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The following publication is founded on two works, both of eftablifhed
reputation, though of very different merit.

The work of Mr. Charles Cl erck, of Sweden, on the Spiders of his
own country, has been long admired and celebrated. His information
refpe6ling a clafs of Infe6ls, which many may feel it in fome meafure
difagreeable to ftudy from nature, is minute, curious, and interefting.
His method and arrangement of the fubje6t, are truly luminous and fcien-
tific. The book, at the fame time, was become fcarce, and the price of
it was confequently much enhanced. Indeed, many lovers of Natural
History, have found it fcarcely poflible to obtain a copy, at any price.
At their follicitation, therefore, Mr. Martyn firft turned his thoughts to
the revihon, and republication of it; its intrinhc value feemed to deferve
all the time and trouble which he could beftow (and not a little has he
bellowed, to give it a new and more elegant appearance); while the
pra6licable hze of the work, which he faw would not, after all, detain
him very long from greater purfuits, encouraged him to engage in it. It
is now for the firll time given in an Englifh drefs ; and accompanied by
a new feries of paintings, illullrative of the fubje6ls defcribed.

The work of our countryman Eleazar Albin, on Englifh Spiders^ is
of another defcription. His information in general is loofe, mifcel-
laneous, and immethodical : though fometimes it is amuling, and often
inllru6live; but he principally excels in the fidelity and corre6lnefs

11

ADVERTISEMENT.

with which his fubje6ls are delineated, both as to their lize and diftinftive
marks. The editor can fpeak with more confidence in this refpedt, as
he was fortunate enough to purchafe at the fale of the late Duchefs
Dowager of Portland’s Mufeum, the original drawings, from which
Albin’s plates were engraved; and he has compared the plates with the
drawings, and both again with the greater part of the natural obje6ls
which they were intended to reprefent.

An attempt has been made, to put the information contained in our
countryman’s produ6lions into a more compa6l and digefled form ; while
his figures of Englifh Spiders will derive additional advantage, from being
joined in one volume with Mr. Clerck’s learned and elaborate Treatife.
There can be no doubt, that feparately executed in a fuperior fiyle of
truth and beauty, the two works would have been acceptable prefents to
the public; but the editor flatters himfelf, that united as they here are,
they will ftill farther be found to refleft mutual light on each other.

ORIGINAL PREFACE,

B Y

Mr. C HJ RLE S C L E RC K

In the year 1739, illuftrious Linnaeus began his le6lures on

Natural History, at Stockholm.

It fortunately happened that I had an opportunity, with a great many
others, to attend them; and though, before that time, my occupations had
prevented me from paying attention to the fcience of Natural
History; yet I now could not refill the zeal, with which the captivating
manner of inllruction, in which our illuftrious prefident fo much excels,
had infpired me.

I shall fay nothing of the profound knowledge, the admirable
power of refearch, the love of truth and of our fociety, together with
the other virtues of that great man; but fhall content myfelf with ac-
knowledging him (after the example of the moft eminent Naturalifts}
as the guide of their enquiries.

A

11

P R E F A.C E.

Although my labours, in this branch of Natural History, can be
confidered but as trifling; and though much is yet wanting to the full
and perfe6l hiftory of thefe infefts; yet has this treatife met with
unlooked-for honour, in the approbation of the Royal Academy of
Sciences of Upfal, to the opinion of which learned body it has been
fubmitted: and when I reflect on this circumftance, I confefs myfelf to
be irrefiftibly impelled, and obliged, to the farther purfuit of the ftudy
of nature, and the difcovery of thofe wonders, which tend to fhew the
power of the Deity in all places.

Having omitted a number of circumftances which might have been
added, I have endeavoured to be as brief as polTible in this Treatise
ON Spiders, on a fuppofition that it might be inferted in the a61;s of the
Royal Academy of Sciences; and as it was my chief intention to fave
time, I contented myfelf with mentioning the number of genera and
fpecies, and with rendering them familiar by figures, fo that they might be
eafily diftinguifhed; omitting, however, what was not abfolutely neceflary;
as for inftance, whether thofe Spiders belong to one or more fpecies, or
whether they be young or adult ones, which in the fpace of a fingle night
cover large fields with innumerable threads? whether want of nutriment
obliges them to this? whether they prefignify future tempefts, or whether
they may be regarded as hints for proper fowing-time? &c. which is a
matter well worthy of inquiry in the complete History of Spiders.
But the Royal Academy, perceiving that this hiflory would require a con-
fiderable time to be introduced into its tranfa6lions, and that thofe who
wifhed to become acquainted with the hiftory of thefe animals, would
thus be obliged to purchafe the whole work, before they could be pof-

P R E F A C E.

Ill

fefled of what they dciired ; did therefore exhort me to publifh it fepa-
rately, and gave me good affurance that the expences of publifhing
would be recompenced by the fale of the work.

By way of additional illuftration, I diligently fought the works of
Lister and Albin, who had both written on the fame fubje6l before me;
but the work of Lister was unfortunately loft in its paflage, and that of
Albin I have never feen to this hour. At length, however, I obtained,
from the Royal Library, the work of Lister ; and found, to my great
pleafure, that the fame order was preferved in that work, which I had
planned in mine.

I MUCH wondered that Lister, who had examined fo many places in
Great-Britain, fhould not have difcovered more than fomewhat upwards
of thirty fpecies of Spiders ; when in the neighbourhood of Stockholm
alone, I have found more than ftxty.

I imagine it will not be unacceptable, if I make fome extrafts from
the above work of Lister, which is become fo fcarce as to be very fel-
dom feen ; and much lefs eafily obtained. Belides, when feveral authors
unite their teftimony on a fubje6f, the truth is more confirmed. I alfo
fuppofe I can incur no blame, in omitting fome particulars related by
Lister ; my intention being in this work, to relate my own obfervations,
and not thofe of others.

In order, however, to prevent much trouble in endeavouring to ob-
tain Lister's very rare woxk out of libraries, I fliall, for the benefit of my

IV

PREFACE.

readers, extraft from it briefly fome obfervations, which 1 have not made
myfelf, but which are there related as well worthy of attention.

Page 8. “ But what exceeds all belief, and what there is not the leaf!
mention of, in the works either of the ancients or moderns, is, that
Spiders^ when young or middle-aged (for I have never obferved it in full-
grown young ones) have the faculty of mounting by the affiftance of their
thread, and, committing themfelves to a gentle gale, of riling in the air
into the very clouds. Thus much is certain, that they have been carried
far out of my fight, even though I afcended the loftieff towers, on purpofe
to obferve this particular.’’

Page 9. “ The thread, boiled in common water, does not liquefy ; nor
does it melt in the fire, if expofed to it : it is not inflammable ; but like
gum, retains its glutinous nature.”

Page 13. ‘‘ Goedart, the Dutch writer, fays “ the Fly, of which we

here give a figure, is a violent enemy to spiders, and purfues them with
a peculiar antipathy, and kills them ; while other Flies fall the prey of
Spiders, being entangled in their web. I have obferved the above-men-
tioned Flies, while the Spiders have been fitting in the middle of their
web, watching the arrival of Flies, to feize upon them, and give them a
fatal wound. When the Spiders perceive them, they endeavour to efcape
by fuddenly dropping down to the ground by their thread; the Flies
however purfue them, and break all the bones of their legs, one after the
other ; and at length having obtained their viftory, walk round and
round them, as if in triumph. This I have thrice obferved, and after-

P R E F A C E.

V

wards faw it fly away with the dead Spider Thus far Goedart. The
above obfervation relates to \d\^Retiary Spider', but Belon, on Aldrovandus,
relates the fame thing of the Phalangium. “ There is an animal of the
Wafp tribe, called an Ichneumon, which wages mortal war ’uuth the Pha-
lano-ium: and fince I have feen the battle, I will relate it. The infc6l is
amongft the number of bloodlefs animals, and is called Sphex', its form
is different from that of a Wafp, or Bee, but rather refembles a great
winged Ant. It is lefs than a Wafp, and makes its neft under ground, like
the Phalangium. It conquers the Phalangium, whenever it can find it out
of its hiding-place ; but if it find it in its hiding-place, it often returns
without its prize. It happened that a Vefpa-ichneumon feized on a
Phalangium, juft crept out of its hole, and dragged it after it, as an
Ant does a grain of wheat; and drove it about at pleafure, yet not with-
considerable difficulty; for the Phalangium catching hold of every
obje6l which it could with its hooked feet, caufed a good deal ,of hin-
derance. The Ichneumon, however, pierced him in feveral places with
his fling, which it puts out like a Bee. At length, wearied with the labour,
it Pew off, nearly to a hone’s throw. Then again feeking out the Phalan-
gium, and not finding it juft in the place where it left it, purfued its fteps,
and feemed to fcent it out, as a dog does the track of a hare. When it
had found it, it ftruck it more than fifty times with its fting, and again
dragging it along, carried it to its intended fpot, and there quite killed
it.” Thus far Belonius, page 27, Lister. ‘‘ It feems probable to
me that Spiders a poifon with their bite ; fince a Spider, which I pro-
voked for this purpofe, voided very fmall drops of clear lymph, ten times
or more in a fhort time ; and ftill repeated it, every time it attempted to
bite. I made however the experiment, for the fake of fafety, on a piece of

B

VI

P R E F A C E.

leather, not being willing to venture it on my own Ikin ; fo that whether
the lymph be venomous, and in how great a degree, I am ftill ignorant.'"

There are feveral other remarkable particulars mentioned in Lister,
but not of fo much importance as thofe I have extra6led.

For the fake of clearnefs, it was neceflary that I fhould call certain
parts of Spiders by particular names, according to their ufes and funftions,
at leaft fo far as was confonant to my own ideas of them. I fhall be
happy, if they are approved; but fhall willingly fuffer others to be fub-
ftituted, that may bell ferve to explain the parts.

Ido not contend for the propriety of the trivial names which I have
given to Spiders. It is, however, not material by what names they are
called, provided the figures do but fhew accurately the appearance of the
refpeftive fpecies, called by this or that particular title.

I ALSO think it better to acknowledge an uncertainty, as to fome of
them being really diftin6l fpecies, or being only different from fex or age,
than to obtrude an uncertain manner as a certainty. A few, i have ab-
folutely diffinguifhed, for reafons which feemed to require it ; but if
future and more accurate obfervations fhould prove that any two or
more fpecies are in reality but one and the fame, I fhall willingly give up
my former opinion.

I COULD have wifhed alfo, had time permitted, to have given figures,
which would have borne the moft rigid examination ; fo as in the moft
perfe6l manner to agree with their defcriptions : I am afraid, however.

PREFACE.

Vll

that a critical inlpeftion will deteft, in feveral places, a ftrokc or two Id's
accurately and exadly managed, than might have been expeclcd. Yet
although the figures are not quite fo elegant, as the rules of finiflied draw-
ing, and the delicacy of the modern times require, yet I have been careful
as to their general accuracy : had they been more elaborate, the expence
as well as to the condudors, as to the purchafers, muff have been far
greater.

The method in which I have conduced this work, muft be left to the
judgment of the reader; fince what I may have regarded as full and clear
in my own opinion, I do not confider as beyond improvement; for
which reafon, I purpofe to fupply more fully, by an appendix, whatever, for
the fake of brevity, I may have here omitted.

No one can doubt but that there muft be more fpecies of Spiders than
are here given. In order, therefore, that all may, as far as can be, have
their full hiflory, I earneftly entreat all who are addided to this fcience,
to deferibe each new genus and fpecies, as foon as difeovered, together
with all the particulars which are fhewn in this work to be neceffary; and
to delineate the Spider^ and fend the drawing, together with the animal
itfelf to me. I fhall take care to attribute each to its proper difeoverer
by name, which fhall be commemorated with the animal in the refpeclive
fupplement.

■:i ;'t l

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■.j:

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•rV'V;'

PART THE FIRST.

OF SPIDERS IN GENERAL.

SECTION THE FIRST.

OF WHAT IS COMMON TO ALL SPIDERS.

I. I^NDER the denomination of Spiders, I comprehend thofe infe6ls only, whofe thorax
and abdomen cohere by a certain bender junclure; and whofe males have their
fexiial organs on the arms; the females under the abdomen.

2. Whether Spiders can properly be faid to confift of dibincl head, fhoulders, back, and
other parts, I do not mean to enquire. For the fake of brevity as well as eafe, I call the upper
part of the trunk the thorax, or breaji ; and the lower, the abdomen, or belly.

3. All Spiders have eight eyes, eight feet, two arms, and as many holders, each of which
are defended by a claw; they have alfo the power of emitting threads from peculiar channels
placed at the end of the abdomen; and propagate their fpecies by eggs.

4. They are all predacious, and fpare no living creature which is in their power to catch,
not even their own fpecies ; yet fome of them are capable of fupporting abftinence for an
incredible time.

5. Like crabs, fnakes, and caterpillars, they caft their fkins; fome of them not lefs than
three times. At this period they are fubjed to the danger of the Ichneumon, an infe6l which
faftens its eggs upon them; in which cafe they afford fuflenance to ddxzlarsice of thofe infe^fs
at the expenfe of their own lives.

6. Soon after they have caft their fkin for the laft time, they acquire their perfe6l ftature,
and firft begin to copulate.

7. The males are commonly much rarer than the females, and it is probable that one male
is capable of impregnating feveral females. After the time of copulation, hardly any males
are to be found.

8. The males have always a larger thorax, and a fmaller abdomen than the females. The
abdomen of the females is evidently larger, on account of the ovary, which, fwelling at the
time of their fecundation, gives them a more handfome appearance than the males.

( 2 )

9- The males and females never live together, but with the greateft fear and circumfpedion
indulge their mutual defires j in doing which they take up very little time, and, as if frightedj^,
feparate from each other. After fuch interruptions, however, they occafionally repeat their
embraces, till the female being impregnated, they very foon difaffociate.

10. The abdomen in the female, after impregnation, fwells very much 5 and if the belly of
a large female is opened, a large quantity of eggs may be plainly feen, which are contained in
a feparate receptacle of a long fhape, and which equals a third part of the whole abdomen.

11. Spiders are not all of equal fecundity j fome having only feven or eight eggs in a bag;
whilft others have 50, 100, or even 150 in each bag, which are feven, eight, or ten in num-
ber; infomuch that one female may lay a thoufand eggs in a fummer.

12. The care of the eggs and young devolves upon the females alone, differently in the
different fpecies ; but in moft, as in other infe6ls ; their eggs being hatched by the warmth of
the air alone, without incubation.

13. Though the young are not at firfl like their parents in colour and marks; yet they
have the fame fhape as to their body, legs, 6cc. nor is it neceffary for them, as it is for moil:
other infe6ls, to undergo a transformation, in order to acquire their genuine fhape. The co-
lour and marks come gradually, fooner in fome than in others.

14. I HAVE not obferved their age to exceed a year, but in other countries there may be
fpecies which are longer lived.

15. Whether our Spiders^ as fome are of opinion, injure men by biting, or to fpeak more
properly, by lacerating with their claws ; or whether the infedls themfelves or their excre-
ments imprudently fwallowed, be hurtful, mull be proved by farther experiments. I can
only fay, that they have laid hold ftrongly on my fingers, and pricked them, without any
harm following, and we know that chickens and fmall birds devour them greedily without
fuffering any injury.

16. I have not yet found any Spiders which are fnooth, but mofl of them abound more or
lefs in bridles and prickles.

17. Their excrement is always fluid, and refembling muddy water.

18. I SHALL treat feparately of fuch as have two eyes only; whatever therefore is faid here
mufl not be applied to them.

■( 3 )

SECTION THE SECOND.

OF THE DIFFERENT PARTS OF SPIDERS.

'9- Their Eyes are eight in number, and placed in the fore part of the thorax. But
becaufe their different fituations, and relative fize and colour, ferve to dilfinguifli the genera,
they will be noticed in the defcription of each genus.

20. They have eight legs, joined to the lower fide of the thorax. Each of them has fix
joints 3 the joint neareff the breaff is very flender, this is what I call the junBiire of the leg.
The next to this is very thick, and may be called the thigh. Then fucceeds a nodule, which
I regard as a geniculusy with which the antepenultimate is joined, and which, being fmaller
than the thigh, may be called the tibia or leg-bone. The penultimate joint, or laft but one,
is the foot. The lafl of all is the toe., on which are feated two black claws. The different
length and proportion of the legs, as well as the greater or fmaller quantity of hairs, briffles,
and prickles, will be particularized in the defcription of the different caffs and fpecies.

21. As all Spiders are hairy, though in different degrees, I call the fhorter and finer hair
lanugo, or down ; that which is larger and longer, hair ; when ff ill coarfer and hardier, brifile ;
and the ffrongeff of all I name prickle, becaufe it bears a much greater refemblance to the
prickles of feveral thorny vegetables, than to hair. The prickles are found in the greateff
quantity on the legs of Spiders, and are of two forts, viz. acute and obtufej the former are
common ; the latter rare.

22. The arms, which are placed obliquely under the eyes, before the legs, are hairy j and
confiff at leaff of three joints. They may eafily be miffaken by inattentive obfervers for legs,
fmce the animal moves them in walking, as men do tlieir arms in running. The arms are
worthy of attention in Spiders, as they ferve to diffinguifh not only the fex, but in a great
meafure the fpecies. The males have two male organs, one feated on each armj whence the
extremities of the arms in the two fexes are differently formed ; which will be feparately ex-
plained, fo far as my obfervations reach, by defcriptions illuflrated by figures. The arms
of all the females are flraight, or fomewhat like a rounded pole.

23. The holders (retinacula) are a new name, by which I diffinguidi the two moveable
limbs placed under the eyes in a perpendicular line. With thefe limbs all Spiders are fur-

niflied i

( 4 )

nifhed} they are clofely joined, and near the thorax are fomewhat thicker, but more (lender
towards the extremity, which is furnifhed with black or blackifli claws, which Lister has
named tela^ or weapons. By thefe weapons, or holders, their prey is not only killed and
held fall, but is alfo brought or prefented to the mouth, which is fituated immediately under
them. See plate lo. hg. 4. A.

24. The mouth confifts of two jaws, moving below and between the holders. Each jaw
is armed with little hooks or teeth, placed femicircularly, with which the animal tears and eats
its prey. See letter C. Frifch has obferved this; of whofe defcription and figure in Vol. vii.
page 7, table 4, of his works, the reader may judge for himfelf.

25. The throat (gula) which is fituated below the mouth, and is fliewn at letter D.
receives the juice which is fqueezed by the jaws from the prey.

26. The thorax (peBus) is the trunk to which the feveral parts forementioned are joined.
This in moil: fpecies is rather more flender forwards ; it is obtufe however, and fiat under-
neath. I'he upper part is more or lefs fharp, like the roof of a houfe, in fome fpecies, while
in others it is flat. In fome it is very hairy, but in others there are only fcattered hairs upon
it. Thefe have a gafh or jund;ure on the thorax, refernbling the letter V. Of the internal
ffrufture of the thorax I can determine nothing at prefent; but from conjeffure, I imagine
the received aliment to be conveyed here, and digefted for the fupport of the other parts.

27. The abdomen (ahus) if we except the length of the legs, conftitutes the greater part
of a Spider, efpecially in the female, whofe fpecies are elegantly diftinguifhed by the change-
able colours and marks with which this part is ornamented. It is very nicely connedfed
wdth the thorax by a very flender bond ; one end of which is joined with the centre of the
thorax, towards the hinder part ; the other with almoft a third of the lower part of the abdo-
men, efpecially in the retiary Spiders, or thofe which make webs. The fexual organ of the
female is fituated on the under fide of the abdomen, towards the fore part of it, and is very
confpicuous in the time of copulation ; its particular defcription will be given in the hiftory
of thofe fpecies of Spiders, which I have obferved at that period.

28. The eggs, which are never depofited naked, but always wrapped up in a larger or
fmaller web, are not alike in all the different fpecies, but are angular in fome, in others round,
and fo glued together, as not to be feparated without deflroying them ; as will be fhewn in
its proper place. I fliall here only divide them into three claffes, viz. into large, fmall, and
middle-Jized. They are not covered with a fhell, like the eggs of birds, but merely with a foft
fkin, which is fo tranfparent, that the colour of the foetus may be diflinguifhed through it,

and

( 5 )

and iinlefs I am deceived, even the diftinguifliing marks of the young Spider before it is
hatched. When the infe6l is hatched, this Ikin collapfes into a fhrivelled bladder.

29. In the hinder part of the abdomen in both fexes, there are fome prominent tubercles,
through which they emit the threads with which they make the webs ; and as the tubercles
vary in the different fpecies, I fliall take an opportunity of relating my obfervations on them;
and in the defcription of the Water Spider, I fliall fhew that the tubercles ferve alfo for the
purpofe of refpiration.

30. In the midfl of the tubercles, and concealed amongfl them, lies the aperture of
the anus.

31. The shell, skin, or Epidermis, which Spiders caft, is horny and tranfparent, yet
cartilaginous, fliewing the fize of the animal in the thorax, legs, eyes, arms, and holders, and
even the claws ; but the covering of the abdomen is a pellicle or thin fkin, which does not re-
tain its fliape, but all contrafts in wrinkles. The Spider, when about to caft its fkin, feeks
out a proper place where it may lie torpid, wrapped up in its web. The whole fliell of the
thorax being then broken off, is feparated from the limbs, adhering only a little by the hinder
part, the fore part being bent upwards. At this time the animal is in fuch a lethargic and
languid ftate as not to be able to defend itfelf, even againft a gnat; at length it comes to itfelf
again ; and as far as its weak ftate will permit, begins to fhew a little agility by kicking and
pulling ; refting a while between every attempt, and then going to work again, till at laft it
has extricated itfelf entirely from the old fkin ; but fo great is the debility under which the
animal ftill labours, that it is yet unable to go the length of its body from the flough ; it
therefore remains fufpended in its web, till the air has fufficiently dried and ftrengthened its.
fkin, when regaining its ufual powers, it refumes its wonted manner of living, clad in its
new habit or fkin.

c

PARE

( 6 )

PART THE SECOND.

THE DIVISION OF SPIDERS INTO TROOPS, CLASSES, GENERA, AND SPECIES.

CHAPTER I.

Nature feems to have divided Spiders into two troops :

Aerial, fpecimens of which occur every day, and
Aquatic, living in waters, and not fo common.

Aerial Spiders divide readily into two clafTes:

1. Retiary, or fuch as weave webs, fome in one manner, fome in another, for catching
their prey.

2. Leaping., or fuch as make no webs, but take their prey by leaping on it, as a cat does
on a moufe, or a hawk on a pigeon.

Retiary or Web-Spiders, may be diftinguifhed into three genera.

1. Vertical, or fuch as extend round nets.

2. Irregular, whofe nets are neither round, nor thick, but compofed of threads croffing
each other.

3. Weavers, or fuch as make clofe webs, thick woven like cloth. (Lexfores).

Reapers are alfo divided into three genera by Lifter.

1. Lwi, ov Wolves.

2. Phalangia.

3. Cancriformes, or Crab-fiaped.

CHAPTER II.

( 7 )

CHAPTER II.

OF VERTICAL OR WEE-SPIDERS.

I. I THINK proper to begin with thefe, becaufe their I])iral or twifted webs are mold
obvious. They prefer open places to fpread their nets in j and place them almoft per-
pendicular to the horizon, whence their name : or they might have been denominated from
the regularity or roundnefs of their nets.

2. They work at their webs all day long, beginning by throwing out fome longer threads
over the fpace which they purpofe to occupy. Nature inftru6ls them fkilfully to double
thofe threads which are to bear the heavieft burthen j and to tie them together, in fuch a
manner that the threads run all at equal diftances.

3. When they have expanded their webs, they fix a downy fpot in the place deflined for
the centre of it : then they make the number of radii for which they have occafion j but they
do not make fo many as appear to be in the web when it is finidied, becaufe they put in new
ligaments occafionally, at their leifure, and when they are wanted ; whence thefe additional
crofs-threads are not obliged to be extended the whole length from the centre to the cir-
cumference.

4. Moreover the Spider applies itfelf to the outer or lower fide of the web by means of
its claws, where hanging, without refped; to right or left, it begins to conned the radii by
the crofs or fpiral threads.

5. Though I have never obferved any Spiders to begin their webs from the centre, but al-
ways from the circumference, yet I have nothing to fay againfl thofe who have feen the con-
trary ; I only relate what I have obferved myfelf.

6. Since the intervals between the radii and crofs-threads, near the circumference, are too
wide for the Spider to pafs over, it advances on one radius towards the centre, till it finds
another near enough for it to mount eafily. It then follows this till it is got oppofite to the
fpot which it has juft weaved into the former radius. It then lays hold of the thread which
it has emitted from the tubercles with the claw of its hinder leg, and in an inftant applies
it to the laft radius, faftening it without any knot, but by means of a glue, fo tight, that

' when

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when it is dry, it cannot be feparated without damaging the web. The Spider performs the
fame operation at each radius, till it has made the whole circuity approaching continually
nearer to the centre in a fpiral j nor does it ftop till the whole is completed, and made per-
fe6lly convenient.

7. When a web is torn but a little, the Spider repairs it, but not fo regularly and elegantly
as the original one : if the rent is conliderable, the animal prefers making a new web to re-
pairing the old one.

8. The number of radii and circles is not conftantly the fame: I have counted forty-eight
of the latter in fome webs.

9. Nature has inftrudled the young Spiders to make webs, without the education and af-
fiftance of their parents.

10. Both fexes of the fame fpecies make webs of the fame fortj nor are the webs of the
young ones at all different, except in fize and ftrength.

1 1 . If the end of a thread is fixed any where, the thread comes from fome tubercle of the
Spider^ in a manner fpontaneoufly as it walks along j otherwife not.

12. This thread, whether it be drawn out by the hand, or emitted voluntarily by the
animal, is all of one continued length.

13. I DOUBT whether any one has attempted to guefs at the manner in which the Spider
may retra6l an emitted thread into its abdomen j and much more whether any one has
confirmed the hypothefis by probable arguments. At the end of the work, in the defcriptipn
of the Water-Spider^ I fliall treat fliortly upon the fubje61:.

14. Whilst they are at reft in their webs, they hang from the centre of the under fide,
with their heads downwards.

15. The females, at leaft all which I have had an opportunity of obferving, die foon after
they have laid their eggs.

16. ^he genuine charaSiers of thefe Spiders are :

1. Four eyes, of nearly equal magnitude, placed in a fquare, in the middle of the forehead j
the four others, which ftand two on each fide, varying a little in fituation and fize, will be de-
fcribed according as they differ in the different fpecies.

2. The fore legs are the longeft j the fecond pair next 5 then the fourth 5 and the third pair
is always the fliorteft.

SPECIES I.

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SPECIES I. — Araneus-Angulatus.

ANGULAR-SPIDER.

middle of June I caught a male, which I fed to the 26th, in hopes of catching a
But finding it weak, I had it drawn immediately as at plate i, fig. 5. On the
27th, in the morning, it changed the Ikin, and I fed it afterwards till the 20th of Auguft; on
the 2 1 ft it was found dead. All this time no female of the fame fpecies occurred, nor any
other male. After having changed its Ikin once, both the marks and the nature of the Ikin
remained the fame.

The eyes are black and all of the fame fize, except the two laft of the lateral ones, which are
rather lefs, and ftand prominent from the tubercles. Eight very long crooked hairs appear
between the eyes, black near the thorax, and livid towards the tips.

The legs are black, of which the four anterior ones are marked v/ith fewer, and the four
pofterior ones with more numerous circles. All of them are downy and befet with frequent
prickles, which near the breaft are partly black and partly dufky, but towards the extremities
are whitifh, or even quite white.

The breaft or thorax is heart-ftiaped j very flat, a little dulky, abounding with a foft and
fomewhat greyifh down. The narrow border next the legs is more inclining to white.

The abdomen is ovate and downy; marked in a wavy manner with fmoke- coloured and
reddifh flames. The junfture by which it is connedfed to the thorax terminates beneath,
at about a third part of the abdomen : At the upper fide occurs a ring of milk-white hairs.
On the middle of the upper part is a white conical fpot, the apex of which points to the head,
and the bafe to the tail : The tip is marked by three little black Ipecks, one near the tip, and
the other two equi-diftant from the bafe. Below thefe, and within the white fpot, towards
the bafe, a black mark is fituated of an almoft triangular fliape, with its bafe upwards, and
its point downwards. To the above-deferibed figure, a white line is added beneath, like a
handle or foot ; fo that this with the former gives the appearance of the beautiful pinus abies,
or fir, fo frequently feen in gardens, except in refpedt to colour. The whole of this figu re in

D length

I N the
female.

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length takes up at leaft a third part of the upper fide of the abdomen. In each fide of this
figure, and in a right line, an angle is apparent ; hence a third part of the upper fide of the
abdomen appears triangular.

The arms are tuberous, globofe, and fprinkled with long and fliort hairs intermixed.

The holders are blackifh.

On the firfi; of September a fetnale was found, as reprefented in plate i , fig. 6. On the
9th, fhe laid a parcel of eggs almofl: as big as a horfe-bean. The eggs, being flightly glued
together, might be feparated with care. They were yellowifli, very large, and about fifty in
number, wrapped up in black roughifli flue, faflened by threads of a footy colour within,
but greyifh and loofe on the outfide. They feemed faflened to the wall of her cell. On the
loth fhe was found in a dying flate, and dead on the i ith.

SPECIES II. — A Diadema.

CROWN-SPIDER.

On the 22d of July, the fpecies reprefented on plate 2, fig. 5, was ready for copulation.
Thefe may always be found in fine weather, but of different fizes. When they are full grown
their colour and form change. They cafl their fkin three times. I fhould have doubted whe-
ther Ichneumons ever depofited their eggs in the bodies of Spiders^ had not this fpecies twice
convinced me of it. They guard againfl autumnal frofls and florms, by making a thick
globular cell, with the funnel for entrance beneath.

The eyes on each fide are clofe together in the fame hollow.

The legs are adorned with alternate circles of white and grey, and are covered with hairs,
briflles, and prickles of different lengths.

The thorax is heart-fhaped, flat, rather dufky, and thinly flattered over with fine
white down.

The

( >■ )

I’llE abdomen is ovate, fomewhat dulky, and Tprinkled with yellow, and in fome with
reddifli. It is covered with a white down, and with long hairs projedling on every fide : It is
marked with greyifli little fpots, in the form of a diamond-crofs, and with blackifh un-
dulations placed obliquely on each fide, but beneath, around the fexual organ, is a dark
oblong line.

The arms are befet with hairs, briftles, and prickles of different lengths.

The holders are black, with white thinly-fcattered down upon their upper furface.

On the 30th of Auguft I found one female, plate 3, fig. 5, in every refpect like the former,
except the marks on the upper fide of the abdomen, which were not difpofed in the fame
manner ; the dots forming the crofs there, were very fmall and fcarcely vifible, and placed in
a different order. If this fliould be thought a new fpecies, it may be called pekg.

SPECIES III. A. Q^adratus.

S Q^U ARE-SPIDER.

This fp ecies is found full-grown, and common in the beginning of September, on fhrubs
about open fields, plate 7, fig. 5. It makes a large web of thick threads, and ufually refides
in a clofe cell, over the funnel, with a thread from the centre of the net faftened to one of its
hind legs, in order to be more certain of any prey that is catched in the net.

The eyes are black and large.

^ The legs are hairy, briflly, and prickly. The hairs white, but the prickles commonly
black, except fome which have white tips.

The bread: ovate, whitifli, fiattifh, with a fmoke-coloured line, in a longitudinal direction,
which is covered with fine down.

The abdomen is ovate, bright, thinly fcattered over with fine down, and long hairs. The
jun6ture by which it is attached to the thorax, is fituated nearly at the middle of its lower
furface. Down the length of it is ftretched a line, confifting of white dots with reddifli margins.

There

( )

There are two largifh white fpots on each fide of the above-mentioned line, of a fquare
fnape, of which the two lowermoft are rather largeft, and are more diftant from each other,*
and thefe are the marks by which this fpecies is diftinguifhed. The other fpots are not of
equal number in different individuals. The blackifli, yellow, or red colour of the abdomen,
is of fuch a whitifh appearance in fome as to appear moffy.

The long arms are whitifh, and abound with long black hairs and prickles, and are marked
with dufky circles.

The holders are perpendicular, whitifh, a little downy on the upper part. Lift, de Aran. fig. 8.

SPECIES IV. — A. Marmoreus.

MARBLED-SPIDER.

On the 2 2d of Auguft a fingle female was found, in a web faftened to the top of a tree.
See plate 6, fig. 6.

The eyes are black, and confpicuous in the tubercles.

The legs, marked with circles, hairy, briftly, and prickly.

The thorax heart-fliaped, flat, whitifh, but a little downy.

The abdomen ovate, connedled to the thoracic juncture, at about a third of its lengthy
it is covered with a fine down, like filk, of a whitifli afh-colour, and is marked on the upper
part with a fomewhat obfcure crofs of white fpecks. On the upper part on each fide run out
two largifn w'hite fpots into two oblique little branches, one of which unites with the anus,
the other looks as if broken off. The inferior or under part of the abdomen is black between
the anus and the fexual organ, but is of a different colour at the fides. The fexual organ is
remarkable for having two ovate yellow radii on its upper part.

The arms are befet with hairs, briftles, and prickles of different lengths.

The holders are whitifh, perpendicular, coated with white down, and are black towards
the claws.

Towards

( ‘3 )

Towards the end of Augnft, feveral females of this fpecies, plate 2, fig. 7, were found, in
cells adjoining to webs j fome of which were lefs fplendidly coloured and figured.

The eyes black, and projeefting from the tubercles.

The legs whitifli, with blackifli fpots, and fcattered over with briftles and prickles.

The thoraii heart-fliaped, fomewhat dufky, and downy.

The abdomen ovate, cohering with the thorax by a junclurc, fixed at about a third of its
length. The colour is red, and the furface downy, like filk. Two longiOi bright marks
fhine on each fide, the lower margins of each are blackened by excavations, with impreffed
points, of which the two fuperior are rather fmaller than the inferior. To thefe points, on
each fide, fucceeds a longitudinal wave, or line, which is at firft black, then whitifli, then
broader and yellow, and laftly narrow and black. Between thefe lines, towards the anus,
fome brown tranfverfe lines appear. Towards the fides, below the abdomen are fome
variegated oblique lines of yellow and blackifli.

The arms are of the fame colour with the legs, and are hairy, briftly, and prickly.

The holders are whitifh, perpendicular, and thinly fcattered over with fine white down.

Though thefe two appear at firfl: fight to be very different, yet I have good reafon to think
that the one is no more than a remarkable variety of the other. If, however, this fhould
prove a diftinfl fpecies, it may have the name of Babel,

SPECIES V. — A. Umbraticus.

RETIRED-SPIDER.

m

On the 13th of June, I found a fmgle female in the dark chink of a poft, fupporting a fence.
At firfl it feemed dying, but was immediately after found to be very lively. I afterwards
found that it avoided the light, and that it made its web either in the night, or at the firfl
dawn of day. It was very fond of moths, and feemed almofl to negle6l flies. I therefore
took much pains to obtain moths for it. In lefs than a month, I found two others. On the
24th of July, I faw their manner of weaving, and what fort of prey they lie in wait for, in
the thick cells which are faflened to their nets. Whatever is caught in the day-time, they

e pay

( H )

pay no regard to, but they attend diligently to what is caught in the night and the twilight.
Plate 5, fig. 3.

The fide eyes are two in each cavity.

The legs abound with longifli hairs, bridles, and prickles.

The thighs are blackifhj the remaining part variegated with blackifli and greyifii.

The thorax is almoft fquare, flattifii, a little more pointed towards the fore-part j it is
brownifh, a little fhining, hairy, and begirt with a narrow greyifii line near the legs.

The abdomen is ovate, flattifii, coated with foft down, and has in the middle a broad
Ipace, fiirrounded by a multangular line: towards the fides it is white; and above in the
middle black. The fpace itfelf is marked by yellowifh points or fpecks, and near the thorax
four incifiires appear, of which the two upper ones are a little fmaller than the others. The
lower or under part of the abdomen is brown, except the fexual organ, which is fiirrounded
by two white crefcents.

The arms are variegated like the legs, and are alfo hairy, briftly, and prickly.

The holders are black, perpendicular, and thinly haired.

The eggs are yellowifh, glued together in a double bag, forming a mafs about the fize
of a garden-pea at its full growth.

The young, which I difcovered on the 226. of July, were at firfl: black; they quickly
changed their fkin, and by the end of Augufl: acquired half their fize. Lifter, de Aran. fig. 9.

SPECIES VI.-— A. Pyeamidatus.

PYRAMIDAL-SPIDER.

Three females of this fpecies, plate 10, fig. 7, were found the beginning of Auguft, and
fed to the middle of September: but all this time I could not find a male of this fame fpecies.
One of the females changed its fkin a fliort time after it was taken.

The eyes proje6led from a yellowifh tubercle : the two upper ones lefs diftant than the
others : the two lateral ones not joined, but fingle, each on its tubercle, placed obliquely.

The legs whitifh, with brown circles, white hairs, and black prickles.

The

( 15 )

The abdomen ovate, cohering with the thorax, at a third of its length; marked by a
figure, fomewhat like a Narwahl’s horn, of a blackifh colour, feated on the white bafe, and
variegated round about with yellowifh. Two black incifures appear from the region of the
thorax, in a tranfverfe diredion on the middle. On each fide, it is as it were fmoked, and
varied with yellowifli lines, in an oblique direftion : below, between the fexual organ and the
anus, it is black, ornamented on each fide with yellow crefcents, with the horns pointing
inwards. The fexual organ of this female, which happened at this time to be in feafon for
the male, I found to be like what is figured by Frisch. Germ. Tom. 7. p. 7. tab. 4. fig. 3.
This author, either becaufe he had never feen Spiders in copulation, or had not accurately ob-
ferved them, miftakenly calls the female by the title of the male.

The arms are whitifli, and armed with hairs, briftles, and prickles of different lengths.

The holders are whitifli, flrewed with fine white down.

SPECIES VII.— A. OCELLATUS.

EYED-SPIDER.

A FEMALE, taken the middle of June, foon afterwards produced a parcel of eggs, the fize
of a common pea, rolled up in a bag, and depofited in a corner. A week after, another of
the fame fize, which fhe depofited in another corner, and in a week after this another, which
was alfo laid in a third corner : after this the abdomen grew thin. Plate 10, fig. 6.

The fide-eyes, of which the laft is the fmallefl;, are clofe in one cavity.

The feet abounded with hairs, briftles, and prickles.

The thorax was ovate, flat, fomewhat dufky, and covered fomewhat thickly towards the
eyes with white hairs.

The abdomen is almoft globofe, a little pointed towards the tip; the jundlure by which it
is affixed to the breaft ends below, at about a third of its length ; it is downy like filk, and
very red, it is ornamented with a blackifh cornucopia, which is marked on each fide by five
rufous contiguous fpots, decorated by a white border, and larger towards the fore-parts. In

the

( .6 )

the middle, two incifiires divided the reddilh fpace of the horn, and as many rather larger
feparated the horn from the fpace. The bafe of each of the incifures was black. The lower
fiirface of the abdomen was blackifh, and round the fexual organ marked with two crefcents.
The arms abound with hairs, briflles, and prickles.

The holders are perpendicular and black.

The eggs are yellow, produced in contiguous tricas, and united fo clofely by fix connefting
parts, as not to be feparated without injury.

The young, which came out on the i6th and 23d of July, had blackifh breafts, variegated
legs, and backs like that of the female; only with the markings not fo diftinguifhable.

SPECIES VIII.— A. Patagiatus.

embroiderEd-spider.

This fpecies was found about the middle of June. Plate 4, fig. 3.

The fide-eyes are in the fame cavity.

The legs are armed with hairs, briftles, and prickles of different lengths.

The thorax is ovate, flightly flat, fomewhat dulky, and ftrewed with white down.

The abdomen ovate, connedledto the thorax, at about a third of its length; downy like
filk, blackifh, and remarkable for having a pointed mofly triangle, ornamented internally
with a yellowifh band. A little lower towards each fide is feen a fort of embroidery, bor-
dered with mofs or down, and in the middle of this a blackifh cornucopia, marked above
with two yellow lines, divaricating above, but uniting below ; and by two other yellowifh
lines, of which the fuperior is longer, and broken in the middle : the above lines are cut
tranfverfely. Below, near the breaft, where the thoracic jundlure commences, the abdomen
is girt by a circle. The fexual organ is conflituted by two flat greyifh femi-circles. Five
fhortifh tubercles furround the anus.

The arms are hairy, briftly, and prickly.

The holders black, perpendicular, and downy.

SPECIES IX.

( >7 )

SPECIES IX. — A. CoRNUTus.

HORNED-SPIDER.

This fpecies is common about the middle of June. The markings vary j for there are
brownifli ones as well as black or white. The moft common mark is a longitudinal black
one on the abdomen, which has the appearance of two cornucopias oppofite to each other.
Plate 7, fig. 6.

The eyes are blackj the fide-ones, of wdiich one is rather fmaller, the other a little larger
than the four middle ones, are joined together in the fame cavity.

The legs are hairy, briflly, and prickly.

The thorax is lightly fcattered over towards the middle with white down, which is more
abundant towards the eyes.

The whole abdomen is downy, like filk, and marked by a fpot, as reprefented in the
figure. Below, near the fexual organ, are two whitifii crefcents.

The arms abound with hairs, briftles, and prickles.

T he holders are perpendicular, black, and hairy.

The eggs, which were laid on the 24th of June, in a mafs of the fize of a large garden-
pea, cannot be feparated without injuring them. A long fimple thread immediately involves
them, and on the outfide of this are loofe hairs.

SPECIES X. — A. Sericatus.

SILKY-SPIDER.

Found the middle of June. I venture to comprehend this under its proper fpecies, on ac-
count of its varying marks j not folicitous whether hereafter the contrary may not be proved
by certain and new experiments. Plate i, fig. 8.

F The

( >8 )

The eyes are black; the lateral ones almoft concreted; the interior rather larger than the
exterior.

The legs, which are marked with alternate whitifh fpots, abound with whitifli hairs and
black prickles.

The thorax is ovate, black, flat, with a white margin, and is all over as if greyifli with
white hairs.

The abdomen is ovate, black, and remarkable for a foliaceous marking, {haded as it were
by a filky web, which the figure better expreffes than words. It is connected at about a third
of its length with the thorax ; yellow femi-circles furround the fexual organ beneath.

The arms are covered with unequally long hairs, briftles, and prickles.

The holders are perpendicular, black, 'and towards the eyes {lightly hirfute.

About the middle of June, a male was taken in a web, on the precipice of a mountain.
Plate I, fig. 7. Black lines drawn tranfverfely over the abdomen, and two angles on the
upper part of it, diftinguilh this particularly, I dare not aifirm certainly whether it be a
diftinff fpecies, or whether it belong (which, however, I doubt) to one of thofe already
defcribed. In the mean time, it is here fet down without a number, under the title of
virgatuSy ftriped.

1'he eyes are very fmall; the two lafl: fide ones fmalleft, and almofl: joined to thofe next
them.

The legs are alternately girt with black and greyilh circles, and are coated with unequal
hairs and briftles: they alfo abound with prickles.

The thorax is ovate, flat, darkifh, and thickly coated with white down.

The abdomen is ovate, although two remarkable angles, which form a flattifh fpace on the
upper part, give it a triangular figure. Through the angles runs a thicker and blacker line,
marked in the middle with a white dot. White waves feem to tend obliquely towards each
fide. The thoracic jun6fure is fixed at about a third part of the abdomen.

The arms of the male are ovate, black, and unequally hirfute, and terminate in the
fexual organs.

The holders are black, hairy, and perpendicular, with blackifli hooks.

SPECIES XL

( 19 )

SPECIES XI. — A. ScLOPETARIUS.

GUN-SPIDER.

This is met with about the middle of June. Plate 2, fig. i.

The fide-eyes are almofl joined.

The legs, which are hairy, abound with large black prickles. The jun6lure is black: the
thighs are greyifh, or even milk-white, and black towards the joints. The remaining part
of the leg is girt with greyifh and dufky bands.

The thorax, fomewhat dulky, rather flat, ornamented with a narrow white border towards
the feet, abounds towards the eyes with white down.

The abdomen is ovate, downy, and black, is greyifh, and undulated at each fide. The
figure fliews its fingular marking better than any verbal defcription.

The arms of the male, fig. 3, letter (a)^ have the lafl; joint brownifli and downy; in the
hollow of which, (b)^ lies the fexual organ, which projects on being touched. — (c) reprefents
the lafl: joint but one ; it is whitifli, and has two longer, with two fliorter briftles. The
figure fliews thefe particulars clearer than a long defcription.

The holders are black, very little downy, and perpendicular.

The eggs are about thirty.

The young are hatched about the beginning of the dog-days.

SPECIES XII. — A. CucuRBiTiNUs,

GOURD-SPIDER.

This fpecies frequents leafy trees in July and Augaft.

The figure, plate 2, fig. 6, is rather larger than life.

The fide-eyes are contained in one cavity.

The

( 20 )

The legs are greenlfli, and have hairs, briftles, and black prickles.

The thorax is flat, downy, and of a greenilh brown.

The abdomen is ovate, greenifli, adorned with yellow lines and black {peeks, and is befet
with black hairs.

The arms are covered with hairs, briftles, and black prickles.

The holders are whitifh and perpendicular.

The eggs, which are about forty, cohere in a mafs of the fize of a pea, and are involved
in a ftiff greenifh flue. Fau?ia Suec. 1224.

SPECIES XIII. — A. Segmentatus.

PATCHED-SPIDER.

Frequent the beginning of September, out of their webs, with a thread faftened to one
of their legs. Plate i, fig. i. I have not obferved any of thefe to make a particular web for
their ova, as many of the former do.

The eyes are confpicuous, and black.

The legs brownifh, and roughened with hairs of unequal length, and black prickles.

The thorax ovate, brownifh, glofly, without down.

The abdomen ovate, covered with very foft down, like filk.

The males have the abdomen reddifh and blue, fig. i ; but in the females it is yellow, with
a longitudinal ray, and two lucid marks towards the fides. On the upper part of the female
are alfo four black points, fig. 2.

The arms are whitifli and hairy: thofe of the male terminate in black balls, whence hangs
a procefs, refembling a cock’s fpur, of a blackifli colour. Thofe of the female are round and
blackifh at the end.

The holders are brownifh, glofly, and perpendicular.

SPECIES XIV.

( 2' )

SPECIES XIV.— Litera X. Notatus.

X-MARKED-SPIDER.

The females of this fpecles are found in the middle of September; they weave a regular
web, and when terrified by handling, will feem as if dead, but not for any long time. Some
of them prefer fitting out of their web, with a thread from the centre of it faftened to one
leg. Plate 2, fig. 2.

The eyes are large and black.

The legs hairy, briftly, and prickly, and furrounded by fafciae.

The thorax ovate, nearly round and brownifh, except the letter (V), which is black, but
fcattered over with extremely fine down.

The abdomen is nearly globular, downy like filk and black. The afiironomical character of
the fign Pifces^ or a letter (x) is feen on the upper or fore-part j it is of a greyilh colour,
and is, as it were, fupported below, or towards the anus, by various dots and confufed fpecks,
which are gradually more and more obfcure.

The arms are hairy, briftly, and prickly.

The holders brownifh, the divaricated extremities of which are armed with black hooks,
or claws.

CHAPTER III.

OF WEB-SPIDERS OF THE SECOND KIND, OR
IRREGULAR-SPIDERS.

I- At firft fight their manner of weaving is difagreeablej but when it is attentively con=
fidered, it appears no lefs artificial than that of others.

2. Thev extend long threads between the larger boughs of trees and fhrubs, comprehend-
ing a large fpace, and fill up the intervals in fuch a manner with fhorter threads, conneded

G and

( 22 )

and thickened with other crofs ones, that not even a gnat can pafs fafely through the angular
mefhes. This web, at the fame time, is fo ftrong that infe6ls of the larger kind are entangled
in it. The circumference of the web has fometimes a round teifaleted form, and fometimes
it is multangular and oblong ; the inner web however is always regular.

3. The Spider lurks in fome corner, or at one end of the web, and if a gnat ftrikes the
web ever fo gently, he feels it by the motion of the threads under his feet, and leaps out to
reconnoitre his prey.

4. The females, as far as we can difcover, after they have laid their eggs, live till their
young are big enough to feed themfelves.

5. The htuation of the eyes and the proportion of the legs are the fame as in the Spiders
before defcribed.

SPECIES I.—A. Castaneus,

CHESNUT-SPIDER.

Females of this fpecies were found the beginning of September. Plate 3, fig. 8.

Their eyes are large and black.

The legs, which are covered with unequal dufky hairs, briftles, and prickles, have black
fpots on the joints.

The thorax is fmall, brownifh, gloffy, ovate, obtufe, flat, and thinly fprinkled towards
the eyes with fine black down.

Thi- abdomen is nearly globofe, copper-coloured, glofly, covered with a fine and foft
down like filk, is marked by a feries of longitudinal white fpecks, which are croffed towards
the anus, by two tranfverfe lines. A fimilar feries runs obliquely on each fide, beneath
which the abdomen is dufky until the lowefl: part, which is copper-coloured like the upper.
Two white triangular fpots furround the fexual organ.

The arms, which are coated with unequal hairs, are whitifh.

The holders are brownifh and clawed.

The

( 23 )

The eggs are of a middling fize, feparate, round, whitifh, and about fifty in number,
wrapped up in flue.

The young, which come out in the middle of September, are white.

SPECIES II. — A. Hamatus.

hooked-spider,

r HE middle of September one female was found in a thick cell, woven in the branch of a
juniper. Plate 3, fig. 6.

The eyes are fcarce vifible, and black.

The legs very fhort, dulky, briftly, and prickly.

The thorax ovate, flightly round, black j but very little downy.

The abdomen nearly globofe, red and blue, ornamented by a glofly, filky, longitudinal
white line, which grows thinner or narrower towards the anus. Four white branchings or
proceffes, of which the anterior are more hooked than the others, and are turned towards
the curvature of the abdomen, appear on each fide the line. To this fucceeds a little tranf-
verfe line ; the fides of the abdomen, a greyifli and undulated variegation is feen.

T HE arms are dulky, hairy, briftly, and prickly.

The holders are black.

SPECIES III. — A. Lunatus.

moOned-spider.

On the firft of July, one female of this fpecies was obtained. On the fourth of the fame
month, Ike laid one ball of eggs, and between that and the i8th of September, nine others.
After each of thefe operations flie grew very lean, and increafed again a little before the next.
Plate 4, fig. I.

The

( 24 )

The fide-eyes are black, and clofely joined.

The legs {lender, longifh, brownifli, and roughened with unequal hairs, and a few
briftles. Although only four are delineated in the figure, yet eight are vifible in the Spider.

The thorax is very fmall, ovate, flat, nearly black, and fprinkled with fine down.

The abdomen pear-fliaped, with the large end upwards, and the fmall one downwards.
It is of a bay colour, bright, befet with fine white down, and is marked above with two
white crefcents, oppofite each other. In the corner of the pofterior fide there are two
fmall white fpecks, and above, or in the anterior, two more, which are larger, as in the
figure. Towards the thorax the abdomen is of a bluifh white, and about the middle is
fituated the thoracic jundlure.

The arms are fomewhat dufky, and hairy.

The holders are blackifli, and a little downy.

The eggs are involved in a thick web of about the fize of a pea, not unlike a dry and
wrinkled bladder.

An hundred feparate eggs, of a white colour, and round, are contained in each follicle,
which is fufpended in a little web near the female.

The young, which come forth in three weeks, keep clofe to the female, and feed upon
the prey which fhe takes j but when grown large enough to fhift for themfelves, they all dif-
perfe different ways.

SPECIES IV. — A. Sisyphius.

sisyphus-spider.

This fpecies is common in July and Auguft. Plate 4, fig. 4. They make their nefls of
the fmall pieces which fall from the buds of trees ; and they thrufl: thefe into their web, fo as
to make it firm and clofe. The infide is lined with a foft fmooth down j and is in the form
of a bell. Thofe nefts which are made of the pine and juniper, are more pointed and

handfomer.

( 25 )

liandfomer, and they prefer thefe trees j though I have never found them on the pinus fylvellrus,
or Scotch fir. The females always live under the bell, embracing the bags of eggs ; which,
though they are bigger than themfelves, they are continually rolling about with great
facility.

It is difficult to determine the number of the eyes in this fpecies : of forty, which I have
examined attentively, it appeared from one only, that the fide-eyes were joined in one cavity.
To common infpedion, there appears to be but fix, which being contrary to analogy, is
not probable.

The legs are hairy, briftly, and prickly.

The thorax ovate, flat, and thinly haired.

The abdomen like a pepper-corn, or a fmall pea, nearly round, filky, brownifli, yellowiflt
towards the anus, and marked above with a reddilh wedge-fliaped fpot, in a longitudinal direc-
tion, which has a white margin, and three tranfverfe white lines on each fide. The fides are a
little yellowifh.

The arms are guarded with hairs of unequal length, and prickles.

The holders are brownifli.

The eggs are about eighty, very fmall, feparate, round, white, with a flight tinge of yellow,
wrapped up in a greenifli, light, round flue.

The young come out in the dog-days. They live under the bell with the female, who
kills all forts of infedts, which are entrapped in her net, and drags her prey to the fide of
the cell for her young ones, which come out and faften on the prey, tearing and fucking
it with great eagernefs. They are whitifli on the breaft, and dulky on the abdomen, and
the Iketches of the future marks are but faint. See Frish. Germ. tom. lo. p. 21. 1. 18.

H

SPECIES V.

( 26 )

SPECIES V.~A. Formosus.

HANDSOME-SPIDER.

On the 1 0th of September, one female was caught, which was very handfome; fhe was
found in her net, together with two heaps of eggs. Plate 3, fig. 7.

The eyes are black; the fide ones not very confpicuous.

The legs brownifh, with black bands, and coated with hairs and prickles of diflimilar
length.

The thorax ovate, flat, black flightly hollowed in the middle, and fcattered with thin
hairs.

The abdomen would be globofe, were it not a little acuminated towards the anus. The
centre of the abdomen is joined to the thorax, and has the obtufe part upwards, and the point
downwards. Towards the fore part, the fides, and below, it is black: towards the anus yel-
lowifh. Two white crefcents, fucceeded by two white lines on the hind part, feparate or
diftinguifh the anterior or black part of the abdomen from the poflerior or yellow part.
There is an oblong black fpot on the wedge, near the two white fpecks, which is formed by
two turned crefcents. In the curvatures of the crefcents, are red ovate fpecks, and above
thefe are two remarkable and large white fpots upon the black fpace. The abdomen is alfo
furniflied with five tubercles, and is all over bright and downy.

The arms are downy and blackifli.

The holders black, a little downy, and perpendicular.

The eggs are contained in follicles without any flue, and from thence proceed about forty
young ones, or more, which are very beautifully marked ; and in thefe, even when very young,
may be feen, by the afllftance of the microfcope, all the marks of the mother, (k) Ihews
the natural fize.

SPECIES VL

( 27 )

SPECIES VI. — A. OvATUs.

OVAL-SPIDER.

On the 8th of September, ten or twelve females of this fpecies were found on the haw-
thorn. Plate 4, fig. 2, guarding their eggs, which were enclofed in a glaucous flue, under
the leaves.

The eyes are very fmall and black; the lateral ones almofl: concreted or united.

The legs very long, flender, whitifli, and hairy, the joints of which are decorated with
greyifli dots.

The thorax ovate, flat, brownilh, bright, marked by a longitudinal glaucous line.

The abdomen oblong, ovate, hirfute, yellowifli, marked longitudinally in the middle, by
an acuminated, ovate, red fpot.

The arms hirfute, brownifh.

The holders whitifli, perpendicular.

The eggs feparate, round, whitifli ; about an hundred of them are equal to the fize
of a pea.

SPECIES VII. — A. Redimitus.

ribband-spider.

On the 27th of Auguft, I caught a Angle female, wrapped up, together with her bag, in a
glaucous flue; but refufing food, (he died on the 6th of September. Plate 2, fig. 4. From
a hole opened in the flue with a pin, a great number of young ones crept out, which had not
yet aflumed the colour of the mother.

This refembled the lafl: fpecies, except in the marks of the abdomen, which reprefented,
as it were, a red flower, of an ovate, acute fhape, which in the middle is rather of a greyifli
yellow. See List, de Aran. fig. 12. Frish. Germ. tom. 10. p. 6. t. 4.

SPECIES VIII.

( "-8 )

SPECIES VI1I.~A. Lineatus.

LINED-SPIDER.

On the firft of September, fome females were found within the leaves of hawthorn, guarding
their eggs, inclofed in a villous glaucous flue. Plate 5, fig. 4.

The eyes are confpicuous and black. The legs very long, brownilh, with the joints
marked by greyifh dots, and longifli hairs. The fore pair are thrice the length of the whole
Spider. The thorax is ovate, flat, brownifli, bright, marked by a dark longitudinal line.
The abdomen is ovate, longifli, cohering to the thorax beneath, at about a fourth part of its
length; it is of a wdiitifli fulphur-colour, fcattered over with white hairs.

A LITTLE black longitudinal line, drawn to at Icafl; half the length of the abdomen, feems
to fucceed fome little incifures or tranfverfe rugae, of which the bafe is black.

A DEEP black line towards the anus is vifible, though not veiy confpicuous. Six re-
markable black fpots run in an oblique direction towards each fide. Four larger black
fpots furround the upper part of the anus ; while the under part between the anus and fexual
organ is marked by a broader black line.

The arms are downy, and of the fame colour as the thorax and legs. The holders are
brownifh, perpendicular, with black claws. The eggs are feparate, round, and whitifh, about
1 00 in a bag, the fize of a middling pea.

The young, which are the leafl: of any I have feen, live fome time in the bag, after they
are hatched; but how long I cannot determine.

SPECIES IX. — A. Cellulinus.

CELLAR-SPIDER.

On the 30th of September, one female was found in a dark and moifl: corner of the cellar,
among a heap of things which had been thrown there. Plate 6, fig. 8. It had a great many
young ones about it, of which I took about twenty, and as many others made their efcape.

Though

( 29 )

Though I do not know the manner in which the Spiders of this fpecies make their webs, yet
from analogy there can be no doubt of their belonging to this alTortment.

The eyes, which are not confpicuous, are black. The legs .long, Hender, brownifli, and
thickly covered with longifh hair only. The thorax ovate, brownifli, and marked with
black, in the figure of a flower-glafs. It is covered with fine and thin down. The abdomen
ovate, and yellow, has a furrow, marked on the fides with two bright ovate fpots, and as
many fmaller ones on the middle above the anus, the upper one triangular, the lower pyra-
midal; it abounds with rough hair, efpecially on the marks. I'he arms are brownifli and
hairy. The holders brownifli, and perpendicular, without any appearance of down.

SPECIES X. — A. Bucculentus.

CHEEKED-SPIDER.

One female was found on a tree on the firft of Augufl, which, though I do not know its
manner of weaving, I fuppofe to belong properly to this alTortment. Plate 6, fig. 2.

The lateral eyes are pretty clofely conjoined. The legs, which are only covered with
largifh hairs, are a little greyifh at the joints. The fore and hind pair are the longefi:, and
the two middle pair the fhortefl. The thorax is ovate, flat, brownifli, and hairy. The ab-
domen almofl: round, and furniflied with obtufe tubercles. It is all over bright, though it
abounds with hair, and bears fome refemblance to the cheeks of a fnake. It is marked by a
dark longitudinal line, which is more confpicuous towards the thorax, but lefs fo towards the
anus. The tip of the line is terminated by another fliort tranfverfe one, or fpot; then by
one large branch towards each fide; afterwards by two fmaller ones, and laftly by two very
fniall ones, the tips of which decline towards the anus. On each fide of this branchy line
five little black fpecks appear, which are fmalleft next the thorax and larger towards the anus.
Befides thefe, two largifh ones of a black colour are feated on each fide the anus, fo that the
whole number of the fpots is fourteen. The amis are brownifli, and very hairy. The hold-
ers brownifh, perpendicular, and armed with black claws.

I

SPECIES XI.

( 3° )

SPECIES XL — A. Montanus.

MOUNTAIN-SPIDER.

Of this fpecies of Spider, reprefented at plate 3, fig. 4. No. i. I had the fatisfacHon of
ohferving the whole procefs of generation, from firfl: to laft, about the middle of June. Hav-
ing firfi: taken all the prudential caution which is ufed by the Rett ary Spiders (and which is
defcribed by the illuftrious De Geer, in his oration, publickly recited at Stockholm, on the
refignation of his office of prefident, in the year 1754, June 26th) they made their approaches,
and united in fuch a manner, that the anus of the one being applied to the neck of the
other, the male could conveniently reach with his arms the lower part of the abdomen of the
female. From a fmall aperture in the abdomen of the female, proceeded a flender whitifli
body or tube, of almoft a line in length, which the male embracing with his fexual organs,
protruded from the tips of his arms, comprefled with reiterated applications, but with great
feeming caution. This operation did not continue long, but was foon fucceeded by reft j
within an hour, more or lefs, they united again, but at each time with lefs feeming fear, and
greater familiarity. At length when the whole procefs was finiflied, they feparated v^^ithout
any remarkable appearance of dread.

For the gratification of thofe who are not in poflelfion of the above celebrated oration of
De Geer, on the Generation of Infers, and who are ftationed in fituations where it may not
eafily be procured, I ftiall here infert as much as relates to the elucidation and confirmation
of this matter.

Although De Geer had himfelf obferved Spiders engaged in this procefs, and found
the following experiment probable, yet he has thought proper to quote the folid obfervations
of Lyonnet, which are adjoined to the Theologia InfeStorum of Lesser, in which is contained
the defcription of the nodules, which terminate the arms of the males, or, as he calls them,
the antennae. “ Thefe arms” (fays Lyonnet) ‘‘ are extremely remarkable. Perhaps
I ftiall not eafily be believed, if I fay that they are the male organs of generation. Yet I may
fafely aflert what I have often feen j and that certain kinds of Spiders copulate by thefe in-

ftruments.

( 3' )

ftruments. Thefe males have fmaller thoraxes, but longer legs than the females. The fight
of their amours is extremely entertaining. Both meet upon their webs, circumfpe6l, and
with meafured fteps, they ftretch out their legs, fhake the web gently, and touch each other
with the tips of their feet, as if afraid of each other’s motion. Sometimes they precipitate
themfelves through fear, and hang pendulous for a while by their thread ; then taking courage
again, they afcend, and continue their preludes. After having felt and handled one another
a long time, they both approach nearer, with equal caution, and begin to be fomewhat more
familiar. They now touch each other with greater freedom and boldnefs, all fear is at an
end, and both being prepared, one of the nodules of the male’s arms opens, as if by a fpring,
and difplays a white body : the arm incui*vated and applied to the abdomen of the female,
below the thorax, completes the intention of nature. Were it not known, that Spiders^ on
all other occafions except this, are in a flate of warfare with each other, we might, not with-
out reafon, be aftoniflied at this ftrange mode of condu6ting their amours. But when we con-
fider this circumftance, it appears to be nothing more than a laudable and proper caution
and referve in a matter, in which their lives might be fometimes in danger, and as a warning
againft ralh adventures.”

The two lower eyes In the middle of the forehead, are a little lefs than the two upper ones:
the hinder fide-eyes are alfo lefs than the anterior, and joined. The fize and fituation are
reprefented at letter G. The legs are hairy, with dark fibulae, and black prickles. The tho-
rax ovate, blackidi, fomewhat tenderer, and carinated towards the lower part, and wider, and
flattened towards the abdomen. It is fcarce befet with any down, or at lead: extremely thin.
The abdomen fomewhat hollowed, more or lefs blackifli, and marked on the fides with brighter
fpots, more or lefs undulated, abounds with white down, efpecially towards the anus. The
arms of the male, as reprefented at fig. 3, as feen by the microfeope. A. reprefents the laft
joint of the arm, all over hairy on the outer fide; on the interior a little concave. F. fhews
the cell, or large hollow, in which the male organ is generally feated. B. and C. are the in-
ftruments, which, at the time of union, are bent and opened, and which impregnate the fe-
male. At that time, C. feparates from B. and together with C. embraces the fmall whitifh
tube of the female, and enters or conceals itfelf within it. B. is black at the extremity, and
infle6ted like a horn, and coheres as if by a ligament to the exterior part of A. befides the in-
terior jun6ture. B. is, with regard to the interior extremity near the bright line, clear and

pellucid,

( 3^ )

pellucid, like a coat or membrane. At the extremity is C. a tubercle feated on the curvature,
which I know not whether to call a tefticle or not. D. and E. fhew the two other hairy
joints of the arm. The arms of the female are cylindric, and are harlh, with unequal hairs
and prickles. The holders are obtufe, perpendicular, fliining, with a fine fcattered down
upon them, black, and armed with fhort daws. The eggs are yellowifh, feparate, fmall,
round, in two or three mafles, involved in a flender bag, hung in a web, fixed to a wall, in a
dark place. The females conftantly guard them, except when they go to feize flies, which are
catched in their webs. None of the young, which come out the middle of June, attain their
perfect form the fame year.

This fpecies weaves a web, as thick as that of the former , aflbrtment, and as flat. But fince
thefe, befides the flat web, throw out threads more or lefs perpendicular, and are in fhape
different from the others, I have no doubt but that they belong to this divifion.

SPECIES XII. — A. Triangularius,

TRIANGULAR-SPIDER.

These copulate the beginning of September. Plate 3, fig. i. This and the foregoing
fpecies might be taken for the fame, on account of the fimilitude of form, and manner of
weaving their webs, were it not that other circumftances perfuade us to the contrary.

The two lowermofl: eyes in the middle, are lefs and nearer together than the two upper
ones. The two fide-ones are fo clofe, that they can fcarcely be diftinguifhed. The legs are
gloffy, flender, longifli, downy, and furniflied with long prickles. The legs of the male are
longer than thofe of the female. The thorax is ovate, rather flender, and carinated towards
the anterior part j wider and flattifh towards the hinder part, and flightly, or even fcarce at all
downy. The abdomen bright, hollowed, and marked on the upper part by a fliarp white
line, and on each fide towards the lower part with a fmall yellowifh one. Three reddifh
marks, which are almofl: triangular and continuous, occupy the upper flat part, in a longitu-
dinal diredion. This flattened part is thinly fcattered with foft and very fhort down. The

arms

{ 33 )

arms are guarded with longifli hairs and duihy prickles. I had not an opportunity of furvey-
ing with a microfcope, thofe of the male. The holders flender, long, pretty prominent, much
divaricated, and armed with unufually long claws.

The webs of this fpecies, abound fo much with threads that are perpendicular, and crofs
tliem in all diredUons, that it is difficult to diftinguifh the flat or proper web from thefe, as it
is very thin j nor yet can the Spiders of this fort be properly placed in the following divifion,
or weavers.

The above webs hardly ever appear flat, but rather with a vertical and tranfverfely fituated
part, and with large convexities. Other webs are expanded with many minute flexures in an
oblique manner. The Xlth Species of Spider ^ calls fewer tranfverfe ligaments, nor does it
diftend its flat web by fo diverfified an expanfion, although it thickens it better than the pre-
fent fpecies. Thefe two fpecies might not improperly conftitute a new genus, or alTortment
of Spiders^ if it were thought necelTary j but this I leave to the further examination of future
obfervers.

CHAPTER IV.

OF THE THIRD KIND OF WEB-SPIDERS, OR
WEAVERS.

^ • T HE webs of thefe Spiders^ lefs remarkable at firfl: fight than thofe of the two former di-
vifions, are in reality Hill more confpicuous proofs of the wifdom of the Creator. While we
view the thick and multiform webs of thefe animals, fome circular, fome pyramidal, and of
various other appearances, we cannot but be impreffed with the highefl; admiration. I have
feen the labyrinth-like flexures of thefe webs, rifing in a Angular connedlion of cones and
hollows, to the height of three or four feet, as will be particularized in the following
defcriptions.

K

2. If

( 34 )

2. If we fliould call xht Spidet^s oi this affortment by the name of flat ox plain weavers, it
would diftinguifh them from others with almoft fufficient exadnefs ; fmce their webs, ex-
cluiive of their remarkable thicknefs, have alfo a flat fituation.

3. These webs, at firfl: fight, appear to be woven like cloth; but in reality the warp and
woof do not crofs each other, but are only glued one under the other.

4. These Spiders are evidently of a very different form, from thofe of the two former
divifions.

5. Though they are truly Retiary Spiders^ yet they have not the fame diftindtive charadters
as the former, but peculiar ones of their own, which are as follow :

I. Two longifli tubercles are pointed and prominent beyond the anus. 2. The hind legs
are the longeft; the reft vary in the different fpecies. 3. The eyes are not concrete or joined.

SPECIES I. — A. Domesticus.

house-spider.

This fpecies is common almoft all the year round, in the windows and corners of houfes.
Plate 2, fig. 10. In the middle of July, I took ten of them in a room, which had two win-
dows. Each of them had a feparate web in the corners of the windows, fcarcely a quarter
of a yard diftant from each other. They appeared flat, and were furnifhed at each extremity
with a funnel, where the Spider always fat looking for its prey. Their way of life and man-
ner of weaving was the fame, wherefore I take them to be of the fpecies defcribed by Linnaeus,
in the Fauna Suecica, ed. i. n. 1215. ed. 2. n. 2000. The examination of thefe Spiders caufed
fome furprize in me, as they were diflimilar as to colour and marks though of the fame pro-
portion as to the length of the legs. The fituation of the eyes, in which a few differed a
little from the reft, did not feem to conftitute a diftindt fpecies. Thefe Spiders alfo caft their
Ikin, as I found by four entire and uninjured exuvio3 or floughs.

The eyes are of equal fize and black, and placed as at D. The legs were of fuch a proportion,
that the laft pair were longeft, next the fore pair, then the fecond, and the third the fhorteft.

They

( 35 )

They are {lender, and clothed with unequal hairs, and a few briftles j the longefl; pair were
twice the length of the whole Spider. Some were prickly. All were furrounded by white and
black circles, though on the legs of two of them the circles fcarcely appeared, on account of the
darknefs of their colour; and on thofe of two of them the black circles were fcarcely vifible, by
reafon of the light or whitifli colour of the leg. On one they were extremely di{l:in6l ; and
on the others moderately fo. The thorax ovate, a little flat, in fome dark, in fome brighter,
and in others ornamented with a fort of facula or fpot, more lucid than the reft, next to the
legs. That reprefented on the plate was for the moft part grey, with a fmgle wave on each
fide, of a fomewhat brighter colour. All of them were gloffy, and coated with a thin down.
Many long black hairs projedted from amongfl the down, towards the region of the eyes. The
thorax ovate, hairy, with the thoracic juncture feated fomewhat beneath. In fome the ab-
domen was flightly dufky ; in others a very little lucid, without markings ; in fome not very
diftindfly fpotted, and one, which is fliewn in the figure, had feven yellowifh fpots, larger
towards the upper or anterior parts, a little contiguous, and furrounding a dufky longitu-
dinal fegment. Towards the anus the abdomen was of a yellowifli red, and furrounded by
two long, two fliort, and two very thin and hairy tubercles. The under furface of the ab-
domen was in fome flightly undulated, and in others not. The fexual organ was furrounded
by two whitifh fpots. The arms of the male ended in a very long point, with a pyramidal
nodule, which for about a third of its length was fcarce confpicuous. The arms of the female
were cylindric: thofe of both fexes abound with long unequal black hairs and prickles. The
holders, more or lefs blackifli, full of long and fine down, perpendicular, and a little
divaricated at their extremities. The eggs are very fmall, feparate, round, and white; they
are involved in flue. The young came out on the 2 2d of July, and at their firft exclufion
were whitifli.

SPECIES II.

( 36 )

SPECIES II. — A. Labyrinthicus.

LABYRINTH - SPIDER.

1 HEY are found from the beginning of fpring to the end of fummer, every where, elpecially
on the ground, and amongft ruins. Plate 2, fig. 9. The webs, generally flat, are very thick,
and have long funnels at the end, where the Spiders fit watching for their prey, and from
whence they run out very fall: on the lead: motion of the web, in order to fee the caufe of it.
They are terrified at the lead: appearance of danger, and run back to take refuge in their
dens. When their nets are injured by grafs, or other plants, they do not forfake them, but
repair and enlarge them, rolling them round in the mod; elegant and matchlels circles, three
or four feet high, led: they diould be in want of prey.

The eyes are large, and placed in a peculiar manner, as at (e). The legs whitidi, dender,
diiff, with hairs of unequal length, and bridles and prickles. Their length is (as in the for-
mer fpecies) in the proportion of 4, i, 2, and 3. The longed pair are more than double
the length of the whole Spider. The thorax is ovate, a little flat, brownifh, with a longitudinal
divided facula or bright part, and covered all over with fine and foft down. The abdomen
oblong, blackifli, bright, and by a long greyifh mark, broken by fome oblique tranfverfe
lines, refembling the letter I ; is eafily didinguiflied from all other Spiders. It is covered with
unequal hairs, and at the extremity, near the anus, are two longifh downy tubercles. The
lower part is cinerous, with a dark furrow on each fide. The arms are hairy, bridly, and
aculeated: thofe of the male are fliewn at fig. 7. The holders are blackifh, hairy, per-
pendicular. See Fauna Suecica. n. 1223.

SPECIES III.

( 37 )

SPECIES III. — A. Pallidulus.

PALISH - SPIDER.

Females of this fpecles were found fitting in clofe cells, in the middle of July, on trees,
watching their bags of eggs. Plate i, fig. 4. They were unequal in fize, and the fmaller
ones had often a greater number of eggs than the larger.

The eyes are large; their fituation is fbewn at plate 2, fig. 10. The legs are fhort, and
thick ; their relative proportion 4, 2, i, and 3. They are more or lefs brownifh, or glaucous,
and guarded with unequal hairs, briftles, and prickles. The abdomen long, ovate, more or
lefs glaucous or brownifh, and equally downy, is without any markings. Six hairy tubercles
furround the anus, of which four are longer, and two fhorter. The fexual organ, which is
fituated beneath, is black, with a triangular or heart-fhaped fpot of white on each. The arms
are hairy, briftly, and aculeated. The holders black, fcattered with foft hairs, and nearly per-
pendicular. The eggs moderately large, and yellowifh; fome follicles contained only thirty,
others 1 50 eggs. I have not yet obferved them in larger maffes than thefe. In one of the
maffes which I found, feveral of the young ones were excluded, and fome of them were
about to come out from their habitation. Letters A. B. and C. fhew a young one, which has
juft broke its tunic, which immediately contra6ls and withdraws itfelf towards the anus, and
at length falls off. A. the thorax — B. the anus— C. the abdomen. The young, while in
the egg, embraces its abdomen with its legs. The figure of the young may be feen in
fome degree, through the egg, appearing like circles, as at D.

The females continue with their young in the nefts, till they can fhift for themfelves.

L

CHAPTER V.

( 38 )

CHAPTER V.

OF THE LEAPERS IN GENERAL, AND OF THE FIRST DIVISION, OR

WOLVES.

Though the works of the Creator appear to us to be intermixed in a wonderful man-
ner with conveniences and inconveniences (if fuch an exprelTion may be allowed) and
though men frequently, alas ! repine at the difpenfations of Providence, yet every other animal,
even the lead:, appears to be contented with its lot. Exclufive of the fmall and dim eyes,
which the Spiders hitherto defcribed, appear to have, their tumid bellies and flender legs ren-
der them lefs capable of running, or feeking abroad for their prey, but fo much the fitter and
readier for their various modes of weaving their webs, by which means without care or trouble
they obtain a fufficient nutriment. On the contrary, all the Spiders which come now to be
defcribed, have flighter or more agile bodies, and thicker and ftronger legs, by which means
they are fo much the more calculated for long excurfions and great leaps, as they are lefs fo
for weaving. With their large and (harp eyes they obferve their prey, even when flying about
at fome diftance, and when it approaches nearer, fuddenly feize it.

2. This clafs of Spiders being clearly divided into three affortments, let us firfl examine,
(without difturbing the arrangement of the others) that fet, which was called by the older
writers, by the name of Wolves, and which have the ‘following characters :

1. They have four large eyes, and as many fmaller ones in a right line below them, on
the thorax. Of the former, the two outer are bigger than the intermediate ones, and above
them, and decline a little towards the fide : the other two alfo are on the fide, but nearer the
abdomen. See plate 5, fig. 9.

2. The hind-legs are longed j the fore-legs a little fhorteiq then the fecond pair j and the
tliird pair are fhorted.

3. The females carry their bags of eggs under their bellies; to which the young alfo ad-
here after being hatched; being carried about, and fed by the parent, till they are able to
fliift for themfelves.

SPECIES I.

( 39 )

SPECIES I. — A. Fabrilis.

FABRILE-SPIDER.

About the middle of July, I caught a fingle female, which had loft one of its legs ; not-
withftanding which ftie eafily took flies upon the wing j from which circumftance I was in
hopes of her recovery ; fhe died however in a Ihort time after.

The fpots placed before the Spider in the figure fhew the magnitude of the eyes. Plate 4,
fig. 9. They are all black.

The legs are glaucous, ftrewed interchangeably with briftles and prickles, and abound with
long unequal hairs. The thorax is hairy, longifh, a little more acuminated towards the
anterior part, and rifing. On the middle, is a double wedge- fhaped fpot; and near the ab-
domen, a lucid facula; and on each fide, next the legs, it is bordered with white. Within the
wedge and the brownifh edge, the thorax abounds on the anterior half with white waves j
and towards the infertion of the fecond pair of legs, is a black oblique mark. The abdomen
is oblong, ovate, filky, black below, and brownilh above, is marked by a multangular black
line, and a narrow lucid border from the beginning of the breaft to the middle of the ab-
domen. It is alfo variegated by dufky tranfverfe undulations towards the anus, and with five
lucid points in a longitudinal direction on each fide. Above the juncture, neareft the thorax,
is a black V. filled up with greyifh hairs, and forming a triangle. The arms are longifli,
hairy, briftly, and aculeated. The holders black, perpendicular, hairy, with bright fpots of
hair at the extremities. The claws ftrong and black.

The male was difcovered foon afterwards, which in all refpedls, except the arms, refembled
the female.

SPECIES II.

( 4° )

SPECIES II. — A. Aculeatus.

PRICKLY-SPIDER.

About the end of May, a fingle female was found in a meadow. Plate 5, fig. 9.

The fize of the eyes is fhewn by the dots placed before the figure. The legs are all over
hairy, and befet here and there with thick fliag and prickles. The thighs have two repiark-
able prickles, which are five or fix times as long as the others. The thorax longifh, more
flender towards the anterior parts, and of a dufky colour, is marked by a more lucid lon-
gitudinal wave, and is all over covered with unequal long and thick hairs. The abdomen
Ovate, dulky, a little brighter towards the thorax, and coated with thick hair of unequal
length. The arms very hairy, and fcattered thinly with hairs of a thicker nature than the reft.

SPECIES III. — A. Inquilinus.

INMATE-SPIDER.

About the end of September, a female, plate 8, fig. 5, was found at the edge of a web,
made by the Labyrinth Spider (Chap. iv. — Spec, ii.) I kept it a long time, and could never
perceive it fpinning, but it took flies readily upon the wing, like the other Spiders of this
divifion.

The fize of the eyes is fhewn by the dots before the figure. The legs are brownifli, very
hairy, and a little aculeated. The thorax hairy, brownifli, a little reddifh, of a rhomboid fhape,
terminating above in a point, and has on each fide two blackifh bows. The abdomen ovate,
brownifli, filky, with many tranfverfe black waves, as fliewn in the figure, and marked
towards the breaft, above the middle of the juii6lure, with a deep black V. fomewhat brighter

on

( 41 )

on the inner part. The arms are browniOi and hairy. The holders drrong, perpendicular,
very hairy, and armed at the extremities with black claws, and are of a brownilli colour
above, and black beneath.

SPECIES IV. — A. Lignarius.

wood-spider.

X'hIS fpecies is found plentifully during the whole month of September, in woods, efpe-
cially coppices, amongft the brufli-wood, and in hedges. It is all over hairy, and variegated.
Plate 5, fig. 8.

The eyes are all black, and of the fize reprefented by the dots in the figure. The legs
abound with black hairs and prickles. The thorax ovate, fiightly flat, with a narrow lon-
gitudinal facula. The abdomen, of a long oval fliape, is marked with a longitudinal facula
like the thorax.

The firft: joints of the arms, nearefl; the thorax, are covered with black prickles and white
hairs; the half of the following ones, nearefl; the breafl, are like the firft pair; but thofe parts
of them which are nearefl: the fexual organ, have ftiff black hairs and prickles. The male
organ A. is without prickles, but is darkened with black and thick hair. The arms of the
females are hairy and cylindric.

The holders, together with their claws, are black, and abound towards the eyes with white
hairs. The eggs are feventy or eighty in number, not glued together, but feparate, angular,
of a reddifh yellow, and contained in a flat greenifli bag. In the beginning of June, the
young are excluded.

M

SPECIES V.

( 42 )

SPECIES V. — A. Monticola.

MOUNTAINEER.

.About the middle of June, I obferved the manner of conjunction in thefe Spiders^ on the
top of a rocky place, expofed to the fun, where feveral of them were thus engaged. The male
and female, after feveral preludes, by Ikipping towards each other, prefently perceive each
others intentions, and leap with flower motion, till at length the male fuddenly fprings on the
female, and placing himfelf in a fomewhat oblique direction, applies the tip of one of his
arms to the projecting tube of the female, then the tip of the other arm, and thus alternately,
till at length both male and female fpring nimbly away from each other. This Ipecies is one
of the fmaller kind of Spiders. Plate 5, fig. 5.

The eyes are as reprefented by the dots near the figure. The legs whitifh, with black fpots,
unequally long hairs, and black prickles. The thorax oblong, flat, hairy, rather flender
towards the fore-part, black, with a whitifh line drawn through the middle of the thorax, as
it were into the abdomen, and edged with a white border on each fide near the legs. The
abdomen is hairy, brownifh above, and afli-coloured below. That of the male is nearly
round, or obtufely oval, and rather fmaller than the thorax j that of the female is oblong-
oval, larger than the thorax, and flightly undulated.

The extremities of the arms of the male are reprefented at B. While they are gently
prefled under the microfcope, thofe two little prominences, figured on the inner-part, appear;
of which the anterior is red on the outfide. The arms of the female are cylindric : thofe of
both fexes are brownifh, and have long hairs, briflles, and prickles. The holders are brownifh,
hairy, perpendicular, and terminate in black claws.

SPECIES VI.

( 43 )

SPECIES VI. A. PULVERULENTUS.

DUSTY-SPIDER.

These are frequent in dry places, in the middle of June. Plate 4, fig. 7. I did not ob-
ferve them in conjunction, but as both fexes were (kipping about together, I confidered them
as pairing. This fpecies is rather larger than the former.

The eyes are fituated as in the preceding Spiders. The legs are hairy, briflly, and aculeated.
The thorax black, ovate, (lender, and carinated towards the fore-part, broad and flat towards
the hind-part. That of the male is thinly fcattered, in patches, with fine down: that of the
female, with brownifh: that of both is marked towards the abdomen with a fornewhat
obfcure facula. The abdomen ovate, black, filkyj that of the male, and that of the female,
differ a little from each other as (hewn. The arms of the male are furnilhed with the
fexual organs, as at C. Thofe of the female are cylindric : both are coated with hairs of
different lengths. The holders are black, (lightly hairy, and perpendicular.

_ . ^
SPECIES VII. — A. Paludicola.

MARSH-SPIDER.

In the middle of June, the females carry their bags under their bellies, plate 6, fig. 3. At
other times, they frequent moifl: places, and the banks of flireams.

T HE eyes are fituated as in the former. The legs are full of hairs, briftles, and prickles.
The thorax black, ovate, flat, (lender, and carinated on the fore-part j broad and flat on the
hind-part, and abounding with black hair. The abdomen ovate, black, very hairy; and on

lome

( 44 )

fome, a brownifh facula, which proje6led towards the thorax, was vifible in the male ; which
in the female could only be obferved in a very few. The arms of the male have four or five
prickles, and fexual organs, fimilar to thofe exhibited at A. The arms of the female are
cylindric, hairy, and without prickles. The holders are hairy, perpendicular, and black.
The follicles of eggs are orbicular and flattifii, whitifii above, and black below 5 they are alfo
edged on the upper part with a lucid line or future. See Fauna Suecica. n, 1219.

SPECIES VIII. — A. Amentatus.

LOOPED-SPIDER.

After the middle of June, this fpecies, plate 4, fig. 10, was common, in dry or bare
places : towards the end of the month the females carried their bags of eggs about with
them.

The eyes and legs of thefe are altogether like thofe of the two fpecies juft defcribed. The
thorax is blackifh, ovate, flender, and flightly carinated towards the fore-part, broader and
flattifii towards the hind-part. A brownifli facula, like a ligament, appears on it, which is
fomewhat brighter towards the abdomen, and more dufky in the middle : the thorax on the
other parts is fprinkled with thin and fcarce vifible down. The abdomen blackifli, all over
hairy : that of the male is marked in the middle by a flender brownifli facula j that of the
female has no fuch mark, but is diftinguilhed by a fafciculus of whitifti hair in a black bafe
towards the thorax. The arms are hairy. The holders dark and perpendicular. The bag
of eggs is duiky beneath, whitifti above, and of a flattifh orbicular ftiape. Whenever the
females, in paffing through any narrow place unawares, find their bag of eggs pulled away
from them, they dread no danger, but immediately endeavour to recover it, and when they
have got it, they carry it into the neareft convenient recefs, and replace it, as tightly as before,
beneath the abdomen towards the thorax, fo as to be conveniently carried 5 which done, they
again refume their journey.

SPECIES IX.

( 45 )

SPECIES IX. — A. Trabalis.

BEAM-SPIDER.

This Spider^ plate 5, fig. i, was taken in a meadow, and mufi: be confidered as one of the
larger fort of this divifion.

The eyes, which are of the common ftructure, are black. The legs all hairy, with many
coarfe hairs and prickles. The thorax very hairy, of an oblong oval jfhape, blackifh, and
marked with a brownifh ftrap, or broad longitudinal line, and with a border of the fame
colour near the legs. The arms hairy and brownilh. The holders brownifli, and a little
hairy.

Plate 6, fig. 7, fliews another fort, which, whether a variety of the one juft defcribed,
or a diftinft fpecies, I am not able to fay. I found one of each fort ; the former on the
25th of May, and the latter on the 15th of June. This was like the other in all parts, ex-
cept the legs, which in this were fcarce fafciated.

The thoracic ligament was brown, and fituated at about the third part, near the abdomen.
A brownilh oval fharp-pointed fpot was confpicuous on the abdomen.

SPECIES X. — A. CuNEATus.

WEDGE-SPIDER.

This was found about the end of May, amongft grafs. Plate 5, fig. 2.

The eyes as ufual. The legs hairy’ and briftly, with one or two prickles. The thorax
ovate, dulky, marked on the upper proje6ling part with a whitifli ftrap or line, which is
broad and hairy, and fprinkled with various longer hairs looking towards the eyes. On the

edge

N

( 46 )

edge, next the legs, is a whltifh margin. The abdomen ovate, pretty uniformly hairy, is ex-
tremely well diftingiiilhed from other fpecies, by a black longitudinal wedge, furrounded by a
white border. The wedge is obtufe towards the anterior parts, and lharp towards the anus.
A fafciculus of long hairs on the upper part, gives the refemblance of a V. where the abdo-
men joins the thorax. The V. itfelf is compofed of black hairs, whitifh on the inner part.
The arms have hairs of an unequal length, and fome prickles. The holders are like the arms.

SPECIES XL— A. Undatus.

waved-spider.

One fpecies of this was found in low grafs in the beginning of Auguft. Plate 7, fig. 3.

The eyes as ufual, ftrongly furrounded with hairs. The legs very hairy, and aculeated.
The thorax obtufe, ovate, brownifh, flat, filky ; with blackifli hairs about the eyes, and a
greyifli line on each fide above the feet. The abdomen ovate, brownifh, filky, with a greyifti
wave furrounding the fides. The arms hairy, and fharp pointed. The holders fmallifli
and hairy.

SPECIES XII.— A. Nivalis.

SNOW-SPIDER.

A MALE was found, the middle of September, plate 7, fig. 8, and fince I have not hitherto
obferved any female of this kind anfwering to it ; I have no doubt of its being a diftin(51:
fpecies.

The eyes as ufual. The legs hairy, and of the ufual flru6lure. The thorax rhomboid,
or lozenge-fhaped, rifing, with a broad white point, and two white fpots, towards the eyes,

and

( 47 )

and with black fides, marked next the legs with a greyifli line. The abdomen longifli,
ovate, hairy; for the moft part white above, marked with two white dots, near the thorax;
beneath greyifh, with blackifh fides. I nouriflied this Spider for fome time, till at length
it made its efcape, from a hole in the box in which it was kept, and which I had forgot to
clofe after feeding it; hence it is not in my power to defcribe particularly the arms and
holders.

SPECIES XIII.— A. PiRATicus.

PIRATICAL-SPIDER.

On the loth of June, I took with much difficulty one of thefe, amongft rufhes in a water,
where it wa^ feeking for prey, in company with many others. I afterwards looked for more
of the fame fpecies in the fame place, very often, but in vain. Whether a windy feafon, or
a rainy one was the caufe of their abfence, or whether the ufual period of their coming there
had expired, I cannot tell. Plate 7, fig. 7.

The eyes as ufual. The legs very hairy, briftly, and a little aculeated. The thorax almofl
of a rhomboid form, broken off, or abrupt, as it were, at each end. It is marked in the
middle by a brownifh facula of a flender form, and which runs firft into a fharpened blackifli
mark, and then into a very deep black. It has alfo a white lucid margin next the legs ; and
has alfo a quantity of long hair of a dark colour upon it. The abdomen ovate, blackifh,
with longhair, a white border on each fide, and fix whitifli dots, in a double feries, on the
upper part. The arms are furnifhed with longifli thick hair. The holders are hairy.

SPECIES XIV.

( 48 )

SPECIES XIV.— A. PiscATomus.

FISHING-SPIDER.

On the fame day, with that above defcribed, I faw this, which is reprefented at plate 1 1 ,
fig. 9. It was running in the water, not far from the brink.

The eyes like thofe of the former kinds. The legs with long unequal hairs, thickly placed.
The thorax nearly round, or of an obtufely oval form, very much depreffed or flattened,
nearly black, and edged with a greyifli border next the legs. The abdomen obtufely ovate,
black, very hairy. The arms and holders hairy.

SPECIES XV. — A. Fumigates.

SMOKY-SPIDER.

Found among grafs, the middle of July. Plate 8, fig. 3.

The four intermediate eyes are fmallifli, the four upper ones rather large; as reprefented
by the fpecks in the figure. The legs very hairy, briftly, and aculeated. The thorax ovate,
hairy, fmoky, and marked with white, in a continued longitudinal feries. The abdomen
obtufe, ovate, fmoky, with brownifli tranfverfe waves; near the thorax, black, with two
falciculi of white hair, and two lucid fpecks above them ; very hairy, with fome remarkably
long hair fcattered amongft the reft. The arms hairy, as well as the holders.

SPECIES XVL

( 49 )

SPECIES XVI.— A. PuLLATUs.

RUSSET-SPIDER.

Found m low grafs, the middle of May. Plate 8, fig. 6.

The eyes rather fmall, ruddy. The legs brownifli, full of unequally long hairs. The
thorax obtufely oval, black, with fliort fhining thick hair. The abdomen of the fame fhape,
black, fliaded with fliort and glofly hair, in the manner of filk; many hairs proje6fing beyond
the reft, over the whole j beneath it is brownifli. The arms brownifli, with unequally long
hairs. The holders brownifli, downy.

SPECIES XVII.— A. Plantarius.

PLANT-SPIDER.

About the middle of September, two females were taken together on flirubs. Plate 8,

fig. 2.

The eyes gloffy, cherry-coloured. The legs green, with blackifh fpots, and unequally long
hairs, briftles, and prickles. The thorax extremely hairy, nearly rhomboidal, flightly
rounded, blackifh on the middle, declining into green towards the fides, next the feet. The
abdomen oblong, greenifh, filky, tinged with a dirty blackifh colour, and marked above by
twenty-four white dots, difpofed four ways, of which the outward feries on each fide, of eight
dots, runs the whole length j the other eight dots, numbered from the anterior parts, ftand
in pairs, between two longitudinal lines, oppofite the 4th, 5th, 6th, and 7th dots. The
lower furface is fmoky, marked alternately with three flender and two broader lines of a
blackifh colour, and is marked on all fides with fuliginous and greyifh waves, not very con-
fpicuous. The arms are fmoky; and have difiimilar hairs, briftles, and prickles. The
holders are blackifh.

o

SPECIES XVUI.

{ 5° )

SPECIES XVIII.— A. Fimbriatus.

FRINGED-SPIDER.

One male, plate 9, fig. 4, was taken in the middle of May, leaping as quick as lightning.

The eyes as iifual, and black. The legs vaiy from the charadters afligned to this aflbrt-
ment in the beginning of the work. They are fo difpofed as to fhorten in the proportion of
the fourth, fecond, firfi:, and third pair. The firfi: and third fcarce differ in length. The firft,
fecond, and third legs are hairy on the two laft joints ; on the third, both hairy and briftly;
but on the fifth, or thigh, not only hairy and briftly, but furnifhed alfo with three large
prickles, two on the upper, and another on the lower fide. Of the fourth pair all the joints
are hairy, briftly, and prickly, except the laft of all, which have hairs only. The thorax
nearly of a rhomboid fhape, flat and blackifh ; with a white border next the legs, with very
foft down, and various longifh hairs projedting towards the eyes like horns. The abdomen
longifh, ovate, blackifh; with thick unequal hairs, a white margin on both fides, and
a fafciculus of rough hairs, or briftles near the breaft. The arms and holders with fome-
what unequal hairs.

SPECIES XIX.— A. Mirabilus.

WONDERFUL-SPIDER.

Though men, to the aftiftance of fallible memory, have, with the greateft care and pains,
invented fyftematic rules, in order the better to comprize and underftand the innumerable
works of the Creator; yet it is impoffible to ordain thefe rules, fo as to be free from excep-
tions. This is a proof of the power and greatnefs of God, who has, according to his own

unerring

( 5‘ )

tinerring wifdom, ftatloned all objedls in a certain mode of arrangement, yet in fuch a man-
ner as far exceeds our comprehenfion. Of this the infect now to be defcribed is an inftance.
Plate 7, fig. I.

It is found common on trees, during the whole month of June, and is generally of a
brownifh colour, though fome few individuals are much darker.

The eyes differ from the ufual pofition, the two laft of the firfi: feries being very large,
and the two intermediate ones very fmall. The two lateral ones are fcarce lefs than the very
large ones of the firfi: feries. This proportion of the eyes is reprefented by the dots in the
figure. The legs are extremely long, and different from the other infedls of this divifion,
fince they fhorten in this proportion, viz. 4, 2, i, and 3. Between the firfi and fecond, the
difference is not remarkable. All the joints are long and fiender, and have hairs, briftles,
and prickles of unequal lengths. The thorax ovate, hairy, fomewhat flattened, brownifii
towards the edges, with the middle greyifh, and a lighter line running through it. The
abdomen longifh, ovate, hairy, in fome more, in others lefs undulated, with a finuous bright
line. The upper part is brownifii, though marked by a fomewhat obfcure facula, and fome
white fcattered dots, which are more, numerous in fome, and lefs fo in others. In fome, the
abdomen is without any dots. The inferior part has a brightifii wedge or mark. The arm
of the male, with the fexual organs, is reprefented at fig. 2, where it is fiiewn projedling from
the globular part, at B. and C. which two parts are ufually concealed in the globular one,
and when neceffary, are projected or exerted as the figure fiiews. When at reft, or withdrawn,
the tip of the arm has a fomewhat pyramidal form. In the extremity of the fecond joint, or
that fucceeding the above defcribed one, a thick and ftrong apex, or procefs, refembling a
cock’s fpur, appears, oppofite which, on the upper fide, ftand two large prickles, and two or
three on the part neareft the thorax. The whole arm is alfo covered with hairs of different
lengths, as well as prickles. The holders have thick and unequally long hairs.

The female differs extremely in one refpe6l from the others of this divifion ; fince fire
makes a thick cell in the tops of trees, with the funnel turned upwards, in which file refides.
This fpecies is extremely timid, and at all times ready for efcape, when difturbed. It feems to
be capable of diftinguifiiing the natural motion of the branches, caufed by the wind, from

that

( 52 )

that which is caufed by the hands in endeavouring to take it; fince it inftantly takes to flighty
and difappears ^ hence it happened that I was fome confiderable time before I could colledt
fufficient fpecimens. The female colleds her eggs into a thick round bag, of a greyidi
colour, the fize of which is reprefented by the ring, at fig. i . This bag is not faftened
to the fexual organ, as in other females of this divifion, but is entirely feparate, and kept
clofe to the thorax, by means of the arms. It is however no hinderance in running, the
length of her legs preventing it from ftriking againfi: any obftacles in her way. The follicle,
or egg-bag, is preferved with as much care as her life : I never faw her hunting after food
while fire carries it: it contains about 150 eggs. The young come out at the end of July;
they have dark thoraxes, with a lucid longitudinal line; and their abdomens are dark, with
three fmall lucid rays towards the thorax : their legs are whitifir, with confpicuous prickles
on them. The young run about in the nefts, and do not adhere to the back of the mother,
as mofi; others of this divifion do.

Having often feen thefe Spiders catch flies upon the wing with great fwiftnefs, I doubted
whether they made any webs ; but having kept a male feveral days without food, I found

him weaving a web of a particular form. He faftened a little net to the fide of the place

where he was confined, in form of a bag, whereof the circumference of the aperture exceeded
the height about ten times : acrofs the aperture ran in a confufed manner fome thick threads :
the bag was placed in a plane nearly oppofite to the air, was narrower towards the bottom,
and ended in flue. The Spider did not live in this web, but walked at large about the fides

of the place where he was, feizing on the flies, both on the wing, and entangled in the

web.

CHAPTER VI.

( 53 )

CHAPTER VI.

OF THE SECOND KIND, OR DIVISION OF LEAPERS, OR
PHALANGIA.

I* I HAVE placed the Phalangia before the Cancriformes, becaufe they are more numerous
and more regular.

2. The only certain character of this divifion is the fituation of the eyes in a parabola. Thofe
in front are the largeft j next come the fecond, fomewhat lefs ; the third pair is the fmalleft j
and the hindmoft pair are rather lefs than the fecond. See the figures.

3. There is no certain rule for the length; fee the lines in the figures, wherein the firil
gives the length of the fore legs, and the laft that of the hind ones.

4. These Spiders have the power of bending the thorax very much, and very eafily to
either fide, which thofe of the other divifions cannot do. They leap frequently with great
lightnefs, like fleas or grafshoppers. Mofl: of them draw a thread after them, and which they
can fix either to themfelves or to any thing elfe, or lengthen or fhorten at pleafure with won-
derful facility.

SPECIES I. — A. Hastatus.

halberd-spider.

From the middle of July to the height of autumn, thefe are found fitting on the branches of
the Scotch fir (Finns fykeftris, Lin.) firfi watching their eggs, and afterwards their young.
They are feated amongfl threads or flue pretty nearly or clofely placed, Plate 8, fig. 7.

p

The

( 54 )

The eyes are black, between which and the holders runs a line with chalk-like hairs. The
legs, which are dulky, fhorten in the proportion of 4, i, 2, and 3. They are furnidied with
brownifh marks, and with unequally long white hairs, and fome brown ones. The thorax
ovate, greenifh, flat, fllky, with a facula near the abdomen. The abdomen oblong, ovate,
joined to the thorax, at a fourth of its upper part ; covered with two forts of hairs, of which
the fhorter are clofely fet, but the longer are fcattered, and projed like briftles. The upper
furface is brownifh, and remarkable for having a longifh facula of a yellowifh colour, and
hiaped like a halberd, while the edge or fide is marked by a flame or wave of the fame colour.
Both fides are cinereous near the anus, which is blackifh. The arms are brownifh, and have
white hairs of different lengths. The holders are black, and perpendicular.

SPECIES II.— A. Muscosus.

MOSSY-SPIDER.

Found, the beginning of September, in a hedge. Plate 8, fig. 4.

The eyes glaucous, and fliining like polifhed flieel. The legs thick, fhort, hairy, and
prickly, marked with numerous circles. The proportional length of the legs is 4, i, 2, and 3.
The thorax rhomboid, covered with unequal thick hairs, grey or glaucous like mofs on old
hedges. The abdomen oblong-oval, hairy, and glaucous like the thorax, with two fmoke-
coloured longitudinal waves. The arms hairy, with numerous circles. The holders black,
with blackifli claws.

SPECIES IIL

( ss )

SPECIES III. — A. ScENicus.

SCENIC-SPIDER.

This fpecies is very frequent towards the end of fummer, in hedges. Plate 6, fig. i.

Amongst ten fpecimens fcarcely one male was found. The male and female are alike in
every thing except the arms, which diftinguifli the fexes.

The eyes cherry- coloured, glofly. The legs fhort and flrong, with unequally long hairs,
and black and white circles. Their relative proportions 4, i, 2, and 3. The thorax
rhomboid, black, glofly, with long and thick hair, and a white margin next the legs,
befides three fpots of a white colour and triangular fhape.

In fome there is a fliar infliead of the fpots, or even two fmall lines crofswife, but moftly
very obfcure.

The abdomen ovate, black, with unequal hairs, with three broad, oblique, lucid, white
lines on each fide, making angles or partitions where they meet in the middle j but towards
the anus are two very fmall ones. The abdomen being perforated with a needle, I eafily
difcerned the tubercles : they are five in number j the two lowermoft, in proportion to the
Spider^ are very large. The two intermediate ones rather lefs j the fifth or uppermoft, very
fiiort and thick. The arms nearly white, and hairy. The holders black.

SPECIES IV.

( 56 )

SPECIES IV. — A. Striatus.

STREAKED-SPIDER.

One female was caught, the beginning of Auguft, by a hedge. It is reprefented of its
proper fize, at plate 6, fig. 5, and magnified a little, in order to make it plainer, at B.

The eyes cherry-coloured, very glofly, with a lucid margin. The proportional length of
the legs, 4, I, 2, and 3. They are furnifhed with many long and fhort hairs, and prickles,
and with brown and light- coloured circles. The thorax rhomboid, hairy, marked on the
anterior part with an inconfpicuous black crofs, next this with a white Ipotj then with a
dullifh black crefcent, acuminated towards the anus ; and in the concavity towards the ab-
domen, with a longitudinal flender wedge-fhaped facula, which grows blackifh as it approaches
the abdomen. The abdomen ovate, brownifh, hairy, with a cuneated longitudinal fegment,
and with fpots, or whitifh rays, in a blackifh bafe, and declining towards each fide. The
arms black ; with the joints furrounded with white hairs. The holders black. The eggs
feven in number, of a moderate fize, but fomewhat fmall in proportion to the female, feparate,
round, yellowifh, involved in a thin web.

SPECIES V. — A. Terebratus.

AUGER-SPIDER.

In the beginning of Auguft, this fpecies copulated, plate 9, fig. 2, in the fame manner as
the Vth Species of the Wolves. It is of the fame fize with the preceding fpecies.

The eyes are cherry-coloured, with a lucid border. The legs, which are in the proportion
of 4, I, 2, and 3, have hairs, prickles, and numerous circles. The thorax flat, rhomboid,

black.

( 57 )

black, filky, with a lucid marking reprefenting the figure of an auger below, and above of a
trident with greyifli hooks. The abdomen ovate, black, marked longitudinally by a very bright
flender line, at the upper end of which two fliort white little lines projedl 5 at the other end
four little tranfverfe white lines longer than the upper ones appear, which tend a little down-
wards. The fuperior of thefe lines is the longefi; ; the 2d and 4th, a little lefs, and both of
the fame length : the 3d is very fiiort. The arms black, and abounding with circles of hair.

SPECIES VI. — A. V. Insignitus.

DOUBLE SPIDER.

This , which is of the fame fize with the two former, was caught in the middle of May, at
the foot of a mountain, in low grafs. Plate 7, fig. 6.

The eyes are emerald-colour, very gloffy. The length of the legs could not well be deter-
mined, of which however the 3d and 4th feemed to be longer than the ift and 2d. The
thighs of all were greyifli, the other parts black, except the joints, which were flightly marked
with white. The legs were covered with unequal hairs and prickles. The thorax rhomboidal,
black, and hairy, with a double V. between the eyes ('^,) and a whitifli line on each fide next
the legs. The abdomen ovate, hairy, black, with a white longitudinal line, which is fome-
times yellow ifh, or reddifii. As well near the breaft, as about the anus, were fome longifli
hairs which projedled there, like a fafcicle, or beard. The inferior furface of the abdomen
is entirely whitifli or greyifli. The arms hairy and greyifli.

SPECIES VII.

( 58 )

SPECIES VII.— A. V. Insignitus.

SINGLE V. SPIDER.

This fpedes was found in low grafs, near ftones, in the middle of May. Plate 8, fig. i.

The eyes blackifh, glofly. The legs with unequal hairs, briftles, and prickles: the four
pofterior ones are longer than the anterior ones ; I could not exa6lly determine their pro-
portions. The thorax ovate, flat, hairy, fmoke-coloured, flightly inclining to reddifli ; with
five white dots on the upper part, and between the eyes a greyifh mark rather inconfpicuous,
refembling the letter V. The abdomen ovate, fmoke-coloured, flightly reddifh, filky, with
ten white fpecks, in a double feriesj the firfl: very larger the laft fmall. At the anterior ex-
tremity of the abdomen, near the jundlure, is a fomewhat rifing or proje6ting circle of thick
hairs, the points of which turn towards the anus. The arms brownifh, with white unequal
hairs.

SPECIES VIII. — A. Flammatus.

flamed-spider.

This Spider was found, the beginning of Augufl, on bufhes. Plate ii, fig. 8.

The eyes blackifli, glofly. The hind legs are the longeft, next the third pair, then the fore
legs, and laflly the fecond pair : they abound with unequal hairs, and with brownifli and
fmoke-coloured circles. The thorax rhomboid, flat, blackifli, filky, with various brownifli
hairs, which give the appearance of obfcure rays or flames. The abdomen heart-fliaped, a
little flat, filky, black j with thick-fet brownifli hair, giving the appearance of oblique rays
or flames, with a greyifli border, furrounding the fuperior part of the abdomen. The lower
furface is fmoky, or even cinereous. The arms black, with white hairs furrounding the
joints. The holders black, with thin white down towards the eyes.

SPECIES IX.

( 59 )

SPECIES IX. — A. Falcatus.

SICKLE-SPIDER.

Common, the beginning of June, amongft low grafs. Plate 7, fig. 4.

The eyes of a blackifli red. The fore legs the longeft, next the hind legs, then the third pair,
and laftly the fecond. The thorax rhomboid, flat, hairy, with two brown dots towards the
anterior part, and two white falciform bows near the anus. The abdomen ovate, brownifh,
hairy, with a greyifli margin, and a fliarp pointed blackidi fliade near the thorax. The
arms with many unequal hairs.

SPECIES X. — A. Arcuatus.

BOWED-SPIDER.

Found, the middle of June, among low grafs. Plate 10, fig. i.

The eyes brownifh, with a glofly rednefs. The legs in the fame proportion as the former.
The firfl leg has this particularity, the lafi: joint is very fhort and flender, the fecond fcarce

thicker; but the third longifli, thick and ftrong ; and the thigh flill flronger and thicker; the
fecond leg is of a fimilar flru61:ure, but the third and fourth legs are of the ufual form. All the
legs are covered with unequally long hairs, bridles, and prickles, but the firft pair more fo
than the reft. The thorax ovate, flat, black; with hairs of diflimilar appearance, white and
longifli round the eyes, like eye-laflies, and below the eyes, between the holders, is an arch or
circle of the fame fort of hairs. The abdomen was without any markings; for which reafon
I have given this Spider a name, taken from the marks on the thorax. The thorax ovate,
black, with unequal long hairs. The arms the fame, but with a few white hairs on the
joints. The holders black, very prominent, with white hairs. The eggs about twenty, fmall,
cohering, involved with foft flue.

SPECIES XI.

( 6o )

CHAPTER VII,

OF THE THIRD GENUS OR DIVISION OF LEAPERS, OR
CRAB-SHAPED SPIDERS.

..The moft common and convenient mark of diftinftion for this divifion of Spiders^ I take
to be this, that they either make no webs, or differ from thofe of the other two divifions
in the fituation of their eyes.

2. Of the feven fpecies which I have colleded, five certainly have their eyes placed trian-
gularly; but becaufe the two others vary a little from that form, it cannot be taken as a cer-
tain chara6ler, till the exotic Spiders of this divifion fhall have been examined, and collated
with ours ; when, after proper obfervations made, the notes or chara6lers given may be either
received or rejesfted.

3. The refpe6live length of the legs cannot be taken for a certain mark, but may be feen
by the lines drawn with the figure of each fpecies.

4. Out of refped to former authors, I retain the old names of Spiders^ both in this
divifion, as well as in the former ; I do not however contend for their propriety, but leave
it to the opinion of the candid reader.

SPECIES I.

( )

SPECIES I. — A. Vatius.

BOW-LEGGED-SPIDER.

JThOUGH this Spider bears no veiy great fimllarity to the fhape of a crab, yet it feems to
have a better claim to that title than any of the reft ; wherefore it may ftand as the firft or
chief fpecies in this divifion. Plate ii, fig. 5. I have found it on leafy trees, and about
ruins, during the whole month of June j fometimes of a greenifii yellow, and frequently white
or yellow. See Fauna Suecica. 1218.

The eyes taken all together, make out the figure of a fmall ftielving, citron-coloured
triangle, as the dots in the figure fliew. The legs are thus proportioned, viz. the firft pair
longeft, then the fecond, then the fourth, and laftly the third. The two firft are nearly
twice the length of the two laft. All of them are yellowifti towards their extremities, with
black claws. Near the thorax they have fmall black fcattered hairs ; but towards the ex-
tremities have larger hairs, together with prickles ; efpecially on the interior fide of the two
anterior legs, and on the laft joint but one. The thorax ovate, flat, with fcarce any veftige
of down. The abdomen nearly globular, with many rugae, plicae, and ftriae, running in an ob-
lique direiftion over it. On the upper part in the middle, near the thorax, appears a deep
cavity, marked with a black dot. To this fucceed two other very flender ones, and more
apart ; and beneath thefe are two others ftill more feparated. The lower furface is very hairy,
but on the upper part very flightly fo. The arms are brownifli on the laft joints, but blackifli
at the tips, and have fmall thinly fcattered prickles. The holders are milk-white.

SPECIES II.

( 62 )

SPECIES II. — A. Margaritatus.

PEARL-COLOURED-SPIDER.

Of all the Spiders I have feen, this is a fpecies the leaft unpleafmg to the eye. The general
title of this divifion applies to this fpecies, as well as the former. It is not one of the largeft
fize, but it is one of the handfomeft, and is eafily found, at about fix in the evening, in the
month of June, about hedges. It is of a uniform colour. Plate 1 1, fig. i.

The eyes are black, and of a triangular fhape. The legs are in the proportion of 2, 3, i,
and 4 j they are white, with two black claws, and are covered with confufed fpecks, and with
many hairs, briftles, and prickles. Some of the hairs are black, others white, and feveral have
the inner fide white, and the outer black; thus caufing an agreeable diverfity. The thorax
nearly round, though fiightly flat ; almoft entirely covered with hairs, which are more lucid
in the middle part, and black towards the legs. The abdomen flat, nearly round, but with
the neck, or part near the thorax, pyramidal : all over hairy. Its colour is a compofition of
black and white, fo mixed as to produce a moft: elegant pearl-colour over the whole animal.
At the extremity of the abdomen, and efpecially in the female, two lucid cavities appear,
which are marked with two black fpecks, as in the figure. The arms of the male have ob-
tufe and downy globules (fee A.) and the exterior fide of the fecond joint is very hairy, as
well as the tubercle or globule. The arms of the female are cylindric, and abound with
hair; with many prickles round the joints. The fame elegant pearl-colour appears on thefe
as on the other parts of the animal. The holders have many afli-coloured hairs, and are fur-
nifhed with black claws. I have fed feveral of thefe Spiders with flies, but they did not feem
very fond of them : they liked the Aphides^ or Plant-lice, better, though thefe did not feem
to be their proper food. On the 7th of July, I obferved the females laying their eggs,
covering them with a thin web, and continually ftanding over them. They are feparate,
round, and as reprefented at B. One female lays about 100. The young come out about
the end of July.

SPECIES III.

( (’3 )

SPECIES III. — A. Aureolus.

GOLDEN-SPIDER.

These were found, the middle of July, on the tops of trees, fitting upon their bags, and
guarding them within a veftibule of fcattered threads. Plate ii, fig. 4.

The eyes are placed in a triangular form; the lowed: are fmallifli, and the four upper
rather larger. The legs are in the proportions of 2, i, 3, and 4. They are whitifh, with
red joints, and have many unequal hairs, briftles, and prickles. The thorax ovate, (lightly
convex, all over filky ; with a facula running through the middle, and a white inconfpicuous
border near the legs, which is brighter near the abdomen. The abdomen ovate, filky, and
has a wedge, or mark of brown, furrounded by a lucid border, fomewhat obfcure towards
the anus : to this fucceed two flames or waves, which end in a crimfon border, with which
the upper part of the abdomen is terminated. The abdomen on its under part is greyifh,
with a cinereous longitudinal fegment. The arms whitifh, with fmoke-coloured joints, and
furnifhed with black hairs, briftles, and prickles. The holders brownifli, perpendicular, with
a fine white down. The eggs about forty or fifty in each mafs, moderately large, round,
grey, efpecially towards the time of hatching. The young, which come forth about the be-
ginning of the dog-days, are fomewhat dark at firft.

SPECIES IV. — A. Formicinus.

ANT-SPIDER.

About the middle of June, one female was caught, near an ant-heap, at the foot of a hill.
Plate 10, fig. 3.

The eyes are black, and placed in form of a triangle: the four intermediate ones very
fmall, the two outer ones rather larger, and the two remaining ones very large; as appears

by

( 64 )

by the dots in the figure. The proportional length of the legs is 4, 2, 3, and i. They are
glaucous, and are all furnifhed with hairs, briftles, and prickles. The thorax ovate, filky,
afh, or pearl-coloured, with white hairs, and an inconfpicuous facula on each fide. The ab-
domen ovate, filky, afh, or pearl- coloured, with a black wedge next the thorax, ftretched
almoft beyond the middle, towards the anus, broader in the middle than at each end, and
edged with a white border. The holders of a pearl-colour, with hairs, briftles, and prickles.
This female laid about one hundred round yellow eggs, which were involved in a contiguous
covering; but no young were hatched from them; either on account of the parent not having
been impregnated, or elfe becaufe the larn^ce of ichneumons, which crept out from the abdo-
men foon after fire had done laying, had rendered them abortive.

SPECIES V. — A. Cristatus.

CRESTED-SPIDER.

About the middle of June, I caught two females of this fpecies, plate 10, fig. 2, neither
of which laid eggs, though I kept them both to the end of September. In the middle of
Auguft, one of them fpun a fmall web, like a fcale, as thick as paper, in a corner. It died
on the 30th of Auguft.

The eyes are black, and in a triangular form: two of them are large in comparifon of the
reft : the two laft, which are fituated in the upper corners of the triangle, are very fmall : the
four intermediate ones fcarce bigger ; as the dots in the figure fliew. The proportion of the
legs is I, 2, 4, and 3. They are grey, and have hairs, briftles, and prickles. The thorax
rhomboid, flat, brownifli, but with a red caft : with two greyifli lines fwelling out, and
meeting near the anus ; it is alfo fcattered over with fhoit thick down, and with black prickles.
The abdomen, which is joined to the thorax, at about a third of its length, is nearly round,
except that a pyramidal point intervenes near the thorax. It is brownifli, and ftriated or
wrinkled; it has fine down, and a lucid marking, like a little creft : towards the fides it is
reddifli. The aperture is fituated more within the dufky inferior furface. The holders are
whitifh, and have hairs and prickles.

SPECIES VI.

( 6s )

SPECIES VI.— A. Roseus.

RED-LINED-SPIDER.

About the middle of June, a fingle male was found, amongft low grafs. Plate 9,
fig. 9.

The fituation of the eyes can fcarcely be termed triangular, as will appear from attending to
the dots in the figure. All of them are of the fame fize, except the two outward ones of the
lower feries, which are fomewhat bigger than the others : they are all black, with white
borders. The proportions of the legs are 4, 2, i, and 3. They are greenifli, with two
black claws, and with diffimilar thick hairs, briftles, and prickles. The thorax ovate, flat,
hairy j of a greenifli yellow, and with the border on each fide yellowifli. The abdomen
ovate, fulphur-coloured, all over hairy j with a rofe-coloured line through the middle, and
on each fide. The arms of a yellowifli green, with many hairs, briftles, and prickles.
Fig. 8, letter B. fliews the tuberous knobs at the arms of the male, which are brownifli and
hairy. C. fliews the aculeus, or point, which is blackifli, and very large. A. fliews the
joint next the thorax, which is of a peculiar form, and is better underftood by viewing the
figure, than by any verbal defcription. The holders are of a yellowifli green, with very long,
foft, fcattered, black hairs.

SPECIES VIE— A. ViREscENs.

GREEN-SPIDER.

The fp ecies hitherto treated of in this divifion, are of a middling fizej the Green-Spider
now to be treated of, is of the largeft, though not quite fo big as fome in the firfl; genus or
fet. It has not the fame appearance with its congeners ; but fince it makes no web, it comes
in mofl: properly among thefe, and cannot fo well be placed amongft the Lupi^ or the
Phalangia.

s

In

( 66 )

In the beginning of June, I found one female at the top of a tree, leaping with great
quicknefs. Plate lo, fig. 5. I kept it till the i8th of July, but was not fo fortunate in all
that time, as to find any males. During the time of my keeping this Spider y I had oppor-
tunities of obferving its manner of eating. When fhe was taken, a fly was perforated by the
claws of her holders or clafpers (fee letter A. fig. 4.) whilfl: fhe chewed it by means of the
jaws placed between them. It appeared plainly how flie held and turned the fly, by means of
her arms (B), while fhe drew out the claw of one of the holders to fix it in another place.
The jaws, fituated below and between the holders (C) were furnifhed with little hooks or
teeth, in a femicircular form, to tear and chew the food. She feemed to have the power of
changing the fituation of thefe teeth, from which circumftance they might not improperly
be called by the name of claws. The black orifice (D), below and between the jaws, is the
gullet ; out of this, which received the juices of the fly, a fluid bubbled upj when the fly was
about two thirds eaten, all the above motions were with ftill greater eafe and pleafure ob-
fervedj and when the vidtim was nearly confumed, they were extremely plain. The Spider
then cafl: away the juicelefs remains of the fly, as one would the bones of a bird.

After this the animal licked the tips of the arms, firfl: one, then the other, catching
them by the claws of the holders, and drawing them into the mouth, where by diligently
wiping them both with the jaws and the claws of the holders, fhe at length perfectly cleaned
them ; the procefs being facilitated by the afflux of a fluid, which from time to time arofe
from the mouth.

On the 19th of July, I found two other females, each of which had weaved together three
leaves in a triangular form, in which to place her nefl, which was compofed of a thick web ;
while the eggs were involved in a ftill thicker one.

The eyes are fituated as the dots in the figure. The proportions of the legs, 2, i, 4,
and 3. They are green, and abound with hairs of a black colour, and alfo with briflles and
prickles. The thorax is ovate, flat, green, with a fine down, and a flender greyifh border
on each fide near the legs. The abdomen ovate, green j with thickly fcattered white dots
above, and alfo a wedge-like mark without dots : beneath it is black and fquarifh, with a
fpot on the part where the fexual organ is feated, and between that and the anus, with four
dufky longitudinal lines. The arms greenifh, with black hairs, briflles, and prickles. The

holders,

( ^7 )

holders, greenlfli, perpendicular; with black hairs, and blackllli claws. The eggs are about
one hundred and forty in number, round and greenifli, with white circles on one fide. The
young are excluded about the end of July. It is reprefented of its proper fize at fig. 5, and
(lightly magnified at fig. 4.

CHAPTER VIII.

OF THE SECOND TROOP OF SPIDERS, OR
WATER-SPIDERS.

Having hitherto found but one fpecies of thefe, I cannot give their generic charafters, or
any other mark befides their being generally in or under water.

This Spider may eafily be found in the middle of May, plate 9, fig. 6 ; and when it ftands
motionlefs on the furface of fmall lakes or ponds, may eafily be taken in a fine net, with a
brifk or quick motion. Sometimes they are taken with much lefs trouble than at other times.

The eyes are placed in a double feries : the four upper ones are twice as large as the inter-
mediate ones. The two intermediate ones are placed together, as the fpots in the figure fhew.
The length of the legs is i, 4, 2, and 3. They are dufky, and have unequal hairs. The
thorax is brownifli, bright, with fine hairs towards the eyes. The abdomen a little oblong,
glaucous, and, as it were, filky with fine down: it has four incifures marked with black dots.
When this Spider is in the water, the abdomen appears like quickfilver, or polilhed fteel.
This fliining appearance proceeds either from an inflated globule furrounding the abdomen,
or from the fpace between the body and the water, arifing from its repulfive force, by which
the water cannot approach nearer than two lines. This is, indeed, very evident; for the Spider ^
when wifliing to inhale the air, rifing to the furface of the water, with its thorax ftill
plunged in the water, but the abdomen with its tubercles, rifing juft to the furface, or a little
above it, opens and brifkly (hakes the tubercles ; and during this operation, it clearly appears
that a deep cone of hair furrounds the abdomen, and keeps the water from approaching it,
or that the water, on account of the repulfive power of the abdomen, cannot collapfe and
wet it.

Though

( 68 )

Though this obfervatlon clearly ihews, that the Spider, thus inhabiting the water, lives
by means of air, yet there is no reafon for denying it the title of Water-Spider, as feveral
circumftances demonftrate.

I MUST remark that this Spider, which comes up for air four times in an hour, or oftener,
gave me an opportunity of obferving it for many hours together, by which means I difcovered
that this refrigeration, or refpiration, was not neceffary fo frequently as the Spider pradtifed it,
and that it can, as I have good reafon for fuppofmg, continue without it, for feveral days
together.

It may alfo be proper to remind my readers of the nature of the Aerial-Spiders ; and as
from this obfervation the neceffity of refpiration, as well as the part conducing it, being very
apparent, muft beg permiffion to obferve, that the threads which are emitted, fometimes
from one tubercle, fometimes from another, and fometimes from feveral together, are drawn
out in the manner of mucus from the human noftrils. Confidering likewife the faculty
which this Spider pofieffes, of fhutting or opening any particular tubercle, or, as I think it
may be more properly termed. Spiracle, as alfo the power of receiving and emitting thread
at pleafure, through this or that aperture, and laftly the continuity of the fubftance itfelf
it follows, that thefe Spiders are fpinners, and poflefs that power in a high degree.

I AM the more perfuaded of this, from the circumftance of their being able to retra6l a
recent or juft emitted thread, but not an old or dry one. Could I pretend to the name and
chara6ler of an experienced naturalift, perfe6led by a long feries of experiments, I might ex-
pe6t a greater degree of attention to this theory of mine. At prefent it is fubmitted to the
farther and better judgment of others.

The tubercles, or fpiracula, are four in number, and while the Spider raifes them for the
purpofe of refrigeration or refpiration, fo as to proje6l above the water, they feem larger or
more confpicuous, a little opened or feparated from each other j at other times they are con-
tracted and obfcure. The arms of the male, as appears from the figure, are fhaped like a
gunpowder horn or flafk, with a fmall one in its concavity. Thofe of the female are
cylindric : thofe of both are long and hairy. The holders are largifh, ftrong, blackifli, bright,
a little prominent and divaricating, and have thin fcattered hairs, and ftrong, brownifh, glofty
hooks or claws. I found one male and ten females, which I put into a glafs filled with
water, in hopes of being able to obferve their manner of breeding, or at leaft their battles,

which

( 69 )

which I imagined not unlikely to happen, confidering the voracity of the animals ; but con-
trary to my expe6fation, they lived together very quietly for the fpace of eight days, without
any aliment, fo far as I could perceive. I alfo put fome duck-weed (kmna) into the
glafs, as thefe Spiders are fond of taking refuge underneath it. On the 9th and loth days,
the females began to ftretch threads from the lemna to the fides of the glafs, at about a third
of the height from the bottom. On the 1 ith, they thickened the threads, but in a confufed
manner 3 the threads which were firft fpun were faftened diagonally, and the Spiders feemed
to amufe themfelves in walking longitudinally upon them. On the 12th day, the male was
feparated from the females, and placed in a glafs by himfelf. On the day following, two of
the females fixed a clofe bag to the edge of the glafs, from which the water was expelled by
the air from the tubercles, and thus a cell was formed, capable of containing the whole
animal. Having done this, and air enough being emitted to drive down the water to the
bottom of the cells, they quietly remained there, the abdomen pofTefTing the cell of air, and
the thorax ftill plunged in the water. In a few days, the reft of the females finifhed their
cells' in the fame manner. In a fliort time, brimftone-coloured bags of eggs appeared in each
cell, filling about a fourth part of them. They now very rarely quitted their nefts, but often
plunged the thorax and legs fomewhat deeper into the water, whilft the region of the tubercles
was ftill kept in the dry. Four days after, I poured off half the water, and put in frefti. On
the 7th of July, feveral young ones fwam out from one of the bags. I opened the other bags,
and found the eggs very fmall, feparate, and round. From the middle of May to July, they
had nothing to eat, and yet they never attacked one another, as the Aerial Spiders are ready
to do upon fuch occafions.

CHAPTER IX.

OF TWO-EYED-SPIDERS.

Amongst more than ftxty Spiders deferibed in the courfe of this work, there is evidently
a general fimilitude. The Two-eyed Spiders, however, are more ftrikingly diftinguifhed from
the proper ones, than the birds of the order Accipitres, are from thofe of the order Gallince.

T Of

( 70 )

Of thefe infefts, therefore, which in reality are not Spidersy though fo named by the older
writers, who appear to have examined them but flightly, I lhall merely give the general
characters, illuftrated by the figures, at plate 9, fig. 1,3, and 5; and briefly mention the reafons
which forbid them to be placed amongft the real Spiders,

I. These Binocular or Two-eyed SpiderSy have the thorax and abdomen united into one
body or trunk, without any divifion or junClure, as in the true Spiders, 2. They have not
eight eyes, like real SpiderSy but only two, and differently fituated from thofe of Spiders,
3* Their legs are totally unlike thofe oi Spiders,

From the above circumftances of difcrepancy, I have therefore thought myfelf juftified in
omitting the Binocular-Spider Sy as not properly belonging to the genuine ones.

This opinion I alfo propofed to the illuflrious Linnaeus, who was pleafed not only to
confirm it, but likewife affured me, “ That in his own works, the Fauna Suecicay and Syflema
“ Naturecy now about to be publifhed, he had feparated the above infeCls from the proper
Spidersy and placed them in a diftinCl genus.”

THE END.

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ENGLISH SPIDERS.

ADVERTISEMENT.

In the following work are exhibited, the Portraits of one hundred and feventy-three fpecies of Spiders^
collecfled within a very few miles of this metropolis. It is certain that no perfon in this country,
Mr. Albin excepted, has ever alTembled fo great a variety; nor has any colleftor, perhaps, to boaft the
poffeffion of drawings to any extent of thefe Infeds. The reafon may probably be, that the objefls are
of a defcription, the fight of which is too often apt to create difguft, rather than attrafil contemplation :
otherwife, the Editor is perfuaded, that inftead of one hundred and feventy-three Ipecies, more than
double that number would long fince have been difcovered in this kingdom, and proportionably in other
countries. In corroboration of this conclufion, an obfervation may be adduced; that fcarcely a fimi-
litude in the markings among any of the feveral fpecies in the Swedifh work, can be traced in thofe,
which are given as Englifh ones. It may, therefore, be prefumed, if perfons, lovers of Natural Hif-
tory, in provincial fituations, would, at their leifure, take, defcribe, and get drawings executed, of all
the different Spiders they might find, (a thing very attainable, as the objefts are eafily caught, and at the
fame time perfeftly harmlefsj ; they might thus furnifh the means of enriching a future edition of this
work, with a great number of new fpecies.

The public may depend upon the fidelity of the refpeflive reprefentations, according to nature, of
the objefls here anew prefented to them.

The Editor begs further to remark, that, to avoid unneceffary repetition, which would neceffarily
have occurred in fpeaking of the eyes, it will fuffice, once for all, to inform the reader, that the fize, and
difpofition of this part of the objefl, (where they have been afcertained}, are diflindly given, near to
that figure, as they appeared by the help of a common magnifier.

ENGLISH SPIDERS.

PLATE I. Fio. I.

This fpecimen was entirely of a light brown colour, intermingled with dark fpecks. The
two fore legs were the longeft : the two next fliorter, and the hind ones the fhorteft.
Feelers flender, eyes eight. Common in the hedges by Hornfey-Wood. — Taken the middle
of May. It was obferved, that many fmall ones, with fimilar markings, were in company.
From its fwiftnefs in running, it is called the Greyhound-Spider.

PLArE I. Fig. II.

Was of a dark brown complexion : the upper fide of the belly and back lighter
coloured ; bordered on each fide with black ; and altogether had a foft downy appearance.
It had eight eyes, and long feelers: taken in a garden, at Hackney, about the loth of April.

PLATE I. Fig. III.

This fpecies was of a lead-colour, with a light ftreak down the middle of the back.
The upper fide of the belly was curioufly marked with white dots, bordered by a waved line
of white. Feelers flender, as thofe of females generally are ; males having globular knobs
at the end of theirs. Young ones have the fame diftin6f markings as thofe which are full
grown, but fainter. This is one of the Hoiife-Spiders^ and many virtues have been attributed,
to an internal ufe of its web in fevers, agues, 6cc.

PLATE L Fig. IV.

The body of this fpecimen was a dark brown; the belly much lighter coloured, and the
whole infect very hairy. On the upper part of the belly were two rows of black and white
fpots, alternately following each other. The feelers were of a fingular form, having two
knobs on each, the laft ending like the head of a fpear. Eyes eight. — Found under the
coping of a garden-wall, at Newington, the middle of September.

PLATE

( 2 )

PLATE I. Fig. V.

The body was a dark brown, with a flreak of light in the middle, in the center of which,
again, was a fmall black line ; a brown mark, of an oblong fqiiare form, was on the upper
part of the belly. Feelers long and {lender: eyes fix. — Taken in Caen- wood, in April. One
of the fame fpecies was caught in June, with its egg-bag, which was round and white.

PLATE 1. Fig. VI.

This fpecies was greyifli, with a faint light flreak on the back. In the Spring feafon
they are feen in numbers, both in the fields and hedges. In June, they are found with their
egg-bag, which is a little compreffed, of a dark colour, and attached to the under part of
their bellies : thefe bags do not impede their activity. With the affiftance of a good mag-
nifying glafs, only four eyes could be afcertained, which are placed on the fore part of the
head.

PLATE /.—Fig. VII.

The back was inclining to a black : the upper fide of the belly a yellow afli-colour, and
marked with black: the joints of the legs of a peculiar form, refembling arrow heads:
feelers long and fmooth : eyes eight.— It was a female Hotife- Spider, and taken the beginning
of April.

PLATE /.- — -Fig. VIII.

This Spider was of a lead-colour, with a line of pale orange down the middle of the back:
the upper part of the belly almoft black: the under part light: eyes eight. — Taken near New-
ington-green, the latter end of May.

PLATE I. Fig. IX.

The back of this fpecimen was blackifli: the upper fide of the belly a yellowifli afli-
colour, with fome black marks : the legs parti-coloured of black and brown j and the joints
curioufly barbed : feelers long and fmooth : eyes eight. — It is a female Houfe-Spider, and taken
the beginning of April.

PLATE

( 3 )

PLATE II. Fic. I.

The top of the back white, with a black line running along the middle of the back and
belly to the tail : the legs and tides of the belly were brown and hairy : eyes fix. By the affift-
ance of a ftrong magnifier, it appeared the upper part of the belly was alfo hairy, and beau-
tifully fpotted. — Taken in Caen- wood, the middle of April.

PLATE II. Fig. II.

On the top of the back was a ftreak of light : the fides black, going off into a faint fiiade
of white ; the tail of a light colour, which, with the legs, were beautifully fpotted : eyes fix.
It was obfervable the belly was confiderable fhorter than ufually feen in this fpecies. — Caught
in Caen-wood, the middle of April.

PLATE II. F I G. III.

Was of a dark afh-colour, with a light ftreak on the back : on the belly were three faint
bars of a dark colour. The knobs, at the extremities of the feelers, were a fhining black, and
beneath them again were fmaller knobs j peculiarities feldom obferved in any other fpecies.
It was a male, and every part was hairy ; eyes fix. — Taken in a houfe, the latter end of
April.

PLATE IL Fig. IV.

The prevailing colour of this fpecimen was a light brown, with a light ftreak in the mid-
dle of the back, in which was a fmall black line : the upper part of the belly marked in a pecu-
liar manner, fo as to reprefent joints ; the legs fpotted with black : eyes eight. The whole
infed; was hairy. — Found in a cellar, the latter end of April.

PLATE II. F 1 G. V.

The back was a dark brown, marked with a ftrong black line in the center j the fides and
under part inclining to a red : the belly was alfo a dark brown, on the top of which were
many irregular black fpots : legs a light brown, fpotted with dark colour, and hairy, and had
a forked tail: feelers flender and fpotted; eyes fix. — Taken in a cellar, the latter end of
Auguft.

PLATE

( 4 )

PLArE i/._FiG. VI.

The body of this fpecimen was black, with a light fliade on the middle of the back : the
upper fide of the belly afh-colour, and every part was hairy: feelers 'globular, with pointed
ends : eyes four. — Taken the latter end of April, near Newington.

PLA^E II Fig. VII.

The back of this fpecies was a chefnut colour : belly a deep bronze, with a white mark
joining to the back : legs a light brown, tranfparent and fpotted with black : eyes not dif-
cernible. — Taken in a garden, at Hackney, in May.

P LATE IL—F I G. VIII.

The back and belly were a deep flelh colour ; upper fide of the belly croITed with feveral
dark lines : the two foremofi: legs longed: : two next fiiorter : the third pair Ihorteft of all ;
and the whole of a dark complexion, and longer than generally are feen in Spiders of this
fize : eyes eight.

PLATE 7/.—.FIG. IX.

Every part of this fpecies was of a brown colour, with a ftreak of light along the back
and belly to the end of the tail : on each fide the light, were thick lines of a dark brown : legs
hairy. — Found near Hampftead-heath, the middle of April.

PLATE II.—F 1C. X.

This fpecimen was of a dark brown colour, fpotted with white: legs hairy; eyes fix.—
Taken the i oth of September, in a furze-bufh, on Hampftead-common.

PLATE III. Fig. I.

The back and legs were a mixt brown and green colour : upper part of the belly white ;
the fides, and under part a light green, beautifully fpotted : feelers a faint green ; eyes fix.

PLATE

( 5 )

PLATE IlL Fig. II.

The upper fide of the belly of this fpeclmen was marked chequer-wife, with black and
white: the back was black. It had eight eyes, and is of that fpecies which leap on their prey.
To facilitate this manoeuvre, nature has enabled them to fpring either forward, backward, or
fide-ways, with equal facility. — Taken in g garden near the middle of September.

P LATE HI. F I G. IIL

When taken was of a light afh-colour : the upper part of the abdomen marked with
black lines : two fliining black fpots were on the fore-part of the body, three on each fide,
and two between the feelers : in thefe fpots were eight eyes, placed in a femicircular form ;
the two uppermoft being the largeft. It has been obferved, that thofe fpecies who are of this
defeription, feize their prey by leaping on it.

PLATE IIL F I G. IV.

This fpecies was altogether of a light brown colour : with two black ftreaks in the mid-
dle of the back: the upper fide of the belly was finely ftreaked with white: at the end of the
feelers were black pointed knobs : eyes eight. — Taken at Lewifham, in Kent, May 6.

PLATE III. Fig. V.

By the alTiftance of magnifying powers, this Spider appeared of a very fingular complexion,
and marked in every part with an admixture of the mofi; brilliant colours. To the naked eye,
however, thefe beauties were concealed by an appearance altogether fpeckled, greyifh,
rough, and hairy. The eyes were lucid, and eight in number: the two center-ones the
largeft. It is one of thofe fpecies who move either way with facility, and leap on their prey. — =
Taken in a garden at Hackney.

PLATE IIL- — Fig. VI.

This was alfo one of the leaping fpecies, and altogether of a muddy brown, with Ibme
dark marks on the upper part of the belly : the under part approaching to a black : eyes
eight. — Found in Caen-wood, near Hampftead, in June.

c

PLATE

( 6 )

P LAT E III. F I c. VII.

The upper part of the back was a filming black: lower part of the belly inclining to a red:
the belly black, and marked with a lighter colour, refembling a leaf : legs a dark red, fpotted
with black: it had eight eyes, but they were fcarcely difcernible. — Taken in a cellar the
latter end of April.

PLATE IIL F I G. VIII.

This fpccimen was of a dark afh-colour, every part being curioufly fpotted with black,
and a ftreak of white in the middle of the back and upper fide of the belly : the legs were
of a lighter colour than the other parts : the fpecks fmaller : eyes fix : the two foremoft
the leaft. — Taken in Auguft.

PLATE LIL Fig. IX.

This fpecies had a ft ripe of orange-colour on the middle of the back, and down the center
of the upper fide of the belly : this ftripe was edged with a border of black : the outer
edges of which were compofed of fmall black lines, forming as it were a faint fliade, ending
in white: legs a chefnut-colour : the feelers had thick knobs at their ends, but ending in
points : eyes four. — Taken in Caen-wood April 14,

PLATE III. Fig. X.

This Spicier \n2ls of a pale red colour: the back of a curious circular fliape, from the middle
of which the head rifes, and forms, as it were, a bunch : the upper fide of the belly was marked
with dark brown lines and ftripes : legs and feelers hairy, the latter having pointed knobs at
their end : tails forked : eyes eight. A fimilar one, but of a larger fize, and darker
coloured, was taken under the coping of Hyde-park wall Auguft 24.

PLATE IV. Fig. I.

The body and legs were a fine brown : the upper fide of the belly whitifli, with two rows
of brown fpots : globular knobs were at the end of the feelers; legs long: eyes four. —
Taken in Caen-wood the latter end of April.

PLATE

( 7 )

PLArE IV. Fi c. II.

The belly of this Spider was a veiy dark brown : the body lighter coloured, as were alfo
the legs, which were fpotted : eyes not difcernible. — Taken in April.

PLATE IK Fig. III.

This Ipecies was entirely of a yellow-green colour : feelers {lender. — Taken the middle of
April, in Caen-wood.

PLATE IV. Fig. IV.

Every part of this fpecimen was of a light brown, except the upper fide of the belly,
which was curiouily {potted: feelers {lender: eyes four. — Taken, near Hornfey-wood, the
middle of May.

PLATE IV. Fig. V.

The whole of this Spider was alfo of a brown colours ^ud from the effeft produced by
the fingular blending of the markings on the belly, that part had the appearance of being
fquare: the two fore-legs the longeft: feelers fmall.^ — Taken the middle of April, in Caen-v/ood..

PLATE IK. Fig. VI.

The body and legs were a light red : on each fide the belly was a row of dark coloured
fpots j and the end of the tail was tipt with fcarlet : feelers fmall, and of a tranfparent
green: eyes black, and fix in number. — Taken in a web, on an elm-tree, in Epping-foreft,
the beginning of May. A fmaller one was caught, at the fame time, vath fimilar markings.

PLATE IK. F I G. VI L

This fpecimen was of a light afh-colour, with a white mark in the middle of the back: and
a fimilar one in the center of the upper fide of its belly : legs hairy : eyes eight. — Taken in
July. A ball, which it held fail with its legs, when opened, contained a number of minute
Spiders^ all black.

PLATE

( 8 )

PLATE IV. Fig. VIII.

Every part of this fpecies was of a light brown colour •, with two black lines on the
back : and a dark brown fhade along the middle of the belly. — Caught in Caen-wood
April 14.

PLATE IF. Fig. IX.

Was a male, and entirely of a light brown colour j with a narrow line of light along the
middle of the back and belly : the feelers large, with globular and pointed ends : eyes four. — ■
Taken in Caen-wood the middle of April.

PLATE IF.— Fig. X.

This Spider was of a fine brown, mottled with black: legs long and fmooth: eyes eight. —
Taken the middle of June, on Putney-heath, on a bank, where it had fpread its web, to en-
tangle its prey.

PLATE IF. Fig. XI.

The prevailing colour of this fpecimen was grey. On the top of the body was a circular
light mark, with a black fpot in the center : on the upper part of the belly were feveral
dark marks : legs a light brown ; feelers fhort : eyes fix.

PLATE IF.— Fig. XII.

The under part of the belly was of an afli-colour : the upper part, with the reft of the
body, light brown. — Taken in the fields in April.

PLATE F. F I G. I.

The back was a light brown, with two faint dark lines in the middle: the upper fide of the
belly yellow, in the lower part of which was a dark mark : legs fpotted : at the end of the
feelers, were globular bunches of a dark colour : eyes eight. — Found in a hedge, near Horn-
ley, Auguft 28.

PLATE F. Fig. II.

The back and belly of this Spider were black, prettily marked with white: legs brown
and fpotted : eyes eight. — Found in a garden, at Hackney, the beginning of June.

PLATE

( 9 )

PLATE V. FtG. in.

The back was almoft white, with a brown mark in the middle: the upper fide of the belly
a light chefnut- colour : the under fide black: legs fpeckled : eyes eight. — Found in Caen-
wood, the beginning of June.

PLATE V. Fig. IV.

This curious fpecies was entirely of a beautiful green, with the exception of a few dark
marks on the back and belly : feelers flender : eyes eight. — Caught on the ground, in Bifhops-
wood, the latter end of June.

PLATE V. F I G. V.

The back was of a tranfparent green : the upper fide of the belly a yellowifli-white, with a
black flreak encompafled with fpots towards the tail : the legs were long and tranfparent,
except at the joints, which gave thofe parts the appearance of fpots: eyes eight. — Found folded
up in a nettle leaf, with a ball of eggs, of a blue colour, near Camberwell, September 6.

PLATE V.- Fig. VI.

The back had a brownifh caft : the fides darker: the belly was a dull yellow: on the
upper part of which was an irregular brown mark from the back to the tail, which was
forked : the under fide of the belly was alfo of a dingy yellow, ornamented with two beautiful
gold-coloured fpots : eyes eight. — Found fpun up in the tops of green forrel, and with it a
bag of eggs, of a pale red colour, near Lewifham, in Kent, the beginning of July.

PLATE V. Fig. VII.

This fpecimen was of a dark brown colour, inclining to black ; a flreak of a lighter hue
extended along the body and belly, from the head to the extreme point of the tail j on each
fide of which were many dark fpots or lines : the feelers were long : and the forceps, or jaws,
apparently fliarp, and finely polifhed 5 every part was hairy .—T aken in a cellar, the middle of
September.

D

PLATE

( 10 )

PLATE V. F I G, Via.

The upper fide of the belly and back were of a dark chefnut-colour ; tail almoft black :
legs a dark brown. A black fhining fpot was obferved on the inner-fide of the knobs, on
the feelers : eyes eight. — Caught in Caen-wood, the beginning of June.

PLATE V. Fig. IX.

The general complexion of this fpecies was an orange- colour, with a light ftreak on the
top of the back : and a dark brown lhade on the top of the belly : eyes eight. — Found in
Caen- wood, the beginning of June.

PLATE Fig. X.

This fpecies was entirely of a brown colour, with a ftreak of light on the back ; feelers
remarkably ftiort. — It is one of thofe Spiders who feize their prey by leaping on it.

P LA T E VI. F I G. I.

This fpecimen was of a light brown colour, with a dark line on the back: legs fpotted. — ■
Found the middle of June, near Woolwich j and when taken, a ball of eggs, a little com-
prefled, and of a bluifh colour, was attached under its belly.

PLATE VI. Fig. IL

The whole furface of this fpecimen appeared of a fhining greyifh black : on the upper
fide of the belly were two rows of indented fpots, in regular order : the tail forked : legs and
feelers a dark red : eyes undifcernible. — Caught on the ground, near Charlton, in Kent, the
middle of June.

PLATE VI. F I G. III.

The back was of a pale orange : upper fide of the belly curioufly marked with light green
and brown : the white part having a beautiful filvery appearance : the two fore legs the longeft :
the next pair a little fhorter : the third the fhorteft of all : the body altogether was of a lin-
gular fhape ; eyes eight. — Taken in a hedge, near Peckham, May 23.

PLATE

( )

PLATE VI. Fig. IV.

The back and legs were of a dark green : the belly lighter coloured: on the upper fide of
which was an irregular mark of a deeper fliade : eyes eight. — T akcn on an oak-tree, in Caen-
wood, the latter end of July.

P LAr E FI. F 1 G. V.

This fpecimen was entirely of a light brown colour, marked with a number of fliort
lines of a deeper fhade : every part was hairy : eyes eight.

PLATE VI. Fig. VI.

To the naked eye this fpecimen was greyifli, fpeckled, and hairy ; but, by the help of a
magnifier, it was difcovered to be truly curious and beautiful j ornamented as it was in every
part, by a mixture of a profufion of colours : eyes eight : it is a leaper, and remarkably a6tive. — ■
Taken in a garden, at Hackney.

PLATE VI F I G. VII.

This Spider was of a greyifh black: feelers knobbed: eyes fix. — Are numerous in low wet
grounds, about the middle of April.

P LATE VI. F I G. VIII.

Was entirely of a chefnut-colour, with a light ftreakon the back : and the belly curioufly
dotted : every part had a velvety appearance : eyes eight. — Taken the beginning of June in
Caen-wood : being put into a box, on the morrow, it was obfeiwed to have laid eggs, and
enveloped them with a thick white fubftance, and attached the whole to her belly.

PLATE FI. Fig. IX.

Was entirely of a brown colour : the under part of the belly darker : legs long and hairy :
eyes fix, — Taken on the ground, the beginning of September,

PLATE

( 14 )

PLATE ri. Fio. X.

The back of this fpeclmen was a dark red : belly almoft a black, and finely fpeckled with
white : legs blackifh j the two foremoft being the longeft, next pair fhorter, and the third
pair ftill fhorter : body of a peculiar fhape : eyes eight. — Found in a hedge, near Peckham,
May 23.

PLATE VII. F I G. I.

Every part of this fpecies was of a brown colour, with fome dark marks on the back
and belly : eyes not difcernible. — Taken near Charlton, in Kent.

PLATE VII. Fig. II.

The middle of the back was a dark red, with a flripe of yellow on each fide : the upper
fide of the belly was almoft black, with two rows of fmall white fpecks on each fide : the legs,
feelers, and under part of the belly, were of a dark chefnut-colour : eyes eight. — Taken
April 18.

PLATE VII. Fig. III.

The whole of this fpecimen was of a dove-colour; on the middle of the back were two
black lines, and four fpots on the upper part of the belly : feelers knobbed, and pointed at
the ends. — Found at Lewifham, in Kent, May 6.

P L AT E VII. F I G. IV.

The upper part of the body was of a chefnut-colour, with two dark lines on each fide:
top of the belly a light brown, as were alfo the legs, the joints of which were curioufly barbed:
feelers hairy and globular ; and on the outfide of each was a white bright knob, encircled
with yellow, much refembling a fet foil-ftone. — It was a male, had eight eyes. — Taken in a
houfe, in April.

PLATE VII. Fig. V.

This fpecimen was curioufly marked with brown and fawn-colour : legs fpotted : eyes
fix.— Common among nettles, near Putney.

PLATE

( 13 )

P LAr E VII. F I c. VI.

The back was a chefnut-colour : upper fide of the belly black, and beautifully ftriped
with bars of white : the legs a light brown : feelers darker : tail forked : eyes eight. — Found
in a thick web, the middle of June.

PLATE VII. F I c. VII.

The back was of a flefli-colour, marked with black lines : every part of the belly was alfo
curiouily marked with black and white, and prefenting a beautiful reprefentation of minute
and delicate ermine : tail forked : legs fpotted : eyes eight. — Taken on a ground-web
(in which was a hole for its retreat), near Dulwich, in Kent, June 8.

PLATE VII. F I G. VIII.

The back of this fpecies was alternately marked with lines of different fliades of brown:
the belly was alfo prettily figured with brown dots, and the tail forked : feelers a chefnut-
colour, and hairy : eyes eight. — Taken in a garden, Auguft 27.

PLATE VII. Fic. IX.

The back was an orange-brown, marked with two black lines: the belly was brown,
with a deeper fliade along the middle, forming figures, each in the fliape of a heart : legs and
feelers brown : eyes eight. — Caught on the ground, near Woolwich, the middle of June.

PLATE VII. F I G. X.

Every part of this Spider was of a light grey colour, curioufly mottled with black. Feelers
oval, and of a fhining black : the eyes could not be afcertained. — Caught in April on the
Burdock-plant.

P LATE VIII. F I G. I.

The back of this fpecies was of a dark brown : the upper fide of the belly lighter, and
curioufly marked : legs a dull yellow, and fpotted : feelers flender. — Found in Bifhops-wood,
the latter end of September.

E

PLATE

(. H )

PLANTE VIII. Fig. II.

The body was brown : the belly almoft black, and prettily figured with white and black,
with an oblong white fpace along the middle : legs of a light brown. — Taken in June.

PLArE Fill. Fig. III.

The back was rather large, with two red marks : legs and feelers of a light brown : on
the innermoft fide of each of the knobs, at the end of the feelers, was a black fpot : eyes fix. —
Found in Caen-wood, in June.

PLATE VIIL- — Fig. IV.

The upper part of the back was of a fhining black : the lower part of a dull red: the
belly was alfo black : on the upper fide of which were markings of a light colour refembling
a leaf: legs brown, and fpotted with blacky from the glofly effeft on the back, the eyes (which
were eight) could fcarcely be afcertained. — Found in a cellar, the latter end of April.

PLATE Fill. Fig. V.

The complexion of this fpecimen in every part was green, mofi; beautifully marbled, and
fpeckled with black : the extreme corners of the belly next the back were knobbed, as are
fome of the Cimices, or Wood Bugs : eyes eight. — Taken in a wood, at Lewifham, in Kent,
May 23.

PLATE Fill. Fig. VI.

The back was of a flefh-colour, mixed with a calf of green: legs and feelers a light
brown : the upper fide of the belly of a light green in the middle, and a bluifh calf on the
outfide : the tail, at the end, was of a fine red : eyes fix. — Found in a thin web, on the
bufhes, on Putney-heath, the middle of June.

PLATE Fill. Fig. VII.

The back was of a chefnut- colour : the upper part of the belly and legs beautifully
fpeckled with brown and orange-colours: feelers flender: eyes fix. — Caught in Caen-wood,
the middle of April,

IL/ITE

( ‘5 )

PLATE Fin. Fro. Vlll.

This fpecimen was all over of a light brown, with four triangular marks, of different
fizes, on the top of the belly; feelers flender, — Taken in July.

PLATE Vlll F I G. IX.

The prevailing colour of this large Spider was a dark red, with a few brown lines on the
back : every part of the belly was curioufly ornamented with marks of variegated colours,
with a row of white fpots down the middle : the legs were fpotted and hairy, intermixed with
fome briflles : eyes eight.

PLATE Vlll F I G. X.

This fpecimen was entirely of a light brown, with a dark fhade on the top of the belly :
feelers remarkably fliort. — Taken in Augufl.

PLATE VIII. Fig. XI.

The general colour of this fpecies was brown: the middle of the back lighter: the fides
almofl black : on the upper fide of the belly was a light fhade in the fhape of a feather, and
in that again an oblong fquare : the fides of the belly a dark brown : eyes fix, — Taken at
Dulwich, in Kent, the beginning of July.

plate IX. Fig. I.

This fpecimen was of a reddifli brown, marked with fpecks of a deeper colour : the legs
fpotted with black. — Taken on a white thorn, in Bifliops-wood, the beginning of September.

PLATE IX. Fig. II.

The back was a light brown : the belly a cream-white, beautifully fpeckled with brown,
and interfperfed with tender black veins : eyes fix. — Taken on its web, in Caen-wood, the
end of July. This fpecimen, being kept two or three days in a box, was obferved to have
formed a ball of eggs, which was round and white.

PLATE

( ‘6 )

PLATE IX. Fic. III.

The back was dark in the middle, and a light afli-colour on the fides : upper part of the
belly was a fine fcarlet, ,with a broad white border on each fide : under fide of the belly was
of a dark afli-colour, fpotted with black : legs greyifli, with a remarkable protuberance on
the outermofi: joint of the two foremofi; : eyes fix.

PLATE IX. F I G. IV.

This fpecimen was entirely of an afh-colour, and the belly marked with brown fiireaks,
refembling ribs : the legs were of a light brown, and fpotted at the joints : eyes fix. — Found
on Hampflead-heath, Auguft 30.

P LAP E IX.— E I G. V.

The back and legs were cinder-coloured: upper fide of the belly a dull white, encircled
with red rings. — Found in Caen-wood, the latter end of July.

PLATE /X- — Fig. VI.

The back and legs were of an afh-colour, upper fide of the belly white, in the
center of which was a dark mark, refembling a fpleenwort leaf: eyes fix; two of which
were placed fo clofe together as to appear but one. — Found in Caen-wood, the latter
end of June.

P LATE IX. F I G. VII.

The prevailing colour of this Spider was a rich dark brown, curioufly marked and dotted,
with light colours : the legs and feelers were fpotted and hairy: eyes fix. — Found in Bifhop’s-
wood, the latter end of Auguft.

PLATE IX. Fig. VIII.

This fpecimen was entirely of a yellow-green, with two rows of fmall black fpots on the
upper part of the back and belly : eyes fix ; prefently after being taken, it was remarked to
caft its fkin, but inftantly re-aflumed its former appearance. — Caught on Putney-heath, the
middle of June.

PLATE

( >7 )

PLATE IX. Fig. IX.

Every part of this fpecies was alfo of a beautiful green, and had eight eyes ; it was un-
commonly active, and apparently quick- fighted. — Taken in Caen-wood, the firft week in June.

r L AT E IX. F I G. X.

The back was of a ftrong chefnut-colour : the upper fide of the belly black, with a light
mark along the middle, refembling a fprig of yew : eyes eight. — Found on its web, on the
ground, in a warren, near Woolwich, in Kent, the middle of June. It was afterwards re-
marked, that thefe fpecies are fomething larger, when taken in July.

PLATE IX. Fig. XL

This Spider was entirely of a buff-colour, with a dark fhade in the middle of the back :
the belly was prettily marked, and the legs fpotted : eyes fix. — Found on a wall, at
Hackney, -the latter end of September.

PLATE IX. Fig. XII.

Was altogether of a light brown ; the upper fide of the belly and legs beautifully fpotted :
feelers {lender : eyes eight. — Taken from an Ichneumon-fly, in Caen-wood, the beginning of
June.

PLATE X. Fig. I.

The back was of a yellowifh-red, with two flripes of black in the middle : the upper part
of the belly had alfo a yellow caft, encircled with red bands : legs were of a dark red : the
ends of the feelers were formed like the rowel of a fpur : eyes fix. — Found among nettles, near
Putney, September 1 1 . -

PLATE X. Fig. II.

The back and upper part of the belly of this fpecies were of a light brown, edged with
a dark line : the under parts and legs were alfo of the fame colour: eyes four. — Taken in
Caen-wood, April 14.

F

PLATE

( i8 )

PLATE X. Fig. III.

The prevailing colour of this fpecimen was brown, with a few markings on the back
and belly : legs curioudy fpeckled : eyes eight. — Found fpun up in a hazel-leaf, with a ball
of eggs, which was of a yellow complexion, and enveloped with a white fubftance, in a wood,
near Peckham, the beginning of June.

PLATE X. Fig. IV.

This Spider was entirely of a dark green, with a deep fliade on the back : eyes eight.—
Found in Caen- wood, in July.

PLATE X. Fig. V.

Every part of this fpecies was of a mottled brown, with fome light markings on the top
of the belly ; eyes eight. — Taken on the ground, in Green wich-park, March 31 .

PLATE X. F I G. VI.

This fpecimen was in every part of a dark copper-colour, with a light fhade on the back:
legs a light brown, and fpotted with black : feelers flender : eyes could not properly be afcer-
tained. — Caught under a fhed, the latter end of April.

PLATE X. Fig. VII.

The general colour of this beautiful Spider was of a light afli-colour, with a broad ftripc
of white along the top of the belly, on which were two rows of black fpecks j and the legs
finely fpotted : at the extremity of the belly were two fhort appendages, which the infe6t
dilated, or clofed at pleafure. — Taken in a houfe, at Maidenhead, the middle of May.

P LATE X. F I G. VIII.

The back and belly were of a dark cinder-colour : the legs and feelers yellowifh : eyes
eight. — Taken the middle of May, near Hornfey-wood. A fimilar fpecimen, with many
young ones, was found wrapped in a leaf, at Hambleton, in Buckinghamfhire.

VIATE

( 19 )

PLATE X. Fig. IX.

The light parts of this fpecies were of a bluifli white : the top of the back bordered with
black : and the upper fide of the belly curioufly marked with feveral tender lines of black :
on the ends of the feelers were globular knobs : the legs finely fpotted.

PLATE X. F I c. X.

The general colour of this Spider was a rich brown, with fome dark lines on the back,
and dots on the belly: legs a little fpotted, and appearing tranfparent : eyes eight. — Taken
from an Ichneumon-fly, in Caen-wood, the beginning of July.

PLATE X. Fig. XI.

The back and legs were of a dark red : the whole belly of a deep lead-colour, and hairy :
tail of a flefh-colour, and forked : eyes eight. Taken near Woolwich, in Kent, the middle
of June.

PLATE XL Fig. I.

The general complexion of this Spider was a deep afli-colour. On the top of the belly
next the back, was a light band, on which was a dark fpot ; near to this band, was a perfect
figure of a crofs in white : the legs were fpotted : feelers long : and eyes four. — Found in a
garden, in April.

PLATE XL Fig. II.

The upper parts, together with the legs and feelers, were of a deep brown, with a
light ftreak on the back, and a crofs on the top of the belly : the under part of which was
light and fpeckled with dark fpots : eyes eight. — Found in Caen- wood, the latter end of July.

PLATE XL F I c. III.

This fpecimen was entirely of a dark chefnut-colour, except four orange-marks, which
were on the upper fide of the belly.— Found folded up in a leaf, with a ball of eggs, the latter
end of July.

F LATE

( 20 )

PLATE XL Fig. IV.

This fpecies was of a buff-colour, with a dark brown mark on each fide of the back,

and ftreaks of black along both fides of the belly : eyes eight. — Taken on a furze-bufh, on

Putney-heath, June 21.

PLATE XL Fig. V.

Every part of this large fpecimen were of a dark orange-colour, bedecked with beautiful
variegated markings of different colours, fcarcely to be imitated by art: eyes eight. — Taken
in Caen-wood, September 20.

PLATE XL Fig. VI.

The back was of a yellowifh brown : the upper fide of the belly white, with a large dark
brown mark, from the middle to the extremity of the tail : the legs were party-coloured : the
firft and laft joints being of a light brown : the middle joints of a bright red, and the ends of
each joint fpotted with a dark fhade : feelers flender : eyes eight.—Taken in Bifhops-wood,
the beginning of September.

PLATE XL -Fig. VII.

The complexion of this curious fpecies, in every part, was of a dark colour, and the
belly adorned with fingular markings, refembling Mofaic work : feelers flender : eyes eight. —
Taken near the New- river, the latter end of September.

P LATE XL F I G. VIII.

This delicate Spider was entirely of a pale blue colour, with a few dark ftreaks on each fide
of the back, and upper part of the belly : the legs beautifully fpeckled : eyes imperceptible. —
Found in Caen-wood, the beginning of June.

P L AT E XL F I G. IX.

Every part was of a light brown, and prettily marked with dark coloured lines and dots :
the two fore-legs the longeft : the two next the fmalleft : eyes fix. — Found among nettles,
near Newington-green, the latter end of April.

PLATE

( 21 )

PLATE XL Fig. X.

The v/hole of this Spider was of a reddifli flefh-colour, curioufly marked with black lines
and dots : feelers flender : eyes fix. — Taken in a garden, on Epping-foreft, the beginning
of May.

PLATE XL Fig. XI.

This fpecies was altogether of the fineft green. Eyes eight. — Caught on the ground, in
Caen-wood, the beginning of June.

PLATE XII. Fig. I.

The back, legs, and feelers, were of a lead-colour : on the upper part of the belly was an
irregular mark of white, encompalTed with a deep fcarlet : the fides were yellow : eyes fix. —
Found the latter end of July, in Caen-wood, inclofed in its web, in an oak-leaf, and with it
a ball of eggs, which was of a pale blue colour.

PLATE XII. Fig. II.

The back, legs, and feelers, of this fpecies were brown : the upper fide of the belly of an
orange-colour, curioufly marked with femicircular fpots ; on the under fide was a broad
black mark, reaching from the head to the tail : eyes fix. — Found in Caen-wood, in June.

PLATE XII. F I G. III.

The back and belly were almoft black, with a mixture of a red and purple calf : on the
top of the belly were tender markings of light brown, refembling lace-work, with dark
coloured fpots : eyes fix. — Found in Bidiops-wood, the latter end of Auguft.

PLATE XII. F I G. IV.

All the back, upper fide of the belly, legs, and feelers, were curioufly marked with
black, and light afh-colour : the fore-part of the head was a reddifh : under part of the belly
afli-colour, with a call of green: eyes eight. — Found at Woolwich. Two fimilar ones, but
of a fmaller fize, were caught at the fame time. . -

G

PLATE

( 22 )

P LAr E XII. F 1 c. V.

The general complexion of this beautiful Spider v/as of an orange-colour; on the upper
fide of the belly was a row of whitifli marks of different fizes, from the back to the tail :
legs party-coloured : eyes eight. — Taken at Maidflone, in Kent, the middle of Augufl* A
like fpecies was found in Caen-wood.

PLATE XII. Fig. VI.

The body of this fpecimen was of a dark brown : the belly of a deep orange- colour, beau-
tifully marked with yellow dots, and black bars : legs hairy, and party-coloured : eyes fix.
Like other males, it had large feelers. — Found September lo, on Hampflead-heath.

PLATE XII. F I G. VII.

The back and upper part of the belly of this fpecimen were of a deep brown, with dif-
ferent light marks in every part : legs were light coloured and fpotted : eyes eight. — Taken
on Hampflead-heath, September 27.

PLATE XII. F I G. VIII.

1’his fpecies was of a yellow-brown, ornamented, with a flreak of dark colour in the
middle of the back ; on the top of the belly (which w'as remarkably fmall), were a few black
lines ; legs a yellow brown, and full of briftles : the ends of the feelers remarkably curious :
eyes'fix. — Taken by the New-river, near Iflington, the middle of September.

P LATE XII. F I G. IX.

The belly of this fpecimen was of a dull orange-colour, prettily marked with black, and
fiefh- colon red dots ; the body almofl black : legs hairy, and fpeckled with brown : feelers
fpotted : eyes fix. — Taken the latter end of Augufl, in Bifliops-wood.

PLATE XII. F I G. X.

The body and belly of this Spider were of a yellowifh-brown, with a broad flripe of lead-
colour on the top of the back. By the affiftance of glaffes, the belly was difcovered to be

inimitably

( 23 )

inimitably befprinkled with minute brown fpots : and with the legs, which were alfo curioufly
fpeckled, altogether prefented a more beautiful fpediacle than any other fpecies here defcribed :
eyes fix. — Taken under the coping of a wall, at Newington, the middle of September.

PLATE Kill. Fic. I.

The belly of this lingular fpecimen was of a dull orange-colour, with tender markings of
red, and a few dots of white, down the middle : tlie body, which was remarkably fmall, was of
an afh-colour: legs a faint yellow, and Ipotted with dark brown: eyes eight, — Taken in a
garden, at Hackney, the middle of May.

PLATE Xlll. Fig. II.

The back was of a chefnut-colour : the belly black, with fmall divilion-lines of white.
A ball of eggs, of a pale blue colour, was attached to its belly. — ^Found near Charlton, in
Kent, the middle of June.

PLATE XIII. Fig. III.

This Spider was entirely of a dark brown-colour. The belly delicately fpotted with
white : the legs fpotted with black. — Found, May 14, on its web, near Charlton, in Kent, It
was a female, and had four eyes.

PLATE XIII. Fig. IV.

The belly was of a fine glolfy grey, with two rows of white fpots along the middle of the
back : feelers were alfo a deep grey. On account of its fhining furface, the eyes could not be
afcertained : legs a chefnut-colour. — Taken in Caen- wood, the firft part of June.

PLATE XIIL—V iG. V.

This fpecies was altogether of a red buff-colour, with a few light fpots on the top of the
belly, and fome black markings on the feelers and legs: eyes fix. — Taken, Auguft 30, amongft
Ferns, on Hampftead-heath.

TLATE

( 24 )

PLATE XIII. -Fig. VL

This Spider was entirely of a yellow-brown-colour, and in figure refembled a Tick. On
the back were two black lines, and a few tender markings of brown on the belly. — Found in
Caen-wood, the beginning of June. A very fmall one was caught at the fame time, but with
fimilar markings.

PLATE XIIL Fig. Vil.

In fhape, this fpecies alfo refembled a Tick, and in every part was of a dark brown, with
fome faint clouded marks on both fides of the belly : legs fpeckled : eyes eight. Caught in
Caen-wood, the early part of June.

PLATE XIIL—F I G. VIII.

Was altogether of a mottled lead appearance j but the top of the body and legs, rather
lighter coloured. It is one of thofe long-legged fpecies, fo called, which have no divifion of
back and belly, as is common to all other Spiders. The body was much larger, and the legs
ihorter, than is ufual in this tribe. — Found under the coping of a wall, near London, the
end of September.

PLATE XIIL——F I G. IX.

The whole of this fpecimen was of a chocolate-colour, with a few white and brownifii
marks on the belly : the legs were hairy, and fpotted with black : feelers (lender and fpotted :
eyes fix. — Caught in a garden, the beginning of September.

PLATE XIIL Fig. X.

The belly of this beautiful fpecies was of the fined yellow, with an irregular brown mark,
from the middle to the extremity. On the broadeft part of this mark was the exadt figure of
a crofs in white : the under part of the belly was fpeckled with brown, and the back was a
chefnut-colour : the legs party-coloured with black and yellow. — Taken on Hampdead-heath,
the beginning of September.

PLATE

1 25 )

PLATE XIV. Fig. I.

The back of this elegant fpecimen was of a light brown: the belly a beautiful green,
with a row of dark fpots on each fide, and the extremity of a fine crimfon colour : black
and globular knobs were at the ends of the feelers : eyes fix. — Caught on Epping-foreft, the
beginning of May. This, and Spechnen VI. in Plate IV. were fuppofed to be male and
female.

PLATE XIV. Fig. II.

The extremity of the abdomen was of a clouded yellow : the part next the body white j
in which were two ftreaks of black : legs a light brown, and the two foremofi; the longefi:. — •
Found in Caen- wood, the middle of April.

PLATE XIV. Fig. III.

The back was black, as was alfo the belly, excepting two lines of a light colour on the
top, which in figure refembled a V. the legs were beautifully fpotted : eyes not difcernible.

PLATE XIV. F I G. IV.

The whole of this curious Spider was of a light yellowifh-green, with a faint fliade on
each fide of the back, and fome fpots on the upper fide of the belly, two of which were of a
blood* colour : feelers flender : eyes eight. — Taken in a wood, at Lewifliam, in Kent.

PLATE XIV. Fig. V.

The back was almofi: black : upper fide of the belly green, dotted with a dull yellow: legs
fpotted : eyes fix. — Found on a hazel-tree, the beginning of September.

PLATE XIV. Fig. VI.

The body was of a dark red, with a broad ftripe of black on the upper part: the belly
was of a lead-complexion, and curioufly fpotted: eyes fix. — Taken under the coping of a

garden-wall, at Newington, the middle of September.

H

PL ATE

{ 26 )

PLATE XI y. F I G. VII.

The body of this large and elegant fpecies was of an alh-colonr : the belly of a cho-
colate-hue, and curioufly marked with broad white fpots: legs were of a light brown, fpotted
and hairy : eyes eight. — Taken in a garden, at Hoxton, the middle of September. Being
kept in a box, and fupplied with flies, till the latter end of September, no alteration either in
colour or fize was obferved, during that period.

^ PLATE XIV. Fig. VIII.

The back v/as of a deep brown, with a dark ftripe on the top : the Belly of a chocolate-
colour, and beautifully figured with different fized dots of a pale buff colour : legs fpotted
with dark brown, and hairy : feelers fpotted : eyes fix. — Taken in a garden, at Tottenham-
court, July 27.

PLATE XIV.^ — F I G. IX.

T HE fmallnefs of this fpecies, and its natural complexion, altogether gave it the appear-
ance of a Tick. It was of an afli-colour, and on each fide of the back was a little admixture
of red : eyes not perceivable.

PLATE XIV. Fig. X.

The upper fide of the belly was of a pale yellow, with an irregular brown mark, from the
middle to the tail : the back and legs were femi-tranfparent, and the alternate fpots of red
and black, gave thofe parts the appearance of tortoifhell : feelers flender : eyes eight. — Taken
curled up in a leaf, near its web. A fimilar one was found on an oak, in Caen-wood, the
beginning of September.

PLATE XV. Fig. I.

This remarkable fpecimen was entirely of a deep brown colour. The number of its legs
were as other Spiders^ but in the place of feelers were fubftituted two fubftances in fliape of
the claws of a lobfter, of which it apparently made the like ufe j moreover, it pofTeffed the
peculiar power to move forwards or backwards with great facility. — Found amongft fome
books.

.PLATE

( 27 )

PLATE XV. Fig. 1L

This delicate Spider was entirely of a light brown colour : the two foremoft legs were the
Ihorteft: the two next the longeft. It is of that genusj where body and belly are conjunclively
one. — Taken at Hackney, the beginning of May.

PLATE XV. Fig. III.

By the affiftance of glaffes, a rich alTemblage of vivid colours vieing with the opal, were
here found blended together, and in every part adorned this little Spider, the eyes v/ere not
difcernible. — Taken on the body of a tree, in Caen-wood, the middle of April.

PLATE XV. Fig. IV.

The general complexion of this fpecies was of a ferruginous hue, with a few faint light
coloured fpots on the top of the belly, encompalTed with a fcalloped black fhade : legs fpotted:
eyes fix.

PLATE XV. Fig. V.

The furface and colour of this fpecimen refem'bled fcarlet-velvet. On the belly were
a few tranfverfe lines of a deeper fhade. — Taken in Caen-wood, the beginning of June. — Are
found likewife in gardens, on bodies of trees, but the latter fort are fmaller, and moreover
reputed venemous.

PLATE XV. Fig. VI.

Every part of this fpecimen was of a copper-colour. — Found in the middle of a web, in
Caen-wood, April i6. Feelers very fliort ; eyes not difcoverable.

PLATE XV. Fig. Vll.

This fingular Ipecies was in every part piebald, with beautiful patches of black and
white dots : eyes eight. It was remarked, that its young ones, though no bigger than a rape-
feed, had fimilar markings. — Found near the New -river, at Idington, the middle of May.

PLATE

( 28 )

PLATE XV. Fig. VIII.

This fmgular fpecimen was in every part of a dull white complexion, with the addition
of fome grey, and a few fcarlet fpots on the top of the belly : eyes eight. — Found in Bifhops-
wood, near Hampftead, June 28.

riATE XK Fig. IX.

Every part of this beautiful Spider was of an afh-colour, delicately fpotted with black.
The extreme gloffinefs of the front of the body, prevented the afcertaining the cxa6l number
of its eyes. — Found in a garden, at Hackney, the latter end of Auguft.

PLAEE XV. -Fig. X.

The general colour was a deep chocolate, with a broad irregular mark of black, extend-
ing along the body, to the extremity of the abdomen: legs fpotted: eyes fix. — Taken under
the coping of a wall, at Newington, the middle of September.

PLATE XV. Fig. XL

The general furface of this large and fine fpecimen was of a light brown : the back and
upper fide of the belly being beautifully adorned with black bars, and white marks : legs
hairy, and alternately fpotted with brown and black: eyes fix. — Caught in a garden, at
Hackney.

PLATE XVI. Fig. I.

Every part of this Spider was of a deep brown, with black and white markings on the
back and belly : feelers long and almofl; black : eyes eight. — Taken on the ground, in Green-
wich-park, March 31.

PLATE XVI. Fig. II.

This fpecies was entirely of a copper-colour, with curious white markings on the top of
the belly, refembling lace-work : legs fpotted : eyes eight. — Taken near Peckham, Auguft 6.

FLATE

( 29 )

PLATE XVr. Fio. III.

The back and belly were of a pale redifh green, beautifully dotted with red, and nearly
tranfparent : the legs and feelers were of a pink-colour : eyes fix. — Caught in Caen-wood,
September 20.

PLATE XVI. F I G. IV.

The belly was of a grafs-green : the upper part encompafled with a yellow triple border,
the aera of which, formed, as it were, a fhield, marked with a few dots of flefh-colour, and
black : legs fpotted : feelers tranfparent, and fpotted : eyes eight. — Taken in a hedge, near
Hornfey-wood, April 20.

PLATE XVL Fig. V.

This Spider was in every part of a light grey, and fpeckled in a delicate manner with
black. In fhape, it was rather flat, but exceedingly nimble. — Taken in Caen- wood, Sep-
tember 20.

PLATE XVL Fig. VI.

Was entirely of a deep grey colour, with the exception of a few light dots on the top of
the belly : eyes imperceptible. — Found wrapped in a nettle-leaf, with a ball of eggs, of a
bluifli colour, near Rotherhithe, the latter end of Auguft.

PLATE XVL Fig. VII.

This delicate fpecies was altogether of a pale green, with two flreaks of black on the
back, and flmilar ones on the belly : globular knobs were at the end of the feelers. — Taken
in a garden, at Hackney, April 20.

P LATE XVL F i g. VIII.

The back, legs, and feelers, were of a pale green : the upper fide of the belly of a dark red,
flreaked with black, and encompafled with a yellow border : the under part of the belly in-
clining to a yellow : eyes eight. — Caught in Caen- wood, September 1 1 .

PLATE

( 30 )

PLATE XVI. Fig. IX.

The upper part of the belly was of an afli-colour, prettily figured with ftrokes and dif-
ferent fized dots of white ; the body was very fmall, and alfo had an afiien hue : legs fpotted
and hairy: eyes eight. — Found on Putney-heath, September ii.

PLATE XVI. F I G. X.

The back of this large fpecies was of a dark brown, on which were two black lines : the
upper fide of the belly of a flefli-colour, curioufiy marked with patches of white, edged with
brown : the legs and feelers fpotted : eyes eight. — Found in a furze-bufii, on Putney-heath,
September 1 1 . — It was remarked to have made a very thick web, of about one inch diameter,
where it refied, and beneath was fpread another web, hanging perpendicular, to catch its prey.

PLATE XVII. Fig. I.

The body of this long-legged fpecies was of an orange-colour, with a yellow circle on
the upper part, in the front of which were placed two eyes : legs were of a leaden hue. — Found
in Caen-wood, the beginning of June.

PLATE XVII. Fig. II.

The general complexion of this fpecimen was of a light brown, with a broad patch on
the top of the body of a deeper colour, on which were a few black fpots : the under fide of
the body was yellowifli. — Taken in Caen- wood, the latter end of July.

PLATE XVII. F I G. III.

Was altogether of a dark brown. The body rather fmaller, and flatter than is ufually
obferved in this Ipecies : eyes two. — Found near Peckham, the beginning of July.

TLATE

( 3‘ )

PLATE XVII. F t 0. IV.

Every part was of a buff-brown, with two irregular lines, and a number of brown fpecks
on the top of the back. — Found under the coping of a wall, the latter end of Auguft.

P LAI' E XVII. F I G. V.

The legs were of a light grey, as was alfo a portion of the top of the body, which was
bordered with two waved lines of a dark colour : the fides, and under part, were of a deep
brown. — Taken under the coping of a wall, the latter end of Auguft.

PLATE XVII. Fig. VI.

Was entirely of an orange-buff colour, prettily marked with fome lines on the back,
and a number of fhort ftreaks on the belly, of a deep brown. — Taken the latter end of July.

PLATE XVII. Fig. VII.

This Spider was altogether of a chocolate-brown, curioufly marked with a few dark fpots
on the top of the body next the head, and a few crofs-bars towards the tail : eyes two. —
Found on the ground, amongft fome old timber, the middle of September.

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