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HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
LIBRARY
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MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY
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Manufacturer o7
AQUARIUMS
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Floral Terra Cotta, Etc.
Goldfish Fish Globes and all aquarium requisites.
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Fish Food
Aquatic Life
Vol. V. January, 1920 No. 1
An international monthly. magazine devoted ta the study, care and breeding of fishes and other animals and plants’in the ‘home aquarium and
terrarium.
WA -POWSER . 3 S53... Retains Stes anna EDITOR JOSEPH E. BAUSMAN .......... PUBLISHER 542 East Girard Avenue .......... Philadelphia
Entered as second-class matter, BT STR 2d, 1915, at the Post Office, Philadelphia, Pa., under Act of March 3d, 1879.
Popular and scientific artic’es and notes on sub- jects pertaining to the aquarium and terrarium, and to the habits of fishes in general, are always wanted for ‘‘Aquatie Life.’’ Readers are invited to join in making it a medium of mutual help by eontributing to it the results of their studies. The pages are always open to anyone having informa- tion of interest to the aquarist and student of aquatic biology. Manuscripts, books for review and general correspondence should be addressed to the editor.
“Aquatic Life’? has the largest circulation of any magazine in the world devoted to aquatic nature-study. It offers to advertisers a market that can be reached through no other medium. Rates made known on application.
YEARLY SUBSCRIPTION................ $1.25 FOREIGN SUBSCRIPTIONS............... 1.50 - BENGE COOP Yas ctititlalcsals ciclo pile epplatars urs ion 15
Payments should be made by money order, draft or registered letter. If local checks are sent. ten cents should be added for collection charges. For- pete remittances should be by international money order,
Copyright 1919 by Joseph FE. Bausman
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IOOOCOOO000CO Goo,
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T. P. LOVERING
AQUARIST WILMINGTON, NORTH CAROLINA
New Varieties Aquatic Plants Choice and Rare Specimens Snakes and Reptiles
Tropical Fishes
Fundulus nottii, $1.50 per pair.
8 Elassoma evergladei, $1.75 per pair. Heterandria formosa, $1.75 per pair. M. chaetodon, 50c each Small turtles, $1.25 per dozen. Newts, $1.00 pér dozen. Wholesale to dealers.
$1.00 SPECIAL Attractive assortment of Plants
Sufficient stock for private aquarium,
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The book contains 140 illustrations, more than enough to give you a comprehensive idea of the decorative possibilities of water plants. The price is $2.65.
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There seems to be considerable doubt as to the status of the red fighting fish, Betta rubra, as a valid species. Aquarists who have compared it with authentic specimens of Betta splendens consider it little more than a color variety. Even Betta splendens was at one time con- fused with B. pugnax and again with B. trifasciata.
Few fishes present greater contrast be- tween normal coloration and that as- sumed during breeding periods. Through- out the cooler parts of the year both sexes are dingy brown. But when the tem- perature is raised artificially, or summer approaches, sexual activity is aroused and the male dons gorgeous colors to dazzle his prospective mate. His body then be- comes a rich reddish-brown, passing to a velvety black with a greenish-blue cast, the dark lengthwise stripes becoming more pronounced. The dorsal fin is blue, with dark spots, while the rays of the caudal and anal fins are blood-red, with the membrane greenish-blue. The fe- male remains a rather plain brown, with perhaps a touch of red.
The red fighting fish is not difficult to breed if maintained under the proper conditions, and lends itself well to ob- servation. If an adequate minimum de- gree of warmth has been provided, breed- ing will commence when the tempera- ture rises to 80 or above. ‘Then the male engages in the construction of the float- ing nest of bubbles, rising to the surface for air and discharging it in the selected location in bubbles formed with the mucus secreted in its mouth. If tiny floating or filamentous plants, such as
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Riccia and Duckweed, are present, they may be used to give strength to the struc- ture. The eggs are extruded just under
the nest, the female being assisted by the male, who winds his body about her, head nearly touching tail, with a gentle pressure. ‘The eggs are fertilized as dis- charged, and fall to the bottom, but are
Betta rubra
immediately recovered by the male and carried in his mouth, to be placed in the nest.
The eggs develop rapidly and, at a high temperature, the fry may appear in 20 hours. The nest is carefully guarded and kept in repair by the male alone, the addi- tional bubbles added from time to time actually forcing the youngsters up into the foam and above the water surface, which insures them the maximum of air with the required moisture. Within a few days the yolk-sac is absorbed, and the fry are free-swimming, and will endeavor to leave the nest. At this time, in aqua-
2 Aguatic Lite
rium breeding, the male should be re- moved, leaving the young to forage alone.
The young of labyrinth fishes are very minute at the outset, needing a plentiful supply of Infusoria. Unless the breeding tank is of good size, its normal infusorian fauna will speedily be exhausted, so pro- vision must be made to furnish this food by adding water from another tank set aside without fishes to permit this minute life to develop. In addition to Infusoria, artificial food as fine as flour, the inside of mealworms and the yolk of hard-boiled eggs, squezed sparingly into the water, may be tried. When the larval stage has been passed they may be given rotifers and the tiniest Daphne, to be followed later by large Daphne, enchytraeid worms and scraped raw beef.
————
Lucania ommata
Lucania ommata, which was described and illustrated by Mr. W. W. Welsh in Aguatic Lire for March, 1919, had up to that time been reported only from Florida. ‘Two months later its range was considerably extended when it was dis- covered in Southern Georgia by Dr. Hugh M. Smith, United States Commis- sioner of Fisheries, who writes the editor as follows:
“\Vhen I was in southern Georgia, in May, 1919, I visited a large artificial lake near Milltown that had been formed by the damming of a swamp about 75 years ago. ‘This swamp was one of the head waters of the Suwanee River. The lake, which is seven miles long, 1s generally known as Banks’ Mill Pond. a rank growth of all kinds of vegetation life.
Lucama ommata to be quite common, and
It contains
and teems with animal I found dipped a number of specimens while pass- ing among the lilies in a canoe, the fish being under the leaves of the lilies. ‘The
extension of the range of Lucania was
brought to the attention of the Biological Society of Washington at a meeting held
last spring.” ————
Because of the deadlock between the employing printers, supported by the pub- lishers, and the printers in New York, more than 200 periodicals, including mag- azines and trade journals, have suspended publication until the labor troubles can be straightened out. For the same rea- son the publication of many books has been delayed. Among the periodicals that have ceased publication temporarily are Collier’s, the Cosmopolitan, Harper’s Bazaar, Home and Garden, McCall’s, the Metropolitan, the Pictorial Review, Van- ity Fair, Today’s Housewife, the Wom- an’s World, the Christian Herald, Good Housekeeping, Hearst’s Magazine, the Independent, McClure’s Magazine, the Outlook, the Theatre, the People’s Home Journal, Vogue, the Delineator, Every- body’s Magazine, the Home Sector, the Designer, and the many _ publications issued by the Frank A. Munsey Com- pany. ‘Trade papers to the number of 119 have also suspended publication. The leading New York book publishers have decided to stand with the periodical pub- lishers in the fight. One result of the trouble is that some of the periodical pub- lishers will remove from New York to other cities. The November issue of Mc- Clure’s is being printed in Cincinnati, and the announcement has been made that the Cosmopolitan, Good Housekeeping and Hearst’s Magazine will hereafter be pub- lished in Chicago.—The Writer.
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The way to kill competition is to create something too good for competition to imitate.
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With everybody striking for more pay, the wages of sin still plug along under the same old schedule.
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Observations on the Chelonians | of North America. VI. | j
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Some time during the early part of October, 1919, the well-known Washing- ton aquariculturist, Mr. Edward 5S. Schmid, received a consignment of a large number of very young pond turtles of several species, all of which had been taken by collectors in the District of Co- lumbia. Among these interesting speci- mens occurred one, the like of which he had never seen before of all the thou- sands of young turtles he has possessed in his time; neither was it known to me, for I had never seen one like it, either in life or literature. With his usual gen- erosity, Mr. Schmid duly presented me with this curious little chelonian, and it is now in my possession, alive, and in excellent condition. A few hours after receiving it, | handed it to Dr. Leonard SiemmesenmCiietCiutatom on the Us s: National Museum, for identification. He found that it had never been figured in any work known to him, and, turning to
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the great chelonian collection of that in- stitution, it was found to be, upon com- parison, the very young of the Wood Tortoise (Chelopus insculptus), which Doctor Stejneger surmised before any comparisons were made. It was found that the National Museum possessed but three young specimens of this species, and the smallest one of them was fully three times the size of my specimen, and
quite differently marked. Later on I made photographs of it, natural size, while it was under water in a shallow,
white-lined pan, and these give it from above and below. It is shown here in Figure 1, while the figures of the young of our common Snapping Turtle (C. ser- pentina) are presented in Figure 2 for comparison. These latter I also photo- graphed from life from specimens kindly placed at my disposal by Mr. Schmid; the upper and lower views are of different individuals.
4 Aquatic Lite =
Aquatic Lite 5
Coming back to our young Wood Tur- tle, which is strictly aquatic in its habits in contradistinction to the adults of this species, it is to be noted, in the specimen here being considered, that the upper sur- face of the carapace, the head, limbs and tail, are all of a somewhat palish earth brown, and present no markings of any kind. The scalation of the legs and tail is extremely fine and delicate, the head being smooth, somewhat darker in color, and the irides of the eyes a rich brown color.
Beneath, the plastron presents a ground color of a pinkish shade, sometimes re- ferred to as flesh color; a large area, cen- trally carried almost to the periphery, is of a blackish brown; while a restricted, medio-longitudinal part, centrally situ- ated, is of a whitish shade. This plastron is of a sub-elliptical outline, a conspicuous notch being formed by the two distal or anal | cutes, while the gular ones, anter- iorly, form neither a process nor a notch.
In form the carapace above is of a subcircular outline; and, while scarcely domed at all, it forms, medio-longitudi- nally, a low, broad and rounded elevation, hardly entitled to the name of crest. The margin scutes are nearly square in out- line, and very conspicuous. Omitting the nuchal and pygal ones, they number ten upon either side, the nuchal scute being very small.
The head may be withdrawn well within the shell, and the strikingly long tail, when curved around to one side, its tip comes slightly beyond the base of the fore limb opposite. ‘The animal seems to have no choice as to which side it brings its tail against the shell; while in swim- ming, this appendage projects backwards in the median line, with a length of a lit- tle over three centimeters, the length of the carapace being about three and a half centimeters.
This little turtle walks very well indeed
on land, and is an excellent swimmer. Except in the matter of general outline, it bears no resemblance at all to the young of any of our ordinary pond tur- tles; while upon the other hand, it re- minds one very much of the young of our common snapping turtles, here shown upon three views in Figure 2. The marked length of the tail in the two is largely responsible for this, and the gen- eral circularity of form. In the young snapper, however, the posterior margin of the shell presents a series of strongly pronounced notches, a feature entirely absent in the carapace of the young wood tortoise. eee Se South Australian Society
The South Australian Aquarium So- ciety met on Tuesday, September 11th, in Mr. Hosking’s rooms, Norwood. The president, Mr. Edgar R. Waite, was in the chair.
Mr. Herbert M.-Hale delivered an ad- dress, illustrated by lantern slides, on the photography of aquatic life. The first series of slides dealt with the various methods of obtaining such photographs. Illustrations of the apparatus used by Messrs. Williamson, well-known in con- nection with undersea cinematography, were given. The aquarist may install an arrangement similar in principle. A con- crete pond with a window let in the side has an underground observation cham- ber. The fishes are photographed through the window, and as the observation cham- ber is kept quite dark, the operator is in- visible to the fishes, the window acting as a mirror to them. Inhabitants of the pond are lighted from above as in nature, and, being under natural conditions, are likely to retain characteristic attitudes.
In an aquarium, or when removed from the water, many fishes appear sil- very, and one wonders how they escape
detection by enemies. This appearance
6 Aquatic Lite
is due solely to reflected light, and if such a fish is placed upon some black bars, these are reflected on the sides of the fish, a condition admirably illustrated. In a pond or river the surroundings are simi- larly reflected and the fish is afforded a measure of protection. The back, which is exposed to light from above, is almost invariably dark-colored.
Excellent pictures of fishes may be ob- tained by using a narrow glass aquarium.
BAZZAA ==
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‘““Maw, oh, maw! Can we come in?’’
(Donahey in Cleveland Plain Dealer). The subject cannot then vary its position
in regard to the camera, and consequently remains in focus. Other methods of pho- tographing marine life in rock pools were demonstrated, and the use of various tanks, cells and lenses for smaller aquatic The lecturer
then exhibited a series of his own photo-
animals was explained.
graphs, including photomicrographs of
some of the minute inhabitants of our ponds and streams.
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Fundulus nottii
The star-headed minnow, Fundulus nottii, is particularly attractive little killi- fish that for some reason or other has not attained the popularity it deserves. Did it come from India, or some other far-off land, it would no doubt be highly valued and bred with the same zeal as the species of Haplochilus, which it resembles in habits and spawning. But though “a beautiful and = strikingly colored little fish” (Jordan and Evermann), we pass it by because it is a native species.
Nott’s Fundulus does not appear to have been bred in the aquarium, but its spawning habits are indicated by the fact that several times aquarists have secured it from eggs attached to water hyacinths and other aquatic plants shipped from the South. In one instance it appeared from hyacinths that had been merely raked from the water, dumped into a barrel and shipped. It is quite hardy in the aquarium, and, unlike the exotic fishes, finds ordinary house temperature to its liking during the winter.
The body is silvery, with six black stripes running from head to tail, and ten to thirteen fainter vertical bars. These vary in intensity. A broad black bar cov- ers the eye and extends down over the cheek ; lower jaw and upper part of gill- cover red; breast and lower part of gill- cover reddish yellow. (Named for Dr. Nott, its discoverer. )
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Thomas Edison says its easier to im- prove machinery than to improve men.
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Nature seldom makes a _ fool; she simply furnishes the raw material, and lets the fellow finish the job to suit him- self.—Josh Billings.
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Beef Heart and Beef Liver for Young Fishes
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In connection with the short article on the result of feeding beef liver and heart to young trout, published in the United States Fisheries Bulletin for March, 1910, the following details of the method of preparation and feeding is given for those who may be interested in using it for other fish. The Bureau has not used this food for goldfish, but has no doubt that it would make excellent food for them, although it is believed that less expensive foods for such fish can be found in various commercial prepara- tions and in cream of wheat and rolled oats, mush, etc.
If the fish to which it is desired to feed
Observation Breeding and Rearing Tanks Used by Albert Gale, Esq.
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the heart and liver are very young it is necessary to remove all gristle or con- nective tissue and pass the meat through a food chopper seven or eight times, using the plate with the finest perforations. It is then mixed with a sufficient amount of water to reduce it to such consistency as will permit its being spread evenly on the surface of the water. The use of an egg- beater has been found advantageous in removing from the feed at this stage any remaining portions of the connective tis- sue, the stringy portions becoming at- tached to the movable parts of the egg- beater as they are revolved in the mix- ture. In the first feeding stages a feather
8 Aquatic Lite
is used for spreading the food, but as the fish develop and take food more readily, it can be spread with a spoon. As the fish increase in size the meat may be re- duced to suitable size for feeding by pass- ing it through the meat chopper only once or twice, or by using a plate with coarser perforations.
Beef heart is more difficult to prepare than liver, for the reason that it has a somewhat greater amount of connective tissue or gristle, and where only young fish are on hand, this is a waste; if older fish are being held, the portions unsuit- able for feeding the young fish can be used advantageously for fingerlings or adults.
The meat used by the Bureau of Fish- eries in its experiments at Wytheville is what is known to the trade as “frozen.” Under this designation meat is shipped from the packing house frozen, and so received; this to distinguish it from the so-called “fresh” meat, or meat that has been frozen, but from which the frost is extracted before shipping. It is fed raw.
The gland sold under the trade name of “spleen,” which is cheaper than either beef heart or beef liver, has also been found more or less satisfactory food for young fish. It is prepared in the same manner as the other meats, but unless fingerlings or adult fishes are being fed, there will be a considerable amount of waste, as the percentage of gristle men- tioned previously in this paper is greater than in either heart or liver. ‘This food is used by the Bureau principally at its Pacific Coast stations for various species of salmon which are propagated in that section.
This method of feeding fish in aquaria necessitates frequent change of water, as the particles of meat are too fine to be removed from the aquarium except by
drawing off the water.
In feeding beef liver prepared as de- scribed, its introduction into the water produces a milky discoloration, sometimes known to fish-culturists as “smoke.” This is more or less objectionable, especially in aquariums, where there is no circulation. This objectionable feature may be over- come by “washing” the liver before feed- ing. This is done by adding a consider- able amount of water to the prepared food and then pouring the milky water from the surface of the mixture, or it may be removed by the use of a short piece of rubber tubing used in the manner of a syphon.
Experiments conducted with this washed liver would indicate that some of its nutritive value is lost by the washing process. Prepared by the Bureau of Fisheries, in response to a request for in- formation from a reader of AouatTic
Lire. Published by permission. <>
Heterandria formosa
With Lucania ommata and the pigmy sunfishes, Heterandria formosa ranks among the least of fishes in point of size, but this is an advantage in the eyes of the aquarist, for the little fellow adapts itself readily to the smallest of tanks, even breeding in a quart jar.
The specific name formosa comely, and Professor Agassiz did not unwisely choose the name. It 1s some- what straw-brown in color, with a dark lengthwise stripe, some vertical dark streaks and a black spot on anal and
means
dorsal fins.
It breeds readily in small aquaria, bear- ing a few young in a litter, however, which would be expected from its small size. No particular provision need be made for breeding other than to place the female alone in a small tank with several bunches of Myriophyllum and Anacharis, removing her when the young have been
expelled.
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1. The Larval Mosquito.
Photomicrographs by the Author.
Mosquitoes occur nearly all over the world, though they may not everywhere be recognized as such. Aquarists are familiar with the tiny aquatic larva of the insect, perhaps better known as the “mosquito wriggler.” This name is ac- counted for by the peculiar method of swimming. The larva appears to “wrig- gle” through the water, progression being accomplished by quick sideways move- ments of the body. As a fish food it is almost unrivaled, being appreciated by nearly all fishes; youngsters thrive and grow rapidly when liberally fed with The number eaten is enor- is recorded of a
small larvae.
mous. An instance
Notes on Mosquito Larvae
HERBERT M. HALE South Australian Museum
2. Head of Larva, Showing Tracheae, etc. 3. Breathing Tube and Tracheal Gills of Larva. face Film. 5. Termination of Abdomen of Pupa, Showing the Paddles.
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4. Pupae Floating Below Sur-
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female Gambusia affinis which, although regularly fed on other foods, consumed about 140 large wrigglers within an hour and a half. In the Hawaiian Islands, where mosquitoes are prevalent, this fish has been successfully acclimated, and materially reduced the pest. The in- sects, if unchecked, increase very rapidly and require only a month in which to complete their metamorphoses, being then ready to bring forth a new generation. The aquarist may insure a supply by in- stalling a tub in a quiet corner of the garden; water containing straw or any decaying matter will furnish suitable breeding conditions. Before long numer-
10 Aquatic Lite
ous tiny, boat-like masses appear on the surface of the water, each mass consist- ing of 200 to 400 eggs. These soon hatch, and as the larvae breathe at the surface, they may be collected with a small net, one “scoop” of which often yields the equivalent of an egg-cup full of wrig- glers. Some species deposit their eggs singly ; others lay in damp places, where water will later collect and the eggs re- main dry for some time.
The larvae of different sorts of mos- quitoes sometimes exhibit considerable variation. The accompanying illustra- tions, from photographs by the author, show a quite common type. Apart from its capacity as a fish food, this wriggler is well worth careful examination. It is protected with numerous tufts of hair, and some of the hairs are branched or feathered. Unlike the condition in the adult, the two brown eyes are of simple construction. There are two crescent- shaped brushes of hair round the mouth in place of the biting mandibles of other insects. If the larva is viewed alive through a magnifying glass, these brushes will be seen in rapid motion. Their function is to create a current whereby small animalcules or particles of vege- table matter are carried to the mouth Predaceous and cannibal larvae have stronger the feeding brushes, these then being used to seize
organs.
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the prey.
Respiration is effected through a breathing tube at the posterior end of the body. ‘This is the longer of the caudal tubes in the illustrations, but it varies in length in the different species. One au- thority observed that examples with a short tube are mostly found in temporary pools, whilst those with a long one occur in permanent waters. ‘The orifice is only opened when the insect comes to the sur- face to breathe. It is closed at will with
five or six little leaves, an ingenious
mechanism by means of which water is prevented from finding its way into the air passages. When closed the tube 1s sharp and pointed, and is thus easily pushed through the surface film, which would otherwise offer considerable re- sistance to so tiny a creature. Once the film is pierced, the flaps open out in the form of a cup, which floats and enables the larva to remain suspended head downward.
In a certain group some members of which convey malaria, the larva has
respiratory openings, but no external breathing tube, and clings to the surface
film by means of broad hairs.
Air is conveyed to the various parts through numerous tracheae, or air pipes, which ramify through the body in all directions ; some of these tracheae may be seen in the photo-micrograph of the head. The shorter and thicker tube is the last abdominal segment, and the exterior ter- mination of the digestive canal. The vent is protected by long hairs, and has a pair of thin, finlike tracheal gills on each side.
The larval form is maintained for a fortnight or thereabouts, the time some- times being longer, owing to cold weather or paucity of food. During this period the skin is shed three times; at the fourth moult the pupal stage is assumed. ‘The insect does not now at all resemble its previous state; it 1s still active and swim- ming is accomplished by strong jerks of the abdomen, at the termination of which two paddles are attached. Digestive ap- paratus is absent and the organs of res- piration are greatly changed. The caudal tube is lost in casting the skin, and the pupa breathes through two little funnels situated on the near the head. When not in motion it floats at the sur- face and the openings of these funnels The in-
back,
are held just above the water. sect, which, as development proceeds, can
Aquatte Lite ib
be distinguished just under the transpar- ent skin, does not remain long in this con- dition. In a few days the perfect mos- quito emerges, ready in turn to propagate its species.
Linseed Meal Cause of Disease Among Trout
Some time ago a peculiar disease ap- peared at a commercial trout hatchery in Rhode Island among yearling and two- year-old trout. The fish turned black, many because blind, and large numbers died. Just previous to death an affected fish would dart rapidly about, sometimes jumping entirely out of the water. After swimming nervously in this way for a few seconds, the fish would usually turn partly on its side, remain quiescent for an instant, and then resume its former un- naturally sluggish swimming. In most cases the fish would repeat this perform- ance several times before finally suc- cumbing.
Dr. L. H. Almy, then fish pathologist in this Bureau, was detailed to an investi- gation of the trouble. It was learned that the disease had manifested itself a few weeks after the superintendent had begun feeding with a mixture of linseed meal, wheat middlings, and meat scraps, the linseed meal having been substituted for cottonseed meal previously used. When the meat scrap, with flour and salt, was used without the linseed meal, the disease was definitely checked in both adult fish and fry. Experiments planned by the fish pathologist were then under- taken at the same hatchery to ascertain which, if either, of the two meals had brought on the disease. The results served to establish the following points:
(1) Of the two vegetable meals, linseed and cottonseed, the linseed meal alone is responsible for causing the pigment change, blindness, and death. (2) The causative agent is contained in the non-
oil constituents of the linseed meal. (3) Linsed oil in the food of trout has a slightly injurious effect upon the fish. (4) Fish affected with linseed-meal poisoning can be brought back to a healthy condi- tion, except for the pigment change and blindness, by a diet of some fresh-meat product. (5) Yearling trout on a diet of hog lungs gained in weight three times as fast during three months as those receiv- ing the wheat-meat-meal mixtures; how- ever, a three times greater gross weight of food was consumed in the former case than in the latter.
Further experiments were then under- taken at the White Sulphur Springs (W. Va.) hatchery of the Bureau, with the co-operation of Superintendent R. K. Robinson, to determine more definitely the nature of the toxic non-oil constituent of the linseed meal. These experiments afforded clear evidence that the outward manifestations of the disease brought about in trout by the ingestion of linseed meal—viz., pigment change, excitability, and weakened eyesight or blindness—are due primarily to the prussic-acid constit- uent of linseed meal. The experiments indicated also that a food mixture con- sisting of wheat middlings and meatmeal, although not injurious and apparently an acceptable food for the fish, does not compare with fresh hog lungs as a food for yearling trout.—Fisheries Service Bulletin.
erties 2 atte
At the recent Philadelphia exhibition of aquarium fishes an urchin was listen- ing in amazement to the remarks of a by- stander who seemed to know “all about ‘em,’ and was accordingly credited in the mind of the youngster with a great and varied collection. The boy wanted some fishes for an unused aquarium at home, but even a ten-cent goldfish was beyond his little purse, so finally he engaged the gentleman in conversation and asked if
12 Aguatic Lite
he didn’t have ‘“‘a few old fishes he didn’t want any more.”
“T have no fishes,” the man replied, “but I'll be glad to tell you how to keep and breed them, my boy.” A grin of con- tempt and disappointment flitted over the face of the boy. “Well, if yer ain’t got no fishes,” he said, “yer information can’t be much good.”
The Redfield Theory
Casper L. Redfield, of Chicago, has repeatedly called the attention of scien- tists to a theory advanced by him which purports to account for the improvement noted in various animals and man by the effect of age on protoplasm. In the trot- ting horse, for instance, he finds that young animals are not the record-makers, but that powers of such animals increase up to a considerable age. He finds, also, that the progeny of such sires appear to be influenced by age in the same way, the older the animal at the time of breeding, the likelier the colt will be to show im- proved speed. Redfield asserts that such relationships exist elsewhere, and even concludes that the difference between genius and mediocrity in man is a matter of age only. He finds that no really great men of the caliber of Darwin, Edison or Galileo have been sons of young parents. According to his theory, the male parents for at least three generations must have been more than 32 years old when their children were born. In three generations a man has seven male ancestors, and if the total of their ages when their children were born does not total at least 234 years, the third generation will not be eminent. Since all great men are obi- ously related to many mediocre persons, some explanation for their superiority must exist, and this theory seems to be Whether it is the right explanation or not depends
a step in solving the riddle.
upon further investigation, but we may
here call attention to something similar that exists in the protoplasm of plants. Growers of melons and certain other vegetables are aware that old seeds pro- duce more fruitful plants than do young ones. A certain age or maturity of the protoplasm seems to be necessary. It is well known, too, that seedling peonies do not show their capabilities the first time they blossom. ‘The flowers may be nearly single the first season and steadily in- crease in size and number of petals for several successive years. The double pink daisy (Pyrethrum hybridum), often requires four or five years to show the double feature. At the first blooming the flower heads may exhibit the “single” condition, and the novice finding no dou- ble flowers among them, may hastily con- clude that his is inferior stock, but in a few years doubling may begin. All this shows that some change in the protoplasm must take place with age. As a matter of fact, growing old may be assumed to be due to changes in the protoplasm of the individual. Seekers for an elixir of life might find these facts worth investi- gation.— The American Botanist.
( Aquarists have an exceptional oppor- tunity to test this theory in its application to fishes.—Ed.)
ee
Passaic Society
The Passaic County Aquarium Society was organized by Charles Pietzsch, Paul Findeisen, Julius Hutermeier, Fred Baumgarten, J. S. Roass, K. Blanken- nagel and Max Ronath, on October 7th, 1919. Regular meeting will be held on the first and third Tuesdays of each month, at Max Donath’s hotel, Clifton, N. J. Aquarists who may desire to become secure information from the secretary, addressing him at 168 Hamilton avenue, Passaic, N. J—Kuwno 3LANKENAGEL, Secretary.
members can
Statement of the Ownership, Management, Circulation, Etc., Required by the Act of Congress of August 24, 1912, of Aquatic Life, published monthly at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, for October 1, 1919.
Before me, a notary public in and for the State and County aforesaid, personally ap- peared W. A. Poyser, who, having been duly sworn according to law, deposes and says that he is the editor of Aquatic Lire, and that the following is, to the best of his knowledge and belief, a true statement of the ownership, management (and if a daily paper, the circu- lation), etc., of the aforesaid publication for the date shown in the above caption, required by the Act of August 24, 1912, embodied in Section 443, Postal Laws and Regulations, to wit:
That the names and addresses of the pub- lisher, editor, managing editor, and business managers are:
Publisher—Joseph E. Bausman, East Girard Avenue, Philadelphia, Pa.
Editor—W. A. Poyser, 207 South Thirty- seventh street, Philadelphia, Pa.
Managing Editor—None.
Business Managers—None.
That the owners are: (Give names and ad- dresses of individual owners, or, if a corpora- tion, give its name and the names and ad- dresses of stockholders owning or holding 1 per cent. or more of the total amount of stock. )
—Owners—Joseph E. Bausman, 542 East Girard Avenue, Philadelphia, Pa.; W. A. Poyser, 207 South Thirty-seventh _ street, Philadelphia, Pa.
That the known bondholders, mortgagees and other security holders owning or holding 1 per cent. or more of the total amount of bonds, mortgages, or other securities are: None.
State of Pennsylvania, County of Philadelphia.
542
W. A.” POYSER, Editor.
Sworn to and subscribed before me this 1st day of October, 1919. (Seal) JOSEPHINE V. YEAGER. My commission expires April first, 1923.
Little Arthur—“I say, father, is it true that nature never wastes anything?”
Father—‘‘Yes, Arthur; quite true.”
“Then what’s the use of the Mexican swordtail having a sword when it can’t use it?”
soe
The primary class had been studying
physiology, and in response to a question concerning the human skeleton a pupil
replied: “The skeleton is if you sat down without it you couldn’t get up.”
Aquatic Life 1918—1919
SEPTEMBER, 1918. The Blood-fin (Heede) ; Breeding Haplochilus cameronensis (elles) ;
Tie) Spotted Gourami (Kearns); Japanese Snail (Boyd); Aquarium Water and _ Its Restoration (Dormeier); Aquarium Heater
(Hale) ; Fish Foods (Heede); Happy Fam- ilies, Breeding Habits of Mud-minnow, notes and news.
Ocroper. Aquarium Heating (Breder) ; Hemiramphus fluviatilis (Brind); Mollienisia latipinna (Heede); Blue-tailed Skink (Deck- ert); Factors Controlling the Development of Tropical Aquarium Fishes (Webber); Snails in Aquaria (Gale) ; Habits of Black Bass, The Pipe-fish, notes, etc.
NovemBzr. American Live-bearing Tooth- carps (Bade); Aquarium Notes (Leitholf) ;
Notes on Krefftius adspersus (Freund) ; The Anatomy of the Fish (Clark) ; Breeding Habits of Burmese Fel (Finckh); A Bloated Axolotl (Waite) ; The Name “Water Flea,” notes and news.
DECEMBER... Cynolebias_ bellottii (Brind) ; Tillaea recurva and Other Notes (Finckh) ; Another Tank Heater (Kuhn); Aquarist vs. Aquarian (Mellen); Emotions of Fishes (Gale); A Cigar Box Aquarium (Modesto) ; Florida Notes (Carlton) ; Photosynthesis, Mis- ce.laneous notes, news, etc.
JANUARY, 1919. Ljimia caudofasciata (Leit- holf) ; Classification of Fishes (Stead); Color Changes of the Chub-sucker (Hubbs) ; Neetro- plus carpintis (Brind); A Simple Heated Aquarium (Finckh); Notes on the Breeding Habits of the Pigmy Sunfish (Poyser) ; Gold- fish Farm of Kichigoro Akiyama, notes and news.
FEBRUARY. Polycentropsis abbreviata(Brind) ; Chologaster cornutus, the Fish of the Dismal Swamp (Welsh); A Wood Aquarium (Pil- kington) ; Danio malabaricus (Leitholf) ; Notes on Native Fishes (Pray); Managing the Aquarium (/nnes) ; Reactions of Fishes to Habit-forming Drugs, The Boston Show, A True Fish Story, notes and news.
MarcH. Breeding the Goldfish (Hanna) ; Observations on the Chelonians of North America, Part I (Shufeldt) ; Lucania ommata (Welsh); Apistogramma agassizi (Heede) ; The Water-fleas (Tompkins); Viviparous Fishes-in-general (Stead); Breeding the Striped Gourami (Simpson) ; Notes and news.
Aprin. The Surinam Toad (Deckert); Cichtasoma nigrofasciatum (Brind); Keeping Living Food Alive (Jnnes); Beware the Dragonfly (Gordon); An Electrolytic Aerator (Putnam): Water Lilies, Some Cultural and Historical Notes (Pring) ; Beef vs. Liver, notes and news.
May. Nanostomus eques (Brind); The Water Horse-tail (Wobler) ; Observations on the Chelonians of North America, Part IT.
(Shufeldt); I Became a Fancier (Proctor) ; A Peculiar Planorbis (Breder); Association and Color Discrimination in Mudminnows and Sticklebacks (White); The Hay Infusion Microcosm (Woodruff); The Bladderworts, notes and news.
June. Observations on the Chelonians of North America, Part III (Shufeldt) ; Gam- busia episcopi (Brind); The Wheel Animal- cules (Bade); Sonnet to a Goldfish (Burditt) ; A Study of the Diamond Bass (Trell) ; The Brook Stickleback (Barker); Goldfish in China, Red-colored Water, Crappie Spawn in Washington Aquarium, and Society News.
Jury. A Big-headed Gurnard (Fowler) ; The Nesting Habits of Certain Sunfishes as Ob- served in a Park Lagoon in Chicago (Hubbs) ; Badis badis (Brind) ; The Paradise Fish (Bal- leisen); The Garden a Terrarium (Brcder) ; Philadelphia Aquarium, A Fish Elevator, Akiyama Goldfish Farm, notes and news.
Observations on the Chelonians of North America, Part IV (Shufeldt); The Steinhart Aquarium, with portrait of Ignatz Steinhart; Lebias sophie (Brind) ; The Senses of Fishes (Herrick); Marine Aquaria, An Epidemic Among Fishes, Manufacture of Pearl Buttons, etc.
AUGUST.
SEPTEMBER. Platypoecilus maculatus (Brind); Observations on the Chelonians of North America, Part V (Shufeldi) ; Notes on the Life-history of Planorbis corneus and Other Freshwater Mollusks (Webster) ; Phil- adelphia Exhibition, Naples Aquarium, Aquaria in the Conservatory of the Missouri Botanical Garden, Xiphophorus montezumae, Freshwater Shrimp, notes and news.
Announcement Since the initial appearance of Aquatic Life, in 1915, the publishing world has been passing era of difficulties which have delays, effecting even the largest It is a custom under such condi-
through an caused may periodicals. tion to drop numbers, publishing the following number with the designation of the month during which or before which it is mailed to readers. To the present time Aquatic Life has not availed itself of this privilege, hoping that it would be possible to issue numbers sufficiently close together to eventually make This would now seem to be impossible. It has, therefore, decided to eliminate the numbers for October, Novem-
up the lost time. been
ber and December, 1919, thus concluding Volume IV with the September, 1919, num- ber. All subscriptions affected will be ex- tended. Those expiring with the December number, or beyond, will be extended three months; with November, two months; with
October, month. Each subscriber will
accordingly
one
receive the actual number of
copies for which payment has been made.
O00 C7000
ae Anacharis
We can supply this desirable aquar- ium plant in any quantity during De- cember and January. Capacity, 50,000 bunches. Sample bunch will be mailed on receipt of ten cents. Wholesale prices on application.
JOHN W. PALMER
337 W. SECOND STREET MEDIA, PA.
If you wish to give your fish live food during winter, just sprinkle a pinch of agic in your aquarium 2 or 3 times a week. Also a little of the breeders’ choice “*Yogi’’ for a daily ration. Yogi 15c box. Yogi 75c Pound Magic (Infusoria) Robert J. 1818 Frankford Avenue
By mail 17c
Add Postage
50c Postpaid Schaeffer Phila., Pa
FI iS H FOOD
janufactured only by ROBT J. SCHAEFFER PRICE, 10e.
Sticansta Aquarium Cement
At its name implies, it sticks and stays where it is put. Has the adhesiveness of glue and the pliancy of rubber. Contains no oil, lead or glycerine, and does not harden or corrade
with age. S. A. SCRIMSHAW 1431 N. Clark Street, Chicago, Illinois.
4A CARR
938 Fountain Avenue, Brooklyn, N. Y.
Guppies (Lebistes reticulatus), 4 pairs for a dollar. Platypoecilus rubra and large gold- fish cheap. Telephone, Cypress 3973.
LIVE FOOD IS THE BEST
and grow on Enchytraeids, the Generous box by mail, 50 given for propagating
Fishes thrive little white worms. cents. Full directions them.
S. W. BURGESS, 3424 Hurley Street PHILADELPHIA
FRANCIS K. CHRIS TINE
Manufacturer of “Shield of Quality” Fishfood 15c and 20c a box. For Tropicals, 25c
Creation (the New Infusoria) 50c Box Use Without Sheep Manure
| Broadtail Telescopes and 25 Varieties of Trop-
All Aquarium Requisites. Special Dwarf Mail Orders and Inquiries Prompt-
icals. Gouramies.
| ly Attended To.
518 BELGRADE STREET PHILADELPHIA
2 tp PP tn a .
Fred. G. Schaefer Breeder of Fancy Goldfish
Show stock of Veiltail Calico and Black Tele-
scopes always on hand. AIl species of tropical
fishes and plants. Wholesale and retail,
Cheap.
1610 North Second Street
Eight Pairs of Fine, Large Pterophyllum Scalare | Philadelphia |
Ee
CY
AQUARIUMS
We make durable, artistic aquariums suit- able for home or conservatory; beautiful wherever placed. Fishes, plants, foods and all supplies for the aquarist. Cabomba, large, strong and healthy, $5.00 per hundred bunches ; none better. Pioneer Aquarium Works. Racine, Wisconsin
Read Next Issue
He Is Coming Back Who?
The Original
White Worm Breeder
|
Fine Broad-tail Telescopes BLACK and CALICO
Correspondence Solicited
CEORGE, Wil 15107 N: ‘o2d- Street, PHILADELPHIA :
Please Mention
POU A TIC ELE”
When Writing Advertisers
A a a a TD Jqior Excellent Conformation
I 3
n Color Cannot Be Beat
how Their Quality in Finnage
ave Blues, Blacks and Calicos
very Fancier Should Look Them Over
ee Them at C. C. VOWINKEL Philadelphia, Pa
[walfers}fec] wel)
3
5109 Catherine Street
oC 0 D6 Fi 6 Oa 6 6 Fs 6 Os Fs a eT es Ps 5
i | | | ! | | | ! | | | | |
AP 6 Ps Fs Fs Os Fs Fs FS Fe
Several thousand
Young Broadtail Telescopes and Japs
in all the desirable colors, with deep bodies and from two to four inches long. Per dozen, $10 and up.
Gneiding’s Goldfish Hatchery Ridgefield Park : :
Phone, Hackensack 2599W
New Jersey
<4 Ss Sd St Ps Ps Fs Fs bs Pe es es Ps Ps 6 Ps Ps Ps ach
oh
1
HUGO C. NELLES
Dealer and Breeder of Tropical Fish
10440 115th Street, Richmond Hill L.I., N.Y. SEE MY MODERN CONSERVATORY.
/ Prices reasonable. Two silver cups, 23 first ] prizes awarded at the last exhibition of the » %
Ridgewood Aquarium Society. DIRECTIONS—Take Fulton Street Elevator, B.
Te Mhoe use Walnut street exit.
to Lefferts avenue; Walk back one block.
5 SP 6 6 8 6 SR 5 BR 6 9 6 Fs Ss Fs Ps $s ss
% a ets
SCRIMSHAW’S FISH HATCHERY
1431 N. Clark Street, Chicago, III.
Superior 4415.
Delivery.
Telephone, Auto
Importer and Breeder of a Large Variety of Gold and Tropical Fishes
no oil or glycerine. Complete line of aquariums
kept in stock; special sizes made to order,
Large stock of tropical fishes always on hand (36 species). Shipments made to all parts of the United States and Canada. Plants, snails and
general supplies for the aquarist.
I will} pay cash for your surplus fishes, if first- class stock.
sirds, Kennels. Dogs bought and sold on commission. Talking parrots, Can furnish any sort of What do you want?
cages and bird-houses.
a PS Fs Ps Fe BS FF SF FS FR SB FF Bg Os
warbling canaries, etc. live stock.
Out-of-Town Customers name County When
Ordering.
( | | | Non-hardening aquarium cement that contains : | | | »
a a ee \
le a
| Something New!
a fine, large stock of Danio malabaricus and other species of Danio. (The most sprightly aquarium fishes) Haplochilus, Barbus, Mouth-breeders and many other beautiful fishes.
August Obermuller
Breeder and Fancier of Telescopes and Tropicals 96 Columbia Avenue, Jersey City Heights, N. J.
visitors welcome at conservatory any Saturday afternoon and on Sunday.
eo ao 9 S000 C5000 Ca
AQUATIC MICROSCOPY BY DR. ALFRED C. STOKES
» !
SPLENDID, not too technical hand- book of the lower organisms for the : |
inquiring aquarist who dislikes to be nonplused by scientific verbiage. 324 pages, with 198 illustrations.
$2.50 Plus Postage on 2 Pounds
Address Aquatic Life
Po S000 SMD ODO SCH IIH
SS SS SS oe 000 SESS [pu | quump | agtmn | cau |i |@ © ©] axum | axe] eum | camp | ax]
)
If Your Fish Are Not Doing Well—Try | ENCHYTRAEIDS - White Worms
The natural and best food for goldfishes, barring none. Package, 50c¢. (cash or check), with in- structions for raising a constant supply.
PAUL MARQUARDT, 829 Teutonia Avenue, Milwaukee, Wis
a enn uae aioe
GOLDEIsi
1,500,000 PLAIN & FANCY
Ready for market at rock-bottom prices. Ship- 8
:
ped anywhere in United States or Canada. Write for our illustrated catalogue.
$1.50 - Brind’s New Book - $1.50 ‘“‘The Practical Fish Fancier’’
Was $3.00—has paid for itself, so you get the
Oriental Goldfish and Supply Co
3757 - 3761 Cottege Grove Avenue
DOOCOOCDOCCOGCO CON CO0CC0 C00:
benefit. This work shows Fish, Plants, etc., in Chicago, Illinois ! natural colors and half-tone. DD00DCDDGDDDNO0D0RD0000000000000: Illustrates 138 Fish—Tropical, Gold and Do-
mestic; 21 Plants and 4o Insects, Parasites, Sale or Exchange Infusoria, etc. ‘ Pees Surplus Stock of Rare and Fancy Fish 0 Di ; state P g
rder Direct TO-DAY as only a limited number of copies left Plants of All Kinds
W. L. BRIND, 449 W. 206th Street 6. Germann, 0. D. 3823 N. Richmond St. Chicago NEW YORK Phone: Monticello 6864.
Ck oie of er
Mollienisia latipinna (or Velifera)
Some scientists assert that Velifera is but a perfectly developed latipinna—the only sort we ship. Per dozen, $4.00, Cyprinodon variegatus (Sheepshead Minnow), $3.00 per dozen. Notropis metallicus, Fundulus heteroclitus, Gambusia holbrooki, Goldfish—all varieties. Shubunkins (Spotted Goldfish), $4.00 per dozen. Japanese Snails, $2.00 and $2.50 per dozen. Plants. Vallisneria (narrow leaf), 30 cents per dozen; Vallisneria (wide leaf), 60 cents per dozen: Sagittaria (broad leaf), 75 cents per dozen; Water Poppy, $1.00 per dozen; Cabomba, 8 Giant Anacharis, Potomogeton and Myriophyllum spicatum (milfoil), 75 cents per dozen bunches. Egyptian Lotus (dormant tubers—best time to plant), 50 cents each. Red, White and Yellow Water Lilies (dormant tubers), 50 cents each; (seeds, 15 cents per pack- age). All plants postpaid. Freshwater Shrimp, sun dried, shelled and shredded. The best fish food. Contains no 8 other substances. Coarse, medium or fine, $1.10 per pound, postpaid. White Worms (Wn- chytraeus), per portion, 50 cents, with instructions how to breed a continuous supply. The best live food. <A collection of twelve varieties of aquarium plants, $1.00, postpaid. When remitting for fishes please include 50 cents for shipping can.
CRESCENT FISH FARM, 1624 Mandeville Street, New Orleans, La,
o. | i i i ML ga ee
SSS 0 00 SCO SCS]
ce | Lincoln Park Pet Shop
EVERYTHING IS FISH THAT COMES TO THE NET OF A NATURALIST
Don't paddle in the water with’ one hand and be blind with both eyes. In other words, “keep your eyes open’’ for all nature,
Our Magazine
be Guive to Mature Will Help You
It is edited by EDWARD F. BIGELOW, who fishes in the heavens ane earth, as well as the waters under the earth
Four months’ trial, 25e. one _year, $1.00.
THE AGASSIZ ASSOCIATION
ArcAdiA - Sound Beach Connecticut i S. SILVER
Fancier and Breeder of ‘Tropical Fishes Splendid healthy stock at reasonable
prices. Haplochilus cameronensis, Betta ‘rubra, etc. All kinds of live-bearing fishes.
235 East 11th Street NEW YORK CITY
(Between 2d and 3d avenues)
HENRY KISSEL, JR.
Breeder & Fancier of Broadtail Telescopes
Tropical Fishes, Plants and Snails. Fishes, Plants, etc., Sold at Conservatory Telephone 461 Cliffside 241 Walker Street, Cliffside, N. J.
Goldfishes Blues and Vari-hues
None for sale at present! =~
42000
fo oe]
GEORGE A. SCHENK Mount Vernon, N. Y.
lo oe}
MADAM TUZEE, Manager. ‘TROPICAL FISHES OUR SPECIALTY
BIRDS & SMALL PETS OF ALL KINDS
Aquaria, Bird Cages and all Supplies. Dogs
1509 North Clark Street CHICAGO
/ | Displayed and Sold on Commission.
- nearly 300 tropicals ; how to breed
Thousands of Young Veiltail Telescopes from the Finest |
Stock in America
$2.50 per Dozen $ 15.00. per Hundred
Mixed Colors, Blues, Blacks Calicos, Etc.
Franklin Barrett - Wyoming Avenue & C. Street, Phila., Pa
35c Extra for Shipping Can Cash With Order
THE BEST BOOK THE AQUARIUM & SUBJECTS
is ‘Goldfish Varieties & Tropical Aquarium Fishes’’, byWm.T. Innes, former President of the Aquarium Society of Phila.; 250 pages, 195 illustrations. Tells all about the SY} fancy varieties of the Goldfish and
them, etc., etc. For the beginner or the advanced expert.
A complete, practical, handsome heck sent postpaid anywhere for $4.00 Enlarged edition now ready.
INNES & SONS - 133 N. 12th St. - Phila., Pa.
Diatoms Strewn slides of diatoms offered in ex- change for similar slides, diatomaceous material, or slides of any character.
Editor, Aquatic Life
fT aQUARIA FISH”
A practical work on care and breeding of fish in the aquarium, greenhouse and outdoor ponds. Finely illustrated. Everyone interested in keeping fish should send for a copy of this book. Price $1.00.
Tappan’s Natural Fish Food. Three boxes, post- paid, 25c.
Guinea Pigs and Thoroughbred Collie Pups, beau- tifully marked. Write for prices.
F. L. TAPPAN
) Route 2, Hopkins, Minn.
Aquatic Life
Vol. II 23 Vol. III $2.25 each, postage paid
Volumes average 165 pages and as many illustrations. Substantial cloth binding, with title page and complete
index. (Stock of Volume IT is small.) WANTED: One hundred copies of Volume I, loose or bound. Can use
ee single issues. Address publisher.
JAPANESE GOLDFISH By DR. HUGH M. SMITH
A guide to the methods of breeding fancy goldfish practiced in Japan. The result of the personal investigations of the author. Ten breeds are illus-
lo © 0.0 0 0.0 0 ol amms aman! am |
trated in color, with numerous text cuts; 112 pages. $2.00, plus postage on 2 pounds.
Address Aquatic Life
HERMAN RABENAU, Aauarist PERMANENT DISPLAY OF Aquatic Life & Terraria
must be seen to be appreciated Visitors Welcome | Plants and Tropical Fish a Specialty Importations of New Varieties received regularly 1163 Myrtle Avenue, Brooklyn, N. Y. Near Broadway.
GOLDFISH, FOODS, PLANTS, DIP NETS
Combination Natural Fish Food - Sample Box 10c Japanese Shrimp Fish Food - - Sample Can 15c Baby Fish Food Sample Box l5c Glass Feeding Rings 15c, 25c 35c¢ Each
Mail Orders Promptly Attended to
Special Prices on Quantity Lots. Cash With Order,
Catalogue Sent Upon Request.
AQUARIUM STOCK CO
273 Greenwich Street New York City
HARRY P. PETERS
- 1210 N. Warnock Street, Philadelphia, Pa BREEDER AND IMPORTER Rare and Fancy Fish
Plants of every variety, Snails and
Aquarium Supplies of all kinds at all times.
MANUFACTURER OF
Green River Fish Food 15c Box
Green River Baby Fish Food - 20c Box
A GOOD FISH FOOD is one of the most essential things necessary to keep fish in good health. After -the test of years Green River stands out as the best food on the market. It keeps the fish in good color by pro- moting a healthy, robust growth. It will not sour ot cloud the water. Ask
! your dealer or send for it today. iC 600C— 000 C505 s
Breeders
‘Large assortment of Splendid Telescopes > and Jap Goldfish at Reasonable Prices
Fine Assortment of Lionheads Shipping Cans 50c Young Blues, Blacks and Calicos $1.50 Dozen Young Veiltails or Broadtails 5.00 Dozen
HARRY P. PETERS 1210 NORTH WARNOCK, STREET
PHILADELPHIA ;
Nippon Goldfish Co!
T. MURATA, Proprietor.
1919-21 Bush Street, San Francisco, Cal Importers and Dealers
GOLDFISH PLANTS SNAILS Dried Shrimp, Birds, Cages and All Supplies
NEW STOCKS ARE COMING! Price List Sent on Request
{Ga whaget 7. eV
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CCAR A ni nt
Jacob C. Cassel
915 Arch Street, Philadelphia, Pa
Manufacturer o7
AQUARIUMS
Aquarium Ornaments Floral Terra Cotta, Etc.
Fish Globes Fish Food and all aquarium requisites.
Send for Catalog.
Goldfish
S2COO 00S COO SOS COO CS CS CGD O00600006 000000!
Aquatic Life
Vol. V. February, 1920 No. 2
An international monthly magazine devoted ta the study, care and breeding of fishes and other animals and plants in the home aquarium and
terrarium.
W. A. POYSER.......... doBooueoO DORE EDITOR JOSEPH E. BAUSMAN .......... PUBLISHER 542 East Girard Avenue .......... Philadelphia
Entered as second-class matter, September 2d, 1915, at the Post Office, Philadelphia, Pa., under Act of March 3d, 1879.
Popular and scientific articles and notes on sub- jects pertaining to the aquarium and terrarium, and to the habits of fishes in general, are always wanted for ‘‘Aquatic Life.’’ Readers are invited to join in making it a:‘medium of mutual help by contributing to it the results of their studies. The pages are always open to anyone having informa- tion of interest to the aquarist and student of aquatic biology. Manuscripts, books for review and general correspondence should be addressed to the editor.
“‘Aquatie Life”’ has the largest circulation of any magazine in the world devoted to aquatic nature-study. It offers to advertisers a market that can be reached through no other medium. Rates made known on application.
I O00000000 000 000 ICT 000 000000000000
YEARLY SUBSCRIPTION................ $1.25 FOREIGN SUBSCRIPTIONS............... 1.50 SINGER COR Yar e oc raisin'c'n ce cle le'ee winivivicis oin)si= 6 15
Payments should be made by money order, draft or registered letter. If local checks are sent, ten cents should be added for collection charges. For- eign remittances should be by international money order, Copyright, E. Bausman.
1920, by Joseph
COO 000000000 CD COO 000000 000 000 GS CSC TS5000 000000000
CO00COC00000000 CSCS CD OCOOOCOOOC O00 C00,
ee
T. P. LOVERING
AQUARIST WILMINGTON, NORTH.CAROLINA
% |
New Varieties Aquatic Plants Choice and Rare Specimens Snakes and Reptiles
Tropical Fishes
; : : : : : : : : : : : : : Fundulus nottii, $1.50 per pair. 3 8 Elassoma everegladei, $1.75 per pair. 8 Heterandria formosa, $1.00 per pair. 8 M. chaetodon, 50c each : 8 Small turtles, $1.25 per dozen. Newts, $1.00 per dozen.
: : : i : : : : i
%
Wholesale to dealers.
$1.00 SPECIAL
Attractive assortment
of Plants
Sufficient stock for private aquarium.
[amsle 0 ole 0 c]e.0 o]e 0 010.0 20 0 ole 0 cle 0 elec cle 0 ele 2 0/0 0 clams)
putes SSss =
Water Gardenin g
Your water garden is now a memory. Than the eold winter evenings there is no better time to plan new effects for 1920, whether your ef- forts will be with a tub or a pond measured in acres.
THE BOOK OF WATER GARDENING
will help you create a picture that will never- more be called (by your neighbors) ‘‘a durn old stagnant pool.’’
The book contains 140 illustrations, more than enough to give you a comprehensive idea of the
decorative possibilities of water plants. The Price is $2.75. THE BOOK DEPARTMENT AQUATIC LIFE
|S SS SSS SSO SS ST SSS SI
Philadelphia
foe
COCO 000008 SSS 99655
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Leading Fishfood over all others. Try it. Watch them grow
ROART CAMA SROKNESE rs a Egon
4 For GOLD anon TROPICAL F/SH *
Feed fish, food that is fish- food fit for fish. The only
) | food composed of aquatic, ; ; |
| animal and yegetable sub- ‘ stances from which goo / results are obtained.
Dealers, write for prices
15c Box Baby | Food 20c Box By Mail 2c Extra WM. G. SARBACHER, 1318 N. Dover St,, Phila., Pa
900990000000 44 000000000000 C———
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The purpose of this paper is to present an outline of the substances used as foods for goldfish by the breeders of Japan. Foods naturally fall into two classes, animal and vegetable. Though the gold- fish is often classed as omnivorous it is a fact that to produce the most vigorous specimens it is necessary that animal sub- stances dominate in the food supplied. First in importance are the entomostra- cans—Daphnia, Cyclops, Cypris and allied forms. Following close in point of value come larval mosquitoes, tubifex worms, the dried and ground chrysalis of the silkwork, ground shrimp, dried bonito, boiled eggs of domestic fowl, dregs of meat and similar substances. The foods of vegetable origin are usually used as ingredients in prepared mixtures, viz., worm-eaten wheat flour, wheat bran, buckwheat flour, worm-eaten rice flour, rice brain, corn meal, etc. :
The advance of the science of sanita- tion, in Japan as elsewhere, has made for the stamping out of the stagnant and often filthy ponds in which the much- to-be-desired entomostracans—Daphnia, Cyclops, ete.—reach their greatest devel- opment in numbers. The Japanese were thus early led to put aside ponds and study conditions favoring their develop- ment under control. A small, muddy pond about fifty feet square is now much favored. ‘The pond may have a bottom of sand or mud, but a mixture of the two is preferable. The water should first be drawn off, and the bottom then thor- oughly worked with a large wooden rake, after which manure should be spread
| Goldfish Foods and Feeding
as Practiced in Japan EIICHIRO, NaKASHIMA
a 9 8s
eer er ch
evenly over the soil; about a medium- sized bucketful to each five square feet of surface. The manure may be human feces, from domestic animals, artificial or rice bran, etc. Any may be used alone or several sorts mixed. ‘To promote de- composition water is withheld for sev- eral days to expose the bed to the sun’s rays. Then it is permitted to fill to a depth of six inches and a quantity of adult Daphnia introduced. At intervals more water is added until a depth of two to three feet is reached. After a lapse of ten to fifteen days plenty of Daphnia will be found.
The quantity produced by such a pond will depend upon the climate, nature of the water, soil temperature, initial treat- ment of the pond, etc. Water plants should have been removed in preparing the bottom, as it is considered that they absorb certain materials needed by the Dahpnia, their presence, therefore, being detrimental. When animal manures are used the Daphnia appear most quickly and in great abundance, but do not long persist. On the other hand, with manure of vegetable origin, they seem to develop more slowly but the supply is of longer
duration. It is better in consequence to use a mixture of the two classes of manure.
Larval mosquitoes are found in almost all bodies of freshwater and at times may be collected in quantity, affording valuable food for adult fishes. In a past number of Aquatic Life, H. E. Finckh, E'sq., of Australia, describes an admir- able scheme for maintaining a supply at
14 Aquatic Lite
home, whereby the eggs are collected and hatched in jars, being thus small enough for very young fishes. This plan, while entirely suitable where the output 1s small, would not be practicable for an establishment rearing many thousands of goldfish.
Tubifex worms, which will be found described in most zoological textbooks, occur in sand and mud, especially in dirty drains and ditches. They are con- sidered indispensable in rearing lion- heads. When they are collected, much mud will be taken. This may be placed in a pan of water and stirred several times, when they will assemble in masses and may be removed. Otherwise, put the catch into a sieve with a wire-cloth bottom, or in a bamboo basket, finely woven, through the meshes of which they will eventfully find their way into the water below. For young fishes it may be necessary to cut them into small pieces. At other times care should be taken not to use too many, as they may be injured in handling and quickly die and pollute the water.
The silkworm is very abundant in Japan and the chrysalids are very cheap. These are dried and ground and mixed with vegetable ingredients, such as wheat flour, bran and corn meal. It is consid- ered very nourishing, and is used by most Japanese breeders. If fed alone, it is apt to kill the fish, as it is rich in fats and decomposes readily.
Dried, ground shrimp is a very nour- ishing food and may be used alone, but it is rather expensive and for that reason is usually added to mixtures of the vege- table substances.
The bonito is a fish of the mackerel family and is widely distributed over the world. In method of using and in effect it does not differ much from shrimp, but is at times used for fishes while being
transported great distances.
“Yolk water” is made by filtering, through cheese-cloth, the yolks of hard- boiled chicken’s eggs. This is for larval fish not yet large enough to take Daphnia, and may be used as a substi- tute in the absence of the latter. Some- times the yolk, broken in small pieces, rather than mashed and filtered, is fed to adult fish in advance of the spawning season.
Dregs of meat or lean meat scraps are used as an ingredient in mixtures.
Worm-eaten wheat flour, flour that has been infested with weevils, is consid- ered valuable, and has the added advan- tage of being cheap, an important fea- ture considering the quantities used by the large fish farms. In connection with the other vegetable materials it forms the basis of many food mixtures.
An artificial food for young fish may be composed of “just a trifle” of ground shrimp or chrysalis, 10 parts corn meal, 25 parts rice bran and 65 parts wheat dust. These should be thoroughly mixed while dry and then stirred into a pot of boiling water, blending well and making a mixture harder than mash. For older fish the ingredients may be a trifle of shrimp, 20 parts corn meal and 8o parts wheat. Before and during breeding activ- ities there is need for a more non-nitro- genous food, so the mixture should be changed to 20 parts shrimp and 80 parts corn meal.
Due to the increasing difficulties of securing sufficient foods, the Breeders’ Tokyo has been experimenting with a
live Association of
quantities of
view of making prepared food simulate more closely in calories and bulk the live rT . . he materials available
foods. are
grains and flesh. The grains should be powdered and the flesh boiled, all bones
(Concluded on page 20.)
Se se
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Observations on the Chelonians of North America. VII.
Dee Wer cl se a Gin Zam
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55 8 SF 8 SP FS SF fF SSF 8 SF Ff SF SSF SF Se
6 8 SF SS PFS FSS SS 28 Ps Fs Fs Fd 9 OE
Common Snapping Turtle
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In Part VI of the present series there was presented three different views of the young of our common Snapping Turtle (Chelydra serpentina), and in the present contribution it is my intention to offer some notes on the adult of this interesting and widely known species. One of the handsomest examples of this species of the family Chelydridae I cap- tured near E,dgemoor, in Maryland, early in the summer of 1910, later presenting it to the National Zoological Park, at Washington, D. C., where it was duly placed in the alligator tank, and where it was devoured next day by one of those voracious reptiles. It was an unusually fine individual, its dark parts being of a deep, leaden black, and the usual mark-
Chelydra serpentina
oO BR OR SP th Ph Ph A A fe
9 6 9S Os TS BS Rs 0 BE 6 BS Ps sd Os Ps ae
ings of yellowish white, the contrast making a very attractive combination, especially when the animal was just being lifted out of the water. This specimen had a length of some thirty centimeters, and was taken in a little stream that passed through a marshy place where cattails and other aquatic plants flour- ished.
I made but one photograph of this capture; this is here reproduced, and it gives a very excellent idea of the appear- ance of one of this species. In American Forestry and elsewhere I have published some of my photographs of other snap- ping turtles, and they show direct views of upper and lower parts of the shell as presented by examples of this species.
16 Aquatic Lite
There is another species of snapping turtle which is confined to Mexico and Guatemala, while our United States spe- cies is found as far south as Ecuador in South America. ‘These, however, are the merest pygmies when we come to compare them with our giant, the Alli- gator Snapping Turtle (Macrochelys lacertina), which may come to weigh as much as 160 pounds, and which inhabits the main rivers that empty into the Gulf of Mexico from western Texas to sim- ilar streams emptying into the Gulf of Mexico in western Florida. It 1s nowhere especially abundant, and 1 do not recall having seen a single specimen of it during the year and a half I spent in the city of New Orleans. From per- sonal observation, then, I can add noth- ing to the history of this great reptile beyond what has already been published.
I have, however, from time to time, owned specimens of our common snap- ping turtle during the past fifty-five years or more, and kept them in captivity for study. ‘These I have usually captured myself, having come across them in their the muddy southwestern Connecticut,
haunts in slow-running, streams of and in the marshy tracts of the southern States.
Specimens of this reptile may come to weigh from 31 to 33 pounds, and have a length of nearly 30 inches. A bite from a big one is no trifling matter, for cases are on record where a finger or a toe has been bitten off by a large specimen, while the Alligator Snapper has been hand or a_ foot. Marvelous, indeed, is the power of the
known to bite off a sharp, cutting jaws of either of these species; and one in good health has the habit, when irritated, of striking at its enemy much as an angry snake does. They capture the fish they feed upon in
the same manner, and a snapping turtle
will conceal itself in the soft mud at the bottom of the pond or stream where it lives, thus taking hapless minnows and other species that chance to swim over it within striking distance. As given, this chelonian stroke is of lightning rapid- ity, so like a flash indeed that the eye appreciates it with great difficulty. Snap- pers invariably feed under water, and many a young duck has been dragged beneath that element, to be devoured by one of these voracious reptiles. As a matter of fact, a snapper will starve to death should opportunity to feed under water be denied it. This may be easily demonstrated through experiment, but it is a cruel thing to do. Through gentle- ness and kindness, some good-tempered specimens of our snapping turtle have come to be very harmless pets, and will feed out of the hand of the one accus- tomed to giving them food beneath the surface of the water in the tank where they are kept.
Years ago I often kept tiny little snap- pers in one of my aquaria, and well do | remember a specimen | had that was not more than an inch in length, from the back of which grew a long tassel of ele- gant, green moss, fully twice the length of the turtle. This moss streamed out from behind it in a very attractive fash- ion, as it swam the length of the aqua- rium, wherein it lived at peace with other young turtles of various species.
Eggs of this turtle are spherical in form, with tough, roughish, white shells, the female laying some dozen of them to the clutch. She often lays these at some distance from the pond or stream in which she lives, and she will plod over the ground until she comes to a place of her liking, when she will proceed to worry a sizable excavation, into which she settles down, depositing egg after
egg until the clutch is complete. ‘Then
out she crawls again and begins to push the earth over her treasures through any movement of which she is capable, some- times crowding it in front of her until it tumbles into the cavity, or working it in through a sidelong motion. After the eggs are all safely covered, she will pass again and again over the place until she appears to feel quite satisfied that she has made it appear as natural as pos- sible. Beyond this fact, however, we stand much in need of a whole lot more information on this subject, especially as to the time of incubation, how the tiny young find their way to water, and many other points. ae oe February Pointers
Nature knows no fiscal year, but the aquarist must know the “fishal year.” During this month of short and dull days we are aware that the oxygen released by the plants is almost nil. It is beneficial, therefore, to occasionally add fresh water to the self-sustaining aqua- rium. In thus proceeding, syphon the water from the bottom, taking with it the accumulation of sediment, and replace with water of the same temperattire drawn several hours before.
If fishes incline to mate, rate the sexes or lower the temperature. Vitality to produce strong, healthy off-
either sepa-
spring is lacking at this breeding should ordinarily be discour- aged until later when it is possible to pro- vide abundant live foods.
Food-rings eliminate guess work and over-feeding. The rings may be of glass, cork or paraffin. One of the latter ma- terial may be made by pouring it while hot into a tin-box cover. When cool remove the centre of the disc with a pointed knife. Surplus food produces noxious gases and otherwise fouls the
water. (Guard against it. If you can
season and.
Aquatic Lite il
secure daphne, or have propagating boxes of enchytraeids and angle worms, they may be fed to great advantage. Scraped raw beef is a good substitute. Roots of plants should not be disturbed this month. Growth
not
is slow and the
plants do readily lost energy incidental to bruised roots and leaves which will speedily decay. Specimens brought from outdoors must be gradually acclimated to the greater warmth of the house and quar-
antined.
overcome
At no other time of the year are parasites introduced on the new arri- vals so apt to make their presence known.
The greatest danger of the winter months is in the often rapid changes of temperature, affecting small aquaria more so than larger ones. The vitality of the fishes is comparatively low, mak- ing them very susceptible to disease and parasites. While the “white pest,’ Jch- thyopthirius multifilius, may infest fishes at any time, we know it best from its ravages during the cold months. Many schemes to combat this pest have been devised, but the best general plan is to gradually raise the temperature of the aquarium and feed live food as much as possible. If convenient, mechanical aeration may be used. Two or three times daily syphon a little water from the bottom of the tank, replacing with fresh, warm water. Make a solution of sheep manure and warm water and add a little twice daily to the aquarium, con- tinuing until the water in the aquarium takes on a darker color.—Chicago Aqua- rium Society.
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A lot of problems solve themselves if
let alone. as See Bar
A man never finds the ideal woman until he locates one who believes every- thing he tells her.
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hm mt a tt I IA TAF PF A 48 Ff 9
In the last number of Aquatic Life the larva and pupa of the mosquito were described; the present article deals with the adult insect.
The active little pupa contains the de- veloping imago or perfect insect, the head and thorax being enclosed in the larger part, whilst the curved tail is the abdomen. In a short time the mosquito is ready to leave the chrysalis case, and commence the final period of its life his- tory; the photographs show the manner in which this change is effected. The mosquito illustrated is Culex fatigans, a widely distributed species, pictures of the immature stages of which appeared in the previous paper. :
When fully developed the pupa is very dark in color; if disturbed it is reluctant to dive. By now placing it in a small aquarium the completion of the meta- morphosis may be admirably observed.
Just prior to emergence the pupa un- bends its abdomen and floats at the sur- face in a horizontal position. The en- closed mosquito pushes upwards against the skin, which slowly bulges until the portion between the breathing-tubes pro- trudes above the surface. This is then burst open and the thorax immediately appears through the slit—emerging first because the head is bent downwards be- neath it in the chrysalis. The insect rises up out of the case with a very steady and regular motion, and excepting for an oc- casional wriggle of the abdomen, without visible effort. In the third picture the antennae are released, and it is apparent from the feathery appearance of these
1 es jim gy 5 69 ey 6p bs hb Ep FF HF OL
‘The MOSQUITO
HERBERT M. HALE, South Australian Museum
i
organs that the emerging mosquito is a male. ‘The body is now almost upright and is supported by the floating pupal skin; the legs are held stiffly along the sides and are still partially enclosed. The slightest breeze will cause the mosquito to career over the surface as 1f in a min- iature boat, and a sudden gust may upset it. Even when capsized the with- drawal is frequently completed, but the insect is entangled in the surface film from which it cannot extricate itself. Individuals which have thus perished will often be seen on the surface of a pond. If fishes or predaceous aquatic insects are present there is the additional danger of an attack from below.
The wings are extracted before the legs are entirely withdrawn from their sheaths. The front pair is freed first and greater stability is attained by rest- ing them on the surface. film, the latter being indented but not pierced by the infinitesimal pressure of these delicate members. The middle pair soon follows and finally the ends of the long hind legs are drawn out.
Our mosquito is now free and after resting until the wings are dry, would in the usual course of events, flutter away in search of a mate. Being im- prisoned in a glass cell, however, it set- tles on the side of this and we may examine it at leisure. “The head is much smaller proportionately than in the larva, in which the eyes were represented by mere blotches of pigment, whereas each now number of
consists of a great
lenses. ‘Tiny, variously colored scales
Aquatic
Lite 19
The Birth of a Mosquito Photographs by the author
clothe the insect, giving it a beautiful iridescent appearance. The female which has smaller and less ornate antennae than the male, sucks blood, and is provided with a sheathed set of lancets for punc- turing the skin. The male, not being so equipped, is comparatively inoffensive, feeding on plant and other juices as does the common house fly; in a few species both sexes are said to bite, but usually the female only is the offender. The peculiar buzzing note of the female at-
Enlarged three and one-half diameters
tracts the male, he being enabled to rec- ognize her call by means of the vibra- tions of the hairs on his plumose an- these acting as sound. After impregnation the eggs are deposited on the water, often in several batches. To accomplish this the female stands on the surface film, steadying
tennae, recorders of
herself by grasping with the fore legs some floating particle such as duck- As the eggs are laid they are waterproof
weed. fastened together with a
20 Aquatic Lite
secretion and arranged in a boat-shaped mass with the aid of the hind legs; her duty being now fulfilled she soon dies. Each egg has a trap-door arrange- ment at the bottom, through which the little wriggler drops out into the water; thus again commences the life cycle of
the insect. ———__>__—_-
Goldfish Foods
(Concluded from page 14.) and fats being carefully removed. ‘The resultant food should not only be prop- erly compounded but it should contain some sort of a binder, chicken egg or agar agar, to prevent it dissolving or breaking up and polluting the water.
To secure a food as a substitute for larval mosquitoes, this insect was ana- lysed by a chemist. With this informa- tion it was possible to make a mixture the elements of which approximate those of the mosquito, viz., two pints of wheat flour boiled like mash, one chicken egg, one and one-half scruples of sugar and one-fifth of a pint of lean, boiled pork. These ingredients are thoroughly mixed and then dried, keeping perfectly for a long time.
Food mixtures, regardless of how pre- pared, will if used without discrimina- tion, pollute the water. For this reason Japanese breeders invariably use feed- ing pans. ‘These are unglazed porcelain dishes, very shallow, and about eighteen inches in diameter. The dishes are sus- pended by three strong strings from poles thrust into the banks of the pond, and extend about two feet from the shore. Into these the foods are placed with dippers. For larval fish the pans are suspended about two inches below the of the water, grown young and adults the depth may
surface while for well-
be five inches. ———
A business succeeds only as it serves.
Luciocephalus pulcher C. J. HEEDE
Along the eastern coast of Sumatra, six to ten miles inland, in swamp waters and ditches, is found that peculiar laby- rinth fish, Luciocephalus pulcher. Later- ally translated the name means pretty pike-head, and in appearance it does re- semble that voracious game fish.
The general color is attractive reddish- brown, with a dark lateral band bordered
Luciocephalus pulcher
with black and white; abdomen light gray, with a tint of rose. As with other labyrinth fishes the coloration is apt to vary considerably. Full grown individ- uals may reach a length of four inches.
Authentic information on its breeding habits seems to be lacking, though an opinion has been held that it is live-bear- ing, which is unlikely. It 1s known to aquarists only from a number of speci- ‘mens taken to Europe in 1905, whic* did not long survive.
eee
About six hundred species of fishes are found in the rivers of the United States.
Sos
The Greeks played an instrument called a lyre. The instrument is still used, but now it’s a mouth-organ.—Harvard Lam- Poon.
te ar Ree one
| Maintaining an Aquarium | ! MAX TRELL | oe tt tt yer
Too many people are inclined to be- lieve that the maintenance of an aqua- rium is a divine gift bestowed upon a lucky minority much in the same fashion as the gift of music, poetry and the other arts. Fortunately they are wrong. Few things are so easy, give so little trouble; im fact, so nearly take care of themselves, as the aquarium. All that is required is a short, enjoyable appren- ticeship and a great deal of interest. I am ready to guarantee that, given‘a person with a willingness to learn and an interest in the subject (provided he is neither immature in intellect or years), I will put him in a position to keep alive as many finny pets as he has room for, and in a shorter time than he perhaps thinks possible.
Aquarium, from my pen, immediately excludes bowls, flat dishes, jars, hanging contrivances and a vast army of glass receptacles that are veritable torture chambers for the inhabitants. The normal affair is a rectangular box from a foot to sixty inches long, with a depth of not more than twenty inches in the largest size, the bottom preferably of slate, though glass may be used in small sizes. Aquaria are occasionally manufactured with metal bottoms. Unless these have been so treated as to be rust-proof, it is walking into unnecessary danger to buy
them. A two-inch layer of small, white peb- bles or sand should, after thorough
washing, be spread over the bottom and a quantity of water-plants (which any dealer can supply) placed in position.
The quantity of plants needed will de- pend both on the size of the aquarium and the species of the plants. The plants have a two-fold use. The first is to supply oxygen to the air-breathing ani- mals in the water, and the second is to beautify the tank. Without plants the aquarium would be devoid of interest no matter how many fishes it contained. Fishes at the surface is an ominous sign. It signifies that either the water is dank and foul or that the amount of oxygen in the water is insufficient to support the animal life contained therein. The fishes may do one of two things. They may remain at the bottom and drown or swim at the top and live a few days longer. Unless other conditions are factors they will be found at the top taking advantage of the oxygen absorbed by the water from the air. The remedy in the case of foul water is a speedy change, and in the second, the installa- tion of more oxygen-giving plants or the removal of some of the fishes to another tank. Excessively hot weather, or a pro- tracted period of dull days, reduces the activity of the plants and brings the fishes to the surface. indication of too many fishes, and re- futes that “balanced aquarium.” Either the plants are giving off more oxygen than is actually being consumed,
But even this is an ill-chosen term No aquarium is balanced.
the excess being given off into the atmos- phere, or there is an insufficient supply and the fishes are at the
The proper term is
surface in
agony.
“self-sus- taining aquarium,’ i-
the plants being su
22 Aquatic Lite
ficient in number to liberate at all times and under all conditions more oxygen than is needed.
Novices aiming at odd effects place fairy casties and tunnels in the tank. Nothing is more ridiculous, save perhaps celluloid ducks, geese and alligators! Space, even in the largest of tanks, is never excessive and should not be delib- erately wasted. To do so merely for the transient pleasure of seeing a fish squeeze through a window and emerge from the roof is as lamentable as it is laughable.
An important consideration is the loca- tion of the tank. No one would think of keeping a rubber-plant or a geranium in a dark corner. A place in the sunlight is necessary; do not confuse sunlight with sunshine. Water plants will inva- riably cease to function and decay unless they are given sufficient light to perform the process of photosynthesis, in which the needed oxygen is liberated for the fishes. But while it is absolutely neces- sary that they have light, on the other hand too much light will have another consequence. Doubtless everyone has seen the green slime peculiar to swamps and pools, commonly mis-termed malaria water. A similar condition will soon pre- vail in the aquarium if it is allowed to stand in the direct rays of the sun. This is caused by an excessive growth of algae, a group of one-celled plants. So well do they thrive with warmth and sunshine that in a few weeks they may dominate the tank, covering and choking the higher plants, in some instances even rendering movement on the part of the fishes dif- ficult. A large sheet of tissue paper ap- plied to the side of the aquarium nearest the window serves to prevent such an excessive growth. Snails and tadpoles, both of which feed on algae, may well be
introduced.
It is nothing short of idiocy to place too many fishes in an aquarium. A single hot day will work hayoe in an over- stocked tank. Three or four fish will live indefinitely in an aquarium of adequate size if they are fed once a day and kept out of reach of inquisitive boys with long fingers and kind-hearted neighbors who like to see the fish eat.
Many kinds of fish-foods are on the market. Dried shrimp, ground to the proper size, is a good winter food. In the spring and summer small earth- worms, white worms, mosquito larvae and daphne are not to be excelled. The fish should be fed sparingly, especially when using dried foods. As soon as a hit of food travels through the water and lodges on the bottom unnoticed it is time to stop. More if added will only remain on the bottom to decompose. It may be mentioned that the least desirable food is the white rice-wafer so commonly sold. The fishes should preferably be fed in the morning.
lie they tank wholds inores thant ten gallons the water need never be changed. The water will evaporate, however, so fresh water of the same temperature should be added from time to time to keep the level constant. With small tanks half the water should be removed by syphoning at intervals of two months
and refilled with fresh water.
The selection of fishes rests with the owner. My advice is to start with hardy, inexpensive fishes, such as those brought from our southern States, or captured in nearby ponds. Later, with mcreased knowledge, the more expensive exotics may be acquired. Hishes are apt to perish at the beginning for no apparent reason, and it is less discouraging to lose a native fish easily replaced than it is a
costly tropical one. But in a short while,
Aquatic Lite 23
if the budding aquarist does not become discouraged, dead fishes will be the excep- tion. Interest will then become more eclectic and tropical as well as cold-water species will be studied and enjoyed. No matter how burning the desire and how GatholWwes the taste, let the motto be: “Quality always before quantity.”
An Easily Constructed Heated Aquarium H. E. FINCKH
It was mid-winter and my ten perma- nent heated tanks were fully populated. The unexpected arrival of some forty fine exotic fishes made necessary the immediate construction of some sort of heated accommodations. My eye rested on an empty, rectangular kerosense can, and within two hours the problem was solved. |
The kerosene can I cut in two, length- wise, thus making two deep trays of equal size. The edges of the trays were bent outward at right angles, forming a flange on all sides an inch wide. From one-inch lumber a frame was constructed of such length and width that the flange rested on the top, to which it was tacked to prevent slipping. Through one side of the frame an opening was cut to permit the placing of a lamp below the pan, ven- tilation being provided by several holes drilled through the opposite side. The lamp opening was closed by a piece of glass held in place by two studs in such a way that it may be pushed aside when necessary.
The bottom of the tin tray was cov- ered with a thick piece of felt, an estab- lished all-glass tank placed thereon, and the tin tray then filled with water . The insertion of the lamp below placed the heater in operation. The apparatus will be understood by reference to the ap- pended sketches.
—
On the morning following the making of the heater the glass in my den stood at 50 degrees, whereas the water in the all-glass aquarium was just 70. This box, and another constructed since, have now been in operation for more than two months, giving such satisfaction that | venture the description to aid others who may sometime be landed in a similar pre-
dicament. see ee
Roosevelt Wild Life Forest Experiment Station
The selection of one of America’s best known authorities on fish life as Ichthy- ologist at the Roosevelt Wild Life Forest Experiment Station was announced by the New York State College of Forestry at Syracuse, when it became known that Prof. T. L. Hankinson had accepted the position. This is the first appointment made to the technical staff of the station since Dr. Charles C. Adams was made director.
The selection is of particular import-
24 Aquatic Lite
ance, because it marks the continuation by the Roosevelt station of years of work in progress under the supervision of the college. Professor Hankinson has for five summers been engaged in the study of the fish of Oneida Lake and in the Palisades Interstate Park region, in co-operation with Dr. Adams.
The selection of Professor Hankinson for the Roosevelt Wild Life Forest Ex- periment Station is the beginning of a definite program of important work. So far the work has been devoted to fish, owing to limited funds, but now will be extended to big game, game birds, fur- bearing animals, game vermin and sim- ilar forest problems.
“Tt is significant to know that the Roose- velt Wild Life Forest Experiment Sta- tion at the New York State College of Forestry at Syracuse is the direct out- growth of plans, presented to Mr. Roose- velt in December, 1916, for the study of the natural history of forest wild life. He greeted the suggestions with instant enthusiastic approval, and urged that they should be taken up ‘in a big way.’”
This was the preliminary explanation made by Dr. Charles C. Adams, Director of the Station, when before the New York Fish, Game and Forest League convention he told for the first time the latest plans for development of the sta- tion and of the work already well under way.
“The station is new in name,” Dr. Adams said, “but its work is already well under way. For the last five years the New York State College of Forestry has been making a study of the fish life of the State, giving special attention to the Oneida Lake and to the Palisades Interstate Park. This survey work is in the main to be continued by the Roose- L. Hank-
inson, who has been associated with me
velt Station and Professor T.
in the fish survey for the College of For- estry, now comes as the first full-time member of the technical staff of the Roosevelt Station. under way.
It is now actually
“Such a station is unique, as no other similar station or institution is known to exist. It opens up a vast field for the ‘field naturalist.’ memorial to Theodore Roosevelt the plan has already received hearty support from many lead- ing naturalists and sportsmen.
“The field is so large that I can only give typical phases of the work as laid out. There has, for instance, never been made an exhaustive scientific study of a trout stream in America. This will, it is hoped, be made one of the specialties of the Roosevelt Station. The relation of fur-bearing animals to game vermin is another subject study.
“Upon a foundation of fact and infer- ence such as can only be built up by investigations on the ecology, life his- tories, physiology, disease and heredity of wild life we may hope to build up such principles of management or policies for wild life as will fit them into the texture of modern social and economic life. It is only when this is done in a scientific manner that forest wild life will be intel- ligently and sympathetically appreciated and can be used by man to the best ad- vantage. ‘This is in fact the largest wild life problem.”
eee SS
ING a)
demanding detailed
The man in jail doesn’t have to dodge
automobiles. Pasa SY
“Oh, Oswald is my darling boy,” sang the maiden before the row; then she saw him with another and she isn’t singing now. never seen a jealous goldfish.
Which reminds us that we have Have you?
To I I i a a AIC
Des Plaines Fish Farm
867 N. Dearborn Street Chicago, Illinois (Hatchery at Des Plaines, III.)
Importers and Breeders of Gold and Tropical Fishes. Orders should be placed now for the following fishes to be shipped after May 15th, when weather con- ditions will permit safe transportation:
PITCH SOCUS a eae esis nce oie ovtralslsl siete'e.s1 olen eye's isle c 's,6) oe lteteleeye per pair, $2.00
(mottled—verysi rate) vec ierce oe carec< eiciernn sence: 4.00 ne UsMeOOdelaee eietrba tes co -ini siete sre eh caviass aclsa se there a aed sh ever alae 5 «< 2.00 Cy rintlOdOnenViaTle oe AtUSias aaj. eric cies cise clase crass sled cow sees dbeplere + € “« 2.00 Onyziaswlatipes: (Medaka. cers ciiecy) syed ciency chets ages hee mes persis wie 3 S se 50 Fete rand ria ekOLIMOSAl me.ce sitesicie cies ea oe cece Sis aus eilerelle vo eine wre oralerote e 50 Miphophocus heller= (young). os ss... eee eles nels sineke eee a > 1100 Macropodus viridi-auratus (young) ........................-0.. ss lOO Gann busta lb COOK pcireis aceite nk oe eran ues sol cizsclarsh a ogMORh eine ols = fs 75 liondanellag florida ew yt seer sess aneieieiete oie cuche, «ltiele > slam ootonasheit oe ee “2.00 iPlatyposcilus pulchramsrereaenoe ce orien Lene per pair, $1.00 to 2.
NATURE’S FISHFOOD
For Goldfish For Tropical Fishes For Native Fish
A goed food is absolutely necessary if one would keep his fishes in good con- dition. Nature’s Fish Food is the result of years of study and experiment. If your dealer does not have it we will gladly send you a sample package for 20
cents.
cans cost 35 to 50 cents extra.
300 500 — > 300 C5 300 M5 300 C960 G9 000 CH 9090 M5 000 T5900 C5 000000
- |
Aquatic Life 1918 — 1919 — 1920
OctoBErR. Aquarium Heating (Breder) ; Hemiramphus fluviatilis (Brind); Mollienisia latipinna (Heede); Blue-tailed Skink (Deck- ert); Factors Controlling the Development of Tropical Aquarium Fishes (Webber); Snails in Aquaria (Gale) ; Habits of Black Bass, The Pipe-fish, notes, etc.
NovemsBer. American Live-bearing Tooth- carps (Bade); Aquarium Notes (Leitholf) ;
Notes on Krefftius adspersus (Freund) ; The Anatomy of the Fish (Clark) ; Breeding Habits of Burmese Fel (Finckh); A Bloated Axolotl (Waite); The Name “Water Flea,” notes and
news.
DECEMBER. Cynolebias bellottii (Brind) ; Tillaea recurva and Other Notes (Finckh) ; Another Tank Heater (Kuhn); Aquarist vs. Aquarian (Mellen); Emotions of Fishes (Gale); A Cigar Box Aquarium (Modesto) ; Florida Notes (Carlton) ; Photosynthesis, Mis- ce:‘laneous notes, news, etc.
JAaNuary, 1919. Limia caudofasciata (Leit- holf) ; Classification of Fishes (Stead); Color Changes of the Chub-sucker (Hubbs) ; Neetro- plus carpintis (Brind); A Simple Heated Aquarium (Finckh); Notes on the Breeding Habits of the Pigmy Sunfish (Poyser) ; Gold- fish Farm of Kichigoro Akiyama, notes and news.
Orders for fishes amounting to less than $5.00 cannot be filled. Shipping
| Stennis ike Canes? OPS ete Ne ea
FEBRUARY. Polycentropsis abbreviata(Brind) ; Chologaster cornutus, the Fish of the Dismal Swamp (Welsh); A Wood Aquarium (Pil- kington); Danio malabaricus (Leitholf) ; Notes on Native Fishes (Pray); Managing the Aquarium (/nnes); Reactions of Fishes to Habit-forming Drugs, The Boston Show, A True Fish Story, notes and news.
Marcu. Breeding the Goldfish (Hanna) ; Observations on the Chelonians of North America, Part I (Shufeldt) ; Lucania ommata (Welsh); Apistogramma agassizi (Heede) ; The Water-fleas (Tompkins); Viviparous Fishes-in-general (Stead); Breeding the Striped Gourami (Simpson) ; Notes and news.
Arrit. The Surinam Toad (Deckert) ; Cichlasoma nigrofasciatum (Brind); Keeping Living Food Alive (Jnunes); Beware the Dragonfly (Gordon); An Electrolytic Aerator (Putnam); Water Lilies, Some Cultural and Historical Notes (Pring) ; Beef vs. Liver, notes and news.
May. Nanostomus eques (Brind); The Water Horse-tail (Wobler) ; Observations on the Chelonians of North America, Part II. (Shufeldt); 1 Became a Fancier (Proctor) ; A Peculiar Planorbis (Breder); Association and Color Discrimination in Mudminnows and Sticklebacks (White); The Hay Infusion Microcosm (Woodruff); The Bladderworts, notes and news.
June. Observations on the Chelonians of North America, Part III (Shwfeldt) ; Gam- busia episcopi (Brind); The Wheel Animal- cules (Bade); Sonnet to a Goldfish (Burditt) ; A Study of the Diamond Bass (Trell) ; The Brook Stickleback (Barker); Goldfish in China, Red-colored Water, Crappie Spawn in Washington Aquarium, and Society News.
Juty. A Big-headed Gurnard (Fowler) ; The Nesting Habits of Certain Sunfishes as Ob- served in a Park Lagoon in Chicago (Hubbs) ; Badis badis (Brind) ; The Paradise Fish (Bal- leisen); The Garden a Terrarium (Brcder) ; Philadelphia Aquarium, A Fish Elevator, Akiyama Goldfish Farm, notes and news.
Aucust. Observations on the Chelonians of North America, Part IV (Shufeldt); The Steinhart Aquarium, with portrait of Ignatz Steinhart; Lebias sophie (Brind) ; The Senses of Fishes (Herrick); Marine Aquaria, An
Epidemic Among Fishes, Manufacture of Pearl Buttons, etc. SEPTEMBER. Platypoecilus maculatus
(Brind); Observations on the Chelonians of North America, Part V (Shufeldt) ; Notes on the Life-history of Planorbis corneus and Other Freshwater Mollusks (Webster) ; Phil- adelphia Exhibition, Naples Aquarium, Aquaria in the Conservatory of the Missouri Botanical Garden, Xiphophorus montezumae, Freshwater Shrimp, notes and news.
January, 1920. Betta rubra (Heede) ; Ob- servations on the Chelonians of North Amer- ica, Part VI (Shufeldt); Beef Heart and Beef Liver for Young Fishes; Notes on Mos- quito Larvae (Hale); Lucania ommata (ex- tension of range); Habits of Fundulus nottu and Heterandria formosa; Linseed meal cause of disease among trout; South Australian Aquarium Society, Passaic Aquarium Society, the Redfield Theory, etc.
a
Aquarium Specialty Co
414 East Tremont ave.,
New York City. Dear Mr. Taubles:
Because we were unavoidably compelled to swillow all kinds of substitute fishfoods for the past three years, our health and happiness were sore’y impaired.
We owe you our undying gratitude for feeding
us again on our old favorite:
Dried Flies and Insects
whereby we feel assured of fully recuperating. Our flabby skins are already starting to round
out, and our appetites are really wonderful. Your POOR FISH W. M. Why not earn a similar testimonial from your own. fishes? 10¢. per ounce. $1.25 per pound, postpaid.
Aquarium Specialty Co
$14 Bast Tremont ave
New York City.
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Wear a Handsome Solid Gold Pin of Your Favorite Fish
1919,
We have produced a_ beautiful
watch-fob for the gentlemen, and
ladies. These fishes are made of
and are of excellent workmanship. An odd
and attractive piece of jewelry now being worn
by many aquarists. Your choice of Telescope,
Lionhead or Sealare. Same size as illustrations.
Prices, Including War Tax:
Scalare, $7.25, postpaid.
Lionhead, $7.25, postpaid.
Telescope, with ruby eye, $7.75, postpaid.
Telescope, with diamond eye, $9.25, postpaid. We are in a position to supply pins of your
favorite pet. Price quoted on application.
A Choice Diet for Your Fish
Stil-B-Nu Fishfood is a_ scientifically prepared food, containing the most nutritious ingredients; a proved and tested food for all aquarium fishes. A trial, and your food problem is solved. Coarse and fine. We recommend fine for Tropicals. Price 20c. box; 3 boxes 50c., postpaid.
Stil-B-Nu Dried Shrimp. This food contains nothing but shrimp, which is dried and properly prepared to make a choice morsel for all kinds
Stil-B-Nu
Co.
searfpin and a brooch for solid gold,
Copyright, Supply
of fishes. Coarse or fine. We recommend fine for Tropicals. Price 20c. box; 38 boxes 50c., postpaid.
Stil-B-Nu Infusoria Culture is essential to the
aquarists who desire to raise Gold and Tropical fishes. This culture is a result-producer. Full directions with each box. Price 50c., postpaid.
Stil-B-Nu bination
Fish Remedy—a for the treatment ete., of tropical and fancy fail to have a box or two on hand for the first sign of trouble. Full directions in each box. Price: 6 tablets in a box, 25c., postpaid.
Stil-B-Nu Aauarium Salts will toward keeping your fishes in replacing the lime and
non-poisonous of fungus, goldfishes.
com- tail-rot, Don’t
go a long good health by salts as they are ab- Price: 6 tablets
way
sorbed by the fishes and snails. postpaid.
in a box, 2&c.,
Stil-B-Nu Square Nets, 55c., postpaid.
Made in two 34% and 5 inches.
sizes,
of excel- tip’ are aecess
is manufactured by us, and is made lent material. The frame and ferule brass, made square shape, allowing easy to the corners. <A real net.
Stil-B-Nu Aquarium Scrapers—something entirely
new. setter order one today and avoid placing the hand in the aquarium when you clean it. Price 35c., postpaid.
Easy-Reading Aquarium Thermometers, espe- cially made for us. These instruments are accurate and tell at a gance the temperature of your water. No aquarium is comp'ete with- out a thermometer. Price $1.00, postpaid.
good magnifying
Pocket Magnifying Glass. <A
glass is offen needed by the aquarist, especially when collecting insects and raising infusoria. We have an excellent glass, priced very reason-
ably at $1.75,
Get our prices on Go'd and Tropical Fishes, Snai's, Plants, Aquariums, Acuarium Stands, Castles, Books and Japanese Art Novelties.
STIL-B-NU SUPPLY CO
427 East Girard Avenue Philadelphia
postpaid.
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pom co 6 Ot Os a ss Of
Fred. G. Schaefer | Breeder of Fancy Goldfish
Show stock of Veiltail Calico and Black Tele- scopes always on hand. All species of tropical
fishes and plants. Wholesale and retail,
1610 North Second Street
Eight Pairs of Fine, Large Pterophyllum Scalare ! Philadelphia | oe
/ Cheap. ( Sh»
a 6 Pa Pi 6 Ot 6 Fs PS OS 8 Ps 8
AQUARIUMS
We make durable, artistic aquariums suit- able for home or conservatory; beautiful wherever placed. Fishes, plants, foods and all supplies for the aquarist. Cabomba, large, strong and healthy, $5.00 per hundred bunches ; none better. Pioneer Aquarium Works.
HENRY KISSEL, JR.
Breeder & Fancier of Broadtail Telescopes
Racine, Wisconsin
Tropical Fishes, Plants and Snails. Fishes, Plants, etc., Sold at Conservatory Telephone 461 Cliffside 241 Walker Street, Cliffside, N. J.
Fine Broad-tail Telescopes BLACK and CALICO
Correspondence Solicited
GEORGE WILT, 1519 N. 62d Street, PHILADELPHIA
The Original Enchytraeid Breeder
Feed your fishes white worms, which can be raised indoors throughout the year. Generous portion, 60 cents, with full instructions for raising them. CHARLES E. JENNE 230 5th Street Union Hill, N. J.
i a eT
I]
3
or Excellent Conformation n Color Cannot Be Beat how Their Quality in Finnage
ave Blues, Blacks and Calicos
foro
very Fancier Should Look Them Over
ee Them at C. C. VOWINKEL Philadelphia, Pa
goe—m—mes PS Ps PS OS Os Fs Fs es es Os
j 5109 Catherine Street
| ( ( ( te
A
| Several thousand
Young Broadtail Telescopes and Japs
in all the desirable colors, with deep bodies and from two to four inches long. Per dozen, $10 and up.
Gneiding’s Goldfish Hatchery Ridgefield Park Phone, Hackensack 2599W
New Jersey
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| Aquatic Life / When
l Writing
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Advertisers
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SCRIMSHAW’S FISH HATCHERY
1431 N. Clark Street, Chicago, III.
Telephone, Superior 4415.
Auto Delivery.
!
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l
Importer and Breeder of a Large ! Nanereant Ghldhandelcanicalerches | l | l l PS
Non-hardening aquarium cement that contains no oil or glycerine. Complete line of aquariums kept in stock; special sizes made to order.
Large stock of tropical fishes always on hand (36 species). Shipments made to all parts of the United States and Canada. Plants, general supplies for the aquarist.
snails and
I will pay cash for your surplus fishes, if first- elass stock.
Birds, eages and _ bird-houses. Kennels. Dogs bought and sold on commission. Talking parrots, warbling canaries, ete. Can furnish any sort of What do you want?
SP Ps | OP Pe Fe 4 8 PP Fs FH ly a ee ee ee el
live stock.
Out-of-Town Customers name County When
Ordering. | oe
9 6 P55 6 Ps Os Ps Os
Daa Oo So SSa000 SCS CSF
ba) AQUATIC MICROSCOPY ( BY DR. ALFRED C. STOKES SPLENDID, not too technical hand book of the lower organisms for the 8 inquiring aquarist who dislikes to be
nonplused by scientific verbiage. 324
pages, with 198 illustrations. $2.50 Plus Postage on 2 Pounds
Address Aquatic Life
oS ae Caan
> Comm!
If Your Fish Are Not Doing Well—Try ENCHYTRAEIDS - White Worms
The natural and best food for goldfishes, barring none. Package, 50c. (cash or check), with in- structions for raising a constant supply.
PAUL MARQUARDT, 829 Teutonia Avenue, Milwaukee, Wis
$1.50 - Brind’s New Book - $1.50 ‘“‘The Practical Fish Fancier’’
Was $3.00—has paid for itself, so you get the benefit. This work shows Fish, Plants, etc., in natural colors and half-tone.
Illustrates 138 Fish—Tropical, Gold and Do- |
mestic; 210 Plants and 4o Insects, Parasites, Infusoria, etc.
W. L. BRIND, 449 W. 206th Street NEW YORK
coo > Co CO
ol
GOLDFISH
1,500,000 PLAIN & FANCY
Ready for market at rock-bottom prices. ped anywhere in United States or Canada. for our illustrated catalogue.
Oriental Goldfish and Supply Co 3757 - 3761 Cottage Grove Avenue Chicago, Illinois
Ship- Write
COCCOOCOOOCOCCOCC0 C00 000000 IODODOO 000000 COOC000C00
Le
OOO000G0D 000000 000000000000 000000
TROPICALS vs. GOLDFISH
The quality of a fishfood is proven when the majority of leading breeders use it:
thats YOGI. Ask your dealer or druggist or send for it by mail. By mail 17c
Yogi 15c box.
Yogi 75c Pound Add Postage Magic (Infusoria) 50c Postpaid Robert J. Schaeffer 1818 Frankford Avenue Phila., Pa
FISH FOOD Manofactured only by ROBT. } SCHAEFFER PRICE, 160.
Sticansta Aquarium Cement
At its name implies, it sticks and stays where it is put. Has the adhesiveness of glue and the pliancy of rubber. Contains no oil, lead or glycerine, and does not harden or corrade with age. S. A. SCRIMSHAW
1431 N. Clark Street, Chicago, Illinois.
Sale or Exchange
; Surplus Stock of Rare and Fancy Fish Order Direct TO-DAY as only a limited number of copies left |
Plants of All Kinds G. Germann, 0. D. 3823 N. Richmond St. Chicago
Phone: Monticello 6864.
Mollienisia latipinna (or velifera)
Some scientists assert that Velifera is but a perfectly developed latipinna—the only sort we
ship. Per dozen, $4.00.
Cyprinodon variegatus (Sheepshead Minnow), Notropis metallicus, Fundulus heteroclitus, Gambusia holbrooki, Goldfish—all varieties.
Shubunkins (Spotted Goldfish), $4.00 per dozen.
Japanese Snails, $2.00 and $2.50 per dozen. Vallisneria (narrow leaf), 30 cents per dozen; Vallisneria (wide leaf), 60 cents per dozen; Sagittaria (broad leaf), 75 cents per dozen; Water Poppy, $1.00 per dozen; Cabomba, and Myriophyllum
Plants.
Giant Anacharis,
bunches,
Potomogeton Egyptian Lotus (dormant tubers
Ae).
All plants postpaid.
Freshwater Shrimp, sun dried, shelled and shredded.
Coarse,
best live food.
CRESCENT FISH FARM, 1624 Mandeville Street, New Orleans, La,
)
8 other substances. |
es
O00 C000 C006 G9 000 000 000 C009 000 000 a O00)
best time White and Yellow Water Lilies (dormant tubers), 50 cents each; (seeds, 15 cents per pack-
medium or fine, $1.10 per pound, chytraeus), per portion, 50 cents, with instructions how to breed a continuous supply. A collection of twelve varieties of aquarium plants, $1.00, postpaid. remitting for fishes please include 50 cents for shipping can.
$3.00 per dozen.
dozen Red,
spicatum (milfoil), 75 cents per
to plant), 50 cents each.
The best fish food. Contains no postpaid. White Worms (En-
The When
[Let ee ee
000 C000 C
EVERYTHING IS FISH THAT COMES TO THE NET OF A NATURALIST
Don’t paddle in the water with one hand and be blind with both eyes. In other words, “keep your eves open’’ for all nature.
Our Magazine
he Guide to ature Will Help You
It is edited by EDWARD F. BIGELOW, who fishes in the heavens and earth, as well as the waters under the earth.
—>000 C000 S000
Four months’ trial, 25c. One year, $1.00. THE AGASSIZ ASSOCIATION ArcAdiA Sound Beach Connecticut
<—Sc°c°c—Dc
ree a a a,
Red Helleri
Winner of first prizes—silver cup and gold medal. | A new fish for aquarists. The most attractive live-bearing fish. We now have them for. sale.
rtubrostigma, Hybrids—pulchras and rubras—
A fine stock of Haplochilus cameronensis, H. : and 35 other species of fishes. ll
S. SILVER 235 East llth street, New York city, N. Y. (Between 2d and 38d avenues.)
(SS | a 0 0 0 a (SSS)
3900C——>000cC——DSo000co000-+¥
8
Goldfishes ;
Blacks Blues and Vari-hues
None for sale at present! oes
GEORGE A. SCHENK Mount Vernon, N. Vic 2
aor eee
8
C5000 C9000 Cc >cc7oc>:
-Veiltail TELESCOPES
Beautiful’ Breeders Prize Winning Stock $12.00 Per Pair
g Franklin Barrett ket =
OOO 000 TM S000000 C=] o00
401 to 417 East Wyoming Avenue eis iam as
& AQUARIUM S.aiz82 is “‘ Goldfish Varieties & Tropical Aquarium Fishes’’, byWm.T.Innes, former President of the Aquarium | Society of Phila.; 250 pages, 195 baie illueteationsenabells all about the < Ewin fancy varieties of the Goldfish and ‘Q:E\hi nearly 300 tropicals ; how to breed them, etc., etc. For the beginner or the advanced expert.
A complete, practical, handsome
book. sent postpaid anywhere for - $4.00 Enlarged edition now ready.
INNES & SONS - 133 N. 12th St. - Phila., Pa.
Diatoms Strewn slides of diatoms offered in ex- change for similar slides, diatomaceous material, or slides of any character.
Editor, Aquatic Life
C00 000000000 Sa T5000000000000
FRANCIS K.CHRISTINE
Manufacturer of ‘‘Shield of Quality’’ Fishfood,
15c. and 20c. a box. For Tropicals, 25c.
| | |
Creation (the New Infusoria), Use Without Sheep Manure.
Broadtail Telescopes and 25 varieties of Trop-
icals. <All aquarium requisites. Special Dwarf Gouramies. Mail orders and inquiries promptly attended to.
518 BELGRADE STREET
PHILADELPHIA
ear Oe eer
i” “AQUARIA FISH” ih
A practical work on care and breeding of fish in the aquarium,, greenhouse and outdoor ponds. Finely illustrated.
Everyone interested in keeping fish should send for a copy of this book. Price $1.00.
| Tappan’s Natural Fish Food.
Three boxes, post- paid, 25c.
Guinea Pigs and Thoroughbred Collie Pups, beau- tifully marked. Write for prices.
F. L. TAPPAN
Route 2, Hopkins, Minn. j
Aquatic Lite Vol. II sae Vol. IIl
$2.25 each, postage paid 8 “Volumes average 165 pages and as
many - illustrations. Substantial cloth binding, with title page and complete index. (Stock of Volume II is small.) WANTED: One hundred copies of Volume -I, loose or bound. Can use single issues. Address publisher. _}
iOOOQ30000:
JAPANESE GOLDFISH |
go
By DR. HUGH M. SMITH
A guide to the methods of breeding fancy goldfish practiced in Japan. The result of the personal investigations of the author. Ten breeds are illus- trated in color, with numerous text cuts; 112 pages.
$2.00, plus postage on 2 pounds.
Address Aquatic Life
HERMAN RABENAU, Aquarist PERMANENT DISPLAY OF Aquatic Life & Terraria
must be seen to be appreciated
Visitors Welcome Plants and Tropical Fish a Specialty Importations of New Varieties received regularly 11683 Myrtle Avenue, Brooklyn, N. Y. Near Broadway.
BREEDER AND IMPORTER Rare and Fancy Fish
Plants of every variety, Snails and Aquarium Supplies of all kinds at all times.
MANUFACTURER OF
Green River Fish Food 15c Box
Green River Baby Fish Food 20c Box
A GOOD FISH FOOD is one of the most essential things necessary to keep fish in good health. After the test of years Green River stands out as the best food on the market. It keeps the fish in good color by pro- moting a healthy, robust growth. It
will not sour or cloud the water. Ask your dealer or send for it today. , S000 C5600 Cao
O00!
Breeders
Large assortment of Splendid Telescopes and Jap Goldfish at Reasonable Prices
Large Assortment of fine LIONHEADS
Shipping Cans 50 cents
HARRY P. PETERS 1210 NORTH WARNOCK STREET
PHILADELPHIA Pee ai a ee
GOLDFISH, FOODS, PLANTS, DIP NETS
Combination Natural Fish Food - Sample Box 10c Japanese Shrimp Fish Food - Sample Can 15c Baby Fish Food Sample Box 15c Glass Feeding Rings 15c, 25c¢ 35c Each Mail Orders Promptly Attended to
Special Prices on Quantity Lots. Cash With Order.
Catalogue Sent Upon Request.
AQUARIUM STOCK CO 273 Greenwich Street New York City
COOOCOOGOOC— 000!
c ippon Goldfish Co
T, MURATA, Proprietor. 1919-21 Bush Street, San Francisco, Cal Importers and Dealers
GOLDFISH PLANTS SNAILS Dried Shrimp, Birds, Cages and All Supplies
NEW STOCKS ARE COMING!
Price List Sent on Request
Ak
a —-
i
Jacob C. Cassel
915 Arch Street, Philadelphia, Pa
Manufacturer of
AQUARIUMS
Aquarium Ornaments Floral Terra Cotta, Etc.
Fish Globes Fish Food and all aquarium requisites.
Send-for Catalog.
Goldfish
$2000 COD 000 00S 000 GS GS GSI GDOGOOOO COO OGO COO:
Aquatic Life
Vol. V. March, 1920 No. 3
An international monthly magazine devoted ta the study, care and breeding of fishes and other animals and plants in the home aquarium and
terrarium.
Wi Ave POMSEIR. ociisieree aia levete/aovoetetete ee EDITOR JOSEPH E. BAUSMAN .......:.. PUBLISHER 542 East Girard Avenue .......... Philadelphia
Entered as second-class matter, September 2d, 1915, at the Post Office, Philadelphia, Pa., under Act of March 3d, 1879.
Popular and scientific artic’es and notes on sub- jects pertaining to the aquarium and terrarium, and to the habits of fishes in general, are always wanted for ‘‘Aquatic Life.’’ Readers are invited to join in making it a medium of mutual help by contributing to it the results of their studies. The pages are always open to anyone having informa- tion of interest to the aquarist and student of aquatie biology. Manuscripts, books for review and general correspondence should be addressed to the editor.
“‘Aquatie Life’? has the largest circulation of any magazine in the world devoted to aquatic nature-study. It offers to advertisers a market that can be reached through no other medium. Rates made known on application.
YEARLY SUBSCRIPTION................ $1.25 FOREIGN SUBSCRIPTIONS............... 1.50 SENG TE COR Ney eo aieialnslelel«'o\eleleye =e /eivie)e o/a/\ele 15
Payments should be made by money order, draft or registered letter. If local checks are sent, ten cents should be added for collection charges. Tor- eign remittances should be by international money order, Copyright,
1920, by Joseph E. Bausman.
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$2000000000 000000 SS G5=5000000000000000e%,
hapiiiicinietimmemiccanea cae |
T. P. LOVERING §
AQUARIST WILMINGTON, NORTH CAROLINA
New Varieties Aquatic Plants Choice and Rare Specimens Snakes and Reptiles
Tropical Fishes
8 8 8 : : 3 | Fundulus nottii, $1.50 per pair. Elassoma evergladei, $1.75 per pair. Heterandria formosa, $1.00 per pair. M. chaetodon, 50c each
Small turtles, $1.25 per dozen. Newts, $1.00 per dozen. 8 : : : 8
Wholesale to dealers.
$1.00 SPECIAL
Attractive assortment
of Plants
Sufficient stock for private aquarium.
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| Water Gasdenine |
gives the fullest measure of beauty and pleasure to those who intelligently make the most of the individual situation. For guidance the best book on the subject should be in your library.
THE BOOK OF WATER GARDENING
will help you create a picture that will never- more be ealled (by your neighbors) ‘‘a durn old stagnant pool.’’
The book contains 140 illustrations, more than enough to give you a comprehensive idea of the
decorative possibilities of water plants. The Price is $2.75 THE BOOK DEPARTMENT AQUATIC LIFE
Philadelphia
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i | (The Australian Congolly
HERBERT M. HALE, South Australian Museum
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The Congolly
Photograph by the author
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The “Congolly,” known to fishermen as the “Sandy Whiting,” is popular with Australian aquarists. Living in most of our estuarine rivers, it thrives equally well in fresh, brackish or sea water. Full- grown specimens measure nearly twelve inches in length, but smaller examples are more suitable for aquaria. A wild fish makes itself at home at once and in a few days becomes quite tame. Although a “bottom” fish it is in no way incon- spicuous and a movement at the front of the glass will always bring ‘t to the fore. As regards food it is equally accom- modating, but appears to prefer earth worms to anything else.
Towards the close of last summer a friend and I obtained some fishes from the coast, at a spot where fresh water from a river mixes with the sea water from Pt. Adelaide. Here we found that the normally brackish creek was but a
Pseudaphritis urvillii
$ Pe A * A SO GP SF i A 6
series of large disconnected pools, in which the water, owing to months of evaporation, had become much salter than the sea. The increase of salinity having been very gradual, Gobies, Atherines and Congollies had accustomed themselves to the new conditions and were present in great numbers. We collected dozens of the last-named fish, and°on reaching home placed several direct from the salt into fresh water. At first the movements of the gill-covers were abnormally rapid, but otherwise the fishes showed no dis- comfort at the abrupt change. Ina few minutes they were busily feeding on mos- quito larvae and now, six months later, are still quite healthy. After this long sojourn in fresh water, I recently put one of them into a marine aquarium; the result of the sudden transference was as before, the fish immediately accepting
food.
DO (op)
Aquatic Lite
These Congollies were taken from a pool with a white sand bottom and when first obtained were practically colorless. After installing them in a well-planted aquarium with a dark gravel bottom a totally different appearance was assumed. The characteristic chequered pattern soon became apparent, rendering the fishes less easy of detection in their new
7
surroundings. To obtain a photograph
Portion of skin of Congolly Showing color-cells
Photomicrograph by the author
the example whose picture is here repro- duced was placed in a small aquarium standing near a window. In this bright situation the fish at once commenced to pale, the color markings eventually almost disappearing.
Many fishes alter the intensity of their coloring in protective resemblance of their surroundings, or when influenced by various emotions; even the individual markings sometimes change to a consid- erable extent. Incorporated in the skin are numerous pigment cells which are capable of great contraction; when so reduced the colors become pale or indis- tinct. Differently colored cells are pres- ent, and when those containing one par-
ticular pigment are expanded and the others contracted to tiny dots, the pre- dominating color of the fish is that of the relaxed cells. In the same way dif- ferent markings appear and disappear on the skin. Aquarists are familiar with the color changes of the Paradise Fish dur- ing the breeding season.
The Congolly (Pseudaphritis urvillii) was originally described and figured by Cuvier and Valenciennes in their “His- toire Naturelle des Poissons” in 1831; since then no illustration of the fish has
been published. see
The Cleveland Society
The Cleveland Aquarium Society was founded at a meeting held on January 12 at the Cleveland Chamber of Indus- try. Rev. Frederick R. Webber pre- sided. ;
A committee was appointed to draft a constitution and arrange other details for discussion and adoption at the next meeting.
The chairman read a very interesting paper on the care of aquaria and fishes. This was followed by a general discus- sion, and everyone became well ac- quainted. It is hoped that the activities of the Society will result in the establish- ment of a public aquarium.—Ralph Ff. Whipple.
ah ea
“Delia,” said Mrs. Barrows sternly, “T met that policeman today who sat in the kitchen with you so long last night, I took advantage of the opportunity to speak to him.”
“Oh, go on now,” replied Delia, with a smile. “Ye needn’t think that'll make me wan bit jealous, mum, o1 have got him safe enough.”—New York Globe.
ec
Somehow the majority of our habits seem to be bad.
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Soft-shelled turtles of the family Amydidae constitute a very conspicuous and rather numerous group of fresh water chelonians, of which we have but four or five species, out of nearly thirty, in this country. Southern Asia, Africa and the East Indies are the regions where the majority are found, and they belong in several genera. On the other hand, the North American species all fall in
the same genus—the genus danyda—of
Ge (A RR | a a
Observations on the Chelonians of North America. VIII.
DR em Wwe iSite P ELD, Gravee. s
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Young of the Southern Soft-shelled Turtle
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which we have four quite distinct species. These are the Southern Soft-shelled Turtle (A. ferox), the Spiny Soft-shelled Turtle (A. spinifer), the Brown Soft- shelled Turtle (A. mutica), and Emory’s Soft-shelled Turtle (A. emoryi). The first-named is found from Georgia to Florida and westward as far as Louisi- ana; the Spiny occurs in the central part of the United States; the Brown has the same range as the Spiny; and, finally,
28 Aquatic Lite
Emory’s Soft-shell occurs in the tribu- taries of the Rio Grande in Texas and elsewhere.
Any one of these species is entirely dif- ferent, both in appearance and in struc- ture, from any of our other fresh-water species ; upon the other hand, they exhibit some very striking differences among themselves, with respect to their external characters.
Recently I have been engaged upon the anatomy of A. fero.x, fine specimens
As a group, all of these soft-shelled turtles are entirely different in structure and appearance from all other species inhabiting our inland waters. In any one of them, the entire shell is plable and leathery, especially in front and_ pos- teriorly. When we take a medium-sized Amyda ferox out of the water, we may note that its shell is so flexible in front that it droops over the orifice into which the head has been withdrawn. More-
over, the entire animal is much com-
Head of the Southern Soft-shelled Turtle; dorsal view
of which have been sent me from the South by Mr. Fred. W. Walker, of Or- lando, Florida. Mr. Walker is a very energetic collector, and a good natural- ist; he has promised other southern spe- cies of turtles in the near future, and I trust to figure and describe them in this series of articles as they come to hand.
It also gives me pleasure to once more thank Mr. Edward $. Schmid, of Wash- ington, D. C., for several beautiful speci- mens of the young of Amyda fero.x, as well as for the young of other turtles, which will be figured later on in
AQUATIC LIFE.
pressed in the vertical direction. Its snout is run out proboscis-fashion, and it possesses a very long and flexible neck. Being a species of ferocious temper, with wonderful control over the projecting capacity of this lengthy neck, it can thrust it out with almost incredible celer- ity and seize one by the finger or hand, inflicting a wound often of very decided severity. The edges of its jaws are of razor-like sharpness, and as weapons they are concealed beneath the thin, over- laying skin. After a thrust and a strike, it can, with marked rapidity, draw its (Continued on page 35)
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Every aquarist knows I[chthyopthirius multifilius, the parasitic infusorian which destroys many tropical aquarium fishes, as well as trout, brook trout, and even carp, shad, pike and whitefish. It exists both in the aquarium and in the native haunts of fishes. The infested fish hangs listlessly in the water, with drooping fins. Now and then it “shakes” violently from side to side. gling movement is almost constant dur- ing the later stages. After a few days the fish appears to be covered with small white spots, like fine salt sprinkled over its body. If examined closely, small pits are discovered where the grains have The fins are also affected. The
rainbow
This wrig-
been.
Ichthyophthirius multifilius
REV. FREDERICK R. WEBBER, Cleveland Aquarium Society
Aquarium with Cover Glass
Parasite dividing
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cause is a small ciliated protozoan, from one-half to less than one millimeter in size. \When examined under a micro- scope, we find that the parasite is round, of protoplasmic structure, and completcly covered with cilia. The contained pro- toplasm is filled with round, somewha opaque granules, making the crescent- shaped nucleus difficult to distinguish. In some pustules two animals are found.
The young parasite is a free-swimming creature, which moves rapidly through the water, often in an irregular course, turning rapidly on its own axis. If no host is found the animal may perish, although some have been known to live
in water for a long time. When a fish-
30 . Aquatic Lite
host is found, the young parasite attaches-
himself thereto, boring into the epidermis. An otherwise diseased fish is particularly in danger, as it is usually covered with a layer of slime which is favorable to the purposes of the pest. It bores into the membrane and, rotating within the cyst, proceeds to feed upon the vital fluids of the unfortunate host.
A knowledge of the life-history of the parasite is necessary that it may intelli- gently be combatted. As we have said before, the pest begins its life as a free- swimming, microscopic creature. Hav- ing fastened to the host, it feeds for a period varying from a few days to a week or two, depending on the tempera- ture of the water. The warmer the water the more rapid is the development. Then the parasite leaves the host, dropping to the bottom of the aquarium in a Jjelly- like cyst.
At this stage of its progress, authori- ties differ. Some writers, such as Hofer, in his “Fischkrankeiten,”’ state with as- surance that the only method of propa- gation is by division. The parasite, they say, divides into two, these two into four, the four into eight, and the eight into sixteen, up to certain limits, which some observers have placed as high as several hundred. Others who have made a minute study, such as Harvey A. Van Cott, declare with equal conviction that it multiplies in two ways: by division as we have already described, and also by the formation of spores, even while still on the body of the host. Hofer denies this. He says: “The previously dissem- inated view that the multiplication of the Ichthyopthirius parasite takes place within the pustule and that the escaping young immediately seek a host in their vicinity has been shown to be false by recent investigation, a circumstance that is important in the treatment of the dis.
ease.
Whether the pest multiplies only when quiescent on the bottom of the tank, or whether it also forms spores while on the body of the fish, remains a disputed feature. We believe that we are safe in saying that it multiplies in both ways; on the bottom of the tank by division, and also by the formation of spores. Further, it seems that some investigators have found these to take place both on the fish and also in the water. When spores are formed, the crescent-shaped nucleus seems to widen out within the cell, and then break up into many minute granules. Then the cell wall breaks, and these “granules” swim out, each one a voracious pest.
If the German theory is true, that the adult parasite drops from the fish to the bottom of the tank, lies there in a qui- escent state for some hours, and then multiplies, the remedy would be simple. It would be necessary only to change the water three times a day, say at 6 A. M., 2 P. M. and 10 P. M.- In so doing the pests that fall to the bottom will be washed away gradually, until within a week or two none are left. We have known this treatment to be attempted in several instances with good results. One man reported two years ago that he had saved a tank of Haplochilus chaperi in this manner. In the same way another saved a number of Xiphophorus helleri and Lebistes reticulatus. But we know of other repeated attempts where this treatment either failed, or in case the parasites seemed to be washed away, the fishes later refused to eat and apparently died of starvation.
ne aquarist states that the surest way
is to place the fish in swiftly flowing
water, of the proper temperature, of
He argues that whatever may
be the correct method of propagation, the (Concluded on page 32)
course.
mt mt ef .
7
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Rivulus strigatus was introduced to me by Mr. John Lowel, of The Aqua- rium Society, in 1913. He had one or two pairs at that time, having received them from Germany through an engi- neer on one of the German steamships then plying between Cuxhaven or Bremen and.New York City. The male fish showed such brilliant colors and well-defined markings that they made a lasting impression on my mind. I was naturally anxious to secure a pair for study, but my persuasive powers were not equal to the task, and so I left my friend’s house without them. Since then I have owned a number of pairs, and the intimate association did not serve to dull the glamour of that first meeting.
The male of the species has a con- spicuous black collar around the outline of the gill-covers and extending forward
The back
is warm chestnut-brown, merging . into
through the eyes to the snout.
the turquoise blue of the sides, on which scarlet dots are arranged symmetrically in “herring-bone” fashion as shown by the illustrations; abdomen and _ throat, creamy yellow. ‘The fins, save the pec- torals which are transparent, are mot-
tled with brown and purple.
The female, as is often the case among fishes, is much more somber. The back is chestnut, passing to cream on the throat and abdomen, with dark purplish- brown dots arranged in the herring-bone design on the sides.
As far as my knowledge goes, Mr. Lowel did not succeed in breeding the
species. Later, however, specimens were
Rivulus strigatus
WALTER LANNOY BRIND, F. Z. S.
ca Sal EN cree See me
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imported direct from Brazil by gentle- men connected with the New York Zoological Society, and they were suc- cessful in having them spawn in an aqua- rium holding about five gallons. The
eggs were deposited singly on the fila- ments of Myriophyllum after the manner of other species of the genus. Develop- ment is comparatively slow, ten or more days passing before the fry emerge.
Rivulus strigatus
With Infusoria abundant in the tank, the young will thrive and grow apace. In an emergency one may use finely pow- dered nutritious dry food. When the fry are large enough they may be given small Daphne and Cyclops, after which the growth will be more rapid and they will soon be able to master young and tender enchrytraeid worms.
While Rivulus strigatus is a native of Brazil, it does not seem to demand a par- ticularly high temperature, 73 degrees, Fahrenheit, being sufficient except while breeding, when it should be a few de- grees higher. The largest specimens I
have seen measured two inches. ae When half a dozen women get together
they all talk at once. If they didn’t they would never get through.
32 Aquatic Lite
Ichthyopthirius (Concluded from page 30)
parasites will all be washed away within two weeks.
Contact poisons or chemicals are use- less to destroy the parasite. A chemical strong enough to eat through the cyst would likewise destroy the fish. The par- asites within the water, or on the bottom, may be destroyed in several way. A I per cent. solution of lime is said to be effective. A 10 per cent. to 20 per cent. solution of common salt is also recom- mended. One writer prefers a weak But of course these methods are only employed to eliminate the parasite from the water The
fishes should be removed before intro-
solution of the salts of copper.
and the bottom of the aquarium.
ducing the substance employed. > 2
In order to rid the fish of the parasite, Mr. Van Cott advises the use of a large This
tank is provided with a heater, made by
aquarium, filled with clean water.
fitting an electric light bulb inside a fruit Sev- eral clean glass jars are also necessary. One of these jars is filled two-thirds full
jar, and anchoring it in the water.
of clean, old water of the same temper- ature as that from which the sick fish is taken. A teaspoonful of sea salt is
added.
floated in the big aquarium, and the tem-
This jar, with the fish in it, is
perature slowly raised to 100 F. and maintained there. ‘To retain the heat the
tank is well covered at night with a thick
blanket. In the morning, fill a second jar with water of the same temperature,
change the fish to it and place in the large aquarium as before. Discard the water in the first jar, and sterilize thor- cughly with hot water. Do this at least twice daily for several days.
A method employed with success by
several members of the Chicago Aqua-
rium Society is both simple and seem- ingly effective. As soon as the first symp- toms of infection appear, a sack made of cheesecloth is filled with sheep manure and suspended in the tank, the tempera- ture of the water being slowly raised and thereafter maintained at an even degree. The only objection to this method is the unsightly color of the water and an inci- dental rapid growth of filamentous algae, but its frequent effectiveness and its stim- ulation of plant-life within the aquarium makes it well worthy of atrial. It is the least bothersome of all the methods.
When the pest occurs, the treatment should be prompt, painstaking and car- ried out faithfully until the parasite is eliminated. If the tank is not a valued one, it is best to remove all plants, boil the sand thoroughly and carefully clean the tank, using new plants when reset- ting. If the tank is a prized one, change the water a number of times by syphon-
ing, taking care to remove all water and sediment, and the top layer of sand. It
should be allowed to stand a before stocking with fishes.
month
A wise aquarist will spare no pains to maintain his tanks at a temperature suf- ficient to keep the fishes in comfort and health. Fluctuating temperature, and especially chill, will reduce the vitality of a fish and frequently lead to this disease. A single infested fish will communicate the parasite to others, and within a few days a large tank of fine fishes may be reduced to a sorry state.
——— ———
While some men practice what they preach, the majority would be ashamed to preach half they practice.
arnot ents
According to Professor Agassiz the jaws of the young snapping turtle snap while the animal is still within the egg.
br a Ly
|
| An Odd Trunkfish
CARL L. HUBBS | Field Museum of Natural History and Chicago Aquarium Society
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Lactophrys tricornis
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Among the myriads of peculiar trop- ical marine fishes, few are as little like our conventional conception of a fish as are the species of the Ostraciontidae, the trunkfishes. In these odd creatures the body is almost entirely closed in a hard bony carapace, made up of hexagonal plates (which are modified scales). Only the mouth and eyes, and the fins and their bases are free, and of the fins the pelvic or ventral pair is wholly lacking. Many of-the species are brightly colored,
Photograph from life by P. H. Pope
te
Horned Trunkfish
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and conspicuously spotted.
Four species of trunkfishes, referred to the genus Lactophrys, inhabit tropical American waters between the United States and Brazil. Perhaps the best known species is Lactophrys tricornis (the horned trunkfish, cowfish or cuck- old). Most of the names applied to this fish refer to the horns which are devel- oped on the carapace, the two most prominent extending forward from above
(Concluded on page 36)
RE:
Aquatic Lile
THE AVIARY AND AQUARIUM
Photograph by Parker A. Stacy
Aquatic Lite 35
North Carolina Notes S. D. CARLTON
I fully agree with the article on Fun- dulus nottu (January number). ‘They are very pretty, hardy, eat dry foods readily, and should have a place in every collection.
The Black-banded Sunfish is the daintiest aquarium fish of America. The opinion has been held in the past that they would starve rather than eat dry foods, and that therefore to keep them in aquaria it was necessary to provide such living foods as Daphne and mos- quito larvae. This is in direct opposition to my experience, as they take dry foods with avidity. ;
Next in point of beauty comes Ennea- canthus gloriosus. ‘This is a very active species, and while not so hardy as the others it will thrive on ordinary food.
The hardiest of all is Centrarchus macropterus. ‘These are yellowish-green, looking like burnished brass as they glide through the water. ‘There is a charac- teristic black spot, surrounded by an orange ring, on the soft dorsal. It takes dry food readily and soon becomes tame enough to snap at a finger.
The Pirate Perch, Aphredoderus say- anus, seem to be night prowlers and are always in hiding. I have never seen them eat, but have missed several small min- nows! However, I like them. The gen- eral color is rich warm brown, with purple reflections.
When I move to a new locality, my first stunt is to make a tank, and then “go fishing.”’ Hence the present twenty- gallon aquarium, with its native plants and the fishes mentioned; all collected near Camp Bragg.
The Aviary and Aquarium The photograph on the opposite page shows a happy combination of aquarium and aviary designed and constructed by
Mr. Parker A. Stacy. The woodwork is mahogany, measuring seven feet from peak to floor. The aquarium has a cast iron base, with steel corners and top frame, and holds twenty-five gallons. All metal work, the bars of the aviary and the frame of the aquarium, is finished in gilt; an excellent contrast with the dark mahogany. Sees The Chelonians (Continued from page 28)
head back into the shell so as to be almost entirely out of sight.
Its feet bespeak its thoroughly aquatic habits, for they are like four rounded paddles, and capable of rendering a max- imum service in swimming. Indeed, our soft-shelled turtles are the most aquatic of all the members of the chelonian group of fresh-water species in the United States. They rarely leave the water; and if they are forced to crawl over any rough or rocky place, they are sure to scratch or even lacerate the soft, smooth and tender skin-covering to the outer surface of the plastron.
The young are very beautiful little creatures, and have a great habit of ex- tending their necks when investigating anything. Sometimes one of them will shoot like lightning to the bottom of the aquarium, shuffle under the sand or vege- tation, and in a few moments you will see it protrude its long little black and whitish neck to the limit, which gives the animal a most ludicrous appearance.
The Southern soft-shelled turtle may as 30 pounds, of nearly 20 corresponding
come to weigh as much and possess a carapace inches in length, with a width of nearly 16 inches.
All of the species are eaten in the parts where they occur, and one may often see them in the markets for sale. The young of all of them are prettily marked and colored.
36 Aquatic Lite
An adult Southern Soft-shelled turtle has the carapace of a dull brown with- out any markings. Its head is of the same color, with brown, indistinct bands running forwards to join anterior to the eye. Its plastron is of a delicate creamy white and thoroughly immaculate, while it sometimes exhibits scratches or other adventitious lines and blotches.
Ditmars, who has had the opportunity to examine a great many of this species of Amyda, says that “specimens not fully grown have an olive or pale brown cara- pace, marked with dull, black spots, or dots, disposed in rings. On each side of the head and neck is a yellowish band; this extends forward through the eye and unites with its fellow on the top of the head, a short distance in front of the eyes. The character evinced by these bands is important in distinguishing the species from the Spiny Soft-shelled Turtle, on the top of the head of which the bands unite way forwards—at the base of the proboscis.”
In many localities these turtles are known as “flap-jacks” on account of their flattened form and the pliable margins to their carapaces.
Houle Ss An Odd Trunkfish (Concluded from page 33)
the eye. These straight or very nearly so, but in the
horns are normally specimen figured, one of the horns was sharply bent inward. The photograph was taken from life by P. H. Pope, and the unusual specimen was collected at the Bermuda Biological Station in July, i916, ‘by Drs Waa): then Director of the station.
Crozier,
Society News
The first annual meeting of the London Aquarium Society was held on January 2. W.'T. Webster was elected president ; J. R. Shattock and W. R. Temple, vice-
presidents. | Seventeen members were admitted.
The president read the annual address and dealt with the conception of the Society and its objectives. He appealed to the Society to establish a reputation and to live up to it, and to dispel any idea that the body should be considered as a few people enraptured with a “gold- fish in a globe.”
Mr. B. T. Child sent for exhibition a fine specimen of a Dutch tench. The meeting expressed its opinion that the importation of such fishes for breeding purposes would lead to an improvement of our stock, and this particular speci- men was promptly secured by one of our members for that purpose. Mounted diatoms, and living Daphnia and rotifers were exhibited under microscopes by the president and Mr. Sheldrick—Hon. Sec.
— :
The annual meeting of the Brooklyn Aquarium Society was held on January 20, in the Auditorium of the Pacific Branch of the Brooklyn Public Library. The following were elected to office for the ensuing year: President, Dr. Freder- ick Schneider; wice-president, John C. Donovan; secretary, J. H. Shenk; treas- urer, A. L. Wright; member of Board of Directors, Dr. J. H. Finney; auditing committee, C. J. Heede, H. A. Van Cott and R. D. Bright—J. H. SuHEeNnk, Secre- tary.
new
At the annual meeting of the Essex County Aquarium Society, the following officers were elected: President, Rev. B. J. Coltorti; vice-president, K. C. George; treasurer, Dr. William Bachmann; sec- retary, Dr. J. S. Voegtlen.
The society holds its meetings on the first and third Fridays at the Newark Turn Verein, 186 William street, New- ark, N. J. Members of other societies and those who are interested in aquarium nature-study are invited to attend.—J. 5. VORGTLEN, Secretary.
Aquatic Life 1919 — 1920
May. Nanostomus eques (Brind); The Water Horse-tail (Wobler) ; Observations on the Chelonians of North America, Part II. (Shufeldt); 1 Became a Fancier (Proctor) ; A Peculiar Planorbis (Breder); Association and Color Discrimination in Mudminnows and Sticklebacks (White); The Hay Infusion Microcosm (Woodruff); The Bladderworts, notes and news.
June. Observations on the Chelonians of North America, Part III (Shufeldt) ; Gam- busia episcopi (Brind); The Wheel Animal- cules (Bade); Sonnet to a Goldfish (Burditt) ; A Study of the Diamond Bass (Tyrell) ; The Brook Stickleback (Barker); Goldfish in China, Red-colored Water, Crappie Spawn in Washington Aquarium, and Society News.
Juty. A Big-headed Gurnard (Fowler); The Nesting Habits of Certain Sunfishes as Ob- served in a Park Lagoon in Chicago (Hubbs) ; Badis badis (Brind) ; The Paradise Fish (Bal- leisen); The Garden a Terrarium (Brcder) ; Philadelphia Aquarium, A Fish Elevator, Akiyama Goldfish Farm, notes and news.
Aucust. Observations on the Chelonians of North America, Part IV (Shufeldt); The Steinhart Aquarium, with portrait of Ignatz Steinhart; Lebias sophie (Brind); The Senses of Fishes (Herrick); Marine Aquaria, An Epidemic Among Fishes, Manufacture of Pearl Buttons, etc.
SEPTEMBER. Platypoecilus maculatus (Brind); Observations on the Chelonians of North America, Part V (Shufeldt) ; Notes on the Life-history of Planorbis corneus and Other Freshwater Mollusks (Webster) ; Phil- adelphia Exhibition, Naples Aquarium, Aquaria in the Conservatory of the Missouri Botanical Garden, Xiphophorus montezumae, I'reshwater Shrimp, notes and news.
January, 1920. Betta rubra (Heedec) ; Ob- servations on the Chelonians of North Amer- ica, Part VI (Shufeldt); Beef Heart and Beef Liver for Young Fishes; Notes on Mos- quito Larvae (Hale); Lucania ommata (ex- tension of range); Habits of Fundulus nottii and Heterandria formosa; Linseed meal cause of disease among trout; South Australian Aquarium Society, Passaic Aquarium Society, the Redfield Theory, etc.
Frpruary. Goldfish Foods and Feeding as Practiced in Japan (Nakashima) ; Observations on the Chelonians of North America, Part VII (Shufeldt); The Mosquito (Hale); Lucio- cephalus pulcher (/feede); Maintaining ap Aquarium (Trell); An Easily Constructed Heated Aquarium (Finckh); Roosevelt Wild Life Forest Experiment Station, February Pointers, ete. :
a
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Wear a Handsome Solid Gold Pin of Your Favorite Fish
Supply Co. >
Stil-B-Nu
A beautiful searfpin and wateh-fob for gentlemen
Copyright,
1919,
and brooches for ladies. Made of solid gold and of very best workmanship. An odd and attract- ive piece of jewelry now being worn by aqua- rists. Size of illustrations.
Prices (including War Tax):
Scalare, $7.25. Lionhead, Telescope (with ruby eye), $7.75, Telescope (with diamond eye), $9.25.
We are in a position to supply pins of favorite pet. Price on application,
A Choice Diet for Your Fish
Stil-B-Nu Fishfood. Scientifically prepared. Con- tains. most nutritious ingredients. A proved and tested food for all aquarium fishes. <A trial and your food problem is solved. Fine and coarse. Fine recommended for Tropicals. Price 20c. box; 3 boxes, 50c., postpaid,
Stil-B-Nu Dried Shrimp. Contains shrimp only, which is dried and properly prepared to make a choice mersel for all kinds of fishes. Coarse or fine. Use fine for Tropicals. Price 20c. box; 3 boxes, 50c., postpaid.
Stil-B-Nu Infusoria Culture is essential to all aquarists who desire to raise Gold and Tropical fishes. This culture is a result-producer. Full directions with each box. Price 50c., postpaid.
Stil-B-Nu Fish Remedy—a bination for the treatment ete., of Tropical and fancy fail to have a box or two on hand for the first sign of trouble. Full directions in each box. Price: 6 tablets in a box, 25c., postpaid.
Stil-B-Nu Aquarium Salts will go a long way toward keeping your fishes in good health by replacing the lime and salts as they are ab- Price: 6 tablets
$7.25
your
non-poisonous com- of fungus, tail-rot, Goldfishes. Don’t
sorbed by the fishes and snails. 25c.,
in a box, postpaid.
Stil-B-Nu Nets 55¢ The Best Net Made
Made in two sizes, 3% and
manufactured by us from the very best materials. The frame is brass, and its square shape which allows easy access to eormers,
Stil-B-Nu Aquarium Scrapers—something new: order one today and avoid pacing hand in the aquarium when cleaning it. Price 35c., postpaid. Easy-Reading Aquarium Thermometer. Tells at a glance the temperature of your water. No aquarium is complete without one. Price $1.00, postpaid.
Pocket Magnifying Glass.
5 inches.
Every aquarist needs
a good glass. especially when collecting insects and raising infusoria. Considering quality. this
$1.75, postpaid. Stil-B-Nu Aquarium Cement comes ready for use.
glass is priced very low.
50c. pound, postpaid. Aouarium Labels—a neat label, with the scien- tific name of Tropical fishes, their method of
breeding and the countries they come from. Just the thing for your aquarium. Price 50ce., post- paid.
Get our prices on Go'd and Tropical Fishes, Snai’s, Plants, Aquariums, Aquarium Stands, Castles, Books and Japanese Art Novelties.
Wholesale and Retail
STIL-B-NU SUPPLY CO 427 E. Girard Avenue, Philadelphia
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Des Plaines Fish Farm
867 N. Dearborn Street Chicago, Illinois (Hatchery at Des Plaines, III.) Importers and Breeders of Gold and Tropical Fishes. Orders should be placed
now for the following fishes to be shipped after May 15th, when weather con- ditions will permit safe transportation:
Atorevoheit Cima scagoocaamanubmmangasunododcoUddd0oODdODDNC per pair, $2.00
ss s (mottled—very rare) .....--....-...------.- oa “4.00 Mundulusmcood ele pre Cee ici ei tae ir e “2.00 €yprinodony vaviesatusm yl: cic oie ei trier s na 2-00 Oryzias latipes (Medaka) ...........-..---- 2s sete eee eee x me 50 EIGaSreaGbaY HOMMOREL sahooscocedcuoob MoCo DaDOSODONEDADDDOCD0NDO 2 Me .50 XMiphophorus helleri (young) .............----...25..s2-5-+- 20 S “1.00 Macropodus viridi-auratus (young) ...........----+-.e+eee eee 4 Lo) Gambusiasholbrooki creerert tse ia tec de shire cnepeeeen tenes re € 5 ordanellamionidae eeercre i eile elke s PMY) Platyposcilus: pulchtrayerertreroe ariel oie cloner cieey ei ton= per pair, $1.00 to 2.00
NATURE’S FISHFOOD
For Goldfish For Tropical Fishes For Native Fish
A good food is absolutely necessary if one would keep his fishes in good con- dition. Nature’s Fish Food is the result of years of study and experiment. If your dealer does not have it we will gladly send you a sample package for 20 cents.
Orders for fishes amounting to less than $5.00 cannot be filled. Shipping cans cost 35 to 50 cents extra.
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ERESH WATER BIOLOGY
By HENRY B. WARD AND GEORGE C. WHIPPLE
WITH THE COLLABORATION OF 25 DISTINGUISHED SPECIALISTS
All interested in aquatic biology will find here answers to their queries on methods of study, conditions of existence, types of life, and inter-relations of the organisms that inhabit our fresh-water bodies, together with data on their life histories, habits and range.
This work is the first complete and accurate record of North Amer- ican aquatic life, especially the micro-organisms; among both plants and animals excluding the vertebrates, higher plants and _ bacteria, every form is described that has been reported from a fresh-water body on this continent.
A comprehensive general discussion of each group precedes the description of individual forms, which are arranged under a key to permit of rapid and accurate determination of the genera and species. Nearly every form is illustrated, and its diagnostic features are pointed out. Biological data on its habits, frequence and distribution are also eciven.
Fresh-Water Biology is a big book of 1111 pages, with 1547 illus- trations. Price, $6.00, plus postage on four pounds.
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AQUATIC LIFE, 542 E. Girard Avenue, Philadelphia, Pa
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Tropical Fishes !
a fine, large stock of Danio malabaricus and | other species of Danio. (The most sprightly
aquarium fishes) Haplochilus, Barbus, Mouth- j breeders and many other beautiful fishes. l
August Obermuller
Breeder and Fancier of Telescopes and Tropicals
96 Columbia Avenue, Jersey City Heights, N. J.
visitors welcome at conseryatory Saturday |
afternoon and on Sunday.
any
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¥ ( ] l / | ( 2%
Several thousand
Young Broadtail Telescopes and Japs
in all the desirable colors, with deep bodies and from two to four inches long. Per dozen, $10 and up.
Gneiding’s Goldfish Hatchery Ridgefield Park New Jersey
Phone, Hackensack 2599\W
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Information 50c
Detailed and Dependale On Care and Breeding of
Goldfish, Tropical and Domestic Fish
is contained in my 50c Booklet. TIllustrat- / ed from life. Entitled, “Domesticated Fish’ or with my New, Best Book entitled ‘‘The ( Practical Fishfancier” $2.00. (See other ad. / in this number.) Two Books for $2.00 Only oe
W. L. BRIND, 449 W. 207 Street NEW YORK
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HENRY KISSEL, JR.
Breeder & Fancier of Broadtail Telescopes
Times 6 5 6 Os Fs fs 6 i es |
Tropical Fishes, Plants and Snails. Fishes, Plants, etc., Sold at Conservatory Telephone 461 Cliffside
241 Walker Street, Cliffside, N. J.
The Englewood Fancy Goldfish Hatchery
Japanese Toy Breeds in a variety of colors— “mouse” bodies and “claw” tails. Must be seen to be appreciated. Visitors welcome any Sat- urday afternoon, Sunday or holiday. Nothing for sale until June. Spawn in season. Tele- phone Wentworth 1118.
ANTHONY A. MAINA, 6711 Parnell Avenue, Chicago, Ill.
Dee ey E | I 3
or Excellent Conformation n Color Cannot Be Beat how Their Quality in Finnage
ave Blues, Blacks and Calicos
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Lavery Fancier Should Look Them Over
Felee Them at C. C. VOWINKEL Philadelphia, Pa
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j 5109 Catherine Street
JULIUS RIEWE BREEDER AND FANCIER OF TROPICAL FISHES 3919 Costello Avenue, Chicago, Ill.
Fine stock of Danio malabaricus, D. alboline- atus, D. rerio, Barbus conchonius, B. semifas- ciolatus, B. ticto and many other kinds of tropical fishes. None shipped. Telephone Bel- mont 5092.
The Original Bnchytracid Breeder
Feed your fishes white worms, which can be raised indoors throughout the year. Generous portion, 60 cents, with full instructions for raising them. CHARLES E. JENNE 230 5th Street Union Hill, N. J.
Please Mention
Aquatic Life When Writing Advertisers
Bp mes oc a ns ss ems
Aquarium Specialty Co
414 East Tremont ave., New York City. Taubles: we were unavoidably compelled to all kinds of substitute fishfoods for our health and happiness
Dear Mr. Because swallow the past three years, were sore’y impaired. We owe you our undying gratitude for feeding us again on our old favorite:
Dried Flies and Insects
whereby we feel assured of fully recuperating. Our flabby skins are already starting to round out, and our appetites are really wonderful. Your POOR FISH W. M. Why not earn a similar testimonial from your own fishes? 10¢. per ounce.
$1.25 per pound, postpaid.
Aquarium Specialty Co
414 East Tremont ave.,
New York City.
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AQUATIC MICROSCOPY BY DR. ALFRED C. STOKES
SPLENDID, not too technical hand
book of the lower organisms for the inquiring aquarist who dislikes to be nonplused by scientific verbiage. 324 pages, with 198 illustrations.
$2.50 Plus Postage on 2 Pounds
Address Aquatic Life
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If Your Fish Are Not Doing Well—Try ENCHYTRAEIDS - White Worms
The natural-and best food for goldfishes, barring none. Package, 50c. (cash or check), with in- structions for raising a constant supply.
PAUL MARQUARDT, 829 Teutonia Avenue, Milwaukee, Wis 2 BOOKS FOR $2.00 ONLY
RIND’S Best Book $1.50—‘“The Practical Fishfancier.”’ Brind’s First Book 50c —“‘Do- mesticated Fish” Manual. (See my other ad.
this number.\ Color pictures of fish. Half- tone and line cuts. These books cover the field
TROPICAL FISH - Fine and Cheap
Cameronensis, Red rivulus, Chaperi Albolineatus, Vittatus, Semifasciolatus Bettas, Trichogaster fasciatus and Lalius, Live-bearers. etc.
W. L. BRIND, 449 W. 206th Street NEW YORK
3]
Sern een |
GOLDEITsi
1,500,000 PLAIN & FANCY
Ready for market at rock-bottom prices. ped anywhere in United States or Canada. for our illustrated catalogue.
Oriental Goldfish and Supply Co
3757 - 3761 Cottage Grove Avenue
COOCOOOCOCOCO COO COO C00 000C0O
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Chicago, Illinois
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TRO PICALS vs. GOLDF ISH
Te apriltyy Re a Pinel is proven when the majority of leading breeders use it: thats YOGI. Ask your dealer or druggist or send for it by mail. : Yogi |5c box. By mail 17c Yogi 75c Pound Add Postage Magic (Infusoria) 50c Postpaid
Robert J. Schaeffer 1818 Frankford Avenue Phila., Pa
FISH FOOD Manufactured oaly by ROBT. J. SCHAEFFER PRICE. 10c.
AQUARIUMS
We make durable, artistic aquariums suit- able for home or conservatory; beautiful wherever placed. Fishes, plants, foods and all supplies for the aquarist. Cabomba, large, strong and healthy, $5.00 per hundred bunches; none better.
Pioneer Aquarium Works. Racine, Wisconsin
Sale or Exchange
Surplus Stock of Rare and Fancy Fish Plants of All Kinds
G. Germann, 0. D. 3823 N. Richmond St. Chicago
Phone: Monticello 6864.
RE Ueife ea aria aa rae 300 C000 CS 7000 CS) 000 C000:
Some ship. Per dozen, $4.00. Cyprinodon yarieg Notropis metallicus, Fundulus heteroclitus,
Shubunkins (Spotted Goldfish),
Japanese Snails, $2.00 Plants. Vallisneria (narrow Jeaf), dozen; Sagittaria (broad leaf), 75 Giant Anacharis, Potomogeton bunches. Weyptian Lotus White and Yellow Water age). All plants postpaid.
Freshwater Shrimp, sun dried, other substances. Coarse, medium or fine, chytraeus), per portion, 50 cents, best live food. A collection of twelve remitting for fishes please include
and
shelled
eee eee Ce gras
Mollienisia latipinna (or velifera) scientists assert that Velifera is but a perfectly developed latipinna—the only sort we
atus (Sheepshead Minnow), Gambusia holbrooki, $4.00 per dozen. and $2.50 per dozen.
530 cents per dozen; 75 cents per dozen; Myriophylum (dormant tubers—best Lilies (dormant tubers),
and shredded, $1.10 per with instructions how to breed varieties of 50 cents for shipping
CRESCENT FISH FARM, 1624 Mandeville Street, New Orleans, La,
$3.00 per dozen. Goldfish—all varieties.
60 cents per Cabomba,
Vallisneria (wide leaf), Water Poppy, $1.00 per dozen; spicatum (milfoil), 75 cents per dozen time to plant), 50 cents each. Red, 50 cents each; (seeds, 15 cents per pack-
Contains no Worms (Hn-
The W hen
The pound,
best fish food. postpaid. White a continuous supply. aquarium plants, $1.00, postpaid. ean.
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EVERYTHING IS FISH THAT COMES
TO THE NET OF A NATURALIST
Don’t paddle in the water with one hand and be blind with both eyes. In other words, “keep your eyes open’’ for all nature.
Our Magazine
Che Guide to ature Will Help You It is edited by EDWARD F. BIGELOW, who fishes in the heavens and earth, as well as the waters under the earth. Four months’ trial, 25ce. One year, $1.00. THE AGASSIZ ASSOCIATION ArcAdiA
Connecticut | | [100 0 S|
Sound Beach
—S[>000c—=S70c0 Saco —
ead elle | Winner of first prizes—silyer cup and gold medal.
A new fish for aquarists. The most attractive live-bearing fish. We now have them for sale.
A fine stock of Haplochilus cameronensis, H. rubrostigma, Hybrids—pulchras and = rubras—
and 35 other species of fishes. lel
S. SILVER
235 East llth street, New York city, N. Y. (Between 2d and 3d avenues.)
[SA 3] 0 0 SS
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OOO 000 C00 MSC S000 000000000!
| March Special!
50c Postpaid
Made in two shapes, 5 inches, round and Made of finest Marquesette on
square. Will not rust or rot 8
1. inch brass wire.
Creation! the New Infusoria 50c Box Postpaid 8 3
Use without sheep manure. sample free.
me Shield of Quality Fishfood
15c Box, 4 Boxes 50c Postpaid
Send for a
Until further notice, on account of weath- ( er, no orders taken for tropicals. Special prices on dozen lots of nets, fishfood and 8 Creation, Orders taken now for 1920 8 breed of Broad-tail Telescopes.
Bean 8 FRANCIS K.CHRISTINE
518 BELGRADE STREET
DODOCOOODOD0COO 000 000 000000 000 C4000 000 900 CK COC COO 000 OOO G00
PHILADELPHIA
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8 8 rhe New E-Z Z to Catch Net :
ees i i: Veiltail
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Beautiful Breeders Prize Winning Stock $12.00 Per Pair
Franklin Barrett
401 to 417 East Wyoming Avenue Philadelphia
FISH, PLANTS, SNAILS, ETC | Wholesale and Retail
a
THE BEST BOOK ft AQUARIUM Susie
SUBJECTS is “Goldfish Varieties & Tropical Aquarium Fishes’’, byWm.T.Innes, former President of the Aquarium Society of Phila.; 250 pages, 195 7 U8 illustrations. Tells all about the SY)2 MN) fancy varieties of the Goldfish and nearly 300 tropicals; how to breed them, etc., etc. For the beginner or the advanced expert.
A complete, practical, handsome book, sent postpaid anywhere for $4.00 Enlarged edition now ready.
INNES & SONS - 133 N. 12th St. - Phila.,
Pa.
JOSEPH J. HAEGELMEIER IMPORTER AND BREEDER FANCY GOLDFISH
1916 PROVENCHERE PLACE, ST. LOUIS, MO
Large Assortment of Fancy Fish at All Times Kinloch: Victor 2656 L
c——S)c00C S000:
“AQUARIA FISH”
A practical work on care and breeding of fish in the aquarium, greenhouse and outdoor ponds. Finely illustrated.
Everyone interested in keeping fish should send for a copy of this book. Price $1.00.
Tappan’s Natural Fish Food. Three boxes, post- paid, 25c.
Guinea Pigs and Thoroughbred Collie Pups, beau- tifully marked. Write for prices.
F. L. TAPPAN
| Route 2, Hopkins, Minn.
aie meh aS
Aquatic Lite
Vol. II +2 Vol. IIl
$2.25 each, postage paid
Volumes average 165 pages and as many illustrations. Substantial cloth binding, with title page and complete index. (Stock of Volume II is small.) WANTED: One hundred copies of
Volume I, loose or bound. Can use single issues. Address publisher.
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ee
JAPANESE GOLDFISH By DR. HUGH M. SMITH
A guide to the methods of breeding fancy goldfish practiced in Japan. The result of the personal investigations of the author. Ten breeds are illus- trated in color, with numerous text cuts; 112 pages.
$2.00, plus postage on 2 pounds.
Address Aquatic Life
HERMAN RABENAU, Aquarist PERMANENT DISPLAY OF Aquatic Life & Terraria
must be seen to be appreciated
Visitors Welcome Plants and Tropical Fish a Specialty Importations of New Varieties received regularly 1163 Myrtle Avenue, Brooklyn, N. Y. Near Broadway.
Combination Natural Fish Food - Sample Box 10c Japanese Shrimp Fish Food - - Sample Can 15c Baby Fish Food Sample Box 15c Glass Feeding Rings 15c, 25c 35c Each Mail Orders Promptly Attended to
Special Prices on Quantity Lots. Cash With Order,
Catalogue Sent Upon Request.
AQUARIUM STOCK CO 273 Greenwich Street New York City
GOLDFISH, FOODS, PLANTS, DIP NETS
2° GED © © 6 amED © © © au © © © Gum GE=D ec 6 © GumD © © © au ee 4 am s-
HARRY P. PETERS 1210 N. Warnock Street, Philadelphia, Pa BREEDER AND IMPORTER Rare and Fancy Fish
Plants of every variety, Snails and Aquarium Supplies of all kinds at all
MANUFACTURER OF
Green River Fish Food 15c Box
Green River Baby Fish Food 20c Box A GOOD FISH FOOD is one of the most essential things necessary to keep fish in good health. After the test of years Green River stands out as the best food on the market. It keeps the fish in good color by pro- moting a healthy, robust growth. It will not sour ot cloud the water. Ask
your dealer or send for it today. eee |
Breedce
Large assortment of Splendid Telescopes and Jap Goldfish at Reasonable Prices
Large Assortment of fine
LIONHEADS q Shipping Cans 50 cents 4
3
HARRY P. PETERS _ . : 1210 NORTH WARNOCK STREET 3
) PHILADELPHIA Nines Goldfish Co
T. MURATA, Proprietor. 1919-21 Bush Street, San Francisco, Cal Importers and Dealers
GOLDFISH PLANTS SNAILS Dried Shrimp, Birds, Cages and All Supplies
NEW STOCKS ARE COMING! Price List Sent on Request
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Lee & et ae Sagres en meres ape
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Sie el
+ Vol. ah April, 1920 No.4
An international SuaTeae apa devoted to the study, care and breeding of fishes and —
other animals and plants in the home aquarium and terrarium.
Re WAS POVSER 2 cies oa tae We Gein Mise ee seein ati aenraee Tine ee RRS EDITOR — JOSEPH FE. BAUSMAN’(c.03205 cde wteitoa cet ee wns abs oltcfewenia a ct ones .. PUBLISHER ~ R42 East Girard Avenue ........... cece cere ccc recor cre rec teecerccssees Philadelphia
Entered as second-class matter, September 2d, 1915, at the Post Enaee Philadelphia, Pa. ae under Act of March 34d, 1879. :
Popular and scientific articles and ‘notes on sanieeets pertaining to the aquarium and
terrarium, and to the habits of fishes in general, are always wanted for “Aquatic Life.” Readers are invited to join in making it a medium of mutual help by contributing to it the results of their studies. The pages are always open to any one having information .of interest to the aquarist and student of aquatic blology. Manuscripts, books Zon review and general correspondence should be addressed to \the editor.
“Aquatic Life’ has the largest circulation of any magazine in the world devoted to aquatic nature-study. It offers to advertisers a market: that can be reached through no other medium. Rates made known on application. : ‘
YEARLY SUBSCRIPTION ...........-.+- ee tee ce eee rete tte t te eee eee ee BL ZS FOREIGN SUBSCRIPTIONS ........:.-: nea eee ees Tore kereie ‘aiehe : seer b a eee eee 1.50 | SINGLE COPY .....-- cece ccee rece ee Seis aean couseoracecas aiideonn } a lorena EAs Hetrians To ean AS
Payments should be made by money order. draft or registered letter. If local checks are
sent, ten cents shovld be added for ‘collection charges. orgie remittances should be by
/ y - . ey % * ‘ “ae
“ey
Oe EE es | a a a RR
international money order.
a Copyright, 1920, by Joseph EH. Bausman, pao
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£:
) Water Gardenin g
By BISSET
The best and most “readable” book on
the care and propagation of aquatic
plants in general. It gives in full de- tail all the practical information neces- sary to the selection, grouping and successful cultivation of aquatic, and other plants required in the making of a water garden and its surroundings. Covers all conditions from that of the amateur with a few plants in tubs to the large estate or park.
Directions for constructing concrete pools; propagation of hardy and tender lilies and other aquatics; best lilies for small pools and tubs; the aquatic plant greenhouse; various aquarium plants; enemies and diseases of aquatic plants; gold and other fishes for the water garden.
Profusely illustrated with 120 half- tones, 17 diagrams and 2 double page plates. 199 pages, coated paper, orna- mented cloth binding—de luxe edition. Price, $3.00, postpaid.
THE BOOK DEPARTMENT AQUATIC LIFE Philadelphia
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IT. P. LOVERING i
ie AQUARIST |
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. WILMINGTON, NORTH CAROLINA Collector and Breeder of Tropical Fish Snakes and Other Reptiles Pine a New Varieties Aquatic Plants 1 a Choice and Rare Specimens : oe Snakes and Reptiles. re
Tropical Fishes
l
l Flassoma evergladei, $1.75 per pair.
] Heterandria formosa, $1.00 per pair. M. chaetodon, 50c “each Small turtles, $1.25 per dozen.
i Newts, $1.00 per dozen.
| Wholesale to dealers.
|
The Venus Flytrap (Dionaea muscipula ) The plant that feeds on insects $1.00 Dozen
a e e t eS I Fundulus nottii, nee per a / a L te ie [* ee 1s
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| | Mastacembelus pancalus | PEYTON MacMORRIS, M. D.
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Mastacembelus pancalus
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The species of the family to which our subject belongs inhabit Southern Asia, extending from Syria to the Malay Archipelago. All the species of Masta- cembelus are characterized by the long, fleshy appendage to the snout, and in some the dorsal and anal fins are conflu- ent with the caudal instead of distinct as in the species illustrated.
Panealus, specimens of which were secured by European aquarists about fif- teen years ago, inhabits the deltas of the rivers of India, and may be inferred as common, inasmuch as it has attracted sufficient attention to be known to the natives by sundry names—Pangkal, Gochi, Gangr-gonti and others equally jargon-like to the Anglo-Saxon. Though small, about seven inches in length, it is
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held in esteem as a food fish, not only by the natives, but by others to whom fishes of snake-like form are not repul- Sive.
The general color of this species is greenish-olive above, becoming yellowish beneath, with many yellowish-white spots distributed over the sides. The lateral line is pronounced, but technical descrip- tions of the species do not indicate a lat- eral color stripe as prominent as illus- trated. Secondary sexual characters do not seem to be developed.
References may be found in aquarium literature to Mastacembelus argus Guenther, of Siam. In the aquarium the eggs are said to adhere to the glass sides, plants or stones, hatching in a few days, the young gathering in a school about
38 Aquatic Lite
the parents after the manner of the cich- lids. The latter habit is scarcely what one would expect in a fish of this sort.
The favored foods seem to be Daphne, white worms, tubifex worms and similar small forms of life. An average water temperature of 75 degrees, Fahrenheit, should be maintained.
The London Society
A meeting of the London Aquarium Society was held on Friday evening, February 6, the president in the chair. Nineteen new members, ordinary, asso- ciate, honorary, and ex-officio, were elected. One of our members, Mr. D. F. Leney, of Oxford University, exhibit- ed a pair of Amblystoma tigrinum which had completed their metamorphosis by special feeding from the axolotl state and become land animals; also an axolotl in process of turning by the evaporation method ; and salamander and newt larvae in process of metamorphosis by iodine treatment. Probably such a varied dis- play has never before’ been witnessed, and Mr. Leney’s exhibits attracted con- siderable attention and discussion.
Mr. Cura showed nine varieties of tropical fishes, including two species of
eurami, and the Siamese fighting-fish.
Mr. B. T. Child exhibited the lamprey. Mr. P. W. Horn exhibited winter buds of various aquatic plants, and the con- tents of the stomach of a heron showing remains of rats, water-beetles, and their larvae. The president had on view un- der a microscope a specimen of Trombi- dium (the harvest-mite) so troublesome to anglers.
The meeting considered the generous proposal of the British Sea Anglers So- ciety offering them their room as a meet- ing place. This was much appreciated, and it was unanimously agreed that it be accepted.—Hon. Sec.
A New Treatment
To Eliminate Ichthyophthirius C.L. HAUTHAWAY
In the collection of the writer is a fifty- gallon tropical community tank contain- ing twenty-one species of fishes. In this was unwittingly placed eight or ten pairs of new fishes immediately they arrived, which almost at once gave evidence cf being infested with IJchthyophthirins, whereupon they were removed.
The fishes were then placed in two- quart jars, partially filled with pure water, which were floated in the large aquarium. were filled likewise with pure water and also floated. To those containing the fishes a generous portion of Daphne was added, and more from time to time as if was consumed. Night and morning, until cured, the fishes were transferred to the reserve jars of pure water, and Daphne supplied as before, the used jars being sterilized and then replaced in readiness.
The purpose of the Daphne is two- fold. My theory is that the parasite is devoured by the Daphne when it leaves the host, and others eliminated when the fishes are transferred. On the other hand there is no better nor more invigorating food for fishes than Daphne, and being consumed during the treatment, enable the patients to maintain strength to re- sist the enervating influence of the para- site. I may wrongfully state the “why” of the method, but fishes so treated, both my own and those belonging to friends, have invariably been cured. ‘The large tank mentioned is heated by electricity and maintained at a uniform warm tem- perature by means of a thermostat. Un- der these conditions Daphne will not live long, dying and polluting the water to the detriment of the patients if trans- fers are not made as often or more often
A similar number of jars
than stated.
as ee et, bs
Southern Soft-shelled Turtle
mm ms os 0 ss ss 6 5 Os 6 6 Os es Pt Se Pes
It is not a difficult matter to distinguish a Spiny Soft-shelled turtle from the Florida species, for the former has an olive instead of a brown head, on each side of which we may note, including the neck, a yellow, black-edged line running through the eye, and joining the one from the opposite side at the root of the nose. Then, on the anterior edge of the carapace in this species we find a con- spicuous row of little cone-shaped tu- bercles, which are entirely lacking in the other species.
This Spiny Soft-shell rarely exceed 15 inches in length of carapace; and, like its congeners, it causes no end of annoy-
te
Observations on the Chelonians | of North America. IX. | !
DRRS Wa SmuURELD IT Ghia Ss:
Pa 6 PE Bs BS FS Bs OG Bs Ba BS Be BB Be EP ei
) 4 PS PS SP 6 BG OS PPS 9 SBS PG PG Bi SF Ps BS PS Fg Bd Pg Fs Os Bd mt er of
DorsalView
| ! |! ! | |! oe
ance to anglers in streams and ponds where it may occur in numbers, and for the reason that it will take the worm or minnow on the hook as quickly as any fish that ever lived—and if hooked, it will put up the stiffest kind of a fight to get away.
Our Spiny Soft-shell is an abundant species in all the area inhabited by it; it even extends its excursions into the big canals in New York State, and by so doing finds its way into the Hudson River, where a few specimens are taken every season.
Of all the North American species of these turtles, the “brown” is the small-
40 Aquatic Lite
est; it has no spines on the carapace as in the last species, while its head is pro- portionately narrower. Dull blotches may be detected on its olive or brown carapace; but they are in some instances very obscure and not readily seen. A big specimen of this species may pos- sess a Carapace measuring some 7 inches in length, but it would be the exception.
Emory’s Soft-shell turtle also lacks the
be E pe he
ee.
ONG TTT
Southern Soft-shelled Turtle Ventral View
spines on the front edge of the carapace, and its proboscis is proportionately short- er. Its olive-tinted carapace is thickly Aver-
age specimens run about a foot in length.
dotted over with black dottings.
In pools, or muddy, sluggish streams in those parts of the country where any of these soft-shelled turtles are abundant,
one may occasionally see them out of the water, though this is by no means their custom. They present a curious sight, and one not easily forgotten. A slimy, old, water-soaked log, out in the full glare of the sun and flush with the sur- face of the water of the pool, will some- times, in the warm season, tempt several of them, of various sizes, to climb out for a good sun-bath. As a rule, when com- fortably settled on the log, they will pull in their legs and stretch out their necks, until they resemble so many brown water snakes rearing aloft. This feat led D:t- mars to say that they, when so basking, impart “the idea of as many snakes emerging from under flat stones.” Should anything alarm them, the entire bunch is into the water in a twinkling, when they dart to places of hiding, at the bottom or along the banks, with the swiftness of the best fish that ever lived.
In some parts of the South, these rep- tiles are known as the “soft-shelled snap- pers or snapping turtles,’ and for the best of reasons. As already stated, its bite is a most dangerous one, and cases are known where a large Florida soft- shell has bitten off a man’s finger. So quick is its attacking stroke that one is thrown quite off one’s guard, and the first thing realized is that the vicious rep- tile has the part seized in its powerful keen-edged jaws.
The small specimens of these interest- ing turtles make very interesting aquar- ium pets; but they must be constantly supplied with food, worms, tiny fish, and so on, regularly, nature the adults feed upon many things, chiefly on
such as angling
or they will soon die. In
the various species of fresh-water mol- lusca. In addition they capture and eat no end of small fish, aquatic batrachians, finally, the
(Concluded on Page 48)
as frogs and newts, and,
fag Sg i tee a I ! Notes on Haplochilus lineatus | | CHARLES J. SAWYER I . |
I NS
a SS Eg os es ee a
$a 55S Fa S aS 8 5 a Ss FS SS SS FS FF 8 Bg PSs BSS BS PS SS 9g $s FS St es Oy a -
6 Pe 6 Po PF A A FA A fe
| | | Haplochilus lineatus India a a a ee a a a eS
There are aquarists who “go into rap- tures’ when Hapflochilus cameronensis is mentioned, proclaiming it as the most beautiful member of the genus. But then to decide, the state of mind of the individual must be considered. I pre- fer H. lineatus. Its beauty is of a differ- ent sort, sparkling and sharp, like a fine- ly cut_gem. Besides it has “pep.” I think none the less of it because a big fellow cnce gobbled a batch of young guppies, whereby I gained a bit of ex- perience.
When lineatus was first secured by
aquarists it was identified as Haplo- chilus rubrostigma, and this apparently erroneous name has stuck like a postage stamp ever since. The differences be- tween the two are not great, the formu- lae of fins and scales being much alike. If lmeatus and rubrostigma are distinct from one another, the question concerns identification ; 1f the two names refer to the same fish we must accept lineatus as correct, it being the older. Both species, conceding them as distinct, are found in the same general localities tin India.
42 Aquatic Lite
The coloration varies with age, sex and temperature. Each scale has a golden green spot in the centre, making this the dominant color, contrasting well with the red “trimmings.” The female is usually lighter, with the green spots not so pronounced, and further dis- tinguished by a lengthwise black stripe, somewhat broken, and eight to ten verii- cal bands passing down the sides to the abdomen; these bands are present in the young of both sexes, the males los- ing them with approaching maturity.
For the propagation of this Haplo- chilus, preference should be given to a broad and shallow, rather than a small, deep aquarium. Rooted vegetation is not a matter of much moment, but plenty of loose Myriophyllum, Anacharis, etc., should be thrown in and allowed to float near the surface. On these plants the eggs will be deposited. At least once every day, and more often if possible, the plants should be examined for eggs If found, either the mass of plants, or the adult fish, should be removed to an- other aquarium.
The eggs will hatch in about two weeks at ordinary summer temperature, but more quickly if very warm. From this time on, success will depend upon foods and temperature. Keep the babies warm and see that they have plenty of minute forms of life. Eventually they will be large enough to master small Daphne and growth will be quickened. Continue us- ing Daphne as long as it is obtainable, later passing to white worms, and chop- ped earthworms, with prepared foods as an emergency ration. White worms are greatly relished, the fish often leaping from the water to pick them from one’s fingers.
While lineatus will thrive in a compar- viively small tank, it should be given as l.rge a one as possible, especially if it is
desired to raise fine specimens. In na- ture it reaches a length of four inches, but if aquarium-bred is seldom more thanethnree) mchess) whlcatmicuamractormem growth, so not less than 70 degrees should be provided during the cold months, while for propagation it should be ten degrees higher. re Se, Se
The Aquatic Association of Maryland has become affiliated with the Maryland Academy of Sciences, which has been well known in scientific circles for a great many years. While linking its destinies with those of the academy and thus ad- ding an aquatic section to that body, the association preserves its identity and wil operate under its own constitution and by-laws.
At the recent annual meeting the fol- lowing officers were elected for the en- suing year: President, J. Shelton Hill; vice-president, P. C. Chambliss; secre- tary, William Jay Smith; treasurer,
Louis Hens. SE ened
ANE WKS AyobeNl ienscoine Oe wae Si Louis Aquarium Society, held on March 3d, officers were elected as follows: President, Paul Hohenstein; vice-presi- dent, Frank Gutweiler; treasurer, Frank Moran; secretary, John Wetzel.
PLIERS
Carleton E. Davis, Chief of the Bu- reau of Water, of Philadelphia, gave a lecture on “Water Conditions” at a re- cent meeting of the Philadelphia Gold- fish Fanciers’ Society. Other societies should find it to their advantage to ar- range for similar talks by local sanitary
engineers. eee cee
Crisp lettuce, chopped very fine, has been found to be relished by both gold- fish and wild native and exotic fishes, ven those of decided carnivorous char- acteristics will take it with avidity.
I ct PP PP Ps Fs FF Fd Fd fg 4 gs gs gs
a
Amblystoma tigrinum
ee ee eee em
It is within common experience that Axolotls kept in captivity are apt to pro- duce colorless offspring; the fact has been mentioned in Aquatic Life (Volt, p. 130), as has also the record of an aiimlostoe (Vol: 11, p. 132).
The South Australian summer of 1910- 20 was characterized by a rapid succes- sion of extremes of temperature, and to this circumstance is attributed our com- parative failure in breeding axolotls dur- ing this season. Several pairs produced eggs, but in nearly all cases they failed to develop. One female laid about thirty eggs of which only two hatched, all the others dying in various stages within the eggs.
The two survivors are both colorless, the only indication of color being minute dots distributed over the body ; the pupils
PS FS FS Pe
EDGAR R. WAITE, F. L. S.
Director of the South Australian Museum
i | (The Artificial Production of Albinism |
te ey
om eee ee ees It Pt Fh Fe Fs EF of .
Larval form or Axolotl
a 6B FF A BF FS FG he SB KF
Se ee et ae a CY Et 09 eV eS 9 aS a9 ted
of the eyes appear to be pink, but are each surrounded with a dark ring, for which appearance the hard fibrous sclerotic coat may be responsible. The beating of the heart and the course of the blood and food systems can be easily traced, while the difference in the color of the blood in the efferent and afferent vessels of the gills conveying respectively venous and arterial fluid furnishes an in- teresting object lesson.
It is not, however, to describe the ap- pearance of a colorless axolotl that I now write, but rather to vaguely indicate a possible reason for the peculiar condition in these batrachians. The term “albin- ism” should denote an entire absence of color, either locally or generally. The little dots above referred to would sug- gest, not an absence of pigment, but
44 Aquatic Lite
rather an absence of the power to expand the chromatophores or color cells.
On mentioning the condition and later showing specimens to my friend, Pro- fessor Ll. Brailstord)) Robertson, he kindly referred me to a series of papers recently published by Dr. P. E. Smith, of the University of California. This author had experimented with frog tad- poles and discovered that if the Hypo- physis cerebri or pituitary bodies were removed, the tadpoles assumed an al- bino condition ; growth was retarded and the larvae were unable to undergo the usual metamorphosis, that is, they were incapable of becoming frogs. It may be said that the experiments were not con- ducted with the aim of producing albin- ism; this was an unexpected result, but was a condition regarded as of inestt- mable value, as it became an invariable index to the success of the operation of removing the pituitary body.
The albino tadpoles were next fed with gland substances (pituitary, ad- renal, etc.), and growth was resumed and even exceeded that attained under normal conditions. Another surprising result was the development of pigmented skin, due to the expansion of the chroma- tophores which, though evidently pres- ent, were incapable of action in the ab- sence of the necessary glandular ma- terial.
It is well known that the absence or derangement of certain bodies, such as the thyroid and pituitary glands, pro- duces strange conditions in the human subject, and the interesting experiments conducted by Dr. Smith fairly conclu- sively prove that albinism in frogs and axolotls is due to some abnormal condi- tion of those apparently insignificant or- gans, of which medical science has much to learn.
Many animals from man to fishes, down to starfishes at least, are known to produce albinos or color variations, and
an interesting and valuable field of re- search is thus revealed to students of nature.
A Metal Net for Larval Fishes HARRY W. BALLEISEN There are often times when it is advis- able to move recently hatched fishes from one tank to another. When we use a
spoon, ladle or cup the fry manage to escape when the implement is raised to the surface, being washed out by the dis- At this age the fish are very
turbance.
tender and are apt to be injured if handled in a cloth net. Hence the metal net as illustrated.
Take a baking powder can and with tinners’ shears cut it down to the depth shown. Select a piece of brass wire- cloth twice the depth of the can in width, and long enough to reach around and slightly over-lap within the can. Before bending the wire-cloth to insert in the can, turn over one long edge, the upper: one when completed, then bend the strip (the turned edge outside), and insert in the can and solder; the screen should ex- tend to the bottom. On the outside of the can solder a short piece of brass
tubing, and in it insert a_ snug-fitting wooden handle. The purpose of the wire-cloth is to
prevent the fry floating out while the im- plement is being drawn out of the water, while the can retains ample water to insure them against injury.
i a a a a ee
| ‘The “BALANCED” AQUARIUM | | A Question and an Experiment | J. H. POWERS | i oe ee ee
by a Ss FH SB FB FT FB Es FF Sk Sd Fg SS ts ss
i
» ST 6 Fe 6 Os Fs Fe 6 Ss Ss Se
To the aquarist the theory of the bal- anced aquarium is well nigh sacred. To question it is like questioning the trinity among theologians. Yet much in the writ- er’s experience has shown that it is not a dogma which can be trusted or applied with confidence.
Besides, as no doubt the readers of Aquatic Life know, it has even its theo- retical limitations. The animal absorbs oxygen and gives off carbonic acid; the plant absorbs carbonic acid and gives off oxygen. So runs the formula. But not always by any means. For the animal the formula holds good. But for the plant only in the sunlight. Only by means of the energy of the sun, acting in conjunc- tion with the green coloring matter of the plant and its living protoplasm, can
A Well Arranged Aquarium in the Collection of H. E. Finckh
SF 6 FF SS SS FF Fo Fs FB SB 6 8 SB SB 6 BS SB gO 6 BG Fg Ss Bs Fg Ss
Fe ee ee ees ae Fs Fs Ps
photosynthesis take place, that process which builds up the plant’s food sub- stances, employing carbon dioxide and incidentally giving off oxygen.
But place the growing plant in the dark, and its nature is at once reversed. It becomes an animal so far as its gaseous exchanges are concerned. It needs and uses oxygen and it excretes acid.
carbonic
This now being the case, the practical question arises for the aquarist: what is the actual condition of the balanced aquarium during the night? The animal population is of course deoxygenating the water while supplying it with the ex- cretory compound of carbon. The veg- etable population of the aquarium is doing exactly the same thing. But in
46 Aquatic Lite
what degree? Does the balance estab- lished during the day essentially last over through the night? Do the plants give off so much oxygen in the light and themselves utilize so little during the night that their influence is after all es- sentially the one ascribed to them in the accepted theory of the balanced aquarium ?
This question is at once of practical and theoretical interest. The writer has asked a number of botanists for infor- mation. What is the condition of the water, say of an aquarium in which there is no animal life, but in which the maxi- mum bulk of a given plant is growing, for instance, after so many hours of sunlight, followed by so many hours of darkness? Is the period of oxygeniza- tion actually followed by one of deoxy- genation, or, as indicated above, is the deoxygenating influence slight as com: pared with the other? So far, the bot- anists to which the writer has appealed have been unable to give answers to these questions, or to point to any literature touching upon them. The writer would be greatly pleased if some reader of Aquatic Life might do better.
Now for the experiment. Several years ago the writer was engaged in a series of experiments in regard to the metamorphosis of the Tiger Salamander. This animal, of course, lives in the water in its early or tadpole stage. During this period it has a fine system of external gills. It has lungs also, however, even before it hatches from the egg, and at some period in its life its gills are usual- ly absorbed and the animal becomes chiefly an air breather and chiefly a land animal.
The points at issue, which lead to the
Could
the larval salamander really develop for
experiment, were the following.
a long period by the use of its gills alone,
and at what time would it begin to rise to the surface and breathe by means of its lungs?
Two young salamanders were chosen for the experiment. They were about three centimeters long and had hatched from eggs in a large battery jar used as an aquarium. It was situated in an east window and contained a fairly copious growth of several algae. There were small worms and crustaceans also pres- ent which served as food for the two larva. These little animals throve ex- ceedingly, growing as fast as did others in an adjacent pond. They were the pic- ture of contentment, striding about the bottom of the jar with slow searching movements, now and then jabbing and munch, munch, munching if the jab proved successful in approved young salamandrine fashion. heir gills were finely developed. Blood could plainly be seen circulating in them.
These animals were watched for hours during several days to ascertain wheth- er they rose to the surface for air. But no suggestion of a rising movement was observed. They were plainly living un- der ideal conditions of a balanced aquar- ium. The oxygen that they were absorb- ing through skin and gills was sufficient for their respiratory needs.
The next question, however, what of the conduct of these animals during the might? Observed by lamp light during the evening they were as quiet as usual. It really seemed to the writer that they were living an exclusive- ly under water life. To prove this, how- ever, a screen of mosquito netting was
Wds,
stretched across the jar about two centi- meters below the surface and held there The placing of it was done without exciting They seemed as content Yet, to the writ-
by means of a light elastic spring. », D oO
the animals.
afterwards as before.
er’s great surprise, the following morn- ing, there were two holes bored through the netting and both animals were in the shallow water above it.
Replaced by the removal of the net, they soon became quiet and resumed their ordinary contented daylight life. Toward evening, two films of netting were stretched across the jar. But the next morning both animals had again penetrated the impediment and reached the surface. At the third trial, three lay- ers of mosquito netting spanned the opening of the jar. It seemed utterly impossible that a creature so delicate as were these tiny larvae could ever press aside the strands of this triple net and reach the surface. And was it really necessary that they do so? Would they not finally make a virtue of necessity and remain content with the conditions of respiration which their balanced aquar- ium furnished them beneath the surface? But no. The third morning, one animal had penetrated the triple net; while its companion had failed to do so, and was dead at the bottom of the jar. The con- ditions in the jar looked quite normal meanwhile. The vegetable growth was healthy as ever.
In this instance it is plain that the respiratory conditions furnished by a balanced aquarium during the day and during the night were markedly dissim- ilar. The writer has never made further experiments on the subject. He is in- deed not an aquarist in the ordinary sense of the term, having little to do with fish, or with the larger aquatic animals. But in year-long work with minute forms of animal life, his attention has repeatedly been called to the fact that the balanced aquarium is in no wise so valuable a means of promoting life as is ordinarily supposed. Many minor forms of life live longer, grow and multiply faster,
Aquatic Lile
47
withstand changes of temperature bet- ter, when reared in aquaria without plants rather than with. Definite paral- lel experiments have shown this to be the case again and again.
Undoubtedly this is not true of fish and typical aquarium animals. It would be absurd for the writer to deem that all the practical aquarists in the world were wrong in their view of the matter. But can we not have more and better knowI- edge than that which is embodied in the mere dogma as it is usually advanced?
It seems to the writer that it would be very interesting if some readers of Aquatic Life, who have splendid aquaria at their disposal, would make careful ob- servations of the conduct of animals, fish and otherwise, after periods of light and darkness; after a long stretch of sun- light, for instance, blanket an aquarium for twelve hours and note by some care- ful means the conduct of its inmates. The writer at least would feel his knowl- edge of animal life greatly extended by the results of such careful investigation.
ene ine Venus’s Fly Trap
Venus’s Fly Trap is a bit of “bog life” for the conservatory that never fails to arouse interest; even those who squint at your fishes and ask “what good are they” will be impressed.
The plant can be briefly described as a rosette of leaves, the latter on broadly From the centre of the proper season, usually native haunts,
winged stems. rosette, at the April and May in its springs the tall flower stalk, with its ter- minal cluster of eight to ten white blos- But the flower is the least inter-
soms. esting feature. The leaves catch in- sects! Sharp, rigid projections, like
diminutive spikes, stand out from the
leaf-margins, and on the surface are
48 Aquatic Lite
glands that both secrete and absorb. Let an unfortunate insect alight upon a leaf and the lobes close, the projections inter- locking like the teeth of a steel trap, the centre of the movement being the mid-rib and is more rapid than might be expect- ed. The glands secrete a fluid which acts like the gastric juice of animals and re- duces the victim to the proper state to permit the absorption of its nitrogenous matter.
The Fly Trap may be potted in soil, but it is more interesting to grow in damp moss like an epiphytic orchid, which will demonstrate that the roots probably serve solely for the absorption
of water. ———<_>__—_-
The Chelonians (Concluded from Page 40) young of ducks, coots, divers, and other
water fowl.
The females of any of the species come ashore in the summer time to lay These may number several doz- en to the single clutch, are perfectly round, and as white as snow. She al- ways selects a place where no shade can ever be. Once satisfied with the select- ed site, she works her way down into the sand until all is covered save the tip of her proboscis. Often it requires a week or ten days, sometimes ionger, be- fore her entire complement is deposited. Each egg possesses a very thin, brittle shell, averages something over an inch in diameter, and looks like a big, white
eggs.
marble.
3y closely imitating their habitats in nature, these turtles may easily be kept in zoological gardens or on private prem- ises; and there is no trouble in feeding them beyond securing what they so read- ily devour. Even good-sized fish, recent- ‘'y dead, will be enjoyed by them—that ‘s, by the larger specimens; while ang-
ling worms constitute, in my experience, the best food for the very young speci- mens.
In perfectly clear water it is a most interesting experience to study their various motions and graceful swimming. The extreme suppleness of their limbs admit of their darting either forwards or backwards with extraordinary rapidity. When frightened, one will scurry to the bottom and hide much quicker than it takes to tell it. Here it will conceal it- self among the vegetation, or even work its way down into the sand or mud. When it believes that the danger is over, we next see its long, snake-like neck protruding to admit of its seeing about in all directions. Cautiously it will come out into the open; and should it desire to breathe the air, it will, with a single sweep of its powerful anterior limbs, shoot to the surface like a rocket.
Soft-shelled turtles thriven in captivity, if regularly fed in comfort- able places, for many years at a time, especially if the trial be made with spect- mens of the proper ages, particularly the
have
young and subadult specimens. Old ones do not do so well for some reason, hav- ing probably been too long in their na-
tive waters. ——_+>__—_
The South Side Aquarium Club, of Chicago, will have a public exhibition of aquarium fishes April r1ith to 18th, in- clusive, in the Washington Park Conser- vatory, Fifty-seventh and Cottage Grove avenue. ‘Thirty-five to forty tanks, with
as many species of fishes, will be shown.
———— A bird in the hand is vulgar. Use a knife and fork. ee Ignorance may be bliss, but one’s
knowledge of one’s ignorance is whai blisters.
Aquatic Life 1919 — 1920
May. Nanostomus eques (Brind); The Water Horse-tail (Wobler); Observations on the Chelonians of North America, Part II. (Shufeldt); 1 Became a Fancier (Proctor) ; A Peculiar Planorbis (Breder); Association and Color Discrimination in Mudminnows and Sticklebacks (White); The Hay Infusion Microcosm (Woodruff); The Bladderworts, notes and news.
June. Observations on the Chelonians of North America, Part III (Shufeldt) ; Gam-
busia episcopi (Brind); The Wheel Animal- cules (Bade) ; Sonnet to a Goldfish (Burditt) ; A Study of the Diamond Bass (Trell) ; The Brook Stickleback (Barker); Goldfish in China, Red-colored Water, Crappie Spawn in Washington Aquarium, and Society News.
Jury. A Big-headed Gurnard (Fowler) ; The Nesting Habits of Certain Sunfishes as Ob- served in a Park Lagoon in Chicago (Hubbs) ; Badis badis (Brind) ; The Paradise Fish (Bal- leisen); The Garden a Terrarium (Brcder) ; Philadelphia Aquarium, A’ Fish Elevator, Akiyama Goldfish Farm, notes and news.
Aucust. Observations on the Chelonians of North America, Part IV (Shufeldt); The Steinhart Aquarium. with portrait of Ignatz Steinhart; Lebias sophie (Brind) ; The Senses of Fishes (Herrick); Marine Aquaria, An Epidemic Among Fishes, Manufacture of Pearl Buttons, etc.
SEPTEMBER. Platypoecilus maculatus (Brind) ; Observations on the Chelonians of North America, Part V (Shufeldt) ; Notes on the Life-history of Planorbis corneus and Other Freshwater Mollusks (Webster) ; Phil- adelphia Exhibition, Naples Aquarium, Aquaria in the Conservatory of the Missouri Botanical Garden, Xiphophorus montezumae, Freshwater Shrimp, notes and news.
January, 1920. Betta rubra (Heede); Ob- servations on the Chelonians of North Amer- ica, Part VI (Shufeldt); Beef Heart and Beef Liver for Young Fishes; Notes on Mos- quito Larvae (Hale); Lucania ommata (ex- tension of range); Habits of Fundulus nottii and Heterandria formosa; Linseed meal cause of disease among trout; South Australian Aquarium Society, Passaic Aquarium Society, the Redfield Theory, etc.
Frepruary. Goldfish Foods and Feeding as Practiced in Japan (Nakashima) ; Observations on the Chelonians of North America, Part VII
(Shufeldt); The Mosquito (Hale); Lucio- cephalus pulcher (Heede); Maintaining an Aquarium (Tyrell); An _ Easily Constructed
Heated Aquarium (Finckh) ; Roosevelt Wild Life Forest Experiment Station, February Pointers, etc.
Marcu. The Australian Congolly (Hale) ; Observations on the Chelonians of North
America, Part VIII (Shufeldt) ; Ichthyopthir- ius multifilius (Webber): Rivulus — strieatus (Brind): An Odd Trunkfish (Hubbs) : North Carolina Notes (Carlton) ; Society news.
6 Pa 6 Bk Os BS Ss i ss
Wear a Handsome Solid Gold Pin of Your Favorite Fish
Co. ;
1919,
Copyright, Stil-B-Nu Supply A beautiful searfpin and watech-fob for gentlemen and brooches for ladies. Made of solid gold and of very best workmanship. An odd and attract- ive piece of jewelry now being worn by aqua- rists. Size of illustrations.
Prices (including War Tax):
Scalare, $7.25. Lionhead, Telescope (with ruby eye), $7.75. Telescope (with diamond eye), $9.25. We are in a _ position to supply pins favorite pet. Price on application.
The Breeding Season is Here
Start Your Young Fish on Stil-B-Nu Infusoria Culture. Then Feed Them Our Foods and Watch Them Grow
Stil-B-Nu Infusoria Culture is essential to all aquarists who desire to raise Gold and Tropical fishes. This culture is a result-producer. Full directions with each box. Price 50c., postpaid.
Stil-B-Nu Fishfood. Scientifically prepared. Con- tains most nutritious ingredients. A proved and tested food for all aquarium fishes. A trial and your food problem is solved. Fine and coarse. Fine recommended for Tropicals. Price 20c. box; 3 boxes, 50c., postpaid.
Stil-B-Nu Dried Shrimp. Contains shrimp only, which is dried and properly prepared to make a choice morsel for all kinds of fishes. Coarse or fine. Use fine for Tropicals. Price 20c. box; 3 boxes, 50c., postpaid.
Stil-B-Nu Fish Remedy—a_non-poisonous bination for the treatment of fungus, etc., of Tropical and fancy Goldfishes. Don’t fail to have a box or two on_hand for the first sign of trouble. Full directions in each box. Price: 6 tablets in a box, 25c., postpaid.
Stil-B-Nu Aquarium Salts toward keeping your replacing the lime
$7.25
of your
com- tail-rot,
will go a fishes in good health by and salts as they are ab- Price: 6 tablets
long way
sorbed by the fishes and snails. postpaid.
in a box, 25c.,
Stil-B-Nu Nets 55¢ The Best Net Made
Made in two sizes,
3% and 5 inches.
manufactured by us from the very best materials. The frame is brass, and its square shape which
allows easy access to corners, Stil-B-Nu Aguarium Scrapers—something new: order one today and avoid p’acing hand in the
Price 35c., postpaid.
Easy-Reading Aquarium Thermometer. Tells at a glance the temperature of your water. No aquarium is complete without one. Price $1.00, postpaid.
Pocket Magnifying Glass. a good glass, especially and raising infusoria. Considering quality. this glass is priced very low. $1.75, postpaid. Stil-B-Nu Aquarium Cement comes ready for use. 5(c. pound, postpaid.
Fishes, Plants, Aquariums, Books, Castles, Stands Wholesale and Retail
STIL-B-NU SUPPLY CO 427 E. Girard Avenue, Philadelphia
aquarium when cleaning it.
Every aquarist needs when collecting insects
PS PE Fs Fe th Fs Fe PbS Bf BB PB GB Ff A Pd tb A fff ff) Pb 96 6 PG PS PG FS Ps Be BSP EP GF SP Ss PS Pe PS Ps
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Des Plaines Fish Farm
867 N. Dearborn Street Chicago, Illinois (Hatchery at Des Plaines, II.)
Importers and Breeders of Gold and Tropical Fishes. Orders should be placed now for the following fishes to be shipped after May 15th, when weather con- ditions will permit safe transportation:
HundulasmchnySOtusmead ace re sce ireke ier -roltacic farrier per pair, $2.00
$6 * Gnottled—verya rare) ener cei tr Ss “4.00 TD ra BOVIS sssococcsocccar eum aoccasonudsouGcbuSodgoegnU0S Bo PALO) (Ohporminoreloyel- VEo(SEKIEY So 55aueos00590006G9000000000005000600000 2.00 Oryziaselatipes «(Niedaka) see ace erica einer ict S se 50 FiGi@eimGhae TOMMOSA ssoccococcnc po ddmMmGovodo00Dod0d00000000000 os Bs .50 Kiphophorusmhellerit(youngy)) eer jeer ket irri s «1.00 Macropodus) viridi-auratus (young) ee cee ee citi te ss “1.00 Gambusiawholbrookdevsces jcc os eMC IS ae arenas ceaauseereermeael tere weue be re 75 Jjondanellagiioridacmere sce er reo eee tei ee errr st 2.00 Platyposcilusspulchtass meraer etait ocr er ers ir per pair, $1.00 to 2.00
NATURE’S FISHFOOD For Goldfish For Tropical Fishes For Native Fish
A good food is absolutely necessary if one would keep his fishes in good con- dition. Nature’s Fish Food is the result of years of study and experiment. If your dealer does not have it we will gladly send you a sample package for 20 cents.
Orders for fishes amounting to less than $5.00 cannot be filled. Shipping cans cost 35 to 50 cents extra.
COO000 C000 > 000 > 000 D000 —) 000 D000C— C00 CD O0e CS 00c 000
SS" 000 a 000 SS 000 GS 0000 GS 000 0000 GS
FRESH WATER BIOLOGY
By HENRY B. WARD AND GEORGE C. WHIPPLE
WITH THE COLLABORATION OF 25 DISTINGUISHED SPECIALISTS
All interested in aquatic biology will find here answers to their queries on methods of study, conditions of existence, types of life, and inter-relations of the organisms that inhabit our fresh-water bodies, together with data on their life histories, habits and range.
This work is the first complete and accurate record of North Amer- ican aquatic life, especially the micro-organisms; among both plants and animals excluding the vertebrates, higher plants and bacteria, every form is described that has been reported from a fresh-water body on this continent. ;
A comprehensive general discussion of each group precedes the description of individual forms, which are arranged under a key to permit of rapid and accurate determination of the genera and species. Nearly every form is illustrated, and its diagnostic features are pointed out. Biological data on its habits, frequence and distribution are also given.
Fresh-Water Biology is a big book of 1111 pages, with 1547 illus- trations. Price, $6.00, plus postage on four pounds.
ve | be
NE ES re ee
AQUATIC LIFE, 542 E. Girard Avenue, Philadelphia, Pa
eae mene al SAR Tela C5606 0000 SS 00 SS SS)
thes
9 6 Pgs Pg Ps PP Ps ical Fishes ! ropica isnes . a fine, large stock of Danio malabaricus and other species of Danio. (The most sprightly
j aquarium fishes) Haplochilus, Barbus, Mouth-
August Obermuller
Breeder and Fancier of Telescopes and Tropicals 96 Columbia Avenue, Jersey City Heights, N. J.
Saturday
breeders and many other beautiful fishes, |
visitors welcome at conservatory any / afternoon and on Sunday.
ee
ste ss es 6 es es mets of
Own Your Own Fish Photo Album
GOMPIEETE COLLECTION
Real Photos of Over 100 Tropical, Gold and Domestic Fish. All your favorites on separate cards.
Price, Only $3.60 Postpaid W. L. BRIND, 449 W. 206 Street NEW YORK
a 6 PS Ba 6 Os FS BS Bs 6 BS FS Bf Be 6 Pi Pg
Mp a ss et me rs es es
mROPICAL FISHES Write for Price List Oscar Leitholf, 281 Southern Avenue
Pittsburgh, Pa.
Coral fr Aquariums
Loose Pieces or Groups on Base Lowest Prices
ERNEST H. SHORT, Rochester, N.Y. BOX 173
HENRY KISSEL, JR.
Breeder & Fancier of Broadtail Telescopes
Plants and Snails. Telephone 461 Cliffside 241 Walker Street, Cliffside, N. J.
Tropical Fishes,
Fishes, Plants, etc., Sold at Conservatory
The Englewood Fancy Goldfish Hatchery
Japanese Toy Breeds in a variety of colors— “mouse” bodies and “claw” tails. Must be seen to be appreciated. Visitors welcome any Sat- urday afternoon, Sunday or hotiday. Nothing for sale until June. Spawn in season. ‘Tele- phone Wentworth 1118.
ANTHONY A. MAINA, 6711 Parnell Avenue, Chicago, III.
JULIUS RIEWE
BREEDER AND FANCIER OF TROPICAL FISHES
3519 Costello Avenue, Chicago, Ill. Fine stock of Danio malabaricus, D. atus, D. rerio, Barbus conchontus, ciolatus, B. ticto and many tropical fishes. None mont 5092.
alboline- B. semifas- other kinds of shipped. Telephone Bel-
The Original Enchytraeid Breeder
Feed your fishes white worms, which can be raised indoors throughout the year. Generous portion, 60 cents, with full instructions for raising them.
CHARLES E. JENNE 230 5th Street Union Hill, N. J.
“AQUARIA FISH”’
A practical work on care and breeding of fish in the aquarium, greenhouse and out- door ponds. Finely illustrated.
Everyone interested in keeping fish should send for a copy of this book. Price, $1.00. F. L. TAPPAN, Route 2, Hopkins, Minn
WANTED: Will buy
Thorichthys helleri meeki (Scarlet Chanchito) —Brind’s importation; Pterophyllum scalare; corydoras paleatus (Brazilian Catfish or Pan- zerwel) ; and various species of Tetragonopter- us and the rarer aquarium fishes. Must be in good condition. Send full details and prices to Mrs. B. Russ, 3848 Wentworth Ave., Chicagr
i erareccare seg
Jwior Excellent Conformation
n Color Cannot Be Beat
=a)
S
how Their Quality in Finnage ave Blues, Blacks and Calicos very Fancier Should Look Them Over
S ee Them at C. C. VOWINKEL 5109 Catherine Street
wer]
Philadelphia, Pa
6 0s Ps Fs 0 9s es i mes Os
| ( li | | £
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Fishfood That is Fishfood for Fish i
ROR TAMA PROANESE e a Egon
For GOLD ann TROPICAL F/SH
_ Shipped Anywhere 'in United States $1.00 Pound. Add Postage
6 a 6 Os Bs |
Ef hed Sample Box 15c By Mail 17c
WM. G. SARBACHER, 1318 N. Dover St., Phila., Pa
ot ss ss ete
6 PS Pe Oe OS i
O00 T3300 = 300T— 5000 000 T5000 CM S000 T5006
Several thousand
i000 Gee eo
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AQUATIC MICROSCOPY BY DR. ALFRED C. STOKES
SPLENDID, not too technical hand book of the lower organisms for the inquiring aquarist who dislikes to be
l
Young Broadtail Telescopes nonplused by scientific verbiage. 324
|
l
he
and Japs
bodies and from two to four inches
pages, with 198 illustrations. long. Per dozen, $10 and up.
Gneiding’s Goldfish Hatchery Ridgefield Park : : New Jersey
Phone, Hackensack 2599W 8
¥
:
:
in all the desirable colors, with deep
8
$2.50 Plus Postage on 2 Pounds
Address Aquatic Life
P29 HHO SSO TC CC
es) G9 SS SS 908 SS Sea Sa
8 | 3 8 | 8 8 8 : | : »
42000 —>000C>000C> 000 000 000-¥
Hardy Breeders is what you want. Start your Baby fish with Magic In- fusoria and then feed Yogi Fishfood. You cannot get any thing better, Ask your dealer or druggist, or send for it direct
Yogi I5c box. By mail 17c Yogi 75c Pound Add Postage _ Magic (Infusoria) 50c Postpaid
Robert J. Schaeffer 1818 Frankford Avenue Phila., Pa
2 BOOKS FOR $2.00 ONLY AQUARIUMS
RIND’S Best Book $1.50—“The Practical Fishfancier.” Brind’s First Book 50c —“Do- mesticated Fish” Manual. (See my other ad. this number.\ Color pictures of fish. Half- tone and line cuts. These books cover the field
A COMBINATION
OF INGREDIENTS WHICH WILL
PRODUCE: A VARIETY. OF HARMLESS, ~ NOM SHELL INFUSORIA,
MAGIC
ORIGINATED AND MANUFACTURED BY
ROBERT J. SCHAEFFER 1818 FRANKFORD AVE. PHILA: PA.
If Your Fish Are Not Doing Well—Try ENCHYTRAEIDS - White Worms
The natural and best food for goldfishes, barring none. Package, 50c. (cash or check), with in- structions for raising a constant supply.
PAUL MARQUARDT, 829 Teutonia Avenue, Milwaukee, Wis |
We make durable, artistic aquariums suit- able for home or conservatory; beautiful wherever placed. Fishes, plants, foods and | all supplies for the aquarist.
Pioneer Aquarium Works. Racine, Wisconsin
TROPICAL FISH - Fine and Cheap
Cameronensis, Red rivulus, Chaperi | Sale or Exchange Albolineatus, Vittatus, Semifasciolatus | ; Bettas, drichoeasie! fasciatus and Surplus Stock of Rare and Fancy Fish Lalius, Live-bearers. etc. | ‘ Plants of All Kinds W. L. BRIND, 449 W. 206th Street G. Germann, 0. D. 3823 N. Richmond St. Chicago NEW YORK | Phone: Monticello 6864.
COOc—D 000 —<——S000C——D000 D000 C000 C000 GS 000 CS 000 C000,
Mollienisia latipinna (or velifera)
Some scientists assert that Velifera is but a perfectly developed latipinna—the only sort we ship. Per dozen, $4.00.
Cyprinodon variegatus (Sheepshead Minnow), $3.00 per dozen.
Notropis metallicus, Fundulus heteroclitus, Gambusia holbrooki, Goldfish—all varieties.
Shubunkins (Spotted Goldfish), $4.00 per dozen.
Japanese Snails, $2.00 and $2.50 per dozen.
Plants. Vallisneria (narrow leaf), 30 cents per dozen; Vallisneria (wide leaf), 60 cents per dozen; Sagittaria (broad leaf), 75 cents per dozen; Water Poppy, $1.00 per dozen; Cabomba, Giant Anacharis, Potomogeton and Myriophyllum spicatum (milfoil), 75 cents per dozen bunches, dgyptian Lotus (dormant tubers—best time to plant), 50 cents each. Red, White and Yellow Water Lilies (dormant tubers), 50 cents each; (seeds, 15 cents per pack- age). All plants postpaid.
Freshwater Shrimp, sun dried, shelled and shredded. The best fish food. Contains no other substances. Coarse, medium or fine, $1.10 per pound, postpaid. White Worms (Wn- chytraeus), per portion, 50 cents, with instructions how to breed a continuous supply. The best live food A collection of twelve varieties of aquarium plants, $1.00, postpaid. When remitting for fishes please include 50 cents for shipping ean,
CRESCENT FISH FARM, 1624 Mandeville Street, New Orleans, La,
ire CCU age ese 3, Gee ae ee eee
[ | | | | ; | : } | ) _
t eee ia the water. “with one hand and blind Ae “both eyes. In othee words,
Our Magazine.
Tbe Guide to Mature ip fe ‘Will Help You
edited by “EDWARD F. BIGELOW, who
es in the heavens ae a as well as the
One- Year, $7.50
oe AGASSIZ” ASSOCIATION
“ArcAdiA Connecticut
of first pare Seer cup and gold medan. fish for aquarists. ‘The | most attractive
ng fish. We now have them for sale. ; ! ;
OR DSS and rubras—_
's. ‘SILVER
35 mat ‘ith street, New Sau city: N.Y. _ (Between 2a and 3d avenues.) — .
cg || me stock of Hap! geusids eameronensis, mgs g
0 pe cee ee
co) if
fecal tof CD Oo op
pak
pa)
_—
1 feat alae Breeding 1 Tubs
Ww fitted with aluminum strainers to ish and gaphae going down drain
m0 ce 6 Oo ae es a°)) Oo ib !
Boge hs
CREATION! The New infusoris ites
Jsec ithout sheep manure. Just the thing to tau peut young fish right. Send for free wale.
i 50 Box Postpaid _
oS a to Catch Net
S wire. Five and half inches g. Made of est Bens r rust. ;
ate]
tS for Cichtosoma Nigrotac. 2etse up Breed of
mae) neon oe ae
K. CHRISTINE
La
He i
fancy varieties of the Goldfish and
or the advanced. expert.
INNES & SONS: - 133 N. 12th St. - Phila., Pa.
Veiltail TELESCOPES
Beautiful Breeders 8 Prize Winning Stock . $12.00 Per Pair
Franklin Barrett
401 to 417 East Wyoming Avenue Philadelphia
(FISH, PLANTS, SNAILS, ETC Wholesale and: Retail ~
ik HE BES r B O O K THE AQUARIUM & SUBJECTS
is ‘Goldfish Varieties & Tropical fy ', Aquarium Fishes’’, byWm.T. Innes, ff} HA former President of the Aquarium _// / Society of Phila.; 250 pages, 195 wie. illustrations. Tells all about the re ew
nearly 300 tropicals; how to breed them, etc., etc, For the beginner —
Ey aed
fm 5
A complete, practical, handsome book, sent postpaid anywhere for $4.00 Enlarged edition now ready.
JOSEPH J. HAEGELMEIER IMPORTER AND BREEDER ©
FANCY GOLDFISH
‘| 1916 PROVENCHERE PLACE, ST. LOUIS, MO
eee Assortment of Fancy Fish at All Times Kinloch: Victor Ae 153 !
ig ae i Seman sas,
(GoLprisH]
~ 1,500,000° == 78
PLAIN & FANCY © ( Ready for market at Sage -bottom — prices
x ra 8 ped anywhere in United States or Canada. Write: - for our illustrated se avett eat
Oriental Goldfish and Suppl) Co. 8 3757 - 3761 Cottages Grove’ ‘Avenue =) | ~ Chicago, Illinois ~
IGDODOOOOOG09000000009969600800 980660 C
Aquatic Lite
Vol. II ss Vol. Ill | | J
$2.25 each, postage ‘paid
Volumes average 165 pages and‘ as many illustrations. Substantial cloth binding, with title page and complete index. (Stock of Volume II is small.) WANTED: One hundred copies of Volume I, loose or bound. Can use single issues. Address publisher.
eae 7 Sort 5 x 5 Z \
JAPANESE GOLDFISH By DR. HUGH M. SMITH
A guide to the methods of breeding fancy goldfish practiced in Japan. The 9 result of the personal investigations -of the author. Ten breeds: are illus- trated in color, with numerous text ° cuts; 112 pages.
$2.00, plus postage on 2 pounds.
f Address Aquatic Life 4 =u HERMAN RABENAU, Aquarist ‘id
PERMANENT DISPLAY OF Aquatic Life & Terraria must be seen to be appreciated Visitors Welcome _ Plants and Tropical Fish a Specialty Importations of New Varieties received
regularly 1163 Myrtle Avenue, Brooklyn, N. Y.
- Near Broadway.
GOLDFISH, FOODS, PLANTS, DIP NETS . in
Combination Natural Fish Food - Sample Box 10c Japanese Shrimp Fish Food - - Sample Can 15c Baby Fish Food . Sample Box 15¢ Glass Feeding Rings 15c, 25c 35c Each Mail Orders Promptly Attended to
Special Prices on Quantity Lots. Cash With Order.
Catalogue Sent
Upon Request,
AQUARIUM STOCK CO New York City
273 Greenwich Street ::
ee = = i ; 7 00000000000 000000 000 000.000 0000000
~ HARRY P. PETERS |
A SOSODIDOOSOIOT P0000 000.000
“HARRY P. PETERS | | 1210 N. Warnock Street, Philadelphia, Pa
BREEDER AND. IMPORTER. se Rare and Fancy F ish —
Plants of every variety, Snails se Aquarium Supelics = call kinds at all times.
MANUFACTURER OF are
Green River Fish Food, Ue 15c Box ee ewe
Green River Baby Fish ] ae BOS Box : Sesees A GOOD FISH FOOD i is one 0} of the
most essential. things necessary OF keep fish in good health. ‘After
~ test of years” Green River stands « as the best ‘food-on the market. keeps the fish in good color by pro- moting a healthy, robust growth. “te will not sour ot cloud the water. your dealer or send for it today.
i A Bee z 2
and Jap Goldfish at Reacpuane Prices _ Large Assortment of - LIONHEADS
Shipping Cans 50 cents =e
1210 NORTH WARNOCK STREET _ PHILADELPHIA
| Nippon Gold fish Co
eared Ys MURATA, Proprietor. oS si 1919-21 Bush Street, San Franco, al T mporters and Dealers —
_ GOLDFISH ‘PLANTS SNAILS ¥ Dried Shrimp, Birds, Cages and All 5 Supplies _ ae:
aie
NEW STOCKS ARE COMING Price List Sent on Request —
vet
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‘Miars
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An international monthly magazine devoted to the study, care and breedin
¢ y g of fishes and other animals and plants in the home aquarium and terrarium. ae
Ww. A. POYSER .....- se oe en Pee ge eee are .... EDITOR —
JOSEPH E. BAUSMAN ....-----+--++++:: ZT TS oie tase ees Sesesesse.. PUBLISHER _ _ 542 East Girard Avenue ..----+.-++eeesss2++> fies ove tees te dteeteees vee. Philadelphia —
Entered as second-class matter, September 2d, 1915, at the Post Office, Philadelphia, Pa., under Act of March 3d, 1879. — ae oe ; 5: eae 2 Popular and scientific articles and notes on subjects pertaining to the aquarium and terrarium, and to the habits of fishes in general, are always wanted for “Aquatic Life.” Readers are invited to join in making it a medium of mutual help by- contributing to it -
i “ ‘ ; , Bs i ” a8) Jay BENS. 5 : bee re
9 6 6 6 6 9 PP a 9 8 PO 94S S$ 9 Fi A PP 9“ FF Bn a Cf
the results of their studies. The pages are always open-to any one having information : of interest to the aquarist and student of aquatic biology. Manuscripts, books for review — Be and general correspondence should be addressed to the editor: 2 is 5 am “aquatic Life’ has the largest circulation of any magazine in the world devoted to aquatic = nature-study. It offers to advertisers a market that can be reached through no other - Bee medium. Rates made known on application. 4 Rao ; mek S Gag “YEARLY SUBSCRIPTION ........--. sooner od, fee eiee pene oe et De gen FOREIGN SUBSCRIPTIONS ........ Apso nae Cee SH Oh we ea ne eee 1.50 5 ee SINGLE COPY ..;...-+--- Se ee See eon beeen eee teeter eee ees eee ae ] = ge Payments should be made by money order, draft or registered letter. If local checks are Bone sent, ten cents should be added for collection charges. Foreign remittances should be by i : international money order. : NG. ete ea : Ss ) | rae Copyright, 1920, by: Joseph E. Bausman. : SS Sg Ws : | Water Gadenines | T. P. LOVERING | _ By BISSET. |) AQUARISE © | } g ] > : pe ‘ The best and most “readable” book on ] WILMINGTON, NORTH CAROLINA }: 4 Ee nie and ee ee o dee | Collector and Breeder of Tropical Fish | q plants in general. It gi = er ; = ae ie 3 ! tail all the practical information neces- / Snakes and Other Reptiles | | j 2 / sary to the. selection, erouping any ] esis Sete gree | ] ; 3 t successful cultivation of aquatic an oP as See EN = { other plants required in the making of l New Varieties Aquatic Plants. i Se } a water garden and its surroundings. } Choice and Rare Specimens ag ; Covers all conditions from that of the Snakes and Reptiles _~ : ae { amateur with a few plants in tubs to l Tropical Fishes _ ee ! the large estate or park. _ } : ~ Directions for constructing concrete Raa : pools; propagation of hardy and tender Fundulus nottii, $1.50 per pair. Peas 3 a ] lilies and other aquatics; best lilies for } 1) saa a ERIN Rove aes ae small pools and tubs; the aquatic plant ge fons 8 bah ich pain j a greenhouse; various aquarium plants; eterandria formosa, $1.00 per pair. a j enemies and diseases of aquatic plants; M. chaetodon, 50e each ‘i a pee and other fishes for the water / ‘Small turtles, $1.25 per dozen. oa garden. ‘s : ae Profusely illustrated with 120 half- | Newts, $1.00 per dozen. ae tones, 17 diagrams and 2 double page Wholesale_to dealers. | plates. 199 pages, coated paper, orna- Se ENTG 4g mented cloth binding—de luxe edition. ; sy ] Price, $3.00, postpaid. The Venus Flytrap (Dionaea muscipula) i THE BOOK DEPARTMENT AQUATIC LIFE The plant that feeds on insects. Philadelphia $1.00 Dozen
a | |
2 ee ee ee es Fs FF
me ee eee ee ees PF FSF SF
me me, PR 6 SS FS Fs FS OS FS Os Fs Fs Ss es Fs OS
The aquarist has more than one rea- son to wish to be the owner of a micro- scope. The miniature life-community, confined within the limits of his glass tank, again and again presents to him— not infrequently contrary to his desired aim—revelations of the microscopic world, be it in the form of a green cov- ering on the sides of his aquarium threatening its transparency, a mass of fine green algae weaving a_ network among his Vallisneria, Sagittaria and other plants, or in the dark green or brownish colored covering of the sand of his old tanks, which may suggest to him a cleaning and a _ rearrangement. But apart from this disturbing interfer- ence, the influence of the invisible “mi- crocosmos” is apparent in many other
Aquarium Microscopy
PROFESSOR R. FRANCE
ParapIs—E FrsH, MACROPODUS VIRIDI-AURATUS, THREE Days Orp Photomicrographs by Carl L. Hartshorn
> Fa 6 5 6 SS FS SS SB GS 6 FS 6 FR 6B BS BA 6 BB 6 8 SPS Ba 6 PS PS 8 FS Ff Pg Fs Sg Sg Ss,
a a a i te .
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Fe ee en et
ways. In feeding his fishes with Daph- ma and Cyclops, in hunting for Hydra, or in caring for his aquatic plants, a microscope is a valuable aid and teach- er, increasing the enjoyment in his pas- time a hundredfold.
Every aquarium is an inexhaustible source of microscopic life and always harbors a rich microscopic fauna and flora. One never fails to find the dia- toms, which have been called the “jew- els of the plant world,” as well as some of the graceful desmids, unicellular bright-green algae, of which Closterium, Cosmarium and Muicrasterias are fre- quent kinds; also the tiny and beautiful Scenedesmus and Pediastrum, the latter a relative of the peculiar water-net, Hydrodictyon, will seldom be missing,
50 Aquatic Life
nor some representatives of the Oscilla- toriaceae, whose peculiar wavy motion has not yet been satisfactorily explained. The latter, generally massed into skin- like layers, may be seen even with a magnification as low as 80 to 100 diame- ters, and with the diatoms and desmids
gether anywhere in nature. One will never look in vain, for instance, for Paramecium and Chilodon, and it is an interesting fact that the largest of all infusorians, Spirostomum ambiguum,
which is even visible to the naked eye as a “white worm” of a length of about one
1. Actinoptychus heliopelta, a marine diatom.
aquarium (Carl L. Hartshorn). 3. in conjugation (Charles M. Breder, Jr.). a marine diatom.
from an aquarium. crocladia Coulteri, a seaweed. noted.
they form, as “crawling plants,’’ some of the most interesting forms of micro- scopic life.
One will fail to find in an aquarium many of the lively infusorians ; many an old aquarium will furnish a larger variety than may be found to-
never
2. Closterium, a desmid, from the side of an
Micrasterias, a desmid. 4. Spirogyra, a filamentous algae, 5. Pediastrum pertusum. 7. A portion of the radula or tongue of a snail. breeder, Haplochromis strigigena (Charles M. Breder, Jr.). 10. Filamentous desmids and diatoms.
6. Triceratium favus, 8. A scale of the mouth-
9. Bacteria, Bacillus. subtilis, 11. Diatoms, Isthmia sp., on Mi-
Photomicrographs by Charles P. Titus except as otherwise
millimeter, is most easily obtainable from almost any permanent aquarium. ‘Then there are almost always present during the summer months, appearing like a white fungous growth on plants, the charming Vorticella, showing under the microscope one of the wonders of life—
Aquatic Lite 51
the reaction of the living cell in response to stimuli, in the contraction of the spiral “muscle” in the thread-like stalk or pedicle by which the animal is fasten- ed to plants, etc. Amoeba are frequent inhabitants of the surface of the mud covering the bottom, and through a study of them the fundamental facts of life will be better understood. These min- ute forms are not difficult to remove from an aquarium for examination with a long pipette, without otherwise disturb- ing the whole. It is not so easy, how- Eyegeto. catch the larger rotifers or wheel animalcules, or the small crusta- ceans, which requires the aid of a small net of silk gauze.
It will certainly excite interest to watch under the microscope living ro- tifers (say Branchionus) or cladocerans (Daphmia, etc.). They afford views of the living workings of the inner organs, as the stomach, brain, heart, and even of a living embryo in the process of seg- mentation, and so on. Not less enter- taining and educational is the observa- tion of a Hydra catching infusoria and other foods, or of mosquito larvae, which are also wonderfully transparent.
The observation of the higher plant life also offers a source of no less enjoy- ment, as aquatic plants afford particu- larly fine opportunities in many ways to examine, without further preparation, the inner structure of the plant and plant cell, besides for instance the methods of plants for protection against attacks by snails, and many other interesting adap- tions of submerged plants. Let us take as an example the formation of air- cells, enabling plants to float, for the study of which the different kinds of Lemna and the leaf-stalks of Myriophyl- lum are very fine objects. The structure of the leaf may also be seen without preparation in Fontinalis and Anacharis,
while one of the most interesting phe- nomena, the flow or circulation of pro- toplasm within the cell, can easily be ob- served in Chara, Nitella, Vallisneria, etc. All root ends of plants are provided with a sort of protective cap (calyptra), which is nowhere more plainly to be seen than on the rootlets of Lemna. And by the way, those not informed often er- roneously regard the roots of Lemna as stalks of the floating leaf, which is really not a leaf. As a matter of fact Lemna have no leaves, but the apparent floating leaf is a stalk contracted into leaf-shape, from which, as in other the roots descend.
plants,
These few examples prove to what degree the use of a microscope may en- rich the knowledge of an aquarist, and the better enable him to rationally care for his pets, the fishes and plants. But this is not the main profit derived. It is the deepening of his knowledge of the complicated interdependence of life and its hidden laws, as between animal and plant aquatic life. Only he who is also acquainted with the microscopic aquatic life will be able to fully understand the law of “biocenosis,” the relation of or- ganisms to other organisms with which they live. It must have been actually seen how each is interwoven with the other, how the bacteria in the sediment and sand, the rhizopods and the algae contribute to the aeration and are, there- fore, necessary for the well-being of the whole aquarium. From the manner which the aquarium is inhabited by these beings invisible to the naked eye, the aquarist is enabled to arrive at conclusions as to the dangers threatening or as to the safety and stability of his little world or com- munity. The occurrence of sulphur-bac- teria, principally Beggiatoa, indicates imperfect aeration as these forms can only exist in the presence of sulphuret-
52 Aquatic Lite
ted hydrogen. On the other hand, an abundance of green algae, like Scenedes- mus, Closterium and so on, is a guar- antee for good health of the fishes, secur- ing aeration of the aquarium through- Oil
The aquarist, who is at the same time a microscopist, may have the opportunity of seeing unrolled before his view a
growth on the glass; the whole com- munity of minute beings plays its part in relation to the health of the fishes; the larger plants, discharging oxygen in the process of photosynthesis, create the con- ditions necessary for the existence of the microscopically small inhabitants of the aquarium, which again will dispose in smaller or greater degree of the refuse
DistaL Enps oF Mopiriep ANAL Fins oF MALE VuivipArous PokctILims
The structure of the so-called intromittant organ in these fishes is a stable diagnostic char-
acter and has played an important part in recent studies of the group. 3. Cnesterodon decemmaculatus. Photomicrographs by Dr. E. Bade.
nops. 2. Gambusia holbrooki.
Phalloceros caudomaculatus.
regular world-history in miniature, whole nations of infinitesimal animalcules com- ing and going, one preying on the other, one holding the other in check or bal- ance, and each having its own particular task. The infusoria prey on the bac- teria, they themselves being devoured by other “carnivorous” infusoria; the ro- tifers hunt both kinds of infusoria; the crustaceans live on algae as well as roti-
fers; the snails check the excessive
1. Mollienisia sphe- 4, Mollienisia formosa. 5.
matter of the larger inhabitants. Most assuredly a fascinating cycle of life. And this constant automatic purification pro- cess not only reveals to the careful ob- server natural law after law in the small cosmos of his aquarium, but also will permit him to draw more general con- clusions as to the greater laws of the universe, and even as to how human life and his own existence are dependent on natural laws, teaching him that these
may not be broken with impunity.
Thus aquariculture from a mere pas- time may be elevated to an educational medium of the first magnitude. For this reason no public school should be with- out an aquarium. It will prove an in- valuable aid to ins¥ruction in natural history, and obviously the more so in connection with the use of the micro- scope.
Now, in conclusion, we will not omit to point out the advantages every pro- fessional microscopist would derive from keeping a_ self-sustaining aquarium. Every scientist and microscopist should become a practical aquarist and keep his own “home pond.” It will enable him to keep and cultivate for an indefinite time at least some of the material collected, having it at hand not only in season, but also out of season; and explorations in his home tank may be made to yield more surprises than many an excursion for collecting purposes in the open, often thus saving much valuable time. The habits and life-history of many subjects, such as Daphnia, Cyclops, Cypris, Plumatella and all kinds of algae could not be studied better and more conven- iently than in a real self-sustaimmeg aquarium. A microscopist, after owning an aquarium, will have no more cause for the old complaint: “Of all the in- teresting things described in books I can find little or nothing myself.’ He will enjoy the same pleasures as the aquarist who adopted the use of the microscope in connection with aquariculture ; he will always be able to make observations at first hand, thus enlarging his practical knowledge, and soon both will become convinced that microscopy and aquarian nature-study go hand in hand and are but two ways leading to the same goal.
a a
A noise like ready money will wake a
man when an alarm clock fails.
Aquatic Lite 53
A “Tin Can”? Aquarium HARRY W. BALLEISEN
Modesto, in a past number of Aquatic Life, tells us how we may make a very attractive aquarium from a cigar box. Now some aquarists criticize wood as material for a tank, and for them we present an improvisation that has surely greater strength and durability, even though it may not lend itself to a finish equal to wood. We refer to a tank made from a square or rectangular can such as
that in which varnish is sold. In the tank illustrated in course of construction, the top of the can, showing the handle and spout, has not been removed in that the idea may be better grasped.
The first step is to punch four holes, about an eighth of an inch in diameter, in the corners of the five sides of the can, from which panels are to be removed. With a scratch-awl and rule draw lines connecting the holes, thus indicating the panels. The position of the holes will, of course, dictate the width of the frame.
Take a sharp can-opener, and it is es- sential that it be sharp to make a smooth edge, and cut out carefully the largest panel—that which will be the front or top of the aquarium, then the two narrower ones, the top and bottom of the can, which will form the ends of the tank, be- ing left to the last. In so proceeding
54 Aquatic Lite
the smaller sides act as supports, while the larger are being cut; for much the same reason all the holes should be punched before proceeding to remove the panels. The handle of the can and the spout should be removed with a sol- dering iron. Should the spout encroach on the part reserved as the frame, a piece of tin may be soldered on the inside.
We have now a frame for an aquar- ium, but the edges of the angles are sharp. If one has the facilities, and pro- vision has been made in laying out the width of the angles, the edges may be turned over and crimped on the inside. The same effect can be secured by cut- ting strips of tin a quarter inch wide and of the proper lengths. Each strip is then bent lengthwise along a line drawn down the middle, which can be done in a vise if the worker does not have access to a sheet metal brake. The bent strips are then crimped over the sharp edges and finally soldered. It will be noted that we have not removed that side of the can which will become the bottom of the aquarium.
For a base select a piece of good wood one inch thick, and one and one-half inches wider and longer than the bot- tom of the frame, which will allow an extension of three-quarters of an inch on all sides. Fasten the frame to the wood base with four nails, one in each corner; more may be used if the frame has warped or it otherwise seems desir- able.
In setting the glass, insert the bottom first, placing the piece on a bed of ce- ment laid around the edge in sufficient quantity to insure adequate support on all sides; then insert the long sides and the ends last. When the cement has set the tank may be painted as desired and placed in service when dry.
Aquaria of this sort are entirely suit-
able for the breeding of many small trop- ical fishes and for photographing, though for the latter use the glass on the side exposed to the camera should be white and of the best quality.
i
May Pointers
Spring is well advanced and plants, both in the home aquarium and outdoors, are growing rapidly. In the ponds round about we find many pretty plants that are seasonably desirable, but before adding them to our collection they should be carefully washed and also sterilized in a solution of permanganate of potash. To force growth, plants may be set in shallow pots in rich loamy soil topped with gravel or sand, and then submerged in the aquarium.
If a few days after an aquarium has been set a scum appears on the surface of the water (bacteria), it may be taken as evidence of the decay of vegetable matter, perhaps the plants or portions of them that have been injured in handling. The roots may be found blackened and giving off an offensive odor. If these plants are allowed to float loose at the surface, in a sunny situation, new roots will be produced, when the plants may then be safely placed in position at the bottom.
Daphnia and kindred crustaceans are now quite plentiful. The catch should be poured into an aquarium reserved for the purpose, that enemies of fishes may be removed and none but the desired “fleas” transferred to the aquaria con- If an aerating device is in use, it may well be extended to the Daphnia tank. ed from permanent tanks will contain much that is desirable as food for the Aquarium So-
taining fishes and fry.
Sediment syphon-
crustaceans.—Chicago ciety.
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Diamond-back Terrapin
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Various classifiers of our terrapins have associated in the genus Mala- coclemmys a number of species to be found in this country, which structur- ally, in several instances, have very little to do with each other. In the present series of articles, Lesueur’s Terrapin (M. lesueurii) has already been figured and briefly described. In habits, distri- bution, and in its anatomy, this species is entirely different from the subject of the present account, which is the widely known Diamond-back Terrapin (MM. palustris). ‘This is likewise more or less true of the other representatives of the genus, as the Geographic Terrapin (.
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geographica); the Kohn’s_ Terrapin (M. kohnu); Baur’s Terrapin (MM. pulchra), and the Ocellated Terrapin (M. oculifera).
It is not my intention to present any of these differences in this article, apart from the fact that the Diamond-back is the species which, in its morphology, dis- tribution and habits, departs more widely from what various herpetologists have given as the generic distinctions with respect to other groups of terrapins.
It would seem that the Diamond-back has been so named for the reason that it has nothing on its back that in any way
resembles a diamond. The usual thir-
56 Aquatic Lite
teen dorsal scutes of the carapace are rough, each composed of several-sided shields formed like low pyramids, ris- ing step-fashion, the steps defined by grooves (see figure). These scutes are hexagonal for the medium row, and ir- regularly pentagonal for the surround- ing ones. The center of each shield in the median row develops a blunt-pointed tubercle, the whole line of them forming the so-called “keel,’’ which, on side view, has the appearance of a serrated ridge. These serrations vary greatly in different individuals, being very low in some and conspicuous in others. Age may have something to do with this, they becoming more or less rubbed down in very old specimens.
In the matter of coloration, this terra- pin, as in the case of other terrapins, varies considerably. Very young speci- mens are extremely beautiful, being of a pale whitish gray, with dark concentric markings. An old female at hand as | write, has the carapace above of a dark olive brown, while the plastron is of a yellowish olive, with the central portion and heavy radiations from it, of an earth brown. The limbs are black, the hinder pair being webbed and very large. The head is of a beautiful olive gray, dotted over with black spots. There is a broad, black maxillary stripe below either eye, and a similar median one on the top of the head. A peculiar character is seen in the curling-up of the free margin of the
carapace, especially posteriorly (see hgure ). Female Diamond-backs are consid-
erably larger than the males, and have proportionately much larger heads and longer tails. A big one may have a total length of 20 centimeters, and weigh a couple of pounds.
This species ranges from Texas to the coasts of New England, as far north as
Massachusetts, being a __ salt-water species, inhabiting the marshes along the coast, sometimes migrating up the larger rivers. They have been taken up the Hudson as far as Newburgh; but this does not happen very often.
One of the fullest accounts of this species, giving descriptions, distribution, habits, economic value, and many other particulars, is the work of Dr. R. E. Coker, entitled ‘“The Cultivation of the Diamond-back Terrapin.” (Bull. No. 14, the North Carolina Geol. Surv., 1906; illustrated. )
This terrapin in nature subsists prin- cipally upon the leaves of certain aquatic plants, small crustaceans, snails. Occa- sionally it may capture small fishes, while in a captive state we may add to its diet chopped meat, oysters and clams. The cut of the Diamond-back here shown is a reproduction of one of the writer’s own photographs of a specimen obtained in Center Market in Washington, D. C. The stand where it was borrowed had some one hundred of these reptiles in a big barrel, and they were selling at from $3 to $5 apiece, the market men purchas- ing them for $2 per head. ‘They were in excellent condition, and apparently none the worse for being kept as described.
Like other terrapins, this species feeds under water, and lays white eggs. Doctor Coker well describes their nests and breeding habits. The young of the Dia- mond-back terrapin would probably thrive in aquaria, if kept under proper conditions of temperature, food, and sa- linity of the water, for they will very soon die in fresh water. Common table salt will answer to produce the correct saline condition.
ly Sate Rainbow chasers get at least a run for
their money. Gladness is appreciated
only by those who know what sadness 1s.
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More than once I have heard aquar- ists growling about changes in the scien- tific names of fishes, and it has been amusing to listen to the arguments. Male- dictions have been heaped on the heads of ichthyologists who have dared rele- gate well established names to the back- ground. The object of a change is to place a fish with other species believed to be its nearest of kin, or to bring into usage a name found to antedate the one by which it may be commonly known, the latter becoming a synonym. ‘There are other reasons why a name must go, such as preoccupation in the new genus, and mere appropriateness never saves it,
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but all such changes follow definite rules agreed to by zoologists and no one is a law unto himself as some seem to think. But among systematists 1t must be ad- mitted that we have radicals and con- servatives. The two groups are not in accord as to what constitutes a species, nor do they agree as to the limits of a genus, that is, how far a form may de- part in characteristics from the type and still be retained. The radical will split the genus and set up the divergent species in a new one. It is in such inter- pretations that the zoologist is guided by the results of his researches, or influenc- ed by personal opinion, rather than by a
58 Aquatic Lite
law, but even then he must retain the oldest specific name. Not all splits and transfers, however, can be termed radical and assigned as the work of those who cannot let well enough alone.
Going back over a period of a cen- tury we may find many divergent species placed at one time or another in a single genus that are obviously not sufficiently related to be so intimately associated. The genus Poecilia may be cited as an example. It was described in 1801 by Bloch and Schneider for the species vivipara, which we thus know as the “type” of the genus. Others described fishes and placed them here. Then at var- ious times more careful study, made pos- sible perhaps by additional specimens, depleted the genus and today it is com- paratively small. Poecilia olivacea we now know as “Fundulus notatus; Poe- cilia sphenops is Molhiemsia sphenops; Poecilia catenata is Fundulus catenatus, and so on. The rambling of a species from one position to another is just as exasperating to the systematist as to the aquarist, perhaps more so, but so long as species are described and assigned to genera wherein their status is question- able, whatever the opinion of their spon- sors, just so long will there be others to switch them elsewhere. It will ever be thus. I believe it was Professor Cope who rightly transferred Storer’s catenata from Poecilia to Fundulus, but it wouldn’t surprise me if someone restor- ed Jordan’s Xemisma for it and stellifer.
Leaving nomenclature and its tangles, why haven’t aquarists acquired the stud fishes? Both should be highly desirable. ight or nine years ago the enterprising Fundulus catenatus, but It’s a The male is greenish
had apparently did nothing with it.
Germans
handsome fellow. or bluish, with an orange spot on each
scale forming somewhat chain-like lines ; hence the name, catenatus, meaning
chained. The female is not quite as at- tractive, the spots being brown instead of orange. It is found in the Tennessee and Cumberland rivers, and in streams in the Ozarks.
Even more desirable is the smaller F. stellifer. ‘This is a brilliant species. The body is blue above and silvery below, the male having orange spots irregularly dis- tributed over the body. On the female the spots are olive-brown and smaller. This species comes from Georgia.
Do you remember the slogan of a few
years ago: “See America First?’ Why not, then, “Study American Fishes First?”
——$@___
The Microscopical Society
During the past winter a group of microscopists have met at intervals for the discussion of matters of interest, es- pecially with regard to technique. Talks have been given on the principles of mi- croscopy (Frank J. Keeley) ; methods of illumination, demonstrated with twenty- five microscopes and objects mounted in various media (Mr. Keeley) ; photomi- crography (Dr. Thomas S$. Stewart) ; mounting methods, with demonstration of slide microtome (Dr. Stewart) = cell making and mounting objects dry (W. iN, IAD).
The group has now formally organiz- ed as The Philadelphia Microscopical So- ciety. Meetings will be held, except dur- ing July and August, on the fourth
Thursday of the month, at 8 P. M., in laboratory of the Wagner Institute of
Science, Seventeenth and Montgomery The meetings are open to the Microscopists desiring to become
avenue. public. members may obtain further information by addressing the secretary, W. A. Poy- 207 South Thirty-seventh street. The necessary qualification is an interest in microscopy ; the dues are purely nomi-
SEL
nal.
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(The Guide-Book | | To “The New York Aquarium DR. R. W. SHUFELDT pemreeitee a
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It will be good news to many who are familiar with the present status and the remarkable growth of The New York Aquarium, that it has at last been enabled to issue the desideratum of all such in- stitutions, an illustrated “Guide Book.” This has come about as one of the many achievements of Dr. Charles H. Town- send, the present director of this most in- teresting centre of instruction for ali who love to observe and study aquatic life as it is here exhibited in the Old Castle Garden at the foot of Broadway in the world’s most populous city.
Those who now visit the aquarium can do so with the assurance that their studies of the many forms on exhibition in the great tanks and pools there can be more advantageously undertaken through the aid of the above referred to Guide Book—not only this, for the little volume may be taken home for future
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reference to revive the memory as to what the visitor observed there. This treatise—for it falls short of nothing else, is a small octavo hand book bound in boards, and having nearly 200 pages of text matter, and many illustrations of fish and other denizens of the ocean and our inland waters. There are also ex- cellent figures of inside and outside views of the building itself.
It is truly wonderful what a host of living forms of a great variety of species have been brought together in this build- ing under the skillful management and foresight of Dr. Townsend, not to men- tion the admirable methods that have been inaugurated to properly exhibit them.
In a brief notice like the present one it will be quite out of the question to set forth even a small part of the mass of in-
formation that this modest appearing
60 Aquatic Lite
Guide Book contains,—for its index alone occupies upwards of six pages of fine print. As a preface we have an ac- count of the “Equipment and Methods” of the aquarium, followed by an elabor- ate series of descriptions devoted pri- marily to “The Collection,” and follow- ed by brief histories of the fishes and other forms to be seen in the tanks, pools and small aquaria there found to contain them.
The reproductions or cuts are all from photographs from life, the latter having been made by some of our most dis- tinguished photographers of living forms in nature and in captivity.
How well some of the fish have been taken may be judged from the cut of the Nassau Grouper, illustrating this brief notice, it having been furnished the writer by Dr. Townsend to illustrate what is here set forth, which will have fully attained its object should it bring such information as the writer trust it will, to many a student of our aquatic forms, a large proportion of which can be studied in no other way.
Notes and News
At the 610th regular meeting of the Biological Society of Washington, held in the assembly hall of the Cosmos Club, on Saturday evening, April 3d, Dr. R. W. Shufeldt presented a paper entitled, “Observations on the Cervical Region of the Spine in Chelonians,” which was 1il- lustrated by lantern slides.
aed
The Hudson County Aquarium So- ciety, founded less than two years ago, has a membership of one hundred. Meet- ings are held on the fourth Thursday in the Jersey City Public Library, Jersey City, N. J. The officers: President, Harvey A. Van Cott; vice-president,
James H. McConnell; treasurer, Frank
W. Hedden; recording secretary, Wil- liam A. Whitten; financial secretary, Mrs. F. W. Hedden; corresponding sec- retary, Mrs. M. Kiekert, 107 Linden ave- more, jersey Cray, IN. JJ
The largest aquarium south of Phila- delphia has been established at Miami, Florida. Fifty large exhibition tanks have been installed, one being the largest in America and the second largest in the world. ‘There are said to be about five hundred species of fishes about Miami, and investigations will be started to as- certain the food values of each, not to mention life-history and habitat studies. Apparently the work will in the main
be confined to saltwater species. ——— :
It is always encouraging when a busi- ness house finds it necessary to move to larger quarters. Success in business usually follows a strict application of the golden rule. So it is not surprising to now find The Aquarium Stock Com- pany in a finer store at 174 Chambers street, better able than ever to supply the needs of the aquarist. We note that they can now supply imported dried daphne for which many have inquired during the past few years.
pa
Dr. Albert Hazen Wright, of Cornell University, informs the editor that he collected specimens of Lucania ommata in Okefinokee Swamp Georgia, shal. WOVE AR,
many
ROLES
“The verra best music I effer heard whateffer was doun at Jamie McLaugh- “There wass fif- teen of us pipers in the wee back parlour, all playin’ different chunes. I thocht I was floatin’ in heevin.”—7it Bits.
AS cr
A man is worth what his ideas are
worth.
lan’s,” said the piper.
Statement of the Ownership, Management, Circulation, Etc., Required by the Act of Congress of August 24, 1912, of Aquatic Life, published monthly at Philadelphia, Penmsylvamia, for April 1, 1920.
State of Pennsylvania,
County of Philadelphia. pe
Before me, a notary public in and for the State and County aforesaid, personally ap- peared W. A. Poyser, who, having been duly sworn according to law, deposes and says that he is the editor of Aquatic Lirs, and that the following is, to the best of his knowledge and belief, a true statement of the ownership, management, etc., of the aforesaid publication for the date shown in the above caption, re- quired by the Act of August 24, 1912, embodied in Section 443, Postal Laws and Regulations, to wit:
That the names and addresses of the pub- lisher, editor, managing editor and business managers are:
Publisher—Joseph FE. Bausman, Girard Avenue, Philadelphia, Pa.
Editor—W. A. Poyser, 207 South Thirty- seventh Street, Philadelphia, Pa.
Managing Editor—None.
Business Managers—None.
That the owners are: (Give names and ad- dresses of individual owners, or, if a corpora- tion, give its name and the names and ad- dresses of stockholders owning or holding 1 or more of the total amount of
542 East
per cent. stock.)
Owners—Joseph FE. Bausman, 542 East Girard Avenue, Philadelphia, Pa.; W. A. South Thirty-seventh Street,
Poyser, 207 Philadelphia, Pa. That the known bondholders, mortgagees
and other security holders, owning or holding 1 per cent. or more of the total amount of bonds, mortgages, or other securities are: None.
W. A. POYSER, Editor.
Sworn to and subscribed before me this 30th day of March, 1920.
(Seal) A. D. DEweEEs. My commission expires February 19, 1921.
Tete PLSHL POND
Lionhead Spwan. Also Young from the
finest stock in tbe country
SHAW, 1941 Norh 5th Street Philadelphia
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Wear a Handsome Solid Gold Pin of Your Favorite Fish
Supply Co. >
Copyright, 1919, Stil-B-Nu A beautiful scarfpin and watch-fob for gentlemen
and brooches for ladies. Made of solid gold and
of very best workmanship. An odd and attract- ive piece of jewelry now being worn by aqua- rists. Size of illustrations.
Prices (including War Tax): Scalare, $7.25, Lionhead, $7.25 Telescope (with ruby eye), $7.75. Telescope (with diamond eye), $9.25. We are in a position to supply pins favorite pet. Price on application.
The Breeding Season is Here
Start Your Young Fish on Stil-B-Nu Infusoria Culture. Then Feed Them Our Foods and Watch Them Grow
Stil-B-Nu Infusoria Culture is essential to all aquarists who desire to raise Gold and Tropical fishes. This culture is a_result-producer. Full directions with each box. Price 50c., postpaid.
of your
Stil-B-Nu Fishfood. Scientifically prepared. Con- tains most nutritious ingredients. A proved and
tested food for all aquarium fishes. A trial and your food problem is solved. Fine and coarse. Fine recommended for Tropicals. Price 20c. box; 3 boxes, 50c., postpaid.
Stil-B-Nu Dried Shrimp. Contains shrimp only. which is dried and properly prepared to make a choice morsel for all kinds of fishes. Coarse or fine. Use fine for Tropicals. Price, 25c. box, postpaid,
Stil-B-Nu Fish Remedy—a bination for the treatment of fungus, ete., of Tropical and fancy Goldfishes. Don’t fail to have a box or two on hand for the first sign of trouble. Full directions in each box. Price: 6 tablets in a box, 25c., postpaid.
Stil-B-Nu Aquarium Salts will go toward keeping your fishes in replacing the lime and
non-poisonous com-
tail-rot,
a long good health by salts as they are ab- Price: 6 tablets
way
sorbed by the fishes and snails. 25c.,
in a box, postpaid.
Stil-B-Nu Nets 55c The Best Net Made
Made in two sizes, 3144 and 5 inches.
manufactured by us from the very best materials.
Stil-B-Nu Feeding Rings. Keep the food from spreading. Price, 15c, postpaid.
Stil-B-Nu Aquarium Scrapers—something new; order one today and ayoid placing hand in the aquarium when cleaning it. Price, 50c Easy-Reading Aquarium Thermometer. Tells at a glance the temperature of your water. No aquarium is complete without one. Price $1.00,
postpaid.
Pocket Magnifying Glass. Every aquarist needs a good glass, especially when collecting insects and raising infusoria. Considering quality, this
glass is priced very low. $1.75, postpaid.
Stil-B-Nu Aquarium Cement comes ready for use. 50c. pound, postpaid.
Fishes, Plants, Aquariums, Books, Castles, Stands Wholesale and Retail
STIL-B-NU SUPPLY CO 427 E. Girard Avenue, Philadelphia
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000 S59 9000 59000 G9 000 9009 SS 000
FRESH WATER BIOLOGY
By HENRY B. WARD AND GEORGE C. WHIPPLE
WITH THE COLLABORATION OF 25 DISTINGUISHED SPECIALISTS ee gn eS Sea eo ee Se eed Se EE
All interested in aquatic biology will find here answers to their queries on methods of study, conditions of existence, types of life, and inter-relations of the organisms that inhabit our fresh-water bodies, together with data on their life histories, habits and range.
This work is the first complete and accurate record of North Amer- ican aquatic life, especially the micro-organisms; among both plants and animals excluding the vertebrates, higher plants and bacteria, every form is described that has been reported from a fresh-water body on this continent.
A comprehensive general discussion of each group precedes the description of individual forms, which are arranged under a key to permit of rapid and accurate determination of the genera and species. Nearly every form is illustrated, and its diagnostic features are pointed out. Biological data on its habits, frequence and distribution are also
given.
i Soe ee a ae
Aquatic Life, 1920
January, 1920. Betta rubra (Heede) ; Ob- servations on the Chelonians of North Amer- ica, Part VI (Shufeldt); Beef Heart and 2eef Liver for Young Fishes; Notes on Mos- quito Larvae (Hale); Lucania ommata (ex- tension of range); Habits of Fundulus nottit and Heterandria formosa; Linseed meal cause of disease among trout; South Australian Aquarium Society, Passaic Aquarium Society, the Redfield Theory, etc.
Frepruary. Goldfish Foods and Feeding as Practiced in Japan (Nakashima) ; Observations on the Chelonians of North America, Part VII
(Shufeldt); The Mosquito (Hale); Lucio- cephalus pulcher (Heede); Maintaining an Aquarium (Trell); An Easily Constructed Heated Aquarium (Finckh) ; Roosevelt Wild Life Forest Experiment Station, February Pointers, etc.
Marcu. The Australian Congolly (Hale) ;
Observations on the Chelonians of North America, Part VIII (Shufeldt) ; Ichthyopthir- ius multifilius (Webber); Rivulus strigatus (Brind); An Odd Trunkfish (Hubbs) ; North Caro'tina Notes (Carlton) ; Society news. Apri. Mastacembelus pancalus (MacMor- ris); A New Treatment to Eliminate Ichthy- ophthirius (Hauthaway); Observations on the Chelonians of North America, Part IX (Shu- feldt); Notes on Haplochilus lineatus (,Saw- yer); The Artificial Production of Albinism
(Waite) - A Metal Net for Larval Fishes (Balleisen) ; The “Balanced” Aquarium—A Question and an Experiment (Powers) ;
Venus’s Fly Trap, Notes and News.
Fresh-Water Biology is a big book of 1111 pages, with 1547 illus- trations. Price, $6.00, plus postage on four pounds.
AQUATIC LIFE, 542 E. Girard Avenue, Philadelphia, Pa
5 0090 59 59 990 999 C9009 C9999 CS 000 or
—————— ene a
te
Choice Tropical Fishes
BREEDERS AND YOUNG REASONABLE H. E. GREEN, 5022 Chestnut Street Philadelphia
FOR RS AEE
Ten tanks, exotic fish, plants, red snails and sundries. C. L. Hagen, 209 West 42d Street, New York
»® a IY) YH) OOO GD DON CD CI CO
AQUATIC MICROSCOPY BY DR. ALFRED C. STOKES
SPLENDID, not too technical hand
i book of the lower organisms for the ] inquiring aquarist who dislikes to be 8 nonplused by scientific verbiage. 324 pages, with 198 illustrations.
oh
$2.50 Plus Postage on 2 Pounds
Address Aquatic Life
occa SC 000 SDD 000 DCO Cea
2.5 000 GGG SG
9 6 FA DP Ph PR Fh BP BF | ical Fishes ! ropica ISIVES” . large stock of Danio malabaricus and
other species of Danio. (The most sprightly
7 aquarium fishes) Haplochilus, Barbus, Mouth- / breeders and many other beautiful fishes, |
a fine,
August Obermuller
Breeder and Fancier of Telescopes and Tropicals 96 Columbia Avenue, Jersey City Heights, N. J.
visitors welcome at conseryatory any Saturday l afternoon and on Sunday.
em — 5 os ee Do
meee Sg dt OE .
Own Your Own Fish Photo Album
GOMPLETE- COLLECTION
Real Photos of Over 100 Tropical, Gold } and Domestic Fish. All your favorites on / separate cards. Price, Only $3.60 Postpaid; or $1.04 per sheet of over 30 fishes.
re
W. L. BRIND, 449 W. 206 Street NEW YORK
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| | | | | | |
PROPICAL FISHES Write for Price List Oscar Leitholf, 281 Southern Avenue Pittsburgh, Pa.
Tm Pa 6 PG BS
Henry Kissel, Jr.
Breeder & Fancier of Broad-tail Telescopes Good Type and Color
Plants
Some beautiful Hybrids in which I specialize.
Tropical Fish Snails
None shipped; sales at conservatory only.
241 Walker Street, Cliffside, N. J.
6 6 6 6 SS
Telephone, 461, Cliffside.
9 ey
a a
JULIUS RIEWE
BREEDER AND FANCIER OF TROPICAL FISHES 3519 Costello Avenue, Chicago, Ill.
Fine stock of Danio malabaricus, D. alboline- atus, D. rerio, Barbus conchonius, B. semifas- ciolatus, B. ticto and many other kinds of tropical fishes. None shipped. Telephone Bel- mont 5092.
If Your Fish Are Not Doing Well—Try ENCHYTRAEIDS - White Worms
The natural and best food for goldfishes, barring none. Package, 50c. (cash or check), with in- structions for raising a constant supply.
PAUL MARQUARDT, 829 Teutonia Avenue, Milwaukee, Wis
“AQUARIA FISH”’
A practical work on care and breeding of fish in the aquarium, greenhouse and out- door ponds. Finely illustrated.
Everyone interested in keeping fish should send for a copy of this book. Price, $1.00. F. L. TAPPAN, Route 2, Hopkins, Minn
The Englewood Fancy Goldfish Hatchery
Japanese Toy Breeds in a variety of colors— “mouse” bodies and “claw” tails. Must be seen to be appreciated. Visitors welcome any Sat- urday afternoon, Sunday or hotiday. Nothing for sale until June. Spawn in season. Tele- phone Wentworth 1118.
ANTHONY A. MAINA, 6711 Parnell Avenue, Chicago, III.
Sp — memes
ae es ee or Excellent Conformation
(Ii Color Cannot Be Beat
now Their Quality in Finnage [Paljave Blues, Blacks and Calicos Lavery Fancier Should Look Them Over
Fedlee Them at C. C. VOWINKEL
5109 Catherine Street Philadelphia, Pa
a
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Tes i i
WANTED: Will buy Thorichthys helleri meeki (Scarlet Chanchito)
| —Brind’s importation; Pterophyllum scalare;
corydoras paleatus (Brazilian Catfish or Pan- zerwel) ; and various species of Tetragonopter- us and the rarer aquarium fishes. Must be in good condition. Send full details and prices to Mrs. B. Russ, 3848 Wentworth Ave., Chicagr
a — Ps Fa pe
] Fishfood That is Fishfood for Fish
KOGA TAMA PRBANESE a Soon
For GOLD ann TROPICAL FISH Shipped Anywhere 'in United States
$1.00 Pound. Add Postage
Fourerlaton 15¢ By Mail 17c WM. G. SARBACHER, 1318 N. Dover St., Phila., Pa
gs 6 BS Ps Fs FE SF SP Et
ts a pp og Pi
ny 8 8 | : p 8 | 8 Oe 8 8 8 8 8 | 8 | : De
8
An Opportunity Charles E. Jenne
I want an elderly or middle-aged man to take charge of my fish hatchery. Prefer one who knows something about the care of a greenhouse and flowers. Haye the most complete hatchery for the breeding of tropical and goldfish in the country. A rare chance for the man who likes fish as a hobby to go into game commercially.
“Ww, KEEDY. 867 North Dearborn Street Chicago
O00 > 360C—D 000 HD 000000 M000 C5000C— 000
The Original Enchytraeid Breeder has disposed of his white worm plant to
W. J. Wright
: ! : Breeder of Plants, Snails G Fishes p ;
Bergen Avenue & Mercer Street, Jersey City N. J.
Mr. Wright will continue to supply generous portions of properly reared white worms, and will be glad to hear from the customers of Mr. Jenne, who are assured of prompt and courteous attention.
*,000c > 000 > 000 > 000 000000 le.ere)
*»000C > 000M 0000000005000 PS Coo > 000c > 000C000c > 000c—
: : : i
| A new food intended for baby goldfish and Tropi- | S eal Fish. Sprinkle lightly on surface with pep-
per shaker. It will float indefinitely and gradu- ally sink, giving your fish food in all parts of [0] the aquarium. The unconsumed food developing
Tropical Fish Must have REAL FOOD. WELKE’S Fishfood (never equalled by any domes- tic or imported fishfood) is back again as good as ever. Send l5c for samples to-day to original sole U. S. Agent
A BRIND,449 West 206th St New York
into infusoria, Yoel, be box by mail, Lie:
Yogi, by lb., 75c.; add postage. Magic, 50c., postpaid. S. O. S., 35c. box; by mail, 38c.
ee 1818 Frank Robert J. Schaeffer :: [2s Hr¢nitord Avenue
2 BOOKS FOR $2.00 ONLY For Sale
[S)
[Blears Best Book $1.50—‘“The Practical An aquarium manufacturing works, with fu'ly : P a8 i ‘ 5 in equipped goldfish and supply outfit. Has been Fishfancier.” Brind’s First Book 50c —“Do- cao eaeccesralle for eighteen years. No mesticated Fish” Manual (See my other ad better or finer aquariums made. Must be sold tii y - z ‘ at once to permit the owner to give entire this number.‘ Color pictures of fish. Half- attention to other important business. Write tone and line cuts. These books cover the field fore Ul DaAEUCulars: Pioneer Aquarium Works. Racine, Wisconsin TROPICAL FISH - Fine and Cheap Smrorenss, Red rivulus, Chaperi | Sale or Exchange Ibolineatus, Vittatus, Semifasciolatus | : Bettas, Trichogaster fasciatus and Surplus Stock of Rare and Fancy Fish Lalius, Live-bearers. etc. 7 Plants of All Kinds W. L. BRIND, 449 W. 206th Street 4G. Germann, 0. D. 3823 N. Richmond St. Chicago NEW YORK Phone: Monticello 6864.
ie Semin ecuE a |
Tropical Fishes Food and Snails Plants
MEXICAN SWORDTAILS (Xiphophorus helleri), 4 males and 8 females, the dozen, $7.00; Ruby Moonfish (Platypoecilus rubra), 4 males and 8 females, the dozen, $7.00; Gambusia holbrooki. per dozen, in pairs, $4.00; Paradise fish and Notropis metallicus, per dozen, $4.00; Danio rerio, per dozen, $8.00. (Shipping cans, 50c.)
PLANTS PER DOZEN: Vallisneria (wide leaf), 60¢.; Vallisneria (narrow leaf, 530¢c.; Frog Bit, 50¢c.; Hyacinths, 60¢.; Water Poppy, $1.00; Anacharis and Cabomba, 75c. per dozen bunches. Twelve kinds of aquarium plants, a fine assortment, $1.00.
water lilies, $1.25 each. (All plants sent postpaid.)
GROUND SHRIMP, the best dry fish food $1.10 per pound. Large Japanese snails, $2.00 per dozen; smaller, $1.00 per dozen.
SS — 500 SSS 000 DS Coo D000
CRESCENT FISH FARM, 1624 Mandeville Street, New Orleans, La,
Penne PEO ee et
| AFTER JUNE 1ST: Red, white and yellow water lilies, blooming plants, 75c. each; blue
Don’t paddle in- the Pitted with one hand and Jind with - both exes In athee words,
Our Magazine
be Guide to ature Will Help You
It is edited by EDWARD F. BIGELOW, who
‘}} fishes in the heavens and earth, as well as. the waters under the earth
_ Three Months’ Trial 25c One Year, $7.50
~ THE AGASSIZ ASSOCIATION eh. ~ “AreAdiA -Sound Beach =~ -
Connecticut | = |
Veiltail TELESCOPES
Beautiful Breeders
Prize Winning Stock - $12.00 Per Pair
Franklin Barrett
401 to 417 East Wyoming Avenue
i000 COO0 35000 250
Red Helleri
hh. Winner of-first prizes—silver. cup and gold miedatl ff) A new fish for aquarists. The most attractive cre Bes pearing fish. We now -have them for-sale.
x ee fine stock _of Haplochilug ‘eameronensis, H. 9 rubrostigma, Hybrids—pulchras and rubras— g ane 35 other apetios of fishes.
Ss. ‘SILVER
285 East 11th eieet
New York city, N.
Ce (Between 2a and 3d eS p |
May Special! |
~ panera tee pene 0% OSI BIBL A ELST LAL
ta 18 Gallon ‘Round. Cedar Breeding Tubs
Brass oyerflow fitted with aluminum strainers to : eer small = and daphnia going down drain.
Price $3.50 ©
- CREATION! The New. ahora
Used ‘without. sheep manure. Just the pine t to - BEES your young fish right. Send for free sample
a Box Postpaid ;
“The Square of: ie to Catch Net
Bight of an inch brass-wjre. Five and half Gebes Square. 23 inches long. _Made of finest Marque- ‘Sette. Will not rot, nor tust. :
~ Shield of Quality Fishfood- 2 Boxes. 25c Postpaid
: Fae fio few dee for €ichiosoma’ Nigrofas- Ciata and Dwarf Gourami. _Also 1920 Breed of : erence Telescopes: = ;
Sone fomaam
F RANCIS K. CHRISTINE
518 ‘BELGRADE STREET ! "PHILADELPHIA
ey
Philadelphia
FISH, PLANTS, SNAILS, ETC Wholesale and Retail
SUBJECTS | ‘is ‘‘ Goldfish Varieties & Tropical
ale THE ‘AQUARIUM Suslects ff
«| Aquarium Fishes’’, byWm.T. Innes, y/ i
former President of the Aquarium AY Society of Phila.; 250 pages, 195 “illustrations. Tells all about the rf 4 fancy varieties of the Goldfish and ' ~ nearly 300 tropicals; how to breed them, etc., etc.. For the beginner or the advanced expert.
A complete, practical, Gindione™ “book, sent postpaid anywhere for $4.00 Enlarged edition now ready:
INNES & SONS - 133-N. 12th St. - Phila., Pa.
JOSEPH J. HAEGELMEIER
IMPORTER AND BREEDER
»_ FANCY GOLDFISH 1916 PROVENCHERE PLACE, ST. LOUIS, MO
Large Assortment of Fancy Fish at All Times : Hoatuee Victor 2656 L
‘GOLDFISH!
1,500,000 “PLAIN & FANCY
‘Ready for market at° rock-bottom prices, ped anywhere in United States or Canada. for ‘our illustrated euraeeve
Oxiertal Goldfish and Sint) Co
3757 - 3761 Cottage Grove Avenue
SSR aoe ts Chicago, Illinois Z SS aa
Ship- Write
OOO O00C—I 000 C= 3000000000;
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ete
Aquatic Life
oa Vol TV
Vol. Il
Volumes average 165 pages and as many illustrations. Substantial cloth binding, with title page and complete index.
$2.50 -Each, Postage _
JAPANESE GOLDFISH By DR. HUGH M. SMITH
A guide to the methods of breeding fancy goldfish practiced in Japan. The result of the personal investigations of the author. Ten breeds are illus- trated in color, with numerous text cuts; 112 pages.
$2.75 Postage Paid Address Aquatic Life
HERMAN RABENAU, Aquarist PERMANENT DISPLAY OF Aquatic Life & Terraria
must be seen to be appreciated Visitors Welcome Plants and Tropical Fish a Specialty Importations of New Varieties received regularly 1163 Myrtle Avenue, Brooklyn, N. Y. Near Broadway.
GOLDFISH, FOODS, PLANTS, DIP NETS
Combination Natural Fish Food - Sample Box 10c Japanese Shrimp Fish Food - ~ Sample Can 15c Baby Fish Food Sample Box 15c Imported Dried Daphnia Sample Jar 35c
Mail Orders Promptly Attended to
Special Prices on Quantity Lots, Cash With Order.
Catalogue Sent Upon Request.
AQUARIUM STOCK CO 174 Chambers Street :: New York City
l PHILADELPHIA
6° == SOOT D090 S909 I FSO CHO IOIOO
HARRY P. PETERS 1210 N. Warnock Street, Philadelphia, Pa BREEDER AND IMPORTER
Rare and Fancy Fish |
Plants of every variety, Snails and cues Supplies of all sa at all
MANUFACTURER OF
Green River Fish Food 15c Box —
Green. River Baby. Fish Food 20c Box —
A GOOD FISH FOOD is one of the most essential things necessary to keep: fish in good health. After the test of years Green River stands out as the best food on the market. It _keeps the fish in good color by pro- moting a healthy, robust growth. It will not sour ot cloud the water. Ask’ your dealer or send for it today.
Breeders | Large assortment of Splendid Telescopes and Jap Goldfish at Reasonable Prices
Large Assortment of fine LIONHEADS Shipping Cans 50 cents
HARRY P. PETERS 1210 NORTH WARNOCK STREET
Nippon Goldfish Co! :
T, MURATA, Proprietor. 1919-21 Bush Street, San Francisco, Cal Importers and Dealers ; SNAILS
GOLDFISH PLANTS Dried Shrimp, Birds, Cages and All Supplies
NEW STOCKS ARE COMING! Price List Sent on Request
OO00OCO0000C. 000000000 C200
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Bh ent ee as 9S 6 ad 06 is 5 8 is 8 ed Fs 6 Oh Ot |
® uadic [if | Voll 'V' June, 1920 No.6 Cc
An international monthly magazine devoted to the study, care and breeding of fishes and other animals and plants in the home aquarium and terrarium.
WwW. A. POYSER ...... eee eect cere cece eee ewe eee e eee eeee rere etre ceccces EDITOR JOSEPH FE. BAUSMAN ..-.-++--sseeesees Gas tMoms tac ae 354 see eee --. PUBLISHER 542 East Girard Avenue .....-----ccccccccercscesecccooeces cece cceevce Philadelphia
Entered as second-class matter, September 2d, 1915, at the Post Office, Philadelphia, Pa., i under Act of March 3d, 1879. / Popular and scientific articles and notes on subjects pertaining to the aquarium and terrarium, and to the habits of fishes in general, are always wanted for “Aquatic Life.” Readers are invited to join jn making it a medium of mutual help by contributing to it the results of their studies. The pages are always open to any one having information of interest to the aquarist and student of aquatic biology. Manuscripts, books for review | and general correspondence should -be addressed to the editor.
“Aquatic Life’ has the largest circulation of any magazine in the world devoted to aquatic nature-study. It offers to advertisers a market that can be reached through no other medium. Rates made known on application.
YEARLY SUBSCRIPTION ...---2e2s2ecrcrces OU CD OIG ONO OEE DG. BIOS ope age $1.25 FOREIGN SUBSCRIPTIONS ...-.-ccccesrecccerccr err eeessrecsceessscercenne 1.50 SINGLE COPY ....cc cece e cece eee cece ee ret ree erecta tence eter ener ee renee AS
Payments should be made by money order, draft or registered letter. If local checks are sent, ten cents should be added for collection charges. Foreign remittances should be by international money order. j
Copyright, 1920, by Joseph E. Bausman.
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pm ms pm 9 6 5 PS PS PSP PP PS PS SP SP $9 S99 PS FS PSY SOS
Witey Gardenia | T. P. LOVERING }
By BISSET AQUARIST WILMINGTON, NORTH CAROLINA
os
The best and most “readable” book on the care and propagation of aquatic plants in general. It gives in full de- tail all the practical information neces- sary to the selection, grouping and successful cultivation of aquatic and other plants required in the making of a water garden and its surroundings. Covers all conditions from that of the amateur with a few plants in tubs to the large estate or park.
| : | : | | Directions for constructing concrete ! | ( | |
*
Collector and Breeder of: Tropical Fish Snakes and Other Reptiles
New Varieties Aquatic Plants Choice and Rare Specimens Snakes and Reptiles
Tropical Fishes
—— o
Fundulus nottii, $1.50 per pair.
a
l
!
| Elassoma evergladei, $1.75 per pair.
|
|
pools; propagation of hardy and tender lilies and other aquatics; best lilies for small pools and tubs; the aquatic plant greenhouse; various aquarium plants; enemies and diseases of aquatic plants; gold and other fishes for the water garden.
Profusely illustrated with 120 half- tones, 17 diagrams and 2 double page plates. 199 pages, coated paper, orna- mented cloth binding—de luxe edition. Price, $3.00, postpaid.
THE BOOK DEPARTMENT AQUATIC LIFE Philadelphia
Heterandria formosa, $1.00 per pair. M. chaetodon, 50c each
Small turtles, $1.25 per dozen. Newts, $1.00 per dozen.
Wholesale to dealers. —
The Venus Flytrap (Dionaea muscipula) The plant that feeds on insects $1.00 Dozen
oe es mm mm ms et
|
Macrones vittatus
The striped catfish of India, Macrones vittatus, was brought to the United States about fifteen years ago, but did not seem to long persist in collections, perhaps because in those days particular attention was not directed toward main- taining adequate warmth for specimens from tropical countries.
In the aquarium it is a graceful fish, more lively and rapid than those other catfishes, native and foreign, with which most of us are familiar, and decidedly more pugnacious. Surgeon Day, who studied it in confinement more than
Macrones Vittatus PEYTON MacMORRIS, M. D.
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The Fiddler
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forty years ago, says: “This fish is termed ‘the fiddler’ in Mysore. I touch- ed one which was on the wet ground, at which it appeared to become very irate, erecting its dorsal fin and making a noise resembling the buzzing of a bee, evidently a sign of anger. Having put some small carp into an aquarium con- taining one of these fishes it rushed at a small example, seized it by the middle of its back and shook it like a dog killing a rat, at this time its barbels were stif- fened out laterally like a cat’s whiskers.” This is in direct opposition to Eggling’s
62 Aquatic Lite
remark that ‘This handsome fish is hardy and lives well in the aquarium, where it can be kept together with other fishes.” So in view of conflicting opin- ions it will be well, when next it comes to us from India, to first experiment by associating it with specimens we can best afford to lose!
The fiddler is quite an attractively marked catfish, differing much in this respect from our native species which can boast of little ornamentation. Dark bands run lengthwise along each side of the body, with intensity varying with the individual. These alternate with golden stripes, the central one showing a pearly lustre. On the shoulder, just back of the opercle, is a velvety black spot, often quite pronounced. The fins are dusky or grayish, with the tips somewhat dark. If the barbels have a sensory function, this fish is well provided, having eight, the longest pair reaching the anal fin.
Though Day’s experience would seem to indicate this fish as carnivorous, others have found it to eat dry prepared foods and such substances as are com- monly given aquarium fishes of like size. It reaches a length of eight inches.
Appropriate Names
Dr. Lucas says, “Time was, long ago, to be sure, when the names of people were descriptive; but Black, White, Strong, Smith and Carpenter have ceased to mean anything,” etc.
I was therefore much interested, in going through our aquarium library re- cently, to find at least a dozen instances where there seemed to be a correlation between the name of a writer and the subject of his interest.
The names of some of the students of aquatic life seem singularly appropriate. Dr. Theodore Gill was one of the most noted ichthyologists. Others who have
added to the knowledge of fishes are M. C. Marsh, William P. Seal, and Alvin Seale, while W. H. Fry discourses on “WP reeucal lien Isecadhine.” Whe, IR, Jal Pond has written about aquatic plants. Dr. H. G. Barnacle describes shells, and Captain Barnacle writes on whales. Walter K. Fisher is interested in star- fishes and sea birds. P. A. Fish studied the walrus, and H. A. Smeltz made ob- servations on the oysters. Mr. Pope and Mr. Lord each contributed to the biology of Devil’s Lake (North Dakota.)—Ipa M. Metien, The New York Aquarium.
South Australian Society
On Saturday, February 28th, the members of the South Australian Aquar- ium Society visited the neighborhood of Aldgate, under the leadership of Dr. Robert Pulleine. The afternoon was de- voted to collecting specimens for the ex- hibit of the society at the All-Australian Peace Exhibition. Dr. Pulleine conduct- ed the party to a large pool, which was found to contain a great variety of aquatic life. Many of the so-called na- tive trout (Galaxias olibus) were obtain- ed, as well as a considerable number of aquatic insects. Among the last-named two kinds of “fish killers,’ Nepa and Ranatra, were of particular interest. These insects grasp their prey with the strong forelegs, plunging the formidable beak into the victim to suck the juices from its body.
The president, Mr. Edgar R. Waite, F. L. S., recently recorded a curious fact concerning the Mexican Axolotl. These batrachians sometimes develop a disease causing them to become bloated, infect- ed individuals floating at the surface of the water until death. Some of the frog tadpoles in the pool were found to be suffering from a similar condition in a marked degree.—H. M. Hair, Honorary Secretary.
i { ( { {
l / | An Interesting Abnormality | | LESLIE TASCHE | Zoological Laboratory, University of Wisconsin | ey eee ge |
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| | a mel The abnormal has always been inter- esting. Normal structure, although in- teresting from a purely scientific stand- point, fails to attract the attention of the average man. It 1s too commonplace. The abnormal on the contrary is made conspicuous by its noticeable dissimilar- ity to the normal. People since the be- ginning of time have preserved and ex- hibited every variety of unnatural forms. “Freaks of Nature,” as they are called, and have wondered at their origin and development. During the early periods of civilization there was a great deal of superstition connected with many of these malformations. Many forms were feared and great reverence was extended to them, because they were thought to be the work of spirits, others were used as charms for luck and for medicinal pur- poses, but most of them were kept mere- ly because they were different. As civ- ilization advanced, most of these super- stitious views were discredited and men began to examine them scientifically as to origin and development; but to this day people of many classes still believe in the supernatural powers of some of the
Yellow Perch, Perca flavesens, Showing Two Ani Photograph by A. S. Pearse
Ls es
Fe ee ee
types and everybody is more or less in- terested in any striking malformation that is put on exhibition. Scientific in- vestigations have shown that these forms are the result of unnatural embryological development or the product of patho- logical changes in the growth of parts of the body in respect to size, shape, posi- tion, or number.
An example of one of these “Freaks of Nature” is found in a yellow perch, Perca flavesens (Mitchill) : the presence of two ani situated exactly on the me- dian line. The fish was caught on No- vember 23, 1917, in Lake Mendota near Madison, Wisconsin. It was normal in size, measuring 16.1 centimeters in length, and apparently in good condition. The presence of two ani came to the no- tice of Professor A. S. Pearse while he was preparing to dissect the fish in order to determine what it had eaten, and he took the accompanying photograph.
The presence of two ani in the Class Pisces is not a very rare thing by any means, but such openings are usually paired; one to the right and one to the left of the median line, usually at right
64 Aquatic Life
angles to it and usually at a relatively short distance apart. ‘The present speci- men on the contrary does not possess this arrangement. Both anr are on the median line and are 48 millimeters apart. The posterior anus is located at the place where the normal anus should perforate the body wall, but it is peculiar in that it is the non-functional one of the two. The anterior anus, although 48 milli- meters out of its normal position, is the functional one. The posterior anus has a strip of intestine leading inward which ends blindly about 4 centimeters within the body cavity. It is smaller in diameter than the functional intestine and practi- cally without a lumen. The functional intestine, leading to the anterior anus, is somewhat shorter than that in a normal perch.
No attempt will be made to explain how this peculiar structure developed, as a competent pathologist and an embry- ologist declined to commit themselves.
— >
The Diatomaceae of Philadelphia and Vicimty, by Charles S. Boyer, is a de- scription of the diatoms of the region within a radius of one hundred miles, including the forms found in the blue clay of the ancient Delaware River bed, which underlies a portion of the city. The work is profusely illustrated with forty plates, containing more than seven hundred drawings by the author. All the species recorded from the region, includ- freshwater, brackish and marine forms, are shown.
Mr. Boyer’s work removes the multi- tude of difficulties that have heretofore beset the microscopist who would study the forms of the Middle Atlantic States. The literature of the subject is scattered through the journals of science many years; major works are rare and
ing
over
expensive and none so satisfactorily il-
lustrated. The characters distinguishing species of diatoms are often so subtle that no amount of word painting can convey the proper conception, and it is only when a description is supplemented by an adequate drawing that a form can be identified with certainty. And if this Opinion is correct, Mr. Boyer has left little to be desired.
The microscopist who passes the dia- toms neglects the plants that play a not often sufficiently emphasized part in the economy of nature. Before the warmth of spring has awakened the higher plants, the diatoms are abroad, multiply- ing, liberating oxygen in the process of photosynthesis, and preparing the waters for the coming wave of animal life. How great a factor they have been in past ages is evidenced by vast fossil deposits in all parts of the world. Nor is their role in the aquarium to be overlooked. The brown film on the glass is macro- scopic proof of the presence of untold numbers. In the absence of the higher plants the burden of breaking up car- bonic acid is thrust upon them. The “practical man’’ may be interested in the theory, scarcely tenable, however, that this minute plant is responsible for cer- tain oil fields. Each individual at a stage in its life contains a minute globule of oil, and deaths in great numbers as indi- cated by the extent of the deposits, per- mitted it to accumulate. The theory does not seem to hold for several reasons. When the bed was being formed, water covered: the area. Ihe valves of the diatom, when death overtakes it, sep- arate. It seems reasonable that the globule of oil would rise to the surface and be dispersed, and as such beds are formed very slowly, the quantity would
not be marked. _— >
It is easier to see through some fat peo- ple than through some thin ones.
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The Blue-spotted Sunfish
CHARLES J, SAWYER
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| | | | | | ( | | | |
Blue-spotted Sunfish
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The most beautiful aquarium I ever saw was in Chicago, ten years ago, and contained naught but a collection of sun- fishes. The tank was so situated that the light came over the shoulder of the observer, giving an impression of the iridescent colors of the fishes to be ob- tained in no other way. It is in this par- ticular that most aquaria fail, being usually situated close to a window, the near side of the fishes being shown al- most solely by reflected light. Only by direct light is the full play of colors evi- dent.
Prominent in the collection was the little Blue-spot, a sunfish that is quite
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common in the Middle West. Forbes and Richardson (Fishes of Illinois), remark that “this beautiful little sunfish is much the commonest of its family in our small- er streams, and is, indeed, often almost the sole sunfish product of the net in prairie creeks.” It lends itself well to life in the home aquarium and lives long. It is not a_ particularly pugnacious species, but nevertheless it will “run the show” if large enough to awe the more docile kinds, so in a sunfish tank it is well to associate specimens similar in size. But if the Blue-spot does bully the others it will not do them unto death as is so characteristic of the cichlids.
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Aquatic Lite
Throughout the summer the owner of the collection mentioned fed his pets on flies, which he caught by placing wire-net traps in likely situations. These were taken with avidity. The lack of fear shown as they snapped them from the fingers made one think that at least the first step had been taken in making them tame. Sometimes the earthworm was on the bill-of-fare, and during the winter dry foods and scraped raw beef kept them in the pink of condition. The owner considered this tank the most in- teresting of a number in his conservatory, and from my experiences with the sun- fishes I can understand his preference.
The general body-color of the Blue- spot is olivaceous, darkest above and becoming yellowish or coppery below. Each scale has a blue spot and a golden edge, giving an impression of stripes; cheeks with blue markings, the opercular small and dark with yellowish edging. The fins are dusky, with green and blue marking; dorsal usually with a dark spot; anal edged with yellow or orange. Considerable variation may be found in the intensity of the colors, and at times the vertical fins of highly colored indi- viduals may have a strong suggestion of
yellow. ——
On and after July 1, the American Railway Express Co. will keep a dupli- cate copy of every receipt it issues when receiving business from shippers. The duplicates will be retained by the ex- press company for the purposes of record and reference, and will be held at the shipping office.
Shippers who have been accustomed to prepare their own receipts or who have their own forms, have been request- ed to make provision for supplying dupli- cates of such receipts to the express driver or receiving clerk who signs them.
As a matter of convenience to ship-
pers, the regular receipt forms of the ex- press carrier will be revised to permit their use in duplicate form.
In cases where prepaid receipts are now being issued in duplicate, the extra copy being used as a record of charges paid, a third copy will be required under the new system, and in such instances prepaid receipts will be issued in tripli- cate.
One of the objects of the new system is to bring about better protection for and methods of recording the movement of express packages in transit, a matter of great interest to aquarists.
pS Bi
At the regular meeting of The Natur- alists’ Society of New South Wales, Sydney, held on April 6th, in the as- sembly room of the Department of Edu- cation, Mr. H. E. Finckh delivered a lec- ture on “The Aquarium, Its History and Management,” which was illustrated by lantern slides. On April 1oth the mem- bers spent “An Afternoon Among the Fishes,’ with Mr. Finckh, who has been exceptionally successful in breeding na- tive and exotic fishes under natural con- ditions in his many picturesque ponds. An illustrated article describing “The Ponds of Hermes,” as the estate of Mr. Finckh is called, is in hand for publica- tion in an early number of Aquatic Life.
eae Ean
The regular meeting of The Philadel- phia Microscopical Society was held on May 27th. The constitution was adopt- ed and the following officers elected: President, Hugh F. Munro; vice-presi- dents, L.. M. Dorsey and Louis H. Koch; secretary and treasurer, W. A. Poyser; Trustees, Dr. Thomas S. Stewart and E. L. Gayhart.
Mr. Koch talked on the application of the microscope in mineralogy, exhibiting specimens from his collection and ex- plaining the methods of preparation and study.
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Breeding Viviparous Poeciliids
HARRY W. BALLEISEN
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The prevalent method in breeding live- bearing fishes is to place the female in a smali, thickly planted aquarium. At birth the young drop to the bottom and later rise to the surface seeking con- cealment among the plants about the surface. The disposition of the parent fish seems to differ with the species. Some give little attention to the fry if well fed, permitting them to grow up in the same tank without danger, while others have been noted to devour the new-born fry as fast as expelled. Prob- ably in all cases a number are lost, de- pending upon whether the female has
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been well fed during confinement Losses are apt to be greater in a small aquarium than in a large one.
During the past ten or fifteen years several styles of “breeding compart- ments” have been proposed and have possessed merit. The best seems to be the all-glass slot-in-the-bottom cage, which is designed to hang in the water from the side of the tank. Its disad- vantage lay in its small size, but as it is
not new obtainable we need not go further. On the same principle is the compartment about to be describe l,
which has the great advantage of being
68 Aquatic Lite
“home made” from materials easily secured. It is apparent that its size can be varied to meet individual preference.
tor the one illustrated we need two pieces of poplar, or other good wood, 4 thick by 5% wide, and 6% inches long; four pieces of ordinary window glass, 4 by 7 inches; four brass rods, diameter 3-16 inches, length 8% inches, threaded three-fourths of an inch o% each end, and furnished with washers and ns.
The first step is to lay out the wood ends. With a saw cut off the two low- er corners of the block. To determine the position of the cut, measure two inches from the corner both ways, and draw a line connecting the two points. Next, with a rule, define the positions to be occupied by the grooves for the glass. These as illustrated are half an inch from the edges. Proceeding carefully, cut the grooves with your saw to a depth of about an eighth inch; then finish with a chisel or knife. Note that it is essen- tial that both ends be alike. Clamp or hold the two ends one upon the other, and bore the holes for the bolts. Use a drill a trifle larger than the rod. The upper pair of holes are one-fourth inch in from the top and side, the lower ones one inch from the bottom. Give the ends a coat of wood filler and follow with three coats of best waterproof varnish. Allow twenty-four hours for each coat to harden.
The next and final step is to assemble the contraption. Try the pieces of glass, one after the other, in the grooves. They should fit nicely. Under no circum- stances should they be forced; enlarge the groove if necessary. Put washers and nuts on one end of the rods and in- sert through the block; lay it on a table, rods projecting upward. Assistance will now be needed to hold the glasses in place
while other wood end is being inserted. Draw up the nuts using the fingers only and the compartment is ready for trial. If the nuts are drawn up too tight, as with a wrench, the glass is very apt to crack.
When in use the compartment should project about half an inch above the surface of the water in the aquarium, and several means may be used to this end. Two hooks may be used, some- what S-shaped, and the cage suspended from the edge of the tank, the hooks run- ning under the upper brass rod. Or it may be hung from two rods_ placed across the top of the tank and running through two screw-eyes inserted in the wooden ends. If it seems preferable to float the compartment, buoyancy can be added by fastening strips of wood across each end, or by tying corks to the lower rods, the length of the strings or wire attached to the corks, as well as their size, determining the height in the
water. The use of the cage or compartment
necessitates an aquarium from which all fishes have been removed, otherwise its very object would be defeated. If one has a large tank available, and a number of females approaching delivery, all could be placed in separate compart- ments in the same aquarium. A few days’ difference in the dates of the arrivals from the several females would not be a matter of moment, and the fry could be reared together. Various species could be associated. For average small species the two pieces of glass forming the V- shaped bottom of the compartment should be adjusted to leave a slot about an eighth-inch wide. If it seems desir- able the width of the slot can be in- creased by changing the position of the
glass. Wi Bc ala
It’s the hard jobs that make us.
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| Bufo halophilus
| PAUL D. R. RUTHLING
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California Toad
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After the winter rains and cold and frosty nights, the spring sunshine breaks forth in Southern California, and warms the days and tempers the nights with a mildness that is agreeable both to man and other animals. Thus it is that as the day draws to a close after a refreshing collecting trip on foot in the mountains, one is attracted by the hoarse, rasping squawk of Bufo halophilus, as this toad-philosopher sits at the shore of a little pond emitting his plaintive mel- ody and allowing his thoughts to turn. as thoughts in springtime often will, to love.
Although one approaches quietly the source of noises heard in the distance,
Bufo halophilus
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the littl. intermittent pond of water, left over from the rainy season, takes on an air of quietude when one reaches its shores. By sitting down and watching noiselessly one soon sees ripples here and there. In the centers of many of them, chubby old toads may be dis- tinguished quietly floating after having pushed themselves upwards from their hiding places on the bottom. Soon they kick their way to some floating log or clump of weeds to which they cling as they give voice to throaty notes of love. Intermingled with the lower hoarseness of the toads’ voices may be distinguished the shriller rolling peep of tree-toads Concluded on page 72.
Aquatic Lite
70
Sy. eee o
ee.
Fossil Diatoms of New Jersey
Photomicrographs by Dr. D. B. Ward
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(The Diatomaceae !
H. C. WHEELER text
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To how many readers does the word “Diatoms” convey any meaning? I think it is safe to assert that for every person who is familiar with these aquatic plants, there are thousands, perhaps more, who have never heard of them, yet everyone who drinks water (a beverage destined to become more commonly used) has very likely swallowed many.
The diatoms make up an order of Al- gae called Diatomaceae and inhabit both marine and fresh waters. They are re- markable for the formation of a silt- ceous skeleton, which is often beautifully sculptured. So small are the individuals that they appear to the naked eye as so much dust. The tiny AChnanthes ex- igua, frequent in aquaria, measures but about 12 microns long, while a large species, such as Pinnularia nobilis, may reach 350 microns. A micron, the unit of measurement, is a thousandth of a millimetre.
On the death of the organism, the siliceous frame is not readily decom- posed, but sinks to the bottom of the body of water in which it lived. In the course of eons of time sufficient are gathered together to form what is known to the geologists as deposits of “diato- maceous earth.” When one contemplates the minuteness of the individual diatom, it seems difficult to realize that some of the deposits in various parts of the United States are hundreds of feet thick. The area occupied by the City of Rich- nond, Virginia, consists almost entirely of such a deposit ranging up to seventy- five feet or more thick. Vast deposits
occur in California, in Canada, England, Germany, Hungary, Russia and in fact in every country in the world.
What is their function? When living they assist in purifying the water by liberating oxygen, further, they form an important item in the food of fishes, oysters and other forms of aquatic life. After death their flinty coating is used for such diverse purposes as the manu- facture of tooth powder, metal polish, boiler coverings and dynamite.
To the student of natural history they furnish a very inviting field and the beauty of their design makes the subject doubly interesting. It was largely due to the efforts of the microscopists of the last century to see their fine structure that the optical perfection of the micro- scope was attained, so it may be safely said that the humble, microscopic diatom has contributed its share to the progress of the world. They are exceedingly com- mon and a student need never be with- out an ample supply of subjects on which to work. I have found upwards of thirty species in our drinking water sup- ply by merely attaching a cheap filter to the faucet in the kitchen.
Owing to their very small size, and their transparency, the production of photographs suitable for purposes of 1l- lustration is not always easy. It may be possible, however, to make illustrations of a few of these interesting forms at a future date, and also give concise direc- tions for collecting and preparing them
for stucy.
72 Aquatic Lite
Explanation of Plate
1. Navicula yarrensis De Wéittiana (Kain & Schultze) Cleve (Navi- cula De Wéittiana, Kain & Schultze).
Navicula longa Greg.
Navicula Schultzei Kain.
Frustulia Lewisiana (Grev.) De Toni.
5. Navicula irrorata Grev.
6. Pleurosigma Norman
Grun. (Pleurosigma cum, H. L. Smith).
7. Actinocyclus Ralfsi (W. Smith),
Ralfs var.? 8: Actinodiscus atlanticus Schultze.
9g. Anaulus mediterraneus Grun.
10. Actinocyclus sp.?
11. Eupodiscus inconspicuus Rattray.
y= S\058
1s See
14. Triceratium arcticum. Brightw.
ts. Triceratium condecorum Brightw.
16. Hvyalodiscus stelliger Bailey?
17. Asteromphalus flabellatus (Breb.)
Grev. var.?
18. Tetracyclus ellipticus (Ehrenb.) Grun. (Biddulphia Woolmanu, Kain & Schultze).
19. Triceratium indentatum Kain & Schultze.
20. Actinocyclus sp.?
21. Triceratium Kainu Schultze.
(The plate, page 70, is from a photo- graph, by Dr. D. B. Ward, presented to the editor by Professor D. E. Owen, of the University of Pennsylvania. It 1s one of a series and lacks a list of the species shown. ‘This has been supplied as accurately as possible by a well-known diatomist. The magnification indicated on the original, five hundred diameters, has been reduced approximately one- sixth in the photo-engraving. )
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fossilis virginia-
Kain &
SEE ee Bufo halophilus Concluded from page 60.
(Hyla regilla) as nature’s vocalists join
in discordant chorus. Southern California’s common toad, Bufo halophilus, ventures forth to breed,
sometimes early in March and some- times later, usually in April. This toad is found throughout the valleys and foot hills of the coastal regions and, where the conditions are favorable, in isolated desert places. It is not common in the mountains near Los Angeles.
The eggs are laid in great strings, many yards in length, in pools of can- yon washes, in irrigating ditches or in large puddles left by the rains. In most cases, the breeding places are dry in the summertime. The young hatch in a short time, as is the case with our eastern toad, and the tadpoles necessarily de- velop rapidly before their aquatic en- vironment is changed to one of dry land.
During the winter the adults are com- mon under boards, logs, under stones and in other such places, where they hi- bernate. These hibernating places are not usually very far from the spring- time breeding pools or streams. In the hot summer days the toads retire to these hiding places, where it 1s damp and protected from the heat of the sun, or find their way into the deep, damp bur- row of some mammal. In the evening, as the fierce southwest sun hides itselt behind the mountains, our little toad friends venture forth in search of even- ing meals, which consist of insects of various kinds, worms, isopods and many other animals that crawl or fly.
Bufo halophilus is an excellent pet for the terrarium and will feed readily, even from one’s fingers. Kept in a ter- rarium he should be provided with some bark under which he can find a damp nlace to hide. Earth and grass add te his comforts, and water should alwuys be accessible. One has little difficulty in feeding him if one can only get enough, because our little toad is a firm believer in the philosophy that to be happy one must eat, whether in captivity or at large in the rolling hills of young toad-hoad days.
000 —> 000 —> 000000000 000 000 000-#
Imported Helleri
j We have received direct from Central 8 America 200 Swordtails (Xiphophorus
(| helleri). The collector, unfamiliar
8 with the sexes, sent all males. This circumstance affords aquarists an ex-
ceptional opportunity to inject new
8 blood into their inbred stock. Sturdy
( specimens, three-fourths grown, 6 for
: i
$5,
Shipping can, 50 cents additional. CRESCENT FISH FARM 1624 Mandeville Street, New Orleans, La.
#2000000 500M 000000 > 000000000
Sticansta Aquarium Cement
As its name implies, it sticks and stays where it is put. Has the adhesiveness of glue and the pliancy of rubber. Contains no oil, lead or glycerine, and does not harden or corrode with age.
S. A. SCRIMSHAW 1431 N. Clark Street, Chicago, Illinois.
WANTED!
Names of collectors and breeders of tropi- cal, native and goldfishes. Wish to buy in large and small lots. All letters held strictly confidential. Address
GOOD-WELD AQUARIUM Co. 1111 Third Street,
Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Mesogonisteus chaetodon—The Black-banded Sunfish. $6 and $12
per dozen. If you mean business, send check with order
GEORGE W. PRICE 2145 South Lee Street, Philadelphia
Say you saw it in
Aquatic Life
when answering an advertisement
%.00o0 DCC CC >000cC DCD D000¥"
AQUATIC MICROSCOPY BY DR. ALFRED C. STOKES
IN SPLENDID, not too technical hand book of the lower organisms for the inquiring aquarist who dislikes to be nonplused by scientific verbiage. 324 pages, with 198 illustrations.
$2.50 Plus Postage on 2 Pounds
Address Aquatic Life
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000 CO 00 CC 000
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Wear a Handsome Solid Gold Pin of Your Favorite Fish
Copyright, Co.
1919, Stil-B-Nu
A beautiful scarfpin and watch-fob for gentlemen
Supply
and brooches for ladies. Made of solid gold and of very best workmanship. An odd and attract- ive piece of jewelry now being worn by aqua- rists. Size of illustrations.
Prices (including War Tax):
Scalare, $7.25. Lionhead, $7.25 Telescope (with ruby eye), $7.75. Telescope (with diamond eye), $9.25. We are in a position to supply pins favorite pet. Price on application.
The Breeding Season is Here
Start Your Young Fish on Stil-B-Nu Infusoria Culture. Then Feed Them Our Foods and Watch Them Grow
Stil-B-Nu Infusoria Culture is essential to all aquarists who desire to raise Gold and Tropical fishes. This culture is a_result-producer. Full directions with each box. Price 50c., postpaid.
Stil-B-Nu Fishfood. Scientifically prepared. Con- tains most nutritious ingredients. A proved and tested food for all aquarium fishes. A trial and your food problem is solved. Fine and coarse. Fine recommended for Tropicals. Price 20c. box; 3 boxes, 50c., postpaid.
Stil-B-Nu Dried Shrimp. Contains shrimp only, which is dried and properly prepared to make a choice morsel for all kinds of fishes. Coarse or fine. Use fine for Tropicals. Price, 25c, box, postpaid.
Stil-B-Nu bination
of your
Fish Remedy—a _ non-poisonous
for the treatment of fungus, etc., of Tropical and faney Goldfishes. Don’t fail to have a-box or two on hand for the first sign of trouble. Full directions in each box. Price: 6 tablets in a box, 25c., postpaid.
Stil-B-Nu Aquarium Salts will toward keeping your fishes in replacing the lime and
com- tail-rot,
a long good health by salts as they are ab- Price: 6 tablets
so way
sorbed by the fishes and snails. postpaid.
in a box, 25c.,
Stil-B-Nu Nets 55c The Best Net Made
Made in two sizes, 3% and 5 inches.
manufactured by us from the very best materials.
Stil-B-Nu spreading.
Stil-B-Nu
Feeding Rings. Keep the food from Price, 15c., postpaid.
Aquarium Scrapers—something new; order one today and avoid placing hand in the ‘aquarium when cleaning it. Price, 50c. Easy-Reading Aquarium Thermometer. Tells at a glance the .temperature of your water. No aquarium is complete without one. Price $1.00, postpaid.
Pocket Magnifying Glass. a good glass, especially e g 3 and raising infusoria. Considering quality, glass is priced very low. $1.75, postpaid. Stil-B-Nu Aquarium Cement comes ready for use. 50c. pound, postpaid.
Fishes, Plants, Aquariums, Books, Castles, Stands Wholesale and Retail
STIL-B-NU SUPPLY CO 427 E. Girard Avenue, Philadelphia
Every aquarist needs when collecting insects this
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DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Bureau of Fisheries
Washington March 6, 1920.
Mr. F. K. Christine, 518 Belgrade Street, Philadelphia, Pa. Dear Sir:
I wish to advise that the Bureau purchased six boxes of your creative infusoria for the purpose of making some laboratory tests and tests at some of our stations for the purpose of determining its value in the creation of minute aquatic life. Very favorable reports have been received, and the experiments made at Washington have demonstrated that it is very excellent material for the production of infusoria. It 1s believed, however, that the amount you suggest to use to fifty gallons should be doubled. If the temperature of the water is in the neighborhood of 60 or 65 degrees F., much better results may be expected. If this is followed up by the production of daphne and other aquatic insects it is believed that the aquarist can have a very good range of aquatic life and at a very reasonable cost. It was found preferable to infusoria produced by hay in that it did not discolor the water, and the infusoria appeared in greater numbers than the culture produced by hay. It was thought that you might be interested in receiving this information.
Very truly yours,
C ©, IDZAC sl.
In Charge Division Fish Culture Nuff said! See my other ad.—Francis K. Christine.
Ra a ah $009 5 SS 000 GD 000 HO 900 Oo
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Live Foo d is Nature’ Ss Food “ ‘DEDEDE De De De Doe Do De De De DD De Do Do De De De De DD DD oe De Do Doe ae oe Da oe De De a De Do oe Do Oe ae De Oo De Oe OO Oe Oe eT Give your fishes white worms, which can The
be raised indoors throughout the year. Generous portion, 60 cents, with full instruc- Microscopy of Drinking Water
tions for propagation. (Successor to C. E. By GEORGE CHANDLER WHIPPLE
0)
Jenne.) W. J. WRIGHT
Bergen Avenue and Mercer Street, Jersey City, N. J.
Red-bellied Dace
$5.00 per dozen, including can, or will ex- change for other fishes. Our price list is sent on request.
The Aquarium Fish Hatchery
838 Humboldt Avenue, Milwaukee, Wis.
Professor of Sanitary Engineering in Harvard University. A book having a direct bearing on the work of the aquarist. Even without a microscope it will enable him to comprehend the factors controlling the character of the water used in his tanks. It de- scribes the methods of examination assisting in the identification of com-
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Fishfood That is Fishfood for Fish
RGR EAA Fe ERURMESE FFatt FOOR
For GOLD ann TROPICAL F/SH
/ © 2 Shipped Anywhere (55 a in United States Le S / $1.00 Pound. Add
Postage
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mon organisms found in city water, and interprets the results.
The third edition, rewritten and en- larged, contains 409 pages, with 74 figures, 6 full-page plates in the text, and 19 plates giving 235 illustrations of organisms in color. Price, post- paid, $4.50.
The Book Department Aquatic Life
—— 1 mmc
Sample Box 15c By Mail 17c
WM. G. SARBACHER, 1318 N. Dover St., Phila., Pa ! oe
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5-5-5 3-5: 5-3 Bb. 5- 5- 3- b- 5- D- B- 3-3-3. D:D. 3-3: D- 3-3: D- 3: D:D D- 3-3-9: 3-3-9: D- 9-3-9: 3-3-9. 9- 3-3: \7 Oe Nr asm boo 6-6 6-6-6 8-6-6 6-6 0-6-6 -@-8 -8 <6 6-8-0 6 S036 28-6 38 8 8 ded 6 ee 20 38 8g
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Tropical Fishes !
i a fine, large stock of Danio malabaricus and j other species of Danio. aquarium fishes) Haplochilus, Barbus,
breeders and many other beautiful fishes.
(The most sprightly Mouth-
August Obermuller
Breeder and Fancier of Telescopes and Tropicals 96 Columbia Avenue, Jersey City Heights, N. J.
visitors welcome at conservatory any Saturday afternoon and on Sunday. /
TROPICAL FISHES Write for Price List
Oscar Leitholf, 281 Southern Avenue Pittsburgh, Pa.
mm ee mm mm me mm mes
Henry Kissel, Jr.
BF
(
Breeder & Fancier of Broad-tail Telescopes Good Type and Color )
Plants Snails | l
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Some beautiful Hybrids in which I specialize.
Tropical Fish
None shipped; sales at conservatory only.
241 Walker Street, Cliffside, N. J.
a FR 6 Fh Es Ss Fd
Cliffside.
|
/ Telephone, 461,
a fo mm mm mm mm meee
The Englewood Fancy Goldfish Hatchery
Japanese Toy Breeds in. a variety of colors— “mouse” bodies and “claw” tails. Must be seen to be appreciated. Visitors welcome any Sat- urday afternoon, Sunday or holiday. Nothing for sale. until June. Spawn in season. ‘Tele- phone Wentworth 1118.
ANTHONY A. MAINA, 6711 Parnell Avenue, Chicago, Ill.
1 :
This is The GENUINE WELKE’S FISHFOOD
Pronounced the very best GENUINE GERMAN FISHFOOD. Price 35 cents postpaid. (Fine or medium.) Send for a box of each size today.
IEIESEDEASEEDE OG U0 IF 20088242428
“The Practical Fishfancier’’
and “‘Domesticated Fish”’ are THE TWO BOOKS which every fancier needs. Both for $2.04. Post- paid. Why pay more?
em PP SP 6 6 SPs OS PS PP PS PP FP
Zee DEDEDE DE4 14 O90 D8 De nb 8783832
Fish Photos - Life Size! Big collection. 150 Species. Only $3.60. Send for FREE Sample and illustrated circulars of my complete line.
Tropical Fish - All Kinds
Prize-winning Stock
SEEDED DEDEDE 09 @ DDE D6 30838
W. L. BRIND, 449 W. 206th Street NEW YORK
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The Freshwater Aquarium By Eggling and Ehrenberg
A practical, interesting book of
aquarian nature-study. Covers the
plants, reptiles and amphibians, gold-
fish, tropical and native fishes, and the
general subject.
Art cloth binding, 352 pages, with 128 illustrations. Price, postpaid, $3.00.
The Book Department : Aquatic Life
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Lior Excellent Conformation
ban Color Cannot Be Beat
Ejhow Their Quality in Finnage Leljave Blues, Blacks and Calicos [avery Fancier Should Look Them Over
Rellee Them at C. C. VOWINKEL Philadelphia, Pa
5109 Catherine Street
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adequately supplement the text.
vellum cloth, $5.00.
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005 C3006 5000 C000 HS) 000C 500 M5000 M3000 000 MH S000T S000
The Diatomaceae of Philadelphia and Vicinity
By CHAREST SB OER ACeMe re Row Viens:
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The work contains 143 pages, 9 by 12 with complete index. Price, bound in art
Aquatic Life
Dy 8 p 8 | 8 8 8 | : oe
JULIUS RIEWE BREEDER AND FANCIER OF TROPICAL FISHES 3519 Costello Avenue, Chicago, Ill.
Fine stock of Danio malabaricus, D. alboline- atus, D. rerio, Barbus conchonius, B. semifas- ciolatus, B. ticto and many other kinds of tropical fishes. None shipped. Te‘ephone Bel- mont 5092.
WSUS Je Siet 2 OND,
Lionhead Spawn. Also Young from the
finest stock in the country
SHAW, 1941 North 5th Street Philadelphia
“AQUARIA FISH”’
A practical work on care and breeding of fish in the aquarium, greenhouse and out- door ponds. Finely illustrated.
Everyone interested in keeping fish should send for a copy of this book. Price, $1.00.
F. L. TAPPAN, Route 2, Hopkins, Minn
A new food intended for baby goldfish and Tropi- eal Fish. Sprinkle lightly on surface with pep- per shaker. It will float indefinitely and gradu- | ally sink, giving your fish food in all parts of the aquarium. The unconsumed food developing into infusoria. | Yogi, 15¢. box; by mail, 17e. - Yogi, by lb., 75c.; add postage. Magic, 50c¢., postpaid. S. O. S., 35c¢. box; by mail, 38e.
1818 Frankford Avenue Philadelphia
| Robert J. Schaeffer ::
| For Sale
| An | equipped operated suecessfully | better or finer
at once to
manufacturing works, and supply outfit. Has been for eighteen years. No aquariums made. Must be sold permit the owner to give entire
aquarium with fully
goldfish
| attention to other important business. Write | for full particulars. Pioneer Aquarium Works. Racine, Wisconsin
Sale or Exchange
_ Surplus Stock of Rare and Fancy Fish Plants of All Kinds
_G. Germann, 0. D. 3823 N. Richmond St. Chicago
Phone: Monticello 6864.
Toei de ace
Tropical Fishes
Plants
MEXICAN SWORDTAILS (Xiphophorus helleri), 6 males and 6 females, the dozen, $7.00; (Platypoecilus rubra), 4 males and 8 females, the dozen, $7.00; Gambusia holbrooki, per dozen, in pairs, $4.00; Paradise fish and Notropis metallicus, per dozen, $4.00;
Ruby Moonfish
Danio rerio, per dozen, $8.00. PLANTS Bit, bunches.
PER DOZEN:
50c.; Hyacinths, 60c¢.; Water Poppy,
AFTER JUNE IST: water lilies, $1.25 each.
per dozen; smaller, $1.00 per dozen.
| | =
(Shipping cans, 50c.)
Vallisneria (wide leaf), 60¢.; Vallisneria (narrow leaf, 30c.; Frog $1.00; Twelve kinds of aquarium plants, a fine assortment, $1.00.
ted, white and yellow water lilies, blooming plants, 7T5c. each; blue (All plants sent postpaid.)
GROUND SHRIMP, the best dry fish food $1.10 per pound.
CRESCENT FISH FARM, 1624 Mandeville Street, New Orleans, La,
000 C000 C000 000 S700 SS 7000 —SS 000
Food and Snails
Anacharis and Cabomba, 75c¢c. per dozen
Large Japanese snails, $2.00
pera
Isc >500 —SD000—S 000 —D 000
EVERYTHING IS FISH THAT COMES TO THE NET OF A NATURALIST
Don’t paddle in the water with one hand and be blind with both eyes. In other words, “keep your eyes open’ for all nature.
Our Magazine
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It is edited by EDWARD F. BIGELOW, who fishes in the heavens and earth, as well as the waters under the earth.
Three Months’ Trial 25¢
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: | Red Heller
| Winner of first prizes—silver cup and gold medal. | A new fish for aquarists. The most attractive live-bearing fish. We now have them for sale.
A fine stock of Haplochilus cameronensis, H. 8
rubrostigma, Hybrids—pulchras and rubras— - and 35 other species of fishes. Via New York city, N. Y.
i [. S. SILVER
235 East llth street,
4 : - ! (Between 2d ‘and 3d avenues.) : June Special!
Tar ee ENTE OL OL HLA ATOLL
Combination Offer $1.00
Postage 15c Extra ae
1 Pound Aquarium Cement 50c 1 Square E-Z Net 50c 1 Box of Creation 50c
All 3 for $1.00
See my other ad about Creation, the new Infusoria. Send for a free sample
18 uo Round Cedar Breeding Tats Price $3.50 Orders taken for 1920 breed of Broadtail
Telescopes. When in Philadelphia call me on the Bell Phone.
eye Du ra De De ee 04 yg ME DE DDE Te TE 2
FRANCIS K. CHRISTINE
518 BELGRADE STREET
PHILADELPHIA }
f/ ‘THE AGASSIZ ASSOCIATION ; Forty 4 ArcAdiA ; ! oa Sound Beach Connecticut
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FISH, PLANTS, SNAILS, ETC Wholesale and Retail
tit AQUARIUM sustecrs *
is ‘Goldfish Varieties & Tropical Aquarium Fishes’’, byWm.T.Innes, _ former President of the Aquarium / Society of Phila.; 250 pages, 195 illustrations. Tells all about the 4 fancy varieties of the Goldfish and nearly 300 tropicals ; how to breed them, etc., etc. For the beginner or the advanced expert.
A complete, practical, handsome book, sent postpaid anywhere for $4.00 Bale edition now ready.
INNES & SONS - 133 N. 12th St. - Phila., Pa.
JOSEPH J. HAEGELMEIER
IMPORTER AND BREEDER FANCY GOLDFISH
Tieeetns
ly = ~ —
1916 PROVENCHERE PLACE, ST. LOUIS, MO
Large Assortment of Fancy Fish at All Times Kinloch: Victor 2656 L
|GOLDFISH
1,500,000 PLAIN & FANCY
Ready for market at rock-bottom prices. ped anywhere in United States or Canada. for our illustrated catalogue.
Write
oe Ship- 8 8
:
Oriental Goldfish and Supply Co
3757 - 3761 Cottage Grove Avenue Chicago, Illinois J oecloeocee)
CO eS eee,
Wolo. 2) ss Vol. IV
Volumes average 165 pages and as many illustrations. Substantial cloth binding, with title page and complete index.
$2.50 Each, Postage
eo eee Aquattc Life :
JAPANESE GOLDFISH By DR. HUGH M. SMITH
A guide to the methods of breeding fancy goldfish practiced in Japan. The result of the personal investigations of the author. Ten breeds are illus- trated in color, with numerous text cuts; 112 pages.
$2.75 Postage Paid
Address Aquatic Life
HERMAN RABENAU, Aquarist
PERMANENT DISPLAY OF Aquatic Life & Terraria
must be seen to be appreciated Visitors Welcome Plants and Tropical Fish a Specialty Importations of New Varieties received regularly 1168 Myrtle Avenue, Brooklyn, N. Y. Near Broadway.
GOLDFISH, FOODS, PLANTS, DIP ners |
Combination Natural Fish Food - Sample Box 10c Japanese Shrimp Fish Food - - Sample Can 15c Baby Fish Food Sample Box 15c Imported Dried Daphnia Sample Jar 35¢ Mail Orders Promptly Attended to
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Catalogue Sent Upon Request.
AQUARIUM STOCK CO 174 Chambers Street :: New York City
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BREEDER AND IMPORTER. Rare and Fancy Fish
Plants of every variety, Snails and Aquarium Supplies of all kinds at all
MANUFACTURER OF
Green River Fish Food 15c Box
20c Box A GOOD FISH FOOD is one of the
most essential things necessary to keep fish in good health. . After the -test of years Green River stands out as the best food on the market. It keeps the fish in good color by pro- moting a healthy, robust growth. It will‘not sour ot cloud the water. Ask
! your dealer or send for it today. Fé i S000C— 5000 C50
Breeders
Large assortment of Splendid Telescopes and Jap Goldfish at Reasonable Prices
Large Assortment of fine LIONHEADS
Shipping Cans 50 cents
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Nippon Goldfish Co
T. MURATA, Proprietor. 1919-21 Bush Street, San Francisco, Cal Importers and Dealers
GOLDFISH PLANTS SNAILS Dried Shrimp, Birds, Cages and All Supplies NEW STOCKS ARE COMING! Price List Sent} on Request
eae ak gee ix ms ee a
Ase ahs a et a ee ees
Green River Baby Fish Food 3’
ENCES Te, ae ER ae
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s. erie (Seo ee
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An international monthly magazine devoted to the study, care and breeding of fishes and other animals and plants in the home aquarium and terrarium. j
WW. A POWSEDR 25 505 5050s 8 ikl Bike, le es) wea te se heise) oa sefoyocale siewecye/e esha eqatiniene -tare JOSEPH E. BAUSMAN .... rec te ccc eee cette renee teen et teers essees PUBLISHER 632 East Girard Avenue ......:.-..+- PARE RS Bip Pe on enn a esr, Mami a atp Ree cht. SE Philadelphia
Entered as second-class matter, September 2d, 1915, at the Post Office, Philadelphia, Pa., under Act of March 3d, 1879.
Popular and scientific articles and notes on subjects pertaining to the aquarium and terrarium, and to the habits of fishes in general, are always wanted for “Aquatic Life.” Readers are invited to join in making it a medium of mutual help by contributing to it the results of their studies. The pages are always open to any one having information of interest te the aquarist and student of aquatic biology. Manuscripts, books for review
} ‘
Paes Oe so : 4 % % x ie Bye
atic Lif,
and general correspondence should be addressed to the editor. “Aquatic Life’ has the largest circulation of any magazine in the world devoted to aquatic
nature-study.
It offers to advertisers a market that can be reached through no other medium. Rates made known on application.
WEARLY SUBSCRIPTION 2... 2c ccc cece eee ee cette rete e eee eee e eee ee $1.25 FOREIGN SUBSCRIPTIONS 2... . ccc cc ccc cette ee tee eee te ee eet ee ee na es 1.50 SINGLE COPY on ccec ccc ccc ee cet eee eee er eer ee eee ete eee ee nee eee ene 15
Payments should be made by money order, draft or registered letter. If local checks are
sent, ten cents should be added for collection charges.
international money order.
Foreign remittances should be by
Copyright, 1920, by Joseph E. Bausman,
Water Gardening
By BISSET
The best and most “readable” book on ,
the care and propagation of aquatic plants in general. It gives in full de- tail all the practical information neces- sary to the selection, grouping and successful cultivation of aquatic and other plants required in the making of a water garden and its surroundings. Covers all conditions from that of the amateur with a few plants in tubs to the large estate or park.
Directions for constructing concrete pools; propagation of hardy and tender lilies and other aquatics; best lilies for small pools and tubs; the aquatic plant greenhouse; various aquarium plants; enemies and diseases of aquatic plants; gold and other fishes for the water garden.
Profusely illustrated with 120 half- tones, 17 diagrams and 2 double page plates. 199 pages, coated paper, orna- mented cloth binding—de luxe edition. Price, $3.00, postpaid.
THE BOOK DEPARTMENT
AQUATIC LIFE Philadelphia ‘
a
a 8 SO Os Os OS A FS 8 PS OS PI PE Ps OS PE PS
| 2 |
x4
AQUARIST |
WILMINGTON, NORTH CAROLINA
Collector and Breeder of Tropical Fish
Snakes and Other Reptiles
New Varieties Aquatic Plants Choice and Rare Specimens Snakes and Reptiles
Tropical Fishes
Fundulus nottii, $1.50 per pair. Elassoma evergladei, $1.75 per pair. Heterandria formosa, $1.00 per pair. M. chaetodon, 50c each
Small turtles, $1.25 per dozen. Newts, $1.00 per dozen.
Wholesale to dealers.
The Venus Flytrap (Dionaea muscipula)
Ee : :
The plant that feeds on insects $1.00 Dozen
6 6 a 8 I SP a 5 Pe 6 6 CF 8 PR SP 6 PG Os OS
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On a Deformed
Specimen of Muhlenberg’s Turtle ewe SUFELD Th. View:
a 6 PS} BS Gf BB BR Fg BR th BF BB Bd Bg ft BF a td i rn Ds
Melanemys muhlenbergi
In Nature-Study Review for 1914, I published an article with four figures, entitled “Rare Deformity in a Painted Turtle (Chrysemys picta), with Notes on the Species” (pp. 218-222). One of the illustrations showed that this young turtle—for it was a small specimen— possessed a peculiar and conspicuous hump in the median line on top of the carapace. Upon dissection, the cavitv within this remarkable elevation con- tained no anatomical structures—in fact, it was practically empty. Having seen thousands of young turtles in my life- time, representing nearly all the known species of eastern North America, and never having noted any such peculiarity before, I naturally thought that a sec-
PS Be 6 LPS OS A A A 6 FF RP A SO Ps He
Muhlenberg’s Turtle
= SS PR PS Ps 9 OP 6 PS PS Pd PSP 6 PSS PS Pe SP Bs BR Ss BS Ps PS 6 Ss Ps Ss Ps Ps Ps ®
ond example of it would never come to hand; in this, however, I was mistaken. During the spring of 1920, Dr. Raymond L,. Ditmars, of the New York Zoological Gardens, kindly presented me with a rather young specimen of a female Muh- lenberg’s turtle, which possessed identi- cally the same kind of a hump on its back as did the specimen of the Painted turtle referred to above, and which oc- cupied the same part of the carapace in the median line. This is well shown in the accompanying photograph, made by me shortly after the specimen was re- ceived.
This turtle was kept in a small aquar- ium and fed with angling worms, which it greatly relished, but I soon discovered
74 Aquatic Lite
that the specimen was rather sickly, and that it doubtless would not live long. When placed in deep water it was totally unable to swim to the bottom, in order to secure the pieces of worms fed to it. This inability was evidently caused by the hollow hump on its back acting as a float, and preventing the animal from diving. There was no trouble in this way for the anterior half of its body ; but when the hump came to the level of the surface, all its efforts to get below it failed. Such a disability would surely act as a serious handicap in nature, and it certainly did not conduce to its comfort Whether it had anything to do with its death, which occurred in due course, it would be hard As I desired a complete osteo-
or happiness in captivity.
to say. logical specimen of this species, | made no dissection or post-mortem to discover the conditions present. I feel quite sure, however, that it was but a second ex- ample of the state of things I had de- scribed in the young Painted Turtle, re- ferred to above.
This Muhlenberg’s turtle another curious thing, never before no- ticed by me in any turtle. Its plastron, on its outer surface, was of a pale, deep yellow, with an irregular central figure, and surrounded externally by a jet black pattern. Now after the demise of the specimen, it was left for ten days or more on a window-sill, which was paint-
presented
ed white. As there was no occasion to disturb it, it remained in one place for several days. Upon oho), Il found that the black figure on the surface deep
picking it of the plastron was printed in black on the white sill of the window, and no amount of ordinary scrubbing would remove it. ‘Three more times the dead turtle was pushed to another place on the sill, and each time another print was left on the white paint, though each
new one was several shades lighter than the preceding one. Nothing like this has ever been noticed by me previously ; and I believe that it will require a very ef- ficient scourer to eventually remove these remarkable stains.
————_—___ Phalloptychus januarius GEORGE S. MYERS
The spotted tooth-carp, Phalloptychus januarius, formerly called Girardinus re- ticulatus by aquarists, is a native of Brazil. It seems to be the least offensive of the live-bearing fishes, which with its distinctive coloring has made it a popu- lar aquarium fish.
The ground color is yellowish, over which is distributed many black spots and blotches which may extend to the fins. In common with most of the fishes of the group to which it belongs the fe- male is largest, reaching a length of one and three-quarter inches, half an inch longer than the male.
Consistent with its size, the number of young produced in a litter is not great, but a goodly proportion will survive as the female is not particularly cannibalis- tic and will often permit the young to grow up in the same tank unmolested. To conserve food for the youngsters, however, it is well to remove the parent.
The best dry food is shrimp ground to a suitable size, while Daphne ranks first among live foods. In my experience the fish does not seem to care for the white worm, Enchytraeus albidus.
~~».
walkie who make the best hus- bands,” says a writer, “are those who possess the knotty type of foot with square toes.” But a young friend of ours, addicted to stopping late, says they make the worst kind of prospective
fathers-in-law.—London Opinion.
men
er me mime FE
Notes on Fundulus luciae
D. R. CRAWFORD United States Bureau of Fisheries
Os Os Os OS FR 6 Os Ps FO Od OO Ss Od Pl OS OO Oe Os sera,
Pe Ps fk Ps es
mmm memes OS BA 6 OR Ps BS PS 9s Ba Bs BR 6 FS BG Fh BR i fF BN SS SB ft tee y
ct ct te em a rf
Fundulus luciae
ba] OR 6 Bi 6 6 BF 6 Bi 6 es Si Fs 8 Ss is i ee ee
This attractive little minnow was first described by Professor S. F. Baird un- der the name of Hydrargyra luciae from a few specimens which he colllected at Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey. His de- scription may be found in the Smithson- ian Report for 1854, but evidently his specimens have disappeared, and nothing further was known of this minnow until Dr. H. M. Smith, Commissioner of Fish- eries, in the summer of 1890, collected two specimens on St. George Island which is near the mouth of the Potomac River. He has described it under the name of Zygonectes luciae in the Bulle- tin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol-
Baird’s Killifish
5 Oh 1 A oe SP PP PS Ps Ps Ps Pe PO Pe CPS Pe EPS
| | | ( | ( ( | |
ume X, for 1890, and pictures it in a drawing on Plate XVIII, which accom- panies his article. Since 1890, nothing further has been added to our knowl- edge, Jordan and Evermann merely changing the name to Fundulus luciae, and using Dr. Smith’s description which is sufficient and need not be repeated here.
The writer had occasion to collect ten specimens of Fundulus luciae while vis- iting Lewisetta, Virginia, across the river from St. George Island, for the purpose of collecting other fishes, and, since very little seems to be known of the habits of this minnow, no excuse
76 Aquatic Life
seems necessary for the following notes.
Fundulus luciae. was found rather abundantly in a number of small tidal ponds near Lewisetta in company with other species of Fundulus, Gambusia, Cyprinodon and Lucania. ‘These ponds have a soft, muddy bottom from which
aquatic weeds grow abundantly in clumps, leaving small areas free of growth. When such a place was ap-
proached cautiously, numerous minnows could be seen feeding, but upon the slightest movement, they would dart into the clumps of weeds and bury them- selves in the mud. If the eye was quick enough to follow them, they could be taken very easily with a small dip-net.
It was observed that Fundulus luciae prefers to feed on the bottom, evidently catching the numerous animalcules which are found in such places. When these minnows remain undisturbed for a while, they rise to the surface and lie motionless for long periods of time with the posterior half of the body hanging somewhat limply downward. Except for their darting movements, they swim slowly and only for short distances be- tween resting periods.
Seven specimens were brought back to Washington alive, and these were placed in a small aquarium with some of the original brackish water and native plants. In a short time, they became accustomed to their confinement and further observations were made. The habit of feeding on the bottom which was observed in the field was again noted. Floating food was not touched, but when particles sank to the bottom they were quickly seized. A number of small crus- taceans were placed in the aquarium, but they were not eaten until after they had settled to the bottom.
On June 15, about a week after the fish had been placed in the aquarium, the water became very foul and a small para- site attacked the tail of one of the fish. The fish were removed to clean, fresh water and the aquarium thoroughly
washed out, after which tap water was used to replace the original brackish water. Further growth of the parasite seems to have been checked. The min- nows remained on the bottom and lay very still for several days. It was noted that this habit is usually displayed in bright sunlight, but when the light is diffused, the fish swim upward from the bottom.
The colors have faded somewhat in captivity, and they become even dimmer if the aquarium is shaded with a black cloth, but they are very bright at times when the sunlight strikes through the water. The yellow tints of the fins and lower parts of the body are brightest when the water is warm. The black spot on the dorsal fin, which does not show in the illustration, is sometimes scarcely vis- ible in strong light.
While at the surface, two or more of the minnows usually lie near each other, sometimes one above the other. They frequently come into contact while swim- ming about, but they are not quarrelsome and seldom molest each other.
WMG, (©, Mle 1ieeclere, OF Wee UW. S, IBwe reau of Fisheries, deserves much credit for taking the photograph which accom- panies this article, for it was only after four hours of painstaking effort that a suitable one was obtained.
ee Site
A joint meeting of the Executive and Annual Exhibition Committees of the Brooklyn Aquarium Society was held on Friday evening, June 4th. Subject to the approval of the Board of Directors of the Brooklyn Museum, September 23, 24, 25 and 26 were decided as tentative dates for the next annual exhibit. The secretary was instructed to communi- cate with nearby societies to ascertain if the designated days conflicted with any arrangements they may have made. The committee is composed of Dr. Freder- ick Schneider, chairman; C. FE. Visel, C. J. Heede, George W. Post, John Debus, By leh Wfrolarosaree, ON. IL, Wireline, Js tal. Shenk, secretary, 500 Eastern Parkway, 3rooklyn.
AY de
wi | l | Ell |
Haplochilus panchax
WALTER LANNOY BRIND, F. Z. S.
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Haplochilus panchax
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Haplochilus panchax is one of the East Indian tooth-carps which has been some- what neglected by American aquarists, so that even the typical form—the red phase—has become quite rare in our col- lections. Compared with its cousin, Hlaplochilus lineatus, it is not a voracious species, and I keep it in harmony in hap- py family aquaria with docile species of its own size or larger. It seeks to avoid rather than encourage clashes with its
Peta, re
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India
6 Ps Fa SS 0s Fs Ss Fd ss 26 8 SP SS SP SPS 8 SO SS SS FE
fellow denizens. Whether others secur- ed this species prior to 1910, when I brought specimens from Germany, I do not know. A few years ago it was col- lected for me in Java by an officer on the Radja, one of the vessels of the Nether- lands Steamship Company, and brought to New York with other interesting fishes. At the time of the end of the World War my collector was transfer- red to another ship and ceased to make
78 Aquatic Lite
the port of New York, which brought to a close my importations from the Dutch East Indies.
A large specimen will be three inches in length, but when reared in the aquar- ium few individuals grow to more than two inches. The ground color of the body is olive on the back or dorsal re- gion, bluish gray on the sides and whit- ish on the abdomen. Vertical, indistinct
Haplochilus panchax blockii
bars of golden scales are peculiar to the male, but are seldom visible. The tip of the dorsal fin and the margin of the tail are black outside and red within, the two colors forming a narrow border. A char- acteristic black blotch appears on the dor- sal as shown in illustration. The sexual distinctions are the acute extremity of the anal fin and the color border of the caudal fin in the male. The female has a rounded anal and the tail fin is almost colorless, as are the other fins in both sexes. The general shape of the fish is that characteristic of the genus. Several color phases have been noticed and called blockiu, matte1, lutescens and so on. A yellow form and a blue-white form occur in Java, particularly in the vicinity of Soerabaia, in each of which yellow and white replace the red of the
typical species. The forms interbreed in- discriminately and the females cannot be distinguished from one another. By crossing the red with the yellow some of the resulting males will show orange instead of yellow or red and are very beautiful.
It is quite easy to breed panchax. -One merely needs a small globe, some fila- mentous algae, Nitella or small bladder- wort, soft (old) aquarium water and sunshine. Keep the fish apart until eggs can be seen within the female when her container is held up to the light. Then introduce the male and place the globe in the sunshine. They may begin spawn- ing within a few minutes, swimming side by side and fluttering fins and_ tails against each other whenever they happen to meet the bushy plants. The eggs are large—almost the size of the head of an average pin, and are attached singly by a filament to the plants. The eggs should be removed with the plants to which they adhere, and placed in a separate con- tainer in the sunshine, a mason jar an- swering well. At a temperature of 75 degrees, Fahrenheit, the eggs will hatch in about ten days. The fry should first be fed with Jnfusoria, and later with screened Daphnia and Cyclops, though failing these they will eat finely powder- ed prepared food. ‘Tanks containing this fish should be kept covered by a sheet of glass.
te
Many a man who imagines he is a
born leader isn’t even a successful fol-
lower. ————>_—
Observer—‘“I noticed you got up and gave that lady your seat in the street car the other day.” Observed—‘“Since child- hood I have respected a woman with a strap in her hand.”—Pennsylvama Punch Bowl.
0 8 OS EP LS A oe HE | | (The Red Rivulus
GEORGE S. MYERS | forces tro a
tA) 6 i 6 is 6 8s Ps 6 i 8 i 6 9 es Ps Os Pi 8 Os i 6 is Os Fs as
The golden Rivulus, perhaps more commonly called the red Rivulus, is a na- tive of Brazil, from whence it was taken to Germany in 1911. There seems to be some doubt as to the species of which it is a color variety. References may be found to it as Rivulus poeyi flava, and it has been called R. harti. Stansch dis- poses of it as a yellow-red form of R. urophthalmus, which is probably correct. The fish called R. poeyi by aquarists when first imported, was later found to be R. urophthalmus, which arouses a doubt as to whether true poeyi has yet been secured.
Leaving aside the question of identifi-
The Xanthic Form of Rivulus urophthalmus
SS BG Ps PFs PSP Ps BR BS Ba SP 6 SB Ss Fe 6 6 ss Se Ss
(a xanthic) form.
Pe] 5h Pe PS PE PE CA ES PR FA TS Pt PS PS PES Oe Po
cation, the fish seems to be an albinotic It does not seem to have been determined whether it con- tains more than the normal amount of yellow pigment which in the presumed normal species is masked by the melanin or black coloring matter. The prevailing color of the form is light orange-yellow, with lengthwise rows of small vermillion spots, the latter being more noticeable in the male. The fins and eyes have a greenish tinge. It reaches a length of two and one-half to three inches.
It breeds in a manner similar to other such as Hap- The eggs
oo”
egg-laying cypfinodonts, lochilus, Fundulus and so on.
80 Aquatic Rite
are deposited on the leaves of float- plants like Myriophyllum, Riccia and the smallest bladderwort. The male and fe- male should be separated for a time and then placed together for several days in a suitably planted tank. When eggs are observed the parents should be removed. About two weeks later they may spawn again. The fry should be provided with an abundance of microscopic life (/n- fusoria and rotifers) and gradually in- troduced to the tiniest Daphne as growth proceeds. During breeding it is well to maintain a temperature of 80 degrees, Fahrenheit, while throughout the winter 75 degrees will be sufficient, possibly lower, but it is scarcely advisable to flirt with a minimum about which may lurk danger.
The red Rivulus is far from being an active fish and will “sit” for hours in a clump of plants, rarely changing its posi- tion, but if tempted with a scrap of raw beef, or a worm, it will leap high out of the water to secure the coveted morsel, and for this reason the tank should be provided with a tight covering of glass lest it leap forth unobserved and “dry up.” The story has been told that one was placed in an uncovered tank at the end of a long row. It soon disappeared. Days later the owner discovered it in the tank at the other end of the shelf, con- cluding that “by leaps and bounds and good luck” it had managed in the inter- val of its seeming disappearance to ex- plore the intervening tanks! It would thus seem that its sense of direction is good, which is only one of the reasons for considering it an intelligent and in- teresting member of an aquarian col-
lection. —— is
If you only care enough for a result, you will almost certainly attain it.— William James.
The Ideal Fish Food F. W. HEIDELBERGER
The aquarist who does not give his fishes the proper food loses much of the pleasure that would otherwise be his. There is no better food, in the experience of the writer, than the white earthworm, Enchytraeus albidus. ‘To demonstrate this it is only necessary to equip two tanks of like size, with the same number and kinds of fishes and plants. ‘To the fishes in one give white worms exclusive- ly, and to the others prepared food, oat- meal, chopped fish, scraped beef, etc. At the end of a month compare results. Those fed on worms will have grown and be in superior condition. Reverse the method and the fishes heretofore given worm will barely touch dry food, while those in the control tank will ravenously devour them.
Feeding worms is easy if the aquarium is arranged with a space on the bottom free from sand. Just drop a bit of earth full of worms over the clear place. The fishes will take keen delight in pulling the worms from the earth. If after sev- eral feedings there remains some sedi- ment, merely syphon it out.
During the three years the writer has used worms his goldfish have spawned a number of times in the aquarium, and he has some beautiful telescopes which were reared on them. If chopped fine the worms will be taken eagerly by fry.
ronan eis
Pennsylvania now has a law prohibit- ing the sale of any but fresh eggs. What’s worrying everybody, including those called upon to enforce the measure, is how to tell fresh eggs. We all know that a fresh egg is one that doesn’t retal- iate in its own “odorous” way when you smash it. The question is how to tell one without giving it the Christopher Columbus,
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It is quite evident to most aquarists that the feeding of prepared foods once, or possibly twice, daily is not the best method attainable for promoting growth and general vigor in fishes. Live food in quantities, no doubt, is the most nearly ideal, but it is denied to all except those having considerable time to devote to their hobby.
It is often asserted that in a state of nature fishes in general tend to gorge themselves with whatever food is avail- able and rest while the process of diges- tion is operative, repeating fhe cycle con- tinually, thus dividing their daily food into fairly well defined “meals.” This,
An Automatic Feeding Device
CHARLES M. BREDER, Jr United States Bureau of Fisheries
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no doubt, is true but under the artificial conditions imposed by the close confine- ment of home aquaria, the writer has found a quite continuous feeding or nib- bling to take place throughout long per- iods of observation. If, for example, large quantities of Daphnia be intro- duced, the feeding will take on a sudden activity (usually with a visible distention of the abdomen), and will then proceed as formerly with the constant and inces- sent pickings as the digestion of the previously ingulfed matter proceeds. It would seem to follow that a gradual feeding would be more beneficial than the methods usually employed. Work-
=
82 Aguatte Rile
ing with this point of view in mind, a scheme for feeding continuously was de- veloped, and as most species confined in aquaria have been observed to rest at night, feeding during the daylight hours need only be considered. It might be said to be the general practice in com- mercial hatcheries devoted to the rearing of the Salmonoids, etc., to detail attend- ants to the feeding of the fry by hand at definite intervals. This in moderately large establishments amounts to a con- tinuous process, it being time to feed the first trough full of young by the time the last has been finished. Automatic de- vices have been experimented with to eliminate this expenditure of energy, usually depending on water power, but so far as the writer’s information goes have been unsatisfactory. Of course a point enters here that does not concern the aquarist as the food usually used by these establishments is wet and mushy, not being dessicated as 1s the customary aquaria fish food.
The accompanying sketch and photo- graphs explain in general the arrange- ment of the device. The clock which controls the mechanism is seen to be simply a switch of which the minute hand forms the lever with a small piece of phosopher-bronze wire at its tip, mak- ing contact with the stationary points at Vi and XII. The closing of the circuit at these periods causes a certain quantity of food to be dropped into the aquarium below. This period can be lengthened or shortened at will by decreasing or in- creasing the number of contact points.
The food hopper is simply a_ small metal container to which the working door bell have
elements of a common
been attached. The gong and clapper have been removed, the rod for support- ing the clapper being passed through the
hole in a strip of rather heavy copper
that forms the valve, so allowing only a certain predetermined amount of food to escape at the proper time. The two dia- grams “A” and “B” show this action. While at rest “A” a hole in the bottom of the reservoir is directly above the large opening in the moving valve piece, which allows the opening to fill with food. When an electrical impulse is sent through the magnets causing them to attract the armature, it 1s evident that the strip will assume position “B”’ and block the hole in the reservoir and <al- low the food that was previously in the valve strip opening to fall below, as it passes beyond the strap-like piece that formerly held it in place. Of course a single stroke bell should be used, or the vibrator shunted around if the bell is of the vibrating type. The amount of food ejected at a time is determined by the size of the opening made in the moving strip and the thickness of the metal em- ployed. A number of interchangeable strips might be employed for experimen- tal work.
A battery of three dry cells will suf- fice to operate this device, although a much more positive action can be obtain- ed by using 4 or 6 in series, or any other available source of suitable current may be used. A switch introduced in the cir- cuit (below the clock), was used to stop the action in the evening and start it again in the morning. This was not such a hardship as one might imagine, as the writer naturally made it a_ practice to visit the aquaria before leaving home in the morning and again in the evening be- fore retiring. ‘Thus the act of throwing the switch in the proper direction at the appropriate time soon became as habitual as winding one’s watch. However, a re- finement could easily be introduced do- ing away with this switch, by engaging an idle gear (on the reverse side of the
Aquatic Lite 83
dial) with another, half its diameter, mounted on the hour hand spindle. This idle gear should carry a disc one-half of which should be composed of brass, while the other should be of ebonite or other insulating substance. A brush bearing on the periphery of this disc connected to one side of the circuit and the other connected to the stationary con-
tacts would cause every revolution of the hour hand (once in 12 hours), and con- sequently one-half a revolution of the disc to alternate twelve hours of closed circuit with twelve open, approximating the day light hours close enough for most purposes. In this manner if an eight day clock is used, the device need be thought of but once a week.
A complete and positive test of the
WIRING DIAGRAM
BATTERY
SECTION Snowing OPERATION
worth of this method was unfortunately not possible owing to unexpected neces- sity for dismanteling the room used in the experiment. It was in progress on about 100 young Barbus conchonius and vitatus in a 4-foot tank. A control tank like the first in all respects and contain- ing similar fish, but feed by hand, failed to show the same growth although the
priod in which the device was in use lasted little over a month. It was found that the amount consumed was consid- erably greater in the machine-fed tank, which is the most significant fact to be noted. About four times as much was taken with by thus giving a little at a time all through the day, instead of a comparatively large quantity once a day. The writer believes that it would pay an
84. Aquatic Lite
aquarist with facilities to experiment with such an apparatus with a view to positively establishing or destroying the worth of the scheme. Any granular food could be used with the same proportional chances of success, depending on the value of its ingredients, that it would al- low by hand feeding.
‘‘Electric’’ Fishes
Certain fishes exhibit peculiar elec- trical phenomena of muscles, nerves and heart, which have given them the name of electric fishes. These have the power of giving electrical shocks from specially constructed and living electrical bat- teries. Our knowledge of their prop- erties has been increased by measure- ments made with a very sensitive galvan-
ometer. There are in all about fifty species of
these fishes, but electrical properties of only five or six have been studied in de- tail. The best known are various species of torpedo, belonging to the skate family, found in the Mediterranean and Adriatic seas; the gymnotus, an eel found in the region of the Orinoco in South America ; the malapterurus, the raash or thunderer fish, of the Arabs, a native of the Nile, the Niger, Senegal and other African rivers, and various species of skate found in the seas around Great Britain.
The electrical fishes do not belong to any one class or group—some are found in fresh water, while others inhabit the They possess two distinct types of One closely relates in
sea. electrical organs. structure to muscle, as found in the tor- pedo, gymnotus and skate, while the other presents more of the characters of the structure of the secreting gland as il- lustrated by the electric organ of the thunderer fish. Both types are built upon a vast number of microscopical elements, each of which is supplied with a nerve fibre.
These nerve fibres come from large nerves that originate in the nerve centres brain or spinal cord, and in these centres are found special large nerve cells, with which the nerve fibres of the electric or- gans are connected and from which they spring. Yet the electricity is not gener- ated in the electric centres and conveyed by the electric nerves to the electric or- gan itself. It is only produced, however, so_as to give a shock when set in action by nervous impulses transmitted to it from the electric centres by the electric nerves.
There are few departments of physiol- ogical science in which can be found a more striking example of organic adap- tiveness than in the construction of the electric fishes. In these animals there are specialized organs for the production of electricity on an economical basis far surpassing anything yet contrived by man. The organs are either modified muscles or modified glands, structures which in all animals manifest electrical properties.—E xchange.
—————
Oceans are the earth’s great storehouse of water. They cover some eight-elev- enths of the surface of the earth to an average depth of about two miles. They receive the off-flow from all the ccnti- nents and send it back by way of the atmosphere.
The fresh waters of the earth descend in the first instance out of the atmosphere. They rise in a vapor from the whole sur- face of the earth, but chiefly from the ocean. Evaporation frees them from the ocean’s salts, these being non-volatile. They drift about with the currents of the atmosphere, gathering its gases to satura- tion, together with small quantities of drifting solids; they descend impartially upon water and land, chiefly as rain, snow
and hail—Needham and Lloyd.
Aquatic Life, 1920
JANvuARY, 1920. Betta rubra (Heedc) ; Ob- servations on the Chelonians of North Amer- ica, Part VI (Shufeldt); Beef Heart and Beef Liver for Young Fishes; Notes on Mos- quito Larvae (Hale); Lucania ommata (ex- tension of range); Habits of Fundulus nottii and Heterandria formosa; Linseed meal cause of disease among trout; South Australian Aquarium Society, Passaic Aquarium Society, the Redfield Theory, etc.
Frespruary. Goldfish Foods and Feeding as Practiced in Japan (Nakashima); Observa- tions on the Chelonians of North America, Part VII (Shufeldt) ; The Mosquito (Hale) ; Luciocephalus pulcher (Heede); Maintaining an Aquarium (T7rell); An Easily Constructed Heated Aquarium (Finckh); Roosevelt Wild
Life Forest Experiment Station, February Pointers, etc.
MarcH. The Australian Congolly (Hale) ; Observations on the Chelonians of North
America, Part VIII (Shufeldt) ; Ichthyopthir- ius multifilius (Webber); Rivulus strigatus (Brind); An Odd Trunkfish (Hubbs) ; North Carolina Notes (Carlton) ; Society news.
Aprit. Mastacembelus pancalus (MacMor- ris); A New Treatment to Eliminate Ichthy- ophthirius (Hauthaway) ; Observations on the Chelonians of North America, Part IX (Shu- feldt) ; Notes on Haplochilus lineatus (Saw- yer); The Artificial Production of Albinism (Waite); A Metal Net for Larval Fishes (Balleisen); The “Balanced Aquarium—A Question and an Experiment (Powers); Venus’s Fly Trap, Notes and News.
May. Aquarium Microscopy (France); A “Tin Can’ Aquarium (Balleisen) ; Observa- tions on the Chelonians of North America, Part X (Shufeldt); The Stud Fishes (Saw- yer); The Guide Book to The New York Aquarium © (Shufeldt); May Pointers, The Microscopical Society, Notes and News.
June. Macrones vittatus (MacMorris); An Interesting Abnormality (Tasche) ; Blue- spotted Sunfish (Sawyer); Breeding Vivipa- rous Poeciliids (Balleisen) ; Bufo halophilus (Ruthling); The Diatomaceae (Whecler) ; Appropriate Names (Mellen); Boyer’s “The Diatomaceae of Philadelphia’ and_ society news.
WANTED!
Names of collectors and breeders of tropi- cal, native and goldfishes. Wish to buy in large and small lots. All letters held strictly confidential. Address
GOOD-WELD AQUARIUM CO. 1111 Third Street, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Mesogonisteus chaetodon— The Black-banded Sunfish. $6 and $12
per dozen. If you mean business, send check with order
GEORGE W. PRICE 2145 South Lee Street, Philadelphia
Wear a Handsome Solid Gold Pin of Your Favorite Fish
Copyright, Co.
1919,
A beautiful secarfpin and watch-fob for gentlemen
Stil-B-Nu Supply
Made of solid gold and An odd and attract- worn by aqua-
and brooches for ladies. of very best workmanship. lve piece of jewelry now being rists. Size of illustrations. Prices (including War Tax):
Scalare, $7.25, Lionhead, $7.25 Telescope (with ruby eye), $7.75. Telescope (with diamond eye), $9.25, We are in a position to supply pins favorite pet. Price on application.
The Breeding Season is Here
Start Your Young Fish on Stil-B-Nu Infusoria Culture. Then Feed Them Our Foods and Watch Them Grow
Stil-B-Nu Infusoria Culture is essential to all aquarists who desire to raise Gold and Tropical fishes. This culture is a result-producer. Full directions with each box. Price 50c., postpaid.
Stil-B-Nu Fishfood. Scientifically prepared. Con- tains most nutritious ingredients. A proved and tested food for all aquarium fishes. A trial and your food problem is solved. Fine and coarse. Fine recommended for Tropicals. Price 20c. box; 3 boxes, 50c., postpaid.
Stil-B-Nu Dried Shrimp. Contains shrimp only. which is dried and properly prepared to make a choice morsel for all kinds of fishes. Coarse or fine. Use fine for Tropicals. Price, 25c. box, postpaid.
Stil-B-Nu Fish Remedy—a bination
of your
non-poisonous com- for the treatment of fungus, tail-rot, ete., of Tropical and fancy Goldfishes. Don’t fail to have a box or two on hand for the first sign of trouble. Full directions in each box. Price: 6 tablets in a box, 25c., postpaid.
Stil-B-Nu Aquarium Salts will go a long way toward keeping your fishes in good health by
replacing the lime and salts as they are ab-
Price: 6 tablets
sorbed by the fishes and snails. 25c.,
in a box, postpaid.
Stil-B-Nu Nets 55¢ The Best Net Made
Made in two sizes, 3% and 5 inches.
manufactured by us from the very best materials.
Stil-B-Nu Feeding Rings. Keep the food from spreading. Price, 15c., postpaid.
Stil-B-Nu Aquarium Scrapers—something new; order one today and avoid placing hand in the aquarium when cleaning it. Price, 50c.
Easy-Reading Aquarium Thermometer, Tells at a glance the temperature of your water. No aquarium is complete without one. Price $1.00,
postpaid.
Pocket Magnifying Glass. a good glass, especially and raising infusoria. Considering quality, this glass is priced very low. $1.75, postpaid.
Stil-B-Nu Aquarium Cement comes ready for use. 50c. pound, postpaid.
Fishes, Plants, Aquariums, Books, Castles, Stands Wholesale and Retail
STIL-B-NU SUPPLY CO 427 E. Girard Avenue, Philadelphia
Every aquarist needs when collecting insects
| Pd aes i he a a ea a i EE eee Ps es
DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Bureau of Fisheries
Washington March 6, 1920.
Mr. F. K. Christine,
518 Belgrade Street,
Philadelphia, Pa. : Dear Sir:
I wish to advise that the Bureau purchased six boxes of your creative infusoria for the purpose of making some laboratory tests and tests at some of our stations for the purpose of determining its value in the creation of minute aquatic life. Very favorable reports have been received, and the experiments made at Washington have demonstrated that it is very excellent material for the production of infusoria. It iS believed, however, that the amount you suggest to use to fifty gallons should be doubled. If the temperature of the water is in the neighborhood of 60 or 65 degrees F., much better results may be expected. If this is followed up by the production of daphne and other aquatic insects it is believed that the aquarist can have a very good range of aquatic life and at a very reasonable cost. It was found preferable to infusoria produced by hay in that it did not discolor the water, and the infusoria appeared in greater numbers than the culture produced by hay. It was thought that
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Live Food is Nature’s Food Give your fishes white worms, which can be raised indoors throughout the year. Generous portion, 60 cents, with full instruc- tions for propagation. (Successor to (CS, 1B
Jenne.) W. J. WRIGHT
Bergen Avenue and Mercer Street, Jersey City, N. J.
Red-bellied Dace
$5.00 per dozen, including can, or will ex- change for other fishes. Our price list is sent on request.
The Aquarium Fish Hatchery
838 Humboldt Avenue, Milwaukee, Wis.
%000C > 00c 5900000000000 000 000
Imported Helleri
We have received direct from Central America 200 Swordtails (Xiphophorus helleri). The collector, unfamiliar ll with the sexes, sent all males. This circumstance affords aquarists an ex- ceptional opportunity to inject new blood into their inbred stock. Sturdy 8 specimens, three-fourths grown, 6 for $5. Shipping can, 50 cents additional. i
C0OC— 000 C000 M000 M5000!
CRESCENT FISH FARM 1624 Mandeville Street, New Orleans, La.
000 300 000000 CH 000 M5000 M5005
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you might be interested in receiving this information.
See my other ad.—Francis K. Christine.
Very truly yours,
G. C. LEACH. In Charge Division Fish Culture
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The Microscopy of Drinking Water
By GEORGE CHANDLER WHIPPLE
Professor of Sanitary Engineering in Harvard University. A book having a direct bearing on the work of the aquarist. Even without a microscope it will enable him to comprehend the factors controlling the character of the water used in his tanks, It de- scribes the methods of examination assisting in the identification of com- mon organisms found in city water,
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and interprets the results.
The third edition, rewritten and en- larged, contains 409 pages, with 74 figures, 6 full-page plates in the text, and 19 plates giving 235 illustrations of organisms in color. Price, post-
paid, $4.50.
The Book Department Aquatic Life
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Tropical Fishes !
a fine, of Danio malabaricus and other species of Danio. (The most sprightly
i | aquarium fishes) Haplochilus, Barbus, Mouth-
large stock
breeders and many other beautiful fishes.
August Obermuller
Breeder and Fancier of Telescopes and Tropicals 96 Columbia Avenue, Jersey City Heights, N. J.
visitors welcome at conseryatory any Saturday i afternoon and on Sunday.
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Seemann eee ane ee
TROPICAL FISHES Write for Price List Oscar Leitholf, 281 Southern Avenue Pittsburgh, Pa.
Pe of
Henry Kissel, Jr.
Breeder & Fancier of Broad-tail Telescopes Good Type and Color
Plants
Some beautiful Hybrids in which I specialize.
Tropical Fish Snails
None shipped; sales at conservatory only. 241 Walker Street, Cliffside, N. J.
Telephone, 461, Cliffside.
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The Englewood Fancy Goldfish Hatchery
Japanese Toy Breeds in a variety of colors. Sales at hatchery only—none shipped. Visitors welcome Saturday afternoon, Sunday and Holidays. Phone, Wentworth 1118.
ANTHONY A. MAINA, 6711 Parnell Avenue, Chicago, Ill.
me me me mm ms me
Something New!
soe
Heated Closet for Aquariums! An excellent arrangement in which to keep and breed tropical fishes through l winter and summer ] (
Plants Fishes
Aquariums
MAX NIEMAND
743 Eleventh Avenue, Long Island City New York
Sir—stes as Os Fs i es pd 6 ed ed
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A REAL FOOD
Imported from Germany 100 Per Cent. Nourishment
Same as I sold in bulk and boxes before the war. I am sole U. S. Agent now as then. Pound, $500; box 35c. Samples of both grains, 15c
Once Tried - Always Used!
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Two Best Books
Both for $2 Only
The “Practical Fish Fancier” and “Domesticated Fish”
Fish Photos, 120 for $3 60 Fish Post-cards. New! 15c each; $1.50 doz Everything above sent post free
W.L. BRIND, F. Z. S. 449 W. 206th Street, New York
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or Excellent Conformation
Tit Color Cannot Be Beat
[Sit Their Quality in Finnage Peljave Blues, Blacks and Calicos Lavery Fancier Should Look Them Over
elle Them at C. C. VOWINKEL 5109 Catherine Street Philadelphia, Pa
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The Diatomaceae of Philadelphia and Vicinity By CHARLES S. BOYER, A. M,, F. R. M. S.
The most recent book of the diatoms, and one that is serviceable over a far greater area than is indicated by the title. A fascinating subject properly treated. More than 700 illustrations, enlarged 800 diameters, from original drawings by the author, adequately supplement the text. Methods of collecting, preparing, mounting and examining diatomaceous material are given. The work contains 143 pages, 9 by 12 inches, not including the full-page plates, with complete index. Price, bound in art
vellum cloth, $5.00.
8 : | : : ) | *”
The Book Department :;
Aquatic Life
200000000000 D000 D000,
000 50005 300 —5000 —3000 AD 000 H5000 HD000000 C5990 C5900 000C 5 000C 000 000000
JULIUS RIEWE BREEDER AND FANCIER OF TROPICAL FISHES | 3519 Costello Avenue, Chicago, Ill.
Fine stock of Danio malabaricus, D. alboline- atus, D. rerio, Barbus conchonius, B. semifas- ciolatus, B. ticto and many other kinds of tropical fishes. None shipped. Telephone Bel- mont 5092.
ine Fish POND
Lionhead Spawn. Also Young from the
finest stock in the country
SHAW, 1941 North 5th Street Philadelphia
“AQUARIA FISH”’
A practical work on care and breeding of fish in the aquarium, greenhouse and out- door ponds. Finely illustrated.
Kveryone interested in keeping fish should send for a copy of this book. Price, $1.00.
F. L. TAPPAN, Route 2, Hopkins, Minn
|
For best results use Yogi Fishfood Thats what breeders say. Yogi 15c Box; by mail 17c
Magic Infusoria 50c Postpaid
S. O. S. New Fishfood. The un- consumed food developing infu- soria. 35c; by mail 38c Ask your dealer or send for them direct
1818 Frankford Avenue Philadelphia
FISH FOOD Manufactured only by ROBT. J. SCHAEFFER PRICE, 10c.
Robert J. Schaeffer
For Sale
An equipped operated better or finer at once to permit attention to other for full particulars.
aquarium manufacturing works, with fully goldfish and supply outfit. Has been successfully for eighteen years. No aquariums made. Must be sold the owner to give entire important business. Write Wisconsin
Pioneer Aquarium Works. Racine,
Sale or Exchange
Surplus Stock of Rare and Fancy Fish Plants of All Kinds
G. Germann, 0. D. 3823 N. Richmond St. Chicago
Phone: Monticello 6864.
(ie a ea mnie (or
Tropical Fishes
Ruby Moonfish
holbrooki, per dozen, in pairs, $4.00; Paradise fish and Notropis metallicus, per dozen, $4.00;
Danio rerio, per dozen, $8.00. (Shipping cans, 50c.)
PLANTS PER DOZEN: Vallisneria (wide leaf), 60¢.; Vallisneria (narrow leaf, 30¢c.; Frog
Git, 50¢.; Hyacinths, 60¢c.; Water Poppy, $1.00; Anacharis and Cabomba, 75c. per dozen
bunches. Twelve kinds of aquarium plants, a fine assortment, $1.00.
AFTER JUNE 1ST: Red, white and yellow water lilies, blooming plants, 75c. each; blue $1.25 each. (All plants sent postpaid.)
GROUND SHRIMP, the best dry fish food $1.10 per pound. $2.00
per dozen; smaller, $1.00 per dozen.
8
|
;
|
8 water lilies, |
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Plants
MEXICAN SWORDTAILS (Xiphophorus helleri), (Platypoecilus rubra), 4 males
CRESCENT FISH FARM, 1624 Mandeville Street, New Orleans, La,
Food and Snails
the dozen, $7.00;
$7.00; Gambusia
and 6 females, the dozen,
6 males and S females,
Large Japanese snails,
SS SS] 500 SS 900 SS 9005000
2,9 2) | ee
TO THE NET OF A NATURALIST
' Don’t paddle in the water with one hand and be blind with both eyes. In other words, mre your eyes open’’ for all nature.
Our Magazine
be Guide to ature Will Help You
‘It 1s edited by EDWARD F. BIGELOW, who fishes in the heavens and earth, as well as the * waters under the earth.
Q Three Months’ Trial 25¢ One Year, $7.50 THE AGASSIZ ASSOCIATION
} ArcAdiA Sound Beach. Connecticut
Red Helleri |
_ Winner of first prizes—silver cup and gold medal. | A new fish for aquarists. The most attractive ae
- live-bearing fish. We now have them for sale.
A fine stock of Haplochilus cameronensis, H. { Tubrostigma. Hybrids—pulehras and _ rubras— and 35 other species of fishes.
-§. SILVER
235 East 11th street, New York city, N. Y.
= Pas (Between 2d and 3d avenues.) ! ae : =
Ratatat. Meeeeriitd
FG mabidation Offer $1.00
Postage 15c Extra ee
OGOO00 COOGOO0CO:
“Ge Pound Aquarium Cement 50c we Square E-Z Net 50c 1 Box of Creation 50c
All 3 for $1. 00
‘See my other ad. about Creation, the new Infusoria. Send for a free sample
18 selon Round. Cedar Breeding Tubs
Price $3. 50
: triers taken for 1920 breed of Broadtail _ Telescopes. When in Philadelphia call me on | the Bell Phone.
‘Dee Te DE DE DEE EO aletalabad stated
FRANCIS. K.CHRISTINE
518 BELGRADE STREET
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is ‘Goldfish Varieties & Tropical Aquarium Fishes’’, byWm.T.Innes, former President of the Aquanum / Society of Phila.; 250 pages, 195 illustrations. Tells all about the 4 fancy varieties of the Goldfish and nearly 300 tropicals; how to breed them, etc., etc. For the beginner orihe advanced expert.
~A complete, practical, handsome book, sent borpeid: anywhere for $4.00 Enlarged edition now ready.
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JAPANESE GOLDFISH By DR. HUGH M. SMITH
A guide to the methods of breeding fancy goldfish practiced in Japan. The :
result of the personal investigations of the author. Ten breeds are illus- trated in color, with numerous text cuts; 112 pages.
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A GOOD FISH FOOD is one of the most essentiai things necessary to keep fish in good kealth. After the — test of years Green River stands out as the best food on the market. Jt ‘keeps the fish in good color by pro- moting a healthy, robust growth. It will not sour ot cloud the water. Ask vour dealer or send for it today.
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An international monthly magazine devoted to the study, care and breeding. of fishes and — other animals a plants in the home aquarium and terrarium.
W. A. POYSER ..... alata po Tol atsaxis (oh pita ole oy eliesiolatatw BP Ct aT AISNE +.......- EDITOR JOSEPH E. BAUSMAN ... SHARE Sis a es Cte t te cas vets selves pace ss PUBLISHER 632 East Girard Avenue ..... 2... cee eee eee ee ees ue neh aacens eheeeu A trans MU enen ners Philadelphia
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Entered as second-class matter, September 2d, 1915, at the Post Office, Philadelphia, Pa., 5 under Act of March 3d, 1879.
Popular and scientific articles and notes on subjects pertaining to the aquarium and ~ terrarium, and to the habits of fishes in general, are-always wanted for “Aquatic Life.” Readers are invited to join in making it a medium of mutual help by contributing to it the results of their studies. The pages are always open to any one having information of interest to the aquarist and student of aquatic biology. Manuscripts, books for review and general correspondence should be addressed to the editor.
“Aquatic Life’’ has the largest circulation of any magazine in the world devoted to aquatic nature-study. It offers to advertisers a market that can be reached through no-other medium. Rates made known on application.
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WEARLY SUBSCRIPTION .... 0.6.0 e ee eee CS Sasa cecle seheplel eareyieirenies a eet ee eet ee BLZ5 FOREIGN SUBSCRIPTIONS ......6 0-2 sees eee eeeeees safe a atdeohe Peer ole ouneob o te ose 1.50 SINGLE COPY 2 vec ecet re ec eeteeee eee Aidan Geter HOM ace Reco byeo So win 15
Payments should be made by money order, draft or registered letter: If local checks are sent, ten cents should be added for collection charges. Foreign remittances should be by international money order.
Copyright, 1920, by Joseph H. Bausman.
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| Water Gardening
By BISSET
The best and most “readable” book on the care and propagation of aquatic plants in general. It gives in full de- tail all the practical information neces- sary to the selection, grouping and successful cultivation of aquatic and other plants required in the making of a water garden and its surroundings. Covers all conditions from that of the amateur with a few plants in tubs to the large estate or park.
Directions for constructing concrete pools; propagation of hardy and tender lilies and other aquatics; best lilies for small pools and tubs; the aquatic plant |
|
Cn Siemens
cE. LOVERING
AQUARIST WILMINGTON, NORTH CAROLINA
Collector and Bresise of Tropical Fish Snakes and Other Reptiles
New Varieties Aquatic Plants Choice and Rare Specimens Snakes and Reptiles
Tropical Fishes
Elassoma evergladei, $1.75 per pair. Heterandria formosa, $1.00 per pair. M. chaetodon, 50c each
Small turtles, $1.25 per dozen. Newts, $1.00 per dozen.
Wholesale to dealers.
greenhousé; various aquarium plants; enemies and diseases of aquatic plants; gold and other fishes for the water garden.
Profusely illustrated with 120 half- tones, 17 diagrams and 2 double page plates. 199 pages, coated paper, orna- mented cloth binding—de luxe edition.
Price, $3.75 Postpaid
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The Venus Flytrap Chisiaet muscipula) The plant that feeds on insects $1.00 Dozen
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Fitzroyia lineata
WALTER LANNOY BRIND, F. Z. S.
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Fitzroyia lineata
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There seems to be an interesting bit of history concerning the subject of the present paper. It was originally de- scribed by Jenyns, in 1842, as Lebias lineata. On the next page of his work he describes a species which he calls Lebias multidentata. Both descrip- tions. refer to the same fish, the multi- ple naming being probably due to fail- ure to associate the sexes. Note that lineata is the oldest name, though only
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by the length of time it took the composi- tor to set about a page of type! Now the fish was not a Lebias, and, when Gun- ther was working on his catalogue of the fishes of the British Museum (pub- lished 1866), he found that it could not be properly assigned to any genus then known. He thereupon created the genus Fitzroyia for L. multidentata and Jenyn- sia for L. lineata. Fitzroyia precedes Jen- ynsia by a few pages and is older by a
86 Aguatic Lite
scratch. In assembling, therefore, the proper name of the fish, the oldest genus is Fitzroyia, and the oldest specific name is that of the original author, so the proper name according to the law of pri- ority is Fitsroyia lineata. ‘This has been recognized by Berg (Annals of the Na- tional Museum, Argentina) and by our American ichthyologists Eigenmann and Henn. English systematists—Regan and Boulenger—seem to prefer Jenynsia.
So far as I know this species has never been brought to the United States. The Germans secured it in 1905 but allowed it to die out within a few years. A writer of an interesting article, in one of their magazines in 1910 expresses great regret at its disappearance. It has the distinc- tion of being the “farthest south” vivip- arous fish, ranging from the La Plata to the Rio Grande do Sul, Argentina Re- public. It is not, however, the only mem- ber of the geus occurring in southern South America.
It is said that the streams it inhabits are reasonably cool, which would make it a desirable fish for those not having facilities for providing the extreme and constant heat demanded by some exotic fishes. It seems to be quite a large spec- ies. German authors giving the length of a female as 12 centimeters (about four and three-fourth inches), but Henn notes that the largest female in the collection of the Indiana University Museum meas- (less than three In the male, writers agree in
ures 69 millimeters inches ). giving its length as up to 45 millimeters (less than two inches). Fitzroyia is unique among viviparous fishes studied in aquaria in that the anal fin is modified into an actual tube for the transmission of sperm. The one other genus in which the anal is tubular, Anableps, has not been studied in aquaria, and its decribed habits indicate it as entirely unsuitable.
Our subject has another peculiarity, tie tip of the anal being bent either to the right or to the left, males thus bemeg rights or lefts. This male dextrality and sinistrality seems to have no significance (in this genus) as the genital orifice of the female is symmetrical. In certain other fishes the females are also rights and lefts, the orifice being protected hy a process making it necessary for a meht female to mate with a left male and vice versa.
The coloration is quite suggestive of Molhenisia latipinna. The back is brownish olive, passing to silvery gray on the sides, with the lower parts white. The sides have a decided light blue lustre and four or five horizontal rows of black dashes The dorsal region of the male in- clines to blue-green, while the female is rather brownish.
In common with more familiar fishes that bring forth living young, in the pres- ent species the period of gestation has been determined as lasting from four to six weeks, temperature being appar- ently the determining factor. The young are few in number, considering the size of the parent, a female bred in Germany giving from twelve to thirty young in a litter, which, however, were quite large at birth, some measuring nearly three- fourths of an inch in length. It 1s amus- ing to note that the confusion in the names has been carried down practically to the present day. An aquarium book mentions both but not as synonyms, one being given as viviparous or live-bearing while the other is disposed of as ovipar- ous or egg-laying!
While the fish is unknown in our col- lections, it seems to the writer that it should not be hard to secure if the proper efforts were put forth when steamship service with South America becomes bet-
(Concluded on page 90)
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In Aquatic Life, Volume I, page I1, mention is made of an Australian sea- horse as a remarkable instance of pro- tective imitation. The photograph ac- companying this note shows a particu- larly large and perfect example of the Leafy Sea-dragon, Phyllopteryx eques, a
(The Leafy Sea-dragon
HERBERT M. HALE South Australian Museum
Photograph by the author; two-fifths natural size
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South Australian member of the group. The foliaceous apendages greatly re- semble the weeds amongst which the fish lives. Gunther, in describing this species (Proceedings of the Zoological Society, 1865, page 327), remarks: “Its form is still more extraordinary than that of
88 Aguattc Lite
the preceding species (P. foliatus), the spines, crest and cutaneous appendages being much more developed... .. ihere is no doubt that these fish attach them- selves with the prehensile end of their tail to stems of seaweed or other objects; and when they are in the vicinity of sea- weed of a similar colour, their resetiu- blance to it must be so great that they would easily escape being observed by
their enemies.” —
The Red-bellied Newt
HARRY W. BALLEISEN The red-bellied newt of Asia and Ja- pan is a mighty interesting pet for the It soon becomes friendly and
aquarist.
and small snails are desirable as food, but as the newt grows it prefers earth- worms and mealworms. During the win- ter months when worms are unobtainable we may substitute shredded raw meat, but it is necessary to use a pair of for- ceps, wiggling the meat scraps to simu- late a worm. The newts should not be tempted with too large worms or scraps. They gulp their food, and if too large a piece is taken they may later disgorge it.
In 1918, when the newts were added to my collection, they measured two inches long. During the summer of the first year the skin was cast off three times, but has not been observed to take place since. The specimens now measure four
Red-bellied Newt
Diemyctylus pyrrogaster
Photographs by author
learns to take food from the hand. Any sort of a small aquarium, with a few rocks, will be an adequate home. ‘The rocks may be arranged that the upper- most projects above the water surface, and a newt will sometimes evidence his appreciation by perching on the summit, but usually they will be hiding in the crevices, coming out at intervals to search for food. The aquarium should be cov- ered with a piece of glass, as otherwise some may manage to escape and—dry up!
When quite small I find that Daphne
inches, having grown two inches in two years.
The eggs of this newt, according to the breeder from whom I secured them, are deposited on a leaf of Sagittaria, the tip of the leaf then being bent over to form a pocket protecting the egg until
hatched. —__<>_—_—_
If you want knowledge, you must toil for it; if food, you must toil for it, and ‘f pleasure, you must toil for it; toil is the law.—Ruskin.
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Melanotaenia nigrans
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The atherine, Melanotaema nigrans, 1s a beautiful aqurium fish inhabiting the western river system of New South Wales and the northern coastal rivers of Queensland. My examples measure four inches long and are rather shy. I have not succeeded in breeding it, either in pond or aquarium, and so far as I am aware its spawning habits. are yet un- known.
The color of the body above is light brown and the lower part of a pinkish gray. Every scale gleams with iridescent
Melanotaenia nigrans |
H. E.. FINCKH Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales |
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Photograph by Author
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color, showing alternately red, green, blue and yellow, giving an effect scarcely equalled by such showy fish as the Mexi- can swordtail, Xiphophorus helleri. The two dorsal fins, and the anal and caudal, emerge from the body bright yellow and pass into red with a narrow black band. The gill-covers scintillate with bright red, yellow and green, making a suitable set- ting for the large and prominent white eye, with iris circled by a yellow band. The atherine is a fish that once seen will be long remembered.
90 Aquatic Rile
Fitzroyia lineata (Concluded from page 86) ter organized or, rather, back to normal I find no references that would indicate Fitzroyia to be other than frequent or common in suitable situations in its na- tive country. American aquarists seem
to be woefully lacking in the sort of en- terprise that secured for the Germans so many fishes, from all parts of the world, before the war interrupted their endeav-
ies well adapted to aquarian conditions. If collections are made at the seaboard he is apt to take the young of large spec- ies or those of brackish and salt water which are less desirable. But the extent of his tramps, and the possibility of fur- ther collections on subsequent trips, is apt to be governed by your liberality when the “consideration” for his trouble is arranged. Be generous. Among the fishes may be some that will be saleable
Aquarists Collecting Daphnia in Philadelphia
Photograph by Harry W. Balleisen.
ors. It is only necessary to become ac- quainted with the steward or other under- officer of the ship making the desired port and a direct return trip, and provide him with cans and a net. Give him brief instructions as to the care of the fishes and the chances are that anything he brings you will be worth while. It is well to tell him to go a bit inland and ex- In such situations he is most likely to find spec-
plore slow streams and ponds.
at many times the amount of his honor-
arium. ind
The other fellow’s fad is always silly. sore anaes
“Somebody should stand up for the street railways,” exclaimed the man who believes in fair play. “Sir,” exclaimed the protesting citizen, “as a passenger | have stood up for them twice a day for years.’—Washington Post.
Aquatte Lite 91
Fundulus diaphanus GEORGE S. MYERS
The common killifish, Fundulus dia- phanus, is one of our native cyprinodonts that deserves closer acquaintance. It is as attractive as the several relatives which are common to aquarian collections, and it has the added advantage of being ex- ceptionally hardy under the conditions imposed by confinement in home aquaria. As an experiment, I once placed a female
This killy is olive-green in color, with many vertical brown or black bars which at times may not be apparent. ‘The sides are silvery and overlaid with iridescent purple, a feature which the female lacks. It reaches a length of five inches, but such large specimens are scarcely suitable for a tank of average size. Like its relations, native and exotic, it deposits its eggs on the leaves of floating plants. The pre- ferred food is Daphnia, but it will take
Fundulus diaphanus
killy in a quart jar without plants, keep- ing her there, without change of water, for six months. She was fed once a week. At the end of the period she was just as robust and healthy as on the day I captured her in a nearby stream. Such treatment is not to be commended, nor is its mention intended to induce others to follow. To see the killy at its best one should provide a properly equipped tank of suitable size.
Photograph by Dr. R. W. Shufeldt
any sort of prepared food.
For capturing wild killifish a twelve- inch net, with a handle at least six feet long, is necessary. When the fish are seen, a quick overhead sweep of the net should be made; scooping up nearly always results in failure.
er
Wise is the woman who gives as much thought to feathering her own nest as to feathering her hat.
Aquarian Diatoms CHARLES S. BOYER, A. M., F. R. M.S.
ba] Se 6
The moderate temperature of aquaria facilitates the growth of diatoms through- out the year. The thin yellow film, be- coming darker when dry, clinging to the glass sides below the surface of the water and gradually creeping above the sur- face on the parts more exposed to the light, will be found, on examination by the microscope, to be composed entirely of the frustles of small diatoms. Al- though the deposit is frequently removed as an obstruction to the view, it must not be considered detrimental to the life of the aquatic fauna. On the contrary the mucus surrounding the diatoms is a source of food not only to the snails employed in cleaning the walls but also to the fish and the continued growth of the frustules is an indication of the puri- fication of the water as they are constant- ly throwing off bubbles of oxygen.
It is well known that the size of aquatic animals is, to.a certain degree, deter- mined by the extent of the habitat and that some snails which live in small ponds do not essentially differ, except in size, from larger forms occurring in lakes. It will be found, therefore, that all dia- toms in aquaria are of the most minute dimensions, except, possibly, a few larger forms which may occasionally appear in the water supply but which do not persist in growth. There are several diatoms which, in this neighborhood at least, are of constant occurrence, growing on the walls of aquaria at all seasons. The fol- lowing list is the result of numerous col- lections made at different times in several aquaria.
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Navicula minima. This form while not quite the smallest as its name would imply is only about two-thousandth of an inch in length. It is linear in outline and rounded at the ends, with fine lines radi- ating from a longitudinal line in the mid- dle, and may be recognized by the bright, somewhat quadrangular space in the cen- tre. The zone view is oblong. (Fig. 1.)
Eunotia pectinalis minor. ‘The smaller Comb Eunotia, so-called because it looks like a comb with a curved back, being convex on one side and concave on the other, with quite visible transverse lines. Its length is at least twice that of the Navicula although the ordinary form of Eunotia pectinalis is often five or six times longer. When seen in another view it is, like most diatoms, quadrangular in outline. (Fig. 2.)
Achnanthes exigua. ‘This little form always occurs, frequently in great abund- ance, in any gathering made from aquaria and has been kept living in a small two ounce bottle for several years. The two valves are unlike except in outline which is rhombic-elliptical or sometimes quad- rate with beaked ends. One valve is crossed transversely by a blank line while the other valve has only the usual longi- tudinal line in the middle. The length is
about the same as that of Navicula mini- ma. A quadrate form, constricted in
the middle, is frequently found with the (Big35)
Achnanthes linearis curta. ‘This form is elliptical, with a distinct longitudinal line and a small blank space in the centre
others.
in one valve and merely an indistinct
Aquatic Lite 93
longitudinal line in the other. In a view at right angles it is narrow, quadrangu- lar, and slightly bent in the middle as is the case with Achnanthes exigua. It is sometimes more abundant than any other form. (Fig. 4.)
P
1. Navicula minima. Achnanthes linearis curta. 7. Nitzschia amphibia.
Gomphonema angustatum. The out- line of this form is lanceolate but one end is broader and shorter than the other, with a blank space in the middle nearer the broad end. In the other view it is slightly cuneate. The length is three times that of the Navicula. (Fig. 5.)
2. Eunotia pectinalis minor. 5. Gomphonema angustatum. 6. Cocconeis placentula. Drawings by author.
Cocconets placentula. ‘This form is broadly elliptical and flat, like a little cake, as its name implies, and the two valves are not alike, one having a distinct longi- tudinal line and a well marked central space, while the other is without the cen-
3. Achnanthes exigua. 4.
tral space. Sometimes a rim surrounds one of the valves divided into minute cells. (Fig. 6.)
Nitzschia amphibia. Nitzschiae differ from other diatoms in that one edge is much more definite in marking than the other and in this little form, one of the
94. Aquatic Lite
smallest of the genus, a row of dots is noticed on one side but not on the other, except when the two valves are seen to- gether. (Fig. 7.)
In all_of the above forms there are more or less distinctly marked transverse lines, but they are scarcely noticed except under high magnification.
Certain other diatoms will probably be found in aquaria at different times but the above species appear to be constant. I have repeatedly transferred other spec- ies from streams or ponds to an aquar- ium but they all disappear except these minute forms.
It is to be understood, of course, that in the collection of material only that which occurs or has occurred as a living film on the walls of the aquarium should be gathered as the valves which lie on the surface of the sand will, in many cases, include dead forms from the water supply which will vary in different locali- ties.
If this article should receive the at- tention of distant observers it might be possible to determine whether there is a diatomaceous flora. constant to aquar- ian habitat.
Result of Feeding Trout on Dried Flies
The use of imported dried flies in feed- ing young trout has been experimentally undertaken at several hatcheries of the U. S. Bureau of Fisheries. Reports of the comparative tests recently made at the Green Lake (Me.) station indicate no better results than earlier trials else- where gave.
Superintendent Race at Green Lake set aside four troughs, each 12 feet long, 1 foot wide, and 8 inches deep, and into each trough counted 930 brook-trout fry that had not previously taken food. ‘This number was selected instead of 1000 be-
cause 930 fish were found to weigh 3 ounces. The fish in two troughs were fed exclusively on dried flies, and those in two troughs exclusively on beef liver. Feeding began on May 20 and the experi- ment was discontinued on June 18, when the fishes were planted. The results were as follows:
Mie Jets: of ish) tediione dried! silies gained sixty-six and two-thirds per cent. in weight in the month and sustained a mortality of forty-one and three-fourths per cent. The liver-fed fish gained 800 per cent. in weight and showed a death rate of eight and one-third per cent.
Se
For the coming season the Chicago Aquarium Society has arranged a pro- gram that promises lively and interest- ing meetings. Dr. H. C. Champlin has succeeded Fred G. Orsinger as presiding officer. The meetings are held at the Keedy Studio, 367 North Dearborn street WV. P. O.
>
The tadpoles of frogs and toads are rather remarkable for their ability to re- place lost parts, and continue to grow after serious injuries. Eight and ten-leg- ged frogs, two-tailed tadpoles, and other monstrosities have been produced by splitting embryonic structures. It is also possible to form composite tadpoles by grafting parts of different individuals to- gether.—General Zoology (Pearse).
pia oe
The people who are hard to get along with are those who object to our having
our Own way. << ——
“Never hear much about malaria out this way any more?’ “No,” answered Uncle Bill Bottletop. “Malaria gets ter- rible unpopular when there is nothing to cure if with except quinine.’”—Kansas City Star.
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Diplonchus sp., an Australian Water-bug, Carrying Eggs. Photographs by H. M. Hale.
A, natural size; B, enlarged 3% diameters.
‘The Economy of |
the Freshwater Aquarium
19s, at NS a as sane aS i = TS
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At a meeting of the South Australian Aquarium Society held on May 4, Mr. A. G. Edquist delivered an interesting address on “The Economy of the Fresh water Aquarium.”
The lecturer dealt largely with aquatic plants and the elimination of undesirable elements from the aquarium. Mention was made of many species or aquatic plants available and the method by which each is propagated was clearly described. To ensure the best growth it is necessary that the plants be exposed to good light, but strong diffused light is preferable
to direct sunlight. The soil in which they are rooted must contain either humus or a colloid suchas alumina. Infact aquatic plants flourish in a soil containing the same mineral content as is suited to terrestrial vegetation. They must be fed and if the soil does not contain enough nourishment, this can be supplied by add- ing weak nutrient solutions—such as of superphosphate—to the water. Although the roots of aquatic plants are not adap- ted for the absorption of nutriment, the necessary nourishing constitutents dis- solved in the water are assimilated
96 Aguattc Zile
through the leaves. The plant may al- most be said to sweat, throwing off an acid secretion which may turn the water sour. If for this or any other reason the water becomes acid, the growth wil! be sickly and the inhabitants of the aquar- ium will not thrive. To counteract acid- ity the soil must contain calcium carbon- ate, or a small quantity of lime water or ammonia can be added to the water.
Lack of food in the soil, the presence of bacteria, wrong lighting, and the use of bad water, all result in weak or sickly plants. Water from wells sometimes con- tains salts deleterious to aquatic vegeta- tion, whilst rainwater lacks nourishing substances and needs to be fortified with nutrient solutions.
With a view to counteracting the too rapid growth of confervae and of pre- venting the development of diatoms aiid undesirable vegetation in aquaria, Mr. Edquist suggests and superintends a vari- ety of experiments by his students at the High Schools throughout the State. An effective means of destroying the pests is to add small quantities of weak solu- tions of ammonia, copper sulphate or iron sulphate to the aquarium affected. Flow- ers of sulphur sprinkled on the surface of the water will materially assist in keep- ing the vessels free from confervae.
Mr. Edquist also insisted that, unless artificially stimulated aquatic plants un- dergo a resting or winter period in con- sonance with terrestrial vegetation, and reminded his hearers that some lowly ani- mal forms provided against drought con- ditions by producing an abundance of eggs as the water receded or evaporated, which living through long periods of dry weather, ensured the continuance of the species and the appearance of new generations when the water once more soaked the thirsty earth—Herbert M. Hale, Hon. Secretary.
(The photographs of the Australian water-bug, Diplonchus, sp., were made by Mr. Hale from local specimens and exhibited at the annual meeting of the society. Some American species have a similar habit. Professor Comstock states that “A striking feature in the life history of many of the giant water bugs is that the female fastens her eggs on the top of her own back with a thin layer of waterproof glue, which she secretes for this purpose.” He illustrates a female of Serphus sp., with the eggs so attached. In commenting on the giant water-bugs, Needham and Lloyd say “The eggs of a smaller, related water-bug, Zaitha or Be- lostoma, are attached by the female to the broad back of the male, and are car- ried by him during their incubation. The nymphs of this family, on escaping from the egg suddenly unroll and expand their flat bodies, and attain at once proportions that would seem impossible on looking at the egg.” —Editor. )
Se se i
One of the members of the Ridgewood Aquarium Society, who has been keep- ing tropical fishes for several years, de- cided to add a few goldfish to his ccl- lection. He built a large aquarium, equipped it with running water, and se- cured six nice goldfish. When the land- lord called for the rent on the first of the following month he noticed the new tank and, pointing to it, said to our friend the aquarist: “See here, Mr. Blank, I don’t care how many of those small (tropical) fish you keep, but you must get rid of those large ones. They drink ’ This is a fact and not It happened last
too much water.’ AeemMere wisi Stone month.—Brooklynite. Souk It takes a hustler to distinguish the dif- ference between an obstacle and a hin- drance in his path.
Aquatic Life, 1920
Marcu. The Australian Congolly (fale) ; Observations on the Chelonians of North America, Part VIII (Shufeldt) ; Ichthyopthir- ius multifilius (Webber); Rivulus strigatus (Brind) ; An Odd Trunkfish (Hubbs) ; North Carolina Notes (Carlton) ; Society news.
Aprtt. Mastacembelus pancalus (MacMor- ris); A New Treatment to Eliminate Ichthy- ophthirius (Hauthaway) ; Observations on the Chelonians of North America, Part IX (Shu- feldt) ; Notes on Haplochilus lineatus (Saw- yer); The Artificial Production of Albinism (Waite); A Metal Net for Larval Fishes (Balleisen); The “Balanced Aquarium—A Question and an Experiment (Powers); Venus’s Fly Trap, Notes and News.
May. Aquarium Microscopy (France); A “Tin Can” Aquarium (Balleisen) ; Observa- tions on the Chelonians of North America, Part X (Shufeldt); The Stud Fishes (Saw- yer); The Guide Book to The New York Aquarium (Shufeldt); May Pointers, The Microscopical Society, Notes and News.
Junet. Macrones vittatus (MacMorris) ; An Interesting Abnormality (Tasche); Blue- spotted Sunfish (Sawyer); Breeding Vivipa- rous Poeciliids (Balleisen); Bufo halophilus (Ruthling); The Diatomaceae (Wheeler) ; Appropriate Names (Mellen); Boyer’s “The
Diatomaceae of Philadelphia” .and_ society news. Jury. On a Deformed Specimen of Muhlen-
berg’s Turtle (Shufeldt) ; Phalloptychus janu- arius (Myers); Notes on Fundulus luciae (Crawford); Haplochilus panchax (Brind) ; The Red Rivulus (Myers); The Ideal Fish Food (Heidelberger) ; An Automatic Feeding Device for Aquaria (Breder) ; Electric Fishes, notes and news.
Trichogaster lalius The Dwarf Gourami Pair $4.00 Shipping can 50 cents
Crescent Fish Farm 1624 Mandeville Street New Orleans, La.
So SY SS 7 PSS Ps Ps 9ST OE
Things You Need
Stil-B-Nu Fine Wishfood...........cc.o-- 20c Box Stil-B-Nu Coarse Fishfood..............- 20c Box Pir-MiceMisntoodie sravcmierere slaitalsvetever ote eictettere OC aD Stil-B-Nulehines sShrininsessesreeo seem 25¢ Box Stil-B-Nu Coarse Shrimp.............-- 25¢ Box ShreddedShrimp) wee cise viclereieteisiesiere
Stil-B-Nu Stil-B-Nu Remedy for Sick Fish Stil-B-Nu Aquarium Salts Stil-B-Nu Feeding Rings ............seesee-: 15e Stil-B-Nu Nets (small or large)............. i Stil-B-Nu Aquarium Scraper...............--D
Infusoria
Easy Ready Aquarium Thermometer.......$1.25 Pocket sMagnitying (Glass) Sass. . scence Sie SI AUPE MICKOSCOPCm anette cielereienetereiereteteteteien: $8.50 arg enuMicroscOpen wa. Oe eee nes $22.50 Aquarium Cement ...................590¢C pound AC Uariumme CASCLESEcreeiel eirteieeieereeieD OCA LLT Stil-B-Nu Aquarium Stand ..............$10.00 12-gallon Aluminum Frame Aquariums..... $11.50
THOUGHT OF CHRISTMAS YET? One of the prettiest presents you can make your- self or aquarist friends is one of our handsome gold Scarf Pins, Watch Fob or Brooche. Don’t let your order go teo long, as the demand is large for these truly wonderful pins. Made of solid gold. They are all quality.
Stil-B-Nu Supply Co. —
Copyright, 1919,
Sealare (scarf pin or brooche).........-. $7.25 Lion-head (scarf pin or brooche)........ $7.25 Telescope (reconstructed ruby eye)........ $7.75 Telescope (Diamond eye)............-+.-. $9.75
Silk Fob Gold Attachments for above $2.50 extra. JAPANESE NOVELTIES.
Jap Incense Burners ...........scesereeeees 60¢ Jap Casties Incense Burners ..............- 85e¢ Uj IONCORES IONE oodaoboccoooononoccannDoadS 85e
OMEDTGS TAOS chboasdoounscocnooceccaaqces 50¢ Japanese Hand-painted Scene, nicely framed.$1.50
FISH, PLANTS, SNAILS. Swordtails (full grown)....... $1.75 to $2.25 pair Paradise (square tail)........ $1.75 to $2.50 pair Paradise (round tail).......... $1.75 to $2.50 pair Dwarf Gourami ..............$4.00 to $5.00 pair EEN y UNMASK NES coosogoododoguDCbS $7.50 per 100 A Few Telescope Breeders........... $12.50 each
Add 50c for shipping can. JAPANeSeMES Nall SmeroteasicieeeLeerelekereyerstets 25¢ each Red Rams Horn Snails ................. 25c¢ each
If your dealer does not carry the Stil-B-Nu Line, send to us direct. We give your order prompt attention or refund your money promptly.
All our goods are shipped Postpaid, with the exception of fish.
STIL-B-NU SUPPLY CO 427 E. Girard Avenue, Philadelphia
oem mr em em we memes
8 ss 2g 8 Od 8 PS 6 Og PS Pb PS PS BS PSP SB SF OG BR SP PP Ps PE Ps Ps SE
: : : : | : : | : : l : :
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A Fine Healthy Lot of Young
Cichlasoma nigrofasciatus If You Want Them I Have Them
OTHER TROPICALS Broad-tail Telescopes
ee
When In Philadelphia Look Them Over
2115 HUNTING PARK AVENUE PHILADELPHIA
os
at Fs os
| | ID, W. REHBBIN
Wms toms
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All Colors Young Finest Strain Telescopes
in America Fair Size $6.50 Dozen Larger Ones $12.00 Dozen
!
l
Don’t Fail to Get Some of These ] Send Today l (
2%
Stil-B-Nu Supply Co Philadelphia
a 6 6 8 is es Oe 6 es i ee ee
427 E. Girard Avenue,
ots 6 6 Oe Se 6
SS 9 0900 9000 HS 000 S000
FRESH WATER BIOLOGY
By HENRY B. WARD AND GEORGE C. WHIPPLE
nnn WITH THE COLLABORATION OF 25 DISTINGUISHED SPECIALISTS ee
All interested in aquatic biology will find here answers to their queries on methods of study, conditions of existence, types of life, and inter-relations of the organisms that inhabit our fresh-water bodies, together with data on their life histories, habits and range.
This work is the first complete and accurate record of North Amer- ican aquatic life, especially the micro-organisms; among both plants and animals excluding the vertebrates, higher plants and bacteria, every form is described that has been reported from a fresh-water body on this continent.
A comprehensive general discussion of each group precedes the description of individual forms, which are arranged under a key to permit of rapid and accurate determination of the genera and species. Nearly every form is illustrated, and its diagnostic features are pointed out. Biological data on its habits, frequence and distribution are also
een eo. ||
given.
trations.
Price, $7.50 Postage Paid
ee, oe es eee
Live Food is Nature’s Food
Give your fishes white worms, which can be raised indoors throughout the year. Generous portion, 60 cents, with full instruc- tions for propagation. (Successor to C. E.
Jenne.) W. J. WRIGHT Bergen Avenue and Mercer Street, Jersey City, N. J.
Mesogonisteus chaetodon—The
Black-banded Sunfish. $6 and $12
per dozen.
If you mean business, send check with order GEORGE W. PRICE
2145 South Lee Street, Philadelphia
; Wish to Barchase
about six pairs each of Betta rubra, Haplochilus cameronensis and Danio albolineatus. Will ex- change for other tropical fishes.
LOUIS MANNING, 1500 St. Roch Ave., New Orleans, La.
New evepeespreeren Fish 3
Channa fasciata, from Southern Asia. Same general shape as Climbing Perch, but hand- somely marked with blotches of green, thickly dotted with silver. Very unusual. Young ones, about 2 inches, 4 for $10
WM. T. INNES, 1824 N. Park Avenue,
Philadelphia, Pa
Fresh-Water Biology is a big book of 1111 pages, with 1547 illus-
AQUATIC LIFE, 632 E. Girard Avenue, Philadelphia, Pa
ss SB =2900 Gs 59 990 9990, C900 C9 000 CS 006 CS
[a ee eee
\7 o¢ B-3: 9-0-3. D- 3-3: 9-9-9: >.> 9-9-3. 9-9: 9. >: 9.3.9: B.D: 5-3-3: D:D. Db 9- 0:3. 3-39: D: DD: D:D 3-3. D. D:D. D-DD. D-DD Od
The Microscopy of Drinking Water By GEORGE CHANDLER WHIPPLE
Professor of Sanitary Engineering in Harvard University. A book having a direct bearing .on the work of the aquarist. Even without a microscope it will enable him to comprehend the factors controlling the character of the water used in his tanks. It de- scribes the methods of examination assisting in the identification of com-
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mon organisms found in city water, and interprets the results.
The third edition, rewritten and en- larged, 409 pages, with 74 figures, 6 full-page plates in the text, illustrations Price, post-
contains
>
and 19 plates giving 235 of organisms in color. paid, $4.50.
The Book Department Aquatic Life
AR SAA PA A
G
Ch-5-3-3-5-9-5- 5-3-5: 9-5-5- 3-3-5: B- 9-3-5. 5.5.5. 5-3-5: 5-5-9: 9- 5-9. 5-3-3: 9-5-9. 9- 9: 3-3-9. 3-3-3. 9-9-1) eo
*ecumanan Ae a I t$
e
Ff l 7 | | | | | | | | fe
Epica! Fishes 1)
large stock of Danio malabaricus and other species of Danio. (The most sprightly aquarium fishes) Haplochilus, Barbus, Mouth- breeders and many other beautiful fishes.
August Obermuller
Breeder and Fancier of Telescopes and Tropicals 96 Columbia Avenue, Jersey City Hiights, N. J.
visitors welcome at conservatory any Saturday / afternoon and on Sunday.
a fine,
6 rs Ps Ps Ps Fs Sg
6 Os et es
a 6 oS Ts Os Bs Fa 6 FS BF 6 Fo Bs Fe Ps PS srk
TROPICAL FISHES Write for Price List Oscar Leitholf, 281 Southern Avenue Pittsburgh, Pa.
i SO mmf Henry Kissel, Jr. | Breeder & Fancier of Broad-tail Telescopes | ) Good Type and Color } Tropical Fish Plants Snails | l Some beautiful Hybrids in which I specialize. ( / None shipped; sales at conservatory only. ! | 541 Walker Street, Cliffside, N. J. ! Telephone, 461, Cliffside.
ees. 9 6 8 6 SS 0 ss oe
The Englewood Fancy Goldfish Hee
Japanese Toy Breeds in a variety of colors. Sales at hatchery only—none shipped. Visitors welcome Saturday afternoon, Sunday and Holidays. Phone, Wentworth 1118.
ANTHONY A. MAINA, 6711 Parnell Avenue, Chicago, Ill.
a Tt Ps PS FR SP FE Ss YE
cs
A REAL FOOD
Imported from Germany 100 Per Cent. Nourishment
Same as I sold in bulk and boxes before the war. I am sole U. S. Agent now as then. Pound, $500; box 35c. Samples of both grains, 15c
Once Tried - Alvays Used!
Two Best Boots
Both for $2 Only
The “Practical Fish Fancier” and “Domesticated Fish”
Fish Photos, 120 for $3 60
Fish Post-cards. 60 Subjects. list. Sample 15c. Everything above sent post free
W. L. BRIND, F. Z. S.
Temporary Address: Care of F. S. Young
524 W. Marquette Road Chicago, Ill.
Write for
6 ss Fs Bs Bi 8 6 Ps Bs Bs Ps Bs Bs Bs a Ps Bs Ps Bs Ps Ps Ps Ps i Os es | ets a Ps Bh Bs Ps PS es PS Ps Ps Os PS PS Ps Ps Pe 6 PR Fs Ps PS Ps Pe Ps Ps Pe Ps he
sc eo a es
mm me me me me me mm me me se .
Something New!
Heated Closet for Aquariums!
An excellent arrangement in which to keep and breed tropical fishes through
winter and summer
Fishes
Aquariums
MAX NIEMAND
743 Eleventh Avenue, Long Island City New York
9 CPS 8 6 Bd OE 6
poms ss 8 6 ed
l l l | | ( Plants | ( / *
Teme mms
Padjor Excellent Conformation
Bahn Color Cannot Be Beat
how Their Quality in Finnage
j; ave Blues, Blacks and Calicos avery Fancier Should Look Them Over
Redlee Them at C. C. VOWINKEL Philadelphia, Pa
6 Fs Ss ss ¥
6 8 es Ph Pe OP Be Pe Og — P
] 5109 Catherine Street
| |
The Diatomaceae of Philadelphia and Vicinity By CHARLES S. BOYER, A, M,, F. R. M. S.
i l The most recent book of the diatoms, and one that is serviceable over a far greater 8 area than is indicated by the title. A fascinating subject properly treated. More than 700 illustrations, enlarged 800 diameters, from original drawings by the author, 8 adequately supplement the text. Methods of collecting, preparing, mounting and (] examining diatomaceous material are given. The work contains 143 pages, 9 by 12 inches, not including the full-page plates, with complete index. Price, bound in art vellum cloth, $5.00. &
The Book Department :; Aquatic Life
30050005000 900 C000 C000:
300 5000 200 = 200 =3000 =D 300 => 300 —=5D5300000 D999 CD 500 000 D000 D000 D000 GD000&
JULIUS RIEWE | BREEDER AND FANCIER OF TROPICAL FISHES | 3519 Costello Avenue, Chicago, Ill.
Fine stock of Danio malabaricus, D. alboline- atus, D. rerio, Barbus conchonius, B. semifas- ciolatus, B. ticto and many other kinds of tropical fishes. None shipped. Te‘ephone Bel- mont 5092.
ibe rk hol ee OND
For best results use Yogi Fishfood Thats what breeders say. Yogi 15c Box; by mail 17c
FEED DAILY
YOGI
FISH FOOD Manufactured only by ROBT. J. SCHAEFFER PRICE, 10c
Magic Infusoria 50c Postpaid
S. O. S. New Fishfood. The un- consumed food developing infu- soria. 35c; by mail 38c
Ask your dealer or send for them direct
| 50 esis}, JE ‘ford lshobernta le Schaehtetmss pce eee
For Sale
Lionhead Spawn. Also Young from the An aquarium manufacturing works, with fu'y qi IE 5 h equipped goldfish and supply outfit. Has been finest stock 1n the country operated successfully for eighteen years. No better or finer aquariums made. Must be sold
W at once to permit the owner to give entre
SIU ’ 1941 North Sth Street attention to other important business. Write
Philadelphia for full particulars.
Pioneer Aquarium Works. Racine, Wisconsin
“AQUARIA FISH’’ Sale or Exchange
A practical work on care and breeding of x / fish in the aquarium, greenhouse and out- Surplus Stock of Rare and Fancy Fish
door ponds. Finely illustrated. Plants of All Kinds Everyone interested in keeping fish should ? z send for a copy of this book. Price, $1.00. G. Germann, 0. D. 3823 N. Richmond St. Chicago
F. L. TAPPAN, Route 2, Hopkins, Minn Phone: Monticello 6864.
in tae cma Gk a
Tropical Fishes Food and Snails Piants
MEXICAN SWORDTAILS (Xiphophorus helleri), 6 males and 6 females. the dozen, $7.00; Ruby Moonfish (Platypoecilus rubra), 4 males and 8 females, the dozen, $7.00; Gambusia
holbrooki, per dozen, in pairs, $4.00; Paradise fish and Notropis metallicus, per dozen, $4.00; Danio rerio, per dozen, $8.00. (Shipping cans, 50c.)
Git, 50¢.; Hyacinths, 60¢.; Water Poppy, $1.00; Anacharis and Cabomba, 75e. per dozen bunches. Twelve kinds of aquarium plants, a fine assortment, $1.00.
water lilies, $1.25 each. (All plants sent postpaid.)
GROUND SHRIMP, the best dry fish food $1.10 per pound. Large Japanese snails, $2.00 per dozen; smaller, $1.00 per dozen.
PLANTS PER DOZEN: YVallisneria (wide leaf), 60c¢.; Vallisneria (narrow leaf, 30c.; Frog 8
| AFTER JUNE 1ST: Red, white and yellow water lilies, blooming plants, 75c. each; blue
CRESCENT FISH FARM, 1624 Mandeville Street, New Orleans, La, J
000 C500 000 C900 S000 GS 000SS5000SS5000C SS 0005000
Re ee nans tomes U EVERYTHING IS FISH THAT COMES ~ 9 TO THE NET OF A NATURALIST
Don’t paddle in. the water with one hand and be blind with both eyes. In other words, “keep your eves open’’. for all nature.
Our Magazine
Abe Guide to Mature
ae Will Help You
RK s he.
‘ It {s edited by EDWARD ¥. BIGELOW, who % fishes in the heavens and earth, as well as the iy _ waters under the earth.
Three. Months’ Trial 25¢ One Year, $r | * THE AGASSIZ ASSOCIATION
ry f ArcAdiA
Sam i Sound Beach con | +
; —<—— OOO
Red Helleri
‘Winner of first “prizes—silver cup and gold medat? A new fish for aquarists. The most attractive live-bearing fish. We now have them for sale.
_ ees ‘ fe :
A fine stock of Haplochilus cameronensis, H. rubrostigma, Hybrids—pulehras and AROS Jand.35 other species. of fishes. pes
| - §, SILVER
235 East I1th street, (Between 2d~and 3d avenues.)
New York city, N. Y.
:
eres
aE Te Ae
| August Special!
ere ane De 34864 Mercere”
United States Desaroticut of Commerce Bureau of Fisheries
‘Official Government Indorsement
CREATION,
Used without sheep manure aus box
‘The New Infusoria —
“E. Z. to Catch Net 50c Hybrids, the finest in Philadelphia, $4.00 $2.00.and $3.00 Pair
Tails guaranteed
Orange-tail Helleri
‘Dwarf Gouramies -Do not send stamps
DEDEDE D878 418 OL0 18 SPIE DETETE
3 FRANCIS K. CHRISTINE
518 BELGRADE STREET PHILADELPHIA
, Write to me for details of Philadelphia Annual So October 24, sd and 4th
mothe
| Society of Phila.; 250 pages, 195
- or the advanced expert.
fe es eae
Veiltail | TELESCOPES
Beautiful Niresdere
Prize Winning Stock $12.00 Per Pair
Franklin Barrett
401 to 417 East Wyoming Avenue Philadelphia
FISH, PLANTS, SNAILS, ETC yy bolesale and Retail
Peder CooTm>c000 cS
T HE BEST B O O K THE AQUARIUM § SUBJECTS
is ‘‘ Goldfish Varieties & Tropical / Aquarium Fishes’’,byWm.T.Innes, fi) former President of the Aquarium Mh Ui
illustrations. Tells all about the $ fancy varieties of the Goldfish and nearly 300 tropicals; how to breed them, etc., etc. For the beginner
A complete, practical, handsome book, sent postpaid anywhere for $4.00 Enlarged edition now ready.
INNES & SONS - 133 N. 12th St. - Phila., Pa.
‘JOSEPH J. HAEGELMEIER
-IMPORTER AND BREEDER FANCY GOLDFISH 1916 PROVENCHERE PLACE, ST. LOUIS, MO
Large Assortment of Fancy Fish at All Times Kinloch: Victor 2656 L
ee ee ee ee
|GOLDFISH
1,500,000 PLAIN & FANCY
8 Ready for market at rock-bottom prices.
Ship-
ped anywhere in United States or Canada. Write
for our illustrated catalogue.
Oriental Goldfish and Supply Co 3757 --3761 Cottage Grove Avenue Chicago, Illinois
O00 000 000 C—3 000000600
bes
~ Aquatic Lite
Vol. Iv
Vol. Il ot.
‘Volunies average 165 pages and as.
many. illustrations. Substantial - cloth
binding, with title page and complete index,
$2.50 Each: Postage — = Paid
JAPANESE GOLDFISH By DR. HUGH M. SMITH
A guide to the: methods of breeding fancy goldfish practiced in Japan. The result. of the personal investigations. Ten breeds are illus- trated in color, with = text _
of. the author.
cuts; 112 pages. ~ $2.75 Postage Paid
Address ‘Aquatic Life
COOOCO 006C=000000000000E0
Les
HERMAN RABENAU, Aquarist PERMANENT DISPLAY OF _ Aquatic Life & Terraria must be seen to be appreciated Visitors Welcome
Plants and Tropical Fish‘a Specialty
Importations. of New Varieties received ||:
regularly 1168 Myrtle Avenue, Brooklyn, Near Broadway,
N. ¥.
GOLDFISH, FOODS, PLANTS, DIP. NETS
Combination Natural Fish Food - Sample Box 10c Japanese Shrimp Fish Food - - Sample Can 15c Baby Fish Food Sample Box 15c Imported Dried Daphnia Sample Jar 35c
Mail Orders Promptly Attended to
Special Prices on Quantity Lots. Cash With Order.
Catalogue Sent Upon Request.
AQUARIUM STOCK CO 174 Chambers Street New York City
: and: Jap. Goldfish at Reasonable: Prices.
00OC— 0 COCoc S000
1210.N. Warnock sired, P Philadelphia, Pa § j
BREEDER AND oe Rare and Fancy Fish
Plants of very variety, Snails nd Aquarium Sapper. oF ne kinds at ae times.
MANUFACTURER OF :
Green River Fish F ood Wy 15c Box —- O:
Green River Baby Fish Food _.20¢ Box
A GOOD. FISH FOOD is one oe the See most essentiai — things - necessary to- keep fish in. good health. - After the test of years Green River stands out ~ “as the best food on the market. It. “keeps the fish in good color by pro= moting a healthy, robust growth. It ~ will not sour ot cloud the water. Ask _your dealer or send for it today. 5
ua
Young Veiltails All Colors $5.00. Dozen Up
Large assortment of Splendid Telescopes
ee Cans 50:cents =. <s=
HARRY P. PETERS 1210 NORTH WARNOCK STREET. § — PHILADELPHIA
Nippon Goldfish Co :
T. MURATA, Proprietor, _ 1919-21 Bush Street, San Francisco, Cal
Importers and Dealers
GOLDFISH PLANTS. SNAILS § Dried Shrimp, Birds, Cages and All 9. Supplies
NEW STOCKS ARE COMING? Price List Sent on Request -
Re CP 6 ON Os Fe GF od PS ON Oe Ite Po OP
, Ms
G Soe i
Wai
pak”
Vol. V Sept,'1920 No. 9 | a
: 5 me
An international monthly magazine devoted to the study, care and breeding of fishes and { sees
other animals and plants in the home aquarium and terrarium. | Mage
W. A. POYSER .........-. CARREY nee ACD SOS VONtnean Cae EDITOR ee ;
JOSEPH E. BAUSMAN .....-cecsecccssore i atiave Ne harocenet eis! elavareherepokeneke y atsire ee PUBLISHER : Bees
632 East Girard Avenue ....... VR Ne aria at Nis er EON ER AML IR Data cs Ran Serer gee Philadelphia _—- 2
c a
Entered as second-class matter, September 2d, 1915, at the Post Office, eager Pa., .
< under Act of March 3d, 1879. Z 3,
nn
Popular and scientific articles and notes on subjects pertaining to the Seiden saved i | “le
terrarium, and to the habits of fishes in general, are always wanted for “Aquatic Life.” BRN ay
Readers are invited to join in making it a medium of mutual help by contributing to it : i {
the results of their studies. The pages are always open to any one having information Ss
of interest to the aquarist and student of aquatic biology. Manuscripts, books for review } ; as
and general correspondence should be. addressed to the editor. f / : di
’ “Aquatic Life’ has the largest circulation of any magazine in the world devoted to aquatic ‘ ae
nature-study. It offers to advertisers a market that can be reached eanoue no other | i }
medium. Rates made known on application.
YEARLY SUBSCRIPTION ..........00c cece cece cece ete e se etees Pi AO SH Se $1.25 ;
WOREIGN SUBSCRIPTIONS ...cccsccccccerccrcrrssscevsceerees SOP ORR OE ae ce ONS 1.50 } ) i BINGLE ‘COB occ veces cowie censc ee cee REMC sete We tome sets ou btel Lichate oer ore evehal eeencracteee 15 - te i i Payments should be made by money order, draft or registered letter, If local checks are iad
sent, ten cents should be added for collection charges. Foreign remittances should be by 1 ‘
international money order. / Copyright, 1920, by Joseph E. Bausman. — j
| l | Directions for constructing concrete l { | | }
:
TEP: LOVERING | :
-. AQUARIST WILMINGTON, NORTH CAROLINA
Water Gardening
By BISSET
oa 60s ; ~
The best and most “readable” book on the care and propagation of aquatic plants in general. It gives in full de- tail all the practical information neces- sary to the selection, grouping and successful cultivation of aquatic and other plants required in the making of a water garden and its surroundings. Covers all conditions from that of the amateur with a few plants in tubs to the large estate or park.
_ Collector and Breeder of Tropical Fish Snakes ‘and Other Reptiles
New, Varieties Aquatic Plants Choice and Rare Shara Snakes and Reptiles
' Tropical Fishes
pools; propagation of hardy and tender lilies and other aquatics; best lilies for small pools and tubs; the aquatic plant greenhouse; various aquarium plants; enemies and diseases of aquatic plants; gold and other fishes for the water garden.
Profusely illustrated with 120 Half- tones, 17 diagrams and 2 double page plates. 199 pages, coated paper, orna- mented cloth binding—de luxe edition.
Price, $3.75 Postpaid
Fundulus nottii, $1.50 per pair. Elassoma evergladei, $1.75 per pair. Heterandria formosa, $1.00 per pair.
fs ! = l 1a 4 wits l M. chaetodon, 50c eacl te ’ | Ber tg l a
Small turtles, $1.25 per dozen. Newts, $1.00 per dozen. Wholesale to dealers.
Se ae
———
The Venus Flytrap (Dionaea muscipula) The plant that feeds on insects $1.00 Dozen
=
iat Sm
THE BOOK DEPARTMENT AQUATIC LIFE. Philadelphia
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North American Fishes | I. “The Yellow Grunt l l
RaW SHIUIEEEDT, Mi-D:, C. M. Z. S.
(Haemulon sciurus)
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|
The Yellow Grunt
: : : ! :
Grunters are contained in the family Haemulidae, and some seven or eight species of them occur in our South At- lantic waters. The form here to be not- ed is also known by the names Ronco Amarillo and Boar Grunt. Its generic name is derived from two Greek words signifying “bloody gums,” which refers to the bright red color of the mouth- parts, while its specific name, sciurus, has reference to the grunting noise the fish makes upon being captured, which sounds not a little like the grunting of a gray squirrel.
This species occurs in the South At- lantic, from the Florida Keys to Brazil. My cut of the fish is reproduced from a photograph direct from a specimen, and it shows the external parts so well that a
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Haemulon sciurus
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detailed description of them is obviated.
This grunt, in life, has been described by Doctor Jordan as being “‘deep brassy yellow, scarcely paler below or darker above; head and body with about 12 con- spicuous, slightly wavy, stripes of sky-blue, deepest on the snout, each with a very narrow edge of dusky olive, these stripes on the head curving
longitudinal
upward below the eye, the first stripe be- low the eye forking near the posterior margin of preopercle, and inclosing an oblong area of the ground color; iris gilt, a dark spot under the angle of preop- ercle; spinous dorsal edged and shaded with yellowish, its membrane mostly bluish; soft dorsal yellowish ; caudal yel- lowish, broadly dusky at base, the degree of this duskiness being variable; mouth
98 Aquatic Lite
deep orange within; pectorals pale yel- lowish; anals and ventrals deeper yellow- ish; the young have more yellow on the fins and less on the body, with traces of a dark caudal spot.”
Yellow grunts, many of which I have caught in the harbor of Key West, Flor- ida, as well as in the Bahamas, run about ten or eleven inches in length, and are readily taken with hook and line, baiting with conch. Specimens up to 18 or 20 inches have been caught, and the one here figured came from the New York Aquarium.
Tumor in a Brook Trout HAROLD L. BABCOCK, M. D.
About one year ago an adult brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis), weighing 234 pounds, which had been in the Marine Park Aquarium at Boston for three years, developed a tumor on the left side in the region of the lateral line two inches posterior to the opercle. It steadily increased in size and the fish was finally removed from the exhibition tank. While the growth seemed in no way to inconvenience the trout, its ap- pearance as an exhibition specimen was ruined, and it was decided to operate in the hope of determining the nature of the disease. With the assistance of the Aquarium Director, Mr. W. H. Chute, the fish was taken from the tank and held fast to a board by burlap drawn tightly across its body and tacked down above and below. A window was then cut in the burlap over the tumor. The board was held so that the fish’s head was The smooth, soft and fluctuating, about the
under water. growth was
size of an English walnut. Upon dis- section it was found to be a hydrocyle directly under the skin, filled with a thin fluid.
The fish was returned to the tank, but
straw-colored
died at the end of twelve hours. It
president, Mr. W. T. Webster.
seemed unable to maintain its normal position. This may have been due to a disturbance in the organ of equilibrium which is associated with the sense or- gans of the lateral line, and which may have been injured in operating, or to an injury to the swimming bladder during the struggle in preparing the fish for operation. Microscopic examination of the tissue by the State Biologist, Dr. D. L,. Belding, showed nothing of an infec- tious or malignant nature. It probably
originated as the result of an injury. —- —~<>——_—_
British Aquarium Society
The monthly meeting of the British Aquarium Society took place on Friday, September 10, at 7.30 P. M., at 4, Fetter- lane, when the chair was taken by the There was a large attendance, which was very remarkable, considering so many of the members are on holiday bent. There aquatic life, both plant and Mr. Webster showed two very fine specimens from his
were many specimens of animal.
famous collections of axolotl which ex- cited great admiration. Mr. Lawson, the secretary, had a fine plant of Poto- mergeton natans. Mr. Horn, the cura- tor of Bethnel Green Museum, also brought plants which were undoubtedly grown under favorable circumstances, and many other members had exhibits— namely, the cyclops, etc. The great fea- ture of the evening was a lecture by the chairman on the Mollusca, dealing prin- cipally with Planorbis corneus—its breeding and general habits, which was most interesting and instructive, and much appreciated. After the lecture there was a very animated discussion on a point that the chairman could not decide from observation, namely, has the P. corneus the power to make good any mis- fortune that may happen to the shell? The meeting closed with a hearty vote of thanks to the popular chairman.
Channa fasciata
WILLIAM T.
INNES
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Channa fasciata
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A single adult pair and a few young of Channa fasciata were recently ported from Southern Asia. During the early part of the late summer, my friend Locke, of San Francisco, made a pil- erimage to the Eastern States in search of rare tropicals, bringing to me the breeding pair. He thought them a new species of “‘snakehead” (Ophiocephalus) this opinion having been ventured by a prominent ichthyologist of California. The fish has, however, been since deter- mined unquestionably as Channa fasciata by Mr. Henry W. Fowler, of the Acad- emy of Natural Sciences of Philadel- phia. The original description, by an
1m-
Photo. by Author
a hs as Sn PS
early writer, is complete and convincing.
The snakeheads are provided with an accessory superbranchial cavity, and are able to breathe atmospheric air. All are inhabitants of fresh water. Of the two genera making up the family, the snake- heads proper are most numerous, about twenty-five species being known from Asia and three from Africa. Channa, which is distinguished by the absence of ventrals fins, boasts of but three species from Ceylon and China. The group seems to be more closely related to the climbing perches (Anabantidae) than to the more familiar labyrinth fishes of the family Osphromenidae, many of which
100
Aquatic Lite
have been bred and studied by the
aquarist.
My adult fish are about six inches in length. The back is a dark bottle green, ending in broad points on the sides, these being outlined clearly by conspicuous silver dots, which are also otherwise dis- tributed over the head, abdomen and fins. The body is long and flexible but not eel-like.
I have not been able to observe the de- position of eggs, but three times have discovered them floating free at the sur- face of the water. It would seem that they are deposited during the night. The eggs are larger than those of the gold- fish, but are more difficult to see on ac- count of their transparency. Each batch was made noticeable by the milky, infer- tile ones, which averaged rather high— fifty per cent. Incubation takes about four days at temperatures from 80 to 8s degrees, Fahrenheit. The larvae ap- pear as minute, helpless, black tadpoles for several days. For the first two weeks they were given Daphnia, and then plac- ed on a diet of scrambled eggs, which has been the principal food of all my fishes and reptiles this year. The young grew rapidly and at the end of four months had attained a length of about three inches. If kept in small aquaria and not fed heavily I believe they can be matured at this size.
For food for the adults I was advised to use live fish, but this was quite an un- dertaking, so I decided to first try earth- These they took greedily. I soon discovered they would relish any
wornis.
animal food or prepared foods in which there was a flavoring of animal matter. Their mouths are capacious and they like large chunks.
While rearing the young many disap- peared, and I was led to suspect cannibal- ism, but I later found their dried remains
on the floor, which was tangible proof that they had been leaping out of the shallow tray. While I do not consider them at all quarrelsome or vicious, I do not doubt they would swallow a mich smaller fish 1f afforded tbe opportunity. With one lot I raised young goldfish which were not molested. The aduits pry no attention to eggs and fry.
(The photograph of Channa fasciata, showing an adult and a youngster, which appears on the preceding page, was taken by Mr. Innes for the forticeming edition of his “Goldfish Varieties and ‘Tropical Aquarium Fishes.” This ‘s the first pho- tograph of the species, which has appar- ently not been figured since if was first described.——Ed. )
Christian J. Heede
Too late for mention in the August number came the sad news that our old friend and contributor, Christian Julius Heede, of Brooklyn, had passed away after a long and useful life. Mr. Heede was well known through his frequent contributions to aquarian literature, hav- ing had many papers published in The Aquarium Magazine, The Aquarium Bulletin and in Aquatic Life. His inter- est in biology began many years ago, per- haps almost half a century, while still in Denmark, the land of his birth, and his studies were pursued with added vigor when he became a resident of the United States. He combined the characteristics of the naturalist with those of the fancier, and his original research work coupled with an extensive first-hand knowledge of the literature of the sub- ject in several languages, placed him in the front rank among aquarists. He will be remembered as a lovable and generous man, ever ready to share his great store and fishes and plants—
of knowledge with his friends.
Notes on Hybrid Sunfishes
| CARL L. HUBBS l Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan
|
me a eee eee ee ~—%
The hybridization of fishes in nature is a subject of interest to aquarists, as well as to systematic ichthyologists and geneticists. It has even been suggested that hybridization plays a part in that complex process known as “the origin of species,” but there has been too much suggesting, and too little actual study, in such discussions. Definite knowledge is yet too meager, in the case of fishes at least, to permit of a discussion of the general aspects of natural hybridization. First, we should determine the fre- quency, indeed the very existence, of hy- bridization in nature between fish species.
David Starr Jordan has stated that al- though thousands of American salmon and trout had passed under his examina- t'on, he has never yet seen an individual which he had the slightest reason to re- gard as a “hybrid:” “It is certainly il- logical to conclude that every specimen which does not correspond to our closet- formed definition of its species must therefore be a ‘hybrid’ with some other. There is no evidence worth mentioning, known to me, of extensive hybridization in a state of nature in any group of fishes. This matter is much in need of further study.” Granting the wisdom and critical value of these remarks, it must be observed that they require some modi- fication. In Europe, a number of hy- brids between distinct species, and in some cases between distinct genera, of the carp family (Cyprinidae), have not only been recorded but also described and studied, and occasionally found not
rare locally. ‘Trout variously interme- diate between supposed species, and sim- ilar to hybrids produced in the hatcher- ies, have been taken in the streains of both Europe and America.
fishes
Poeciliod obtained in Central America, which resemble hybrids readily produced in aquaria between the genera Platypoecilus and Xiphophorus. ‘To mention but one other case, sunfishes in- termediate between the warmouth bass (Chaenobryttus gulosus) species of Lepomis, occurring in the Po- tomac basin, have lately been interpreted as hybrids (by Radcliffe and by Mc- Atee and Weed).
the
have been
and _ several
Among hundreds of sunfishes (Centrarchidae) readily referrible to the ten very distinct and abundant species of the region, which the writer has col- lected in waters tributary to Lake Michi- gan and Lake Erie, there were obtained nine individuals which cannot be refer- red to any known species. Six of these were seized in the lagoon of Jackson Park, in the city of Chicago, in which body of water the following species of typical sunfishes (the genus Lepomis), in addition to the warmouth bass (Chaeno- bryttus gulosus), occur and breed (as the present writer has observed in the number of Aquatic Life for July, 1919) ; the blue-gill (ZL. imcisor), the most abun- dant species; the pumpkin-seed (LL. gib- bosus), abundant, but less so than the blue-gill, and the blue-green sunfish (L. cyanellus), not rare, but probably never abundant.
102
Aquatic Lite
Five of the six of these strange sun- fishes possessed characteristics either of the warmouth or of the blue-gill, or in- termediate between those of these two very distinct species. Detailed compar- isons follow:
In all five specimens the jaws were shorter than in the warmouth, yet longer than in the blue-gill; the lower jaw pro- jected, as in the warmouth, but the teeth on the tongue, as in the blue-gill, were lacking. The black opercular flap, or “ear,” was not as stiff and bony as in the warmouth, yet possessed more or less definitely the bluish and reddish margin characteristic of that species. In all, the cheeks were marked with dark mottlings, absent in the blue-gill, but even more dis- tinctly developed in the warmouth. Wine lower margin of the head was marked, either faintly, or definitely, with the broad blue band diagnostic of the bue- gill. The colors of the body varied greatly, both between individuals and in the same individual (observed in an aquarium) ; in all the rich colors of the warmouth were variously developed, but the dark vertical bars in most of the specimens were more like those of the blue-gill ; the lower sides in proper lights, showed more or less distinctly the silvery-purple sheen of the blue-gill. The single large dark blotch always present on the soft dorsal fin of the blue-gill, was replaced by a variable number of spots, usually fewer, however, than in the warmouth. The iris of the eye in some was entirely brown, as in the blue- gill, but in others was marked with red as in the warmouth. These five sun- fishes appeared to be hybrids between Chaenobryttus gulosus and Lepomis in- C1ISOY.
The sixth unidentifiable sunfish seined in the Chicago park lagoon mentioned above, similarly combined characters of
two of the other resident species, the blue-green sunfish (Lepomis cyanellus) and the pumpkin-seed (Lepomis gib- bosus).
The mouth, as in the other hybrids de- scribed above, was intermediate in size between those of the supposed parent- species, and also intermediate in obli- quity ; the lower jaw projected as in the blue-green sunfish, but the maxillary lacked the supplementary bone developed in that species; the opercular spot was colored as in cyanellus, but the cheeks were mottled with olive-green and bright bue as in gibbosus; the gill-rakers and the pharyngeal bone and its teeth, were intermediate. ‘The body was beautifully marked with vertical mottlings of olive- green and bright blue. The dorsal fin was intermediate in color, but the pelvic (ventral) fins were margined with white, and the anal fin bordered with orange-vermillion, as in brightly colored examples of the blue-green sunfishes. Should this apparent hybrid have inher- ited the docile habits of the blue-green sunfish rather than the fighting spirit of the pumpkin-seed, it would have been
Was
attractive as an aquarium fish.
The three other supposedly hybrid sunfishes collected by the writer were seined singly last summer in the Huron River of Southern Michigan, in each case in company with both of the appar- ent parent-species—the blue-gill (Lepo- mis incisor) and the pumpkin-seed (Le- pomis gibbosus). Fach of the three dif- fered more notably from each of the other two than would be expected if they distinct species. In all characters each was either intermediate
represented a
between, or like either one or the other of the parent-species. How varied and ir- regular this resemblance was, further- more, may be seen from the following
detailed comparison (in which the speci-
Aquatic Life
103
mens are for brevity termed A, B and Gy,
In all three specimens the pharyngeal bones (which form an accessory jaw in the throat behind the gills), were wider than in incisor, and many of the pharyn- geal teeth were molars rather than ca- nines, yet neither the bone nor the teeth it bears were nearly as havy as in gib- The gill-rakers in all were like- wise intermediate. The structure and colo1ation of the opercular flap in speci- men A was intermediate, but more like that of mcisor; in B also intermediate, yet not so unlike that of gibbosus,; in C, indistinguishable from that of gibbosus. In none of the specimens was the blue margin of the gill-covers (a character of mcisor) distinctly developed; the blue cheek markings of gibbosus were evident in A, barely apparent in B, fully devel- oped in C, in all the bronzy blotches on the cheeks (another gibbosus character) were developed; in none, except faintly in A, were the streaks of color behind the mouth, and in line with it (a feature of imcisor), developed. In the outlines and form of the head and body all were variously intermediate. Specimens A and B possessed, while C lacked, the biue metallic luster of incisor; all had the cof- fee-colored flecks on the body and the numerous dark spots on the vertical fins, both of which are features of gibbosus, never evident in incisor. It seems legiti- mate to regard these three individuals as hybrids between Lepomis incisor and Lepomis gibbosus.
Of the three presumed type of hybrid sunfishes here discussed, namely Chaen- obryttus gulosus « Lepomis incisor; Le- ponus cyanellus x Lepomis gibbosus, and Lepomis incisor and Lepomis gibbosus, it should be noted with emphasis, that for each of the three pairs of supposed parent-species the breeding seasons, the
bosus.
breeding habits and the breeding areas actually overlap. Furthermore, the writ- er has observed a male pumpkin-seed (J. gibbosus) and a female blue-gill (L. in- C1SOr ) characteristic gyrating spawning movements, over a nest at the very edge of the Jackson Park lagoon in Chicago.
engaged in their
Significantly, also, the largest specimen (here called Cy of the presumed hybrids between these two species secured in Michigan, was a male taken in the breeding season of both parent species; yet the tests were not enlarged, and the characters were those of the females or immature, rather than of the males of each species.
In conclusion we must not overlook (as others have done), the fact that spec- imens similar to the supposed hybrids described above have long been known, yet referred to as distinct species. It is certainly probable, however, in some cases indeed almost certain, that some or all of these specimens are also hybrids, and that consequently the so-called spe- cies based on them should no longer re- tain a place in the system. The nominal species referred to are murinus, ischyrus, phenax; possibly macrochirus, albulus and gilli, and almost certainly Lepomis euryorus. ‘Two specimens typical of the last named “species,”’ which has been recorded as such, on the basis of a few individuals in each case, from Michigan, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois and Minnesota, are found on careful examin- ation to be intermediate between Lepo- mis cyanellus and L. gibbosus in all characters of form; structure and posi- tion of mouth; pharyngeal arch and teeth, and at least in some of the color characters; they can scarcely be other
Michigan
than hybrids. nen
If a man’s in debt it proves that he once had credit.
Aquatic Lite
104
| |
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Experiments on the Axolotl
Leney:
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Experiments on the Axolotl | DMESLENE VE 20st
| Laboratory of Comparative Anatomy, Oxford University as
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The axolotl seems to attract attention in Aquatic Life from time to time, sc perhaps a few notes on it may not come amiss.
It has been known for some time that the axolotl or larval form of Ambly- stoma tigrinum will give up its aquatic life and take to a terrestrial one when forced to breathe atmospheric air. This external stimulus brings about complete absorption of the feathery gills, and also of the fin along the back and tail, while the head becomes rounded and the eyes more prominent. Figure 1 will give an idea of the halfway stage, with gills partly absorbed and the dorsal fin begin- ning to be absorbed. In nature this metamorphosis is brought about by the gradual drying up of the pools where the axolotl live, while in captivity the slow evaporation of the water in which the larvae are, will usually have the same ef- fect (see Proc. Zool. Soc., 1913—2, p. 403).
Goodenach fed young frog tadpoles on the thyroid gland of the ox and found that they turned into frogs in an excep- tionally short time. Feeding with potas- sium iodide mixed with flour did this as well. And keeping them in a weak so- lution of iodine crystals had the same ef- fect. Does this answer with axolotl?
Last winter, at the Laboratory of Com- parative Anatomy, of Oxford Univer- sity, a pair of mature black axolotl were fed twice a week, for seven weeks, on pieces of ox thyroid. At the end of this time both had left the water and had
tiie?
~ oP 6 Os es
attained the perfect known as
Amblystoma tigrinum.
stage
Figure 2 is of the male shortly after coming onto dry land. The chief interest is that the axo- lot! were sexually mature, hence the thy- roid must have supplied the necessary stimulant for the metamorphosis to take place.
Kendall has found that the thyroid gland stores and secretes iodine, in some form or other, into the blood, so that it may be presumed that iodine is one of the stimulating agents at work to bring about metamorphosis. Accordingly a young axolotl was put in a weak solu- tion of iodine crystals. A visible reduc- tion of the gills and tail fin took place, but unfortunately the patient died soon after Figure 3 was taken, where the very reduced gills can be seen.
Similarly the young of Salamandra maculosa, the spotted salamander, have been on thyroid gland and have meta- morphosed in an abnormally short time, but the iodine treatment appears to have little or no effect on them, whereas when small larvae of Triton vulgaris, the smooth newt, are kept in weak solutions of iodine, they rapidly metamorphose.
Quite recently, in May, a white adult axolotl, in a large aquarium, was observ- ed to become covered with pink spots on either side of its body; a disease of some kind. After this it was noticed to be generally near the top of the water. Three weeks later it was found to have lost most of the filaments on its gills and to be respiring with its lungs almost en-
106
Aquatic Lite
tirely. When placed in water shallow enough to enable it to keep its head in the air, if desired, and to which a little sea salt had been added to cure the dis- ease 1f possible, the gills continued to be absorbed and the creature became cured of the disease. At the time of writing, August, the axolotl is just about to leave the water as a perfect amblystome. This probably means that the disease in some
if one of these might not come onto land creature hitherto unknown to
Scarceness of living material in England makes this almost impossible, but in the native countries of these crea- tures it should not be difficult. It may be possible ; who knows until he tries?
pies one
The judge was evidently getting a bit
fed up with the jury, and at last he
AS 2 science.
Some Tip-top Broadtail Telescopes Bred in 1920
Photograph by Harry W. Balleisen
way caused metamorphosis, and not the brackish water, which has no such effect on a normal individual.
These experiments show the import- ance of the thyroid gland and its secre- tions and the need of ascertaining the principles on which it acts. It would be
very interesting and useful if anyone would experiment on permanently aquat- ic salamanders, such as Amphiuma, Nec-
turus, Proteus, Siren and others, to see
announced :
“T discharge this jury!”
A tall, lean member of the twelve then rose.
“Say, judge, you can’t discharge me.”
“Can't discharge you? Why not?” thundered the judge.
“Waal,” replied the juryman, pointing to the counsel for the defense, “I was hired by that guy over there!’—Jack
Canuck.
Ayuatic Life
South Australian Society At a meeting of the South Australian Aquarium Society held on Tuesday, Au- gust 3, 1920, Mr. W. J. Kimber delivered an address on “Fresh-water Mollusca.” The lecturer remarked that the fresh- water mollusca fauna of Australia is poor; in the United States of America 200 species of Unio have been named,
whilst in all Australia there are but
ae
me SON
y/ WW DO SN To
107
wide distribution of some species being
thus accounted for. ‘The development
dealt Mr. Kimber spoke of the usefulness of mol-
of the shell was with and Our small fresh-water limpet has about 4400 teeth placed in 200 rows and with these teeth the exces- sive growth of algae is rasped off the glass. Although water snails are gen- erally herbivorous they relish flesh and
luses 1n aquaria.
OSTRIGH WRIGGLER === EXHIBITED @Y === MR.O.SHUCKS, == CF SHARON HILL.
MISS LOTTA LUCKS LONG BILLED, = “STORKIE,
CAMDEN AWN.AJ.
NE UN »s ‘Poad IANY WAS ae Sas SOO = YRS SA ey ee : ) SX DOS
~ MRS: GARDEN TRUCKS = FAMOUS PRIZE 7 ROLL AROUND,
= “RADISH”
KENSINGTON , PHILA, —
Mek. 1.8. BLOWED'S WORLD RENOWNED
3 AERO-SPARKLER. ERDENHEIM, PENNA.
=<
PRICKLY FOLNADOT PLUNGER. EXHIBITED. BY
MR. G. WHILLIKER.
RICHARDS
A Newspaper Cartoonist’s Impressions of the Philadelphia Exhibition
three. He mentioned the extraordinary number of eggs deposited at one time by some species of Mollusca. The fresh- water mussel lays about 200,000 eggs, but this is not large as compared with the millions laid by the oyster. Mol- lusca’s eggs form the principal food of some fishes and of the great quantity deposited comparatively few survive. The larvae have interesting habits, some even attaching themselves to fishes, being thus transferred for long distances. Au- thentic records have been made of the transportation of small bivalves on the legs of birds and of water-beetles, the
the larger species have been known to feed upon their brethren and even to de- The bivalves feed by continuously filtering the water and re- taining the nutrient matter.
Many parasites of higher forms of life utilize molluscs as intermediate hosts. ‘Thus some parasites of sea-birds live in the branchial cavities of sea-snails in the first stages of development, and the live fluke, which has caused the death of over three million sheep in the Commonwealth, uses a water-snail as its first host. The dreaded disease Bilhart- sia is similarly propagated——Herbert M. Hale, Honorary Secretary.
vour small fishes.
108
Aquatic Lite
The Axolotl Again
No apology is needed in referring again and again to this salamander. The results of investigations have a distinct and valuable relation to possibilities from fishes to the human subject.
I have lately been engaged in inquiring into the feeding of this creature in order to ascertain the effect of certain natural foods upon its growth. It occurred to me that I might do a little glandular feeding in my own way without recourse to either extracted glands or glandular preparations. My idea was to try and find the quickest growing larvae—that is, something which completes its metamor- phosis in a very short time, and in con- sequence likely to possess glandular mat- ter either in abundance or the best form.
I made use of the larvae of one of our midges—species not determined, and by feeding the young axolotl with the best developed larvae which they were able to negotiate, I have produced axolot! this year exceeding in size for age anything I have previously been able to turn out.
I am not an entomologist, consequent- ly am not able to suggest any particular species. ‘This is where the entomologist comes in with his valuable assistance— someone who has made a special study of the subject. The relation between the entomologist and medical science 1s much closer than is usually credited.
I remember when the medical faculty first suspected, or more than suspected, the mosquito to be responsible for the spread of yellow fever, they, the doctors, felt that it was improbable that all the numerous species of mosquitos were to be blamed ; if so, the efforts to check the spread of the fever might be much easier; they wanted to know how many kinds of mosquitos were known and their habits. ‘The entomologists supplied this information at once —W. 7. Webster, in The Fishing Gazette.
“That one looks old enough to be a grandfather,” said a woman Saturday at the pet fish exhibition in Horticultural Hall, Fairmount Park, Philadelphia. “Ts Ine e-
) Dhatis2a roe fish: madam; ssardaa committeeman.
“T mean the biggest one, there, that one with the long whiskers,” continued the woman.
“That is a roe fish, madam,” repeated the committeeman.
“T am not asking you what sort of a fish it 1s, but whether it is not old enough to be a grandfather? It certainly is big enough.”
“Tt is big enough, madam, but it is a roe fish,” answered the committeeman.
“Well, can’t a row fish be a grand- father, as well as any other kind?” quer- ied the woman, a touch of irritation noticeable in her voice.
“No, madam, a roe fish cannot be a grandfather,” once more said the com- mitteeman.
“Well, I never had an aquarium,” said the woman, “but I can’t see why the ‘kind’ it is has anything to do with its becoming a grandfather,” that in a tone between disgust and despair.
iwi, mance, wou will meyer ine 2 grandfather, no matter how long you live,” said the commutteeman.
“IN@, Sine, IL not,” retorted woman indignantly, “but I am a lady.”
“So also is the fish,” asserted the com- mitteeman politely, but firmly.
“Well, why on earth didn’t you say so in the first place.”—Public Ledger.
sls on
The greatest profit is where the profits are reinvested in a business—it becomes
compound profit. —
The pen may be mightier than the sword, but truth doesn’t always lie at the bottom of the inkwell.
shall the
Aquatic Life, 1920
Apri. Mastacembelus pancalus (J/acMor- ris); A New Treatment to Eliminate Ichthy- ophthirius (Hauthaway) ; Observations on the Chelonians of North America, Part IX (Shu- feldt) ; Notes on Haplochilus lineatus (Saz- yer); The Artificial Production of Albinism (Waite); A Metal Net for Larval Fishes (Balleisen); The “Balanced Aquarium—A Question and an Experiment (Powers) ; Venus’s Fly Trap, Notes and News.
May. Aquarium Microscopy (France); A “Tin Can’ Aquarium (Balleisen) ; Observa- tions on the Chelonians of North America, Part X (Shufeldt); The Stud Fishes (Saw- yer); The Guide Book to The New York Aquarium (Shufeldt); May Pointers, The Microscopical Society, Notes and News.
June. Macrones vittatus (MacMorris) ; An Interesting Abnormality (Tasche); Blue- spotted Sunfish (Sawyer); Breeding Vivipa- rous Poeciliids (Balleisen) ; Bufo halophilus (Ruthling); The Diatomaceae (Wheeler) ; Appropriate Names (Mellen); Boyer’s “The
Diatomaceae of Philadelphia’ and_ society news. Jury. Ona Deformed Specimen of Muhlen-
ere’s Turtle (Shufeldt) ; Phalloptychus janu- arius (Myers); Notes on Fundulus luciae (Crawford) ; Haplochilus panchax (Brinda) ; The Red Rivulus (Myers); The Ideal Fish Food (Heidelberger) ; An Automatic Feeding Device for Aquaria (Breder) ; Electric Fishes, notes and news.
(Brind); The The Red-bellied
Aucus?. Fitzrovia lineata leafy Sea-dragon (Hale) ; Newt (Balleisen); Melanotaenia nigrans (Finckh); Fundulus diaphanus (Myers) ; Aquarian Diatoms (Boyer) ; Aquarists Colt‘ect- ing Daphnia in Philadelphia, Result of Feeding Trout on Dried Flies, The Economy of the Fresh-water Aquarium, etc.
DIATOMS
Wish to exchange selected and strewn slides of diatoms for similar preparations or slides of any kind. Can use human pathological and histological mounts.
Address Editor, Aquatic Life
Nem mm es a e
Want to Buy
Everything in My Line
Fancy Goldfish, aquariums, fancy Shells, aquarium oranments, etc Send list with prices to
The U.S. Bird Store
Burlington
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Things You Need
Stil-B-Nu Fishfood (coarse or fine).....20¢. Box Stil-B-Nu Pr-fk Wishfood..............25¢. Box Stil-B-Nu Shrimp (coarse or fine) - 25 30% SURLcddedma Snipe eee eee ee eee One Stil-B-Nu Infusoria Culture ............/ 0e Box Stil-B-Nu Remedy for Sick Fishes......25¢ Box Siu-B-Nur Aquarium! Saltsi.e..sses2ee. 25¢ Box SIE BNWenecdin eR INS eyelet eit inne 15¢ Stil-B-Nu Net (small or
i N ( IAT LC) ic as eter j Stil-B-Nu Aquarium Seraper f
Kasy Ready Aquarium Thermometer ,
RocketeMarnitying (Glasses. se eease nee ee Ried SHOEI WOME Gogo noncaobensonececcon dA Tange SM cCroscope jy cam shkence parc Soc §22.50 Aquarium Cement ...................p90¢ nound AEN (CHINE “so 5o5ccqncneasonson a ile up Stil-B-Nu Aquarium Stand ...............$10.00 12-gallon Aluminum Frame Aquariums....$11.50
THOUGHT OF CHRISTMAS YET? One of the prettiest presents you can make
yourself or aquarist friends is one of our hand- some gold Scarf Pins, Watch Fob or Brooche. Don’t let your order go too long, as the demand is large for these truly wonderful pins. Made of solid gold. They are all quality.
Co.
1919, Stil-B-Nu
Scalare (scarf pin or brooche)
Copyright, Supply
(scarf pin or brooche) Telescope (reconstructed ruby
Melescopemn Goi1am ondeseye)ine metre $9.75 Silk Fob Gold Attachment for above $2.50 extra.
Lion-head
JAPANESE NOVELTIES.
JED MMCENES, IBN Cocoon beouddeanoscccoss 60¢ JapeCastlesmincenses burnenssneeci eee eee 8d5e¢ Jape incense, AUEN Say cswtrtrstyer rence ees See ee De ImCensemybowderws lypirkeiciie cree eee DOG
Japanese Hand-painted Scene, nicely framed .$1.50
FISH, PLANTS, SNAILS. Japanese Snails) ......2..0-..--.+-s-+--20@ each Ieol INA Isigan Swebilsesoouoqsogcscanace 25¢ each
If your dealer does not carry the Stil-B-Nu Line. send to us direct. We give your order prompt attention or refund your money promptly.
with the
All our goods are Postpaid,
exception of fish.
STIL-B-NU SUPPLY CO 427 E. Girard Avenue, Philadelphia
shipped
4:
FISH SICK?
Try Stil-B-Nu Fish Remedy for congestion, tail- rot, fungus or the white spots on all kinds of fishes. We have some excellent recommendations for this remedy. 25¢c Box
PR-FK FISH FOOD
We cannot speak too highly of this food. 3uy a box today and sprinkle a little on the surface of your aquarium (it floats) and see how your fishes go for it. You know your fishes (especially tropicals) like to feed from the surface. 25c¢ box, postpaid.
Stil-B-Nu Supply Co 427 E. Girard Avenue, Rhiladelphia
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FRESH WATER BIOLOGY
By HENRY B. WARD AND GEORGE C. WHIPPLE
WITH THE COLLABORATION OF 25 DISTINGUISHED SPECIALISTS
All interested in aquatic biology will find here answers to their queries on methods of study, conditions of existence, types of life, and inter-relations of the organisms that inhabit our fresh-water bodies,
together with data on their life histories, habits and range.
This work is the first complete and accurate record of North Amer- ican aquatic life, especially the micro-organisms; among both plants and animals excluding the vertebrates, higher plants and bacteria, every form is described that has been reported from a fresh-water body on this continent.
A comprehensive general discussion of each group precedes the description of individual forms, which are arranged under a key to permit of rapid and accurate determination of the genera and species. Nearly every form is illustrated, and its diagnostic features are pointed
out. Biological data on its habits, frequence and distribution are also given.
Fresh-Water Biology is a big book of 1111 pages, with 1547 illus- trations. Price, $7.50 Postage Paid
AQUATIC LIFE, 632 E. Girard Avenue, Philadelphia, Pa
f
ss
Live Food is Nature’s Food Give your fishes white worms, which can be raised indoors throughout the year. Generous portion, 60 cents, with full instruc- tions for propagation. (Successor to C. E. Jenne.) W. J. WRIGHT
Bergen Avenue and Mercer Street,
Jersey City, N. J.
Mesogonisteus chaetodon—The Black-banded Sunfish. $6 and $12 per dozen. If you mean business, send check with order GEORGE W. PRICE 2145 South Lee Street, Philadelphia
000 —=- 388. CS 300 SS <3 D000 sao
| | | | | | | ay
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The Microscopy of Drinking Water By GEORGE CHANDLER WHIPPLE
The third edition, rewritten and en- larged, contains 409 pages, with 74 figures, 6 full-page plates in the text, and 19 plates giving 235 illustrations of organisms in color. Price, post- paid, $4.50.
The Book Department :: Aquatic Life
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Plant Names
and their meanings are explained and the haunts, habits and other interesting
O
features of the wild flowers are dis-
cussed in
The American Botanist Joliet, Illinois
Quarterly, $1.50 a year; sample, 25
cents. Your subscription is invited.
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A Fine Healthy Lot of Young
Cichlasoma nigrofasciatus If You Want Them I Have Them
OTHER TROPICALS Broad-tail Telescopes
When In Philadelphia Look Them Over
L. W. REHBEIN 2115 HUNTING PARK AVENUE PHILADELPHIA
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Tropical Fishes !
i a fine, large stock of Danio malabaricus and other species of Danio. aquarium fishes) Haplochilus, Barbus,
breeders and many other beautiful fishes.
(The most sprightly Mouth-
August Obermuller
Breeder and Fancier of Telescopes and Tropicals 96 Columbia Avenue, Jersey City Heights, N. J.
visitors welcome at conseryatory any Saturday afternoon and on Sunday. /
6 6 Fs Pa OS Fs Os Ss
om me eS
WROPICAL FISHES Write for Price List Oscar Leitholf, 281 Southern Avenue Pittsburgh, Pa.
Or | ( | |! ( |!
Henry Kissel, Jr.
Breeder & Fancier of Broad-tail Telescopes Good Type and Color
Plants
Some beautiful Hybrids in which I specialize.
None shipped; sales at conservatory only.
Tropical Fish Snails
241 Walker Street, Cliffside, N. J.
Telephone, 461, Cliffside.
a Pa 6 FR 6 BS a Be 6 PR 6 BF 8 oy
* a mo es Ce
The Englewood Fancy Goldfish Hatchery Japanese Toy Breeds in a variety of colors. Sales at hatchery only—none shipped. Visitors welcome Saturday afternoon, Sunday and Holidays. Phone, Wentworth 1118.
ANTHONY A. MAINA, 6711 Parnell Avenue, Chicago, III.
i | | | wa
Something New!
Heated Closet for Aquariums!
An excellent arrangement in which to keep and breed tropical fishes through
winter and summer
Plants Fishes
Aquariums
MAX NIEMAND
743 Eleventh Avenue, Long Island City New York
SR EE Sd Fs Fs BF P< PR BR a OS Bs BS I Bd
| ( | | |
tr tif $
| QUALITY and Value
l You are entitled to both and you get both in all I offer.
Welke’s Fish Food
is acknowledged to be the best in the world. If you care for your fishes, try it, and use it hereafter.
cents; dozen, $2.50.
Large box, 35
Two Best Books, $2.00
“The Practical Fish Fancier” and “Do- mesticated Fish.” They cover the field. Pay no more!
Wonderful Fish Photos
Hand-colored or plain. ticulars.
W. L. BRIND, F. Z. S.
The Biltmore, 1504 East 53d Street,
Ask for par-
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Chicago, Illinois.
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Will Exchange Black-banded sunfish (Mesogonisteus chaeto- don) for Betta, H. cameronensis, T. lalius and Mouthbreeder.
A. PAROBEK City Hall, Trenton, N.
—
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Fanciers Attention! Mack’s Superior Fish Food
is the best food for tropicals and gold- fish. If not, we are ready to refund your money. Send 28 cents for a trial can, an ounce, postpaid. Price in bulk on request.
Mack’s Superior FisH Foop is better than any imported or domestic food and is furnished in three sizes: No. 1, for fry or live-bearing and spawning fishes; No. 2, for Cuppies, Danio, etc.; No. 3, for paradise fish and goldfish in general.
We also manufacture a specially pre- pared Turtieé Foon at 25 cents per box. Dealers supplied.
The Peptoast Company 415 East 148th St., New York City.
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The Diatomaceae of Philadelphia and Vicinity By CHARLES S. BOYER, A. M., F. R. M. S.
The most recent book of the diatoms, and one that is serviceable over a far greater area than is indicated by the title. A fascinating subject properly treated. More than 700 illustrations, enlarged 800 diameters, from original drawings by the author, adequately supplement the text. Methods of collecting, preparing, mounting and examining diatomaceous material are given. The work contains 143 pages, 9 by 12 inches, not including the full-page plates, with complete index. Price, bound in art vellum cloth, $5.00.
The Book Department :; Aquatic Life
COO C000 —D000000 C000 TS000
0000005000 E3000 HK 3000 E5000 3000 K3000000 F999 45093099 TS000 C0005 0003000,
%.000C 000 > 000000 000000
S, O. S. a new food for Gold- fish and Tropicals. The un- consumed food developing into infusoria.
JULIUS RIEWE BREEDER AND FANCIER OF TROPICAL FISHES | 3519 Costello Avenue, Chicago, Ill.
Fine stock of Danio malabaricus, D. alboline- atus, D. rerio, Barbus conchonius, B. semifas- ciolatus, B. ticto and many other kinds of tropical fishes. None shipped. Telephone Bel- Circular on above products
| mont 5092. | Robert J. Schaeffer :: 72) Montour ptrect ia New Aquarium Fish
Channa fasciata, from Southern Asia. Same 7 : ‘
3 a SRG : 5 1 An aquarium manufacturing works, with fully general shape as “snakehead,” but handsomety | equipped goldfish and supply outfit. Has been marked with blotches of green, thickly dotted operated successfully for eighteen years. No =9 or 7 F | better or finer aquariums made. Must be sold with sily Sis Wiens; unusual. Young ones, | at once to permit the owner to give entire about 2 inches, 4 for $10. attention to other important business. Write
WM. T. INNES, 1824 N. Park Avenue, Philadelphia, Pa ee ae a
Tropicale Sprinkle on surface ith Pepper Shaker as thin
possible, wll float indefinitely. The eeetumed food developing infusoria
S. O. S.
S, O. S. 35c box; by mail 38c re user) oe postpaid FISH FOOD ogi Fishfood 15c; by mail 17c MANUFACTURED BY Yogi by lb 75c; ad postage ROBERT J. SCHAEFFER Yogi 101b lots 65c; ad postage PHILA, PA.
For Sale
Pioneer Aquarium Works. Racine, Wisconsin
“AQUARIA FISH” Sale or Exchange
A practical work on care and breeding of s fish in the aquarium, greenhouse and out- Surplus Stock of Rare and Fancy Fish
door ponds. Finely illustrated. Plants of All Kinds Ixveryone interested in keeping fish should
send for a copy of this book. Price, $1.00. G. Germann, 0. D. 3823 N. Richmond St. Chicago F. L. TAPPAN, Route 2, Hopkins, Minn | Phone: Monticello 6864.
Per ane an
Mollienisia latipinna
Mollienisia latipinna—Large size (tank raised), $4.00 per dozen. Cans, 50 cents. Jap Snails, $1.00 and $2.00 per dozen.
PLANTS—Yallisneria (narrow leaf), 30 cents per dozen; Vallisneria (wide leaf), 60 cents per dozen; Sagittaria (broad leaf), 75 cents per dozen; Water Poppy, $1.00 per dozen; Cabomba, Giant Anacharis, Potomogeton and Myriophyllum Spicatum (milfoil), 75 cents per dozen bunches. Egyptian Lotus (dormant tubers; best time to plant), 50 cents each. Red, White and Yellow Water Lilies (dormant tubers), 50 cents each. All plants sent postpaid.
Twelve kinds of aquarium plants, $1.00, postpaid.
$1.10, postpaid.
CRESCENT FISH FARM, 1624 Mandeville Street, New Orleans, La.
| The best fish food, dried fresh water shrimp (contains no other substances), per pound,
ee eee eee
C00 000 000 C000 —> 000 —> 000 —> 000 ——SD 000 —S cc°~oc—S cco
JERYTHING IS FISH THAT COMES THE NET OF A NATURALIST
{} Don't paddle in. the water with one hand and ) be bind with ‘both eyes. In other. words, ’ pekeen: your eyes open’’ for all nature.
Our Magazine
Tbe Guite to Mature Wil Help You
ee is edited by EDWARD F. BIGELOW, who | fishes in the heavens and earth, as well as the waters under ee earth.
5 One Year, $1.50 ‘THE AGASSIZ ASSOCIATION
ArcAdiA Connecticut
eee
beg
ae new fish for aauvarists.- The most mitaenine ieee fish. We now have them- for~ sale.
e A» ine. steck of Haplochitus. cameronensis, H, rubrostigma, Hybrids—pulchras and and 35. other ‘Species of fishes. '
as. SILVER Py
ms 2 East qth street, “New York city, N. Y. ‘(Between 2a and 3d augenmes’) ;
_ Fubras— -
: ~s !
: eee A OL OL
. Official Government Indorsement : CREATION,
: Used without sheep m manure 50c box
The New Infusoria
. to Cat Net. 50c ; ybrids, the finest in Philadelphia, $4.00 Orange-tail Helleri $2.00 and $3.00 Pair . ‘Tails guaranteed
*Dwart Gouramies Do not send stamps
Seem ee Qa bh Da
: RANCIS K. CHRISTINE
518 BELGRADE ‘STREET _ PHILADELPHIA
oo + os =m a APC SHC SOCSSSSS AD
‘Bureau of Fish cries =
x
INNES & SONS - 133 N. 12th St. - Phila., Pa.
900900500 500000000000
Veiltail TELESCOPES
Beautiful Breeders Prize Winning Stock $12.00 Per Pair
Franklin Barrett
401 to 417 East Wyoming Avenue Nat nemauae
‘O00
| : Loe
Mees
FISH, PLANTS, SNAILS, ETC Wholesale and Retail
THE BEST BOOK
tHe AQUARIUM Susi&8 is ‘‘Goldfish Varieties & Tropical Aquarium Fishes’’, byWm.T.Innes, 4/0 former President of the Aquarium A ii Society of Phila.; 250 pages, 195 illustrations. Tells: all about the r( fancy varieties of the Goldfish and nearly 300 tropicals ; how to breed them, etc., etc. For the beginner onthe advanced expert.
A complete, practical, handsome
book, sent postpaid anywhere for $4.00 Enlarged edition now ready.
ae
HENRY L. WAGNER BREEDER OF TROPICAL FISHES
Fine stock of Barbus conchonius, B. Semi- fasciolatus, Danio rerio, D. Albolineatus, D. Malabaricus and. euy other species. 312 West 134th Street, New York City. (Between 8th and St. Nicholas. Avenues. )
/'GOLDFISH,
1,500,000 PLAIN & FANCY
Ready for market at rock-bottom prices. ped anywhere in United States or Canada. for our illustrated catalogue.
Oriental Goldfish and Supply Co 3757 - 3761 Cottage Grove Avenue
Chicago, Illinois : Pe ere Se ele
Ship- Write
Aquatic Lite
8 ‘Vol. IV ; oy
Volk
Volumes average 165 pages and as many illustrations. Substantial cloth binding, with, title page and complete index. $3.00 Each, Postage
Paid
OOO 00070000: JAPANESE GOLDFISH By DR. HUGH M. SMITH
A guide to the methods of breeding fancy goldfish practiced in Japan. The result of the personal investigations of the author. Ten breeds are illus- trated in color, with numerous text cuts; 112 pages.
$3.50 Postage Paid
Address Aquatic Life |
HERMAN RABENAU, Aauarist
PERMANENT DISPLAY OF
Aquatic Life & Terraria
must be seen to be appreciated Visitors Welcome
Plants and Tropical Fish a Specialty | Importations of New Varieties received regularly 1168 Myrtle Avenue, Brooklyn, N. Y. Near Broadway.
GOLDFISH, FOODS, PLANTS, DIP NETS
Combination Natural Fish Food - Sample Box 10c Japanese Shrimp Fish Food - - Sample Can 15c Baby Fish Food Sample Box 15c Imported Dried Daphnia Sample Jar 35c
Mail Orders Promptly Attended to
Bpecial Prices on Quantity Lots. Cash With Order.
Catalogue Sent Upon Request.
AQUARIUM STOCK CO 174 Chambers Street New York City
i ) ES MANUFACTURER OF
BREEDER AND IMPORTER | Rare and Fancy Fish
Plants of every variety, Snails and ‘ Aquarium Supplies of all kinds at all times.
Green. River Fish Food 15c Box
Green River Baby Fish Food - 20c Box
A GOOD FISH FOOD is one of the most essential things necessary to keep fish in good health. After the test of years Green River stands out as the best food on the market. It — keeps the fish in good color by pro- moting a healthy, robust growth... It [|] _will not sour ot cloud the water. Ask your dealer or send for it today.
Young Veiltails All Colors $5.00 Dozen Up
Large assortment of Splendid Telescopes and Jap Goldfish at Reasonable Prices
Shipping Cans 50 cents
HARRY P. PETERS 1210 NORTH WARNOCK STREET
PHILADELPHIA a 00000
SE SNR
OCOO000DOC—>000000
Nippon Goldfish Co |
T. MURATA, Proprietor. 1919-21 Bush Street, San Francisco, Cal
Importers and Dealers
GOLDFISH PLANTS SNAILS Dried Shrimp, Birds, Cages and All Supplies
NEW STOCKS ARE COMING! Price List Sent on Request
el |
TCO at
30,035
Rei
vitals
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—
atic
-(.Vol. V' Oct, 1920 No.10 ~
CE bres POTD R EY Sa : An international monthly magazine devoted to the study, care’and breeding of fishes and —
other animals and plants in the home aquarium and terrarium.
W. A. POYSER .cccvccccccccccvcccovssee SEVIS SG eS aE Coe : JOSEPH E. BAUSMAN .cocc cece cece eset cere tceencs sitsiavatsia Reema ataes ee PUBLISHER 632 East Girard Aventle 2.2.2. 6c ce recent tec e ts ces Reece ret eters eneece Philadelphia
- Entered as second-class matter, September 2d, 1915, at the Post Office, Philadelphia, Pa.,
under Act of March 3d, 1879. : ee : oh Popular and scientific articles and notes on subjects pertaining. to the aquarium and
terrarium, and to the habits of fishes in general, are always wanted for “Aquatic Life.” ~
Readers are invited to join jn making it a medium of mutual help by contributing to it
= - R = ‘Gr fase aS Pome Se ets * - et te Ne fe
sbetceecessss EDITOR
the results of their studies.
“Aquatic-Life”’ nature-study.
international money. order. Fes rie
a SPs |
a pm 9 Rs i 5 9 ss 9 6 7s co %
Wiiter Gardening i
By BISSET
The best and most “readable” book on the care and propagation of aquatic plants in general. It gives in full de- tail all the practical information neces- sary to the selection, grouping and successful cultivation of aquatic and other plants required in the making of a water garden and its surroundings. Covers all conditions from that of the amateur with a few plants in tubs to the large estate or park. Directions for constructing concrete pools; propagation of hardy and tender lilies and other aquatics; best lilies for small pools and tubs; the aquatic plant greenhouse; various aquarium plants; enemies and diseases of aquatic plants; gold and other fishes for the water garden.
Profusely illustrated with 120 half- tones, 17 diagrams and 2 double page plates. 199 pages, coated paper, orna- mented cloth binding—de luxe edition. Price, $3.75 Postpaid
THE BOOK DEPARTMENT AQUATIC LIFE Philadelphia :
: |
a 8 Pa 8 Ss Ok OS Od Od PP OP 8 PSs PR SS
The pages are always open to any one having information of interest to the aquarist and student of aquatic biology. Manuscripts, books for review and> general correspondence should be addressed to the editor. < basa ie
hus the largest circulation of any magazine in the world devoted to aquatic It offers to advertisers a market that can be reached through no other medium. Rates made known on application. : : gered
YEARLY SUBSCRIPTION ..........050--00% aces 5 Spies waral oS ONE $1.25 FOREIGN SUBSCRIPTIONS ..... BS oe ee ee Ee: laa nope Racor < 1.50) SINGLE COPY ........ Bly a eg a eisS= See Sessa Rees aR oa ae ce et 15
Payments should be made by money order. draft or registered letter. If local. checks are. sent, ten cents should be added for collection charges.
| | | |
|
Foreign. remittances should be by
Copyright 1921. by Joseph HE. Bausman.-
AQUARIST |
WILMINGTON, NORTH CAROLINA | Collector and Breeder of Tropical Fish
Snakes and Other Reptiles
New Varieties Aquatic Plants Choice and Rare Specimens Snakes and Reptiles © Tropical Fishes
Fundulus nottii, $1.50 per pair. Elassoma evergladei, $1.75 per pair. Heterandria formosa, $1.00 per pair. M. chaetodon, 50c each
Small turtles, $1.25 per dozen. Newts, $1.00 per dozen.
Wholesale to dealers. |
The Venus Flytrap (Dionaea muscipula) —
The plant that feeds on insects $1.00 Dozen
| | : : | ! )
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(The Larger River Mussels in
| CHARLES M. BREDER, J: l United States Bureau of Fisheries i p
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Through the kindness of Dr. R. E. Coker, of the U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, the writer has been able to secure a few of the larger Mississippi River mussels for observation in small aquaria. These were all of species of considerable eco- nomic importance, the shells being used in great numbers for the manufacture of the common pearl buttons, which form a real necessity in our daily life.
The only species which survived in the confinement of small aquaria for any length of time was. the “Three Ridge” Quadrula undulata, although the shipping may have had more to do with
Three-ridge Mussel, Qaadrula undulata (Barnes) from South Dakota
Photograph by courtesy of Bureau of Fisheries
Aquaria
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the death of the others than the actual confinement in small bodies of still water. Three specimens of this species have been kept in various sinall aquaria for over nine months, at the end of which period one succumbed, for an unknown reason, and another met with an accident. The remaining individual, at this writing, is apparently in perfect health at the writ- er’s home, living in a small tank, 18x12x 12 inches, after having spent various per- iods of time in small jars ranging from one 12 inches high by 8 inches in dia- meter up to size of the present container. A year has now elapsed since it left its
Aquatic Lite
110
Yi
7
ay
la
Aquari
In
The Larger River Mussels
Breder
Aquatic Life
native waters. These three shells all measured about 11 cm. in greatest length. The writer strongly recommends these to aquarists as at no time have they been known to indulge in “plowing” up the bottom of the aquarium, being content to remain in practically any position. They have been only rarely noted to shift their position and then usually not more than half the length of the shell. At no time have they been in aquaria containing sand in sufficient quantity to completely cover their shells. No particular care has been bestowed upon them at all, simply being placed in the aquarium and forgotten. The amount of food that they have been able to draw from the sus- pended material in the crystal clear water of the aquarium has evidently been suf- ficient to maintain life. It is generally believed that their presence aids in keep- ing the water in such a condition, al- though they are apparently by no means essential.
Shortly after arriving at Washington, several individuals of other species emit- ted glochidia, the larval form in which these organisms start their life. These are little bivalved creatures that normally have the valves widely spread, but on slight stimulation of the ligament con- necting the two, they are brought to- gether with considerable vigor. In this manner they are able to attach them- selves to fish, different species of mussels requiring different hosts for their pur- pose, which is one of parasitism. ‘This attachment occurs usually on the gill fila- ments or on the fins. In a short time the injured tissue grows over and around the animal, completely encysting it. En- closed in this cyst the young mussel further develops and finally breaks out of it to lead its sedentary existence on the river bottom, apparently leaving the fish none the worse for its experience.
Lt
It is evident that as well as protecting and nourishing the mussel in its early and most precarious time of life the dis- tribution of the species is much more ef- fectively accomplished by this parasitic habit, as the host may carry it much farther than its sluggish adult movements could ever hope to.
Two periods are thus brought into the life of every mussel when its existence hangs by a very slender thread, depend- ent solely on external circumstances: first when it is emitted as glochidium, here depending on the passing of a luck- less fish of proper species, in the absence of which it perishes in a short time; and second when it leaves the fish and faces the possibility of falling onto an unsuit- able bottom, such as one covered with flocculent mud, which would smother it, or into water too deep to allow its exist- ence. It is almost needless to add that for every one which survives, thousands fail at either of these vital times. ‘To counteract this and insure the perpetua- tion of the species countless numbers of glochidia are discharged from the brood chamber of the parent mussel, where they have been incubated, to the time when they are ready to take their chances in the outside world. Aquarists need have no fear of infecting their various fishes as the possibility of any of the usual aquarium fish being suitable hosts for these species is very remote.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE
1. Living glochidia of Lampsilis liga- mentina, as seen through the microscope, one hour after expulsion. Magnification, 40 diameters.
2. Lampsilis 11.5 centimeters.
3. Lampsilis anodontiodes. Length, 10 centimeters. ‘This species has the great- est commercial value. The shell exter- nally is a rather pleasing shade of yellow.
4. Lampsilis anodontiodes with syphon extended. (Photographs by the author. )
hgamentina. Length,
one eb eae pe ay eee Re. Layee ee ee es | Notes on the Hybrid | Xiphophorus helleri x Platypoecilus maculatus | F. S. CURTIS, San Francisco Aquarium Society eee Se Coe i PCS Ad Pee epee UR Le LER gM Rae eG I
From time to time articles have ap- peared in aquarium periodicals giving rather brief and general descriptions of this most beautiful and interesting hy- brid. The writers, however, seem to have confined their remarks to examples that were strongly marked as hybrids, saying little of those reverting to the original forms and not showing composite char- acteristics. It occurs to me, therefore, that my experience in breeding these hy- brids, and that of Mr. F. S. Locke, may
The Poecilid Hybrid, Xiphophorus helleri x Platypoecilus maculatus
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be of general interest.
Aquarists are well aware that both the paternal Platypoecilus maculatus and the maternal Xiphophorus helleri belong to the viviparous branch of the family There are two helleri, one
Poeciliidae or killifishes. very distinct forms of X. which is of a general bluish cast with little or no orange or yellow in the lateral and tail, and another which is
more brightly colored, having a
stripe much deep orange-red lateral stripe with a clear
Aquatic Life
lemon-yellow stripe above and _ below. it and with bright yellow or orange in the
tail. In 1915 I mated a particularly large
and highly colored male of X. helleri to a correspondingly well developed female of the same species belonging to the phase called “rachovii.” From their progeny I paired the best female, with strong rachovii characteristics, to an un- related male of the bright red type. From this union I selected what promised to be a fine “rachovii” female and bred her to a deep red male of Platypoecilus mac- ulatus (rubra).
In November, 1918, I was rewarded with two litters of hybrids, 98 in all. Six of the fry were “throw-backs,”’ and were to all appearances straight females of P. maculatus, of a pale sandy color; of the 92 composite individuals there were but twenty females, but all, both sexes, were darkly mottled over the entire body from birth. Let us digress for a moment for a comment on the preponderance of males. With X. helleri, its form “racho- vii, and Platypoecilus maculatus, pure litters usually contain more females than males, generally in the ratio of 8 or Io to 1; in the hybrids, you will note, this tendency is reversed, but not in quite the same ratio.
The hybrids, both male and female, rather favor the maternal parent in shape, and both sexes are practically of the same size and color, although the red- dish hues in the male hybrid are straw color in the female. In this connection note the departure from the parental forms wherein the females are much larger than the males and are almost entirely lacking in any of the brilliant
colors so characteristic of males. In -many of the hybrids the scales are over- cast with dark blue, like blued steel, similar to that seen in a well colored male of the “nigra” form of P. maculatus. A
114
peculiarity of the color scheme is that black predominates and is confined al- most entirely to the posterior portion of the body, forward of the dorsal being red speckled with black.
By a careful study of the colors in both parent species we see the reason for the excess of black, and why it is naturally confined to the tail rather than the head. In typical X. helleri there is a black bor-
Platypoecilus maculatus
Upper, male of red’phase (rubra); lower, female of black phase (nigra)
der, both edges, to the sword-like exten- sion of the tail-fin; in the form rachovit there is in addition to the black border a large crescent-shaped black spot at the base of the tail; in P. maculatus, red form or “rubra,” appears this same black spot and males have small black dots more or less over the entire body. It is asserted, and we believe correctly, that the forms of P. maculata called rubra, nigra and pulchra are color variants de- veloped by aquarists, and this species in nature, as well as X. helleri, is much given to color variation. Typical P. ma- culatus is olivaceous in color shading to pearly white on the belly. The dark crescent or half-moon shaped spot at the base of the tail is in evidence and in most specimens a dark spot appears on each side of the body. Occasionally, particu-
115
Aquatic Lite
larly in males, we find a metallic blue spot on the sides.
I have gone minutely into the charac- teristics of the hybrids in order to bring out clearly the dominant colors and to show that it is not at all strange that black should prevail. In well colored specimens of the black (nigra) form of P. maculatus the body is all black except the back and belly, the sides overlaid with bright metallic blue. If so intense a black is found in this variant relative, it is small wonder that the hybrids, with black showing in both parental species, should be thus darkly marked.
Males of the cross have well developed but short spikes to the tails, showing the helleri blood. Many of the spikes are orange, while the entire tail may be sim- ilarly tinted. The other fins are generally clear. In size the hybrids are about mid- way between the parents. They are in- clined to be shy, resembling X. Helleri in this respect. In this hybrid we have a form which in all respects is a composite, showing some of the characteristics of each parent, but differing from both in that both sexes are of the same size and general coloration, with the sex ratio reversed.
It is well to note that in the hybrids there is little or no change in color from birth to maturity as there is in both par- ents, for in pure bred types the young at birth are all olivaceous in color, putting on the more brilliant hues only when mature.
On account of lack of tank space I was unable to segregate any particular pairs of this first generation of hybrids to breed from, but was obliged to keep all the composite types in one large tank. [I am unable, consequently, to say what effect line breeding would have had on the next generation. Early in September, 1919, I noticed the first young of the sec-
ond hybrid generation. They were ex- pelled a few at a time, usually not more than 8 or 10, which is rather at variance with the parental species which may pro- duce large litters within a few hours—8o for heller1 and 40 to 50 for maculatus be- ing not uncommon.
Out of a total of 310 young of this second generation, 29.4 per cent., or, to be exact, 91 individuals, reverted back to the original types. Three were macu- latus rubra (2 males, 1 female), and of the 88, 40 per cent. were helleri rachovii and 60 per cent. typical helleri. All ap- peared to be dwarfs, not reaching half the size of those of the composite group, but small as they were the females show- ed a tendency to be larger than the males, and as close as could be determined there were four times as many females as males; thus in these throw-backs we see the characteristics of the original species.
In the 219 composite fish we find for the most part the intense black predomi- nating, but on the other hand the red, when it appears, 1s much more intense, not an orange or sandy red as in the first hybrid generation. There were also more speckled fish than in the first generation, which were blotched rather than speckled. Many are solid bright red forward from the dorsal fin with the remainder of the body intense black, including dorsal and tail, and reminding one very much of a black male of Gambusia affinis; some are light red with vertical markings of black, and the general color scheme is much more diverse than in the previous generation. Thus far the sexes are about equal in size and color, except, that the red is lighter in the females, often sandy. These fish are developing much more rapidly than the first generation under exactly the same conditions. It 1s not yet possible to determine the ratio of the sexes.
(Concluded on page 117)
Oe
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The Pork Fish
meme met mes
In the first of these brief fish sketches of North American Fishes there was de- scribed and figured a specimen of the Yellow Grunt (Haemulon sciurus), while the present article will be devoted to a similar account of the Pork Fish (Anisotremus virginicus).
This Pork Fish belongs in the same family with the Yellow Grunt, that 1s, in the family Haemulidae or Grunters, which contains several other genera, some of which will be described and fig- ured later on in the present series. There are about a dozen different species, per- haps more, in the genus Anisotremus, in so far as our fish fauna goes, while
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North American Fishes II. “The Pork Fish (Anisotremus virginicus )
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Anisotremus virginicus
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others occur in waters south of the American limits. The Pork Fish is not entitled to its specific name of wirginicus, given it by Linnaeus, as it is not found as far north as Virginia, its range being from Florida to Brazil. It is one of the most abundant fishes in West Indian waters, and constantly displayed for sale in the fish markets of Haina, Cuba, where I have frequently seen it among many other interesting forms.
‘The specimen shown in my cut is from a photograph I made of one that lived in a tank at the New York Aquarium, and was kindly supplied by Dr. Chas. H. Townsend, the director of that famous
Wy
Aquatic Life
institution.
With respect to the external characters of the Pork Fish, they are all well shown in the cut, thus obviating the necessity of any detailed description of them. Spe- cial note, however, should be made of the two anterior dark bands, one—a vertical from the
one—extending downwards first dorsal ray of the pectoral fin, and the other—an oblique one—passing
downwards from the top of the head through the eye to a point back of the angle of the mouth. The bands are very black and distinct in the living fish. In front of the anterior bar, the color is of a deep orange yellow, while between the two bars it shades to a pearly gray, spot- ted over with yellow, these latter merg- ing into a yellow area above. The entire fish is of a gray color having pearly lustre, the body exhibiting some eight longitudinal stripes, which are of a rich yellow color. Fins deep yellow; iris gray. Young specimens are very differ- ently colored as compared with adult ones, the principal color being a bright yellow, while they show, as Dr. Jordan points out, “a large round jet-black spot at base of caudal,” with various stripes anteriorly. (p. 1323.)
Some species of Anisotremus occur in Pacific along our western coasts, others along both Orem Centhall America: of Mexico, and in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans off the more north- erly coast of South America; so it will
the coasts
be seen that the species of this genus are of wide distribution. OSS Se (Concluded from page 115)
[ hope to be able to give further re- ports in the future, as I have paired brother and sister in the “throw-backs :” Brother and sister by color and also un- related individuals by color in the com- was able to secure un-
Mr.
posite class. |
related individuals from Locke
whose hybrids are from typical helleri.
His experience has been quite similar to
mine as to color, size, “throw-backs” and
preponderance of males over females. aie Cae
Your readers who have tried aerating pails of fishes on long journeys will ap- preciate the following joke, which is too good to keep to ourselves:
A messenger from the aquarium was conveying a collection of freshwater fishes from the New Jersey State Hatch- ery to the New York Aquarium, and was, of course, kept busy aerating the water by lifting out a dipperful now and then and letting it fall slowly back into the cans.
An old lady, alighting at one of the stations, noticed him with apparent in- terest and sympathy as she passed. On reaching the door, she inquired solicitous- ly of the guard, “Is that poor man in- sane ?’—Ipa M. MELLEN, Secretary, The New York Aquarium.
ph te Ne Don’t slam a door within your mind;
open the door, so that ideas may go in
and out. eG
A member of a national medical asso- ciation tells the following story at the expense of a physician:
“Are you sure,” an anxious patient once asked—‘‘are you sure that I shall recover? I have heard that doctors have sometimes given wrong diagnoses and treated a patient for penumonia who afterwards died of typhoid fever.”
“You have been woefully misinform- ed,” replied the physician indignantly. “If I treat a man for pneumonia, he dies of
pneumonia.” —Harpers. nll Sa Dc Do not blow your own trumpet; nor, which is the same thing, ask other people te blow it. No trumpeter ever rose to be a general—Edward Everett Hale.
Aquatic Life, 1920
Aquarium Microscopy (/*rance); A “Tin Can’ Aquarium (Balleisen) ; Observa- tions on the Chelonians of North America, Part X (Shufeldt); The Stud Fishes (Saw- yer); The Guide Book to The New York Aquarium (Shufeldt); May Pointers, The Microscopical Society, Notes and News.
June. Macrones vittatus (MJacd/orris) ; An Interesting Abnormality (Tasche); Blue- spotted Sunfish (Sawyer); Breeding Vivipa- rous Poeciliids (Balleisen) ; Bufo halophilus (Ruthling); The Diatomaceae (Wheeler) ; Appropriate Names (Mellen); Boyer’s “The Diatomaceae of Philadelphia” and_ society news.
May.
Jury. On a Deformed Specimen of Muhlen- berg’s Turtle (Shufeldt) ; Phalloptychus janu- arius (Myers); Notes on Fundulus luciae (Crawford) ; Haplochilus panchax (Brind) ; The Red Rivulus (Myers); The Ideal Fish Food (Heidelberger) ; An Automatic Feeding Device for Aquaria (Breder) ; Electric Fishes, notes and news.
Aucust. Fitzroyia lineata (Brind); The Leafy Sea-dragon (Hale); The Red-bellied Newt (Balleisen); Melanotaenia nigrans (Finckh); Fundulus diaphanus (Myers) ; Aquarian Diatoms (Boyer) ; Aquarists Col‘ect- ing Daphnia in Philadelphia, Result of Feeding Trout on Dried Flies, The Economy of the Fresh-water Aquarium, etc.
SeprempBrr. North American Fishes—I. Hae- mulon sciurus (Schufeldt) ; Tumor in a Brook Trout (Babcock); Channa fasciata (Jnnes) ; Notes on Hybrid Sunfishes (Hubbs) ; Experi- ments on the Axolotl (Leney); Christian J. Heede, The British Aquarium Society, The South Australian Aquarium Society, Photo- graphs of Broadtail Telescopes, cartoon, etc.
HENRY L. WAGNER BREEDER OF TROPICAL FISHES
Fine stock of Barbus conchonius, B. Semi- fasciolatus, Danio rerio, D. Albolineatus, D. Malabaricus and many other species. 312 West 134th Street, New York City. (Between 8th and St. Nicholas Avenues.)
mm me me me mm mm mm mf
Henry Kissel, Jr.
Breeder & Fancier of Broad-tail Telescopes Good Type and Color
Plants
Some beautiful Hybrids in
Tropical Fish Snails
which I specialize.
None shipped; sales at conservatory only.
241 Walker Street, Cliffside, N. J.
Telephone, 461, Cliffside.
eb Ft 6 FS St Ps 1 6 Ss forms 6 be 6 ts hd Pd ss
Fm em em mes a 6 Ps ee
r— me hs 6 os ss of » 9 6 BS Ps 6 Bs Rs Os i 6 Os 8 6 ig Fi 5 FS 8 8 ss Bg 6 Os i gs 5 Po ss ss,
Oc eg ss Fs
*
Things You Need
Stil-B-Nu Wishfood (coarse or fine).....20¢ 40X Sti-B-Nw Preftk Wishfoods...0......+... 25c. Box Stil-B-Nu Shrimp (coarse or fine)......25¢. Box siivicralete@l Rybthnbe cee conanpencuncccopuan jae. nae Stil-B-Nu Infusoria Culture .........-..: 0c Box Stil-B-Nu Remedy for Sick VWishes......25¢ Box Stil-B-Nu Aquarium Salts .............-. 25¢ Lox Stil-B-Nua Needing!) Rings ....+....sseseeeeee. 15¢ Stil-B-Nu Net (small or Jarge).............- 60¢ Stil-B-Nu Aquarium Scraper ................p0¢ Kasy Ready Aquarium Thermometer........ $1.25 Rocket Magnifying (Glass... «ese eclecuc ce $1.75
Small Microscope
Large Microscope
Aquarium Cement. ...................90¢ pound AXotAEtTN (ChIWS oooecaoconposnoenornn ae up One of the prettiest presents you can muake
yourself or aquazist friends is one of our hand-
some gold Scarf Pins, Watch Fob or Brooche,
Co. .
Copyright, 1919, Stil-B-Nu Supply
Scalare (scarf pin or brooche).............$7.25 Lion-head (scarf pin or brooche)...........$7.25 Telescope (reconstructed ruby eye)........$7.75 Telescope (Diamond eye).................$9.t0
Silk Fob Gold Attachment for above $2.50 extra.
JAPANESE NOVELTIES. VAD UNCONID WMS 5s ocaGaedodsoeccasGeonon 60e Jap Castles Incense Burners...:.............85€ Jp INCENSE WENSHH rls feed eretclelelel<de ciele eieieteciele eC NGS NS “IPO GO - otignsdoodccdosodeAardoosecbal 02 Japanese Hand-painted Scene, nicely framed .$1.50 FISH, PLANTS, SNAILS. dae SUMS soodocusssucdosscou00ds 25e each Red Rams Horn Snails. ........ 6.50505 25e each
If your dealer does not carry the Stil-B-Nu Line, send to us direct. We give your order prompt attention or refund your money promptly.
All goods are Postpaid, exception of fish.
STIL-B-NU SUPPLY CO 427 E. Girard Avenue, Philadelphia
9 6 6 a CP 6 9 6 5 a es
our shipped with the
a sa ps Pb Ot Pt Pf Ps PF 6s Fk Ps 6 PPS Ps Ps le
PP 6 OS Ps Bs FR 6 Ps
FISH SICK?
Try Stil-B-Nu Fish Remedy for congestion. tail- rot, fungus or the white spots on all kinds of fishes. We have some excellent recommenda- tions for this remedy. 25c. Box Postpaid.
PR-FK FISH FOOD
We cannot speak too highly of this food. Buy a box today and sprinkle a little on the surface of your aquarium (if floats) and see how your tishes go for it. Fishes (especially tropicals) like to feed from the surface. 25¢c. box, postpaid.
Stil-B-Nu Supply Co 427 E. Girard Avenue, Philadelphia
9 6 8 6 9 SS Os Ft is Ps ee
po Ob te ho Ff toe
Statement of the Ownership, Management, Circulation, Etc., Required by the Act of Congress. of August 24, 1912, of Aquatic Life, published monthly at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, for October 1, 1920.
State of Pennsylvania, ] ate County of Philadelphia. ( :
Before me, a notary public in and for the
State and County aforesaid, personally ap- |
peared W. A. Poyser, who, ‘having been duly sworn according to law, deposes and says that
he is the editor of Aquatic Lire, and that the |
following is, to the best of his knowledge and belief, a true statement of the ownership, management, etc., of the aforesaid publication for the date shown in the above caption, re- quired by the Act of August 24, 1912, embodied in Section 443, Postal Laws and Regulations, to wit:
That the names and addresses of the pub- lisher, editor, managing editor and business managers are:
Publisher—Joseph E. Bausman, 632 Girard Avenue, Philadelphia, Pa.
East
Editor—W. A. Poyser, 207 South Thirty-
seventh Street, Philadelphia, Pa.
Managing Editor—None. Business Managers—None.
That the owners are: (Give names and ad- dresses of individual owners, or, if a corpora- tion, give its mame and the names and ad- dresses of stockholders owning or holding 1 per cent. or more of the total amount of stock. )
Owners—Joseph FE. Bausman, 632 East Girard Avenue, Philadelphia, Pa. W. A. Poyser, 207 South Thirty-seventh Street, Philadelphia, Pa.
That the known bondholders, mortgagees and other security holders, owning or holding 1 per cent. or more of the total amount of bonds, mortgages, or other securities are: None.
W. A. POYSER, Editor.
Sworn to and subscribed before me this 21st day of September, 1920.
(Seal) A. D. DEWEES.
My commission expires February 19, 1 21.
Wish to exchange sclected and strewn slides of diatoms for similar preparations or slides
of any kind. Can use human pathological and
histological mounts.
Address Editor, Aquatic Life
Francis K. Christine
wishes to announce that he has fully recovered his usual good health and pep, and is busily engaged making up for lost time. A severe case of blood-poisoning, which affected the right hand, for several months prevented atten- tion to business. Orders and correspondence are now receiving prompt attention.
00 nom boo 00 3 0 DD hoe De Be BD De De Wb De DS BSD DB DD SB DB D3 3 3 28%
A Fine Healthy Lot of Young
Cichlasoma nigrofasciatus If You Want Them I Have Them
OTHER TROPICALS Broad-tail Telescopes
When In Philadelphia Look Them Over
L. W. REHBEIN 2115 HUNTING PARK AVENUE PHILADELPHIA
LB A A A LT Ta A A TT CHa e ame, 6
BS Da Bab Lah DS Deb Dah DD BB HD BD Hed He) BA Deb Det aD De Dt De Da Hab Dah Dat aD ett DBD DD
oe
Qeuwnne ees ‘Te DS Be DS TS BE LE DS WD LD LPAD DD NORD BS BD HD WD HD HS BS BO wD BO Be DS De DS De De We WS De eS
©,
Mesogonisteus chaetodon— The Black-banded Sunfish. $6 and $12 per dozen. If you mean business, send check with order GEORGE W. PRICE 2145 South Lee Street, Philadelphia
(©. mene vm mu mae ve vv me eo 0 0 0 = 20 ODD D0 OD DD DD 3 DOF 3 3 38 BOL
Plant Names
and their meanings are explained and the haunts, habits and other interesting features of the wild flowers are dis- cussed in
The American Botanist Joliet, Illinois
Quarterly, $1.50 a year; sample, 25 cents. Your subscription is invited.
8 ec a 0 eT
>
ee CAMARA MARAE ESE PSPS SSS SHEERS PRESSED ww ee ee eee
Live Food is Nature’s Food Give your fishes white worms, which can be raised indoors throughout the year. Generous portion, 60 cents, with full insttuc- tions for propagation. (Successor to C. E. Jenne.) W. J. WRIGHT
Bergen Avenue and Mercer Street,
Jersey City, N. J.
OPP P DDD DDD) DD DDD DD DDR DDD DD) mum RED Oe
e Everything for the fish fancier. A fine stock now of tropical and goldfish, with new importations expected daily. Manufacturers of the ‘‘Faultless Fish Food,’’ 30 cents per box, $3.50 per pound. Sole distributors of my new inyention, “The Faultless Aquarium Heater.’’?’ A blue flame gas heater that costs little to operate and keeps the air in the room fresh. Easily installed; full instructions with each heater. 18 inches, $3.00; 24
Price,
cee eeeae 00 De De We 2 ee We De De WS eH DW DD DT OS RAMA MMAe CAM CRAM Mae Maa
inches, $3.50. Sent prepaid anywhere in the U. S. and Canada. Cash with order. The Long Island Aquarium Fish Hatchery HUGO C. NELLES proprietor, 167 East 32nd street, New York City. : (62,00 mp np 008 0 0D DDD 2 WD HH HW OL
Be sn ss
Tropical Fishes !
a fine, large stock of Danio malabaricus other species of Danio. (The most sprightly aquarium fishes) Haplochilus, Parbus, Mouth- breeders and many other beautiful fishes. /
and
August Obermuller
Breeder and Fancier of Telescopes and Tropicals 96 Columbia Avenue, Jersey City Heights, N. J.
visitors welcome at conseryatory afternoon and on Sunday.
5 6 6 Ps Ss Ps Ss ts
any Saturday
26 Os Os Os eS
TROPICAL FISHES Write for Price List
Oscar Leitholf, 281 Southern Avenue
Pittsburgh, Pa.
pc so ac ee es
Mack’s Superior Fishfood
has proven itself to be the best Fish Food on the market for goldfish as well as tropical fish. Put up as fvllows:
No 1—lor all Fry or Newly-born Baby. Fish.
No. 2—I"or Guppies, Danios, ete. No. 3—For laradise, Goldfish. ete. October 238, 1918. The Peptoast Co., New York City. My dear. Mr. Mack: Enclosed please find
cheek, for which send me eight boxes of ‘‘Mack’s Superior Fish Food’’ No. 8, one box of No. 2, and one box No. 1. If there is any extra charge fur postage, kindly let me know. Yours very truly.
(Og) Wile) 1B65
South Orange, N. J. Santurece, Porto Rico, July 28, 1920. The Peptoast Co., 415 East 148th St., N. Y.
to the amount of $5.00, for which piease send me $500 worth of Mack’s Superior Fish Food Nos. 1, 2) 33
Very truly yours,
MRS. W. A. McK.
Santuree, Porto Rico, Aug. 26. 1920.
The Peptoast Co... 415 East 148th St., N. Y.
Gentlemen: Enclosed please find money order for $5.00. for which please send me your Su- perior Fish Food, also two cans of Baby Fish Food. truly yours,
MRS. W. A.
Very McK.
Price 25 cents, by mail, 30 cents Sold in bulk to breeders
The Peptoast Company 415 East 148th St. New York City.
*
9 8 6 OS a 6 BR 6 6 5 0 6
|! ( ( | ( | | Gentlemen: Enclosed please find money order |! ( ! ( | &&%
6 Sa 6 BR 6 BG Os 8 sO 6 Ps PE Os BF Ss Bs & |
pm pg es ss Ps
<a 6 8 6 as Ps Bo Ps Bs Fs 8s Rs Fs 6 Bs Bs Os Ps Bs Fs Ss ss ee ees
Make $10 With $5
I guarantee you can do this easily with Welke’s Fishfood
at 20 cents a box
I also guarantee you can make 50
per cent on the dollar on my book
The Practical Fish Fancier
retailing at $1.50
Futhermore I will pay you well to sell my fish photos:
Eighty species, natural size, taken from life,. plain and colored prints. I want
W.L. Brind
1504 EAST 53RD STREET CHICAGO
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The Englewood Fancy Goldfish Hatchery
Japanese Toy Breeds in a variety of colors.
Sales at hatchery only—none shipped. Visitors welcome Saturday afternoon, Sunday and Holidays. Phone, Wentworth 1118.
ANTHONY A. MAINA, 6711 Parnell Avenue, Chicago, Ill.
mms 5 6B 6 FB 6 a s
SB 6 as 9s Bs Fs
Something New!
Heated Closet for Aquariums!
An excellent arrangement in which to keep and breed tropical fishes through winter and summer
Plants Fishes
Aquariums
MAX NIEMAND
743 Eleventh Avenue, Long Island City New York
ac | | ! ( | |
4 & a es Fe 5S ge A A
42000 CD 900 30009003900 G900 C900 F900 000 GS000 T5900 HD900T— 000 T5000 C5000 TS 006
The Diatomaceae of Philadelphia and Vicinity By CHARLES Ss! BOVMERWAQ ME Re Mes:
The most recent book of the diatoms, and one that is serviceable over a far greater area than is indicated by the title. A fascinating subject properly treated. More than 700 illustrations, enlarged 800 diameters, from original drawings by the author, adequately supplement the text. Methods of collecting, preparing, mounting and examining diatomaceous material are given. The work contains 143 pages, 9 by 12 inches, not including the full-page plates, with complete index. Price, bound in art vellum cloth, $5.00.
The Book Department :; Aquatic Life
%.000C > 000C 000000 00c M000
JULIUS RIEWE BREEDER AND FANCIER OF TROPICAL FISHES | 3519 Costello Avenue, Chicago, Ill. |
Fine stock of Danio malabaricus, D. alboline- atus, D. rerio, Barbus conchonius, B. semifas- ciolatus, B. ticto and many other kinds of
tropical fishes. None shipped. Telephone Bel- | Circular on above products mont 5092.
Robert J. Schaeffer :: /21,Montour Street
S, O. S. a new food for Gold- fish and Tropicals. The un- consumed food developing into infusoria.
S, O. S. 35c box; by mail 38c Magic (Infusoria) 50c postpaid Yogi Fishfood 15c; by mail 17c Yogi by lb 75c; ad postage Yogi 101b lots 65c; ad postage
S. O. S.
FISH FOOD MANUFACTURED BY ROBERT J. SCHAEFFER PHILA, PA.
THREE MILLION GOLDFISH
Buy from the breeder with 107 acres of ponds. “Bug Food’ for all fishes. Output in 1919 over 300,000 boxes. Per box, by mail, 17 cents; pint,
For Sale
An aquarium manufacturing works, equipped goldfish and supply outfit. operated successfully for eighteen years.
with fully Has been No
by mail, $2.00; quart, $3.75. Climbing Perch better or finer aquariums made. Must be sold from India, 2 for $4.00; 4 for $7.50; 6 for $10.00. at once to permit the owner to give entire Putnam Fisheries Office, 462 Washington attention to other important business. Write street, Buffalo, N. Y. for full particulars.
Pioneer Aquarium Works. Racine, Wisconsin
“AQUARIA FISH”’
A practical work on care and breeding of fish in the aquarium, greenhouse and out- door ponds. Finely illustrated.
Everyone interested in keeping fish should send for a copy of this book. Price, $1.00.
F. L. TAPPAN, Route 2, Hopkins, Minn
Sale or Exchange Surplus Stock of Rare and Fancy Fish Plants of All Kinds
G. Germann, 0. D. 3823 N. Richmond St. Chicago
Monticello 6864.
Phone:
CSCO C900 C0008 CH) 000 C000 C—— 7000 ———— 000 ——Dc000C———D000c——000c,
§§ CRESCENT FISH FARM
TROPICALS!
Mollienisia latipinna, per dozen, $4.00
Lotus tubers, 50c each
[oe OSS 0 00 1 0 0 OOO SSS
| Ema oem aL a
FOODS!
Vallisneria spiralis, wide leaf, 60c dozen; Narrow leaf 30c dozen
Japanese Snails, $1.00 and $2.00 dozen Shrimp - pure shelled shrimp only - the best fishfood $1.10 pound
CRESCENT FISH FARM, 1624 Mandeville Street, New Orleans, La.
PLANTS!
Shipping cans 50 cents each
Se ee
=
SRYTHING Is FISH THAT COMES
TO. THE NET OF A NATURALIST: |
‘Don’t ‘paddle in the water with one hand and ‘blind with both eyes. In other words, ‘keep your eves opén”’ for all nature.
~ Our Magazine
Oe Guive to Mature Will Help You
t ie eetteed by EDWARD F. BIGELOW, who shes in the heavens and earth, as well as the waters’ under ithe: earth.
!
One Year, $7.50
“THE AGASSIZ ASSOCIATION “> AreAdiA
Connecticut
OLDFISH
1,500,000 __ | PLAIN: o FANCY
; Ready ‘tor - market at roe Cvotlore prices, - “ped anywhere in United States or Canada. ioe our illustrated. oe ICs
- Ship- Write
-3057 - +3761 Socsage Grove As ekus. : - Chicago, Mlincis.
$15.00 Each
Pterophyllum Scalare
(ANGEL FISH) THE HANDSOMEST FISH THAT SWIMS
We have succeeded in raising some of -these rare and beautiful fish and can now offer them to fish lovers at $15.00 each. About size of cut
FRANKLIN PARTS
COOT——— 000000 C000 C00 000
| 401 to 417 E. Wyoming Avenue ;, Philadelphia
“WANT ED
- Books, papers (cesehata) and copies of period- icals containing articles on-diatoms, any lan- / guage, any date.
‘Quote price.
Address Editor, Aquatic Life
es nennnmne fonmeccenne
Sourest of c fisveries:
Official Government Indorsement
A CREATION, ‘The: New Infusoria
eee ~ 00
$2.00 and $3. 00 Pair “Tails guaranteed
= peas Sy
Dwarf Gouramies lors Do not send stamps |
Wee Se Ee s ae
i sain ore reer ee
rj
ee eG,
. Mr: Kish Fancier:
ar As my regular business now permits me to ‘devote’ many hours to the ‘care of my fishes, all aquarists. who have had dealings with me in the past will be glad to know that I am back with as fine a collection of tropical and goldfish’ as. ‘has ever been offered for sale to the public.
At the last exhibition of The Ridgewood - Aquarium: Society the stock I am breeding from won. for me the large silyer cup for the best and largest display of tropical fishes, two silver medals, 26 first and 15 second prizes.
Other than. fishes, I have for sale a splendid line of Aquaria, Plants, Snails, Nets and sundry supplies, and my .‘‘Faultless Fish Food’ at reasonable. prices.
My conservatory will be known as The Long Island Aquarium Fish Hatchery. For the con- venience of my out-of-town. as well as local friends and patrons who may care to yisit me, T-have located it at 167 Hast 32nd street, corner “of 3rd Avenue, New York City, which has ex- ceptional transit facilities.
Hoping to have the pleasure of meeting you at my new ples: in ‘the near future, I Deg to remain :
ooo ——— 000 ——— 000 900000 ——> 000 a 006 Sa
Vers truly ‘yours,
t
HUGO C. NELLES.
——
JN ee
Common Diatoms A Recent Work by Thomas K, Mellor, F. R. A. S.
with an introduction and 400 drawings on seyen
plates; paper covers. Published in England. Copies will be imported on order, six weeks re- quired for delivery.
PRICE, $1.50 Aquatic Life Book Department
a :
JAPANESE GOLDFISH By DR. HUGH M. SMITH
- A guide to the methods of breeding fancy goldfish practiced in Japan. The result of the personal investigations | of the author.
-
trated in color, _with numerous text cuts; 112 pages:
$|3. 50 Postage Paid Address Aquatic Life __
| HERMAN RABENAU, Aquarist PERMANENT DISPLAY OF Aquatic Life & Terraria
must be seen to be appreciated Visitors Welcome Plants and Tropical Fish a Specialty | Importations of New Varieties received regularly 1163 Myrtle Avenue, Brooklyn, N. Y. Near Broadway.
GOLDFISH, FOODS, PLANTS, DIP NETS Combination Natural Fish Food - Sample Box 10c
Japanese Shrimp Fish Food -
Baby Fish Food Sample Box 15c
Imported Dried Daphnia Sample Jar 35c Mail Orders Promptly Attended to
Special Prices on Quantity Lots. Cash With Order,
Catalogue Sent Upon Request.
AQUARIUM STOCK CO 174 Chambers Street New York City
- Sample Can 15c
‘<> 0
Ten breeds are illus- 8
HARRY. P, PETERS 1210 N. Warnock Street, Philadelphia, Pa 8. BREEDER AND IMPORTER. Rare. and Fancy Fish —
Plants of every variety, eSrasls and Ueen Supplies. of all- kinds at. all
MANUFACTURER OF.
_ Green River Fish Food 15¢ Box
Green River Baby Fish Food ae = - 20c Box ~~
A GOOD FISH FOOD is one OE ‘the most essential things necessary to = -keep fish in good health. After ‘the test of years Green. River stands out as the best food on the market. Tt. keeps the fish in good color by. pro- -moting a healthy, robust growth. It will not sour ot cloud the water. Ask
Ie pmpping. Cans 50 cents
q your dealer or send for it ttedey, Rep
OOO
Young = =
All Colors $5.00 Dozen Up
Large assortment of Splendid Telescopes |
and Jap Goldfish at Reasonable Pan | = HARRY P. PETERS 5 1210 NORTH WARNOCK STREET 2 PHILADELPHIA f
CO0000 C080 CS C000 COC O00 C506 _- ee ps
Nippon Goldfish Go! 1919 Bush Street, Tabor ters and Dealers FANCY GOLD-FISH §. AND ALL SUPPLIES8
Wholesale and Retail Price List Sent on Request
San Francisco, Cal.
D000 3000000000800... 000000000 C00
. ‘ . —
_ $ ‘. . ; _ i . Y v2 ;
i: P. LOVERING
AQUARIST WILMINGTON, NORTH CAROLINA “
Se 6 Ad st GO ego
Aquatic Wife Vol. V Noyeinhes {|| | No. 11 An sate Ua vhs Ix ae ie a devote
the study, daré dating, af, Ashes gad ther animals and plants in the home Be OUeeAT a: and
terrariim. 7, ©, ) Shaye Li he i a EAM. eg PAIAES ai. He Collector and Breeder of Tropical Fish
W. A. POYSER, F. RB. M. S., .....-0. EDITOR. Snakes and Her :
JOSEPH E. BAUSMAN ........... PUBLISHER a Repti les
632 East Girard Avenue .......... accept —————
’ re
a Tee ee New Varieties Aquatic Plants ie Choice and Rare Specimens Snakes and Reptiles
_ Tropical Fishes
Entered as second-class_ antter: era aoe 2d;. 1915, at the Post Cflice, Philadelphie, Pa., under Act of March 3d, 1879.
Popular and scientific articles and notes on ees jects perteining to the aquarium and terrarium, und to the héebits of fishes in general, are: always wanted for ‘‘Aquatic Life.’’* Readers are invited to join in making it a medium of mutual help by contributing to it the results of their studies. Phe pages are always open to anyone haying in- formation of interest to the aquarist and student of aquatic biology. Mauuseripts, books for re- view and general correspondence should be = ad- dressed to the editor. -
“Aquatic Life’? has the largest circulation of any magazine in the world deyoted to aquatic nature study. It offers te :dvertisers a market that can be recched through no other medium. Rates\made known on application.
‘Fundulus nottii, $1.50 per pair.
_Elassoma evergladei, $1.75 per pair. Heterandria formosa, $1.00 per pair. M. chaetodon, 50c each | =i Small turtles, $1.25 per dozen. Newts, $1,00 per dozen.
YEARLY SUBSCRIPTION .............. a #1 25 Wholesale to dealers. =< FOREIGN SUBSCRIPTION |....0......0.4 1.50 gre patatcne SINGLE. COPY0 00.5885. & ee aaa edo
Payments should be made by money order, draft or registered letter. If local checks are sent,’ ten eents should be added for collection charges, For- eign remittances. should) be by international
The Venus’ Flytrap (Dionaea muscipula) ; The plant that feeds on insects
a . x n
money order. 9 ; ; Aaa Copyright 1921 by Joseph E. Bausman, aint ; $1.00 Dozen — S :
*
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é Patented
The Peerless Aquarium November 9, ee
Made in 10 For Sale
a om U. Oe A.
Larger Sizes and fe ay
to Order 7 Can ata
Manufactured by J. J. HALTERBECK CO, Inc. { 170 - 172 TWELFTH AVENUE, ASTORIA, L. Tonys :
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Striped Moharra
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Insofar as I am aware, the fish here to be described has not yet been figured, nor does it appear to have received a ver- nacular name. This being the case, I pro- pose to call it the Striped Moharra (Gerres embryx), Jordan and Starks. Its characters are presented in some detail in the “Fishes of North and Middle America” by Jordan and Evermann in Part II, p. 1379, where it is described as a “new species.” This fish sometimes occurs in the fish markets of Washing- ton, where it is called the ‘Silver Perch,” and it was from a specimen obtained there that I made the negative from which the
cut here presented was made. Its spe-
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North American Fishes Ill. “The Striped Moharra (Gerres embryx)
iy WS OMURELDT; Mo D:, G: M. Z. S:
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Gerres embryx
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cific name embry. is from two Greek words meaning in the ocean depths, and Jordan and Evermann say of it “length Coast of South Carolina, in rather deep water, in company with Cal- amus leucosteus, Centropristes philadel- phicus, Larimus faciatus, and Stellifer lanceolatus. Here described from a speci- mene CNOn 440. 18-255 jreWnive Minis.) Te inches long, taken at Charleston, by Mr. @hanless@y Beslies A(ma013705)4" Oathese authors the family Gerridaes (No. C L I I L) contained the Mojarras and Mejarri- tas, with fishes bearing several other
about a foot.
names. The Gerridea stand between the fami-
WG)
Aquatic Life
lies Moendae and Ky phosidae of the group Percoidea of the teleostean fishes, and the general form of many of them is well exemplified by the subject of the present sketch. My photograph of Gerres em- bry.x, here reproduced, presents the form and that ren-
so accurately, with the character shape of its fins and its scalation, any description along these lines is dered quite unnecessary.
In the upper jaw the teeth are mmute, movable, and slender, there beg none in the lower jaw; while, as Doctor Jordan points out, the pharyngeals have ar oes ae blunt, pebble-like teeth on the middle, and small, sharp, conical teeth on the outer edge.” There are from seven to four- teen short gill-rakers, and four or five rows of scales on the cheeks, with none on the lower jaw.
This is a silvery fish, palest ventrad, with a darker shade along the back. Ten or eleven dark, narrow stripes run down on either side; one of these covers the lateral line, those above it being parallel therewith ; those below are nearly straight. There is a black spot on the tip of the snout above, while the superior fins are dusky in color; as a rule the ventral ones are lacking in all color. Jordan describes some seven other species of Gerres, and they occur on both coasts of the Americas.
ais ea
In December, Chicago was honored with the meeting of the American Asso- ciation for the Advancement of Science, and it was probably the greatest assembly in the history of the organization. Hun- dreds of investigators from all parts of the search, talk over old times and lay plans
realm met to confer on recent re-
for the future. “The membership includes the great men of the day in science, and the men to whom the world turned for aid in the great war.
Believing that all good things should
not be confined to a limited circle, the Chicago Aquarium Society invited some of these men to its rooms in the Keedy Studio, that they of the scientific world might rub elbows with business men with whom science is a hobby. And a mighty friendly rubbing it was, our guests rep- resenting the zoological departments of seven universities. With us were Dr. Henry B. Ward, Prof. Frank Smith and Dime Wang Cleave: ofetienUimiversity, of Illinois; Dis. (George Ra a Rue; ASI: Ruthven, Peter Ukkelberg, Paul 5S. Welch and Carl Hubbs, of the University of Michigan; Dr. Raymond C. Osborn, Uni- versity of Ohio, and Director of the Bio- logical Station at Put-in-bay; Dr. Van Austin, of the University of Wisconsin ; Dr. Guberlet, of the Oklahoma Agricul- tural Station; Dr. E. H. Brandquist, of Northwestern University, and Prof. M. H. Stoll, of Detroit Junior College.
We showed them our pets and swapped fish stories. Dr. Ward, who has done government fishing in Alaska; Dr. Os- borne, famous for work with Great Lakes fishes, and Dr. Ruthven, who has seen fabulous snakes in South America, made points for their side. The aquarists were ably represented by Dr. George H. Cleveland, of the Chicago Fisherman’s Club; the well-known Chicago Guy— Guernsey—and our president, Dr. H. G. Champlin. After a moist intermission, honorary memberships were presented to Dr. Ward, Dr. La Rue, Floyd S. Young, Guy Guernsey, Carl Hubbs, C. B. Whit- ford and I. J. Ackerman for deeds and activities in advancing aquarian science and the welfare of the society.
The gathering was then transported to the Orpheum Theatre, in the Loop, for a private exhibition by Mr. William P. Orsinger of five reels of aquatic life and deep sea animals. December 29 is marked a red letter day in the annals of the Chi- cago Aquarium Society.
(The Red Salamander
| E. R. DUNN l ne *p
Red Salamander
The red salamander, Spelerpes ruber (Daudin), ranges throughout the eastern half of the United States. It is, however, local in its distribution, being very common in certain places, and decidedly rare in others seemingly as suitable in a single neighborhood. It is more aquatic than others of our eastern salamanders, preferring cold springs to any other habitat. Here they may sometimes be found in great numbers. I have taken at least 68 from a single swamp spring near Haverford College, Pennsylvania.
In the natural state its food is small earthworms and sowbugs. In one speci- men I found a caterpillar of the army worm. In captivity it will eat finely chopped beef. Large larvae will eat very small ones.
The identification of the adult is an
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Spelerpes ruber
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It cannot be mistaken for any of the salamanders of the Northeast, except Gyrinophilus porphyriticus, which is larger, more uniform in color, and re- stricted to the Alleghenies. The adult ruber reaches 5% inches. The ground The upper surface is crowded with black spots which are
easy matter.
color is a clear red.
sharply defined in the small specimens, but in old and large animals are out- lined with dusky, which may obscure the ground color on the back. In the young the belly is unspotted, but very fine black spots appear with age. The tail is about two-fifths the total length.
The larvae are more difficult to iden- tify. The ground color is white, and the pigment is uniformly distributed over the dorsal surface, except for a few small spots called pigmentless areas, which are
WZ
Aquatic Lite
They reach a large size before transforming and probably spend two years in the larval The breeding period is probably in the early spring, and the transforma- tion takes place in the late spring and
of service in identifying larvae.
early summer.
Around Philadelphia they are likely to be confused with the larvae of the Two- lined Salamander, Spelerpes bilineatus. These reach 70 mm. before transforma- tion, and adults of 48 mm. have been found. Larvae ruber reach 110 mm. and adults of 80 mm. have been noted.
The smallest positively identified ruber I have are 50 mm. long. In comparison with bilineatus larvae of the same size they are much more uniformly dark. Larvae of bilineatus always have two rows of large light spots on the back. In ruber the spots are few and very small. In bilineatus at 50 mm. the pigment for the lateral dark lines has begun to sides of these light spots, an approach to the adult
collect on the thus showing coloration.
At 79 mm. ruber is much more robust than bilineatus, and its coloration is the same as at 50 mm., while bilineatus shows a much closer approximation to the adult, in fact 70 mm. is an extreme length for larval bilineatus and few reach it. Ruber generally transforms at a length of 90 mm. External conditions, however, mod- ify the size at transformation.
In regard to keeping ruber in the aqua- rium, I can only say that it is very hardy and will live indefinitely with little or no care. ‘The larvae will live best in very shallow water. I have never tried keep- ing them in balanced aquaria. The adults should have easy egress from the water.
ge Teg Ban
To convince you must believe.
A rolling stone gathers no moss, and, on the other hand, no rust either.
British Aquarium Society
A meeting of the above Society was held at 4, Fetter-lane, on Friday, January 21. The chair was occupied by the president, ME Weel) Webster hs Re Min Se eAuletter from the editor of Country Life, in which he related his experience in regard to fish taking mosquito pupae as food, was read by the President.
The principal business of the meeting was a lecture, illustrated by lantern slides, on “British Fresh Water Leeches,”’ by Mr. H. Whitehead, B. Sc., of the Essex County Museum. The natural feeling towards leeches is one of repulsion, due, probably, to its reputation for blood-suck- ing. It was comforting then to hear that the medicinal leech is the only British spe- cies which is able to pierce the skin of mammals. Of the fourteen species found in Great Britain, three only are marine, and eleven are found in fresh water. Of the British fresh water leeches, only two species attack fresh water fish—(Pisct- cola geometra and Hemuclepsis margin- ata )—a point of special interest to mem- bers of this society. Others prey upon worms, aquatic larvae, newts, frogs and sickly fish. The young leeches have many enemies, among which are moles, shrews, ducks, storks and
voles, hedgehogs,
herons. Certain fish, and aquatic larvae (Hydrophilus) doa great deal of damage. Their own kind attack them, and even the harmless snail-leeches suck them when tender.
All
self-fertilization does not take place. The
leeches are hermaphrodite, but
eggs are carried in the clitellum which, when deposited, forms a cocoon.
By the aid of an interesting lantern slide, the leech was compared and con- trasted with the earthworm. Fresh water leeches are found in ponds and streams, under the leaves of planks, and under Concluded on page 123
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The Mexican Swordtail
GEORGE S. MYERS
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The Mexican Swordtail, Xiphophorus hellert, was described and named by the naturalist Heckel in 1848. It occurs ex- tensively Southern Mexico and Central America to Venezuela in com- pany with Platypoecilia, Mollienisia, Poecilia and other members of the group of live-bearing tooth-carps familiar to aquarists. It was first secured by German aquarists in 1909 and was brought to this country about a year later. It soon be- came popular and is now the most easily procured exotic aquarium fish. Beautiful coloration and interesting breeding habits made friends for it everywhere.
from
Typical male of Xiphophorus helleri (upper ) and two variants
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The body, in the male, is an intense silvery-blue which in some specimens shows a decided greenish tinge. Along the side, ending at the tail-fin, is a red or reddish line. The dorsal fin is large, re- minding one of Mollienisia, and marked with dots of claret. The gill-covers are bright silver-blue. The
longation of the lower rays of the tail,
sword, a_ pro- is in some individuals a metallic peacock green, and in others yellow or bright In all cases it is outlned with Fish bred from stock brought
orange. black.
from Venezuela have in addition to the usual red lateral stripe, a wide reddish-
123
Aquatic Rite
gold band on each side of it, above and below being metallic blue. The sword is intense yellow-green. The general color- ation of the female is similar but not so vivid, and she lacks the sword-like ex- tension of the tail. Her dorsal fin is somewhat smaller.
Individuals vary considerably in size, due mainly to environment and foods. \When a litter is given plenty of room, abundant and proper food and adequate warmth, large and sturdy specimens will result. On the other hand if crowded and poorly fed they will be scrawny and small. In nature it attains a large size for a cyprniodout, a male (including the sword) reaching 6% inches, the female a trifle less. The average size for a mature aquarium grown fish is 314 inches. This does not mean that large ones cannot be grown in home aquaria. The writer has in his collection a male, grown in a 24- inch tank, that measures 634 inches in all.
The number of young in a litter varies with the size of the female, large ones having families of a hundred or more. If well fed the fry will mature in four to five months. The best food is daphne, and this is practically essential to rearing large specimens in the aquarium. When ma- ture the fish may be given dried foods, such as dahpne, shrimp and similar sub- stances.
The swordtail does not thrive at tem- peratures under 65 or over 80 degrees, 70 to 75 being the happy medium at which it will afford no end of amusement and pleasure to its possessor.
of ean Concluded from page 121 stones and logs. By the alternate applica- tion of their two sucker-like discs, they are able to travel from one solid body to another. One species (Arhynchob- delloe ) fashion. Of
are able to swim in an eel-like
the British fresh-water
leeches, one division possesses a tube-like, telescopic proboscis. ‘This organ is absent in the other division, but some of its members possess instead a rasp-like tri- cuspid jaw. To the former division be- long the Fish-leech (Piscicola geometra) and the Chequered-leech (Protoclepsis tessellata), to the latter, the Horse-leech (Hoemopsis sanguisuga ), which does not attack horses, the medicinal leech (Hirudo and Dutrochets = Weech (Trocheta subviridis).
Leech farming does not seem to have
medicinalis )
been practiced in England, although dur- ing the first half of the nineteenth cen- tury, the medicinal leech was a favorite jor blood-letting. The French, however, specialized in leech-culture, too
agent
often at the expense of poor decrepit horses.
Today—our lecturer informed us— leeches are still used in the East-end of London by the alien population in cases of neuralgia, gumboils, ete. The non- alien population sometimes use them for curing “‘black-eyes.”
Leeches which attack fresh water fish are very active. The Fish-leech attaches itself to weeds and stones by the posterior suckers and waves its body about until prey comes within its reach. It can swim well, and it attacks most species of fresh water fish, and may remain on its host for some days. It is fairly common in trout fisheries.
FHemiclepsis marginata is a fairly active leech, but is unable to swim. It is para- sitic upon fish. It is an agent in the trans- mission of certain trypanosomes which infest fish. tach themselves to the mother and leave This leech
On hatching, the young at-
her about three weeks later. can be distinguished from the Fish-leech by the seven logitudinal rows of yellow spots which run along the back. The ventral surface 1s without spots.
bc
Everything
for the fish fancier. A fine stock now of tropical
and goldfish, with new importations expected daily. Manufacturers of the ‘“‘Faultless Fish Food,’ 30 cents per box, $38.50 per pound. Sole
new invention, ‘“‘The Faultless A blue flame gas heater that and keeps the air in the full instructions inches, $3.00; 24 anywhere in the The Long
distributors of my Aquarium Heater.’ costs little to operate room fresh. Easily with each heater. Price, 18 inches, $3.50. Sent prepaid U. S. and Canada. Cash with order. Island Aquarium Fish Hatchery HUGO C. NELLES 167 East 32nd _ street,
installed;
proprietor, New York
City.
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mROPICAL FISHES Write for Price List Oscar Leitholf, 281 Southern Avenue Pittsburgh, Pa.
The Englewood Fancy Goldfish Hatchery
Japanese Toy Breeds in a variety of colors. Sales at hatchery only—none shipped. Visitors welcome Saturday afternoon, Sunday and | Holidays. Phone, Wentworth 1118.
ANTHONY A. MAINA, 6711 Parnell Avenue, Chicago, Ill.
Live Foods is Nature s irood
Give your fishes white worms, which can be raised indoors throughout the year. Generous portion, 60 cents, with full instruc- tions for propagation. (Successor to C. E. Jenne.) W. J. WRIGHT Bergen Avenue and Mercer Street, Jersey City, N. J.
Cichlasoma nigrofasciatzs of the Cichlid Groups Broad-tail Telescopes
L. W. REHBEIN
2115 HUNTING PARK AVENUE PHILADELPHIA
“Jack Dempsey” Tropicals
pm mm mm mcf
Henry Kissel, lhe.
Breeder & Fancier of Broad-tail Telescopes Good Type and Color
Plants
Some beautiful Hybrids in
Tropical Fish Snails
which I specialize.
None shipped;
241 Walker Street, Cliffside, N. J.
sales at conservatory only.
Telephone, 461, Cliffside.
PL 6 Pa 6 Fs FF SF Ps Ss
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Things You Need
¥
Stil-B-Nu Fishfood (coarse or fine).....20¢ 30X SUL DBINMe ert ice HABU LOOM erste ale eisiciele 25c. Box Stil-B-Nu Shrimp (coarse or fine)......25¢. Box Shredded=Sh rity aves cieveveteresevevevatetettereierets oo eee 25¢ Stil-B-Nu Infusoria Culture ............! 0c Box Stil-B-Nu Remedy for Sick Fishes......25¢ Box Stil-B-Nu Aquarium Salts .............. 25¢e Tox SUlLB-Nusweeding: Ringsusmesisetessteiee eeieeiene 15¢ Stil-B-Nu Net (small or large)............- 60K Stil-B-Nu Aquarium Scraper ............-...p0¢ Easy Ready Aquarium Thermometer........ $1.25 Pocket Magnitying Glass: <siaesieciene ne slnie Small Microscope
Large Microscope
JAGILEEIIT OOMEIME Sogeasogosaueosoeool a0C nonnd ANG WEVA, CHIE obousoodoancausuc dace a0ec. up One of the prettiest presents you can make yourself or aquavist friends is one of our hand- some gold Scarf Pins, Watch Fob or Brooche.
Copyright, 1919, Stil-B-Nu Supply Co.
Scalare (scarf pin or brooche).............$7.25 Lion-head (scarf pin or brooche) 25 Telescope (reconstructed ruby eye)........$7.75 Telescope (Diamond eye)...............+-$9.70
Silk Fob Gold Attachment for aboye $2.50 extra.
JAPANESE NOVELTIES.
Jap einen see bULNELSeEE er aicicrrcieieencet ioe 60¢ Jap Castles Incense Burners................. $5e Saher Ibs? WANS Sabb ccacsocc0ooucduCaoKo OO MXN ILO HGP So oooooguddunsoemounne douse Japanese Hand-painted Scene, nicely framed.$1.50 FISH, PLANTS, SNAILS.
Japanese Smee ee opactocedcccoccsoc 65 25e each Red Rams Horn Snails.................25¢ each If your dealer does not carry the Stil-B-Nu Line, send to us direct. We give your order prompt attention or refund your money promptly.
All our goods are shipped Postpaid, with the
exception of fish.
STIL-B-NU SUPPLY CO 427 E. Girard Avenue, Philadelphia
6 9 PE OPS YR 6 PE SSS BS PG BS PS DS FS PS BG Ps BR BS BS BS PS OS Bd PS Be CP GOS BS Ps Pd Fs i Ss tetas ee i eet kk) eal i, 2 ee i ee
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FISH SICK ?
Try Stil-B-Nu Fish Remedy for congestion. tail- rot, fungus or the white spots on all kinds of fishes. We have some excellent recommenda- tions for this remedy. 25¢. Box Postpaid.
PR-FK FISH FOOD
We cannot speak too highly of this food. Buy a box today and sprinkle a little on the surface of your aquarium (it floats) and see how your fishes go for it. Fishes (especially tropicals) like to feed from the surface. 25¢. box, postpaid.
Stil-B-Nu Supply Co 427 E. Girard Avenue, Philadelphia
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Mme mt mses Pt ss tt
¢
50005000 —5 300 ACM 900 D000 000C > 0
Something New!
Heated Closet for Aquariums!
\/
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An excellent arrangement in which to keep and breed tropical fishes through winter and summer
Plants Fishes
Aquariums:
MAX NIEMAND
743 Eleventh Avenue, Long Island City New York
[5000 [S500 T5 500 CCS 0090 MH 000000 CS :
JULIUS RIEWE
5000 C000 000000 000c—
\/ 9
BREEDER AND FANCIER OF TROPICAL FISHES |
3519 Costello Avenue, Chicago, Ill.
Fine stock of Danio malabaricus, D. alboline- atus, D. rerio, Barbus conchonius, ciolatus, B. ticto and many other kinds of tropical fishes. None shipped. Telephone Bel-
mont 5092.
THREE MILLION GOLDFISH
Buy from the breeder with 107 acres of ponds. “Bug Food” for all fishes. Output in 1919 over 300,000 boxes. Per box, by mail, 17 cents; pint, by mail, $2.00; quart, $3.75. Climbing Perch from India, 2 for $4.00; 4 for $7.50; 6 for $10.00. Putnam Fisheries, Office, 462 Washington street, Buffalo, N. Y.
-““AQUARIA FISH”’
A practical work on care and breeding of fish in the aquarium, greenhouse and out- door ponds. Finely illustrated.
Everyone interested in keeping fish should send for a copy of this book. Price, $1.00.
F. L. TAPPAN, Route 2, ee aaa Minn
000-000-000 S000 S000
B. semifas- |
0005000000 Se D000 > 000000 cS ee
l Share My Money With Me
I Mean It—Positively
Take Half My Money on Welke’s Fishfood at 20c and 35c box 8
Take Third My Money on Fish Photographs at 15c and 50c each
Take Third My Money on My Two Books ( The Practical Fish Fancier at $1.56 Domesticated Fish Manual 54c 8
AGENTS WANTED EVERYWHERE ( W. L. BRIND, 1504 East 53rd Street 8 Chicago, Illinois
%¢@ 000 C>000c > c000C> 000000
> Fe ee ee 8 I ees Comey o
S, O. S. a new food for Gold- fish and Tropicals. The un- consumed food developing into infusoria.
S, O. S. 35c box; by mail 38c Magic (Infusoria) 50c postpaid Yogi Fishfood 15c; by mail 17c Yogi by lb 75c; ad postage Yogi 101b lots 65c; ad postage
Circular on above products
Robert J Schaeffer «» 7421 Montour Street
Burholme, Philadelphia For Sale
An aquarium manufacturing works, with fully equipped goldfish and supply outfit. Has been operated successfully for eighteen years. No better or finer. aquariums made. Must be sold at once to permit the owner to give entire attention to other important business. Write for full particulars.
Pioneer Aquarium Works.
possible, w unconsumed food dev loping infusoria
S. O. S.
FISH FOOD MANUFACTURED BY ROBERT J. SCHAEFFER PHILA, PA.
Racine, Wisconsin
Sale or Exchange
Surplus Stock of Rare and Fancy Fish Plants of All Kinds
G. Germann, 0. D. 3823 N. Richmond St. Chicago
Phone: Monticello 6864.
ae 909 C000 C000 —— 7:00 ——> 000 —— 000 ———Do00c—D 000 G——Dos0—,
CRESCENT Pils b AEN
(EROPICALS'! -
Vallisneria spiralis, wide leaf 60c dozen;
Lotus tubers, 50c each
Japanese Snails, $1 and $2 dozen Shrimp - pure shelled shrimp only - the best fishfood $1.10 pound
| : Mollienisia latipinna, per dozen, $4.00 | |
8 CRESCENT FISH FARM, 1624 Mandeville Street, New Orleans, La.
FOODS! -
PANES: Shipping cans 50 cents each
Narrow leaf 30c dozen
eS ee eee
Oma Wi ie!
ie THE ‘NET OF A NATURALIST
‘ Don’ t paddle in’ the water with one hand and - be blind with. eyes. In other words, * “keep your eyes ‘open”’ for all nature.
. Our Magazine
be Guive to sPature Wal Help You
It ig: edited by. EDWARD F. BIGELOW, who fishes in the heavens and earth, as well as the _ waters under the earth. —
Selig Months’ Trial 25¢ : ; THE
AGASSIZ ASSOCIATION
ArcAdiA Connecticut
: GOLDFISH
PLAIN & FANCY
Ship- Write
‘ Ready for market at rock-bottom prices. ped anywhere in United States or Canada. for our illustrated catalogue.
| Orent Goldfish and Supply Co
ey 3757 - 3761 Cottage Grove Avenue Neos oe Hlinois.
‘SPECIAL !
ee
United States ‘Department of Commerce
oC ermey
Bureau of Fisberies
- Official Government Indorsement =~
= CREATION,
Used without sheep manure 50c box
The New Infusoria
ee Zz to Catch Net: 50¢ | Hybrids, the finest i in Philadelphia, $4.00 Orange- tail Helleri $2.00 and $3.00 Pair Tails guaranteed
iH Diirart Gouramies Do not sénd stamps
t dey sennnnnnylonnnnnn
FRANCIS K. CHRISTINE
aS 518 BELGRADE STREET = PHILADELPHIA
os 2 2 =
One Fear, $7.50 |
$15.00 Each
Pte rophyllum Scalare
(ANGEL FISH) THE HANDSOMEST FISH THAT SWIMS
We have succeeded in raising some of these rare and beautiful fish and can now offer them to fish lovers at $15.00 each. About size of cut
FRANKLIN ness:
401 to 417 E. Wyoming Avenue ee on ee
Mack’s Siberior | Fishfood
has proven itself to be the best Fish Food on the market for goldfish as well as tropieal fish. Put up as follows:
No. 1—Eor all Fry or Newly-born Baby Fish. No. 2—lI*or Guppies, Danios, ete,
No. 3—For Paradise, Goldfish,
ete.
October 20, The Peptoast Co., New York City.
My dear Mr. Mack: — Enclosed please find check, for which send me eight boxes of ‘‘Mack’s Superior Fish Food’’ No. 3, one box of No. 2, and one box No. 1. If there is any extra charge for postage, kindly let me know.
Yours very truly. CC. Me Ps South Orange, N. J.
1918,
Santuree, Porto Rico, July 28, 1920. The Peptoast Co., 415 Hast 148th St., N. ¥. Gentlemen: Enclosed please find money order to the amount of $35.00, for which please send me $500: worth of Mack’s Superior Fish Food Noa; 33 22553: Very truly yours, MRS. W. A.
McK.
Santurce, Porto: Rico, Aug. 26, 1920. The Peptoast Co., 415 East 148th St., N. Y. Gentlemen: Enclosed please find money order for $5.00, for which please send me your Su- perior Fish Food, also two cans of Baby Fish Food, Very truly yours, MRS. W. A. McK,
Price 25 cents, by mail,.30 cents Sold in bulk to breeders
The Peptoast Company 415 East 148th St. New York City.
000000 C= a00
| | | | |
Plant Names
and their meanings are explained and features of the wild flowers are dis- cussed in
The American Botanist Joliet, Illinois
Quarterly, $1.50 a year; sample, 25 cents. Your subscription is invited.
a era, August Obermuller
Breeder and Fancier of Telescopes and Tropicals 96 Columbia Avenue, Jersey City Heights, N. J. A large variety | ics tropicals always on hand. s
Haplochilus and Danio Verieces
Visitors welcome at conservatory any
Saturday afternoon and on Sunday. Also
evenings after oi o'clock.
HERMAN RABENAU, Aquarist —
PERMANENT DISPLAY OF Aquatic Life & Terraria
must be seen to be appreciated Visitors Welcome Plante and Tropical Fish a Specialty Importations of New Varieties received regularly 1168 Myrtle Avenue, Brooklyn, N. Y. Near Broadway.
GOLDFISH, FOODS, PLANTS, DIP NETS Combination Natural Fish Food - Sample Box 10c Japanese Shrimp Fish Food - - Sample Can 15¢ Baby Fish Food Sample Box l5e Imported Dried Daphnia © Sample Jar 35¢
Mas! Orders Promptly Attended to»
Special Prices on Quantity Lots. Cash With Order.
Catalogue Sent Upon Request.
AQUARIUM STOCK CO 174 Chambers Street :: New York City
the haunts, habits and other interesting
SAR Beas. Stas Greta ty Ara etn acta tee neat ge een St acre he 5 .
BocS000c—>000c > 000 > 0000005
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HARRY Pp PETERS | 1210 N. Warnock Street, Philadelphia, P a
BREEDER AND IMPORTER Rare and Fancy Fish :
Plants of every variety, Sails and Aquarium Supplies oF a Hee at all 9. , times. :
MANUFACTURER OF.
Green River Fish Food 15¢ Box
Green ive Baby Fish Food | a
ay We Obata gee A GOOD FISH FOOD is one of 1 most essential things necessary to — keep fish in good health. After | test of years Green River stands ou as the best food on the market. ie Se! keeps the fish in good color by pro “moting a healthy, robust growth. It will not sour ot cloud the water. As i your dealer or send for it today.
All Cole. /
Large assortment of. Splendid Telescopes } and Jap Goldfish at Reasonable Prices :
shipaide cies 50 cents
HARRY P. PETERS - 1210 NORTH WARNOCK | STREET | PHILADELPHIA
Nippon Goldfish oO 1919 Bush Street, San Francisco, Cal. : Importers and Dealers om FANCY GOLD- FISH AND ALL SUPPLIES
"Wholesale and Retail Price List Sent on Request
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SPECIAL! .
wonenpanb ieee f { ; + United States! Depar{zient pf (Commerc . WBhreap pe Figgas ( pee 3 .
Official Government Indorsement CREATION,
Used without sheep manure 50c box
The New Infusoria
E. Z. to Catch Net Hybrids, the finest in Philadelphia, $4.00 $2.00 and $3. pe Pair Tails guaranteed
Orange-tail Helleri
Dwarf Gouramies. . Do not send stamps
> REET 65. Seinen
FRANCIS K. CHRISTINE 518 BELGRADE STREET _ PHILADELPHIA
eee
Made in 10 Different Stock Sizes
Larger Sizes to Order
Manufactured by J. J. HALTERBECK CO,,
172 TWELFTH AVENUE, ASTORIA, L.1,,N
170 -
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TTP. LOVERING |
7 ti ‘ , SeeisGae \ <
codeine timenidaettiaeatienetinesdinen titty enitinets mete ine anette
| The Becrless ‘Aquarium
Snakes and Other Beas
_Elassoma evergladei, $1.75 per pair.
—M. chaetodon, 50c each
- Wholesale to dealers.
_ AQUARIST WILMINGTON, NORTH CAROLINA Collector and Breeder of Tropical Fish ie
New Varieties Aquatic Plants Choice and Rare Specimens -_ Snakes and Reptiles Tropical Fishes _
Fundulus nottii, $1.50 per pair. Heterandria formosa, $1.00 per eee :
Small turtles, $1. 25 per dozen. Newts, $1.00 per dozen. ae
.The Venus Flytrap (Dionaea ‘muscipula) : en
The plant that feeds on insects $1.00 Dozen
. = . xy - = 2 st: Ae
‘Patented November 9, 1915
For Sale All Thru U.S. AL. and Canada
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Terrarium Notes
On the Marbled Salamander RUTH BERNICE BREDER
Fo mes PL SPS eS PN 6 8S BN SB BRS BG FS Ps Be BS FR BF a ts Be FN FS Ss St
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Marbled Salamander
Sa 6 6 8 6 PS PSP SF Ss PS OS BS SG OS BS Pg Ps FS 9 FS Bg Fg Os 9 gs Ft 6 6 Sg ss
The interesting the marbled salamander, Amblystoma opa-
specimen of
cum, on which these notes were made was taken September 6th, 1920, midway between the Ohio and Chesapeake Canal and the Potomac River, about three
i Le -”
mec
Photographs by R. W. Shufeldt, M. D.
Fo—mr—mees SS SRS FS Oo FS Fs Bg PS PG BS Bs Ps BF 8 8 8g Fd 6 6 is Ps i es,
Fc a me me rm te mee cm mse ye mem es es
miles above Cabin John, Maryland. It was from general appearances a very healthy and sturdy specimen and beauti- fully marked. It agrees with the speci- men described by -Dr. Shufeldé (Aguatic Lire, Vol. Il, pp. 113-114),
125 Aquatic Lite
Be me ce me me
Aquatic Lite Vol. V December, 1920 No. 12
An international monthly magazine devoted to the study, care znd breeding of fishes and other animals and plants in the home aquarium and terrarium.
W. A. POYSER, F. R. M. &, ........ EDITOR
JOSEPH E. BAUSMAN ........... PUBLISHER
632 East Girard Avenue .......... Philadelphia
Entered as second-class matter, September 2d, 1915, at the Post Cflice, Philadelphiz, Pa., under Act of Mach 3d, 1879.
Popular and scientific articles and notes on sub- jects pertéining to the aquarinm and terrarium, and to the hzbits of fishes in general, are always wanted for ‘‘Aquatic Life.’’ Readers are invited to join in making it a medium of mutual help by contributing to it the results of their studies. The pages are always open to anyone having in- formation of interest to the aquarist and student of aquatic biology. Manuscripts, books for re- view and general correspondence should be ad- dressed to the editor.
“Aquatic Life’’ has the largest circulation of any magazine in the world devoted to aquatic nature-study. It offers to :dvertisers a market that can be reeched through no other medium. Rates made known on application.
YEARLY SUBSCRIPTION ................ $1.25 FOREIGN SUBSCRIPTION SINGLE COPY
Payments should be made by money order, draft or registered letter. If local checks are sent, ten cents should be added for collection charges. For- eign remittances should be by international money order.
Copyright 1921 by Joseph E. Bausman.
Be me ee a os Se 6 6 Os ss 6 Os Oe 6 Og Os EB
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whose excellent photograph is repro- duced herewith.
The specimen was found in a dense woodland at the edge of a small rain pool about four feet in diameter, and was hid- ing under a bit of wood scarcely large enough to cover it. The sky was overcast and rain had been falling for about two hours, it bemg noon when the specimen was taken.
On September 11th it was placed in a cylindrical jar, 14 inches high, and 15 inches in diameter, a vivarium which also contained two young box tortoises inbiee — (14,
painted yy inches), and a snake (17 inches). The
(1% aches), 2a jar was fitted with about two inches of leaf mold from the woods, a pan of water
about 4 inches in diameter and plants
such as spotted wintergreen and wan-
dering jew. Some red plant lice, aphids,
were offered at this time, but the writer
did not observe that any were eaten.
The salamander would sit the day long peeping from under the pan of water, appearing to be watching the movements of an eel in the adjoining jar, the obser- vation of which suggested that it might be hungry. From September 14th to November 18th little was seen of the salamander, it apparently being in a state of hibernation, but once when seen at night still appeared to be in perfect con- dition. On the latter date it was moved to a smaller jar (10 inches high by 8 inches in diameter), with a small Ple- thodon, a long-tailed species. This jar was thought to present more favorable conditions, containing dead leaves, pieces of bark and twigs, smooth stones and about half an inch of water. From this time on both specimens have been out and about continually, and since Novem- ber 25th out every night, often with a bright moon full upon them. From No- vember 29th to January 8th, 1921, the Amblystoma would sit sheltered under the piece of bark with at least half of its body exposed, and the writer took from this that the salamander finding it- self undisturbed by the prowlings of other animals had no desire to hide. The former belief that they desired to hiber- nate would thus be unfounded.
On December tst the salamander ate three meal worms in rapid succession. These were almost one-third its length, which at this time was 4% inches. At this “stage of the game” an interesting thing happened. The long-tailed indi- vidual attempted to eat one of the meal worms, but the worm was too large for it, and the marbled salamander apparent- ly becoming angry snapped at the Ple- thodon, catching hold of a leg. The “long-tail” retaliated, but then the writer interferred and the worm was quickly disposed of by the larger of the two. Neither specimen had been observed to
(Concluded on page 127)
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Most authoritative writers on our fishes associate the mackerels and _ their nearest allies in a group, Scombroidei, relegating the true mackerels to the fam- ily Scombridae, in which the typical mackerels constitute the genus Scomber. At the time Jordan and Evermann pub- lished their “Fishes of North America,” there were but two species of mackerels representing the genus Scomber; these were the Common mackerel (Scomber scombrus)—the subject of the present article—and the Chub mackerel (5S. colias). ‘This latter is a fish of wide dis- tribution, occurring in many places in the New as well as in the Old World. . Al- though smaller than and inferior to our Common mackerel, it is, nevertheless, a fish of considerable economic importance, and it is known by many vernacular names.
Linnaeus gave the Common mackerel its name of Scomber scombrus, but it is quite possible that modern ichthyologists have changed it since—at least the one for the species. The cut illustrating the present article is a reproduction from a photograph of a market specimen by the writer, and reduced about two-thirds.
This Common mackerel lacks an air- bladder; possesses eleven or twelve dor- sal spines, and is silvery below the median line of the body. On the other hand, the Chub mackerel has an air-blad- der, and but nine or ten dorsal spines, with the sides below the median line, in the adult fish, more or less mottled.
There is no fish in the world that is better known; more extensively used as
North American Fishes |
IV. “The Mackerel (Scomber scombrus) | |
/
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a food fish, or, of its class, more beauti- ful in form and coloration than the Com-
It is not necessary to
mon mackerel. enter into the details of its external char- they are very clearly
acters here, as
127
Aquatic Life
shown in the accompanying cut; and, as for its general anatomy, that is a large subject, one much in need of treatment and at the hands of the comparative anat- omist. Even when- Jordan and Ever- mann issued their great work on the “Fishes of North America,” they were quite at a loss to present the exact rela- tions of some of the fishes supposed to be related to the Scombroidei. The re- lationships were not known, and for the reason that the anatomy of the forms in question was not known.
All the mackerels are carnivorous by nature, and the few species in the genus are of wide distribution. They are sought for food by man in all parts of the world where they occur; and as they generally swim in immense schools, they are fre- quently taken in large numbers at a time. The word Scomber is from the Greek, and is a very old term for a mackerel. An adult specimen of the Common spe- cies averages about 18 or 19 inches in length. They are extremely abundant on both coasts of the Atlantic, ranging southward to Cape Hatteras on our side, and to Spain in Kurope.
ies: Cea Marbled Salamander (Concluded from page 125) eat prior to this time. The following day was offered On December 3rd a
the Amblystoma worms again and refused. housefly, half stunned, was placed in front of this salamander and was 1m- mediately accepted. On December 5th the salamander was out all day, but the next two days it remained under cover. Then it came back to its old place of feeding (a smooth stone) and was offered a meal worm 134 inches long but refused it, taking another 1% inches.
During the two weeks following it was unavoidably neglected, but at the
end of the period it quickly disposed of
another worm. On January 8th it ate a worm almost half as long as itself, hav- ing a difficult task to swallow it. From this date to the time of writing both in- dividuals have been in a state of semi- torpidity, due to sudden changes in tem- perature. At no time during the day was temperature lower than 57 degrees, Fahrenheit, recorded in the vivarium, but during the night it no doubt fell con- siderably due to open windows. ‘These salamanders have been in continuous good health ever since they were taken. Altogether they have made decidedly pic- turesque as well as interesting pets and are quite tame, coming up to the stone upon which they are usually fed and showing other evidences of intelligence.
—>—__
News Notes
The Reading Aquarium Society gave its annual duck dinner in connection with the regular meeting and exhibition in December. Black telescopes were ex- hibited in competition for prizes, the first being awarded to Mr. Kershner, the second to Mr. Hepler, and the third to Mr. Hermansader.
At the annual meeting of the Mil- waukee Aquarium Society the follow- ing officers were elected for the ensuing Wears Jeresdem, Iskeimy ©, Ixossciti 3 vice-president, W. R. White; treasurer, Carl Bauer; recording secretary, W. O. Bechor ; corresponding secretary, H. A. Fechtmeyer; Custodian, L. Koszolka ; librarian, Jacob Merget.
During the latter part of May the Chi- cago Aquarium Society will have a pub- lic exhibition in the Art Institute. The exhibits will be arranged to emphasize the nature-study idea, and in other ways depart from the average “aquarium show.”
Hugo C. Nelles has again been elected president of the Ridgewood Aquarium Society, a tribute to his efforts to advance aquarian interests.
[al
Tandanus tandanus
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During a recent collecting outing of the South Australian Aquarium Society to the River Murray, many of the in- digenous fishes were obtained, and al- though the majority of the species are much too large for aquaria when adult, the young of some of them proved of sufficient interest to warrant their main- tenance in captivity. Tiny fresh-water catfishes were plentiful in the irrigation waters and numbers have been since in- troduced into members’ aquaria with happy results. When placed in company with other species they appear to be quite inoffensive and being bottom feeders act
as scavengers; during their frequent
peregrinations meat or other food lying
a Tee YY
An Australian Cathish
HERBERT M. HALE South Australian Museum
{
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| | : | | | | | ! | | | | | | | | | | ( | | |
Photo by Author
ee Fe oH FF FF oY 1 hh 1 GF Ht
|
on the bottom is eagerly eaten by them and thus the floor of the aquarium is kept free from refuse passed over by more fastidious inmates. At intervals they also poke about between stones and peb- bles in search of small aquatic creatures, often disturbing quite a cloud of sand in the water; in the writer’s aquaria they ate the smaller water-snails with which the jars were stocked. Judging from the examination of the stomach contents of large examples the natural food consists largely of crustaceans, aquatic insects and molluscs.
The Murray catfish is not populer with anglers on account of the serrated
spines with which the pectoral and first
129 Aquatic Life
dorsal fins are armed and even small ex- amples, but an inch or two in length; can inflict uncomfortable wounds. One member of our society, the president, as it happened, placed his hand in a collect- ing tin containing several little catfishes and straightway received a_ practical demonstration of the efficacy of these weapons of defense. The spines form jagged punctures which ache painfully for some hours; although this species does not possess poison sacs at the bases of its spines as do some of the American catfishes, the mucous secreted from the skin possibly acts as an irritant. The spine in front of each pectoral fin fits into a curious basal socket, so modified that a twist of the erected member is analogous in result to a half turn of a screw in a thread; the fish is thus en- abled to lock these spines at right angles to the body, in which position they re- main even after death. To predaceous brethren this renders the catfish an un- comfortable meal for the rigid spikes pierce the stomach or throat of an agres- sor; the wounds thus inflicted have been known to cause the death of water birds such as Cormorants and Pelicans. Catfishes derive their popular name from the presence of the barbels or “feel- ers” around the mouth, these having a fancied resemblance to the whiskers of a feline. In the species illustrated they are eight in number, four below the chin, one at each corner of the mouth and two After watching a newly introduced fish wan-
on the upper surface of the snout.
dering disconsolately over the bottom of an aquarium, it 1s obvious that these are tactile organs, and as such must be a great asset in the depths of the usually murky waters of the Murray. About 1200 species of the Nematognathi (thread- jaw) have been described, the majority of them being confined to fresh water.
Much has been written of their breeding
habits, for in this group one of the pro- genitors usually watches over the eggs and young. Our catfish builds a nest, which has been described by Mr. David G. Stead, Naturalist to the Board of Fisheries for New South Wales, as fol- lows:
“This species possesses the interesting habit of forming a mound or nest in which to deposit its eggs. The nest is formed either of sandy grit or pebbles (if the latter are available) ; and is often at least three feet in diameter. During the process of incubation it is jealously guarded by one or other of the parents. In regard to the formation of the nest, one man who had been fishing for many years on some of the western rivers of New South Wales, informed me that he had seen the fishes carrying pebbles in their mouths to the desired spot. Others state that the mound is formed by a simple fanning motion. of the tail; this fanning also tends to dislodge the more minute particles, and so leave the coarser particles behind for the formation of the nest.” It has also been noted that both sexes seem to unite in the subse- quent attendance on the nest in which the ova are deposited.
Tandanus tandanus is called “Pamori” by the aboriginals and was at one time largely utilized as food by them. Full grown examples measure about two feet in total length. The color of the young is olive with lighter mottlings, but adult fishes taken from the main stream are much darker, being a mottled reddish brown; in both cases the abdomen is
opalescent. As is usual with most of our fresh-water fishes the intensity of the coloring is rapidly adjusted to har- monize with new surroundings. DATS UES Good judgment is often a lucky guess. Fool worse than wise
friends are
enemies.
a tT
Everything
A fine stock now of tropical and goldfish, with new importations expected daily. Manufacturers of the ‘“‘Faultless Fish Food,’’ 30 cents per box, $3.50 per pound. Sole distributors of my new inyention, “The Faultless
for the fish fancier.
Aquarium Heater.’”’ A blue flame gas heater that costs little to operate and keeps the air in the
room fresh. Easily installed; full instructions with each heater. Price, 18 inches, $3.00; 24 | inches, $3.50. Sent prepaid anywhere in the
U. S. and Canada. Cash with order. The Long Island Aquarium Fish Hatchery HUGO C. NELLES
proprietor, 167 East 32nd _ street, New York
PS Ps os Fe 6 Fs Fs |
City.
a Powe aes
TROPICAL FISHES
Write for Price List Oscar Leitholf, 281 Southern Avenue Pittsburgh, Pa.
The Englewood Fancy Goldfish Hatchery
Japanese Toy Breeds in a variety of colors. Sales at hatchery only—none shipped. Visitors welcome Saturday afternoon, Sunday and Holidays. Phone, Wentworth 1118.
ANTHONY A. MAINA, 6711 Parnell Avenue, Chicago, III
Live Food: is Nature Ss Food.
Give your fishes white worms, which can be raised indoors throughout the year. Generous portion, 60 cents, with full instruc- tions for propagation. (Successor to C. E. Jenne.) W. J. WRIGHT Bergen Avenue and Mercer Street, Jersey City, N. J.
Cichlasoma nigrofasciatum of the Cichlid Groups Broad-tail Telescopes
L. W. REHBEIN
2115 HUNTING PARK AVENUE PHILADELPHIA
“Jack Dempsey” Tropicals
Te Vo Nt
Things You Need
Stil-B-Nu Fishfood (coarse or fine)..... 20c. Box Stil-B-Nu Pr-fk Fishfood............. 25c. Box Stil-B-Nu Shrimp (coarse or fine) 30% SSUMECCCCUENS TITTY octerentiele preter eretereeteierene rane aren 25¢ Stil-B-Nu Infusoria Culture ............ 0c Box Stil-B-Nu Remedy for Sick Fishes......25¢ Box Stil-B-Nu Aquarium Salts ............. .25¢ Tox Stil-B-NiulMeeding Rings) sssyedeeeue een neon 15e Stil-B-Nu Net (small or large)............. H0e Stil-B-Nu Aquarium Scraper ................50¢ Easy Ready Aquarium Thermometer........$1.25 Pocket Magnifying Glass ..........+c-+e+«--$1.75 Sia PMicCroscopem ss. cieeciseeecee eee nee DU LAE CeeNULCLOSCOPEI ee eee ee $22.50 AGUEYO I CNG 55 5o5beocenonnaasadt a0¢ pound AAG (LEYMANN “CHEBES sooanonoouncsoconconnc) 0c. up One of the prettiest presents you can make yourself or aguarist friends is one of our hand-
some Watch Fob or Brooche.
gold Scarf Pins,
Copyright, 1919, Stil-B-Nu Supply
Scalare (scarf pin or brooche)............. $7.25 Lion-head (searf pin or brooche):..........$7-28 Telescope (reconstructed ruby eye)........$7.75 Telescope (Diamond eye)................-.$9.75
Silk Fob Gold Attachment for aboye $2.50 extra.
JAPANESE NOVELTIES. JapwlncenseeeBurnersiee- eee eee nee eeer 60c Jap Castles Incense Burners................. 85¢e Jap INcenses (OLN elmer ateeiie eee ae In Census POWdere iit eee EOL EEE DOS Japanese Hand-painted Scene, nicely framed.$1.50
FISH, PLANTS, SNAILS. PAUPANESSM SNAUS eepereri cles cteichersekeelelereieie ee RedeRamsPEOrne snail Seer aC If your dealer does not carry the Stil-B-Nu Line, send to us direct. We give your order prompt attention or refund your money promptly. All our goods are shipped Postpaid, with the
exception of fish.
STIL-B-NU SUPPLY CO 427 E. Girard Avenue, Philadelphia
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Henry Kissel, Jr.
Breeder & Fancier of Broad-tail Telescopes Good Type and Color
Plants
Some beautiful Hybrids in
None shipped; sales at conservatory only.
Tropical Fish Snails
which
241 Walker Street, Cliffside, N. J.
Telephone, 461, Cliffside.
9 6 Fa PS bd BS Fe GS 6 Pd 8 Bd
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FISH SICK ?
Stil-B-Nu Fish rot, fungus or the white fishes. We have some tions for this remedy.
Remedy for congestion, tail-
spots on all kinds of excellent recommenda- 25e. Box Postpaid.
Try
PR-FK FISH FOOD
We cannot speak too highly of this food. Buy a box today and sprinkle a little on the surface of your aquarium (it floats) and see how your fishes go for it. Fishes (especially tropicals) like to feed from the surface. 25c. box, postpaid.
Stil-B-Nu Supply Co 427 E. Girard Avenue, Rhiladelphia
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8% 000 C5900 E3900 ESD 000E 3000 D000 Seo col Wee Rene ene
Something New! Share My Money With Me
I Mean It—Positively Heated Closet for Aquariums! An
Take Half My Money on Welke’s Fishfood at 20c and 35c box
Take Third My Money on Fish Photographs at 15c and 50c each
Take Third My Money on My Two Books The Practical Fish Fancier at $1.56 Domesticated Fish Manual 54c
AGENTS WANTED EVERYWHERE W. L. BRIND, 1504 East 53rd Street Chicago, Illinois
excellent arrangement in which to keep and breed tropical fishes through winter and summer
Plants : Aquariums : Fishes MAX NIEMAND
743 Eleventh Avenue, Long Island City New York
33500 M5000 C500 CDC 000 TM S000 C2000
— 000 000C 0003000000 &— 0005000 000 > 000c > c00c >: S000 C600 CD 000 C5 000 CHS 000 CM
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S, O. S. a new food for Gold- fish and Tropicals. The un- consumed food developing into infusoria.
S, O. S. 35c box; by mail 38c Magic (Infusoria) 50c postpaid Yogi Fishfood 15c; by mail 17c Yogi by lb 75c; ad postage Yogi 101b lots 65c; ad postage
JULIUS RIEWE BREEDER AND FANCIER OF TROPICAL FISHES 3519 Costello Avenue, Chicago, Ill.
Fine stock of Danio malabaricus, D. alboline- | atus, D. rerio, Barbus conchonius, B. semifas- | ciolatus, B. ticto and many other kinds of | tropical fishes. None shipped. Telephone Bel- | mont 5092. :
“Ss. “0. ‘s.
FISH FOOD MANUFACTURED BY ROBERT J. SCHAEFFER PHILA, PA.
Circular on above products
Robert J. Schaeffer 3: G2) veoe uaciphia
THREE MILLION GOLDFISH
Buy from the breeder with 107 acres of ponds.
Fungus and Tail-rot Cure
“Bug Food” for all fishes. Output in 1919 over | A practical, quick, simple system for cure 300,000 boxes. Per box, by mail, 17 cents; pint, of fungus and other ailments of fishes. This by mail, $2.00; quart, $3.75. Climbing Perch system has been under careful observation from India, 2 for $4.00; 4 for $7.50; 6 for $10.00. | for three years with wonderful SUCCESS. Im- PETE BE eeentes, _Oulites, 462 Washington provement is rapid. Important in feeding sLiccupeeutalo Naga sick fishes. Full directions, $5.00.
Pioneer Aquarium Co., Racine, Wisconsin
Red Bellied Dace
“AQUARIA FISH”’
A practical work on care and breeding of
fish in the aquarium, greenhouse and out- Per dozen, $4.00; per hundred, $20.00. One door ponds. Finely illustrated. dollar must be deposited for can, or you may I:veryone interested in keeping fish should send your own.
send for a copy of this book. Price, $1.00. LEONARD KASZOLKA
F. L. TAPPAN, Route 2, Hopkins, Minn 838 Humboldt Ave., Milwaukee, Wis.
C00 900 M900 C0090 C000 C000 C000 <<! 000 C—J 000 CS 000c,
CRESCENT FISH FARM
TROPICALS! - FOODS! - PLANTS!
SEL EL
Danio rerio, $1.00; Haplochilus chaperi, $1.50; Fundulus chrysotus, $150; Notropis metallicus, 75¢.; Paradise fish, $1.00; Spotted Gourami, $2.00; Dwarf Gourami (ready in June); Betta rubra (June); Swordtails, $1.25; Platypoecilus rubra, $125; Heterandria for- mosa, 75¢.; Guppy, 79¢.; Gambusia holbrooki, 75¢.; Mollienisia latipinna, 75¢.; Mouth-breeders, $1.50; Climbing Perch, $2.00; Helleri and rubra hybrids, $2.00; Also Pigmy Sunfish, Danio Inalabaricus, Fundulus heteroclitus, Cyprinodon yariegatus, DBlack-banded sunfish and red snails. (Prices quoted are per pair.)
Plants: Cabomba, 75¢. per doz. Bunches; Vallisneria. narrow and wide leaf, 30¢. and 60c. per doz. plants; Red, white and yellow water lilies, 50¢. each; blue lilies, 75c.; Egyptian Lotus, 50c¢, each.
Fresh water shrimp—best fish food—$1.10 per pound, postpaid; Japanese snails. $1.00 and $2.00 per dozen.
CRESCENT FISH FARM, 1624 Mandeville Street, New Orleans, La.
O00 S000 COU Ge OOO GS COO) eee
, : :
for 60 cents.
g ‘i book, sent pos
EVERYTHING IS FISH THAT COMES | TO THE NET OF A NATURALIST
/ Don’t paddle in the water with one hand and fi be blind with both eyes. Im other words, “keep your eyes open’’ for all. nature,
Our Magazine
be Guire to Mature Will Help You
It is edited by BDWARD F. BIGELOW, who, \ fishes in the heavens and earth, as well ag the waters under the. earth.
Phree Months’ Trial 25¢ One Year, $1.50 ‘THE AGASSIZ ASSOOIATION AreAdiA
' Sound Beach
Conkadtiont !
“HENRY L. WAGNER “BREEDER OF TROPICAL FISHES - Fine stock of Barbus conchonius, B. Semi- fasciolatus, Danio rerio, D. Afbolineatus, D. Malabaricus and many other species.
$12 West 134th Street, New York City (Between 8th and St. Nicholas Avenues)
| Something New! Water Chestnut - Trapa natans
A beautiful new aquarium plant originally imported from Germany and very rare here. i ic dozen by mail, postpaid, 55 cents.
- OTTO EGGLING, Fieh Importer
a cs East 125th Street, New York City, N.Y.
- Live Food.-is the Best
Hekes. thrive and grow on enchytraeids, the little white worms. Generous box, by mail, Full directions ° given for propagating a supply.
SVE BURGESS
3025 Howell St, Wissinoming, Phila., Bae
~ “Safety Buoy” Aquarium Thermometers
To get the best results and to enjoy~the full pleasure of the art, keep’ a thermometer in each aquarium. They float. Fahrenheit and Centigrade scales; Sample, 60c., postpaid. Special rates on quantity orders. Joseph . hae 44 State street, East Orange,
S THE BEST BOOK ~ #. AQUARIUM $4382
SUBJECTS
is **Goldfish Varieties & Tropical MM Aquarium Fishes’’, byWm.T. Innes, fy __ former President of the Aquarium Aik t Society of Phila.; 250 pages, 195 illustrations. Tells all about the ¢ fancy varieties of the Goldfish and _ ~ nearly 300 tropicals ; how to breed them, etc., etc. “For the beginner _or the advanced expert. A complete, practical, handsome
aid anywhere for $4.00 Enlarg | edition now ready.
/_ INNES & SONS - 133 N. 12th St. - Phila, Po
|
$15.00 Each Pterophyllum xlire
(ANGEL FISH) THE HANDSOMEST FISH THAT SWIMS
We have succeeded in raising some of these rare and beautiful fish and can now offer them to fish lovers at $15. 00 each. About size of cut
FRANKLIN BARRETT
401 to 417 E. oe ee Avenue Philadelphia
| | i |
I Mack’s Superior! Superior Fishfood
ee proven itself to be the best Fish Food on the market for goldfish as well as tropical fish. coe up as follows:
. 1—For all Fry or Newly-born Baby Fish.
. 2—For Guppies, Danios, ete. No. 3—For Paradise, Goldfish, ete.
October 23, 1918. The Peptoast Co., New York City.
My dear Mr. Mack: WJHnclosed please find eheck, for which send me eight boxes of ‘‘Mack’s Superior Fish Food’’ No. 3, one box of No. 2, and one box No. 1. If there is any extra charge for postage, kindly let me know.
Yours very truly,
Orange,
P.,
South No 3s
Santurce, -Porto Rico, July 28, 1920. The Peptoast .Co., 415 East. 148th St., N. Y¥. Gentlemen: Enclosed please find money order to the amount of $5.00, for which please send me - pe worth of Mack’s Superior Fish Food Nos. 1, 3. Very truly yours,
MRS. W. A. McK. Santuree, Porto Rico, Aug. 26. 1920. The Peptoast Co., 415 Bast 148th St., N. ¥.
Gentlemen: Enclosed please find money order for $5.00, for which please send me your Su- perior Fish Food, also two cans of Baby Fish Food. truly yours,
MRS. W.
Very : A, McK
+
Price 25 cents, by mail, 30 cents Sold i in bulk to breeders The Peptoast Company 415 East 148th St., New. York City.
| |
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GOLDFISH |
1,500,000 PLAIN & FANCY
Ship- Write
Ready for market at rock-bottom prices. ped anywhere in United States or Canada, for our illustrated catalogue,
Oriental Goldfish and Suppl;) Co “8757 - 3761 Cottage Grove Avenue _~ Chicago, Illinois —
evenings after 6 o’clock.
August Obermuller
Breeder and Fancier of Telescopes and Tropicals 96 Columbia Avenue, Jersey City Heights, N. J.
A large variety of tropicals always on
hand. Haplochilus sa Danio Varieties
Visitors welcome at conservatory any Saturday afternoon and on Sunday. Also
} HERMAN RABENAU, Aguarist
PERMANENT DISPLAY OF Aquatic Life & Terraria
must be seen to be appreciated Visitors Welcome Plants and Tropical Fish a Specialty Importations of New Varieties received regularly 1168 Myrtle Avenue, Brooklyn, N. Y. “Near Broadway.
GOLDFISH, FOODS, PLANTS, DIP NETS
Combination Natural Fish Food - Sample Box 10c Japanese Shrimp Fish Food - ~- Sample Can 15c Baby Fish Food Sample Box 15¢ Imported Dried Daphnia Sample Jar 35c
Mail Orders Promptly Attended to
Special Prices on Quantity Lots, Cash With Order.
Catalogue Sent Upon Request.
AQUARIUM STOCK CO 174 Chambers Street ::
New York City _
O02 000C 000 C5 000C 20000003000 30007300073000D000C > 000
doc 000c—>000c—> 000 > 009 090900650 *
‘will not sour ot cloud the water.
Young Veiltails
| HARRY P. PETERS |
1210 N. Warnock Street, Philadelphia, Pa
BREEDER AND IMPORTER Rare and Fancy Fish
Plants of every variety, Snails and Aquarium SHerres of all wee at all times.
MANUFACTURER OF
- Green River Fish Food ; 15¢ Box.
Green River Baby Fish Food - 20c Box
A GOOD FISH FOOD is one of the most _essential things necessary to keep fish in good health. After the test of years Green River stands out as the best food on the market. It keeps the fish in good color by pro- moting a healthy, robust growth. It’ Ask your dealer or send for it ‘today.
All Colors
Large assortment of Splendid Telescopes and Jap Goldfish at Reasonable Prices 6
Mae
Shipping Ce 50 cents
_ HARRY P. PETERS 1210 NORTH WARNOCK STREET - PHILADELPHIA
1919 Bush Street, San Francisco, Cal.
Importers and Dealers
FANCY GOLD- FISH AND ALL SUPPLIES”
‘Wholesale and Retail
Price List Sent on Request
Nippon Goldfish Co =
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NY Cah Nn) ND Toca nee : a ae . rs si 3 ade is
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