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Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901. — Hough.

Plate 1

General Map of the Region.

ARCHEOLOGICAL FIELD WORK IN NORTHEASTERN ARIZONA.
THE MUSEUM-GATES EXPEDITION OF 1901.

WALTER HOUGH,

Assistant Curator, Department of Anthropology.

279

tj.t>}

I 5T7

f ACADEMY OF
I PACIFIC COAST
HISTORY

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Page.

Introduction 287

White Mountain Region " 289

Forestdale 289

Interior Sawmill 297

linden 297

Showlow 301

Shum way 302

Little Colorado Valley 302

McDonalds Canyon 302

Scorse Ranch 306

Canyon Butte 309

Adamana 317

Metate 318

Woodruff 318

Milky Hollow 319

Stone Axe 320

Small Sites near Stone Axe 325

Hopi Buttes and Mesas 326

Biddahoochee , 326

Chakpahu 336

Kokopnyama 337

Kawaiokuh 339

Periods of Tusayan ware 346

Age of Jettyto Valley ruins . 349

Remarks ._ 352

Types of Buildings 352

Distribution of Pueblo Culture 352

Range of 1 hml Design on Pottery 354

Symbolism 355

Domestic and Food Animals 356

Preservation of Ancient Rains .*!">7

Summary of Work 358

281

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

Plate 1. General map of the region.

FORESTDALE.

2. Sketch map of Forestdale ruins.

3. Plan of Tundastusa ruin.

4. General view of Tundastusa ruin.

5. View of Kiva.

6. View on Acropolis.

7. View of wall of Acropolis.

8. Bird-form mortuary vase and bowl.

9. Paint cup and double howl.

10. Bowl of Gila type and handled vase.

11. Mortuary vases of gray ware.

12. Fetiches of pottery and stone, and scrapers.

13. Bone implements.

Interior Sawmill.

14. Stone and bone implements.

Linden.

15. Plan of Pottery Hill ruin.

16. Plan of smaller ruin near Linden.

17. Circular portion of small ruin near Linden, Ariz.

18. Gray ware.

19. Bowls of gray ware.

20. Bowls of red ware with exterior decoration.

Showlow.

21. Plan of Huning ruin.

Shumway.

22. Plan of ruin.

McDonalds Canyon.

23. Plan of ruin.

24. Bowls of gray ware.

25. Bowls of gray ware.

26. Vases of gray ware.

27. Rugose bowl, red ware, side and back.

28. Rugose bowl, side and back.

29. Canteen and handled vase.

283

284 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1901.

Scobse Ranch, Lb Roux, Wash.

Plate 30. Sketch map of ruins.

31. Handled vases, gray ware.

32. Bird and other forms, gray ware.

33. Bowls of gray ware.

34. Bowls of gray ware.

35. Bowls of red ware.

36. Vases, coiled and red ware.

37. Stone axes, mortar and pestle.

Canyon Butte Wash, Petrified Forest.

38. Sketch map of region.

39. Plan of ruin 1.

40. Plan of ruin 2.

41 . Plan of ruin 3.

42. Polychrome bowl and painted stone tablet.

43. Outfit of medicine man.

44. Plan of ruin 4.

45. Coiled ware.

46. Bowls of rugose and red ware, white exterior decoration.

47. Red bowls with white exterior decoration.

48. Red and brown bowl, exterior and interior decoration.

49. Red and brown bowl, exterior decoration.

50. Bowls of gray ware.

51 . Vases of gray ware.

52. Pipes from ancient pueblos.

53. Plan of Milky Hollow ruin.

Stone Axe Ruin, Petrified Forest Reserve.

54. Plan of ruin.

55. Stone implements.

56. Bone, pottery, shell, and stone objects.

57. Large vase, polychrome ware.

58. Bowl and vase, yellow ware.

59. Bowls, yellow ware.

60. Bowls showing symbolism.

61. Bowls, white and Gila ware.

62. Bowls, yellow-brown and red, with white line.

63. Bowls, red ware.

64. Vases with animal handles.

r>ii>i>AiioociiEE, Cottonwood Wash.

65. Sketch map of group of ruins.

66. Plan of ruin on bluff.

67. 1. Black Butte; 2. Ruin in front of Butte.

68. Bowls, yellow ware.

69. Bowls, yellow ware.

70. Dipper, cup, and handled bowl.

71. Vases with bird decoration.

72. Vases of yellow-brown, and lemon yellow.

73. Vase of orange color.

74. Bowl, red ware, green decoration.

ARCHAEOLOGICAL FIELD WORK IN ARIZONA. 285

Plate 75. Bowls of polychrome ware.

76. Bowls of white ware.

77. Vases of white ware.

78. Dipper and vast', gray ware.

79. Small vessels, gray ware.
80: Coiled ware.

81. Stone implements.

Jettyto Valley Ruins.

82. Sketch map of ruins.

83. General view, of Kokopnyama ruin.

84. Cist in rocks, Kokopnyama.

85. Excavating in the talus, Kokopnyama.

86. Hair tied with hair cord, Kokopnyama.

87. Coiled basketry, Kokopnyama.

88. General view from Kawaiokuh.

89. Decorations on wall of room, Kawaiokuh.

90. Potters' kiln, two views, Kawaiokuh.

91. Burials in house cemetery, Kawaiokuh.

92. Jar under floor of room, Kawaiokuh.

93. Small pottery vessels, Kawaiokuh.

94. Vase of parrot form (Gates collection ) , Kawaiokuh.

95. Vases of gray ware, Kawaiokuh.

96. Small ornaments and figurines, Kawaiokuh.

97. Basketry and matting, Kawaiokuh.

98. Pottery showing application of color, Kawaiokuh.

99. Bowls showing symbolism and color, Kawaiokuh and Kokopnyama.

100. Pottery showing color and symbolism, Kawaiokuh.

101. Food bowls showing bird symbolism.

ARCHEOLOGICAL FIELD WORK IN NORTHEASTERN ARI-
ZONA. THE MUSEUM-GATES EXPEDITION OF 1901.

By Walter Hough.

Assistant Curator, Department of Anthropology.

INTRODUCTION.

Early in the spring of 1901 the writer was ordered into the field to
conduct ethnological and archeologieal investigations in northeastern
Arizona. (See Plate 1.) The plan settled upon embraced two distinct
explorations, the first during the month of May, for the United States
National Museum alone, and the second from June 1 to August 30,
for the Museum in conjunction with Mr. Peter Goddard Gates, of
Pasadena, California, whose interest in the exploration of the South-
west has been productive of excellent results for science.

Field work began on May 3, and making Holbrook, Arizona, the
base, the McDonalds Canyon ruins to the southeast of that place
were visited and explored. The remainder of the month was spent at
the Canyon Butte ruins east of Holbrook in a thorough reconnoissance
of the Petrified Forest Reserve and a visit to the ruins north of Hol-
brook. These groups of ruins are new to science, and the results of
the explorations are very satisfactory.

On June 1 the Museum-Gates expedition took the field, selecting
for exploration a large ruin a few miles east of the Petrified Forest.
On the completion of this work the part}7 returned to Holbrook and
went south into the White Mountains, reaching, on June 19, the ruin
at Linden. On June 26 the party camped on the great Forestdale
ruin on the White Mountain Apache Reservation. On July 9 a small
ruin at Interior Sawmill was investigated, and after a visit to Fort
Apache the expedition returned to Showlow, working for a day or
two a large ruin on the ranch of Mr. Henry Huning. Returning
north, ruins at Shumway, Snowflake, and Woodruff were examined,
Holbrook being reached on Jul}7 17.

Here the party renewed its supplies and was joined by Mr. A. C.
Vroman, the well-known photographer of Pasadena, who remained
taking many views till the close of the season.

287

288 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1901.

July 29 found the party engaged in excavating ;i Large ruin called
Kokopnyama, on the Jettyto Wash, 2 miles, cast of Keams Canyon.
On August 11 a ruin near Jettyto Spring called Kawaiokuh was worked
for a week, when the party closed excavation and proceeded to the
Hopi pueblos for ethnological studies, remaining there till the 28th,
when the Museum-Gates expedition disbanded.

The writer returned to Holbrook to complete the packing and ship-
ping of the specimens secured. During September 12-14 the groups
of ruins on the Le Roux and Cottonwood washes were carefully
platted and plans of the sites made. This closed up the season, and
on September 23 the writer returned to Washington.

In addition to the avowed objects of the expedition, collections of
plants, fossils, minerals, etc., were made, Mrs. Gates aiding mate-
rially in the botanical work. A large series of photographs was made
by Messrs. Vroman, Gates, and the writer.

The groups of ruins described in this paper are treated geographic-
ally, beginning, for convenience, with the southernmost, at Forestdale.
Taking the more important sites in order to the northward, we have
Forestdale, Linden, Showlow, Shumway, McDonalds Canyon, Scorse
Ranch, Petrified Forest Reserve, Biddahoochee, and Jettyto Vallc}r.
This line of archeological reconnoissance shows in an interesting way
the prevalence of red and gray pottery south of the Little Colorado
and Puerco rivers, with exceptions at Shumway and Stone Axe, gray
ware in the Little Colorado Valley, and yellow ware at Biddahoochee
and Jettyto Valley. Thus we may divide the field explored into three
regions, namely: (1) Region of the White Mountains, reel and gray
ware; (2) region of the Little Colorado Valley, gray and red ware,
and (3) region of the Hopi buttes and mesas, yellow and little red and
gray ware. In detail the ruins examined in the region of the White
Mountains are Forestdale, Interior Sawmill, Linden, Showlow, Slium-
wa}^ (yellow and red), Snowflake, Woodruff Butte, Canyon Butte,
Petrified Forest, Metate ruin, Stone Axe ruin (yellow ware), and
Adamana. Those of the Little Colorado Valley are McDonalds Can-
yon and Scorse Ranch, and those of the Hopi buttes and mesas are
Biddahoochee and Jettyto Valley.

The environment of the three regions is semiarid. The White
Mountain region, however, from the height and mass of the range,
especially the Mount Thomas condensing focus, has greater rainfall
than the other regions. For this reason there is here abundant vege-
tation, and in the radius of this influence and in this respect the envi-
ronment seems more favorable for human habitation. On the other
hand, geological causes have determined the lack of springs on the
north side of the range, and dependence must be put on fluviatile
waters. South of the Mogollon Rim springs are abundant, and here
were located important pueblos like those of Forestdale and others in
the Apache Reservation.

ARCHEOLOGICiL FIELD WORK IN ARIZONA. 289

The conditions in the valley of the Little Colorado are similar in
regard to available water supply to that of the White Mountains, but
the region is more arid and the vegetation is of desert t}^pes, the Cot-
tonwood along the stream beds being the only tree.

The region of the Hopi buttes and mesas has an elevation of about
6,500 feet, 1,500 feet above the Little Colorado Valley. Geological
causes here also determine the numerous springs in this region, the
rainfalls being stored in sandhills or in the heavy strata of porous
sand rock underlaid by shales, which brings the water to the surface.
This region is practically uninhabitable without corn, which is grown
in the beds of the washes and depends on local rains for irrigation.
The same remark is true of the second region, while in the White
Mountain region hunting tribes could exist.

WHITE MOUNTAIN REGION.

FORESTDALE — INTERIOR SAWMILL — LINDEN — SHOWLOW — SHUMWAY.

FORESTDALE.

On the White Mountain Apache Reserve, southeast of Showlow
some 10 miles, and a few miles east of Pinetop, near the headwaters of
a creek rising in the Mogollon Mesa, is a remarkable ruined pueblo,
which, from its great extent, must have been an important center of
population in early days. (Plate 2.) The Apaches call the place
uTun das tusa" (water spread out), from the many springs forming
marshy areas. The locality is called Forestdale from the creek of
that name. Years ago Mormons made a settlement here, but the
Apaches drove them away, burning their buildings except the church,
which still remains, surrounded with great pines. The ruin was
brought to notice by Bandelier, who hastily examined it in 1883. a

The country slopes strongly to the south from the Mogollon rim,
and the streams drain into the Upper Salt River, which flows approx-
imately 25 miles to the south. This portion of the White Mountain
Apache Reservation is rugged, the streams often canyoned and again
running through pleasant valleys, with meadows and Indian cornfields.
The primitive forest of great pine trees covers the country; grass is
abundant, and wild flowers bloom in profusion, giving one an idea of
the "Tierra despoblada" as it appeared to Coronado and his follow-
ers when the}^ passed through this region in 1540.

The problems of food, water, wood, clay, and stone which were so
difficult to most tribes in other portions of the Pueblo region pre-
sented no such complexity to the ancients of Forestdale. Most of
these good things were near at hand in greater degree than at the

« Final Report, etc., 1880 to 1885. Papers of the Archaelogical Institute of America,
Cambridge, 1892, Pt. 2, p. 400.

NAT MUS 1901 19

290 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1901.

neighboring pueblo of Linden; wood was rather a burden, cold, clear
water welled beneath their town walls, the rich cornfields required no
irrigation, the forest was full of game; manzanita berries and the
sweet mescal agave were plentiful. It is not surprising, therefore,
that in this favoring environment pueblos of large size were developed;
the cause for wonder is that in this region the pueblo dwellers have
not persisted to our day.

Tundastusa ruin (Plates 3 and 4) is located on a low elevation
between two washes coming into Forestdale Creek from the north, on
land claimed by Skidi, a prominent Apache, who has his cornfields
near the mouth of the washes where there are springs.

At the highest point is a circular acropolis 160 feet in diameter, giv-
ing the area of 1 acre, the walls 2 feet thick and 8 feet 2 inches from
the surface to the foundation course, the circle cut up into rooms by
narrower walls. At intervals down the slope below the acropolis
toward the creek and wash are five or more walls, forming segments
of circles concentric with the acropolis circle. Across these segments
run radiating lines, showing from a distance as windrows of stone from
the fallen buildings. The only plaza in this section of the ruins is a
small one on the southeast side. Attached to the acropolis on the
west are quadrangular house masses, the general ground plan being
irregular or stepped and extending down the slope. Beyond this sec-
tion of the pueblo to the west is a long L, two rooms deep, containing
104 rooms. On the inner side of the north limit of the L is a parallel
row of houses, also two rooms deep. These house rows thus flank
two sides of a plaza 1 acre in area, and bounded on the south by a low
wall. At the east end of the inner house row a sunken depression 25
feet square probably indicates a kiva, though excavation revealed
nothing. (Plate 5.) A curved wing wall closes the opening between
the acropolis and the detached quadrangular ruin. This portion of
the Forestdale ruin is easily traced. The ruin is estimated to show
300 rooms on the ground floor and perhaps originally contained 1,000
rooms. In area, it covers 7 acres, and its present appearance is that
of chaotic heaps of earth and stone, with no walls standing above the
surface. (Plate 6.) There are no trees on the ruin. The plan of For-
estdale ruin shows three house masses, which strike one immediately
as having been constructed at different times. There is no doubt on
this point concerning the rectangular ruin some distance to the west;
but in order to determine the relation of the house mass attached to
the circular ruin the walls at the junction were cleared and it was found
that the wall abutting the acropolis rested on 3 feet of rubbish, which
had accumulated from the older pueblo. The walls of the middle
pueblo are likewise of inferior masonry, not as good as that of the
rectangular house mass. It is apparent that the circular ruin is older
and formed the nucleus of subsequent accretions. As has been stated,

ARCHEOLOGICAL FIELD WORK IN ARIZONA. 2(.)1

the artifacts noted in the debris are uniform for the whole site. It
must be said, however, that no cemeteries were discovered in connec-
tion with either of the rectangular house masses. It seems probable
that since all present pueblos are made up of aggregations of clan
units, we see in Forestdale an ancient evidence of this fact, which
may also explain the occurrence of two modes of burial.

The material used in building is sandstone brought from the ledges
cropping out along the little creek close at hand. The blocks of stone
are larger and more uniform in dimension than is usual in the pueblos
of the Southwest. In general the stones were of convenient size for
carrying by one man, but larger stones were used in the circular walls.
One measuring 3 by 2 by 2 feet and weighing probably 1,000 pounds
was observed set in the wall at the height of 5 feet. As it is not pos-
sible for men to lift a stone to this height by muscular effort, it is
probable that it was rolled to position on an earth embankment or a
skid of poles. It will be perceived that men who could construct
a circle with an accuracy that is comparable only with the work of
men possessing instruments of precision would also show skill in
masonry. In the course of the excavation the exterior of the acropolis
wall was exposed for a length of 164 feet, showing masonry that
excites admiration and surprise. (Plate 7.) Like all cyclopean con-
struction, of which this wall is a type, the stones are rough bedded and
not coursed. The wall is laid up with judgment, the joints broken,
and large stones the width of the wall form headers. Occasionally a
series of large stones forms what appears to be an attempt at a course.
The stone are quarry faced, and projections beyond the line have been
pecked away and a few petroglyphs cut on some of the stones. Some
of the building blocks scattered over the ruin have fret and key
designs pecked on the surface. The walls of the room interiors have
in a number of cases where such walls were seen been carefully sur-
faced with the pecking hammer and the chinks set with small stones.
Other rooms have been plastered with red clay; low doorways formed
a means of communication between the rooms. In excavating the
circular wall a very narrow entrance was found leading through it at
the northeast.

As usual in the southwest, Forestdale is one of a group of pueblos, a
member of which lies a few hundred feet to the northwest on the edge
of the bluff. Another very large ruin is about one-half mile away on
the line of the valley; a third, comparatively small, stands on the bank
of the creek half a mile up the valley, and still another small ruin is on
a sandstone cliff on the left bank. No detached houses were observed,
nor were altars, shrines, or fire boxes noticed. The surface of Forest-
dale ruin shows traces of modern occupation, such as remains of foun-
dations of Mormon houses, shallow basins marking the location of
Apache wickiups, while on the acropolis circles of stones mark tho

292 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1901.

rifle pits thrown up during intertribal warfare among the Apaches
some years ago. (See Plate 6.)

The debris surrounding the walls and obliterating the rooms is enor-
mous in mass, greater than that surrounding any ruin in the South-
west known to the writer. This debris consists of ashes and charcoal
mixed with bones, pottery, fragments, etc., which has altered the
contour of the land around the pueblo to a marked degree. Pottery
fragments are relatively fewer than in most other ruins, while bones
of animals are quite frequent.

One cemetery lies on the east hillside, where a sandstone ledge crops
out above the spring. This cemetery had been rifled by Skidi and others.
The pottery secured by Skidi, he says, was sold to Mr. Schott, for-
merly agent at Apache. It is evident that burials were made at length
in this cemetery, but the pottery, judging from the fragments, does
not differ from that scattered over the ruin. There was no opportu-
nity to ascertain whether cinerary burials occurred in this cemetery,
but it was gathered from Skidi that such burials had been uncovered.

The collection secured by the Museum-Gates expedition at Forest-
dale was taken from a burial place along the free portion of the cir-
cular wall of the acropolis, marked in the plan. (Plate 3.) The burials
here were from 5 to 8 feet, 2 inches below the present surface, and
directly against the wall. Two varieties of interment were also
encountered here, namely, a few bodies flexed and placed against the
wall; the majority burned and placed in gray vases, which were luted
with clay, stopped with a stone, or covered with an upturned bowl.
A remarkable fact connected with the interments of this class is that
the vases are usually set on the bones of an infant. No explanation
derived from historical or present observances of any of the pueblo
tribes can be given of this strange custom, which appears to have been
of sacrificial character. It may also be said here that this is the most
northerly occurrence of incineration that has yet come to notice.
Fragments of a paho, painted green, were found on the ashes in one of
these vases and a very much corroded mass of copper, which appears
to have been a bell. Among the calcined bones were fragments of
awls, showing that possessions were burned with the body. The ashes
of a young person were inclosed in a bird-form vase. (Plate 8, fig. 1.)
The flexed burials contained pottery, according to the general custom,
the ware being red. Quantities of fragments of red bowls were
thrown out of this excavation, and some fragments of cooking vessels
in rugose ware, having wide, flaring rims, were seen.

The Forestdale pottery is red and gray in color, the red preponder-
ating. It is found that the paste of both varieties is the same, the red
ware being. secured by covering the gray paste with a slip of yellow
ocher burning to red color. The red ware is found in form of bowls,
dippers, and small articles ; the decoration geometric rain clouds and

AECHEOLOGICAL FrELD WORK IN ARIZONA. 293

terraced figures ; the volute and key frets are missing. Several small
objects of the highest artistic importance were collected. These com-
prise a paint cup of oblong shape (Plate 9, fig. 1), a handled vase, a small
bowl, and a double bowl (Plate 9, fig. 2) of bright and lively red color; the
designs geometric in black enamel, outlined with white and sometimes
with black over a white ground.

The unique vessel formed by joining two bowls is remarkably
attractive, even though broken. The potter has lavished on this object
her highest skill, and the result is an achievement in polychrome ware
which probably marks the highest attainment in ceramic art from the
Southwest. We may follow the construction of this vessel with a view
of explaining the processes involved. The potter formed two bowls
of selected clay and joined them while "green" by a short neck con-
necting the rims. She then washed the vessel with fine yellow ocher
and finished the surface with a smoothing stone. The interior of one
of the bowls was washed with cream-colored kaolin and also smoothed
with the stone. Having prepared her pigment for the black enamel,
the basis of which is iron ore, but the secret of its mixing, whether
with alkaline salts or resin, is lost, she skillfully laid on the interior of
one of the bowls a geometric design and on the exterior rims of both
various geometric frets, outlining the latter designs with stripes of
pure kaolin. The interior of the second bowl required the prepara-
tion of a second color, which should burn to soft gray and melt into
the background. The vessel was then fired, care being taken to pre-
vent uneven firing and smoke blemishes. The result shows a knowl-
edge on the part of the potter of materials, manipulations, and proc-
esses, from the selection of the clay to the last stages of firing, and a
highly developed artistic sense in form and color that command our
respect and admiration. That similar feelings toward the skillful
potter were entertained among ancients of the Southwest is shown by
a series of objects taken from a grave at Four Mile by the Fewkes
party in 1897. Carefully placed in this grave were all the implements
of the potter's craft, concave dishes, representing the beginning of the
wheel in which the ware was set during manufacture, smoothing stones,
a stone slab, and a mulling stone and grinder. Securely laid in a large,
well-made cooking vessel, on a bed of pine twigs, were various kinds
of clay and paints. Gourd formers and brushes of yucca strips, if any
such were buried, had decayed. With these objects were specimens
of excellent pottery. The purpose of this disposition seems clearly to
furnish this venerated potter the implements with which she might
continue her art for the benefit of the spiritual beings in the under
heaven.

One piece of ware of the Gila type (Plate 10, fig. 1) and several
fragments were all the examples of this type found at Forestdale. It
is evident that the ruins on the north slope of the White Mountains

294 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1901.

show strong- Gila influence and are little related to the remains on the
Salt River. One fragment of yellow ware with black and light-red
ornamentation was picked up. The black on the specimen is thick
and enamel-like. But one fragment showing white painting over a
rugose surface rewarded the most careful search. Some fragments of
ware resembling that of Four Mile have portions of designs of human
figures in white kaolin. Symbolic designs are infrequent, birds, bear
tracks, and a face on a red dipper comprising all such figures noted.

Gray ware. — Shards of gray ware are rare in the debris at Forest-
dale, so that the number of vessels found was to some extent unex-
pected. The comparatively small number of shards may be due to
surface conditions, as in this region the ground is held by plants and
moisture, while on the plains the prevalence of shards may be due to
winnowing of several feet of soil b/v erosive agencies. The greater
number of pieces of gray ware were vases of globular form (Plate 11,
figs. 1 and 2), or of bird form containing incinerated bones (see Plate
8, fig. 1). None of the vases have handles as those from Linden and
Showlow; one urn has an animal handle, several of which, broken from
vessels, were taken from the debris. A few small bowls of gra}^ ware
were also taken out. (Plate 8, fig. 2.) A portion of a gray vessel bear-
ing in relief apparently a snake, is an example of a class of decoration
very rare in the pueblo region, but prevalent in Mexico and found
sparingly on the Gila River. The bird-shaped vessels are more con-
ventional in treatment than those found north of the divide in the
drainage of the Little Colorado. Some figurines of animals in potter}^
perhaps fetiches, occur at Forestdale. They are rudely executed and
without decoration. A dipper with rattle handle came from this ruin.
Rugose cooking vessels are few in number and of small size. Roun-
dels of reground pottery are frequent; one such piece ma}^ have been
a spindle whorl.

Stone. — The absence of metates from the surface, coupled with the
presence of broken manos, was remarked at Forestdale, and it was
learned that the former were carried off by Indians who make use of
them around their camps, only working out a metate if an ancient one
can not be secured. The Apaches also collect hammers and other
stone implements from the ruins, which in many cases explains the
paucity of such relics on ruins visited by them. While excavations
brought to light metates, no axes and few hammers appeared, and
arrowheads were infrequent. Chert flakes formed into scrapers and
knives were numerous, one scraper chipped and ground being specially
noteworthy. Chips of black and white obsidian and an occasional
scraper of this material were noticed. A small boring implement of
red chert is figured. (Plate 12, fig. 4.) A small paint pestle with
traces of copper pigment on the rubbing end may be mentioned.

ARCHEOLOGICAL FIELD WORK IN ARIZONA. 295

Pottery polishing stones, an arrow smoothing stone of Gila type, and
a stone resembling a fetich (Plate 12, fig. 2) were taken out. The
stone last mentioned has been carefully worked from a dark, greenish-
blue rock much prized by the ancient people of the Upper Gila,
numerous specimens having been found in Pueblo Viejo Valley n where
the material appears to occur in situ. Sporadic examples of objects
cut from this stone are found north of the mountains, and one speci-
men was collected b}^ Mrs. M. C. Stevenson at the Hopi villages. A
small tablet of sandstone, having a design in black on one face, was
excavated from this ruin. No conjecture is ventured as to the pur-
port of the plan on the tablet, except to say that the ancients at For-
estdale evidently drew circles as well as built them.

Shell. — Shell appears to have been little used at Forestdale, only a
few pieces, consisting of wristlets and pendants, rewarding the searcher.
The mountain pueblos are generally poor in shell, probably because
they were off the routes of primitive commerce, or they may have
had little to trade. Pueblos in passes through the mountains, as at
Chaves Pass, must have been more in touch with aboriginal commerce,
and in this case abundance of shell was found.

Bone. — The people of Forestdale made great use of bone. The
most numerous bone objects were awls of various sizes and descrip-
tions, with points at either end, with an eye like a needle (Plate 13,
tig. 4), or merely pointed splinters of bone. One specimen has a fig-
ure like the letter X engraved on the sides, as seen on the ceremonial
ax found at Chevlon. h This was the only instance of ornamentation
on bone observed. Cups formed by sawing off elk femurs near the
ends are common, as at Pottery Hill. It has been suggested that
these cups are rejects after the shaft of the femur was cut up into
rings. The absence of such rings from the collection, and the finish
of the lip of the cups, would seem to offer an objection to this theorv,
but the use of the cups is unknown. Rings cut from femurs appar-
ently for the finger have been found at Chaves Pass. Wedges of
bone and antler, numerous knives of deer rib, hide scrapers worked
from deer pelvis, bone tubes, a bone with holes drilled through it
(thought to be an arrow wrench), an ornament of antler in form of a
bear's claw, and bones used in flint working were collected. (Plate
13.) The lower jaw of a deer from this ruin, with bands of red painted
diagonally across it, is an interesting object.

Fragments of decayed wood were taken from the excavations, but
it was not possible to ascertain whether they were worked. No cord
or fabric of any description was encountered.

A large number of bones of animals were collected from the de*bris,

a J. Walter Few kes, Report, Smithsonian Institution, 1897, pi. xvn.
&Idem., 1896, pi. xlvii.

296 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1901.

where they occurred in great numbers. These have been ascertained
by Mr. F. A. Lucas to belong to the elk, deer, antelope, dog, gray
fox, mountain lion, wild-cat, beaver, turkey, and eagle.

It is apparent from the number of bones of animals that the Forest-
dale tribe were to a great extent meat eaters, and hence must have
been hunters. The dog and possibly the turkey were domesticated.
It would be interesting to connect the meat diet of the Forestdale
people with their achievements as builders, but such theories must be
advanced with hesitation.

Unfortunately, during the course of this exploration very few skele-
tons were encountered, and in these cases the bones were extremely
decayed, so that no crania could be secured. From the fragmentary
bones thrown out by the vandals who sacked the east cemetery it is
obvious that adequate somatological material could have been acquired
here. This is another example of the destruction of valuable scien-
tific evidence by careless and unskilled hands.

The pottery of Forestdale bears a closer relation to that of Pinedale,
north of the Mogollon Divide, than to any other ancient pueblo known
to the writer. The bright red ware with black on white decoration is
also found in a number of ruins along the mountains from Chaves
Pass to Pinedale, reaching to within 40 miles of the Little Colorado
and associated at Chaves Pass and Four Mile with yellow ware. The
gray vases are not duplicated north of the divide;, they will be found
to belong to the Salt River Valley in all probability. The practice of
incinerating the dead separates the ruin from any yet examined in the
Little Colorado drainage.

On the whole, the Forestdale ruin is only one of perhaps a number
along the head streams of Salt River, which is on the natural migration
line from the south by which the Indians led Coronado to Cibola. In
the absence of information concerning the ruins it is not possible at
present to make any approximate statement as to them. Forestdale
may have been the stopping place of an important section of the south-
ern element which tradition has it went to form the Zuni or it may
mark a southern extension of the Zuni. The cremation of the dead
also tallies with the Zuni tradition that formerly they practiced the
same custom. a The burial against the house walls also reminds one of
the Zuni expression, "We bury our dead beneath the ladders."

The plans of the old Zuni ruins figured by Mindeleff in the Eighth
Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology show that
Nutria is a circular pueblo and that Pescado, so far as the ancient
plan can be traced, approached a circular outline. Kintiel, which is a
Zuni ruin, and several of the ruins of the Canyon Butte group north
of the Petrified Forest are of this type.

«Cushing. Zuni Creation Myths, Thirteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of
American Ethnology, p. 336.

ARCHEOLOGICAL FIELD WORK IN ARIZONA. 297

Zufii archeology still awaits an explorer who will do as much for it
as has Fewkes for the Hopi. A vast and untouched field lies south of
Zuni, and complex migration problems cluster around the headwaters
of the Gila, Salt, and Little Colorado rivers. In much of this region,
on account of the work of untrained explorers and curio hunters, it is
too late to do more than secure what the}7 have left or to trace the
material to private or museum collections for the purpose of study.

INTERIOR SAWMILL.

Leaving Forestdale a reconnissance was made to Fort Apache, fol-
lowing the road south from Cooleys. A cave in a lava bed near Inte-
rior Sawmill was examined, but no evidence of occupation found. A
short distance from the Interior Sawmill a small pueblo yielded on
excavation a few pieces of gray ware, a large flaring bowl in fine coil-
ing, a stone hammer (Plate 14, fig. 1), a bone tool splendidly engraved
(Plate 14, fig. 2), and a skull. Farther south along White Mountain
River a number of rectangular pueblos were seen, but no excavations
made. From the surface relics these ruins appear to be poor and the
pottery, gray, red, and coiled, of inferior quality. Having secured
photographs and ethnological data from the Apaches and made botan-
ical collections, the party returned north, excavating for half a day at
Snowflake, where a small ruin yielded a few pieces of gray and red ware
and a skeleton.

LINDEN.

Near Linden, Navajo County, Arizona, some 45 miles south of Hol-
brook, there is a large ruin, locally called Pottery Hill, lying on the
north side of the watershed near the divide between the Salt and Little
Colorado rivers. This part of the White Mountain Plateau presents
a series of beautiful park-like expanses between low ridges, well grassed
and studded with large pines and clumps of stunted oaks. At this
elevation in the White Mountains the humidity is sufficient in favor-
able seasons to admit of dry farming. Stock raising and dairying is
the main occupation of the people. The soil, formed by the decompo-
sition of carboniferous sandstone, limestone, and shales is fairly rich.
Vegetation i^ abundant; after the summer rains and the melting of
the snow in spring myriads of flowers appear.

It will be seen that the environment would be favorable to the
maintenance of the prehistoric people who lived here, furnishing
wood for fuel and construction, useful plants, clay for the potter, and
stone for the builder. Game abounded and wild bees yielded honey.
In this locality, however, there are no springs, the water sinking and
necessitating at present its impounding in ravines. A few wells have
been dug at Linden, but the water is scanty and unpalatable.

The ruins (Plate 15) are situated on a ridge bounding the southern

298 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1901.

side of one of these parks. The main site covers the lower end of the
ridge lying with its longer axis north and south. On the east the ruin
slopes down to the valley by a series of terraces and on the west to a
shallow draw. Its outline is oval, measuring 228 feet in length by 150
feet in width. The cemeteries lie to the east and to the west of the
pueblo and to the northwest is a shrine among the rocks, consisting of
a pile of fossils and iron concretions of peculiar shapes.

Detached rectangular ruins occur at intervals in the juniper and
pinyon woods at the northwest along the margin of the gradually
ascending ridge extending perhaps 1,500 feet. Aged junipers grow
in these ruins and the remaining building stones show extreme
weathering. No trees except some young junipers grow on Pottery
Hill, giving the impression that this ruin was occupied at a later
period than the others in the vicinity.

Another interesting ruin of the Linden group, lying in the forest 2
miles west of Pottery Hill, shows a rectangular plan 45 by 72 feet,
containing 12 rooms, and adjoining is a circular-house plan 65 feet in
diameter, having a passage through the wall to the central court.
(Plates 16 and 17.) There was -little debris, and excavations were
without results. Stumps of pine trees that had matured and decayed
were found in place in the rooms. The plan of the ruin is instructive
when compared with that of Forestdale, which also presents circular
and rectangular features.

No walls are standing in the Pottery Hill ruin, and heaps of sand-
stone blocks from the houses, interspersed with fragments of pottery
and broken implements, cover the surface. A reconstruction of the
pueblo would show a long line of houses perhaps two stories in height,
facing both ways, on the slopes of the hill, and below this successive
rows of houses, forming terraces. To the east there were three or
four terraces and to the west one or two. No detached houses or fire
boxes were observed. Such walls as we're uncovered during excava-
tion were formed of oblong blocks of rough-faced sandstone laid with
little skill. The debris of house refuse is enough to show lengthy
occupation of the site.

The principal cemetery is in the debris on the west side of the pueblo
some distance from the walls. Most of the graves had been rifled
during the summer of 1900 by dealers in curios from Pinedale, but
more systematic excavation brought to light a number of specimens.
Owing to the strong nature of the soil few pieces of pottery were
taken out unbroken.

A feature concerning the deposit of the dead in the graves at Lin-
den such as the packing of stones and clay around the body, especially
near the head, leads one to suppose that the device was to prevent bur-
rowing animals from entering the sepultures. This mode of burial
accounts for the destruction of the pottery when the earth sank and

ARCHEOLOGICAL FIELD WORK IN ARIZONA. 299

packed in the graves. The burials were at length with no regard to
the points of the compass, and no stakes were placed over the bodies as
at Chaves Pass, nor were stone slabs found as in the ruins along the
Little Colorado River. No traces of matting or other textiles were
observed. The skeletons were mostly deca}^ed beyond preservation.
Bones of elk, deer, antelopes, turkey, and of small mammals and birds
were numerous.

In the undisturbed cemetery to the east similar conditions obtained,
but the majority of the specimens came from this point. A burial
here was noteworthy in that two bodies were interred together, the
skeleton of one is in fair condition, the other merely vertebrae, ribs,
and scapulae. The place where the skull should have been found was
covered with an inverted bowl containing ashes, and no fragments of
the skull were present. As a rule the pottery was deposited near the
head; when a number of pieces were found the}?- were laid along the
body. In one grave as man}^ as 12 pieces had been buried. No pahos
or fetishes were found in the graves.

The finds at Linden include some interesting specimens of pottery
of several classes. Gray ware is represented here principally by gray
vases with spherical body and tubular neck, having a curved handle
from the rim to the body (Plate 18, figs. 1-3); cups with handles; bowls
with close zigzag ornamentation covering the interior (Plate 19, fig. 1),
and canteens of good form and ornamentation (Plate 18, fig. 4). The
bowl of fine gray ware delicately coiled on the exterior, and with a
well-designed fret pattern forming a band around the interior wall, is
a remarkable and unique specimen (Plate 18, fig. 5), no rugose vessel
of the gray ware having been hitherto described to the best of my
knowledge.

Another noteworthy specimen is a gray bowl with interior orna-
mentation of human and animal figures, (Plate 19, fig. 2.) Around the
side of the vessel a herd of deer run in single file below a grotesquely
drawn human figure in attitude of surprise, and in the bottom of the
bowl is drawn a large mountain lion. Apparent^ there is no symbol-
ism involved in the design. The intention of the artist evidently was
to portray in a realistic manner some actual occurrence, probably the
encountering of a herd of deer pursued by a mountain lion. Frag-
ments of pottery showing portions of composition have been picked
up on ruins along the north slopes of the White and Mogollon
mountains, indicating the use of such designs, but whole specimens
are exceedingly rare. The bowl in question was in many fragments
when found.

Some bowls of coarse red ware with interior geometric ornamenta-
tion were taken out at Linden. They resemble those of Showlow and
other ruins yielding gra}7 ware. One well-made bowl (Plate 20, fig. 2)
has straight sides, and on the exterior is a stepped design with white

300 REPOKT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1901.

border. The interior is undecorated. The edge bears black dots, a
feature often noted in the ware of the mountain ruins.

Small cooking pots of coiled ware and small coiled vases occur at
Linden. Great quantities of fragments of large flaring bowls with
polished black interior and rugose exterior bearing volutes and
grecques in white lay around the skeletons. Often five or six of
these large bowls were nested in a grave, and, as may be imagined,
the sinking and packing of rocky soil upon them produced such havoc
that it was not possible to save fragments enough to reconstruct a
specimen of what was evidently beautiful ware. A small globose bowl
of this type was preserved intact. (Plate 20, fig. 1.) Among the small
potteiy objects from Linden are reground disks and small dippers.
Fragments of vases and bowls with birds and the widespread four bird
convention and a fragment of gmy ware in form of a mountain sheep's
head were picked up. A red bowl with the two joined bird symbol
on the interior must also be noticed.

Rude axes and hammers, a fragment of an arrow-smoother of Gila
type, a chipped chert implement resembling a pick, a flint chisel
chipped and ground, a pitted stone, pottery smoothers, arrowheads,
and flint and obsidian knives comprise the collection of stone imple-
ments from Linden. Ornaments of stone were a few large beads,
disks, and tablets of red stone. Two cjdindrical sections of fibrous
selenite of unknown use were found in a grave. The stones from the
shrine were iron concretions in form of cups, spheres, and odd shapes
resembling birds, etc., fragments of red jasper, and a mass of fossil
coral {Syringopora multattenuatd). This was the only fossil observed;
on the hill above a vein of Carboniferous limestone made up of fossils
was seen and a number of specimens were collected.

Shell is very scarce at Linden; the objects of this material taken
out were fragments of bracelets of pectunculus and a spiral shell
ornament, Turitella tigrina, from the Gulf of California.

Bone was more frequent, consisting of awls, leather-working tools,
scrapers, flint-working tools, punches, and other implements of antler.
A number of antlers were taken from the excavations. Cups of elk
and deer femurs similar to those found at Forestdale occur at Linden.

No fragments or traces of fibers or textiles were encountered.

The collection of bones of animals turned up during the excavation
is found by Mr. F. A. Lucas to include the following: Antelope, elk,
dog, jack rabbit, and turkey. But one complete human skeleton could
be saved, the bones in most of the interments being in fragmentary
condition.

Linden presents points of similarity with the Huning ruin at Show-
low, best characterized b}^ the rugose ware with white decoration, a
type to which attention was first called by Bandelier in 1883. The
range of this type is not clearly defined as yet, but the explorations of

ARCHEOLOGUCAL FIELD WORK IN ARIZONA. 301

the season of 1901 give localities at McDonald's Canyon and the Pet-
rified Forest (see pp. 305, 314). One specimen each from Four Mile
and Chevlon are figured by Dr. Fewkes. a It must be said, however,
that the occurrence seems to be sporadic at the sites mentioned and that
the locality of greatest prevalence so far as known is at Linden.
There is no doubt that this ware belongs on the northern slope of the
White Mountains.

SHOWLOW.

A large ruin on the ranch of Mr. Henry Huning, at Showlow, was
worked by the Museum-Gates expedition for a few days beginning
July 12. Mr. Huning informs the writer that the ruin was examined
by Mr. A. F. Bandelier some }^ears ago.& The pueblo is located on a
rock table a few feet above the level of Showlow Creek, which irri-
gates the wide and fertile valley forming part of the Huning ranch.
The layer of debris is thin; hence the plan of this ruin is somewhat
easy to make out. (Plate 21.) Much of the stone has been removed
for buildings, and during this process a room at the south end of the
pueblo was found to contain a large amount of charred corn, beans, etc.
The cemetery was located on the east side in front of one of the piers;
there were few interments, and only a small collection was secured.

The pottery is of red and gray, the latter presenting some rather
good pieces, a dipper with rattle handle being noteworthy. The red
ware is not fine and the decoration not well executed. Rugose bowls
with volutes of white were frequent, though in fragmentary condition.
Bone awls and a worked deer femur were found. Notched flints, a stone
ax, an arrow smoother, scrapers, arrowheads of obsidian, and a large
chipped flint leaf form comprised the relics in stone. A bit of the
clay as rolled out by the potter in the process of coiling a vessel was
taken from the debris.

The scarcity of potshards on the surface of this denuded ruin was
remarked, and reminded one of the absence of such relics from the Zuni
ruins, where the shards have been picked up by the modern potters
to be incorporated, after pulverization, with the clay for vessels. One
perfect skeleton was secured. Bones of dog, two species of rabbits,
turkey, and deer were collected.

The Huning ruin is a good example of the rectangular pueblo, show-
ing considerable skill in laying out a village. The masonry exposed
during the excavations is good; the material is of blocks of Carbonifer-
ous sandstone.

It seems probable that the pueblo was inhabited only for a short
time. The artifacts resemble those excavated at Linden, some 8 miles
to the northwest.

« Report, Smithsonian Institution, 1897, pi. n; idem, 1896, pi. xlii.
& Papers, Archaeological Institute of America, IV, Pt. 2, p. 393.

302 EEPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1901.

SHUMWAY.

Near the town of Shumway, 40 miles south of Holbrook, on the
banks of Silver Creek, a ruin of some importance was hastily exam-
ined while the party was on the way north from Showlow. The ruin
consists of a long house group, two rooms deep, and a parallel house
group having a wing at right angles at one end, and between these
groups is a plaza (Plate 22). The rear house mass forms a high mound
of debris from the two stories of this part. The cemetery lies in a
sand bank near the walls of the front row of the houses, facing the
creek. The graves had been rifled the summer before by a " pottery
digger," who sold his ill-gotten gains at Holbrook. It is presumed
that the specimen's are in a collection purchased at Holbrook in 1901
by the Free Museum of Science and Art of Philadelphia. A number
of fragments, sufficient to show the quality and character of the pot-
tery, were picked up on the excavations. The pottery is fine yellow
and red, and the decoration is like that of the ancient Hopi pottery.
The fragments show that symbolic designs were common on the inte-
rior of the bowls.

LITTLE COLORADO VALLEY.

MCDONALDS CANYON — SCORSE RANCH — CANYON BUTTE — ADAMANA — MET ATE — WOOD-
RUFF— MILKY HOLLOW — STONE AXE — SMALL SITES NEAR STONE AXE.

McDonalds canyon.

On the day of my arrival at Holbrook some Mexicans brought in
58 pieces of excellent pottery from ruins 22 miles southwest of that
place, in McDonalds Canyon. (See general map.) It was ascertained
that there were a number of ruins perhaps worthy of examination
in the locality whence the specimens came. Hiring a small force of
laborers and getting together a camping outfit, on May 4 we camped
by the ruins, 11 miles from nearest water.

McDonalds Canyon is the name for quite a scope of country among
the ascending Carboniferous ridges flanking the White Mountain Pla-
teau. The dry wash leading into the Little Colorado, between Hol-
brook and St. Joseph, which heads back in the mountains, has numerous
branches, so that the country is broken by canyons of no great depth,
sometimes expanding into wide, level barrancas, becoming in wet sea-
sons lakes. The ridges, deeply covered with yellow sand and clothed
with junipers, present a most desolate aspect. The environment is
hostile as to food and water, as the party experienced. In the seasons
when rain falls, water is impounded in the natural tanks, but does not
last long under the extreme evaporation at this altitude — 5,400 feet.
In one case a stone wall had been thrown across a canyon for the pur-
pose of impounding water, a piece of engineering rare in this portion

ARCHEOLOGICAL FIELD WOKK IN ARIZONA. 303

of the Southwest, and at present the dam is effective, this source of
water being the last to fail. Much of the present forlorn appearance
of the country is caused by range stock.

The ruins, five in number, are located on sandy ridges from 1 to 2
miles apart. They exist as inconspicuous elevations and are very
difficult to find amidst the maze of ridges. All the ruins of the group
are rectangular in plan, the rows of houses surrounding a plaza the
entrance to which is from the east. There were no detached houses.
The largest ruin is typical of the group (Plate 23). It evidently had
a two-story house of large dimensions at the northeast corner. Judg-
ing by the amount of debris, the other houses of the village were one
story in height. A circle of stones lies to the southwest.

The house-building material is coarse yellow Carboniferous sand-
stone laid in gypsum, which is abundant in the formations of this
region. Smooth floors of the same material and slab floors were
observed in some of the rooms. Beneath the corner of the high house
of Ruin 1 a number of small white quartz concretions had been placed,
apparently in dedication of the structure.

The debris is sufficient to indicate the occupation of these villages
for a somewhat extended period, perhaps two generations. Bones of
antelope, deer, dog, wildcat, and rabbit were found in the debris.

The cemeteries lie to the northeast of the village, close to the walls,
and contained numerous interments at a moderate depth, the bodies
laid at full length, generally to face the east. The grave of a child
containing several mortuary vessels was found under the floor of a
house. No grave slabs were discovered, and the burials near the walls
were poor in pottery. The character of the soil is such that no incrus-
tation of mineral matter was deposited, so that the specimens came out
in unusually good condition. Twenty-three crania and portions of
skeletons were collected. Though these ruins had been sacked, I was
able during part of three days to collect over 100 specimens, many of
which had been left as unimportant by the workmen, who only seek
the marketable pottery and trinkets.

By good fortune the Bureau of American Ethnology was able to
purchase from H. H. Scorse the valuable pottery previously collected
here and from two other localities north of Holbrook. Thanks to this
these specimens now in the National Museum supplement those col-
lected by the writer and will be described with them in the following
pages.

Seventy per cent of the ware at McDonalds Canyon is black and
white, the "gray ware" so widespread in the Pueblo region, and the
remainder is of red and coi led ware. The gray pottery from McDonalds
Canyon presents some of the finest specimens of this ware in existence.
The bowls are large and perfect and the decoration forceful, showing
the touch of a master hand. The largest bowl (Plate 24, fig. 2) has a

304 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1901.

band of geometric pattern around the side leaving a circular field in the
bottom. This pattern is made up of bird forms. The bowl is ovate in
outline, 13 inches in diameter and 6£ inches deep. The pigment has
burnt to a soft dark brown. A second bowl (Plate 24, fig, 1), also ovate
in outline, has a series of frets of derivative bird forms and lines of
hour-glass figures which are also a conventionalized form of two birds
placed feet together with heads in opposite direction. The design is
arranged in four wedge-shaped areas leaving a square field in the bot-
tom of the bowl. This bowl is 13 inches in longest diameter and 5f
inches deep. Another bowl (Plate 25, fig. 2) of large size bears on the
interior a bold and striking design of interlocking hooks arising from
pyramidal bases. These are birds and the effect is 'to produce a run-
ning key pattern outlined in black. The design, like that of Plate 24,
fig. 1, if in four wedge-shaped sections outlining a square field in the
bottom of the vessel. The color used is a rich, glossy black; the speci-
men is fresh and in perfect condition (diameter, Hi inches; height,
6 inches). Still another large bowl (Plate 25, fig. 1) from this group
of ruins belongs with similar specimens from the north. Almost identi-
cal pieces were found at Scorse Ranch (see p. 308), and W. H. Holmes
figures one from Tusayan.a It is more than probable that this splendid
bowl was secured by barter from the people of lower Le Roux Wash.
The arrangement of the design is like that of the last-described bowl
and the outline is more symmetrical. Several other gray bowls show
resourcefulness and manual skill in decoration that mark all the speci-
mens from this locality. Gray vases of good form, with handles, are
next in frequency after the bowls. These comprise the list of forms in
gray ware. The vases are of different sizes from very small to those
holding upward of a quart. The small vases are as carefully decorated
as the larger and it is probable that they are connected with ceremonial
usuages as the little sacred water vases of the Hopi.

Attention may be called to a vase of excellent form and decoration.
(Plate 26, fig. 2.) The design is made up of horizontal bands inclosing
two running scrolls; the motive, birds with interlocking beaks. Four
groups of four vertical lines are arranged on the rim, resembling the
Pueblo rain symbol. The black pigment has a remarkable luster,
unlike that of any specimen known to the writer. A vase, probably
of idealized bird form, was taken from these ruins. (Plate 26, fig. 1.)
The surface design in red-brown has become obscured by weathering,
but enough remains to show that it represents feathers.

The red ware consists principally of small bowls and dippers of fri-
able paste. The surface is polished and decorated with geometric
designs. The small canteen (Plate 29, fig. 1) is a beautiful object from

a Pottery of the Ancient Pueblos, Fourth Annual Report of the Bureau of Amer-
ican Ethnology, p. 323.

ARCHEOLOGICAL FIELD WORK IN ARIZONA. 305

its elegant form, high polish, and varying shades of red, like a ripe
apple. A small vase decorated with spirals in white (Plate 29. fig. 2)
is also an attractive object. With the red ware may be classed bowls
of rugose ware with polished black interior (Plates 27 and 28, figs. 1
and 2) and.a geometrical decoration in white over the rough exterior.
The design reminds one of those on basketry and, taken with the rugose
surface, is suggestive of the origin of this type of ware. A number
of rough cooking pots of coiled ware, usually rather small, are in the
collection from these ruins.

The only bit of relief modeling noticed is a small fragment bearing
a rudely formed human foot.

It was noticed that worked stone axes and hammers are absent from
the McDonalds Canyon ruins, their place being filled by spalled
quartzite bowlders and cylindrical battering hammers of quartzite
and jasper. One bowlder of natural form has two finger holes pecked
on opposite sides. Pottery polishing stones, chert arrowheads, and
knives are somewhat common. Flat metates and manos were present.

A pectunculus shell carved in the shape of a frog and bearing evi-
dence of having been once incrusted with mosaic was found. Such
specimens are rare. .Dr. Fewkes figures an incrusted shell frog from
Chaves Pass" and a plain carving from Chevlon.6 A few beads of
shell or stone were collected at McDonalds Canyon.

Some awls and a wedge-shaped object comprise the worked bone
secured in these ruins.

No remains of textile were observed. The house refuse shows bones
of turkey and deer few in number. Charred corn was also taken out
of the excavations.

Pahos and fetishes, except the stones found under a house corner,
were not seen.

The crania nearly all show the flattening of the occiput so common
in the Pueblo region. From the somatological series procured at
McDonalds Canyon it will be possible to make a contribution to the
affiliations of the inhabitants of these pueblos.

In September, after the close of the Museum-Gates expedition, the
writer spent some time in examining and mapping two groups of
undescribed ruins north of Holbrook on the Le Roux and Cotton-
wood washes at the Scorse Ranch and near Biddahoochee, respectively.

Le Roux Wash extends southwest from the Navajo Reserve, near
the New Mexico line, about 100 miles to the Little Colorado at Hol-
brook, Arizona. There are two branches, one called Pueblo Colorado
W7ash, heading on the 8,000-foot contour near Zilh Tusayan Butte, and
the other heading northeast of Old Fort Defiance. The valley is wide
and sandy, and on account of the large drainage area the water from

a Report, Smithsonian Institution, 1896, p. 529. & Idemv p. 535,

NAT MUS 1901 20

306

local storms in the basin is distributed for long distances; not infre-
quently the wash "runs through." Because of the water and of the
fact that the bed of the wash offers numerous places where the water
overflows wide areas of sand, forming ideal locations for Indian corn-
fields, the movements of migrating clans have been along Le Roux
and Cottonwood washes rather than along the Puerco and Upper Little
Colorado with .their swift current. The prevalence of ruins along the
Le Roux Wash is in accordance with the conditions noted. The
better-known ruins are those at Ganado, Kintiel, and Tanner Springs,
and to these we may add the group under consideration.

Along this migration route the gray and red ware in northern forms
of the San Juan have been carried south and west to the Little
Colorado far into Tusayan. It is probable also that the migrations
extended into the White Mountain plateau and are responsible for
some of the sites furnishing gray and red ware, as at McDonalds
Canyon. It must be said, however, that the characteristic San Juan
forms thin out in the western part of the White Mountain region,
while on the lower Le Roux they exist in entirety.

SCORSE RANCH.

The Scorse Ranch ruins lie on the south side of the Le Roux Wash,
in the broken country along the north flanks of the Holbrook mesa,
at a distance of from 16 to 20 miles north of Holbrook. (Plate 30.)
They extend from the "X" Ranch to the Scorse Ranch, a distance of
about 4 miles. Small sites are also found at the level of the valley,
but it will be seen that the larger pueblos were hidden in the hills,
where there is building material at hand. Small house ruins are found
near the base of the X Ranch Butte. This strangely formed mass of
black lava has nests of predatoiw birds on its summit, and the house
sites may have some connection with eagle ownership or they may
have been field houses. The bed of Le Roux Wash alwa}7s contains
water, which may be had by digging a few feet below the surface.
Wood is scarce; a few cotton woods growing along the wash and a
small clump of junipers on the mesa form the only trees to be seen.
Desert vegetation, such as "rabbit brush," Blgelovia graveolens, Atri-
plex argentea, etc., is relatively abundant and furnishes fuel to those
who camp there. Clay is plentiful, and stone exists near the top of
the mesa, where deposits of Triassic fossils and petrified wood were
seen, one pueblo having been built of the last-mentioned material.

The ruins are rectangular, displaying no characteristics of plan
worthy of remark. No walls stand above the surface, and the condi-
tion of the sites gives one the impression that the pueblos have been
abandoned a long time. In general the pueblos face the valley without
uniformity ks to orientation, nor do the cemeteries appear to have

ARCHEOLOGICAL FIELD WORK IN ARIZONA. 307

been oriented, the burials being located around the villages wherever
a suitable spot could be found.

The houses were constructed of small irregular blocks of Triassic
sandstone laid up in the usual way and were probably in the main one
story in height. Debris around the villages is abundant.

It is not possible to go into detail concerning the method of burial
practiced in these ruins, as the cemeteries had been rifled. From
observation of the excavations it was gathered that burial slabs were
used, that the ground is full of charcoal and ashes, and that some of
the skeletons were well preserved. My guide, who had worked the
ruins, informed me that almost no shell, turquoise, or beads were
present.

A portion of the specimens went to the Wattron collection, pur-
chased by the Field Columbian Museum of Chicago, and the subse-
quent collections were, on the writer's recommendation, purchased by
the Bureau of Ethnology. On this interesting collection the descrip-
tion of the artifacts of the Le Roux Wash ruins is based.

The Scorse Ranch collection numbers 175 pieces of pottery. Of
these 13 per cent are of gray ware, 20 per cent undecorated brown
ware with polished black interior, 18 per cent coiled cooking pots and
coiled vases, and 11 per cent of red ware. The remaining per cent
consist of a few miscellaneous pieces not classified.

The forms' of gray ware in order of prevalence are: Vases with
handles (11); bowls (23); globose vases (7); canteens (5); bird-form
vessels (1); cups and dippers, of which there is 1 each. The brown
ware with polished interior is: In the form of bowls (26); dippers (5);
cups(l); and vases (1). The red ware: Bowls (12); vases (5); jars (1);
cups (1); globose vases (1). The coiled ware consists principally of
cooking pots, and with this class are a number of small, finely coiled
vases of ceremonial use. One fine bowl of red ware with rugose sur-
face was found.

Gray ware. — The texture of the gray ware is coarse, and in some
cases the paste is so dark that it has been necessary to cover the ves-
sels with white slip. The surface is roughly finished, and the marks
of the smoothing tools are easily seen. The color used in decoration
is black.

The variety of forms in gray ware is in keeping with the abundance
of this class. The handled vases show considerable diversity in shape,
from a simple bottle form to the typical vase form with neck and
shoulder. (Plate 31, figs. 1-6.) Some of the vases resemble rude
pitchers. In size these vessels range from 2 to 10£ inches in height.
The rounded bottoms and heavy handle at the neck render these ves-
sels unstable like the ancient tumblers.

Another purely northern form is the globular bowl. (Plate 32. fig.
6.) These are usually in gray ware, but sometimes in plain red. The

308 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1901.

first specimens of this form in the National Museum were collected by
Dr. Edward Palmer from an ancient pueblo at St. George, Utah.
They are always thin and well made The vessels in form of canteens
are also skillfully made and well decorated. (Plate 32, fig. 5.) They
are small to be used for carrying water compared with the canteens in
use at present. This form, which is of rather wide distribution, is
found in the ruins of the gray and red type in the White Mountains,
as well as on the Rio San Juan.

The bowls of gray ware range from crude specimens with flat bot-
tom, straight flaring sides and simple decoration, to those displaying a
degree of taste. One of the more interesting bowls has a remarkable
design of unknown meaning. (Plate 34, fig. 2.) Another shallow
bowl has a decoration representing a horned snake with two heads.
(Plate 34, fig. 1.) The design on a third bowl consists of two bands of
the bird pattern in waved lines. (Plate 33, fig. 1.) This pattern is
found at McDonalds Canyon. (P. 304.) A bowl with precisely drawn
decoration shows bird figures in an extreme stage of conventionaliza-
tion. (Plate 33, fig. 2). This bowl apparently has been intentionally
bent into its present shape; other bowls so bent have been found in
the White Mountain region. A small bowl from this location is the
only one having decoration in brown pigment. The vessel is in good
condition and resembles Zuni work. Another bowl has a design in.
the center of the field in the bottom formed of crossed lines over con-
centric circles. This is the only vessel from these ruins bearing sym-
bolism in this manner.

This collection has a number of bird forms in gray ware. (Plate 32.)
One very good specimen (Plate 32, fig. 1) has a loop at the tail of the
bird for the passage of a cord; the head of the bird is missing and
with this portion the other loop. The arrangement of the decoration
into several fields is a conventionalization of the bird topography.
The small vase (Plate 32, fig. 4) is interesting as showing both bird
form and surface decoration of bird elements. A small rude vase of
bird form has a decoration of feathers around the neck. (Plate 31,
fig. 3.) Another undecorated vase is closer to the bird form and bears
wings in relief on the sides. (Plate 32, fig. 2.)

Of the brown ware with polished black interior there is little to say,
except that the bowls are distinctly conical. This ware should be con-
sidered a variety of red.

The red ware consists mainly of soft earthenware bowls with polished
surface and geometric line decoration on the interior. (Plate 35, fig.
1.) The bowls of harder paste have exterior decoration in white (Plate
35, figs. 2 and 3) like those of Canyon Butte (see Plate 47). So far
as known at present, the distribution of this type of decoration is
coincident with the range of tribes of Zuni culture. Thus, specimens
have appeared at Kintiel, Navaho Springs, Petrified Forest, Scorse

ARCHEOLOGICAL FIELD WORK IN ARIZONA. 309

Ranch in northeastern Arizona, and in the St. Johns region extending
south of Zuiii, New Mexico. Presumably the rugose vessels with
kaolin decoration centralized at Showlow and Linden belong to a sepa-
rate class more limited in distribution. A small red vase with finger
sockets (Plate 36, fig. 1) is noteworthy as is a specimen ornamented
with concentric marks made with the finger nail (Plate 36, fig. 3).
The handled vases (Plate 36, figs. 4 and 5) in red resemble similar
gray forms. One of these is covered with red slip over gray paste.
Great taste was displayed in coiling. (Plate 36, fig. 2.)

Some stone hammers grooved for the reception of a handle and a
few basalt axes of good form and elegant finish (Plate 37, figs. 1 and 2),
are in the collection. The implements of chert are leaf -shape knives,
arrowheads, and drills. There are mortars with pestles of coarse
sandstone and lava. (Plate 37, fig. 3.) A well-worked stone ball and
two tubular pipes of lava (Plate 52, figs. 1 and 2) were taken from
these ruins. But one object of shell, a valve of a clam, is included
in the collection.

The pottery from Le Roux Wash has a crude appearance, due to
lack of finish and skill in decoration. Without doubt there was an
attempt to execute forms of some complexity and difficulty, but the
result is rarely praiseworthy.

CANYON BUTTE.

This group of four ruins lies close to the northern escarpment of
the chief basin of the Petrified Forest, at the source of a wash flowing
southwest and entering the Little Colorado at Woodruff (see map,
Plate 38). The country is high and rolling, sloping west and south
from the rim of the Puerco Valley, which stands about 2 miles north
of the ruins. The ridges are of tinted Triassic marls covered with
wind-drifted sand, and sometimes sandstone ledges bearing a few
stunted junipers crop out.

On May 9, when camp was made on the ruins, the country was well
grassed and numerous desert plants had sprung up after seasonable
rains, but no water was to be had nearer than the well in the wash at
the "Jim Camp," in the Petrified Forest, about 2£ miles away. There
are no springs in this region, the water sinking quickly and flowing
in underground streams.

It is probable that the people inhabiting these pueblos in former
times impounded water in tanks in the marl which underlies this region.
Sagebrush is the only available firewood, the few junipers being inac-
cessible along the rocky mesa sides.

In great contrast with the basins of the Petrified Forest the neigh-
borhood of the ruins shows few evidences of erosion; hence the pueblos
have been little disturbed and appear as low, weed-grown mounds strewn

310 EEPOET OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1901.

with fragments of pottery, house stones, and other debris. The location
of the group was known by two or three cattlemen only who had ridden
over the site, and to this fact is due the preservation of the remains
from the vandals who have ransacked the ancient pueblos of the South-
west for a number of }^ears without let or hindrance. The environment
at present is quite hostile, and there is no evidence that there has been
any great change in the climate for centuries. Clay and stone are
abundant, but the scarcity of food animals and plants, firewood, etc.,
coupled with the lack of water, render it somewhat of a mystery why
the people primarily located in this region. It is probable, however,
that the juniper forest formerly spread more widely over this section
where areas of it now exist, having escaped the great denudation in
progress. It has also been thought that a progressive desiccation is
taking place in the Southwest; no observational data is at hand to sub-
stantiate this theory, and the generalization perhaps arises from the
cycles of dry and wet years that have been noted by settlers in the
country.

All the Canyon Butte Wash ruins face the east, the houses at the
back of the pueblos having been two or more stories in height. The
plan of the ruin varies; one is semicircular, another is ovate, another
is rectangular, with one rounded or stepped corner; the remaining one
is rectangular. The materials are small slabs of Triassic sandstone
laid in mud, and the masonry shows little skill in breaking joints and
tying corners. The exterior walls are 10 inches thick ; the walls between
the rooms 7 inches thick; the floors of stone slabs; the rear wall was
plain and perhaps without openings. The rooms average about 7 b}^
10 feet in floor area, a size rarely departed from in the Pueblo region.

The cemeteries are northeast of the village at a short distance from
the house Avails. The dead were laid to face the same point of com-
pass and covered with slabs of sandstone placed slanting over the bod}'
at a depth of from 2 to 7 feet. Detached house sites, altars, fire boxes,
etc., were observed near the ruins. The debris of house refuse is con-
siderable in amount, and yields bones of the rabbit, dog, turkey, rodents,
and antelope.

In detail, the results of investigations of the ruins are as follows:

Sum No. 1 (Plate 39), the most important of the group, is semi-
circular in outline, two rooms deep, the mound standing high at the
back, indicating a terrace story. In the center of the court, near
the house walls, is a depression about 20 feet in diameter. There are
also traces of constructions in the court, which slopes down to the
opening. To the northeast, in a low elliptic mound of house refuse,
is the cemetery. Near the southeast end of this mound is a flat cir-
cular area having a heap of concretions and stones of odd and sug-
gestive shapes and colors. Some of the stones are worked cylinders
and spheres. Numerous tubular pipes of lava were scattered among

ARCHEOLOGICAL FIELD WORK IN ARIZONA. 311

the stones, and near the altar is a fire box lined with slabs and tilled
with calcined fragments of volcanic rock. Three small house sites are
located to the east of this ruin. Near the southern house a single
burial was discovered, containing four pieces of pottery, some shell
beads, and a few turquois pendants. Near the northern group of
houses and at the south end of the main pueblo are fire boxes of the
usual form.

The distribution of interments in the cemetery brings out the fact that
the area at the end of the mound due northeast of the pueblo contained
the remains of the well-to-do members of the tribe placed deep in the
ground and surrounded with valuable things, while on the outskirts
the poor were buried in shallow earth without slabs and with only a
broken vessel or a fragment beside them, the part standing for the
whole. An interment in the favored spot may be described as typical
of a burial of the better class. After removing the surface soil, clean
earth was encountered intentionally mixed with fragments of charcoal.
This earth was quite dry and solid and, had not charcoal been present,
might have seemed unfavorable. At 6 feet upright stone slabs were
encountered, and these being disengaged and lifted out were found to
cover a rectangular cist, at 7 feet, cut out in the side wall of the excava-
tion, and the marks of a wedge-pointed tool, probably a digging stick,
were preserved in the hard white marl. The cist contained a skeleton
at length, and with it were hundreds of small beads of calcite and
olivella shells, a shell bracelet, a bone awl, fragments of pahos and
matting, and nine pieces of pottery, some of them remarkably fine and
unique as to decoration. (See Plates 48, 49.) Fragments of eagle egg-
shells were also taken from this grave. In another burial a rod of
wood extended the whole length of the grave. The wood was decayed,
but the object was evidently a bow. In the cemetery awls of bone,
spherical hammers of chalcedony, arrow-shaft smoothers, and smooth-
ing stones were encountered. Metates were few in number. The
absence of worked stone axes and the scarcity of arrowheads was
notable. Beads and ornaments of stone and shell, iron and copper
paint were common. Corn, squash seed, fragments of matting, coiled
basketry, and cord, the latter apparently of yucca fiber knotted, were
secured from ruin No. 1. An interesting tablet of sandstone, hav-
ing a rain-cloud design in black drawn across the face, was excavated
from the cemetery. Such tablets are rare. (Plate 42, fig. 2. ) The pipes
or "cloud blowers," twelve in number, from the shrine are fine exam-
ples of stonework. (See Plate 52, figs. 7-9.) An awl made of hard,
dark wood with carved head, from this cemetery, is unlike any other
known to the writer. From a grave near the concretion shrine the
skull of a dog was taken. The pottery, which was abundant in this
ruin, will be considered with the finds from the whole group further
on, as will also the osteological remains.

312 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1901.

Ruin No. #. — Two hundred }rards southwest of No. 1 is a small rec-
tangular ruin (Plate 40) facing a little south of east, the mound higher
on the west. The stone is gray Triassic sandstone, brought from
buttes 2 miles distant, and the masonry is similar to that of No. 1.
The cemetery is on the east side and is small. A few graves exist on
the bank of the wash to the west. The graves are deep, the ground
rocky, and little pottery was placed with the dead. The ware is iden-
tical with that from other ruins of this group. A necklace of graded
pectunculus shells with carved pendants was taken out. Chalcedony
hammers, smoothing stones, a small mortar of red granite, and grind-
ing stones were picked up on the surface. A lire box was located in
the corner of the rectangular court. Seventy-five feet from the ruin
is an altar located on a sand ridge. It consists of two bowlders set
together near a section of fossil wood, Auricaryoxylon arizonicum
Knowlton, brought from the neighboring forest. One bowlder is of
red granite, 16 inches in diameter, and the other a spherule of dark
sandstone, 9 inches in diameter."

Ruin No. 3. — Second in importance and in some ways more inter-
esting than the others of the group is ruin No. 3, located on a rocky
escarpment above a basin several hundred feet deep, excavated in the
red marl. The ruin occupies a prominent position on a level rock plat-
form, and the mound is better defined and stands higher than that of
the other villages. A few junipers grow on the edge of the cliff, and
on the mesa may be seen the Cowania, Lycium, and other plants
familiar around the mesas of Tusayan. The ruin is oval in general
outline, the north end approaches a half circle, the west side is straight,
the south end is rounded, while the west wall runs in a northeasterly
direction (Plate 41). The highest point is about 12 feet at the center
of the mound, and another elevation at the north end of the mound is
7 feet above the base. These elevations mark the location of the high-
est rooms of the pueblo when it was in repair. From the shape of
the ruins it appears that the village was pyramidal, the cross section
at the highest point showing nine rooms. On the northwest a portion
of the walls seems to have fallen en masse and lies buried in the ground
giving the appearance of a pavement. At several points the walls
may be traced. No detached houses or shrines were observed. The
rocks below the edge of the mesa were examined f or pictographs with-
out success. If such existed formerly they were weathered out.

The cemeteiy lies to the northeast of the pueblo, where the soil
composed of house refuse is thick. The burials were under sandstone
slabs, as in the other cemeteries. It must be mentioned that occa-
sional slabs were encountered in these ruins having circular holes
several inches in diameter cut through them. A remarkable discov-
ery was made in the cemetery of this ruin. In the midst of the burials

«See Harper's New Monthly Magazine, March, 1902, p. 899.

ARCHEOLOGICAL FIELD WORK IN ARIZONA. 313

the workmen came upon a mass of broken human bones, which proved
to be the remains of three individuals. Some of the bones bore traces
of fire, and there was no evidence that with them had been interred
any organic material; moreover, marks of the implement with which
the bones had been fractured were discernible. Undoubtedly here
was evidence of cannibalism, but as the find is unique so far in this
region it probably only indicates anthropophagy from necessity.
Ceremonial cannibalism among the North American Indians was not
unknown, however, as references in the early writers bear witness.

Near this ossuary was unearthed the skeleton of a priest, and with
him a remarkable collection of the implements of his profession, con-
sisting of polished translucent conoids and plates of worked chalce-
dony, cylinders of haematite, tablets of lignite, fossils, crystals,
concretions, minerals, paints, bone plates and tubes, awls, a flint
knife, a small paint pestle, the remains of a bow, etc. (Plate 43.)

This find is important, as it shows a class of articles connected with
the cult of the Zuni Indians. a

Ruin No. If is located on a sand ridge between Nos. 1 and 3. It is
rectangular in plan with a cross wall dividing it into two courts, and
in the center of each court there is a depression. The south end of
the ruin is stepped, giving this part a rounded outline. (Plate 44.)
A corner room 10 feet square was cleared out and the walls exposed,
showing masonry of inferior character. The west side of the mound
is high, a feature noted in other ruins of this group. To the north
and southeast are small house plans. Excavation in the cemetery to
the east-northeast of the pueblo brought to light no features of differ-
ence from the other pueblos. A small number of pieces of pottery,
worked stones, beads, etc. , and some skeletons were taken out.

1. Artifacts — Pottery. — Red ware preponderates in the Canj^on Butte
ruins and gray rarely occurs, only seven pieces all told coming out, so
that the group must be classified with those furnishing red ware
exclusively. To this class belong the other ruins on the Petrified
Forest Reserve, the neighboring ruins at Adamana, and the Milky
Hollow, with the exception of Stone Axe and Metate sites.

For convenience of treatment the red ware may be divided into
three kinds, namely, (1) rugose, (2) plain, polished, and (3) decorated.
The rugose ware comprises coiled vessels, on the exterior of which
the coiling has a decorative treatment; h that is, (a) modeled as a
smooth, salient ridge forming a spiral from the base to the rim of the
vessel (Plate 45, fig 2); (b) the coiling worked in such a way as to
divert the attention from the horizontal coiling lines, giving a pleas-
ing rough effect like basketry (Plate 45, fig, 1), and in some cases the

«See F. H. Cushing, Zuni Fetiches, Second Annual Report of the Bureau of
American Ethnology. •

& W. H. Holmes, Ornament in Ceramic Art, Fourth Annual Report of the Bureau
of American Ethnology.

314 REPOBT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1901.

surface so treated has been polished without obliterating- the crests
and troughs of the waves (Plate 45, fig. 3); (c) the coils flattened down
into a narrow ribbon, each coil imbricating its neighbor below, and
(d) fine and regular coiling, with slight indentations on the coil ridge
(Plate 45, fig. 4). The rugose ware is frequently decorated on the
exterior over the rough surface with volutes and interlocking frets in
white pigment. The specimen figured on Plate 46, fig. 3, is the finest
example of its kind, a type hitherto undescribed. The exterior is red
and the interior lustrous black like that of the Santa Clara ware. The
rugose and plain bowls have all polished black interior, with the excep-
tion of one specimen (Plate 46, fig. 1), of which the interior is polished
red bearing geometric decoration in black. Coarse black cooking
pots, so common from ruins in the Pueblo region, are almost wanting
in the Canyon Butte ruins.

2. Plain ware. — - This ware, entirely in the form of bowls, offers
little variety. The interior of the vessels is black and the exterior
red, the surface showing the application of the polishing stone. These
bowls are numerous and are from medium to small size. One small
bowl is decorated on the exterior with three horizontal lines. A
number of like bowls have a small pit in the center of the bottom, and
it is surmised that these holes were to socket the lower end of a spindle.
Such bowls are used in Mexico at present for this purpose/'

3. Decorated. — A striking series of bright red bowls was secured in
these ruins. These bowls are very large, are decorated on the exterior
rim with frets in white (see Plates 46 and 47) and on the interior with
geometric patterns, with which are incorporated conventional symbols.
The stepped rain cloud forms the burden of the designs, involving
rain, hail, birds, stars, etc., and perhaps corn, the two latter occupy-
ing panels surrounded by the geometric designs. One bowl shows an
interesting pattern, in which the artist seems to have broken away from
the traditions and produced a design of exceptional character (Plate
47, fig. 2). Two unique and beautiful bowls from a cist burial in ruin
1 merit especial attention (Plates 48 and 49). The exterior is yellow,
on which an ingenious meander pattern in red is traced; the interior
is of a deep, rich red, having a -repeating fret pattern inclosed with
bands of narrow horizontal lines, cross-hatched at intervals, painted in
black on the surface; the bottom as in the other bowls left plain.
The smaller bowl has the conventional symbol of four birds on the
angles of a square.

A few pieces of red ware with white slipped interior, on which the
design is painted in black occur here (Plate 61, fig. 2). Some have white
rim decoration and in others the rim is plain. These pieces are of the
Gila type described from Stone Axe ruin, and are perhaps imitations
of the Gila ware.

« J. N. Rose, Contributions from the U. S. National Herbarium, V, 1899, p. 251.

ARCHEOLOGICAL FIELD WORK TN ARIZONA. 315

The paste of the liner red ware is of selected rlay firing to a brown-
ish yellow color. This was covered with a thick slip of red; the
natural color of the paste is seen on the exterior of the bowls figured
in Plate 48. The paste of the rugose vessels and plain red bowls is
coarse, firing to dark gra}^ on fractured edges. Most of the bowls are
slipped with red, as not many clays give a good body color. The
paste shows no admixture of pulverized fragments of potteiy as does
that of Zuni, nothing more appearing than small pebbles, etc., which
were impurities in the clay.

4-. Gray ware. — From a cist grave in ruin 1 is a large deep gray bowl
with striking ornamentation on the interior (Plate 50, fig. 2). The
ornamentation and deep form of this bowl are unusual, the hatching
of the design is like Zuni. There is no exterior decoration. The
paste is granular with small quartz pebbles. The vessel has been
slipped with kaolin, and this process has been carried out on the other
vessels for the reason that a better finish and whiter ware may be
secured by clay levigated of coarse particles in water, forming slip
or wash. Another gray bowl of thin ware with paste similar to the
one just described is an excellent example of the highest skill of the
potter (Plate 50, fig. 1). The pattern is a fret formed of small trape-
zoids produced by crossing diagonally accurately drawn lines, giving
the effect of mosaic. On the field in the bottom of the bowl is painted
with great skill a frog. The frog is a symbol of water and its sym-
bolic use is widely diffused in the Pueblo region, carved in shell,
formed in clay, worked in turquoise mosaic or painted on pottery.
The treatment of the frog on this bowl is similar to that on the ware
of the Navajo Springs region, of which an example was collected at
Kintiel, an ancient Zuni ruin 32 miles north of Navaho Springs, in
1896, by Dr. J. Walter Fewkes and the writer.

Mention should be made of a bowl with handle, a large dipper with
rattle handle having a swastika on the interior of the bowl surrounded
with a wedge design and a small oblong vessel with square orifice, at
the four angles of which holes are drilled for the cords, terminating in
feathers, which are tied to certain ceremonial vessels of the Zuni and
Hopi/'

The presence in modern pueblos of articles of pottery, basketry,
etc. , a long distance from their place of origin is often noted and is
due to the primitive commerce that has been carried on from tmie
immemorial among the pueblo tribes. Necessarily from the perish-
able nature of many of the articles of trade, excavations in the ruins do
notoften yield instances of interchange. An interesting example was,
however, secured in the Canyon Butte ruins in shape of a handled
vase of gray ware with white decoration in brown on the body and

« J. Walter Fewkes, Journal of American Archeology and Ethnology, IV, p. 43,
Boston, 1894.

316 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1901.

bird tracks around the neck (Plate 51, fig*. 1). On bringing the vase
to Washington and comparing it with a specimen in the National
Museum from St. Johns (Plate 51, fig. 2), the pieces are found to
be similar in every respect, so that it could be affirmed that the same
potter made them and that subsequently they are separated 60 miles.
A modern vessel from Zuni (Plate 51, fig. 3), shows relationship to
the vases described.

The skeletons in the cemeteries of the Canyon Butte ruins were
found to be in a poor state of preservation, so that only a few crania
and skeletons could be secured. From a cursory examination of the
bones it would seem that the people differed little, if any, from the
brachycephalic, short-statured inhabitants of the Pueblo region. The
material will be studied by an expert and the results presented in a
monograph.

About 2i miles north of the Canyon Butte group, near a high point
on the rim of the Puerco, was found a stone box set in the ground
filled with a cement of puddled earth, mixed with charcoal and ashes,
enveloping the bones of young turkeys. This seems to be a shrine,
and is the only one of the kind known to the writer, and may afford a
clew to the purpose of some of the similar isolated boxes which are of
frequent occurrence in the pueblo region. These, however, may be
eagle shrines near the nesting places of the birds of prey, so impor-
tant in Pueblo cults, which are visited at present by the Hopi, the
clans laying claim to the eagles of the localities where they settled
during their migrations. a A shrine of this character was discovered
at Biddahoochee by the writer in 1901. The offerings w#ere water in
a ceremonial vase, food, and prayer sticks placed under a shelving
rock near a lava-capped butte. The eagles of this locality are claimed
by the Lizard clan. While the turkey is a venerated bird, it does not
have the high rank accorded to the eagle. The obvious arrangement of
the shrine on the Puerco rim may have had to do with a desire or
prayer for the increase of turkeys.

The people of this group had the dog, but judging by the bones
picked from the excavations their game animals were the deer, turkey,
and rabbit.

The ancient pipe of the Pueblos is tubular,* worked of pottery or
stone, the favorite material being vesicular lava. Pipes of lava are
abundant in the triangle between the Puerco and Little Colorado
rivers, just within the boundary of the range of clans of Zuni culture,
and from their abundance this seems to be the type region. Tubular
pottery pipes, and occasionally one of stone, occur sparingly in the

a See the interesting paper by J. Walter Fewkes, entitled Property Right in Eagles
among the Hopi, American Anthropologist (N. 13.), II, Oct. -Dec, 1900, p. 690.

6 See Pipes and Smoking Customs of the American Aborigines, J. D. McGuire,
Annual Report, U. S. National Museum, 1897, p. 378.

ARCHEOLOGICAL FIELD WORK IN ARIZONA. 317

ruins of Tusayan. Larger tubes of stone of similar forms to the
pipes are supposed to have been used for blowing clouds of smoke on
sacred meal and during the ceremonies to the cardinal points. This
must have been attended with some difficulty in practice. The smaller
pipes are undoubtedly designed for smoking. In many of those from
the Petrified Forest region a definite bowl has been worked out (Plate
52, fig. 8); a number show an hour-glass section, caused by boring
from either end, and in some the tube is smoothly bored. Forms of
these pipes are shown in Plate 52, figs. 7, 8, and 9; figs. 1 and 2 are
from Scorse Ranch. An interesting specimen from the Milky Wash
ruin shows the application of a bone stem to a small lava pipe bowl
(Plate 52, fig. 3). The stem fits snugly against a septum of baked
clay inside the bore, and forms the bottom of the bowl, which has
been cut out as in fig. 8. Attention is particularly called to this fea-
ture, as the use of a stem with the ancient stone tubular pipe has not
before been noted.

Another specimen of unique form is from the Metate ruin (Plate
52, fig. 6). The material is of the fine-grained reddish sandstone of
the region. The lower end of the pipe has been worked out as a stem
or for the securing of a wooden stem, as in the pipes of the Hupa
Indians of California.

The Tusayan pottery pipes, from their material, offer much more
latitude in construction and ornament than those of lava, the latter
sometimes showing a pit-shape depression or a row of such pits as
decoration. In general these pipes are fusiform, with bowl worked
out in the end and a central bore opened through the tube with a
slender stick while the clay is green. Frequently these pipes are dec-
orated with dark-brown color. Occasionally the tube is bent slightly.
The specimen (Plate 52, fig. 5) is of pottery, extremely well made,
and polished, the color dark brown. It was found at Awatobi in a
vase with a number of similar specimens, and was presented by Mr.
Julius Wetzler, of Holbrook, Arizona. The squared stem and globu-
lar bowl mark a greater differentiation than is observed in the more
ancient tubular forms. The pipes of clay and stone used by the Hopi
in their ceremonies at present show a variety of forms from the simple
tube to shapes approximating the European pipe. Many of these
pipes are curved or bent to as great an angle as would be consistent
with punching the orifice through from both ends, and often they are
modeled in the shape of animals. No pipes showing this degree of
elaboration are found in the ancient pueblo ruins.

ADAMANA.

Near Adamana Station, on the Santa Fe Railroad, is a large stone
ruin 150 feet square, two rooms deep, surrounding an open court hav-
ing a single gateway to the north. The scanty debris and the almost

318 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1901.

entire absence of pottery fragments indicate a short occupation of this
pueblo. On the rocks under the mesa near by, however, is one of the
most remarkable galleries of petroglyphs that it has been my good for-
tune to see. The designs are mostly of animals, a bird with long bill
occurring frequently. No familiar symbols were noted.

METATE.

Across the wash from the Petrified Bridge is a ruin covering the
apex and extending about halfway down the flanks of a conical hill.
The houses were rectangular and were built of lava blocks. The hill
bristles with oval inclosures and lines formed b}^ setting on edge large
slabs of stone, principally those worked out as metates, and from the
number of these objects the site was given its name. The ruin is badly
washed and blown out,- and it was not thought profitable to work it, but
a careful examination was made, a little excavation prosecuted, and a
number of specimens gathered from the surface debris. The pottery is
of coarse texture and undecorated except by lines scratched in the paste
or by indentation in the coil, the colors gray-brown and black. The
former inhabitants were workers in stone, as is evidenced by the pro-
fusion of such relics in the great accumulations of debris and the numer-
ous metates and stone battering hammers. Several axes, a digging
stone of chert, and the half of a tubular pipe of curious form were
picked up. The metate people were in touch with primitive com-
merce, as fragments of wristlets cut from seashell manifest.

It must be acknowledged that Metate ruin is an archaeological
enigma in the light of present knowledge. It is possible, however,
that a survey of the ruins in the Navaho Springs region, where pottery
with scratched ornamentation occurs, would clear up the matter. On
weathered sandstone rocks near Metate ruin faint petroglyphs may be
traced.

Three small ruins on the bluff above Metate ruin belong, from the
character of the pottery fragments, with the Canyon Butte ruins north
of the forest.

WOODRUFF.

The pyramidal lava-covered mass called Woodruff or Canyon Butte,
the Mesa Prieta of the Mexicans, a prominent landmark over a wide
region in northeastern Arizona, has on its southern terrace a remark-
able series of circular remains. These circular platforms are from 50
to 75 feet in diameter, bordered with lava blocks. The platforms are
level and smooth and have no traces of constructions upon them.
Seventy circles were counted beginning about halfway down the butte
and stretching both as connected and disconnected terraces to the edge
of the bluff above the Lee farm house. Near the northeast end of the

ARCHEOLOGICAL FIELD WORK IN ARIZONA. 319

terrace, judging from debris there, appear to have been habitations,
but no walls could be distinguished. Building stones consisting of
blocks of basalt are abundant. It is likely that the stone for the long
wall built by Mr. Lee to inclose his goat range may have been in part
taken from ruins. Pottery fragments are very scarce and those found
are of the coarsest description of red and yellow brown, the latter
with paste containing small pebbles resembling that of cooking ves-
sels from Tanner Springs, on Le Roux Wash (see Map, Plate 1). A
few hammers of fossil wood were seen. It is said that the numerous
visitors to the butte are responsible for the paucity of surface relics,
which is no doubt true. The conclusions as to the pottery, however,
were drawn from an undisturbed section at the foot of the butte in
the house javd of Mr. Lee where several skeletons had been found.

On the summit of Canyon Butte are" remains of stone houses, the
point affording an extended and agreeable view, especially over the
alfalfa fields of Woodruff. The small birds carved from dark-blue
steatite, figured by Dr. Walter Fewkes/' were found on Woodruff
Butte.

Speaking in the light of a superficial examination of these ruins, it
seems that they are to be classed with the garden plots so common
around ruins in the Southwest, and of which the gardens at Zuni and
Walpi are familiar modern examples. It must be said, however, that
the labor expended in grading and terracing on Woodruff Butte has
been enormous for what at present seems a futile effort.6

MILKY HOLLOW.

To the east of the Petrified Forest, about 9 miles, is a ruin located
on the edge of Milky Hollow and extending in a narrow strip along
the edge about three-quarters of a mile (Plate 53). The village is
being swept down into the Bad Lands and much of it has disappeared,
including the cemeteries. The houses were small and rudely built,
stone being very scarce. Pottery fragments are scanty, the ware
coarse and undecorated, red, gray, and black in color. Stone imple-
ments, however, exhibiting excellent workmanship, are abundant,
such as metates, small, neatly-finished mortars of granite, limestone,
and quartzite; stone cups, scrapers, drills, stone balls, and a hoe of
petrified wood among the rest. Some shell ornaments were found and
two small lava pipes with bone stems or mouthpieces (Plate 52, fig. 3).
These pipes and mouthpieces were found in place on the west side of
the ruin, the stems with the bowls, but not fitted in them. On adjust-
ing the stem it was found to fit accurately against a ridge of burnt

"Report, Smithsonian Institution, 1897, p. 605, pi. in.

6 There is a tradition that when the Mormon colonistc of Woodruff were putting
in their first dam the remains of a former dam in the Little Colorado fame to light.

320 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1901.

clay around the interior of the bowl. The pipe thus resembles in form
the tubular pipes of the Hupa Indians of California. a

Strangely enough, the ancients of Milky Hollow possessed stoves,
a number of which were seen near the house groups. They consist of
two slabs of stone set up parallel in the ground about 8 inches apart,
and across one end at right angles was a movable slab having a round
hole 3 to 4 inches in diameter cut through it. No cover stone was
seen in place, but such slab usually lay close by. The slabs were red-
dened and smoked by the action of the fire. It is evident that the
perforated slab was an arrangement for regulating the draft, an
essential matter in open-air fires in this windy region, where on many
days the camper has to dig a pit for his fire and throw up a mound of
earth to the leeward in order to reduce the difficulties of cooking.
The position of the stoves nea"r the houses and their number indicate
that they were for domestic purposes, either for cooking wafer bread,
in the manner of the Hopi and Zuni, or as a primitive andiron on
which the pots could be conveniently set. Mrs. M. C. Stevenson
informs me that the Zuni have a similar device, which may be termed
a fire altar.

It does not seem possible to classify the people of Milky Wash ruin
from the data at hand. It may be affirmed, however, that they were
a people of low state of culture, not related to the tribes occupying
the known pueblos of this region, unless it be the Metate ruin.

STONE AXE.

This ruin, so named from the number of actinolite axes found on
the surface by cowboys, lies 4i miles east of the Central Petrified
Forest, on the north slope, near the divide between the Puerco and
Little Colorado rivers, 30 miles east of Holbrook (see Map, Plate 38).
The road from Adamana to Cart's Tank and the Long H Ranch
passes near the ruin, and the Black Knoll, a landscape feature of
the region, stands a few miles from it to the north. The Milky
Hollow ruin lies 4£ miles to the east, and the Metate ruin, oppo-
site the Petrified Bridge, an equal distance to the west. The country
is high, rolling prairie, draining into washes leading to the Puerco.
The elevations are sand ridges or low hills showing outcrop of Triassic
fossils. There are no springs, permanent water being found only
below the bed of the wash, near the Petrified Bridge. After a rain
storm, water stands for a time in natural mud-lined reservoirs in the
draws. The region of the Stone Axe is treeless, and there is little
animal life. As there is no building stone, the ruin presents only
mounds of ill-defined outline on the point of a ridge between two small
washes. A survey of the ground shows four rectangular mounds facing

0 0, T. Mason, The Ray Collection, Report, Smithsonian Institution, 1886, pi. xvi.

ARCHEOLOGICAL FIELD WORK IN ARIZONA. 321

north, grouped around throe sides of a plaza (Plate 54). Some dis-
tance to the south on the sand ridge are evidences of detached houses.
About 2£- miles to the southwest, on the neighboring ridge, are three
small village sites where artifacts are different from those in Stone
Axe ruin. The winds have full sweep and power. The loose char-
acter of the soil renders it easily displaced by the infrequent and
often torrential rains, and by these agencies many of the ancient
pueblos of this locality have been almost swept away. In some cases
the obliteration has been thorough. Near Stone Axe large tanks with
hardpan bottoms, seemingly excavated by human agency, were found
to be a result of wind action. It appears that wind erosion is equal
to the erosion by water in this region. Much of tt>e surface of the
former mound of Stone Axe has been swept away, but enough remains
to render it probable that the houses were formed by sinking a square
hole in the ground to the depth of 3 to 4 feet and throwing the earth
up around it to make low walls. The roof covering was probably a
thatch of brush and grass. The roof in this region was required more
for protection from the sun's rays than from the storm. The detached
houses to the south of the pueblo show no ground plans. Their loca-
tion was indicated by the presence of large coiled jars, ornamented
vases, and pottery fragments exposed by the wind. These large jars
had evidently been buried in the ground for storage of water as
Castaneda relates of the Hopi.a

Great quantities of potshards are scattered over the ruin and a
number of stone hammers, metates, and hand stones lay about. Bits
of copper paint stone, obsidian, flint, shell, and an occasional arrow
point rewarded the search. The pottery fragments on the surface
show ware of better quality and decoration, on the whole, than that
excavated in the cemeteries, but not different in character.

The cemeteries, three in number, are on the glacis directly in front
of the main division of the ruin (see plan, Plate 54). A few sporadic
burials exist on the east side. The burials were at length, with heads
usually to the west, at a depth from 2 to 5 feet, in soil mainly of
house refuse, and the skeletons were in rather good condition. From
150 to 200 burials, it is estimated, were made, around this pueblo.

It was customary here to place food bowls, vases, cups, and other
articles of potteiy in the grave near the head. Many of the graves
contained no mortuary objects whatever, which is unusual. Shell
beads, ornaments of shell, awls, and tubes of bone, arrow-smoothing
stones, scrapers and knives of obsidian and chert, red, green, yellow,
and black paint were commonly found, also fragments of mats, coiled
basketry, and pahos. Clinging to one skull was a fragment of a
mosaic earring, formed of oblong, rectangular plates of turquoise set

a Fourteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology, p. 490.
NAT MUS 1901 21

322 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1901.

on a tablet of wood; beyond this, very little turquoise came to light.
The collection secured here was small, though vTaried. Of stone, there
are axes of actinolite (Plate 55, fig. 8), a material prized by the ancient
Hopi and Zuni; spherical battering hammers of fossil wood; rubbing
stones like those from California (Plate 55, fig. 10); arrow smoothers
of lava (Plate 55, fig. 9) and limestone (Plate 55, fig. 7); cylinders,
disks, and spheres of sandstone (Plate 55, figs. 4, 5, and 6), probably
used in games; drills, arrowheads, and knives of chalcedon}^ and obsid-
ian (Plate 55, figs. 1, 2, and 3); and tubular pipes of lava. Of shell
there are gorgets of different shape cut from large shells or formed
by merely polishing and perforating a sea shell (Plate 56, figs. 1, 2, 3,
5, and 6); a few olivella beads and small beads of cylindrical form.
Of bone, there are awls, knives, tubes, and notably a whistle and a
notched scapula, the former of eagle wing bone (Plate 56, fig. 2) with
a hole cut through the wall near the middle where a small lump of
pitch was inserted into the canal to produce a sound as in the whistles
of the Kiowas and other plains' tribes, and found also among the
present Hopi. The notched scapula (Plate 56, fig. 11) is from the
deer. The instrument is still in use for ceremonial music among vari-
ous existing pueblos and tribes of northern Mexico, and is played by
laying it across a gourd or jar and scraping the notches with a stick. a

Some obsidian was found at Stone Axe, but no arrowheads or
implements of this material were seen. Vesicular lava was worked
into spheres, cylinders, and pipes. Fossil wood and limestone were
employed for hammers, scrapers, axes, arrowheads, etc. In this con-
nection should be noticed a fragment of a limestone axe having scores
on the side, wThich brings to mind similar specimens from Biddahoo-
chee and Chevlon. Metates and hand stones were numerous and well
worked out, the material being red and gray freestone.

Green, red, yellow, and dark brown paint stones, the latter of spec-
ular iron ore used by the Hopi in ceremonies, were collected.

Remains of textiles were seen. Fragments of pahos were observed
during the excavations, but they were not numerous.

The pottery of this ruin proves very interesting and gives the most
important indication that the former inhabitants of Stone Axe were
related to the Hopi. This fact is an important contribution to our
knowledge of the migration of this people, as it was not anticipated
that traces of them would be found in this region. This ruin is about
70 miles east of Homolobi, a group of Hopi ruins near Winslow,
explored by Dr. Fewkes and the writer in 1896, and 50 miles southeast
of the new group of Hopi ruins near Biddahoochee, which were dis-
covered by the writer during the autumn of 1901. (See p. 326.)

The pottery presents greater variety than that of the ancient pueblos
in the vicinity of the Hopi towns of Tusayan, which are characterized

o Third Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology, p. 394.

AKCHE0L0G1CAL FIELD WORK IN ARIZONA. 323

by yellow ware of unmixed paste. About half of the ware is of the
type mentioned, varying in shades from cream to orange, the decora-
tion in geometric and geometric-symbolical or symbolism verging on
geometricism, the color brown, the forms bowTls, vases, and dippers,
the bowls having exterior rim decorations. (Plates 58 and 62.)

Among the minor articles of pottery collected are spiral relief orna-
ments which had been used in decoration (Plate 56, figs. 7 and 9); disks
ground from pottery, often perforated as in spindle whorls (Plate 56,
fig. 8); a rectangular fragment, on the edge of which teeth like a comb
have been cut (Plate 56, fig. 11); a fragment of a globular rattle, per-
forated, of yellow ware; a dipper handle with rude attempt to repre-
sent an animal; scrapers; oblong tablets ground from polychrome ware
in shape like the stone ornaments, etc. From the small ruins 2£ miles
to the west are disks, canteen lugs, etc. It was observed here that
cup-shaped depressions were made in large vessels to aid the grasp.
This feature is found in many ruins along the White Mountains, almost
always associated with gray ware.

The collection shows a number of bowls of red ware of mixed paste,
slipped on the interior with white, upon which are painted subgeo-
metric designs in black; very few of these specimens have rim decora-
tions. With this class are several polychrome vases, one quite large
(Plate 57), the body of mixed paste burning light red. On this ground
white is applied, outlining the portions of the design that are intended
to be red. On the white areas portions of the design are painted
black. In some instances the red areas are intensified with a wash of
deeper red. The ware just described is of Gila type. Similar bowls
have been found in the rains north of the Petrified Forest, at Four-
mile, Chaves Pass, Chevlon, and Homolobi,a being prevalent in the
ruins along the White and Mogollon plateaux, where the Gila influ-
ence is strong, and occurring sporadically along the Little Colorado
and Puerco and to the north of these streams, except at Stone Axe,
where the proportion is about that of Four Mile. The presence at
Stone Axe of light red ware, characteristically decorated with narrow
white lines breaking the field into irregular wedges, must be noted;
also thin bowls of gray paste slipped all over with white and having
sparse decoration in dark green or brown enamel. These t}^pes appear
at Chevlon, Homolobi, and Biddahoochee, and W. H. Holmes informs
me that the white ware occurs at Jemez, on the Rio Grande. The
ware also has a vivid polychrome decoration of green, red, and white
at Stone Axe; only fragments, however, were secured. (For remarks
on distribution of pottery, see p. 354.)

The accompanying plates give a good idea of the color, form, and
symbolism of the pottery from this important ruin. It will be seen
that there is the same remarkable variety here that also characterizes

« J. W. Fewkes, Report, Smithsonian Institution, 1896.

324 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1901.

the Homolobi, Biddahoochee, and many of the groups south of the
Little Colorado, in contrast with the uniformity of the Northern groups,
where gra}^ ware abounds. This feature goes to show that the clans
coming from the South passed through regions inhabited by tribes of
different culture or arts and in the course of the migration incorporated
some of these arts with their own. This is readily accomplished by
clan marriage, since most of the arts, notably pottery and basketry,
are in the possession of the women and are therefore readily trans-
ferred from clan to clan, provided that conservatism does not fix and
require artifacts of a particular class within the clan into which the
woman may be received. Of course in an orderly procedure the
woman does not go to live with her husband's clan, but the opposite;
still at present it is known that there are exceptions to this rule. On
the whole, the accessions by which arts are carried from one clan to
another would be by families. Thus the pottery of Gila type, which
is equal in amount here with that of the yellow or Tusayan type, might
represent the artifacts of an element from the Upper Gila and the
yellow that of the Asa clan, which migrated from the Rio Grande to
Tusayan by way of Zuni. While this is conjectural, the symbolism
on the yellow ware resembles that of the Jettyto Valley ruins, and the
yellow ware alone bears symbolism of this character.

Typical specimens of this class of pottery are shown in Plates 58
and 59, while brownish yellow, also of this class, is shown on Plate 60.
The color of the decoration is dark brown, and only in the case of the
bowl with symbolism (Plate 60, fig. 2) is red used in connection with
the brown.

Several vases of an ancient Hopi form were collected. The specimen
figured (Plate 58, fig. 2) has a decoration in red-brown around the body .
A bowl of fine yellow (Plate 58, fig. 1) is rudely decorated, having
irregular patches of pigment applied with no system on the interior;
it has an exterior rim decoration of unknown meaning. The bowl
(Plate 59, fig. 1) bears a geometric decoration involving a number of
bird forms; in the center is the familiar symbol of two birds with
interlocking beaks adapted to a square figure. Another bowl of fine
texture (Plate 59, fig. 2) bears on the interior a symbolic design sur-
rounded with the " life line." The bowl (Plate 60, fig. 1) is decorated
with a conventional bird, and the second figure on this plate bears a
symbolic design representing a supernatural being in the style of the
Katchina figures of the Hopi.

The ware with wash of white and decoration in enamel (Plate 61, fig.
1) bears a decoration on the interior of three interlocking hook forms
which seemingly represent tails of snakes. A set of two zigzag lines
extend around the exterior rim of the bowl; the space between these
lines is often filled in with red. The second figure on this plate is a
good example of the Gila type with geometric decoration. On the

ARCHEOLOGICAL FIELD WORK IN ARIZONA. 325

edge of the rim are rows of small white marks, usually eight in each
group; there is no decoration on the exterior. The specimen was* up-
turned when placed in the grave, hence it is well preserved. Moreover,
it was perfectly new and unused when buried.

A bowl (Plate 02, tig". 1) of yellow-brown ware shows a fine arrange-
ment of a complicated geometric design in which there are numerous
bird forms. These may be traced in the square in the center and in
wedge-shaped sections above and below. The rim decoration is a simple
step design in an oblong frame.

The second figure (Plate 62, fig. 2) is a perfect specimen of a rare
decoration. The ware is light red, and the design on the exterior and
interior is in narrow white lines. The ' home of this style of ware is
not known to the writer, but examples resembling it were found at
Biddahoochee.

A small vase of good red ware (Plate 64, fig. 1) with handle, in the
form of an animal looking into the vessel, a common conceit among
the ancient pueblo potters, has a geometric decoration in hatched and
solid areas in dark brown color. With this specimen was a bowl of
fine yellow ware. (See Plate 58, fig. 1.) These specimens are not
related. The vase should belong to the St. John-Zuni region, while
the yellow piece belongs to the special area. in Tusa}Tan.

SMALL SITES NEAR STONE AXE.

Another vase of gray ware with conventional animal handle (Plate
64, fig. 2) was found together with an elegant canteen, now in the Gates
collection, in a small ruin some miles to the west of Stone Axe. This
vase is covered with a well-executed geometric decoration, the motive
being terrace figures in the dual hatched and solid color. A red bowl
from the same group (Plate 63, fig. 1) shows the same treatment. The
specimen is quite similar to bowls found at Forestdale, Showlow, Scorse
Ranch, and Canyon Butte. It has no exterior decoration in common
with those mentioned; a bowl from the small ruins near Stone Axe,
without interior decoration, has horizontal bands of white on the exte-
rior. (Plate 63, fig. 2.) The white exterior decoration is also common
to the ruins mentioned above.

It will be seen that Stone Axe ruin presents a number of features of
great interest to the student and some problems which may be solved
when we come to know more of the ruined pueblos of the Southwest,
multitudes of which await the explorer.

The group of small ruins 3 miles southwest of Stone Axe furnished
hard gray ware, with black geometric decoration, soft red ware, and
coiled ware with patterns formed by punching the coil ridges. These
data affiliate the ruins with the numerous small pueblos scattered along
the northern side of the White Mountains, apparently belonging to

326 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1901.

the Upper Salt River or Zuni type. The forms in gray ware, with
geometric decoration in black, are canteens with pierced Jugs, handled
vases with tubular necks, large flaring bowls, and a small trilobed cup.
The red ware was found only in form of bowls of incurved or slightly
curved wall form, the decoration in black sometimes outlined with
white. Numerous pottery and stone disks were found on the surface,
and some shell ornaments, a spindle whorl, arrow smoother, etc., were
picked up. Fragments of large coiled vessels with ornamentation
formed by indenting the coil ridges were common here. None of these
ruins showed above ten rooms.

Abundant somatological material was secured from Stone Axe,
consisting of crania, skeletons, and parts of skeletons, numbering 30
entries. The skulls are brachycephalic and show in adults occipital
flattening. The skulls of children do not present this feature. It is
expected that this material will be described by a competent specialist
when comparison ma}r be had with the material collected b}' Dr. Fewkes
and myself in 1896 and 1897 and reported on by Dr. Hrdlicka. Bones
of animals brought up during excavation were carefully collected, no
mammals larger than deer and antelope being noted. A portion of
the skull of a dog was found.

As mentioned, the affiliations by arts of the Stone Axe people seem
to be with the clans migrating from the south to Tusayan, which form
an important element in the Hopi complex. The stations to the south
in this case have not been located as yet. The next stopping place to
the north, I believe, was Biddahoochee, and the route followed was by
Carrizo Creek, which enters the Puerco a few miles west of Adamana,
up this wash into the Le Eoux Valley, and across into the valley of
the Cottonwood, 8 miles southeast of Biddahoochee. (See map,
Plate 1.)

The large stone ruin at Adamana, 9 miles northwest of Stone Axe,
does not seem to have been occupied by this clan (see p. 317); neither
does the small ruin a short distance north of the Puerco, near Ada-
mana. The distance to the Biddahoochee group is about 25 to 30
miles by the route indicated, not too great for a single move, longer
migrations having been noted in the pueblo region.

HOPI BUTTES AND MESAS.

BIDDAHOOCHEE — CHAKPAHU — KOKOPNYAMA — KAWAIOKUH — PERIODS OF TUSAYAN
WARE — AGE OF .TETTYTO VALLEY RUINS.

BIDDAHOOCHEE.

For a number of years potter}^ has been coming into Hoi brook from
the north, and for the best of reasons the persons collecting pottery
for gain were indefinite as to locations until the spoils had been gath-
ered. The specimens brought in were usually mixed as to quality and

ARCHEOLOGICAL FIELD WORK IN ARIZONA. 327

color of wares, due to careless methods of collection. The presence
of line yellow pottery of Hopi type in these mixed lots of gray, red,
etc., led the writer to attempt to disentangle the problem in May,
1901, but sand storms prevented more than a glance at a few ruins on
Le Roux Wash. In September, after the close of work with the
Museum-Gates expedition, the thread was taken up again. The serv-
ices of Juan Baca, the most assiduous ''pottery digger" of this region
of the Southwest, were secured, and an extensive reconnoissance was
carried out, resulting in the mapping of the ruins to <±0 miles north of
Holbrook. (Plates 30 and 65.) Plans of the more important ruins
were made (Plate 66), photographs taken, some pottery and pottery
fragments and a few crania collected.

The Cottonwood Wash ruins are scattered about in an area of per-
haps 30 square miles, mostly along the north side of the stream east and
west of the crossing of the Holbrook-Keams Canyon road, at 7 miles
south of Biddahoochee. (See sketch map, Plate 65.) From this
crossing the Cottonwood runs southwest, entering the Little Colorado
near Winslow. The upper portion of the stream is indefinite on the
maps, and it is only possible to say that the wash parallels Le Roux
Wash and has important branches from the north among the Mold
Buttes on the 6,000-foot contour.

The first ruin examined lies on the level plain, 4 or 5 miles north-
east of the buttes between which the Holbrook road passes. The
location is at the head of a small, narrow canyon running north to the
Cottonwood. The ruin is fairly large and is divided into two sections
by the canyon; the part to the west is rectangular, and the eastern
section is roughly circular. A seep spring, now dry, exists in the
canyon below the ruins. The labors of coyotes and other animals
digging for water were evident here. The numerous potshards are
mostly of fine yellow ware; some fragments of thin red, with enamel
decoration, and of white, with green enamel decoration, were seen.

Following down the canyon to the Cottonwood Wash and going west
to the Navaho hogans, near where the Holbrook road crosses, a large
ruin on the bluff was examined and sketched (Plate 66). The ruin
consists of a quadrangle on the level at the top of the bluff and a pro-
longation conforming to a promontory bounded on the west by a
deep ravine. From the number of human bones scattered about it is
evident that the cemeteries had contained many burials. The pottery
fragments are abundant and of fine quality like those of the ruins just
described. On the same bluff, not far away, is a small ruin belonging
to this group.

The Navahos in the valley have impounded the waters of the wash
by means of a dam, thus securing enough water to last for several
years. Several of the Indians told me that there is an ancient ruin on
the summit of the largfe butte across the vallev. Lack of time

328 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1901.

rendered it impossible to verify this story. There is every reason to
believe that a ruin crowns a low, block-shaped butte (Plate 67, fig. 1)
some miles to the west of the ruins just described. At the base of
this butte, near a Navaho corral, the cemetery has been excavated (Plate
67, fig. 2). The ware is yellow, red, and gray and not of the finer
class.

Some few miles down the wash, on the southeast front of a large
butte, are two ruins with a spring in a gulch between them. They also
show ancient Hopi ware and were rifled several years ago.

The remaining member of this group is a small site containing six
rooms, lying one-half mile south of the first butte on the Holbrook and
Keams Canyon road.

As a result of the researches in this locality the writer was able to
identify the specimens in the Scorse collection at Holbrook, procured
by Juan Baca. In view of the interest attaching to the group of
ancient Hopi pueblos examined for the first time, the purchase of these
excellent museum specimens was recommended, and they were acquired
by the Bureau of American Ethnology.

While the typical yellow ware characteristic of Tusayan makes up
the bulk of the collection, there are several other kinds of ware that
give the ruins additional interest as probably denoting the union
of clans of differing culture. The yellow ware of Biddahoochee
resembles that of Homolobi, collected by Dr. J. Walter Fewkes and
the writer." It has fine, homogeneous paste, varying in shade from
cream color to orange. One specimen (see Plate 72, fig. 2) is of bright
lemon color. It is necessary to class the earth color and salmon color
ware with the yellow. The decoration is in dark brown, red brown,
and light brown. The designs are geometric, of great variety and bold-
ness, as though not far removed from the original naturalistic concepts.
Symbolism like that of the pottery found near Walpi is rare. Brief
symbols are the arrow, feather, lightning, birds, corn, and the butterfly,
a number of which will be noted in the plates of illustrations.

The forms of yellow ware are bowls, cups, vases, and dippers, the
latter often with animal handles.

Four typical yellow bowls are shown on Plates 68 and 69. Plate 68,
fig. 1, is of fine, clear, yellow paste, and the design incorporates several
bird forms. The second figure is also of fine yellow paste; the design
in red brown, apparently incorporates snakes or lightning.

Another bowl (Plate 69, fig. 1) of ocher yellow has a geometric
design in hachure and solid color, which is unusual in this locality.
The remaining bowl (Plate 69, fig. 2), which is also of ocher yellow,
has a geometric design in two sections. In the open area between the
sections are two ftying arrows.

a 'In a forthcoming Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology.

ARCHEOLOGICAL FIELD WORK IN ARIZONA. 329

A small dipper with animal handle (Plate 70, fig. 1) has a design on
the interior representing corn. Another dipper with animal handle
is shown (Plate 70, fig. 2). A cup of fine yellow ware (Plate 70, fig. 3)
has an unskillfully drawn decoration on the body. The design seems
to be the four- bird symbol arranged in a band. The small bowl with
handle (Plate 70, fig. 4) is a fine specimen, exhibiting a geometric
design margined with white. It has also marks in sets of three on
the rim, a feature often seen on vessels from the southern side of the
basin of the Little Colorado and in ruins in other localities yielding
gray or red ware.

Five interesting vases are shown on Plates 71, 72, and 73. Plate 69,
fig. 1, is decorated with conventional birds, and the second figure
bears the four-bird symbol. Vase (Plate 72, fig. 1), has a decoration of
unknown meaning; the design is margined with white. The remain-
ing vase (Plate 72, fig. 2) is a beautiful specimen of lemon-yellow
color, with elegant geometric decoration. In shape this vase is like
the best specimens from Sikyatki and Jettyto Valley. The vases from
these ruins are generally of inferior shape to those from the Hopi ruins
to the north. A large vase (Plate 73), of rich orange color, from the
Cottonwood ruins, bears a geometric design in which hachure is
employed.

Three unique bowls of red ware belong to this collection. The paste
is dark on fractured edges, but where it is exposed to the fire it burns
to a pure brick color. The largest bowl (Plate 74) is decorated on the
interior, consisting of three segments outlining a trefoil area in the
bottom of the bowl. The exterior walls of the bowl are decorated
with frets of narrow white lines, as on the specimen from Stone Axe.
(See Plate 62, fig. 2.) The interior decoration is in dark green enamel.
Another bowl (Plate 75, fig. 2) has the interior covered with white
kaolin slip, and on this ground were painted interlocking frets in
bright green enamel. The exterior is red, with a maze fret design
in narrow white lines. In one section the space between the lines is
filled with green enamel. The bowl is a brilliant specimen of poly-
chrome ware. The third bowl (Plate 75, fig. 1) is one of the most
artistic specimens of ancient American ceramics known to the writer.
It shows remarkable taste in its design and execution. The bowl is
bright red in color; the special feature of its decoration is a zone
of white around the walls of the interior. On this band is painted a
key design of serrated hooked figures (birds) in green enamel. The
center of the bottom is a field of red. The exterior of the bowl also
has lozenge designs in narrow lines of white. The field of the lozenge
is crossed by vertical lines, in turn crossed by short bars.

White ware. — Another remarkable group oiware was found in the
Cottonwood ruins. This consists of two bowls and two vases of fine

330 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1901.

white paste, well finished and of good form. (Plates 76 and 77.) The
decoration is in enamel leaf green and dark green in color, except in
the small vase, which is decorated in red. The enamel is like that
on the polychrome ware. The white ware resembles that from Stone
Axe in the Petrified Forest Reserve, described on page 323, which
also shows a similar enamel paint. The green color is due to the
presence of iron, and it is evident that the pigment was applied in a
pasty condition from the uneven lines. The enamel, on fusing, also
spread and ran into lumps. In some cases the enamel has affected the
ground, producing a delicate pink margin around the design. I am
not aware of the process employed in producing this enamel. It has
been suggested that the ordinary iron pigment may have been mixed
with piny on gum.

The inner wall of bowl No. 212,329 (Plate 76, fig. 1) is decorated
with a zone of diagonal frets and parallel lines, inclosed in bands of
horizontal lines, divided at intervals by square areas with a dot in the
center. The exterior has two double rain -cloud designs and another
figure of unknown meaning. The second bowl (Plate 76, fig. 2) has a
zone of frets on the interior and on the exterior four "equidistant
groups of stepped lines in pairs. The texture of this bowl is fine.
The unique vase (Plate 77, fig. 2) is also of fine texture. The design
consists of three figures, representing four birds on the corners of a
quadrangle, inclosing two diamond-shape figures. Around the neck
are alternate pairs of vertical and horizontal short lines. The vase
has had a short handle, probably an animal head, projecting from the
neck. The color of the decoration is a clear, leaf-green enamel, with
glazed surface. The remaining vase (Plate 77, fig. 1) has a simple
design around the body and a band below the neck in soft red color.

Gray ware. — Some of the specimens of gray ware resemble those of
Scorse Ranch. In general, it may be said that the gray ware found
in the ancient Hopi ruins is of finer quality and more accurate finish
than that of the San Juan. The design and forms also render most of
the ancient Hopi gray ware unmistakable.

The casual observer will note that the food bowls, for instance, are
rarely so distorted as those found on sites furnishing the gray and
the red pottery alone. A dipper bowl (Plate 78, fig. 1) bears an effect-
ive design in lustrous black. The vase (Plate 78, fig. 2) is remark-
able both for its elegant form and the handle on which is represented
a snake with head bent down toward the interior of the vase. This
specimen has been overfired, darkening the ground and design, and
rendering the paste hard as stoneware. It will be noted that the
design is in hachure and solid black. (See page 354.)

A number of small fgrms of gray ware shown are excellent examples
of this type of pottery. The bird-form vase (Plate 79, fig. 6) combines

ARCHEOLOGIOAL FIELD WORK IN ARIZONA. 331

a conventional representation of the bird topography, with a realistic
treatment in the modeling of the tail. The small cup, shaped like a
teacup (Plate 79, fig. 3), is of thin ware, and the decoration blends
with the background in a pleasing manner. Another cup (Plate 79,
fig. 5) is of a form found over a wide range of territory in northern
New Mexico and Arizona. Two almost identical specimens are found
by Dr. Fewkes and the writer at Homolobi. The ware is fine, and
the decoration blends softly into the ground. One of the finest pieces
is the four-lobed vase (Plate 79, fig. 4), with a pleasing design in deep
polished black. A small vase (Plate 79, fig. 2) is also an artistic spec-
imen, and the dipper (Plate 79, fig. 1) is of the customary form.

Some of the finest examples of coiled ware also come from the Bid-
dahoochee region. Plate 80, fig. 3, shows a vase of good workman-
ship and a small vase of diversified pattern (Plate 80, figs. 1 and 2).
This is the best piece of the kind that has come to my notice. The
design is produced by alternate plain and pinched coils beginning at
the center of the bottom and extending to the lip, and shows what
may be done in the artistic treatment of the coiling.

A number of stone implements are in this collection. These consist
of grooved stone hammers, the material, quartzite (Plate 81, fig. 1),
ground axes of basalt (Plate 81, figs. 1 and 2), and chert knives, drills,
and arrowheads.

Ax No. 212,407 (Plate 81, fig. 1) resembles the double-bitted axes
from the Jettyto Valley ruins. Ax No. 212,113 (Plate 81, fig. 4) is of
fine white crystalline limestone or marble. The specimen is carefully
finished and polished. Four scores are cut on the surface near the
groove and seven small pits are sunken on the ridge bounding the
planes of the cutting end. There is every evidence that the unique
specimen was ceremonial in character. The reader is referred to a
double-bitted ax of white stone found by Dr. Fewkes and the writer
at Chevlon, which also has four scores on the side.rt A bird carved
from white stone is also a fine example of stone carving.
• Shell objects were quite scarce in the Cottonwood ruins, only a
fragment of a pectunculus shell armlet being encountered. Objects
of stone and pottery, apparently spindle whorls, are in the collection.
A stone disk has pits on either side, showing that boring was in
process.

it is gratifying to be able to contribute one of the links in the chain
of Hopi migrations from the Red land of the south and to add to one
of the best pieces of archaeological work ever done in the Southwest.
Reference is here made to the explorations of Dr. J. Walter Fewkes
in the years 1896 and 1897, when he excavated the sites of the ancient
Raincloud and Lizard clans at Chaves Pass, in the Mogollon Moun-

« Report, Smithsonian Institution, 1896, p. 537, pi. xlvii.

332 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1901.

tains, at Homolobi, On the Little Colorado River, near Winslow, Ari-
zono, 2 degrees south of the present villages of the Hopi. It was the
good fortune of the writer to be present during these epoch-marking
investigations.

In an important paper ° by Dr. Fewkes a new clew to the migra-
tions of the Hopi clans, based on the ownership of eagle's nests situ-
ated near the ancient seats of the clans, has been presented. The
researches of Dr. Fewkes show that the Lizard clan, who migrated
with the Raincloud clan, claim the eagle nests at Biddahoochee. It
has been conclusively shown that the Raincloud clan settled for a
time at Homolobi and that the Lizard clan located near them. From
the character of the artifacts, especially from the polychrome ware with
green decoration like that on Plate 75, the large ruin at the mouth of
Chevlon Creek, 12 miles east from the Homolobi group, was the pueblo
of the Lizard clan, which, with the Raincloud clan, followed the nat-
ural line of migration northeast along Cottonwood wash to Bidda-
hoochee. Migration follows the water in this semiarid region and the
great Cottonwood wash, which with greater precipitation would be
a large river, offered abundant facilities for halting and putting in a
crop of corn. Perhaps further investigations along the Cottonwood
between Winslow and Biddahoochee will reveal halting places of the
clans. To the Biddahoochee focus it is also believed that the clan
from Stone Axe, east of the Petrified Forest, was drawn, and the proof
also rests in the main on the ware mentioned. (Compare Plate 61
with Plate 76.)

East and west along the Moki buttes are sites yielding gray ware,
which was probably the kind of pottery made by the northern clans
entering into the Hopi complex, the art having been submerged and
lost under that brought from the south and east.

The upper portion of the Jettyto Valley lies a few miles southeast
of the first Hopi mesa. Its trend is southwest, paralleling Keams Can-
yon, and its waters find their way into the Little Colorado near the
Cascade.

The valley is quite deep and wide, as travelers from Holbrook to
Keams Canyon will testify from experiences in crossing it and climb-
ing the Keam mesa. The north side of the valley here is walled by
a high, abrupt sandstone mesa; the south side presents gentler con-
tours, except to the east, where the head branches run in canvons.
Navahos off the reservation have undisputed possession of the valley
and their hogans and corn fields are frequent along the wash. A num-
ber of very large ruins are situated on promontories of the Keam
mesa overlooking the valley. They begin at the Awatobi mesa, south-
east of Walpi, and extend to " Mormon John's" spring, 2£ miles east

"Property Right in Eagles among the Hopi, American Anthropologist (N. S. ), II,
Oct. -Dec, 1900. Also Nineteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, Pt. 2.

ARCHEOLOGICAL FIELD WORK IN ARIZONA. 333

of Keams Canyon School (Plate 82). Beginning on the west, the
Hopi name the ruins Awatobi (Great and Little), Kawaiokuh, Chak-
pahu, Nesheptanga, and Kokopnyama, and on the south side of the
valley, opposite the latter, Lululongturqui. Several smaller ruins are
interspersed among the larg*er ruins, principally on the mesa top some
distance from the edge; a few lie on the southern side of the valley.
The cultivable tracts along the wash are strewn with potsherds.

Previous to 1901 the only Jettyto ruin scientifically explored was
Awatobi, excavated by Dr. Fewkes," and subsequently by Dr. Frank
Russell, of Harvard University. Plans of the larger ruins on the
northwest side of Jettyto Valley were made by Victor Mindeleff.6 His
"Mishiptonga" is Kawaiokuh; "Bat House" is Chakpahu: "Horn
House" is Kokopnyama wrongly located; "a small ruin between Horn
House and Bat House" is Nesheptanga. The ruin south of Kokopny-
ama, called Lululongturqui, is not described. It may be said that the
examination of most of these ruins is attended with hardships because
of the lack of water. Awatobi still has fine springs, and this fact,
coupled with its accessibility, would sooner or later have led to its
excavation. Water can be had within 1£ miles from Kokopnyama,
also. The lack of water, however, has not prevented the Navaho
tearing the Jettyto ruins to pieces in search of pottery for the trader.

The first Jettyto ruin worked by the Museum-Gates expedition was
Kokopnyama, a Hopi name meaning "firewood people. "c The
Navaho name is Delcalsacat, "wild gourd," and the name given it by
white people is "Cottonwood ruin," from the trees, growing in one
spot near by. It is located on a low, easily accessible mesa near
Maupin's store, at Mormon John's spring, 2^ miles east of Keams Can-
yon School, and so far as known is the easternmost of the Jettyto
Valley ruins and one of the largest/

The ruin is commandingly located on the mesa top, affording an
extensive view over the valley below and over the country toward
Keams Canyon (Plate 83). In the distance the Hopi Buttes fret the
horizon with their remarkable outlines. Juniper and phvyon trees and
an occasional oak clothe the top and flanks of the mesa. Large juni-
pers grow near the ruins, but no trees occupy the zone of habitation.
The location of the ancient spring is marked by four cottonwood trees
growing close against the mesa; much digging near these trees has
been done by Navaho in a futile search for water. Toward the val-
ley the zone of pottery fragments extends for more than a mile, and

« Seventeenth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology; Report,
Smithsonian Institution, 1895; American Anthropologist, Oct., 1893.

& Eighth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology.

cThis name refers to the clans which lived here and is probably not the ancient
designation of the village.

<*For Mindeleff's plan see Eighth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology,
pi. vn, and brief description, p. 50.

334 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1901.

beneath the village, heaped up against the mesa, is a great talus of house
refuse. To the east of the site are sand dunes from 10 to 30 feet high,
among which fine specimens of juniper flourish. Vegetation is scanty
on the mesa, Bigelovia graveolens protecting Tradesccmtia scopulorum
and other small herbs from browsing animals. On the talus below the
mesa the customary Hopi berry bushes, Lycium pallidum and Ribes
cereum, thrive.

An examination of Mindeleff's plan will show the lack of order in
the accretion of house groups going to make up this pueblo, due in
great part to the configuration of the margin of the mesa. The rear
wall is the only uniform feature; the intermediate area seems to have
been built over in a haphazard manner.

Portions of the pueblo were formerly at least four stories in height
above the spring and along that section. Below the mesa many houses
were built among the rocks, where excavation exposed walls running
irregularly on account of the nature of the ground. Places of burial
were found in these houses and under the rocks and in crevices, as is
now customary in the latter case at the Hopi pueblos.

No walls remain standing on the ruin, and there are no traces of
house beams. a Excavation in the rooms showed walls rather poorly
built of coarse soft sandstone laid in mud. Many of the rooms were
plastered.

A group of lower rooms 7 feet square on the edge of the mesa
above the spring and having the mesa as a floor were excavated. The
walls were chinked with small stones; the fire hole was on the floor at
the southwest. Small, low doors or openings between the rooms were
noticed. On the floor lay lumps of clay, paint, flat mealing stones,
small mortars, etc. The pottery in these rooms was altogether gray
and red, a fact to be noticed later. No subterranean kiva could be
found here or in any of the Jettyto ruins examined. Such kivas
existed at Awatobi, however.

Scattered over the surface are vast numbers of potshards, almost
invariably of yellow ware, many pieces showing interesting symbolism.
At one spot near the edge of the mesa pottery was burned, leaving
heaps of cinders and ashes. Lignite was used as fuel, the debris filling
the houses and falling below the mesa, being largely composed of coal
ashes derived from burning -' bony" lignite. At the foot of the mesa
south of the wash is a vein of pure coal 7 feet thick, and at this point
is abundant evidence of pottery burning. Some fragments of vessels
picked up had clinkers fused to the surface, and specimens of pottery
burned to the hardness of stoneware occurred in the debris.

On a bench of the mesa a fire box was seen near a series of "gardens"

a A number of beams from Awatobi are incorporated in the houses of Hano and
Walpi. Some of these may be seen in Nampeo's house at Hano. They were secured
by her husband, Lesu.

ARCHEOLOGICAL FIELD WORK IN ARIZONA. 335

demarked with parallel lines of large stones. A small cist (Plate 84)
was discovered in the cliff and photographed by Mr. Gates. This had
been broken Into, and there is now no means of ascertaining its pur-
pose. The cist may have been made as a receptacle for cult objects.
A single pictograph rewarded the search. This was on the face of an
immense block of sandstone fallen from the rampart of the mesa. The
pictograph, which apparently represents a mask, is obscured by weath-
ering, and its preservation seems to be owing to a covering of lichen.
The cliffs were searched for shrines without results.

Some time was spent in the endeavor to locate the cemetery. The
sand dunes 200 yards back of the pueblo seemed favorable from the
number of potshards there, but nothing was found, and it was thought
that this cemetery had been destroyed long ago by the moving sand.
It appears that several parties of prospectors for pottery met with
disappointment at this ruin. The main talus of village refuse had
been untouched, and excavation here yielded a fair collection, which
has the distinction of being all that remains to tell of the ancient
inhabitants of the pueblo of the firewood people.

The soil of the talus has been greatly solidified by pressure, the
burials often showing as a mere narrow band of organic materials.
Excavation was carried on by running a trench across the talus and
carefully paring off the face, which was from 5 to 8 feet high. (Plate
85.) The bodies were placed with the head to the northwest, the face
toward the mesa, the legs being flexed. Mats were wrapped around
the body, and the remains of coiled and wicker baskets, cord of hair,
cloth of animal fiber, and feather textile show a considerable variety
in this class. Near the head were usually found lumps of gray and
yellow clay, red and yellow paint, and a flake knife of flint; the pot-
tery also was placed around the head. The bones were extremely
decayed, and in most cases had so disintegrated that no specimens
could be saved. In one burial at the moment of uncovering the body
by the falling away of the earth a skull was found retaining the hair
in excellent preservation, tied with a human hair cord at the sides of
the head. (See Plate 86.) The skull, however, fell to pieces in a few
minutes. Small balls of clay like marbles were found in the graves.
Beads and ornaments were almost lacking, and only one small oblong
of turquoise was encountered. Pahos also were not seen. Many of
the burials were without mortuary offerings, and rarely more than
three pottery vessels were taken from a single interment.

The pottery is yellow and as a rule is inferior in quality to the frag-
ments scattered over the ruin. In deep diggings at the bottom of
the talus some burials had only gray and a little red ware. On the
slope below the mesa at the east side of the pueblo in indurated sand
at a depth of 3 feet were found four pieces of black and white ware,
consisting of a vase with animal handle, a cooking vessel with handle,

336 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1901.

a cup, and bowl. The vase contained black and white beads of stone
and shell, tablets of red stone, and pottery ornaments all pierced for
stringing. Parts of a child's skull and femur were found near by, but
no bones were directly associated with the pottery, and extensive
diggings brought to light no other burials or remains at this place.

Some work was done at Nesheptanga," a ruin of fair size, in the
neighborhood of Kokopnyama, situated on the mesa about 100 yards
from Maupin's store. The buildings conform to the mesa edge toward
the west and the village terminates to the east in a wall crossing the
mesa. Fragments of fine yellow pottery are scattered over the ruin.
Burials were made among the rocks in debris from the village. The
cemetery among the rocks below the mesa had been dug out bj- the
Navaho, and few specimens remained. Several smaller ruins a few
miles west of Nesheptanga were inspected. One of these of good size
is located on the mesa at the head of a long gulch leading into the
Jettyto Valley. The ware here is yellow and of good quality. A
smaller ruin in the same neighborhood showed fragments of large
napiform vases characteristic of Tusayan. The small sites showing
gray and red ware presented few features of interest. The ware is
coarse, and it is apparent that the inhabitants were poor. The pres-
ence of ruins of this class in Tusayan, however, is interesting. (See
p. 332.)

The ruin called Lululongturqui, located across the Jettyto Valley
from Kokopnyama, was carefully examined, but not excavated. It is
of medium size and has a commanding situation on the mesa. The
mound stands high, and the village plan shows a rounded outline,
reminding one of some of the Canyon Butte ruins. Adjoining the
village in the north quarter are many oblong garden plots bounded
with lines of stones. It is an interesting fact that the pottery of this
ruin, while mostly gray and light red, has a fair proportion of fine
yellow, either indicating that the people making the red and gray ware
were contemporaneous with the makers of yellow ware or that the lat-
ter supplanted the former. Unfortunately the evidence of the graves
could not be obtained. The Hopi name of the ruin is worthy of
remark. Some work had been done here by the Navaho, and it
appears that burials had been disturbed close to the town walls. Two
small ruins with coarse red and gra}r ware one-half mile east of this
ruin on a branch of the Jettyto Wash were visited. These ruins had
been worked b}^ the Navaho and a few pieces of pottery taken out.

CHAKPAKU.

About midway between Kokopnyama and Kawaiokuh lies a very
large ruin called by the Hopi "Chakpahu," Speaker Spring. It is
located on a spur of the mesa and overlooks the Jettyto Vallej^ and a

«Mindeleff's "small ruin between Horn House and Bat House."

ARCHEOLOGICAL FIELD WORK IN ARIZONA. 337

deep gorge to the west. The ruin was surveyed by Victor Mindeletf
in 1885. a The prominent features of the ruin are the defensive wall
and the great court or plaza which overlooks the gorge. No walls are
standing, and the house plans can in few cases be traced among the
mounds of rubbish. Vast quantities of potshards are mingled with
the debris. The ware is of the finest quality, the best in texture and
decoration to be seen on any ruin in Tusayan. The prevalence of frag-
ments of large napiform vases at Chakpahu is noteworthy. The shards
are bright and fresh looking as though recent. Many superb speci-
mens from this ruin have gone into the various collections made by
Mr. T. V. Keam. The cemeteries, which were in the debris between
the houses and the mesa, have been rifled by Navaho. In 1893 the
spring below the mesa was dug out by the Navaho, and many vases
and vessels of various forms, like those found by the Museum-Gates
expedition at Kawaiokuh, were encountered. A short account of this
find, with illustration, was published by James Mooney.6

A ruin furnishing yellow ware is said to exist on the south side of
the valley, nearly opposite Chakpahu, where Maupin^s new road
descends the mesa. The ruin was not seen, but some specimens were
bought of Navaho, one a canteen in yellow ware, with ancient deco-
rations, and shaped like those used by the Hopi.

KOKOPNYAMA.

Theie is at Kokopnyama, as may be expected, a preponderance of
useful forms in pottery, represented by bowls, vases, dippers, cups,
and cooking utensils. Large water vases, with rugose surface, without
decoration, are also represented here, but in limited numbers. The
concave disks of pottery, with holes punched around the edge, are
almost lacking at Kokopnj^ama. It is conjectured that these objects
may have been used as revolving rests for ware during the process of
manufacture, as are the tabipi or bottom forms, employed by the pot-
ters of Hano at present. A portion of this customary imperforated
disk, with clay still attached to the concave surface, was found in this
ruin.

A vessel of very thick ware, showing traces of fire, is believed to
have been a brazier, in which coals were kept alight. I have observed
such vessels in use among the Zuni.

Small objects of pottery were somewhat numerous, such as toy cups
and bowls, frequently unbaked and showing the touches of childish
fingers; a rattle with perforated globe, clay balls, toy dippers, and a
number of animal handles representing the wildcat, badger, mountain
sheep, wolf, etc. One of thes'e, probably a wolf, is covered with a

« Eighth Annual Report of the Bureau Ethnology, p. 52 (map faces p. 26).
& American Anthropologist, July, 1893, p. 283,

NAT MUS 1901 22

838 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1901.

thick enamel caused by fusing in the lire at great heat. A few disks
worked from pottery fragments, and a fragment bearing the lug of a
canteen reground in the shape of a frog, were encountered. Spiral
applique ornaments for potter}^ like those on Zuni cooking pots, were
used here, as fragments attest. It is worthy of remark that the minor
works of pottery mentioned are fewer and somewhat ruder than those
found in the ruins to the west.

Objects of shell are extremely rare in this ruin, a few unworked
bits, a fragment of a large armlet, and a few conus and olivella beads
being the sum total secured.

Worked bone is also scarce, with the exception of small awls. A
few bone beads, small tubes, and a rib knife were taken from the
excavations.

Stone implements are numerous here. Flint cores, arrowheads,
knives, scrapers, flakes, and drills represent objects and materials of
chippable stone. The workmanship, however, i^ poor. Spherical ham-
mer stones, grooved hammers, an ax hammer, a simple grooved ax with
poll, and a double-bitt ax were taken out. A sandstone upon which are
grooves made in sharpening paho sticks, arrow smoothers, rubbing
stones, small mortars and pestles, and pottery polishing stones were
collected. Fragments of hand stones for grinding corn were seen, but
no flat grinding stones were found in place in the rooms and very few
were observed on the surface, though undoubtedly they were in con-
stant use. The absence of surface relics of this character is due to
the proximity of these ruins to the inhabited pueblos, who find use for
many things abandoned by the ancients.

Several stone spheres, of a size suitable for club heads and probably
originally put to that use, were secured.

Ironstone concretions of many interesting forms weathered out of
the sandstone ledges are scattered in the debris of this ruin. A few
in the collection have been worked in improvement of the suggestive
natural form. These usually take the shape of miniature, well-finished
cups. A curious toy grooved hammer of sandstone, painted red, was
taken from the debris of a room.

Ornaments were made from a white limestone and a fine-grained
clay stone of good red color. Thin disks of the latter stone, with per-
foration near the edge for suspension, are numerous. Turquoise was
practically absent at Kokopnyama. Two fragments of tubular pipes
were secured, one of beautifully banded stone and the other of pot-
ter}'. Selenite fragments were scattered through the debris, also a
few chips of obsidian and chalcedony like that of the Petrified Forest.

Of pigments, numerous examples occur at Kokopnyama. The
most abundant is a dark red derived from the "bone" in burnt lig-
nite and from the clay stone used for ornaments; yellow occuis as
yellow ocher and ociierish clays, green as copper carbonate and arena-

ARCHEOLOGICAL FIELD WORK IN ARIZONA. 339

ceous clay, and white from decomposed chalky limestone. Several
fragments of dark brown iron ore showing marks of rubbing are
examples of the stone used by potters for the brown pigment.

Bones of small animals were very scarce in the debris. Those
found were principally of the two species of rabbit. Bones of the
dog, fox, eagle, and turkey were also observed.

Numerous specimens of textiles were discovered in the cemetery
during the excavations at Kokopnyama. Matting of twilled weaving
was commonly employed to envelop the body preparatory to burial.
In contact with the body also was found a very interesting textile, if
so it may be called, but more resembling a rather thick felt of downy
feathers, presumably of the eagle. This cloth was usualty found on
the face of the dead and is never of large extent. It may have been
a mask of down for which cotton was substituted at a later period.
Dr Fewkes mentions mortuary masks of cotton as having been tradi-
tionally used by the Hopi. In one instance a twisted two-strand cord
of hair still binding masses of hair was found. (Plate 86, figs. 1 and 2.)
A number of specimens of coiled and wicker basketry were taken out.
(Plate 87.) The coiled basket is of close, fine work, and will be
described by Professor Mason in his forthcoming work on basketry.
The wicker basketry is of the ordinary type at present made at Oraibi.
Several knots tied in yucca-leaf strips are shown in Plate 97, fig. 2.
A thick lock of hair bound with yucca and saturated at the basal end
with red pigment, is thought to have been a brush, perhaps a brush
for producing spatter work on pottery.

Beans of a long variety, corn, and squash seed and indistinguishable
remains of food were found with the dead.

The absence of fetishes of worked stone is not unusual in the ruins
of northeastern Arizona, but the absence of pahos with the interments
at Kokopnyama is remarkable. It must not be said, however, that
the Kokop people did not employ pahos, for the most important ceme-
tery, which has either been swept away or is yet undiscovered, may
have contained them. Still, the lack of pahos with the burials in the
extensive ash talus of the pueblos must be taken as positive evidence,
proving a considerable variance from the neighboring pueblos to the
west in this respect.

KAWAIOKUH.

This very large ruin is situated much as Chakpahu, on the top of
the mesa between two gorges. It lies a short distance to the west of
the Keams Canyon road, where it reaches the level of the mesa, 2 or 3
miles above Jetty to Spring at the "Rock House." (See Plate 82.)
Communication is rather easy over the level mesa to Awatobi, near
which is a Hopi settlement around a fine spring.

Kawaiokuh has a commanding position, giving an extended view up

340 EEPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1901.

and down the Jetty to Valley. (Plate 88.) Juniper trees come close to
the ruin and are abundant on the mesa, not having been consumed for
fuel, as near the present Hopi towns. This is due, perhaps, to the
use of lignite at Kawaiokuh. During the winter the Navaho move up
from the valley to their hogans among the junipers, where fuel is con-
venient and snow furnishes water. Many varieties of plants grow on
the mesa, which at this elevation (6,200 feet) assumes the aspect of the
White Mountain slopes.

In the gorges below the ruin are seen springs which hold out for
some time into the dry season. Jettyto spring issuing from the shales
at the base of the mesa is permanent, and no doubt furnished water
for Kawaiokuh, though at the cost of much labor in bringing it up to
the pueblo.

The front of the village was built close to the edge of the mesa,
though enough space was left for passage around. The rear of the
village is comparatively straight. a The houses near the edge of the
mesa were several stories in height, and some of the rooms were large
and well plastered with red clay mixed with sand. The walls of a
room excavated were covered with numerous coats of plaster, on the
surface of which various designs had been painted in color. (Plate
89.) The floors were broad slabs of flagstone. The masonry is of
small cubes of sandstone laid in mud and shows inferior workmanship
like that of the present pueblos. No scattering houses were to be seen
around the pueblo nor were there traces of shrines or pictographs.

On the bench below the cliff a pottery-burning place was discovered,
and by carefully removing the layers of soil the bed on which the pot-
tery was set up was exposed. (Plate 90, fig. 1.) This layer was made
up of ashes mainly composed of the slaty portions of the lignite burn-
ing white or red. There were bits of white sandstone also, and char-
coal of twigs and stones. Near this spot was unearthed a heap of
fragments of vessels broken in firing. (Plate 90, fig. 2.)

Kawaiokuh has been devastated in a thorough manner by the Navaho,
and there was grievous evidence that their wasteful methods had
destroyed far more than was saved. The burials in which the finest
ware had been placed were found in the debris among the rocks at the
foot of the cliff and extended entirely around the front of the pueblo.
The slope at the west side of the village above the gorge had also been
an important cemetery. There is no cemetery at a distance from the
pueblo, as at Awatobi, and it appears that the latter pueblo is unique in
this respect among the related Jettyto ruins.

After numerous trial excavations it was determined to clear out one
of the higher house masses on the edge of the mesa. Very soon in
the course of this work it was discovered that the front rooms had
been devoted to burials and eventually a considerable collection of pot-

«See Mindeleff's plan, Eighth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology.

ARCHEOLOGICAL FIELD WORK IN ARIZONA. 341

tery, etc., was taken out. As many as eight interments had been made
in one room at different levels. (Plate 91.) A large coiled jar, sealed
with clay and having the rim of a fine vase luted on, was unearthed
beneath the stone floor of a room. (Plate 92.) The jar contained only
a quantity of clean sand in pellets, the grains loosely cohering in
globular form as though arranged by some obscure natural process.
This deposit was perhaps of sand for ceremonial purposes. Offerings
of corn, beans, cotton seed, etc., accompanied these burials. The
skeletons were decayed beyond preservation. The burials below the
mesa held the ware of the finer class almost exclusively, so far as could
be ascertained from the fragments of beautiful texture and design left
by the Navaho around their excavations. A few interments that had
escaped the Navaho were encountered during the work. Mats of
yucca strips were wrapped around the bodies and these placed on
wicker trays or constructions of small twigs. Food offerings of young
corn ears and bread were placed on coiled baskets and numerous elab-
orate pahos arranged around the body. It seems plain that the impor-
tant cemetery was at this location, and it is regrettable that so little
remained where there had been so much valuable scientific material.
With the specimens from the house cemeter}T, however, and those
from the excavations in the debris and from the surface of the ruin a
considerable collection was formed, containing many interesting
objects.

In the neighborhood of Kawaiokuh are several small ruins yielding
gray ware, a specimen of which is shown on Plate 95, fig. 1. While
in camp here a Navaho brought in two fine pieces of this class from a
ruin, described as large, in the Moki Buttes, about 25 miles distant.
One of these pieces is a large globular vase well decorated.

Artifacts, Kawaiokuh. — The remark as to the useful forms of pot-
tery vessels at Kokopnyama applies also to this ruin. A greater num-
ber of specimens were collected at Kawaiokuh than at the former site,
and as noted the aesthetic ware is more abundant; likewise, there are
many small objects of different classes showing that the potters' art
was quite diversified in this pueblo.

In detail, attention may be called to a small vessel in form of a
frog; the ware is fine yellow, and the modeling is aided by decoration
in dark brown (Plate 93, fig. 1). Another of this class is a vase in
form of a parroquet, of excellent workmanship and decoration (Plate
94). A vase of gourd form also displays much taste, and a vase of
the oriental " pilgrims' gourd" shape, a form rare in this region, is
represented in the collection. An oblong canteen form, from which
the handles have been broken, bears a symbolic decoration on the
sides, and at the ends conventionalized faces. (Plate 93, fig. 3.) A
well-formed dipper in perfect preservation is shown in Plate 93, fig. 2.

A vase of gray ware with spiral decorations on the shoulder (Plate

342 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1901.

95, fig. 2) was taken from the house cemetery at Kawaiokuh. The
ware is remarkably thin, so much so as to raise the question whether
the vessel could have been made by coiling, and yet there seems to be
no alternative.

A bowl, one of several, of salmon color (see Plate 100, fig. 2) must be
mentioned. The paste is dense and of the same fine character of the
ware from this region ; it is probable that to produce this color either
a little yellow ocher was added to the clay or the clay was selected for
the purpose. In either case the bowls have the look of strangers
amidst the fine ceramics of Kawaiokuh; especially is this remarked
when one considers the rudely drawn design in brown bordered with
white, a st}4e extremely rare in ancient Hopi pottery, where white is
not a potter's pigment. White-margined decoration is found at Hon-
olobi, and in many of the ruins along the White Mountain plateau it
is common. Possibly the woman who made these bowls was following
the traditions of the potters of her clan, which may not have been
represented at Kawaiokuh except by herself.

The fancy of the potter was expressed in many small works, as in
the handles of the cups and vases, which often represent animals with
accuracy and again with grotesque or humorous treatment. The han-
dle of a cup (Plate 93, fig. 4) is an example of the latter. By setting
the mouth of the animal at an angle a peculiarly whimsical expression
was produced by the artist. Figurines of a dog going on three legs
(Plate 96, fig. 12) and of the same animal apparently curled up in
sleeping posture were found. Ornaments in shape of birds perforated
for wearing are frequent. (Plate 96, fig. 11.) One of these in the
collection is a superior piece of modeling; the tail and extended wings
are vaned by notches pressed in the clay and the body is decorated.
(Plate 96, fig. 9.) Small ornaments in shape and decoration designed
to imitate shells are also frequent. (Plate 96, figs. 7, 8, and 10.)

Pottery bells like those found by Dr. J. Walter Fewkes at Awatobi05
and first described by him from this region are somewhat numerous
here. They are hollow spheres, having a narrow aperture like the
sleigh bell, and as to devices for fastening to a cord or to garments
are of two classes; one with a perforated tang, and the other having
a pair of holes opposite the aperture. One of these specimens retains
the pellet of clay forming the sounder and on being shaken produces
an agreeable tinkling sound. These bells are undoubtedly of aborigi-
nal manufacture.6

« Seventeenth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, p. 629.

& During a meeting of the Anthropological Society of Washington, at which the
results of the Museum-Gates expedition of 1901 were presented, the question of the
aboriginal origin of the so-called hawkbell was canvassed, the evidence presented
going to show that such bells are prehistoric on the American Continent, although
at an early date bells of a similar form were articles of trade, being in universal
demand by the native tribes and scarce with them at any period.

ARCHEOLOGICAL FIELD WORK IN ARIZONA. 343

Toy potteiy vessels are plentiful, representing vases, eups, dippers,
and bowls; one in form of a gourd, and one miniature vase of gray
ware of excellent form and finish should be mentioned. A pottery
object in form of a hollow cone, with perforations around the base, is
supposed to have been used as the nose of a mask. Several tubular
pipes (see Plate 52, fig. 4) were taken out.

Hundreds of fragments of the concave disks of rude pottery with
perforations around the edge, indicating a diameter of from 8 to 12
inches, were seen in the debris. (See p. 337.)

Among the pottery objects found at Kawaiokuh is a fragment of a
thick rectangular slab, with two shallow saucers in the upper surface.
From traces of adhering color, this was no doubt used for mixing
paint.

Stone working at Kawaiokuh had not reached by many degrees the
perfection attained in clay working. This remark is true for 'the whole
Pueblo region, where the worked stone is much inferior to that of the
ancient inhabitants of Ohio. Still, in the Pueblo region, there was
considerable variation in workmanship among the different tribes and
also in some lines, as in mosaic and bead making there was great pro-
ficiency. It must be said that for careless and crude manufacture of
stone implements, the tribes going to form the Hopi complex were
among the first, though on the other hand quite a variety of imple-
ments, ornaments, etc., were fashioned of stone.

The primitive spherical hand hammer is common at Kawaiokuh,
where it was employed, no doubt, for battering corn mills, etc., as it is
among the present pueblos, where the writer has observed it in use.a
Grooved hammers of different sizes are also found. The large grooved
hammers seem to have been used in wood gathering; they are some-
times met with among the juniper trees at a distance from villages.
Axes, sometimes double-bitted, had their principal use also in getting
out beams and chopping wood. Occasionally ceremonial implements
in the form of highly polished axes and hammers of actinolite, a beau-
tiful and much-prized stone, are picken up on the ruins. Two fine
specimens of this character were secured from Sa-a-la-ko, the chief
Snake woman of the Hopi, mother of the leader of the snake fraternity
of Walpi. Aside from actinolite, the material of hammers and axes
is chert, sandstone, and basalt of inferior quality.

The arrow smoothers from this locality were made by securing a
suitable piece of stone, dressing down a face, and making a groove
across it. The materials are coarse and fine sandstone, clay stone,
and soapstone. This implement must be divided in two classes, one
in which the arrow-shaft was smoothed by attrition, and the other in
which when the stone was heated the shafts were straightened. In
the latter class often a companion stone, also grooved, was placed over

"American Anthropologist, X, June, 1897, p. 191.

344 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1901.

the shaft and the latter drawn to and fro through the channel. Small
cup-shape mortars of coarse sandstone were found at Kawaiokuh and
a slab of fine-grain sandstone with shallow cavity in which iron paint
had been triturated. Pottery-smoothing stones are numerous, and
small slabs of fine grit wood opal, used presumably in stone working,
were picked up. There were also cylinders of coarse stone, probably
employed as rasps.

Ornaments in form of round and oblong tablets of red-clay stone
like that used at Kokopnyama are shown (Plate 96, figs. 1-3). A
drilled tablet of buff limestone is also shown (Plate 96, fig. 4). A
small object of hematite, neatly carved to represent a wolf and having
a hole drilled through it for suspension, is probablv a fetish (Plate
96, fig. 6).

The arrowheads at this site differ very much in size from slender
specimens three-fourths of an inch in length to those 2J inches in
length. Many of them are serrated; such arrowheads are common
in northeastern Arizona. The materials are various —chert, quartzite,
quartz, agate, jasper, obsidian, and chalcedony. A number of knives
were collected, mostly rudery chipped, though some show rather good
work. Scrapers consisting of irregular spalls of chert, chalcedony,
and obsidian worked on one edge are numerous. Obsidian is more
plentiful at Kawaiokuh than at the neighboring ruins. Several per-
fectly formed chips found in the debris are believed to have been
used as minature mirrors. The Navaho are familiar with such use
of obsidian flakes.

No crystals of quartz commonly found in the pueblo ruins were
observed at Kawaiokuh. A few beads of fine turquoise were picked
up in the debris, but no specimens were placed in the graves.

Several chipped fragments of vitreous stone, some of which seem to
have been fused, were thought to be artificial, or rather to have been
produced by accident in burning pottery at a high heat.a We have
seen that fused masses of green enamel sometimes occur on fragments
of pottery among the ashes at the pottery-burning places, and suggest
that the people of Kawaiokuh were near to the independent discovery
of glass.

Objects of shell are comparatively few at Kawaiokuh, although
there is much more here than at Kokopnyama. Among the specimens
secured were a fragment of shell pendant, a fragment of amulet drilled
for a pendant, conus and olivella tinklers, a small circlet cut from a
pectunculus shell, and a circular ornament with scalloped edge having
a hole cut through the center.

Small bone awls like those used by the Hopi for basket work and
sewing are common. Tubes of bird bone and of a few deer bones cut
off with flint were collected. One of these tubes has a hole cut through

« This mass has been tested by Dr. George P. Merrill and is found to be a slag.

ARCHEOLOGICAL FIELD WORK IN ARIZONA. 345

the wall near one end and was probably made for a whistle. The tips
of an antler and several other bones appear to have been employed in
flint chipping. A circular ornament cut from the skull of some animal
and having a hole near the edge for suspension was taken out.

The pigments used for various purposes at Kawaiokuh were found
to be similar to those collected at Kokopnyama.

Wicker and coiled basketry like that described from Kokopnyama
was made at Kawaiokuh (Plate 97, figs. 1, 2, and 4). The bed or mat
of twigs often placed beneath the more important dead was, as far as
the condition of the specimens allow to be made out, constructed of
interlaced shoots of Rhus trilobata, the ends of the shoots turned in and
thrust among the interlacings forming an edge. Matting of yucca,
the making of which has been long discontinued among the Hopi, was
also used to enwrap the dead, as shown (Plate 97, fig. 5), where remains
of matting adhered to the lower jaw of the skeleton. Strips of the
fibrous leaf of the yucca were used for tying.

Specimens of the felt-like masks of the down of birds were also col-
lected at Kawaiokuh, as at Kokopnyama. (See p. 339.)

Squash seed, beans, corn, and cotton seed were found in the graves.
Sometimes a bunch of ears of corn, probably roasted and secured
together by the husks for hanging in the house as the Hopi do at
present, were uncovered. The cotton seed resembles in size and
appearance that still raised by the Oraibi at Moenkopi.

The offerings of prepared food to the dead in the ancient ruins are
rarely in such condition as to admit of identification. At Kawaiokuh,
however, one of these offerings was plainly a round, thick tortilla,
such as the Hopi call pilabaki.

While at Kokopnyama pahos seem to be absent; at Kawaiokuh they
are numerous in the graves and are the only wooden objects that have
been preserved. It may be said that the cause of this is the carbonate
of copper pigment with which the pahos were covered. Three kinds
of pahos were noticed — one a short, slender stick sharpened at one
end; another larger, with carved head, and still another a stout rod
having a flat tablet fastened to the upper portion." No traces of other
colors than green are observable on these pahos. Remains of pine
needles and feathers still adhere to the tablets, and in one case the
small mass of meal (nusha, "sustenance"), customarily added by the
Hopi to certain pahos, as those of the flute society, was preserved.

In regard to the distribution of pahos in this region, it may be said
that while they are sparsely represented in the ruins of the Little
Colorado Valley and the north side of the White and Mogollon
mountains, they are most numerous in the ruins around Hopi mesas,
especially in the latter ruins. In the excavation of Old Wolpi,

« See Seventeenth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology, pp. 736-
739, for pahos found by Dr. Fewkes at Awatobi and Sikyatki.

346 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1901.

Mr. C. L. Owen, of the Field Columbian Museum exploring- part}, took
out many hundreds of these interesting objects, proving that here is the
center of greatest prevalence of pahos. The origin of the custom can
not be ascertained as yet, nor is there data as to its extent in the Pueblo
region. Presumably the elaborate pahos were an accession from the
Rio Grande coming in with the complicated Katchina ceremonies/'

PERIODS OF TUSAYAN WARE.

It may be well to notice here the characteristics of the ware of the
different periods as marked by the incoming clans. The settlements
of the first period are small and obscure and have not been excavated.
From surface indications, however, it is found that the ware is rather
coarse, and that there is a greater proportion of gray and red ware
than in later ruins. The small sites showing only gray ware and red
ware have been mentioned, and these may indicate earty clans with the
technic of the San Juan region. To the north and west of Tusayan
such ruins are numerous, coming close down upon the area of the yel-
low ware. The traditional Hopi ruins at Black Falls, discovered by
Dr. J. Walter Fewkes, are of this class.6 The decoration of this ware
is geometric, and animal forms or symbolic figures are almost lacking.

The second period begins with the initial coming of the clans from
the south. These people are well represented at Homolobi, near Wins-
low, Arizona, where exist a group of ruins explored by Dr. J. Walter
Fewkes and the writer in 1896, and the group near Biddahoochee,
described in this paper (p. 326). Here we tind a considerable diversity
of color and quality of ware. The fine yellow ware is well represented,
but we have gray ware, red ware, polychrome ware, and coiled vessels
with marked coiled decoration different from the obscure coiling of the
ruins near the Hopi mesas. c

The decoration is geometric, but not derived from the same motives
as in the gray ware of northern localities. There is more fertility of
invention in handling motives which are in a transition from more com-
plex symbolic subjects in the main primarily realistic. This gives, for
example, the interior decoration of bowls a greater variet}^ in the
matter of placing the design over the whole area, whereas in the black-
and-white northern ware the design is usually arranged in four areas
between the arms of a cross, leaving a square or circular field in the

« Most of the traditions ascribe the introduction of prayer sticks to the Water House
people of the South. See Fewkes, Tusayan Migration Traditions, Nineteenth Annual
Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology.

& American Anthropologist (n. s.), II, July-Sept., 1900.

c The migration from the south has also been in progress for a considerable period,
extending up to comparatively recent times. It must be said, however, that these
clans brought with them pottery that appears to be more ancient in type than that
brought by the Rio Grande clans.

ARCHEOLOGICAL FIELD WORK IN ARIZONA. 347

middle of the bowl .scarcely ever occupied by a symbolic design. The
dcsions are almost invariably angular and rarely undertake the voluted
or curved designs of other regions.

Invariably, also, the ancient Hopi ruins are richer in shell, turquoise,
and objects of aboriginal art than other ruins of the Southwest.

The extent of the impress upon the Hopi of the art of the clans
coming from the south is not clear at present, as the ancient sites have
not been explored to any extent. In the summer of 1901 Dr. George
A. Dorsey and Mr. C. L. Owen, of the Field Columbian Museum,
excavated on the site of Old Walpi, the "Ash Heap," as it is called,
securing a large collection, which, when it is available, will probably
throw light on the transition period.

It appears that comparatively recently the potter's art died out
among the Hopi of the Middle and East Mesas and that by the law of
village specialization of an art, Oraibi retained the making of pottery
until shortly after 1872, when Dr. J. W. Powell visited the pueblo.
The later Oraibi art shows marked Zuni influences. The Tewans,
however, practiced the art uninterruptedly, and it has come to be that
the people of Hano are the only potters remaining in Tusayan, and
that finally, at the close of the fourth period, the pottery used by the
Hopi is of Rio Grande extraction, even though it has become thoroughly
debased, like many of the arts of the American Indians. Nampeo,
an intelligent Tewan woman, however, is endeavoring to revive the
glories of the former times.

The third period, the golden age of Tusayan, begins with the great
migration from the Rio Grande. To this period belongs the splendid
ware procured by Dr. Fewkes at Sikyatki and Awatobi/' the Keam
collections at Peabody and Chicago, and the collection from Jettyto
Valley by the Museum-Gates expedition.

In texture and decoration this pottery is the best in North America
and ranks with the finest of Mexico and Peru. In decoration it is
perhaps superior, for it must be remembered that the highest efforts
of the potter in those countries belong in the class of sculpture, which
is hardly represented in Tusayan, nor indeed in the Pueblo region,
except where it connects with the Mexican culture on the southern
border.

The ware of Jettyto Valley is preponderantly yellow, ranging from
cream color to yellow ocher and occasionally reaching orange. Brown
and salmon color also occur, with a few sporadio examples of gray
and red.

The texture of the ware is fine and homogeneous; the absence of
sand or degraissant is notable, which speaks well of the cretaceous
clays that occur as partings in the sandstone rocks of the region. These
clays also contain little iron and that is such chemical form as to

a Seventeenth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology, Pt. 2.

348 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1901.

impart only a yellowish tint of great beauty to the burnt ware. The
cla}^ burns to remarkable densit}^ and stands a high heat in the kiln.
Sometimes overburning produces a paste with the hardness of stone-
ware, but high heat usually darkens the surface and obscures the
design.

A lively appreciation of symmetry of form is evident and the sur-
face finish shows the greatest care, no part being slighted, differing in
this respect from the gray ware of the north, in which the exterior
surface and edge usually have not been treated with the polishing
stone. On account of the careful finish of the Jettyto ware no traces
of coiling or other processes may he seen; in fact, the potter was care-
ful not to have even marks of the smoothing stone on her vessels, so
that the surface is agreeable to the touch, like polished ivory. Not
having received any surface wash of clay , the vessels are never crackled.

There is no doubt, however, that the structural method of coiling
was practiced and that the basal processes were similar to those
employed by the potters of Hano at present.

The pigments, also, were of iron ores and earths, like those used by
Nampeo at Hano. These are toko, or ironstone and sikydtoho, or yel-
low ocher; in unskillful hands these produce, the former dark brown
answering to black, and the latter dingy reds. Nampeo has in her
recrudescence of the old art found it necessary to select these pigments
for various qualities, depending on the purity or impurity of the
material, or just as she also selects her clay. Her efforts, while com-
mendable, serve to heighten our appreciation of the discrimination of
the ancient potters in selecting and handling their materials. Their
command of the resources of color may be observed in Plate 98, fig. 2,
where on an old ivory ground may be counted seven graduations of
yellow, red, and brown; fig. 1 of this plate is also a fine example
of color and texture. These graduations are intentional and show a
knowledge of the behavior in firing of these colors.

Colors were not only put on in broad masses over portions of the
design, but areas of the vessels were spattered with delicate tints of
red, brown, and yellow, shaded from the edges toward the center with
great taste. Areas of color were frequently stippled, apparently with
the yucca brush, and sometimes color was applied using the end of
the finger as a pounce. Masses of dark color were relieved or made
more specific as to meaning by scratching away the color with a sharp
point as in etching. In one example found at Kawaiokuh the repre-
sentation of a mask is covered with raised work in color, the pigment
having been thickened' to form a mass. These examples, which prob-
ably do not comprise all the manipulations with which the Jettyto
potters were familiar, are enough to place them in the category of the
most advanced pueblo artists.

ARCHEOLOGICAL FIELD WORK IN ARIZONA. 349

It must be said also that in drawing they take high rank in that they
displayed an appreciation of the quality of lines and attacked complex
subjects, which they rendered with accuracy, freedom, and boldness.

Their colors were applied by means of a slender strip of yucca leaf,
as a rule, where accurate work was sought. In some cases, however,
there is evidence that a larger, soft-ended brush, possibly of hair, was
used, and the design painted on hurriedly and roughly. It is true
that the pottery of any one of these pueblos furnishes examples show-
ing varying degrees of skill, though the average is high for pottery
of the better class.

AGE OF JETTYTO VALLEY RUINS.

It is fortunate that the dates of the discovery (1540) and of the
destruction of Awatobi (1700) are known. From these dates it is
possible to approximate the age of the related pueblos and to get a
clue as to the period of the migrations from the Rio Grande. These
migrations extend over a considerable length of time, but there is
traditional material relating to all the settlements, portions of which
have been collected by J. Walter Fewkesa and A. M. Stephen.6

Previous to the year 1700, when the last migration from the Rio
Grande brought the Tewans of the present town of Hano, many clans
from the east settled in Tusayan. One comparatively late migration
was due to the unsettled conditions on the Rio Grande caused by the
pueblo insurrection of 1680. These migrants founded the pueblos of
Payupki and Tebungkihu, now in ruins near the East and Middle
Mesas. They withdrew again to the Rio Grande at the instance of
Padre Menchero when- the trouble had passed.

The settlements at Sikyatki, Awatobi, and the other great Jettyto
towns were more permanent and endured to all appearances for sev-
eral centuries. The first Rio Grande migration undoubtedly ante-
dates the conquest (1540); it may not be possible, however, to deter-
mine the length of time beyond that date that the Jettyto pueblos
were occupied. In 1540, when Awatobi was visited by Tobar, it was
a village of 800 souls, the only Hopi village besides Oraibi, then
located on a mesa/ Later visitors to Awatobi were Espejo, 1583;
Onate, 1598, and Vargas, 1692. In 1700 it was destroyed by Hopi
from the pueblos a few miles to the north, having remained on its

« In various reports of the Bureau of Ethnology, American Anthropologist, and Folk
Lore Journal. Quite a full account may be found in the Seventeenth Annual Report
of the Bureau of Ethnology, to which I am indebted. See also the recent paper on
Tusayan migration traditions, Nineteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology,
1901.

& Eighth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 1886-87.

c J. W. Fewkes, Report, Smithsonian Institution, 1895.

350 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1901.

location for one hundred and sixty years during the historic period,
and inferentially having been built long before 1540. At that date,
also, the three very large pueblos to the east of Awatobi, and also
Sikyatki, had been abandoned, as Tobar makes no mention of them.
This, of course, is negative evidence. It seems likely, therefore, that,
as Dr. Fewkes has suggested, this migration probably occurred in the
fifteenth century.

The impression the writer received on the study of these ruins is
that Kawaiokuha and Chakpahu were contemporory with Awatobi.
Like Sikyatki, they mark the period of the highest development of
the potter's art in Tusayan. Kokopnyama, however, seems older; the
pottery is not so good and it is possible that it is the first settlement
in this region from the Rio Grande. The important clan of the Fire
or Firewood is known to have lived at Tebungkihu and Sikyatki;6 it
may be that Sikyatki was settled from Kokopnyama. The potter}^ of
Chakpahu is the finest to be found in Tusayan. This pueblo was the
center of the manufacture of the splendid hapiform vases characteristic
of this region, and innumerable beautiful fragments are to be seen
in the debris. At Kokopnyama sherds of such vases are very few; at
Kawaiokuh there are about as many as at Awatobi. The ruins of
Sikyatki have furnished some fine examples, figured in Dr. Fewkes's
monograph. b

One of the most beautiful specimens in existence, taken out by an
Indian at Chakpahu, was secured by Mr. P. G. Gates in 1901.

If there were no traditions among the Hopi relating to the five
pueblos mentioned, comparative methods would show that the bold
symbolism on the pottery relates them to the Keresan pueblos, which
furnish the onty ware among the present village dwellers that is similar
in style of ornamentation. We may conclude, therefore, that superior
ceramics, both in texture and decoration, were brought to the Hopi
from the east as early as the fifteenth century.

The main feature of interest in this connection is the extent to which
the Hopi culture has been modified by that of the Rio Grande peoples.
The region of the upper Rio Grande, with its superior advantages as
to food supply, due to the abundant water, has been the cradle of
pueblo culture, and to these favorable conditions, as well as its posi-
tion on migration lines, it may have received the first settlements of
hunter tribes forced into the pueblo region. Undoubtedly these con-
ditions have determined the perpetuation of the majority of the exist-
ing pueblos. From this region we would expect various populations
to swarm in search of new homes. The Navaho also were modified for
their betterment by contact with the Rio Grande culture and by racial

« Mr. F. W. Hodge informs me that this is also the Keresan or Queres name of the
pueblo of Laguna.

& Seventeenth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, Pt. 2.

ARCHEOLOGICAL FIELD WORK IN ARIZONA. 351

mixture with some of the clans, through whom, no doubt, they received
sheep and their first lessons in pecudiculture."

The original Hopi clans, the Snake and Bear, forming the nucleus
of the settlement, traditionally came to Tusayan from the northwest
and southwest at an early date, possibly as early as the fourteenth
century. This marks the end of the wanderings of those clans, the
location having many permanent springs and the stream beds giving
fair opportunity for agriculture. It is not the country that civilized
man would choose for a habitation, but to the Indian its isolation gave
safety and the desert gave subsistance to those who knew the field craft
for the desert.

There can scarcely be more than conjecture as to the origin of these
early clans. From the language they were of the great Uto-Aztecan
stock, which forms at this day the largest linguistic family on the
Western Hemisphere. The history of this family is comprised in less
than four centuries since the conquest, and tradition in Mexico, where
the tribes reached their greatest efflorescence, places their migration
from the north at two centuries before the conquest. Cubas places
the first "king" at 1352.

There is little doubt that before the date of the entrance of the
Aztecs into Mexico the Pueblo region possessed its characteristic cul-
ture. Whether this culture was environmental (Brinton) or an outer
wave from the great ancient cultures of Central America, or both, is
an open question.

The Shoshoneans, like the Navaho, came in contact and union with
pueblo tribes at one of the early centers of population, presumably in
southeastern Utah or northern New Mexico. Here they received a
modifying element assimilating them to pueblo culture. It might not
be going too far to say that Nahuatl incursions into Mexico from the
north were filtered through the Pueblo region; indeed it seems proba-
ble. The Hopi, then in their beginnings, may be regarded as a product
of pueblo environment and culture upon hunting tribes of Shoshoneans
whose virility fitted them to move about in the Pueblo region, pre-
serving their organization and language. If it be true that the early
tribes did not possess corn, but depended upon the chase, the most
important, in fact a well-nigli essential, need was supplied by this food
of foods, and the modifying effect was like that of the acquisition of
sheep by the Navaho. Contact of the Hopi with cliff-dwelling tribes
of Pueblo Indians is undoubted; the traditions hint at it, and the dis-
coveries of George H. Pepper in northern New Mexico reveal basket-
making tribes using symbolism familiar among the Hopi.ft In truth

« F. W. Hodge. The early Navajo and Apache, American Anthropologist, VIII,
1895, p. 223.

6 The Ancient Basket-Makers of Southeastern Utah, G. H. Pepper, Journal of the
American Museum of Natural History, New York, II, Supplement, April, 1902.

352 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1901.

it might be said that we have in the ancient inhabitants of Grand
Gulch the Shoshonean prototype of the northern clans of the Hopi,
or rather one of these clans in a state of modification as referred to.

The subsequent history of the Hopi after the Snake and other early
clans settled in Tusayan is marked by the arrival of many clans from
various quarters, consolidating into the Hopi complex as we find it
to-day.

The more important of these superadded elements were the Rain,
Lizard, and Rabbit groups of clans from the south, according to Dr.
Fewkes, which have been traced at Homolobi and Biddahoochee, and
the Badger, Horn, Tansy Mustard, and Katchina groups of clans from
the east.

Attention is called in this connection to an interesting environ-
mental phase of the names of the clans, which seems to work out
beautifully in determining the location from whence they came. This
is that the clans coming from the north and northeast, from moun-
tainous regions where game abounds, bear the names of animals; while
those from the south, or from less rugged and more cultivable regions,
bear the names of plants, minor animals, or of the beneficent powers
of nature. The clans from the land of the agave and the yucca palms
lived in a milder environment and by the nature of things were more
civilized than the clans who were forced to depend largely on hunting
for subsistence. It will be seen that those facts must be taken in
account in the study of the composition of the Hopi.

REMARKS.
TYPES OF BUILDINGS.

It was found that in few of the pueblos south of the Jetty to Valley
examined by the Museum-Gates party of 1901 was there any care
taken to locate in an inaccessible or defensible position. The care was
rather to settle near the water supply, at a sufficient elevation merely
to overlook the fields or to furnish a practicable site.

As a rule, the plans of the fifty-five ruins examined are of the ordi-
nary rectangular type, offering little worthy of remark. The groups
in the White Mountain region, however, which show in part circular
plans, and some of the ruins of the Canyon Butte group, which approach
this type, are interesting in connection with the range and affiliations
of the widespread clans who employed a style of decoration on gray
and red pottery that may be called the dual style, which will be dis-
cussed later (p. 354).

DISTRIBUTION t)F PUEBLO CULTURE.

Last winter the writer presented a paper before the Anthropolog-
ical Society of Washington, giving a summary of the field work of the

ARCHEOLOGICAL FIELD WORK IN ARIZONA. 353

Museum -Gates expedition of 1901. In discussing the paper Presi-
dent W. H. Holmes characterized the Pueblo culture by saying that
it was a great unit with much diversity in detail, fading off into but
not connecting with the areas to the west, north, and east, save per-
haps in case of a limited class of ancient earthenware decorated with
color found in the States of Mississippi, Arkansas, and Louisiana; but
on the south there is strong evidence that it connects with the art of
northern Mexico and to some degree with the great culture centers
of the southern plateau of Mexico. President Holmes said that the
various ceramic groups were largely the result of local environment,
and to some extent to the culture of peoples arriving in that environ-
ment, but the culture over the whole Pueblo area has been to some
extent unified.

A' few years ago the writer made a study of the art of pottery mak-
ing carried on at the pueblo of Hano, on the first or east Hopi mesa.
It was strikingly brought out in the course of this study that the
environment for potter's materials is quite extended. For instance,
one desirable clay was brought from the ancient quarry of Sikyatki,
about 5 miles away, another from 10 miles or so, common clay from
the partings in the mesa just below the pueblo, another clay of dif-
ferent character from some other place, and besides these four varie-
ties, kaolin was brought from a long distance. Experiments were
also made with clays encountered during journeys, and by mixtures
clays were improved or regulated for certain classes of ware, as for
the large water ollas which come from the primitive kiln a reddish-
brown color. A similar discriminative selection was also observed in
regard to the pottery pigments.

It will be seen that the potter's art at Hano is surprisingly complex
in the matter of materials, not to speak of the other processes involved
before the ware is finished.

So far as has been observed by the writer, the clays of this region
as a rule burn to light yellow, or, in other words, it is an environment
that would determine yellow pottery. Without doubt the three great
types of pottery of the Pueblo region as to color have their origin in
the geological environment in localities where the respective conditions
obtain, but the decorated ware such as is taken from the ruins and
exhibited in our museums stands very far from the beginning. These
types have been more or less widely spread over the whole Southwest
through the migration of clans. Thus we find gray ware almost exclu-
sively, for instance, at the Scorse Ranch, where the country clays burn
from yellow brown to light yellow. Hence kaolinic cla\\s were sought
out for use here because gray pottery was the kind sanctioned by custom
and must be made even though the end be attained by passing a wash
of kaolin over a body of dark color. It seems, therefore, that there
is evidence of strong conservatism in the potter's art of the pueblos,

NAT mus 1901 23

354 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1901.

one which peculiarly belongs to the woman, who Professor O. T. Mason
has shown are the originators and zealous perpetuators of many of
the primitive arts. While without the evidence of the decorative
symbolism and forms of pottery and that of other artifacts found in
a ruin, it might not be thought advisable to depend on the color of the
ware alone; yet, bearing in mind the strong conservatism of custom,
this feature has classificatory value. Speaking now with regard to
the art alone, we msij provisionally class the pueblo culture in pre-
sumable sequence of origin as that of the gray -ware people, the yellow-
ware people, and the red-ware people.

The region of gray ware is southern Utah, southern Colorado,
northern Arizona, and northern New Mexico, and its range is much
more extensive than that of any other class. The surviving people
making gray ware are the Zuni.

The region of yellow ware embraces the Hopi Reservation and the
country south to the Lower Gila in the former range of the Hopi ; in
the southern portion of the region it occurs sparingly and crosses areas
of red and gray. Acoma, Sia, and perhaps some other Rio Grande
pueblos make ware which falls in this class.

Ancient sites furnishing red ware exclusively are rare. Red ware
occurs in connection with gray, polychrome, and other classes. In
general, the region embraces the White and Mogollon mountains,
portions of the Gila, and has its focus in the Pima-Papago- Mohave
country in southern Arizona.

RANGE OF DUAL DESIGN ON POTTERY.

In this connection attention is called to a style of decoration found
almost altogether on gray pottery. The design is drawn in hachure
and solid color; these areas of decoration being very often comple-
mentary, suggesting the idea of duality. (See Plate 31, figs. 3 and 4;
Plate 32, figs. 5 and 6, Scorse Ranch ruins, and Plate 51, Canyon Butte
Wash ruins.) This design may be seen on the palaces of Mitla, where
it occurs in the frets figured by W. H. Holmes." It is believed that this
style of decoration may be of importance in determining the range and
affiliations of the tribes making use of it. An examination of the pot-
teiy of the existing pueblos shows that the dual or hachure design has
been perpetuated only at Zuni, and here also on the surviving repre-
sentative of the ancient gray ware, still the typical pottery at Zuni. The
ruins of the Zuni pueblos which nourished at the time of the conquest
and the Zuni ruin of Kintiel, so far as we have observations upon them,
show this type of ware and decoration. The ruins south of Zuni to
the Rito Quemado; southwest, embracing the St. Johns-Springerville

« Archaeological Studies Among the Ancient Cities of Mexico, Field Columbian
Museum, Anthropological Series, I, No. 1, Chicago, 1897, pp. 248-249.

AECHEOLOGICAL FIELD WORK IN ARIZONA. 355

region; Forcstdale (see p. 289), in the Apache Reservation; the Tule-
rosa and Upper San Francisco rivers, etc. ; in general, the region south
and southwest of Zufii, with as yet undefined boundaries but mani-
festly an area of great extent, are of this class. As said by Cushing,
the traditions clearly show that the Zufii stock is made up of two ele-
ments, the one preponderating and more virile from the north, and
the other from the south, which Cushing seems inclined to connect
with the Yuman of the Lower Rio Colorado or the Piman stock. a It
may be said in passing that a census of the immense collection of mod-
ern Zufii pottery in the U. S. National Museum includes a number of
pieces of red ware, principally in form of bowls with polished surface,
which remind one strongly of Pima pottery.

Little work has been done on Zufii archeology, nor is the pueblo
unique in this respect; so that the starting points, ancient migration
lines, or stopping places on the way from the north or south are yet
to be worked out. Perhaps this hint as to the dual and hachure design
may serve as a clew in the further prosecution of this research, which
presents only one of many problems that await elucidation in that
fascinating field, the ancient Southwest.

SYMBOLISM.

There remains also much work to be done on the subject of symbol-
ism, and like many other matters connected with the Indians, who are
daily losing something of their old life, the time for this study is the
present.

A world of symbolism painted on pottery lies beneath the ancient
ruins of Arizona, besides that which has already been taken out by
responsible and irresponsible parties. Nowhere has symbolism played
such important part as in the pueblos of the Hopi group, and nowhere
is the study of them so interesting, both on account of the fullness of
the material and the relationship to existing peoples who to-day have
a living body of symbols. Here is an advantage presented in the study
of pueblo archeology over that of other regions in the United States.
Representatives of the prehistoric peoples are still living in the region
where the ancient clans wandered, preserving in some degree the
ancient thought and in less degree the ancient arts. To them we may
refer the finds taken from the ground with some reasonable hope of
explaining obscure points or of finding clues that will lead to the
explanation, whereas in other regions there are many problems that
can receive no aid from living tribes.

Nowhere on this continent is there found a greater wealth of sym-
bolism than in the region of the Hopi mesas, among the living as well
as among the dead. The expression of this symbolism is also of an

« Thirteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology, 1891-92, p. 342.

356 EEPOET OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1901.

interesting stage, that of transition from "the realistic to the idealistic,
and various degrees of growth exhibiting examples of the origin of
symbols and their submergence into conventional and geometric forms.
The beginning, range, and decay of symbols, as well as the subjects
involved, form a fascinating chapter in the history of this region, a
history that gives, beyond all in importance, a clew to the thoughts
of the pueblo dwellers.

It is hoped in a future paper to present an account of the symbols
occurring on objects collected in different localities by the Museum-
Gates expedition of 1901, in order to illustrate some of the points
mentioned above. The whole subject is too large for the efforts of
one person, and perhaps rendering the material accessible to students
may be the most valuable result accomplished in this instance. A few
of the best specimens showing symbolism are figured on Plates 98 to
101.

DOMESTIC AND FOOD ANIMALS.

A careful search for the bones of animals was maintained in the
excavations made in and around the sites examined during the season
of 1901. ° This inquiry was pursued in order to ascertain what ani-
mals were used for food and what animals were domesticated by the
ancient inhabitants of this region.

As to the first item, the remains show that most of the animals of
the region were consumed as food; but, as might be anticipated, bones
of the carnivora are much rarer that those of the herbivora, the latter
represented by deer and rabbit species, and the former by the fox,
coyote, wolf, dog, raccoon, badger, wildcat, and puma, but no bones
of the bear were observed. Remains of the beaver and small rodents,
and bones of birds, especially the turke}r, eagle, hawk, and owl, were
noted.

Remains of the dog and turkey were found in nearly every ruin,
showing the extent of the domestication of these animals in this region.
So far as can be determined, the dog and turkey were the only animals
domesticated by the pueblo tribes. It was hoped that light might
have been thrown upon the question of domestication of other animals,
namely, the deer,6 and an auchenia (llama), as affirmed by Gushing from
figurines found on the Rio Salado, in southern Arizona/ The writer

«Work of this character was begun in 1896, on the Homolobi ruins, and continued
in 1897 in connection with environmental studies in the Southwest. See Hough,
Environmental Interrelations in Arizona; American Anthropologist, XI, May, 1898,
p. 133; and J. W. Fewkes, Twentieth Annual Report of the Bureau of American
Ethnology.

&Nadaillac, Prehistoric America, London, 1885, pp. 205, 219, affirms the domesti-
cation of the deer in Colorado and Arizona.

cSee Dr. Washington Matthews, U. S. A. in Land of Sunshine (now Out West),
XII, March, 1900.

ARCHEOLOGICAL FIELD WORK IN ARIZONA. 357

has copied numerous pictographs in the valley of the Little Colorado
River showing unmistakably the herding of turkeys and of deer by
men. It is possible that the scene depicted in the bowl found at
Linden (Plate 19) is of this character. In this connection the congeries
of small cells adjoining the ruins at Pinedale, in the White Mountains
of Arizona, is interesting. Still, the evidence presented so far as to
the domestication of other animals than the dog and turkey is
unsatisfactory.

It is hoped that in future excavations in the Southwest all bones of
animals may be carefully collected for the sake of the aid they afford
to a fuller understanding of the life of the pueblo dwellers.

PRESERVATION OF ANCIENT RUINS.

One of the most depressing features connected with the work in the
Pueblo region is the evidence of vandalism and unskilled exploration
encountered on almost all of the prehistoric sites. The extent of this
devastation can scarcely be realized. No ruin is so obscure or inacces-
sible that some sheep herder or prospector has not put in some of his
tedious hours digging in it.

The settlers of the States and Territories in the Pueblo region from
the first were alive to the wonders of the new country and were
attracted by the evidences of the former inhabitants. Thus at that
time, out of curiosity, many of the ruins were visited; axes, etc., were
picked up from the surface, and perhaps a little cursory excavation
done, the specimens secured forming household ornaments.

Later, the various governmental explorations called widespread
attention to the ruined pueblos of the Southwest, and soon it was found
that relics from these pueblos had commercial value. With this enter-
ing wedge, the collecting of " relics" became a business, and men trav-
ersed the region for the sole purpose of tearing up the ruins for their
private gains. Almost every trader either employed Indians to dig or
bought all the specimens that Indians brought in at a nominal price,
and many were the men who had "collections" for sale. A few of
these individuals, profiting b}r the scientific methods of governmental
and institutional explorations, were careful to catalogue and localize
the specimens as far as possible at second hand, finding that such data
increased the value. To give ah idea of the extent of this vandalism
and unscientific collection, it may be said that from one town alone
during the past ten years about 20,000 specimens have been shipped;
from other neighboring towns, about 7,000 specimens. From the same
points during this period about 10,000 specimens have been shipped
by scientific exploring parties. The speculative collecting was from
Indian reservations, railroad and Government lands.

358 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1901.-

These facts have been known for some time, and a bill for the pres-
ervation of ancient ruins has been before Congress several terms, but
the bill has not been enacted into law. Indirectly, however, Congress
has worked for the preservation of the ruins by reservations of public
domain, and in a notable instance has preserved the famous ruin called
Casa Grande.

In this connection the Interior Department has done yeoman service
in hindering, if not preventing, further despoiling of the ruins on gov-
ernmental lands by instructions to its agents and by sending inspectors
into the field for the purpose of warning offenders.

That there was a sentiment among some of the people of the South-
west in favor of the preservation of the ruins is shown by sundry
actions taken by legislative bodies and the formation of societies with
such end in view. The legislature of Arizona took action some years
ago without apparent success. The Arizona Antiquarian Society
founded through the efforts of the late Dr. Joshua Miller, of Prescott,
endeavors to preserve and to prevent the despoiling of sites of anti-
quarian interest in the Territory. In New Mexico also the subject is
receiving considerable attention.

SUMMARY OF WORK.

During the season over 55 ruins were visited, and 18 of these were
excavated in a region nearly 200 miles north and south by 70 miles
east and west. Some idea of the difficulties encountered, aside from
800 miles of wagon travel, may be gathered when it is known that five
of the groups required dry camps, water being hauled considerable
distances. The work, however, was quite successful, 2,500 specimens
having been collected. In connection with this work, ethnological
photographs, data, and specimens were secured from the Apache,
Navaho, and Hopi Indians.

Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901.— Hough.

Plate 2.

Report of U. S. National Museum. 1901 .— Hougn.

Plate 3.

z

O

cc .

< a

co 3

I- B

2 <

i 3

Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901.— Hough.

Plate 4.

z

on
<

CO

I i

°|

> a?
ui m

Report of U. S. National Museum, 190! .—Hough.

Plate 5.

° -3

QJ X

— 0>

Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901.— Hough.

Plate 6.

< 6

> &
uj o

- fc

Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901.— noug/(

Plate 7.

Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901. — Hough.

Plate 8.

Length, 5£ in.; width, 4£ in.; height, 3 in.
Cat. No. 212830.

Diam., 5J in.; height, 2± in.
Cat. No. 212831.

Bird-form Mortuary Vase and Bowl.

Forestdale, Arizona.

REPORT OF U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1901. HOUGH.

PLATE 9.

LENGTH, 2s/8 I N. W I DTH , !7/8 IN. HEIGHT, l/4 IN. CAT. No. 212841

LENGTH, 93/4 IN. HEIGHT, 2/2 IN CAT. No. 212837

PAINT CUP AND DOUBLE BOWL.

Forestdale, Arizona.

REPORT OF U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1901. HOUGH.

PLATE 10

DIAM. 5{/i IN. HEIGHT, 1% IN. CAT No. 212834

DIAM. 55/8 IN HEIGHT, 5 IN. CAT. No. 213094

BOWL OF GILA TYPE AND HANDLED VASE.
Forestdale, Arizona.

Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901 .—Hough

Plate 1 1

Diam., 6$ in.; height, 5| in. Cat. No. 212837

Diam., 10i in.; height, 7$ in. Cat. No. 212828.

Mortuary Vases of Gray Ware.

Forestdale, Arizona.

Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901. — Hough.

Plate 12.

Fetiches of Pottery and Stone, and Scrapers.
Forestdale, Arizona.

Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901. — Hough,

Plate 13.

Bone Implements.

Forestdale, Arizona.

Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901. — Hough.

Plate 14.

Stone and Bone Implements.
Interior Sawmill, Arizona.

Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901. — Hough.

Plate 15

aJl^l';:. , ' > ^e^Qo;)

Plan of Pottery Hill Ruin.

Linden, Arizona.

Report of U S. National Museum, 1901. — Hough.

Plate 16.

ft ft

• ^mmi

1 I

Scale.

Plan of Smaller Ruin Near Linden.

Arizona.

Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901. — Hough.

Plate 17.

Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901. — Hough

Plate 18.

Diam., 5* in.; height, 5i in. Cat. No. 212978.
Diam., 6f in.; height, 6 in. Cat. No. 212977.

Diam., 1J in.; height, 2± in. Cat. No. 212979.
Diam., 5* in.; height, 4| in. Cat. No. 212891.
Diam., 5£ in.; height, 2? in. Cat. No. 212898.

Gray Ware.

Linden, Arizona.

Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901. — Hough.

Plate 19.

Diam., 9£ in.; height, 5£ in. Cat. No. 212988.

Diam., 8f in.; height, A\ in. Cat. No. 212929.

Bowls of Gray Ware.

Linden, Arizona.

Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901. — Hough.

Plate 20.

Diam 4~£ ins. Height 3 ins. Cat No 212,895

Diam. 8 ins. Height * mi Cat. No. 2 I 2,900

BOWLS OF RED WARE WITH EXTERIOR DECORATION.

LINDEN, ARIZONA.

Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901. — Hough.

Plate 21

Plan of Huning Ruin.
Showlow, Arizona.

Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901.— Hough.

Plate 22.

'-'■.-V. t f'^-V'/j&v'V

Plan of Shumway Ruin.
Arizona.

Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901. — Hough.

Plate 23.

5-

°2-

^ a

O 33

< 1

-i 2

0_ -

Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901.— Hough.

Plate 24.

Diam., 13 in.; height, 5| in. Cat. No. 211963.

Diam., 13 in.; height, 6£ in. Cat. No. 212200.

Bowls of Gray Ware.
McDonald's Canyon, Arizona.

Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901. — Hough.

Plate 25.

Diam., 10i in. height, 5J in. Cat. No. 212265.

Diain., 1U in.; height, G in. Cat. No. 212261.

Bowls of Gray Ware.

McDonald's Canyon, Arizona.

Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901. — Hough.

Plate 26.

Length, 6 in.; height, 5} in. Cat. No. 212297

Diam., 6 In.; height, 5± in. Cat. No. 212282.

Vases of Gray Ware.

McDonald's Can von, Arizona.

Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901. — Hough.

Plate 27.

RUGOSE BOWL, RED WARE, SIDE AND BACK.

MCDONALDS CANYON, ARIZONA.

Diam. 6,TSins. Height 3-% 'ns. Cat. No. 212,301

Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901.— Hough.

Plate 28.

RUGOSE BOWL, SIDE AND BACK.

MCDONALDS CANYON, ARIZONA.
Diam. 8% ins Height 4 ins. Cat. No. 212,299

REPORT OF U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM/1901. HOUGH

PLATE 29

DIAM. 5/8 IN. HEIGHT 45A I N. CAT. No. 2I228<

DIAM.3 5/8 IN. HEIGHT, 3J4 IN. CAT. 2

12279

CANTEEN AND HANDLED VASE.

. 'Mi.

Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901. — Hough.

Plate 30.

Sketch Map of Scorse Ranch Ruins.

Le Ronx Wash, Arizona.

Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901. — Hough.

Plate 31

Cat. Nos. 212522 and 212529.

Cat. Nos. 212530 and 211

Cat. Nos. 2125:55 and 212538.

Handled Vases, Gray Ware.

Scorse Ranch, Arizona.

Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901.— Hough.

Plate 32.

Cat. No. 212503.

Cat. No. 212499.

Cat. Nos. 212520 and 212531.

Cat. Nos. 212423 and 21259 1

Bird and other Forms of Gray Ware.
Scorse Ranch, Arizona.

Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901. — Hough.

Plate 33.

Diam., 9} in.; height, 5£ in. Cat. No. 212436.

Diam., 9 in.; height, 4£ in. Cat No. 212141.

Bowls of Gray Ware.
Scorse Ranch, Arizona.

Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901. — Hough

Plate 34.

Diam., 9£ in.; height, 3$ in. Cat, No. 212430.

Diam., 9£ i»-; height, 5 in. Cat. No. 212429.

Bowls of Gray Ware.

Scorse Ranch, Arizona.

Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901.— Hough.

Plate 35.

Cat. No. 212,550

Cat. No. 212553

Cat. No. 212,554

BOWLS OF RED WARE.
SCORSE RANCH, ARIZONA.

REPORT OF U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1901. HOUGH.

PLATE 36

CAT. No. 212468

CAT. No. 212582

CAT. No. 2 1 2494

CAT. No.212508

CAT. No 212509

VASES, COILED AND RED WARE.

Scorse Ranch, Arizona.

Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901.— Hough

Plate 37.

Stone Axes, Mortar and Pestle.
Scorse Ranch, Arizona.

Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901.— Hough.

Plate 38.

Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901. — Hough.

Plate 39.

'MB

i

ft

•

Kffi — 0 'r

it,^"-

r£x.

*ci*

'CD

If)

u

D

tt"

O

L.

I

x

0
CO

u

or

II

.'

"7*0

','iJt?!?

&■

<m

;"•■:-'-. •%

• ■;

i

Jo-" «-

i

i

u

J

'J

^

if

O jg

Z 3

< n
a |

d

Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901.— Hough.

Plate 40.

A I far.®

^PEp " "' lifer

Plan of Ruin 2.
Canyon Butte Wash, Arizona.

Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901. — Hough.

Plate 41,

vScal i

«kW ;"• «##*$!

i'^';^^A^-^f'--;:-.v^V:.-^

Plan of Ruin 3.
Canyon Butte Wash, Arizona.

Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901. — Hough.

Plate 42.

Diam., 8* in.; height, 3* in. Cat. No. 212108.

^^iS? j^Ei^P^^ 1 WSft "' 2?a§

WBfev

9$& w 1

Stywi^i

■* '?

!• lit - • '■S/' iJ'^

■>SpwP'- ■ . \^V .

^^

Length, 12 in.; width, 7 in.; height, 2 in. Cat. No. 212066.

Polychrome Bowl and Painted Stone Tablet.
Canyon Bntte Wash, Arizona.

Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901. — Hough.

Plate 43.

f • • Ml

i ) 1 1 ■ o

)

I

I*>>

Outfit of Medicine Man.
Canyon Butte Wash, Arizona.

Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901.— Hough.

Plate 44.

• . •

£fn till Houses,

t, ■ '.;:'>\-.v>,;-;:S;*r^'

>?^

■'■:■'.'» : :;ri •;'"'' -••,- •"'■-•■ i' '• ft - ' ^'4**^

Plan of Ruin 4.
Canyon Butte Wash, Arizona.

Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901. — Hough.

Plate 45.

Diam., 3| in.: height, 3^ in. Cat. No. 212042.
Diam., 4 in.; height, 2£ in. Cat. No. 212237.

Diam., 5 in.: height, 4£ in. Cat. No. 212080.
Diam., 4| in.; height, 3£ in. Cat. No. 212168.

Coiled Ware.

Canyon Butte Wash, Arizona.

Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901. — Hough.

Plate 46.

Diam. 5% ins. Cat. No. 2 12,170

Diam. 9 ins Cat. No. 2 12,1 16

Diam. 8 % ins. Cat No. 212,055

BOWLS OF RUGOSE AND RED WARE, WHITE EXTERIOR DECORATION.
CANYON BUTTE WASH, ARIZONA.

Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901.— Hough.

Plate 47.

Diam. I 1^ ins. Cat. No. 212,236

Diam. I 7\{ ins Cat. No. 2 I 2, 1 80

RED BOWLS WITH WHITE EXTERIOR DECORATION.

CANYON BUTTE WASH, ARIZONA.

REPORT OF U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1901. HOUGH.

PLATE

DIAM. \\% IN. HEIGHT, 5 IN. CAT. No. 212074

SIDE AND INTERIOR VIEW OF SAME.

RED AND BROWN BOWL, EXTERIOR AND INTERIOR DECORATION.

Canyon buife, Arizona.

Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901. — Hough.

Plate 49.

RED AND BROWN BOWL, EXTERIOR DECORATION.

CANYON BUTTE WASH, ARIZONA.

Diam. I I % ins. Height 5 ins Cat. No. 2 I 2.074

Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901.— Hough.

Plate 50.

Diam., 8§- in.; height, 4 in. Cat. No. 212056.

Diam., 11} in.; height, 6* in. Cat. No. 212075.

Bowls of Gray Ware.

Canvon Butte Wash, Arizona.

Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901. — Hough.

Plate 51

Diam., 6 in.; height, 5 in. Cat. No. 212026

Diam., 7£ in.; height, 7£ in. Cat. No. 155128.

Diam., 7 in.; height, 8± in. Cat. No. 6837(5.

Vases of Gray Ware.
Northeastern Arizona and New Mexico.

Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901. — Hough.

Plate 52.

Pipes from Ancient Pueblos.
Arizona.

Report of U. S, National Museum, 1901. — Hough.

Plate 53.

Stindu ' Ridin.'
il oping' it) estw'a r.d-

■ ■■ • ' ■■• ■-■■■ ■-■•■■■'-■-.« ;'.^-v>.; ••» ^.V, -- ."

Plan of Milky Hollow Ruin, Arizona.

Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901.— Hough.

Plate 54.

'-"r-Wc'stOzmeter

A/lid^lc^ Cemetery .

MoiiixU:

7l 'J ~ '^

Plan of Stone Axe Ruin, Arizona.

Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901 .—Hough.

Plate 55.

Stone Implements.

Stone Axe, Arizona.

Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901. — Hough.

Plate 56.

■\

)

Bone, Pottery, Shell, and Stone Objects.
Stone Axe Ruin, Arizona.

REPORT OF U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1901. HOUGH.

PLATE 57

DIAM. 15)^ IN. HEIGHT, 10/4 IN CAT. No.212753

LARGE VASE, POLYCHROME WARE.

Stone ^xe, Arizona.

REPORT OF U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1901 HOUGH

PLATE 58

DIAM. 6/4 IN. HEIGHT 23/4 IN. CAT. NO. 212737

DIAM. 6/4 IN. HEIGHT, 4 'A IN. CAT. No. 212740

BOWL AND VASE
Stone Axe , Arizona.

REPORT OF U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1901 HOUGH.

PLATE 59

DIAM. Sfc IN. HEI6HT,3^ IN. CAT. No.212734

BOWLS, YELLOW WARE.

Stone Axe, Arizona.

REPORT OF U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, 190). HOUGH.

PLATE 60

DIAM. 8)4 IN. HEIGHT, 3^4 IN. CAT. No. 212718

DIAM. 8# IN. HEIGHT, 33A IN. CAT No. 212746

BOWLS SHOWING SYMBOLISM.

Stone Axe Ruin, Arizona.

Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901. — Hough.

Plate 61,

Diana., 8 in.; height, 3£ in. Cat. No. 212742.

Diam., 9 In.; height, 3f in. Cat. No. 212741.

Bowls, White and Gila Ware.
Stone Axe Ruin, Arizona.

>ORT OF U.S NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1901 HOUGH.

PLATE 62

DIAM. 9/4 IN. HEIGHT, 3'A IN. CAT. No. 212743

BOWLS, YELLOW -BROWN AND RED, WITH WHITE LINES.

Stone Axe Ruin, Arizona.

Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901. — Hough.

Plate 63.

Diam, 1XA ins. Cat. No. 212,793

Diam. 8 int. Cat. No. 21 2,744

BOWLS, RED WARE

STONE AXE RUIN, ARIZONA.

EPORTOF U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1901. HOUGH.

PLATE 64

DIAM. 4/8 IN. HEIGHT, 3 IN. CAT. No. 212*741

DIAM. I^/b IN HEIGHT 6 IN. CAT. No. 212790

VASES WITH ANIMAL HANDLES.

Stone Axe Ruin. Arizona.

Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901. — Hough.

Plate 65,

Leuel Plain.

%:-:-

Sketch Map of Biddahoochee Group of Ruins, Arizona.

Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901. — Hough.

Plate 66.

L/evelMesa.

Plan of Ruin on Bluff.

Biddahooehee, Arizona.

Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901. — Hough.

Plate 67.

1, Black Butte ; 2, Ruin in Front of Butte.
Biddahoochee, Arizona.

REPORT OF U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1901. HOUGH.

PLATE 68

D1AM. 6 IN. HEIGHT, I3/* IN. CAT. No. 212322

DIAM.8)fe IN. HEIGHT,3ya IN. CAT. No. 212326

BOWLS, YELLOW WARE.

Bkidahoochee, Arizona.

REPORTOF U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1901. HOUGH.

PLATE 69

DIAM. 8% IN. HEIGHT.3 IN. CAT. No.21232

BOWLS, YELLOW WARE.

Biddahoochee, Arizona.

REPORT OF U. S. NATIONAL MUSE.UM, 1901. HOUGH.

PLATE 70.

CAT. No. 212381

CAT. No. 212382

CAT. No. 212354

CAT. No 212333

DIPPERS. CUR AND HANDLED BOWL.

Biddahoochee, Arizona.

REPORT OF U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1901. HOUGH.

PLATE 71

DIAM.45/a IN. HEIGHT, 3% IN. CAT. No. 212368

DIAM.5;4 IN. HEIGHT, 4% IN. CAT. No2l2367

VASES WITH BIRD DECORATION.

Biddahoochee, Arizona.

REPORT OF U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1901. HOUGH.

PLATE 72.

DIAM. B'A IN. HEIGHT, 4 5/s IN. CAT. No. 212363

DIAM. 6/4 IN. HEIGHT, 4^4 IN. CAT. No. 212366

VASES OF YELLOW-BROWN, AND LEMON-YELLOW.

Biddahoochee, Arizona.

REPORT OF U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM., 1901. HOUGH.

PLATE 73

DIAM. ll/2 IN. HEIGHTS^ IN. CAT No. 212334

VASE OF ORANGE COLOR.
Biddahoochee, Arizona.

REPORT OF U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1901. HOUGH.

PLATE 74

DIAM. 10/4 IN. HEIGHT, 4 IN. CAT. No. 212330

BOWL, RED WARE, GREEN DECORATION.

Biddahoochee, Arizona.

REPORT OF U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1901. HOUGH.

PLATE 75.

DIAM. 7/4 IN HEIGHT, 33/e IN. CAT. No. 2 12345

DIAM. 734 in HEIGHT, 3/4 IN. CAT. No. 212347

BOWLS OF POLYCHROME WARE.

Biddahoochee, Arizona.

Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901. — Hough.

Plate 76.

Diam., 8$ in.; height, 4 in. Cat. No. 212329.

Diam., 8^ in.; height, 4 in. Cat. No. 212328.

Bowls of White Ware.
Biddahoochee, Arizona.

REPORT OF U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1901. HOUGH.

PLATE 77

DIAM. 45/8 IN. H EIGHT, 3% IN. CAT. NO. 212369

DIAM. S'/a IN. HEIGHT, 5 IN. CAT. No. 212394

VASES OF WHITE WARE.
Biddahoochee, Arizona.

Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901. — Hough.

Plate 78.

Diam., 6£ in.; height, 2£ in. Cat. No. 212390.

Diam., 6* in.; height, 6} in. Cat. No. 212371.

Dipper and Vase, Gray Ware.
Biddahoochee, Arizona.

Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901. — Hough.

Plate 79.

Cat. Nos. 212392 and 212351.

Cat. Nos. 212348 and 212357.

Cat. Nos. 212355 and 212372.

Small Vessels, Gray Ware.

Biddahoochee, Arizona.

s

Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901.— Hough.

Plate 80.

Cat. No. 212375 (front view).

Cat. No. 212375 (bottom).

Cat. No. 212373.

Coiled Ware.
Biddahooehee, Arizona.

Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901.— Hough.

Plate 81

Stone Implements.
Biddahoochee, Arizona.

Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901.— Hough.

Plate 82.

Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901. — Hough.

Plate 83.

O

Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901.— Hough.

Plate 84.

o "-

■

Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901.— Hough.

Plate 85.

Report of U S. National Museum, 1901. — Hough.

Plate 86.

Hair Tied with Hair Cord.

Kokopnyama, Jettyto Valley, Arizona.

Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901. — Hough.

Plate 87.

Coiled Basketry.
Kokopnyama, Jettyto Valley, Arizona.

Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901.— Hough.

Plate 88.

REPORT OF U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1901. HOUGH.

PLATE 89

Report of U, S. National Museum, 1901. — Hough.

Plate 90.

-'il'

1 •

'

. • ' "* '. ?

'

-■' * ■

i'^/i *'*4 f&!

1

■•i

*

u

w;

'^M*

1 ■ r *

£ 1

Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901.— Hough.

Plate 91.

5 .

CO

3 3

0 >.

1 s

< o

Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901.— Hough.

Plate 92.

2 5

2. 3

o J2

< g

REPORT OF U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1901. HOUGH.

PLATE 93.

DIAM. 4 IN. CAT. No.213167

SMALL POTTERY VESSELS.

Kawaiokuh, Arizona.

REPORT OF U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1901. HOUGH.

PLATE 94

O
O

(J)

< o

O .2

c

a 5

tr s

£1

to
O <s

cr *

q:

<

u.
o

UJ

<

>

Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901 . — Hough.

Plate 95.

Warn., 7f in.; height, 6J in. Cat. No. 213084.

Diain.. <sg in.; height, (>£ in. Cat. No. 213184.

Vases of Gray Ware.
Kawaiokuh, Arizona.

Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901.— Hough.

Plate 96.

•

ft ft + )

Small Ornaments and Figurines.
Kawaiokuh, Jettyto Valley, Arizona.

Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901. — Hough.

Plate 97.

"*V'V.

Basketry and Matting.
Kawaiokuh, Jcttyto Valley. Arizona.

Report of U. S. National Museum, I 90 I .—Hough

Diam. I 0}i ins. Cat. No 213,1 13

POTTERY SHOWING APPLICATION OF COLOR.

KAWAIOKUH, ARIZONA.

REPORT OF U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1901. HOUGH.

PLATE 99.

DIAM. 9/4 IN. HEIGHT,3>4 IN. CAT No. 212937

BOWLS SHOWING SYMBOLISM AND COLOR.

Kawaiokuh and Kokopnyama, Arizona.

REPORT OF U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1901. HOUGH.

PLATE 100.

DIAM. 6 IN. HEIGHT, 2 5/e IN. CAT. No. 2131 3£

DIAM.9 IN HEIGHT. 3^ IN. CAT. No.213086

POTTERY SHOWING COLOR AND SYMBOLISM.

Kawaiokuh, Arizona.

REPORT OF U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1901. HOUGH.

PLATE iOI

DIAM. 9'A IN. HEIGHT, 3^ IN. CAT. No.213106

FOOD BOWLS SHOWING BIRD SYMBOLISM.

Kawaiokuh, Arizona.

wiililk

if