by the presence of a spiral nucleus and of
concave smooth interior septa.

If the shell is formed of a solid matter strongly sculptured
with longitudinal grooves or scales, or of a brownish colour, it
is certainly formed by a Vermetus; but if the shell is of a soft
earthy matter, feebly longitudinally grooved, it is doubtful to
which it belongs.

The shells of the Serpulide have an anal opening (except
Cymospira), and appear only to be composed of two layers, the
Vermetide haying three.

The interior of several species contains very long lamelle,
generally regarded of generic value; but they are dissolved
with age, like the teeth of some species of Pupa.

All the Vermeti are viviparous, and the lamelle within the
tubes may serve for the retention of the fry.

The genera and sub-genera contained in this family are VER-
METUS (Petaloconchus, Serpulorbis) (p. 249), and SILIQUARIA
(p. 249).

[Faminy Cacipz. ]

Shell with a spiral nucleus; tubular, regular, sometimes
fixed aperture orbicular ; operculum horny, multispiral; margin
sometimes fimbriated.

Czoum, Fleming.*

Nuclear whorls orbicular, in the same plane as the adult, fre-
quently decollated; operculum concave or flattened.

Sections :—Hlephantulum. Comparatively of large size, tapering;
sculpture longitudinal.

Distribution, 9 species. Mazatlan (6), West Indies, Mauritius.

Fossil, 1 species (C. liratum), Carpenter. Cor. Crag. Sutton.

Anellum (typical Czeca). Adult shell annulated.
Distribution, 14 species. Europe, Matzatlan, Australia, Japan.
Fossil, 2 species. Eocene. Paris, Suffolk.

Fartulum. Smooth, cylindrical.

Distribution, 10 species. Mazatlan, Teneriffe, Singapore,
Australia.

fossil, C. mamillatum, 8. Wood. Cor. Crag. Sutton.

Sub-genera :—BROCHINA, Gray.

Type, Dentalium glabrum, Mont.

* See p. 249,
Cc

bo
Qe

MANUAL OF THE MOLLUSCA.

Shell like Ceecum, smooth; aperture simple, acute; apex closod
by a mamillated plug; operculum, convex.
Distribution, 2 species. Hurope, West Indies, Mazatlan.

MEIOCERAS, Carpenter.

Etymology, meion, rather small; ceras, horn.

Young shell spiral or flat; adult somewhat inflated; aperture
oblique; operculum spiral, scarcely concave.

Distribution, 3 species. West Indies.

STREBLOCERAS, Carpenter, 1858.

Etymology, streblos, twisted; ceras, horn.

Shell with the spire not decollated, no plug formed ; nuclear
whorls orbicular, perpendicular to the plane of the adult; the
plane of growth is flat, asin Caecum, but some examples have a
slight twist, forming an approach to Metoceras.

Fossil, 4 species. ocene. Hampshire, Paris.

FAaMIty V.—TURRITELLIDZA*
Includes TURRITELLA, PRoTO, MESALIA, and

CASSIOPE, Coquand, 1865.

Synonym, Omphalia, Zekeli, 1852 (non Omphalius, Philippi,
1847).

a Turritella Renauxiana, D’Orbigny.

Shell thicker, and with more rapidly increasing whorls than
in Turritella, often pupiform; aperture rounded, continuous ;
outer lip notched or sinuated by an impressed furrow, which
winds round the last whorl; columella usually distinctly um-
bilicated.

Distribution, 32 species. Cretaceous. Europe, India, and
America.

[FAMILY ScALARIADAT ]

Includes ScALARIA and the sub-genera Lglisia, Pyrgiscus, and
Cirostrema, Morch.
Shell solid, varices irregular, whorls generally cancellated.

CocHLEARIA, Braun.
Synonym, Chilocyclus, Bronn.

* See p. 248, + See p. 250.
26

GASTEROPODA.

Shell turriculated, thick ; aperture circular, continuous, with
a large expanded border.
Fossil, 2 species. Saint Cassian beds, Austria.

HOLOPELLA, McCoy, 1852.

Euwample, H. gregaria, Sow. (Turritella), Sil. Syst. t. 3, f. 1.

Etymology, ’olos, entire, and ope, an aperture.

Shell elongated, slender, of numerous gradually increasing
whorls, generally crossed by slightly arched strive; mouth cir-
cular, with the peristome entire; base rounded, with or without
a minute umbilicus.

The shells of the species composing this genus differ from
those of T'urritella in the continuous peristome and definite
round margin to the aperture, thus approaching much nearer
to Scalaria.

Fossil, 12 species. Silurian—Trias. Europe, United States.

Famity IV.—MELANIAD.*

MELANIA.—Tentacles long, with eyes on the exterior side at
about a third of the length; margin of the mantle festooned.

Sub-genera, Vibex, Melanatria, Hemsinus, and

Philopotamis, Layard, P. sulcata, Reeve, sp. Operculum sub-
spiral; nucleus marginal. Shell solid, paludimiform. Distribu-
tion, 5 species. Ceylon. Habit of Tanalia.

PaLtupomus (Type, P. conicus, Gray), as restricted by the
separation of Philopotamis and Tanalia, is characterised by the
conceutric structure of the adult operculum resembling that of
Paludina, and a spiral nucleus situated about the middle of its
height, and nearest to the left margin.

Distribution, India, Burmah, Egypt, East Indian Archipelago,
Mauritius, Ceylon (2 species, reduced from 14). In tanks and
marshes.

Sub-genus, Tanalia, Gray.

Synonym, Ganga, Layard, founded upon certain monstrous
forms of 7’. aculeata.

Type, T. aculeata Chemnitz.

Shell semiglobose, costate, nodulose; mouth very large, ovate;
operculum unguiculate; nucleus marginal.

Distribution, 2 species. Inhabiting mountain streams, ad-
hering to rocks, or crawling over sandy bottoms, Ceylon.

Fossil, 2 species. Upper Chalk. Gosau

* See p. 246, &c.
c2 27

MANUAL OF THE MOLLUSCA.

Io, Lea, 1831.

Synonyms, Melafusus and Ceriphasia, Swainson; Pleurocera
and Strepoma, Raf.; Trypanostoma, Lea; Telescopella, Gray.

Type, I. fluvialis, Say (Fusus).

Animal with the mantle margin plain; eyes at the base of
the tentacles, which are short; operculum subspiral.

Shell fusiform, inflated, conical or oval; aperture produced
into a more or less obvious canal in front.

Distribution, 100 species. North America,

Sub-genera, Lithasia, Haldeman, 1840. Synonyms, Angi-
trema, Haldeman ; Potodoma, Sw.; Glotella, Gray.

Columella callously thickened above and below; base of
aperture notched. Distribution, 31 species. North America.

Strephobasis, Lea, 1861 (Megara sp., A. and H. Adams).
Shell with a retorse canal at the base of the squarish aperture.

Distribution, 8 species. North America.

GYROTOMA, Shuttleworth, 1845.

Synonyms, Goniobasis, Lea, 1862; Euryccelon, Lea.

Shell solid, oval, oblong, or turreted; many forms resemble
Paludomus; aperture subrhomboidal, subangular in front,
without a canal; columella frequently callously thickened
above; operculum subspiral, as in Melania.

Distribution, 289 species. United States.

Fossil, 8 species. Hocene. North America.

Sub-genera, Schizostoma, Lea, 1842 (Schizochilus, Lea; Mela-
toma carinifera, Anthony); aperture with a slit in the upper
part of the outer lip immediately under the suture. Distribu-
tion, 27 species. North America.

Meseschiza, Lea, 1864. Slt in the middle of the outer lip.
M. Grosvenori. Indiana.

PALADILHEA, Bourguignat, 1865.

Dedicated to Dr. Paladilhe.

Shell somewhat resembling that of Acme; test thin, crystal-
line, extremely fragile; base of aperture produced in front;
peristome continuous, thin, truncated; outer lp with a slit
towards the suture.

Distribution, 3 species. Fresh-water deposits. Herault, One
of the species is living in the neighbourhood of Montpellier.

28

GASTEROPODA.

BuczEstA, Paladilhe, 1866.

Shell resembling somewhat a very small Cerithiwm or micro-
scopic Lithasia, but differing generically in having a wide,
compressed, not callous columella like that of Lacuna.

Distribution, B. Bourguignatt. In washings of the River Lez,
Montpellier.

Awncunosa, Say, 1821.

Synonyms, Leptoxis, Rafinesque; Anculotus auctores.

Type, A. preemorsus.

Shell oval; aperture entire and rounded in front; columella
callously thickened above.

Distribution, 31 species. North America.

MELANOPSIS, including Pirena, see p. 248, W. M., ii.

Faminty VII.—PALUDINIDz.*

The genera contained in this family are—

PALUDINA, AMPULLARIA (Pomus, Marisa, A solene), LANISTES,
MELADOMUS, BITHINIA, with the following sub-genera of the
last :—

Stenothyra (Nematura), Hydrobia, Syncera, Paludinella, Lit-
torinella, Amnicola, and

MoiIreEsstERIA, Bourguignat, 1863.

Type, Paludina Simoniana, Charpentier.

Shell somewhat similar to that of Acme; test pitted; de-
pressions octagonal, tetragonal, and rounded according to their
position; peristome externally thickened; no operculum has
been observed.

Distribution, 1 species. Saline springs at Fouradade (Py-
renees),.

Fossil, 8 species. Alluvium of the river Garonne, at Toulouse.

PomAtTiopsts, Tyron, 1865.

Synonym, Chilocylus, Gill.

Shell elongated ; margin of aperture slightly expanded ; oper-
culum corneous, subspiral, without an internal process.

Animal like that of Hydrobia, but the foot is furnished with
lateral sinuses ; terrestrial or amphibious.

Distribution, species. America.

* See p. 257, &c.
29

MANUAL OF THE MOLLUSCA.

. [FAMILY Rissorpz# |

Includes Liriopa (p. 255), Rissorna (p. 256), Rissoa (p. 255),
and the following additional genera :—

DrastoMA, Deshayes, 1864.

Type, Melania costellata, Lamarck.

Shell elongated, turreted; whorls with varices; aperture very
oblique, semi-lunate, entire; base sinuated, subangular; pos-
terior angle acute, detached from the penultimate whorl; lp
thin, curved; columella concave, depressed, narrow.

Fossil, 4 species. Hocene. Paris basin.

AMPHITHALAMUS, P. Carpenter, 1864.

Type, A. inclusus. West Coast of North America.

Sheli like Rissoa, nucleus large; aperture with a produced
lip, suddenly contracted in the adult.

This genus bears the same relation to Rissoa that Stoastoma
does to Helicina.

Keritostoma, Deshayes, 1848.

Type, Melania marginata, Lamk.

Shell elongated, turriculated, regularly conical; generally
striated transversely. Aperture entire, short, effuse at the base,
angulated posteriorly; columella short, callous; the peri-
stome entire, the left lip broad and thick, the right broadly
margined.

Fossil, Hocene, 6 species; Paris basin. Belgium, England,
Punjaub. Cretaceous, 5 species; India, Gosau.

PrEROSTOMA, Deshayes, 1864.

Type, P.tuba. Eocene. Grignon, Paris.

Shell elongated, turriculated ; peristome continuous, circular,
very dilated and margined; columella very broad, expanded,
and continuous with the peristome.

ScaALIoLA, Adams, 1860.

Type, S. bella.

Animal with the rostrum elongated, cylindrical, annulated,
bifid at the end; tentacles filiform, eyes »rominent, black at
the outer base of the tentacles; foot short, ovate, posteriorly
sub-acuminate; operculum corneous, ovate, snhspiral; nucleus
subterminal.

3

GASTEROPODA.

Shell turreted, umbilicated or rimose; aperture more or less
circular ; peristome continuous ; margin straight, acute.

The species haye the habit of agglutinating grains of sand to
the surface of the shell.

Distribution, 4 species. Japan, Philippines, 2—70 fathoms.

Fossil, 1 species. Oligocene, Latdorf.

MicrostermMa, A. Adams, 1863.

Type, M. Deedala, Adams. Japan, 48 fathoms.

Shell turreted, ovate, rimose, somewhat resembling Pyrami-
della ; spire conical; whorls longitudinally plicated. Aperture
oblong, produced in front, sub-canaliculate; columella thick-
ened, straightish ; lip simple.

Fossil, 1 species. Sub-apennine formation. Asti, Italy.

BARLEEIA, Clark.

Named in honour of the late G. Barlee.

Type, Turbo ruber, Montagu. Britain, Mediterranean.

Animal and shell related to Rissoa ; mantle and opercular lobe
destitute of filaments; operculum solid, auriform, and gibbous,
nucleus excentric.

Distribution, 3 species. Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.

[FAMILY SKENEIDZ |
Includes Skenea (p. 256), and

HomatocyRrA, Jeffreys, 1867.

Synonyms, Omalogyra, Jeffreys; Spira, Brown; Ammoni-
cerina, Costa, 1861.

Etymology, a flat circle.

Tyve, H. atomus, Philippi (Skenea nitidissima, F’. and H.).

Animal with a flattened body, no tentacles; eyes sessile, and
placed behind the head.

Shell minute, forming a flat coil; spire involute; whorls
more or less angulated ; mouth clasping both sides of the peri-
phery ; operculum few-whorled, with a central nucleus.

The upper part of the body of H. atomus is partially ciliated.
The tongue has only a single row of teeth, resembling miniature
shark’s teeth.

Distribution, 2 species. In pools, and just beyond low water,
on sea-weeds and Zostera. Norway, Britain, France, shores of
the Mediterranean.

Fossil, upper tertiary deposits.

31

MANUAL OF THE MOLLUSCA.

Famity VI.—LITToRINIDz.*

The genera are—
Lirrorina, including Tectaria, Modulus, and Risella ;
LAcuUNA, and

Fossarus, Philippi (p. 253).

Synonyms, Phasianema, Wood; Maravignia, Arados.

Shell perforated, sculptured ; inner lip thin; aperture semi-
lunate ; operculum not spiral.

Animal with two frontal lobes between the tentacles.

Distribution, 43 species, including species of ee sub-genera.
Mediterranean and tropical seas.

Fossil, 4 species. Miocene. Europe.

Sub-genera, Conradia, Couthouyia, Cithna, Gottoina.

Fossarina, Adams, differs from Fossarus in the curved inner
lip and circular aperture. 2 species. Australia.

Isapis, HW. and A. Adams. Colwmella with a plait; in J.
anomala it is almost obsolete. 4 species. Jamaica and Mazat-
lan.

LACUNELLA, Deshayes, 1864.

Etymology, diminutive of Lacuna (see p. 255).

Type, L. depressa, Desh. Eocene. Paris.

Shell ovate, thin, pellucid, shining, very depressed; apex
obtuse; aperture large, dilated; outer lip thin, reflected; colu-
mella narrow, thin, concave, grooved, with the base perforated.

? RAULINIA, Mayer, 1864.

Dedicated to M. Raulin.

Type, Odostomia alligata, Deshayes. Eocene. Paris basin.

Shell tarbinated, oval-oblong, moderately thick, spirally sul-
cated; whorls rapidly increasing, convex; last whorl very
large ; aperture large, angulated posteriorly, expanded in front ;

columella broad, arcuate, flattened, with a prominent tuber-
culous tooth.

Eucycuivs, E, Deslongchamps, 1860.

Etymology, eu-kuklos, circling, in allusion to the numerous
plications or rings of the spire and base.
Examples, Turbo ornatus, Sow. ; T. capitaneus, Miinst.

* See p. 250.
32

GASTEROPODA.

Synonym, Amberleya,* Morris and Lycett.
Shell very thin (without a nacreous layer?) ; spire elongated,
almost turriculated ; surface ornamented by longitudinal plica-

Fig. 14. Eucyclus goniatus, Desl..

tions and nodes; aperture oval, angular above; lip semi-
circular, thin; columella flattened, imperforated.

Fossil, 23 species. Upper Lias— Kelloway Rock. England,
France, Germany.

[FAMILY SOLARIDE |

Contains—

SOLARIUM (see p. 253).

Sub-genera, Torinia, Gray.

Philippia, Gray (p. 253). Shell trochiform ; umbilicus small.
Fossil, 3 species. Miocene. America.

Disculus, Deshayes. Shell discoid; umbilicus very narrow,
inferior angle of the aperture extended and oblique.

ADEORBIS (p. 266), Cirrus (p. 271), DIscoHELIx (p. 253),
EXVUOMPHALUS (pp. 267, 346), BIrRONTIA (p. 253), PLATYSTOMA
(p. 254), PHANEROTINUS (p. 267), MACLUREA (p. 345).

* This name was published in 1854, but the genus was insufficiently characterised.

C3 : 33

MANUAL OF THE MOLLUSCA.

OPHILETA, Vanuxem (p. 267), was founded on species of
Maclurea, with very slender whorls. Mr. Billings regards them
as distinct, and distinguishes them as follows :—‘‘ In Maclurea
the aperture is entire, and the whorls usually large, but in
Ophileta it has a sinus below and a notch above, while the
whorls are usually more slender.

‘In Maclurea crenulata (Billings) there isa sort of spiral band,
and also there are indications of a sinus in the lip on the flat
side, but they are only incipiently developed.” —(Billings.)

STROPHOSTYLUS, Hall.

Etymology, strepho, I turn, and stylus, columella.

Shell subglobose or ovoid ; spire small, body whorl large and
ventricose; outer lip thin; columella twisted or spirally grooved
within, not reflected; umbilicus wanting; aperture ovate or
transversely oval; apparently related to Platystoma.

Distribution, 10 species. Silurian. United States.

HeEtiocryerus, D’Orbigny, 1850.

Shell depressed, orbicular; whorls embracing; umbilicated
on both sides; aperture vertical, oval transverse.

Distribution. H. pusillus, Coral Rag, France, Germany ;
H. radiatus, U.G.S. Blackdown, Mans.

[Faminy [ANTHINIDZE]
Includes—
IJANTHINA and RECLUZIA (see p. 285).

FAamMIty XII.—CALYPTRAIDA.* }
PLATYCERAS, Conrad, 1840 (see p. 277).

Type, Pileopsis vetusta, Sowerby.

Synonyms, Acrocula, Phillips, 1841; Orthonychia, Hall, 1843.

Shell depressed, subglobose to oblique, subconical; spire
small; whorls few, free or contiguous; aperture more or less
expanded, often campanulated, entire or sinuous.

Many species show a sinuosity of the strize, indicating a notch
in the margin of the aperture during the first stages of growth.
Mr. Hall has been unable to recognise the peculiar muscular
impressions which are characteristic of Pileopsis. Specimens of
some species show the expansion of the columellar lip, and its
partial or entire union with the volution, presenting all the

* See p. 275.

34

GASTEROPODA.

appearance of a thin columella with a deep umbilicus. P.
dwmosum is spiniferous ; P. subrectum is simply bent or arcuate.

Distribution, 46 species. Silurian—Carboniferous. Europe,
North America. 2

Famity [X.—TvuRBINIDZz*

Includes PHASIANELLA (p. 263), IMPERATOR (p. 264), TURBO
(p. 263), with the following sub-genera :—

Callopoma, Gray. Distinguished by the extreme complexity
of the operculum. ‘‘ The opercula of C. fluctuoswm, Gray (Turbo)
(Maz.), are flat, and covered with a dark horny layer inside, dis-
playing about 6 whorls. Outside with a broad, central, spiral
callus, white and granular, concealing the umbilicus, with
extremely minute pustules over the surface, sometimes with a
few sharp prickles. A deeply cut groove surrounds the callus,
followed by a green, plaited, spiral frill prickly inside. Between
this and the outer margin are 4—6 fine emerald necklaces, sup-
ported on slender spiral ribs, with deeply channeled interspaces.
The operculum of C. sawosum, inhabiting Panama, is formed on
a much coarser plan.”—(P. Carpenter.)

Uvanilla, Gray. Example, U. olivacea, Mexico.

Distinguished by the absence of an umbilicus, and the bi-
ridged operculum.

Distribution, 3 species. Mazatlan, Mexico.

PHASIANELLA.
Sub-genus, Hucosmia, P. Carpenter, 1864.
Etymology, eu, well, and cosmia, adorned.
Shell solid, variegated as in Phasianella ; aperture and whorls
round ; axis wmbilicated.
Distribution, 4 species. Cape St. Lucas.

TROCHUS.

With the following sub-genera and sections :—

Margarita, Leach (p. 265). Example, T. helicinus, Fabr.
Shell small, pearly, and umbilicated ; lateral cirri, 3—7 in
British species. No typical T'’rochi appear to inhabit North-East
America, only those of this section. 38 species, Britain.

Gibbula, Leach (p. 265). Example, T. magus, Linné. Shell
low-spired and umbilicated ; lateral cirri, 3 on each side in the
British species.

Circulus, Jeffreys. Shell very small, nearly flat-spired, with
an exceedingly wide and open umbilicus. Haxample, Delphinula

* See p. 263.
35

MANUAL OF THE MOLLUSCA.

Duminyi,* Requien; lateral cirri, 3 on each side (sometimes 4
on one side, and 3 on the other.—Clarke). ossi/, in the Coral-
line Crag; Britain; Catania. Living, Britain; Mediterranean.

Trochocochlea, Klein. Spire moderately raised ; base, shghtly
umbilicated in the adult, perforated in the young, pillar lip with
a strong tubercular tooth. Lateral appendages 3 to 4 on each
side. Example, T. lineatus, Da Costa. Britain, France, Spain,
Mogador.

Ziziphinus, Leach. Spire pyramidal, base imperforated ;
pillar lip notched or angulated at the lower part. - Hxample,
T. granulatus, Born. 7 species, Britain.

Omphalius, Philippi. Type, Trochus viridulus, Gmel.
Mazatlan.

Shell with a spiral ridge surrounding the umbilicus, ending
in one or more tubercles on the columella.

Distribution, 4 species. Mazatlan, China.

Pyramis, Enida, cc.

ROTELLA (see p. 265),

Sub-genera. Jsanda (I. coronata), Adams. Shell orbicular,
conical, pillar edge crenated; whorls rounded; axis umbili-
cated ; operculum orbicular, of many whorls.

Chrysostoma, Gray. Turbo Nicobaricum, Gmel., related to
Isanda. Pillar edge callous; operculum horny, spiral.

Microthyca, Adams, differs from Jsanda in its continuous peri-
stome and thickened outer lip. 1 species, Japan.

Umbonella, Adams. Shell porcellanous, small, turbinated,
allied to Chrysostoma, but the aperture is circular, and the axis
imperforate. 1 species, Japan.

LEUCORHYNCHIA, Crosse, 1867.

Etymology, leucon, white; rhynchion, a beak.

Type, L. Caledonica, Crosse; inhabits under stones, New
Caledonia.

Shell depressed, sub-discoid, umbilicated, polished, of few
whorls; aperture rounded, not nacreous. A thick callosity
arises from the front margin of the aperture and the columella
lip, and is continued as a free rostrated process over the um-
bilicus. Operculum corneous, rounded, multispiral; nucleus,
central,

* Adeorbis supranitida and A. tricarinata are varieties.

36

GASTEROPODA.

TrrInostoma, H. and A. Adams, 1858.

Type, T. politum.

Synonym, Calceolina, A. Adams.

Shell like Rotella, with a greatly produced mouth and callus.

It resembles Cyclops among the Nasside, and in the appear-
ance of the base Streptaxis and Anostoma among the Helicide.

Distribution, 9 species. Japan, Mazatlan, St. Helena, Jamaica.

fossil, 10 species. Eocene. Paris basin.

ETHALiA, H. and A. Adams.

Shell of the general aspect of Vitrinella, but agreeing with
Rotella in haying a callous base, and differing from the typical
species of that genus in being frequently sculptured; in the
callus winding round, generally not covering, the umbilicus;
and in the outside of the callus not being glossy. The lip is
generally not reflected over the body whorl.

They appear to retain permanently the young state of Tei-
nostoma.

Distribution, 12 species, inhabiting deep water. Mazatlan,
Jamaica, Japan.

MONODONTA.

DELPHINULA (including Collonia, Liotia, Serpularia, and
Crossostoma).

CYCLOSTREMA, with Adeorbis and Vitrinella as sub-genera.

STOMATELLA, GENA, and BRODERIPIA.

FAMILY X.—HALIOTIDA.

Sub-family, HALIOTINZ.

Genera—HALIorTIs (p. 268), STOMATIA (p. 268), TEINOTIS
(p. 269).

Sub-family, ScissuURELLINZ.

Genera—ScIssURELLA (p. 269), PLEUROTOMARIA (p. 270),
(Raphistoma and Scalites are merely sections of this genus),
MURCHISONIA (p. 270), CATANTOSTOMA (p. 270), TRocHOTOMA
(p. 271), with the following additional genera and sub-genera :—

PLEUROTOMARIA (see p. 270).

Sub-genera :—Leptomaria, EK. Deslongchamps, 1865. JL.
amena, Deslong., sp. Shell like Plewrotomaria ; the respiratory
slit is narrow and elongated.

Distribution, Inferior oolite—Cretaceous.

Cryptenia, EK. Deslong., 1865. (Helicina, Sowerby) C. helici-
Jormis, Deslong., sp. Shell of a rounded and compact form,

37

MANUAL OF THE MOLLUSCA.

surface smooth or but slightly ornamented, slit excessively
short, sometimes reduced to a simple fold; the band occupies
the middle of the whorl, and is only visible on the body whorl.
Distribution. The species are numerous in the Carboniferous
system, and range to the Middle Lias.
In the typical Plewrotomaria the slit is large, and the band
is never concealed by the whorls of the spire.

ScHISMOPE, Jeffreys, 1856.

Etymology, schisme, a slit, and ope, a hole.

Synonym, Woodwardia, Fischer, 1861.

Type, 8. striatula, Ph. Mediterranean.

Shell like Scissurella, but the spire is laterally compressed, as
in Stomatia, and is not so trochiform. Theslitin the peristome
of the young shell is converted into a foramen in the adult; it
does not commence until the animal is half grown.

S. striatula is a littoral species, whilst all the species of Scis-
surella inhabit deep water.

Fossil, 1 species, Miocene, Bordeaux.

Distribution, 4 species. Mediterranean, Japan.

Scissurella and Schismope are the analogues respectively to
Pleurotomaria and Trochotoma, differig only in size; but in the
two former genera the shell is translucent, not nacreous, as in
the two latter.

DITREMARIA* (pars, D’Orb.), T?. Deslongchamps, 1865.

Fig. 15. Ditremaria quingqueencta.

a, Central tooth. 6, Callosity of the base. c, Tooth on the right. d, Tooth on the left.

Type, D. quinquecincta, Ziet. sp. Coral Rag. Natheim, &c.
Shell trochiform ; in place of the respiratory slit of T'’rocho-
toma, there are two elongated oval holes united by a transverse
fissure; the base of the shell presents a large callosity, the
umbilicus is deeply excavated, and a rounded tubercle arises

* See p. 271.
38

GASTEROPODA.

from it; the aperture is contracted, and the upper angle of
each lip bears a more or less distinct tooth.

Distribution, 2 species, Great Oolite and Coral Rag, France
and Germany.

Sub-family—BELLEROPHONTIN2.
Genera :—PORCELLIA (p. 344), BELLEROPHON (p. 344) (with
Bucania), and

TREMANOTUS, Hall, 1863.

Type, Bucania Chicagoensis, M‘Chesney.

Shell thick, aperture dilated; having the form of Bucania,
but with a row of isolated oval siphonal openings along the
middle of the dorsal side.

Fossil, 2 species. Upper Silurian, North America.

? CARINAROPSIS, Hall.

Shell having a patelloid aspect. Spire usually attenuated ;
body whorl expanded abruptly; cavity shallow, presenting a
kind of septum as in Crepidula.

Fossil, 2 species. Silurian, America.

FAmILy XI.—FISsURELLID2.
DESLONGCHAMPSIA, M‘Coy, 1850.

Dedicated to Dr. Eudes Deslongchamps, the renowned French
palzeontologist.

Type, D. Eugenei, M‘Coy, Mor. and Lye.

Shell patelliform, apex acute excentric ; with a wide longitu-
dinal anterior sulcus, produced into a rounded lobe.

«This genus differs from Metoptoma in its ornamented surface,
and the front margin being produced downwards into a
rounded lobe. This latter structure would prevent the firm
adhesion of the shell.” —(M‘Coy.)

Fossil, 3 species. Lower Oolites. England, Normandy,
Galicia.

Famity XIII.—PaAtetLipa.

HELcron (Montfort, p. 278), Jeffreys.

Etymology, a breast-collar.
Synonyms, Nacella, Schumacher; Patina, Leach; Calyptra
(pars), Klein.
Example, H. pellucidum. (Patella pellucida, Linné).
Shell semioval, not resembling a peaked hat as in Patella ;
. 39

MANUAL OF THE MOLLUSCA.

apex of embryonic shell slightly twisted; crown never pro-
minent, incurved, and nearly terminal, usually thin, with an
opalescent hue.

Animal. Mantle fringed at its edges with cirri; gills not so
numerous as in Patella, and forming a shorter plume, which is
interrupted over the head.

Helcion lives on Laminaric and sea-weeds of a similar kind,
and is therefore sublittoral.

Distribution. Species few, but having an extensive range.
Europe, West and South Africa, Cape Horn, and Australia.

Fossil, included in Patella.

LEPETA, Gray (p. 281).

Derivation, possibly from lepas, the ancient name et the
limpet.

Type, Patella ceeca, Miller.

Shell minute, apex posterior. Animal blind.

PRopPILIDIUM, Forbes and Hanley (p. 281).

Derivation, from its affinity to the genus Pilidiwm.

Type, P. ancyloide, Forbes.

Shell similar to Lepeta, but differing in always haying a dis-
tinctly spiral apex and a plate or septum inside the crown.

Animal blind, as Tectura fulva and Lepeta ceca of this family.

‘¢The tongue is very long, and the brown central spines con-
spicuous under the microscope resemble bramble-thorns in
miniature.” —(Forbes and Hanley.)

Distribution, 1 species. Shores of Ireland, Scotland, Sweden.

GADINIA (p. 281).

Sub-genus :—-Rowellia, Cooper. Animal with broad flat ten-
tacles, rounded and pectinated in front, projecting beyond the
shell; foot moderate, round. Shell asin Gadinia.

Famity XIV.—DENTALIADA.
GabDuvs, Rang, 1829.

Synonym, Helonyx, Stimpson, 1865.
Example, Dentalium clavatum, Gould.
Shell small, resembling that of Dentaliwm, contracted at the
anterior extremity, polished. ;
Animal with a greatly elongated cylindrical foot, obtuse at
40

GASTEROPODA.

the extremity; anal siphon longer than in Dentaliwm, not
fissured.

Distribution, 2 species. China; Atlantic.

Fossil, 7 species. Cretaceous-Miocene. Paris; United States.

ORDER II.—PULMONIFERA.*
Famity I.—HELICIDZ.t+
SoPpHINA, Benson, 1859.

Type, 8. schistostelis, Bens.
Shell ike Helix ; columella callous, with a basal slit.
Distribution, 3 species. Moulmein.

CYLINDRELLA (p. 293).

Animal with no buccal plate; the lingual dentition varies

considerably in different species; in OC. sceeva, Guild., the for-

26.1.26 F
mula is ie. the central plate is small, obtusely pointed,
the laterals are uncinated, joined two by two, upper edge
fringed.

‘© O, Goldfussi possesses 4 lamellae on the outer wall of the
whorls. The axis of C. turris and of some other Mexican spe-
cies is a highly polished tube, the young shells of which must
have a wide open umbilicus.’’—(Bland. )

MACROCERAMUS, Guilding.
The genus has affinities with Bulimus, Pupa, and Cylindrella.
Animal with an arcuate and striated buccal plate; lingual
dentition distinct from that of Cylindrella; in M. signatus,
: Bes Vv 2g
Guild. ,—= D itiiiee
tooth, laterals with one prominent tooth sup-

porting two denticles and a small one at the |)
base. pyh Q
j

, the central plate is narrow, with an obtuse

Shell with the axis simple as in Bulimus ;
in M. amplus a lamella revolves on the axis

within the lower whorls. Fig.16.
Distribution, 30 species. The genus belongs Central plate and
laterals of

to the West Indian fauna, and has its greatest yy, signatus (Morse).
development in Cuba and Haiti.
ACHATINA.—Sub-genus, Geostilbia, Crosse, 1867.
Type, G. Caledonica, Crosse. New Caledonica.
* See p. 285. +t See p. 288.
41

MANUAL OF THE MOLLUSCA.

Animal unknown ; habit subterranean.
Shell similar to that of Achatina acicula, but the columella is
not truncated, and the outer lip is thickened.

XANTHONYX, Crosse and Fischer, 1867.

Type, Vitrina Sumichrasti, Brot., Mexico.

Animal elongated, too large for complete retraction into the
shell; jaw lke that of Arion; lingual dentition consisting of a
series of uniform teeth, with a broad and subquadrangular base ;
the median tooth with a large central cusp and denticle on each
side; the laterals are bicuspid, the internal cusp long, the
external short 2nd obtuse, sometimes accompanied with the
rudiment of a third; pulmonary orifice near the middle.

Skell imperforated, very thin, transparent, subdepressed,
intermediate in form between Vitrina and Simpulopsis.

Distribution, 3 species. Mexico.

Faminy IJ.—LimMactwz.*
HYALIMAX, H. and A. Adams.

Type, Limax perlucidus, Quoy.

Animal limaciform, mantle large, shield-shaped ; pulmonary
orifice medial and marginal; foot attenuated behind, no mucus
gland, separated below from the head by a distinct groove;
jaw analogous to that of Zonites with the support of Succinea ;
lingual dentition with a tricuspid median plate, laterals with a
large cusp, supporting two or three denticles.

Shell internal, rounded, thin, and slightly arched above.

Distribution, 2 species. Bourbon, Mauritius.

KRYNICKIA, Blainyille, 1839.

Dedicated to the naturalist Krynicki.

Type, Limax megaspidus, Blainville.

Animal limaciform, but the anterior part of the mantle is free
and detached from the body as far as the pulmonary orifice,
which is situated far back.

Shell internal, flat, lamellose, elliptical, with no spiral
nucleus.

Distribution, 8 species. Crimea, Caucasus, North America
(1). Central America (1).

PHILoMyYcus, Rafinesque (p. 296),

Type, Limax Carolinensis, .5osc.

* See p. 295.
42

GASTEROPODA.

Synonym, Tebennophorus, Binney.

Animal elongated, convex, tapering behind, entirely covered
by athin mantle; respiratory orifice near the head; jaw smooth.
No shell.

Distribution, 9 species. North America.

Sub-genus :—Meghimatium, Hasselt. Syn., Incilaria, Benson.
Body depressed, rounded at the end.

Distribution, 4 species. Java, Chusan.

Famity LY.-—LIMNzIDsz&.*
PomMPHoLyx, Lea, 1856.

Etymology, pompholux, lat. bulla. :

Type, P. effusa, Lea. Sacramento river, California.

Shell gibbosely rounded, drawn back beneath, flattened
above, imperforate; spire depressed; aperture very large,
nearly round, effuse; outer lip acute, inner lp thickened,
flattened.

Animal with two long tentacles, bearing eyes, and a second
pair of eyes at the base on the inner side of the tentacles.

Distribution, 2 species. Western America.

PITHARELLA, Edwards, 1860.

Type, P. Rickmani, Ed. ‘‘ Woolwich and Reading Series,”
Peckham and Dulwich, London.

Shell partaking of the characters of Limnea and Chilinia,
subcylindrical; aperture oval, rounded in front, narrowed
behind; columella straight, or very obliquely twisted, arched
anteriorly ; outer lip simple, acute; inner lip thickened.

The species is associated with estuarine shells, remains of
mammals and terrestrial plants.

VALENCIENNESIA, Rosseau, 1842.

Dedicated to the late Professor Valenciennes of Paris.

Type, V. annulatus, Ros. ; associated with fresh-water shells
in a tertiary deposit, near Kertch, Crimea.

Shell resembles a gigantic Ancylus; apex much incurved ;
surface concentrically marked. A longitudinal plication
extends from the apex to the right border, and corresponds
with an internal channel; there is a second but less distinct
plication on the left side.

CAMPTONYX, Benson, 1858.

Type, C. Theobaldi, Bens. Guzerat.

* See p. 300.
43

MANUAL OF THE MOLLUSCA.

Shell like Pileopsis, dextral as in Velletia, with a respiratory
channel on the right side.

‘‘Animal with the respiratory orifice on the edge of the mantle.
Lyes sessile at the middle of the hinder part of the base of the
tentacles, and are visible only from above; tentacles rather
conical than angular; upper mandible conspicuous, slightly
lobed; lingual ribbon broad, with 86 rows of teeth, 87 in a
row (45.1.43); they have simple obtuse hooks as in Ancylus ;
the central row only differs in being symmetrical; the laterals
diminish gradually from the 14th to the 48rd, and a second
cusp makes its appearance, and increases until the three near
the margin are regularly bicuspid.”—( Woodward. )

The habits of C. T’heobaldi are terrestrial.

This genus is doubtfully distinct from Valenciennesia.

PoEyYiA, Bourguignat, 1860.

Dedicated to M. Poey of Havanna.

Type, P. Gundiachioides, Cuba.

Shell, above like Gundlachia, below like Ancylus; apex pos-
terior, dextral, somewhat compressed, very obtuse; aperture
large, peristome simple.

BRONDELIA, Bourguignat, 1860.

The two species Ancylus Drouetianus, Bourguignat, and
B. gibbosa, Bourg., are terrestrial Ancyli, living on humid
rocks in the forest of Edough, Boué (Algeria).

AcROcHASMA, Reuss, 1860.

Type, A. tricarinatum, Reuss, from the fresh-water limestones
of Bohemia.

Shell trilateral, pyramidal, rounded below in its whole ampli-
tude, with one posterior concave, and two lateral shghtly con-
vex planes, ending upwards in an acute reflected apex, beneath
with a longitudinal aperture through the shell, which in its
living state appears to haye been covered with an epidermis. It
may be considered as a fresh-water a of the marine
genus [isswrella.

CHOANOMPHALUS, Gerstfeldt, 1859.

Etymology, choanos, a funnel 3 omphalos, an umbilicus.
Type, C. Maacki, Lake Baikal.
44

GASTEROPODA.

Shell related to certain Valvate, with an infundibuliform
umbilicus ; no operculum.
Distribution, 3 species. Lake Baikal, Siberia.

PHYSELLA, Pfeiffer, 1861.

Founded on P. Berendti, said to be a terrestrial shell from
Mirador, Mexico.

Shell like Bulla, spire minute ; last whorl elongated ; columella
simple, arched, not truncated; peristome simple, straight.

FamiIty V.—AURICULIDA*

Contains the following genera :—

AvricuLA, Lamarck. (See p. 304.)

Sub-genera, Alexia (A. myosotis), Leach (p. 305); Leuconia
(A. bidentata), Gray.

Potyoponta, Fischer (Pythia, Bolten) (p. 304).

Peprpss, Adams (p. 304).

Distribution, 6 species.

Sub-genus :—WMarinula, King. M. pepita. The animal has
not the transverse groove of the foot of Pedipes.

Shell more elongated and destitute of spiral striz; two con-
vergent parietal plaits, columellar plait smaller, oblique; peri-
stome rather simple.

_ Distribution, 10 species. Madeira, South America, Australia,

Philippines.

Metamevs, Montfort (Ophicardelus, Beck; Tralia, Gray;
Laimodonta, Nuttall; Pira, Tifata; Signia and Persa, Adams;
Cremnobates, Sw.) (p. 304).

Sub-genus, Cassidula, Ferussac (Rhodostoma, Sw.; Sidula,
Gray). Aperture banded.

PLECOTREMA, H. and A. Adams, 1853.

Type, P. typica, Adams.

Synonym, Lirator, Beck.

Shell ovate-conic, or rather fusiform, solid, spirally grooved ;
aperture oblong, contracted; columellar plait single, parietal
plaits two, the lower of which is bifid; peristome thickened,
sometimes terminating in a varix, bearing within two or rarely
three teeth ; axis imperforated or umbilicated.

* See p. 303.
45

MANUAL OF THE MOLLUSCA.

Distribution, 14 species. Australia, Borneo, Philippines, China,
Cuba.
BLAUNERIA, Shuttleworth, 1854.

Dedicated to M. Blauner.

Type, B. pellucida. Cuba, Jamaica, Florida, and Porto Rico.

Shell somewhat resembling Achatina, imperforate, oblong-
turreted, thin; aperture narrow, elongated; body of the penul-
timate whorl bearing a single plait near the columella, which is
rather truncated; peristome simple, straight.

Animal showing the characters of the family of the Auriculide,
not of Helicide.

Distribution, 2 species. West Indies, Sandwich Islands.

StToLtipomMA, Deshayes, 1864.

Type, 8. crassidens, Deshayes.

Shell oblong, turriculated, subcylindrical; apex obtuse,
smooth polished; aperture elongated, obliquely inflected,
narrowed behind, widened in front; columella straight, with
a large median plait, compressed, and slightly oblique.

Distribution, 3 species. Eocene. Paris basin.

The shells of this genus are Awricule, with a single columella-
plait, without teeth or plications on the right lip.

CARYCHIUM (see p. 305).
ZosPEUM, Bourguignat, 1860.

Shell like Carychiwm ; tentacles four; eyes absent.

Distribution, 11 species. Inhabiting the subterranean grottoes
of Carniola. The animalis most active during the winter, at
which time they propagate.

OTINA (see p. 238).

This genus is the type of a sub-family which has nearly the
same relation to Auriculine as Ancylus to Limneea.

Distribution, 3 species. Britain, United States, Benguela.

Famity VI.—CycLosToMIDz.*
CYCLOSTOMA (see p. 306).

Sub-genus :—Cyclotopsis, Blanford, 1864.

Type, C. semistriatus, Sow.

Shell umbilicated, depressed, spirally striated ; aperture
subcircular; operculum concentric, multispiral, internally
membranous, externally shelly ; margins of the whorls raised.

Distribution, 5 species. India, Seychelles, Mauritius.

, * See p. 306.
46

GASTEROPODA.

CYCLOPHORUS (see p. 308).

Sub-genera :—Jerdonia, Blanford, 1861.

Type, J. trochlea, Benson sp. Nilgiri Hills, India.

Shell minute, umbilicated, pyramidal, horny, tricarinated ;
operculum concentric, arctispiral, with a marginal sulcus all
round; membranous internally, shelly externally ; inner edge
of each whorl resting on the outer edge of the next,

Cyathopoma, Blanford, 1864.

Type, C. filocinctum, Benson sp.

Shell minute, umbilicated, turbinated, or somewhat depressed ;
epidermis thick, sometimes hispid, smooth, spirally striated,
or lirated ; operculum truncate, conoid, concentric, multispiral ;
internally membranous, externally shelly; external margins
of the whorls raised in the form of shelly plates, incurved ;
sometimes sculptured.

Animal white, with a short oval foot, undivided beneath ;
tentacles small, black, with eyes at the base.

Distribution, 5 species. India.

SPIRACULUM, Pearson.

Distinguished by the possession of a retroverted sutural tube
open at both ends, and by a modification of the form of the
mantle corresponding to the same.

Opisthoporus forms a sub-genus to Spiraculum.

CLOSTOPHIS, Benson, 1860.

Etymology, clostos, coiled, and ophis, a serpent.

Type, C. Sankeyi, Benson. Moulmein, Burmah.

Shell subconic; penultimate whorl the largest, last whorl
separate and descending, subaxial small ; aperture piclniresaonet
entire, toothed; margin expanded.

RuIosToMA, Benson, 1860.

Etymology, rhion, a promontory.

Type, R. Haughtoni, Benson.

Shell subdiscoidal, broadly umbilicated ; last whorl separate,
laterally descending ; aperture free, with an incision at the top,
and a subtubular prominence crowning the slit; operculum
multispiral.

Distribution, 6 species. Burmah, Siam, Cochin China.

47

MANUAL OF THE MOLLUSCA.

ANAULUS, Pfeiffer, 1855.

Type, A. bombycinus. Borneo.

Shell umbilicated, pupineeform; peristome double, internal
continuous, external dilated, perforated at the margin by a
canal; canal sutural and internal, terminating anteriorly, and
embraced by the outer portion of the double peristome (it can
be traced externally along the last whorl), and reaching into
the concavity of the spire. Operculum very thin, corneous;
narrow-whorled.

Distribution, 3 species. East Indian Archipelago.

«The use of the sutural tube seems to be the preservation of
a communication with the external air when the aperture is
closed.”’—(Benson. )

OPISTHOSTOMA, Blanford, 1860.

Synonym, Plectostoma, Adams, 1865.

Type, O. Nilgirica, Blanford. The Nilgiris, India.

Shell pupiform, umbilicated, with a regular costulated orna-
mentation; apical whorls obliquely distorted; last whorl
strangulated, separated from the others, and applied to the
penultimate; peristome double, free portion prolonged back-
wards; operculum horny (?)

O. De Crespigni, Adams (Plectostoma), has a conical spire, and
the apical whorls are not excentric to the axis of the lower
whorls, as they are in the ovate spire of O. Nilgirica.

Distribution, 5 species. India, Borneo, West Africa.

[FAmIty PROSERPINIDZ. |

Animal with a short annulated muzzle; tentacles two lateral,
subulate ; eyes subsessile on the outer side of the base of the
tentacles; sides simple; foot moderate, truncated in front,
acute, and keeled above behind, with a concavity in the front
part; lateral and central teeth large, irregular, lobed, or den-
tated ; operculum wanting.

Shell heliciform, shining, imperforated; base callous; the
septa between the upper whorls absorbed as in Helicina and
Stoastoma.

This family is most nearly related to Helicinidee.

CERES, Gray, 1856.

Etymology, Ceres, the goddess of corn.
Type Carocolla eolina, Duclos.
48°

GASTEROPODA.

Shell carinated, upper surface rugose, epidermis thin; callous
beneath, shining; columella with one tooth or fold; lamelli-
ferous on both sides of the aperture; peristome straight, slightly
thickened.

‘The lingual membrane of C. Salleana, Cuming, is broad,
elongate, with numerous longitudinal series of teeth. Teeth
09°5°1°5°00; the central tooth (0, Fig. 17) oblong, distinct, with

Fig. 17.

a broad simple reflexed tip; the first and second lateral teeth
(1 and 2) rather broader than the central one, with a three-
toothed recurved tip; the third (3) narrow, elongate, with a
slightly recurved end; the fourth and fifth (4 and 5) much
larger, oblong, and irregular shaped; the fourth about half as
wide as the fifth, with three or four dentations on the inner side
of the upper edge; the fifth very large, broad, with a large
subcentral reflexed lobe; the lateral teeth are very numerous,
subequal, similar, compressed, transparent, with a recurved
tip, those of the inner teeth of the series being bifid.” —(Gray.)
Distribution, 2 species. Mexico.

_ PROSERPINA, Gray, 1840.*

Etymology, Proserpina, the daughter of Ceres.

Type, P. nitida, Gray.

Synonym, Odontostoma, D’Orbigny.

Shell globose or depressed, smooth, shining; columella with
one fold; body of the penultimate whorl provided with one
or many spiral plaits, or wanting; aperture lunate, contracted
often by palatal lamine ; peristome thin, straight.

P. Swiftii has the columella fold only, and is the sole repre-
sentative of the family at present known to inhabit South
America.

Distribution, 7 species. Cuba, Jamaica, Venezuela.

* See p. 289.

D 49

MANUAL OF THE MOLLUSCA.

PROSERPINELLA, Bland, 1865.

Etymology, diminutive of Proserpina.

Type, P. Berendti, Bland.

Distribution, Mexico, 3000 to 4,000 feet.

Shell as in Proserpina ; columella fold absent; aperture with |
one parietal lamelliform plait.

[FamMIty HELIcCINIDE]
Contains :—

Heticrina (Lucidella, Trochatella, Alcadia).

Schasicheila. Shell with very close, long, spiral, epidermal
fringes. Distribution, 5 species. Central America and the
Bahamas.

Perenna, Guppy, 1867; P. lamellosa, Guppy, Trinidad. Shell
like Helicina, depressed ; whorls lirate and carinate. Operculum
thin, suboval, concentrically striated; nucleus subcentral.
Animal like AHelicina. Distribution, 2 species. Trinidad,
Yucatan.

BovurcierRA, Pfeiffer, 1851.

Type, B. helicinzeformis, Pf.

Shell like Helicina, dull, and without the columellar callosity ;
columella toothed beneath ; aperture ovate; peristome spread-
ing. Lingual dentition agrees with that of Helicina. Oper-
culum ovate, horny, few-whorled.

Distribution, 2 species. South America.

STOASTOMA, and

GEoRISSA, Blanford, 1864.

Type, Hydrocena pyxis, Benson.

Animal furnished with hemispherical lobes in the place of
tentacles; eyes normal; foot short, rotund. Operculum semi-
oval, no spiral structure as in Helicina ; excentrically striated,
testaceous, transparent. ;

Shell resembling that of Hydrocena, imperforated, small,
conical, amber-, or reddish-coloured, spirally sulcated or striated.

Distribution, 6 species. Adhering to limestone rocks, India.

[FamiIty ACICULIDZ. |

The genera enumerated in this family are :—AcIcULA, GEO-
MELANIA, CHITTYA, and TRUNCATELLA, the last with the follow-
ing

30

GASTEROPODA.

Sub-genus :—Taheitia, H. and A. Adams, 1863.

Type, Truncatella porrecta, Gould, Taheiti. Operculum
shelly, furnished with erect radiating lamellze. Aperture of shell
ovate ; last whorl separate; peristome continuous, expanded.

ORDER JJI.—OPISTHO-BRANCHIATA.
Famity I.—ToRNATELLIDA.
ETALLONIA, Deshayes, 1864.

Dedicated to M. Etallon, a French paleontologist.

Type, EK. cytharella, Desh.

Sheil ovate, subfusiform, resembling certain small Mitres ;
apire short, conical, obtuse, few-whorled ; aperture elongated,
narrow, base entire, subemarginate ; lip simple, acute, arched ;
columella thick, cylindrical, twisted in the middle to resemble
an obtuse plait; acute anteriorly.

Distribution, 3 species. Eocene. Paris basin, Valognes.

ACTZZONELLA.—Sub-genus, Volvulina, Stoliczka, 1865;
(Actzeonella part, Meek, 1863).

Type, Volvaria levis, Sowerby.

Shell ovate, volyuliform, inyolute, more or less attenuate
above, widest below the middle, entirely without any traces of
a spire.

Fossil, 5 species. Cretaceous. Germany, Syria.

Famity VI.—Doriv2.
ANGASIELLA, Crosse, 1864.

Dedicated to Mr. G. F. Angas.

Type, A. Edwardsi, Port Jackson.

Animal elongated, rounded in front, attenuated and pointed
behind; mantle covering the head and foot; dorsal tentacles
two, clavate as in Doris; gills plumose, less numerous, and
placed in front of the anus as in 7'riopa, and occupying the
median part of the back, a more forward position than in others
of the Doride.

PLOCAMOPHORUS, Ruppell.

Example, P. Ceylonicus, Kelaart sp.
Synonym, Peplidia, Lowe; ? Gymnodoris, Stimpson.
Animal, similar to Polycera, but the tentacles are retractile
within sheaths.
Distribution, 3 species. Madeira, Australia, Ceylon.
p2 5J

MANUAL OF THE MOLLUSCA.

Katineaa, Alder and Hancock, 1863.

itymology, an old Indian name for Telinguna.

Type, K. ornata; Ald. and Han. Coromandel coast.

Animal with an obtusely rounded: body ;. branchize plumose,
non-retractile, surrounding the vent, but placed separately at a
little distance from it on the posterior part of the back.

[Famity Doripopsip#, Alder and Hancock, 1863. ]

Dorsal tentacles retractile within sheaths; no oral tentacles.
Tongue atrophied,“buccal bulb modified into a delicate suctorial
retractile proboscis; mantle devoid of spicula.

Dorivopsis, Alder and Hancock, 1863.

Body depressed, oval or elliptical; mantle covering the head
and foot, smooth, or with soft warty tubercles; dorsal tentacles
laminated ; head minute, generally produced into small lateral
lobes, without oral tentacles; branchize plumose, wholly or
partially surrounding the vent on the media-dorsal line, retrac-
tile within a common cavity.

Distribution, 10 species. East Indies, China, Madeira.

Faminy VII.—TRITONIADZ.*
Hero, Loven.

Example, H. formosa, Lov.

Animal with no mantle; tentacles two, linear, simple non-
retractile; veil plain, produced at the sides, gills branched or
umbellated. Tongue with a large central denticulated spine,
and two simple lateral spines. Jaws corneous.

[FamIty HoLmpip4. |
Puiprana, Gray.

Example, P. Patagonica, D’Orbigny.

Animal with a stout body; dorsal tentacles clavate, laminated;
oval tentacles very large; gills in close transverse rows; sides
of the foot rounded.

[F amity EoLip2. |

MADRELLA, Alder and Hancock, 1863.

Type, M. ferruginosa, Ald. and Han. India.

Animal ovate, depressed, with a distinet cloak. - Dorsal ten-
tacles with the upper portion papillated: no oral tentacles. Head
broad, with a semilunar veil. Branchiz papillose or linear,
placed in several rows round the margin of the cloak. Anus

* See p, 332.
O2

BRACHIOPODA.

lateral. Tongue narrow, with three pectinated plates in each
row. Jaws large and strong, margins without denticulations.
This genus is closely related to Antiopa.

PHYLLOBRANCHUS, Alder and Hancock, 1863.

Type, Proctonotus orientalis, Kelaart. India.

Animal elongated, flattened on the back, angulated at the
sides, without a distinct cloak. Tentacles two, dorsal, longitudi-
nally folded, bifurcate above, non-retractile. Head produced
at the sides into angulated and folded expansions. Branchize
leaf-like, with distinct foot-stalks, arranged in several rows
along the sides of the back and round the head in front. Anus
lateral. The tongue resembles that of Hermea.

CLASS IV.—BRACHIOPODA.*
Famity I.—TEREBRATULIDE.t
TEREBRATULA (see p. 365).

Sub-genus, Rensseleeria, Hall, 1889.

Dedicated to the late Hon. Stephen Van Rensselaer.

Examples, R. ovoides, Hall, Fig. 18; Terebratula strigiceps,
Romer.

Shell ovoid or suborbicular, without mesial fold or sinus ;
beak prominent, acute, more or less
incuryed; foramen terminal, some-
times concealed. Ventral valve with,
two diverging cardinal teeth supported
by strong dental plates. Dorsal valve
with the dental sockets between the
shell and a strong process from which
the slender crura proceed, first in a
direct line, and then one division of
each, diverging into the centre of the
ventralvalve, terminate in acute points.
On the other side the divisions extend
nearly at right angles to the axis of
the shell into the cavity of the dorsal
valve; and thence bending abruptly
forward and gradually converging,

Ki. 13,
i : The interior of the dorsal valve
terminate above the centre of the shell of R. ovoides, showing the thick-

: : : : ened processes at the beak, the
in a thin flattened or longitudinally ¢rura, the loop, and the narrow

concave plate. longitudinal plate.
* See p. 354. + See p. 363.

58

MANUAL OF THE MOLLUSCA.

Rensselceeria, if not synonymous with, is closely related to,
Meganteris.
Fossil, 11 species. Silurian to Devonian. Europe, North
America.
CENTRONELLA, Billings, 1859.

Etymology, diminutive of kentron, a spur.

Type, Rhynchonella glans-fagea, Hall.

Shell having the general form of Terebratula. Dorsal valve
with a loop consisting of two riband-like lamellz, which were
united at an acute angle at the point of greatest extension,
whence they recurve in a thin yertical plate which is not
attached at either margin, approaching in some respects to
Waldheimia.

Distribution, 4 species. Devonian. North America.

LEpTocaiiA, Hall, 1859. (Ccelospira, Hall).

Appears to differ from Centronella only in consisting of
species which have the surface ribbed instead of smooth.

Distribution, 9 species. Mid. Silurian—Devonian. Europe,
North America. No true Terebratulzee have been found in
beds older than the Devonian.

FAMILY JI.—SPIRIFERID”.*

SyRINGOTHYRIS, Winchell, 1863.

Fig. 19. Section through the beak of the ventral valve of S. typa (Winchell).

1, dental plates or lamelle ; t, tube incomplete ; 7, mesial ridge.
Examples, 8. typa, Winchell, Fig. 19; Spirifera distans, Sow.
Shell like that of Spirifera, with an elongated hinge-line.

Ventral valve with a broad mesial sinus, a very broad area, and
a narrow triangular fissure closed towards the apex by an
external convex pseudo-deltidium ; beneath which, and diverg-
ing from it, is another transverse plate connecting the vertical
dental lamellze, which are incurved so as to nearly j join their
inferior edges, thus forming a fissured tube, which projects
beyond the limits of the plate from which it geet into the
interior of the shell. A low median ridge extends from the
See p. 271.
o+

BRACHIOPODA.

beak to the anterior part of the valve. Dorsal valve depressed
without an area, and with a distinct mesial fold. Shell-structure
punctate.
Fossil, 2 species. Carboniferous. United States, Ireland,
Belgium.
CyrtinA, Davidson, 1858.

Etymology, modified from the diminutive (Cyrtidiwm) of
Cyrtia.

Examples, C. heteroclyta, C. Demar-
li, and C. septosa.

Shellresembling Spirifera, but with-
out the vertical shelly plates which
diverge from the extremity of the beak.
Interior of ventral valve with two con-
tiguous vertical septa, which coalesce
into one median plate, which extends
from the extremity of the beak to within
a short distance of the frontal margin, :
and then diverges to form dental plates, ee an
as in Pentamerus. The fissure is co- . Septum; v. Dental plates:
vered by an arch-shaped deltidium ; ¢eltidium ; z, v-shaped chamber.
but in C. Demarlit the median septum is continued as far as
the under surface of the deltidium, and the dental plates are
fixed to the sides, instead of the upper edge, as in C. heteroclyta
and C. septosa.

‘Spiral coils having the same position as in Spirifera, but
the two first coils are connected a little in front of the mid-
length by an apparatus somewhat like that of Spirigera, but
not so complicated. A very slender process springs upwards
towards the ventral valve from each coil, and, at a height of
about one line, curves forwards. The two then unite and form
a single band, which extends forwards to about the front of ths
coil, and there ends in an obtuse point.” —( Billings. )

Distribution, 9 species. Devonian—Trias. Europe and
North America.

MERISTELLA, Hall, 1860.

Etymology, diminutive of Merista, an allied genus.

Examples, Atrypa tumida, Dal. ; Meristella levis, Hall.

Shell oval, ovoid, orbicular or transverse. Valves unequally
convex, with or without a median fold and sinus; beak appa-
rently imperforate, incurved; area none. Surface smooth or

a9)

MANUAL OF THE MOLLUSCA.

concentrically striated. Dorsal valve with a longitudinal
septum; upper part of the ventral valve with a deep sub-
triangular muscular impression which unites with the rostral
cavity.

The species of this genus are Meriste without the peculiar
appendage of the ventral valve.

Distribution, 17 species. Silurian—Devonian. Europe, North
America.

The forms marked by plications on the mesial fold and sinus,
and sometimes with obscure or distinct plications on the lateral
portions of the shell, constitute the genus LEIORHYNCHUS, Hall.
4 species. Devonian. United States.

CHARIONELLA, Billings, 1861.

Synonym, Cryptonella, Hall, 1861.

Type, Athyris scitula.

Shell resembling Athyris, but more elongate-ovate or ap-
proaching to Terebratula in form. Internal spires as in Athyris
and Merista, but the dorsal hinge-plate is either obsolete along
the middle, or anchylosed to the bottom of the valve. oramen
terminal, bounded on the lower side by one or two deltidial
pieces, or by a portion of the shell. The mesial septum in the
dorsal valve is either absent or rudimentary.

Distribution, 15 species. Devonian. America, Spain.

NvucLEOSPIRA, Hall, 1859.

Etymology, nucleus, and spira.
Types, Spirifer pisum, Sowerby; Nucleospira ventricosa,
Hall, Figs. 21, 22, 23.

Fie. 23,

Big 21,

Nucleospira ventricosa.

Fig. 21, interior of the dorsal valve. Fig. 22, interior of the ventral valve. Fig. 23,
interior of the dorsal valve, with a portion of the ventral valve attached.

_J, cardinal process ; ¢ c, crural processes ; 0 6, dental pockets ; 7, muscular impres-
sions; s, medio-longitudinal septum; tt, teeth; 2,a flattened space or false area
beneath the beak. ( Hull.)

56

BRACHIOPODA,

Shell punctate; spheroidal; beaked; hinge line shorter than
the width of the shell; cardinal extremities rounded. Internal
spires as in Spirifera. Ventral valve with a flattened space or
false area beneath the beak, on each side of which, at the base,
is a strong tooth; a narrow medio-longitudinal septum extends
from the beak to the base. Dorsal valve furnished with a strong
spatulate cardinal process, which, rising vertically from the
cardinal margin, is closely grasped at its base by the cardinal
teeth of the other valve ; and thence bending abruptly upwards,
and expanding, is projected into the cavity of the opposite beak,
lying close upon the under side of the false area. Cardinal pro-
cess grooved to allow of the passage of the peduncle, for the
protrusion of which a minute foramen is sometimes observed m
the beak. The crural processes originate at the base of the
cardinal process. A medio-longitudinal septum as in the ventral
valve.

Surface of shell apparently smooth, under a lens punctate ;
when perfect, covered with minute hair-like spines.

The larger species of this genus present some analogy in
external appearance with Spirigera, and the presence of internal
spires increases the similarity. The cardinal teeth resemble those
of Spirigera and Merista. In form, and in the punctated test, it
simulates Magas; while the elongate cardinal process of the
dorsal valve resembles that structure in Thecidium.

Distribution, 7 species. Silurian. United States, England

TREMATOSPIRA, Hall, 1859.

Etymology, trema, a foramen, and spira.

Example, T. multistriata, Hall.

Shell transverse, elliptical, or subrhomboidal, furnished with
internal spires (arranged as in Spirifera); hinge line shorter
than the width of the shell. Valves articulated by teeth and
sockets ; beak of ventral valve produced or incurved and trun-
cated by a small round perforation separated from the hinge
line by a deltidium. A deep triangular pit or foramen beneath
the beak, which is filled by the closely incurved beak of the dorsal
valve. False area sometimes defined.

Distribution, 7 species. Upper Silurian—Middle Devonian.
United States.

This genus and the next appear to be closely related to
Reizia.

D3 57

MANUAL OF THE MOLLUSCA.

RHYNCHOSPIRA, Hall, 1859.

Etymology, pvyxoc, a beak, and spira; in allusion to its
similarity in form to Rhynchonella, and having internal spires.

Type, Waldheimia formosa, Hall.

Shell somewhat similar to Rhynchenella, but usually more
symmetrically rounded, and with less distinct mesial sinuosities ;
and in these characters they resemble Waldheimia.

Valves articulated by teeth and sockets, similar to those of
Nucleospira; the crura supporting two conical spires. The
cardinal process of the dorsal valve is a broad emarginate plate ;
beak of the ventral valve largely perforated. Sha ote plicated
or striated.

Distribution, 7 species. Silurian—Devonian. United States,
Russia.

ATRYPA (see p. 378).

The internal appendages of Atrypa reticularis (see Fig. 24)
consist of a pair of spiral cones, placed side by side, with their
apices directed towards the cavity of the dorsal valve; the
lamellee bane bey origin on the socket-walls, and run parallel
with the inner margin of the valve.
** The spiral cones are connected by
\ an entire and continuous loop, which
\ is confined to the rostral part of the
| shell. Thelooparisesfrom the posterior
portion of the first volutions of the
spires, and curves gently forward
and upward; the central or elevated
portion is situated between and be-
hind the cones, and forms a more or
less abrupt curve, or is prolonged
into a point directed towards the
dorsal valye. The existence and form of this loop have been
ascertained in several different varieties of A. reticularis, as
well as in A. spinosa, Hall.’’—{ Whitfield. )

Sub-genus, ZyGosprra, Hall, 1862.

Synonym, Stenocisma, Conrad, 1847. Spiral cones connected
by an entire and continuous loop in a very similar manner to
that shown to exist in Atrypa reticularis; but the loop having
its connection with the spiral lamellee at a point relatively more
distant from their origin on the hinge plate, and passing over,
or in front of the spires.

58

Fig. 24.

BRACHIOPODA.

Famity IJI.—RHYNCHONELLID&.*
EATOoNIA, Hall, 1859.

Dedicated to the late Professor Amos Eaton.

Examples, Atrypa peculiaris, Conrad ; A. singularis, Vanuxem.

Shell like that of Rhynchonella ; the cower half of the ventral
valve with a broad deep sinus. Valves articulating by means
of two teeth in the ventral valve, with corresponding sockets in
the dorsal valve, and a median septum embraced between the
deeply bifurcating cardinal process of the opposite one.

Dorsal valve with four crural processes; in the ventral valve
the dental plates are represented by elevated lamelle surround-
ing the muscular impression, which is much stronger and differs
in some respects from that of Rhynchonella.

Fossil, 7 species. Upper Silurian. United States.

CAMERELLA, Billings, 1859.

Examples, ©. Volborthi, Billings; Atrypa extans, Hall.

Synonym, Triplesia, Hall, 1859.

Ventral valve with a small triangular chamber beneath the
beak, supported by a short mesial septum as in Pentamerus.
Dorsal valve with a single mesial septum and two short lamellz
for the support of the oral appendages, as in Ahynchonella.
Surface smooth or obscurely plicated.

Distribution, 9 species. Lower Silurian. North America.

EICHWALDIA, Billings, 1858.

Dedicated to Professor Eichwald, the celebrated Russian
palzeontologist.

Type, 1. subtrigonalis, Lower Silurian. Canada.

Shell with the ventral valve perforated on the umbo for the
passage of a peduncle; the place of the foramen beneath the
beak being occupied by an imperforate concave plate; the in-
terior of each valve divided by a medio-longitudinal ridge, that
of the dorsal valve very prominent; hinge and teeth sockets
wanting.

The internal structure of the ventral valve somewhat resem-
bles that of Pentamerus or Camorophoria.

Distribution, 3 species. Silurian, Canada; England.

STRICKLANDINIA, Billings, 1863.
Dedicated to the late Professor H. E. Strickland.
Synonyms, Stricklandia, Billings, 1859 (non Buckman);
Rensseleeria (pars), Hall.
* See p. 375.

MANUAL OF THE MOLLUSCA.

Type, Pentamerus lens, Sowerby.

Shell usually large, elongate-oval, &c.; valves nearly equal,
never globose ; a short mesial septum in the interior of the ven-

‘tral valve supporting a small triangular chamber beneath the
beak asin Pentamerus ; in the dorsal valve no longitudinal septa,
spires, or loop, the whole of the internal solid organs consisting
of two short or rudimentary dental plates, which in some spe-
cies bear prolonged calcified processes for the support of the
cirrated arms. A more or less developed area in the ventral valve.

In S. levis and S. microcamerus the hinge line is straight and
much extended. In S. Arachne, Billings, the area of the ven-
tral valve is so much developed as to give the whole shell the
external appearance of an Orthis.

Distribution, 10 species. Middle Silurian, Europe, America.
S. elongata, Vanuxem, is the only species known in the Devonian
rocks.

Famity IV.— OrTHIDz.*

SKENIDIUM, Hall, 1861.

Etymology, skenidion, a little tent.

Type, Orthis insignis.

Shell having the general aspect of Orthis, except in the ex-
treme elevation of the ventral valve ; cardinal process prolonged
into a median septum, which extends to the base or front mar-
gin of the shell, and occasionally bifurcates at this lower ex-
tremity. -Area large and triangular in the typical species.

Distribution, 3 species. Silurian, United States.

STREPTORHYNCHUS, King, 1850 (see p. 380).

Fig. 25.

Streptorhynchus pelargonatus.
Fig. 25.—Interior ot the ventral valve ; ¢, teeth ;,a, cardinal museular impressions.

Fig. 26.—lnterior of the dorsal valve ; s, sockets ; v, cardinal process ; 7, adductor scar.
Etymology, strepto, I bend or twist; rhynchos, a beak.
Types, 8. pelargonatus, Schloth. sp.; 8. Devonica, D’Orb. sp.

* See p. 379.
60

EBRACHIOPODA.

Shell inequivalved, convex or concayo-conyex, externally
striated; hinge line rather shorter than the width of the shell ;
dorsal valve semicircular, with a small narrow area. Ventral
valve with a prolonged and oftentimes bent beak; area trian-
gular, with a fissure covered by a convex pseudo-deltidium. No
foramen is observable, but the cardinal process is at times seen
partially extending under the deltidium (Fig. 26).

Interior of ventral valve, with a strong hinge-work on either
side at the base of the fissure, supported by a dental plate
(Fig. 25, ¢); muscular scars two, elongated, oval, deeply exca-
vated, separated by a wide mesial ridge (Fig. 26, 7).

Interior of dorsal valve with a largely developed cardinal
process, composed of two projections, grooved or bidentated
towards the extremity of their outer surface; socket plates
large, and partly united to the lower portion of the cardinal
process; adductor scars quadruple, occupying more than a
third of the length of the valve, and arranged in pairs, divided
by a short rounded mesial ridge.

This genus is intermediate between Orthis and Strophomena.

Distribution, 6 species. Sil.—Perm. Europe, Asia, America,
and Australia.

TROPIDOLEPTUS, Hall, 1859.

Etymology, tropis, a keel, and leptos, thin; the carinated
ventral valve and shallow visceral cavity, in its analogy with
Leptena. (See ‘‘ Reg. Rep.,’’ 1856, p. 3.)

Type, Strophomena carinata, Conrad.

Shell transversely oval, or longitudinally semi-elliptical,
articulating by teeth and sockets, hinge line about equal to the
breadth of the shell. Ventral valve convex, with a linear area
and triangular foramen in the margin of the area; from the inner
edges of this proceed the dental lamella, which are separated
from the area by a narrow groove strongly crenulated on the
outer edge, and extending obliquely outwards, terminating in a
low ridge which partially surrounds the muscular impression ;
dorsal valve concave; cardinal process prominent, wedge-
shaped, supporting the bases of the crura; dental fossets crenu-
lated, surface plicated ; shell structure punctated.

Distribution, 2 species. Devonian. United States.

VITULIN.A, Hall, 1861.

Etymology, Vitula, a goddess.
Type, V. pustulosa. Devonian. New York.
| 61

MANUAL OF THE MOLLUSCA.

Shell resembles that of Tropidoleptus, but the dental processes
are not crenulated, nor distinctly separated from the area as in
that genus.

AMPHICILINA, Laube, 1865.

Etymology, amphi, about, and clino, a slope.

Type, A. dubia, Minster (Producta).

Shell inequivalve circular, excavated, smooth; ventral valve
convex, beak short ; perforated ; dorsal concave ; hinge line very
short and suboblique; area wanting; deltidium triangular, dis-
tinct; structure of the test fibrous, squamose; externally
Amphiclina resembles some Leptzene, the shell structure is very
similar.

Distribution, 2 species. St. Cassian, Austria.

Calceola. ‘* Within the last few years the researches of Pro-
fessors Suess and Lindstrém have thrown considerable doubt as
to this genus belonging to the Brachiopoda.” . . ‘‘Ifa bra-
chiopod it seems the most abnormal of all its genera.””—Dayid-
son (1865).

Famity VIII.—Linevrinz.*
LINGULELLA, Salter, 1866.

Etymology, diminutive of Lingula.

Type, Lingula Davisii, M‘Coy.

‘* Shell nearly equivalve, broad oblong, the yentral valve
pointed, with a distinct pedicle-groove. Muscular sears strong,
nearly as in Obolus, but the pair of anterior retractors are more
linear than in Obolus, and the sliding muscles small, and not
quite external as in Obolus.””—(Salter.)

Distribution, 3 species. Lower Silurian. Ireland, Wales,
Norway.

LINGULEPIS, Hall, 1863.

Etymology, Vingula, a little tongue ; lepis, a scale.

Type, Lingula pinniformis, Owen.

Shell thin, subovate, or subtrigonal; composition and struc-
ture asin Lingula. Ventral or larger valve with beak more or
less produced and pointed ; visceral scar trilobed, with a longi-
tudinal raised mesial line or septum—lateral divisions diverging,
and usually longer than the middle one; dorsal or smaller valve
with the beak less produced than that of the other; visceral
scar flabelliform.

Distribution, 4 species. S*lurian, America.

> “ee'p. 390.
62

PTEROPODA.

TRIMERELLA, Billings, 1863.

Shell allied to that of Obolus, from which it differs in the pos-
session in the interior of each valve of three longitudinal septa
of variable length, which support a horizontal or concaye plate.

Distribution, 2 species. Silurian. Canada.

OBOLELLA, Billings, 1861.

Etymology, diminutive of Obolus.

Synonym, (?) Keyserlingia, Pander.

Type, Obolella chromatica, Billings.

‘« Shell ovate, circular or subquadrate, convex or plano-con-
vex ; ventral valve with a false area, which is sometimes minute,
and usually grooved for the passage of the peduncle; dorsal
valve either with or without an area; muscular scars in the
ventral valve, four; one pair in front of the beak near the
middle, or in the upper half of the shell, and the others situated
one on each side near the cardinal edge ; shell calcareous; sur-
face concentrically striated, sometimes with thin extended lamel-
lose edges.”

‘‘In general form these small shells somewhat resemble
Obolus, but the arrangement of the muscular impressions is
different. In Obolus the two central scars have their smaller
extremities directed downwards, converging towards each other ;
but in this genus the arrangement is exactly the reverse.”—
(Billings. )

Distribution, 12 species. Lower Silurian. United States,
Canada, England, Spain.

CLASS PTEROPODA.*

HERMICERATITES, Eichwald, 1840.

Shell cylindrical or semi-cylindrical, elongated, straight, with
a dark brown corneous epidermis, furnished with a straight,
median siphuncle, which does not traverse any chambers.
Fossil, 3 species. Middle Silurian. Russia.

SALTERELLA, Billings, 1861.

Dedicated to Mr. J. W. Salter, late Palzontologist to the
Geological Survey of Great Britain.
Shell small, slender, conical, straight, consisting of many

* See p. 346.
63

MANUAL OF THE MOLLUSCA.

cones placed one within the other; the transverse section of the
tubes is circular or subtriangular; the surface is transversely
or longitudinally striated.

Fossil, 3 species. Lower Silurian. Canada.

PHRAGMOTHECA, Barrande, 1867.

Type, P. Bohemica. Upper Silurian. Bohemia.
Shell like that of Pterotheca, but chambered.

CLASS CONCHIFERA.*

[FamiIty ANOMIADZ. |

The genera included are: ANOMIA (Limanomia) (p. 408),
PLACUNOMIA (p. 409), PLAacuna (p. 409), CAROLIA (p. 410),
PLACUNOPSIS (p. 410), and PLACENTA (p. 410).

FAMILY J.—OSsTREIDZ.+
The genera enumerated are OSTREA (Gryphea, Hxogyra) and

PERNOSTR@A, Munier-Chalmas, 1864.

Derivation from Perna and Ostrea.

Example, Ostrea Luciensis, D’Orbigny.

Shell more or less thick, adherent by the left valve, sub-
circular, squarish, or trapezoidal, nearly equilateral, inequi-
valve ; test foliaceous, subnacreous, resembling that of Ostrea,
no fibrous cortical layers; umbones obsolete; hinge line di-
verging more or less broad, with 4 to 8 vertical ligamental
furrows, some long and deep, others short and rudimentary.
Muscular impression subcircular or semilunar, deeper in the
fixed valve than in the other.

The species of this genus, with the exception of the liga-
mental pits, have nearly all the characters of Ostrea ; they serve
to link the families Ostreide and Aviculide.

Distribution, 7 species. Middle Lias—, Forest Marble.
France, England.

[FAMILY PECTINID. ]

The genera are PECTEN (WNeithea, Palliwm), HEMIPECTEN
(p. 412), Hrnntres (p. 412), Lima (p. 412), SpPonpyus (p. 413),
PEDuUM (p. 414), PLicaTULA (p. 414), and the following addi-
tional genera and sub-genera :— ‘

* See p. 393. t+ See p. 407.
64

CONCHIFERA.

PERNOPECTEN, Winchell, 1866.

Derivation, Perna and Pecten, from a combination of some of
the characters of the two genera.

Type, Aviculopecten limzeformis, White and Whitfield.

Shell subequivalve, inequilateral, auriculated; hinge line
straight, with a central triangular cartilage pit and a transverse
plate, with smaller lateral cartilage pits diminishing in size and
depth from the centre outwards.

Pernopecten agrees with Amusium in its subsymmetrical ears,
cardinal cartilage pit, and in the absence of radiating ridges,
but differs in its straight hinge line and lateral cartilage pits.

Fossil, 7 species. Carboniferous limestone. Michigan, Bel-
gium, Nassau. Probably others referred to Avicula, Pterinea,
and more especially to Aviculopecten, Amustum, and Pecten.

AVICULOPECTEN (p. 417) does not possess the prismatic of the
Aviculide, but the peculiar corrugated tubular structure of the
Pectinide (Meek). It bears the same relations to existing
Pectens as Pterinea does to existing Aviculas.

PLICATULA (see p. 414),

Sub-genus, Harpax (Parkinson, 1811), Deslongchamps, 1858.

Example, Harpax Parkinsoni, Brown.

Hinge of attached valve consisting of a flattened triangular
plate, traversed by a central more or less perpendicular liga-
mental furrow, exterior to which are slightly marked diverging
sulci to receive the elevated borders of the ligamental groove
in the other valve; the outer borders of the plate form length-
ened and elevated dental processes. Hinge plate of free valve
traversed mesially by the hgamental groove, the borders to
which are elevated and but slightly diverging; exterior to
these are strongly impressed grooves to receive the dental pro-
cesses of the other valve.

Fossil, 16 species. Lias and Lower Oolites. France and
England,

TERQUEMIA, Tate, 1867.

Dedicated to M. O. Terquem, an eminent palzontologist.

Example, T. Heberti, Terquem, Mem. Soc. Géol. de Fr., vol,
vill. p. 106, t. 13, f. 1—8, 1865.

Synonym, Carpenteria, EK. Deslongchamps, 1858 (non Gray,
1856.

Shell inequivalye, subequilateral, attached by the umbonal
portion of the right valve; the left valve slightly concave,

65

MANUAL .OF THE MOLLUSCA.

smooth, and ornamented posteriorly, as also the free portion
of the right valve, by concentric plications or radiating ribs.
Hinge area triangular, transverse, striated in the same
direction, edentulous, sometimes produced in the middle line ;
lgamental furrow median, longitudinal, straight, rather nar-
row. Muscular scar near the posterior margin; pallial line
wanting. Externally the shells of this genus resemble those
of Hinnites and Ostrea.

Fossil, 5 species. Lower— Upper Lias. France, Germany,
Great Britain.

Faminy IT.—AvicuLiwz.*

Sub-family 1.—PTERINEIN®. Cartilage contained in a
series of linear furrows nearly parallel to the cardinal margin ;
hinge-margin broad, flat; anterior muscular scar moderately
developed and deep. Extinct.

Genus :—PTERINEA (probably includes the Silurian and
Devonian species referred to Avicula).

Sub-genus :—Lopteria, Bilings; H#. Typica, L. Sil. New-
foundland. Valves equally convex, hinge with an external (?)
ligament.

MonorTertiA, Meek, 1865.

Type, Gervillia longispina, Cox. Coal Measures. Kentucky.
Hinge edentulous; anterior muscular scar faint, as in Avicula.

MYAtLtna (see p. 421). AMBONYCHIA (p. 417), (?) ACTINO-
DESMA, and PTEROPERNA (p. 416). A. Casei (Megapteria, Meek),
Lower Suurian, Indiana, differs from the typical forms of the
genus in the great development of its posterior wing.

Sub-family 2.—AvicuLiIn#/. Cartilage pit single, defined ;
anterior muscular scar very small.

Genera :—AVICULA (Maleagrina, Malleus), VULSELLA (p. 416);
AUCELLA (p. 416), Monoris (p. 417), Hauora (p. 417), Posmpo-
NOMYA (?) CARDIOLA (p. 417); HURYDESMA (p. 417).

Sub-family 3.—PERNIIDm. Cartilage contained in a series
of transverse furrows. Anterior muscular scar generally very

small.

Genera :—PERNA (p. 418), CRENATULA (p. 418), HypoTREMA
(p. 418), GERVILLIA (p. 418), BAKEWELLIA (p. 418), and INocE-
RAMUS (p. 419), and the following additional genera :—

* See p. 415.
66

CONCHIFERA.

Ho6RNESIA, Laube, 1865.

Dedicated to Director Dr. Moriz Hornes.

Type, Gervillia socialis, Sckloth, St. Cassian.

Differs from the typical Gervilliz by the peculiar structure of
the hinge, and by a more or less lengthened septum going
through the cayity of the umbones. The genusis intermediate
between Cassianella and Gervillia.

NAYADINA, Munier-Chalmas, 1863.

Type, N. Heberti, Munier, Cenonamian, Aubeterre.
Shell resembling a transverse Vulsella, rostrated posteriorly ;
the internal fibrous layer is wanting.

Exiemus, E. Deslongchamps, 1856.

Etymology, é\vyos, a sinuosity, in allusion to the sinuosities
of the borders of the post-apical opening.
Type, E. polytypus, E. Deslong. Fig. 27

Fig. 27.—Eligmus Polytypus.

Animal unknown.

Shell free, or perhaps attached by a byssus, nearly equi-
valve, inequilateral; ovate or cylindrical, more or less com-
pressed ; anterior extremity inflated, and shorter thaa the
attenuated posterior one. Test rather thick, foliaceous. Um-
bones inflated, slightly depressed or flattened, diverging and
directed backwards. Valves closed at both extremities, with
an unsymmetrical (byssal?) sinus, s, behind the umbones;
ornamented by oblique, radiating carinated ribs. Hinge
short, straight, edentulous; ligamental area triangular, with a
superficial pit, 7. Muscular scar single, situated on the free

67

MANUAL OF THE MOLLUSCA.

end of a spoon-shaped process, p, which originates from beneath
the umbonal cavity, pallial line wanting.

Distribution, 3 species. Inferior Oolite, and Great Oolite.
Maine-et-Loire, Calvados, Balin, Galicia.

The internal process of Eligmus has no analogy with that of
the Myce and Anatine, which in them supports the cartilage,
and is an internal prolongation of the hinge; whilst that of
Eligmus gives attachment to the adductor muscle, and arises
from beneath the hinge. Eligmus is related through Vulsella
Turonensis, Dujardin, to Vuilsella; the test, however, is not
fibrous, and M. Munier supposes that the internal nacreous
layer has been destroyed by fossilization.

CASSIANELLA, Beyrich, 1861.

Synonym, Gryphorhynchus, Meek, 1864.

Type, Avicula gryphceata, Minster.

Shell thick, sub-hemispherical; right valve flat or convave,
the left very gibbous; no defined byssal sinus. Umbones
sub-central, hinge line equalling the greatest length of the
shell, in both valves with a wide well-defined cardinal area ;
ears sub-equal, not produced. Hinge with several small irre-
gular teeth near the middle. Surface striated.

Fossil, 6 species, Upper Trias— L, Lias, Austria, Bavaria,
Himalayas.

Sub-family 4.—Pinniine.

Genus:—PINNA. Sub-genus, Aviculopinna, Meek.

Type, Pinna prisca, Minster. Permian.

Shell nearly or quite equivalve, beaks not terminal. The
general aspect of the shell seems to be intermediate between
Pinna and Avicula.

TRICHITES (see p. 420).

Faminy JII.—Mytrinipz.*

Mopio0LaRriA, Beck (Jeffreys, 1863) (see p. 422).

Derivation, allied to the genus Modiola of Lamarck.

Example, Mytilus discors, Linné.

Synonyms, Lanistes, Humphreys ; Lanistina, Gray.

Animal with the mantle folded in front into a wide incur-
rent tube, and behind into a conical excurrent tube; foot strap-
shaped.

Shell rhomboidal, sculptured by two rows (one on each side)

* See p. 420.
68

CONCHIFERA.

of strize, which radiate from the beaks, leaving the middle
portion smooth, umbones incurved, hinge edentulous or cre-
nulated, hinge-plate finely notched.

Distribution, Temperate and Arctic seas. The four British
species occur fossilised in the Red and Coralline Crags and
newer Tertiaries. Several species in the Upper Triassic and
Jurassic formations, referred to Modiola, appear to belong here.

CRENELLA, Brown (see p. 422).

Etymology, diminutive of crena, a notch.

Example, Mytilus decussatus, Montagu.

Animal with the mantle open in front, and folded behind
into a sessile excurrent tube; foot cylindrical, the free end
being disk-like and issuing out of a sheath.

Shell oval or rhomboidal, nacreous, cancellated; umbones
straight, hgament small, hinge of each valve furnished with an
upright tooth, which is crenulated, as well as the hinge plate.

The animal does not spin a thick byssus, hke Modiolaria,
but secretes only a single thread for attachment, and by means
of which it holds itself suspended in the water.

Distribution, 5 species. Low-water mark to 150 fathoms.
Norway, Iceland, Greenland, New England, Britain, France.

CO. rhombea occurs in a fossil state in the Coralline Crag,
Sutton. .

Prasina, Deshayes, 1863.

Type, P. Borbonica, Desh. Isle of Bourbon.

Shell oblong thick cordiform, valves closed, margins entire
inequilateral; lunule deep circular, projecting into the interior
of the right valve, left valve in the same place furnished with
dentiform tubercles; hinge line simple, arched; ligament
external, narrow; muscular scars two, unequal, sub-central.

ANTHRACOPTERA, Salter, 1863.

Etymology, anthrax, coal, and pteron, a wing.

Example, A. Carbonaria, Dawson, sp.

This genus includes the so-called Myaline, but they have
not the thick hinge-plate of the shells of that genus, and
species which have been described by Ludwig as belonging to
Dreissena. The form of the shell is triangular.

Fossil, 7 species of marine origin. Coal Measures. Great
Britain, Nova Scotia, Westphala.

69

MANUAL OF THE MOLLUSCA.

Famity [V.—ARrcAaDsz&.*

Limopsis. Sub-genus, 7'rigonocelia, Nyst.

Shell approaches Leda in form, and differs from Limopsis in
the absence of the expanded hgamental area.

Fossil, 7 species. Eocene. Paris basin, Belgium, England,
United States.

CTENODONTA, Salter, 1851 (p. 427).

Type, Tellinomya nasuta, Hall.

Synonym, Tellinomya, Hall.

Shell closed, differs from Jsowrca in not having the lhgamental
area, the ventricose character, large and often subspiral beaks ;
the surface of the shell is smooth or marked by lines of growth,
but never cancellated ; hinge teeth small and numerous.

Fossil, 40 species. Silurian—Carboniferous. Europe, N.
America, Bolivia.

It is probable that most of the Paleozoic species referred to
Nucula belong to Ctenodonta.

PALMARCA, Hall, 1858.

Synonyms, Megalomus, Hall, 1852; Cyrtodonta, Billings,
1858 ; Cypricardites, Conrad, 1841.

Example, C. Canadensis, Billings

Shell equivalve, inequilateral; umbones near the anterior end
or terminal; general form obliquely tumid, transversely sub-
rhomboidal ovate ; posterior extremity larger than the anterior,
and usually broadly rounded; two to eight oblique anterior
teeth beneath, or a little in front of the umbones; two to four
remote lateral teeth parallel:with the hinge line ; pallial line
simple; muscular scars two, anterior sometimes deeply exca-
vated ; posterior superficial; hgament external.

Some species haye a narrow area between or behind the
beaks.

Distribution, 42 species. Silurian—Devyonian. N. America
and N. Wales.

Sub-genus, Megambonia, Billings, 1858.

Synonym, Vanuxemia, Hall, 1858.

Shell ovate, beaks terminal, or nearly so; anterior extremity
reduced to a small auriculate expansion, or obsolete.

Distribution, 11 species. Silurian.. N. America.

* See p. 424.
70

CONCHIFERA.

‘ FAMILY V.—TRIGONIADZ. *
? IscoyriInA, Billings, 1866.

Type, I. Winchelli, Billings.

Shell equivalye, inequilateral, two strong ridges radiating
from the beak in the interior of each valve.

Fossil, 2 species. L. and M. Silurian. Anticosti.

FamiIty VI.—UNIONID&.tf
ANTHRACOSIA, King, 1856 (see p. 470).

Etymology, anthrax, carbon, in allusion to the carbonaceous
deposits in which the genus is usually found.

Type, A. Beaniana, King. Coal Measures, Newcastle.

Shell equivalve, inequilateral. Teeth one in each valve below
the umbone, rather low and massive; crown of tooth of right
valve excavated anteriorly and ridged posteriorly; crown of
tooth of lett valve ridged anteriorly and sloped posteriorly.
Umbonal ligamental fulcra, each a furrow excavated in the
hinge-plate, between the umbone and tooth. Scars of the an-
terior set of pedal muscles, situated above the anterior adductor
muscular impressions.

Anthracosia differs from Unio, to which genus the majority of
the Unioniform shells have been referred, in its simpler dental
system and in the absence of supplementary pedal muscles. It
has no relation to Cardinia, in which genus others of the
Unioniform species have been placed; whilst other members of
genus possessing the outward appearance of certain ayiculoid
forms of Modiola have been ranged in the genus Myalina.

Distribution, 61 species. Deyonian—Carboniterous. West-
phalia, Saxony, Russia, Belgium, Great Britain, N. America.

CARBONICOLA, M‘Coy, 1855 (see p. 470).

Synonym, Prisconaia, Conrad, 1867.

Example, Unio acutus, Sow.

Cardinal tooth in right valve diverging obliquely towards the
posterior side; lateral 1-1, long and lamellar; no lunate im-
pression on the yentral margin of the anterior adductor as in
Unio.

This genus is related to Anthracosia, but differs in having
lateral teeth.

Distribution, about 20 species. Coal Measures. Europe,
United States.

* See p. 430, ¢ See p. 432.
71

MANUAL OF THE MOLUUSCA.

Famity VIII.—Huipprurtiripz#.*

Genus :—HIPPURITES.

Sub-genus, D’ Orbignya, Woodward, 1862.
- Type, H. bi-oculatus, Lamk. ; no “‘ ligamental inflection ”’ of
the outer shell.

Fossil, 4 species. Middle Chalk. Europe.

Barrettia, Woodward, 1862, dedicated to Mr. Lucas Barrett,
late Director of the Geological Survey of the West Indies.

Type, B. monilifera, Woodward. ‘‘ Hippurite Limestone.”
Jamaica. No ‘‘lgamental inflection” as in D’Orbignya, but
presents the further peculiarity of an indefinite number of pal-
lial duplicatures extending all round the margin of the lower
valve.

Famity XI.—LvUcrInipa.t
Loripes, Poli, 1791 (Jeffreys) (see p. 456),

Etymology, lorum, a strap; and pes, a foot.

Example, Tellina lactea, Linné.

Animal with the margin of the mantle notched; incurrent
tube long. |

Shell almost equilateral, cancellated, or sculptured by
flexuous strive; lunule short; cartilage quite internal; teeth,
one cardinal in the right, and two in the left valve; laterals
remote, and sometimes indistinct.

Distribution, species. Atlantic, Mediterranean, West Indies.

Fossil, species. Eocene France.

Axinus, J. Sowerby, 1821 (see p. 431).

Synonyms, Thysaira, &c., Leach; Bequania, Leach ; Crypto-
don, Turton; Ptychina, Philippi; Thiatyra, G. Sowby.; Clau-
sina, Jeffreys.

Example, Tellina flexuosa, Montagu.

Animal with the mantle margin thickened, open, not pro-
longed into tubes; foot long, sub-cylindrical, and very slender.

Shell globular, posterior side furrowed or angulated, umbones
much recurved; lunule short or indistinct; hgament usually
and to a certain extent external, placed in a groove on the hinge
line, and outside the hinge-plate; teeth aitogether wanting.

In A. flecuosus, the hinge-plate is indented in the right valve
immediately below the beaks, and slightly reflected in the left,

* See p. 440. 7 See p. 455.
w2

CONCHIFERA.

which gives that valve the appearance of having an indistinct
or obscure cardinal tooth.

Distribution, 4 species. Europe.

Fossil, Tertiary. Two of the three British species occur in a
fossil state in the Coralline Crag.

SPORTELLA, Deshayes (see p. 457).

Example, Psammotea dubia, Defrance.

Sheli oblong, smooth, depressed, sub-equilateral; valves
closed. Hinge narrow, with two unequal, diverging teeth in
the left valve, one in the other; the lateral teeth are wanting.
Muscular scars large, oval, nearly equal; pallial line simple.
Ligament external.

Fossil, 17 species. Tertiary. Paris basin.

Possibly some of the Liassic species referred to Unicardiwm
belong to this genus.

CoRBICELLA, Morris and Lycett, 1853.

Etymology, diminutive of Corbis.

Type, GC. subsequilatera, Lycett.

Shell destitute of ornament, ovately elongated, rather com-
pressed ; anterior side small; hinge characters differ from those
of Corbis, in the absence of the anterior lateral tooth, and in
the oblique internal ridge passing downwards behind the ante-
rior muscular scar.

Corbicella is intermediate between Corbis and Tancredia; an’
from the latter, to which it is more nearly allied, it is separatea
by its more ovate form, and by the absence of the posterior
oblique angle, and in the possession of a lengthened hinge-
lamina and depressed remote posterior lateral tooth.

Fossil, 7 species. Upper part of Inferior Oolite—Oxfordian.
England; France.

[Famity KELLIID2. |

LAasA, Brown, 1827.

Etymology, possibly a corrupt derivation of Aawjiov, a shield.

Type, Cardium rubrum, Montagu.

Synonyms, Poronia, Recluz; Cyleadina, pars; Kellia, pars;
Bornia, pars.

Animal with the mantle folded on the anterior side so as to
form a wide but incomplete incurrent tube ; the excurrent tube
is inconspicuous, placed on the opposite side; foot long.

E 73

MANUAL OF THE MOLLUSCA.

Shell minute and roundish oval; beaks straight; cartilage
long, placed at the shorter end of the shell, contrary to that in
Kellia ; left valve with a minute thorn-like cardinal tooth; and
in each valve two remarkably strong lateral teeth.

The genus is intermediate between Montacuta and Kellia.

Distribution. ‘The Lascee usually inhabit the littoral zone,
where they congregate in vast numbers at the roots of small
sea-weeds, in the crevices of rocks, and in empty shells. L.
rubra, a British species, is viviparous, and lives as much out of
the sea as in it. Other species occur in various parts of the
world.”’—Jeffreys.

Faminy XI1.—CyYcLapiIpz.*

In addition to the genera enumerated in W. M. i, p. 461
et seq., the following belong here :—
GALATEA (see p. 486), and—

FISCHERIA, Bernardi, 1860.

Dedicated to M. Fischer, one of the editors of the Journal
de Conchyliologie.

Type, F. Delesserti, Bern., inhabiting the rivers of the
Gaboon, W. Africa.

Shell differs from that of Galatea in the rudimentary condi-
tion of the lateral cardinal teeth of the right valve, and by the
elongated lateral teeth bemg compressed, as in Cyrena; and
from Cyrena by its fewer cardinal teeth, depth of the pallial
sinus, and by the absence of lateral teeth in the right valve.

Famity XIII.—CyPrinip&.t
CYPRICARDELLA, Hall, 1857.

Shell ovate, subelliptical, or subquadrate; concentrically
striated; hinge of right valve with two-cardinal teeth; the an-
terior tooth beneath the beaks ; posterior tooth turned obliquely
backwards, leaving a triangular pit, which is probably occupied
by a tooth in the other valve. Anterior cardinal margin with a
long narrow groove, apparently for the reception of a slender
projection of the other valve; posterior side beveled from
above, edge thin; ligament external, in a deep cavity; mus-
cular scars distinct, shallow; pallial line simple.

Fossil, 4 species. Carboniferous. Indiana.

* See p. 461. { See p. 463.
74

CONCHIFERA.

AnrsoponTA, Deshayes, 1860.

Type, A. conplanatum, Dh. -ocene. Paris basin.

Shell transversely elongated, compressed, inequilateral ; hinge
thick; a large conical and a triangular socket in each valve;
ligament external. Anterior adductor scar very small, and
comprised between two prominent ribs (one parallel and the
other transverse to the anterior border); posterior scar subcir-
cular, superficial; pallial line faint, entire.

Distribution, 2 species. Bourbon.

? MaTuHerta, Billings, 1858.

Dedicated to Mr. Mather, of the Geological Survey of New
York.

Type, M. tenera, Billings. Trenton limestone, Canada.

Shell transverse, equivalve ; beaks near the anterior end; two
small obtuse cardinal teeth in the left yalve, and one in the
right; ligament external.

ConcHODON, Stoppani, 1865.

Etymology, conchos, a shell, and odos, a tooth.

Type, C. infraliasicus, Stop. Lower Lias. Lombardy.

Shell equivalvye, symmetrical, very thick, cordiform, closed;
beaks large, angulated, involute. Ligament internal, very
long, marginal, attached to the posterior half of the hinge-plate.
Hinge massive; in the right valve, one large rounded tooth in
front (placed above a dental pit), and two transverse cardinal
teeth ; left. valve with a large circular socket, bounded below
by a curved lamellar tooth; two transverse and one curyed
teeth beneath the umbo.

DICEROCARDIUM, Stoppani, 1865.

Etymology, diceras, haying two horns, and cardium.

Shell equivalve, symmetrical, closed, free; umbones very
prominent, elongated, or spiral. Hinge-plate broad, thick,
separated by an interval of varying width from the edge of the
valve, and prolonged into the umbonal cavity. Left valve with
a compressed cardinal tooth, corresponding to a socket in the
right valve; valves furrowed by ligamental grooves. Ligament
external.

Fossil, 4 species. Upper Trias. Lombardy, North-West
Himalayas.

70

MANUAL OF THE MOLLUSCA.

CYPRIMERIA, Conrad, 1864.

Type, Cytherea excavata, Morton. Oretaceous. North
America.

Shell lentiform; hinge of right valve broad, with a bifid
oblique cardinal tooth and two oblique acute anterior teeth,
with an intermediate pit for the reception of the tooth in the
opposite valve.

DosIniopsis, Conrad, 1864.

Derivation, Dosinia, a generic name, and opsis, like.

Type, D. Meekii. Eocene. United States.

Shell exteriorly like Dosinia. Cardinal teeth three in each
valve; posterior tooth of right valve bifid; in the left valve,
a thick rugose lateral tooth fitting into a cavity in the opposite
valve; under the umbo is a pit; cartilage plate granulated;
pallial sinus deep and angular.

Distribution, 8 species. Eocene. United States.

CoNCHOCELE, Gabb.

Type, C. disjuncta, Gabb. Miocene? California.

Shell irregularly quadrate, very inequilateral, angulated pos-
teriorly ; presenting some analogies to Hdmondia, Unicardium,
and Cardiomorpha. Ligament external; hinge with a long,
sharp tooth running from the beaks parallel with the cardinal
margin, almost to the posterior end; pallial line simple.

ASTARTE. Subgenus, Astartella, Hall and Whitney, 1858.
A. vera. Coal Measures. Illinois and Indiana. The anterior
tooth of the right valve has a longitudinal pit in the summit.

[FamIty CARDIT#. }
Woopts, Deshayes, 1860.

Dedicated to Searles V. Wood, a distinguished palzeontologist
of England.

Example, Tellina digitaria, Linné.

Shell small, rounded, equivalve, equilateral; valves closed,
smooth, or ornamented with oblique, curved striz ; hinge thick;
right valve with a single, large, median, triangular tooth, de-
pressed or channelled in the middle; left valve with two narrow,
unequal, diverging teeth; lateral tooth wanting or rudimentary.
Ligament internal, small; muscular scars small, equal, oval or
ovate; pallial line simple. ;

Distribution, 1 species. Mediterranean; also fossil in the

76

CONCHIFERA.

Crags of England, in that of Anyers, and in the Pleistocene
deposits of Palermo.

Fossil, 8 species. Hocene, Miocene, Pliocene. France,
England, Germany. W. lamellosa, Sandb., is equilateral.

LutertiA, Deshayes, 1860.

Example, L. Parisiensis, Deshayes.

Shell small, orbicular, globose, equivalve; valves closed ;
border simple and entire; hinge narrow; cardinal teeth three in
each valve, two diverging; the third large and obliquely placed
between the others; muscular scars small, oval, submarginal,
equal; pallial line simple ; ligament external.

Fossil, 2 species. Eocene. Paris.

GooDALLia, Deshayes, 1860.

Example, Erycina miliaris, Defrance.

Shell small, trigonal, equivalye, inequilateral; valves closed ;
cardinal teeth in the right valve two, diverging, separated by a
triangular socket; in the left valve, one triangular, sometimes
bifid; lateral wanting, or rudimentary; ligament external, very
short ; pallial line simple.

Fossil, 8 species. Eocene. Paris.

GOODALLIOPSIS, Raincourt and Munier, 18638.

Type, G. Orbignyi, Rainc. and Mun. Eocene. Fercourt.

Shell oval, flattened, equivalve, inequilateral, smooth, slightly
dilated in front, and compressed behind; valves closed; hinge
with two cardinal teeth, separated by a triangular socket, in
each valve; lateral teeth distinct and elongated, one in each
valye. Other characters those of Goodallia.

Famity XIV.—VENERIDZ.*
PsaTHURA, Deshayes, 1860 (see p. 456).

Etymology, Ya0vpic, friable.
Type, Erycina fragilis, Lamk. Eocene. Paris basin.
Shell oval, inequilateral, thin, transparent, fragile; hinge
teeth, in the right valve, two equal and deeply bifid ; left valve,
two unequal, entire; ligament external; anterior adductor scar
narrow, Claviform; posterior subquadrangular; pallial simple,
thus differing from Clementia, to which it is related by the hinge

characters.
* See p. 472.

E 2

~]

~I

MANUAL OF THE MOLLUSCA.

IsopomA, Deshayes, 1860.

Type, 1. cyrenoides, Deshayes. Eocene. Paris basin.
Shell transversely oval, very thin; hinge similar to that of
Cyrena, but the pallial line is sinuous.

Faminty XVI.—TELLINID.*
SowERBYA, D’Orbigny, 1850 (see p. 478).

Dedicated to Sowerby, author of ‘‘ British Mineral Con-
chology,” &c.

Type, 8. crassa, D’Orb., Prodrome I., p. 362.

Synonym, Isodonta, Buyignier, 1851. .

Shell equivalve, subequilateral ; right valve with two oblique,
diverging, cardinal teeth separated by a mesial trigonal socket,
and two lamellar lateral teeth separated from the hinge border
by longitudinal grooves ; left valve with a conical tooth between
two oblique pits; laterals two; longitudinal lamellar and pro-
jecting, and united to the superior border; ligament external.

Fossil, 8 species. Lower Lias—Portlandian. England,
France, Germany.

QUENSTEDTIA, Morris and Lycett, 1853 (see p. 481).

Dedicated to Professor Quenstedt, the veteran paleontologist
of Wurtemberg.

Type, Pullastra oblita, Phillips.

Shell like that of Psammobia ; hinge with an obtuse transverse
cardinal tooth in the left, and a cardinal pit in the right; liga-
ment external, in a narrow elongated groove ; posterior adductor
scar rounded, anterior elongated, sinuated ; pallial sinus smaller
than in Psammobia or Sanguinolaria.

Fossil, 3 species. Inferior Oolite—Great Oolite. England,
France, Germany.

? PanmomyA, Zittel, 1861.

Shell triangular, depressed, nearly equivalve, inequilateral ;
right valve with two cardinal teeth, the posterior larger and in
front of the cartilage pit; left valve with a single cardinal
tooth; a prominent posterior lateral tooth in each valve;
muscular and pallial impressions very faint.

Fossil, 1 species. Coral Rag. Glos, Normandy.

* See p. 479.
78

CONCHIFERA.

FAamiIty XV.—MAcTRID&,*

Includes VAUGANELLA (p. 479), LurraRia (p. 479), MAorra
(p. 477), GNATHODON (p. 478), HETEROCORDIA, ANATINELLA
(p. 479), CARDILIA (p. 469), and

PSEUDOCARDIUM, Gabb.

Type, Cardium Gabbi, Remond. Miocene and Phocene.
California.

Etymology, pseudo, false, and cardium, a generic name.

Shell thick, heavy, resembling Levicardiwm externally ; liga-
ment internal; lunule cordate; left valve with a large carti-
lage pit and a V-shaped tooth, which articulates in a cor-
responding depression in the right valve; 2 lateral teeth in
each valve, very strong and prominent.

Faminy XVIII.—Myacw.t
PoromyaA, Forbes, 1843 (see p. 491).

Passing into the genus Mya.

Example, P. granulata.

Synonyms, Eucharis, Recluz; Embla, Lovén; Cumingia
parthenopea, Tiberri (non Thetis, Sby.).

Animal with unequal siphons, clothed with numerous fila-
ments, foot narrow and slender.

Shell sub-orbicular, sub-equivalve, and inequilateral, thin,
transparent, slightly nacreous within; valves closed, surface
granulated ; teeth, in right valve, a short but strong cardinal,
and in the left a minute triangular cardinal and a ridge-like
_ lateral on the posterior side.

Distribution, 10 species. Britain, Scandinavia, Mediterranean,
Tropical America.

Fossil, 13 species. Hocene. France, Germany, England,
United States.

CorBULOMYA, Nyst, 1846 (see p. 490).

Derivation, Corbula and Mya.

Examples, Corbula complanata, Sowerby; Lentidium Medi-
terraneum, Jan and Cristofori.

Shell oval, transverse, depressed, closed, inequivalve, sub-
inequilateral; right valve the larger, with one pyramidal tooth,

* See p. 477. t See p. 489.
79

MANUAL OF THE MOLLUSCA.

and a narrow and deep socket; left valve with two unequal teeth
separated by a large socket. Ligament internal, pallial impres-
sions simple, slightly inflected posteriorly.

Animal with the mantle united behind, margins of the
mantle with duplicate foliaceous tentacles; foot compressed,
triangular; siphons short, united at the base, the incurrent
tube the larger and more elongated, the opening of which is
surrounded by arborescent tentacles.

Distribution, 3 species. Mediterranean.

Fossil, 7 species. Hocene. France, Belgium, England.

ANTHRACOMYA, Salter, 1861.

Etymology, anthrax, coal, and mya, a generic name.

Synonym, Naiadites, Dawson.

Type, A. Adamsi, Salter.

Shell thin, equivalve, the right valve rather larger; valve
close, oblong, wider behind, where there is a blunt siphonal
ridge ; rounded anteriorly, with a byssal sinus on the anterior
ventral edge. Beaks small, anterior, and slightly prominent,
with an obscure lunette; posterior hinge line with a narrow
interior ridge; ligament external. Epidermis strongly
wrinkled.

Animal unknown ; probably had a closed mantle and respi-
ratory siphons.

Distribution, 9 species. Coal Measures, associated with
marine animals. Great Britain, Nova Scotia.

Faminy XLX.—ANATINIDZ.*

RIBEIRIA (see p. 497).

Mr. Billings describes in this genus, ‘‘ beneath and in front
of the umbo, a small aperture of a semicircular shape, which
appears to be the entrance to a tubular passage running back-
wards over the transverse plate into the general cayity of the
body.” He regards it as a byssal orifice.

Mr. J. W. Salter referred this genus to the class Crustacea.

Fossil, 4 species. L. Silurian, Portugal; Canada, England.

Faminy XXI.—PHOLADID&.+

XYLOPHAGA (see p. 506). Sub-genus, Xylophagella, Meek,
1864.
Type, X. elegantula. Cretaceous. Dax.

* See p. 494, 7 See p. 508.
80

CONCHIFERA.

Shell having the form and ornamentation of Xylophaga, but

possesses an oblique internal postero-dorsal ridge; burrows,
‘apparently, without a shelly lining.

MARTESIA (see p. 505). Qub-genus, Diplothyra, Tyron, 1862.
D. Smithii, Staten Island, bfirrowing in oyster-shells.

Shell with a double. accessory valve; the principal plate
directly over the umbones, with a smaller anterior one adjoin-
ing.

TEREDO (see p. 506). Sub-genus, Calobates, Gould: (7.
furcelloides, Gray). Siphonal palettes large, long, stilt-shaped ;
siphons adherent, only becoming free at the tips.

Distribution, 2 species. Burmack, Australia..

Nausitora, Wright, 1864. N. Dunlopi (freshwater, India).
Siphonal palettes, outer surface convex, covered with thick
scale-like strize, inner flat or slightly concave.

Distribution, 2 species, burrowing in wood. Bengal. Aus-
tralia.

INDEX TO APPENDIX.

The synonyms are printed in italics, and the pages where the genera are described are
indicated by an asterisk (*).

Achatina, *41.
Acicula, 50.
Aciculida, 50.
Aciculina, *20,
Acrochasma, *44,
Acroculia, 34.
Actezonella, 51.
Actinodesma, 66.
Adamsia, 14,
Alaria, *24.
Amaura, *17.
Amberleya, 33.
Ambonychia, 66.
Ammonicerina, 31.
Ammonitidz, 10.
Amnicola, 29.
Amphiclina, 62.
Amphithalamus, *30
Ampullaria, 29.
Anaclis, *13.
Anatinide, 80.
Anaulus, *48.
Anculosa, *29.
Angasiella, *51.
Angitrema, 28.
Anisoceras, *12.
Anisodonta, *75.
Anomiade, 64.
Anthracomya, *80.
Anthracoptera, *69
Anthracosia, *71.
Aphragmites, *6.
Aporrhaide, 24,
Arcade, 70,
Asoceras, *5.
Asolene, 29.
Astarte, 76.
Astartella, 76.
Atrypa, *58.
Aulacoceras, *9.
Auriculide, 45,
Auriculina, 19.
Aviculida, 66.
Aviculina, 66.
Aviculopecten, 65.
Aviculopinna, 68.
Axinus, *72.

Bactrites, 10.
Baculina, *10,
Barleeia, *31.

—————

Barrettia, 72.
Bathmoceras, *9.
Belemnites, 3.
Belemnitide, *3.
Bellerophonting, 39.
Bequania, 72.
Bithinia, 29.
Blauneria, *46.
Bornia, 73.
Borsonia, *17.
Bourciera, *50.
Brachiopoda, 53.
Brachytrema, *23.
Brochina, 25.
Brondelia, *44.
Buccinida, 14.
Buccinopsis, *14.
Buccinopsis, 14.
Bugesia, *29.
Bulmella, *24.

Cecida, 25.
Czcnm, *25.
Calceola, 62.
Calceolina, 37.
Callopoma, *35.
Calobates, 81.
Calyptra, 39.
Calyptreide, 34.
Camerella, *59.
Camptonyx, *43.
Cancelaride, 18,
Carbonicola, *71.
Cardite, 76.
Carinaropsis, 39.
Carpenteria, 65.
Carychium, 46.
Cassianella, *68.
Casside, 15.
Cassidula, 45.
Cassiope, *26.
Centronella, *54,
Cephalopoda, 3.
Ceres, *48.
Ceriphasia, 28.
Ceritella, *23.
Cerithiade, 21.
Cernina, 17.
Cerostrema, 26.
Charionella, *56.
Oheletropis, 14.

Chemnitzia, *20.
Chilocyclus, 26, 29.
Chittya, 50.
Choanomphalus, *44,
Choristoceras, *11.
Chrysaliida, 19.
Chrysostoma, 36.
Circulus, 35.
Clausina, 72.
Clostophis, *47.
Clydonites, *11.
Clymenia, 10.
Cochlearia, *26.
Cochloceras, *10.
Conchifera, 64.
Conchocele, *76.
Conchodon, *75.
Concholepos, 15.
Conide, 17.
Corbiceila, *73.
Corbulomya, *79.
Cordieria, \7.
Cremnobates, 45.
Crenella, *69.
Cryptodon, 72.
Crypteenia, *37.
Cryptonella, 56.
Cryptoplocus, *22.
Ctenodonta, *70.
Cuma, 15.
Cyathopoma, 47.
Cycladidex, 74.
Cyclophorus, *47.
Cyclostoma, *46.
Cyclostomide, 46.
Cyclotopsis, 46.
Cylcadima, 73.
Cylindre!la, 41.
Cypreide, 16.
Cypricardella, *74.
Cypricardites, 70.
Cyprimeria, *76.
Cyprinidae, 74,
Cyrtina, *55.
Cyrtoceras, *7.
Cyrtocerina, *8.
Cyrtodonta, 70.
Cystiscus, *14.

Dentaliade, 40.
Deshayesia, *18

83

Deslongchampsia, *39.
Diarthema, *24,
Diastoma, *30.
Dibranchiate, 3.
Dicerocardium, *75.
Diplothyra, 81.
Discoceras, *8,
Disculus, 33.
Ditremaria, *38.
D’Orbignya, 72.
Doride, 51.
Doridopsida, *52.
Doridopsis, *52.
Dosiniopsis, *76.
Dunkeria, 20.

*
Eatonia, *59.
Eglisia, 26.
Eichwaldia, *59.
Eligmus, *67.
Embla, 79.
Fneta, 16.
Endoceras, *7.
Enida, 36.
Eolide, 52.
Eopteria, 66.
Etallonia, *51.
Ethalia, *37.
Eucharis, 79.
Euchrysalis, 21.
Eucosmia, *35.
Eucyclus, *32.
Eulima, 20.
Eurycelon, 28.
Euspira, 17.
Eustoma, *22.
Exelissa, *22.

Fibula, *22.
Fischeria, *74,
Fissilabria, 23.
Fossarus, *32.
Fissurellide, 39.

Gadinia, *40.
Gadus, *40.
Ganga, 27.
Gasteropoda, 13.
Geomelania, 50.
Georissa, *50.
Geostilbia, 41.
Gibbula, 35.
Globularia, 17.
Globulus, 17.
Glossoceras, *6.
Glotella, 28.
Goniatidee, 10.
Goniatites, 10.
Goniobasis, 28.
Gonioceras. *7.
Goodgallia, *77.
Goodalliopsis, *77.
Gosavia, *17.
Gryphorhynchus, 68.
Gymnodoris, 51.
Gyrotoma, *28.
84

INDEX.

Haliotide, 37.
Haliotine, 37.
Hamulina, *12.
Harpa, 15.

‘ Harpax, 65.

Harpella, 16.
Helcion, *39.
Helicide, 41.
Helicina, 50.
Helicinide, 50.
Heliocryptus, *34.
Helonyz, 40.
Hemsinus, 27.
Hercoceras, *9.
Hermiceratites, *63,
Hero, *52.
Hippurites, 72.
Hippuritide, 72.
Holopella, *27.
Homalogyra, *31.
Hornesia, *67.
Hyalimax, *42.
Hydrobia, 29

Incilaria, 43.
Tanthinide, 34.
Io, *28.

Topas, *15.
Isanda, 36.
Ischyrina, *71.
Tsodoma, *78.
lsodonta, 78.

Jerdonia, 47.

Kalinga, 52.
Keilostoma, *30.
Kellia, 73.
Kelliidee, 73.
Keyserlingia, 63.
Kilvertia, 22.
Krynickia, *42.

Lacuna, 32.
Lacunella, *32.
Laimodonta, 45.
Lanistes, 29.
Lanistes, 68.
Lanistina, 68.
Lasea, *73.
Leiorhynchus, 56.
Leiostraca, 20.
Lepeta, *40.
Leptoceelia, *54.
Leptoconchus, 15.
Leptomaria, *37.
Leptozis, 29.
Leuconia, 44.
Leucorhynchia, *36.
Leucostoma, 23.
Limacide, 42.
Limneide, 43.
Limopsis, *70.
Lingulella, *62.
Lingulepis, *62.
Lingulide, 62.

Lnomesus, 14.
Lirator, 45.
Lithasia, 28.
Littorina, 32.
Littorinella, 29.
Littorinide, 32.
Lituites, *8.
Lituunculus, *8.
Loripes, *72.
Lucinide, 72.
Lunatia, 17.
Lutetia, *77.
Lyria, *16.

Macroceramus, *41.
Mactride, 79.
Madrella, *52.
Magilus, 15.
Maravignia, 32.
Margarita, 35.
Marisa, 29.
Martesia, 81.
Matheria, *75.
Mathilda, *20.
Megalomus, 70.
Megambonia, *70.
Meghimatium, 43.
Meioceras, *26.
Meladomus, 29.
Melafusus, 28.
Melampus, 45.
Melanatria, 27.
Melania, *27.
Melaniade, 27.
Melanopsis, 29.
Meristella, *55.
Meseschiza, 28.
Mesostoma, *24.
Microstelma, *31.
Microthyca, 36.
Modiolaria, *68.
Modulus, 32.
Moitessieria, *29,
Monodonta, 37.
Moropteria, 66.
Muricede, 13.
Myacide, 79.
Myalina, 66.
Mytilide, 68.

Nacella, 39.
Naiadites, 80.
Nassaria, *15.
Natica, 17.
Naticella, 18.
Naticidz, 17.
Naticospis, 17,
Nausitora, 81.
Nautilide, 5.

Nautilus subtuberculatus,

os
Nayadina, *67.
Neritopsid, 19.
Neéverita, 17.
Nitidella, *15.
Nucleospira, *56.

Obolella, *63.
Odontostoma, 49.
Odostomia, 19.
Olivede, 15.
Omalogyra, 31.
Omphaiia, 26.
Omphalius, 36.
Onoceras, *7,
Ophicardelus, 45.
Ophidioceras, *8.
Ophileta, *34.
Ophioceras, 8.
Ophisthostoma, *48.

Opistho-Branchiata, 51.

Opisthoporus, 47.
Orthide, 60.
Orthoceras, *7.
Orthoceratide, 5.
Orthonychia, 34.
Ostreide, 64.
Otina, 46.

Paladilhea, *28.
Palzwarea, *70.
Paleomya, *78.
Paludina, 29.
Paludinella, 29.
Paludinide, 29.
Paludomus, 27.
Parthenia, 19.
Patellidz, 39.
Patina, 39.
Pectinide, 64.
Pedipes, *45.
Peltarion, *12.
Peplidia, 51.
Perenna, *50.
Perniide, 6.
Pernopecten, *65
Pernostreea, *64.
Pei sa, 45.
Phasianella, 35.
Phastanema, 32.
Phidiana, *52.
Philippia, 33,
Philomycus, *42,
Philopotamis, *27.
Pholadide, 80.
Phragmotheca, 64.

Phylobranchus, *53.

Phylloteuthis, *3.
Physella, *45.

Planaxis, 23.
Platyceras, *34.
Plecotrema, *45.
Plectostoma, 48.
Pleurocera, 28.
Pleurotomaria, 37.
Plicatula, *65.
Plocamophorus, *d1.

INDEX.

Poeyia, *44.
Polinices, 17.
Pomatiopsis, 29.
Pompholyx, *43.
Pomus, 29.
Poronia, 73.
Poromya, 79.
Potodoma, 28.
Prasina, 69.
Prisconata, 71.
Propilidium, *40.
Proserpina, *49.
Proserpinella, 50.
Proserpinide, *48.

Prosobranchiata, 13.

Psathura, *77.

Pseudocardium, *79.

Pseudomelania, 20.
Pterinea, 66.
Pterineine, 66.
Pteroperna, 66.
Pteropoda, 63.
Pterostoma, *30.
Ptychatractus, *13.
Ptychina, 72.
Ptychostoma, 18.
Pulmonifera, 41.
Purpura, 15.
Pupuride, 15.
Purpurina, *18.
Pyramidella, *19.
Pyramidellide, 19.
Pyramis, 36.
Pyrgiscus, 26.

Quenstedtia, *78.
Quoyia, *23.

Rapana, 15.
Raulinia, *32.
Rensselzria, 54.
Rensseleria, 59.
Rhiostoma, *47.
Rhizochilus, 15.
Rhodostoma, 45.
Rhynchonellide, 59.
Rhynchospira, *58.
Ribeiria, *80.
Ricinula, 15.
Risella, 32.
Rissoide, 30.
Rotella, 36.
Rowellia, 40.

Salterella, *63.
Sandbergeria, 21.
Scalaria, 26.
Scalariad:e, 26.
Scaliola, *30.
Scalenostoma, 20,
Schasicheila, *50.
Schismope, *38.
Schizostoma, 28.
Scissurellinge, 37,
Sidula, 45.
Signia, 45.

Siliquaria, 25.
Skeneide, 31.
Skenidium, *60.
Solaride, 33.
Solarium, 33.
Soleniscus, *20.
Sophina, *41,
Sowerbya, *78.
Spira, 31.
Spiraculum, *47.
Spiriferide, 54.
Sportella, *73.
Stenocisma, 58.
Stenothyra, 29.
Stilifer, *21.
Stiliferide, 21.
Stoastoma, 50.
Stolidoma, *46.
Strebloceras, *26.
Strephobasis, 28.
Strepoma, 28.
Streptoceras, *8.
Streptorhynehus, *60.
Stricklandia, 59.
Stricklandinia, *59 .
Strophostylus, *34.
Styliferina, *21.
Syncera, 29.
Syringothyris, *54.

Taheitia, 51.
Tanalia, *27.
Tebennophorus, 43.
Tectaria, 32.
Teinostoma, *37.
Telescopella, 28.
Tellinide, 78.
Tellinomya, 70.
Terebratulida, 53.
Terebratula, *53.
Teredo, 81.
Terquemia, *65.
Tessarolux, 24.
Tetrabranchiata, 5.
Teuthide, 3.
Thiatyra, 72,
Thysaira, 72,
Torellia, *19.
Torinia, 33.
Tornatellide, 51.
Tralia, 45.
Tremanotus, *39.
Trematospira, *57.
Tretoceras, *7.
Trigoniade, 71.
Trigonocelia, 70.
Trimerella, *63.
Triplesia, 59.
Tritoniade, 52.
Trochocochlea, 36.
Trochus, 35.
Tropidoleptus, *61.
Truncaria, *14.
Truncatella, *50.
Trypanostoma, 28,
Tubsfer, 23.

8

or

Turbinide, 35.
Turritellide, 26.
Umbonella, 36.
Unionide, 71.
Uvanilla, 35.

Valenciennesia, 4%.
Vanuremua, 70.
Veneridz, 77.

|

INDEX.

Vermetide, 25.
Vemetus, 25.
Vibex, 27.
Vitularia, 15.
Vitulina, *61.
Volutide, 16.
Volvulina, 51.

Woodia, *76.

THE END.

Woodwardia, 38.

Xanthonyx, *42.
Xylophaga, 86.
Xylophagela, 80.

Ziziphinus 36.
Zospeum, hag,
Zygospira, *58.

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