\

K.\ ],• y

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO KNOWLEDGE.

287

THE

ARCHAEOLOGICAL COLLECTION

OF TIIE

UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM,

IX CIIAKGK OF THE

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION,

WASHINGTON, D. C.

BY
CHARLES KAIL

1,1 I', U A K V

N 1 \' 1U4 s j T ',' i > !•'

CALIFORNIA.

WASHINGTON CITY:
PUBLISHED BY THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION.

187G.

ADVERTISEMENT.

THE author of this work was entrusted with the classification of the
Smithsonian Archaeological and Ethnological Collections before they were
transferred to Philadelphia, to form a part of the United States Government
Representation at the International Exhibition of 1870.

While thus engaged, he found time to prepare the following account, which,
though far from being exhaustive, will at least serve to show what ample
means the National Museum presents for the study of North American archae
ology.

JOSEPH HENRY,

Secretary S. I.

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION,

Washington, August, 1876.

CONTENTS.

PAGE

INTRODUCTION ........... . i

STONE ................ 7

A. Flaked and chipped Stone .......... 7

1. Haw Material ............ 7

2. Irregular Flakes of Flint, Obsidian, ete., produced by a single blow . 8

3. Two-edged narrow Flakes of Obsidian and prismatic Cores or Nuclei,

from which such Flakes have been detached by pressure ... 8

4. Tieces of Flint, Quartz, Obsidian, etc., roughly .llaked, and either repre

senting rude tools, or designed to be wrought into more regular forms.

— Unfinished Arrow and Spear-heads ...... 8

5. Arrow-heads ............ 8

C. Spear-heads . . . . . . . . . . . 10

7. Perforators 12

8. Scrapers ............. 13

y. Cutting and Sawing Implements ........ 13

10. Dagger-shaped Implements ......... 14

11. Leaf-shaped Implements .......... l,r>

12. Large flat Implements of silicious material, usually ovoid in shape, and

sharp around the circumference (Digging Tools) . . . . 16

13. Large flat Implements, mostly of oval outline, but truncated and laterally

notched at the end opposite the working edge (Digging Tools) . . Ifi

14. Wedge or Celt-shaped Implements ........ 1"

B. Pecked, ground and polished Stone ......... 17

1 . Wedges or Celts ........... 17

2. Chisels ... 18

3. Gouges ............. 18

4. Adzes ............. 19

5. Grooved Axes ....... .... 19

0. Hammers ............ 21

7. Drilled Ceremonial Weapons ......... 23

8. Cutting Tools . . 24

9. Scraper and Spade-like Implements ........ 25

10. Pendants and Sinkers .......... 20

11. Discoidal Stones and Implements of kindred Shape .... 28

12. Pierced Tablets and Boat-shaped Articles <..... 32

13. Stones used in Grinding and Polishing ....... 34

(v)

yi CONTENTS.

PAGE

14. Vessels 36

15. Mortars 38

16. Pestles 41

17. Tubes .... 43

18. Pipes 45

19. Ornaments . 51

20. Sculptures 54

COPPER ......... ..... 59

BONE AND HORN ......'.. ..... 63

SHELLS 66

CLAY 73

WOOD 88

SUPPLEMENT ........ • 90

APPENDIX I. ............... 93

The Aboriginal Modes of hafting Stone and Bone Implements .... 93

APPENDIX II. .............. 97

System adopted in arranging the Smithsonian Collection illustrative of North

American Ethnology ........... 97

I. Man, Objects relating to, .......... 97

II. Culture, Objects relating to 97

INDEX ................ 103

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

Objects of flaked and chipped Stone.

PAGE

Fig. 1. Flint Knife in wooden handle ; Pai-Utes 2

Fig. 2. Obsidian Knife ; Mexico 8

Fig. 3. Obsidian Core ; Mexico 8

Fig. 4. Arrow-head, leaf-shaped ; semi-opal; California 9

Fig. 5. Arrow-head, convex-sided, truncated base ; obsidian ; Mexico 9

Fig. G. Arrow-head, triangular; jasper; New York .......... 9

Fig. 7. Arrow-head, indented base; jasper; Oregon 9

Fig. 8. Arrow-head, notched at the sides near the base ; jaspery agate ; Texas .... 9

Fig. 9. Arrow-head, notched at the sides ; hornstone ; Tennessee 9

Fig. 10. Arrow-head, notched at the sides; hornstone; Ohio 9

Fig. 11. Arrow-head, stemmed; flint; Ohio 9

Fig. 12. Arrow-head, stemmed ; hornstone; Pennsylvania 9

Fig. 13. Arrow-head, stemmed; silicifled wood ; Ohio 9

Fig. 14. Arrow-head, stemmed; hornstone; Ohio 9

Fig. 13. Arrow-head, stemmed; quartz; District of Columbia 9

Fig. 1C. Arrow-head, stemmed; flint; Tennessee 9

Fig. 17. Arrow-head, stemmed; hornstone; Tennessee 9

Fig. 18. Arrow-head, stemmed; hornstone; Tennessee 9

Fig. 19. Arrow-head, barbed and stemmed ; hornstone ; Tennessee 9

Fig. 20. Arrow-head, barbed and stemmed ; semi-opal ; Oregon 9

Fig. 21. Arrow-head, barbed and stemmed; semi-opal; Oregon 9

Fig. 22. Arrow-head, beveled on opposite sides; flint; Tennessee 9

Fig. 23. Arrow-head, serrated ; flint; Oregon 9

Fig. 24. Arrow-head, serrated; jasper; Louisiana 9

Fig. 23. Arrow-head, stem bifurcated; jasper; Tennessee 9

Fig. 26. Spear-head, convex-sided, base truncated ; chalcedony; Tennessee 11

Fig. 27. Spear-head, concave base; jasper; California 11

Fig. 28. Spear-head, notched near the base; flint; Kentucky 11

Fig. 29. Spear-head, stemmed ; quart/, schist ; Pennsylvania ........ 11

Fig. 30. Spear-head, stemmed ; flint; New York 11

Fig. 31. Spear-head, barbed and stemmed ; milky quartz ; Louisiana 11

Fig. 31a. Spear-head, with several notches near the base; jasper; Maine 11

Fig. 32. Perforator, triangular; jasper; Ohio 12

Fig. 33. Perforator, slender, expanding opposite the point ; jasper; Oregon ..... 12

Fig. 34. Perforator, slender, broad base ; flint; Missouri 12

Fig. 35. Perforator, indented base ; flint; Ohio 12

Fig. 3C. Perforator, stemmed ; hornstone; Tennessee .......... 12

Fig. 37. Perforator, elongated leaf-shape ; semi-opal; California 12

Fig. 38. Scraper, beveled from one side: flint; Texas 13

Fig. 39. Scraper, beveled from one side, stemmed; hornstone; Ohio ....... 13

Fig. 40. Scraper, made of a broken arrow-head; jasper; Ohio 13

Fig. 41. Scraper, disc-shaped, chipped all around; chalcedony; Texas 13

Viii LIST OF ILLUSTKATIONS.

PAGE

Fig. 42. Flake (knife); jasper; Kentucky , 14

Fig. 43. Cutting Tool, with stems opposite the convex edge; flint; California ..... 14

Fig. 44. Cutting Tool, sickle-shaped; jasper; California 14

Fig. 45. Cutting Tool, crescent-shaped ; lydite ; Pennsylvania 14

Fig. 46. Cutting Tool, arrow-head-shaped; jasper; Tennessee 14

Fig. 47. Cutting Tool, arrow-head-shaped; semi-opal; Georgia 14

Fig. 48. Cutting Tool, oval; hornstoue ; Maine 14

Fig. 49. Dagger; flint; Alabama 15

Fig. 50. Leaf-shaped Implement, pointed at one end ; flint ; Ohio 15

Fig. 51. Leaf-shaped Implement, broad, pointed at both ends; jasper; Louisiana .... 15

Fig. 52. Leaf-shaped Implement, slender, pointed at both ends ; flint; Ohio ..... 15

Fig. 53. Leaf-shaped Implement, large, pointed at one end ; hornstone ; Illinois .... 15

Fig. 54. Large Implement of oval outline (digging tool) ; fine-grained quartzite; Tennessee . . 16

Fig. 54a. Large Implement, with broad convex working edge, truncated at the opposite end (digging

tool) ; fine-grained quartzite ; Illinois 16

Fig. 55. Large Implement, oval, truncated and laterally notched at the end opposite the working

edge (digging tool) ; Cue-grained quartzite ; Illinois 16

Objects of pecked, ground and polished Stone.

Fig. 5G. Celt, small; hematite; Ohio 17

Fig. 57. Celt, four-sided; greenstone; Indiana 17

Fig. 58. Celt, broad butt-end ; syenite; Illinois 17

Fig. 59. Celt, battered butt-end; greenstone; Tennessee 17

Fig. GO. Celt, tapering butt-end ; indurated chlorite slate ; Tennessee .... .17

Fig. 61. Celt, expanding cutting edge; cast; Louisiana ......... 17

Fig. 62. Celt, terminating in a handle opposite the edge; greenstone; North Carolina ... 17

Fig. G3. Chisel, round in the cross-section ; diorite ; Ohio 19

Fig. 64. Chisel, four-sided; lydite; New York 19

Fig. 65. Chisel, with handle ; basaltic stone ; Unalaska Island ...... 19

Fig. 66. Gouge, partly hollowed ; hornstone ; New York 19

Fig. 67. Gouge, entirely hollowed; argillite ; Pennsylvania 19

Fig. G8. Adze, gouge-like; greenstone; Massachusetts 19

Fig. G9. Adze ; hornstone ; British Columbia 19

Fig. 70. HaftcdAdze; greenstone; Oregon 19

Fig. 71. HaftedAdze; serpentine; Northwest Coast 19

Fig. 72. Grooved Axe, groove passing entirely around; greenstone; Massachusetts ... 20

Fig. 73. Grooved Axe, one side flat; greenstone; Arizona 20

Fig. 74. Grooved Axe, groove bounded by ridges; greenstone, South Carolina .... 20

Fig. 75. Grooved Axe, unusually long ; cast; Wisconsin 20

Fig. 76. Grooved Axe, four-sided ; greenstone ; Alaska ......... 20

Fig. 77. Grooved Axe, narrow cutting edge ; graywacke; Pennsylvania 20

Fig. 78. Maul, grooved ; granite ; Colorado 20

Fig. 79. Hafted Maul ; quartzite; Assincboins ........... 20

Fig. 80. Hammer-stone, with a depression on each side ; quartzite ; New York ..... 20

Fig. 81. Hammer-stone, with a depression on each side ; quartzite ; Pennsylvania .... 20

Fig. 82. Hammer-stone; flint; Ohio 20

Fig. 83. Drilled Ceremonial Weapon, pick-shaped ; serpentine ; Virginia 23

Fig. 84. Drilled Ceremonial Weapon, pick-shaped; serpentine; Pennsylvania ..... 23

Fig. 85. Drilled Ceremonial Weapon, pick-shaped; slate; Wisconsin ...... 23

Fig. 86. Drilled Ceremonial Weapon, pick-shaped ; slate; Indiana ....... 23

Fig. 87. Drilled Ceremonial Weapon, much curved, ends expanding; slate; Pennsylvania . . 23

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. IX

PAGE

i?ig. 38. DrCed Ceremonial Weapon, parts corresponding to edges strongly curved; cast; Louisiana 23

Fig. 89. Drilled Ceremonial Weapon, axe-shaped ; cast ; Wisconsin ....... 23

Fig. 90. Drilled Ceremonial Weapon (fragment), bifurcated; slate; Indiana ..... 23

Fig. 91. Drilled Ceremonial Weapon, inwardly curved sides ; translucent ferruginous quartz; Indian.". 23

Fig. 92. Drilled Ceremonial Weapon, crooked, blunt at one end ; slate; Indiana .... 23

Fig. 93. Cutting Tool, semi-lunar, pierced; slate; Pennsylvania ....... 25

Fig. 94. Cutting Tool, with lateral tang; hard red shale ; Pennsylvania ...... 25

Fig. 95. Cutting Tool, with long handle; cast; Indiana ......... 25

Fig. 96. Scraper-like Tool, semi-circular edge, pierced; greenstone; Kentucky .... 25

Fig. 97. Scraper-like Tool, slightly convex edge ; cast; Arkansas ....... 25

Fig. 98. Large Tool, with convex edge, the opposite end forming a bifurcation; cast; South Carolina 25

Fig. 99. Spade-like Implement ; cast; South Carolina ......... 25

Fig. 100. Pendant, nearly pear-shaped ; hornblende rock ; Ohio ........ 27

Fig. 101. Pendant, nearly pear-shaped, grooved at one end ; hematite; Tennessee .... 27

Fig. 102. Pendant, elongated pear-shape, perforated at one end; amygdaloid; Arkansas ... 27

Fig. 103. Pendant, swelling in the middle, grooved at one end; greenstone; Ohio .... 27

Fig. 104. Pendant, double conoid-shape ; greenstone; California ....... 27

Fig. 105. Sinker, expanding at the upper end and terminating in a knob ; qnartzite ; Massachusetts 27

Fig. IOC. Sinker, pear-shaped, with a knob at the narrower extremity ; greenstone; Massachusetts . 27

Fig. 107. Sinker, globular, encircled by a groove ; granite; Rhode Island ...... 27

Fig. 108. Sinker, nearly globular, encircled by a groove; potstouc; Georgia ..... 27

Fig. 109. Sinker, encircled by two grooves intersecting each other; talcose slate ; Rhode Island . 27

Fig. 110. Sinker (?), of elongated shape, encircled by a groove and ornamented with incised lines;

sandstone ; Oregon .............. 27

Fig. 111. Sinker, notched flat pebble ; quartzite; Pennsylvania ....... 27

Fig. 112. Sinker, notched ; graywacke ; New York .......... 27

Fig. 113. Sinker, notched ; quartzite; Pennsylvania .......... 27

Fig. 114. Sinker, pierced iu the centre; micaceous slate ; California ....... 27

Fig. 115. Sinker, pierced obliquely near the circumference ; sandstone; Ohio ..... 27

Fig. 11G. Discoidal Stone, concave on both sides ; ferruginous quartz ; Tennessee .... 29

Fig. 117. Discoidal Stone, concave on both sides; ferruginous quartz ; Tennessee .... 29

Fig. 118. Discoidal Stone, concavities on both sides ; greenstone; Illinois ..... 29

Fig. 119. Discoidal Stone, concave on both sides and perforated in the centre; cast; Ohio . . 29

Fig. 120. Discoidal Stone, concave on both sides and perforated ; quartzite; Ohio, .... 29

Fig. 121. Discoidal Stone, flat on both sides ; quartzoso stone; Georgia ...... 29

Fig. 122. Discoidal Stone, small, flat on both sides; argillite ; Pennsylvania ..... 29

Fig. 123. Discoidal Stone, lenticular ; ferruginous quartz; Texas ....... 29

Fig. 124. Club- head-shaped Stone; hornblende rock ; California ....... .",1

Fig. 125. Club-head-shaped Stone; greenstone; California ......... .",1

Fig. 12G. Club-hcad-shapcd Stone; serpentine; California ......... 31

Fig. 127. Pierced Tablet, longer sides convex ; slate ; New York ........ 33

Fig. 128. Pierced Tablet, longer sides concave ; slate; Pennsylvania; ...... 33

Fig. 129. Pierced Tablet, four sides curved inwardly ; cast ; Louisiana ...... I..1?

Fig. 130. Pierced Tablet, lozenge-shaped ; slate ; Tennessee ........ 33

Fig. 131. Pierced Tablet, pentagonal, longer sides concave ; slate ; Tennessee . .... S3

Fig. 132. Pierced Tablet, longer sides concave, shorter sides convex; slate; Tennessee . . . 03

Fig. 133. Irregular flat Stone, showing several perforations ; potstonc ; Pennsylvania ... 33

Fig. 134. Boat-shaped Object, solid, two perforations ; slate ; Ohio ....... 33

Fig. 135. Boat-shaped Object, hollowed, a perforation near each end ; greenstone ; Kentucky . . 33

Fig. 13G. Oval Pebble, showing furrows radiating toward the circumference; qnnrtzosc rock ; New

Jersey ............ ..... 34

Arrow-shaft-grinder; chlorite slate; Massachusetts . . . » ..... 34

X LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

PAGE

Fig. 138. Arro w-shaft-grinder ; compact chlorite; Mexico 34

Fig. 139. Arrow-shaft-grinder; hornblende rock ; Southern Utah ....... 34

Fig. 140. Polisher, oval, with truncated ends ; quartzose rock ; Indiana 35

Fig. 141. Polisher, rhomboidal in outline; cast; Louisiana 35

Fig. 142. Polisher, club-shaped; lydite; Pennsylvania ......... 35

Fig. 143. Vessel of elongated shape, with projections at the narrower ends ; potstone ; Massachusetts 3G

Fig. 144. Bowl ; potstone ; Wyoming .... 3G

Fig. 145. Large Vessel, nearly globular, with a narrow aperture encircled by a raised rim; potstone;

California 36

Fig. 14G. Large bowl-shaped Vessel ; potstone; California 3G

Fig. 147. Boat-shaped Vessel ; potstone ; California 36

Fig. 148. Bowl ; serpentine ; California 3G

Fig, 149. Cup; sandstone; California 3G

Fig. 150. Round Plate, ornamented ; graywacke ; Alabama 3"

Fig. 151. Rectangular Plate, ornamented ; graywacke; Alabama ....... 37

Fig. 152. Pierced Plate ; potstone ; California 37

Fig. 153. Mortar, hollowed boulder; sandstone; California 39

Fig. 154. Mortar, hollowed boulder; sandstone; California 39

Fig. 155. Mortar, with projections on two sides ; sandstone; California ...... 39

Fig. 156. Large Mortar, tapering toward the bottom ; sandstone ; California 39

Fig. 157. Small Mortar, tapering toward the bottom, ornamented; sandstone; California . . 39

Fig. 158. " Metate ;" sandstone ; Utah 39

Fig. 159. Slab of granite with sandstone Rubber; Navajo Indians ........ 39

Fig. ICO. Slab of sandstone, showing irregular depressions ("nut-stone") ; Pennsylvania . . 40

Fig. IGOa. Slab of sandstone, bearing cup-shaped cavities ; Kentucky 40

Fig. 1C1. Pestle of conical form ; syenite ; California 42

Fig. 1G2. Pestle, terminating in a knob at the upper end ; sandstone; California .... 42

Fig. 1G3. Pestle, with a small knob at the upper extremity ; sandstone; California ... .42

Fig. 1G4. Pestle, showing a ring-like ridge below the tapering upper end; sandstone; California . 42

Fig. 1 G5. Pestle, with a knob-like expanse at the lower extremity ; amygdaloid ; California . . 42

Fig. 1G6. Pestle of cylindrical form ; sandstone; Rhode Island 42

Fig. 1G7. Cylindrical Pestle, tapering abruptly at the upper end; compact greenstone ; Alaska . 42

Fig. 168. Pestle of conical form, expanding base ; greenstone ; Pennsylvania ..... 42

Fig. 169. Pestle, with expanding base and truncated upper end; syenite; Ohio 42

Fig. 170. Pestle, showing an expanding base and a circular ridge below the tapering upper end ; green
stone ; British Columbia 42

Fig. 171. Pestle, with expanding base and similarly shaped upper extremity ; silicious stone; Wash
ington Territory 42

Fig. 172. Pestle, exhibiting a horizontal handle which terminates in round plates ; greenstone; Alaska 42

Fig. 173. Disc-shaped Stone, probably employed for grinding purposes ; greenstone ; Georgia . . 42

Fig. 174. Mnller, conoid-shaped; greenstone; Ohio .......... 42

Fig. 175. Cylindrical Tube; steatite; Tennessee 44

Fig. 176. Tube, encircled in the middle by a raised ring; chlorite; Tennessee 44

Fig. 177. Pipe, showing a round expanding bowl on a slightly curved base ("mound-pipe "); cast;

Ohio 47

Fig. 178. Pipe, with a bowl in the shape of a human head; cast; Ohio 47

Fig. 179. Pipe, carved In imitation of a beaver; cast; Ohio 47

Fig. 180. Pipe, in the shape of an otter with a fish in its mouth; cast; Ohio 47

Fig. 181. Pipe, representing a heron ; cast ; Ohio .......... 47

Fig. 182. Pipe, showing the body of a bird with a human head; cast; Ohio 47

Fig. 183. Calumet-pipe; human llgure with a snake colled around its neck; cast; Ohio ... 47

Fig. 184. Calumet-pipe, fashioned in imitation of a canine animal (wolf ?); cast; Ohio ... 47

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. XI

PAGE

Fig 185. Calumet-pipe, in the form of a bird (eagle ?); potstone ; Kentucky 48

Fig. 186. *our-sided Pipe, with lateral stem-hole; argillite; Pennsylvania 49

Fig. 187. Pipe, formed in imitation of a loon, stem-hole ; serpentine; West Virginia ... 49

Fig. 188. .Pipe, representing a parrot, stem-hole ; argillite ; New York 49

Fig. 189. Pipe, barrel-shaped bowl, stem-hole ; argillite; Ohio 49

Fig. 190. Pipe, with a high bowl rising Irom a flat base ; chlorite ; Virginia ..... 4'.)
Fig. 191. Pipe, in which the connection of the bowl with the neck forms a curve; serpentine; New

York 19

Fig. 192. Pipe with a long stem, lizard-shaped ; steatite; Pennsylvania 49

Fig. 193. Four-sided Pipe, with a neck for the stem; potstone; North Carolina 49

Fig. 194 Pipe, with a quadrilateral rim showing a human head at each corner; serpentine; Texas . 4'J
Fig. 195 Pipe, remarkable for a low, broad-rimmed bowl rising from a thick base ; limestone ; Ken
tucky 49

Fig. 19G. Clay Pipe, with a neck for a stem ; Georgia 49

Fig. 197. Conoid- shaped Pipe ; serpentine; California 49

Fig. 198. Clay Pipe, representing a coiled snake (fragment) ; New York 49

Fig. 199. Clay Pipe, in the shape of a raven's (?) head (fragment); New York 49

Fig. 200. Bead, globular, compressed on two sides ; serpentine ; California ..... 52

Fig. 201. Bead, four-sided; potstone; Pennsylvania .......... 52

Fig. 202. Bead, with notched circumference ; potstone ; Pennsylvania 52

Fig. 203. Tube (bead) ; silicious stone ; Mississippi 52

Fig. 204. Drilled Ornament, shaped like a compressed slender pyramid; Catlinite; New York . . 52

Fig. 205. Gorget, four-sided, with an ornamental border of dotted triangles; trap rock; Connecticut 52
Fig. 20G. Flat oval Pebble, pierced for suspension, and ornamented with incised lines; sandstone;

Rhode Island 52

Fig. 207. Flat oval Pebble, pierced for suspension ; sandstone ; Pennsylvania ..... 52

Fig. 208. Shell of hematite, pierced and notched ("record") ; Virginia 52

Fig. 209. Heart-shaped Ornament ; argillaceous slate ; Ohio 52

Fig. 210. Bird-shaped Object (amulet?), pierced with an oblique hole at each cud of the base ; slate ;

Pennsylvania ................ 52

Fig. 211. Amulet (?). Though not presenting the shape of a bird, tins object bears some analogy
to the original of Fig. 210, being pierced with an oblique hole at each extremity of the

flat base ; slate ; Ohio • 52

Fig. 212. Object resembling a cylinder with an inwardly curved side-surface ; this surface bears in
cised ornamental lines ; argillaceous sandstone ; Kentucky ...... 52

Fig. 213. Ring, deeply grooved around the circumference and pierced with eight equidistant small

holes radiating from the centre ; cast; Ohio 52

Fig. 214. Massive grooved Ring; potstone; Pennsylvania 52

Fig. 215. Sculptured human Figure, body indistinct; crystalline limestone ; Tennessee ... 55

Fig. 21C. Sculptured human Head; limestone; unknown where found 55

Fig. 217. Carved human Head ; ferruginous stone ; Ohio 55

Fig. 218. Sculpture of a human Head with an elaborate head-dress ; volcanic rock ; Mexico . . 55

Fig. 219. Carving of a human Figure, head only distinctly represented; slate; Mexico . . . 55

Fig. 220. Carving of a squatting human Figure, neck pierced; alabaster; Mexico .... 55

Fig. 221. Carving of a human Skull, pierced; silicifled wood ; Yucatan 55

Fig. 222. Sculptured Foot-track ; sandstone ; Missouri Valley 57

Fig. 223. Sculptured Foot-track ; quartzite ; Missouri 57

Objects of Copper.

Fig. 224. Celt, with adhering pieces of charcoal and cinders ; Kentucky Cl

Fig. 225. Axe-shaped Object, terminating at the broader cud in lateral curved appendages ; Kentucky Cl

Fig. 22G. Celt; Tennessee Cl

xii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

PAOF.

Fig. 227. Gouge-like Chisel; New York . . 61

Fig. 228. Spear-head, with tapering stem ; Lake Superior District «>i

Fig. 229. Spear-head, with truncated stem : Vermont Cl

Fig. 230. Crescent-shaped Cutting Tool; Wisconsin fit

Fig. 231. Awl, inserted in a bone handle ; Tennessee 01

Fig. 232. Sinker; Ohio 01

Fig. 233. Bead ; Ohio , . 11

Fig. 234. Tube of copper sheet; Rhode Island ''1

Fig. 235. Spool-shaped Object ; Tennessee 01

Objects of Bone.

Fig. 23G. Perforator; Alaska C4

Fig. 237. Perforator; Kentucky 04

Fig. 238. Perforator ; Kentucky 04

Fig. 239. Needle, showing two grooves instead of an eye ; California Cl

Fig. 240. Harpoon-head, with a hole for attachment; Michigan 04

Fig. 241. Harpoon-head; perforated; Alaska C4

Fig. 242. Fish-hook ; California 04

Fig. 243. Whistle, made of a hollow bone ; California G4

Fig. 244. Whistle ; California C4

Fig. 245. Cup, made of a vertebra of a cetacean ; California 04

Fig. 246. Bear's Tooth, drilled ; New York 04

Fig. 247. Bear's Tooth, drilled and polished; Alaska 04

Fig. 248. Drilled Claw of the grizzly bear; Rocky Mountains ; recent 04

Fig. 249. Drilled Claw of the panther; California . 04

Fig. 250. Drilled Ornament (?), made of the epiphysis of some animal; Kentucky .... 04

Fig. 251. Worked hollow Bone ; California 04

Objects made of Shells.

Fig. 252. Bysicon perversum, transformed into a Vessel ; Indiana ........ 07

Fig. 253. Spoon made of a f7u('o-shell ; Kentucky 07

Fig. 254. Celt-shaped Tool ; Florida 07

Fig. 255. Celt-shaped Tool ; Kentucky 07

Fig. 250. Fish-hook, made of Ilaliotis-sbett ; California 07

Fig. 257. Strombus piujilis, pierced; Florida CO

Fig. 258. Unio, pierced; Tennessee CO

Fig. 259. Olivella biplicata, truncated at the apex ; California 01)

Fig. 200. Olica literata, apex removed ; Florida 0'.)

Fig. 201. Pectcn concentricus, pierced ; Florida 09

Fig. 262. Cylindrical Bead ; California . GO

Fig. 203. Cylindrical Bead ; California CO

Fig. 204. Cylindrical Bead ; California 09

Fig. 265. Prismatic Bead; California 00

Fig. 266. Bead, made from a columella; Georgia 09

Fig. 267. Bead, tapering at both ends, showing a part of the columellar groove ; California . . 09

Fig. 2G8. Pin-shaped Object; Florida 09

Fig. 209. String of Wampum, composed of white and violet beads; Upper Missouri .... 09

Fig. 270. Disc of IIuliotis-shM, with five perforations and ornamented border; California ... 09

Fig. 271. Disc of Ualiotis-sken, showing five perforations; California . ... 09

Fig. 272. Gorget, ornamented with an incised design ; Tennessee 09

Fig. 273. Gorget; unornamented ; Kentucky C9

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Xlll

TAGE

Fig. 274. Pear-shaped Pendant, grooved at the upper end; New York 69

Fig. 275. King-shaped Pendant of //alfotfe-shell; California G9

Fig. 276. Crescent-shaped Ornament, pierced at both ends ; California 69

Fig. 277. Object of Haliotis- shell, irregular in outline, pierced with four holes, and ornamented along

the border ; California 69

Fig. 278. Object of Haliotis-*\\e\\, irregular in shape, pierced with one hole ; California ... 69
Fig. 279. Object, made of Lucapina crenulata, nearly oval in outline, and s-howing a large oval aper
ture iu the middle ; California 69

Objects of Clay.

Fig. 280. Bowl, with four projections at the rim ; Tennessee 77

Fig. 281. Bowl, with a handle representing a bird's head and neck, and a projection at the opposite

side ; Illinois 77

Fig. 282. Bowl, with four cars set around the shoulder; Kentucky 77

Fig. 283. Bowl, showing four projections in the plane of the rim ; Tennessee 77

Fig. 284. Bowl, provided with two mutilated studs projecting below the shoulder; Arkansas . . 77
Fig. 285. Ornamented Vessel, contracting toward the aperture without forming a shoulder; North

Carolina 77

Fig. 286. Vessel, provided with a low wide neck ; Tennessee 77

Fig. 287. Ornamented flat-bottomed Vessel, with a wide cylindrical neck ; Louisiana .... 77

Fig. 288. Small-necked, nearly globular Vessel ; Tennessee ......... 78

Fig. 289. Ornamented Vessel, with a wide neck ; Georgia 78

Fig. 290. Flat-bottomed ornamented Vessel, with a narrow low neck ; Louisiana .... 78

Fig. 291. Long-necked Bottle, ornamented with studs ; Tennessee ....... 78

Fig. 292. Pitcher, with ornamented neck; Utah Territory 78

Fig. 293. Large Vessel, with a slightly projecting rim and nearly conical bottom ; outside marked with

impressions probably produced by modeling in a woven basket; Georgia ... 79

Fig. 294. Ornamented Vessel, showing a depression around its middle; Louisiana .... 80

Fig. 295. Fish-shaped Vessel ; Tennessee 80

Fig. 296. Nearly globular Vessel, with a neck resembling an animal's head, one side of which forms

the aperture ; Tennessee 80

Fig. 297. Small globular Vessel, with a neck formed in imitation of a human head ; aperture in the

occipital portion ; Kentucky 80

Fig. 298. Vase, elaborately ornamented with figures in relief; Mexico 82

Fig. 299. Pitcher, with two mouths and two handles; highly ornamented with raised llgurcs ; Mexico 82

Fig. 300. Hicroglyphical Tablet 83

Fig. 301. Vase, showing elaborate raised ornamentation 84

Fig. 302. Small Vessel, tapering to a point opposite the aperture ; Mexico 84

Fig. 303. Small goblet-shaped Vessel ; Mexico 84

Fig. 304. Human Head; Alabama 84

Fig. 305. Wolfs Head ; Alabama 84

Fig. 306. Seated Human Figure with another on its back; Mexico 86

Fig. 307. Seated Human Figure witli a peculiar head-dress; Mexico 86

Fig. 308. Squatting Female Figure ; Mexico 86

Fig. 309. Standing Female Figure with a long gown ; Mexico 86

Fig. 310. Snake, coiled on the back of a Turtle ; Mexico ... 87

Fig. 311. Coiled Rattle-snake ; Mexico 87

Fig. 312. Ornamented Spindle-whorl; Mexico 87

Fig. 313. Ornamented Spindle-whorl ; Mexico 87

XIV LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

Objects of Wood.

PAGE

Fig. 314. Bailing-vessel; California 88

Fig. 315. Toy Canoe; California 88

Fig. 31G. Sword-shaped Implement; California 88

Objects of chipped and ground Stone (Supplement).

Fig. 317. Chipped Perforator, three-sided ; flint; California 90

Fig. 318. Chipped Perforator, massive opposite the point; flint; California 90

Fig. 319. Chipped Implement, sickle-shaped ; flint; Ohio 90

Fig. 320. Ground Implement, club-head-shaped; greenstone; California 90

Fig. 321. Ground Implement, curved, and provided with a shoulder on the upper side, and four conical

projections oil the lower one ; basaltic rock ; Oregon ..... 90
Fig. 322. Ground Implement, flat, tapering at one end and broad at the other, where it is pierced;

argillite; Massachusetts 90

Ilafted Stone Weapons.

Fig. 323. Grooved Axe; greenstone; Dakota Indians 93

Fig. 324. Celt; argillite; Indians of the Missouri Valley 93

Fig. 325. War-club, formed of a round stone firmly attached to a handle ; Dakota Indians ... 93

Fig. 32G. War-club, consisting of around stone connected with the handle by flexible thongs; Apaches 93

Fig. 327. War-club with an egg-shaped head of limestone ; Blackfeet 93

Fig. 328. War-club with a head of an elongated egg-shape ; greenstone ; Missouri River Valley . 93

Fig. 323. Knife with a lance-head-shaped blade of slate ; Nunivak Island, Alaska .... 93

Fig. 330. Wooden Scabbard for the same 93

Hafted Stone and Bone Tools.

Fig. 331. Hammer with a head of greenstone ; Fort Simpson, British Columbia 95

Fig. 332. Adze-shaped Pick of whalebone ; Mackenzie's River District ....... 95

Fig. 333. Pick of walrus ivory ; Nunivak Island 95

Fig. 334. Hoe, made of the shoulder-blade of a buffalo; Arickarees, Dakota Territory ... 95

Fig. 335. Reaping-hook, made of the lower jaw of an antelope; Caddoes, Indian Territory . . 93
Fig. 336. Adze-like Implement, consisting of a small celt-shaped blade of argillite connected with a

forked handle ; Vancouver's Island ........... 95

Fig. 337. Celt-like Chisel of argillite, attached to a cylindrical handle; Vancouver's Island . . 95

Fig. 338. Celt-shaped Chisel of argillite, connected with a handle of peculiar form ; Vancouver's Island 95

Fig. 339. Flint Scraper, connected with a hook-shaped ornamented handle of elk-horn ; Mandans . 95

Fig. 340. Tool of deer-horn, used in chipping stone arrow-heads, perforators, etc. ; Nevada Territory 95

INTEODUCTIOX.

THE National Museum has been for years the depository of large and valu
able collections illustrative of North American Ethnology, which now form
one of its most important departments. In classifying this rich material for the
purpose of exhibition during the Centennial Celebration at Philadelphia, it has
been thought proper to separate the objects supposed to belong to times ante-
ceding the European occupation of the continent from those that are known
to have been manufactured Avithin the period of contact between the Indian
and the Caucasian. Only thus it became possible to exhibit, approximately
at least, the aboriginal state of culture before it had been modified by European
influences. The first or archaeological series, to which the following account
more particularly refers, comprises objects found in mounds and other burial-
places of early date, on and below the surface of the ground, in caves, shell-
heaps, etc., — in fact all articles of aboriginal workmanship that cannot with
certainty be ascribed to any of the tribes which are either still in existence
or have become extinct within historical times. These relics, consisting of
chipped and ground stone, of copper, bone, horn, shell-matter, clay, and, to a
small extent, of wood, have been grouped according to material, and then
classed under such denominations as their forms suggested. Similarity of
shape afforded the principal guidance in arranging these specimens, many of
which leave a wide scope for conjecture as to the uses to which they were
applied by their makers. The second or more strictly ethnological series, a
description of which is not attempted 'at present, consists of articles ob
tained from existing native tribes by private explorations as well, as by
expeditions undertaken by order of the United States Government, and con
tains almost every object tending to illustrate their domestic life, hunting,
fishing, games, warfare, navigation, traveling by land — in short every phase
of their existence that can be represented by tangible tokens. The use of
these objects, many of which show forms copied from the manufactures of the
whites, is in most cases well understood, and they have been arranged accord
ing to their mode of application, and without reference to the substances of

Z INTRODUCTION.

which they are made. This mode of classification, as stated, could not be
applied to the relics composing what is called the areha'ological scries, con
sidering that the latter embraces a large number of specimens, and even
classes of typical objects, to which it would be hazardous to assign a definite
use; and this uncertainty attaches even to such common relics of the abo
rigines as have hitherto been thought to represent well-recognized types.
Collectors, for instance, are very ready to class chipped stone articles of cer
tain forms occurring throughout the United States as arrow and lance-heads,
without thinking that many of these specimens may have been quite differ
ently employed by the aborigines. Thus the Pai-Utes of Southern Utah use
to this day chipped flint blades, identical in shape with those that are usually
called arrow and spear-points, as knives, fastening them in short Avooden
handles by means of a black resinous substance. Quite a number of these
hafted flint knives (Fig. 1) have been deposited in the collection
of the Xational Museum by Major J. W. Powell, who obtained them
during his sojourn among the Pai-Utes. The writer was informed
by Major Powell that these people use their stone knives with great
effect, especially in ciitting leather. On the other hand, the stone-
tipped arrows still made by various Indian tribes are mostly pro
vided with small slender points, generally less than an inch in length,
and seldom exceeding an inch and a half, as exemplified by many
specimens of modern arrows in the Smithsonian collection. If these
facts be deemed conclusive, it would follow that the real Indian arrow
head was comparatively small, and that the larger specimens classed
as arrow-heads, and not a few of the so-called spear-points, were

Flint Knife

n wooden originally set in handles and were used as knives and daggers. In
)- many cases, further, it is impossible to determine the real character
of small leaf-shaped or triangular objects of chipped flint, which may have
served as arrow-heads or either as scrapers or cutting tools, in which the
convex or straight base formed the working edge. Certain chipped spear
head-shaped specimens with a sharp straight or slightly convex base may
have been cutting implements or chisels. Arrow-heads of a slender elongated
form pass over almost imperceptibly into perforators, insomuch that it is often
impossible to make a distinction between them. Among the implements,
weapons, etc., that have been brought into shape by pecking or grinding
there are many types of unmistakable character, such as axes, adzes, mauls,
mortars, pestles, pipes, etc.; yet here, too, not a few classes of objects are
met to which a definite use cannot be ascribed. Among the latter are
disc-shaped stones, pierced tablets, tubes, rings, pendants, and various other

SMITHSONIAN AKCII^OLOGICAL COLLECTION. 6

typical articles. In many instances it cannot be determined whether an
object was designed for use or for ornament.

In order to classify the numerous articles composing the archaeological
series, it was necessary, of course, to arrange them under different heads; but
in consideration of their too often doubtful mode of application it cannot be
asserted that the specimens represent in all cases the characters attributed to
them by the titles under which they have been classed. Nor does the division
into two groups intended to illustrate different periods warrant absolute
exemption from errors, considering that a number of the articles embraced in
the archaeological series may have been made after the arrival of the Cau
casians in North America, especially such relics as are derived from districts
inhabited by tribes that became in comparatively recent times acquainted with
the manufactures and commodities of the whites. Yet, after due considera
tion, the system here adopted seemed better calculated to exhibit the former
and present state of the aborigines than any other arrangement presenting the
whole available material under one general aspect.

By far the greater number of specimens in the archaeological department
are manufactures of stone, being fashioned cither by flaking or the more
tedious process of chipping, or by pecking, grinding and polishing. The
chipped series chiefly comprises arrow and spear-heads, cutting and scraping
tools, saws, perforators, and digging implements. These articles are usually
made of hard silicious stone of conchoidal fracture, such as hornstone, jasper,
chalcedony, ferruginous quartz, and other kindred varieties, all of them occa
sionally comprised in these pages, for the sake of brevity, iinder the general
term " flint," though the real cretaceous flint, which has played such an impor
tant part in the prehistoric ages of Europe, does not seem to occur in this
country. Many arrow and spear-heads consist of the common white quartz,
and some are made of different kinds of stone of inferior hardness. The
volcanic obsidian is represented by a beautiful series of Mexican knives and
cores, and by arrow-heads, etc., derived from regions north of Mexico. Some
Indian tribes still arm their arrows with points of obsidian. In the manufac
ture of ground and polished weapons, tools and ornaments, the aborigines
employed every kind of stone, both hard and soft, suited to their purposes.
Grooved axes, celts, adzes, pestles, etc., are very frequently made of varieties
of greenstone, a substance which, being hard as well as tough, was well fitted
to withstand rough use. Some drilled and highly finished ceremonial weapons
are made of the hardest silicious materials, showing that the aborigines were
in this respect in advance of the prehistoric races of Europe, who scarcely
ever attempted to drill stone of such hardness. Quartzite, sandstone, serpen-

4 INTRODUCTION.

tine, hematite and slate often constitute the materials of ground articles.
More precise statements will be made in the proper places.

Though the Smithsonian collections chiefly embrace aboriginal manufac
tures, ancient and recent, derived from the northern half of the continent, or,
in other words, from the vast territory bounded by the Atlantic and the Pacific,
the arctic regions and the southern frontier of Mexico, it possesses, in addi
tion, many valuable specimens, and even large collections, from the Antilles
and from Central and South America. Perhaps the most important of these
collections is one from Porto Rico, presented by the late Mr. George Latimer,
for a long time a resident of that island. It comprises many specimens of
pottery of a peculiar character, and several hundred articles of stone, among
them one hundred and twenty-seven celts, numerous pestles, masks, rubbing-
stones, and, above all, a rich scries of those curious oval or horse-collar-shaped
objects, which have for many years attracted the attention and elicited the
comments of archaeologists, both in Europe and in America. This collection
is probably unsurpassed by any other derived from the Island of Porto Rico.
The Central American States are represented by hundreds of specimens of
pottery and objects of stone, some of them of remarkable character. The
large stone idols obtained by Mr. E. G. Squier in Nicaragua, and described
and figured by him in his well-known work on that State, are among the most
valued relics of the National Museum. Peru has furnished a large collection
of pottery, consisting of one hundred and twenty vessels moulded in the
peculiar style formerly prevalent among the aborigines of that country, and
also a number of mummies, or rather desiccated human bodies. The other
parts of South America — Chile, Guiana, Brazil, and even the southernmost
region of the continent, Tierra del Fuego — have likewise contributed their
share to enrich the Museum of the capital.

In conclusion, it should be stated that the Smithsonian collections are not
derived exclusively from America, but that they likewise embrace manufac
tures of many races of other parts of the world. Thus, there may be seen in
the Museum a great variety of relics pertaining to the prehistoric ages of
Europe, such as rude flint implements from the drift of France and England,
articles of stone, horn and bone found in the celebrated caves of the Dordogne
(Southern France), a large and varied series of Swiss lacustrine antiquities,
and many neolithic weapons and tools from Denmark and other districts of
Northern Europe. Still more numerous are weapons, utensils, textile and
ceramic fabrics from Asia, Africa, Australia, and the island groups of the
Pacific. Many of these products of art, including the boomerang of the
Australian savage and the carved war-club of the Feegeean, as well as the fin-

SMITHSOXIAX ARCHAEOLOGICAL COLLECTION. 5

ished tissues and implements of China and Japan, were procured in the course
of explorations undertaken at the expense of the United States Government,
as before stated. Among them the circumnavigation of the globe under the
command of Captain AVilkes and Perry's expedition to Japan deserve special
mention.

The following descriptions refer only to the typical objects in the collection.
The classification might have been much extended by the introduction of sub
divisions, if the character of this publication had permitted a more exhaustive
treatment of the subject. The present condensed account is but the fore
runner of more minute archaeological and ethnological works, which will be
published in due time under the auspices of the Smithsonian Institution.

I. STONE.

Archaeological researches in Europe have shown that the early inhabitants
of that continent used for a very long period exclusively rude tools and weap
ons of chipped flint, until they began to render their implements of Avar and
peace more serviceable by the process of grinding. Archaeologists, therefore,
divide the European stone age into a period of chipped and one of ground
stone, or, technically speaking, into a paleolithic (old-stone) and a neolithic
(new-stone) period. Palaeolithic implements occur in ancient beds of river-
gravel and in cave-deposits of early date, and are often associated with the
osseous remains of the mammoth, woolly-haired rhinoceros, cave-bear, cave-
lion, and other pachydermatous and carnivorous animals now extinct in
Europe. The implements of the later or neolithic period indicate a more
advanced state of human development, and the animal remains sometimes
found with them belong to species still existing in Europe, or known to have
there existed within historical times. Thus the gradual progress in the me
chanical skill of the prehistoric European is illustrated by his works of art,
which present, as it were, an ascending scale, beginning with the rude flint
flake or the roughly fashioned hatchet-blade, and terminating with the elabor
ately chipped dagger or lance-head, the pierced axe, and other types in
vogue immediately before the introduction of bronze.

In North America chipped as well as ground stone implements are abund
ant; yet they occur promiscuously, and thus far cannot be respectively referred
to certain epochs in the development of the aborigines of the country, and
hence the here adopted separation of North American stone articles into a
chipped and a ground series has no chronological significance whatever, but
simply refers to the modes of manufacture.

A. FLAKED AND CHIPPED STONE.

!• Raw Material. — As such may be considered pieces of flint, etc., rudely
blocked out and presenting no definite form. The Museum possesses a series
of these roughly prepared fragments, which were obviously designed to be
made into implements. They are often of comparatively large size, and gener
ally consist of some kind of silicious material (hornstone, jasper, etc.).
They occur, sometimes many of them together, in various parts of the United
States.

7

FLAKED AND CHIPPED STONE.

2, Irregular Flakes of Flint, Obsidian, etc,, produced by a single blow,-

Some may represent cutting tools of the most primitive kind.

OBSIDIAN KNIFE AND NUCLEUS (i).

3, Two-edged narrow Flakes of Obsidian and prismatic Cores or Nuclei,
from which such Flakes have been detached by pressure (Figs. 2 and 3,

Mexico). — The mode of manufacture of these flakes or knives has been des
cribed by some of the early Spanish authors on Mexico.1' Obsidian breaks
like the cretaceous flint of Europe, and hence the Mexican knives are identi
cal in shape with the neolithic flint knives found in the countries bordering on
the Baltic Sea.

4, Pieces of Flint, Quartz, Obsidian, etc,, roughly flaked, and either
representing rude tools, or designed to be wrought into more regular
forms.— Unfinished Arrow and Spear-heads,

5, ArrOW-heads, — They are the most abundant aboriginal relics in the
United States; but being chiefly made of hard and brittle silicious materials,
they were easily damaged in hitting the object at which they were aimed, and
many of them consequently bear the marks of violent use. Yet perfect speci
mens are by no means scarce. The art of arrow-making survives to the
present day among certain Indian tribes inhabiting parts of the United States
not yet settled by whites, and the National Museum contains a large number
of modern stone arrow-heads (partly in shafts) which equal, and even surpass
in workmanship, the best specimens picked up in fields or recovered from old
Indian burial-places. The modes of their manufacture have been witnessed
and described by explorers, and these operations now appear less difficult
than they were formerly supposed to be.

A classification of the arrow-heads with regard to their chronological de
velopment is not attempted, and hardly deemed necessary. North American
Indians of the same tribe (as, for instance, the Pai-Utes of Southern Utah)

'The fullest account is given by Torqucmada (Monarquia Indiana, Seville, 1C15). The Aztec artisan, he
states, dislodged the obsidian flakes from the block by pressure, employing a large wooden T-shaped imple
ment, which acted somewhat in the manner of a punch, the cross-piece resting against the chest. A trans
lation of Torquemada's description is to be found in E. B. Tylor's "Anahuac," London, 1861, p. 331.
Motoliuia makes similar statements, which, it is believed, have not yet been quoted in English works.

SMITHSONIAN ARCHAEOLOGICAL COLLECTION.

9

arm their arrows with stone points of different forms, the shape of the arrow
head being with them merely a matter of individual taste or of convenience.
It is here only intended to present the characteristic types of these weapons.
Yet any such arrangement must be arbitrary to a great extent, owing to the
many intermediate forms in which the distinguishing peculiarities are wanting,
and the same difficulty is met in the classification of stone articles in general,
may they be chipped or ground.

AIUJOW-HEAUH (£.

a. Leaf-shaped, base pointed or rounded (Fig- 4, gray semi-opal, California).

Those with a pointed base imperceptibly pass over into the lozenge form,
which is not very frequently met.

b. Convex-sided with truncated base (Fig. 5, transparent obsidian, Mexico).

Specimens of this description often approach the triangular shape.

c. Triangular, forming an equilateral or isosceles triangle (Fig. G, gray jasper,

New York). Perfectly triangular arrow-points are less frequent than
those of the following class.

d. Straight-sided with more or less concave base. In some the concavity

assumes the character of a deep indentation by which barbs are produced

10 FLAKED AND CHIPPED STONE.

(Fig. 7, brown jasper, Oregon). There are varieties of this type, in
which the sides appear more or less convex, or straight near the base to a
certain distance, where they form obtuse angles or shoulders from which
they converge to the point.

e. Notched at the sides near the base, which is straight (Fig. 8, jaspery agate,

Texas), concave (Fig. 9, light-brown hornstone, Tennessee), or convex
(Fig. 10, gray hornstone, Ohio).2

f. Stemmed. — Expanding stem, base straight (Fig. 11, light-colored flint,

Ohio), concave (Fig. 12, dark-gray hornstone, Pennsylvania), or convex
(Fig. 13, silicified wood, Ohio). — Straight-sided truncated stem; sides of
stem parallel (Fig. 14, gray hornstone, Ohio), or converging toward the
base (Fig. 15, quartz, District of Columbia) . In such specimens the base
of the stem is straight or concave. — Rounded or more or less tapering
stem (Fig. 16, light-brown flint; Fig. 17, brownish hornstone; Fig. 18,
gray hornstone. All from Tennessee). With the arrow-heads character
ized by a tapering stem may be classed those of a perfect lozenge form,
which, as stated, are comparatively scarce.

g. Barbed and stemmed. — There is much difference in the shape and length of

the barbs, and the stems are truncated, rounded or tapering, etc., thus
presenting nearly all the forms seen in unbarbed stemmed arrow-heads
(Fig. 19, gray-brown hornstone, Tennessee; Fig. 20, brown semi-opal,
Oregon; Fig. 21, green semi-opal, Oregon).

In addition, many arrow-heads, belonging by their general shape to one or
the other of the classes just enumerated, are modified in different ways. The
peculiarity of some consists in their being beveled along both edges on oppo
site sides, so as to form in the cross-section a figure resembling a long-
stretched rhomboid (Fig. 22, gray flint, Tennessee) ; others exhibit serrated
edges (Fig. 23, gray flint, Oregon; Fig. 24, yellow jasper, Louisiana) ; and in
a number of specimens the stem is bifurcated (Fig. 25, gray jasper, Tennes
see).

61 Spear-heads. — The articles brought under this head are almost as varied
in shape as those designated as arrow-heads, and in many instances they pre
sent exactly the same forms, the only distinguishing feature being their larger
size.3 As before stated, many of the so-called spear-heads may have been
inserted in wooden handles, to serve as cutting tools.

8 In quite a number of notched flint arrow-heads with convex base, and also in many spear-heads (?) of
corresponding shape, the curved base-edge exhibits a marked polish, as though they had been employed as
scraping or smoothing tools. The polish is not intentionally produced, but evidently the result of a long-
continued use, totally difl'erent from that for which these articles would seem to have been designed.

3 In separating arrow-heads from the larger objects of similar shape, the writer follows a usage rather
than his own inclination.

SMITHSONIAN ARCHAEOLOGICAL COLLECTION.

11

a. Triangular or more or less convex-sided, sometimes very slender; base
straight (Fig. 26, light-gray chalcedony, Tennessee), concave (Fig. 27,
yellow jasper, California), or convex, in some cases bluntly pointed.

SPEAR-HEADS.

b. Notched at the sides near the base, the latter being straight, concave, or
convex (Fig. 28, gray flint, Kentucky). Barbs are sometimes formed by

12

FLAKED AND CHIPPED STONE.

the notching, and the beveling on opposite sides, as in arrow-heads, is
occasionally to be noticed. Quite exceptional are spear-heads exhibiting
several notches at the base (Fig. 31 a, brown jasper, Maine; half size).

c. Stemmed. — Expanding stem, base straight (Fig. 29, quai'tz schist, Penn

sylvania), concave or convex. — Straight-sided truncated stem with par
allel or converging sides, and straight, concave, or slightly convex base. —
Hounded or more or less tapering stem (Fig. 30, gray flint, New York) .

d. Barbed and stemmed (Fig. 31, white milky quartz, Louisiana).

7, Perforators, — The ruder implements of this class may be characterized
in a general way as irregular fragments of flint, etc., mostly of an elongated
form, which have been chipped to a point at one extremity, and hence it may
be imagined that they assume an almost endless variety of shapes. The
pointed part, however, presents, from necessity, a more or less developed
pyramidal form. Other perforators are worked into shapes sufficiently denned
to permit a classification. Yet in many cases it is extremely difficult to
distinguish a well-made perforator from a slender arrow-head, especially when
the former bears no traces of use at its point. This apparently intact state
can be frequently noticed, and hence some persons have gone so far as to deny
the existence of North American piercing implements of stone. They forget
that the perforating of soft substances, such as moistened hides, would have
little effect on a tool of hard material. It is known, moreover, that such
implements are still made and used by remote Indian tribes. The more
regular perforators may be thus classified: —

PERFORATORS

a. Almost triangular with broad base and short point (Fig. 32, red jasper,

Ohio).

b. Pointed part long and slender, and the opposite end expanding and of

irregular outline (Fig. 33, brown jasper, Oregon; Fig. 34, white opaque
flint, Missouri).

c. Pointed part long and slender, and expanding base indented, presenting

lateral wings (Fig. 35, light-gray flint, Ohio).

SMITHSONIAN ARCHAEOLOGICAL, COLLECTION.

13

d. More or less slender with expanding lower part, which is notched at the

sides, or terminates in a stem (Fig. 3(5, gray hornstone, Tennessee). It
may be assumed that perforators of this form as well as of others which
afforded no firm grasp to the hand were inserted into handles.

e. Elongated leaf-shape (Fig. 37, gray semi-opal, California) .

81 ScraperSi — Thick flakes of flint, obsidian, etc., worked at one extremity
into a convex or semi-lunar edge. Some are thus prepared at both ends.
These tools were used in cleaning skins, and in scraping and smoothing horn,
bone, wood, etc. The Eskimos still use stone scrapers set in well-shaped
handles of walrus ivory, horn, or wood. Several specimens of this kind are
in the collection of the National Museum.

SCRAPEUS (4.).

a. Working edge beveled from one side, the lower surface forming a con

tinuous unaltered fracture (Fig. 38, gray flint, Texas). A few arc
beveled at both ends, and may be called double scrapers. Some terminate
in stems opposite the working edge (Fig. 39, compact gray hornstone,
Ohio).

b. Working edge chipped from both sides, sometimes at both extremities.

c. Made of the lower portions of broken arrow and spear-heads; working

edge chipped from one side or from both (Fig. 40, yellow jasper, Ohio) .

d. Disc-shaped, chipped all around (Fig. 41, bluish chalcedony, Texas).

9, Cutting and Sawing Implements,— This group comprises a series of
implements which, though differing in form, seem to have been designed for
kindred purposes.

a. Flakes of flint and obsidian, more or less chipped at the edges, apparently
for the purpose of being used in cutting and sawing (Fig. 42, yellow
jasper, Kentucky). The silicious materials out of which such flakes
are usually made cannot be split as regularly as the cretaceous flint of
Europe, and hence the well-shaped neolithic flakes so frequent in Den
mark, Northern Germany, etc., hardly find counterparts among the stone
tools occurring north of Mexico. The obsidian flakes from the last-
named country, as has been stated, are identical in shape with the
corresponding European specimens.

FLAKED AND CHIPPED STONE.

b. Implements with chipped convex edges, mostly serrated at the opposite
side, or provided with a row of stems, perhaps for being more securely
hafted (Fig. 43, gray flint, California) . The specimens of this character
were all obtained from California, where the aborigines are known to
have employed asphaltum for cementing their stone tools into handles.

42

CUTTING TOOLS Q).

c. Small sickle-shaped implements designed, as it seems, for some cutting

purpose (Fig. 44, dark-brown jasper, California).

d. Crescent-shaped implements, some of them truncated at one end ; probably

knives and saws (Fig. 45, lydite, Pennsylvania). A somewhat similar
type occurs in Northern Europe.

e. Arrow-head-shaped (notched or stemmed) implements, apparently repre

senting sawing and cutting tools, the part used being either one of the
sides which is convex, or the obtuse point (Fig. 46, reddish jasper, Ten
nessee; Fig. 47, semi-opal, Georgia).

f. Roughly chipped implements with convex edges and massive backs. They

resemble the "choppers" found in some caves of Southern France, and
^ described by Lartet and Christy in the " Reliquia? Aquitanica3 " (Fig. 48,
gray hornstone, shell-heap, Maine).

10, Dagger-Shaped Implements. — The dagger form is in most cases indi
cated rather than fully developed. There is, however, in the collection a

SMITHSONIAN ARCHAEOLOGICAL COLLECTION. 15

beautiful specimen remarkable for a well-wrought handle (Fig. 49, gray flint,
mound in Alabama). Similar objects are preserved in the Copenhagen
Museum.

L [ n if

DAGGER (£).

11, Leaf-Shaped Implements, — Perhaps mostly used for cutting and scrap
ing; some may be unfinished tools.

LEAF-SHAPED IMPLEMENTS.

a. Pointed at one end and more or less rounded at the other extremity; sides

straight or exhibiting various gradations of convexity. Many specimens
of this class present an almond shape, and are thin and sharp-edged.
There can be little doubt as to their use as cutting tools (Fig. 50, light-
gray flint, Ohio).

b. Approaching an oval shape.

c. Pointed at both ends, broad in the middle, or more or less elongated. They

differ much in size, the smaller specimens being not larger than arrow
heads (Fig. 51, brown jasper, Louisiana; Fig. 52, gray flint, Ohio).

d. Large flat implements of roundish, oval, or almond shape, either rudely

blocked out, or chipped with more or less care around the circumference.
Some appear slightly worn at the edge, as though they had been used for
scraping purposes. They occur mostly in mounds and in deposits under

FLAKED AND CHIPPED STONE.

the ground, sometimes comprising many hundred specimens. Such de
posits have been met from the Mississippi to the Atlantic States. The
implements in question frequently consist of the peculiar stone of " Flint
Eidgc," an elevation extending through Licking and Muskingum Coun
ties in the State of Ohio. The material was here quarried by the aborig
ines, who have left the traces of their operations in the shape of numerous
pits and of accumulations of chips heaped up around them.4 Many of
the specimens closely resemble in shape and size the " hatchets " of the
European drift, which occur associated with the remains of extinct ani
mals (Fig. 53 represents a common form. The original belonged to a
regular deposit of about fifteen hundred specimens, which was discovered
at Beardstown, Cass County, Illinois).

12, Large flat Implements of silicious material, usually ovoid in shape,
and sharp around the circumference, Some expand considerably at the
broader or cutting edge, exhibiting a tapering or truncated opposite ex
tremity (Fig. 54, fine-grained quartzite, Tennessee; Fig. 54 a, same material,
Illinois). — The broad part sometimes appears almost glazed from constant
wear. They are supposed to have been used as spades or hoes.

DIGGING TOOLS (J).

13, Large flat Implements mostly of oval outline, but truncated and
laterally notched at the end opposite the working edge (Fig. 55, Illinois) .—

*The locality is described in Squicr's " Antiquities of the State of New York," Buffalo, 1851, p. 126.

SMITHSONIAN ARCHAEOLOGICAL COLLECTION.

17

The lower portion is often smoothed by wear. These implements, like the
preceding kind, probably were attached to handles and used in digging the
ground for agricultural and other purposes. Both varieties consist of corres
ponding materials, and sometimes occur together in mounds and subterranean
deposits.

14. Wedge or Celt-shaped Implements,— They consist mostly of silicious

materials, and bear some resemblance to the rough-hewn flint celts of North
ern Europe.

B. PECKED, GROUND AND POLISHED STONE.

1. Wedges Or Celts.5 — They form a numerous class of North American
implements, occurring on the surface of the soil and occasionally in mounds,
and were doubtless applied to different uses for which their shape and size
suited them. They are sometimes rudely pecked or chipped into form, and
merely sharpened at the cutting edges; but in general they are entirely
ground, and not a few of them exhibit a beautiful polish. Their length varies
from an inch and an inch and a half to a foot and more. They consist of
different kinds of stone, such as diorite, syenite, hornblende rock, serpentine,
etc., and even soft slates have sometimes furnished their material.0 Occasion-

56

CELTS

ally specimens made of silicious varieties (hornstone, jasper, lydite) are met,
and very small celts consisting of hematite occur in different parts of the

•From the Latin word cell's or celtes, a chisel.
•In Mexico celts of jade are not unfrequent.

18 PECKED, GROUND AND POLISHED STONE.

United States. They arc sharp-edged and highly polished, and were evidently
used for cutting purposes (Fig. 56 represents one of these diminutive hema
tite tools, which was found in Ohio). A cross section parallel with the
cutting edge of a North American celt presents in general a roundish or oval
outline; but some specimens are four-sided, insomuch that a section would
resemble a rectangle with sharp or rounded angles and more or less convex
sides (Fig. 57, greenstone, Indiana). The cutting edges, nearly always
ground from both sides, are usually convex, and rarely straight. The butt-
ends generally exhibit more or less rounded contours (Fig. 58, syenite,
Illinois ; Fig. 59, greenstone, Tennessee) ; but in some specimens the butt
tapers and terminates in a blunt point (Fig. GO, indurated chlorite slate,
Tennessee, mound). Some have expanding cutting edges (Fig. 61, Louisiana).
The butts of many celts are much battered, as though the implements had
been employed in connection with mallets for splitting wood, etc. ; others bear
the traces of having been inserted in shafts to serve as axes or adzes. In rare
cases the extremity opposite the edge terminates in a sort of a handle (Fig.
62, greenstone, North Carolina). A few specimens of the collection have a
cutting edge at each end.

2, Chisels, — Wedge-shaped implements of elongated form and compara
tively small size have been classed as chisels, and doubtless were used as such.
It does not seem that they are abundant. Several specimens of the collec
tion have a round circumference and a greater diameter in the middle or at
the blunt end than at the working edge. These implements, which chiefly
consist of greenstone, may be considered as typical, having been found in
Ohio, Indiana, Virginia, and Connecticut (Fig. 63, diorite, Ohio). Others are
four-sided (Fig. 64, lydite, New York), or flat with rounded smaller sides,
and a few specimens of yellow or brownish jasper exhibit in part the original
chipping, being only superficially ground. They might be taken for Danish
or North German productions of the stone age. Some chisels have Avorking
edges at both ends. A specimen of the collection marked "ice-chisel" (Fig.
65, basaltic material, Unalaska Island) presents a peculiar shape, terminating
in a sort of handle, which is, however, almost too short for being conveniently
grasped. There is a possibility that the implement was hafted. (Compare:
Nilsson, " Stone Age," Plate VI, Fig. 135).

3, Gouges. — They generally consist of materials similar to those of which
celts are made; but they occur in the United States far less frequently than
the latter, and appear to be chiefly confined to the Atlantic States. It is sup
posed that they were employed, besides other uses, in the manufacture of
wooden canoes and mortars, which the aborigines hollowed out with the assist
ance of fire. The gouges were well adapted, by their shape, for removing the
charred portions of the wood. These implements vary in length from three
inches to a foot. In some the concavity is confined to the lower part (Fig.

SMITHSONIAN ARCHAEOLOGICAL COLLECTION.

10

66, dark hornstone, New York) ; in others it extends through their whole
length (Fig. 67, Pennsylvania). There are implements which, though exhib
iting no concavity, somewhat partake of the character of gouges. They can
be likened to celts in which the edged portion is plano-convex, so as to pro
duce a hollow cut. They may, in part, have served as adze-heads. Certain

CHISELS, GOUGES AND ADZES (£).

gouge-like tools (with or without concavities at the cutting edge), which
arc provided on the convex side with grooves, ridges, or conical eleva
tions, likewise may have formed the heads of adzes, the contrivances just
mentioned facilitating their attachment to handles (Fig. 68, greenstone, Mass
achusetts) .

4, Adzes. — There are in the Smithsonian collection some unmistakable
adzes — perhaps not very old — derived from the Northwest Coast. One of
them (Fig. 69) consists of a dark kind of silicious stone (hornstone), and was
obtained in British Columbia. The method of bailing these implements is
exemplified by a handled adze (Fig. 70) used by the natives of Oregon. The
head, consisting of greenstone, is ten inches long, and connected with the
wooden handle by means of split twigs of some flexible kind of wood. There
are in the collection other adzes from the Northwest Coast, haf'ted in a differ
ent manner (Fig. 71). In these specimens the small adze-heads of green
serpentine are celt-shaped, and rest against a shoulder of the crooked handle,
where they are secured by strips of raw-hide, or by cord.

5^ Grooved Axes, — Owing to their frequency, these implements may be
counted among the best-known relics of the aborigines; and especially in the
rural districts of the older States "Indian stone tomahawks" are familiar
objects. In general they can be defined as wedges encircled by a groove,

20

PECKED, GROUND AND POLISHED STONE.

usually nearer the butt-end than the edge. The groove served for the recep
tion of a withe of proper length, which was bent around the stone head until
both ends met, when they were firmly bound together with ligatures of hide
or some other material. The withe thus formed a convenient handle. These
axes are frequently made of varieties of greenstone, though specimens con
sisting of syenite, granite, porphyry, sandstone, etc., are not rare; silicious
materials, it seems, were not often employed. Now and then a specimen
made of red or brown hematite is met.

7B

GROOVED AXES, HAMMER-HEADS AND HAMMER-STONES.

(Figs. 72-77: \ \ Figs. 78 and 80-82: ^.)

Grooved axes differ much in size, the smallest in the collection (probably
toys) measuring little more than two inches in length and weighing from
three to four ounces, while the largest object of this class, a specimen from
Illinois (loaned), is thirteen inches long, seven and a half wide, and weighs

SMITHSONIAN ARCHAEOLOGICAL COLLECTION. 21

twenty pounds and a half. Such large tools hardly could be wielded with
two hands; yet they must have been employed in some way, their edges
exhibiting distinct marks of wear. In general the axes arc from five to seven
inches long, weighing one and a half or two pounds. In some axes the
groove surrounds the stone entirely (Fig. 72, greenstone, Massachusetts) , but
in others, as it were, only on three sides, the fourth side being flat, and some
times even slightly hollowed, apparently for resting on a corresponding flat
part of the handle (Fig. 73, greenstone, Arizona). The groove is often barely
indicated, but deep and regular in the specimens of the better class, which are
symmetrically shaped and well smoothed, or even polished. A few specimens
exhibit two parallel grooves. The most finished Smithsonian axes, consisting
of a dark compact greenstone, are derived from Arizona.

The grooved axes, though corresponding in general form, present many
varieties. Their grooves, for instance, are sometimes bounded by ridges,
obviously for the purpose of preventing the withe from slipping (Fig. 74,
greenstone, South Carolina). In a number of specimens the groove runs
obliquely around the stone, which thus evidently formed an acute angle with
the handle (Fig. 75, cast, Wisconsin; a specimen of un proportionate length).
In rare cases the axes are four-sided, the butt-end terminating in a quadrilat
eral face (Fig. 76, greenstone, Alaska). In general, however, the butt-ends
present rounded contours, and often bear unmistakable traces of violent use.
Now and then they are bluntly pointed. The collection contains a few axes
with edges at both extremities. Occasionally there occur specimens with re
markably narrow edges (Fig. 77, graywacke, Pennsylvania).

The tools just described are not sharp-edged, and consequently were not
used in cutting down trees, but they served for deadening them by the well-
known process of "girdling." When the trees had become perfectly dry,
they were felled by the application of fire, the axes being again resorted to for
removing the charred wood. For the same purpose they may have been
employed in the manufacture of wooden canoes. Specimens of small or
medium size doubtless were used as battle-axes, like the iron tomahawk of
modern times. — No. 7253 of the collection is a cast of the "inscribed"
grooved axe found in 1858 on the farm of Samuel R. Gaskill, in Burlington
County, New Jersey.

61 Hammers, — They comprise hammer-heads and hammer-stones. The
former consist of round or oval pebbles, or small boulders of quartzite, gran
ite, greenstone, and other hard and tough materials, and often show no other
modification by the hand of man but a groove for the attachment of a handle.
Some, however, are artificially brought to the required shape. The groove, it
should be stated, is not always carried entirely around the stone. Hammer
heads vary much in size, the smallest specimens measuring only a few inches,
while the large ones, designated as mauls, are so bulky and heavy that they
could only have been wielded with both hands (Fig. 78, granite, Colorado;
eleven pounds) . Very large mauls with one or two grooves, sometimes with-

22 PECKED, GROUND AND POLISHED STONE.

out any groove, have been discovered in the ancient copper mines of the Lake
Superior region. They were the tools employed by the aborigines for obtain
ing the much-valued virgin metal. Some hammer-heads were evidently con
verted into their present forms from grooved axes whose edges had been
damaged by fracture or by constant use. There are in the Smithsonian
collection some hafted mauls derived from the Sioux and Assineboins, who
still use them for breaking bones, pounding pemmican, etc. (Fig. 79, quartzite,
Assineboins; two pounds). These tools, including their handles, are tightly
cased in raw-hide, excepting that part of the head which is used for striking.
One of these modern handled mauls, derived from the Sioux, is rather heavy,
weighing more than nine pounds. The Blackfect, Sioux, and other still
existing tribes sometimes use war-clubs with stone heads. The latter, con
sisting of quartzite, greenstone, etc., are of a more or less elongated regular
egg-shape, well polished, and deeply grooved around the middle for the
attachment of the handle. Specimens of this class and of others are in the
collection. The different kinds of stone war-clubs in use' among the Indians
of our time will be described hereafter.

The tools designated as hammer-stones are mostly roundish or oval pebbles
of a somewhat compressed or flattened form, presenting in their side view
the outline of a more or less elongated ellipse. Quartzite appears to be
the prevailing material. Their only artificial alteration consists in two pits
or cavities, which form the centres of the opposite broad sides of the pebble.
In these cavities the workman placed the thumb and middle finger of the right
hand, while the forefinger pressed against the upper circumference of the stone
(Fig. 80, quartzite, New York; Fig. 81, quartzite, Pennsylvania). In some
instances the depressions are so shallow that they almost escape observation,
though specimens with deep and well-defined cavities are not rare. Many
hammer-stones bear distinct traces of rough use, being battered and bruised
at the circumference. Their longitudinal diameter generally measures from
three to five inches, and they may average about a pound in weight.

In Europe similar hammer-stones occur, which have been called Tilhu^ger-
steene by Danish archaeologists, and it has been conjectured that they were
used as tools for chipping weapons and implements of flint. It cannot be
doubted that the corresponding American implements served as hammers,
since they show the most distinct traces of violent contact with hard sub
stances, and there is much probability that they were used in blocking out
flint implements; yet they are by far too clumsy, and possess too much round
ness on all sides, to have been the tools for finishing barbed arrow-heads and
other delicate articles of flint. Quite different implements were employed in
that operation."

7 There arc in the National Museum several of the tools employed by modern Indians in the manufacture
of stone arrow-heads, perforators, etc. These dripping-implements consist of bluntly pointed rods of deer
horn, from eight to sixteen inches in length, or of short slender pieces of the same material bound with
sinew to wooden sticks resembling arrow-shafts. The aboriginal " arrow-maker" holds in his left hand the
flake of flint or obsidian on which he intends to operate, and presses the point of the tool against its edge,
detaching scale after scale, until it assumes the desired form.

SMITIISOXIAN ARCHAEOLOGICAL, COLLECTION.

23

There are other quartzite hammer-stones, often of rather irregular shape, in
which the cavities are wanting. They have undergone no alteration, except
ing that resulting from constant nse. A peculiar class of hammer-stones
consists of flint pebbles roughly worked into a roundish flattened form. Their
battered circumferences indicate the use to which they were applied (Fig. 82,
flint, Ohio). Though not in reality belonging to the series of pecked or
ground implements, it has been thought proper to mention them in this place.
— Certain stones resembling the indented hammer-stones, and often classed
with them, evidently were used for other purposes. They will be noticed in
connection with mortars.

7, Drilled Ceremonial Weapons,— The grooved tomahawk was among the
aborigines, prior to the occupation of the country by Europeans and their
descendants, the prevailing implement of the axe kind; but pierced axe and

DRILLED CEKEMOMAL

pick-shaped objects also occur, though not in great abundance. These relics
are for the most part elegantly and symmetrically shaped, and well polished,
but of such small dimensions that they cannot have been applied to any prac-

24 PECKED, GKOUND AXD POLISHED STOXE.

tical use. Their material, moreover, generally consists of soft kinds of stone,
more particularly of a gray or greenish slate, which is frequently marked with
dark parallel or concentric stripes or bands. Yet specimens made of jasper,
ferruginous quartz, syenite, and other hard substances are not wanting. The
objects in question doubtless were provided with handles and worn as weapons
of parade or insignia of rank by the superiors. They present a great variety
of forms, bearing testimony to the ingenuity and good taste of their makers.
Many of them somewhat resemble double pick-axes (Fig. 83, serpentine,
Virginia; Fig. 84, serpentine, Pennsylvania; Fig. 85, striped slate, Wisconsin;
Fig. 86, striped slate, Indiana; Fig. 87, striped slate, Pennsylvania); some
are egg-shaped, and others may be likened to axes with two very blunt cut
ting edges (Fig. 88, cast, original probably brown jasper, Louisiana; 8 Fig. 89,
cast, Wisconsin). In rare cases the parts, which would form the cutting edges
in real implements are bifurcated (Fig. 90, striped slate, fragment; Indiana),
and in some objects here classed as ceremonial weapons the sides corresponding
to edges exhibit a slight inward curve (Fig. 91, translucent ferruginous quartz,
Indiana). A few specimens are crooked, terminating in a blunt point at one
extremity, and in a rounded butt-end at the other. These specimens are ex
ceptions from the general rule, not being shaped alike on both sides (Fig. 92,
striped slate, Indiana).

The holes in these implements have no sufficient width for permitting the
insertion of stout handles. They are perfectly regular, and the annular
striae produced by the revolving motion of the drilling tool can often plainly
be distinguished. Some specimens, though otherwise finished, are either des
titute of shaft-holes, or merely show their beginnings: a fact demonstrating
that in North America (as in Europe) articles of this description were first
brought to the required shape, and afterward drilled. On the whole, the ob
jects belonging to this class are among the most interesting relics of the
aborigines.

81 Cutting Tools^ — Any sharpened stone of suitable size could be used as
a cutting tool, and hence it may be inferred that the implements of this class
assume various forms. Some are of an elongated oval shape, both ends form
ing cutting edges; others have a crescent shape and vertical cutting edges
at both extremities ; the most conspicuous form, however, is a flat knife with a
semi-lunar edge and a straight back, thick and projecting for greater conven
ience in handling. These knives chiefly occur in the Eastern States, and their
prevailing material is slate (Fig. 93, black slate, Pennsylvania). Yet some
what similar tools, less defined in shape, but likewise made of slate, were used
by the aborigines of the Northwest Coast for ripping open fish. There is in
the collection a well-defined cutting tool with a curved edge and a lateral tang,

8 A beautiful specimen in the collection, exhibiting the shape of Fig. 88, though less elegant in outline,
consists of a translucent ferruginous quartz of a pale reddish color. It was found, together with the original
of Fig. 91, in Indiana, ten feet below the surface of the ground.

SMITHSONIAN AKCILEOLOGICAL COLLECTION.

25

probably serving for the attachment of a handle (Fig. 94, hard red shale,
Pennsylvania). Another specimen bearing some resemblance to that just
described is provided Avith a handle of convenient length (Fig. 95, cast, Indi
ana) .

9!)

CUTTING TOOLS, SCRAFEK AND SPADE LIKE IMPLEMENTS.

9, Scraper and Spade-like Implements, — There is a class of well-finished

flattish implements, usually made of compact greenstone, which are formed
into a semi-lunar edge on one side, and terminate on the other in a nearly

26 PECKED, GKOUND AXD POLISHED STONE.

straight-sided handle; a perforation marks the place where the handle and the
curved part of the implement meet (Fig. 96, greenstone, Kentucky) . These
typical objects have been classed as axes, though the smoothness of their
edges seems to indicate a different mode of application. It appears more
probable that they served as scraping or smoothing tools, and in this case the
perforation may have been designed for the reception of a thong, which,
passing around the wrist or hand of the operator, enabled him to use the
tool Avith greater force. There are, however, unperforated implements ap
parently belonging to the same class, in which the handle is almost too broad
for convenient use (Fig. 97, cast, Arkansas). A cast in the collection de
serves particular mention in this place. It is that of a very large tool with a
rounded much-used edge, concave sides, and a curioiis bifurcation at the
extremity opposite the working part (Fig. 98, South Carolina). It is not
intended to assign any definite use to this remarkable relic. In connection
with the tools just mentioned reference may be made to others somewhat
resembling diminutive spades, although it is not asserted that they were used
as such (Fig. 99, cast, South Carolina). These implements seem to be rare.
The best specimen known to the writer (represented by a cast in the collec
tion) is in possession of Dr. Joseph Jones, of 'New Orleans, and was found
by him in a Tennessee grave-mound. It consists of greenstone, and measures
seventeen inches and a half.9

10, Pendants and Sinkers, — The names "pendants" and "plummets" have
been given to a class of symmetrically shaped and well-finished objects, which
were evidently designed for suspension, though it is not quite certain for what
special purpose or purposes they were used. On account of their shape and
the pains bestowed on their production they have been classed among aborig
inal ornaments; yet the former inhabitants of this country devoted much
time and labor to the manufacture of objects of a useful character, and hence
it appears not improbable that the articles in question were, in part at least,
weights for fishing-lines. These pendants or plummets usually consist of
hard materials, such as red or brown hematite, jasper, ferruginous quartz,
greenstone, etc. Some are nearly pear-shaped, though more or less elongated,
and cither entirely smooth (Fig. 100, hornblende rock, Ohio), or grooved near
the more tapering end (Fig. 101, red hematite, Tennessee), or pierced with a
hole at the same place (Fig. 102, amygdaloid, Arkansas) . It is significant that
similarly shaped and pierced leaden sinkers for fishing-lines are sold in the
hardware stores of this country. Some articles of the class under notice ex
hibit more developed and really elegant outlines (Fig. 103, greenstone, Ohio).
A few specimens, apparently partaking of a kindred character, are of a double
conoid form (Fig. 104, greenstone, California). Another of the many varie
ties expands at the upper end and terminates in a knob (Fig. 105, quartzite,
Massachusetts) .

"Figured in "Antiquities of the Southern Indians," by Charles C. Jones, Plate XVII, Fig. 2.

SMITHSONIAN ARCHAEOLOGICAL COLLECTION.

27

Specimens worked with less cave are not wanting, and among them may be
mentioned a variety of an irregular roundish or oval shape, and characterized
by a knob at the upper end (Fig. 10G, greenstone, Massachusetts) . There is

IOH

114

I

115

110

l'E\T>AXTS AXD SINKERS.

much probability that they served for sinking nets. Some Smithsonian speci
mens of this description are half a foot long and weigh more than three
pounds. The character of net-sinkers appears more distinct in the types
following next, to which, indeed, that use has been ascribed by common con-

28 PECKED, GROUND AND POLISHED STONE.

sent, based upon the fact that net-weights of corresponding shapes are still
employed by primitive races of man. Some are roundish stones of various
sizes, either worked or left in their natural state, and grooved around the
middle for fastening the strings or thongs by means of which they were con
nected with the nets (Fig. 107, granite, Rhode Island; Fig. 108, potstone,
Georgia). It is not always easy to distinguish specimens of this description
from grooved hammer-heads. Occasionally a sink-stone exhibits two grooves
which cross each other at right angles (Fig. 109, talcose slate, Rhode Island).
A small sinker-like specimen of the collection is decorated with engraved
lines (Fig. 110, sandstone, Oregon). It may not have been a sinker, but an
ornament or an amulet.

A more simple kind of net-sinkers consists of flattish pebbles of roundish
or angular (generally indefinite) shape, and of various sizes, which exhibit on
two opposite sides of the circumference an indentation or notch, more or less
deep, and produced by blows (Fig. Ill, quartzite, Pennsylvania; Fig. 112,
graywacke, New York; Fig. 113, quartzite, Pennsylvania).10 In conclusion,
the perforated net-sinkers must be mentioned. They are generally made of
flat stones of a roundish outline, and exhibit in or near the centre a rather
large perforation, which is drilled from both sides in most cases (Fig. 114,
micaceous slate, California). These net-sinkers are often made of potstone,
as, for instance, in Georgia, where they mark, as elsewhere, the sites of former
fishing stations of the Indians. It is not safe, however, to ascribe indiscrim
inately the character of net-weights to all these pierced flat stones, considering
that many of them may have been otherwise utilized.

Much rarer than the sinkers just mentioned are others consisting of pebbles
perforated with an oblique hole, not in the centre, but nearer the circumference
of the stone. The hole is drilled from two sides, and generally forms an ob
tuse angle Avhere the perforations meet (Fig. 115, sandstone, Ohio).

11, Discoidal Stones and Implements of Kindred Shape,— The articles

enumerated under this head, notwithstanding their resemblance in general
form, probably served for different purposes; but what these purposes were,
is not always apparent, and the difficulty of classifying the objects in question
is enhanced by the almost imperceptible transition from one form into another.
Adair, Du Pratz, Lawson, and other early writers have described an Indian
game, in which many of the so-called discoidal stones may have been em
ployed. That game is likewise referred to by Lewis and Clarke, Catlin,
Murray, and other travelers of more recent times. Speaking of the games
in vogue among the Cherokees, Adair describes that diversion in the following
words :

"The warriors have another favorite game called Chungke, which, with
propriety of language, may be called 'Running hard labor.' They have near

10 The writer has seen specimens with four and more indentations.

SMITHSONIAN ARCHAEOLOGICAL COLLECTION.

29

their state-house a square piece of ground well cleaned, and fine sand is care
fully strewed over it, when requisite, to promote a swifter motion to what they
throw along the surface. Only one or two on a side play at this ancient game.
They have a stone about two lingers broad at the edge, and two spans round ;
each party has a pole of about eight feet long, smooth and tapering at each
end, the points flat. They set off abreast of each other at six yards from the
end of the play-ground; then one of them hurls the stone on its edge, in as
direct a line as he can, a considerable distance toward the middle of the other
end of the square; when they have ran a few yards, each darts his pole
anointed with bear's oil, with a proper force, as near as he can guess in pro
portion to the motion of the stone, that the end may lie close to the stone ;
when this is the case, the person counts two of the game, and, in proportion
to the nearness of the poles to the mark, one is counted, unless by measuring,
both are found to be at an equal distance from the stone. In this manner the
players will keep running most part of the day, at half speed, under the vio
lent heat of the sun, staking their silver ornaments, their nose, finger, and
ear-rings; their breast, arm, and wrist-plates, and even all their wearing
apparel, except that which barely covers their middle. All the American
Indians are much addicted to this game, which to us appears to be a task

IIG

DISCOIDAL STONES

of stupid drudgery; it seems, however, to be of early origin, when their fore
fathers used diversions as simple as their manners. The hurling-stones they
use at present were, time immemorial, rubbed smooth on the rocks, and with
prodigious labor; they are kept with the strictest religious care from one

30 PECKED, GROUND AND POLISHED STONE.

generation to another, and are exempted from being buried with the dead.
They belong to the town where they are used, and are carefully preserved."11

There are several kinds of discoidal stones which may have served in the
Chnng-kee game. Some are quite large, measuring six inches and more in
diameter, and bearing a very regular dish-shaped cavity on each side. Their
material is often a beautiful (sometimes translucent) ferruginous quartz, and
specimens made of this mineral appear to be more numerous in Tennessee
than in other States of the Union. The roundness and general regularity of
many objects of this class hardly can be surpassed, and not few of them are
beautifully polished. In some the outer circumference appears more or less
convex, though straight-sided specimens are not wanting (Fig. 116, yellow-
brown ferruginous quartz, Tennessee; Fig. 117, brown ferruginous quartz,
Tennessee; Fig. 118, dark greenstone, mound in Illinois). In a number of
the stones, supposed to have been used in the Chung-kee game, the cavities
on both sides are carried somewhat deeper than in the preceding kind, and
their centre is marked by a perforation (Fig. 119, cast, Ohio; Fig. 120, quart-
zite, Ohio) . These central holes sometimes attain a comparatively large size,
imparting to the objects a ring-like character, in which cases it is impossible
to state, with any plausibility, whether the specimens, which are, moreover,
often somewhat rudely shaped, served as Chung-kee stones, as net-sinkers, or
for other purposes.

Some stones, supposed to have been used in the Indian game, show flat or
slightly convex circular faces, and perpendicular or even oblique circumfer
ences (Fig. 121, quartzose stone, Georgia).12 Stones of this description have
been called "weights," on account of their resemblance to the iron weights in
common use. There are in the collection similarly shaped stone discs of small
size, in some cases measuring hardly more than an inch in diameter. Though
too diminutive to have served in the Chung-kee game as practised by adults,
it is not improbable that children employed them for the same purpose, if,
indeed, they were not designed for an altogether different kind of game (Fig.
122, argillaceous material, Pennsylvania).13 In some instances the discoidal
stones assume a lenticular shape, the periphery being represented by a rounded
edge (Fig. 123, ferruginous quartz, Texas).

The hollowed discs before described have now and then been taken for
mortars in which paint or other substances were pulverized, and the appear
ance of the concavities in a few lends some probability to that supposition.
In those cases, however, they were made to serve a secondary purpose. Speci
mens with convex or flat faces, again, probably were often utilized as mealing-
stones, or for grinding other substances, and some of them may have origin
ally been fashioned for such ends.

The discoidal stones of the perforated kind pass over by slow degrees into

11 Adalr: History of the American Indians, London, 1775, p. 401.

12 See Du Pratz : Histoire de la Louisiane, Paris, 1758, Vol. Ill, p. 2.

"Somewhat similar discs, made of broken clay vessels, are often found on the sites of Indian settlements.

SMITHSONIAN ARCHAEOLOGICAL COLLECTIOK. 31

the ring-form, a type exemplified by a large number of specimens obtained
from the California!! islands forming the Santa Barbara group. These rings,
composed of sandstone, serpentine, potstone, etc., vary much in size and char
acter of workmanship. Some are not more than an inch and a half in diame
ter, others measure as much as five inches. There arc flat specimens not

124

120

1Z5

CLUB-HEAD-SHAPED STOXES (£).

exceeding half an inch in thickness, while others are massive, presenting a
more or less compressed globular form. There is also much difference in the
width of the perforations, which arc, however, smooth and round in most
cases, though exceptionally of an oval shape. The great variety of forms
exhibited in these perforated objects defies all attempts to assign to them
anything like a definite use. The more bulky specimens somewhat bear the
character of club-heads, and may have been employed as such.14 Some are
of a spherical or conoidal shape, and in the latter the perforation is drilled in
the direction of the longer axis. In many the prominent part of the periphery
bears the marks of rough use (Fig. 124, hornblende rock, Santa Catalina
Island, California; Fig. 125, greenstone, Santa Rosa Island, California). A
few of these specimens are of a flattened pear shape, the perforation running
in the direction of the shorter axis (Fig. 126, serpentine, Santa Rosa Island).15
The writer is not aware of the occurrence of such relics in the eastern or
middle portions of the United States.

The collection in the Smithsonian Institution contains a series of globular
and egg-shaped stones (mostly natural formations) of suitable size to represent

"It lias also been suggested that they served as weights for digging-sticks.

"Through the agency of Mr. Paul Schumacher the National Museum has been enriched with a large
number of valuable relics from the California!! islands of Sun Miyuel, Santa Cruz, San Xicvlas, and Santa
Catalina, und from various points on the main-land, embraced in the Counties of San Luis Obispo and Santa
Barbara. A place called Dug I'ltebtns in the last-named district has furnished many remarkable objects.
The relics occurred in graves and on the surface. Many are evidently very old; others exhibit a more recent
appearance, and some of these have been found in graves with articles of European manufacture (iron
knives, objects of brass, beads of glass and enamel, etc.), proving that they are referable to the aborigines
whom the whites found In possession of those islands and the neighboring coast. It has been thought proper
to include these products of Indian art in the archaeological series. The islands have been totally vacated
by the Indians, the last of whom, ten in number, were removed, about forty years ago, to the Santa Barbara
mission on terra firma. A. few only are now and then seen In the neighborhood. Mr. II. II. Bancroft men
tions in his work, entitled "The Native Haces of the Pacific States," the names of some of the tribes
formerly inhabiting the localities in question (Vol. I, p. 45'J, etc.). The graves of Dos Pueblos, it should be
stated, were also explored by Dr. II. C. Yarrow.

32 PECKED, GROUND AND POLISHED STONE.

club-heads, and the manner in which some of them, perhaps, were utilized,
is illustrated by a number of weapons obtained from existing tribes. There
is, for instance, a Sioux war-club with a round stone head about three
inches in diameter, and a wooden handle nearly two feet long, the stone
as well as the handle being enclosed in a tightly fitting covering of raw-hide
sewed together with strong sinew. A loop at the end of the handle serves
for attaching the Aveapon to the wrist. Another kind of stone war-club,
represented by a number of specimens in the collection, is still in use among
the Apaches, Shoshonees, and other tribes. It consists of a skin-covered stone
ball, from two to nearly three inches in diameter, and connected by short
thongs with a wooden handle, from eight to twelve inches in length, likewise
covered Avith leather, and provided with a loop at the lower end. The raw
hide casing of these Aveapons, which resemble the "morning-stars" seen
in European collections of medieval armor, consists of one piece, taken
from the caudal portion of a bovine. The handle is encased in the close-
fitting skin of the animal's tail, a dangling tuft of its hair occasionally form
ing an ornamental appendage to the weapon.16

It may not be amiss to mention in this place certain stones of quartzite, etc.,
Avorkcd into a regular egg-shape, from two to three inches in longitudinal
diameter, and slightly truncated at the more pointed end, so as to allow the
stone to stand upright on its base. They may have been employed as club-
heads, though it appears just as probable that they were used in some game,
or perhaps as targets to be shot at with arrows for the sake of practice.
Placed upright on a pole, they would fall down when touched by a missile.
The specimens in the collection are all derived from Georgia.17

12, Pierced Tablets and Boat-shaped Articles,— A rather numerous class

of aboriginal relics consists of variously shaped tablets of great regularity
and careful finish, pierced with one, two, or more round holes. They are
mostly made of slate, and the greenish striped variety before mentioned seems
to have been preferred by the makers. A very common form is that of a
rectangle, Avith sides exhibiting a slight outAvard curve. Other tablets are
lozenge-shaped with inwardly curved sides, oval, cruciform, etc. Most of
them have tAvo perforations, though specimens with only one are not rare,
Avhile those that have more than tAvo holes are of less frequent occurrence.
The holes are drilled either from one side or from both, and, accordingly, of
conical or bi-conical shape. They seldom have more than one-eighth of an
inch in diameter. In some tablets the edges are marked with notches, Avhich
may be either ornamental, or designed for enumeration. (Fig. 127, slate,
ISTeAV York; Fig. 128, slate, Pennsylvania; Fig. 129, cast, Louisiana; Fig.
130, slate, Tennessee; Fig. 131, slate, Tennessee; Fig. 132, striped slate,

16 The clubs here mentioned will be figured hereafter.

"These egg-shaped stones have been noticed in the "Antiquities of the Southern Indians" by Charles C.
Jones.

SMITHSONIAIST ARCHAEOLOGICAL COLLECTION.

33

Tennessee). Concerning the destination of the tablets nothing is definitely
known. At first sight, one might be inclined to consider them as objects of
ornament, or as badges of distinction; but this view is not corroborated by
the appearance of the perforations, which exhibit no trace of that peculiar

130

PIEIirEl) TABLETS AND BOAT-SHAPED ARTICLES (J).

abrasion produced by constant suspension. The classification of the tablets
as "gorgets," therefore, appears to be erroneous. There are, indeed, per
forated tablets which unquestionably were worn as ornaments; but they will
be considered hereafter. Schoolcraft regards the objects under notice as im
plements for twine-making. According to another conjecture they were
used in condensing and rounding bow-strings, by drawing the wet strips of
hide, or the sinews employed for that purpose, through the perforations. It
is suggestive that the Indians of Southeastern Nevada have been seen using
similar pierced tablets for giving uniform size to their bow-strings.18 There
are in the collection some flattened stones of less symmetrical outline, pierced
with a number of holes which are rather irregularly distributed, but equal in
size to those observed in the tablets just described (Fig. 133, potstone, Penn-

18 Smithsonian Report for 1870, p. 404.

34

PECKED, GKOUND AND POLISHED STONE.

sylvania). Like many other aboriginal relics, pierced tablets occur in sepul
chral mounds as well as on the surface of the ground. Those taken from
mounds are said to have mostly been found by the side of the skeleton, or
near the bones of the hand.

Allied to the pierced tablets are certain boat-shaped articles, either solid or
hollowed on one side, and perforated with two holes, mostly of conical form,
and placed near the middle or the extremities of the objects. These relics,
though agreeing in general character, differ much in the details of their execu
tion, some being of nearly oval, others of rectangular outline, while the cavity,
when it occurs, is sometimes shallow, but in other cases so deep as to give the
object almost the appearance of a shell. In a few instances the perforations
are altogether wanting. Such specimens, however, may have remained in an
unfinished state. The objects in question are nearly always well fashioned
and polished, their material consisting sometimes of porphyritic syenite,
greenstone, etc., but occasionally of softer substances, such as slates, among
which the striped variety seems to prevail. Their purpose, probably, was
similar to that for which the pierced tablets were designed (Fig. 134, striped
slate, Ohio; Fig. 135, greenstone, Kentucky).

13, Stones USed in Grinding and Polishing, — There are in the archaeolog
ical department of the National Museum many stones marked with hollow

138

STONES USED IN GRINDING, ETC. (.

faces, grooves, or notches, which were apparently produced by the grinding
or sharpening of tools, or by the process of smoothing and condensing cords
of animal or vegetable material. The more special uses of these relics are

SMITHSONIAN ARCHAEOLOGICAL COLLECTION. 35

not quite obvious in many cases. Certain flattish stones which are furrowed
with grooves radiating toward the circumference, may have been used in the
preparation of cords (Fig. 136, quartzose rock, New Jersey). On other stones
are seen straight grooves of suitable size for straightening and rounding the
shafts of arrows (Fig. 137, chlorite slate, Massachusetts; Fig. 138, com
pact chlorite, Mexico; Fig. 139, hornblende rock, Southern Utah; probably
recent). The most conspicuous specimen of this class is a heavy limestone
block, bearing on its surface seven deep straight grooves from eight to
ten inches in length. This specimen was found in Onondaga County, New
York.

In lieu of the grooved stones some Indian tribes of our time employ for
fashioning their arrow-shafts short wooden sticks hollowed longitudinally
and coated on the inner side with a cement of coarse quartz sand and glue.
This aboriginal contrivance is illustrated in the collection by several speci
mens obtained from the nearly extinct Mandan tribe.

inn

STONES USED IN POLISHING.

~No group of aboriginal relics, perhaps, is more difficult to describe than the
stones which have apparently served for polishing implements or parts of im
plements of stone, horn, bone, etc., and, probably, for smoothing leather and
other soft substances. In many cases it is by no means improbable that
stones supposed to have been used in those operations were otherwise em
ployed. The difficulty of classing these tools is greatly enhanced by the
totally unfixed character of their appearance, for nearly every stone of suitable
size and furnished with a smooth surface could be utilized as a polisher.
There is, for instance, in the collection a piece of yellowish jasper, about three
inches and a half in diameter, which exhibits eight perfectly smooth and even
facets, each of which presents a different form. It is difficult to assign to this
stone any other use than that of a polisher. The collection contains several
specimens of similar, though less striking, character. Other polishers are
regularly shaped and carefully worked, and nothing indicates their application
as polishing tools but the smoothness of those parts with which the operation
was performed. One specimen presents the outline of an oval with truncated
ends, which, to judge from their glossy appearance, were used in the polishing

3G

PECKED, GROUND AND POLISHED STONE.

process (Fig. 140, quartzose rock, Indiana). There is a cast in the collection,
presenting the fac-simile of a flat implement of rhomboidal outline, showing
very glossy side-surfaces which seem to have been used in polishing (Fig.
141, Louisiana). Other specimens are shaped like very flat celts of equal
thickness, in which, as it appears, the blunt edges formed the working parts.
It is possible, however, that • specimens of this form were intended for other
operations. A curious class of implements supposed to have served as polish
ers, consists of stick or club-shaped stones — mostly natural formations, but
sometimes modified by art — which bear at their ends the marks of friction
(Fig. 142, lydite, Pennsylvania).

14, Stone Vessels, — -Though nearly all classes of aboriginal relics are rep
resented on a large scale in the National Museum, the series of vessels of
stone is particularly distinguished by the number as well as by the diversity
of the specimens. The most elaborate objects of this kind are derived from
the California!! islands (San Miguel, Santa Cruz, Santa Catalina, etc.), and
from the opposite coast, a region where the aborigines excelled in various
kinds of manufactures.

149

144

STONE VESSELS (-|).

It appeai-s that vessels consisting of hard kinds of stone occur rarely
in that part of the United States which lies east of the Rocky Mountains. In
the Atlantic and Middle States, however, vessels made of the comparatively
soft potstone (commonly called soapstone — the lapis ollaris of the ancients)
have often been met. They diifer, of course, in shape and workmanship, some

SMITHSONIAN ARCHAEOLOGICAL COLLECTION.

37

being' rather uncouth specimens of aboriginal art; others, again, are tolerably
well formed, and betoken no small degree of perseverance on the part of their
makers. Most of those seen by the writer were of an elongated shape, some
what like a boat or a trough, and provided with projections or handles at the
opposite narrower extremities (Fig. 143, Massachusetts). A bowl-shaped
vessel from Wyoming Territory (Fig. 144) is made of the same material.
By far the best potstone vessels, however, have been found in the Caliibrnian
districts before mentioned. lu Among them are nearly globular cooking vessels
with rather narrow apertures encircled by raised rims. Some of them measure
more than a foot in height and fifteen inches in diameter, and their thickness,
about five-eighths of an inch at the rim, gradually increases toward the bottom.
These utensils are admirable specimens of Indian skill, being almost as regu
lar in outline as though they had been produced with the assistance of the
turner's wheel (Fig. 145, Dos Pueblos, Santa Barbara Count)'). Other Cali-
fornian potstone vessels of large size present the shape of high bowls. One
of them is pierced with two small holes near the rim, evidently for repairing
the damage produced by a crack (Fig. 14(5, Dos Pueblos). Among the smaller
vessels made of the same material, and obtained from the same region, may
be mentioned one which is formed in the shape of a boat (Fig. 147, Santa
Cruz Island). Serpentine was likewise employed by the California!! aborigines
as the material for vessels, such as cups, bowls, etc., which are in no way in
ferior to those made of potstone, and even surpass them by being well polished
(Fig. 148, serpentine, San Miguel Island). It seems, however, that only small
or medium-sized objects of this class were made of serpentine. A small Cali-
fornian sandstone vessel with an oval aperture, and deeply hollowed, probably
served as a drinking cup (Fig. 149, Santa Cruz Island).

152

151

STONE PLATES

It may not be altogether out of place to mention in connection with stone
vessels a class of remarkable stone plates, which possibly may have pertained
to the culinary utensils of the aborigines. One of the specimens is a perfectly

"These stone vessels as well as the Californian mortars anil pestles described ou the following pages
were recovered from graves by Mr. 1'aul Schumacher.

38 PECKED, GROUND AND POLISHED STONE.

flat and well-smoothed stone plate of circular shape, three-eighths of an inch
in thickness, and measuring a little less than ten inches in diameter. An
incised line runs parallel with the circumference, which is further ornamented
with nine rather irregularly distributed notches (Fig. 150, graywacke, mound
in Alabama). Another specimen of the same character (derived from the
same locality) measures only eight inches in diameter, and is ornamented with
three engraved parallel rings and twenty-one notches around the periphery.
A third elaborately finished stone plate is of a rectangular shape, and bears
as ornaments incised lines which run parallel with the sides, forming three
rectangles, and six notches on each of the smaller sides (Fig. 151, material
and locality the same). It would be impossible, of course, to state the exact
use of such plates, and it remains undecided whether they served as griddles,
or as plates for holding solid food, or for some ceremonial or other purpose.
A roughly worked plate of clay-slate, nearly rectangular in outline, and meas
uring about seven inches by five, was found in an Indian grave in Tennessee
near the skull (Xo. 16799 of the collection) . This plate and the more elab
orate specimens just described possibly were designed for the same use.

There are further to be mentioned slightly concave perforated plates of dif
ferent sizes and shapes, with angles rounded by the action of the elements
rather than by art. They consist of potstone, and were obtained from Cali
fornia (Fig. 152, Santa Cruz Island) . The character of the curvature in these
Californian plates seems to indicate that they were made from broken vessels.
An explanation of their special use is not attempted for the present.

15 1 Mortars. — The mortars and mortar-like utensils form a particularly
rich and varied series in the National Museum, embracing all forms and
sizes, from the diminutive cup-shaped stone with a cavity not large enough
to hold a hazclnut, and apparently iised for grinding pigments, to the
ponderous deeply hollowed vessel designed to withstand the operation of the
heavy stone pestle. The cultivation of maize among the aboriginal tribes
spread over the eastern area of the present United States necessitated the
application of grinding utensils, which are, therefore, not unfrequently found
on the sites of their former settlements. They are stone slabs or boulders
exhibiting shallow concavities, or real mortars hollowed to a depth sufficient
to hold a quantity of the cereal. It is shown, however, by the occurrence of
circular cavities in projecting ledges of rocks, or in large immovable boulders,
that the aborigines sometimes dispensed with portable mortars. Such station
ary contrivances for triturating grain have been noticed in many localities where
the Indians formerly dwelt. They used also large wooden mortars hollowed
with the assistance of fire, as described by Adair in his "History of the
American Indians" (p. 416). Some wooden mortars, made by the Iroquois,
may be seen in the ethnological department of the National Museum. They
are cylindrical, twenty-six inches high, and a little more than fifteen in diame
ter. The rounded cavity has a depth of about one foot. The wooden pestles

SMITHSONIAN ARCHAEOLOGICAL COLLECTION. 39

used in connection with them measure more than four feet in length.20 A
wooden Mohavc mortar of the collection is not quite so large, and not cylin
drical, but somewhat tapering toward the bottom. In this specimen the hol
lowing by fire is distinctly perceivable.

153

155

ise

158

MORTARS AND KINDRED UTENSILS

By far the best stone mortars in the Museum have been obtained from the Cal-
ifornian islands and the neighboring coast, more especially from Dos Pueblos.
They are made of a compact sandstone which, though of sufficient hardness
could be worked with tolerable ease. Some of these mortars are mere boulders
hollowed to the proper depth (Fig. 153, San Nicolas Island; Fig. 154, same
locality) ; others have been modified to a certain extent (Fig. 155, same

"A drawing of an Iroquois mortar with pestle is given in Morgan's "League of the Iroquois," Koehcster,
1851, p. 371.

40

PECKED, GKOUND AND POLISHED STONE.

locality) . Xot a few of them, however, are of a remarkably symmetrical shape,
and their production, notwithstanding1 the tractable character of the material,
must have been the result of long-continued patient labor. Many measure
more than a foot in height, and nearly twenty inches in diameter at the widest
part. They are about an inch and three-fourths thick at the rim, but increase
slightly in thickness toward the bottom. The very regular cavity in these
mortars reaches a depth of nine and a half inches (Fig. 156, Dos Pueblos).
In a number of the mortars the flat rim was inlaid with small pieces of
shell, some of which are still in place. They were cemented into the stone
by means of asphaltum. A mortar of rather small size, but shaped like the
larger specimens, exhibits on its outer side a raised zigzag ornamentation
(Fig. 157, Santa Cruz Island).
The mortars thus far described were used in connection with pestles, or,

perhaps, sometimes with
rounded stones fitting in
their cavities, and thus form-

1GO

ing

crushing tools rather

than pounders. Other uten
sils of a somewhat kin
dred character are trough-
shaped, and the grinding
operation was performed by
pressing a stone of suitable
form forward and backward
in the elongated, cavity.
Several specimens of this
description are in the col
lection. They were obtain
ed (chiefly through the
agency of Major J. ~VV.
Powell) from Utah Terri
tory, where such utensils,
which resemble in general
character the Mexican me-
fate, arc still used by the
aborigines (Fig. 158, sand
stone) . Instead of the con
cave stone a perfectly even
stone slab is employed, in
connection with a rubbing-
stone with flat faces, by
Kew Mexican tribes (Fig. 159, granite slab, sandstone rubber, Navajo Indians).
Somewhat partaking of the character of mortars arc good-sized stones,
mostly solid slabs, exhibiting on one of the faces, or on both, rather irregular
cup-shaped depressions, usually placed near each other. It is supposed that

STONES HEARING CUP-SHAPED DEPRESSIONS Q)

SMITHSONIAN ARCHAEOLOGICAL COLLECTION. 41

the natives used these stones for cracking nuts which they laid in the cavities,
applying a stone for breaking them. There are several of these "nut-stones"
in the collection. Specimens made of potstone have been found in districts of
Georgia where walnut-trees abound.21 The Indians, it is well known, made oil
from the fruits of these trees (Fig. 100, sandstone, Pennsylvania) . There are,
however, stones showing (on one side only) artificial cup-shaped depressions
of such regularity and smoothness that another use must be ascribed to
them. The specimens of the latter class which have thus far fallen under
the writer's notice were obtained in Ohio and Kentucky, and their material
was sandstone. It is not known whether they were employed, as has been
suggested, in some game, or served as receptacles in which paint was rubbed,
or for some other purpose (Fig. 160«, sandstone, Kentucky). Not a few of
the stones with a cavity on each side, and commonly classed with the hammer-
stones previously described, may have served as nut-stones, and others
evidently were paint-mortars. Some specimens of the collection still bear the
traces of red paint in their cavities.

16. Pestles. — These implements mostly form supplementary parts of mor
tars, and therefore naturally follow immediately after them in the present
enumeration. The specimens in the collection of the National Museum, which
can be counted by the hundred, were chiefly derived from the Eastern States,
from California and the Northwestern districts. In addition, many have been
obtained from other parts of North America. There is considerable difference
in their appearance, but the prevailing form seems to be that of a bluntly
pointed cone, swelling gradually toward the working portion. Four-sided
pestles are of rather rare occurrence. In length pestles vary from a few inches
to two feet and more, and their thickness differs accordingly, though not
always in proportion, short specimens being sometimes thick and clumsy,
while those of considerable length are of a relatively slender and tapering
form. Many specimens of the collection were found with the remarkable
stone vessels and mortars on the islands of the Santa Barbara group and the
opposite main-land. They are partly of the simple conical shape to which
allusion was made (Fig. 161, syenite, Santa Cruz Island). This elementary
form occurs in many parts of the United States. Other specimens expand at
the upper end into a kind of knob (Figs. 162 and 163, compact sandstone, Dos
Pueblos). In a third class an annular ridge surrounds the tool below the up
per end, which tapers to a blunt point (Fig. 164, sandstone, Dos Pueblos) . And
lastly, a variety has to be mentioned which exhibits a knob-like expanse at the
lower extremity (Fig. 165, amygdaloid, mound at Crescent City, California).
In the New England States pestles, more or less resembling a cylinder with
rounded ends, are quite frequent, and' sometimes of considerable length (Fig.
166, fine-grained sandstone, Rhode Island). Though the extremities of these

11 C. C. Jones, "Antiquities of the Southern Indians," New York, 1873, p. 315.

42

PECKED, GROUND AND POLISHED STONE.

cylindrical implements bear often the unmistakable marks of wear, it appears
probable that they were sometimes used like rolling-pins for crushing1 the
grain. A very fine specimen from Alaska, measuring as much as two feet

IGI 1G2

PESTLES AND MULLEIIS.

five and a half inches in length, and consisting of compact greenstone (Fig.
167) exhibits a somewhat similar character, but is differently shaped at the
tapering upper end. It may be of comparatively recent manufacture.

SMITHSONIAN ARCHAEOLOGICAL COLLECTION. 43

There are short pestles in which the round base is much enlarged, insomuch
that the object may be compared to a cone with an inwardly curved side-
surface. In many, however, the working' part is not convex, but perfectly even,
which proves that they were not used in connection with mortars, but were
made to operate on a flat surface. Some show, moreover, a small concavity in
the centre of the working part, undoubtedly produced by cracking nuts or
other hard substances (Fig. 168, greenstone, Pennsylvania; Fig. 109, syenite,
Ohio). A very fine specimen from British Columbia, pertaining to the class
here described, is encircled by a ring-like projection below the upper end
(Fig. 170, greenstone). Another specimen of somewhat recent aspect, and
derived from Washington Territory (Fig. 171), is described on the accompa
nying label as an "Indian hammer used to drive wooden or horn wedges to
split wood." This implement consists of a beautiful silicious stone of a light-
green color, and is worked with great care.

The most curious and elaborate specimens of the pestle kind were brought
from Alaska. These tools are provided with horizontal handles terminating
in round plates, slightly convex on the outside. The base or working part in
these implements is perfectly even and smooth (Fig. 172, greenstone; appar
ently an old tool).22

Two pestles from Alaska are ornamented at the upper end with rude carv
ings, representing, respectively, the heads of a bird and of a quadruped, both
unrecognizable. A fragmentary pestle from Massachusetts bears at its upper
extremity the well-executed figure of a raccoon, and another specimen from
the same State is fashioned in imitation of the male organ of generation.23

It seems proper to mention in this place more or less carefully worked disc-
shaped stones of a size to be conveniently grasped with the hand, which, to
judge from the smoothness of their flat faces, were applied in triturating grain
or other substances (Fig. 17.3, greenstone, Georgia). In conclusion, reference
should be made to a class of small conoid-shaped mullers, sometimes made of
hematite, which may have been used for rubbing paint (Fig. 174, greenstone,
Ohio). Specimens of this description are not very abundant.

17i TllbeSi — Among the aboriginal relics of somewhat enigmatical char
acter are stone tubes of cylindrical and other shapes and various lengths,
which sometimes terminate at one end in a sort of moiith-piece. "While the
smaller ones, which often measure only a few inches, have been thought to
represent articles of ornament, or amulets, diiferent purposes have been
ascribed to the larger specimens. Schoolcraft seems to consider these latter

"The writer was Informed by Mr. W. II. Dall, that sucli pestles were formerly used by the natives of
Alaska for mixing berries, flsh-oil, fat, etc., in the preparation of an article of food. Such implements are
no longer made. A few .specimens are still in the possession of the aborigines, who preserve them UK heir
looms.

'•'Several carved stone objects of this class, not forming parts of pestles, are in the collection. They
seem to indicate a love for the obscene rather than anything like phallic worship.

44 PECKED, GROUND AND POLISHED STOXE.

as telescopic instruments which the ancient inhabitants used for observing
the stars. This view, it appears, has been generally rejected. There is
more probability that the tubes, in part at least, were implements of the
medicine-men who employed them in their pretended cures of diseases. They
applied one end of the tube to the suffering part of the patient, and sucked
at the other end, in order to draw out, as it were, the morbid matter,
which they afterward feigned to eject with many gesticulations and contor
tions of the body. Coreal, who traveled in America from 1660 to 1697,
calls the tubes employed by the medicine-men of the Florida Indians " a
kind of shepherd's flute" (nne espece de chalumeaii) ?* ' They are referred to
by Venegas25 and Baegert26 as being in use among the Californians, and the
German traveler Kohl saw, as late as 1855, one of the above-mentioned cures
performed among the Ojibways of Lake Superior. In this instance, however,
the tube used by the medicine-man was a smooth hollow bone, probably of
the brant-goose.2"

The specimens in the Smithsonian collection chiefly consist of light-gray
steatite, of striped slate, or of chlorite. As a typical object (Fig. 175, Ten
nessee) the writer would mention a beautifully polished cylindrical tube,

TUBES (i).

measuring nearly six inches in length. The carefully drilled perforation has
at one end a diameter of about one-fourth of an inch, but it gradually expands
until it reaches at the opposite end a diameter of three-fourths of an inch.
The striae produced by the drilling process are distinctly visible. Another
specimen of a different (but not uncommon) type is encircled in the middle by
a raised ring, and expands toward the ends (Fig. 176, chlorite, Tennessee).
The large cavity is not drilled, but rather irregularly scooped out with a tool
from both sides, narrowing considerably toward the middle, where it has a
diameter of half an inch.28 The Gosh-Utes of Western Utah use at the pres
ent day small pipes of somewhat similar shape, and hence it is not altogether
improbable, that the tubes of the type just mentioned were smoking utensils.
In fact, that character has been ascribed to various kinds of objects of tubular
shape.

'•"Coreal: Voyages aux Indes Occidentals, Amsterdam, 1722, Vol. I, p. 39.

25 Venegas: History of California, London, 1759, Vol. I. p. 97.

26Baegert: Account of the Aboriginal Inhabitants of the Californian Peninsula, in Smithsonian Report
for 1864, p. 386.

"Kohl : Kitschi-Gami, oder Er/.iihlungen vom Obern See, Bremen, ISofi, Vol. I, p. 148.

*8 A very fine specimen of this class, nearly fourteen inches long, lately lias been deposited in the National
Museum. It was obtained near Knoxville, Tennessee.

SMITHSONIAN ARCHAEOLOGICAL COLLECTION. 45

A very remarkable tube of striped slate, thirteen inches long, and termina
ting at one end in a broad mouth-piece, was obtained by Messrs. Squier and
Davis in a mound near Chillicothe, during their survey of the aboriginal
earthworks in the State of Ohio. This specimen, represented by a cast in
the collection (No. 7243), is figured and described on page 224 of the "An
cient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley" by Squier and Davis, forming the
first volume of Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge.

18. Pipes. — No class of aboriginal productions of art exhibits a greater
diversity of form than the pipes carved from stone or moulded in clay. In
deed, a volume would be required for figuring and describing the various
shapes of these utensils, the manufacture of which offered to the aboriginal
artist an unlimited scope for displaying his individual skill and ingenuity.
Some of the more marked types only can be noticed in this account. Stone
was the material chiefly used in the manufacture .of these smoking utensils,
though pipes of clay are by no means uncommon.29 In the following enumer
ation of typical pipes of earlier date those of clay have been included — some
what in violation of the plan of arrangement — in order to avoid the necessity
of treating them separately in the section relating to the ceramic manufact
ures of the aborigines.

Numerous stone pipes of a peculiar type were obtained, many years ago, by
Messrs. Squier and Davis during their survey of the ancient earthworks in
the State of Ohio. They have been minutely described and figured by them
in the first volume of Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge. The origi
nals of these remarkable smoking utensils (presently to be described) are now
in the Blackmore Museum at Salisbury, England; but the National Museum
possesses casts of them, which enable visitors to become acquainted with their
character. These pipes were formerly thought to be chiefly made of a kind
of porphyry, a substance, which, by its hardness, would have rendered their
production extremely difficult. That view, however, was erroneous; for since
their transfer to the Blackmore Museum they have been carefully examined
and partly analyzed by Professor A. II. Church, who found them to consist of
softer materials, such as compact slate, argillaceous ironstone, ferruginous
chlorite, and calcareous minerals.30 Nevertheless, they constitute the most
remarkable class of aboriginal products of art thus far discovered; for some
of them are so skillfully executed that a modern artist, notwithstanding his
far superior metallic tools, would find no little difficulty in reproducing them.

"The navigators who first visited the Atlantic Coast of North America noticed copper pipes nmong the
natives, as, for instance, Robert Juet, who served under Hudson as mate in the Half-Moon. Such pipes
must he very rare. There arc none in the Smithsonian collection.

'"The subject is fully treated in '-Flint Chips," by K. T. Stevens, London, 1870. From this valuable
work the drawings of sonic of the pipes recovered by Messrs. Squier and Davis arc here copied, the original
woodcuts used in illustrating the "Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley" having been destroyed bv
the fire which visited the Smithsonian building in 18G5. Figs. 117 to 184 are reproductions of illustrations
contained in Mr. Stevens' work.

40 PECKED, GROUND AND POLISHED STONE.

Four miles north of Chillicothe, Ohio, there lies, close to the Scioto River,
an embankment of earth, somewhat in the shape of a square with strongly
rounded angles, and enclosing an area of thirteen acres, over which twenty-
three mounds are scattered without much regularity. This work has been
called "Mound City," from the great number of mounds within its precinct.
In digging into the mounds, Squier and Davis discovered hearths in many of
them, which furnished a great number of relics, and from one of the hearths
nearly two hundred stone pipes of singular form were taken, many of which,
unfortunately, were cracked by the action of fire, or otherwise damaged. The
occurrence of such pipes, however, was not confined to the mound in question,
others having been found elsewhere in Ohio, and likewise in mounds of Indi
ana. In their simple or primitive form they present a round bowl rising from
the middle of a flat and somewhat curved base, one side of which communi
cates by means of a narrow perforation, usually one-sixteenth of an inch in
diameter, with the hollow of the bowl, and represents the tube or rather the
mouth-piece of the pipe, while the other unperforated end forms the handle
by which the smoker held the implement and approached it to his mouth. A
remarkably fine specimen of this kind (Fig. 177) was found in a mound of an
ancient work in Liberty Township, Ross County, Ohio. In the more elaborate
specimens from "Mound City" the bowl is formed in a few instances in imita
tion of the human head, but generally of the body of some animal, and in the
latter cases the peculiarities of the species which have served as models are
frequently expressed with surprising fidelity. The human heads, undoubtedly
the most valuable specimens of the series, evidently bear features characteristic
of the Indian race, and they are further remarkable for the head-dress or
method of arranging the hair (Fig. 178). A few of the heads show on the
face incised ornamental lines, obviously intended to imitate the painting or
tattooing of the countenance. The following mammals have been recognized:
the beaver (Fig. 179), the otter (with a fish in its mouth, Fig. 180), the
elk, bear, wolf, panther, wild-cat, raccoon, opossum, squirrel, and sea-cow
(manati, lamantin, Trichecus manatus, Lin.). Of the animal which is sup
posed to represent the sea-cow, seven carvings have been found. This inhabi
tant of tropical waters is not met in the higher latitudes of North America,
but only on the coast of Florida, which is many hundred miles distant from
Ohio. The Florida Indians called this animal the "big beaver," and hunted it
on account of its flesh and bones.31 More frequent are carvings of birds,
among which the eagle, hawk, falcon, turkey-buzzard, heron (Fig. 181), sev
eral species of owls, the raven, swallow, parrot, duck, and other land and
water-birds have been recognized. One of the specimens is supposed to rep
resent the toucan, a tropical bird not inhabiting the United States; but the
figure is not of sufficient distinctness to identify the original that was before
the artist's mind, and it would not be safe, therefore, to make this specimen

31 Bartram : Travels, Dublin, 1793, p. 229.

SMITHSONIAN ARCHAEOLOGICAL COLLECTION.

47

the subject of far-reaching speculations. The amphibious animals, likewise,
have their representatives in the snake, toad, frog, turtle, and alligator. One
specimen shows a snake coiled around the bowl of the pipe. The toads, in
particular, are faithful imitations of nature. Leaving aside the more than
doubtful toucan, the imitated animals belong, Avithout exception, to the North
American fauna, and there is, moreover, the greatest probability that the

177

118

1114

STONE PIPES.

sculptures in question were made in or near the present State of Ohio, where,
in corroboration of this view, a few unfinished pipes of the described character
have occurred among the complete articles.

Pipes of this type are generally of rather small size, and in many the cavity
of the bowl designed for holding the narcotic is remarkable for its insignifi
cant capacity. These pipes were probably smoked without a stem, the nar
rowness of the perforations in their necks not permitting the insertion of

48

PECKED, GROUND AND POLISHED STONE.

anything- thicker than a straw or a very thin reed. Yet most of the pipes of
earlier date, occurring either in mounds or on the surface of the ground, are
provided with a hole of suitable size for the reception of a stem. A very
remarkable stone pipe of this character, obtained during the survey of the
Ohio earthworks by Squier and Davis, was found within an ancient enclosure,
twelve miles below the city of Chillicothe. It represents the body of a bird
with a human head exhibiting strongly marked Indian features (Fig. 182).
The original, not having been exposed to the action of fire, is in an excellent
state of preservation, and retains its original beautiful polish.

The name "calumet-pipes" has been given to large stone pipes which were
smoked with a stem, and are usually fashioned in imitation of a bird, mammal,
or amphibian, and sometimes of the human figure. They were thus called on
account of their bulk, which seemed to indicate their character as pipes of
ceremony, to be used on solemn occasions. It was further thought these pipes
had not been the property of individuals, but that of communities, a view
which does not seem to be altogether correct, since some have been discovered
in burial-mounds, accompanying a single skeleton.

A pipe of the kind just mentioned is made of ferruginous sandstone, and
represents rather rudely a human figure with a snake folded around its neck
(Fig. 183, cast, Paint Creek, Ross County, Ohio). The face is marked with
incised lines. Another large calumet-pipe, carved in imitation of a quadruped
of the canine family (probably a wolf), consists of chlorite, and was found in
Ross County, Ohio (Fig. 184, cast) . The National Museum possesses one of

the finest calumet-pipes thus
far discovered in the United
States. It is boldly cut out of
potstonc, and represents a bird
with a strongly curved beak,
perhaps an eagle, which stands
on a high pedestal, showing
in front an inverted human
face bearing incised lines. The
bowl rises from the back of the
bird. This remarkable aborig
inal carving (Fig. 185), which
partakes somewhat of a "Pro
methean" character, and may
have reference to an event or
to some religions conception,
was found in the State of
Kentucky.

There are many small pipes which, though they were smoked with stems,
are not provided with projections or necks for their insertion, thus resembling
one of the calumet-pipes just noticed (Fig. 183). The holes designed to hold

185

STONE PIPE.

SMITHSONIAN AKCHJEOLOGICAL COLLECTION.

40

them are drilled immediately into the body of the bowl. Pipes of this de
scription assume innumerable forms. Some are produced without much art,
almost reminding one of the corn-cob pipes in use among the farmers of
this country (Fig. 186, compact argillaceous stone, Pennsylvania) ; others
are fashioned with great care, and may be counted among the better class of
Indian products of art. As an example the writer would mention a highly
polished serpentine pipe from West Virginia, which might at first sight easily

187

STONE AND CLAY 1'11'KS (\).

be mistaken for the imitation of a swan, though it has been ascertained by
competent ornithologists that the bird was intended for the loon (Fig. 187).
Generally speaking, birds were rather frequently the models copied by the
manufacturers of the pipes under notice, and an upright bird figure, Avith the
receptacle of the narcotic hollowed out downward between the wings and an
aperture for the stem at some distance from the end of the tail, may be con
sidered as a typical form. A specimen of this description (Fig. 188), made

50 PECKED, GROUND AND POLISHED STONE.

of a compact argillaceous stone and representing a parrot, was derived from
the State of New York. In another class of pipes, somewhat analogous to
the preceding type, the barrel-shaped bowl rises from a sort of handle pierced
with a hole for the stem (Fig. 189, argillaceous stone, Ohio). Pipes of this
character may not be very old.32

Passing over to the pipes provided with necks, a typical class deserves
mention, in which the almost cylindrical very high bowl stands upon a flat
perforated base prolonged beyond the bowl, to form a sort of handle. In
some the perforation of the neck is very narrow, and these were probably
smoked without stems, like the pipes obtained from mounds in Ohio, to which
they bear some analogy (Fig. 190, Virginia). The specimens of this descrip
tion seen by the writer were made of chlorite.

In the districts formerly inhabited by the Iroquois tribes, and in the neigh
boring parts, there have been found pipes of stone and clay in which the con
nection of the bowl with the neck forms a curve (Fig. 19], serpentine, New
York). Some of these pipes, more especially specimens of burned clay, ex
hibit elegant outlines, almost reminding one of a cornucopia. The length of
the neck in some of the specimens and their narrow bore seem to indicate
that they were smoked without separate stems, like the common clay pipes
now in use, in which bowl and stem are united. A very beautiful, highly
polished steatite pipe of the collection is carved in imitation of a lizard (Fig.
192, Pennsylvania). The straight neck or stem apparently forms the animal's
tail, and its toes are indicated by incised lines.

Many of the pipes formerly used by the aborigines, and made either of stone
or clay, approach in general character certain pipes common among civilized
races, being furnished with distinct necks by which they were attached to
stems. Such pipes are often of large dimensions, and their bowls provided
with wide cavities for holding a considerable quantity of the smoking material.
These large specimens, or calumets, nearly always consist of stone, and their
bowls and necks are round or four-sided in the cross section (Fig. 193, pot-
stone, North Carolina). Incised lines, raised rims and other ornaments, char
acterize the more elaborate specimens of this kind. A beautiful serpentine
pipe of smaller size, and, perhaps, not very old, shows a quadrilateral rim with
a human head carved at each corner (Fig. 194, Texas). Several small stone
pipes of the collection are remarkable for their low broad-rimmed bowls and
the prolongation of the necks beyond the bowls. One of the specimens of
this character, which consists of compact limestone, is evidently very old,
being entirely covered with a white crust produced by decay (Fig. 195,
mound in Kentucky).33

Clay pipes of kindred character, moulded into almost every conceivable
shape, frequently occur in aboriginal graves as Avell as on the surface. The

"The type occurs among the pipes carved by modern Indians.

33 The pipes made of red pipestone or Catlinite, which are represented by numerous specimens i:i the
collection, belong to more recent times.

SMITHSONIAN ARCHAEOLOGICAL COLLECTION. 51

bowl often represents a more or less carefully executed human head. Some
bear some resemblance to the cliibvuc of the Turks (Fig. 196, Georgia).

Stone pipes of an altogether different character were in vogue among
certain Californian tribes. They are of an elongated conoidal shape, of large
size and corresponding capacity (Fig. 197, serpentine, Santa Barbara County).
Some have been found with a short hollow bone cemented as a mouth-piece
into the aperture at the tapering end.*4 Similar pipes of smaller size are still
used by the Pai-Utes.

Lastly, special mention should be made of two fragmentary pipes of clay,
both found in Madison County, New York, and remarkable for excellent
workmanship. In one the bowl is formed by the coils of a skillfully executed
snake (Fig. 198) ; in the other by the head of a bird (apparently a raven)
with widely opened bill (Fig. 199). The outside of these specimens is coated
with a yellowish brown paint, and perfectly smooth.

19, Ornaments, — Though the aborigines of North America (north of
Mexico) chiefly employed shell-matter as the material of their ornaments,
they likewise made use of stone for that purpose. First ought to be mentioned
their stone beads of various forms and sizes, which they strung and wore as
personal decorations, mostly, perhaps, in the shape of necklaces. Some beads
are globular or compressed at the opposite ends (Fig. 200, serpentine, Santa
Barbara County, California) ; others are of irregular shape, four-sided, notched
at the circumference, etc. (Figs. 201 and 202, potstone, Pennsylvania). The
collection contains a number of articles of ornamental character, presenting
the shape of straight tubes, either cylindrical or somewhat swelling toward the
middle. A wTell-drilled specimen consisting of silicious material (Fig. 203,
Mississippi) measures nearly three inches in length. There are further in the
collection several ornaments made of the red pipestone, or Catlinite, from the
Cotcau dcs Prairies in Minnesota. Though probably no great antiquity can
be ascribed to them, they ought to be mentioned here, having been discovered
in digging the Oriskany Canal in the State of New York. They may be
attributable to the Iroquois. A typical form of these ornaments, which the
Avriter had occasion also to notice outside of the National Museum, may be
likened to a compressed slender pyramid, pierced in the longitudinal direction
(Fig. 204). The occurrence of these objects of Catlinite in the State of New
York, distant twelve or thirteen hundred miles from the red pipestone quarry,
furnishes a strong evidence of a far-extended aboriginal trade.

Next must be mentioned objects of stone pierced for suspension, which
were undoubtedly worn as breast ornaments, representing in many cases, it
may be assumed, badges of distinction. A very fine specimen of the col
lection, somewhat resembling in outline a certain class of pierced tablets,

Jl Among the objects recovered by Mr. Paul Schumacher, during his explorations in Southern California,
are many pipes of this description.

52

PECKED, GROUND AXD POLISHED STOXE.

is ornamented with a border of dotted triangles (Fig. 205, trap rock, Con
necticut). Another smaller specimen of kindred character, which is made
of a flat sandstone pebble of oval outline, bears incised ornamental lines
(Fig. 200, Rhode Island). Small oval or round pebbles of a compressed
form, pierced with a hole for suspension, but otherwise left in their natural

205

201

202

ORNAMENTS, ETC.

state, are not uncommon (Fig. 207, Pennsylvania). A very remarkable
small object, designed for suspension, consists of a shell of brown hematite
of rather irregular outline, and shows no other modifications by art than
a perforation at one extremity, and nine distinct incisions or notches at
the other (Fig. 208, Virginia). These notches may have a significance,

SMITHSONIAX ARCHAEOLOGICAL COLLECTION. 53

denoting, perhaps, the number of animals of a certain species, or of ene
mies, killed by the wearer. Possibly the notches may form the enumer
ation of transactions of a more peaceable character. Similar "records" have
been noticed among the prehistoric relics of Europe. Several objects in
the collection, undoubtedly ornamental in their character, are shaped like a
heart, which was among the North American Indians, as well as with other
nations, the emblem of courage and of other manly qualities. One of the
specimens (Fig. 209, argillaceous slate) is derived from an Ohio mound, where
it was lying near the neck of the skeleton.

The Smithsonian collection possesses a series of the well-known curious
relics intended to represent birds, the body, neck, head, and tail being clearly,
though clumsily, indicated. The place of the eyes is occasionally marked by
small bead-like elevations, sometimes, however, by unproportionally large
knob-shaped projections. These figures stand on flat bases pierced at their
extremities with diagonal holes which often exhibit traces of wear. The
objects are generally made of soft stone, such as the often-mentioned green
striped slate; yet porphyritic syenite and other hard substances sometimes
form their materials. A characteristic specimen of the collection (Fig. 210,
Pennsylvania) consists of striped slate. In this instance the eyes are indi
cated by small round protuberances. The object is marked along the neck,
head, back, and tail with numerous notches, probably designed for ornament.
It is evident that these relics were worn in some way (perhaps as amulets),
and not used as knife-handles or for removing the husk of Indian corn, as has
been suggested. The latest theory, based upon information received from
an "aged Indian" is, that they were worn in olden times on the heads of
Indian women, but only after marriage. One specimen of the collection, how
ever, made of striped slate, and finished in every respect, though left without
the diagonal holes, weighs two pounds and one ounce. It is incredible that a
woman should have worn such a heavy object on her head for the sake of
indicating her married state. Some very fine specimens in the National
Museum, evidently belonging to the class under notice, are not imitations of
the bird form, but are shaped alike at both perforated extremities (Fig. 211,
striped slate, mound in Ohio).

The objects hitherto treated may be denominated ornaments with some
degree of safety; but we include here, for want of a better designation, a few
other classes of typical articles which possibly were intended for purposes of
a useful rather than a decorative character. Among them are small carefully
worked objects shaped like cylinders with inwardly curved side-surfaces.
These objects are perforated lengthwise, or show at least the beginnings of
perforations at both ends, and bear on their side-surfaces incised ornamental
lines. The round (sometimes oval) flat extremities are likewise ornamented
with engraved lines and dots, differing in their pattern from the decorations
on the curved sides (Fig. 212, fine-grained argillaceous sandstone, Kentucky).
The mode of their application has not been ascertained. It has been sug-

54 PECKED, GKOUXD AXD POLISHED STOXK.

gestcd, on account of their concave side-surfaces, that they were tools em
ployed in pressing ornamental lines on clay vessels while yet in a soft state.
Upon trial, however, it has been found that the impressions produced by them
on wet clay bear little analogy to the ornamentation which characterizes
North American vessels, and hence their real purpose remains problematical
for the present.

Among the relics of the former, population are rings of stone and bone of
different sizes, but similar in shape, being deeply grooved upon the outer edge,
and pierced with eight equidistant small holes radiating from the centre. A
cast in the collection (Fig. 213) is the fac-simile of such a ring, which was
discovered in a mound not far from Chillicothe, Ohio. The cast, however,
represents the object as perfect, whereas the original, formerly belonging to
Dr. E. H. Davis, constitutes only one-half of the ring, which consists of a
dark stone of medium hardness. In a former publication35 the writer has
suggested that these rings once formed parts of bow-drills by means of which
the aborigines produced the perforations in pipes and other objects of stone.
A well-made potstone ring of the collection (Fig. 214, Pennsylvania) is
grooved around the circumference, but not pierced with lateral holes. The
writer's view concerning the mode of application of these rings has been
somewhat shaken by the fact that there is in the Smithsonian collection a
similarly shaped ornamented ring of burned clay, which, owing to the fragility
of its material, hardly could have been utilized in the indicated manner. Yet
this clay ring, though resembling the described objects of stone, may have
been designed for a totally different purpose.

20, Sculptures, — Though many of the objects treated in the preceding
portion of this account may be called sculptures in view of the mode of
their production, as for instance, stone pipes and other elaborately wrought
articles of the same material, the expression is here reserved for a special class
of aboriginal relics, among which imitations of the human body, or parts of it,
are the most conspicuous.

There are in the collection numerous casts of Mexican stone masks and
images, some of which probably have reference to the idol-worship of the
Aztecs. The so-called masks arc not uncommon in the United States, and
casts of several of them may be seen in the collection, which also contains an
original of this class from Rhode Island, representing a human face very
rudely carved in sandstone. The eyes are represented by oval depressions,
and a simple groove constitutes the mouth, while the nose is indicated by
an insignificant elevation. The back part shows a rough fracture, a circum
stance which renders it probable at least that the specimen is the detached
facial portion of a very roughly worked imitation of the human head.

One of the most valuable objects in the National Museum (Fig. 215) is a

""Drilling in Stone without Metal;" Smithsonian Report for 18fi8.

SMITHSONIAN ARCI IDEOLOGICAL COLLECTION. 55

stone image, more than twenty inches in length and weighing thirty-seven
pounds and four ounces, which was discovered in a cave near Strawberry
Plains, sixteen miles east of Knoxville, Tennessee.36 This remarkable relic,
which is in a very good state of preservation, consists of crystalline limestone,
the fracture of which can be seen at the back of the head, where the figure
seems to have been detached from the rock out of which it was sculptured.

215

SCULFTUKKS.

It is possible, however, that the fracture indicates the former presence of some
sort of handle or projection by which the image was carried or attached. The
face shoAVS a somewhat prominent nose and strongly marked brows, and the
eyes consist of small oval cavities, while the mouth is ring-shaped, as in many
Mexican representations of the human countenance. A groove extends across

* An account of the discovery of this image is given in the Smithsonian Report for 1870, p. 385.

53 PECKED, GROUND AND POLISHED STONE.

the face between the nose and the month. The ears are nnproportionally
large. There is no body, properly speaking, but merely a kind of four-sided
pedestal with a flat base on which the figure can stand. Its front side shows an
appendage in the form of a small apron, which may, however, be intended to
mark the male sex. Lastly, there are to be seen on both sides of the figure
cavities, perhaps cut out in lieu of arms. The stone image just described is
undoubtedly among the best of its kind thus far discovered within the United
States, and compares favorably with kindred sculptures of Mexican or Central
American origin.

The sculpture of a human head, cut almost in life size from a kind of lime
stone, is of interest, irrespectively of its intrinsic value, on account of having
been in the possession of President Thomas Jefferson, while he lived at
Monticello (Fig. 216). Although much mutilated, this relic is still sufficiently
preserved to show the very creditable original workmanship. There is no
exaggeration or deformity in any part of this head, which may be the likeness
of some aged person with a deeply wrinkled face. A conical cavity in the
base of the head evidently served for keeping it in position by some sort of
support. There is another cavity in the back part of the head. The records
of the Smithsonian Institution contain no information as to the place where it
was found.

A curious little relic, made of a dark ferruginous stone, deserves notice on
account of its grotesque character (Fig. 217, Ohio). The stone seems to be
a natural formation, only modified by the carving of round eyes, a nose, and a
wide open mouth.

It is well known that the Mexicans were far more advanced in the art of
stone sculpture than the Indian tribes inhabiting higher latitudes of North
America. There are in the collection some remarkable specimens of Mexican
stone sculpture, among them a massive slab worked in the shape of a human
head surmounted by an elaborate head-dress (Fig. 218). This relic, obtained
from Tuspan, consists of some kind of volcanic rock, and may have belonged
to a large figure. The head measures fifteen inches in length and is thirteen
inches and a half broad. Small Mexican carvings in stone are not wanting
in the National Museum; but as a description of all these specimens would
occupy too much space, only a few will be noticed. There is, for instance, a
flat carving of the human figure, in which the head alone, including a peculiar
head-dress, is carefully, though not artistically, executed in its details, while
the body merely forms a sort of appendage (Fig. 219). This relic consists of
a greenish-gray stone, but not of the much-valued cbalchilmitl. Another
small specimen, measuring about an inch and a half in height, and carved
from white alabaster, represents a human figure with a remarkable counte
nance and an unproportionally small body in the squatting posture character
istic of Mexican images (Fig. 220). The neck is pierced for suspension.
Lastly, we would mention a carving in the shape of a death's head, not larger
than a walnut, which was found among the ruins of Chichen Itza, in Yucatan.

SMITHSONIAN ARCHAEOLOGICAL COLLECTION. 57

The flat back of this diminutive representation of a skull is perforated at each
side with a diagonal hole. The material appears to be silicified wood.37

A very curious class of Indian sculptures are the imitations of human foot
prints which occur, cut on solid rocks and sometimes on boulders, in various
parts of North America. These artificial tracks have elicited much unprofita
ble speculation, being considered by some as real impressions of human feet,
and consequently dating from a time when the rocks were still in a state of
softness. Though this view is now entirely abandoned by intelligent observ
ers, there arc some persons who, being unacquainted with the results of
geology, still adhere to it. The foot-prints of man which are found, either
isolated or in connection with other designs, on many rocks in the United
States belong to the pietographical system of the aborigines, and probably
relate to incidents worthy of their remembrance. Among the remarkable ob
jects of the collection are three large stone slabs bearing impressions of human

o -> .»

SCULPTURED FOOT-TRACKS (£).

feet. On two of these slabs, which have been carefully cut out of the rocks,
may be seen, respectively, two impressions of feet represented as being covered
with moccasins of a pattern still in use among the Sioux and other western
tribes (Fig. 222). These slabs consist of sandstone, probably pertaining to the
carboniferous formation, and were obtained from the banks of the Missouri
River. The third specimen of this description (Fig. 223) is a flattish block
of quartzite (probably a boulder), which bears on one of its flat sides the im
pression of a naked foot, each toe being distinctly marked by a cavity of
proportionate depth. The foot is surrounded by a number of cup-shaped
depressions. This relic was obtained in Gasconade County, Missouri.

"This relic is described in the Smithsonian Report for 1871, p. 423.

58 PECKED, GROUND AND POLISHED STOKE.

Though perhaps not exactly in the right place, we would here mention a
specimen of the collection, which was evidently employed in the manufacture
of moccasins, being, in fact, a stone brought to the shape of a last, such as
shoemakers use. This specimen, consisting of greenstone, was obtained in
Arizona ; but similar stone lasts also occur in the eastern parts of the United
States. There is one in the collection of the Antiquarian Society at Wor
cester, Massachusetts, and the writer has seen specimens of the same char
acter in Missouri and K"ew Jersey.

II. COPPEK.

It is well known that the North American Indians, at least those inhabiting
the districts north of Mexico, lived in an age of stone at the time when their
country became first known to the whites. They made, however, some nse of
native copper which they chiefly obtained from the region where Lake Super
ior borders on the northern part of Michigan. The traces of ancient aborigi
nal mining in that district were first noticed in 1847, and since that time the
subject has been fully treated in various publications, more especially in a
memoir by Mr. Charles "VVhittlescy, forming one of the Smithsonian Contri
butions to Knowledge.1 Native copper from other parts of the United
States likewise may have been utilized to some extent by the aborigines.2
Copper implements, such as axes or celts, chisels, gravers, knives and points
of arrows and spears, together with ornaments of various kinds, have been
found in mounds and on the surface in diiferent parts of this country, though
not in great abundance, and it does not seem, therefore, that copper played an
important part in the industrial advancement of the race. The aborigines
lacked, as far as investigations hitherto have shown, the knowledge of render
ing copper serviceable to their purposes by the process of melting, contenting
themselves by hammering masses of the native metal with great labor into
the shapes of implements or of objects of decoration. In short, they treated
copper as malleable stone. Copper articles of aboriginal origin generally
exhibit a distinct laminar structure, though quite a considerable degree of
density has been imparted to the metal by continued hammering. It must be
admitted, furthermore, that the natives had acquired great skill in working
the copper in a cold state.3 The first voyagers who visited North America
(Yerazzano, the Knight of Elvas, Captain John Smith, Robert Juet, and
others) saw copper ornaments and other objects made of this metal in the
possession of the Indians, and there can be little doubt that the manufacture

1 " Ancient Mining on the Shores of Lake Superior," Washington, 1863.

llt is sometimes met, in pieces of several pounds' weight, in the valley of the Connecticut River, and also
in the State of New Jersey, probably originating in botli cases from the red sandstone formation. Near
New Haven, Connecticut, a mass was found weighing ninety pounds.

3Mr. J. W. Foster describes and figures in his "Prehistoric Races of the United States," North American
copper implements, which, as he thinks, were produced by casting. The subject will require further In
vestigation.

(59)

GO COPPER IMPLEMENTS ANI) ORNAMENTS.

of such articles was still going on at the time of the discovery of the North
American continent.*

The objects of copper found in the United States, as mentioned, embrace
implements and weapons as well as ornaments, all of which are represented in
the collection by originals and a number of copper casts. First should be
noticed the celt-shaped objects, which bear a great resemblance to correspond
ing bronze implements in European collections. There is, for instance, a
well-shaped celt derived from a mound near Lexington, Kentucky, which
has been exposed to the action of fire, as seen by pieces of charcoal and cin
ders still adhering to it (Fig. 224). The implement and the cinders are
covered with green rust. From the same mound were taken some axe-
shaped, though perfectly blunt objects, terminating at the broader end in
lateral curved appendages (Fig. 225). Their significance has not yet been
ascertained. Among the copper celts of the collection are several smaller
specimens of good workmanship, one of them (Fig. 226) taken from a mound
near Savannah, Tennessee. The most beautiful article of a wedge-like char
acter is a kind of chisel with an expanding, strongly curved edge, which
shows a slight concavity, imparting to the implement almost the character
of a gouge (Fig. 227, back view, New York). The upper surface is nearly
even, but the back part presents, as it were, two faces, which join in the mid
dle, forming a longitudinal ridge.

There are further to be mentioned weapons of the arrow and spear-head
form, of elongated shape, and terminating opposite the points in stems, either
truncated or pointed (Fig. 228, Lake Superior district; Fig. 229, Vermont).
A well-made crescent-shaped implement with a tolerably sharp convex edge
may be considered as a knife (Fig. 230, Fond du Lac,' Wisconsin). If it had
been a gorget, as has been suggested, it probably would shoAV the usual holes
for suspension. One of the most interesting copper tools of the collection,
perhaps a unique relic, is a slender awl still inserted in its bone handle (Fig.
231). This specimen, which was found on Rhea's Island, London County,
Tennessee, reminds one of corresponding iron tools in use at the present day.
A copper sinker- from Ohio (Fig. 232), analogous in shape to a certain class of
stone objects previously described, deserves particular notice.

Passing over to the copper ornaments of the collection, we will first mention

4Traccs of wrought silver have been discovered among the aboriginal relics, but they are so exceedingly
scanty that the technical significance of this metal hardly can be taken into consideration. Native silver,
it is well known, occurs interspersed in small masses in the copper of the Lake Superior district, and from
that source the Indians doubtless derived the small amount of silver used by them. Gold was seen by the
earliest travelers in small quantities (in grains) among the Florida Indians ; yet, to the writer's knowledge,
no object made of gold, that can with certainty be attributed to the aborigines (north of Mexico), has thus
far been discovered. Squier and Davis found no gold during their extensive explorations in Ohio. The
discovery of small aboriginal relics of gold, however, would not be surprising, considering that this precious
metal occurs in some of the districts of the United States formerly occupied by the Indian race.

It is not probable that the natives understood the melting of lead ; but pieces of galena frequently occur
in mounds, and there is in the Museum a bead (resembling the original of fig. 200) skillfully made of that
ore.

SMITHSONIAN ARCHAEOLOGICAL COLLECTION.

Gl

armlets and bracelets, consisting of hammered rods about the thickness of a
lead-pencil, and bent into a circular or oval form until their ends meet. These
specimens were obtained from mounds in Indiana and West Virginia. Similar

zsi

C

I

COPI'EU IMPLEMENTS AND OKNAMEN'TS (}).

bronze ornaments are met in collections of European antiquities. Copper
beads are well represented in the collection. They consist of coarse wire
or small pieces of copper closely wound and hammered together (Fig. 233,
mound in Ohio), or, more generally, of strips of copper sheet bent into the

02 COPPEK IMPLEMENTS AND ORNAMENTS.

form of cylinders with overlapping, though never soldered, edges. These
cylindrical beads are sometimes so long that they may be called tubes, as,
for instance, a number of specimens more than three inches long, which
were discovered in an Indian grave near Newport, Rhode Island (Fig.
234). These tubular ornaments, however, though covered with verdigris,
cannot be very old, considering that each of them encloses a tightly fitting
piece of reed of equal length, evidently stuck into the cylinders for diminish
ing the width of the holes, and even remnants of the narrow thong by which
they were connected or attached have been preserved. It is probable that the
tubes are of Indian (not European) workmanship, and their appearance bears
witness to a comparatively recent origin. For aught we know, the wearer
may have been a contemporary of Roger Williams.

Among the copper finds in various parts of the United States have been
noticed curious small objects somewhat resembling spools in shape, consisting
of two concavo-convex discs connected by a central hollow axis. Objects of
this class are said to have been discovered with thread wound around the axis.
The collection contains a number of such relics, most of which were derived
from mounds near Savannah, Tennessee (Fig. 235). Their use has not yet
been explained. From a mound in the same neighborhood was obtained a
piece of copper sheet resting on a fragment of much decayed bark or grass
matting, impregnated with the green rust of the copper (No. 9882 of the
collection) .

Farther to the north, in Alaska, some of the aboriginal tribes have long
been known to employ in the manufacture of tools and weapons native copper
obtained from a locality on the Atna or Copper River, where it occurs in
rolled masses, sometimes weighing thirty-six pounds. Copper articles made
by natives of Alaska may be seen in the ethnological department of the
Museum.

III. BONE AND HORN.

Although, generally speaking, implements of bone and horn of early date
are not very abundant in North American collections, they are represented by
many characteristic specimens in the National Museum, the objects of bone
outnumbering those of horn. The teeth and claws of wild animals, it will be
seen, were chiefly made into ornaments testifying the valor of their wearers.
Piercers obtained from mounds, shell-heaps, etc., form the most numerous class
of bone tools (Fig. 236, ancient village site on one of the Aleutian Islands;
Figs. 237 and 238, mounds in Union County, Kentucky) . These perforators
bear a striking resemblance to those found among the relics of the ancient
lake-men of Switzerland. A beautiful bone needle of somewhat recent ap
pearance deserves special notice (Fig. 239, San Miguel Island, California).
This needle is not pierced with an eye, but exhibits in its stead two grooves
for fastening the thread. There are in the collection several bone harpoon-
heads, barbed on one side, and pierced with a hole for attachment (Fig. 240,
grave in Michigan; Fig. 2-41, Alaska).1 Somewhat similar armatures of bone,
derived from the caves of the Dordogne, in Southern France, are described
by Lartct and Christy in the "Reliquite Aquitanica3." Speaking of fishing
implements, we would mention well-wrought bone hooks from Santa Cruz
Island, California (Fig. 242). The shanks of the hooks are still covered with
a coating of asphaltum, evidently applied for securing the line. Contrary to
the general rule, the barbs in these hooks are placed on the outer side.

California, further, has furnished a number of whistles apparently made
of bird bones and provided with a blowing-hole not in the middle, but placed
nearer one extremity of the hollow bone than the other (Figs. 243 and 244,
Mare Island). Other curious objects derived from California, more especially
from the Santa Barbara Islands, are cups very ingeniously hollowed out from
the vertebrao of cetaceans (Fig. 245, Santa Cruz Island). These cups are
partly filled with asphaltum, apparently prepared to serve as paint.2

1 Copper harpoon-heads of the same shape (barbs on one side, hole for attachment) may be seen in the
collection. They were obtained from Alaska, and belong to the modern fishing gear of the natives.

'Since the above was written, the collection has been enriched with many articles of bone and horn,
obtained from California!! graves by Mr. 1'aul Schumacher. Among them we mention large wedges of elk
horn and whalebone, polishing tools resembling paper-folders, rather ponderous knife-shaped articles of
whalebone, and, lastly, fifes with four holes.

Numerous relics of bone and horn, collected by Mr. F. II. dishing in the State of New York, lately have
been added to the collection. They comprise perforators of various forms and sizes, harpoon-heads, de
tached prongs of deer horn, more or less polished at their points, and probably employed as smoothing
tools, modified beavers' teeth, and various other objects.

(68)

G4

BONE IMPLEMENTS AND ORNAMENTS.

Like other races of hunters, the aborigines of North America were in the
habit of perforating the teeth of wild animals they had killed, and of wearing
them as trophies in the shape of necklaces or pendants. The teeth of bears,
it seems, formed the most favorite ornaments of this kind, being either left in
their natural state and merely pierced at the root (Fig. 24G, New York), or

IMPLEMENTS AND ORNAMENTS OF BONE (1).

brought into a more regular shape by grinding and smoothing, like a number
of specimens from Alaska (Fig. 247), which may, however, belong to a com
paratively recent period. Modern Indians, it is well known, wear as tokens
of their prowess necklaces made of the claws of the grizzly bear (Fig. 248,
Rocky Mountains, recent), and a number of drilled claws of the panther

SMITHSONIAN ARCHAEOLOGICAL COLLECTION. 65

(Felis concolor), derived from California, were probably used in a like manner
by the aborigines of that part of K"orth America. In these specimens the
perforation passes through the bony part (last phalanx) of the animal's claw
(Fig. 2-49, Santa Cruz Island). A very curious ornament (?) is the pierced
epiphysis of a long bone of some animal, probably a deer (Fig. 250, mound
in Kentucky).

Besides the objects or classes of objects of bone thus far mentioned there
are other specimens, cither in a fragmentary state or entire, the purposes of
which have not yet been explained. As an example may be selected a
wrought hollow bone somewhat expanding at both ends (Fig. 251, Santa
Cruz Island, California). It is not attempted to assign a name to this object,
which may have been a receptacle or a part of a tool, an unfinished whistle, or,
perhaps, an appendage to the dress. There is a possibility, too, that it was
the sucking-instrument of a medicine man, made to replace one of the stone
tubes which are known to have been employed among the Californians in
curing the sick.

IY. SHELLS.

Shells being above other natural productions particularly fitted to be made
into ornaments, it is not surprising that they were employed for that purpose
by primitive man of all ages and in all parts of the world. The North
American tribes iitilized, to a great extent, the shells of the sea-coast as well
as those of their rivers, and there can be no doubt that marine shells formed
an article of exchange in former times, considering that they have been met
among aboriginal relics far in the interior of the country. This kind of traffic
has been taken up at a later period by white traders, who derived great profit
in selling fine specimens to the tribes inhabiting the inland. It is known that
the Indians sometimes paid for a fine shell fur to the value of thirty or forty
dollars, and more. Shells even seem to have been looked upon with a kind of
superstitious reverence, and indications are not wanting that they sometimes
played a part in their religious ceremonies. Shells, however, were not exclu
sively converted into ornaments, or preserved as objects of value, but were
also employed as utensils, more especially as vessels, an application for which
large species, such as Cassis and Bysicon seemed particularly adapted. The
Florida Indians, when first seen by Europeans, used large shells as drinking-
cups, and when a chieftain died, the shell which he had used during lifetime
(crater e quo bibere solebat] was placed on the apex of the mound that
marked his place of burial.1 A large Bysicon perversum (JPyrula perversd)
made into a drinking vessel by the removal of the inner whorls and other
modifications may be seen in the collection (Fig. 252, mound in Indiana).
Valves of £7mo-shells, somewhat altered by art, in order to be handled with
greater convenience, formed very serviceable spoons (Fig. 253, mound in
Kentucky). There are several utensils of this kind in the National Museum.
Among other objects designed for useful purposes should be mentioned celts
or adzes made of heavy shells, and identical in shape with corresponding tools
of stone. Such shell implements have been found on the southern coasts of
the United States, especially in Florida, but also at a considerable distance
from the sea-board (Fig. 254, Florida; Fig. 255, Kentucky). It further
appears that the Florida Indians applied shells of the Bysicon perversum as
clubs or casse-tetes by adapting them to be used with a handle, which was
made to pass transversely through the shell. This was effected by a hole

1 Do Bry, Brevis Narratio (Vol. II, Frankfort on the Main, 1591), Plate 40.
(66)

SMITHSONIAN ARCHAEOLOGICAL COLLECTION.

(57

pierced in the outer wall of the last whorl in such a manner as to be somewhat
to the left of the columella, while a notch in the outer lip, corresponding to
this hole, confined the handle or stick between the outer edge of the lip and
the inner edge of the columella. The anterior end of the canal, broken off
until the more solid part was reached, was then brought to a cutting edge,
nearly in the plane of the aperture. A hole was also made in the posterior
surface of the spire behind the carina in the last whorl, evidently for receiving
a ligature by means of which the shell was more firmly lashed to the handle.

252

UTENSILS OF SHELL.

Shells prepared in this manner have been found on the shore of Sarasota Bay
in Florida, a locality where stone for manufacturing axes is wanting. There
are several of these modified shells in the collection.

California has furnished a number of well-wrought fish-hooks, made of the
shell of Haliotis, which strongly resemble articles of the same description in
use among the islanders of the Pacific (Fig. 250, Santa Cruz Island). The
Californian coast-tribes, it should be stated, employed shells in various ways,
chiefly, however, in the production of objects of personal adornment, which
will be considered hereafter. That they utilized the unaltered shells of Hali-
otis, Cardium, Pecten, Patella, Spondylus, and Panopwa as the receptacles

08 SHELL ORNAMENTS AND UTENSILS.

for asphaltum (paint?) is demonstrated by a number of shells still filled with
that substance, which were obtained from graves on the Santa Barbara group
of islands, and but lately added to the collection of the National Museum.

The Indian shell ornament in its simplest form consists of entire marine
shells, such as species of Marginella, Natica, Pecten, Olivet, Strombus, etc.,
and of valves of fresh- water mollusks (chiefly of the Unio kind), which, after
being truncated at the apex, or pierced with a hole, could be strung together
(forming necklaces, bracelets, etc.) or suspended at once without further prep
aration (Fig. 257, Strombus pugilis, shell-heap, Florida;2 Fig. 258, Unio,
Tennessee; Fig. 259, Olivella biplicata, San Miguel Island, California; Fig.
260, Oliva literata, Florida; Fig. 261, Pecten concentricus, Florida).3 Far
more frequent than entire shells pierced to be used as beads and pendants are
objects of the same class cut from the valves of marine and fluviatile mollusks.
The wrought beads exhibit various forms and sizes, but are very frequently
found in the shape of more or less regular sections of cylinders, more rarely
of prisms, pierced through the middle (Figs. 262 and 263, originals partly
covered with oxide of iron, Dos Pueblos, California; Fig. 264, Santa Bar
bara County, California; Fig. 265, Dos Pueblos). Many shell beads, how
ever, are not cylindrical, but of roundish or irregular contours. The largest
beads were made from the colnmcllse of massive shells (Bysicon, Strombus)
and many of these still exhibit a portion of the columellar spiral groove (Fig.
266, Georgia) . Such beads are generally more or less cylindrical, or globular,
and drilled in the direction of the longer axis. Some taper at both ends,
resembling a cigar in shape. Very remarkable specimens of this kind were
obtained from California (Fig. 267, San Miguel Island). In some of them
the spiral groove is deepened by art and filled with asphaltum, doubtless with
a view to improve their appearance. Specimens of this kind may have con
stituted some part of the head-dress.

The aborigines also made from the columella} of large marine univalves
peculiar pin-shaped articles, consisting of a more or less massive stem which
terminates in a round knob or disc (Fig. 268, Florida). There have been
found specimens measuring six inches in length. Their destination is as yet
unexplained; they were, perhaps, attached to the head-dress, or worn as
ornaments in some other way.

Of particular interest are the wampum-beads, which represented the money
among many tribes of aborigines, forming also valued ornaments (necklaces,
bracelets, etc.), and constituting the strings and belts of wampum,4 which
played such a conspicuous part in Indian history, being exchanged at the

'This shell Is pierced with a second hole noticeable in the drawing. The size of the holes and the weight
of the shell render It possible, that it was not used as an ornament, but for some other purpose. It may have
been a net-sinker.

3 Similarly pierced shells of Pecten are strung together and used as rattles by the natives of the North
west Coast.

4The word "wampum" is derived from wompam, signifying white in the language of the Narragansetts. —
Roger Williams : "A Key into the Language of America," Providence, 1827, p. 130.

SMITHSONIAN ARCHAEOLOGICAL COLLECTION.

G9

conclusion of peace and on other solemn occasions, in order to ratify the
transaction, and to perpetuate the remembrance of the 'event. The term
"wampum" is often applied to shell beads in general, but might with propriety

257

SHELL OKSAMENTS

be confined to a certain class of cylindrical beads, usually one-fourth of an
inch long, but sometimes much longer, and drilled lengthwise, which were
chiefly manufactured from the shells of the common hard-shell clam ( Venus

70 SHELL ORNAMENTS AND UTENSILS.

mercenaries) . This bivalve, occurring, as every one knows, in great abundance
on the North American coasts, formed an important article of food of the
Indians living near the sea, a fact demonstrated by the enormous quantities
of castaway clam-shells, which form a considerable part of North American
shell-heaps. The natives used to string the mollusks and to dry them for
consumption during winter. The blue or violet portion of the clam-shells
furnished the material for the dark wampum, which was held in much higher
estimation than that made of the white parts of the shells, or of the spines of
certain univalves. Roger "Williams states that the Indians of New England
manufactured white and dark wampum-beads, and that six of the former and
three of the latter were equivalent to an English penny.5 Yet, it appears that
even at his time the colonists imitated the wampum, a practice which assumed
the proportions of a regular business in later times, porcelain, glass, and
enamel being the materials employed in facsimilizing them. Much wampum,
however, was made by whites from clam-shells, and hence arises the difficulty
of singling out the genuine Indian manufactures. In the intercourse of the
New England colonists among themselves, wampum served at certain periods
instead of the common currency, and the courts issued, from time to time,
regulations for fixing the value of this shell-money. In transactions of some
importance it was measured by the fathom, the dark or blue kind generally
being double the value of the white.

There are many beads and strings of wampum in the collection ; yet owing
to the circumstances just mentioned, it is no easy matter to recognize the real
Indian productions (Fig. 269, Upper Missouri; doubtless brought there by
way of trade) . The peculiar kind of wampum here treated was chiefly in use
east of the Mississippi River, though shells, either entire or cut into beads,
assumed the character of money in parts far beyond that river. Among the
tribes of the northwestern coast of North America, from the northern border
of California far upward into Alaska, the shells of the Dentalium represented,
until within the latest time, the wampum of the eastern regions, being used, like
the latter, both as ornament and money. These shells, which occur in certain
places of the Pacific coast, may be likened to small, tapering, and somewhat
curved tubes, and, being open at both ends, they could be strung without
further preparation. Among the Southern Californians the circulating medium
consisted, according to H. H. Bancroft, of small round pieces of the white
muscle-shell. These were perforated and arranged on strings, the value of
which depended on their length. There is a quantity of small perforated shell
discs in the collection, which were obtained from Southern California, and
may have constituted the money of the aborigines. These small discs, how
ever, are concavo-convex, and evidently were not cut from the muscle-shell.6

6 A Key, etc , p. 128.

6 It appears probable that among the natives of that region the Olivclla liplicatn and the land-shell Helix
strigosa served as substitutes for money. Mr. Paul Schumacher discovered on San Nicolas Island deposits
of these shells, which had been stored in the sandy ground, and formed diminutive hillocks, having been
uncovered by the action of the winds.

SMITHSONIAN ARCHAEOLOGICAL COLLECTION. 71

Returning to the objects of shell of purely "ornamental character, we would
mention flat discs with a central hole, which were probably not strung like the
ordinary beads, but arranged in some other way. Quite a number of these
discs, made of fluviatile shells, were found some years ago in the now leveled
"Big Mound" at St. Louis. Some of them measure more than an inch in
diameter. The collection contains similar discs perforated with several holes,
and sometimes ornamented around the circumference, which were obtained
from California (Figs. 270 and 271, Santa Cruz Island). They are cut from
the JBialiotis-sheU. Increasing in size, the shell discs assume the character
of gorgets, which were worn suspended from the neck, or attached in some
way to the dress. They are round or oval plates, from two to four inches and
more in diameter, on which designs are engraved or cut through. The orna
mentation is traced on the concave side, which formerly exhibited the shining
part of the shell. The collection contains, among other specimens, an or
namented shell gorget from Tennessee, which is now perfectly bleached by
age, but evidently formed a beautiful decoration while in its original state
(Fig. 272). It is pierced with two holes for suspension and with two lateral
holes, probably intended for further fastening. The ornamental tracing on
this specimen bears a striking resemblance to the pattern engraved on a
shell gorget figured on Plate XXX of the "Antiquities of the Southern In
dians" by Charles C. Jones. The similarity in the designs of such shell
plates has been pointed out by the late Professor Jeffries AVyman.7 Some
shell discs are ornamented with regularly disposed perforations, and others
are entirely plain, showing only the holes for suspension (Fig. 273, mound in
Kentucky). Such specimens, whitened by having lain for centuries in the
ground, offer now little attraction to the eye, though they must have consti
tuted beautiful ornaments when exhibiting the pearly coating of the shell.

The round or oval gorgets just described arc made from Jiysicon-shclls,
which were also employed in the production of another class of large orna
ments, representing very rudely executed human faces. They arc pear-
shaped, from five to six inches long, and about four inches wide in the
broadest part, where they are pierced with two small holes, evidently intended
for eyes. A slight elevation marks the nose, below which there is sometimes
seen a third hole indicating the mouth. In addition, the surface is often
ornamented with incised lines. The decoration in these typical objects, which
probably served as gorgets, is executed on the convex part of the shell. They
have been found in mounds of Tennessee, and elsewhere.

Shell-matter was wrought into a variety of other ornaments designed for
suspension or attachment. In most instances the fastening was effected by
perforations, but exceptionally by grooves, as in the case of a small pendant,
pear-shaped in outline, which may have formed an appendage to a string of

7 The tracing often shows the figure of a coiled rattle-snake.— Fifth Annual Report of the Trustees of
the I'eabocly Museum, Boston, 1872, p. 17.

72 SHELL OKNAMENTS AND UTENSILS.

beads (Fig. 274, New York). The Southern Californians chiefly employed
the nacreous Ilaliotis-shell as the material for their ornaments, which are
abundantly represented in the collection of the National Museum. There
are, for instance, ornaments shaped like a ring, provided with a pierced stem
projecting from its circumference (Fig. 275, Santa Cruz Island) . Such objects
may have been worn as ear-pendants. Another class of Californian ornaments
cut from the Ilaliotis, consists of somewhat crescent-shaped pieces truncated
at their extremities, and pierced for suspension (Fig. 276, Dos Pueblos).
They may have been worn as gorgets. Still other objects of decoration (?) are
cut in a variety of hardly definable, irregular forms, which present, however,
generally rounded outlines (Fig. 277, Santa Cruz Island; Fig. 278, Dos
Pueblos). The holes drilled through them characterize them as objects
designed to be suspended or attached.8 The Californian specimens here
treated, although stained by age, retain much of their iridescent nacre, and
a more recent origin must be ascribed to them than to the described shell
objects taken from mounds in the eastern portion of the United States.
Lastly, there should be noticed among the Californian specimens a peculiar
class of relics cut from the shell of Lucapina crenulata, and approaching in
shape an oval, from which the middle portion has been removed, leaving an
oval hole (Fig. 279, San Miguel Island). As yet it is not known whether
articles of this description formed ornaments, or were employed in a more
profitable manner.

9 Mr. I'aul Schumacher figures in the manuscript report of his explorations in Southern California draw
ings of worked and pierced pieces of shell, somewhat resembling the original of Fig. 278. These objects,
lie thinks, were fastened to the end of fishing-lines to attract the prey, in accordance with the present mode
of trolling with a spoon-hook.

DS.VKUSITV.O

CAUKU^IA:

V. CLAY.

In treating of North American manufactures of clay, it appears proper to
begin with those of a useful character, that is, with the vessels employed by
the aborigines for culinary and other purposes. Before the advent of the
whites, pottery formed an important branch of industry among the eastern
Indians, who discovered, however, soon after their contact with the whites
the superiority of the metallic vessels which they obtained in trafficking with
them, and consequently ceased to manufacture pottery at a very early period.
On the other hand, many tribes in the "Western Territories (New Mexico, Ari
zona, Utah, etc.) still practise the ceramic art, producing earthenware of a
very creditable character, numerous specimens of which are preserved in the
collection of the National Museum. On a rough estimate, it may be said that
the art of pottery, as practised in the aboriginal fashion, has become extinct in
the eastern half of the United States. There is indeed, still some pottery
made by Indians in that part of the Union, but it hardly can be called Indian
pottery. Thus, the Catawba Indians, residing upon the banks of the Catawba
River in York County, South Carolina, — an insignificant remnant of a once
powerful tribe — still make a kind of unglazed pottery, not according to abo
riginal taste, but in close imitation of the ceramic productions of the whites.
Instead of bowls and cooking-pots of the Indian type, they manufacture cups
and saucers, tea-pots, pitchers and basins, flower-pots, and other species of
earthenware of patterns altogether distinct from the models in vogue among
their forefathers. The writings of early and even comparatively modern
authors on North America are not deficient in particulars relating to the art
of pottery among the natives occupying the eastern area of the present United
States. According to their statements, those tribes were most advanced in
the manufacture of earthenware, who inhabited the large tracts of land for
merly called Florida and Louisiana, which comprise at present the Gulf States
and those adjacent to the Lower Mississippi, and their testimony is fully cor
roborated by the character of such specimens of pottery from those parts as
have escaped destruction and are preserved in the collections of the country.
Though the sites of ancient Indian settlements are frequently strewn with
innumerable fragments of pottery, entire vessels of early date have almost
exclusively been obtained from mounds and other burial-places, where they had
been deposited by the side of the dead, either for holding food, or designed to
be of service to the deceased in his fancied world of spirits.

10 (73)

74 TOTTERY.

The manufacture and character of Indian pottery have been described by
Du Pratz, Dumont, Adair, Loskiel, and various other authors. ' The women,"
says Du Pratz, in treating of the pottery of the natives of Louisiana, " make
pots of an extraordinary size, jars with a small opening, bowls, two-pint bot
tles with long necks, pots or jugs for preserving bear oil, holding as much as
forty pints, and, finally, plates and dishes in the French fashion." Dumont,
who likewise describes the manners of the Indians of Louisiana, has left a
more minute account of the method they employed in making earthenware.
He says : " After having amassed the proper kind of clay and carefully cleaned
it, the Indian women take shells which they pound and reduce to a fine pow
der; they mix this powder with the clay, and having poured some water on
the mass, they knead it with their hands and feet, and make it into a paste, of
which they form rolls six or seven feet long and of a thickness suitable to their
purpose. If they intend to fashion a plate or a vase, they take hold of one of
these rolls by the end, and fixing here with the thumb of the left hand the
centre of the vessel they are about to make, they turn the roll with astonishing
quickness around the centre, describing a spiral line; now and then they dip
their fingers in the water and smooth with the right hand the inner and outer
surface of the vase they intend to fashion, which would become ruffled or un
dulated without that manipulation. In this manner they make all sorts of
earthen vessels, plates, dishes, bowls, pots, and jars, some of which hold from
forty to fifty pints. The burning of this pottery does not cause them much
trouble. Having dried it in the shade, they kindle a large fire, and when they
have a sufficient quantity of embers, they clean a space in the middle, where
they deposit their vessels and cover them with charcoal. Thus they bake their
earthenware, which can now be exposed to the fire, and possesses as much
durability as ours. Its solidity is doubtless to be attributed to the pulverized
shells which the women mix with the clay."2 Adair, more than a century ago
a trader with the tribes who occupied the southern portion of the present
Union, states as follows : " They make earthen pots of very different sizes, so
as to contain from two to ten gallons; large pitchers to carry water; bowls,
dishes, platters, basins, and a prodigious number of other vessels of such an
tiquated forms as would be tedious to describe and impossible to name. Their
method of glazing them is, they place them over a large fire of smoky pitch-
pine, which makes them smooth, black, and firm. Their lands abound with
proper clay for that use." 8 A very good account relating to the art of pot
tery, as formerly practised by the tribes of the Mississippi Valley, is given by
Hunter: "In manufacturing their pottery for cooking and domestic purposes,"
he says, " they collect tough clay, beat it into powder, temper it with water,
and then spread it over blocks of wood, which have been formed into shapes
to suit their convenience or fancy. When sufficiently dried, they are removed

1 Du Pratz : Ilistoire de la Lonisianf, Tarts, 1758, Vol. II, p. 179.

2 Dumont: Memoires Historiqnes siir la Louisiane, Paris, 1753, Vol. II, p. 271.

3 Adair: History of the American Indians, London, 1775, p. 424.

SMITHSONIAN ARCHAEOLOGICAL COLLECTION. 75

from the moulds, placed in proper situations, and burned to a hardness suitable
to their intended uses. Another method practised by them is, to coat the
inner surface of baskets, made of rushes or willows, with clay, to any required
thickness, and when diy, to burn them as above described. In this way they
construct large, handsome, and tolerably durable ware; though latterly, with
such tribes as have much intercourse with the whites, it is not much used,
because of the substitution of cast-iron ware in its stead. "When these vessels
are large, as is the case for the manufacture of sugar, they are suspended by
grape-vines, which, wherever exposed to the fire, are constantly kept covered
with moist clay. Sometimes, however, the rims are made strong, and project
a little inwardly quite round the vessel so as to admit of their being sustained
by flattened pieces of wood slid underneath these projections and extending
across their centres." 4

It would be erroneous to suppose the art of manufacturing clay vessels had
been in use among all the tribes spread over this widely extended country;
for, though exhibiting much general similarity in character and habits, they
difl'ered considerably in their attainments in the mechanical arts. Some of the
Xorth American tribes, who did not understand the fabrication of earthen
vessels, were in the habit of cooking their meat in water set to boiling by
means of heated stones which they put into it, the receptacles used in this
operation being large wooden boAvls or troughs, water-tight baskets, or even
the hides of animals they had killed. The Assineboins, for example, cooked
in skins, as described by Catlin.

Generally speaking, the aborigines of Xorth America acquainted with the
art of pottery formed their vessels by hand, modeling them sometimes in
woven baskets of rushes or willows, and were, as far as we know, unac
quainted with the art of glazing. They mixed the clay used in their pottery
either with pounded shells or sand, or with pulverized silicious rocks; mica
also formed sometimes a part of the composition. In many cases, however,
the clay was employed in an unmixed state. Their vessels were often painted
with ochre, producing various shades, from a light yellow to a dark brown, or
with a black color. They decorated their pottery with incised straight or
curved lines or combinations of lines and dots, and embellished it also by notch
ing the rims, or surrounding them on the outside with studs or in various
other ways. The vessels exhibited a great variety of forms and sizes, and
many of them had rounded or convex bottoms. The aborigines hardened
their earthenware in open fires or in kilns, and, notwithstanding the favorable
statements of some authors, it was much inferior in compactness to the com
mon ware manufactured in Europe or America.

These remarks, it should be understood, apply to the pottery made by the
Indians who inhabited the eastern half of the United States. A superior kind

* Hunter: Manners ami Customs of several Indian Tribes located west of the Mississippi, Philadelphia,
1823, p. :>9G.

76 POTTERY.

of pottery was manufactured in the more western regions of the continent, as
shown by numerous fragments of ancient earthenware which occur, for in
stance, on the Little Colorado and Gila, especially among ruins, and are often
highly decorated and painted with various colors, exhibiting a style of work
manship differing from, and surpassing that, which prevailed on the eastern
side of the Rocky Mountains. The superiority of Mexican pottery compared
with that of the more northern tribes is too well known to be particularly
dwelled upon.

The simplest clay vessels left by the eastern aborigines are bowls of a
more or less semi-globular shape, cut off abruptly at the rim and destitute
of decoration or any kind of handles. Such specimens vary much in size,
and are often of rude workmanship. The more elaborate articles of this
class, however, show two or more projections immediately below the rim.
Of this class is a vessel with four small horizontal projections, probably put
on for the sake of convenience as well as for ornament. In this specimen the
clay is mixed with particles of coarsely pulverized shells (Fig. 280, mound in
Tennessee). This vessel is not of very good workmanship. Much better is
a round bowl of larger size, provided on one side with a handle in the shape
of the head and neck of a bird (perhaps intended for a duck), and balanced,
as it were, on the other by a plain handle rising obliquely from the rim. "With
some imagination the bird's tail might be recognized in the second handle
(Fig. 281, mound in Illinois). In this specimen the clay is slightly mixed
with pulverized shells, and the outside was originally painted brown. Similar
bird-shaped bowls have been figured and described; also such in which a
human head takes the place of that of a bird. Bowls of a more elaborate
shape contract more or less toward the aperture, where they terminate in a
rising rim. Such bowls are often furnished with projections or ears for facili
tating handling. A specimen of this kind (Fig. 282), which was taken from
a mound in Union County, Kentucky, is set with four ears around the circum
ference. Another bowl, formed of clay strongly mixed with pounded shells,
shows four equidistant small projections in the plane of the aperture. The
shoulder portion is ornamented with crescent-shaped impressions (Fig. 283,
mound in Tennessee). A third specimen of the class under consideration is
furnished with two mutilated studs projecting below the shoulder (Fig. 284,
Arkansas). It is shaped with tolerable regularity and much better burned
than any of those thus far described. This vessel seems to have been origi
nally coated with black paint. Small particles of shells are visible in the clay.

A peculiar, though by no means uncommon type is shown in a fine speci
men very broad near the bottom and contracting, without forming a shoulder,
toward the comparatively narrow aperture. This vessel (Fig. 285, mound in
]^orth Carolina) is flat-bottomed and ornamented on the outside with deeply
incised curved lines, distributed in regular patterns. There are small particles
of mica and of other stone perceivable in the mass of the clay.

Vessels in which the portion projecting above the shoulder becomes narrow

SMITHSONIAN ARCHAEOLOGICAL COLLECTION.

77

and forms a kind of neck approach the bottle shape. Of this character is a
well-made and elegantly formed specimen from a mound in Tennessee (Fig.
286). The original paint, a bright red, has not been totally effaced by time.
A somewhat smaller, but very gracefully shaped vessel of this kind, which is

286

287

CLAY VESSELS

ornamented with regular figures formed by circles and other curved lines radi
ating from them, was discovered in a Louisiana mound (Fig- 287). This ves
sel narrows toward the flat bottom, and its cylindrical neck is provided with
a prominent lip. It appears to consist of pure or nearly pure clay, is of a
light-brown color passing into black in some places, and has hardly suffered

78

TOTTERY.

from the effects of time. Vessels of this description, though resembling each
other in general contour, present a great variety of shapes, but they are in
most cases less carefully moulded than the two specimens just described.
Some are small, measuring only a few inches in height. A specimen from a
mound in Tennessee (Fig. 288), by no means the smallest in the collection, is

290

289

888

CLAY VESSELS (I).

four inches and a half high, and consists of unpainted clay, with the usual ad
mixture of triturated shells. A larger vessel with a wide neck is distinguished
by a rather tasteful ornamentation and a reddish brown paint still adhering to
the clay (Fig. 289, grave near Milledgeville, Georgia). These vessels with
high and wide necks may be considered as typical. Of a quite different shape
is a flat-bottomed ornamented specimen inwardly curved towards the bottom,
and provided with a narrow mutilated neck (Fig 290, mound in Louisiana).

291

292

CLAY VESSELS (I).

The collection contains a number of large vessels which, on account of their
long and narrow necks, present the true bottle shape. A well-preserved speci
men of this" kind (Fig. 291) was obtained from a Tennessee mound. The

SMITHSONIAN' ARCHAEOLOGICAL COLLECTION.

79

neck slightly expands at the aperture, and where it joins the body of the ves
sel it is surrounded by eight ornamental studs set in pairs. This vessel was
never painted, and therefore shows the natural gray color of the clay, in which
numerous diminutive fragments of shell can be seen. One of the finest
pieces of pottery in the collection (Fig. 292) is a bottle-shaped jar furnished
with a stout and convenient handle. The mutilated neck only shows a some
what rude linear ornamentation. This specimen, which consists of a gray
unpainted clay, mixed with small particles of a black mineral substance, was
taken from a mound near Provo, Utah Territory.

There are in the collection some very large vessels which undoubtedly were
designed for cooking purposes. One of them (Fig. 293) is more than four
teen inches high, and measures nearly thirteen inches across the aperture.
The portion below the rim
shows a depression which
rendered suspension prac
ticable. This method had
to be resorted to, because
the kettle could not stand
on its lower part which
presents an almost conical
shape. The outer surface
of the vessel shows impres
sions of tolerably regular
pattern and apparently not
traced by hand, a circum
stance rendering it prob
able that the vessel was
modeled in a woven basket.
This remarkable specimen
ploughed up not far

was
from

Milledgeville, Geor-

CI.AY VESSEL (]-).

gia. Large clay vessels
of a more elongated form,

though less conical at the bottom, undoubtedly were employed as funeral
vases among certain tribes of the South, for several such vessels containing
human bones have been taken from southern mounds. A specimen of this
description is preserved in the National Museum. This vase, which was badly
injured during its exhumation, resembles in general outline and size the speci
men just described. The depression below the rim is somewhat shallower, the
lower portion more rounded, and the outside shows impressions of a rather in
distinct character. The vessel was discovered in a low mound on the Oconee
Ilivcr, nine miles below Milledgeville, Georgia. When found, it was covered
with a well-fitting arched lid, and contained unburned human bones, which
soon crumbled to dust upon exposure to the air (NV. 12305 of the collection).
The largest vessels made by the Indians, it seems, were those used in pro-

80

POTTERY.

Z95

curing salt by evaporation near salt springs. In such localities there have
been found thick fragments of rude earthenware, bespeaking vessels as large
as a barrel. This kind of pottery is usually mixed with coarsely pounded
shells. The collection contains such fragments derived from Tennessee and
other States, but no entire or nearly entire vessel, and the writer is not aware
that a perfect specimen is preserved in any collection of the United States.5

Among the large number of smaller vessels in the Museum we take notice
of one which is remarkable for a depression encircling its middle, giving the
object almost the appearance of two bowls, one placed upon the other (Fig.
294, mound in Louisiana). This specimen, which is flat-bottomed and rudely
ornamented with lines and dots, represents a type, though not one that is very
frequently met. Similar vessels are still made by the Zuiii Indians.6 A very

curious vessel, obtained
from a mound in Tennes
see, is made in imitation of
a fish, in which ichthyolo
gists have recognized the
sun-fish (Pomotis), an in
habitant of the Mississippi
River. The neck, about
an inch in height, rises
from the right side of the
fish (Fig. 295, upper view) .
A smaller and less elabo
rate specimen of the same
shape, taken from a mound
in Louisiana, is preserved
in the Museum. Such
forms might be looked
for in collections of an
cient Peruvian pottery.
Lastly, mention must be made of a class of vessels which bear some re
semblance to bottles, in which the iipper part or neck forms the imita
tion of a human head, or of that of an animal, the aperture being usually
placed at the back part of the head. In a vessel of this description, taken
from a mound in Tennessee, the upper part bears a slight resemblance to
the head of some animal (Fig. 296). Another specimen of this character

297

CLAY VESSELS

'Since the above was written, there lias been temporarily deposited in the Museum by the administration
of the Louisville Public Library, a vessel of this description, found in a fragmentary state, but restored so
as to show its original form. The specimen in question has the shape of a pan with slightly flaring sides
and thickened rim. It measures twenty-six inches in diameter at the rim, and is eight inches deep. The
thickness of the bottom and sides does not exceed half an inch. The outside of this vessel shows the
impressions of the basket in which it was formed, while the inside is perfectly smooth. The clay is of a
grayish color, and mixed with pounded shells.

6The natives of British Guiana manufacture pottery of the same form, as shown by several specimens in
the collection. The double gourd, it appears, served as the model.

SMITHSONIAN ARCHAEOLOGICAL COLLECTION. 81

exhibits a human head, with the nose, chin, and ears distinctly marked. The
occipital portion forms the aperture (Fig. 297, mound in Union County,
Kentucky). Vessels in the shape of rude human figures or of animals occur
not unfrequently in the tumuli of the Mississippi Valley.

There are in the collection numerous fragments of pottery from all States
and Territories of the Union, and from other parts of North America. Many
arc large enough to show the original shape of the vessel to which they be
longed, while others serve to illustrate the different styles of ornamentation in
vogue among the aboriginal potters. Of particular interest are the fragments
of pottery obtained among the ruins of ancient settlements on the Little
Colorado and Gila, and from other parts of the "Western Territories. The
specimens, for instance, collected during Lieutenant Whipple's survey of those
districts are all in the collection, together with many other interesting objects
obtained by his party.7 The sherds in question betoken a much higher state
of the potter's art than that ever attained by the aborigines of that part
of the United States which lies east of the Kocky Mountains, and the tribes
inhabiting now the localities where such fragments occur, produce no earthen
ware of equal quality. The fractures of such sherds usually exhibit a
compact clay of a gray, yellowish, or light-red color, and they are coated,
sometimes on both sides, with durable whitish-gray, yellow, or bright-red
paint, forming a ground on which parallel lines, lozenges, and other (some
times very complicated) patterns arc executed in black or in other colors. In
many instances the paint on these fragments appears as a thin layer which
presents a glossy surface, and is almost as hard as the glaze on the clay vessels
made by whites. A number of specimens, however, exhibit no paint, but
ornamentation of another character, in the shape of raised or indented figures,
Avhich betoken, in many instances, considerable taste and knowledge of the art
of decoration. " It may not occur to every one," says Thomas Ewbank in
Lieutenant Whipple's report, " that most, if not all, the elements of decorative
art, as regards curved and straight lines, which are supposed to have origi
nally occurred to the Egyptians, Assyrians, Greeks, and other advanced na
tions of the eastern hemisphere, have been exhibited by the ancient occupants
of the western one. In the relic just noticed,8 we have the line rolled spirally
inward and outward — the involute and evolute. In other samples of pottery
the guilloche, or curved fillet, in various forms, is met with; also, waving lines,
arched, invected, engrailed, radiant, embattled ; the trefoil, cross, scroll, and
numerous other initial forms, though less expanded and diversified than in the
Old World." Generally speaking, broken pottery answering more or less the
description here given, has been found in the Territories of Arizona,
Mexico, Utah and Colorado.

'Described and figured in Vol. Ill of the "Reports of Explorations and Surveys to ascertain the most
practicable and economical Route for a Railroad from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean." Washing
ton, 1856.

"Fig. 12 on page 49 of Whipple's report.
11

82 POTTERY.

It would be impossible to mention here the numerous specimens of pottery
dei-ived from Mexico, where, as every one knows, the aboriginal ceramic art
had attained a far higher degree of perfection than in the districts lying
northward of the Aztec empire. Attention must be drawn, however, to two
large vases of exquisite workmanship, which were brought to the United
States by General Alfred Gibbs, after the termination of the Mexican war,
and presented, with many other valuable Mexican relics, to the National
Museum by his mother, the late Mrs. Gibbs, of New York. One of them
(Pig. 298), a most elaborate specimen of pottery, is a round vase standing on
four curved feet, and narrowing toward the aperture, which is formed by
a short neck terminating in a horizontally projecting rim, ornamented with
incised ring-shaped patterns. The vase, which measures thirteen inches and

298

299

MEXICAN VASES (>).

a half in height, is surrounded by ten figures in relief, representing females,
five of which grasp a child with the left arm. These five figures, which alter
nate with the others not holding children, are distinguished from them by a
more conspicuous head-dress. Above these ten figures are to be seen, in a
row, nine human heads, or masks, and between them, at nearly equal distances
from each other, three lizard-like designs, constituting twelve figures in all.
The feet divide the lower portion in four compartments, each of which exhibits
a figure of a man flanked by two human heads, and each foot is surmounted
by an animal, probably representing the coyote, of which only the head, chest,
and fore-paws are visible.

The other vase (Fig. 299), matching the one just described, is a still more
admirable specimen of Mexican pottery, and, as far as the general outline

SMITHSONIAN ARCHAEOLOGICAL COLLECTION.

83

is concerned, might readily be taken for a vessel of Etruscan or Greek origin.
The peculiar ornamentation, however, stamps it at once as a Mexican product
of art. The vessel may be compared to a pitcher with two handles standing
opposite each other, and with two mouths projecting between them. The
handles divide the vase into two halves ornamented nearly alike. Each handle
is formed by two snakes, crossing their tails and resting their heads on the
rim, and the flat base of the vessel is moulded in the shape of a coiled serpent.
A large human head with a prominent chin and protruding tongue, wearing a
curious crescent-shaped head-dress with long lateral appendages, constitutes
the central figure of each side of the vase. To the right and left of this large
head are lizard-like designs, and next to them near the handles, figures of
women. On each side of the head-dress surmounting the large head appear
three figures, one lizard-shaped, the other in the form of a human head, and the
third in that of a crescent-shaped tab
let bearing, it has been thought, hie
roglyphic signs. The four tablets, it
should be stated, exhibit the same char
acters (Fig. 300, natural size). The
lizard-like figure also appears below the
termination of each mouth. Beneath
each handle the vase bears the moulding
of a male figure, and the outer curve of
the handles shows, between the bodies
of the snakes, the relief design of a fish.

TABLET (•}).

The lizard-like figure is seen again

on each side of the rim between the serpents' heads. The circumference of
the vase exhibits, immediately above the coiled snake forming its base, ten
human heads wearing elaborate head-dresses (like all imitations of the human
head on this vase), and an eleventh figure of indistinct character, perhaps in
tended for a hieroglyphical tablet. This remarkable vase is fourteen inches
and a quarter in height, and coated with black paint, like the specimen previ
ously described.

Another beautiful Mexican vase of somewhat globular shape (Fig. 301) is
remarkable for its elaborate raised ornamentation, which consists of four
entwined snakes and four masks placed at cqiial distances from each other.
The vessel stands on three feet presenting beautifully executed eagles' heads.
The color of the vase is a light reddish-brown.

There are in the collection many small Mexican vessels, a full description of
Avhich would exceed the limits of this account. We only notice among them
a small vessel tapering to a point at the lower extremity, reminding one of
similar productions of ancient Roman art (Fig. 302, Tezcuco), and to a well-
shaped goblet of red ware, derived from Sacrificios Island, nearly opposite
VeraCruz (Fig. 303).

Having treated of North American clay vessels, we have to notice the fab-

84

POTTERY.

rics of clay not intended for culinary and other domestic uses. The North
American Indians frequently made their pipes of clay, moulding them into
various forms, sometimes with great ingenuity, as previously stated. They
also manufactured clay images, which have been noticed in different publica-

30 1

so a

MEXICAN VESSELS (£).

tions. Generally speaking, such imitations of the human form are of a primi
tive and uncouth character, and inferior to corresponding manufactures of
stone. Much better than the ordinary aboriginal clay fabrics of this kind is a
head which, to judge from the remaining part below the neck, may have origi
nally formed the handle of a vessel. In this head the features are clearly,
though not correctly, defined (Fig. 304). The head is hollow and pierced

305

TERRA-COTTA FIGURES (]•)•

at the occiput with a hole, which evidently has been enlarged after the discov
ery of the relic. This specimen was found among shell-heaps near Mobile,
Alabama. The same locality has furnished a rude aboriginal clay manufacture

SMITHSONIAN ARCHAEOLOGICAL COLLECTION. 85

in the shape of a wolf's head, to all appearance likewise the handle of a vessel
(Fig. oOo). In this instance the specimen is solid, consisting of clay with the
usual admixture of shells.

The ancient Mexicans, on the other hand, have left numberless clay figures
representing the human form, which are, however, generally more conspicuous
for elaborate details than for correctness of the proportions, the heads being
often unnaturally large. The significance of many of these figures is not
known, though it may be assumed that a large proportion of them relates to
the mythology of the Aztecs. Some may represent household gods, or pe-
nates, while others, perhaps, were nothing else but toys. Most of these
manufactures are hollow and pierced with a few holes for emitting the heated
air produced by the baking. "Without this precaution the objects would have
burst, owing to the expansive force of the air.

One of the most elaborate Mexican figures of the collection (Fig. 306)
represents a man seated, with the hands resting on the knees, and bearing on
his back another human figure so placed that its head surmounts that of the
first, while its hands press against the forehead and its feet rest on the
shoulders of the lower figure. The upper figure wears a rather low head
dress, and the lower one is profusely decorated with armlets, wrist-bands and
leg-ornaments. The most conspicuous attributes of this curious pair consist
in two serpents which, descending from the head-dress of the upper figure,
encompass, as it were, the group on both sides, and rest their heads between
the feet of the lower figure. In this specimen the clay is well burned and
shows externally a light-brown paint.

A Mexican image of simpler design (Fig. 307), likewise represents a man
in the attitude so often exhibited in Mexican and Central American terra
cottas and sculptures, namely, seated and placing the hands on the knees.
The figure is highly ornamented and wears a head-dress of a shape reminding
one of a terraced pyramid. The color is a pale red.

Two remarkable figures of the collection, nearly identical in shape, though
somewhat differing in size, Avere presented to the ^National Museum by the
family of the late George Gibbs. They are of a more uncouth appearance
than the two specimens before described, and represent squatting women
pressing their hands against the cars (Fig. 308). The faces indicate aged
individuals with prominent noses and somewhat protruding tongues. The
sexual parts are broadly marked. The peculiar head-dresses show, in both
instances, on the right side a projection resembling a tuft of feathers.
Both figures are coated with a shining black color. It would be interesting
to know the circumstances which gave rise to the manufacture of these two
almost identical images. Quite different in design is a small statuette of a
woman dressed in an ornamented gown reaching to the feet, and wearing a
high cap (Fig. 309). The hollow figure encloses a loose clay ball, giving the
object the character of a rattle. Rattles of clay, it is well known, belong to
the common relics of the ancient Mexicans.

86

POTTERY.

The peculiar attention paid to snakes by the inhabitants of Anahuac is
exemplified in the collection by a number of mouldings in clay representing

300

MEXICAN STATUETTES.

those reptiles in various attitudes. Several of these specimens show a snake
coiled on the back of a turtle and in the act of biting its head. In some of

SMITHSONIAN ARCHAEOLOGICAL COLLECTION.

87

these representations the lower part of the turtle's neck exhibits a humav
face (Fig. 310). This curious group

is quite typical, and probably refers to 310

some tradition or to a religious con
ception of the Aztecs. A coiled snake
with uplifted head is likewise frequently
met among Mexican terra-cottas, and a
number of productions of this character
can be seen in the National Museum.
One of them -(Fig. 311) is the well-
executed figure of a rattle-snake with
four rattles. Such specimens are usu
ally solid, exhibiting externally a shining
black or other dark color.

Clay was employed by the Mexicans
in the manufacture of small mask-shaped
heads and of various other objects, ei
ther of a useful or ornamental character.
Their whistles and rattles exhibit an end
less variety of forms, being made in im
itation of the human figure, or in the
shape of animals, or representing mon
strous creations of fancy which it would
be difficult to define. Sometimes the feet
of Mexican vessels were made hollow
for receiving clay balls, insomuch that
such objects partook of the combined
characters of utensils and of toys. The Mexican clay spindle-whorls (mala

COILED SNAKES IN TEKUA-COTTA (I).

312

313

MEXICAN SPINDLE-WHOELS (}).

catl), of a nearly semi-globular shape, are often tastefully ornamented, as
shown by several specimens among the Mexican relics in the Museum (Figs.
312 and 313; Tezcuco).

VI. WOOD.

Among the materials composing North American aboriginal relics we assign
the last place to wood, considering that the occurrence of wooden manufact
ures of early date is extremely limited. A substance so much subject to decay
as wood cannot be expected to resist physical influences for a considerable
length of time, unless peculiar circumstances retard its destruction. Thus the
ancient Swiss lake-villages have yielded an abundance of wooden articles,
owing to the preservative qualities of the peat enclosing them, which had
accumulated along the lake-shores. The National Museum contains but a
small number of wooden objects which can be included in the archaeological
series, and these were almost exclusively obtained from graves of the Califor-
nian Santa Barbara Islands.1 The articles apparently consist of cedar wood,
which has become very light, almost as light as the wood of the utensils ex
tracted from the sites of lacustrine settlements in Switzerland. Among these
California!! relics are rotten wooden handles, some, indeed, still holding arrow
head-shaped knife-blades of flint, cemented into the wood by means of asphal-
tum. They resemble the Pai-Ute knives mentioned in the beginning of this
account (page 2). There is further to be noticed a wooden bailing-vessel
with a short handle, fitting in a rectangular hole cut into the vessel (Fig. 314,
Santa Cruz Island). A number of well-made toy canoes, the smallest of
which measures seven inches in length, bears witness to the maritime propen-

315

OBJECTS OF WOOD.

sities of those islanders (Fig. 315, Santa Cruz Island) . These specimens are
very interesting, as they undoubtedly represent the shape of the " dug-outs "
used by the Southern Californians. It is known, however, that they also em-

1 The writer is at this moment unable to state whether these relics were fouiul associated with manufact
ures of Caucasian origin or not.
(.88)

SMITHSONIAN ARCHAEOLOGICAL COLLECTION. 89

ployed boats constructed of plants. Perhaps the most curious wooden object
from California is an implement resembling a short sword, terminating op
posite the point in a. broad flat handle, inlaid with a kind of mosaic of Ilaliotis-
shell (Fig. 310, Santa Cruz Island). It is stated that " sabres of hard wood
with edges that cut like steel" were among the weapons of the California
Indians (II. II. Bancroft) ; but the object in question is neither sharp-edged,
nor, as it appears, made of very hard wood, and, being, moreover, thin and
light, hardly could have formed an efficient weapon. Hence there is a prob
ability that it represents either a weapon of parade, or some kind of implement
designed for peaceable purposes. From the same localities were derived parts
of planks and other fragmentary articles of wood, the use of which cannot
now be determined.

By far the most remarkable relic of vegetable substance in the collection
is a piece of matting of split cane, fifteen inches long and about nine inches
wide, which was found under very peculiar circumstances on Petite Anse
Island, near Vermilion Bay, on the coast of Louisiana. A notice by Professor
Henry, affixed to the specimen in question, runs thus: "Petite Anse Island is
the locality of the remarkable mine of rock salt, discovered during the civil
war, and from which, for a considerable period of time, the Southern States
derived a great part of their supply of this article. The salt is almost chem
ically pure, and apparently inexhaustible in quantity, occurring in every part
of the island (which is almost five thousand acres in extent) at a depth below
the surface of the soil of fifteen or twenty feet. The fragment of matting
was found near the surface of the salt, and about two feet above it were re
mains of tusks and bones of a fossil elephant. The peculiar interest in regard
to the specimen is in its occurrence in situ two feet below the elephant re
mains, and about fourteen feet below the surface of the soil, thus showing the
existence of man on the island prior to the deposit in the soil of the fossil
elephant. The material consists of the outer bark of the common southern
cane (Arundinaria macrosperma) , and has been preserved for so long a period
both by its silicious character and the strongly saline condition of the soil."
This specimen, so interesting on account of its associations, was presented to
the National Museum by Mr. J. F. Cleu.
12

SUPPLEMENT.

Since the preceding pages were written, the National Museum has been
enriched with a large number of aboriginal relics, some of them belonging to

317

319

321

STONE IMPLEMENTS Q).

types never before described. It would be impossible to notice at present the
extensive additions to the collection, but a few typical objects which appeared
of particular interest to the writer may here be mentioned.

(90)

SMITHSONIAN ARCHAEOLOGICAL COLLECTION. 91

Fig. 317. — A well-wrought three-sided perforator of brown flint, obtained
with other tools of the same description from Santa Cruz Island, California.

Fig. 318. — Another piercing tool of large size and consisting of light-gray
flint. It terminates in a three-sided point which is rounded by wear. The
portion opposite the point is broad and massive. In other specimens of this
class, all of which were found by Mr. Paul Schumacher on Santa Cruz Island,
the thick part is coated with asphaltum, doubtless for more convenient handling.

Fig. 319. — A chipped sickle-shaped implement of light-gray hornstone,
probably used in scraping round objects of wood, bone, etc., the inner curve
forming a strong, carefully wrought edge. The specimen, which was found
in Ohio, terminates in an indented tang or stem, by which it appears to have
been attached to a handle.

Fig. 320. — A remarkable specimen of the perforated club-head-shaped arti
cles previously described. It consists of greenstone, and was found in Cali
fornia, like the other objects of analogous form before noticed.

Fig. 321. — A very singular tool made of dark basaltic rock. The working
part is curved, and the upper side shows a shoulder on which the end of a
handle may have rested. The four conical elevations seen on the lower side
appear to have served for confining the ligatures by which the handle was
connected with the implement. This specimen was obtained in Oregon.

Fig. 322. — One of several objects made of argillitc and obtained from
Massachusetts. They are flattish and about one-third of an inch thick at the
perforated rounded end, but become gradually thinner toward the tapering
opposite extremity. It may be assumed that they served as implements,
though their special use thus far has not been ascertained. In some the per
foration is wanting, which hardly would be the case if these objects had been
designed for other than useful purposes.

Among the objects lately obtained from Utah is a large stone of somewhat
compressed roundish form, and showing no other modification but a groove
running across the broader sides. The material of this stone, which weighs
fifteen pounds, is vesicular basalt. The writer has seen in the State of New
York, and elsewhere, similar stones or boulders grooved in the same manner.
They are thought to have served instead of anchors.

APPENDIX I.

The Aboriginal Modes of hafting Stone and Bone Implements.

Various North American tribes still use, though to a limited extent, weapons and tools of
stone and bone, hafting them according to the methods in vogue among their forefathers. •
Such modern specimens illustrate the manner in which the stone axes, celts, adzes, and other
implements of earlier date were rendered serviceable by the addition of handles, and it has been
thought proper, therefore, to figure and describe here the most characteristic among the numerous
hafted weapons and tools preserved in the ethnological department of the National Museum.

323

324

u

325

3ZR

310

328

IIAFTKU STONE WEAPONS.

Fig. 323. — Grooved greenstone axe with a hickory withe bent around the groove. The ends of
the withe, which form the handle, are firmly bound witli strips of raw-hide below
the stone head, near the middle, and at the lower part (Dakota Indians).

Fig. 324. — Polished celt of argillite, chipped thin at the blunt part to fit into the cleft end of an
oaken stick, where it is secured by twisted cords of sinew (Indians of the Missouri
Valley).

Fig. 325. — "War-club, consisting of a heavy roundish stone firmly connected with a long handle.
Both the stone and the handle are tightly cased in raw-hide sewed together with
sinew. The end of the handle is perforated for receiving a loop of dressed skin,

designed to pass around the wrist (Dakota Indians).

(93)

94 APPENDIX.

Fig. 32G. — A weapon of similar character. In this instance, however, the handle is much
shorter, and the round stone head is not firmly attached to its end, but is merely
connected with it by flexible thongs. The raw-hide covering of the weapon (includ
ing head and handle) consists of one piece taken from the caudal portion of an ox,
a part of whose tail forms an ornamental appendage to the handle (Apaches). The
analogy of such weapons to the mediaeval "morning-stars" has been pointed out on
page 32.

Fig. 327. — A war-club with a well-wrought and polished egg-shaped head of yellowish limestone,
grooved around the middle for receiving the handle. One end of the latter is bent
like a hoop to fit into the cavity of the stone, and strengthened by a casing of raw
hide, which extends about six inches below the head. The part of the ashen handle
that encircles the stone is ornamented with large-headed brass nails. The extremity
of the handle, again, is enveloped by a tightly fitting covering of raw-hide, taken
from the caudal part of a buffalo. A tuft of the animal's tail has been retained
for the sake of decoration, and a feather of the wild turkey is attached to the hair
by means of a narrow strip of dressed skin (Blackfeet).

Fig. 328. — A weapon of the same description. The polished head, which consists of greenstone,
is smaller and more elongated than in the original of Fig. 327. The handle shows
the usual casing of raw-hide, and is pierced at the lower extremity for facilitating
the attachment of a wrist-strap (Missouri River Valley).

Fig. 329. — Dagger-knife, chiefly used as a hunting weapon. It consists of a ground lance-head-
shaped blade of dark slate, inserted and riveted by means of a wooden peg into a
barbed ivory socket, which is attached to a short cylindrical handle of pine-wood
(Natives of Nunivak Island, Alaska).

Fig. 330. — Scabbard of the dagger-knife just described. Formed by two hollowed pieces of pine,
which are held together by a binding of split spruce-roots.

. 331. — Grooved hammer of greenstone, the flattened lower side of which rests against a
corresponding flat part of the curved handle. The head is connected with the
handle by ligatures of raw-hide (Fort Simpson, British Columbia). There are
similar hammers from the Northwest Coast in the collection, in which the narrower
part of the stone is formed in imitation of an animal's head. Other hammers or
mauls cased in raw-hide, one of which has been previously figured and described,
are still in use among various tribes (See Fig. 79 on page 20).

Fig. 332. — Large adze-shaped pick of whalebone, attached by raw-hide thongs to a flattish
massive pine handle, which is perforated at the broader part for receiving the
ligatures. The latter are confined by notches in the sides of the head (Mackenzie's
River District).

APPENDIX.

95

Fig. 333. — Smaller implement of the same character. The head of walrus ivory and the short
pine handle show corresponding perforations, serving to connect both parts by means
of raw-hide ligatures (Nunivak Island).

Fig. 334. — Hoe made of the shoulder-blade of a buffalo, and bound with raw-hide thongs to the
shorter flat part of a hook-shaped curved handle of ash- wood. A pad of dressed
skin is placed between the blade and the corresponding part of the handle
(Arickarecs, Fort Berthold, Dakota Territory).

""<",,,

HAFTED STONE AND BONE TOOLS.

Fig. 335. — Implement marked "reaping-hook." It consists of the right lower jaw of an
antelope, around which is bent a sapling forming the handle. Its two ends are
bound together by a strip of bark. The jaw is further secured to the handle by a
thong of raw-hide (Caddoes, Indian Territory).

Fig. 336. — Small celt-shaped adze of argillite, resting against a shoulder at the extremity of a
forked handle, the thinner branch of which, being held in the right hand, doubtless
served to guide the implement, while the thicker part of the handle was grasped by
the left. The stone blade is held in place by a cord of twisted sinew. The tool is
said to have been employed in finishing the inside of canoes, thus combining the
characters of an adze and a scraper (Natives of Vancouver's Island). Other
methods of hafting adzes are exemplified by Figs. 70 and 71 on page 1U.

96 APPENDIX.

Fig. 337. — Long flat celt-like chisel of argillite, attached to a roughly worked cylindrical handle
by a thong of twisted raw-hide. The handle is provided with a shoulder against
which the stone rests. The tool evidently was used in connection with a mallet, as
indicated by the battered upper end, which is, moreover, confined by a ring of
twisted spruce-roots (Vancouver's Island).

Fig. 338. — Celt-shaped chisel of argillite, strongly bound with a strip of leather to a carved
handle of peculiar form (Vancouver's Island).

Fig. 339. — Chipped flint scraper, partly enveloped in buckskin, and bound by means of a raw-hide
thong to a hook-shaped ornamented handle of elk-horn (Mandans).

Fig. 340. — Tool used in chipping stone arrow-points, perforators, etc. It consists of a slender
blunt piece of deer-horn, bound with cotton cord to a wooden rod about the thick
ness of an arrow-shaft (Indians of Nevada Territory).

APPENDIX II.

System adopted in arranging the Smithsonian Collection illustrative of North

American Eth nolorjy. *

Desiccated Bodies.

Skeletons.

Skulls.

Other Parts of Skeletons.

I. MAN.

Casts of Indian Heads in plaster, wax, and
papier-iniiclie.

Photographs, Drawings, and Paintings of Abo
rigines and of Scenes of Aboriginal Life.

II. CULTURE.

(1.) Aliment, etc.
A. Food.

1. Mineral Food.
Salt.

Clay (mixed with food).

2. Vegetable Food.

a. Unprepared.
Roots.
Bark.
Buds.
Flowers.
Fruits.
Seeds.

b. Prepared.
Sugar.

Preserved Fruits.
Meal.

Mush.

Bread or Cake.

3. Animal Food.

Dried and smoked Meat of Mam
mals, Birds and Reptiles.

Dried and smoked Fish.

Dried Fish-eggs.

Roasted and dried Insects and
Worms.

(2.)

B. Drink.

1. Decoctions.
Teas, etc.

2. Fermented Drinks.
Cider, Wine and Liquor.

C. Narcotics.

Tobacco and its Substitutes.

D. Medicines.

1. Mineral Medicines.
Earths, etc.

2. Vegetable Medicines.
Herbs.

Roots.
Buds.
Flowers.
Seeds.

3. Animal Medicines.
Pulverized Bones, etc.

Habitations.

A. Skin Lodges.

B. Models of Dwellings.
Shelters.

Skin Lodges.

Yourts.

Huts (of bark, grass, etc.).

Wooden Houses.

• In this classification Professor O. T. Mason's pamphlet, entitled " Ethnological Directions relative to the Indian Tribes of
tlie United States " (Washington, 187.~>), has been used to some extent.

98

APPENDIX.

C. Appurtenances.

Sweat-houses (models).
Totem-posts (originals and models).
Gable-ornaments (carved).
Locks (wooden).

(3.) Furniture.

Mats (of bark, grass, flax, etc.).
Screens.
Hammocks.
Bed-coverings.

Head-rests (Hoopa Indians, Cali
fornia) .
Cradles.
Cradle-boards.
Chairs.
Stools.

Washing-vessels.
Tubs.
Pails.
Boxes.
Chests.
Lamps.
Brooms.
Fly -brushes.

(4.) Vessels mid other Utensils of Household

Use.

A -Raw Material.
Stone.
Clay.
Roots.
Grass.
Rushes.
Osiers.
Splints.
Wood.
Horn.
Skin.

Membrane.
Dyes and Cements (for baskets, etc.).

B. Earthenware.
Cooking-vessels.
Ollas.

Spherical Jars.
Small-necked Jars.
Canteens.
Pitchers.
Dishes.
Trays.
Bowls.
Cups.
Ladies.
Spoons.
Ornamental Vessels.

C. Carved Horn and Wooden-ware.
Four-sided Vessels.

Trays.

Dishes.

Bowls.

Cups.

Dippers.

Spoons.

Ladles.

Stirring-sticks.

D. Carved Stone-ware.
Plates.

Trays.
Dishes.
Bowls.
Cups.

E. Water-tight and ordinary Basket-

work.
Cups.
Bowls.
Flasks.

Carrying-bottles.
Baskets of various forms.

F. Bark Vessels.
Trays.
Bowls.

Pails.

G. Gourd Vessels.
Cups.

Bowls.
Carrying-bottles.

II. Skin and Bladder Bottles.

(5.) Articles serving in the Use of Narcotics.
Pipes.

Tobacco-pouches.
Cigar-cases.

Plates for cutting Tobacco.
Snuff-grinders.
Snuff-scrapers.
Snuff-boxes.
Snuff-tubes.

(6.) Receptacles used in Transportation,

A. On Foot.
Pouches.
Burden-straps.
Burden-nets.
Burden-baskets.

B. With Beasts of Burden.
Bags.

Raw-hide Cases.

APPENDIX.

99

(7.) Clothing.

A. Raw Material.
Fur.

Raw-hide.
Wool.

Hair.
Vegetable Fibre.

B. Complete Suits (in part exhibited

on lay-figures).

C. Head-clothing.
Hats.

Caps.
Hoods.
Head scarfs.

D. Body-clothing.
Robes.
Blankets.
Mantles.
Capes.
Shirts.
Tunics.
Coats.
Clouts.
Aprons.
Skirts.

E. Hand-clothing.
Mittens.
Gloves.

F. Leg and Foot-clothing.
Sandals.
Moccasins.

Shoes.

Boots.

Socks.

Stockings.

Leggins.

Garters.

G. Parts of Dress.
Bands.

Belts.

(8.) Personal Adornment.

A. Head-ornaments.
Wigs.
Chignons.
Hair-pins.
Tucking-combs.
Head-bands.

Feather Head-ornaments.
Labrets.

Nose-ornaments.
Ear-ornaments.

B. Neck-ornaments.

Necklaces.

Neck-bands.

Collars.

C. Breast and Body-ornaments.

Gorgets.
Ornamental Girdles.

D. Limb-ornaments.
Rings.
Bracelets.
Armlets.
Anklets.

E. Toilet Articles.
Substitutes for Soap.
Paints (mostly mineral).
(Paint-mortars).
Spatula: (for face-painting).
Hair-powder.

Hair-dye.

Combs.

Head-scratchers.

Tweezers for removing the hair.

Mirrors.

(9.) Implements for General Use, for War
and the Chase, and for special Crafts
and Occupations.

A. Implements for General Use.

1. For Striking.
Hammers and Mauls.

2. For Cutting, Sawing, Perforat

ing, etc.

Knives of various forms.
Hatchets.
Adzes.
Chisels.
Gouges.
Wedges.
Scrapers.

Skinning Implements.
Saws.
Drills.
Awls.

Cutting-blocks.
Tool-boards.
(Tool-boxes).
(Whet-stones).

B. Implements for War and the Chase.
1. Striking Weapons.

War-clubs (with or without
metallic points or stone
weights).

Tomahawks.

100

APPENDIX.

2. Throwing Weapons.
Boomerangs (Moquis, etc.).
Bolas.

3. Thrusting Weapons.
Knives.
Daggers.
Swords.

Lances.

4. Projectile Weapons and Appur

tenances.
Arrows.
Bows.
Quivers.
Wrist-guards.

Harpoons and Throwing-boards.
Slings.

5. Defensive Weapons.
Shields.
Helmets.

Visors.
Body-armour.

C. Implements for Special Crafts and
Occupations.

1. Implements for Hunting other

than Weapons.

Snares and Traps.

Nets.

Hooks for catching small Ani
mals.

Decoys.

2. Implements for Fishing other

than Weapons.
Hooks and Lines.
Sinkers and Floats.

Nets.
Traps.

3. Implements and Utensils used

in Gathering and Manufac
turing Food.

Root-diggers.

Gathering and Winnowing-trays.

Mortars and Pestles (of wood
and stone).

Stone Troughs or Slabs with
Rubbing-stones.

4. Agricultural Implements.
Spuds.

Hoes.

Rakes.

Reaping-hooks.

5. Implements for Fire-making.
Fire-sticks and Drills.
Flint with Steel and Pyrites.
Moss.

Punk.

Tinder.

Slow-matches.

Fire-nests.

Fire-bags.

6. Implements for Arrow-making.
Chipping-tools.
Shaft-grinders.
Shaft-straighteners.
Glue-sticks.

7. Implements for making Pottery.
Paddles.
Smoothing-stones.

8. Implements for Twisting, Spin

ning, Weaving, Sewing and

Embroidery.
Fibre-twisters.
Spindle-whorls.
Reels.

Knitting-needles.
Looms with Woof-sticks and

Shuttles.
Awls.
Needles.
Needle-cases.

9. Implements for Basket-making.
Plaiting-tools.

10. Implements for working Skins.
Scrapers.
Skin-softeners.
Burnishers.
Crimping-tools.

11. Implements for Carving.
Knives.

Gouges.

12. Implements for Painting (includ

ing Paints) .
Bristles.
Paint-sticks.
Brushes.
Rubbing-stumps.
(Paints).

(10.) Means of Locomotion and Transporta
tion.
A. By Land.

1 . Traveling on Foot.
Ice-creepers.
Snow-shoes.

APPENDIX.

101

2. Conveyances, etc.
Saddles.
Bridles.
Halters.
Stirrups.
Spurs.

Foot-mufflers.
Dog-harnesses.
Reindeer-harnesses.
Sleds.
Sleighs.

B. By Water.
Balsas.
Dug-outs.
Bark Canoes.
Bull-hide Boats.
Kayaks.
Oomiaks.
Pushing-sticks.
Paddles.
Oars.

Bailing- vessels.
Spear-rests.

(11.) Games and Pastimes.

A. Gambling Implements.
Pairs of Bones and Sticks.
Bundles of Sticks.
Discs.

Dice.

Ivory Blocks and Catching-sticks.

Cards.

Chess.

B. Dancing.
Plumes.

Wooden Masks and Head-dresses.

Buffalo-head Masks.

Head-shields.

Hip-ornaments.

Rattles.

Batons.

Spears.

Scalps.

C. Athletic Exercises.
Rackets.

Sticks.

Poles.

Balls.

Rings.

Boundary-sticks.

D. Children's Sports and Toys.
Dolls.

Whirligigs.

Tops.
Miscellaneous Toj-s.

(12.) Music.

A. Instruments for Beating and Shak

ing.
Drums.

Sounding-bars.
Rattles.
Clappers.

B. Rubbing and Stringed Instruments.
Notched Sticks.

Cane Harps.
Cane Fiddles.

C. Wind Instruments.
Whistles.

Fifes.
Flutes.
Trumpets.
Horns.

D. Whizzcrs.
(13.) Art.

A. Pictorial Representations and orna

mental Designs on Wood, Bark,
Bone, Horn, Ivory, dressed
Skin and Leather.

B. Carvings in Stone, Wood, Horn,

Bone and Ivory.

C. Embroidery and other ornamental

Work with Quills, colored
Threads, Hair, Feathers, and
Beads.

(14.) Enumeration, etc.

Census-sticks.
Dunning-s ticks.

(15.) Objects relating to Superstitions.

Idols.

Charms.

" Medicines."

Medicine-bags.

Medicine- boxes.

Batons.

Rattles.

Drums.

(1C.) Objects relating to Funeral Rites and
Burials.

Mourning-yokes.
Mourning-bracelets.
Dead-masks.
Burial-frames.

INDEX.

Ailair, 28, 30, 38, 74.
Ailzes, with handles, 19.
Alaska, copper articles from, 62.
Appendix I., 93.
Appendix II., 97.
Archaeological scries, 1.
Armlets of copper, 61.
Arrow-heads, mostly small, 2.

•' their abundance, 8.

" are still manufactured, 8.

" different shapes of, 9, 10.

Arundinarin macrosperma, 89.
Axes, grooved, 19, 20.

Bn'gert, 44.

Bancroft, Mr. II. H., 31, 70, 89.

Bart ram. 40.

Beads of copper, 61.

" shell, 68.

" stone, 51.

Blackmore Mnseum, England, 45.
Boat-shaped articles, 32, 33.
Bone and horn, 63.
Bowls of stone, 37.

Calumet-pipes, 48.

Carvings of birds, etc. upon pipe-bowls,

46, 47.
Casts of pipes, 45.

" remarkable relics, 26.
Catlin, Mr., 28, 75.
Catlinitc, or red pipe-stone, 50, 51.
Celts of jade in Mexico, 17.
Celts or Wedges, 17.
Chibouc of the Turks, 51.
Chisels, 18.

Chung-kee, an Indian game, 28.
Church. Prof. A. II., 45.
Clams as food, 70.
Clarke, Mr., 28.
Classification of the archaeological series,

3.

Claws na ornaments, 64.
Clay images, 84, 85.
Clay, manufactures of, 73.

" vessels of, 77, 78, 79, 80.
Clay pipes, 81.
Cleu. Mr. J. F., 89.
Club-head-shaped stones. 31.
Coiled snakes in terra-cotta, 87.
Collections from Porto Hico, 4.
Columellte of shells, 08.
Contents, V.

Cooking vessels, globnlar, 37.
Copper, 59.

Copper articles from Alaska, 62.
Copper harpoon-heads, 63.
Copper pipes, 45.
Coreal, 44.
Cups, hollowed out from the vertebra; of

cetaceans, 63.
dishing, Mr. F. H., 03.
Cutting and sawing implements, 13.
Cutting tools, 24. 25.

" different shapes of, 14.

Dall, Mr. W. II. ,43.
Davis, Dr. E. H., 54.

Difficulties in determining the real char
acter of stone implements, 2.
Discoidal stones, 28, 29.
Drilled ceremonial weapons, 23.
Drilling In stone, 54.
Drinking cups made of shells, CO.
Dug-outs, 88.
Dumont, 74.
Dn Pratz, 28, 30, 74.

Kgg-shaped stones, 32.
Epiphysis, pierced for ornament, 65.
Ethnological series, 1.
Ethnology, North American, 97.
Kwbank, Mr. Thomas, 81.

Fifes of bones, 03.

Fish-hooks of bone. 03.

Flakes of flint, obsidian, etc., of different

shapes, 8.

Flint knives, hafled. 2.
Foot-tracks, sculptured, 57.
Foster, Mr. J. \V., 59.

Gibbs, Gen. Alfred. 82.

Gibbs, Mr. Geo., 85.

Gibbs, Mrs., 82.

Globular cooking vessels, 37.

Gorgets made of shells, 71, 72.

Gouges and adzes, 18, 19.

Gold in grains, 60.

Greenstone, material for implements, 3.

Grinding and polishing tools. 34, 35.

Hafted stone and bone tools, 95.
Halted stone weapons, 93.
Hammer-heads, grooved, 21
Hammer-stones, 22.
Harpoon-heads of bone, 03.
Henry, Prof, 8:1.
Hunter, Mr., 74, 75.

Ice-chisel from Unalaska, 18.
Implements and ornaments of bone, 64.
" of copper, 59, 00, 61.

" of stone

dagger-shaped, 14, 15.
leaf-shaped. 15.
wedge or celt-shaped, 17.
Indian tools for making stone arrow

heads, etc., 22.
Introduction, 1.

Jefferson, President Thomas. 56.
Jones, Col. Chas. C., 26, 32, 41, 71.
Jones, Dr. Joseph, 26.
Juet, Kobert, 45, 59.

Knight of Elvas,59.
Kohl, Mr., 44.

Lake Superior, ancient mining on
shores of, 59.

the

Lapis ollaris, 36.

Lartet and Christy, Messrs., 63.

Latimer, Mr. George, 4.

Law.son. 28.

Lewis and Clarke, Messrs., 28.

Loskiel, 74.

•

Mason, Prof. O. T., 97.
Matting of split cane, 89.
Metate, Mexican, 40.
Mexican carvings, 5fi.

" celts of jade, 17.

" clay figures, 85.

" knives, 3

" pottery, superior. 76.

" spindle-whorls, 87.

" statuettes. 86.

" vases. 82, 84.
Modes of halting stone and bone implc.

ments, 93.

" manufacturing pottery, 74. 75
Morgan, Mr. L. II., 39.
Mortars of stone and wood, 38, 39.
Motolinia. 8.
Mullers, 42.
Murray, Mr., 28.

Necklaces of claws, 64.

Needles of bone, 63.

Neolithic period, 7.

Net-sinkers, 27. 28.

Silsson, Prof.. 18.

Notches in pendants, probably denoting

enumeration, 53.
Nut-stones, 40, 41.

Objects of wood, 88.
Obsidian points for arrows, 3.
Ornamented pestles, 43.
Ornaments, 26, 51, 52.

Pai-Utes, 2, 8.
Paint-mortars, 40, 41.
Palaeolithic period, 7.
Pebbles, pierced for ornament, 52.
Pendants and sinkers, 20. 27.
Perforations made by drilling. 24.
Perforators, different shapes of, 12, 13.
Perforators of bone. 63.
" stone, 12.

Perry's Expedition to Japan, 5.
Pestles, 41, 42.

" for preparing food, 43.
Pierced tablets. 32. 33.
Pin-shaped articles made of marine uni
valves, 68.
Pipes, 45, 47, 49.
Plates of stone, 37.
Plummets, 26.

Porto Kico, collections from, 4.
Potstonc, material for vessels, 36.
Pottery. 73.

" painted and decorated, 75, 81.
Powell, Major J.W., 2, 40.

(103)

104

INDEX.

Rattles made of shells, 08.

" of clay, 85.
Relics, prehistoric, from Europe, 4.

" of bone and horn from California
and New York, 03.

Santa Barbara Islands, 31, C3, 88.

Schoolcralt, Mr., 33, 43.

Schumacher, Mr. Paul, 31, 37, 51, 63, 70, 72,
91.

Scraper-like implements, 25, 26.

Scrapers, different shapes of, 13.
" with handles, 13.

Sculptures, 54, 55, 57.

Serpentine, material for vessels, 37.

Shell-money, 70.

Shells used for ornament, 51, 52, 66, 69.

Shells^utensils of. Mi, G7.

Silver, traces of, (X).

Smith, Captain John, 59.

Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge,
45.

Spade-like implements, 25, 26.

Spear-heads, different shapes of, 11, 12.

*' resemble large arrow-heads,

10.

Spear-heads, so-called, used with handles,
10.

Specimens from Central and South Amer
ica, 4.

Spindle-whorls, Mexican, 87.

Sijuier, Mr. E. ti., i.

Squier & Davis. Messrs., 45, 46, 48.
Statuettes, Mexican, 86.
Stevens. Mr. E. T., 45.
Stone as raw material, 7.
" flaked and chipped, 7.
" implements, IX).

" their use, often doubt

ful, 2.

Stone knives for cutting leather, 2.
Stone, pecked, ground and polished, 17.
Stone plates, 37.

" vessels, 36.
Stones, club-head-shaped, 31.

" discoidal, used in Indian games,

28, 29.
Stones, egg-shaped, 32.

" used in grinding and polishing,

34,35.

Striped slate, material for ornaments, 53.
System adopted in arranging the Smith
sonian collection relating to North
American Ethnology, 97.

Tablets, piereed, 32, 33.

Teeth, perforated for ornaments, 64.

Terra-cotta figures, 84.

Tilhuggersteene, 22.

Tissues and implements from China and

Japan, 5.
Tomahawks, 21.

Tools used by modern Indians, 22.
Torquemada, 8.

Toy canoes, 88.
Trichecus manatus, 46.
Tubes, 43, 44.

" ornaments or amulets, 43.
Tylor. Mr. E.B., 8.
Typical objects only described, 5.

Unalaska, ice-chisel from, 18.
Utensils made of shells, 67.

Vases, Mexican, 82, 84.
Venegas, 44.
Verazzano, 59.

Vessels of clay for culinary purposes, 73.
" etone, 36.

\Vampum-beads, 68.

Weapons of parade, drilled, 23, 24.

Weapons, utensils, etc. from Asia, Africa,

Australia, etc., 4.
Wedges or Celts, 17.
Weights for fishing-lines, 26.
Whipple, Lieut., 81.
Whistles of bird-bones, 63.

•' clay, 85.
Whittlesey, Mr. Charles, 59.
Wilkes, Capt., 5.
Williams, Roger, 62, 68. 70.
Wood, manufactures of. 88.
Wyman, Prof. Jeffries, 71.

Yarrow, Dr. H. C., 31.

MS*

m Library

LOAN PERIOD 1

HOME USE

>KS MAY BE RECALLED AFTER 7 DAYS

MEWAI
LOAN Pfi

DUE AS STAMPED BELOW

AN o ms

g - 5 DEC 0 ^ 1998

FORM NO. DD6, 60m,

.-•"

'» 4'

i UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY