6S l Ul A Arachnologische Mitteilungen | HI9TQRY I i mm&m mmm i Heft 46 Karlsruhe, November 201 3 ISSN 1018-4171 www.AraGes.de/aramit Herausgeber: Arachnologische Gesellschaft e. V. URL: http://www.AraGes.de Arachnologische Mitteilungen Schriftleitung: Theo Blick, Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, Terrestrische Zoologie, Projekt Hessische Naturwaldreservate, Senckenberganlage 25, D-60325 Frankfurt/M., E-Mail: theo.blick@senckenberg.de, aramit@theoblick.de Dr. Sascha Buchholz, Technische Universität Berlin, Institut für Ökologie, Rothenburgstr. 12, D-12165 Berlin, E-Mail: sascha.buchholz@tu-berlin.de Redaktion: Theo Blick, Frankfurt Dr. Sascha Buchholz, Berlin Dr. Jason Dunlop, Berlin Dr. Ambros Hänggi, Basel Dr. Hubert Höfer &c Stefan Scharf, Karlsruhe (Satz und Repro, E-Mail: hubert.hoefer@smnk.de) Wissenschaftlicher Beirat: Dr. Elisabeth Bauchhenß, Wien (AT); Dr. Peter Bliss, Halle/S. 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Rehbinder Arachnologische Mitteilungen 46: 1-53, i-x Karlsruhe, November 2013 Arachnologische Mitteilungen 46: 1-5 Ka rl s r u he, November. 20 1.3 Aberrante Epigynenbildungen bei der Wolfspinne Pardosa palustris (Araneae, Lycosidae) WXVmJMK uumw asm 1 0 MAR 2014 Dieter Martin PW3CHASED doi: 1 0.543 1/aramit4601 Abstract. Aberrant epigyne shapes in the wolf spider Pardosa palustris (Araneae, Lycosidae). Two cases of aberrant epigyne shape in Pardosa palustris (Linnaeus, 1 758) are described. Characteristic is the absence of the pos- terior lateral parts of the septum. Possible causes, such as 'genital damage' during mating or the effects of parasite infestation, are discussed. Key words: aberration of copulatory organs, genital damage, parasite infestation, teratology Die in Bau und Funktion artspezifischen und art- trennenden Kopulationsorgane der Spinnen sind morphologisch relativ konstant (Huber 2004). Wäh- rend asymmetrische, meistens gynandromorphe oder intersexuelle Missbildungen noch relativ oft gefun- den werden (z.B. Holm 1941, Kaston 1961), bleiben symmetrische Aberrationen, die außerhalb der nor- malen arteigenen Variabilitätsspanne liegen, extrem selten (Jocque 2002). Die betroffenen Exemplare können dann oft keiner bekannten Art zugeordnet werden und geben manchmal Anlass für die Be- schreibung neuer Taxa (Beaumont 1991). Spinnenweibchen mit stark aberranten Epi- gynen wurden bislang nur von Arten der Pardosa monticola-Gruppe (Lycosidae) bekannt (Bergthaler 1997, Samu nach Jocque 2002). Die nach Tongiorgi (1966a) 18 westeuropäische Arten umfassende mon- ticola-Gruppe ist genitalmorphologisch klar definiert und von den übrigen Artengruppen der Gattung Pardosa gut abgegrenzt. In sich ist sie jedoch recht einheitlich und besonders die Weibchen sind schwer zu unterscheiden (Tongiorgi 1966a). Die nach grup- penspezifischem Muster ausgeprägte Epigynenplat- te (Septum) weist bei allen Arten eine mehr oder weniger hohe Form-Variabilität auf, die eine sichere Determination oft nur in Kombination mit anderen - allerdings vielfach ebenso variablen - Merkmalen, z. B. der Prosoma-Zeichnung, zulässt (z. B. Tongi- orgi 1966a, 1966b, Fuhn & Niculesu-Burlacu 1971, Nentwig et. al. 2013). Pardosa palustris (Linnaeus, 1758) ist die inner- halb der Gruppe am leichtesten zu erkennende Art. Dr. sc. Dieter MARTIN, Lindenweg 1 1, 17213 Untergöhren, e-mail: dieter_martin.untergoehren@t-online.de eingereicht 3.2.201 3, angenommen 16.5.2013, online 22.6.201 3 Sie ist durch die breit ausladenden, seitlich abge- rundeten hinteren Septumflügel und eine mediane Depression im vorderen Septumdrittel sowie die durchgehende, gleichmäßig gerundete Abgrenzung der vorderen Epigynentasche gut erkennbar (Nent- wig et al. 2013). Dennoch ist auch bei dieser Art eine große Variabilität in der Septumform besonders im Bereich der Flügel zu beobachten (Tambs-Lyche 1941, Nentwig et al. 2013). Bergthaler (1997) beschreibt zwei Pardosa- Weib- chen mit aberranten Epigynenbildern, die er keiner Art sicher zuordnen kann. Während der Bau der Vulva mit Pardosa palustris übereinstimmt, verweist die Prosoma-Zeichnung eher auf Pardosa agrestis. Er lässt die Frage offen, ob es sich um eine teratologi- sche Fehlbildung, Hybridisation oder gar um eine unbekannte Art handelt. In vorhegender Mitteilung sollen zwei weitere Pardosa- Weibchen mit aberranten Epigynen vor- gestellt werden. Darüber hinaus werden mögliche Ursachen für das abweichende Erscheinungsbild der Epigynen diskutiert. Material und Methoden Insgesamt standen dem Verfasser 3319 Pardosa pa- lustris-We i bc he n zur Verfügung. Darunter befanden sich zwei genitalmorphologisch aberrante Exempla- re. Diese werden in vorliegender Arbeit als Al und A2 bezeichnet (Tab. 1). Zum Vergleich wurde ein Tier mit „normal“ ausgebildeter Epigyne ausgewählt (N). Die von Bergthaler (1997) publizierten Epigy- nenbilder werden als Bergthaler A und Bergthaler B ausgewiesen. Eine Untersuchung der Originalbelege von Bergthaler war leider nicht möglich. Die Spinnen wurden unter Flüssigkeit (70 % Alkohol) in Sand fixiert und unter einem Binokular (Müller Expert Trino mit DCM 310 Mikroskop- 2 D. Martin Tab. 1 : Funddaten der untersuchten Spinnen. Tab. 1 : Collecting data of the examined specimen. untersuchte Spinnen Al A2 N Epigynenausprägung Aberration Aberration Normal (Vergleich) Funddatum 30.5.2011 28.4.1980 3.6.1972 Fundort Woldegk, Hildebrandshagen Leipzig-Möckern, Neuer Müllberg Frohburg, Kaplanberg Biotop Deponie von Borken- und Holzresten auf Ödland Ruderalfläche auf ehemaliger Müllkippe Magerrasen auf ehemaliger Müllkippe Messtischblatt 2547 4640 4941 Geograf. Breite 53°25’03“N 51°21’45“N 51°03’27“N Geograf. Länge 13°36’39“E 12°19’45“E 12°32’43“E Flöhe über NN 101 m 140 m 182 m Fangmethode Bodenfalle Bodenfalle Handfang kamera) bei ca. 40facher Vergrößerung bearbeitet und fotografiert. Beim Vergleichsexemplar N wurde danach die Epigyne separiert, um die Epigynenflü- gel manuell zu entfernen (s. u.). Die Belege befinden sich in der Sammlung des Verfassers. Ergebnisse Prosoma-Zeichnung und Fleckung der Femora (Abb. 1 und Abb. 2) sowie die durchgehende Begrenzung der vorderen Epigynentaschen und die mediane De- pression des Septums (Abb. 4 und Abb. 5) weisen beide aberranten Tiere als Pardosa palustris aus (Ton- giorgi 1966a). Beide Spinnen befinden sich in einem normalen körperlichen Zustand. Das Exemplar A2 ist allerdings durch die lange Aufbewahrung im Al- kohol ausgeblichen. Abb. 3 zeigt ein in der normalen Variationsbreite liegendes Bild der Septumform bei Pardosa palustris. Bei den aberranten Epigynen (Abb. 4 und Abb. 5) fehlen die breit ausladenden Septumflügel. Statt des- sen ist der vordere Septumteil durch einen schmalen, sich caudad ankerförmig verbreiternden Steg mit dem Epigynenhinterrand verbunden. Bei Al sind beidseitig kräftige Chitinplatten in der seitlichen Begrenzung der Epigynengrube aus- gebildet. Ansonsten erscheinen die Epigynenstruk- turen kompakt und glatt (Abb. 4). Im Gegensatz dazu macht die Epigyne von A 2 im hinteren Teil einen eher unregelmäßigen, zerrissenen Eindruck (Abb. 5). Besonders in etwas seitlicher An- sicht scheint der vordere Septumteil in einer Bruch- kante zu enden (Abb. 6, Pfeil). Zur experimentellen Abb. 1: Exemplar AI, Prosoma Abb. 2: Exemplar A2, Prosoma Abb. 3: Exemplar N, Epigyne Fig. 1: Prosoma of specimen AI Fig. 2: Prosoma of specimen A2 Fig. 3: Specimen N, epigyne Aberrante Epigynenbildungen bei Pardosa palustris 3 Abb. 4: Exemplar AI, Epigyne Abb. 5: Exemplar A2, Epigyne Fig. 4: Specimen AI, epigyne Fig. 5: Specimen A2, epigyne Abb. 6: Exemplar A2, Epigyne in seitlicher Ansicht (Pfeil: mögliche Bruchlinie) Fig. 6: Specimen A2, epigyne in lateral view (arrow: possible line of breakage) Überprüfung wurden beim Exemplar N deshalb an der separierten Epigyne die Septumflügel mit einer Mikronadel manuell entfernt. Bemerkenswerterwei- se brachen diese bei gezieltem Druck an einer „vorge- prägten Bruchlinie“ gleichmäßig und glatt ab (Abb. 7, Pfeil). Das daraus resultierende Epigynenpräparat ähnelt stark den Abbildungen bei Bergthaler (1997) (Abb. 8 und Abb. 9). Diskussion Die Hintergründe der eigenartigen Epigynenaus- prägungen bleiben unklar. Es kommen mehrere Hy- pothesen in Frage. 1. Teratologische Missbildungen Morphologische Aberrationen sind bei Spinnen in vielfältiger Form bekannt. Am häufigsten betroffen sind die Augen, die in Zahl, Form und Anordnung von der Norm abweichen können (Kaston 1962, Ji- menez & Llinas 2002). In der Ontogenese können weitere gravierende, aber in der Regel nicht überle- bensfähige Fehlentwicklungen auftreten (z. B. Na- piörkowska öcTemplin 2012). Missbildungen der Kopulationsorgane sind ext- rem selten (Jocque 2002) und meistens auf Gynan- dromorphismus und Intersexualität zurück zu führen (Holm 1941, Kaston 1961). Kaston (1963a, 1963b) Abb. 7: Exemplar N, Epigyne nach Entfer- Abb. 8: Bergthaler A, Epigyne (aus Bergtha- Abb. 9: Bergthaler B, Epigyne (aus Bergtha- nung der Septumflügel (Pfeil: Bruchkante) ler 1 997) ler 1 997) Fig. 7: Specimen N, epigyne after removal Fig. 8: Epigyne Bergthaler A (after Bergtha- Fig. 9: Bergthaler B, epigyne (after Bergtha- of the posterior wings of the septum (ar- ler 1997) ler 1997) row: line of breakage) 4 D. Martin beschreibt darüber hinaus asymmetrisch deformier- te bzw. nur halbseitig ausgebildeter oder gar doppelt angelegte Epigynen bei Lycosiden. Das mehrfache Auftreten und der symmetrische Bau der vorliegenden Epigynenaberration sprechen gegen eine Missbildung. 2. Einwirkung von Umweltgiften Über teratogene Wirkungen von Umweltgiften und Pestiziden auf Spinnen liegen bislang keine Er- kenntnisse vor. Allerdings sind ethologische Beein- trächtigungen z. B. des Fortpflanzungsverhaltens bei Lycosiden bekannt (Tietjen 2006). 3. Regenerationsprozesse Durch unvollständige Regenerationsprozesse bilden Spinnenmännchen nach prämaturen Tasterverlet- zungen stark deformierte Kopulationsorgane aus (Kaston 1963a). Über Regenerationsprozesse nach Verletzungen subadulter Weibchen im Epigynenbe- reich ist nichts bekannt. 4. Parasitierung Als Endoparasiten bei Spinnen treten vor allem Nematoden (Poinar 1987) und Dipteren (Schlinger 1987) auf. Der Befall besonders mit Mermithiden (Nematoda) kann morphische Auswirkungen auf die betroffenen Spinnenexemplare haben (Poinar 1985). Leech (1966) erwähnt auch Veränderungen an der Epigyne bei Pardosa glacialis. Bei Araneiden wurden Mermithiden auch im Bereich der Epigyne gefun- den (van den Berg Sc Dippenaar-Schoemann 2009). Obwohl äußerlich keine Hinweise auf eine Pa- rasitierung der untersuchten Tiere zu finden sind, bleibt auch diese Ursache für die Aberrationen im Bereich des Möglichen. 5. Kopulatorische Verstümmelungen („genital damage“) Die aberranten Epigyncnbilder sowohl der hier vor- gestcllten Pardosa- Weibchen als auch der Exempla- re von Bergthaler (1997) sind durch das Fehlen der hinteren Septumflügel gekennzeichnet. Besonders das Exemplar A2 sowie auch das Ergebnis der Epi- gynen- Manipulation legen den Verdacht nahe, dass diese Septumteile abgebrochen sein könnten. Mögli- cherweise liegt hier ein Fall von „genital damage“ vor, d. h. eine Verstümmelung der Fortpflanzungsorgane bei der Kopulation. Während ein Abbrechen von Teilen der Kopu- lationsorgane bei Spinnenmännchen als regulärer Bestandteil des Begattungsverhaltens mehrfach nachgewiesen wurde (z. B. Jäger 2012), gibt es auf kopulatorische Verstümmelungen der Epigyne der Weibchen nur wenige Hinweise (Levi 1970, Gray Sc Smith 2008). Bei Lycosiden ist genital damage bis- lang allerdings nicht bekannt. Trotz des mehrfachen Belegs tritt die beschrie- bene Aberration bei der sehr häufigen Art Pardosa palustris extrem selten auf (im vorliegenden Untersu- chungsmaterial bei 0,06 % der Weibchen). Falls das Herausbrechen der Septumflügel als „genital dama- ge“ während der Paarung auftreten sollte, ist es damit eher als Ausnahme-(Un)fall zu werten. Möglicher- weise sind die betroffenen Weibchen im Bau ihrer Epigyne (teratologisch?) dafür besonders prädispo- niert (Bruchlinie, Abb. 7). 6. Hybridisation Unter Laborbedingungen können speziell bei Lyco- siden heterospezifische Paarungen beobachtet wer- den (z. B. Kronestedt 1994). Sehr nahe verwandte Arten bringen dabei iiberlebensfahige Hybriden hervor (Costa et al. 2000), deren Koplationsorga- ne intermediäre Merkmale aufweisen (Simo et al. 2002). Ein völlig neues Epigynenbild erscheint dabei ausgeschlossen. 7. Bislang unbekannte Art Das mehrfache Auftreten der sehr aberranten Epi- gynenform lässt auch diese Möglichkeit offen. Aller- dings fehlen bislang Hinweise auf die zugehörigen Männchen sowie auf verwandte Arten. Lediglich die in nur einem Exemplar bekannte Pardosa danica (Sorensen, 1904) weist eine gewisse Ähnlichkeit im Epigynenbau auf (Wolff Sc Scharff 2003). Da neben dem Typusexemplar keine weiteren Nachweise vor- liegen, ist auch hier eher an eine singuläre Fehlbil- dung zu denken. Eine endgültige Klärung des Phänomens bleibt deshalb mit dem Auffinden weiterer vergleichbarer Fälle der Zukunft Vorbehalten. Danksagung h h danke I lerrn Ihco Blick für I linwcisc und seine l Jntcr- stützung bei der Literatur- Beschaffung. Mein besonderer Dank gilt den ( iiitachtern für ihre wertvollen kritischen Anmerkungen. Aberrante Epigynenbildungen bei Pardosa palustris 5 Literatur Beaumont D 1991 Atypical Pardosa amentata (Clerck, 1757) rnales from the Isle of Islay, Inner Hebrides, Scotland. - Newsletter of the British arachnological Society 60: 4 Berg A van den & Dippenaar-Schoemann A 2009 First report on nematodes parasitizing spiders in South Africa. - SAN SA Newsletter 10: 15 Bergthaler GJ 1997 Unusual epigynes of Pardosa (Ara- neae: Lycosidae) — aberration, hybridisation or new species? — Proceedings of the 16th European Colloqium of Arachnology: 47-49 Costa FG, Viera C & Francescoli G 2000 A compa- rative study of sexual behavior in two synmorphic species of the genus Lycosa (Araneae, Lycosidae) and their hybrid progeny. — The Journal of Arach- nology 28: 237-240^ - doi: 10.1636/0161-8202- (2000)028[0237:ACSOSB]2.0.CO;2 Fuhn IE & Niculescu-Burlacu F 1971 Arachnida - Fam. Lycosidae. - Fauna Republicii Socialiste Romania 5(3): 1-253 Gray MR & Smith HM 2008 A new subfamily of spiders with grate-shaped tapeta from Australia and Papua New Guinea (Araneae: Stiphidiidae: Borralinae).- Records of the Australian Museum 60: 13-44 -doi: 10.3853/j.0067- 1975.60.2008.1493 Holm Ä 1941 Uber Gynandromorphismus und Intersexua- lität bei den Spinnen. - Zoologiska Bidrag frän Uppsala 20: 397-415 Huber BA 2004 The significance of copulatory structures in spider sytematics. In: Schult J (ed.) Biosemiotik - prak- tische Anwendung und Konsequenzen für die Einzel- wissenschaften. VWB Verlag, Berlin. 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Springer, Heidelberg, pp. 319-327 Simö M, Segui T & Perez-Miles F 2002 The copulatory Organs of the cryptic species Lycosa thorelli and Lyco- sa carbonelli and their hybrid progeny, with notes on their taxonomy (Araneae, Lycosidae). - The Journal of Arachnology 30: 140-145 - doi: 10.1636/0161-8202- (2002)030[0140:TCOOTC]2.0.CO;2 Tambs-Lyche H 1941 Die norwegischen Spinnen der Gat- tung Pardosa Koch. -Avhandlinger utgitt av det Norske Videnskaps-Akademie i Oslo 1: 1-59 Tietjen WJ 2006 Pesticides affect the mating behavior of Rabidosa rabida (Araneae, Lycosidae). - The Journal of Arachnology 34: 285-288 - doi: 10.1636/S04-50.1 Tongiorgi P 1966a Wolf spiders of the Pardosa monticola group (Araneae, Lycosidae). — Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 134: 335-359 Tongiorgi P 1966b Italian wolf spiders of the genus Par- dosa (Araneae: Lycosidae). — Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 134: 275-334 Wolff T & Scharff N 2003 Gäder om mudderkrebs og jagtedderkop. - Dyr i Natur og Museum 2003 (2): 24-27 Arachnologische Mitteilungen 46: 6-8 Karlsruhe, November 2013 Menemerus fagei new to Malta and Europe (Araneae: Salticidae) Mario Freudenschuss, Tobias Bauer & Arnold Sciberras doi: 1 0.543 1/aramit4602 Abstract. The first record of Menemerus fagei Berland & Millot 1 941 (Araneae, Salticidae) from the Maltese Islands is reported and discussed. It is the 20th jumping spider species for Malta and a new record for Europe. Keywords: Gozo, jumping spider, Maltese Islands The Maltese islands are located in the centre of the Mediterranean, 96 km south of Sicily and 290 km from the coast of North Africa (Baldacchino et al. 1993). The Maltese archipelago consists ot three large islands (Malta, Gozo and Comino). The total size of the Maltese islands is 316 km2. The geographi- cal location of the Maltese islands gives them unique ecological characteristics, since the islands are locat- ed between Africa and Europe. They thus comprise a mixture of the biodiversity from both continents. European taxa dominate, but there are North Af- rican elements as well (Sciberras 8c Sciberras 2010, Sciberras et al. 2012a, 2012b). The hitherto known spider fauna of the Maltese Islands comprises only 137 species in 31 families, in- cluding seven endemic species (Dandria et al. 2005). Salticidae are represented by 19 species. One species of this family has a very small distribution area \Aelu- rillus schembrü Cantarella, 1983). It has only been recorded from Malta and Sicily so far (Dandria et al. 2005). Here we present a new species record of jumping spiders for Malta and Europe. The specimen in ques- tion was found on the island ot Gozo. Photographs of the habitus and genitalia are presented (Figs 1-3). The specimen was identified using the revision of the spider genus Menemerus in Africa (Wesolowska 1999) and is deposited at the private Collection of the first author. Menemerus fa^ei Berland 8c Millot, 1941 1$, Malta, Gozo, Ghajnsielen (N36°01 '12. 27” E14°17'23.84”), 28.04.201 2 (leg. A. Sciberras), Mario FREUDENSCHUSS, Siegfriedstraße 1/3/31, 4300 St. Valentin, Austria, e-mail: mario.freudenschuss@gmail.com Tobias BAUER, Marbacher Straße 5, 70435 Stuttgart, Germany, e-mail: tobias_bauer@hotmail.de Arnold SCIBERRAS, Arnest Arcade Street 1 33, Paola, Malta, e-mail: bioislets@gmail.com submitted 14.8.13, accepted8.9. 13, online 18.9.13 (Fig. 4), 15 m a.s.l.,Xatt 1-Ahmar pocket Beach, un- der Limbarda crithmoides in a clayish habitat (Fig. 5), M. Freudenschuss det., W. Wesolowska vid. Fig. 1: Menemerus fagei, habitus dorsal. - Photo: M. Freuden- schuss Fig. 2: Menemerus fagei, habitus lateral. - Photo: M. Freuden- schuss M Fig. 3: Menemerus fagei, epigyne ventral. - Photo: M. Freuden- schuss Menemerus fagei new to Malta and Europe 7 Diagnosis This species is one of the largest in the genus. Our specimen has a body length of 11.4 mm. The female is much larger than the male (Wesolowska 1999); colouration like the male but slightly lighter. Legs yellowish. Epigyne large, with two oval depressions. Partially plugged with waxy secretions (Fig. 3). In- ternal structures very strongly sclerotized, especially the entrance bowls (Fig. 3 and Wesolowska 1999). The epigynum does not resemble any other known female Menemerus species, thus confusion with other species of the genus can be excluded. Comments Berland 8c Millot (1941) described this species on the basis of the female. The male was described by Wesolowska (1999). Pröszynski (1989: sub M. bivit- tatus) published drawings of both sexes, but sub- sequently attached them to M. fagei (Pröszynski 2003). Distribution The known distribution ränge of the species is from West Africa to Yemen (Platnick 2013). The closest records to our find are from Israel (Pröszynski 2003) and Egypt (Wesolowska 1999). Discussion With 70 species, Menemerus a moderately species- rich genus within the salticids.The genus is distribut- ed worldwide. The majority of the species have been recorded from Africa, with only a few species in Eu- rope (total distribution according to Platnick 2013 and European country records according to Nentwig et al 2013): Fig. 5: Locality of Menemerus fagei. - Photo: A. Sciberras • M. animatus O. P.-Cambridge, 1976: Greece • M. bivittatus (Dufour, 1831): Senegal to Iraq; Eu- rope: France, Italy, Portugal, Spain • M. dimidius (Schmidt, 1976): Canary Is. [politi- cally to Europe, but not geographically] • M.falsificus Simon, 1868: Southern Europe: Bul- garia, Croatia, France, Switzerland • M. illigeri (Audouin, 1826): Portugal, North Afri- ca, Middle East, St. Helena • M. schutzaeYbems, 1961 [only the female is known]: France [the species is valid according to Platnick 2013, but considered a synonym of Marpissa ra- diata (Grube, 1859) in Pröszynski 2013] • M. semilimbatus (Hahn, 1829) [type species of the genus]: Canary Is. to Azerbaijan; Chile, Argenti- na, USA (introduced); Europe: Albania, Belarus, Bulgaria, Croatia, France, Greece, Italy, Macedo- nia, Moldavia, Portugal, Romania, Spain, Slove- nia, Ukraine • M. taeniatus (L. Koch, 1867): Mediterranean to Kazakhstan; Argentina [presumably introduced]; Europe: Bulgaria, Croatia, France, Greece, Italy, Portugal, Romania, Spain, Ukraine With M. fagei we present a new species for Europe. The closest published record is from Egypt, the northernmost is from Israel. The new record from Malta supports the assumption that the species is more widespread in northern Africa. Tire epigynum of the females from Israel and Egypt differ slightly (Pröszynski 2013). The specimen from Malta is of the African type. The species has already been collected in the west-Mediterranean sub-region (Wesolowska 1999), but these records have not yet been published (Wesolowska pers. comm.). For Malta this is the 20th species of jumping Spiders. 8 M. Freudenschuss, T. Bauer &A. Sciberras Acknowledgements We are grateful to Theo Blick for his valuable comments on earlier drafts of the manuscript and to Wanda Wesolowska for her comments and for her validation of the determi- nation. References Baldacchino AE, Dandria D, Lanfranco E 8c Schembri PJ 1993 Records of spiders (Arachnida: Araneae) from the Maltese islands (Central Mediterranean).-The Central Mediterranean Naturalist 2: 37-59 Berland L 8c Millot J 1941 Les araignees de 1‘Afrique oc- cidentale franfaise.I. Les Salticides.-Memoires du Mu- seum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris 12: 297-421 Dandria D, Falzon V 8cHenwood J 2005 The current know- ledge of the spider fauna of the Maltese Islands, with the addition of some new records (Arachnida: Araneae). - The Central Mediterranean Naturalist 4: 121-130 Metzner H 2013 Jumping spiders (Arachnida: Araneae: Salticidae) of the world. — Internet: http://www.jumping- spiders.com (Aug. 12,2013) Nentwig W, Blick T, Gloor D, Hiinggi A 8c Kropf C 2013 araneae - Spinnen Europas. - Internet: http://www. araneae. unibe.ch (Aug. 12,2013) Platnick NI 2013 The world spider catalog, version 14.0. American Museum of Natural History, New York. - Internet: http://research.amnh.org/iz/spiders/catalog (Aug. 12, 2013) Pröszynski J 1989 Salticidae (Araneae) of Saudi Arabia. - Fauna of Saudi Arabia 10: 31-64 Pröszynski J 2003 Salticidae (Araneae) ofthe Levant.- An- nales Zoologici (Warszawa) 53: 1-180 Pröszynski J 2013 Monograph of the Salticidae (Araneae) of the world 1995-2013.- Internet: http://www.peckhamia. com/salticidae (Aug. 12,2013) Rakov S 8cLogunov D 1997 Taxonomie notes on the genus Menemerus Simon, 1868 in the fauna of Middle Asia (Araneae, Salticidae). - Proceedings of the European Colloquium of Arachnology 16: 271-279 Sciberras A, Sciberras J, Sammut M 8c Aloise G 2012a A contribution to the knowledge of the terrestrial mam- malian fauna of Comino and its satellite islets (Maltese archipelago). — Biodiversity Journal 3: 191-200 Sciberras J 8c Sciberras A 2010 Topography and flora of the satellite islets surrounding the Maltese Archipelago. - The Central Mediterranean Naturalist 5: 31-42 Sciberras J, Sciberras A 8cPisani L 2012b Updated checklist of Hora of the satellite islets surrounding the Maltese archipelago. - Biodiversity Journal 3: 385-396 Wesolowska W 1999 A revision of the spiders genus Menemerus in Africa (Araneae: Salticidae). - Genus 10: 251-353 Arachnologische Mitteilungen 46: 9-16 Karlsruhe, November 2013 First record of the genus Megachernes (Pseudoscorpiones: Chernetidae) from an Iranian cave Jana Christophoryovä, Selvin Dashdamirov, Mohammad Javad Malek Hosseini & Saber Sadeghi doi: 1 0.543 1/aramit4603 Abstract. The pseudoscorpion genus Megachernes is recorded for the first time in Iran. Adults and protonymphs of Megachernes pavlovskyi Redikorzev, 1949 were found in a porcupine nest and under stones in the Deh Sheikh (Pa- taveh) cave, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Southwest Iran. A short description of the species is provided, based on the main morphological and morphometric characters of the adults. Keywords: cave, Iran, new record, porcupine nest, pseudoscorpion, Southern Asia, taxonomy Pseudoscorpions in the family Chernetidae Menge, 1855 are found all over the world, occurring under tree bark, in nests, leaf litter and caves, as well as in a variety of other habitats. Three subfamilies are reco- gnized - Chernetinae Menge, 1855, Goniocherneti- nae Beier, 1932 and Lamprochernetinae Beier, 1932 - but their Status and interrelationships are still very poorly understood (Harvey 2011). Lamprocherneti- nae can be recognized by the structure of the female spermathecae, which are basically T-shaped. Thirty- nine pseudoscorpion species were recorded from Iran, eight of them are representatives of the family Chernetidae (Harvey 2011). The genus Megachernes Beier, 1932, currently en- compassing twenty-three species, occurs in Asia, Aus- tralia and the European part of Russia (Harvey 2011, Harvey et al. 2012). Megachernes species are usually as- sociated with small mammals, their nests or pelage, but they have also been found in nests of birds and bum- blebees, and some are troglophiles found in caves, fre- quently on bat guano (Beier 1948, Schawaller & Dash- damirov 1988, Harvey et al. 2012). Most species of this genus are only known from a single country (Harvey 2011), but this is probably due to under-collecting and it is likely that the distribution of many species is much broader. An exception is M. pavlovskyi Redikorzev, 1949, which is known to have a particularly wide distri- bution: Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Kyrgyzstan, Pakistan, Russia, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan (Harvey 2011). ♦ Jana CHRISTOPHORYOVÄ, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Mlynskä dolina B-1, SK-84215 Bratislava, Slovak Republic; E-mail: christophoryova@gmail.com Selvin DASHDAMIROV, Institut für Zoomorphologie, Zellbiologie und Parasitologie Heinrich-Heine- Universität, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany. Mohammad Javad MALEK HOSSEINI, Saber SADEGHI, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran; E-mails: malekhosseini1365@gmail.com, ssadeghi@shirazu.ac.ir submitted 26.6.13, accepted 18.9.13, online 2.10. 13 This species is mostly found on bat guano in caves (Bei- er 1959, Krumpäl 1986, Schawaller 1986, Schawaller &c Dashdamirov 1988, Dashdamirov & Schawaller 1995). Megachernes pavlovskyi is here recorded in Iran for the first time, having been discovered in the nest of a por- cupine, Hystrix indica (Keep, 1792). Material and methods Specimens were preserved in 70% ethanol; some were studied as permanent slide mounts in Swan’s fluid and the others as temporary slide mounts in lactic acid (det. Christophoryovä, the Identification con- firmed by S. Dashdamirov). Microphotographs were made using the EOS Utility Software and a digital camera (Canon EOS 1100D) connected to a Zeiss Stemi 2000-C stereomicroscope. The female genita- lia were dissected in ethanol and macerated using a NaOH solution, then mounted on a permanent slide in Swan’s fluid. Microslides of the spermathecae were photographed using a Leica ICC50 camera connec- ted to a Leica DM1000 microscope, using Leica LAS EZ 1.8.0 Software. Digital images were combi- ned using the CombineZP image stacking Software. All measurements were obtained using AxioVision 4.8.2. Part of the material is deposited in the Collec- tion of the first author at the Comenius University, Bratislava, and the rest in the Collection of Depart- ment of Biology at Shiraz LJniversity, Iran (CBSU- Ar-Ps.l). Morphological terminology follows Beier (1963), Harvey (1992) andjudson (2007). Results Megachernes pavlovskyi Redikorzev, 1949 The species has been described under two names: Megachernes pavlovskyi Redikorzev, 1949: 651-652 (Redikorzev 1949), 274 (Beier 1959), 31 (Lindberg 1961), 3 (Schawaller 1986), 43 (Schawaller & Da- J. Christophoryovä, 5. Dashdamirov, M. J. Malek Hossei ni & 5. Sadeghi 10 Fig. 1 : Deh Sheikh cave, in which Megachernes pavlovskyi was found. A. Cave entrance. B. Detail of porcupine den. C. Cave interior. - Photos: Mohammad Javad Malek Hosseini. shdamirov 1988), 600-601 (Harvey 1991), 56 (Da- shdamirov öc Schawaller 1992), 8 (Dashdamirov &. Schawaller 1995), 258-259 (Dashdamirov 2004), 2530 (Harvey et al. 2012). Megachernes caucasicus Krumpal, 1986: 170-171 (Krumpa! 1986); synonymised hy Schawaller & Da- shdamirov (1988). Material examincd Ihe pseudoscorpions were collected individually under stones and in a porcupine nest in the aphotic (dark) zone (about 70-80 m trom the main entrance) of the Deh Sheikh (Pataveh) cave, hy Malek 1 Iosseini & Sa- deghi. Several spccimcns were taken there, 1 1 of which (27.9.201 1:3 temales, 1 male, 2 protonymphs; 13.7.2012: Genus Megachernes new to Iran 11 Fig. 2: Megachernes pavlovskyi from Deh Sheikh cave. A. Female. B. Male. Scale: 1 mm. - Photos: Jana Christophoryovä. 1 female, 4 males) were examined in detail. The cave is situated in the mountains around the village of Dehs- heikh, north-west of the city of Yasuj, in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province (30°57'22"N; 5l°14T7"E; 1735 m a.s.l.; Fig. 1). The temperature inside the cave is constant, about 15.5-16.5 °C. The relative humidity was measured only on the visiting days; its values were between 72 and 84 %. Unfortunately, due to human ac- tivities, some parts of the Deh Sheikh cave have been destroyed and animal life here is endangered. Short description of adults (Fig. 2) The genus Megachernes, subfamily Lamprocherne- tinae, is characterized by the following characters (Fig. 3): posterior corners of coxae IV enlarged and rounded, lobe-shaped, bettei' developed in females; cheliceral rallum of three blades; tarsus IV with a long tactile seta situated in middle of segment; and female spermathecae T-shaped and with very long ends uniform in diameter and slightly expanded ter- minally (Harvey et al. 2012). Adults of both sexes were measured; the measure- ments and ratios are summarised in Tables 1 and 2. Females (4 specimens) Carapace and pedipalps reddish-brown, tergites and sternites brown (Fig. 2A). Carapace: about as long as broad, broadest posteriorly, anterior margin straight; eyes or eyespots completely absent; with two distinct transverse furrows; chaetotaxy of carapace: about 68-75 short setae, finely dentate apically, about 8-9 of which noticeably longer than others on anterior margin, about 40-48 in front of median transverse furrow and about 11-13 behind subbasal transverse furrow; many slit-like lyrifissures present over entire carapace. Chelicerae with 4 retrorse teeth on fixed finger; 7 setae on hand, basal 5 finely dentate apically, movable finger with one acuminate seta; galea well- developed, with approximately 9-10 short terminal and subterminal branches; rallum with three blades. Pedipalps (Fig. 2A): robust, well-sclerotized, with well-developed granulation; chelal finger longer than hand width; chelal fingers with normal number of trichobothria - 8 on fixed finger, 4 on movable fin- ger; trichobothrial pattern identical to that described by previous authors (Krumpäl 1986, Dashdamirov Sc Schawaller 1995, Dashdamirov 2004); venom appa- 12 J. Christophoryovä, 5. Dashdamirov, M. J. Malek Hosseini & S. Sadeghi Tab. 1 : Morphometrie data for Megachernes pavlovskyi females (in mm). Characteristics min max X M SD n Body, length 3.54 4.55 3.99 3.88 0.51 3 Carapace, length 1.07 1.24 1.16 1.16 0.08 4 Carapace, posterior width 1.08 1.23 1.15 1.15 0.07 4 Carapace, length/posterior width ratio 0.99 1.18 1.09 1.10 0.08 4 Chelicera, length 0.32 0.33 0.32 0.32 0.01 3 Chelicera, width 0.15 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.01 3 Chelicera, length/width ratio 2.06 2.13 2.08 2.06 0.04 3 Cheliceral movable finger, length 0.25 0.29 0.27 0.26 0.02 3 Palpal trochanter, length 0.54 0.57 0.55 0.55 0.01 4 Palpal trochanter, width 0.34 0.38 0.36 0.35 0.02 4 Palpal trochanter, length/width ratio 1.50 1.62 1.55 1.54 0.05 4 Palpal femur, length 0.99 1.20 1.13 1.16 0.09 4 Palpal femur, width 0.32 0.39 0.36 0.37 0.03 4 Palpal femur, length/width ratio 3.03 3.22 3.10 3.09 0.08 4 Palpal patella, length 0.94 1.07 1.02 1.04 0.06 4 Palpal patella, width 0.38 0.45 0.42 0.42 0.03 4 Palpal patella, length/width ratio 2.29 2.68 2.46 2.45 0.16 4 Palpal hand with pedicel, length 0.93 1.11 1.02 1.01 0.08 4 Palpal hand without pedicel, length 0.80 0.97 0.89 0.89 0.07 4 Palpal hand, width 0.53 0.66 0.61 0.62 0.05 4 Palpal hand with pedicel, length/width ratio 1.61 1.75 1.68 1.68 0.06 4 Palpal finger, length 0.87 1.00 0.96 0.99 0.06 4 Palpal chela, length 1.67 1.93 1.85 1.90 0.12 4 Palpal chela, length/palpal hand width 2.86 3.15 3.06 3.11 0.13 4 Leg I trochanter, length 0.23 0.26 0.25 0.26 0.01 4 Leg I trochanter, width 0.15 0.18 0.17 0.17 0.01 4 Leg I trochanter, length/width ratio 1.44 1.53 1.49 1.50 0.04 4 Leg I femur I, length 0.26 0.29 0.28 0.29 0.01 4 Leg I femur I, width 0.16 0.20 0.18 0.19 0.02 4 Leg I femur I, length/width ratio 1.45 1.63 1.54 1.54 0.07 4 Leg I femur II, length 0.50 0.57 0.54 0.55 0.03 4 Leg I femur II, width 0.15 0.19 0.17 0.17 0.02 4 Leg I femur II, length/width ratio 2.89 3.67 3.26 3.24 0.33 4 Leg I tibia, length 0.53 0.62 0.59 0.61 0.04 4 Leg I tibia, width 0.11 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.01 4 Leg I tibia, length/width ratio 4.82 5.45 5.13 5.13 0.26 4 Leg I tarsus, length 0.43 0.52 0.49 0.50 0.04 4 Leg I tarsus, width 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.01 4 Leg I tarsus, length/width ratio 5.00 5.78 5.43 5.47 0.33 4 Leg IV trochanter, length 0.29 0.39 0.35 0.37 0.05 3 Leg IV trochanter, width 0.17 0.21 0.19 0.18 0.02 3 Leg IV trochanter, length/width ratio 1.71 2.06 1.88 1.86 0.18 3 Leg IV femur, length 0.95 1.09 1.05 1.07 0.06 4 Leg IV femur, width 0.18 0.24 0.21 0.21 0.03 4 Leg IV femur, length/width ratio 4.54 5.63 5.03 4.97 0.52 4 Leg IV tibia, length 0.82 0.97 0.91 0.93 0.07 4 Leg IV tibia, width 0.14 0.15 0.14 0.14 0.00 4 Leg IV tibia, length/width ratio 5.86 6.93 6.39 6.38 0.44 4 Leg IV tarsus, length 0.54 0.63 0.60 0.62 0.04 4 Leg IV tarsus, width 0.11 0.12 0.11 0.11 0.01 4 Leg IV tarsus, length/width ratio 4.50 5.73 5.38 5.64 0.59 4 Abbreviations: min - minimum, max maximum, x - arithmetic mean, M - median, SD - Standard deviation, n - number of individuals measured. Genus Megachernes new to Iran 13 Tab. 2: Morphometrie data for Megachernes pavlovskyi males (in mm). Characteristics min max X M SD n Body, length 3.19 3.76 3.46 3.54 0.24 5 Carapace, length 1.08 1.16 1.12 1.13 0.03 5 Carapace, posterior width 1.03 1.12 1.06 1.05 0.04 5 Carapace, length/ posterior width ratio 0.98 1.12 1.09 1.11 0.06 5 Chelicera, length 0.31 0.33 0.32 0.31 0.01 5 Chelicera, width 0.15 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.01 5 Chelicera, length/width ratio 1.94 2.07 2.03 2.06 0.06 5 Cheliceral movable finger, length 0.26 0.28 0.27 0.28 0.01 5 Palpal trochanter, length 0.54 0.62 0.59 0.59 0.03 5 Palpal trochanter, width 0.32 0.39 0.37 0.38 0.03 5 Palpal trochanter, length/width ratio 1.49 1.69 1.59 1.62 0.08 5 Palpal femur, length 1.02 1.09 1.06 * 1.05 0.03 5 Palpal femur, width 0.35 0.38 0.36 0.36 0.01 5 Palpal femur, length/width ratio 2.84 3.03 2.92 2.91 0.08 5 Palpal patella, length 0.92 1.10 1.01 1.02 0.07 5 Palpal patella, width 0.40 0.45 0.42 0.41 0.02 5 Palpal patella, length/width ratio 2.24 2.49 2.41 2.44 0.10 5 Palpal hand with pedicel, length 0.91 1.03 0.98 1.02 0.06 5 Palpal hand without pedicel, length 0.77 0.90 0.84 0.85 0.05 5 Palpal hand, width 0.56 0.63 0.59 0.57 0.03 5 Palpal hand with pedicel, length/width ratio 1.63 1.79 1.68 1.66 0.07 5 Palpal finger, length 0.87 0.96 0.91 0.91 0.03 5 Palpal chela, length 1.73 1.82 1.78 1.80 0.04 5 Palpal chela, length/ palpal hand width 2.87 3.16 3.04 3.09 0.11 5 Leg I trochanter, length 0.22 0.25 0.24 0.24 0.02 5 Leg I trochanter, width 0.16 0.18 0.17 0.17 0.01 5 Leg I trochanter, length/width ratio 1.33 1.47 1.39 1.38 0.05 5 Leg I femur I, length 0.26 0.31 0.29 0.30 0.02 4 Leg I femur I, width 0.17 0.19 0.18 0.18 0.01 5 Leg I femur I, length/width ratio 1.53 1.63 1.60 1.62 0.05 4 Leg I femur II, length 0.47 0.56 0.52 0.53 0.04 4 Leg I femur II, width 0.16 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.01 5 Leg I femur II, length/width ratio 2.76 3.29 3.10 3.18 0.24 4 Leg I tibia, length 0.56 0.62 0.58 0.58 0.02 5 Leg I tibia, width 0.10 0.12 0.11 0.11 0.01 5 Leg I tibia, length/width ratio 4.67 5.64 5.22 5.27 0.42 5 Leg I tarsus, length 0.41 0.50 0.47 0.50 0.04 5 Leg I tarsus, width 0.08 0.10 0.09 0.09 0.01 5 Leg I tarsus, length/width ratio 5.00 5.56 5.25 5.13 0.29 5 Leg IV trochanter, length 0.31 0.41 0.35 0.33 0.04 5 Leg IV trochanter, width 0.17 0.22 0.19 0.18 0.02 5 Leg IV trochanter, length/width ratio 1.63 2.11 1.89 1.88 0.17 5 Leg IV femur, length 0.95 1.06 1.01 1.04 0.05 5 Leg IV femur, width 0.19 0.22 0.20 0.20 0.01 5 Leg IV femur, length/width ratio 4.73 5.25 4.98 5.05 0.23 5 Leg IV tibia, length 0.85 0.92 0.90 0.92 0.03 5 Leg IV tibia, width 0.13 0.15 0.14 0.14 0.01 5 Leg IV tibia, length/width ratio 6.13 6.69 6.50 6.57 0.21 5 Leg IV tarsus, length 0.56 0.63 0.59 0.60 0.03 5 Leg IV tarsus, width 0.11 0.12 0.11 0.11 0.00 5 Leg IV tarsus, length/width ratio 5.08 5.73 5.31 5.18 0.28 5 14 J. Christophoryovä, S. Dashdamirov, M. J. Malek Hosseini & S. Sadeghi Fig. 3: Morphological characters of Megachernes pavlovskyi. A. Coxae, posterior corners of coxae IV (female, ventral view). B. Palpal tro- chanter, femur and patella (male, dorsal view). C. Tarsus IV with tactile seta (female, lateral view). D. Spermatheca (female, dorsal view). Arrows point to terminally expanded spermathecae ends. Scales: 0.2 mm (D), 0.5 mm (A, B, C). - Photos: Jana Christophoryovä. ratus developed only in movable finger, with nodus ramosus terminating between terminal trichoboth- rium (/) and subterminal tricbobothrium (st)] fixed finger with 50, movable finger witli 51-54 marginal teeth; movable finger medially with 9-11 accessory teeth, fixed finger medially with 6-8 accessory teeth; movable finger laterally with 5 accessory teeth, fixed finger laterally with 9-12 accessory teeth; setae on trochanter and femur small and inconspicuous. Pos- terior corners of coxae IV lobe-shaped, enlarged and roundcd (Fig. 3A); pedal tarsus IV with a long tactile seta situated in middle of segment (Fig. 3C). Sper- Genus Megachernes new to Iran 15 Fig. 4: Variation in the setation in the genital area of four Megachernes pavlovskyi males. Scale: 0.5 mm. matheca T-shaped, with extremely elongated ends, both expanded terminally (Fig. 3D); anterior genital operculum with 35-44 acuminate and curved setae and with 2 lyrifissures, posterior genital operculum with 9-11 setae and 2 lyrifissures. Abdominal ter- gites: I-X distinctly divided, tergite XI undivided; chaetotaxy of tergites I-X (left+right half-tergite): 5-6 +4-6: 5— 6+5— 6: 5-6+4-6: 5-7+5-6: 5-7+6-8: 5— 8+5— 8: 6-8 +6-8: 5-8+5-7: 5-6+5-8: 4-5+4-6, tergite XI with 8-9 setae, including a pair of long tactile setae. Males (five specimens) Males differ from females by the following charac- ters: Carapace with about 69-76 setae, of which 8-10 noticeably longer than others on anterior margin, about 40-42 in front of median transverse furrow and about 13-16 behind subbasal transverse furrow. Chelicerae with 4-5 retrorse teeth on fixed finger; galea with approximately 2-3 short branches. Pedi- palps: fixed finger with 47-52, movable finger with 50-56 marginal teeth; movable finger medially with 8-11 accessory teeth, fixed finger medially with 6-7 accessory teeth; movable finger laterally with 4-5 ac- cessory teeth, fixed finger laterally with 8-1 1 accesso- ry teeth. Palp with long setae medially on trochanter and femur (Fig. 3B). Number of setae in genital re- gion highly variable (Fig. 4). Abdominal tergites I-X distinctly divided, tergite XI undivided; chaetotaxy of tergites I-X (left+right half-tergite): 5-6+5-7: 4-6+5-6: 4-6+5-6: 5-6+6: 6-7+6-7: 6-7+Ö-7: 6-7+6-7: 6-7+6-7: 5-8+5-7: 5-6+4-6, tergite XI with 8-9 setae, including a pair of long tactile setae. Discussion Megachernes pavlovskyi was originally described by Redikorzev (1949) from cracks in a livestock barn in Turkmenistan and from Tajikistan. His descripti- on contains basic morphological and morphometric characters, as well as figures of an entire specimen, the chelicera and coxa IV. Beier (1959) recorded se- veral adults and nymphs taken from guano in a cave in Afghanistan, considering the species to be a tro- glophile. Only the setation of the male palpal femur 16 J. Christophoryovä, 5. Dashdamirov, M. J. Malek Hosseini & 5. Sadeghi and the measurements of the palpal femur ol one male and one female were given (Beier 1959). Scha- waller (1986) recorded the species from Kyrgyzstan, based on about 40 specimens collected in bat and pi- geon guano. Krumpäl (1986) described the species Megachernes caucasicus, found in bat guano in a cave in Azerbaijan (Azykh Cave, Karabakh). Schawaller 8c Dashdamirov (1988) recorded more than 200 Me- gachernes specimens from bat guano at the type loca- lity of M. caucasicus and, in addition, two specimens from a Taxus- Buxus-Fagus forest, Western Cauca- sus, Russia (Krasnodar prov., Sochi/Khosta), having compared them with type material of M. caucasicus. As a result, M. caucasicus was found to be a junior synonym of M. pavlovskyi. Rieh material from the Azykh Cave was later restudied and accompanied by new illustrations of the male palp and female coxa IV (Dashdamirov 8c Schawaller 1992). Profound Va- riation in many characters was revealed, particularly the dimensions of the pedipalps and the number of accessory teeth on the chelal fingers. Moreover, the Caucasian specimens were very similar to materi- al from Central Asia and Afghanistan (Beier 1959, Schawaller 1986, Dashdamirov 8c Schawaller 1995). More recently, Dashdamirov (2004) studied a small collection from northern Pakistan that feil within this ränge ol Variation and was therefore identified as M. pavlovskyi. It is concluded, that M. pavlovskyi is a highly widespread and vagile species, probably as a result ol its periodic associations with bats and rodents (phoresis), and, perhaps, humans. The main taxonomic characters of the Irani- an females examined correspond to those given by Dashdamirov (2004). The material described here represents the first discovery of this genus in Iran. Because the country is vast and ecologically diverse, further material of this genus can be expected. Mo- reover, this is the first record of M. pavlovskyi from the nest of a porcupine. Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank to Alk a Christophoryovä for technical assistance with the figurcs, Anna Sestäkovä for help with dissection of the female genitalia and Martin Fris for the revision of the English text. Finally, we thank Prof. Sergei Golovatch (Moscow) forcritical remarks, Yaser Bakhshi (Shiraz University, Iran) for help with collecting the material and Prof. Volker Mahnert and two anonymous reviewers for valuahle comments on the manuseript. References Beier M 1948 Phoresie und Phagophilie bei Pseudoscor- pionen. — Österreichische Zoologische Zeitschrift 1: 441-497 Beier M 1959 Zur Kenntnis der Pseudoscorpioniden-Fauna Afghanistans. - Zoologische Jahrbücher, Abteilung für Systematik, Ökologie und Geographie der Tiere 87: 257-282 Beier M 1963 Ordnung Pseudoscorpionidea (Afterskorpi- one). Bestimmungsbücher zur Bodenfauna Europas, 1. Akademie-Verlag. Berlin. 313 pp. Dashdamirov S 2004 Pseudoscorpions from the mountains of northern Pakistan (Arachnida: Pseudoscorpiones). - Arthropoda Selecta 13: 225-261 Dashdamirov S 8c Schawaller W 1992 [Pseudoscorpions of the Caucasian fauna (Arachnida Pseudoscorpionida)]. - Arthropoda Selecta 1(4): 31-72 (in Russian) Dashdamirov S 8c Schawaller W 1995 Pseudoscorpions from Middle Asia,part 4 (Arachnida: Pseudoscorpiones). - Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde (A) 522: 1-24 Harvey MS 1991 Catalogue of the Pseudoscorpionida. Manchester University Press. Manchester and New York. 726 pp. Harvey MS 1992 The phylogeny and classification of the Pseudoscorpionida (Chelicerata: Arachnida). - In- vertebrate Taxonomy 6: 1373-1435 - doi: 10.1071/ 1T9921373 Harvey MS 2011 Pseudoscorpions of the world, version 2.0. — Internet: http://www.muscum.wa.gov.au/catalogues/ pseudoscorpions (5.6.2013) Harvey MS, Ratnaweera PB, Udagama PVW 8c Wije- singhe MR 2012 A new species of the pseudoscorpion genus Megachernes (Pseudoscorpiones: Chernetidae) associated with a threatened Sri Lankan rainforest ro- dent, with a review of host associations of Megachernes. - Journal of Natural History 46: 2519-2535 - doi: 10.1080/00222933.2012.707251 Judson MLI 2007 A new and endangered species of the pseudoscorpion genus Lagynochthonius from a cave in Vietnam, with notes on chelal morphology and the composition of the Tyrannochthoniini (Arachnida, Chelonethi, Chthoniidae). - Zootaxa 1627: 53-68 Krumpäl M 1986 Pseudoscorpione (Arachnida) aus Höh- len der UdSSR. Uber Pseudoscorpioniden-Fauna der UdSSR V. - Biologia 41: 163-172 Lindberg K 1961 Recherches biospelcologiques cn Af- ghanistan. — Acta Universitatis Lundensis, nova series 57: 1-39 Redikorzev V 1949 [Pseudoscorpions of Central Asia). - Travaux de l’Institutc Zoologique de FAcademie des Sciences de l’URSS 8(4): 638-668 (in Russian) Schawaller W 1986 Pseudoskorpione aus der Sowjetunion, feil 2 (Arachnida: Pseudoscorpiones). — Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde (A) 396: 1-15 Schawaller W 8< Dashdamirov S 1988 Pseudoskorpione aus dem Kaukasus, leil 2 (Arachnida).- Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde (A) 415: 1-51 Arachnologische Mitteilungen 46: 17-26 Karlsruhe, November 2013 Spiders (Araneae) from Albania and Kosovo in the collection of Carl Friedrich Roewer Blerina Vrenozi & Peter Jäger doi: 10.5431/aramit4604 Abstract. The spider collection (Arachnida: Araneae) from Albania and Kosovo in the Senckenberg Research Insti- tute, Frankfurt am Main is reviewed. A total of 1 22 adult specimens were found belonging to 73 species. Records of 48 species for Albania and 28 species for Kosovo, 20 of them new to Kosovo, are presented. Furthermore there are seven new country records for Albania: Platnickina nigropunctata, Erigone remota, Tenuiphantes tenebricola, Pardosa agrestis, Callobius claustrarius and Zelotes femellus. Additionally, Pardosa cavannae is the first record for the Balkan Peninsula. So far 381 species are known for Albania. A total of 1 06 species is known from Kosovo now; a list of the 86 spider species formerly known to Kosovo is included. Keywords: Balkan fauna, checklist, new records The Arachnida collection in the Senckenberg Re- search Institute, Frankfurt, Germany, dates from 1833 when the spider collection of Karl Friedrich Wider was donated to the Senckenberg Natural History Museum (Kraus 2006). Since then Carl Koch, Phil- ipp Bertkau, Wilhelm Dönitz, Wilhelm Bösenberg, Embrik Strand, Ludwig Koch, Friedrich Dahl and other arachnologists deposited material in the Sen- ckenberg collection. However, the main contribution to this collection was made by Carl Friedrich Roewer and Hermann Wiehle. Today the arachnological collection is one of the most important in the world, and includes more than 77,000 series identified to species level including about 12,000 type series. Spiders from Albania and Kosovo (previously part of Yugoslavia resp. Serbia) are included in the collection of Carl Friedrich Roewer. Formerly, there was no differentiation between these two countries due to historical and political reasons. Therefore all material labelled as from Albania was examined. This collection includes significant data of Spiders collec- ted in northeast and southeast Albania, which were partly published by Deltshev et al. (2011) and there- fore raised the interest of the first author. New coun- try records not published before were of great im- portance for starting this investigation. This present paper contributes to the checklist of Albanian spi- Blerina VRENOZI, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Boulevard "Zogu I", Tirana, Albania, blerina.vrenozi@fshn.edu.al Peter JÄGER, Arachnology, Senckenberg Research Institute, Sencken- berganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany, peter.jaeger@ senckenberg.de submitted 16.12.1 1, accepted 24.9.13, online 4.1 0.1 3 ders. Additionally, some records for Kosovo based on the Roewer collection and from a critical review of Deltshev et al. (2003) are given. The present paper complements an on-going series of papers on Alba- nian spiders (Vrenozi ScHaxhiu 2008, Deltshev et al. 2011, Vrenozi 2012, Vrenozi & Jäger 2012, Vrenozi Sc Dunlop 2013). Methods The material presented here derives from the coll- ection of Carl Friedrich Roewer, which is deposited in the Senckenberg Research Institute in Frankfurt am Main (SMF). It was collected between 1917 and 1961 in the north-eastern and south-eastern areas of Albania and in Kosovo (Fig. 1). In some cases, data for several specimens taken from the SMF card files lacked the year of collection and who identified it. All specimens in the Roewer collection were review- ed at the end of 2010. Furthermore, localities in Kosovo mentioned in Deltshev et al. (2003) in the Serbian language are revised and Albanian names as well as geographical Coordinates are given. Tire main literature used for identification was Grimm (1985), Heimer 8c Nentwig (1991), Metz- ner (1999), Nentwig et al. (2013) and Roberts (1987, 1995). Nomenclature and order of families in the species lists follows Platnick (2013). The data con- cerning the general distribution are taken from Plat- nick (2013) and Helsdingen (2012). Data on elevation, latitude and longitude are tak- en from http://wikimapia.org, http://en.wikipedia. org and https://maps.google.com. 18 B. Vrenozi & P. Jäger Fig. 1 : Map of Albania and Kosovo with the county capitals treated in this paper. Abbreviations det. - determinavit (Latin for “he/she has identi- fied”) ex RII - previous RII vial is separated into two se- ries, one keeps the old RII number, the other (present) gets a new SMF number leg. - legit (Latin for “he/she has collected”) rev. - revidit (Latin for “he/she has reviewed”, here: changed previous identification) RII - second (larger) part of the Roewer Collec- tion fe.g., SMF 9900828 is the collection number for RII 828] SMF - Senckenberg Research Institute, Frankfurt vid. - vidit (Latin for“he/she has seen,examined”; here: confirmed previous identification) Localities [with explanations in brackets] Albania Galica Luma, Galica Lumus, Galica Lums [Mt. Gjallica e Lumes, mountain in Kukes], 2489 m a.s.l., N 42°1’34”, E 20°28’12”. Kösztil, Koestil [Gostil, villagc in Kukes], 317 m a.s.l., N 42°3’8”, E 20°25’13”. Korab [Mt. Korab, mountain in Diber], 2756 m a.s.l., N 41°48’41”, E 20°33’55”. Kula Lums, Kula Lumps [Kulla e Lumes, village in Kukes], 509 m a.s.l., N 42°4’15”, E 20°26’47”. Mt. Koprionte [Mt. Koritnik, mountain in Kukes], 2393 m a.s.l., N 42°5’5”, E 20°32’22”. Sandschak korita, Korita [Korite, village in Kor^e], 1178 m a.s.l., N 40°46‘55“, E 20°48‘52“. Kosovo Banjska [Banjske, village near Mitrovice], 200 m a.s.l., N 42°51‘29“, E 20°57‘14“. Bjclopolje [Bellopoje, village in Peje], 754 m a.s.l., N 42°46‘26“, E 20“33‘54“. Gazimestan [Memorial Park near Prishtine], 585 m a.s.l., N 42°41‘19“, E 21°07‘42“. Gnjilane [Gjilan, town], 1000 m a.s.l., N 42a28‘45“, E 21°27‘55“. Kacanik [Kafanik, town], 678 m a.s.l., N 42°14‘12“, E 21°15‘19“. Kosovska Mitrovica [Mitrovice, town], 688 m a.s.l., N 42°53‘31“, E 20°52‘12“. Lebane | Lebane, municipality near Prishtine |, 275 m a.s.l., N 42”44‘29“, E 21”08‘41“. I .jubicevo 1 1 Aibiqeve, village near Prizren [, 2000 m a.s.l., N 42"09‘22“, E 20"43‘57“. Spiders by Roewer from Albania and Kosovo 19 Monastery Visoki Decani [Monastery near the town of De?an], 661 m a.s.l., N 42°32‘48“, E 20°16‘14“. Mt. Kopaonik [mountain in the northern part of Kosovo], 1789 m a.s.l., N 43°10‘16“, E 20°55‘44“. Mt. Koprivnik [mountain near Peje], 2460 m a.s.l., N 42°37‘32“, E 20°12‘28“. Crni Kamen, Mt. Sar-Planina [village in Mt. Sharr, mountain in the Southern part of Kosovo], 2550 m a.s.l., N 42°08‘50“, E 20°48‘49“. Mt. Zljeb, Mons Zljeb [Mt. Zhleb, mountain near Peje], 2365 m a.s.l., N 42°75‘5“, E 20°24‘53“. Nerodimlje [Nerodime, area near Ferizaj], 345 m a.s.l., N 42°21‘49“, E 21°05‘57“. Pec, Pek, Ipek [Peje, town], 505 m a.s.l., N 42°39‘39“, E 20°18‘37“. Plavenica [Plav, municipality near Prizren], 2000 m a.s.l., N 42°07‘05“, E 20°39‘54“. Radavac, source of the Beli Drim River [Radavci, village near the source of Drini i Bardhe near Peje], 2000 m a.s.l., N 42°44‘20“, E 20°19‘18“. Sazlija [Sazli, village near Ferizaj], 571 m a.s.l., N 42°24‘27“, E 21°11‘00“. Sredska [Sredske, municipality near Prizren], 864 m a.s.l., N 42T0‘20“, E 20°51‘18“. Zvecan [Zve9an, municipality near Mitrovice], 712 m a.s.l., N 42°58‘17“, E 20°48‘04“. Results In total, 126 specimens of spiders including 98 fe- males, 24 males and four juveniles were examined, comprising 73 species from 52 genera and 18 fami- lies, from which 48 species from 38 genera and 15 families were from Albania (Tab. 1). One female of Nomisia sp. could not be identified to species level until more specimens, including males and fema- les, are found. Seven new records presented in this paper were found in north-eastern areas of Albania (marked with * in Tab. 1): Platnickina nigropunctata has a Mediterranean distribution, known so far from Greece, Italy and the western Mediterranean. This record extends the known distribution ränge to the Balkan Peninsula. In Albania one male was recorded. Erigone remota is a typical high mountain species with a Palaearctic distribution. This species is known in the Balkan Peninsula only from Macedonia and Romania. One female was collected by Roewer on 19.10.1917, in the Mt. Gjallica e Lumes. Tenuiphantes tenebricola is widely spread in the Palaearctic region. This record extends our know- ledge about its distribution in the Balkan Peninsu- la, where it was known before in every surrounding country, except Macedonia and Greece. In Albania one male was recorded. Pardosa agrestis is widely spread in the Palaearctic region. The present record fills a gap extending its distribution ränge into Albania, as it was previously known from all surrounding countries except Bos- nia and Herzegovina. Seven females were recorded in Albania. Pardosa cavannae was known before only in the National Park of Majella, Province of L’Aquila in Italy. This record is the first find for the Balkan Pen- insula, the identification of which was confirmed by C. Deltshev. Following Tongiorgi (1966), this spe- cies is known from the high mountains. One female was recorded in Albania, identified by Wunderlich in 2008. Callobius claustrarius has a Palaearctic distributi- on, except the United Kingdom, Iberian Peninsula, Scandinavia, and the Far East where is found only in the Asian parts of Russia. In the Balkan Peninsula C. claustrarius is known from Macedonia, Greece, Bul- garia and Romania. Two females were collected in 1928 in the Mt. Gjallica e Lumes. Zelotes femellus is distributed in Southern Europe, where it is known from Spain, Corsica (France), Ita- ly and Ukraine. In the Balkan Peninsula it is found in Croatia, Greece and Romania. One subadult male and one female were collected in 1927 in the Kulla e Lumes, which were confirmed by C. Deltshev. Records of 28 species from 20 genera and nine families were collected in Kosovo (Tab. 1). Twenty species are recorded for Kosovo for the first time Tab. 1: List of the spider species and specimens of Roewer's Collection from Albania and Kosovo. * = first record for Albania, ** = first record for Kosovo. Family/Species Material examined Pholcidae Holocnemus pluchei (Scopoli, 1763) 1$, Albania, Kulla e Lumes, Akad. Balkan Expedition 1918, Kraus det.,Vrenozi ßcjäger vid. (RII 3726) 20 B. Vrenozi & P. Jäger Family/Species Material examined Segestriidae Segestria senoculata (Linnaeus, 1758) 1(5, Albania, Mt. Korab, Roewer det. 1927, Vrenozi & Jäger vid. (RII 667) Dysderidae **Dysdera longirostris Doblika, 1853 1?, Kosovo, Mt. Zhleb, leg. 1927, Vrenozi 8c Blick vid. (RII 669) Theridiidae Asagena phalerata (Panzer, 1801) Enoplognatha ovata (Linnaeus, 1758) Enoplognatha latimana Hippa 8c Oksala, 1982 Heterotheridion nigrovariegatum (Simon, 1873) Kochiura aulica (C.L. Koch, 1838) Pholcomma gibbum (Westring, 1851) *Platnickina nigropunctata (Lucas, 1846) Robert us frivaldszkyi (Chyzer, 1894) Steatoda paykulliana (Westring, 1851) **Theridion pictum (Walckenaer, 1802) Pheridion varians Hahn, 1833 1$, 1 subadult 9, Albania, Gostil, leg. 1935, Vrenozi 8c Jäger vid. (RII 1870) 1$, Albania, Kulla e Lumes, leg. 1935, Vrenozi 8c Jäger vid. (RII 1895) 2$, Albania, Kulla e Lumes, leg. 1935, sub Pheridion ovatum (Clerck, 1757), Vrenozi 8c Jäger rev. (ex RII 1895; SMF 61110) ld, Albania, Wunderlich det. 1980, Vrenozi 8cjäger vid. (RII 11619) 1$, Albania, sub Pheridion aulicum C.L. Koch, 1838, Vrenozi 8c Jäger vid. (RII 6153) 2c?, 29, Albania, Korite, leg. 1935, Vrenozi Scjäger vid. (RII 1863) lcj, Albania, Wunderlich det., Vrenozi 8c Blick vid. (ex RII 11615; SMF 37631) 1$, Albania, Deltshev det. 10.2007 (ex RII 6302; SMF 57437) 29, Albania, Mt. Korab, leg. 1935, sub Teutana grossa (C.L. Koch, 1838), Jäger 8c Vrenozi rev. (RII 1844) 19, Kosovo, Peje, leg. 1935, sub Pheridion impressum L. Koch, 1881, Vrenozi Scjäger rev. (RII 1889) ld, Albania, Wunderlich det., Vrenozi 8c Jäger vid. (ex RII 11615; SMF 37623) Linyphiidae Erigone dentipa/pis (Wider, 1834) *Erigone remota L. Koch, 1 869 Linyphia triangularis (Clerck, 1757) Meioneta rurestris (C.L. Koch, 1836) Oedothorax apicatus (Blackwall, 1850) *Tenuiphantes tenebricola (Wider, 1834) Tetragnathidae **MeteIlina merianae (Scopoli, 1763) 19, Albania, Wunderlich det. 1968, Vrenozi 8c Jäger vid. (RII 11896) 19, Albania, Mt. Gjallica e Lumes, Roewer leg. 19.10.1917, Wunder- lich det. 1968, Vrenozi Scjäger vid. (ex RII 11859; SMF 24729) ld, Albania, van Helsdingen det. 1965, Vrenozi 8c Jäger vid. (ex RII 12310; SMF 24671) 19, Albania, Wunderlich det. 1968, Vrenozi 8c )äger vid. (ex RII 6151; SMF 22933) 1 9, Albania, Wunderlich det. 1968, Vrenozi 8c Jäger vid. (ex RII 6151; SMF 22932) ld, Albania, Wunderlich det. 1968, Vrenozi 8c Jäger vid. (ex RII 11896; SMF 22926) 2d, 19, Kosovo, Plav, leg. 1927, sub Meta merianae (Scopoli, 1763), Vrenozi 8c Jäger vid. (RI I 820) Araneidac " Aculepeira ceropegia (Walckenaer, 1802) **Araneus angulatus Clerck, 1 757 **Araneus circe (Audouin, 1 826) Araniella cucurbitina (Clerck, 1757) 1 9, Kosovo, Peje, leg. 1927, Levi rev. 1976, Vrenozi 8c Jäger vid. (RII 833). 39, Kosovo, Peje, leg. 1935, sub Araneus grossus (C.L. Koch, 1844), Vrenozi Scjäger rev. (RII 869) 19, Kosovo, Peje, leg. 1930, Vrenozi 8c Jäger vid. (RII 870) 29, Albania, Mt. ( Ijallica e I uimcs, Blanke det. 1977, Vrenozi 8c Jäger vid. (RII 1747); 1 9, Kosovo, Peje, Blanke det. 1977. Vrenozi Scjäger vid. (RII 865) Spiders by Roewer from Albania and Kosovo 21 Family/Species Material examined **AranieIla opisthographa (Kulczynski, 1905) Neoscona adianta (Walckenaer, 1802) Lycosidae **Alopecosa aculeata (Clerck, 1757) Alopecosa Cursor (Hahn, 1831) Alopecosa pulverulenta (Clerck, 1757) *Pardosa agrestis (Westring, 1861) **Pardosa alacris (C.L. Koch, 1833) **Pardosa amentata (Clerck, 1757) *Pardosa cavannae Simon, 1881 **Pardosa prativaga (L. Koch, 1870) Oxyopidae Oxyopes lineatus Latreille, 1806 Zoridae Zora spinimana (Sundevall, 1833) Agelenidae Agelena labyrinthica (Clerck, 1757) Inermocoelotes inermis (L. Koch, 1855) **Lycosoides coarctata (Dufour, 1831) Amaurobiidae *Callobius claustrarius (Hahn, 1833) Titanoecidae Nurscia albomaculata (Lucas, 1846) Clubionidae **Clubiona stagnatilis Kulczynski, 1897 Gnaphosidae **Berlandina plumalis (O. Pickard- Cambridge, 1872) Ca/lilepis nocturna (Linnaeus, 1758) Drassodes lapidosus (Walckenaer, 1802) Drassodes lutescens (C.L. Koch, 1839) Nomisia sp. ld, 1?, Albania, Mt. Gjallica e Lumes, Roewer leg. 1930, sub Araneus cucurbitinus Clerck, 1757, Blanke rev. 1977, Vrenozi Scjäger rev. (SMF 29578); 39, Kosovo, Peje, Blanke rev. 1977, sub Araneus cucurbitinus Clerck, 1757, Vrenozi Scjäger rev. (SMF 29590) 19, Albania, Kulla e Lumes, Roewer leg. 1927, Vrenozi Scjäger vid. (ex RII 828; SMF 9900828) 19, Kosovo, Peje, Roewer leg. 7.1917, det. 1954, Vrenozi Sc Jäger vid. (RII 2209) 29, Albania, Roewer det. 1954, Vrenozi Sc Jäger vid. (RII 2231) 29, Albania, Mt. Korab, Roewer det. 1954, Vrenozi Sc Jäger vid. (RII 2212). 79, Albania, Roewer det. 1954, sub Pardosa blanda (C.L. Koch, 1833), Jäger Sc Vrenozi rev. (RII 3921) ld, Kosovo, Peje, Wunderlich rev. 1984, sub Pardosa pseudolugubris Wunderlich, 1984, Vrenozi Sc Blick vid. (RII 11896) 29, Kosovo, Mt. Koprivnik, Roewer det. 1954, Vrenozi Sc Jäger vid. (RII 2264) 19, Albania, Wunderlich det. 2008, Vrenozi Sc Jäger vid. (SMF 60982). It is not known, if the specimen is part of the Roewer collection or not, but it is included in the manuscript because it is from Albania. 19, Kosovo, Peje, Roewer det. 1954, sub Pardosa kervillei Simon, 1937, Vrenozi Sc Blick rev. (RII 3923) ld, 49, Albania, Kulla e Lumes, leg. 06.07.1918, Wunderlich det. 1980, Vrenozi Scjäger vid. (ex RII 4056; SMF 30585) 29, Albania, Kulla e Lumes, leg. 1930, Vrenozi Scjäger vid. (RII 2409) ld, Albania, Kulla e Lumes, leg. 1935, Vrenozi Scjäger vid. (RII 6145) 19, Kosovo, Peje, leg. 1929, sub Coelotes terrestris (Wider, 1834), Vrenozi Sc Blick rev. (RII 1273) 19, Kosovo, Mt. Zhleb, leg. 1934, Vrenozi Sc Blick vid. (RII 5436) 29, Albania, Mt. Gjallica e Lumes, leg. 1928, Vrenozi Scjäger vid. (RII 961) 19, Albania, Deltshev det. 10.2007 (ex RII 6302; SMF 57441) 19, Kosovo, Peje, leg. 1961, sub Glubiona pallidula (Clerck, 1757), Vrenozi Sc Blick rev. (RII 13872) 19, Kosovo, Peje, leg. 1961, Jäger Sc Vrenozi vid. (RII 13875) 19, Albania, Deltshev det. 10.2007 (ex RII 6302; SMF 57419) 19, Albania, Mt. Korab, leg. 1927, Vrenozi Sc jäger vid. (RII 565) ld, Albania, Kulla e Lumes, leg. 1927, Vrenozi Sc Blick vid. (RII 574) 19, Albania, Kulla e Lumes, Grimm det. 1982, Vrenozi Sc Blick vid. (RII 6147) 22 B. Vrenozi & P. Jäger Family/Species Material examined Trachyze/otes pedestris (C.L. Koch, 1837) Zelotes apricorum (L. Koch, 1876) *Zelotesfemellus (L. Koch, 1866) Philodromidae Philodromus cespitum (Walckenaer, 1802) Thanatus atratus Simon, 1875 Thomisidae Cozyptila blackwalli (Simon, 1875) Synema globosum (Fabricius, 1775) 7 homisus onustus Walckenaer, 1806 **Tmarus piger (Walckenaer, 1802) Xysticus acerbus Thoreb, 1872 **Xysticus audax (Schrank, 1803) **Xysticus cristatus (Clerck, 1757) Xysticus kochi Thoreil, 1872 Xysticus graecus C.L. Koch, 1838 Salticidae Evarcha falcata (Clerck, 1757) **Heliophanus auratus C.L. Koch, 1835 Heliophanus cupreus (Walckenaer, 1802) Heliophanus ßavipes (I Iahn, 1832) Heliophanus lineiventris Simon, 1868 Heliophanus simplex Simon, 1868 Mendoza canestrinii (Ninni, 1 868) Philaeus chrysops (Poda, 1761) "Phlegra fasciata (I I ahn, 1826) Sitticus pubescens (Fabricius, 1775) ' 'Sy nage/es dalmaticus (Keyserling, 186.3) 19, Albania, Mt. Korab, leg. 1931, Vrenozi öcjäger vid. (RII 2432) 1$, Albania, Kulla e Lumes, leg. 1931, sub Zelotes oblongus (C.L. Koch), Grimm rev. 1982, Vrenozi & Jäger vid. (RII 2438) 1 subadult (5, 1$, Albania, Kulla e Lumes, leg. 1927, Vrenozi öc Jäger vid. (RII 589) 1?, Albania, Mt. Gjabica e Lumes, leg. 16.7.1918, sub Xysticus ninnii Thorell, 1872, Loerbroks rev. sub Philodromus sp., Vrenozi öcjäger rev. (RII 1661) 19, Albania, Kuba e Lumes, Roewer leg. 06.07.1918, Wunderlich det. 1980, sub Thanatus sp., Vrenozi öcjäger rev. (ex RII 4056; SMF 30583) 1$, Albania, Kuba e Lumes, leg. 1929, Vrenozi öcjäger vid. (RII 1680) 19, Albania, Kuba e Lumes, leg. 1928, sub Synema plorator (C.L. Koch, 1837), Loerbroks rev. 1980, Vrenozi öcjäger vid. (RII 930); 3$; Kosovo, Peje. leg. 1928, Vrenozi öcjäger vid. (RII 929) 29. 1 subadult 9, Kosovo, Peje, leg. 1929, Vrenozi öcjäger vid. (RII 936) 19. 1 subadult 9, Kosovo, Peje, leg. 1929, Vrenozi öcjäger vid. (RII 1640) 1 9, Albania, Kuba e Lumes, leg. 1929, sub Xysticus kempelenii Thorell, 1872, Jantscher rev. 11.1999, Vrenozi öcjäger vid. (ex RII 1656; SMF 9901656) 19, Kosovo, Peje, leg. 1929, Vrenozi öcjäger vid. (RII 1650) 19, Kosovo, Peje, leg. 1929, sub Xysticus audax (Schrank, 1803), Vrenozi öcjäger rev. (RII 1650) 19, Kosovo, Peje, leg. 1929, Jantscher rev. 11.1999, Vrenozi öcjäger vid. (RII 1643) 19, Albania, Gostil, leg. 1929, sub Xysticus striatipes L. Koch, 1870, Vrenozi öc Deltshev rev. (RII 1663) 5Ö, 29, Albania, Kuba e Lumes, leg. 1930, sub Evarcha blancardi (Scopoli 1763), Vrenozi öcjäger vid. (ex RII 2075; SMF 9902075) 29, Kosovo, Peje, Roewer leg. 6.1921, Logunov det. 2005, Vrenozi öc Jäger vid. (ex RII 1993; SMF 9901993); 1 9, Kosovo, Peje, Logunov det. 2005, Vrenozi öcjäger vid. (ex RII 1995; SMF 9901995) 29, Kosovo, Peje, leg. 1930, Vrenozi öc jäger vid. (RII 1978) 2(5, Kosovo, Peje, leg. 1930, sub Heliophanus ritteri (Scopoli, 1763), Vrenozi öcjäger vid. (RII 1982); 19, Kosovo, Peje, Logunov det. 2005, Vrenozi öcjäger vid. (ex RI I 1995; SMF 40467) 1 9, Albania, Mt. Korab, Logunov det. 2005, Vrenozi öcjäger vid. (ex RII 1987; SMF 57337) 1 9, Albania, Kuba e I aimes, Logunov det. 2005, Vrenozi öcjäger vid. (ex RII 1994; SMF 57318) 29, Albania, Mt. Koritnik, leg. 7.1922, Vrenozi 6t J iiger vid. (RII 2026) 29, Albania, Koritc, leg. 1930, Vrenozi öcjäger vid. (RI I 2049) 1 9, Kosovo, Bcllopojc, leg. 1930, Vrenozi öcjäger vid. (RII 2056) 1 9, Kosovo, Peje, leg. 1930, Vrenozi öcjäger vid. (RII 201 1) 2(5, 1 9, Kosovo, Bcllopojc, leg. 1930, Vrenozi öc jäger vid. (RI I 1999) Spiders by Roewer from Albania and Kosovo 23 (marked with ** in Tab. 1). Almost all these spe- cies are found in the adjacent countries of Kosovo (Nikolic 8t Polenec 1981, Nentwig et al. 2013; and several papers on Albanian spiders such as Vrenozi 8c Haxhiu 2008, Deltshev et al. 2011, Vrenozi 2012, Vrenozi 8c Jäger 2012), except for the two species Lycosoides coarctata and Synageles dalmaticus, which are recorded only from Macedonia. Berlandina plu- malis with a distribution from West Africa to Central Asia (Platnick 2013) is the first record for the region and the second record for the Balkan Peninsula after Greece (Nentwig et al. 2013). The revised paper of Deltshev et al. (2003) docu- mented 86 species from Kosovo. Spiders are cited by different authors, mostly for Mt. Kopaunik in the northern part of Kosovo (40 species), followed by the areas of Peje and Prizren districts in the north - western and western part, near the Albanian borders (respectively 20 and 23 species), and Prishtine in the eastern part of Kosovo (22 species); meanwhile Nerodime, the Monastery of Deqan, Mitrovice, Crni Kamen (Mt. Sharr) and Kaqanik, are the less cited municipalities and districts. Almost 50% of all spiders known from Kosovo were mentioned by Stojicevic (1929) and Drensky (1936) (Tab. 2). Discussion Previously, 374 Spider species were known for Alba- nia (Deltshev et al. 2011: 335 species, Vrenozi 2012: 6 species, Vrenozi 8c Jäger 2012: 32 species, Vrenozi 8c Dunlop 2013: 1 species). The Roewer collection offers seven new records for the Albanian spider fau- na; thus 381 species are now known for this country. According to Nikolic 8c Polenec (1981), only three species were known for Kosovo before: Rober- tus arundineti (O. P.-Cambridge, 1871), Styloctetor stativus (Simon, 1881) (sub Anacotyle stativa) and Trichoncus afßnis Kulczynski, 1894. Deltshev et al. (2003) mentioned 86 species for Kosovo which were known for the districts of De<;an, Ferizaj, Gjilan, Ka- 9anik, Mitrovice, Peje, Prishtine, Prizren, Mt. Kopao- nik and Mt. Sharr. From these, 25 Spider species are known only from Mt. Kopaonik, without a precise locality. Nevertheless this mountain is part of both Kosovo and Serbia, these species are thus considered as records for Kosovo and Serbia at the same time. The present review of the Roewer collection has re- sulted in 28 records, with eight species known before for Kosovo: Araniella cucurbitina (Clerck, 1757), In- ermocoelotes inermis (L. Koch, 1855), Synema globosum (Fabricius, 1775), Thomisus onustus Walckenaer, 1806, Xysticus kochiThoreW.,1%72, Heliophanus cupreus (Wal- ckenaer, 1802), Heliophanus flavipes (Flahn, 1832) and Sitticus pubescens (Fabricius, 1775). The 20 other records are new to Kosovo. All species were recorded in the north-western and western areas, near the Al- banian border. These species increase the number of spider species known so far from Kosovo to 106. Acknowledgements We thankTheo Blick from the Senckenberg Research Insti- tute in Frankfurt/M. for his assistance during the revision of some species; Dr. Barbara Knoflach-Thaler and Dr. Robert Bosmans for providing literature; Prof. Dr. Perikli Qiriazi, Prof. Dr. Aleko Miho and Prof. Dr. Lulzim Shuka of the Tirana University for checking some old names of the geographic areas. B.V. kindly acknowledges the Sencken- Tab. 2: List of the spider species from Kosovo according to Deltshev et al. (2003). Nr. Family/Species Locality (References) 1 Atypidae Atypus piceus (Sulzer, 1776) Prizren (Stojicevic 1929) 2 Dysderidae Dasumia kusceri (Kratochvü, 1935) Crni Kamen, Mt. Sharr (Nikolic &c Polenec 1981) 3 Theridiidae Asagena phalerata (Panzer, 1801) Sazli (Stojicevic 1929), . Zhljeb (Knoflach 1996) 4 Crustulina guttata (Wider, 1834) Sazli (Stojicevic 1929) 5 Enoplognatha ovata (Clerck, 1757) Lubiqeve (Bresjanceva 1907, Drensky 1936) 6 Phylloneta sisyphia (Clerck, 1757) Lubiqeve (Bresjanceva 1907, Drensky 1936) 7 Robertus arundineti (O. P.-Cambridge, 1871) Nerodime (Stojicevic 1929), Kosovo (Drensky 1936, 8 Steatoda bipunctata (Linnaeus, 1758) Nikolic & Polenec 1981) Mt. Kopaonik (Drensky 1936) 9 Steatoda castanea (Clerck, 1757) Mt. Kopaonik (Drensky 1936) 24 B. Vrenozi & P. Jäger Nr. Family/Species Locality (References) Linyphiidae 10 Agyneta fuscipalpa (C.L. Koch, 1836) 11 Bathyphantes approximatus (O. P.-Cambridge, 1871) 12 Erigone atra Blackwall, 1833 13 Erigone dentipalpis (Wider, 1834) 14 Fageiella ensigera Deeleman-Reinhold, 1974 15 Mansuphantes mansuetus (Thorell, 1875) 16 Macrargus rufus (Wider, 1834) 17 Oedothorax gibbosus (Blackwall, 1841) 18 Palliduphantes trnovensis (Drensky, 1931) 19 Porrhomma pygmaeum (Blackwall, 1834) 20 Styloctetor stativus ( Simon, 1881) 21 Trichoncus apfinis Kulczynski, 1894 Tetragnathidae 22 Metellina segmentata (Clerck, 1757) 23 Tetragnatha externa (Linnaeus, 1758) Araneidae 24 Agalenatea redii (Scopoli, 1763) 25 Araneus diadematus Clerck, 1757 26 Araniella alpica (L. Koch, 1869) 27 Araniella cucurbitina (Clerck, 1757) 28 Cyclosa conica (Pallas, 1772) 29 Gibbaranea gibbosa (Walckenaer, 1802) 30 Gibbaranea omoeda (Thorell, 1870) 3 1 Hypsosinga albovittata (Westring, 1851) 32 Hypsosinga pygmaea (Sundevall, 1831) 33 Hypsosinga sanguinea (C.L. Koch, 1844) 34 Mangora acalypha (Walckenaer, 1802) 35 Singa hamata (Clerck, 1757) 36 Zygiella keyserlingi (Äusserer, 1871) Lycosidae 37 Alopecosa trabalis (Clerck, 1757) 38 Arctosa cinerea (Fabricius, 1777) 39 Arctosa leopardus (Sundevall, 1833) 40 Hogna radiata (Latreille, 1817) 41 Pardosa agrestis (Westring, 1861) 42 Pardosa agricola (Thorell, 1856) 43 Pardosa albatula ( Roewer, 1951) 44 Pardosa ferruginea (L. Koch, 1870) 45 Pardosa hortensis (Thorell, 1 872) 46 Pardosa morosa (L. Koch, 1 870) 47 Pardosa paludicola (Clerck, 1757) 48 Pardosa palustris (Linnaeus, 1758) 49 Pardosa pullata (Clerck, 1 757) 50 Pira/a piscatorius (Clerck, 1 757) 5 1 Pirat ula hygrophila (Thorell, 1 872) Sazli (Stojicevic, 1929) Mt. Kopaonik (Nikolic & Polenec 1981) Mt. Kopaonik (Stojicevic 1929) Sazli (Stojicevic 1929) Radavci, source of the River Drini i Bardhe (Deeleman-Reinhold 1974) Mt. Kopaonik (Stojicevic 1929, Drensky 1936, Nikolic & Polenec 1981) Mt. Kopaonik (Nikolic & Polenec 1981) Gjilan (Stojicevic 1929, Drensky 1936) Karamakis Cave, Peje (Deeleman-Reinhold 1985, Deltshev et al. 1996) Sazli (Stojicevic 1929, Drensky 1936) Sazli (Stojicevic 1929, Nikolic Sc Polenec 1981), Kosovo (Nikolic Sc Polenec 1981) Sazli (Stojicevic 1929), Kosovo (Nikolic Sc Polenec 1981) Banjske (Kolosväry 1940) Gjilan (Stojicevic 1929) Mitrovice (Kolosväry 1938, 1940) Mt. Kopaonik (Drensky 1936) Mt. Kopaonik (Stojicevic 1929, Drensky 1936) Lubiqeve (Bresjanceva 1907, Drensky 1936), Nerodime (Stojicevic 1929), Mt. Kopaonik (Drensky 1936) Zve£an (Stojicevic 1929) Mt. Kopaonik (Stojicevic 1929, Drensky 1936) Mt. Kopaonik (Nikolic Sc Polenec 1981) Sazli (Stojicevic 1929) Gjilan (Stojicevic 1929) Sazli (Stojicevic 1929) Gjilan, Nerodime (Stojicevic 1929) Lubiqeve (Bresjanceva 1907, Drensky 1936), Nerodime (Stojicevic 1929) Peje (Kolosväry 1938, 1940) Lebane, Sredske (Stojicevic 1929) Gjilan (Stojicevic 1929) Sazli (Stojicevic 1929) Peje (Kolosväry 1938) Sazli (Stojicevic 1929), Gjilan (Drensky 1936) Mt. Kopaonik (Stojicevic 1929, Drensky 1936) Mt. Kopaonik (Drensky 1936) Mt. Kopaonik (Stojicevic 1929, Drensky 1936) Nerodime (Stojicevic 1929), Gjilan (Drensky 1936) Monastery in the town ol'Deyan (Kolosväry 1938, 1940) Sazli (Stojicevic 1929) Mt. Kopaonik (Stojicevic 1929, Drensky 1936) Gjilan (Stojicevic 1929) Gjilan (Stojicevic 1929) Mt. Kopaonik (Nikolic & Polenec 1981) Spiders by Roewer from Albania and Kosovo 25 Nr. Family/Species 52 Trochosa ruricola (De Geer, 1778) 53 Xerolycosa miniata (C.L. Koch, 1834) 54 Xerolycosa nemoralis (Westring, 1861) Pisauridae 55 Pisaura mirabilis (Clerck, 1757) Oxyopidae 56 Oxyopes ramosus (Martini & Goeze, 1778) Agelenidae 57 Inermocoelotes falciger (Kulczynski, 1897) 58 Inermocoelotes inermis (L. Koch, 1855) Dictynidae 59 Emblyna brevidens (Kulczynski, 1897) Miturgidae 60 Cheiracanthium elegans Thorell, 1875 Liocranidae 61 Sagana rutilans Thorell, 1875 Zodariidae 62 Zodarion aculeatum Chyzer, 1897 Gnaphosidae 63 Drassodes lapidosus (Walckenaer, 1802) 64 Haplodrassus signifer (C.L. Koch, 1839) 65 Micaria pulicaria (Sundevall, 1831) 66 Scotophaeus blackwalli (Thorell, 1871) 67 Zelotes longipes (L. Koch, 1866) 68 Zelotes oblongus (C.L. Koch, 1833) 69 Zelotes similis (Kulczynski, 1887) Sparassidae 70 Micrommata virescens (Clerck, 1757) Thomisidae 71 Ebrechtella tricuspidata (Fabricius, 1775) 72 Ozyptila praticola (C.L. Koch, 1837) 73 Runcinia grammica (C.L. Koch, 1837) 74 Synema globosum (Fabricius, 1775) 75 Thomisus onustus Walckenaer, 1805 76 Xysticus ferrugineus Menge, 1876 77 Xysticus kochi Thorell, 1 872 Salticidae 78 Dendryphantes rudis (Sundevall, 1833) 79 Evarcha falcata (Clerck, 1757) 80 Heliophanus cupreus (Walckenaer, 1 802) 81 Heliophanus ßavipes (Hahn, 1832) 82 Pellenes nigrociliatus (Simon, 1875) 83 Philaeus chrysops (Poda, 1761) 84 Sa/ticus scenicus (Clerck, 1757) 85 Sitticus pubescens (Fabricius, 1775) 86 Sitticus saxicola (C.L. Koch, 1846) Locality (References) Mt. Kopaonik (Drensky 1936) Gazimestan, Prishtine (Stojicevic 1929) Mt. Kopaonik, Gjilan (Drensky 1936) Lubiqeve (Bresjanceva 1907, Drensky 1936), Nerodime, Sazli (Stojicevic 1929), Monastery in the town of Defan (Kolosvary 1938, 1940) Lubiqeve (Bresjanceva 1907, Drensky 1936) Peje (Kolosvary 1938) Peje (Kolosvary 1938, 1940), Mt. Koprivnik (Kolosvary 1940) Mt. Kopaonik (Nikolic &Polenec 1981) Prizren (Stojicevic 1929) Peje (Kolosvary 1938), Koprivnik (Kolosvary 1940) Mt. Kopaonik (Drensky 1936) Mt. Kopaonik (Stojicevic 1929, Drensky 1936) Mt. Kopaonik (Drensky 1936) Monastery in the town of De9an (Kolosvary 1938, 1940) Gazimestan, Prishtine (Stojicevic 1929) Zve^an (Stojicevic 1929), Mt. Kopaonik (Drensky 1936) Gazimestan, Prishtine (Stojicevic 1929) Peje (Grimm 1985) Lubiqeve (Bresjanceva 1907, Drensky 1936), Peje (Kolosvary 1938, 1940) Nerodime (Stojicevic 1929), Peje (Kolosvary 1938, 1940) Monastery in the town of De£an (Kolosvary 1938, 1940) Lubiqeve (Bresjanceva 1907, Drensky 1936) Mt. Kopaonik (Stojicevic 1929, Drensky 1936) Lubiqeve (Bresjanceva 1907, Drensky 1936) Peje (Kolosvary 1938, Nikolic ScPolenec 1981) Sazli , Zveqan (Stojicevic 1929) Lebane (Stojicevic 1929) Prizren (Stojicevic 1929) Mt. Kopaonik (Drensky 1936) Ka9anik, Sazli (Stojicevic 1929), Mt. Kopaonik (Drensky 1936) Prizren (Stojicevic 1929) Mt. Kopaonik (Drensky 1936) Mt. Kopaonik (Drensky 1936) Nerodime (Stojicevic 1929) Mt. Kopaonik (Drensky 1936) 26 B. Vrenozi & P. Jäger berg Research Institute for providing laboratory facilities during this study; Julia Altman gave technical support during identification work. Dr. Christo Deltshev kindly revised this paper. We are grateful to Dr. Jason Dunlop who checked the English of this paper. We express our sincere acknowledgements to Theo Blick, Dr. Ambros Hänggi and Dr. Oliver-David Finch who provided important sugge- stions on the typescript. The German Academic Exchange Service (Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst, Bonn) supported B.V. with a three month visit in the Senckenberg Research Institute. References Bresjanceva J 1907 Prilog za poznavanje srpske aranijske faune. — Radovi iz Zooloskog Instituta u Univerzitetu, Beigrade 1 (2-3): 1-16 Deeleman-Reinhold C 1974 The cave spider fauna of Montenegro (Araneae). - Glasnevin Republic Zavoda Zastitu Prirode,Titograd 6: 9-33 Deeleman-Reinhold C 1985 Contribution ä la connais- sance des Lepthyphantes du groupe pallidus (Araneae, Linyphiidae) de Yougoslavie, Grece et Chypre. - Me- moires de Biospeologie 12: 37-50 Deltshev C, Curcic BPM 8c Blagoev G 2003 The spiders of Serbia. Committee for Karst and Speleology - Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts; Institute of Zoology -Bulgarian Academy of Sciences; Institute of Zoology - Faculty of Biology - University of Beigrade; Institute for Biological Research “Sinisa Stankovic” (co-publishers), Beigrade - Sofia. 833 pp. Deltshev C, Curcic BPM, Dimitrijevic R, Makarov S 8c Lucic L 1996 Further report on cave- and litter-dwelling spiders (Araneae, Arachnida) from Serbia, Yugoslavia. — Archives of Biological Sciences 48 (3-4): 25-26 Deltshev C, Vrenozi B, Blagoev G 8c Lazarov S 2011 Spi- ders ot Albania — faunistic and zoogeographical review (Arachnida, Araneae). - Acta Zoologica Bulgarica 63: 125-144 Drensky P 1936 Katalog der echten Spinnen (Araneae) der Balkanhalbinsel. Opis na Paiatzite ot Balkanikia polouostrow. - Spisanie na Bulgarskata Akademiia na Naukite 32: 1-223 Grimm U 1985 Die Gnaphosidae Mitteleuropas (Arachni- da, Araneae). - Abhandlungen des Naturwissenschaft- lichen Vereins in Hamburg 26: 1-318 I leimer S 8cNcntwig W 1991 Spinnen Mitteleuropas: Ein Bestimmungsbuch. Paul Parey, Berlin. 543 pp. I lelsdingen PJ van 2012 Araneae. In: Fauna Europaea Da- tabase, Version 2012.2 — Internet: http://www.european- arachnology.org/reports/fauna.shtml [accessed at 25 December 2012] Knoflach B 1996 Die Arten der Steatoda phalerata- Gruppe in Europa (Arachnida: Araneae, Theridiidae). - Mittei- lungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesell- schaft 69: 377-404 Kolosvary G 1938 Sulla fauna aracnologica della Jugoslavia. - Rassegna faunistica 16 (3-4): 61-81 Kolosvary G 1940 Neuere Angaben zur Spinnenfauna Siebenbürgens. - Folia Zoologica et Hydrobiologica 10: 112-114 Kraus O 2006 Arachnologie im Senckenberg: von Wider bis Wiehle. - Arachnologische Mitteilungen 32: 1-7 - doi: 10.5431/aramit3201 Metzner H 1999 Die Springspinnen (Araneae, Salticidae) Griechenlands. - Andrias 14: 1-279 Nentwig W, Blick T, Gloor D, Hänggi A 8c Kropf C 2013 Spiders of Europe, version 2.2013. - Internet: http:// www.araneae.unibe.ch [accessed at 13 February 2013] Nikolic F 8cPolenec A 1981 Catalogus Faunae Jugoslaviae III/4 Aranea. Consilium Academiarum Scientiarum Rei Publicae Socialisticae Foederativae Jugoslaviae, Ljubljana. 135 pp. Platnick NI 2013 The world spider catalog, version 14.0. American Museum of Natural History.- Internet: http:// research.amnh.org/entomology/spiders/catalog/index. html [accessed at 09 September 2013] Roberts MJ 1987 Tire spiders of Great Britain and Ireland, Volume 2: Linyphiidae and check list. Harley Books, Colchester. 204 pp. Roberts MJ 1995 Collins Field Guide: Spiders of Britain 8c Northern Europe. HarperCollins, London. 383 pp. Stojicevic D 1929 [Les araignees de Serbie. Araneae Sund.]. - Glasnevin Museum de Historia Natural, Beograd 19: 1-65 Tongiorgi P 1966 Italian wolf spiders of the genus Pardosa (Araneae: Lycosidae).- Bulletin of the Museum of Com- parative Zoology, Harvard University 134: 275-334 Vrenozi B 2012 A Collection of spiders (Araneae) in Alba- nian coastal areas — Arachnologische Mitteilungen 44: 41-46 - doi: 10.5431/aramit4407 Vrenozi B 8c Dunlop JA 2013 Albanian arachnids in the Museum für Naturkunde, Berlin. — Arachnology 16: 10-15 Vrenozi B 8cHaxhiu I 2008 [Data on order Araneae (Class Arachnida) in the Western Adriatic Lowland]. - Pro- ceedings of International Conference on Biological and Environmental Sciences, 26-28 September 2008, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Tirana, Albania. pp. 297-301 [in Albanian] Vrenozi B 8c Jäger P 2012 A faunistic study on ground- dwelling spiders (Araneae) in the Tirana district, Alba- nia. - Arachnologische Mitteilungen 44: 81-87 - doi: 10.5431/aramit4412 Arachnologische Mitteilungen 46: 27-46 Karlsruhe, November 201 3 Sensory structures and sexual dimorphism in the harvestman Dicranopalpus ra- mosus (Arachnida: Opiliones) Hay Wijnhoven doi: 1 0.5431 /aramit4605 Abstract. A survey on sensory organs of both sexes of the harvestman Dicranopalpus ramosus classifies structure and frequency of campaniform sensilla, falciform setae, sensilla basiconica, slit sensilla, solenidia, spines, sensilla cha- etica, trichomes (simple hairs) and plumose setae. Sensilla are equally distributed on the pedipalp tarsi of both males and females, but females show higher counts of campaniform and falciform setae than males. Females furthermore have about 1000 glandular plumose setae on each pedipalp, that at the same positions in males are replaced by sensilla chaetica.The walking legs of both sexes show a similar distribution of sensory organs, with females showing more sensilla basiconica at the legs I and II and more solenidia on the first pair of legs. Males have a large number of bipterate setae (about 2200 per specimen) at the metatarsi and tarsi of the third and fourth pair of legs. In females these are replaced by simple hairs. Although females show a similar (or slightiy higher) number of leg sensilla than males, their density is higher due to their shorter legs. In both sexes the second pair of legs has the largest number of falciform setae, sensilla basiconica, chaetica and solenidia, followed by the legs I, III and IV. The first pair of legs has the highest density of falciform setae, sensilla basiconica and solenidia, followed by the legs II, III and IV. The genital operculum, sternites and tergites show a multitude of slit sensilla. The slit sensilla of the genital operculum and ster- nites are associated with insertion plaques of muscles operating the penis/ovipositor and regulating opisthosomal volume and hemolymph-pressure. Keywords: bipterate setae, harvestmen, plumose setae, sensory structures, sexual dimorphism Zusammenfassung. Sinnesorgane und Sexualdimorphismus der Weberknechtart Dicranopalpus ramosus (Arachnida: Opiliones). Im Rahmen einer Untersuchung der Sinnesorgane beider Geschlechter der Weberknecht- art Dicranopalpus ramosus werden die Struktur und Anzahl der Kuppelsensillen (campaniform), sichelförmigen Borsten (falciforme Setae), Riechkegel (Sensilla basiconica), Spaltsensillen, Solenidien (röhrenförmige Setae) und Dornen sowie der Haarsensillen (Sensilla chaetica), Trichome (einfache Haare) und federförmige Haare (plumose Setae) beschrieben. Die Pedipalpen-Tarsen der männlichen und weiblichen Tiere weisen identische Verteilungen der Sensillen auf, wobei die Weibchen mehr Kuppelsensillen und sichelförmige Borsten besitzen als die Männchen. Weiterhin konnte festgestellt werden, dass auf jedem weiblichen Pedipalpus 1 000 gefiederte Drüsenhaare (glandu- läre plumose Setae) Vorkommen, wohingegen bei den Männchen an den gleichen Stellen Haarsensillen vorgefun- den werden. Die Beine beider Geschlechter weisen eine ähnliche Verteilung der Sinnesorgane auf, wobei Weibchen mehr Riechkegel in den Beinen I und II und mehr Solenidien am ersten Beinpaar aufweisen. MännlicheTiere besitzen eine große Anzahl zweiflügeliger Borsten (bipterate Setae) (insgesamt ca. 2200 pro Tier) auf den Metatarsen und Tarsen des dritten und vierten Beinpaares . An gleicher Stelle sind bei weiblichen Tieren einfache Haare vorzufinden. Weibchen besitzen eine ähnliche (oder höhere) Anzahl an Beinsensillen als Männchen. Da die Beine der weiblichen Tiere jedoch kürzer sind, stehen die Beinsensillen bei ihnen dichter. In beiden Geschlechtern weisen die zweiten Beinpaare die größte Anzahl an sichelförmigen Borsten, Riechkegeln, Haarsensillen und Solenidien auf, gefolgt von den ersten, dritten und vierten Beinpaaren. Auf den ersten Beinpaaren erreichen die sichelförmigen Borsten, Riech- kegel und Solenidien die höchste Dichte, gefolgt von den zweiten, dritten und vierten Beinpaaren. Das Genitaloper- culum, die Sternite undTergite weisen eineVielzahl von Spaltsensillen auf. Die Spaltsensillen des Genitaloperculums und der Sternite sind mit Muskelansätzen verbunden. Diese Muskeln steuern Penis bzw. Ovipositor und regeln das Opisthosoma-Volumen und den Hämolymph-Druck. Harvestmen of the suborder Eupnoi primarily gather environmental Information with their legs and pe- dipalps. Eyes are usually small and eyesight in most species is considered to be limited to the ability to distinguish changes in light intensity (Machado &c Macias-Ordönez 2007, Willemart & Hebets 2012). Hay WIJNHOVEN, Groesbeeksedwarsweg 300, NL-6521 DW Nijmegen, Netherlands. E-mail: hayw@xs4all.nl submitted 1 1.9.2013, accepted 18.10.2013, online 9. 11. 201 3 Walking is accomplished mainly by the first, third and fourth leg pairs. The first and second legs are also used to explore their surroundings, e.g. to find food or a mate.The second - and longest - legs have traditionally been called ‘sensory legs’, because har- vestmen constantly wave them about conspicuously, exploring their surroundings by touch (Goodnight & Goodnight 1976, Hillyard & Sankey 1989). Wille- mart et al. (2009) stressed that the first legs are also important sensory tools, mainly used for fine recog- 28 H. Wijnboven Fig. 1 : A Dicranopalpus ra- mosus male (left) touches a female with the dorsal side of his left pedipalpal tarsus. Understanding in- tersexual interactions like this requires knowledge of topography and func- tion of sensory organs. Note the dimorphism in pedipalpal proportions and colouration. Photo Jörg Pageler, Oldenburg, Germany. nition. Thus it might be expected that most sensilla types are located on the appendages and that each leg pair may contain a specific set and density of sensory organs. Males and females may exhibit differences in sensory organ types and/or densities. Sexually di- morphic structures are usually indicative of a sexual role and offen the result of sexual selection (Macfas- Ordönez et al. 2010, Willemart & Giribet 2010). In many Phalangioidea the pedipalps, chelicerae and/or legs are sexually dimorphic; as has been well docu- mented in numerous taxonomic papers (e.g. Martens 1978). Male pedipalps can be modified for clasping the female during mating (many Phalangiidae and Sclerosomatidae; Macfas-Ordönez et al. 2010). Male chelicerae (e.g. Phalangium opilio Linnaeus, 1761) can be modified for intrasexual contests (Willemart et al. 2006). ln general, legs are longer in males than in females (Martens 1978). Accounts of sensory biology in harvestmen are scarce, and until now no attempt has been made to depict all sensory structures of one particular species of Opiliones. This study aims at dcscribing and il- lustrating the diversity and topography of sensory structures (except eyes) of both the male and female of Dicranopalpus ramosns (Simon, 1909) - a distinct- ly sexually dimorphic harvestman - based on light microscopy. Additionally, reproductive structures are described and illustrated. Dicranopalpus ramosus The genus Dicranopalpus Doleschall, 1852 belongs to the superfamily Phalangioidea (suborder Eupnoi), presently comprising five recognised families: Pha- langiidae, Sclerosomatidae, Neopilionidae, Mono- scutidae and Protolophidae (Cokendolpher & Lee 1993), as well as a tew taxa of uncertain affinities. Mainly because the families are poorly delimited (Giribet et al. 2002, Hedin et al. 2012) the position of Dicranopalpus within Phalangioidea is still uncer- tain. Currently, Dicranopalpus belongs to the so called Dicranopalpus group, containing seven genera (Cra- wford 1992, Pinto-da-Rocha &c Giribet 2007). The harvestman D. ramosus originates from the Western Mediterranean region (Morocco, Spain, Portugal, Southern part of France). Since around 1990 it has been steadily moving north from its ori- ginal ränge. Thus far, D. ramosus has additionally been recorded from Southern England and France (San- key &c Storey 1969), the Netherlands (Cuppen 1994, Noordijk et al. 2007), Belgium (Slosse 1995), Ireland (Cawley 1995), Scotland (Hillvard 2000), Germany (Schmidt 2004) as far north as Denmark (Toft & Hansen 201 1), and it has built up stable populations in most of these countries so far as Atlantic climatic conditions prevail. Adults of D. ramosus are primarily arboricolous, living on trees, shrubs and hedges in a wide varictv of artificial, semi-natural and natural habitats (Noordijk Sensory structures and sexual dimorphism in Dicranopalpus ramosus 29 et al. 2007). In D. ramosus , the colouration of body, chelicerae and pedipalps is sexually dimorphic (Figs. 1, 6), as well as the shape of the pedipalps. The fe- male has shorter legs and develops a distinct dorsal protuberance. Material and methods Sources of material - All observations are based on 46 adult males and 53 adult females that were col- lected by the author in Nijmegen (N: 51°50'20", E: 5°52'25", ca. 40 m a.s.l.) the Netherlands from 11- x-2011 to 6-xii-2011. Microscopic preparations - Specimens were preserved in 70% ethanol prior to preparation. For quantitative analyses 10 (left or right) pedipalps, chelicerae or legs of different male and female in- dividuals were randomly selected from the material. The appendages to be studied under the microscope were bisected along their long axis, in the dorsoven- tral as well as in the mediolateral plane, with a fine surgical razor blade (leg tarsi were not dissected). All inner tissues were then carefully removed by scra- ping them out using the same blade or a fine pointed wooden toothpick. No staining or Clearing was ap- plied. The objects were embedded in water, moun- ted temporarily on microscope slides, and exami- ned (under oil immersion for magnifications of 400 and lOOOx) on an Olympus Stereo light microscope (40/ 100/400/1 OOOx) . Illustrations - All illustrations were based on sketches directly drawn from the microscope with the aid of a calibrated drawing mirror. Microscopic photography - Objects were cleared in KOH and mounted on microscope slides. Pho- tos were taken with an Olympus BX-40 microscope equipped with an Olympus DP 70 digital microscope camera, using lOx, 20x, 40x and lOOx Olympus lenses and transmitted light or phase contrast. Recording of the photographs and length measurements were made using the Software Olympus DP Controller 2002 (Olympus Optical Co, Ltd). The Software was calibrated to provide proper length measurements. Photographs were enhanced with Adobe Photoshop CS3 Software by adjusting contrast and removing small debris particles in the background. Statistical analysis — To determine if the means of sampled male and female sensory structures were significantly (p<0.05) different from one another a two-sample t-test assufning equal variances was used. Results Definitions and descriptions of sensory sensilla and setae Fig. 2 illustrates the sensory sensilla and setae types found in D. ramosus. Abbreviations used in illustra- tions and photos: bas = sensillum basiconicum/sensil- la basiconica; bi = bipterate seta/ setae; cam = campa- niform sensillum/sensilla; ch = sensillum chaeticum/ sensilla chaetica; CO = coxa; fal = falciform seta/se- tae; FE = femur; MT = metatarsus; PA = patella; pl = plumose seta/ setae; sl = slit sensillum/sensilla; sol = solenidium/solenidia; sp = spine(s);TA = tarsus;TI = tibia; TRO = trochanter; tr = trichome(s). Fig. 2: Sensory structures and setae in D. ramosus with abbreviations used in figures (right is distal direction). From left to right: 2 spines (sp), 3 tri- chomes (tr), 2 slit sensilla (sl), 4 sensilla chaetica (ch), 2 solenidia (sol), 1 campaniform sensillum (cam), 3 sensilla basico- nica (bas), 1 plumose seta (pl), 2 falciform setae (fal), 2 bipterate setae (bi). Sca- le bar: 50 pm. 30 H. Wijnhoven Fig. 3: Bipterate setae in D. mrnosus dorsally on male metatarsus leg III. A.Trichomes and 4 bipte- rate setae; B. Diagram of internal structure of bip- terate setae with internal globular bodies (gib); C. Topography and density of bipterate setae (large open dots) and trichomes (small dots) on a dorsal section of metatarsus leg III. Top of the figure is the posterior direction, arrow indicates dorsal midiine of metatarsus. Scale bar: A, B = 25 pm; C = 50 pm. Bifid metatarsal spine (Figs. 10a, 11) - A pre- viously unknown type of hair sensillum (see Legs, Metatarsus). It is inserted in a socket membrane and has two fused, dark coloured shafts, one short, with a blunt end (app. 15 pm), the other long and tapering (app. 45 pm). Bipterate setae (Figs. 2, 3, 5c, 5d, 10) — First mentioned as ‘flat setae’ by Willemart et al. (2009). A more appropriate new name for this sensillum type (‘bipterate’ seta) is proposed here, meaning ‘double-winged’ (while ‘flat setae’ are defined as flat- tened, non-bifid setae). The insertion of the short cybndrical shaft is rigid, the shaft widens slightly towards a distal portion ol two delicately striated, concavely curved ‘wings’. The angle of insertion is about 25° and the length is approximately 40 pm. Bipterate setae have elaborate internal structures but thcir description requires more sophisticated microscopic techniques. Fig. 3b illustrates what can he seen with light microscopy. At the junction of shaft and wings each seta seems to have some kind of micropore, which connects via a canal with an internal globular body of unknown substance (in one collected specimen the globular inner structures were clearly discernible because they had turned red as a result of some Chemical reaction; later the red Fig. 4: Slit sensilla groups in D. ra- mosus. A. Male genital operculum, left side; B. Male left chelicera, near the dorsal junction of the se- cond and third segment; C. Fema- le ovipositor, ventral right side; D. Male pedipalpal femur; E. Female trochanter leg I; F. Female coxapo- physis leg II; G. Female pedipalpal femur; Fl. Male left chelicera, first segment; I. Female trochanter leg IV, posterior side; J. Female pedipalpal trochanter. For all slit groups the arrow points towards the distal region of the mentioned body part. Scale bar: 50 pm. Sensory structures and sexual dimorphism in Dicranopalpus ramosus 31 Fig. 5: A. Posterior slit group on trochanter of male leg I. Scale bar 100 pm; B. Proximal region of right male leg III, with an anterior (cam 1) and a V-shaped (cam 2) vent- ral campaniform sensilla group and 2 solenidia. Scale bar 100 pm; C. Bip- terate setae dorsally on metatarsus of male leg III. The sensillum chaeti- cum has transverse striae. Scale bar 40 pm; D. One bipterate seta, showing striated wings and spi- rally striate trichomes. Scale bar: 10 pm. Photos Walter Pfliegler (Debre- cen, Hungary). colour vanished). The globular bodies are probably innervated. Slit sensilla (Figs. 2, 4, 5a, 6-11, 13) - Slit sen- silla appear as elongated depressions in the cuticle, the dendrite attachment site in the centre of the slit showing as a transparent ‘pore’under the microscope. Also, slits can be surrounded by a dark brown, oval shaped sclerotized zone of exocuticle and frequently the endocuticle is thickened on both sides ol the slit. The associated dendritic sheath is offen visible. Slits are very small (15 pm) to large (60 pm), and stand isolated or in loose to dense groups of up to 8 slits depending on their location (Fig. 4). Most slits are oriented approximately perpendicular to the long axis ol the appendage. Campaniform sensilla (Figs. 2, 5b, 7-10) - Cam- paniform sensilla (also called campaniform organs) are circular to oval structures in the cuticle with a curved slit approximately 15 to 30 pm wide. The light microscopic image reveals details of an inner structure of round or oval shape. This makes them easy to identify, although on the leg metatarsi (Fig. 10) three or four campaniform sensilla occur with a shape approaching that of the slit sensilla. Unlike slit 32 H. Wijnhoven Fig. 6: Right chelicerae of D. ramosus showing sensilla chaetica and slit sensilla groups; A-E. Male; F-l. Female. A. Median view; B. Dorsal view of distal portion (ar- row indicates location of slit group); C. Lateral view; D. Dorsal view of first cheli- ceral segment; E. Detail of ventral spur; F. Median view; G. Dorsal view of distal por- tion and group of slit sensilla associated with the dorsal articulation of the cheli- ceral finger (arrow indicates location of slit group); H. Lateral view; I. Dorsal view of first cheliceral segment and group of slit sensilla. Asterisk indicates location of slit group. Note sexual differences in co- louration. Scale bars; chelicerae (top left) = 0.5 mm; E and slits = 50 pm. sensilla the campaniform organs have an asymmetri- cal makeup. Both ends of the curved campaniform slit are always directed proximally, the campaniform slit opening is in the distal region while the dendrite attachment site is on the proximal side (Fig. 2). The campaniform slit is oriented at an angle of 45° to 90° relative to the long axis of the appendage. As with slit sensilla, the campaniform sensilla can stand isolated or in loose to dense groups of up to 10 sensilla. Sensilla chaetica (Figs. 2, 3, 5-14) - Several varie- ties were found. They all have in common the fact that the shaft inserts into a large socket membrane. In some cases the seta is placed on top of a tubercle. The angle ol insertion is 20° to 90°. On the leg meta- tarsi, tarsi and pedipalpal tarsi sensilla with highly variable shaft lengths occur (35-120 pm long), with the distal portion ölten curved upward, extending beyond the trichomes (Fig. 7C); they are transversely striated and appear more transparent than the sen- silla chaetica on the leg femora, patellae and tibiae, indicating that they may have thinner shaft walls. Falciform setae (Figs. 2, 7, 12) - They resemble sensilla chaetica, but are thinner, generally shorter (app. 50 pm) with a fine pointed tip and the basal socket has a smaller diameter. Falciform setae are in- serted into the cuticle at an approximate right angle and their shafts are characteristically curved in a dis- tal direction. No striae could he detected. Under the light microscope they appear to he more transparent than sensilla chaetica, suggesting that they have thin- ner shaft walls. Flumose setae (Figs. 2, 9) - Glandular setae, rig- idly inserted into the cuticle at an approximately straight angle on a heavily sclerotized ring-shaped socket of about 18 pm diameter. Their length is 90- 120 pm.The shaft exhibits rugose longitudinal striae, presumably with some wall pores, although this latter aspect could not be determined with certainty. The plumose distal portion is not striated and is covered with minute hairs. Broken plumose setae reveal a thin shaft wall. Sensilla basiconica (Figs. 2, 7, 8, 12) - In this contribution sensilla basiconica (also referred to as ‘basiconica’) are defined as setae with a short, rigid pointed shaft (app. 8-15 pm), inserted into a socket membrane. The angle of insertion is 20° to 90°. Be- cause of their small size, similarity to broken setae and isolated occurrcnces they are easily overlooked. They also are often obscured by surrounding trichomes. In D. ramosus these setae typically appear isolated or in close-set groups of two or three. Solenidia (Figs. 2, 5b, 7, 8j, 10a, 12c) - Defined as setae inserted within a socket membrane at an angle of 20° to 45°, having an obtuse end (‘sausage-like’). They measure about 35 pm and are characteristically curved towards the integument. Also, they appear as transparent, thin-walled setae, whereas most other setae (like sensilla chaetica and trichomes) have thicker walls and as a result appear darker. Spines (Figs. 2, 8i, 10-12, 14) - Spines are large, heavily sclerotised setae inserted in a socket mem- brane. One type is robust and blunt (40 pm long; Figs. 2, 81) another type is more slender (75 pm long; Figs. 2, 8i, 10-12, 14). Trichomes (Figs. 2, 3a, 3c, 5c, 5d, 7c, 10a, 11) - I Iairs without a socket membrane, their shafts insert directly into the cuticle. They measure approximately 40 pm and the angle of insertion is about 20" to 30°. Trichomes show a tendency of being longer and thicker towards the distal regions of the leg meta- Sensory structures and sexual dimorphism in Dicranopalpus ramosus 33 Fig. 7: A. Topography of sensilla on male right pedipalpal tarsus (trichomes not drawn; right is distal direction; based on spread-out dorsal portion of bisected tarsus): campaniform sensilla (large open dots; midiine indicates Orientation of the slit), falciform setae (open dots), sensilla basiconica (triangles), sensilla chaetica (small dots), solenidia (large black dots), a single slit sensillum proximally of the tip (arrow) and group of 3 basiconica; B. Female pedipalpal tarsus (symbols see A.); C. Diagrammatic representation of dorsal region of left pedipalpal tarsus (right is distal direction) showing 4 sensilla chaetica and one falciform seta extending beyond the trichomes, whereas the solenidium and sensillum basiconicum are concealed within a dense cover of trichomes; D. Lateral view of palpal tarsus with pectinate claw and location of distal basiconica group (other sensilla not drawn). Scale bars: A, B = 0.25 mm; C, D = 50 pm. tarsomeres and tarsomeres, with maximum lengths of about 90 pm. At the ventral sides of the distal leg tarsomeres trichomes form a brush-like, dense cover of long, offen curved setae. The shafts of some tri- chomes are distinctly spirally striate (Figs. 2, 3, 5d). Distribution of sensilla on the appendages Chelicerae Male chelicera (Figs. 4b, 4h, 6, 13a) - Basal Seg- ment with ventral spur (Figs. 6c, e). Hie only type of seta present is the sensillum chaeticum, occurring mainly on the dorsal, lateral and median sides; dor- sally placed on top of a tubercle. The longest sensilla chaetica are located near the gap, proximally of the cheliceral fingers. At the articulation of the movable finger the second Segment has a group of 6 slits (Figs. 4b, 6b). This represents the slit group with the long- est slits found in D. ramosus. On the basal cheliceral segment a group of 5 or 6 small slit sensilla is located, in a dorsolateral position (Figs. 4h, 6d) set at an ap- proximate angle of 45° relative to the long axis of the appendage. Female chelicera (Figs. 6f-i) - Arrangement of slit groups and sensilla chaetica as in the male. Pedipalps In both sexes the pedipalps are characteristic in that they have a small apophysis near the ventral base 34 H. Wijnhoven Tab. 1: Mean numbers, Standard deviation and ränge of four sensory structures on the pedipalpal tarsus of D. ramosus (n - 10 males, 10 females). Numbers in bold represent significant differences (p<0.05). Sensillum type Male Female t-test Mean SD Range Mean SD Range P Campaniform sensillum 10.2 1.33 8-12 15.4 0.92 14-17 <0.001 Falciform seta 9.6 1.02 8-11 12.5 1.02 10-14 <0.001 Sensillum basiconicum 11.3 1.19 10-14 11.3 0.78 10-12 0.84 Solenidium 31.0 1.79 29-34 32.4 1.20 30-34 0.07 Fig. 8: Topography of trichomes and sensilla types on male pedipalp D. ramosus; A-D. Dorsal view of right pedipalp. A. Trichomes (grey area) and sensilla chaetica (dots), B. Sensilla basiconica; C. Solenidia (small dots) and two slit groups (large dots); D. Falciform setae and single slit sensillum near the tip; E. Lateral view of right pedipalp with slit groups (black dots) and campaniform sensila (open dots, midiine indicates Orientation of slit; slits not drawn to scale); F. Lateral view of trochanter with slit group, and proximal region of femur with sensilla chaetica and 6 campaniform sensilla; G. Median view of femur with sensilla chaetica and 4 campaniform sensilla; Fl. Group of 3 close set sensilla basiconica dorsodistally on tarsus; I. Distal margin of femur; J. Solenidia associated with a slit group, and sensilla chaetica on femur, lateral view (left; slits not visible), dorsal view (right); K. Tip of patellal apophysis; L. Blunt spine-like projection. Scale bars: A E (vertical bar) = 0.5 mm; F, G = 0.25 mm; H = 1 2 pm; l-L = 50 pm. Sensory structures and sexual dimorphism In Dicranopalpus ramosus 35 Fig. 9: Topography of tri- chomes, plumose setae and sensilla types on female pe- dipalp D. ramosus; A D. Dor- sal view of right pedipalp. A. Trichomes (light grey area) and sensilla chaetica (dots); B. Sensilla basiconica; C. So- lenidia (small dots), plumose setae (dark grey area) and two slit groups (large dots); D. Falciform setae and single slit sensillum near the tip; E. Median view of right pedipalp with plumose setae (grey area); F. Lateral view of right pedipalp with slit groups (lar- ge dots), plumose setae (grey area) and campaniform sen- silla (open dots, midiine indi- cates Orientation of slit; slits not drawn to scale); G. Lateral view of trochanter with slit group, and proximal region of femur with sensilla chaetica, plumose setae and 6 campa- niform sensilla (open dots); H. Median view of proximal femur with sensilla chaetica, plumose setae and 5 cam- paniform sensilla; I. Plumose setae on patellal apophysis; J. Left: a plumose seta, right: lateral view of proximal part of plumose seta with glandu- lär channel; K. Blunt spine-like projection. Scale bars: A-F = 0.5 mm; G, H = 0.25 mm; I, K = 50 gm; J = 25 pm. of the femur and an extremely elongated apophysis on the median side of the patella. The pedipalps are highly sexually dimorphic Male pedipalp (Figs. 7a, 8; Tabs. 5, 6) - Length 6.5 mm (6.2-6. 8 mm; SD = 0.24; n = 10). One group of 4 slit sensilla laterodistally on the trochanter (Figs. 8c, e, f). One campaniform sensilla group (4 to 6 sen- silla) at the median and one at the lateral base of the femoral apophysis (Figs. 8f, g). Distal region of femur with a group of 5 or 6 slits, accompanied by 4 or 5 so- lenidia (Fig. 8j). At the medial side of this slit/soleni- dia group an unidentified blunt, spine-like structure occurs (Fig. 81). A group of 4 or 5 solenidia dorsally on the patella (Fig. 8c). The patellal apophysis is slen- der and pointed, densely and exclusively covered with sensilla chaetica of various lengths (Figs. 8a, k). The pedipalpal tarsus has a particularly rieh assortment of sensory types. Among a cover of trichomes, numbers of basiconica, solenidia, falciform setae, campaniform sensilla and sensilla chaetica occur and close to its tip there is a single slit sensillum. Their distributions are shown in Fig. 7. The falciform setae comprise one irregulär dorsal row. More to the dorsolateral side the basiconica and solenidia are arranged, with higher concentrations towards the tarsal tip. Campaniform organs are present as a group of 3 to 4 sensilla on the dorsolateral proximal region and as more or less isolated ones along the lateral (posterior) side of the tarsus (Figs. 7a, 8e). At the most dorsodistal tip of the pedipalpal tarsus a group of 3 close-set sensilla basiconica is located (Figs. 7a, d, 8b, h). No ventral row of spines on the tarsus. Pedipalpal claw pectinate 36 H. Wijnhoven Fig. 10: Topography of sensory structures D. ra- mosus male left leg III. A. Anterior view with spines, sensilla chaetica (small dots), bipterate setae (grey area), falciform se- tae (open dots), 2 sensilla basiconica (triangle) and an isolated slit sensillum accompanied by a bifid metatarsal spine (bmsp); B. Dorsal view of left fe- mur and patella showing spines and single slits; C. Posterior view of metatar- sus and tarsus with sensil- la basiconica (triangle) and solenidia (black dots). Orientation of details of campaniform sensilla groups and slit groups in direction of leg position. Some examples of spines (sp) are given. Scale bars: A-C (top) = 1 mm; details (bottom) = 50 pm. (Fig. 7d). Tab. 1 summarises thc numbers of sensilla on the pedipalpal tarsus. Female pedipalp (Figs. 7b-d, 9; Tabs. 5, 6) - Length 6.8 mm (6. 6-7.0 mm; SD = 0,13; n = 10). Topography of basiconica, solenidia, trichomes and falciform setae similar to the male. A distinctly sexually dimorphic feature is the large and rounded patellar apophysis. It is complctely and densely coveret! with approximately 700 plumose setae (Fig. 9). No otlicr sensilla types are found on the apophysis. Plumose setae also occur on thc femoral apophysis (Figs. 9g, h), the median areas of the femur and tibia; total numbers per pedipalp exceed an estimated 1000. Within the plumose areas of the pa- tella and tibia no sensilla chaetica appear. ln all females examined, most of the distal plumose setae regions are partly covered with eoagulated droplets or complctely covered with a translucent sticky secretion. Cross sec- tions of the patellal apophysis show that thc plumose Sensory structures and sexual dimorphism in Dicranopalpus ramosus 37 U Fig. 1 1: Ventrodistal margin of metatarsus female right leg III with sensillum chaeticum, trichomes (some not drawn comple- tely), one anterior spine, a single slit sensillum and a bifid meta- tarsal spine (bmsp). Scale bar: 50 pm. setae are connected with internal glands, containing a yellowish secretion. The patellal apophysis can essenti- ally be regarded as one large gland. Internal glandular tissues are also present in the femur and tibia. As in the male there is a dorsal group of 3 close- set sensilla basiconica near the tip of the female pe- dipalpal tarsus and a single slit sensillum (Figs. 7b, d). The pedipalpal tarsus has 14 to 17 campaniform sen- Fig. 1 2: Tarsomeres of left leg (trichomes not drawn). A. 15th tarsomere male leg I, anterior view, with many sensilla chaetica of the short type at its ventral side; B. 1 5th tarsomere male leg IV, anterior view; C. Diagrammatic posterior view of a tarsomere leg I, illustrating the most frequent topography of sensilla basi- conica and solenidia. Scale bar: 50 pm. silla, with a proximal group of 4 or 5 and a distal one of 3, whereas the in-between sensilla are frequently arranged in pairs (Fig. 9f). Tab. 1 summarises the numbers of sensilla on the pedipalpal tarsus. Legs The tibia, metatarsus and tarsus have a variable num- ber of pseudoarticulations or segments (Tab. 2). Male Tab. 2: Mean leg lengths [mm] and Standard deviation of 10 males and 10 females of D. ramosus. In parentheses the numbers of pseudoarticulations (tibia) or segments (metatarsus and tarsus). FE PA TI MT TA Leg length SD I 5.9 1.2 6.3 (3-5) 8.6 (6-10) 8.8 (44-51) 30.7 1,72 II 9.6 1.3 10.8 (7-10) 12.8 (11-16) 23.3 (86-93) 57.8 2,28 III 5.1 1.2 5.4 (2-4) 8.4 (4-7) 9.7 (50-54) 29.8 1,12 IV 6.9 1.2 7.4 (4-5) 11.4 (7-9) 13.5 (55-61) 40.4 2,00 I 4.7 1.0 5.0 (3-5) 6.4 (4-6) 7.3 (40-49) 24.4 1,63 II 8.0 1.1 9.3 (7-10) 10.1 (10-13) 19.0 (75-90) 47.5 1,34 III 4.2 1.0 4.5 (2-4) 6.1 (4-6) 7.5 (50-53) 23.3 2,10 IV 5.8 1.0 6.3 (3-4) 9.1 (6-9) 11.3 (47-59) 33.5 1,45 Female leg nr. 38 H. Wijnhoven Fig. 13:Topography of sensory structures on body of D. ramosus (slits not drawn to scale). A. Male ventrum, chelicera, coxae and tro- chanters. Right side: sensilla chaetica (dots); left side: isolated slits (small black line with dot) and slit groups (large black dots). Grey spots correspond with insertion plaques of anterior extrinsic penial muscle (101) and lateral longitudinal muscle (20; see H); B-G. Slit groups (arrow indicates distal appendage direction) of: B. Coxapophysis leg I; C. Coxapophysis leg II; D. Coxa leg III; E. Coxa leg IV; F. Trochanter leg II anterior side; G. Trochanter leg II posterior side; H. Combined diagrammatic view of female genital operculum and ventrum with slit sensilla and muscle insertion plaques (numbers according to Shultz 2000). Left side: slit sensilla. Right side depicts dominant longitudinal muscle groups. Light grey area in the background indicates position of pregenital chamber and genital mus- cles with insertion plaques of anterior (101) and posterior extrinsic genital muscles (102). Abbreviations: gop = genital operculum, opan = anal operculum, st = sternite, tg = tergite; I. Male dorsum. Right side: sensilla chaetica (dots); left side: isolated slits and some muscle insertion plaques (grey shapes). Scale bars: A, H, I = 0.5 mm; B-G = 50 gm. leg III was chosen to illustrate the basic topography of leg sensilla (Fig. 10). Both sexes have the following architecture. Spines occur in pairs on the dorsodistal margins ot the femur, patella and tibia, ventrodistal margins of metatarsal pseudoarticulations and proxi- mal tarsomeres of legs I, III and IV (Tab. 3), whereas leg II has no ventral spines (except for the distal mcta- tarsomere, see below). Sensilla chaetica are distributed in large numbers on all leg segments, cspecially on the ventral sides of the tarsi. Trichomes are present from the patella to the tip. In the ventral region of the distal app. 20-25 tarsomeres trichomes form a dense brush. Coxa - Coxapohysis of legs I and II, proximal re- gion of coxae III and IV with slit group, a single slit near the posterolateral coxa-trochanter joint of all leg coxae (Figs. 10, 13a-e). Trochanter - Two slit groups, a small one of 6 slits at the proventral articulating joint with the fe- mur, and a larger one of 8 slits near the retrolateral articulation (Figs. 13f, g). Femur - Proximally with four groups of campa- niform sensilla. The dorsal, prolatcral and retrolateral group are irregularly arranged, each consisting of 8 (occasionally 6 or 7) sensilla, the ventral group (f igs. Sensory structures and sexual dimorphism in Dicranopalpus ramosus 39 Fig. 1 4: Reproductive structures of D. ramosus. A-F: Male, G-l: Female. A. Diagrammatic lateral view of penis; B. Diagrammatic dorsal view ofthe genital apparatus with penial musclesand oneaccessory gland (propulsary organ and gonadsomitted);C. Diagrammatic ventral view of the genital apparatus showing extrinsic penial muscles; D. Truncus slit and 2 cross sections; E. Lateral view of glans; F. Lateral and dorsal view of Stylus; G. Diagrammatic dorsal view of ovipositor (black dots: sensilla chaetica), pregenial chamber and extrinsic genital muscles (gonads omitted); H. Distal part of ovipositor with sensilla chaetica and two pairs of slit sensilla; I. Seminal receptacles. Numbers indicate muscle insertion plaques (see Fig. 1 3). Abbreviations: ag = accessory gland, gop = genital operculum, pc = pregenital chamber, str = stiffening rod, sd = seminal duct, t = tendon of intrinsic penial muscle. Scale bars: A-C and G = 0.25 mm; D = 0.1 mm; E, H, I = 50 gm; F = 25 gm. 5b, 10a) consists of 10 campaniform sensilla placed in a ‘V’ or *)(’ shape. All slits of the campaniform sensilla are oriented approximately perpendicular to the long axis of the leg. At the prolateral side of the dorsal femoral group 2 to 3 solenidia appear and oc- casionally 1 or 2 solenidia at the retrolateral side of the dorsal campaniform group. The femur has heavily sclerotised isolated large slits dorsally, perpendicular to the long axis, more or less evenly spaced: 3 in legs I, III and IV, 6 in leg II (Fig. 10b). One large slit is located at the distal retrolateral articulating joint with the patella. At the ventrodistal margin there is a single sensillum basiconicum. Patella - Provided with trichomes, sensilla chae- tica and two spines (Figs. 10a, b). Tibia - Ventral proximal side with a group of 8 widely spaced campaniform sensilla (Fig. 10a). Two spines distally. At the ventrodistal margin a single sensillum basiconicum. Metatarsus - Dorsal proximal region with 10 (oc- casionally 9) campaniform sensilla more or less in a row of five pairs. A few sensilla basiconica (2-5) and solenidia (2-6) dorsally. The dorsodistal metatarsal area has one or two sensilla basiconica and one to th- ree solenidia. At the ventrodistal margin a single slit sensillum occurs and proximally of this slit a single bifid metatarsal spine is located (Figs. 10a, 11). The short shaft of the spine is always oriented anteriorly. It occurs in all legs in both sexes. Tarsus - Large numbers of sensilla chaetica of different lengths on all sides of the tarsomeres. The ventral regions have concentrations of the short type, especially in legs I and II (Fig. 12). The numbers are given in Tab. 3 (for one male and one female all chaetica on the anterior sides of the leg tarsi were counted). The proximal segments have ventral pairs of spines (absent in leg II). Dorsally with solenidia, basiconica and falciform setae (Tab. 3). The sensilla are located at similar sites as in the pedipalp: falci- form setae have a strict dorsal position, basiconica and solenidia generally are placed on the dorsolateral side. The majority of the solenidia are located in the 40 H. Wijnhoven Tab. 3: Mean numbers, Standard deviation and ränge of five sensory structures on the leg tarsi of D. ramosus (n = 10 males, 10 fe- males; sensilla chaetica: n = 1 male, 1 female; prolateral side of tarsus). Also sensilla densities are given (in numbers per mm tarsus length). Numbers in bold represent significant differences (p<0.05). Male Female t-test Sensillum type Leg nr. Mean SD Range (numbers) Density [n/mm] Mean SD Range Density (numbers) [n/mm] P Falciform I 13.1 2.13 11-18 1.5 14.2 0.87 13-16 1.9 0.14 seta II 16.7 2.54 14-22 0.7 16.9 1.04 16-19 0.9 0.82 III 7.8 1.48 6-11 0.8 8.2 0.79 7-9 1.1 0.46 IV 6.4 1.51 4-9 0.5 6.5 1.08 5-8 0.6 0.89 Sensillum I 4.3 0.48 4-5 0.5 6.4 0.97 5-8 0.9 <0.001 basiconicum II 9.2 1.87 6-11 0.4 12.6 1.12 11-15 0.7 <0.001 III 3.5 1.81 2-8 0.4 4.0 0.67 3-5 0.5 0.46 IV 5.1 1.44 4-8 0.3 5.3 1.01 4-7 0.5 0.72 Sensillum I 385 44 279 38 chaeticum II 712 31 592 31 (n=lM, 1F) III 305 31 246 33 IV 265 19 196 17 Solenidium I 31.2 2.35 29-37 3.6 37.0 3.27 30-40 5.1 <0.001 II 51.8 4.21 47-59 2.2 50.6 3.38 47-58 2.7 0.49 III 17.9 2.81 15-23 1.8 20.1 3.03 18-27 2.7 0.10 IV 14.6 2.55 11-20 1.1 14.4 1.51 14-18 1.3 0.83 Spine (pairs) I TT 14.1 3.14 9-18 13.7 2.15 11-18 0.75 m 20.7 1.68 19-24 20.3 1.25 18-22 0.51 IV 30.5 2.64 26-34 27.4 2.07 23-30 <0.01 distal region of the tarsomeres, while the basiconica and falciform setae have a variable proximal/distal position (Figs. 12a, c). Male legs - The species shows sexual dimorphism in lengths of the legs, in that all male legs are signifi- cantly (p<0.001) longer than the female legs (Tab. 2). Male leg III has large numbers of bipterate setae (an estimated 1000) on the metatarsus and proximal 14 to 18 tarsomeres. Bipterate setae are more or less evenly spaccd on the prolateral to dorsal surface (Fig. 3c), while in more distal direction they tend to become confined to the dorsal side. Leg IV also has bipterate setae in the distal region of the metatarsus and pro- ximal 8 to 10 tarsomeres (about 100 to 110 bipterate setae per leg). Tab. 3 provides the numbers of tarsal sensilla. The approximate densities of sensilla on the leg tarsi are given as numbers per mm. Tabs. 5 and 6 summarise results concerning sexual dimorphism. Female legs - Distributions of sensory structures as in the male. Leg lengths (Tab. 2), numbers of tarsal sensilla and densities in Tab. 3. Bipterate setae are absent, instead only trichomes occur (Tab. 6). Distribution of sensilla on ventrum and dorsum The ventral side of the body is, in both sexes, provi- dcd with sensilla chaetica and slit sensilla (Fig. 13a). Slit groups are present on the pedipalpal trochan- ters (see Pedipalps; Figs. 8, 9), coxapophyses of legs 1 and II, proximal leg coxae III and IV and on all leg trochanters (see Legs; Figs. 13a, f, g). Close to the posterolateral coxa-trochanter joint of all legs an isolated slit occurs. Widely spaced, very small slits (15-20 pm) are located near the lateral margins of the genital operculum (11-15 slits per side). Additio- nally, in both sexes there are small isolated slits on all sternites (total numbers counted: 70 slits each in onc female and in one male). A combined representation of sternal slit sensilla, muscles and insertion plaques of ventral muscle groups is presented in Fig. 13h (nu- meration of muscles and insertion plaques according to Shultz 2000). The dorsal side of the body also has sensilla chae- tica and slit sensilla (Fig. 1 3 i ) . A pair oflarge slits is located in front of the eye tubercle, 7 or 8 small slits on both sides of the prosoma are assoeiated with in- Sensory structures and sexual dimorphism in Dicranopalpus ramosus 41 Tab. 4: Mean numbers of slit and campaniform sensilla (arranged as occurring from proximally to distally on the appendage; slit groups in bold text, isolated slits in normal text) and total numbers for one male and one female (in parentheses the differing female numbers are given). Slit sensilla Total Campaniform sensilla Total Chelicera 6-6 24 - - Pedipalp 4-5-1 20 5-5-10(5-5-15) 40 (50) Legi 6-1-6-8-4-1 52 10-8-8-8-8-10 104 Leg II 5-1-6-8-7-1 56 10-8-8-8-8-10 104 Leg III 6-1-6-8-4-1 52 10-8-8-8-8-10 104 Leg IV 6-1-6-8-4-1 52 10-8-8-8-8-10 104 Dorsum 60 60 - - Ventrum 94 94 - - Ovipositor - (2-2) -(8) - - Total male (female) 410 (418) 456 (466) sertion plaques of the prosomal muscle groups. Ter- gites VI to XIII have 4 slits, and tergite XIV+XV has about 10 slits associated with the insertion plaques of the posterior extrinsic genital muscles (Figs. 13a, h). A total number ol 58 to 60 dorsal slit sensilla was found (n = 2 males, 1 female). Numbers and topogra- phy are similar in males and females (Tab. 4). Reproductive structures The male and female reproductive organs are homo- logous structures, located under the genital opercu- lum. These have a characteristic phalangioid mor- phology (Macias-Ordönez et al. 2010, Martens et al. 1981). The male genital apparatus (Figs. 14 a-f) comprises a tubulär, sclerotized penis and membra- nous hematodocha, with a dorsoventral pair of large stiffening rods. The penis is long and slender with a large intrinsic penial muscle approximately in the basal 4/5 part of the truncus (Fig. 14a). Its sing- le central tendon terminates at the ventral base of the glans and functions in flexing the glans by ap- proximately 90° against the shaft so that in a flexed position the glans is orientated parallel to the shaft in a distal Prolongation (Fig. 14e). Particularly the base of the truncus is heavily sclerotised (Figs. 14b, c) and bears two dorsally curved lateral projections as attachment sites for both the posterior and ante- rior pairs of extrinsic penial muscles (101 and 102 in Fig. 14b). In resting position the posterior extrinsic muscles pass ventrally of the pregenital chamber, are folded and attach to tergites XIV+XV, at both sides of the anal operculum. Dorsodistally the truncus is provided with an oval shaped internal cavity, opening to the exterior via a large median slit, which is also confirmed by cross sections (Fig. 14d).The proximal and distal slit areas are sclerotised. A pair of accessory glands is present with ducts connected to the sheath of the pregenital chamber (Fig. 14b). The glans bears two pairs of sensilla chaetica, its Stylus is provided ventrally with a brush of setae and dorsally with two or three pairs of minute denticles (Figs. 14e, f).The sensilla chaetica as well as the brush setae appear to be innervated, indicating that the brush may also have a sensory function. Tie female reproductive apparatus consists of an inner and outer sheath enclosing an ovipositor, which is a dorsoventrally flattened cylinder composed of 25 to 27 cuticular annulations, terminating in a bifurcate tip consisting of three apical rings (Figs. 14g, h). At the furca base the vagina marks the distal end of the uterus internus. The proximal ovipositor Segments 7 and 8 have two pairs of sensilla chaetica, followed by 14 to 16 Segments with four pairs, while the dis- tal furca segments have 4, 6 and 16 sensilla chaetica on each side respectively. On the distal Segment a rounded projection is situated, provided with a tuft of sensory setae (Fig. 14h), probably deriving from a single sensillum chaeticum (Martens et al. 1981). Tie second rings have two pairs of two slit sensilla on the dorsal, and two pairs on the ventral side. At the level of the distal 5th to 7th ovipositor segments the seminal receptacles are located (Figs. 14h, i). Tie base of the pregenital chamber is provided with a pair of posterior extrinsic genital muscles at- 42 H. Wijnhoven Tab. 5: Average totals of sensilla basiconica, falciform setae, solenidia and spines for one male and one female. Basiconica Falciform setae Solenidia Spines Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Pedipalp 13 13 10 13 43 44 2 2 Legi 8 10 13 14 40 46 44 46 Leg II 15 19 17 17 62 61 8 8 Leg III 8 8 8 8 25 26 56 54 Leg IV 9 9 6 7 22 21 80 74 Totals for one animal 106 118 108 118 384 396 380 368 taching to tergites XIV+XV. Another pair of musc- les derives from the base of the pregenital chamber, enclosing the outer sheath dorsally and ventrally as a single sheet of muscle fibres and then joining with the muscles of the anterior genital muscle that attaches to the lateral plaques of sternite VIII (Fig. 14g). Conclusions and discussion Much work has been done on the basic morphology, distribution and ultrastructure of sensory structures in several arachnid groups, such as Ricinulei (Tala- rico et al. 2006, 2008) and Acari (Coons 8c Alberti 1999). For Opiliones only a limited number of stu- dies have been published on this matter. Since the ul- trastructure of campaniform sensilla, falciform setae, sensilla basiconica, solenidia and bipterate setae has not been examined in Opiliones so far, their functio- nal properties have not been established. Willemart 8c Giribet (2010) proved that the shaft of solenidia has a multipored nature, indicating that they are ol- factory sensilla (reviewed in Willemart et al. 2009). They show similarities to ‘Type 6’ sensilla in Ricinulei (Talarico et al. 2006). At least some sensilla chaetica have a terminal pore (Willemart 8c Gnaspini 2003) which would fit the view that these sensilla chaetica are contact chemoreceptors or have a dual lunction (contact chemoreception and mechanoreception) (Guffey et al. 2000, Kauri 1989, Spicer 1987, Wille- mart 8c Gnaspini 2003, Willemart et al. 2009). It ap- pears that trichomes are non-sensory hairs for which several functions have been proposed: they may pro- tect the integument as well as other sensilla and act as a brush to clean the body (Willemart 8c Gnaspini 2003, Willemart et al. 2009). The best studied sensory type is the slit sensillum (Barth 8c Stagl 1976, Barth 2002, 2004, Blickhan 8c Barth 1985, Kropf 1998, Luque 1993, Talarico et al. 2006, 2008). Slit sense organs are known to be de- tectors of mechanical stresses in the cuticle caused by muscular activity and/or haemolymph pressure (proprioception), or of strains imposed by external pressure (exteroception; Barth 2004, Shultz 8c Pin- to-da-Rocha 2007). In D. ramosus , for example, the single slit sensillum close to the tip of the pedipalpal Tab. 6: Summary of sexual dimorphism in D. ramosus (differences in colouration not included). Male Female Opisthosoma Small, flattened dorsally Large, with dorsal protuberance Pedipalp Length 6.5 mm; Femur, patella and tibia no plumose setae; Patellal apophysis slender with more pointed tip, covered with sensilla chaetica only; Tarsus with ~10.2 campaniform sensilla; Tarsus with -9.6 falciform setae Length 6.8 mm; Femur, patella and tibia with plumose setae; Patellal apophysis stout with more rounded tip, covered with plumose setae only; Tarsus with -15.4 campaniform sensilla; Tarsus with -12.5 falciform setae Legs Longer (Tab. 2); Tarsus I with ~3 1.2 solenidia; Tarsus I with -4.3, tarsus 11 with ~9.2 basi- conica; Leg 111 and IV with bipterate setae; Tarsus IV with -30.5 pairs of spines Shorter (Tah. 2); Tarsus I with -37.0 solenidia; Tarsus I with -6.4, tarsus II with -12.6 basiconica; Leg III and IV without bipterate setae; Tarsus IV with -27.4 pairs of spines Sensory structures and sexual dimorphism in Dicranopalpus ramosus 43 tarsus (Fig. 7a) probably senses torsion forces caused by the use of the pedipalpal claw. This is very similar in Ricinulei (Talarico et al. 2008). The ventral side of the body has a higher densi- ty of slits than the dorsal side (Tab. 4; sternites plus genital operculum app. 94 slits, carapace plus tergites app. 60 slits; compare Figs. 13a, h, i) which is most likely related to the ventral presence of reproductive organs. Tie occurrence of sternal slit sensilla (Fig. 13h) clearly coincides with insertion plaques of va- rious muscle groups that are involved in everting/ inverting the penis/ovipositor: the extrinsic genital muscles directly operate the genital tract, whereas the lateral longitudinal muscles regulate opisthoso- mal volume and haemocoelic pressure (Barth 2004, Martens et al. 1981, Shultz 2000). Consequently, the slits on the genital operculum and ventrum pro- bably function as detectors of cuticle deformations once the genital operculum is opened and the penis or ovipositor is extruding. Thus, for both sexes they may play an essential proprioceptive sensory role du- ring courtship and mating activities. In addition, for the female these slits may be functional during egg deposition. The slit sensilla on the lateral margins of the dor- sal prosoma occur associated with muscle insertion plaques that are involved in movements of the leg coxae (Fig. 13i; pedal tergocoxal muscles no. 65 to 69 in Shultz 2000). I traced only one publication re- lating to slit sensilla and muscle insertion plaques. Referring to single slits in spiders, Barth (2002, p. 41) mentioned that “some of them lie conspicuously close to the sites of muscle attachment”. Although no histological studies on campanilorm sensilla have been conducted so far, most authors re- gard them as homologous to slit sensilla, detecting mechanical stresses in the cuticle (Edgar 1963, Barth 8c Stagl 1976); a view which is supported by this stu- dy. In D. ramosus they appear in four groups on the proximal leg femora, exactly at sites where in Ami- lenus aurantiacus (Simon, 1881) (Phalangiidae) slit groups are located (Barth 8c Stagl 1976). Also, their Orientations relative to each other and - generally - perpendicular to the long axis of the appendages are similar. Some of these similarities have previous- ly been pointed out by Barth 8c Stagl (1976). Mo- reover, on the leg metatarsi groups are composed of typical campaniform sensilla together with slit-like types and intermediary shapes not clearly attributa- ble to either category, as was also recorded by Edgar (1963). Campaniform sensilla may be characterised as ‘compact slits’. Tie row of campaniform sensilla laterally on the pedipalpal tarsus (Figs. 8e, 9f) may communicate to the animal how much mechanical resistance is offe- red by a particular surface the harvestman is probing, e.g. the hardness/softness of a potential food item. The larger numbers on the female pedipalpal tarsus (Tab. 1: male 10.2, female 15.4 campaniform sensil- la) may play a role in selecting suitable egg deposi- tion sites. When dealing with ‘proprioceptive organs’ in Opiliones, slit and campaniform sensilla may de- serve identical treatment. In a comparative study on slit sensilla in the legs of Chelicerata, Barth 8c Stagl (1976) excluded campaniform sensilla distal to the femur of Amilenus aurantiacus, and consequently made mention of only 45 slits for leg I. In D. ramosus an average of 52 slits and 104 campaniform sensilla were recorded for leg I (Tab. 4), which results in a considerably larger total of 156 ‘proprioceptive’ sen- silla on leg I. Total numbers for one male are 866 (410 slits + 456 campaniform sensilla); for one fe- male 884 (418 slits + 466 campaniform sensilla), of which 628 (73% and 71% respectively) are located in the legs. The legs in D. ramosus - and Eupnoi in general - easily break off at the appendotomy plane, at the trochanter-femur junction. A leg can be actively de- tached to escape from a predator, or in case it is trap- ped during moulting (Edgar 1963). As these legs are not regenerated, it is common to encounter harvest- men in the field with one or more legs missing. In D. ramosus all legs have a similar basic set of sensory structures like sensilla chaetica, solenidia, falciform setae and sensilla basiconica. So, the loss of one or more legs does not fundamentally affect the sensory capabilities. The highest numbers occur on the first and se- cond legs, indicating that these legs have an impor- tant sensory function (Tab. 3). Compared to legs III and IV, legs I and II have larger numbers of sensilla chaetica in the ventral region of the tarsi (Fig. 12, Tab. 3), which may be associated with a more accu- rate perception of the physical characteristics of the environment like size, form and texture (Willemart 8c Gnaspini 2003). Judged only from the numbers of solenidia (male app. 52, female 51), leg II is the most important sen- sory organ, but considering its extreme length, its 44 H. Wijnhoven tarsus has a rather low density of solenidia per mm (male app. 2.2, female 2.7), whereas the tarsus of leg I (male app. 31, lemale 37 solenidia) is much shor- ter, resulting in a density of 3.6 and 5.1 solenidia per mm, respectively. This also applies for basiconica and falciform setae. With leg II the animal can obtain ‘general features’ of its wider surroundings, whereas leg I is more appropriate for gathering detailed in- formation at closer ränge. This strongly supports the recent point of view to reconsider the general deno- mination of ‘sensory appendages’ for legs II in Opi- liones (Willemart 8t Gnaspini 2003, Willemart 8t Chelini 2007, Willemart et al. 2009). The absence of spines on the tarsomeres of leg II may facilitate grooming of these appendages, thus cleaning the sensory organs, in Cooperation with the chelicerae, pedipalps and mouth; a behaviour that is often seen in this species. Spines occur on the pro- ximal tarsomeres of legs I, III and IV, lacking in the distal regions (Fig. 10) which are often observed to be tightly wrapped around grasses or other objects to anchor themselves to a Substrate (Guffey et al. 2000). The pedipalps are loaded with densely arranged sensilla (up to 34 solenidia on the tarsus measuring about 1.8 mm) with higher densities towards the tar- sal tip (Figs. 7a, b) and they are therefore very im- portant sensory organs. Tire distribution of sensilla shows remarkable similarities with the pedipalp of Ricinulei (Talarico et al. 2008: Fig. 5). In D. ramosus the contact mechano- and chemoreceptors (sensil- la chaetica) are scattered over the whole surface for Optimum exposure to all surfaces the animal explores by touch. But the solenidia and sensilla basiconica occur only in the dorsal to dorsolateral region, away from potentially contaminating substrata (like sticky food items or moist Substrates), and protected from direct contact by a cover of trichomes (Fig. 7c). These sensilla may work once a substratum is actively tou- ched with the dorsal region of the pedipalpal tarsus, a behaviour that is often seen in the field (e.g. Fig. 1). Willemart 8t Hcbets (2012) recorded this ‘pedipalp tapping’ (a behaviour wherein the tip and the dorsal region of the tarsi gently touch the Substrate) in Lei- obunum vittatum (Say, 1821) (Sclerosomatidae).They found that both males and females react by pedipalp tapping to Chemical cues left on a Substrate by con- specifics. This suggcsts that besides sensilla chaetica one or more of the other sensilla types (e.g. basiconi- ca, falciform setae or the basiconica ‘trident’) on the dorsal pedipalpal region may have a chemoreceptive function. Interestingly, in some cases two different sensory structures occur ‘clustered’: a slit group with a group of solenidia on the pedipalpal femur (Figs. 8c, j, 9c), a bifid metatarsal spine associated with a single slit sensillum in the legs (Fig. 11), solenidia and cam- paniform sensilla proximally on the leg femora (Fig. 10). Whether these sensilla combinations represent specialised functions remains to be studied. In general, the results show a remarkable simi- larity between males and females in the topography and number of examined sensilla (Tabs. 4, 5, 6). Tire pedipalpal tarsus, for example, has not revealed any significant macro- or microsculptural sexual dispari- ty, except for the larger numbers of tarsal campani- form sensilla and falciform setae in the female. Both sexes have equivalent numbers of leg sensil- la (Tab. 3), but the female has more basiconica in legs I and II, and more solenidia in legs I.The male leg IV has slightly more spines. However, since the females legs are much shorter this results in higher densities of sensilla for the female. This is most distinct for basiconica densities in legs I and II and for solenidia densities in leg I. A very evident result concerning sexual dimor- phism in D. ramosus is the female pedipalp which is covered with hundreds of plumose glandular setae, absent in the male, whereas the male has hundreds of bipterate setae on legs III and IV, absent in the female. Until now bipterate setae had been found only in Phalangium opilio (Willemart et al. 2009). For comparison, I investigated some specimens of P. opilio and found bipterate setae on the male legs III and IV, with very similar morphology, topography and densities as in D. ramosus. I failed to find them in legs I and II. It should be mentioned here that the SEM micrographs in Willemart et al. (2009: Figs. 9, 10, 11) show distorted bipterate setae, with win- ged portions twisted, not representing their natural arrangements as seen with light microscopy. This is likely a result of procedures for scanning electron mi- croscope preparations. The morphology of bipterate setae suggests that they are olfactory sensilla. Both witigs of eaeh seta are concavely shaped, and their striae are directed to- wards the proximal junction, possibly ‘guiding’odour moleculcs to the micropore. Their arrangement on the dorsal and anterodorsal leg surfaces provides optimum exposure to the atmosphere, and thus, to Sensory structures and sexual dimorphism in Dicranopalpus ramosus 45 odorant Stimuli that arrive at the animal’s legs from ahead. As this character is sexually dimorphic, the function of bipterate setae may be to detect a female from a distance and direct him towards her. Non- tactile perception ol volatile secretions has been demonstrated in Goniosomatinae (Gonyleptidae) (Machado et al. 2002). A cotton swab with exocrine gland secretions of the same species held at a distance of 1-2 cm from an aggregation elicited an alarm re- sponse. Whether the volatile secretions receptive to the male of D. ramosus are produced by the glandular plumose setae of the female remains to be tested. Acknowledgments I wish to thank Jörg Pageler (Oldenburg, Germany) for his beautiful picture of D. ramosus. Walter Pfliegler (Debrecen, Hungary) prepared many dozens of excellent microscopic photos of most sensilla types for which I am very thankful. Paul Kouwer (Maiden, Netherlands) kindly provided advice on statistics. I also want to thank Jochen Martens (Mainz, Germany), Rogelio Macias-Ordonez (Xalapa, Mexico) and Axel Schönhofer (Mainz, Germany). The manuscript was improved by comments from three anonymous reviewers. References Barth FG & Stagl J 1976 The slit sense Organs of arachnids: a comparative study of their topography on the walking legs (Chelicerata, Arachnida). - Zoomorphologie 86: 1-23 - doi: 10.1007/BF01006710 Barth FG 2002 A spider’s world: senses and behavior. 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We present data and remarks on the history and contents of the whip spider collection housed in the Nat- ural History Museum of Vienna, Austria. The collection comprises a total of 167 specimens from 4families, 10 genera and 27 species. It includes types of four species: Charinus ioanniticus (Kritscher, 1959), Dämon brachialis Weygoldt, 1 999, Phrynus parvulus (Pocock, 1 902) and Paraphrynus mexicanus (Bilimek, 1 867). Short notes on interesting objects and former curators are provided as well as an appendix with a list of species kept alive by Michael Seiter. Keywords: museum's collection history, NHMW, Reimoser, small arachnid order Zusammenfassung. Die Geißelspinnensammlung (Arachnida, Amblypygi) des Naturhistorischen Museums Wien, Österreich. Wir präsentieren Daten und Anmerkungen zur Geschichte und dem Inhalt der Geißelspinnen- Sammlung des Naturhistorischen Museums Wien, Österreich. Die Sammlung umfasst 167 Individuen aus 4 Famili- en, 10 Gattungen und 27 Arten und beinhaltet Typen von vier Arten: Charinus ioanniticus (Kritscher, 1959), Dämon brachialis Weygoldt, 1999, Phrynus parvulus (Pocock, 1902) and Paraphrynus mexicanus (Bilimek, 1867). Die Angaben werden durch kurze Anmerkungen zu interessanten Objekten und früheren Kuratoren sowie einem Appendix mit der Liste der von Michael Seiter lebend gehaltenen Arten ergänzt. Amblypygi, or so-called whip spiders, (order Arach- nida) are tropical to subtropical organisms with spe- cial morphological traits among the arachnids. They are characterised by their dorso-ventrally flattened body and strong, raptorial pedipalps armed with spines.The first legs are extremely elongated and an- tenniform. These legs are very important during mat- ing, hunting and antagonistic behaviour (Weygoldt 2000). According to Prendini (2011) recent Ambly- pygi currently include 5 families, 17 genera and 161 species; however Blick <3o Harvey (2011) mentioned 171 species, Seiter (2011) tallied 174 species and Harvey (2013) listed 186 species. Worldwide, only a few scientists have recently worked regulär ly on whip spiders (e.g. Weygoldt 2000, 2002, Harvey 2003, 2007). Some studies fo- cused on parthenogenesis (de Armas 2000, 2005, Weygoldt 2007), others compiled revisions of partic- ular groups (Kraepelin 1895, Mullinex 1975, Garcia Acosta 1977, Quintero 1981, Weygoldt 1999, Rah- madi et al. 2011). In recent years the need for taxo- Michael SEITER, Group of Arthropod Ecology and Behavior, Division of Plant Protection, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Natural Re- sources and Life Sciences, Peter Jordan-Strasse 82, 1 190 Vienna, Austria. E-Mail: michael.seiter@boku.ac.at Christoph HÖRWEG, Natural History Museum Vienna, 3. Zoology (Invertebrates), Burgring 7, A-1 010 Vienna, Austria. E-Mail: Christoph. hoerweg@nhm-wien.ac.at submitted 16. 1 1.2011, accepted 29.10.2013, online 9. 1 1.2013 nomic data has increased because scientists have de- scribed numerous new species (Harvey &. West 1998, de Armas ScTeruel 2010, Rahmadi et al. 2010, 2011, de Armas 2012, Giupponi &Miranda 2012). For this reason it is necessary to know where the type mate- rial, and other specimens needed for comparison, are located. For the first time, precise data are here made available for the whip spiders in the collection of the Natural History Museum Vienna (NHMW). Material and methods The collection of Amblypygi (Arachnida) in the Natu- ral History Museum Vienna (NHMW) was revised between April and June 2011. Acquisition (Fig. 1) and inventory books, as well as datasheets, were screened. A stereomicroscope (Wild/Leica M3Z) was used to investigate the specimens and photos were made with a Nikon DSU camera. The identity of specimens was verified in some cases and labels - if necessary - re- newed. The labels usually include the name of the species, the date of collection and the location. Fur- thermore, the name of the collector and/or donator, the name of the person who determined the specimen (sometimes also the date of determination), the acqui- sition number and the inventory number are given (see Fig. 2). In many cases the sex had not been determined. This lack of Information was tolerated to protect the structures of the genital operculum and surround- 48 M. Seiter&C. Hörweg /i/ , S^cJt ) LJ, Q, *-*- ( Lj ' (3 ßdrv, v~t 1. 4 ^ cr i^T, ■£~f'-i j ha-ix^ ,-'y\-\s4/At -C--» >1/ >vi /2 O^1 '/ AS^*^ ^ J&> YtA . ' TYfVS, % £x mr iH I (rypEN) Fig. 2: Typical labels in the Collection of arachnids at the NHMW using the labels of the four type specimens of Amblypygi. The whip spider collection in the Vienna museum 49 Fig. 3: Female of Charinus ioanniticus (Rhodes, found in subterranean passages of theancient city of Rhodes and photographed alive in a Standard plastic terrarium by M. Seiter) List of abbreviations: BMNH: British Museum (Natural History) in London, NHMW: Natural History Museum Vienna, sp.: species, leg. = legit (collected), det. = determinavit (determined), don. = (donated), 6 = male / 9 = female, 66 = males / 99 = females, HT = Holotype, LT = Lectotype, ST = Syntype Results Tie oldest parts of the Arachnoidea collection itself may date back to the early 19th Century; the oldest Amblypygi dates from 1871 (see Fig. l).Tie curators responsible for the collection of arachnids, starting in 1878, were Carl Koelbel, Theodor Adensamer, Ar- nold Penther, Carl Attems, Otto Pesta, Eduard Re- imoser, Hans Strouhal, Gerhard Pretzmann, Jürgen Gruber, Verena Stagl (for the collection history see Pesta 1940) and, today, the second author of this pa- per: Christoph Hörweg. For whip spiders, relevant collectors/donators in former times were Tieodor Adensamer, Dominik Bilimek and Eduard Reimoser (see Pesta 1940), and more recently Helmut Sattmann. Most of the material originated from Sri Lanka (as Ceylon), Mexico, RLodes (Greece) and Oman. The speci- mens in the collection were formerly revised by Quintero in 1980 and Weygoldt in 1996 and 1998. Today, the whip spider collection holds a total of 167 specimens, including 27 species in 10 genera and 4 families (Tab. 1). It includes types of 4 species. Supplementary Information about these species will be given below. Type specimens Charinidae Quintero, 1986 Charinus ioanniticus (Kritscher, 1959) (syntypes) = Lindosiella ioannitica Kritscher, 1959 (syn. by Wey- goldt 1972) 50 M. Seiter&C. Hörweg Tab. 1: Species list of the Amblypygi collection at the NHMW. Nomenclature follows Harvey (2003, 2013). Taxa Inventory Number NHMW Charontidae (1) Charon grayi (Gervais, 1842) 1426,21841 Phrynichidae (14) Euphrynichus amanica (Werner, 1916) 9289 Euphrynichus bacillifer (Gerstaecker, 1873) 1428,1429,9279,9280,18731 Trichodamon princeps Mello-Leitäo, 1935 21842 Phrynichus ceylonicus (C.L.Koch, 1843) 1431-1434, 1436, 1437, 1442, 11198, 15414,21843 Phrynichus deflersi Simon, 1887 18221, 18222 Phrynichus exophthalmus Whittick, 1940 1430, 9290 Phrynichus jayakari Pocock, 1894 20930 Phrynichus pusillus Pocock, 1894 15415 Phrynichus scaber { Gervais, 1844) 1435 Dämon annulatipes (Wood, 1869) 18241-18248 Dämon brachialis Weygoldt, 1999 1440 Dämon diadema (Simon, 1876) 9282,9291,19535 Dämon medius (Herbst, 1797) 1438,1441,9281 Dämon variegatus (Perty, 1834) 1439 Phrynidae (10) Acanthophrynus coronatus (Butler, 1873) 1444, 1450 Heterophrynus longicornis (Butler, 1873) 1443 Phrynus asperatipes Wood, 1863 1851 Phrynus gervaisii (Pocock, 1894) 9285,9286,21844,21845 Phrynus parvulus (Pocock, 1902) 1448,9287,21846 Phrynus tessellatus (Pocock, 1894) 1449 Phrynus zuhitei Gervais, 1842 1452,9283,9284 Paraphrynus laevifrons (Pocock, 1894) 1453,9288,21847-21849 Paraphrynus mexicanus (Bilimek, 1867) 1446, 1447 Paraphrynus pococki Mullinex, 1975 1445 Charinidae (2) Charinus austra/ianus cavernicolus Weygoldt, 2006 21850 Charinus ioanniticus (Kritscher, 1959) 1427,19137-19140,21167 This species was described by Kritscher 1959 as Lin- dosiella ioannitica , not only as a new species, but also within a new genus. Location: GRLECE, Island of Rhodes, City ofLin- dos. Found in crevices at the base and fundament of the so-called Johanniterburg, on 15thand 16'1' April 1959, leg. &c det. Erich Kritscher Inventory Number: NHMW 1427, 1<3 (as menti- oned in the original description), 39$ and 4 99 ju- veniles (=ST) Remarks: In the original description, 8 specimens were mentioned, but rhere are in fact 9, including one prepared and positioned in the exhibition in the coll- ection.The one in the exhibition is labelled as “Coty- pus”.This specimcn can’t be examined without being destroyed. In any case, it sbould be mentioned that Weygoldt (2005) recorded only 7 females (he exa- mined the specimens in the collection, but obviously not the one from the exhibition and another one). As no holotype was designated in the original descripti- on, all specimens have to be considered as syntypes. Charinus ioanniticus (Fig. 3) is distributed around parts of the eastern bordet of the Mediterranean (see below). The only European populations are located on the Greek islands of Rhodes and Kos (Kritscher 1959, Weygoldt 2005). Interestingly, the population on Rhodes is an all female population that reproduc- es parthenogenetically (Weygoldt 2007). 1 lere they The whip spider collection in the Vienna museum 51 live in subterranean passages of the ancient city of Rhodes (a cave-like lifestyle) (Weygoldt 2005). This form of reproduction is very rare in whip spiders. It is known only in Charinus acosta (Quintero, 1983) (de Annas 2000, 2005) from Cuba. C. ioanniticus has also been reported from Turkey (Kovarik & Vlasta 1996, Weygoldt 2005, Seyyar & Demir 2007), Israel (Rosin &c Shulov 1960) and Egypt (El-Hennawy 2002), but these populations all reproduce sexually. Phrynichidae Simon, 1892 Dämon brachialis Weygoldt, 1999 (holotype) This species was described by Weygoldt (1999) in his revision of the genus Dämon. Location: MOZAMBIQUE. Surroundings of Boroma, “Afrika: Zambese”, from the late 19th Century, leg. P. Me- nyhardt, don. Dr. Karl Brancsik, det. Peter Weygoldt Inventory number: NHMW 1440, 1<3 (= HT) Remarks: This specimen was initially determined (most likely by Kraepelin) as Dämon variegatus (Perty, 1834) (see Fig.2). Phrynidae Blanchard, 1852 Phrynus parvulus (Pocock, 1902) (lectotype) = Tarantula marginemaculata yucatanensis'Wexntr, 1902 (syn. by Quintero 1981) This specimen was revised and synonymised by Quintero (1981) in his overview of the amblypygid genus Phrynus in the Americas. Location: BELIZE. Jukatan, 1902, leg. Schmarda & Werner Inventory number: NHMW 1448, ld (LT) Remarks: Quintero (1981) mentions two male holotypes, one of Phrynus parvulus (Pocock 1902), with type locality in Tikal, Guatemala (specimen examined from BMNH), and this particular specimen from the NHMW, with type locality in Belize. We consider this specimen as lectotype by inference of holo- type by Quintero (1981), according to ICZN Art. 74.6. Paraphrynus mexicanus (Bilimek, 1867) (syntypes) = Phrynus mexicanus Bilimek, 1867 (transferred after Mullinex 1975) = Phrynus cacahuamilpensis Herrera, 1892 (syn. by Garcia Acosta 1977) These specimens were described by Bilimek (1867) as Phrynus mexicanus. Location: In the cave Cacahuamilpa in Mexico sitting on rocks, 14.1.1866, leg. Bilimek, det. Kraepelin. Inventory number: NHMW 1446, 2mm (ST ) Remarks: Another juvenile specimen was found several days later at the same locality (NHMW 1447). In the original description, however, only two adult males are mentioned. Checklist of the collection Tie complete species list of the Amblypygi collection at the NHMW is summarized in Tab. 1. Conclusions Tie whip spider collection of the NHMW - with 167 specimens from 27 species - is considered to be a small one. Nonetheless, approx. 15% of the valid species of the world are deposited in the museum, and the collection has types of 4 species. Note that the whip spider Charinus ioanniticus made it - as “object No. 59”, titled “European Pre- miere”- into the bookTop 100 of the NHMW (Ott et al. 2012). It States: “As until the middle of the 20th Century there was no indication that this group of spiders existed at all in Europe. When arachnologist Erich Kritscher discovered this sample of a new spe- cies hiding in a crack in the wall at the Castle of the Knights of St. John in Lindos in 1959, it was truly sensational news”. Interesting is also the comment on one (juvenile) specimen of Charinus ioanniticus (NHMW 1939) which was found dead in the spider net of Pholcus sp. (“von Pholcus gefesselt”). We would also like to point out one fact that can cause taxonomic problems, using Trichodamon prin- ceps Mello-Leitäo, 1935 (NHMW 21842) as an ex- ample: The right basitibia of leg IV is not divided, but it is a principal character of this genus that it should be divided. All other morphological characters (two small tubercles above the cleaning organ on pedipalp distitarsus, ventral tibial spine I not bifid, etc.) are correct. This non-divided’ part is caused by a for- merly broken leg which was regenerated over several molts. As this is not uncommon in Amblypygi, it is worth mentioning here. Note that many of the species mentioned here are being captive bred and are available for scientific research - see Appendix. Contact the first author for further Information. Acknowledgments We would like to thank Jürgen Gruber for important In- formation about the history of the collection and Ambros Hänggi and an anonymous reviewer for their valuable remarks to improve the manuscript. 52 M. Seiter&C. 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Western Australian Museum, Perth. - Internet: http:// museum.wa.gov.au/catalogues-beta/whip-spiders [ac- cessed at 24 October 2013] Harvey MS 8c West PLJ 1998 New species of Charon (Amblypygi: Charontidae) from Northern Australia and Christmas Island. -Journal of Arachnology 26: 273-284 Kovarfk F 8c Vlasta D 1996 First report of Amblypygi (Charinidae: Charinus ioanniticus ) from Turkey. - Kla- palekiana 32: 57-58 Kraepelin K 1895 Revision derTarantuliden Fahr. (= Phryni- den Latr.).- Abhandlungen des naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins I lamburg 13: 1-53 Kritscher E 1959 Ergebnisse der von Dr. O. Paget und Dr. E. Kritscher auf Rhodos durchgefiihrten zoologischen Exkursionen, II Pedipalpi (Amblypygi). - Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums Wien 63: 453-457 Mullinex CL 1975 Revision of Paraphrynus Moreno (Amblypygida, Phrynidae) for North America and the Antilles.- Occasional Papers of the California Academy of Sciences 116: 1-80 Ott I, Schmid B, Köberl C 8c Golebiowski R 2012 NHM Top 100. English Edition. Edition Lammerhuber und Verlag des Naturhistorischen Museums, Baden 8c Wien. 231 pp. Pesta O 1940 Eduard Reimoser: Nachruf. - Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien 51: 4-7 Prendini L 2011 Order Amblypygi Thoreil, 1883. In: Zhang Z-Q_(Ed.) Animal biodiversity: an outline of higher-level Classification and survey of taxonomic richness. - Zootaxa 3148: 154 Quintero D Jr 1981 The amblypygid genus Phrynus in the Americas (Amblypygi, Phrynidae). - Journal of Arach- nology 9: 117-166 Rahmadi C, Harvey MS 8c Kojima J-I 2010 Whip spiders of the genus Sarax Simon 1892 (Amblypygi: Charinidae) from Borneo Island. - Zootaxa 2612: 1-21 Rahmadi C, Harvey MS 8c Kojima J-I 2011 fite Status of the whip spider subgenus Neocharon (Amblypygi: Charontidae) and the distribution of the genera Charon and Stygophrynus. - Journal of Arachnology 39: 223-229 — doi: 10.1636/CA10-77.1 Rosin R 8c Shulov A 1960 Representatives of the order Amblypygi (Arachnida) found in Israel. — Bulletin of the Research Council of Israel 9B: 167-168 Seiter M 2011 Die Welt der Geißelspinnen (Arachnida, Amblypygi). Teil I: Einführung, Systematik 8c Phylog- enie. - Arachne 16 (2): 28-37 Seyyar O 8c Demir IT 2007 A new locality for Charinus ioanniticus (Kritscher, 1959) (Amblypygi: Charnidae). - Serket 10: 109-111 Weygoldt P 1972 Charontidae (Amblypygi) aus Brasilien. Beschreibung von zwei neuen Charinus- Arten, mit Anmerkungen zur Entwicklung, Morphologie und Tiergeographie und mit einem Bestimmungsschlüssel für die Gattung Charinus. - Zoologische Jahrbücher, Abteilung für Systematik, Ökologie und Geographie der Tiere 99: 107-132 Weygoldt P 1999 Revision of the genus Dämon C.L. Koch, 1850 (Chelicerata: Amblypygi: Phrynichidae). - Zoo- logica 150: 1-45 Weygoldt P 2000 Whip spiders: thcir biologv, morphologv and systematics. Apollo Books, Stenstrup. 164 pp. Weygoldt P 2002 Sperm transfer and spermatophore morphology of the whip spiders Sarax buxtoni, S. brachy- dactylus (Charinidae), Charon cf. grayi, and Stygophrynus brevispina nov. spec. (Charontidae) (Chelicerata, Am- blypygi). - Zoologischer Anzeiger 241: 131-148 - doi: 1 0.1078/S0044-5231 (04)70069-8 Weygoldt P 2005 Biogeography, systematic position, and reproduction of Charinus ioanniticus (Kritscher i959), The whip spider collection in the Vienna nnuseum 53 with the description of a new species from Pakistan (Chelicerata, Amblypygi, Charinidae). - Senckenber- giana biologica 85: 43-56 Weygöldt P 2007 Parthenogenesis and reproduction in Charinus ioanniticus (Kritscher, 1959) (Chelicerata, Amblypygi, Charinidae). - Bulletin of the British arach- nological Society 14: 81-82 Appendix Checklist of the personal collection of Michael Sei- ter (as of 21.09.2013) * means that from this species, individuals from more than one locality are available Charontidae (1) Charon cf. grayi (Gervais, 1842)* Phrynichidae (12) Dämon annulatipes (Wood, 1869) Dämon diadema (Simon, 1876) Dämon medius (Herbst, 1797)* Dämon tibialis (Simon, 1876) Dämon variegatus (Perty, 1834) Euphrynichus amanica (Werner, 1916) Euphrynichus bacillifer (Gerstaecker, 1873) Phrynichus ceylonicus (C.L. Koch, 1843) Phrynichus deßersi arabicus Simon, 1887 Phrynichus exophthalmus Whittick, 1940 Phrynichus jayakari Pocock, 1894 Phrynichus orientalis Weygöldt, 1998 Phrynidae (30) Acanthophrynus coronatus (Butler, 1873) Heterophrynus batesii (Butler, 1873) Heterophrynus cf. elaphus Pocock, 1903 Paraphrynus aztecus (Pocock, 1894) Paraphrynus carolynae Armas, 2012 Paraphrynus cubensis (Quintero, 1983)* Paraphrynus emaciatus Mullinex, 1975 Paraphrynus laevifrons (Pocock, 1894) Paraphrynus mexicanus (Bilimek, 1867) Paraphrynus raptator (Pocock, 1902) Paraphrynus robustus (Franganillo, 1930)* Paraphrynus sp. (from Mexico) Paraphrynus viridiceps (Pocock, 1893)* Phrynus asperatipes Wood, 1863 Phrynus barbadensis (Pocock, 1894)* Phrynus damonidaensis Quintero, 1981* Phrynus decorates Teruel &c Armas, 2005* Phrynus eucharis Armas & Perez, 2002 Phrynus exsul Harvey, 2002 Phrynus garridoi Armas, 1994 Phrynus goesii Thoreil, 1889* Phrynus hispaniolae Armas &. Gonzalez, 2002* Phrynus longipes (Pocock, 1894)* Phrynus marginemaculatus (C.L. Koch, 1840)* Phrynus noeli Armas & Perez, 1994 Phrynus pulchripes (Pocock, 1894) Phrynus sp. (from Dominican Republic) Phrynus operculatus Pocock, 1902 Phrynus pinarensis Franganillo, 1930* Phrynus whitei Gervais, 1842* Charinidae (15) Charinus acosta (Quintero, 1983)* Charinus australianus cavernicolus Weygodt, 2006 Charinus centralis Armas & Avila Calvo, 2000* Charinus cubensis (Quintero, 1983)* Charinus ioanniticus (Kritscher, 1959) Charinus neocaledonicus Simon, 1895 Charinus tomasmicheli Armas, 2007 Charinus wanlessi (Quintero, 1983) Sarax brachydactylus Simon, 1892 Sarax buxtoni (Gravely, 1915) Sarax singaporae Gravely, 1911 Sarax sp. (from Indonesia, Bali) Sarax sp. (from Indonesia, Lombok) Sarax sp. (from Philippines) Sarax yayukae Rahmadi, Harvey & Kojima, 2010 I Arachnologische Mitteilungen 46 (2013) Diversa Buchbesprechung Kirill G Mikhailov 201 3 The spiders (Arachnida: Aranei) of Russia and adjacent countries: a non-annotated checklist Moscow: KMK Scientific Press. Arthropoda Selecta. Supplement No. 3. 262 S. (überwiegend) Englisch. Softcover. 1 7,5 x 25,5 cm. ISBN 978-5-87317-933-6. Preis: 50 € (inkl. Versand innerhalb Europas). Be- stellung: mikhailov2000@gmail.com Auch wenn der Titel lediglich eine „non-annotated checklist“ verheißt, handelt es sich tatsächlich um mehr. Es ist die Neuauflage bzw. die Fortschreibung des Kataloges von Mikhailov (1997) sowie von des- sen Ergänzungen (Mikhailov 1998, 1998, 2000). Die Checklist (der Katalogteil) umfasst alle Arten, die in den heutigen Ländern der ehemaligen Sowjetunion bis einschließlich 201 1 nachgewiesen wurden. Indi- rekt, d.h. nicht direkt pro Land ablesbar sondern bei jeder einzelnen Art, enthält die Arbeit damit Check- listen für Russland (2366 Arten), Estland (511), Lettland (419), Litauen (445), Weißrussland (431), Ukraine (1008), Moldawien (292), Georgien (520), Aserbaidschan (663), Armenien (136), Kasachstan (966), Usbekistan (331), Turkmenien (394), Kirgisi- en (479) und Tadschikistan (318) - insgesamt 3340 Arten aus 50 Familien. Alle Länder und Naturräume sind mit kyrillischen Buchstaben abgekürzt. Jeder Art sind ihre Vorkommen in den 15 Ländern und 24 Naturräumen („physiographical areas“) zugeordnet, mit der Russischen Ebene als der artenreichsten Re- gion (1362 Arten). Viele der Naturräume erstrecken sich über mehr ein als ein Land - eine Zuordnung der Artnachweise pro Land und Region ist ebenso wenig ablesbar wie zu einzelnen Quellen. Der Be- sprechung der 1997er Katalogs ist diesbezüglich nichts hinzuzufügen (Blick 1997). Der Autor richtet sich, von wenigen angegebe- nen Ausnahmen abgesehen, nach der Version 14.0 des Platnick- Kataloges. Fragliche Nachweise („?“) sind ebenso gekennzeichnet wie publizierte Fehlbe- stimmungen („??“). Ich fand keinen Hinweis ob bei den Artensummen die fraglichen Nachweise enthal- ten sind. Der Katalogteil umfasst den größten Teil des Werkes (p. 11-224), die Quellen (p. 225-231) enthalten lediglich die konkret zitierten Arbeiten. Die vollständigen Referenzen wurden gesondert pu- bliziert (Mikhailov 2012). Der alphabetische Index der Gattungs- und Artnamen (p. 232-260) verhilft zu einem schnellen Finden der Spinnenarten. Kirill Arthropoda Selecta. Supplement No. 3 K.G. Mikhailov The spiders (Arachnida: Aranei) of Russia and adjacent countries: a non-annotated checklist KMK Scientific Press Ltd. Moscow <*2013 Mikhailov erhöht seine früheren Schätzungen auf 3700-3800 Arten für das gesamte Gebiet sowie auf 2500-2600 Arten für Russland und stellt gleichzei- tig klar, dass er lediglich den momentanen Stand wi- derspiegeln kann („A faunistic study of the spiders of Russia and adjacent countries is yet far from com- plete“.) Ein wichtiges Nachschlagewerk. Literaturverzeichnis Blick T 1997 K.G. Mikhailov: Catalogue ot the spiders of the territories of the formet' Sovjet Union (Arachnida, Aranei). — Arachnologische Mitteilungen 13: 56-57 - doi: 1 0. 543 1/aramit 1309 Mikhailov KG 1997 Catalogue of the spiders of the terri- tories ot the formet' Soviet Union (Arachnida, Aranei). Zoological Museum, State IJniversity, Moscow. 416 pp Mikhailov KG 1998 Catalogue ol the spiders (Arachnida, Aranei) of the territories of the former Soviet Union. Addendum 1. KMK Seientifie Press, Moscow. 48 pp. Diversa Arachnologische Mitteilungen 46 (2013) n Mikhailov KG 1999 Catalogue of the spiders (Arachnida, Aranei) of the territories of the former Soviet Union. Addendum 2. Zoological Museum, State University, Moscow. 40 pp. Mikhailov KG 2000 Catalogue of the spiders (Arachnida, Aranei) oi the territories of the former Soviet Union. Addendum 3. Zoological Museum, State University, Moscow. 33 pp. Mikhailov KG 2012 Bibliographia Araneologica Rossica 1770-2011. - Trudy Russkogo Entomologicheskogo obshchestva [Proceedings of the Russian Entomological Society] 83 (2): 1-229 Theo BLICK (theo.blick@senckenberg.de) Buchbesprechung David Penney (Ed) 201 3 Spider research in the 21 st Century - trends and perspectives Siri Scientific Press, Manchester. 320 pp. Hardback, in English. ISBN 978-0-9574530-1-2. Cost £ 83.00. Order: http://www.siriscientificpress.co.uk/Pages/ default.aspx The latest arachnological publication from Siri Sci- entific Press is a substantial compendium of spider- related topics covering many aspects of these fa- scinating animals’ biology. As the title suggests, the overarching theme running throughout this work are the advances which have been made in recent years - particularly through the application of novel methods and/or technologies - as well as productive directions for future research. Following an extensi- ve foreword by Norman Platnick, which summarises the book’s main conclusions rather well, the volume itself is divided into nine self-contained and fully referenced chapters. All have been written by ack- nowledged experts in their fields and all provide an excellent account of the modern literature. Rudy Jocque, Mark Alderweireldt and Ansie Dippenaar-Schoeman examine biodiversity, with particular focus on Africa where they have carried out much research. They begin by defining biodiver- sity, and the challenges of estimating it in any given habitat. On the plus side, spiders are moderately lar- ge and (at least males) are fairly easy to identify, but a downside is that numerous collecting methods may he required to sample the whole fauna and some spe- cies occur only at low densities and are easily missed. Tropical regions obviously host more species, but Af- rica has some unique geological aspects such as a lack of dividing mountain ranges and a south-north tilt to the continent. Rudy and colleagues thus argue that African biodiversity is influenced by the complexity of the Vegetation, the ränge of altitudinal Variation Spider Research in the 21 st Century trends & perspectives Edited by David Penney Foreword by Norman I. Platnick kVv/7 vA*Vä 7/////P £./<*• and the presence of former refugia. They also explore phenomena such as how large numbers of morpho- logically similar species can co-exist. Using the ‘tem- plate’ concept - roughly equivalent to the characters which traditionally define a genus - they critically discuss how male genital characters in particular are used both functionally by spiders to identify conspe- cifics (e.g. Rudy’s ‘mate check’ hypothesis), and prac- tically by taxonomists to recognise biodiversity. Does Arachnologische Mitteilungen 46 (2013) Diversa a slight enlargement of a palpal sclerite justify a new genus? This leads nicely into the next chapter on syste- matics and phylogeny by Ingi Agnarsson, Jon Cod- dington and Matjaz Kuntner.Thev define this field as comprising (a) inventories, (b) taxonomic descripti- on and (c) phylogeny. The latter is the most ‘modern’ approach and strongly associated with theoretical advances (particularly cladistics), the incorporation of data from web-building and spinneret structure, and of course molecular data. The authors cauti- on that molecular phylogenies have not lived up to their initial promise, but that this may be rectified by new sampling techniques (see below). Ingi and colleagues remind us that spiders are not hard to discover, but that the rate of species discovery con- tinues apace; from which a (cautious) estimate of at least 120,000 species in total is proposed. For phy- logeny, the authors review a wealth of recent studies and highlight discrepancies between results based on morphology, molecules and or combined ‘total evi- dence’ approaches. Ingi and colleagues call for more standardized approaches towards documenting cha- racters. Taking Jon Coddington’s 2005 consensus phylogeny as a starting point they, highlight those cades which continue to be well-supported and tho- se, particularly deeply-rooted, clades which remain in flux. A novel molecular phylogeny is also offered - which controversially groups haplogynes with my- galomorphs - along with a request for more coordi- nated efforts between different labs in future. Jordi Moya-Larano and colleagues follow up with a contribution on evolutionary ecology. Cer- tain spiders (e.g. Nephila) show extreme sexual size dimorphism: females weighing 100 times as much as males. A possibly explanation is a ‘gravity hypo- thesis’ - mature males need to be lighter to roam the Vegetation in search of more sedentary females - although further avenues for research in this area are diseussed. Next up is mimicry. For Müllerian mimicry, the authors note that relativcly few spiders (e.g. Gasteracantha ) display warning colours. More widespread are Batesian mimics, whereby ant mimi- cry is most prevalent among corinnids, gnaphosids and especially salticids. I rade-offs towards being an accurate or more generalist mimic are diseussed. Co- lonial spiders (ca. 32 species) and truly social spiders (ca. 25 species) are considercd in detail, weighing the advantages of cooperative hunting against the disad- vantages of inbreeding; which may bias the sex ratio towards one male for eight females. Finally, the ge- neral ecological role of spiders can now be extrapo- lated from ‘individual-based models’ (IBMs) which explore how different parameters in the environment may influence spider ecology. Molecular tools are also becoming increasingly important for identifying exactly which prey items spiders have fed on based on DNA in the food remains. Rosie Gillespie’s theme is biogeography, where she argues that a major revolution in the 1970s was the realisation that land areas can split up (vicari- ence) and that this - and not just dispersion - can explain today’s observed distribution patterns. Ro- sie offers examples of spiders with, for example, a ‘Gondwanan’ (i.e. Southern hemisphere) distribution and shows how both the fossil record and knowledge of major geological events can contribute towards our understanding of which spiders live where today. From her own studies there is a particular focus on island biogeography; both the source of new colo- nists and the way in which they can then undergo adaptive radiation, such as in Hawaiian Tetragnatha species. Rosie suggests that in future biogeography may become a predictive Science, able to model the effects of phenomena such as climate change or the arrival of invasive species. Sara Goodacre takes on the complex subject of genetics and genomics; a field where technologi- cal advances are particularly important (and rapid). For example, the famous polymerase chain reaction (PCR) - which traditionally multiplied sufficient DNA for subsequent analysis - bas now been largely superseded by the more efficient and cost-eftective ‘next generation sequencing’ (NGS) which yields massive amounts of DNA without the PCR step. Sara also highlights the significance of RNA silen- cing, by which genes can eftectively be ‘switched off’ in order to study their role during development. Molecular biology is now an integral part of much spider research, and Sara’s chapter reviews how gene- tic data can help resolve phylogenetic relationships, act as genetic markers (microsatellites), and discus- ses the analysis of transcriptomes in social spiders, meaning those genes which are likely to be actively expressed. Also noteworthy is the possibility of crea- ting artificial silk (see below). Sara concludcs that in future it should be possiblc to recover increasingly large amounts of DNA, perhaps even from histori- cal museum spccimens, and that we may be able to barcode organisms from their wholc genome; and Diversa Arachnologische Mitteilungen 46 (2013) IV not just through the mitochondrial COI gene as has been done so far. Klaus Birkhofer, Martin Entling and Yael Lubin remind us that Spiders are key predators in many ter- restrial ecosystems, and outline here their potential use in agroecology; particularly for biological control. They demonstrate that agricultural land use, such as pesticides, mowing, grazing, etc., generally has a ne- gative impact on spider abundances.They reintrodu- ce Jadwiga Luczak’s term ‘agrobiont’for those spiders which are regularly present in agricultural ecosystems. Thirty-one such species are recognised for Central Europe, characterised by - among other things - life cycles synchronized with agricultural usage; meaning that their vulnerable life stages occur at times when they are not affected by habitat disturbance.The spa- tial distribution and prey spectrum of argrobionts are further discussed and Klaus and his colleagues conclude that spiders can and do contribute to pest control as generalist predators; albeit with the caveat that spiders are also cannibalistic and/or attack other predators acting as potential pest control agents in argroecosystems. A few examples where spiders are thought to play a key role in biological control are critically reviewed. Spider behaviour is the topic of Marie Herber- stein and Eileen Hebets, who ask if (and why) Spi- ders make good model organisms. They begin with a useful discussion of what a good model should be, before reviewing to what extent spiders have actually been utilised in the behavioural ecology literature. There has clearly been a tendency to focus on parti- cular behaviours in particular taxa, such as signalling and courtship in the wolf spider Schizocosa, Friede- rich Barths working group on neurobiology in the wandering spider Cupiennius, or sexual cannibalism and genital damage in the widow spiders ( Latrodec - tus) and cross spiders ( Argiope ). Evidently spiders can and do learn and some may even have sacrificed their general body design to accommodate a proportio- nally large central nervous System. Their use of webs as ‘extended phenotypes’ (sensu Dawkins) also allows us to study how these animals are able to adapt their web-building to their immediate circumstances. Ma- rie and Eileen conclude that observations of spider behaviour have moved on from being ‘curiosities’ to more rigorous studies placed in an evolutionary and/ or ecological framework and that spiders now have great potential to contribute towards understanding wider theoretical questions in animal behaviour. Spiders are largely defined by their unique ability to produce a diverse ränge of silks; a subject addressed by Jessica Garb. She begins with a comprehensive re- view of the probable origins, production mechanisms and mechanical properties of the various spider silks (up to seven in some species). A particular focus is the possibility of generating artificial silk; whereby the ‘holy graif is determining how spiders transform liquid silk proteins into solid fibres. Jessica also de- monstrates how silk glands evolved up through the phylogenetic tree, e.g. major ampullate glands cha- racterise araneomorph spiders, flagelliform glands define the araneoids, etc. The chapter continues with a molecular perspective on silk production and in particular spidroins: i.e. the structural proteins un- derlying silk fibres. Sequencing these long and repe- titive proteins has proved a difficult technical chal- lenge and previous attempts are comprehensively reviewed. New genetic techniques (see above) should make this easier in future and allow us to test hypo- theses about silk evolution at a molecular level too. Jessica concludes with some possible applications in bioengineering - from medical ligaments to bullet- proof vests - noting that the length of the spidroins has made them difficult to clone when transplanted into transgenic hosts: from bacteria, to silk worms, to goats! Finally the editor, David Penney, rounds off the book with a chapter on palaeontology. Advances here include online databases with regulär Updates: a pro- ject which author of this review is involved in. Amber fossils in particular have benefited immensely from new imaging techniques, such as combining Stacks of images in different focal planes or the use of comput- ed tomography or Synchrotron radiation to produce detailed, three-dimensional reconstructions. These allow fossils to be placed using largely the same mor- phological characters as living spiders, and enable palaeontological data to be integrated smoothly into studies on their living relatives. David highlights a number of key fossils (and fossil localities) discover- ed in recent years, and some of the ways in which the fossil data can be used to enhance topics from earlier chapters of this book; e.g. calibrating molecular phy- logenies or reconstructing biogeographic scenarios. Future work should involve redescribing a number of problematic historical records and exploring the position (and validity?) of the extinct spider families. Particularly exciting is the possibility of recovering fossil DNA from copal; a very young fossil resin. V Arachnologische Mitteilungen 46 (2013) Diversa Taking the book as a whole, “Spider research in the 21st Century” has been produced to a very high Standard, with numerous colour images, all printed on good quality paper. The editing is tight and as far as I can teil, error-free. In lairness, this is not really a book for the beginner - Foelix’s “Biology of spiders” remains preeminent here as a general overview- since the individual chapters can and do get rather techni- cal in nature. Yet herein lies, I think, the strength of this work as a unique summary of the current state of play. Penney ’s volume is thus an excellent guide to the surprising diversity of research which is possible with spiders today; thanks largely to impressive the- oretical and technological advances across a ränge of biological Sciences. The one area which is perhaps not covered in so much detail is physiology, but for this Wolfgang Nentwig’s 2013 revised edition of “Spider ecophysiology” would öfter a complementary source of reference. In conclusion, for those of you actively working in arachnology (or their students), “Spider research in the 21st Century” has to be very highly re- commended. Yet even for readers whose interest in spiders is more casual, there is plenty to discover here out at the cutting-edge of our subject. Jason A. DUNLOP, Museum für Naturkunde, Ber- lin, e-mail: jason.dunlop@mfn-berlin.de [Reprint from the Newsletter of the British arachno- logical Society 127: 15-17, summer 2013] Tagungsbericht Bericht zum 1 9. Internationalen Kongress für Arachnologie, Kenting/Taiwan 2013 Report on the 1 9,h International Congress of Arachnology, Kenting/Taiwan 201 3 Organizing committee: Dr. I-Min Tso (Tunghai University), Kuo Yun Fang, Hsiao-Yu Tang, Dr. En- Cheng Yang, Dr. Sean J. Blamires, Dr. Pao-Shen Huang, Chen-Pan Liao, I-Ching Cheng, Ling-Fei Chen, Jo-Fan Wang, Ren-Chung Cheng, Yong-Chao Su, Po Peng, Flui-Yun Tseng. Kongresswebseite mit zahlreichen Fotos: https:// www.flickr.com/photos/98394366@N05/sets Vom 23. bis 28. Juni 2013 fand der 19. Internatio- nale Arachnologiekongress statt, zum ersten Mal in Asien, im subtropischen Süden Taiwans. Im luxuri- ösen I loward Beach Resort Hotelkomplex am Ren- ting Beach im Renting Nationalpark am südlichsten Zipfel Taiwans trafen sich 248 Arachnologlnnen aus 40 Ländern. 133 Vorträge und 69 Posterpräsentati- onen wurden gezeigt. Morgens wurden jeweils zwei 45 -miniitige Hauptvorträge vor dem versammelten Publikum gehalten, danach wurden Präsentationen parallel in 4 Vortragssälen gezeigt, wobei in jedem Saal ein anderes Ihemcngebiet/Symposium behan- delt wurde. Zwischen und nach den Vorträgen konn- ten die Arachnologlnnen am Strand oder im riesi- gen 1 lotelpool bei 35' C das schöne Wetter gemessen und ihre Ged anken austauschen. Viele nutzten die Gelegenheit, um mit Keschern, Exhaustoren und Fanggläsern bewaffnet in der umgebenden Natur PekkaT. Lehtinen und Shuqiang Li (Foto: Kongresswebseite) auf Spinnentierjagd zu gehen. Zu erwähnen wäre der Nachtmarkt im Städtchen, wo unzählige kulina- rische Delikatessen, wie z.B. Stinktofu (Nationalge- richt, wird wirklich so genannt), fermentierte Eier, aber auch frittierte Oreo Kekse, angeboten wurden. Am Sonntagabend, nachdem die meisten Gäste eingetroffen und registriert waren, gab es eine opu- lente Willkommensparty, nach der einzelne Gruppen von Gästen noch bis in die Nacht weiterfeierten. Der Montag begann mit einer Eröffnungszeremonie und einer Ansprache vom Organisator I Min Tso. Der ers- te Vortrag wurde von I lirotsugu Ono gehalten, der die Geschichte der Spinnentaxonomie in Asien illustrierte. Shuqiang Li präsentierte die Fortschritte in der Erfor- Diversa Arachnologische Mitteilungen 46 (2013) VI I-Min Tso (hinten, 3. von rechts) mit Studenten vom National Taiwan College of Performing Art (Foto: Kongresswebseite) schung der Spinnendiversität des Yunnan-Guizhou Plateaus in China. Des Weiteren gab es Präsentationen zu den Themengebieten Verhaltensökologie, Systema- tik und Biogeografie, Paläontologie und nicht-araneide Arachniden, Synökologie und Schädlingsbekämpfung. Am Dienstag gab es Vorträge zum Thema sexu- elle Selektion und ein Symposium über Arachniden- diversität, Urbanisierung und nachhaltige Entwick- lung. Marie E. Herberstein hielt ein Plädoyer über die Vorteile von Spinnen als Modellorganismen und Daiqin Li präsentierte seine beeindruckenden Studi- en über UV Färbung von Salticiden. Am Dienstag- abend fand dann die allseits beliebte Russian Party statt, bei welcher köstlicher Kaviar und geräucherter Fisch zusammen mit Vodka serviert wurden. Die Stimmung wurde mit Fortschreiten des Abends im- mer ausgelassener und es wurden viele Gespräche, auch informative, geführt, an die mancher sich noch lange erinnern wird. Am Mittwoch gab es organi- sierte Exkursionen. Wahlweise konnte man entweder in den nahe gelegenen Sheding Park, das National Museum of Marine Biology oder zum Nan-Jen See. Im wunderschönen Sheding Park gab es interessante Flora und Fauna zu bestaunen und vieles, was das Arachnologenherz höher schlagen lässt, auch weil die dortige Arachnidenfauna taxonomisch wenig aufgearbeitet ist. An den erodierten Felswänden aus ehemaligen Korallenbänken versteckten sich unter anderem verschiedene Hersiliiden, Scytodiden, He- xatheliden und grosse Sparassiden, welchen nicht nur von Peter Jäger nachgestellt wurde. Riesige Höhlen- schrecken, Scutigeromorpha und Skolopender wur- den auch beobachtet, sowie endemische Formosa- Makaken. Dank der guten Organisation gab es die Möglichkeit, eine Sammelgenehmigung zu erhalten und im Hotel war eigens ein Raum mit Binokularen Kongressdinner, im Vordergrund von links: Vladimir Ovtcharen- ko, Boris Zakharov, Irina Marusik, Yuri Marusik, Robert Bosmans, Marij Decleer (Foto: Leila Gurtner) eingerichtet worden, so dass man seine Funde gleich vor Ort bestimmen konnte. Der Donnerstag startete mit einem Vortrag von Matjaz Kuntner, der eine neue Phylogenie der Nephilidae präsentierte, aufbauend u.a. auf biogeo- grafischen, ökologischen, physiologischen, verhal- tensökologischen und biochemischen Daten. An- schliessend zeigte Todd A. Blackledge eine Studie über die Evolution verschiedener biomechanischer Eigenschaften von Radnetzen. Im Verlauf des Tages wurden Vorträge gehalten zu den Themengebieten Verhaltensökologie, Systematik und Biogeografie, Weberknechte und Spinnseide. Zudem gab es ein Nephila Symposium, ein Symposium über Biodi- versität, Faunistik und Naturschutz. Nach den vie- len spannenden Vorträgen fand dann am Abend ein opulentes Kongressdinner statt. Bevor das grosse Es- sen jedoch begann, präsentierten uns Studenten vom National Taiwan College of Performing Art, eine sehr abwechslungsreiche und packende Show mit unglaublichen akrobatischen Einlagen. Den letzten Tag des Kongresses eröftnete Tadashi Miyashita mit einem Vortrag über räumliche Vertei- lung und Dichte von netzbauenden Spinnen bezo- gen auf verschiedene Grössenskalen. Yael Lubin‘s Präsentation zum Gruppenleben von Spinnen war auch sehr spannend. Am Nachmittag fand man sich zum ISA Meeting zusammen, an welchem unter an- derem verkündet wurde, dass der World Spider Ca- talog nun definitiv nach Bern kommt und dass der nächste ICA 2016 in Denver stattfinden wird. Wäh- rend des Meetings wurden zudem die besten studen- tischen Vortrags- und Posterbeiträge bestimmt. In den Gebieten Verhalten und Ökologie wurden die folgenden Vorträge ausgezeichnet: 1. Platz: Maris- sia G. Cardillo, 2. Platz: Hao-Hai Chou, 3. Platz: VII Arachnologische Mitteilungen 46 (2013) Diversa Ning Sun, 3. Platz: Roman Bücher. Für ihre Poster wurden ausgezeichnet: 1. Platz: Chung-Huey Wu, 2. Platz: Bor-Kai Hsiung, 3. Platz: Lenka Sentenskä. In den Gebieten Systematik und Evolution wurden die folgenden Vorträge ausgezeichnet: 1. Platz: Eliz- abeth C. Lowe, 2. Platz: Jan A. Neethling, 3. Platz: Xin Xu, 3. Platz: Mercedes Burns. Für ihr Poster wurde ausgezeichnet: 1. Platz: Leila Gurtner. Nach der Verkündigung der Gewinner und einer kurzen Abschlussrede wurde dann der Kongress offiziell be- endet und am Abend traf man sich noch auf ein Bier auf der Hotelterrasse. Im Anschluss an den Kongress konnte man sich noch für eine einwöchige Exkursion anmelden, um den östlichen Teil Taiwans zu erkun- den und vielleicht der taxonomischen Unberührtheit der Fauna etwas entgegenzuwirken. Wir möchten diese Gelegenheit nutzen um uns nochmals ganz herzlich bei den Organisatoren und den ganzen Teilnehmern dieses Kongresses zu be- danken. Ein spezieller Dank gilt auch den Helfern in den roten Kongress-T-Shirts, die zu jeder Uhrzeit am Information Desk anzutreffen waren. Im Allge- meinen ist zu sagen, dass die Taiwanesen unglaublich zuvorkommend und gastfreundlich waren und dass dieser Kongress nicht nur in Sachen Spinnentierfor- schung sehr bereichernd war, sondern auch dadurch, dass man einen Einblick in diese tolle Kultur erhalten durfte. Zum Schluss möchten wir noch darauf hin- weisen, dass der 28. Europäische Arachnologiekon- gress, organisiert von Marco Isaia, Mauro Paschetta, Raquel Galindo, Alberto Chiarle und Rocco Mussat Sartor, im schönen Italien in Torino vom 24. bis 29. August 2014 stattfinden wird. Miguel RICHARD & Leila GURTNER m.r@students.unibe.ch, leila. gurtner@students.unibe.ch Tagungsbericht Bericht zur AraGes-Tagung in Karlsruhe, 27.-29. September 201 3 Report on the AraGes-Conference in Karlsruhe, 27.-29. September 2013 Am 27.9.2013 fanden sich Arachnologinnen und Arachnologen aus halb Europa im Naturkundemu- seum Karlsruhe zu einer Tagung der Arachnologi- schen Gesellschaft ein. Sie begann Freitag nach- mittags mit einem freundlichen Empfang durch die Familie und das Team Höfer im Museum. Abends wurden die teilweise müden Reisenden und einige externe Interessierte mit dem Schlagwort „Spider- sex“ wachgerüttelt. Gabriele Uhl leitete diese Tagung mit einem öffentlichen Vortrag über das Licbesleben der Spinnen ein. Sehr spannend präsentierte sie an- hand von unvergesslichen Bildern und Filmen das Paarungsverhalten von Zwergspinnen. Im Pavillion des Museums gab es im Anschluss eine Erfrischung in Form von Säften und Wein, die von allen gerne in Anspruch genommen wurde. Peter Jäger nutz- te gleich die Gelegenheit der Zusammenkunft und präsentierte uns stolz seine riesige digitale Samm- lung arachnologischer Papers, die sich alle Interes- senten im Laufe der Pagung kopieren durften. Der Abend klang in einer gemütlichen Runde in einem Lokal aus, mit weiterführenden arachnologischen Diskussionen und privatem Informationsaustausch Abendessen am Freitag, von links unten im Uhrzeigersinn: Lars Friman, Jörg Wunderlich, Christoph Muster (verdeckt), Christi- an Komposch, Peter Jäger, Bram Vanthournout, Gordana Grbic, Stefan Otto (Foto: J. Schwab) sowie mit georgischem Schnaps, den Stefan Otto mitgebracht hatte. Der zweite Tagungstag begann thematisch wie der Vorabend geendet hatte, mit Spidersex. Die Ef- fektivität der Begattungspfropfe hei Zwergspinnen wurde von Katrin Kunz präsentiert. Danach gab uns Diversa Arachnologische Mitteilungen 46 (2013) VIII Während der Vortrages von Jörg Spelda (stehend), von links: Günther Langer, Hubert Höfer, Christoph Muster, Jörg Wunder- lich (Foto: C. Komposch) die die brasilianische Weberknechtforscherin Rachel Werneck einen Überblick über die Kopulationbiolo- gie bei Laniatores. Wir reisten während der Vorträge gemeinsam durch Europa und begaben uns auch in die tropischen Regionen. Elena Grall entführte uns nach Laos, wo sie sich gemeinsam mit Peter Jäger den Elöhlenspinnen (Nesticidae) gewidmet hat. Axel Schönhofer klärte uns über die Phylogenie und Bio- geographie der Weberknechtgattung Ischyropsalis auf. Florian Raub nahm uns mit nach Brasilien, wo er die Spinnendiversität von Sekundärwäldern untersuchte. Ambros Hänggi führte uns zurück nach Europa in die Stadt Basel und stellte uns gewöhnliche und un- gewöhnliche Spinnenfunde aus dem Stadtgebiet vor. Von Christoph Muster wurde uns die Entwicklung von Spinnengemeinschaften in künstlich angelegten Torfmooskulturen in Norddeutschland veranschau- licht. Beim Tbema Moorspinnen bleibend referier- te Christian Komposch über die Indikatorfunktion von Spinnen am Beispiel einer Erfolgskontrolle von Moorrevitalisierungen in Oberösterreich. Abschlie- ßend widmeten wir uns noch aktuellen Projekten zu Biodiversitäts-Datenbanken wie „GBIF-Deutsch- land Knoten Wirbellose II“, „Barcoding Fauna Ba- varica“ sowie „German Barcoding of Life GBOL“, deren Stand und Entwicklung von Jörg Spelda und Hubert Höfer präsentiert wurden. Das Rätsel um die Spinne des Jahres 2014 löste Christoph Hörweg, mit der Baldachinspinne Linyphia triangularis. Die nächste im Raum stehende Frage „Wer erhält den Konrad-Thaler-Gedächtnispreis 2013?“ wurde mit dem Auftritt von Bram Vanthournout und seinem Vortrag „Sex ratio distortion in the male dimorphic dwarf spider Oedothorax gibbosus : mechanisms and the role of endosymbiont bacteria“ beantwortet. Am späten Nachmittag fand dann die Mit- gliederversammlung der AraGes statt. Ganze zwei Stunden wurden über die Geschehnisse der letzten drei Jahre berichtet und diskutiert. Christoph Mus- ter führte uns durch die Mitgliederversammlung. Zu Beginn legten wir eine Gedenkminute für die verstorbenen Mitglieder Norbert Huber, Günther Scholl und Joachim Haupt ein. Danach folgte der Bericht des Vorstandes und der Kassenwartbericht. Einige personelle Umstrukturierungen wurden ver- kündet: Oliver-David Finch übergab die Schrift- leitung an Sascha Buchholz, Detlev Cordes gab die Verantwortlichkeit für Layout und Satz an Ste- fan Scharf ab. Holger Frick stand aus persönlichen Gründen nicht mehr für die Wiederwahl in den Vorstand zur Verfügung. Allen wurde für ihre Tatä- tigkeiten und ihr Engegement gedankt. Es wurde auch daran erinnert, den Konrad-Thaler-Gedächt- nispreis verstärkt zu bewerben. Im Anschluss wurde das Ergebnis der Vorstandswahl verkündet: Hubert Höfer, Christoph Muster, Ambros Hänggi und Peter Michalik (Kassenwart) gewannen die Wahl. In wei- terer Folge setzte uns Theo Blick über die Entwick- lung der Arachnologischen Mitteilungen ins Bilde: Diskutiert wurde unter anderem darüber, ob auf die Druckversion der AraMit verzichtet werden soll und ob der Diversa-Teil ohne doi-Vergabe gehand- habt wird. Eine Abstimmung über die Einführung deutschsprachiger Abstracts wurde mit einer eindeu- tigen Mehrheit befürwortet. Alle Mitglieder wurden dazu aufgerufen zu einer erhöhten Verbreitung der Zeitschrift beizutragen, Artikel nicht nur einzurei- chen, sondern diese auch zu zitieren, sowie pdfs auch selbst online zu stellen. Christoph Hörweg berichte- te dann über die Aktivitäten und Treffen der SARA der letzten drei Jahre, sowie über die in diesen Jahren gewählten Spinnen des Jahres. Interessenten, die das nächste SARA-Treffen ausrichten möchten, sollen Karl Hermann Harms (im Vordergrund), dahinter Volker Hart- mann und Julia Schwab (Foto: C. Komposch) IX Arachnologische Mitteilungen 46 (2013) Diversa sich bei Christoph melden. Abschließend präsentier- te uns Peter Michalik die neue, sehr ansprechende Homepage und den Austragungsort für die nächste AraGes-Tagung im Jahr 2016: Greilswald. Nach getaner Arbeit folgte dann wieder das Ver- gnügen. Im Afrika-Saal des Museums waren bereits die Tische aufgebaut und das Buffet ließ nicht lan- ge auf sich warten. Angerichtet wurde „Saumagen“, etwas für Nicht-Deutsche völlig Unbekanntes. Aber wer wagt der nicht gewinnt, und es hat wirklich sehr gut geschmeckt. Die Meinungen darüber, aus was der Saumagen jetzt wirklich besteht, gingen an die- sem Abend jedoch auseinander. Die Insektenausstel- lung nebenan weckte bei vielen das Interesse - kein Wunder, gab es doch so viele geheime Tiirchen und Laden zu öffnen, um deren Inhalt zu erkunden. Für uns Naturforscher genau das Richtige. Nach 23 Uhr verlagerte sich die Party dann vom Museum in ein nahe gelegenes Restaurant. Eine lustige internatio- nale Runde aus österreichischen, deutschen und bel- gischen Arachnologinnen und Arachnologen hatte sich also dort eingefunden. Bei Bier, Wein und Ku- chen wurden einige hitzige Themen diskutiert, denn Deutsch ist nicht immer gleich Deutsch und schon gar nicht Österreichisch. Für den Sonntag hat der Tagungsorganisator Hu- bert Höfer eine Exkursion durchs Museum geplant: Insektensaal, die wissenschaftliche Sammlung oder ein Blick hinter die Kulissen des Vivariums standen zur Auswahl. Im Vivarium wurde ein Tier von uns allen sofort ins Herz geschlossen - der handzahme Oktopus Vincent. Das war also das Ende einer wunderbaren Tagung in Karlsruhe und der Beginn neuer Freundschaften. Wir freuen uns auf die nächste AraGes-Tagung in Greifswald 2016! Julia SCHWAB MSc, Ökoteam - Institut für Tier- ökologie und Naturraumplanung, Bergmanngasse 22, A-8010 Graz, julia.schwab@edu.uni-graz.at Korrektur Correction: First record of the genus Megachernes (Pseudoscorpiones: Chernetidae) from Iran Düring the elaboration of the paper by Christopho- ryovä et al. (2013) we overlooked the fact that this pseudoscorpion genus had already been mentioned from Iran in a Conference contribution by Mir- moayedi et al. (2000). This contribution was not in- cluded in the world pseudoscorpion catalogue (Har- vey 2013) and none of the authors were aware of its existence (not even Dr. Dashdamirov who confirmed the pseudoscorpion identification for Mirmoayedi et al.). The paper contains records of Megachernes pavlovskyi Redikorzev, 1949 from bat guano from two Iranian caves and it represents the first record of this genus for Iran (Mirmoayedi et al. 2000). Our paper thus provides data about other specimens of M. pavlovskyi from another Iranian cave and its first record from a porcupine ncst (Christophoryovä et al. 2013). Data for the records mentioned in Mirmoayedi et al. (2000): IRAN (A. Mirmoayedi in litt., co-ordinates and m a.s.l. validated resp. elicited hy Help of google maps and google earth): • Kilasefid cave, 34°40’N 45°52’E, 500 m a.s.l., Dasht Zahab, Kermanshah province, ld, 19, 9 July 2000 • Karafto cave, 36°20’N 46°52’E,2000 m a.s.l., Divandareh area, Kurdistan province, ld, 299 23 July 2000 References Christophoryovä J, Dashdamirov S, Malek Hosseini MJ &. Sadeghi S 2013 First record of the genus Megachernes (Pseudoscorpiones: Chernetidae) from an Iranian cave.- Arachnologischc Mitteilungen 46: 9-16 - do.i: 10.5431/ aramit4603 Harvey MS 2013 Pseudoscorpions of the world, Version 3.0. Western Australian Museum, Perth. - Internet: http:// www.museum.wa.gov.au/catalogues/pseudoscorpions (21 November 2013) Mirmoayedi A, Sharifi M &. Hemmati Z 2000 Me- gachernes pavlovsky (Rcdiko'/ev 1949) [sic) species of pseudoscorpion, first record from Iran. Ninth Iranian Biology Conference, 15-17 August 2000, Univcrsity of Tchran. p. 108 Jana CI 1RISTOPI IORYOVÄ christophoryova@gmail.com Diversa Arachnologische Mitteilungen 46 (2013) x Tagungseinladung 28th European Congress of Arachnology The 28th European Congress of Arachnology (ECA 2014) will take place in Torino, in the north-west of Italy, from the 24th to 29th of August 2014. The Congress will be held in the Department of Life Science and Systems Biology of the University of Torino (main venue) and at the Regional Museum of Natural Science (supporting venue). Torino is a major business and cultural centre in Northern Italy, easy to reach from all of the main European cities. Torino has a rieh culture and history and is known for its historical cafes, art galleries, fine restaurants, churches and palaces, nice squares and urban parks, libraries, museums and shopping centres. Three mid-congress excursions will be organized (Alpi Marittime Natural Park, Langhe Region and Venaria Royal Residence and La Mandria Natural Park). Con- gress participants will be allowed to collect spiders and other Arachnids in all three excursions. Additionally, a post-congress excursion to the Bossea cave will be organized should there be enough participants. A preliminary version of the Congress Program and Deadlines are available online. EUROPEAN CON&RESS OF ARAGHNOLOGrY AU0U5+ 2-4-Z9, 2-014 Tonno After more than 20 years, we are pleased to welcome back the European Congress of Arachnology in Italy! For any Information please contact us at info@ eca2014.it or check our website at rvww.eca2014.it Arachnologische Dieter Martin: Aberrante Epigynenbildungen bei der Woltspinne Pardosa palustris (Araneae, Lycosidae) . Aberrant epigyne shapes in the wolt Spider Pardosa palustris (Araneae, Lycosidae) 1-5 Mario Freudenschuss, Tobias Bauer & Arnold Sciberras: Menemerus fagei new to Malta and Eu- rope (Araneae: Salticidae) 6-8 Jana Christophoryovä, Selvin Dashdamirov, Mohammad Javad Malek Hosseini & Saber Sadeghi: First record of the genus Megachernes (Pseudoscorpiones: Chernetidae) from an Iranian cave 9-16 Blerina Vrenozi & Peter Jäger: Spiders (Araneae) from Albania and Kosovo in the Collection of Carl Friedrich Roewer 17-26 Hay Wijnhoven: Sensory structures and sexual dimorphism in the harvestman Dicranopalpus ra- mosus (Arachnida: Opiliones) Sinnesorgane und Sexualdimorphismus der Weberknechtart Dicranopalpus ramosus (Arach- nida: Opiliones) 27-46 Michael Seiter & Christoph Hörweg: The whip spider Collection (Arachnida, Amblypygi) held in the Natural History Museum Vienna, Austria Die Geißelspinnensammlung (Arachnida, Amblypygi) des Naturhistorischen Museums Wien, Österreich 47-53 Diversa: Buchbesprechungen, Tagungsberichte, Korrektur, Tagungseinladung i-x ISSN 1018 4171 www.AraGes.de