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Marine Biological Laboratory iG brary
Woods Hole, Massachusetts
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Philadelphea architect nephew of
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MBL investigator, and Priscilla Brassiin
Montgomery (1874-1956), MBL lbrarvn.
Gift of ther sons Hugh Montgomery, MD.
and Raymond B. Montgomery — 1987.
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SEARCHING EXPEDITION:
A
JOURNAL OF A BOAT-VOYAGKH
THROUGH RUPERT'S LAND AND THE ARCTIC SEA,
IN SEARCH OF
THE DISCOVERY SHIPS UNDER COMMAND OF
SIR JOHN FRANKLIN.
WITH AN APPENDIX ON THE PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY
OF NORTH AMERICA.
BY SIR JOHN RICHARDSON, C.B., F.RS.
INSPECTOR OF NAVAL HOSPITALS AND FLEETS,
ETC- ETC. ETC.
IN TWO VOLUMES.
VOL. II.
PUBLISHED BY AUTHORITY.
LONDON:
LONGMAN, BROWN, GREEN, AND LONGMANS.
1851.
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CON TA NES:
CEA TRER) Soni:
OF THE ’TINNE OR CHEPEWYANS.
Geographical Position. National Name. Tribes. Hare
Indians and Dog-Ribs. Personal Appearance. Women.
Dress. Dispositions. Wars. Socialism. Improvi-
dence. Suffering. Affection for their Children. Hos-
pitality feeble. Falsehood. Honesty. Religious Belief.
Volatility. Marriages. Wrestling for a Wife. Dogs.
Moose hunting. Public Opinion the only Rule of Con-
duct. Chiefs. Introduction of Christianity. Horses.
Houses. Dawnings of Civilization. Members of the
*Tinne People west of the Rocky Mountains. Southern
Athabascans - - - - - :
CHAP. chy:
EYTHINYUWUK, OR CREES AND CHIPPEWAYS.
National Names. Division. Tribes. Territory. Wars
with the Mengwe. Conventional Character not true.
Persons. Gait. Crimes. Wabunsi. Wigwams. Reli-
gious Belief. Vapour Baths. Everlasting Fire. Its
rites. Used in Sickness. Its Priests. Its Origin.
Chief Sun. Policy. Calumet. Maize. Food. Rein-
deer. Bison. White-fish. Earth-works. Pottery.
Language. Half-breeds. Colony of Red River or
Osnaboya. Spirituous Liquors - - .
Page
lV CONTENTS.
CHAP. XV.
OCCURRENCES IN WINTER.
Page
Fort Confidence. Situation. Silurian Limestone. Lake
basin. Trees. Dwelling-house. Occupations. Letters.
Galena Newspaper. Oregon “Spectator.” Extent of
the Hudson’s Bay Company’s Territory. Fisheries.
Venison. Wolverines. Native Socialism. Provisions
collected at Fort Confidence. Fetes. Winter Fishery.
Eskimo Sleds. Reindeer. Wolverine. | Wolves.
Honesty of the Dog-Ribs. Their Indolence. Pro-
visions not individual Property. Indians move off.
An Accouchement. Ccelebs in search of aWife. Might
makes Right. None but the brave deserve the fair.
Progress of the Seasons. Temperature. Arrival of
Summer Birds. At Fort Confidence. At Fort Franklin.
On the Yukon - - . - - - 61
CHAP. XV E
Mr. Rae’s Expedition in the Summer of 1849. Instruc-
tions. He crosses to the Coppermine. Descends that
River. Sea covered with Ice. Surveys Rae River.
Eskimos. Cape Kendal. Cape Hearne. Basil Hall
Bay. Cape Krusenstern. Douglas Island. Detention.
Dangerous Situation. August 23., return. Author
and Mr. Bell Jeave Fort Confidence. Cross Great
Bear Lake. Descend Bear Lake River. David Brodie
lost in the Woods. His Adventures. Fort Simpson.
Methy Portage. Receive English Letters. Norway
House. Part from the Seamen and Sappers and Miners.
Continue the Voyage to Canada. Boston. Land at
Liverpool. Summary of the present State of the Search
for Sir John Franklin - - - . - 1138
CONTENTS.
APPENDIX.
No. I.
PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY.
GrneERAL View. Rocky Mountains. Their Length. Their
Height. Glaciers. Parallelism to the Pacific Coast.
Continental Slopes. Russian America. Eastern Slope.
Prairies. Mississippi Valley. Its Slope. Fundamental
Rocks of the Basin. Silurian Strata. Carboniferous
Series. Tertiary Beds. Lignite Formations. Series
of Lake Basins. Transverse Valleys. Intermediate Belt
of primitive, hypogenous, or metamorphic Rocks. Its
Rivers mere Chains of Lakes. Its Breadth. Altitude.
Sources of three great River Systems. Great Fish River.
The Yukon or Kwichpack. Basins of Excavation.
Glacial Action. Active Volcanoes - - -
VALLEY OF THE St. Lawrence. Altitudes of the Lakes
above the Sea. Lake Superior. Lake Michigan. Lake
Huron. Lake Erie. Lake Ontario. Lake Chaplain.
Northern Brim of the St. Lawrence Basin. Its geological
Structure. North Shore of Lake Superior. Structure
of the Country at the Sources of the Mississippi -
WINIPEG OR SASKATCHEWAN VALLEY. Height of Lake
Winipeg. Sea River. Katchewan River. Thousand
Lakes. Portages. River Winipeg. Red River. Sas-
katchewan River - - - - -
Missinip1 VALLEY. Its Lakes. Frog Portage - -
MACKENZIE River VALLEY. Methy Portage. Athabasca,
Elk, or Red-deer River. Lesser Slave Lake. Peace
Page
161
177
193
198
vi CONTENTS.
Page
River. Slave River. River of the Mountains. Noh’-
hanne Bute. Great Bear Lake - - - 199
Yukon Vattey. Yukon or Kwichpack. Volcanic Chain
of Alaska. Coal. Fossil Bones - - ~- 205
No. II,
CLIMATOLOGY.
Snow Line. Ground Ice. Thermometrical Observations
in the Valley of the St. Lawrence. Comparative Tem-
perature of the Two Sides of the Continent. Pheno-
mena of the Seasons at Penetanguishene: At Fort
William: At Fort Vancouver. Thermometrical Obser-
vations in the Valley of the Saskatchewan. On the East
and West Sides of the Continent in that Parallel. Phe-
nomena of the Seasons at Cumberland House: At Carl-
ton House: At Marten’s Fallson Albany River. Ther-
mometrical Observations on the Missinipi and in the
same Parallels on the East and West Sides of the Con-
tinent. Thermometrical Observations in the Valleys .
of the Mackenzie, Yukon, and Pelly. Progress of the
Seasons at Fort Franklin. Thermometrical Observations
on the Arctic Seas. General Remarks. Nocturnal
Radiation - - - - - - 212
No. III.
ON THE GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF PLANTS NORTH
OF THE 49TH PARALLEL OF LATITUDE.
Generic and Specific Forms of Plants decrease in Number
as the Latitude increases. Analogy between Altitude
and Increase of Latitude. Culture of the Vine. Of the
Cerealia. Maize. Wheat. Oats. Barley. Potatoes.
Botanical Districts. Their Physiognomy. Woodland
District. Barren Grounds. Prairies. Rocky Mountains.
CONTENTS. Vil
Page
Sitka. Polar Plants. Arctic Zone. Trees and Shrubs.
Table of Distribution of Species in three several
Zones. Carices - - - - - 264
No. LV.
LIST OF INSECTS.
Note on Hymenoptera in Arctic North America. List of
Coleoptera. Orthoptera. Neuroptera. Hymenoptera.
Hemiptera. Homoptera. Lepidoptera. Diptera - 354
No. V.
VOCABULARIES.
Eskimo Vocabulary. Comparative Table of the Dialects
spoken by the Beering’s Sea and Labrador Eskimos.
Vocabulary of the Kutchin of the Yukon or Kutchi-
Kutchi, with Chipewyan Synonyms. Chipewyan Vo-
cabulary. Dog-Rib Vocabulary. Fort Simpson Dog-
Rib. “ Mauvais Monde” Vocabulary. Chipewyan and
Dog-Rib Words - - - - - 363
EXPLANATION OF Puates I. Anp II. - - - 403
PLATE.
Cree Wigwams. (Vide p. 43.) - - . - Frontispiece
ARCTIC
PEARCHING: EXPEDITION,
CHAPTER XIII.
OF THE ’TINNE OR CHEPEWYANS.
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION. —NATIONAL NAME. — TRIBES. — HARE
INDIANS AND DOG-RIBS.—PERSONAL APPEARANCE. — WOMEN.
— DRESS. — DISPOSITIONS. — WARS. — SOCIALISM. — IMPROVI-
DENCE.—SUFFERING.—AFFECTION FOR THEIR CHILDREN. —
HOSPITALITY FEEBLE.— FALSEHOOD. — HONESTY.— RELIGIOUS
BELIEF. — VOLATILITY. — MARRIAGES. — WRESTLING FOR A
WIFE.— DOGS.— MOOSE-HUNTING.— PUBLIC OPINION THE ONLY
RULE OF CONDUCT.—CHIEFS.—INTRODUCTION OF CHRISTI-
ANITY.—— HORSES. —- HOUSES. —DAWNINGS OF CIVILISATION. —
MEMBERS OF THE *TINNE PEOPLE WEST OF THE ROCKY
MOUNTAINS.—SOUTHERN ATHABASCANS.
’Trnné or ’Dtinné, Athabascans, or Chepewyans.
Under these national appellations I have to speak
of a people whose southern border is the Churchill
River, or the Missinipz, as it is termed by the
Eythinyuwuk, to whom it is also a boundary line.
Every where, in the country lying east of the
VOL. II. B
2 CHEPEWYANS.
Mackenzie, the ’7inné lands are conterminous with
the Eskimo coast, and, to the westward of the Rocky
Mountains, with the Kutchin grounds, though the
precise geographical limits of the two nations in
that direction have not yet been correctly ascer-
tained. The ’Z%nne, however, extend across the
continent, since the 7@-kuli and almost the entire
population of New Caledonia have been referred
by ethnologists to their nation.
The name by which the ’Tinné designate them-
selves has, as is usual with the native Americans,
the signification of ‘ people,” or ‘ the people,” and
its proper application, when ascertained with care,
would seem, at first sight, to be a good test for
fixing the nationality of some tribes whose position
in the ethnological scale is still uncertain. But as
our acquaintance with the various American lan-
euages extends, and the way in which the pronun-
ciation of the same word in the mouths of different
tribes is gradually modified becomes known, doubts
arise as to the value of such a test, or, rather, the
opinion of the intimate connection between the
various tongues is strengthened, though it may be
difficult to trace their links in vocabularies com-
piled by Europeans. Thus, though no two lan-
guages can be apparently more dissimilar than the
harsh, guttural, unpronounceable, and unwritable
’Tinne speech, and the flowing, harmonious, and
a
TRIBES. 33
easily acquired tongue of the Eythinyuwuk, yet the
’Thinyu (man) of the latter may be resolved into
the ’Tinne, ’Tinye, or Dunne, of the former, and the
Ting-t of the Kutchin, without much philological
artifice.*
Various tribes have been distinguished by pe-
culiar names, but there is little variety in their
general appearance, and few discrepancies in their
dress, customs, or moral character. The Hare
Indians (Ka-cho-dtinne) inhabit the banks of the
Mackenzie, from Slave Lake downwards, and the
Dog-ribs (Thling-e-ha-dtinnée) the inland country
on the east, from Martin Lake to the Coppermine.
There is no perceptible difference in the aspect of
these two tribes. They meet in the same hunting-
grounds at the north end of Great Bear Lake,
intermarry, and their speech scarcely differs even
in accent. The Hare Indians, frequenting a thickly
wooded district in which the American hare abounds,
feed much on that animal, and clothe themselves
with its skins, while the Dog-ribs depend more
upon the rein-deer for a supply of winter dresses,
but in all essential respects they are the same
* Mr. Isbister says the Chepewyan tongue is “ harsh and
guttural, difficult of enunciation, and unpleasant to the ear.”
“ As a language it is exceedingly meagre and imperfect.”—Rep.
Brit. Ass. for 1847. Mr. M‘Pherson pointed out to me, as a
curious coincidence, the similarity in sound of the Gaelic word
for people, with the "Dunne of the Dog-rib Indians.
B 2
4 CHEPEWYANS.
people. To the eastward of the Dog-ribs are the
Red-knives, named by their southern neighbours
the Tantsa-ut-'dtinne (Birch-rind people). They
inhabit a stripe of country running northwards
from Great Slave Lake, and in breadth from the
Great Fish River to the Coppermine. They were
also formerly in the habit of resorting to the north
end of Great Bear Lake, to kill musk-oxen and
rein-deer; but many of their influential men being
cut off by treachery in a feud with the Dog-ribs, they
have lately kept more towards the east end of Great
Slave Lake. These three tribes roam northwards
to the Eskimo boundary line, but mutual fears
cause the two people to leave an ample neutral
ground, on which neither party are willing to
venture.
Other members of the ’Tinné nation inhabit
the country at the mouth of the Missinipi, and
carry their furs to Fort Churchill, where they
meet the Eskimos that come from the northward,
and, through the influence of the traders, carry on
an amicable intercourse with them, so that ’Tinneé
families occasionally accompany the Eskimos to
their hunting-grounds. A wide tract of barren
lands intervenes between the Churchill ’Tinné and
the Red-knives, and the tribes on the Slave and
Elk Rivers which resort to Fort Chepewyan.
These “barren grounds” are very thinly peopled,
* ‘TRIBES. 5
and rather by isolated families who resort thither
for a year or two to hunt the rein-deer than by
parties associated in such numbers as to deserve
the name of a tribe. Part of these wandering,
solitary people resort at intervals of. two or three
years to Churchill for supplies, and part to Fort
Chepewyan, where, from the direction in which
they came, they are named Sa-i-sa-dtinné (Eastern
or Rising Sun folks). The Athabasca ’Tinne, named
also Chepewyans, frequent the Elk and Slave
Rivers, and the country westward to Hay River,
which falls into Great Slave Lake. There is some
difference between their dialect and that of the
tribes on the Mackenzie, but not so much as to
occasion any difficulty to an interpreter, versed in
either tongue. The name Chipewyan has no re-
lation to the word Ojibbeway or Chippeway, which
designates an Eythinyuwuk people frequenting the
coasts of Lake Superior, but has rather, I believe,
its origin in the contempt felt’ by the warlike
Crees for the less manly ’Tinné, whom they op-
pressed by their inroads, before commerce intro-
duced peace between them. Chi-pai-uk-tim (you
dead dog) is a most opprobrious epithet. The
appellation of “slave,” given to the Dog-ribs by
the same people, whose war-parties penetrated even
to the banks of the Mackenzie, has a similar origin ;
and it has been stated in a preceding page, that
B 3
6 CHEPEWYANS.
the Kolushes also called the Eskimo Kadyakers
with whom they warred “slaves.” To the south of
the Athabascans, a number of ’Tinné frequent the
upper part of the Missinipi, where they mingle
with the Crees, and in common with them trade
with the posts on Lac la Ronge and Isle a la
Crosse. (See Vol. I. p. 91.) The Sarsis or Circees,
who live near the Rocky Mountains, between the
sources of the Athabasca and Saskatchewan Rivers,
are said to be likewise of the ’"Timne stock.
Between the Peace River and the west branch
of the Mackenzie are the Beaver Indians, who take
their name from an affluent of the latter. Their
dialect is reported to be softer than that of the other
’"Tinne, having probably been modified by their
intercourse with the Crees of the prairies. Other
tribes on the mountain branch of the Mackenzie
differ somewhat either in language or manners
from the eastern part of the nation, and have
peculiar designations. The Nol’hanné inhabit the
angle between that branch and the great bend of
the trunk of the river, and are neighbours of the
Beaver Indians. Higher up are the ’ Dicha-ta-ut-
‘tinné, “* Mountain Indians” or “‘ Strong-bows,” who
keep to the ranges of the Rocky Mountains, and the
Tsilla-ta-ut-tinneé, or “ Brushwood-people.”
Between the trunk of the Mackenzie, on the
65th parallel, and the Rocky Mountain ranges,
TRIBES, rg
dwell a tribe named Dahd-’dtinnée by the Dog-rib
Indians, and Nod’hai-e by the Kutchin. They
descend the Gravel River to come to Fort Norman,
and are ill understood by the Dog-rib interpreters
there. In the first volume (p. 180.) I have men-
tioned, on the authority of Mr. M‘Kenzie, that the
Daha-dtinnes name themselves in their own tongue
Cheta-ut-tdinnée, which indicates their identity with
the Strong-bows, both being mountaineers. Fur-
ther down the Mackenzie, near the 65th parallel,
another small tribe also descends from the moun-
tains to visit Fort Good Hope, and is named
Amba-ta-ut-tinné, or “ Sheep-people,” because they
hunt the Ovis montana on the mountain-tops.
These people speak a dialect of the ’Tinné, which
is well understood by the Hare Indians.
This enumeration of the various ’Tinné tribes
dwelling on the east side of the Rocky Mountains,
all of whom believe that they are sprung from a
dog, will give some idea of the geographical extent
of the nation. It is not my intention to speak of
them severally, as my personal acquaintance is too
partial to enable me to state correctly in what
respects they differ from each other. The Atha-
bascans or Chepewyans proper have been so long
known, and so often mentioned by writers on the
fur countries, and Hearne has given so many
details of the habits of the’Tinné of Churchill, and
B 4
8 CHEPEWYANS.
of the tribes he encountered in his journey over
the barren grounds, that I could add little of
importance ; I shall, therefore, restrict my remarks
to the Dog-ribs and Hare Indians, who resorted to
Fort Franklin and Fort Confidence during my
residences on Great Bear Lake.
These people possess more regular features than
the Eskimos, with, at the same time, a greater
variety among individuals, many of whom have
good profiles. Taken as a whole, they exhibit
all the characteristics which we observe in the
red races dwelling further south; but their in-
attention to personal appearance, want of cleanli-
ness, and their abject behaviour, give them a very
inferior aspect, particularly when in the company
of white people. or they possess the whine and
air of accomplished beggars, and their solicitations
are constant as long as they have any hope of gain.
The women are inferior to the men in height, fea-
tures, and care of their dress; for, dirty as the
men generally are, they do paint their faces and
wear ornaments on festive occasions, while few of
the women take so much trouble. Most of the
latter, however, are tatooed on the chin, or at the
angles of the mouth.
The clothing of the men in summer is rein-deer
leather, dressed like shammy, and is beautifully
white‘and soft when newly made. A shirt of this
DRESS. 9
material, cut evenly below, reaches to the middle ;
the ends of a piece of cloth secured to a waistband,
hang down before and behind; hose or Indian
stockings descend from the top of the thigh to the
ankle; and a pair of mokassins or shoes of the
same soft leather, with tops which fold round the
ankle, complete the costume. When the hunter is
equipped for the chase, he wears, in addition, a
stripe of white hare-skin, or of the belly part of a
deer-skin, in a bandeau round the head, with his
lank, black elf-locks streaming from beneath ; a shot
pouch, suspended by an embroidered belt, which
crosses the shoulder ; a fire-bag or tobacco-pouch
tucked into the girdle; a pair of mittens; and a
long fowling-piece in its coat thrown carelessly
across the arm or balanced on the back of the neck.
The several articles here enumerated are orna-
mented at the seams and hems with leathern thongs
wound round with porcupine quills, or are more or
less embroidered with bead-work, according to the
industry of the wife or wives. One of the young
men even of the slovenly Dog-rib tribe, when newly
equipped from top to toe, and tripping jauntily over
the mossy ground with an elastic step, displays his
slim and not ungraceful figure to advantage. But
this fine dress, once donned, is neither laid aside nor
cleaned while it lasts, and soon acquires a dingy
look, and an odour which can be perceived’ from
10 CHEPEWYANS.
some distance. In the camp a smoky, greasy
blanket of English manufacture is worn over the
shoulders by day, and forms, with the clothes, the
bedding by night.
In winter the skins of fawn rein-deer, retaining
the hair, are substituted for the shammy leather,
and a large robe of the same material is thrown
over the shoulders, and hangs down to the feet, in
place of the blanket. As the preparation of so
much leather and dressed fur keeps the women
busy, they are glad to use English cloth, of blue,
red, or green colours, or Canadian capots of white
or blue cloth, which they acquire at the trading
posts in exchange for venison or furs. But with
regard to the winter dress especially, the substi-
tution of the produce of the English loom for
their native leather is a loss both of comfort and
of appearance.
The women’s dress resembles the men’s, except
that the shirt is somewhat longer, and, for the
most part, is accompanied by a petticoat which
reaches nearly to the knee.
The form of the dress here described is common
to the whole ’Tinné nation, and also to the Crees
and Dakotas, though the material varies with the
district; moose deer, red deer, or bison leather,
being used in the south and west, where those
animals abound; and the Hare Indians make their
WOMEN. 11
shirts of the skin of the hare. This, being too
tender to be used in the ordinary way, is torn into
narrow strips, which are then twisted slightly, and
plaited or worked into the required shape. I have
noticed no process among the northern Indians
that approaches so nearly to weaving as the manu-
facture of these white hare-skin shirts.* Such is
the closeness and fineness of the fur, that they are
exceedingly warm, notwithstanding the looseness
of their texture. Though the dress of the southern
Indians is after the same pattern with that of the
’Tinne, the Kutchin, both in the interior and on
the coast, form, as has been already mentioned, the
hose and shoes of the same piece ; thus imitating
the Eskimo boot, though with a different material.
The Dog-rib men and women leave their hair
without other dressing than simply wiping their
greasy hands on the matted locks, when they have
been rubbing their bodies with marrow, which
they occasionally do.
The Hare Indian and Dog-rib women are cer-
tainly at the bottom of the scale of humanity in
North America. Not that they are treated with
cruelty, for the ’Tinné are not a cruel people, but
that they are looked upon as inferior beings, and
in this belief they themselves acquiesce. In early
* The Kenaiyer of Cook’s Inlet are said to weave the wool
of the mountain goat (Capra americana) into a stuff used for
clothing.
re CHEPEWYANS.
infancy the boy discovers that he may show any
amount of arrogance towards his sisters, who, as
soon as they can walk, are harnessed to a sledge,
and inured betimes to the labours which are their
inevitable lot through life; while the future hunter
struts in his tiny snow shoes after the men, and
apes their contempt of the women. The women
drag the sledges alone or aided by dogs, clear the
ground for the tent, cut poles to extend the lodge
or tent-skins upon, collect fire-wood, bring water,
make all the dresses and shoes, clean the fish, and
smoke or jerk the venison for its preservation.
They also cook both for themselves and their hus-
bands, the ’Tinne not holding the opinion of the
Kutchin that a man ought not to eat meat pre-
pared by a woman. Neither are the ’Tinne women
altogether precluded from eating with the men;
though in times of scarcity the man would expect
to be first fed, as it is a maxim with them that the
woman who cooks can be well sustained by licking
her fingers. The women are not, however, gene-
rally discontented with their lot, and better days
are certainly dawning upon them, as the opinions
of the traders are beginning to tell visibly on the
whole nation. Notwithstanding their servile con-
dition they are not without influence over the
stronger sex; and they seldom permit provisions
or other articles to be disposed of without ex-
DISPOSITIONS. 13
pressing their thoughts on the matter with much
earnestness and volubility.
Few traces of the stoicism popularly attributed
to the red races exist among the Dog-ribs: they
shrink from pain, show little daring
o, express their
fears without disguise on all occasions, imaginary
or real, shed tears readily, and live in constant
dread of enemies, bodied and disembodied. Yet
all, young and old, enjoy a joke heartily. They
are not a morose people, but, on the contrary,
when young and in a situation of security, they
are remarkably lively and cheerful. The infirmities
of age, which press heavily on the savage, render
them querulous. They are fond of dancing, but
their dance, which is performed in a circle, is with-
out the least pretensions to grace, and is carried
on laboriously with the knees and body half bent
and a heavy stamping, having the effect of causing
the dancers to appear as if they were desirous of
sinking into the ground. It is accompanied by a
sone resembling a chorus of groans, or pretty
nearly the deep sigh of a pavier as he brings his
rammer down upon the pavement. They are
great mimics, and readily ape the peculiarities of
any white man; and many of the young men
have caught the tunes of the Canadian voyagers,
and hum them correctly.
They are an unwarlike people, and averse to
14 CHEPEWYANS.
shedding blood; yet, as they do not meet their
foes in open warfare or man to man, their very
timidity impels them to treachery or a violation
of the laws of hospitality, when, by long-con-
tinued oppression and the loss of relatives, they
have been driven to retaliate upon the few indi-
viduals or families of the domineering tribe who
were living in confidence among them. ‘This
remark applies directly to their feud with the Red-
knives, who for many years resorted to the hunting-
grounds of the Dog-ribs, tyrannised over them,
and carried away their women. This was long
borne, but at length, some lives having been lost
in the contests which occasionally ensued, the
Dog-ribs, watching their opportunity, cut off seve-
ral leading Red-knives and their families, who,
not dreading any thing at the time, were scattered
among the Dog-rib encampments. The details of
these reprisals give a curious insight into the cha-
racter of the people. Some of the victims, deprived
of the means of resistance, and aware of their
intended fate, travelled for a whole day with the
hostile party; but the latter required to have their
passions roused by altercation before they acquired
sufficient boldness to perpetrate the deed, and
were finally incited to its commission by the suf-
ferers demanding to be killed at once if their death
was intended, for they would go no further. When
SOCIALISM. 15
the husbands and grown men were killed, the Dog-
ribs argued that pity impelled them to slaughter
also the wives and children, who would be unhappy
and perish for want, having lost their means of
support. To a people who could no longer sup-
port the tyranny of their bolder neighbours, nor
combine so as to repel aggression by force, treachery
seemed to be the only mode of obtaining redress ;
and in fact the extent to which they carried their
reprisals effectually broke the spirit of the Red-
knives, and drove them ‘to a distance.
The Dog-ribs are practical socialists; and, as
much of the misery they occasionally experience
may be traced to this cause, the study of the
working of such a system may be instructive in a
community like this, whose members owe their
condition in the social scale solely to their personal
qualities, and not to inheritance, favour, or the
other accidents which complicate the results in
civilised life. Custom has established among them
a practice universally acted upon,—that all may
avail themselves of the produce of a hunter’s energy
and skill; and they do not even leave to him the
distribution of his own game. When it is known
in the camp that deer have been killed, the old
men and women of each family sally forth with
their sledges, and, tracing up the hunter’s foot-
steps to the carcases of the animals he has slain,
16 CHEPEWYANS.
proceed to divide them among themselves, leaving
to the proper owner the ribs, which is all that
he can claim to himself of right. He has also
the tongue, which he takes care to cut out on
killing the deer. It is not in the power of these
people to restrain their appetites when they have
abundance; and the consequence is, that when the ~
chase is successful, all the community feast and
grow fat, however little many of the men—and
there are not a few idle ones—may have contributed
to the common good. The hunter’s wife dries the
rib-pieces, after cutting out the bone, in the smoke,
or over a fire, to carry to a fort for the purposes of
trade; but, unless there is a superabundance, little
provision is made by the party for a time of scarcity,
which is sure to arrive before long; since the deer,
when much hunted, move to some other district.
Taught by their frequent sufferings on such occa-
sions, the more active hunters frequently withdraw
themselves and their families from the knowledge of
the drones of the community, leaving them at some
fishing station, where, with proper industry, they
may subsist comfortably. A fish diet is not, how-
ever, agreeable to the palates of these people for any
length of time ; and, as soon as rumours of a hunter's
success reach them,—which they do generally much
exaggerated by the way, —a longing for the flesh-
pots is instantly excited, especially among the old,
&
AFFECTION FOR PARENTS. 1%
and a general movement to the hunting-ground
ensues. If, on their march, the craving multitude
discover a hoard of meat stored up by any of the
hunting parties, it is devoured on the spot; but
they are not always so fortunate. Before they
reach the scene of anticipated abundance, the deer
may have gone off, followed by the hunters, with
uncertain hopes of overtaking them, and nothing re-
mains for the hungry throng, including the old and
the lame, but to retrace their steps, with the pro-
spect of many of them perishing by the way, should
their stock of food have been quite exhausted.
Such occurrences are by no means rare; they
came several times under our immediate notice
during our winter residence at Fort Confidence,
and similar facts are recorded by Mr. Simpson of
the same tribe. This gentleman expresses his
opinion that the charge made against this nation,
of abandoning their infirm aged people and chil-
dren, had its origin in the sawve qui peut cry raised
during a forced retreat from some one of these
most injudicious excursions; and I am inclined
fully to agree with him; for I witnessed several
unquestionable instances of tenderness and affection
shown by children to their parents, and of com-
pliance with their whims, much to their own per-
sonal inconvenience. The grief they show on the
loss of a parent is often great and of long conti-
VOL. II. C
18 CHEPEWYANS.
nuance, and it is the custom both for men and
women to lament the death of relations for years,
by nightly wailings.
Hospitality is not a virtue which is conspicuous
among the Dog-ribs, who differ in this respect
from the Eythinyuwuk, in whose encampments a
stranger meets a welcome and a proffer of food.
It is not customary, however, for the Dog-rib
to receive the traveller who enters his tent with
the same show of kindness. If he is hungry, and
meat hangs up, he may help himself without elicit-
ing a remark, for the ’Tinneé hold it to be mean to
say much about a piece of meat; or he may exert
his patience until some cookery goes on, and then
join in the meal; and should there be venison at
hand, he will not have long to wait, for every now
and then some one is prompted to hang a kettle
on the fire, or to place a joint or steak to roast
before it.
Another habit which darkens the shade in the
character of these Indians is that of lying, which
oO?
they carry to such an extent, even among them-
selves, that they can scarcely be said to esteem
truth a virtue. If a young man has been suc-
cessful in his mornineg’s hunt in a time of famine,
he does not rush into his family circle with joy
beaming on his countenance, to tell that there is
food, but, assuming an aspect of sadness, squats
HONESTY. 19
himself in silence beside the fire. The women
with doubt and anxiety examine his shoes and
dress for spots of blood, that may betoken the
death of an animal, but discovering none, put the
question, ‘‘ Did you see no deer ?” ‘“ Not one, the
deer are all gone, not a single footstep was to be
seen.” When the colloquy has continued for a
time, and hope seems to be extinct, he then draws
out from beneath his shirt two or three tongues,
as the case may be, and says with an air of the
utmost indifference, “ You may go for the meat.”
It is not, however, merely at such times, and to
enhance the pleasure by previous disappointment,
that truth is violated, but on almost every occa-
sion; and the skill of an Old Bailey practitioner
would find exercise in eliciting facts from the mass
of contradictions with which they overload them.
A story which was at first a pure invention, or
perhaps, a perversion of some simple occurrence,
becomes so changed by the additions it receives in
its transmission from individual to individual, that
it deceives the originators, and if it bears on the
safety of the community, may spread consternation
among them, and occasion a hasty flight.
It is pleasant, instead of dwelling longer on this
defect, to turn to another feature—their strict
honesty ; the practice of the ’Tinné with regard to
the property of white people differing remarkably
c 2
20 CHEPEWYANS.
from their northern neighbours, the Eskimos, and
their southern ones, the Crees, though the temp-
tations to which they are exposed are equally
great. No precautions for the safety of our pro-
perty at Fort Confidence were required. The na-
tives carefully avoided touching the magnetic in-
struments, thermometers, and other things placed
outside the house, and could be trusted in any of
the rooms without our finding a single article dis-
placed. Our dining-hall was open to all comers;
-and though the smallness of our separate apart-
ments caused us to exclude hangers on, new comers
were permitted to satisfy their curiosity respecting
our occupations, and they always squatted them-
selves down at the door, and looked on in silence,
wondering, as we were told, at our constant
writing. From M. La Fleche, the intelligent mis-
sionary at Isle a la Crosse, I received a similar
character of the southern part of the nation, who,
if they find any article left by the voyagers on
the portages, are sure to bring it in to be claimed
at the forts.
Of the peculiarities of their religious belief I
could gain no certain information. The inter-
preters to whom I applied for assistance disliked
the task, and invariably replied, “As for these
savages, they know nothing; they are ignorant
people.” The majority of the nation recognise a
RELIGIOUS BELIEF. Fi;
“Great Spirit,” at least by name, but some doubt
his existence, assigning, as a reason for their
atheism, their miserable condition; or they say,
“Tf there be such a being, he dwells on the lands
of the white people, where so many useful and
valuable articles are produced.” With respect to
evil spirits, their name in the Dog-rib country is
legion. The ’Tinné recognise them in the Bear,
Wolf, and Wolverene, in the woods, waters, and
desert places ; often hear them howling in the winds,
or moaning by the graves of the dead. Their dread
of these disembodied beings, of whom they spoke
to us under the general name of “ enemies” is such,
that few of the hunters will sleep out alone. They
never make any offerings to the Great Spirit, or
pay him an act of adoration; but they deprecate
the wrath of an evil being by prayer, and the
sacrifice of some article, generally of little value,
perhaps simply by scattering a handful of deer-hair
or a few feathers.
The dead are not burnt, after the manner of
the Kolushes, but are buried. In lamenting for de-
ceased relatives the mourners sometimes gash their
bodies or limbs with knives, but more rarely now
than in old times. It was formerly the custom, on
a death occurring, for the family to abandon every
article they possessed, and betake themselves in a
perfectly destitute condition to the nearest body
c 3
22 CHEPEWYANS.
of their own people, or to the trading post. The
advice of the traders is gradually breaking down
this practice.
Shamanism does not seem to exert the important
influence upon the ’Tinne that it does among the
Asiatic Tchukche, the Kutchin, or the Eskimos.
There are men in the nation, with the reputation
of sorcerers, who profess to have power over spirits ;
but they have but little personal influence, and are
generally of small repute, to which, perhaps, the
contempt of the white people for their arts con-
tributes. A belief, however, in the power of the
Eskimos and of strange Indians to hurt them by
incantations, or ‘bad medicine,” prevails. White
people are said to be exempt from such dangers,
their “ medicine” being the most powerful. The
‘“‘conjurers” are occasionally employed to cure the
sick, and I suppose on such occasions receive some
reward ; but I heard of no instance of their being
beat and coerced to influence the spirits favourably
in the manner that the Asiatic Tchukche are re-
ported in Baron Wrangell’s work to deal with
their shamans.
Among the Crees the conjurers perform a much
more prominent part than with the ’Tinné, and
their practices come frequently under the observa-
tion of residents on the lands of that people; but
I never saw one exhibit among the Hare Indians,
MARRIAGES. 23
Dog-ribs, or Red-knives, in the course of four or
five years passed among them, though I have many
times seen some of the old men throw trifling arti-
cles into the water, to procure a fair wind, or se-
cure a safe passage across a lake or down a rapid.
From a people so liable to be actuated by fears
of imaginary evils no steady line of action can be
expected, and the Dog-ribs are in reality as volatile
as children. When accompanied by a white man,
they will perform a long journey carefully to a
distant post; but we found, by experience, that
however high the reward they expected to receive
on reaching their destination, they could not be
depended upon to carry letters. A slight ditticulty,
the prospect of a banquet on venison, or a sudden
impulse to visit some friend, were sufficient to turn
them aside for an indefinite length of time.
In general, the ’Tinne have only one wife, the
numbers of the sexes being equal, or the males
rather predominating. The women are married
very young, but the man must have shown some
skill in hunting before he obtains a helpmate
readily. The consent of the parents is usually
gained by the suitor, and is seldom withheld
from a man whose activity promises the old folks
some addition to their comforts or consequence.
The woman’s wishes have, perhaps, some weight
with her parents, but I could not ascertain that
c 4
24. CHEPEWYANS.
any show of courtship* was made, or that her
disinclination was allowed to interfere with the
man’s determination to take her, if the parents
did not oppose. No ceremony attends the union.
Hearne says, that it is the established etiquette
among the Eastern ’Tinné for the woman to affect
unwillingness to change her condition, and for the
man to rush into her father’s tent, and drag her off
by the hair of the head. We witnessed no scene of
this kind among the Dog-ribs, but more than once
saw a stronger man assert his right to take the wife
of a weaker countryman. Any one may challenge
another to wrestle, and, if he overcomes, may carry
off his wife as the prize. The younger children
generally follow the fortunes of the mother, but
the father may retain them if he chooses. In such
contests, it is suspected that the wife sometimes
prompts the aggressor ; but I have been told —for
I never actually witnessed one of these wrestling
matches— that she looks on with composure and
impartiality, and does not insult her late master
with a display of pride on being the object of such
a struggle, the causa teterrima belli. The bereaved
* The term “dear,” or “beloved,” is said to be unknown
in the language ; and Captain Lefroy, who tried to ascertain
if it was so, says, “I endeavoured to put this intelligibly to
Nannette, by supposing such an expression as ma chére femme ;
ma chere fille. When at length she understood it, her reply
was (with great emphasis), “ J’ disent jamais ca; 7 disent ma
femme; ma fille.”
MOOSE-HUNTING. 25
husband meets his loss with the resignation which
custom prescribes in such a case, and seeks his
revenge by taking the wife of another man weaker
than himself. From a passage in one of Mr. Mur-
ray’s letters, I infer that this practice extends to
the Kutchin, but it is unknown among the Cree
tribes, and does not exist among the Eskimos.
The ’Tinne are said to be jealous of their wives ;
but rather, I believe, lest they should be enticed
away, than from any nice sense of honour. ‘The
laxity of morals, however, with respect to female
chastity, which prevails in the Eskimo tribes is not
conspicuous in the’Tinne, and is, perhaps, contrary
to the national character, though some corruption
may have crept in through their acquaintance with
white people.
Before the introduction of articles of European
manufacture, the ’Tinne caught fish with hooks of
bone, or speared them with weapons pointed with
bone or copper. Some of their fish harpoons were
constructed very artistically. They also used, and
still continue to use, nets made of lines of twisted
willow bark, or thin stripes of deer-hide cut very
evenly. Nets are unknown among the northern
tribes west of the Mackenzie, and some of the
parties of the Eskimos that we saw declared their
ignorance of their use. On the banks of the Mac-
kenzie and other rivers frequented by moose-deer,
these animals are hunted in spring by a small
26 CHEPEWYANS.
breed of dogs, which run lightly over the crusted
snow, and hold the animal at bay until the Indian
comes up in his snow shoes. At other times of
the year, the success of the Hare Indians and Dog-
ribs in killing the moose is small, as they have not
the skill of approaching so wary an animal which
the Athabascans and Crees possess. Rein-deer are
captured in pounds and by nooses, but are in the
present day more generally killed with the fowling-
piece, which is also the weapon used against the
musk-ox. The pounds are formed on the verge of
the woods, and are made with much less labour
than those of the Kutchin; yet, as they need the ex-
ertions of all the community for their construction,
the indolence of the major part causes them to
be rarely made. ‘The black bear is snared or shot,
but few of the Dog-ribs will venture to attack the
“brown barren-ground bear,” whose fierceness, or,
as they say, “‘ potent medicine,” appals them. It
is killed by them, however, without risk when it is
detected hybernating under the snow in spring.
Order is maintained in the tribe solely by public
opinion. It is no one’s duty to repress immorality
or a breach of the laws of society which custom
has established among them, but each opposes
violence as he best may by his own arm or the
assistance of his relations. A man’s conduct must
be bad indeed, and threaten the general peace,
CHIEFS. QF
before he would be expelled from the society ; no
amount of idleness, nor selfishness, entails such
a punishment. Superior powers of mind, combined
with skill in hunting, raise a few into chiefs, under
whose guidance a greater or smaller number of
families place themselves ; and a chief is great or
little, according to the length of his tail. His
clients and he are bound together only by mutual
advantage, and may and do separate as inclination
prompts. The chief does not assume the power of
punishing crimes, but regulates the movements of
his band, chooses the hunting-ground, collects pro-
visions for the purchase of ammunition, becomes
the medium of communication with the traders,
and extends his sway by a liberal distribution
of tobacco and ammunition among his dependents.
At present, the rank of a chief is not fully esta-
blished among his own people until it is recognised
at the fort to which he resorts. The Company send
in annually a number of red coats, ornamented with
lace, for presents to the chiefs, which are worn as
badges of office on great occasions. The power of
a chief varies with his personal character. Some
have acquired an almost absolute rule, by attaching
to themselves in the first instance an active band
of robust young men, and using them to keep in
order any refractory person by claiming his wife
after the custom of the tribe. It is in vain in
28 CHEPEWYANS.
such cases that the poor husband, dreading to be
deprived of his most valuable property, retires
to a remote hunting-ground; for he is sure to
receive a message, from some passing Indian, ex-
pressive of the chief’s intentions ; and he generally
comes to the conclusion that submission is the best
policy. He is certain to fall in with the chief and
his band sooner or later, either as he goes to the
fort for supplies of ammunition or elsewhere. and guma, a gene-
* Adikumaig, from adik, a “ reindeer,’
ric word for “water” in composition, and the animate plural 7g.
(Schooleraft.) Athzk or atik, “a reindeer,” in Cree,
E 2
52 CREES.
Chippeways have a legend, which relates that the
white-fish sprung first into existence at the outlet of
Lake Superior, being produced from the scattered
brains of a woman, whose head, for some very
guilty conduct, was doomed to wander through the
country, but, coming in its travels to the falls of
St. Mary, was there dashed in pieces. A crane, by
virtue of that inherent power so frequently attri-
buted to birds and beasts by the aborigines of
America, instantly transformed the particles of
brain into the roe of a white-fish, to the wide-
spread benefit of the Indian nations.*
Though the earth-works already alluded to are
supposed to have been raised by a people more
ancient than the Eythinyuwuk, yet the fact of
their northern limits being within the Chippeway
lands is worthy of note; and vestiges of pottery
works, apparently of a rude kind, have been found
on the south branch of the Saskatchewan within
the Nithe-wuk bounds, but not further north f,
the substitute for earthenware among the Eskimos
being vessels of potstone, and among the ’Tinne
water-tight baskets, in which the fluid was warmed
by hot stones dropped into it.
* Schoolcraft.
j On the east side of the Rocky Mountains. The Eskimos
on the western coast of Russian America manufactured a very
rude pottery when first visited by the Russians.
LANGUAGE. 53
I have already alluded to the softness and har-
mony of the Cree language. It differs in construc-
tion from the Eskimo tongue, in the personal
pronouns being prefixes, not suffixes, and in other
particulars; but both have the polysynthetic cha-
racter of the other American idioms. ‘The sounds
of the English f and v do not occur in the Cree;
{and r are also wanting in the pure Cree of the
plains. Other Algic tribes substitute y, 1, or / for
the Cree th, and instead of #, the inhabitants of
East Maine use the sound of tch. The Chippeway
is distinguished from the Cree by the frequent
. omission of s before & and ¢, and the insertion of im
before 6, and of m before d and g. The permu-
tations of the Cree and its cognate dialects chiefly
affect the linguals; but the Mohawk and Huron
languages have none of the labials, neither 0, p, /,
v, nor m. When conversing, the teeth of these
people are always visible; the auxiliary office
usually performed by the lips being by them trans-
ferred, or superadded, to that of the tongue and
throat.* Of the grammar of the ’Tinne I know
little, but the nouns seem to be much more fre-
quently monosyllabic than in the Algonkin dialects.
The Appendix contains some portions of a Cree
vocabulary, which I formed in 1819-20.
* Mr. Howse, from whose grammar much of this paragraph
has been borrowed.
E 3
54 CREES.
It is from among the Eythinyuwuk that most
of the servants of the Fur Companies, who have
married native women, have selected their wives;
few of them having chosen Chepewyan females, and
no one, I believe, an Eskimo maiden. From these
marriages a large half-breed population has arisen,
which will ere long work a change in the fur trade,
and in the condition of the whole native popula-
tion. In character, the half-breeds vary according
to their paternity; the descendants of the Orkney
labourers, in the employ of the Hudson’s Bay
Company, being generally steady, provident agri-
culturists of the Protestant faith; while the children
of the Roman Catholic Canadian voyagers have
much of the levity and thoughtlessness of their
fathers, combined with that inability to resist
temptation, which is common to the two races from
whence they are sprung. Most of the half-breeds
have been settled by the Hudson’s Bay Company
in the colony of Osnaboya, which extends for fifty
miles along the banks of the Red River of Lake
Winipeg. Of the six thousand souls, to which the
mixed population of this settlement is said to
amount, three fifths are stated by Mr. Simpson to
be Roman Catholics; while the valuable property
is mostly in the hands of the remaining two fifths,
who own sixteen out of eighteen wind and water
mills, erected within the precincts of the colony.
EDUCATION. ao
The settlement is under the government (it can
scarcely be said the control) of a governor, council,
and recorder, all nominated by the Hudson’s Bay
Company. The recorder is the civil and criminal
judge, presides at jury trials, and is aided by
justices of the peace, and a constabulary in the
Company’s pay.
In 1849 a bishop was sent from England to
oversee the Episcopal church. There are also
some ministers of the Wesleyan persuasion; and
the Roman Catholic worship is maintained by two
bishops, a staff of priests, and a nunnery. The
Hudson’s Bay Company aid the clergymen of all
the persuasions by free passages, rations, and other
advantages, besides granting salaries to those em-
ployed at their fur posts, whether Protestants or
Roman Catholics. There are also various educa-
tional establishments in the colony for the settlers
and native population; and most of the children,
both male and female, of the Company’s officers
are now instructed in a boarding-school in the
colony of a high character, a few of them only
being sent to Great Britain or Canada. Many of
the young men so educated have entered the Hud-
son’s Bay Company’s service as clerks, and some
have attained the rank of chief traders and chief
factors ; while the young women, in their vocations
as wives of the officers and clerks, diffuse a know-
E 4
56 CREES.
ledge of Christianity and a taste for domestic com-
fort and decorum to the remotest posts. The
present state of society in the fur countries con-
trasts most favourably with the almost general
heathenism which prevailed during the murderous
contests between the trading companies by which
the country was demoralised when I first traversed
it thirty years ago.
The half-breeds, as a class, show great quickness
in acquiring a knowledge of letters, as well as skill
in the mechanicalarts. As joiners, workers in iron,
and boat-builders, many of them would rank high
among European craftsmen; and, taught by neces-
sity, they have generally the advantage of being
able to work at all the several branches of the
carpenter’s and blacksmith’s arts, even to the
forging of their tools.
At the Wesleyan Missionary establishment of
Rossville, near Norway House, and round the Epis-
copal church at the Pas on the Saskatchewan, native
villages have sprung up, and agriculture to a small
extent is practised. Though the cerealia and
leguminous vegetables thrive well at Red River,
and horses, cattle, hogs, poultry, and sheep flourish,
agriculture is eschewed by the large section of the
population, who are descendants of the Canadian
voyagers. The pleasures of the precarious chase are
preferred by this part of the community to steady
SPIRITUOUS LIQUORS. 5
_ industry, and every summer there is accordingly an
extensive movement to the plains to dry bison meat
for winter use.
As to the effect of the colony on the neighbour-
ing natives, Mr. Simpson, who from his residence in
the settlement had an opportunity of becoming ac-
quainted with the facts, speaks as follows. ‘‘ Nothing
can overcome the insatiable desire of the Indian
tribes for intoxicating liquors; and though they are
interdicted from the use of spirits, and the settlers
are fined when detected in supplying them with ale,
yet, from the great extent of the colony, they too
often contrive to gratify that debasing inclination,
to which they are ready to sacrifice everything they
possess. ‘They feel no gratitude to their benefac-
tors or spiritual teachers; and while they lose the
haughty independence of savage life, they acquire
at once all the bad qualities of the white man, but
are slow indeed in imitating his industry and
virtues.” It appears from this testimony that the
Chippeways have not the friendly feelings towards
their instructors which the “Tinne, according to
Monsieur La Fléche, manifest; but Mr. Simpson
speaks more favourably of the Crees, who are in
general better disposed than the Chippeways.
Goods for the use of the colonists are imported
both by the Company and by individual store-
keepers in the ships that come annually to York
58 CREES.
Factory; but the distance is too great, and the
inland navigation too difficult, to admit of agricul-
tural produce being carried down profitably in
return. Hence most of the half-breed settlers, en-
couraged by some of the colonial merchants and
Roman Catholic priests, have made strenuous at-
tempts to share the fur trade with the Hudson’s
Bay Company, who at present have the monopoly
of that traffic; and the Company do not seem to
possess a force adequate to prevent their even-
tually succeeding in their object.
Of late years, a communication has been formed
between the colony and the United States by way
of the plains and St. Peter’s River. This furnishes
a channel for the disposal of peltry without detec-
tion; and through the relationship existing between
the half-breeds of the colony and the various tribes
of Indians as far north as Methy Portage, no great
difficulty is experienced by them in withdrawing a
considerable quantity of the most valuable furs
from the Company’s trade.
In the winter of 1848 a half-breed was summoned
before the Recorder of Osnaboya for a breach of
the Company’s regulations in this respect, and on
the day of trial, five hundred of his class, armed to
the teeth, surrounded the court-house. The Re-
corder was obliged to secrete himself, and the
matter was finally compromised by the Company’s
HUDSON’S BAY COMPANY. 59
agent purchasing the furs from the delinquent.
Secretly or openly, this contravention of the right of
exclusive trade in fur claimed by the Company is
sure to proceed, and, emboldened by success, the
young half-breeds are not likely to acknowledge any
law that is contrary to their own will. They hold
that the territorial right derived from their Indian
ancestry is theirs, and not the Company’s; and
their claims have been supported by a philan-
thropic body in England, and advocated in parlia-
ment. Without entering into the question of the
chartered rights of the Hudson’s Bay Company, or
the propriety of maintaining a monopoly of the fur
trade, it is my firm conviction, founded on the
wide-spread disorder I witnessed in times of com-
petition, that the admission of rival companies or
independent traders into these northern districts
would accelerate the downfall of the native races.
This has been rapid on the confines of the settled
parts of the United States and of Canada, and has
been stayed only by the extinction of the fur-bear-
ing animals, by which the power of the Indians
to purchase spirits has been cramped. Even the
benevolence of the English government in making
annual presents of clothing and blankets to the
Indians of Canada is converted into an injury by a
set of unscrupulous petty dealers, who hang about
the encampments to purchase these articles as soon
60 CREES.
as they come into the possession of the Indians, by
supplying them with the baneful liquid they so
ardently covet. This is punishable by the colonial
laws ; but when crimes are committed beyond the
pale of civilisation, conviction is difficult. By the
laws of the United States, also, it is penal to supply
Indians with spirits; but according to general
report this benevolent enactment is extensively
violated by their fur traders; and it is greatly to
be regretted that competition for the Indian trade
in that quarter should induce the Hudson’s Bay
Company to follow so bad an example, after having
abolished the use of spirits with so much advantage
in the north, where they have no rivals.
I was informed that in 1848 the natives at the
Red River colony of Osnaboya were paid a high
money price for their furs by the Company’s agent,
and that they immediately crossed the boundary-
line to purchase rum at the American post with
their money; but it would be better to seek for the
redress of such an abuse by a representation to the
United States’ government, than resort to reta-
liatory measures of the same nature.
FISHERY ISLAND. 61
CHAP. XV.
OCCURRENCES IN WINTER.
FORT CONFIDENCE. — SITUATION. —SILURIAN LIMESTONE. —LAKE
BASIN. — TREES. — DWELLING-HOUSE. — OCCUPATIONS. — LET-
TERS. — GALENA NEWSPAPER. —OREGON “ SPECTATOR.” — EX-
TENT OF THE HUDSON'S BAY COMPANY'S TERRITORY. —
FISHERIES. —VENISON. — WOLVERINES. —NATIVE SOCIALISM, —
PROVISIONS COLLECTED AT FORT CONFIDENCE. — FETES. —
WINTER FISHERY.—ESKIMO SLEDS.—REINDEER.— WOLVERINE.
— WOLVES. — HONESTY OF THE DOG-RIBS.— THEIR INDO-
LENCE.— PROVISIONS NOT INDIVIDUAL PROPERTY.—INDIANS
MOVE OFF.—AN ACCOUCHEMENT.—CCLEBS IN SEARCH OF
A WIFE.— MIGHT MAKES RIGHT.—NONE BUT THE BRAVE
DESERVE THE FAIR. — PROGRESS OF THE SEASONS. —TEMPE-
RATURE.—ARRIVAL OF SUMMER BIRDS.—AT FORT CONFI-
DENCE.—AT FORT FRANKLIN. —ON THE YUKON.
THE site selected for our winter residence was
about three miles from the mouth of Dease River,
on a peninsula having an undulating surface,
which, at the distance of three or four miles from
the lake, attained a height of about three hundred
feet. In front, or to the south, and separated
from the main by a strait five or six hundred
yards in width, lies Fishery Island, elevated
towards its centre two hundred and forty-five feet
above the water.*
* This altitude was ascertained by Mr. Rae in the spring of
1848 by the aneroid barometer.
Sy SILURIAN LIMESTONE.
The peninsula is composed of limestone, which
forms low precipices at the edge of the water, as
well as in various places of the interior; and the
same rock appears in higher cliffs on the borders
of the lake, about eight miles to the westward, at
Limestone Point. Six or seven miles back, on the
banks of Dease River, red sandstone is the pre-
vailing rock. The soil generally is a mixture of
gravel and loam; and boulders of granite and trap
rocks are scattered over the surface of both hill
and valley.
Ten miles to the eastward, a range of primitive
rocks rises gradually from the borders of the lake,
to the height of, perhaps, six hundred or seven
hundred feet, and separates Dease’s Bay from the
northern arm of M‘Tavish’s Bay. This rising
ground is a continuation of the ‘“ intermediate
primitive belt” mentioned in p. 316, and many
other parts of the preceding journal, and which
will be described more fully in the Appendix.
The nearest pyrogenous or metamorphic rocks to
Fort Confidence that we observed are about four
miles off, in a bay on the south-east side of Fishery
Island.
The limestone is probably the remains of the
silurian strata, which were removed when the
basin of the lake was excavated. On the south
side of the lake, about ninety miles distant in a
FORT CONFIDENCE. 63
direct line from Fort Confidence, stands the Scented
Grass Hill, between Smith’s and Keith’s Bays. It
consists of bituminous shale, and is one of the
extreme points of that shaly formation, which
constitutes so large a part of the banks of the
Athabasca and Mackenzie Rivers, and which has
been thought to be equivalent to the Marcellus
shale of the New York system of rocks.
The summits of the higher eminences are mostly
naked, but on the edges of streams and small lakes
a thin forest of spruce fir covers the ground. In
wet places there is a tolerable growth of willows.
Little underwood of any other kind exists. Birch
is very scarce ; neither the balsam spruce nor bank-
sian pine were observed on the lake, and only a
few young aspens. [Except where the forest has
been destroyed by fire, the spruce firs are from
three to four hundred years old, as ascertained
from their annual rings. One of the best-grown
trees that I saw, measured fifty-seven inches in
circumference, at the height of four feet from the
ground. The tallest of them are between forty
and fifty feet high.
The observations of Mr. Simpson in 1837-8
place Fort Confidence in 66° 54’ of north latitude,
and 118° 49’ of west longitude, which corresponds
pretty closely with the position I assigned to the
mouth of Dease River on the chart constructed in
64 DWELLING-HOUSE.
1825. The mean of Mr. Rae’s observations for
latitude gave about a quarter of a mile more north-
ing than Mr. Simpson’s.
Our winter dwelling, though dignified, according
to custom, by the title of “the fort,” had no de-
fensive works whatever, not even the stockade
which usually surrounds a trading post. It was
a simple log-house, built of trunks of trees laid
over one another, and morticed into the upright
posts of the corners, doorways, and windows. The
roof had considerable slope: it was formed of
slender trees laid closely side by side, resting at
the top on a ridge pole, and covered with loam
to the depth of six or eight inches. A man,
standing on the outside, could touch the eaves
with his hand. Well-tempered loam or clay was
beat into the spaces left in the walls by the
roundness of the logs, both on the outside and
inside, and as this cracked in drying, it was re-
peatedly coated over, for the space of two months,
with a thin mixture of clay and water, until the
walls became nearly impervious to the air. The
rooms were floored and ceiled with deal. Massive
structures of boulder stones and loam formed the
chimney-stacks, and the capacious fire-places re-
quired three or four armfuls of fire-wood, cut into
billets three feet long, to fill them.
The building was forty feet long by fourteen
DWELLING-HOUSE. 65
wide, having a dining-hall in the centre, measuring
sixteen by fourteen, and the remaining space di-
vided into a store-room and three sleeping apart-
ments. A kitchen was added to the back of the
house, and a small porch to the front. Mr. Rae’s
room and mine had glazed windows, glass for the
purpose having been brought up from York Fac-
tory. The other windows were closed with deer-
skin parchment, which admitted a subdued light.
Two houses for the men stood on the east, and a
storehouse on the west, the whole forming three
sides of a square, which opened to the south. The
tallest and straightest tree that could be discovered
within a circuit of three miles was brought in, and,
being properly dressed, was planted in the square
for a flag-post; and near it a small observatory
was built, for holding magnetic instruments.
Of the buildings which Dease and Simpson
erected, Mr. Bell, on his arrival in the middle of
August, found only part of the men’s house and a
stack of chimneys standing; the others having,
through the carelessness of the Indians, been de-
stroyed by fire. Our predecessors had cut down
most of the timber within a mile of the house, and
what we needed had consequently to be brought
in from a wider circle. A part of Mr. Bell’s people
were constantly engaged with the fisheries, but the
others had worked so diligently, that the buildings
VOL. II. E
66 FORT CONFIDENCE.
were all covered in on our arrival, and the flooring,
ceiling, and partitions were shortly afterwards com-
pleted. Two of the sappers and miners, Mackay and
Brodie, carpenters by trade, were employed to make
tables and chairs; and Bruce, the guide, acted as
general architect, and was able and willing to exe-
cute any kind of joiner’s work that was needed. Two
men were constantly employed as sawyers; four
as cutters of fire-wood, each of them having an
allotted task of providing a cord of wood daily;
others were occupied in drawing it home on
sledges ; and four men were continually engaged in
fishing. On the Sunday no labour was performed,
the fishing party came in, and all were dressed in
their best clothes. Prayers were said in the hall,
and a sermon read to all that understood English ;
and some of the Canadians, though they were
Roman Catholics, usually attended. James and
Thomas Hope, who were Cree Indians, having been
educated at Norway House as Protestants, and
taught to read and write, were regular attendants ;
and James Hope’s eldest son, a boy about seven
years of age, who had already begun to read the
Scriptures, frequently recognised passages in the
lessons that he had previously read.
During the winter Mr. Rae and I recorded the
temperatures hourly, sixteen or seventeen times a
day ; also the height of the mercury in Delcro’s ba-
OCCUPATIONS. 67
rometer ; the degrees of the aneroid barometer, the
declinometer, and dipping-needle. Once in the
month a term day, extending to thirty-six hours,
was kept, in which the fluctuations of the magnets
were noted every two and a half minutes, and
various series of observations were made for as-
certaining the magnetic intensity with the mag-
netometer, the vibration apparatus, and Lloyd’s
dipping-needle. Mr. Rae ascertained frequently
the time and rates of the chronometers by ob-
servations of the fixed stars ; and a register of the
winds and weather and appearances of the aurora
was constantly kept.*
From this sketch of our occupations, it will be
seen that our time was filled up, and that we had
no leisure for ennui in the long winter. In fact,
we enjoyed as much comfort as we could reason-
ably expect, and had our postal arrangements suc-
ceeded as well as the others, we should have had
little more to desire. Our schemes for sending
and receiving letters were, however, failures, and
productive of much subsequent disappointment.
The packet of Admiralty despatches and private
letters sent off on the 18th of September, 1848, on
* The magnetic observations are now in process of reduction
at Woolwich, and will soon be published under the super-
intendance of Lieutenant Colonel Sabine, along with an abstract
of the meteorological observations.
9)
68 FORT CONFIDENCE.
the third morning after our arrival from the coast,
was placed in charge of Frangois Chartier and
Louis la Ronde, with directions for them to pro-
ceed with all speed to Isle & la Crosse, at which
place Chartier’s wife was residing. I wrote to
Mr. M‘Pherson, requesting him to forward the
party without delay; and Mr. Rae, who put up
the packet, enclosed, I believe, a circular, soliciting
the gentlemen at the several posts to send the
packet on as quickly as possible. Mr. Rae himself
was of opinion that he enclosed such a document,
though he does not perfectly recollect that he did
so. But whether the circular was enclosed or not
in the first instance, or afterwards left out, the
circumstance of a packet being sent express for
fifteen hundred miles ought to have ensured its
being forwarded from the further posts. No delay
occurred at Fort Simpson, Mr. M‘Pherson sending
the party on as soon as their provisions could be
prepared. Chartier and his companion reached
Fort Chepewyan by open water, and were de-
spatched to Isle a la Crosse as soon as the ice was
strong enough for travelling over. At Isle a la
Crosse the letters were put en route again after a
fortnight’s detention, and at Carlton House they
were kept two months. This last delay was un-
accountable. When they did reach Red River
they were sent on; but instead of reaching England
LETTERS. 69
in April or May, as we had a right to expect, and
when a knowledge of our proceedings was much
desired by the Admiralty previous to the sailing of
the “ North Star,” they did not arrive till the middle
of July, and our families were nearly twelve months
without intelligence from us. We were also unfor-
tunate with our subsequent letters, which were not,
however, sent by special express, but were left to the
chance of the ordinary conveyance through Rupert’s
Land.
On the 31st of October, two men and an Indian
guide were sent with a second packet of letters to
Fort Simpson, hoping that they would be in time
for an express which leaves that post annually for
the south on the Ist of December. The Indian
lost himself, or rather, I believe, went wilfully
astray, for the purpose of falling in with some
hunters that he expected to find. In this he
failed ; and the party, after suffering some priva-
tions, were saved from starvation by killing a deer.
They did not reach Fort Simpson till some time
after the winter express had left ; and as the letters
were not of public importance they remained there
until the spring, when they were forwarded along
with some others that we subsequently sent to
Fort Chepewyan, that they might go down with
the first boats. On my way out in the summer,
finding part of these letters at one of the posts,
EF 3
70 FORT CONFIDENCE.
I took them on with me; the others reached
England by the same mail packet that I crossed
the Atlantic in, and were delivered on the day
after my arrival at home.
The only letter-bag from England that we re-
eeived during our stay at Fort Confidence came in
on the 12th of April, 1849, and brought us home
news up to the 22nd of June, 1848, ten months
old. This came by the usual canoe route, and was
brought up from Canada with the Red River mail ;
but at the same time we received a single news-
paper, which gave us some English intelligence
as late as the 15th of September. The history
of this newspaper is that of the triumph of the
electric telegraph. While the English mail packet
was steaming up the sound of New York, on the
30th of September, a summary of European news
having been carried on shore by an express steamn-
vessel, was in the act of being transmitted by tele-
graph to the banks of the Mississippi. Within a
few hours, it was published there in the “ Galena
Advertiser,” of which it filled one entire folio. This
paper, being carried over the plains to Red River, by
a party which set out on the day following its pub-
lication, was sent to Great Bear Lake, and gave us
the first intimation of a rebellion in Ireland. The
other newspapers that we received at the same
time were of very old date, but every paragraph
of them, as well as of our letters, was read again
OREGON ‘ SPECTATOR.” rat
and again with a keenness that can be understood
only by those who have undergone similar priva-
tions of intelligence. We heard of an old resident
in Rupert’s Land, who was philosophic enough to
extend this pleasure over the whole year, by laying
up his annual file of newspapers, and taking one
down daily for perusal according to its date, so
that he had just mastered the news of the pre-
ceding year when a new file arrived. Our im-
patience was too great to permit us to follow an
example so systematic.
By the return of our packet men from Fort
Simpson in January, we received the Oregon
Spectator,” dated Oregon city, February 10th,
1848, with the motto “ Westward the star of Empire
takes its way.” It was a creditable production
for so young a state, remarkable for the extreme
” but a strenuous advocate of
dearth of “news,
temperance and morality, and curious for the
insight which it gave of the first movements of
a community destined at no distant period to
play a conspicuous part among the nations of the
world. The state is already involved in an Indian
war, which will not cease until the Red Men are
hunted from their native soil. The cause of hos-
tility was one of those unavoidable accidents which
the vicinity of white people entails on the Indian
race.
| el
to
bo
—s
a
eo Oo
m— A bo 60
bo
oO ee oO eH
~I
_
~J
_—
iss)
oo
'
'
Hee DON ON NRK BOY HHH OO
©) CO me et © HB
wD
bo @
— ee bo
eo bd
a
—
de Oe oO
meee bp wo NWN He
—
=
II. MenisPerMACEx -
Menispermum -
—
—
III. Bereerivex -
Berberis - -
Leontice - -
Epimedium -
— 0 in
m— me 6O
TV. PovorayiteZx -
Jeffersonia - -
Podophyllum -
Hydropeltis -
se 09
— = 69
ee ee)
NUMBERS OF SPECIES IN DIFFERENT ZONES.
Families.
V. NymMrumacem -
Nymphza
Nuphar
Nelumbium -
VI. SaRRACENIEZ -
Sarracenia
VII. Papaveracez
Papaver
Stylophoru
m -
Sanguinaria -
VIII. Fumariacex
Dielytra
Adlumia
Corydalis
Fumaria
IX. Crucirerz -
Cheiranthus -
Nasturtium -
Barbarea
Turritis
Arabis -
Cardamine
Dentaria
Parrya -
Vesicaria
Draba -
Erophila
Cochlearia
Thlaspi
Hutchinsia
Cakile -
Hesperis
Sisymbrium—-
Camelina
Braya -
Platypetalum -
Eutrema
Oreas -
Sinapis
323
First Zone.
Second Zone. 2
sp oe on [eer ACH Pear Zee,
: E. side, and Sea ntiG Lying N. of
S Lat. 49° to 79° N. 73° Lat.
5 58° W. side.
N a
ca ie aS cre est (ee he =
a |S (2S lels|- (ales &
Bi| | FS eee etd SELES GN ene ES 2
Se /Ole/ SIs ls| Sle lalel els
2} j2/s| = [elol/Sl 4 ON toh en" TI
Trichophyllum- - = aro) 29) 19
Hymenopappus - =) a oa) 1
Picradenia - = a et 1
Helenium = - Maurie gL Hs Ua
Anthemis = = i eal 1
Marruta - - - | al
Achillea - = . 3i 3] 2) 1 2) 1} 2) 2 1
Chrysanthemum - ° 4) 3) 2 S| 3) 1) QF 1 1 2
Pyrethrum - =e pp ty a) at 1
Cotula - - - Ue ay a 1
Omalanthus ~ = 1 [sitll ] 1
Tanacetum - Olt ei | Gta ]
Artemisia = -| 17] 12] 6| 8 1l| 7} 7| 8 5
Gnaphalium - -| 6) 6) 1 4
Antennaria - -| 6] 5) 313 4) 1) 4] 2) 1) 1) 1 4
Arnica - - S|) ele eal! Sa Se Lay 1
Senecio - - - | 16) 12} 3] 3] 10} 9] 6] 5) 71 2
Cacalia - - =|) 24 | 1
6. Asteroidee - - |134]119)20/36) 87|30) 5|20:21 4
Solidago - - =| 31] 31} 4) 5) 30) 3) 1) 3] 2 1
Aster - - - | 591 49) 7|10) 37}11 5| 9 ]
Eurybia - - - 2
Seriocarpus - -{ Jol
Tripolium - =1]e2ay 22 2 1 1
Galatella - - - 2
Townsendia - - ill | eat 1 1 1
Erigeron - - - | 17] 12] 6| 6 12/ 1/10; 8 9
Dipplopappus~ - -| OF 9} 1] 6
Boltonia - - - 1) a
Brachyris - 3] oo 1
Polymnia - -| fol
Madia_ - - - i] an 1
Crinitaria - - Al Sale alley
Donia - - -| 4) -4) 1) 38 2 ibaa
Sag GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF PLANTS.
First Zone.
Between Lat. Recon Zone Third or
45° to 55° on Gincla Seah Polar Zone.
E. side, and | i
Lat. 49° to | Wardsto | F307 at,
g | 58 W. side. | 72°N-
S :
Famili 2 a 5 2 = a 2 3 &
amililes. = 8 3 2 A = c ° Z 8 ie s Bs
21s /3lei S1siBloe Els|a 5
lz lelel Slee gtelzlel da
SLR Ole] Sf lal8l;|e]ela| slats
Sie lel5)F [slo si<]e/s E | SIs
— pet . — Ss MS o ry -
i) Sisi|s|/ 2ysiele Elgls Paes 0-9
S18 FS a lsisisisie/eieisie
Sfale|s! {Sl s|/solalslalsolaps
Hina /OlOl| Ss IaiMialalalialazalnia
LIT. Campanuracex - -| 147 11] 3) 1) 9f 4] 3) 2) af 1 Lis
Campanula - = =|) Sh 5S) A SiS oeotmn 1} 1] 2
Lobelia - = “| O) 6 6 1
LITI. Vaccinea - = - | 16] 16/13] 5} 10} 6| 2] 5) 4 4
Vaccinium = = - | 16} 16/13] 5} 10] 6| 2) 5] 4 4
LIV. Ericez - - - | 40} 33/19} 3). 23118} 8/13/10} 2} 1] 1) 2I10
Gaultheria - - es et SA A GI 9) | 2
Arbutus = = = 44 4| 3} 1] 2 2) 2) 2) 2 2
Andromeda = - - | 10} -9} 6| 1) 6f 4] 2) 2) 3f 2] 1] 1) a 2
Menziesia - = Sees a4 a3 1] 4 4 1
Kalmia = - - Si eSivl 3] 1 Le
Epigza = - =) Li 1 1
Rhodora - = = 1h) al 1
Rhododendron - - =|) (6) 75) 1 4] 2) 1} 2] 1 2
Azalea - 2 = - Teed | |e 1} 1/1 1 ]
Ledum - < : |) 9) | POleo: 21 2) 2 2 2
LV. Monorrorea - - | 167 15] 8] 4) 10] 6| 2} 5] 5 5
Cladothamnus . - - Dae
Pyrola - - - -| 101 9] 6| 3) 5S} 6} 2! 5) 5 5
Pterospora - - -/ 1] -1 1
Monotropa - - =|" 2) 2 2
Chimaphila = = - hee leeligee 2,
LVI. JasmMiInE& - - Se] Sifu 3
Fraxinus - - - Shiees eal |e
LVII. Avrocyne& - - - 4) 4 I}; 3 1
Apocynum - - -| 4) 4 Lip es ]
LVIIT. Ascrerrapez = -| 11} 11 2) 11 1
Asclepias - - -| 11] 11 2) 11 1
LIX. Genriane . - | 34] 27/10) 2} 1913] 8} 9] 8 5
Gentiana - - -| 23] 16) 6 11}10| 6) 7| 6 2
Pleurogyne = = = lj 1 Pl} 1 1 1
Swertia - = - it eee 1
Halenia = = - 31 3 1} 3} 1 ]
Sabattia = = - Zee 2
Menyanthes - - Sfp ea Sy a at aorta 1
Villarsia : - a | ol) Bie)
Limnanthemum - = ee ot 1
NUMBERS OF SPECIES IN DIFFERENT ZONES. 333
First Zone.
Between Lat. poco’ Zone, Third or
45° to 45° on Polar Zone.
Circle north-
E, side, and Lying N. of
ee ec Mil
els Je de Coy eo) Ae &
Families. é g 3 2 NS B/S161g <
SNS |s/E/AQ}sle/8la NS) sid
Ele 2\/S| m12/B lo ro! (relies =
el= |Sie|S18l2\SiS]2] Ze! da
S18 |Slel Pf ISlalelelalalé| els
Gis |2\o = slolSi)<
A | ay Np ell S| Sy IS elnlelOlota
sl2icis/ S72 (2izistslsigiste
SfSlelc|2'8/1s/8iaisisielais
BT RIOlO] Ie IMlelalal|4a|4lafe
CX. Iripex - - - i) ZA a 74 | A 1
Tris = - - - 7 66) 1 64 2) 2
Sisyrinchium - - - TW) 6D) 1 1-1 1
CXI. Hyvroxipex - . 1 at ]
Hypoxis - - Si a il 1
CXII. Dioscorrz - - i a ]
Dioseorea - - - 1} 1 ]
CXIII. Cyperacea - = |218]184/51|}33/1609102\12|54|77) 5) 5| 1 2,81
Carex - - - - |1834153'39/24)131f 91) 9/45/68] 3] 3) 1) 2,65
Elyna - - - « 2 PA i
Eleocharis - - -| 7 6] 4) 3) St -s 21 2 5
Scirpus - - - | 10] 10} 3} 5] 10 4
Eriophorum = - =) RShma| Ra 7{ 6] 3] 5) 6} 2) 2 6
Dulichium - - - 1f- 1 1
Cyperus - - =H oll oO 14
Rhynchospora - - -| 2) 2) 1 2 1
CXIV. GramMiInEx - - |1534134/48/46) 96) 51/24,32'36113/13| 5| 6156
Leersia - - - Qi Ql | 9
Hydropyrum - = = ]
Alopecurus - - - 40 3) Ziel! (Sh - 2) Wi Soi eel 3
Phleum - - - A} | APA) at al 1} 1 2
Phalaris - - - 1 a ee 1 1
Hierochloe - - - 31.2 1) (QF 3/12) 2) 521250 et eee
Anthoxanthum - - - ng het 1 1
Milium - - - Wo ] 1
Panicum - - + sf 68} 1) 3} 8
Holeus - - - ly 1 J 1
Oplismenus - - = en) al 1
Setaria - - - lf 1 ]
Cenchrus - - - ufo 1
Oryzopsis - - =|) Gt} a SI
Stipa - - - -| 4) 4 3}
Muhlenbergia - - -| 6f 6) 2e1) 5
Phippsia - - =i) 22 D152 Te i 1
Colpodium - - =| oa) Ty +2) 2) Aor
Vilfa - - - - vt al 1
Agrostis - ~ -| 6] 6] 6) 2) 3f 3 Sit 4
Calamagrostis - - =| 10} 9] 3/-2) 7-3) 2) 3ig 2g
Ammophila_ - - Hf dl al 1 1
NUMBERS OF SPECIES IN DIFFERENT ZONES. 341
First Zone.
Between Lat. Second Zone. Third or
45° to 55° on From Arctic Polar Zone
E. side, and Circle north- Lying N. of
B Lat. 49° to 58° wards to 72° N. 73° Lat.
S W. side.
N x
Salas a is | =
Families. A g = 2 i & 3 kR = <
ef |3/4 sig /*|Alsls|s| Jz
= = ee) lesiilerse pee | OS [eon wel a hee Co
sale foe l=s pee te |= |S lelslel.f2
oI my ra] S n|n Ps z= & N|Vicf a
Beene eles. ie) ewes | ro) |, une a aos
Sys |*/8/1 S81 S18] 2) 0s ZlZislé
Bia lé/6| e]alelelalalsiziela
Graminex— (continued. )
Graphephorum - 1 1 1
Phragmites - - = SU aif 1 1
Spartina - - 1 1 | al
Eutrianas- - J 1 1 | al 1
Deschampsia - | aU allen AN) aU! 1 1
Dupontia - - Hy ail LE eal 11a 1f 1
Boutelouia - - ie? Qh
Aira - A ais) joes a EN 1
Trisetum = = - Zhe 24 il [ay aU) 2 2a 1 1 ]
Avena - - 2 1 Ul Wee 1 1 1
Danthonia - - ] 1 1}
Poa - = -| 26f 23] 10] 6| 15) 11] 7] 5 3| | 2| af 13
Eragrostis - - il] al 1}
Glyceria- - co) HOGI) lio: | es Higa: [ag 2
Pleuropogon - 1 \ 1/1
Reboulea - - of 2 1 2) 1
Catabrosa- - WOU 1} 1
Koeleria - - il} aul 1 1] 1
Festuca - - og] 66} 2 2) 3 3 HI) a! 1} 4
Bromus - - 3 aie By Sat? a IL
Ceratochloa - - Ue at
Brizopyrum - iM Je at at a
Triticum - By etic) cI) ie 2 2 3
Elymus - 5) IS (| | | FP 5
Asprella - (sell | a 1j
Hordeum - roe |r OO eL il | 1
Andropogon Sait cat Wy | 1
ACROGENES -| 71} 67| 26] 18) 57] 30) 6) 21) 2 26
CXV. Eaquisrtacex - Oe ON Sh Poh Sh Gin 2i) 74 8
Equisetum - - ON Osi 4g $1 6) 2] 4 8
CXVI. Firices - -| 477 43) 16) 11] 35] 20) 3; 13) 16 20
Polypodium - - Sti Sh) 3} 1 3
Woodsia_— - - Gl oS 1 3] 2 1 2
Cistopteris - - Siig ] 9} | AN iN 2
Aspidium - =| JI JO) 5) 2) .9) 4) 21 3 6
Onoclea - - 1 1 1}
Struthiopteris - 1 1 1
Athyrium - - eS a a i | eal 1
Asplenium - - a 5 | A) 3
Blechnum - - i J aN} al } 1] 1
342 GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF FLANTS.
First Zone. ;
Between Lat. Second Zone. Third or
45° to 55° on From Arctic Polar Zone.
E. side, and Circle north- Lying N. of
ra Lat. 49° to 58° wards to 72° N. 73° Lat.
= W. side.
fo) .
N : §
o : o . © —_
‘) : ey fe) : . tea
Families. = a a | %@ 3 | 3 g <
FINS |/s/f/A fe g|-l|Aalslsls =
Ale (312/818) 2/e sie
fle |olelelela|el2ee eas
Bre l/2iS/F laels/s|s]elsia/e1s
n w 3 | a 33 a | 2 pe Vise ht fore ies. | |
=a ® a Co a © cy >) oye |S|/e)/2q &
SPs R/S) sls | Sie lalate le ieee
) el eels a 2|/ce¢]e|alels|olay s
a nan l|Oolo| €IF|M lala lzalAlzZlofA
FrL1cEs — (continued).
Pteris - - 3 Sivaie 3h ] ]
Cryptogramma - 1 IN ahi) al ails
Adiantum - - 1 ih a 1
Cheilanthes - = 1 il, =a 1 1
Dicksonia_ - - 1 1 1
Osmunda- - - 3 3 3 1
Schizzea - - 1 1 ]
Botrychium - - Sy) 5 ai 1} 2 Hil 1
CXVII. Lycoropinrm - NE PA Po Gy) SIS all Sle ale) a
Lycopodium - Nat a OG As esi TCO) | ze OA Sell oss} 7
Selaginella - - 1 1 1
CX VIII. Hypropreripes 3 3 3 1
Isoetes = ~ J 1 1 1
Salvinia - - 1 1 1
Azolla - - ] 1 J
Dicorytepones = |1725 1499 498 391|1130]568|27 1|340/377{69|57|40/29f403
Monocorytepones | 554] 493162122) 399]198) 521201146]91|20) 9| 9}188
2279)1992\660/513)1529]766|324 460) 523)90)77|49|381591
ACROGENES - 771i 67} 26) 18} 57] 30) 6) 21) 24 26
Obs. In the preceding table, and in that which follows, species that range
to several zones are enumerated in each. The proportionate numbers of the
second table are found by dividing the whole Phanerogame of a district by
the numbers of each family in that district, and they may, therefore, be con-
sidered as denominators of fractions having 1 for a numerator.
The proportions vary remarkably in different districts. The predominance
of Compound Flowers, Leguminous and Rosaceous plants in the Prairies,
combined with the paucity of Saxifrages, Gentians, and Ericaceous plants,
affect the proportions of the other families materially. The Grasses, as
might be expected, are more numerous in the Prairies than elsewhere, with
the remarkable exception of the Polar Zone, in which the Graminee form
one-seventh of the species, and in conjunction with the Crucifere, Caryo-
phyllee, and Saxifragee, constitute more than half the Phanerogame. ‘The
small numbers of Asters, Willows, and Carices, on the Pacific coast, modify
the numbers of that district.
PROPORTIONS OF PHANEROGAMOUS VEGETATION. 343
PROPORTIONATE NUMBERS OF SOME OF THE PRINCIPAL FAMI-
LIES TO THE WHOLE PHANEROGAMOUS VEGETATION OF THE
SEVERAL DISTRICTS OF THE THREE ZONES.
First Zone. Second Zone.
E
a re : 3
% A E go" § c=
Families. is) E Z 3 ae 2 co
g = S A So e | £5
EP sean teeth Puli. eink
a a E g <
Monocotyledones -} 4:1 4-2 3°8 6°1 3°8 3°6] (4:3
Composite - - | 10-0 6:4 7:0 90 UETE|\ 21k) | IDES)
Cyperacen - =) 12°91) 15-9 925) 27-0 8:5 6:8] 18-2
Graminee ~=- -]| 13°8 112 159 ISP 14°4 14:5 7:0
Rosacez - =) 1758) 15-65) 19501) 120 18-45) VOR 18 -o
Crucifere - I le Sa 44a Sle ON ela e329 9°8 6'1
Leguminose - =P 245) 15-1 |) SOLO e23e) | 41 <8) arse oe
Scrophularinee -[ 24-4) 23:3] 32:2] 27:°0| 35:4) 37-1] 45-5
Caryophyllez -1|25:4| 39:°5| 46-3] 18:0} 242] 20-9 83
Ranunculacez =| 27-5 | 27:0) 32-5] 23-1 | 14-85) 29-71 18°9
Ericez - - =| 34-7 | 171-0) 66:5 | 36:0 |) 35:4.) 52°2)) 45:5
Orchidez - -| 38°8| 57°0| 35°6]108°0| 57:6] 65:3
Saxifrageze - -] 50°8 | 128:2|} 80°5] 12°5 21:9; 29:0 735
Umbelliferze - -| 50°8| 85°5}| 54:5] 54:0 | 230°0 | 104:4
Gentianeze - - | 66:0} 256°5| 80°5] 40°5| 51:1} 65-2
Coniferz - -|73°3| 85:5 | 106°4]324:0/125:0| 87:0
Labiatz - SS 2-Sale Oil Su) elles D3°ON me 26e2
Salicacee = - -|82°5| 85:5] 42°5] 40°5| 32:9} 21-7] 30:3
Boraginee = - -|94:3] 85°5| 76°4] 64:8; 11°5]| 87:0
A list of the plants collected by Mr. Seeman on the coasts of
Beering’s Sea having been received subsequent to the first part of
the preceding tables having passed through the press, some emenda-
tions are requisite. The numbers of Dycotyledones, in p. 342., are to
be substituted for those in p. 322., and the following changes made in
the column headed Kotzebue Sound: viz. Ranunculacee, 14; Cruci-
fere, 19; Caryophyllee, 18; Leguminosae, 14; Rosacea, 27 ; Portu-
lacee, 5; Saxifragee, 26; Composite, 36; Hricee, 9; Boraginee, 5 ;
Scrophularinee, 12; Verbenacee, 1; Diapensiacee, 1. ‘These occasion
some slight alterations in the first column of the second zone, and in
the total number of plants.
344 GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF PLANTS.
The following Table of the Distribution of the Carices
was drawn up by Dr. Boott, whose intimate acquaintance
with that genus of Cyperacee renders it of the highest
value to the student of the Geography of Plants: —
London, May 6th, 1850.
My prar Sir Jou,
I have examined the Carices you brought from your last
excursion to America. They are — |
C. scirpoidea Michxr. Arctic Sea coast.
ursina Dewey. Arctic Sea coast.
glareosa Wahlg. Arctic Sea coast.
stans Drejer. Arctic Sea coast.
saxatilis Z. Arctic Sea coast.
compacta Brown. Arctic Sea coast.
fuliginosa St. § Hoppe. Arctic Sea coast.
livida Willd. Arctic Sea coast.
Nove Anglie Schwz. Arctic Sea coast and Methy Portage.
canescens L. (§ 6.) Arctic Sea coast and Methy Portage.
3 var. polystachya. Lakes Superior, Rainy, and of the
Woods.
adusta Boott. Methy Portage.
siccata Dewey. Methy Portage, Saskatschawan.
lanuginosa Michx. Methy Portage, Saskatschawan.
lenticularis Miche. Methy Portage.
Houghtonii Torrey. Methy Portage.
Raeana Boott. Methy Portage.
utriculata Boott. Methy Portage, Lakes Superior, Huron.
aquatilis Waklg. Methy Portage, Lakes Superior, Huron, Fort
Simpson and Chipewyan.
umbellata Schk. Methy Portage, Lakes Superior, Huron, Fort
Simpson and Chipewyan.
oligosperma Michx, Lake Superior.
aristata Br. Lakes Superior and Huron.
scoparia Schk. (§ b.). Lakes Superior and Huron, Winipeg,
Athabasca.
vulgaris Fries. Lakes Superior and Huron, Winipeg.
retrorsa Schwz. Winipeg River, Lake of Woods.
pedunculata Muhig. Winipeg River, Rainy Lake.
intumescens Rudge. Lake of Woods, Rainy Lake.
(Ederi Hhrh. Rainy River and Lake.
TABLE OF DISTRIBUTION OF CARICES. 345
Pennsylyanica Zam. Saskatschawan, Winipeg, and Cumberland
Lakes.
incurva Light. Valleys of the Sask. and Mack.
Of the above, C. Raeana is new, and C. stans new to British
America.
I find from my notes that the number of Carices in North
America is 250; of which 178 are found in all Arctic America,
including 97 common to Arctic America and the States, leaving
81 Arctic species.
Of these 81, there are 836 common to Europe, leaving 45
peculiar to Arctic America.
Of the 97 found in Arctic America and the States, 28 are
common to Europe, leaving 69 exclusively American.
There are in the States, besides, 72, of which 4 only are Eu-
ropean, leaving 68 exclusively American.
The exclusively American species are therefore 182, and 68
common to America and Europe.
American species in Arctic America = - aa] A)
E ‘ 81
uropean do. - = 36
American species in Arctic America and the States} 69
E 97
uropean do. do. - 28
American species in the States - - -| 68 79
European do. - - - + is
182 68 250
You will find that the large proportion of Carices in the
Northern part of America, common to it and to Europe, is in
accordance with the observations of Agassiz, made in his late
interesting excursion to Lake Superior. He remarks that the
farther north we proceed the greater is the uniformity of the
plants common to the two continents; and it is remarkable
that Leconte, in his list of the Coleoptera of Lake Superior, was
struck with the absence of all the groups peculiar to the Ame-
rican continent, the large increase of the species of genera
feebly represented in the more temperate regions, and the ex-
istence of many genera heretofore regarded as confined to the
southern parts of Europe and Asia.
Yours sincerely,
F. BOOTT.
346 GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF PLANTS.
The 97 species found in Arctic America and in the States, are —
C. Richardsoni Brown.
C. anceps Muhlg.
arida Tor.
aristata Brown.
aurea Nutt.
angustata Boolt.
arectata Boott.
adusta Boott.
aperta Boott.
aquatilis Wahl.
atrata L.
blanda Dewey.
bromoides Schk.
Backii Boott.
bullata Schk.
Buxbaumii Wahl.
cephalophora MuAl.
conoidea Schh.
cristata Schwz.
erinita Lam.
commutata Gay.
capillaris Z.
eanescens L.
chordorrhiza Hhrh.
capitata LZ.
debilis Wicha.
Deweyana Schwz.
digitalis Willd.
eburnea Boott.
Ehrhartiana Hoppe.
festucacea Schk.
flexilis Rudge.
filiformis L.
flava L.
C. fulva Good.
grisea Wahlg.
gracillima Schwz.
granularis Muhlg.
gynocrates Worm.
hystericina Muhilg.
intumescens Rudge.
irrigua Willd.
lupulina Muhlg.
lagopodioides Schk.
Liddoni Boott.
longirostris Tor.
lanuginosa Miche.
lacustris Willd.
lenticularis Miche.
limosa ZL.
livida Willd.
Muhlenbergii Schk.
miliacea Muhlg.
monile Tuckn.
muricata L.
Nove Angliz Schwz
oligosperma Miche.
(Ederi Ehrh.
polytrichoides Muhl
pubescens Muhlg.
PennsylvanicaLam,
pedunculata Muhilg.
plantaginea Lam.
pseudocyperus L.
pallescens L.
pauciflora Light.
rosea Schk.
retrorsa Schwz.
rostrata Michz.
retroflexa Muhlg.
rigida Good.
subulata Miche.
squarrosa L,
striata Micha.
stipata Muhlg.
scoparia Schk.
straminea Schk,
seabrata Schwz.
Schweinitzii Dewey
siccata Dewey.
seirpoidea Micha.
stellulata Good.
triceps Micha.
tentaculata Muhlg.
trisperma Dewey.
teretiuscula Good.
tenuiflora WaAl.
tenella Schk.
umbellata Schk.
utriculata Booitt.
varia Muhilg.
verticillata Boote.
vulpinoidea Micha.
vesicaria LZ.
vulgaris Fries.
vitilis Fries.
Willdenowii Schk.
Of the 97 in Arctic America and in the States, 28 are European.
In England.
C. Buxbaumii Wg.
canescens L.
filiformis Z.
flava L.
fulva Good.
irrigua Willd.
limosa Z.
muricata L.
(Ederi Ehrh.
pseudocyperus L.
pallescens L.
stellulata Good.
teretiuscula Good.
vesicaria L.
vulgaris Fries.
In Scotland.
C. capillaris L.
aquatilis Wahl.
atrata Z.
pauciflora Light.
rigida Good.
C.
In North of Europe.
chordorrhiza Ehrh.
capitata L.
gynocrates Worm.
tenuiflora Wahlg.
livida Willd.
tenella Schk.
vitilis ries.
Ehbrhartiana Hoppe.
TABLE OF DISTRIBUTION OF CARICES. 347
Of these 28 species of Europe, 12 are Alpine, or found in high
northern latitudes.
C. Ehrhartiana is found in Germany, and is probably a form of C.
teretiuscula Good.
C. fulva was originally established upon a Newfoundland specimen,
and has only been found once near Boston, U.S. A.
The 72 found in the United States are —
C. alopecoidea Tuckn. | C. folliculata L. |C. polymorpha Muhlg.
estivalis Curtis. glaucescens Eh. | refracta Schk.
alveata Boott. Grayil Carey. | retrocurva Dewey.
Boottiana Benth. | gigantea Rudge. | — sterilis Willd.
Barrattii Tor. hyalina Boot. | sparganioides Muhd.
Baltzellii Chapman. Halseyana Dewey. Sartwellii Dewey.
Buckleyi Dewey. Hitchcockiana Dew. — setacea Dewey.
crus-corvi Shutt. imbricata Boott. | Shortii Tor.
Careyana Dewey. juncea Willd. _ Steudelii Kunth.
CherokeensisSchwz.) Knieskernii Dewey. _ styloflexa Buckley.
Crawei Dewey. lucorum Jiilld. | stenolepis Tor.
Cooleyi Dewey. lupuliformis Sartw. Sullivantii Boott.
Caroliniana Buckley) — leevigata Smith. | sychnocephala Car.
comosa Boott. mirabilis Dewey. strictior Dewey.
decomposita Dewey.| Mitchelliana Curtis tenax Chapman.
Davisii Schwz. microdonta Tor. | tetanica Schk.
dasycarpa Muhlg. | Meadii Dewey. torta Boott.
exilis Dewey. mirata Dewey. | turgescens Tor.
Elliottii Tor. oligocarpa Schk. Tuckermani Boott.
Floridana Zor. oxylepis Tor. vestita Willd.
Fraseri Sims. preecox Jacq. venusta Dewey.
feenea Willd. panicea L. | virescens Muh.
formosa Dewey. platyphylla Carey. vulpina L.
flaccosperma Dewey| — planostachys Kunz. Woodii Dewey.
Of these 72 species, 4 only are common to Europe (England).
C. precox Jacq. (introduced), found only in Salem, Massachusetts.
levigata Smith (introduced), found once near Boston, Massachu-
setts.
panicea LZ.
vulpina Z. Doubtful, probably a form of C. stipata. (Ohio,
Illinois.)
I can offer you little that is satisfactory to myself as to the geogra-
phical range of the 97 species that are common to Arctic America and
the States, for want of precise data as to the Carices of the Southern
and Western States.
A.—I find, from such data as I have, that from lat. 30° to 35°, that is,
from N. Orleans through the Carolinas, there are 33 species
extending into Arctic America, one of which, C. Nove Angliz
Schwz., ranging from N, Orleans to the Arctic Sea, maintains
an equally vigorous development through 40° of latitude.
348 GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF PLANTS.
B.—From lat. 37° to 41°, Kentucky to Rhode Island, there are 21
species extending northwards.
C.—From lat. 42° to 45°, Massachusetts to Wisconsin, there are 43
species extending northwards.
Of the 72 species found in the States, 27 are southern species,
ranging from Florida to Kentucky.
Of the 81 in Arctic America, there is, in
Newfoundland, 1. C. remota, Z.
Labrador, 3. C. recta B., nigra All., ustulata
Weg.
Greenland, 9. C. duriuscula M7., hematolepis
Dr., reducta Dr., rufina Dr.,
holostoma Dr., hyperborea
Dr,, microglochin Wg., pe-
data Wg., microstachya Ehrh.
Canada, 1. C. miliaris Mz.
Rocky Mountains 8. C. petasata Dy., petricosa Dy.,
filifolia Nutt., Geyeri B., Ly-
oni B., Jamesii 7., dioica L.,
Pyrenaica Wg.
Rocky Mountains and Altai, 1. C. Franklinii B. (C. macrogyna
Turczon).
North-West coast, 18. C. anthoxantha Pr., antheri-
coides Pr., Hoodii B., ampli-
folia B., Gmelini H., circinnata
Mr., leiocarpa Mr., marcida
B., micropoda Mr., macro-
cephala W., Mertensii Pres.,
nigella B., Sitchensis Pres.,
Tolmiei B., elongata Z., le-
porina Z., stricta G., physo-
carpa Presl.
Newfoundland to Rocky Mts., 1. C. ovata Rudge.
Greenland to Lake Superior, 1. C. bicolor Ad.
C
and Newfoundland to 1. C. glareosa Wg.
” ) 5
Arctic Sea,
3 to Cumberland House, 1. C. subspathacea Worm.
55 to Arctic Sea, 3. C.stans Dr., vablii S., ursina Dy.
5 Slave Lake, and Ft. 1. C. rotundata Wg.
Enterprise,
. rariflora Sm.
. Supina Wg., vaginata Tausch.
and Mackenzie River, 1. C
Bear Lake, and 2. C
Rocky Mts.,
5 Bear Lake, Church R. 1. C
and Sask.
= and Repulse Bay, 1€
. ampullacea G.
. fuliginosa St. § Hop.
TABLE OF DISTRIBUTION OF CARICES.
549
Greenland, Arctic Sea, Rocky 1. C. compacta Br.
Mountains, and
North-West coast,
to Rocky Mountains,
”
=f to North-West coast 3.
(not Rocky Mts.),
Arctic Sea, 1.
Hudson’s Bay to Methy Portage, 1.
- to Cumberland H., 2.
Cumberland House, Mackenzie 1.
River, and Rocky Mts.,
Carlton House, 2
54 to North-West coast, 1
Methy Portage, 1.
Wooded Country, 2
Rocky Mountains to North- 5.
West coast,
7.
C. festiva Dy., incurva Light.
lagopina Wg., nardina Fr,
obtusata Zil., rupestris Ail.,
saxatilis L.
C. salina Weg.,
Mr., stylosa Mr.
C. marina Dy.
C. Houghtonii Tor.
C. heleonastes A., maritima
Mull.
C. concinna Br.
cryptocarpa
. C. Torreyi Tuck., Hookeriana Dy.
. C. Parryana Dy.
C. Raeana B.
. C. affinis Br., podocarpa Br.
C. Douglassii B., Rossii B.,
nigricans Mr., macrocheta
Mr., stenophylla Wg.
Of the above 81 species, 36 are European!
England! | Scotland !
C. remota L. C. ustulata Wg.
dioica LZ. vahlii Schk.
elongata L.
leporina L.
stricta G.
ampullacea G.
rariflora Sm.
vaginata Tausch.
incurva Light.
lagopina Wg.
rupestris All.
saxatilis LZ.
North of Europe!
| C. bicolor All.
subspathacea Worm.
fuliginosa S. § Hop.
nigra All.
microglochin Wg.
microstachya Ehrh.
rufina Dr.
Pyrenaica Wg. (Py-
renees !)
obtusata Lil.
supina Wahl.
salina Wahl.
maritima Muller.
stenophylla Wahlg.
heleonastes Ehrh.
glareosa Wahl.
festiva Dy.
nardina Fries.
pedata Wahlg.
rotundata Wahlg.
hyperborea Dr.
(Lapland).
| holostoma Dr.
(Lapland).
cryptocarpa Mr.
(Iceland).
350 GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF PLANTS.
Of these 36 European species found in Arctic America, 30 are
Alpine or belonging to high northern latitudes.
C. Pyrenaica Wahlg. is confined in Europe to the Pyrenees!
C. remota Z., common in England, has been found only in New-
foundland. Royle has found it also on the Himalayas and at Ku
nawur in the East Indies!
C. festiva Dewey, found in Norway, Finmark, and Lapland,
extends in America from Greenland to Unalaschka, and along the
Rocky Mountains to the Straits of Magellan!
The 45 American species in Arctic America are :—
C. duriuscula Meyer. | C. Houghtonii Terrey.| C. podocarpa Brown.
circinnata Meyer. reducta Drejer. compacta Brown.
leiocarpa Meyer. heematolepis Dreer.| concinna Brown.
micropoda Meyer. stans Drejer. Geyeri Boott.
stylosa Meyer. petasata Dewey. Lyoni Boott.
nigricans Meyer. petricosa Dewey. Hoodii Boott.
macrocheta Meyer. Hookeriana Dewey.| Rossii Boott.
anthoxantha Presi. marina Dewey. Tolmiei Boott.
anthericoides Presi. ursina Dewey. marcida Boott.
physocarpa Presl. Parryana Dewey. nigella Boott.
Mertensii Prescott. TorreyiZuckerman.| Douglassii Boott.
Sitchensis Prescott. ovata Rudge. Franklinii Boot.
miliaris Michaux. Gmelini Hooker. Raeana Boott.
filifolia Nuttall. macrocephala Willd.| amplifolia Boott.
Jamesii Terrey. affinis Brown. | recta Boott.
A.—New Orleans, Cumberland House, Rocky Mountains, C. wmbel-
lata, debilis.
Greenland, Rocky Mountains, Arctic Sea, C.
Nove Anglie.
Texas to Canada, C. retroflexa, grisea, blanda, triceps.
Hudson’s Bay, C. Muhlenbergit.
3 Carlton House, North-West coast, C. anceps.
Georgia to Canada, C. lupulina, commutata, squarrosa, tentacu-
lata, striata, hystericina, miliacea.
South Carolina to Canada, C. cephalophora, varia, granularis,
vulpinordea.
hy 3 i and Rocky Mountains, C. bromoides.
Cumberland House, C. crinita, intumescens.
Rocky Mountains,
North-West coast,
C. stellulata.
”
rh)
>? ” ? 2?
» » ” x North-West coast, C.
stipata, scoparia,
lagopodioides.
~ Hudson’s Bay, Norway House, C. poly-
trichoides.
TABLE OF DISTRIBUTION OF CARICES. SOU.
South Carolina to Lake Winnipeg, C. lacustris,
$ 5: North-West coast, C. rosea.
North Carolina Mountains of, Observatory Inlet, Cumberland
House, North-West coast, C. Buz-
baumit.
“5 5 to Canada, C. conoidea.
. PA Cumberland: House, Rocky Mountains.
C. Pennsylvanica.
B.— Kentucky to Canada, C. pubescens, digitalis.
. Pa Mackenzie River, Rocky Mountains, C. eburnea.
Tllinois, Cumberland House, Rocky Mountains, North-West
coast, C. Richardsoni.
New Jersey to Canada, C. Schweinitzit.
5 North-West coast, C. aperta.
3 to Hudson’s Bay, Arctic Sea, Rocky Mountains,
North-West coast, C. livida.
Ohio to Cumberland House, C. arida.
»» Carlton House and Rocky Mountains, C. Bachii.
Pennsylvania to Canada, C. subulata, scabrata, bullata.
F Cumberland House, C. gracillima, cristata,
plantaginea.
s3 % 55 Rocky Mountains, C. pe-
dunculata, utriculata.
+ Greenland, North-West coast, C. vesicaria. ,
fs North-West coast, C. angustata.”
Rhode Island to Bear Lake, C. monile.
Greenland, Cumberland House, Rocky Moun-
tains, North-West coast, C. adusta.
C.— Massachusetts and Newfoundland, C. Sulva.
North-West coast, C. muricata, verticillata.
Michigan to Canada, C. festucacea.
a Cumberland House, C. Ehrhartiana.
x Carlton House, Rocky Mountains, C. teretiuscula,
trisperma.
a Canada, North-West coast, C. straminea.
5 and North-West coast, C. Liddoni.
New York to Canada, C. arctata.
- As Rocky Mountains, C. Willdenowit.
+ Cumberland House, C. pallescens, pseudocyperus,
tenuiflora, vitilis, flava,
aristata, filiformis, irrigua,
33 3 ae Rocky Mountains, C. sic-
cata, longirostris.
352 GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF PLANTS.
New York to Cumberland House, North-West coast, C. re-
trorsa.
Greenland, Hudson’s Bay,
C. Gideri.
Mackenzie River, Rocky Mountains, C. aquatilis.
North-West coast, C. lanu-
ginosa. ;
Bear Lake, Rocky Mountains, North-West coast,
C. limosa.
Hudson’s Bay, Carlton House, Rocky Mountains,
North-West coast, C. aurea.
7 Newfoundland, C. flevilis.
s ie Greenland, Arctic Sea, Rocky
Mountains, North-West coast,
C. vulgaris, canescens.
Rocky Mountains, North-West
coast, C. pauciflora.
% Greenland, C. gynocrates.
New York Mountains of, to Mackenzie River, C. lenticularis.
+5 Greenland, Arctic Sea, Rocky
Mountains, C. scirpoidea.
Labrador, Arctic Sea,
C. rigida.
White Mts. of New Hampshire, Bear Lake, C. oli-
gosperma.
North-West coast,
C. rostrata.
New Hampshire, White Mts. of, Canada, Greenland, Rocky
Mountains, C. atrata.
Greenland, Hudson’s Bay,
Rocky Moun-
tains, C. capi-
tata.
Bear Lake,
Rocky Moun-
tains, C. capil-
laris.
” rb) ”
” ”
” ”
” ” ”
”
” ” ” 9
Wisconsin to Canada, C. tenella.
Cumberland House, Hudson’s Bay, C. chordorrhiza.
Rocky Mountains, C. Dew-
eyana.
29
? ” ”
The geographical range, as far as I know it, of the 72 species
found in the United States is as follows : —
TABLE OF DISTRIBUTION OF CARICES.. 353
Florida, C. tenax, Baltzellii, oxylepis.
» to New Orleans, C. gigantea, Floridana.
” Georgia, C. dasycarpa, turgescens.
_ Carolinas, C. glaucescens, venusta, Elliottii.
” New England, C. folliculata, polymorpha.
Texas, C. alveata, hyalina, imbricata, microdonta, planostachys.
» to Alabama, C. Cherokeensis.
” Kentucky, C. stenolepis.
» New Jersey, C. flaccosperma.
A Rhode Island, C. fenea.
New Orleans, C. Boottiana.
“F to Wisconsin, C. Meadii,
Carolina, South, C. Buckleyi, Caroliniana, Mitchelliana, Fraseri,
juncea, styloplexa, lucorum.
$5 to Virginia, C. @stivalis.
35 Massachusetts, C. comosa.
Carolina, North, to Ohio, C. Sudlivantii.
Virginia to Kentucky, C. Shortii.
Kentucky to New York, C. oligocarpa, Hitchcockiana.
+ Connecticut, C. Davisii, virescens.
Ohio, C. tetanica, crus-corvi.
3, to Pennsylvania, C. strictior.
oo New Jersey, C. T'uchermani.
a New York, C. Careyana.
35 Illinois, C. vulpina.
Pennsylvania, C. refracta.
+ to Cherokee, C. sterilis.
5s Connecticut, C. torta.
New Jersey, C. Barrattii, Kneishernit.
3 to Rhode Island, C. Halseyana, platyphylla.
5 Connecticut, C. vestita.
New York, C. alopecoidea, formosa, lupuliformis, mirata, sychno-
cephala, Woodii.
Michigan, C. crawei, Sartwellii, decomposita, Steudeliz.
Rhode Island, C. retrocurva.
ss Massachusetts, C. exilis.
a8 Connecticut, C. Grayii.
Massachusetts, C. setacea, precox, panicea, levigata.'
“ to Michigan, C. mirabilis.
Michigan, C. Cooley.
Wisconsin to New England, C. sparganioides.
VOL. II. AA
354 INSECTS OF ARCTIC NORTH AMERICA.
For the following notice and list of insects collected on
the Expedition, I am indebted to Adam White, Esq.,
F.L.S., &c., of the British Museum. With respect to
the extent of the collection, it is to be observed that no
time was devoted to the capture of insects. Such as pre-
sented themselves at convenient times were taken, but
none were sought for; and the numbers of the list are not,
therefore, to be considered as a criterion of the richness of
the country in that division of the animal kingdom.
Notre on HyMenopterA IN Arctic NortH AMERICA.
“Otho Fabricius first, perhaps, recorded any of the Hymen-
optera of Arctic North America. Doubtless Baffin, Frobisher,
and other manly navigators recognised humble bees and other
bees during their summer voyages, and may have, in print or
in manuscript, with sailor-like earnestness, made mention of
every such occurrence in their journals. It is delightful to read
the notices of flowers and verdure in their accounts of the
hurried spring, summer, and autumn two months of a Green-
land year, of five-sixths winter. Where flowers and verdure
abound, even for six weeks or a shorter time, there insects
must be found;—¢here insects of the order Hymenoptera, the
order to which this notice is limited, must occur. Flowers and
Hymenoptera must be together.
“OQ, Fabricius records two species of Hymenoptera as being
brought by him from Greenland. His book, so admirable a
model of a local fauna as to be even now one of the standards of
excellence, was published in 1780, The next considerable
accession to our acquaintance with the Hymenoptera of British
America was made by Redman, who collected in Nova Scotia
many fine species now in the British Museum. Some of these,
such as Pelecinus, Sirices, Ichneumonide, &c., were very pro-
minent species, and are now being worked out in the vast col-
lections of the National Museum.
*‘ Sir John Richardson and his brave comrades collected many
NOTE ON THE HYMENOPTERA, ETC. 355
species, which were lost during their disastrous journey. They
still, however, brought many insects to England, and in the
‘Fauna Boreali-Americana’ these insects are described by the
venerable Kirby. The species of Hymenoptera are very few ;
there are only ¢hirty-two altogether; the circumstances attend-
ing the journey not admitting of their collection and preserva-
tion.
* An eminent man, reasoning on such data as he had, has re-
corded his belief that it will be found that Hymenoptera do not
abound in British North America; now it may be remarked in
making generalisations on the distribution of animals, espe-
cially those of the lower orders, ‘that, before generalising on
a collection from any place not often visited or not often ex-
plored, attention be paid to the taste or tastes, or, in other
words, to the bias or direction of the eye, hand, and mind of
the person or persons who collect, supposing such reasoning is
recorded as on authentic data.’
“ Mr. George Barnston, to whose researches Sir John Rich-
ardson directed public attention in the ‘Edinburgh New Phi-
losophical Journal’ for April, 1841, has published a very ad-
mirable summary of the Progress of the Seasons as affecting
Animals and Vegetables at Martin’s Falls, Albany River,
James’s Bay, about lat. 51° 30’ N., and in long. 86° 20° W. In
this fresh and refreshing journal, there are more than indications
that Hymenoptera, Diptera, and JVeuroptera abound. In a
year or two afterwards Mr. Barnston came to London and pre-
sented his collection to the British Museum.
“ As one instance of his excellence as a collector, I may men-
tion that Mr. Walker, who named and described the species
of Diptera in the Cabinet of the British Museum, has alluded
to or has described nearly 250 species of his dipterous insects
from the single station mentioned above; there being only
14 species of these insects recorded in the ‘fauna Boreali-
Americana’ of the Rev. Wm. Kirby. Mr. Barnston’s researches
among the Neuwroptera also were considerable and very valuable.
One insect brought by him, the Pteronarcys regalis (although
previously found in Canada), afforded Mr. Newport a fit sub-
AA 2,
356 INSECTS OF ARCTIC NORTH AMERICA.
ject for his genius as an accurate anatomist and recorder of
facts and reasonings on the insect economy. ‘This gentleman
discovered persistent branchie in the imago or perfect state
of the Pteronarcys, and has recorded his discovery and quoted
some observations of Mr. Barnston’s in a paper read at the
Linnean Society. As Mr. Gray’s Catalogues of the collections
in the British Museum, (mines of information to the reasoner
and writer on geographical distribution,) are published, it
will be seen how valuable are Mr. Barnston’s and Sir John
Richardson’s collections to our acquaintance with the articu-
lated animals of British North America, especially in its more
northerly parts.
“J have mentioned that Kirby describes or alludes to only
thirty-two species of Hymenoptera in his ‘Insects of North
America ;’ while Mr. Barnston iz one spot found 192 distinct
species, exclusive of Chalcidide. ‘I subjoin a comparative
list of the families of Hymenoptera, the comparison being made
with the British species existing in the Museum collection at
the time of this record. Mr. B. and myself worked out the
Tenthredinide ; my friend and coadjutor Mr. Frederick Smith,
an able hymenopterist, determined the other species; so the
list may be deemed as correct as the circumstances will admit.
“It must be borne in mind that our British collection of Hy-
menoptera has been accumulating for at least thirty years, was
a favourite part of Dr. Leach’s collection, and has been made
over a wide and variegated country; while Mr. Barnston’s
was formed in three months, on one spot and under almost
unheard-of disadvantages, counterbalanced, however, by an
enthusiasm not easily deterred by difficulties.
8 British Collection Collected at
in British Museum. Martin’s Falls.
Cimbicide - - - 10 - - - 4
Tenthredinide - - 157 - - - 76
Siricide, &e. - - - 7 - - - 2
Tchneumonidax - - 200 - - - 47
Chaleididee - ~ - ? - - - ?
Chrysididee - “ - 22 - - - 1
Formicide - - - 11 - - . 7.
COLEOPTERA. 857
British Collection Collected at
in British Museum. Martin’s Falls.
Mutillide - - - 5 - - - (0)
Sapygide - - - 2 - - ° ce)
Pompilide, &c. - - 38 - - - 2
Crabronide - - - 57 - - - 16
Vespide - - - 17 - - - 4
Apide - - - - 170 - - - 33
“ A striking proof that the time has not yet come to reason
correctly on the distribution of Hymenopterous insects, — at
least in British North America.”
LIST OF INSECTS
TAKEN BY Sir JOHN RICHARDSON AND JOHN Rag, EsqQ., IN
Arctic NortH AMERICA, DRAWN UP BY ADAM WHITE,
Esq., F.L.S., ETC.
CoLEOPTERA.
Cicindela longilabris, Say. (C. albilabris, Kirby). Shores of Arctic
Sea, lat. 70° N.; and at Fort Simpson, lat. 62° N.
Cicindela hirticollis, Say. Borders of Mackenzie and Slave Rivers,
lat. 59°— 62° N.
Dromius nigrinus, E’schsch. Great Bear Lake, lat. 66°—67° N.
Carabus — ? n.s. (C. gladiator, Barnston MS.). Borders of Mac-
kenzie and Slave Rivers, lat. 50°—65° N.
Carabus Chamissonis, Eschsch. Borders of Mackenzie and Slave
Rivers ; and Cape Krusentern, lat. 58°—68° N.
Carabus —? n.s. (C. Hudsonicus ?) Borders of Mackenzie and Slave
Rivers, lat. 58°—65° N.
Calosoma calidum, Auct. Borders of Mackenzie and Slave Rivers,
lat. 58°—65° N.
Loricera pilicornis, Auct. Great Bear Lake, lat. 66°—67° N.
Elaphrus intermedius, Kirby. Great Bear Lake, lat. 66°—67° N.
Notiophilus sibiricus, Motchoulsky. Great Bear Lake, lat. 66°—67° N.
Dicelus — ? n.s. (D. sculptilis?) Borders of the Mackenzie and
Slave Rivers, lat. 58°—65° N.
Agonum melanarium, Dej. Great Bear Lake, and district to the
south of Lake Winipeg, lat. 49°—68° N.
AA 3
358 INSECTS OF ARCTIC NORTH AMERICA.
Argutor brevicornis, Kirby. Borders of Mackenzie and Slave Rivers.
Omaseus orinomum, Leach. District south of Lake Winipeg, lat.
50°—5 4° N, ,
Platysma vitrea, E’schsch. Borders of Mackenzie and Slave Rivers.
Pecilus lucublandus, Say. Borders of Mackenzie and Slave Rivers.
Harpalus — ? n. s. (near H. obtusus). Borders of Mackenzie and
Slave Rivers.
Stenolophus — ? n.s. Great Bear Lake, lat. 66°—67° N.
Amara —? sp. (near A. trivialis). South of Lake Winipeg, lat. 49° N.
Amara —? sp. Great Bear Lake.
Bembidium conicolle, Motchoulsky (B. impressum, Kirby). Great
Bear Lake, and north of Lake Winipeg, lat. 49°—67° N.
Acupalpus —?n.s. Great Bear Lake, lat. 66°—67° N.
Peryphus —? sp. Great Bear Lake.
Platytrachelus —? n.s. Great Bear Lake.
Notaphus nigripes, Kirby. Great Bear Lake.
Notaphus variegatus, Kirby. South of Lake Winipeg, lat. 49° N.
Dytiscus Harrisii, Kirby. South of Lake Winipeg.
Agabus — ? n.s. (near A. arcticus). Cape Krusenstern, lat. 68° N.
Colymbetes — ? sp. Borders of Mackenzie and Slave Rivers.
Hydrophilus picipes, Auct. South of Lake Winipeg, lat. 49° N.
Heterocerus —? n. s. (near H. fossor). Great Bear Lake.
Staphylinus villosus, Grav. South of Lake Winipeg, lat. 49° N.
Quedius, n.s. (near Q. molochinus). Great Bear Lake, lat. 66°—67° N.
Omalium, n. s. (near O. rivulare). Shore of Arctic Sea, near mouth
of Mackenzie River, lat. 70° N.
Anthophagus, sp. Borders of Mackenzie and Slave Rivers.
Silpha Lapponica, Auct. Fort Simpson; Borders of Mackenzie and
Slave Rivers.
Silpha opaca, Auct. Borders of Mackenzie and Slave Rivers.
Silpha, n.s. (near S. Baikalica), Motchoulsky. Borders of Mackenzie
and Slave Rivers.
Ptinus fur, Auct. South of Lake Winipeg. Throughout Rupert's
Land.
Byrrhus —? n.s. Borders of Mackenzie and Slave Rivers, lat. 58°
—65° N.
Byrrhus —? n.s. South of Lake Winipeg.
Rhisotrogus fervens, Gyll. South of Lake Winipeg, lat. 49° N.
Platycerus piceus, Web. Fort Simpson, on the Mackenzie River,
lat. 62° N.
Cyphon fusecipes, Kirby. Great Bear Lake.
Elater xripennis, Kirby. Shore of Arctic Sea, near Mackenzie
River, lat. 70° N.
Elater zneus ? Borders of Mackenzie and Slave Rivers.
COLEOPTERA. 359
Elater, n.s. (mear E. melancholicus). Borders of Mackenzie and
Slave Rivers.
Elater, n. s. (near E. sanguineus). Borders of Mackenzie and Slave
Rivers.
Ludius, n. s. (near L. sibiricus). Great Bear Lake, lat. 65°—67° N.
Ampedus, n.s. Great Bear Lake.
Buprestis tenebrica, Kirby. Borders of Mackenzie and Slave Rivers.
Chrysobothris, n.s. Fort Simpson, on the Mackenzie River, lat. 62° N.
Trachypteris Drummondi, Kirby, var. Fort Simpson, on Mackenzie
River, lat. 62° N.
Trachypteris decolorata (Bupr. appendiculata, Kirby). Fort Simpson,
on Mackenzie River, lat. 62° N.
Ellychnia corrusca, Auct. South of Lake Winipeg.
Ragonycha cembricola, Eschsch. Great Bear Lake, lat. 65°—67° N.
Thanasimus abdominalis, Kirby. Great Bear Lake.
Hydnocera, n. s. Great Bear Lake.
Blapstinus eneus, Deg. South of Lake Winipeg.
Upis ceramboides, Auct. Fort Simpson, and Borders of Mackenzie
and Slave Rivers.
Anthicus—?n.s. Great Bear Lake.
Formicoma—?n.s. Great Bear Lake.
Stenotrachelus Roulieri, Motch. var. Shores of Arctic Sea, near
Mackenzie River, lat. 70° N.
Serropalpus —? sp. Fort Simpson, on Mackenzie River.
Hylobius— ? sp. Borders of Mackenzie and Slave Rivers,
Alophus —? sp. South of Lake Winipeg.
Alophus —? sp. Cape Krusenstern, lat. 68° N.
Erirhinus, sp. (near E. tremule). South of Lake Winipeg.
Tomicus —? sp. South of Lake Winipeg.
Asemum striatum, Auct, Fort Simpson on the Mackenzie River.
Callidium bifoveolatum. Cape Krusenstern and Arctic Coast, between
672° and 68°.
Callidium Proteus, Kirby; and C. simile, Kirby, var. Arctic Coast,
between 672° and 68°; Fort Simpson on the Mackenzie River,
lat. 62° N.
Clytus undulatus, Say. Shore of Arctic Sea; Mouth of Mackenzie
River.
Clytus —? sp. Shore of Arctic Sea; Mouth of Mackenzie River,
lat. 70° N.
Acanthocinus pusillus, Kirby. Great Bear Lake, lat. 66°—67° N.
Monochamus resutor, Kirby. Fort Simpson, on the Mackenzie
River.
Monochamus confusor, Kirby. Borders of Mackenzie and Slave
Rivers.
AA 4
860 INSECTS OF ARCTIC NORTH AMERICA.
Acmeops Proteus (Kirby), Leconte; Leptara strigilata, var.? Fort
Simpson, on the Mackenzie River. =
Acmeops strigilata (Fabr.), Lec. Shore of Arctic Sea (Mouth of
Mackenzie).
Pachyta liturata, Kirby. Fort Simpson, on the Mackenzie.
Pachyta, n.s. Fort Simpson, on the Mackenzie.
Rhagium lineatum, Auct. Fort Simpson, on the Mackenzie.
Syneta carinata, Eschsch. About Great Bear Lake.
Galleruca marginella, Kirby. Borders of Mackenzie and Slave
Rivers ; and about Great Bear Lake.
Chrysomela multipunctata, Say. Borders of Mackenzie and Slave
Rivers.
Phedon Adonidis, Pall. Shore of Arctic Sea (Mouth of Mackenzie) ;
Fort Simpson.
Adoxus vitis, Fabr. District about Great Bear Lake, and Borders
of Mackenzie and Slave Rivers.
Coccinella 13-punctata, Auct. Great Bear Lake, lat. 65°—67° N.
Coccinella 5-notata, Kirby. Shore of the Arctic Sea; Mouth of
Mackenzie, lat. 70° N.
Coccinella ocellata, Auct. Borders of Mackenzie and Slave Rivers.
ORTHOPTERA.
Locusta tuberculata, Pal de Beauv. ? Borders of Mackenzie and
Slave Rivers ; Fort Simpson.
Locusta, four species. Borders of Mackenzie and Slave Rivers.
Acrydium granulatum, Kirby. Borders of Mackenzie and Slave
Rivers ; Fort Simpson.
NEUROPTERA.-
fEschna borealis, Zetterst. ? Borders of Mackenzie and Slave Rivers.
Libellula — ? sp. Fort Simpson on Mackenzie.
Libellula scotica, Donov.? Between Lake Winipeg and Lake
Superior.
Agrion cyathigerum, Charp. var. Borders of Mackenzie and Slave
Rivers.
Ephemera viridescens — ? n. s., Barnston. Between Lake Winipeg
and Lake Superior, lat. 47°—52°.
Ephemera —? n.s. South of Lake Winipeg, lat. 49° N.
Pteronareys regalis, Newman. Borders of Mackenzie and Slave
Rivers.
Pteronarcys Proteus, Newman ? Shores of Arctic Sea (Mouth of
Mackenzie River), lat. 70°.
NEUROPTERA, HYMENOPTERA. 561
Perla — ? (sp. near P. abnormalis, Newman). Borders of Mackenzie
and Slave Rivers.
Perla — ? (sp. near P. sonans, Barnston). Borders of Mackenzie and
Slave Rivers.
Semblis —? n.s. Borders of Mackenzie and Slave Rivers.
Phryganea striata, n. s., Barnston. Borders of Mackenzie and Slave
Rivers.
Phryganea variegata, n. s., Barnston, and two or three other species.
Borders of Mackenzie and Slave Rivers.
HYMENOPTERA.
Trichiosoma lucorum, Awct. Fort Simpson, on Mackenzie River.
Tenthredo (Nematus). Great Bear Lake
Tenthredo (Nematus) — ?n.s. South of Lake Winipeg.
Tenthredo integra ? About Great Bear Lake.
Tenthredo (Dolerus). South of Lake Winipeg.
Sirex flavicornis, Fabr. Cape Krusenstern; Fort Simpson on Mac-
kenzie, and country south of Lake Winipeg.
Ephialtes — ? sp. Fort Simpson, on Mackenzie River.
Aspizonus — ? sp. Arctic Sea (Mouth of Mackenzie River).
Ichneumon — ? sp. Fort Simpson, on the Mackenzie River.
Ichneumon — ? sp. Cape Krusenstern, and Fort Simpson on the
Mackenzie River.
Cryptus —? sp. South of Lake Winipeg.
Chrysis — ? sp. Cape Krusenstern.
Mutilla — ? sp. About Great Bear Lake.
Formica herculeana. About Great Bear Lake; Borders of Mackenzie
and Slave Rivers ; Fort Simpson.
Formica sanguinea. South of Lake Winipeg, and Fort Simpson.
Pompilus — ? n.s. Borders of Mackenzie and Slave Rivers.
Odynerus — ? n. s. Shore of Arctic Sea (Mouth of Mackenzie
River).
Vespa maculata, var. Borders of Mackenzie.
Vespa vulgaris, Auct. Borders of Mackenzie and Slave Rivers and
Fort Simpson.
Vespa marginata, Kirby. Cape Krusenstern.
Halictus — ? (m. s. near H. quadricinctus). South of Lake Winipeg.
Halictus, three black species. South of Lake Winipeg.
Megachile Willughbiella ? Fort Simpson, on the Mackenzie River.
Bombus arcticus ? Arctic Coast between 672° and 68°; Borders of
the Mackenzie and Slave Rivers.
Bombus (sp. near B. lapponicus). Arctic Coast between 672° and 68°,
Bombus —? sp. Shore of Arctic Sea (Mouth of Mackenzie River).
362 INSECTS OF ARCTIC NORTH AMERICA.
Bombus pratorum. Borders of Mackenzie and Slave Rivers.
Bombus, n.s. (near B. lucorum). Arctic Coast between 674° and 68°
Bombus, n.s. Arctic Coast.
HEMIPTERA.
Acanthosoma boreale, Hope. Great Bear Lake.
Acanthosoma nebulosum, Kirby. South of Lake Winipeg.
Miris —? sp. Great Bear Lake.
Rhyparochromus, two species. South of Lake Winipeg.
Salda — ? sp. (near S. riparia), Cape Krusenstern, lat. 68° N.
HomorterRa.
Aphrophora, sp. Great Bear Lake, and to the south of Lake Winipeg.
LEPIDOPTERA.
Papilio Turnus, Z. Fort Simpson, on Mackenzie River.
Pontia casta, Kirby. Arctic Coast between 672° and 68°.
Pontia, sp. Fort Simpson, on the Mackenzie.
Anthocharis — ? n.s. (near A. Simplonia). Arctic Coast between
671° and 68°.
Colias Paleno, Z. Fort Simpson, on the Mackenzie River.
Colias Boothii, Curtis. Arctic Coast between 672° and 68°.
Colias Chione, var. ? C. Arctic Coast; Cape Krusenstern.
Argynnis Freija (Thunb.), var. Melita Tarquinius, Curtis. Arctic
Coast between 674° and 68°.
Argynnis —?n.s. Arctic Coast.
Vanessa Milberti, Godart. (V. furcillata, Say). Fort Simpson, on the
Mackenzie River.
Vanessa Progne, Godart. (V. C.argenteum, Kirby). Fort Simpson, on
the Mackenzie River ; Arctic Coast between 674° and 68°.
Nymphalis Artemis, Auct. Fort Simpson on Mackenzie River, and
Borders of Mackenzie and Slave Rivers.
Chionobas Bore, Boisd. ? Arctic Coast between 672° and 68°.
Hipparchia, n. s.? (near H. discoidalis), Kirby. Arctic Coast be-
tween 672° and 68°.
Hipparchia Rossii, Curtis. Arctic Coast between 673° and 68°.
Polyommatus Franklinii, Curtis. Arctic Coast.
Arctia Americana, Harris, var. Borders of Mackenzie and Slave
Rivers.
Hadena Richardsonii, Curtis. Arctic Coast between 672° and 68°.
Anarta —? sp. Arctic Coast between 672° and 68°.
Geometridx, two species. Arctic Coast between 672° and 68°,
Tineide, three species. Arctic Coast between 67’ and 68°,
VOCABULARIES OF NORTH AMERICA. 363
Diptera.
Culex —?sp. Borders of Mackenzie and Slave Rivers.
Chironomus, sp. Borders of Mackenzie and Slave Rivers.
Tipula, sp. Arctic Coast between 674° and 68°,
Tabanus, three species. Borders of Mackenzie and Slave Rivers.
Tabanus, two species. Arctic Sea, Mouth of Mackenzie River.
Eristalis flavipes, Walker. Borders of Mackenzie and Slave River,
and district to the South of Lake Winipeg, lat. 49°—65° N,
Syrphus, sp. Borders of Mackenzie and Slave Rivers.
Musca, five species. Borders of Mackenzie and Slave Rivers.
Musca —? sp. South of Lake Winipeg.
Cistrus Tarandi ? Arctic Coast between 671° and 68°.
No. V.
VOCABULARIES.
A. Eskimo Vocabulary.
Tue Kuskuchewak column of the following vocabulary is
extracted from Bier’s work.* To draw up an effective
comparative table would require a thorough acquaintance
with both dialects, since the names of articles of dress, and
implements of art, change with the materials of which
they are formed; natural objects are differently designated,
* Baer, Statische und ethnographische Nachrichten iiber die Rus-
sischen Besitzungen an der Nordwestkuste von Amerika. St. Peters-
burg, 1839, p. 259. The Kuskuchewak words being written in this
work in Russian characters, with which I am unacquainted, J. F. von
Bach, Esq., of the British Museum, had the kindness to furnish me
with a translation. ‘This gentleman drew up carefully columns repre-
senting the conventional English equivalents of the Russian cha-
racters for each word, and added also the French pronunciation,
which want of space compels me reluctantly to omit. I have made
some small alterations in words written by him according to the
English pronunciation, to suit the plan of orthography which I have
followed in the other vocabularies.
364 VOCABULARIES OF NORTH AMERICA.
according to the circumstances under which they are
viewed; and the terms for actions are altered, as the
agents, time, place, and other circumstances, vary. Un-
less, therefore, these facts be known and attended to
by one who forms a vocabulary, there may appear to
be no resemblance between the dialects of two tribes who
mutually understand each other, and converse together
with ease. The introduction of the syllabic characters
used by the late Rev. Mr. Evans in teaching the Cree
Indians would, I believe, remove the difficulties which
orthography throws in the way of a European, who en-
deavours to reduce the native languages of North America
to writing.
The column containing Eskimo spoken on the Labrador
coast, is extracted from a pretty large vocabulary and
grammar, which the Rey. Peter Latrobe had the kindness
to procure for my use on the expedition. I have reason
to believe that some errors may have crept into this
vocabulary, from the similarity of the German written h
to s not being always adverted to by the transcriber, and
also from the uncertainty of the proper English equiva-
lent of the German v. These are not, however, I trust
numerous among the examples I have used. Where the
Labrador dictionary was defective, the excellent English
and Eskimo vocabulary, drawn up by Captain Washington,
and published by the Admiralty for the use of the Search-
ing Expeditions, has been referred to. The dialects spoken
by the intermediate Eskimo tribes inhabiting the north
shores of the continent are seldom quoted, my object having
been to identify the language spoken by members of the
nation occupying geographical positions the most remote
from each other.
In writing out the table it was obvious to me that the
Labrador dialect is in general the softer of the two.
ESKIMO VOCABULARY. 365
Instead of the hard ¢ch so frequent in the Kuskuchewak
tongue, the east coast tribes generally use s, and in Coro-
nation Gulf h is substituted. The strongly aspirated sound
which is heard in the Scottish word “loch” is of frequent
occurrence in the Kuskuchewak column of the vocabulary,
where it is denoted by 42. An Englishman in attempt-
ing this sound lets the & be heard, which he ought not
to do. The difficulty of constructing a correct Eskimo
vocabulary is increased by the necessity of previously
mastering the exceedingly numerous inflections of the nouns,
adjectives, pronouns, and verbs, which supply the place
occupied by auxiliary verbs, possessive pronouns, prepo-
sitions, and adverbs in the European languages. These
inflections are briefly noticed in the introduction to Capt.
Washington’s vocabulary, and I shall merely add here,
that in the Labrador grammar, obtained for us by Mr.
Latrobe, there are examples of thirty different terminations
of the dual and plural numbers of nouns, which have eyi-
dently had their origin in euphuism.
Each noun has six cases in each number, distinguished
by their terminations, the vocative being, however, absent
in some. ‘The cases are formed by affixes having the
power of prepositions, as mut, mik, mit, me, and hut in the
singular, and nut, nk, nit, ne, and gut in the plural. ‘The
nominative is also varied by affixes which perform the func-
tions of possessive pronouns, as ga, go, ne, ait, anga, ara,
&e.; as hivgah, aservant, hivganga, my servant, kivgane, his
servant; nuna, land, nunaga, my land; nelegah, a master,
nelegara, my master; tunnusuga, my nation, &c. Pagit,
panga, or parma are affixes employed when the noun is
connected with a verb signifying action or suffering. The
noun, when changed by a qualifying affix, is declined in its
new form, in the usual way. Besides the ordinary active
nominative, each noun has also an intransitive one, which
366 VOCABULARIES OF NORTH AMERICA.
ends in d, and is differently declined. Examples are sub-
joined. The power of the affixes varies according as the noun
is used with a transitive or intransitive verb. Nouns may
also be varied by affixes expressive of augmentation, dimi-
nution, affection, ridicule, humility, or multitude. Some
of these terminations are arsuk, arsuit, diminutives; and
soah, sudset, sudsek, augmentatives ; vak placed before any
of them increases their power; and the adverbial aluk
denoting *‘ very” may be put after them, and is applicable
to either good or bad. Vavak, signifying an extraordinary
number, is placed before sdéareluit.*
Adjectives have also their declensions; and likewise
comparisons made by the addition of the syllable nek, or by
verbs. The adjective generally follows the noun, and must
agree with it in case and number. If the substantive have
an affix, so must the adjective. Nouns may be changed
into verbs by the affix evok or ovok, and the adjective then
must take the same termination.
Pronouns are declined like the nouns by affixes, which
require much nicety in their due employment, Affixes
supply the place of possessive pronouns.
The third person singular of the indicative is considered
to be the root of the verb, and may be used as a noun with
a change in the termination, “a hunter” being equivalent
to “he hunts.” The inflections of the verb are extremely
numerous, and are expressive of affirmation, negation, in-
terrogation, and of the various circumstances in which the
agent or object can be placed with respect to time, place,
mood, or possession. ‘The infinitive, formed by the termi-
nation nek, is used when things are spoken of indefinitely,
or when two verbs come together, and is conjugated in the
* Akkatu is employed by the Eskimo of Churchill in the same way
as sdareluit, i
ESKIMO VOCABULARY. 367
same way as the other moods and tenses, there being a past
and future infinitive. Generally the verb in the Labrador
Eskimo agrees in its inflections with the Greenland dialect ;
but there are some special differences, and particularly
with regard to the future, which has a threefold construc-
tion in the Greenland tongue, but is more simple in the
Labrador speech. With the ample means which the regular
verb possesses of expressing every mood and tense, the
Eskimo has little occasion for auxiliaries, and in fact the
structure of the language is very regular and exact.
There are, however, one or two auxiliaries which have
an affinity to adverbs — such as pi-wok, which is used in a
variety of ways, sometimes in immediate relation to a
noun, sometimes only as an adjunct to a verb: it occa-
sionally seems to be equivalent to the English “get” or
“do.” When placed after participles, which is its most
common position, it signifies the action of a thing. Ipsok,
another auxiliary, seems to be equivalent to the Latin est;
it often increases the meaning of the verb with which it is
connected. “To be,” or “to have,”
is denoted by the
syllables gi or vz in composition, as nunagiva, “it is his
land.”
The adverbs are numerous, and have relation to time,
place, equality, size, number, order, union, separation,
&c.; and also to questioning, denying, affirming, nega-
tiving, including, excluding, desiring, admonishing, and
distinguishing.
An example of the inflections of a single verb would oc-
cupy many pages, and cannot be given here; but the pre-
ceding short notices will suffice to show that vocabularies of
the same language, formed by different people, may have
little similarity, and that much care is requisite before we
can venture to affirm the distinct origin of two tribes upon
such evidence, In a language which is transmitted orally
368 VOCABULARIES OF NORTH AMERICA.
alone, and which is not preserved in its integrity by an
appeal to the eye, alterations for the sake of euphony are fre-
quent, and these, which are not uncommon with the Eskimo,
vary with the delicacy of the ear of the speaker. Thus
when the termination wangha does not blend pleasingly
with the preceding syllable, dangha is substituted, and the
general pronunciation is more nasal with some small com-
munities, more guttural with others.
EXAMPLES OF NOUNS DECLINED TRANSITIVELY AND
INTRANSITIVELY.
Turek, a tent.
Sing. Dual. Plural.
Nom. tr. Tupek
tiie, tamleib -|tuppak - - - | turket.
Gen. _ turkib -|tuppak - - - | turket.
Dat. tuppek -|tuppak - - - | turket.
tuppermut -|tuppangnut- = - | tuppernut.
Ace. tuppak -|tuppak - - - | turkinut.
tuppernik -| tuppangnit - - | turkit.
Voe. caret.
Abl. tuppermit -|tuppangnit = - | tuppermit.
tuppermut -!tuppangnut = - | turkinnut.
NELEGARA, my master.
Nom. tr. Nelegara_ - | nelegakka - - | nelekakka.
intr. nelekama -/|nelekang-ma_ - - | nelekama.
Gen. nelekama -/|nelekangma- - - | nelekama.
Dat. nelegara’ - | nelegakka - - | nelekakka.
nelekamnut | nelegamnut = - - | nelekamnut.
Ace. nelegara = | nelegakka - - | nelekakka.
nelekamnik | nelegamnik = - | nelekamnik.
Voc. nelegara’ -| nelegakka - - | nelekakka.
Abl. nelekamnit -|nelegamnit = - | nelekamnit.
nelekamnut | neiegamnut- = - | nelekamnut.
Nelegane, his master; neleganga, another person's master; and
similar variations of the noun, have, in like manner, their various
inflections.
ESKIMO VOCABULARY. 369
CoMPARATIVE TABLE OF THE DIALECTS SPOKEN BY THE BEERING’S
SEA AND LABRADOR Eskimos.
Obs. S. denotes “ singular ;’” D. “dual;” P. “plural.” W. points out
words taken from Captain Washington’s vocabulary. a is sounded as in
‘father ;” a as in “law;” e asin “there;” 7 as eein “see;” 7 as in “ink,”
“pin ;” was oo in “ good;” kA or ch in the Scottish word “loch,” or Irish
“lough ;” h after g signifies that the latter has the soft pronunciation as in
“give ;” the hyphen following g, gives nearly the same sound.
English. Kuskutchewak. Labrador Eskimo.
The only Creator = - - - - - | Ping-ortitsi-o-wok.
God (the Creator) -|nuna-lishta - - | Nuna, country.
Heaven; the firma- | ki-il-yak - - | killék.
ment.
Earth, land, a country | nuni_- - - | nuna.
Air - - - | u-i-uchu-yughi-ak - | u-i-a-wak, west wind.
Air, wind, also the - - - - |silla (sillata, im the open
world and reason. air).
Wind - - - - - - - | anorre; sullu-ar-nék, also
breath.
The sun - - -| - - - - | sekkinek ; (P. -erngit) ;
nai-i-a.
Sun - - - | akkta; pukli-anok - | akki-suk-pok, the sun breaks
Sorth.
Moon - - - | tang-ek - - | takkek.
Month - - - | tang-ak ; igal-i-uk. -
Stars - - -| mittit - - - |ubluri-ak; ubloriak; (D.
ubloritsek).
Comet - . - | ag-i-akhn-akhtak.
A star surrounded by - “ - - | agsuk; (P. aguthet).
a halo.
Water - - - | mu-ek - - - | immek,-/resh water.
River - - -|kvak - - - | ku; kok; kogguk; kogeut.
A large river - -| - - - - | kokso-ak.
Sea - - - | immakh-pik - - | immak.
The wide ocean - - - - - | immarbikso-ak.
Lake - - -|nanvik - - - | akker-oktok, a lake where
deer are speared.
A pond, fresh - - - - - - | tessek; (P. tessit).
Brook - - - | kitchikli-ak - - | kogak.
Atear - - - - - - - | kogve; (P. koevit)..
Straits - - - | u-ikakh - - - | ikkarasak, W.
Cliff x = = 5 = - - |ikkargok ; (P. ikkarut).
Deeply cleft - - - - - - | korok; (P. kor-kut).
VOL. I. BB
370
English.
Along inlet - -
Gulf or creek - -
Current - - -
Current in the sea -
Current in fresh water
Bottom of waters -
He treads his boot
down at the heel.
Shore = - -
Mouth or source of
rivers, a well.
A bank in the sea, a
sunken rock - -
Stone - - -
Deep - - -
A sea bird -
It is deep (valley or
river).
Day - - -
In the morning -
The day closes - -
The morning, or the
day.
The front or forehead
It is daylight - -
Toeday -
Night - - -
Marsh - - -
Dry summer
Summer -
Mountain
Lowland - - -
Shell - - -
White shell fish
Mussel - - -
Snail shell = -
The ear - - -
A grain of sand
Sand -
Clay (loam, chalk)
Fire -
One who fires a gun -
Wind - -
Thunder - -
It thunders -
Lightning -
Rain - -
Kuskutchewak.
nang-vagnak - -
tchag-vak
notu-ik
chna; agaynu-ik -
pa-i - - -
ithalh-nuk = - -
tkalhicouke
tuli.
- = - -
ignu-ik - - -
mag-ik -
ki-nu-ig-nu-ik.
ing-ik - - -
tehu-iv-nu-ik -
ammokt - -
kag-u-1-ak.
magai-ak - -
knu-ik - - -
a-nuka = . -
kalik.
tehali-ali-ak ; kitok
VOCABULARIES OF NORTH AMERICA.
Labrador Eskimo.
kang-erdluk.
(kang-ti- -agnak ? u-agnak
the west).
sag-vak ; sarvak.
ingerarnek.
aksarnak,
tung-a-wik, W.
tung-mark-pok.
sig-sak.
(pe, a court yard; pa, the
round opening in a
hai-yak).
sicrak-so-ak-nuk, much
sand; ipek-so-ak-nuk,
much mud.
ka-ertok, a rock.
tullik.
ittiwok.
uvlok, or tiblok, a day.
uvlakut ; ublo-tillugo.
uvlokliwok.
kau; kauk; kaut.
ke-uk ; kauk; (P. karrut).
kau-ma-wok.
uvlut ; ubluk ; ovetsi-ak.
u-nu-ak (GE unu-et),unuame
(mannek, moss, W.).
au-i-ak.
kakkak ; (P. kakket).
(su-yuk, wet, dirty).
amomio-yok, an oyster ;
(P. amomio-yut).
ayOarnet.
uvi-lok,
si-ut-terok, W.
si-ut.
si-orak (D. -kek, P. -ket).
machak.
ikoma, ignis.
kukni-wok.
annore, W.; an-o-i, W.
kalukpok ; kalludlarpok.
kaumarlok (vide bright).
silla-luk ; (silla, a7).
ESKIMO VOCABULARY. atl
English. Kuskutchewak. Labrador Eskimo.
Hailstone = - | kakhulat = - | (kakkulak, itis round, W.).
Anything sharp mile st 5 - - - | kakilaut; P. lautit.
It is round - - - - - - | angma-la-rik-pok.
Snow = - | kanikh-chak - - |kannek, falling snow; (P.
kang-it).
Ice - - - |tchiko - - - | siko.
Storm -— - -janu-gavak - | ani-gavak, an extraordinary
quantity of snow ; (anio, a
snow storm).
Strong wind - - |(anug-wei, Kotz.S$.W.).| akkunak ; akkunak-soeak.
Wind or air - - - - - - | annorre; annorer-ho-ak,
great wind.
The wind is still annorre-karung-napok.
Calm - - - | ku-nu-ik - - | kunigok; (D. kunikuk).
Clear -—~ - - | tankikh-tchuk - | alla-kak-pok.
A bright sky - -| - - - - | alla-ki-wok.
Dark - - -|telhk - - - | tek, darkness.
Fog - - - = = - - |tek-tuk; tartuk; (P.
tar-tu-it).
It is foggy Se Oh - - - | niptai-pok, W.
The weather clears - - - - - | nipter-pok.
Vapour or fog ~ - - - - - | iseriak, (isse, severe cold).
Acold - - - - - - - | ikké.
Clouded - - - | tali-guk - - | tali-pok, it is hidden; (P.
-pot).
A cloud - - - - - - - | nu-vu-i-a.
Bright, or light - | ugakhtok - - | kauma-wok, it is bright.
Coals - - -| khumavit - - | P. aumakut; (8S. aumako).
Ashes” = - -|agak - - - |arsek, W.
Blue - - - | vitok; minukh-kat - | (minnu, a sea-weed, W.).
Bluish_- - - - - - - | tungo-i-uktak.
Berry juice - -| - - - - | tungo.
Red - - - | kivagok - - | aupa-luk-tok, it ts red.
Blood - - - - - - - |auk; aggut.
White - - -|/ugolh-kak - - | kaggark-pok, tt is white.
Night - - -|unuk - - - |u-nu-ak; (D. u-nu-ek;
P. unu-et).
Smoke - - -|punk - - - | pu-i-ok, damp smoke, steam.
It smokes - oy ee . - - | pu-i-ok-pok.
Smell - - - | nagnak - - | naimawa, or nai-wok, he
smells something.
Man (homo) - - | tatchu.
A shadow - - - - - - | tatchak.
A looking-glass - - - - - | tatchartut.
Man - - - | nukalhni-ak - - | (nukak, a brother).
Man (relation) stock - - - - |ang-ut; (D. ang-u-tek ;
P. ang-ulit).
His father - - - - - - | ang-uta.
Ahelm - - - - - - - | ang-ut.
An adult - - Sip eas - - - | ang-uti-marik.
| People (Eskimos) - | tagut; yugut - | inu-it (S. i-nuk).
Bhp VOCABULARIES OF NORTH AMERICA.
English, Kuskutchewak, Labrador Eskimo.
Aname - - - - - - - | taggisek.
My nation - - - - - - | tunnisuga.
Life - - - - - - - | inusek.
A portrait of aman - - - - - | inu-i-ak.
White man, European - - - - | kablunak: (P. kablunet).
Eyebrows - - - - |kablo; (D. kabluk; P. -t).
Inland Indian, stranger) alli-a-guk = - - | allani-a-wok ; (S. allak).
A man’s foot mark - - - - |allok; (D. alluk).
Stranger Eskimos - - - - - | si-ad-ler-mi-u ; he-ad-ler-
mi-u.
An unprotected man - - - - - | sek-sariak.
Husband - - -|vi-na- - - | wi, a married man; (P.
wi-nit).
One is with another - - - - - | una.
She has a husband - - - - - | wi-ghi-wok.
Wife - - - | nuli-ga - - - j|nuli-a; (nuli-ang-a, my
She orhe hasa brother’s
son or daughter.
An unmarried woman
A bachelor - -
wife).
nu-a-karpok.
wi-ga-sok.
nule-tok.
Widower - - - - - - - | nuler-tok.
Old man - - - | utchi-nuk ; anuli-uvak.
Male of man or beast - - - - | ussuk.
He is old - - = - - - - | itta-wok; (itok, W.)
Hindmost - - - - - - | ittik.
Woman - - - | aganak - - - |ning-i-yok; (akéa, D. aké-
Old woman =
The oldest of a family
Brother's or son’s wife
Grandfather = - -
Grandmother - =
They have a mother -
Mother - = =
Mother’s milk - =
She is beautiful -
aganukli-uvak
apnugli-uk.
annugli-u
ani -
ak, a mother).
ning-i-vok.
ang. ai-i-uklek.
uk-ang-a.
anenak-si-ak.
mikli-ak-attig-ekput.
anenak ; akko-a.
ammak.
enanau-wok.
A relative ~ - | tunka.
Father - - ~~ -| atti - -- += |attatak; (2. attatet):
The father - - - - - - | attatu.
An adopted gather -| - - - - | attatak-sak.
Son - -|igni-ak - - |ergnek; (P. ergnerit).
Daughter - - | panaga ; panile - | panik; (e. paniknit).
Brother - -|annak - - - ce mother, beauty).
His elder brother =
Elder brother or sister
Younger brother =
Sister = = =
Two uterine brothers
Atwin « - =
anningna.
ango-i-uma.
nukak ; nukka, my brother.
neya; neyango, his sister ;
neyara, my sister.
angu-tauk-attigekpuk.
ikking-ut ; karrisarek, ¢wins.
English.
Aboy - ~
A young woman -
Agirl + - -
Grandchild - -
A child belonging to
the parents.
A mother’s only child
A woman’s last child
It is my child - -
An orphan - -
A fatherless child — -
An orphan deprived
of both parents.
His sister’s child -
Achild - - -
A little, or new born,
child.
Uncle - - -
Aunt - - -
His mother’s sister -
His father’s sister = -
Sister-in-law = ~
A prudent woman -
A robust man - -
A countryman - ~
A friend, one of two
in company.
A walking companion
A travelling com-
panion.
A comrade (house-
mate).
Thou - - -
Thee, ace. - -
He - - -
We - - -
Ye, you - - -
They - - -
He, demonstr. - -
This - = - |
He, or she, intransitive
He, or she, transitive -
They - rs -
Of mine - - -
Tome - - -
To thee - - -
To us - - -
ESKIMO VOCABULARY.
Kuskutchewak.
tangoy-ali-uvak
nozi-atchak = -
tut-khih.
anahkli-uvan.
annomak.
aganak,
woman).
(root?
| khvana
lhpu-it
ikum
ilhli-te-pik = -
una
unut
kvinum
lhpinum
is)
873
Labrador Eskimo.
nuka-pi-ak ; (P. nuka-pitset)
ni-wi-ark-si-ak,
ni-wi-azi-ak.
kittorng-ak.
attung-ektak.
mikki-erngo-a.
kittom-yarivara.
ananak-ang-ilak.
atatai-tok.
illi-arksuk ; (P. illi-arksu-
it)
u-i-orva.
kittorng-ak ; sorusek.
nutarak.
al-ang-a.
at-sang-a.
sak-i-a, W.
arnanda.
atsu-ilik.
nuna-kat ; (P.nuna-kattiget)
illek-sak,
tupperkat; (P. tupperka-
tiget).
ing-i-a-ket ; (D. ingi-akattek
P. ingi-akattiget).
iglo-mokat; (P. iglo-mokat-
tiget).
u-wang-a,
ig-vit.
illing-nik.
taim-na.
u-vag-ut P.; (u-va-guk, D.)
ilipsé, P.; (illiptik, D.; il-
o-wit, Church. Esk.). — |
okk6-a,
| taimna ; taipsoma.
tamanno.
una; tamna.
oma; tapsoma.
okkéa; tapkéa.
uvango; uwango.
uvamnut.
iling-nut.
| uvapting-nut. |
ov
English.
To you -
Tohim -
To them -
Of himself
To themselves -
Whose ? what ? what
kind? of whom ?
Who? what thing? -
What do you say? -
Of or by whom -
With what thing? -
What company? = -
Which - -
His - -
Ofhis - -
Mine - =
Thine - - -
This, mase. - -
This thing - -
That - - -
Self ~ - -
How ? what? - -
The same - -
Thus - - -
Who are these people?
who is the head of
the family ?
Head - - -
Crown of the head -
Forehead - -
Eyes = é 2
Eyebrow - - -
Eyelashes
Ears = - =
Mouth
Face
Nose
A horn
Cheek
Muzzle
Teeth
Beard
Co Oi ties =
fa gee Ay eee te
Us OO ea a ae
Neck = = a
Kuskutchewak.
umu-in ; ikumin
kai-a ; tchambi-a
ke
umnia
kho-in-tchati-ka ;
khvona.
ilh-pu-it ; lhpu-it-ik
unakh-wina - -
tcha-itun
kamikuk ;
niba-gun.
uksi-u ;
tchughi-uk - -
vi-tatu-ik = -
ka-i-ag-mi-ut - -
na-i-utu-ik ; tchu-u-
tu-ik.
kanik
nikh
khu-u-tu-ik
unik “
u-i-anut - -
VOCABULARIES OF NORTH AMERICA.
Labrador Eskimo,
illipting-nut.
omunga; tapsomunga.
okkomunga; tapsomunga.
ing-me.
megming-nut.
kina? ki-a, who ? (P. kikut).
suna? su-ub? (P.su-unt).
suva.
ki-mit; kikkunit.
sumik ?
kikkut ?
kiput.
(vide of his).
oma; tapsoma.
u-wanga.
igvit, of thine.
una ; (inung-una, this man).
oma; (oma-pung-a, is
thing).
imna.
nang-ninek ;
merngit).
kannak.
ingna.
tava.
kik-ut ?
ce.
nang-
ni-akko; (P. ni-akkut).
kausek.
ke-uk ; ka-uk; (P. karrut).
i-ye (ai-i-ga, W.); isse;
(P. issit).
kablo, S.; (P. kablut).
kemerit-set
si-ut; (P. si-utik).
kannerk ; kaurngit.
kénak.
king-ak ; (P. king-et).
naksuk; (P. naksu-it).
ulu-ak.
katang-ak.
ki-u-tit ; (S. kig-ut).
umik; (P. umgit), also a
curtain.
u-i-ak; (P. u-i-ait), fore
quarter of an animal ;
konge-sek.
ESKIMO VOCABULARY. 375
English. Kuskutchewak. Labrador Eskimo.
a (human) on the | nu-i-at - - - | nu-i-ak; (P. nutset).
ead.
Hair, fur - - -| mu-ilh-kut - - |merserpok, also a feather ;
(merkut, W.).
A needle - - - - - - | merkut.
A skin, general name - - - - |amek; (D. amok; P.
armgit).
Hands - - - | yagatchu-tu-ik - |aggait, hands and fingers ;
Two, numer. - -| = - - - | aggait.
My hands - -| - - - - |aggakka; aggaktit, your
hands.
Foot - - -|ig-uk - - - | ittigak; (P. ittiket).
Finger - - - | sl-evogat - -
Thumb - - - - - - - |kublo; (P. kublut).
Fore finger - - - - - - |tikkek; (P. tikkerit), also
a thimble.
A sign toindicate any- | - - - - | tikkorut.
thing (finger post ).
Middle finger - =| = - - - | kettert-lek, W.
The middle - - - - - - | kerka.
He is in the middle ~| - - - - | ketterpok.
Third finger - - - - - - | mikilirak, W.
Smallest - - - - - : - | mikke;(mikkinek, the least).
It decreases’ - - - - - - | mikki-orpok.
The first - - - - - - | mikkledklek.
Little finger - - - - - - | erkekok, W.; mikkillerak ;
(P. mikkillaket).
Hands and feet to-| - - - - | igluktuk.
gether.
Belly - . - | aksi-ak - - - | nek, also the body.
Tongue - - - | ali-anuk - - | okak; (P. oket).
He licks with his| - - - - | alluktorpok.
tongue.
My tongue - -| = - - - | okara.
A member of the body | - - - - | nabgo-ak.
Aleg - - - - - - - |nabguk-pa; (ni-o, leg or
thigh).
The trunk or body -| - - - - |mimmernet; time; (P.
timet).
A headless body - - - - - | kattik.
The back bone alate” - - - | ku-i-a-pigak.
The rump - - - - - - | nullok.
Blood - - - | ka-i-unkak - - |auk; aggut.
To speak - - | kalkhtu-ik - - | o-karlune.
He is spoken of -| - - - - | kalle-mavok.
Raecry ~= - - | vikhpa-ga-ga.
The waves roar - - - - - | kadlarpok.
He weeps much -| - - - - | kai-u-mi-wok-nudlarpok.
He distorts his face in - - - - | kakkerlu-arpok.
erying.
To laugh - - | nu-inhli-akhta.
BB 4
376
English.
He laughs in mockery
He is in a laughing or
weeping mood.
To kill - - :
Dead, (he is) - -
A corpse = =
Alive - - =
Life = a
A living man -
Bad - =
He is very bad
He becomes bad
Not good - -
Good - - -
Very good, or great -
He isa goodman -
Brave - - -
Very brave or strong
Coward - - -
He is terror-struck -
He is timid - -
He loses courage -
iin a - -
Lean, not stout -
He is stout - -
Thin, or lean, (he is)
High
Low : - -
Warm - . -
Heat - - -
It boils - - -
To smell - - -
To spit
He spits out - -
To cough - -
Pain - - -
Health - - -
He is healthy - -
Angry
Quarrel - - -
Terrible - - -
Buy - = -
Taken - - -
Take : = =
Give - - -
Kuskutchewak.
tchikaliz-gi-u.
tukumak -
u-nung-vak
tehakli-ul
knu-ignag-kuk
tuvgak - -
alantak -
ukughelghi-a.
kui-migu-ilhnagak
yukhtuli :
yukh-kalhna-gak.
kikh-tchatulk
kalhtok -
nagne-chuk -
kchigu - -
kuzgh-ga -
aknakhtu-a.
yuguntu-a.
wik-nu-i-chuk
agu-l-a-uk -
alu-innakh-kuk
kupuzg-u—-
tkhwaka.
tkhu- -
ta-iz-ghu =
VOCABULARIES OF NORTH AMERICA.
Labrador Eskimo.
i-yorkpork.
illapsukpok.
tokkowok.
time (body) -tokkung-a-
yok.
innu-wok.
innusek. -
innuk,.
(ség-lu-wok, he lies).
a-yorpok ; yudlarpok.
assile-wok.
nama-lung-ilak.
ai-ung-itok.
ang-i-yok.
pillorik-pok ; ridlarpok.
aksut, also strong.
aksorso-ak.
erksinadlarpok, afraid.
sakko-arpok.
innimi-wok.
kotso-alavok.
kuini-wok.
sallukpok ; ludlarpok.
portovok.
ki-ek-pok ; onatomik.
kivek; onarsivok.
kallapok.
nawok, he smells.
(sigouk, the beak).
oviakpok.
ko-erlorpok, he coughs.
atsu-ili-wok, W.
ning-akpok ; gadlarpok.
akeiwok, he retaliates.
adhei! (interjection).
akpang-erpok, he buys, W.;
pussi-wok, he buys it.
pi-uk, W.; pi-vok, or pi-
wok, (auxiliary).
ta-ug-si-lugo, let us barter,
W..; pillata-wok, he gives
in reward; pittipa, he
gives it to him to hold.
English.
Sell - - -
Lively, joyous - -
Merry - - -
Tedious - - -
He is weak - -
Song - - -
A song, hymn, or psalm
Dance - - -
Truth - - -
Lie - - -
Thief - - -
Forest - - -
Place having no trees
Grass - - -
Straw or grass on the
sea shore.
Berries - - -
Moss - - -
Sphagnum palustre -
Fir tree - - -
Firewood - =
Birch - - -
Alder - - -
Poplar - - -
Willow - - =
Rock - = -
Vessel, a bark - -
A small boat of wood
Baidare (skin boat) -
Baidarka - -
Flat-bottomed boat -
Dog - - -
Dog-sled - -
Calls the dogs to-
gether.
Tanned sea-cow hide
Arch - - -
A valley - ~ -
A bird arrow - -
Arrow - - -
{
| Fish-hook - - |
ESKIMO VOCABULARY.
Kuskutchewak.
kiputna-waka -
nuna-nikh-kuk ==
nuna-ni-tu.
i-vagun -
kazi-i-achi-kut
pachikh-pi-ak
ikli-uk -
tu-igli-nak = -
nu-i-ku-ig-vakhtut
tchangu-it.
nangat - - -
kumagu-i-tu-it
nu-ikvag-vakh-tugvak.
ilhgnuk - -
tchugvagvat.
avenut.
tehagatu-it - -
u-Ipnat = =
shunnak -
anh-i-ak -
pukhtan ; kai-ak
anhi-akh-li-uk.
anna-kukta_- -
i-kam-chak
amakh-kak.
-ugli-vu-ik = - -
ikkh-uk ;
tchagak.
| karsuk-sok.
377
Labrador Eskimo,
ni-u-werpok, he trades.
pio-ri-wok ; ku-wi-a-sik-
pok, W.
nunan-ghi-a-suk-pok, brisk.
nunenépok ; sanghe-pok.
iming-arkpok,
iming-erut-set.
okkigenek, W.
(padsitik-sak, an excuse).
seglu-wok, he lies.
tiglik-pok, he steals.
nappartok, trees, something
erect.
nappartu-itok.
i-wik ; ibgit.
paung-at.
ting-ang-yak, a bluish
moss; marnek, W.;neka-
gasek, W.
orkso; (P. orksut).
ikko-maksak, W.; (ikkoma,
jire).
okpit; kai-volik; (P. kai-
vogit).
okau-jak.
u-i-arak, a_ stone;
ertok, W.
umi-akso-ak.
umi-arak.
umi-avik.
kai-ak, (for one Eeeed |
(Gee kai- net).
kai-
kemmek; king-mek; (P.
king-mit).
kam-utik, W.
kang-marpok.
korok, W., hollow.
korkinek.
nugit.
karksok ; (P. karksut).
378
English.
Strap - - -
Hand drum, tambour-
ine.
Shaman, sorcerer -
House - - -
Hut, (abode of mar-
ried people).
Tent - - -
Snow house - -
Indian tavern - -
To take a vapour bath
He bathes, he dips it
Armour - - -
Guest - - -
Give for a treat -
He gives a feast -
Eat - - -
Dining hall - -
To make a present of
Salmo orientalis
Salmo sanguineus
Salmo muksun -
Tosew - - -
A needle - - -
To beat - - =
He cuts it in pieces -
Red fish - - -
Salmo alpinus
Salmo proteus
Chaiko 2 - - -
| Syrka - - -
Smelt - - -
Eel pout - - -
Pike - - -
Fishing-net —- -
A bag, a poke -
Spawn - - -
Cup “ - -
Spoon - - -
Pot - - - -
Earthen pot, native -
Bladder - -
Oar (boat’s) -
Entrails - -
Gut - -
Kamlaika (cloth)
Kuskutchewak.
nuk-tchaklik.
teha-ul.
tungalhkh; analhkh-
tuk.
u-ina.
akumgavak.
mu-ichtak,
annu-i-akh-chutu-it.
ali-anik - -
tehaktchu.
nuiga = - -
yaguzhgh-ghi ;
pikazhzgh-ghi.
minka -
puli-akhku
nu-i-ku-it.
taghi-akvak.
kak-ki-a.
ka-ukh-tut - -
ankhli-u-gat
atakak.
nu-ik-ni-at.
imakh-ping-at.
kpuka-chat.
managnat.
tehukvak.
kughya.
mass-i-uk.
val-i-uk - -
gant.
imangvik.
anvagun - -
iggzh-u-igli-uk —-
iggmagna-tu-ik.
VOCABULARIES OF NORTH AMERICA. -
Labrador Eskimo.
anghe-kok.
iglo; (P. iglut).
tuppek ; (P. turkit).
iglorigak.
missukpok.
allak ; allani-a-wok.
nerri-marpok.
nerri-wok, W., he eats.
nerriving-me.
pilli-ta-wok.
mersorpok, he sews.
merkut; (P. merkutit).
anauwok, W.
pullakpok.
ekalluk, (P. ekalluktut),
salmon trout.
ekalli-et, trout.
pok.
korkok, wide-mouthed-cup ;
erngusok, drinking-cup.
alu-pa-ut.
illuterkut, W.; (illuli-wok,
he hollows it out).
(pa-ut; P. pa-utit) ; epat.
erchavit P.; (S. erchavik).
inelo; (P. inelu-it).
ESKIMO VOCABULARY. 379
kai-rolik.
pai-yarak,
otok.
kassigi-ak.
Middle seal -
Young ditto -
Seal lying on ice
Spotted seal -
English. Kuskutchewak, Labrador Eskimo.
Woollen cloth - - - - - - | ateg-ek-sai-ah, W.
Parka - - - | atkuk.
Fur- boots - - | kamu-ik-si-ak - | kamikso-ak.
Breeches - - - | kbulik - - | karlik; (P. karlit).
Cap - - - | nachak - - - | ketsivak, akkordlek, also a
jacket.
Castor oil - - | alli-ukit-khak.
Beaver - - - | kini-i-uli - - | kig-i-ak; (P. kig-ilset).
Otter - - - | chvignil’nuk.
Sable - - - | kakhchichvak - | karvi-ait-si-ak.
Grey fox - - | u-ikh-pu-ikhtuk - | arvngasek.
Red fox - - - | kavhiatchak - - | ka-i-ok.
White fox - - | ulhi-gu-ik = - - | teri-enniak ; P. teriennit-
sek.
Young fox - -| pl-i-a-gak = - - | pei-a-raka, a young qua-
druped or bird.
Female bear - -| = - - - | akbik.
Bear - - - unu-valh-iakh - | akhlak.
Polar bear - - - - - - |nennok; (P. nennut).
Wolf - - - | ku-isli-unu-ik - |amarrok; (P. amarkut) ;
ammarwok.
Hare - - - | Fa-i-ukh-li - - |ukalek; (P. -lit); ikkingna.
Wolverene - - Kab-tchak - - | kablia-ri-u.
Marmot - - - | kalh-ganakh-tuli ~- | sik-sik; ullick.
Musk rat - - | sig-vak - - | kiv-galuk, W.
Casan marmot (Ci%ti- | kaninik - e | ik-ik; sik-sik.
lus).
Enno - - - | nagulhkk-ak - - | terri-i-a, W.
Lesser otter - - | amagmi-utak - - | pammi-oktok.
Tail of an animals - - - - - | pammi-ok.
Mouse = - - | avilh-nat - - | awing-ak, W.
Fly - - - | chuvat - - - | nivu-l-wok, a lurge fly.
A spider - - Sl = - - - | assi-wak; (P. assi-vait).
Gnat, moschetoe - | ig-tughi-ak ; miku- | kiktoriak; (P. kiktoritset).
ghi-ak.
Walrus tusk - - | tul-i-ak - - | togak, W.; (tok, a point).
Walrus - - -| azgh-vu-ik - - | al-wek; (P. ai-werit).
Mammoth tooth - | chagu-nu-ek.
Back-fat of deer Sli ue - - - |tunnuk; (tunno, the back).
Tallow - - -|anu-ignak == - | kui-ni-wok, fat he is.
Fat - - - - | u-ig-nu-ik.
Rein-deer - -|tun-tu - - - | tuktu; (P. tuktut.)
A large whale - - ” - - - | korchak; (P. korchetset).
Delphinus leucas - | chtvak - - - | (sav-gak, a water-serpent).
A seal, general name - - - - | puese; (P. pue-sit).
Seal, largest kind izli-ugvak = - - | uksuk; oguk.,
Small seal - - - = - | netsi-arksuk; netsek.
380
VOCABULARIES OF NORTH AMERICA.
English.
A seal with a pointed
nose.
Unborn seal - -
The seal comes up to
breathe.
I will - = =
I will not - -
Go! - - -
Come! - - -
He comes = -
Icome - - -
Bring - - -
It is
Veril - - -
Yes ; - - -
Certainly not! - -
He says no - -
Not - - -
Yet - - =
It is so 1S you pols
Where? - 2
Where isit? - -
Whither ? -
Which way? whereby! ?
Here -
Here about, arouad .
There - - -
Thither - - -
Hither - - -
There ~ - -
Throw! - - -
So - - - -
Now - - -
In the present time -
Later, afterwards -
A foretime - -
Before - - =
Straight before -
Before another -
Behind - - -
Backwards - -
Above, upwards -
Below, beneath -
Num. 1 - -
” oi = a
” ges i _
” 4 - =
Kuskutchewak.
plyukh-tu-a - -
plyuk-nak-tu-a -
al-i; ai-aghi - -
ikh-tchika - -
ta-i-tchika.
ta-iski-u - -
pitankh-tok.
tchata-i-tok - -
tchali - - -
na-ni? = - ”
nairt? - - -
khonikho - -
yanl; ung-napi = =
yavu-it.
akavu-it - -
khavana - -
igazhghi-u—- -
| khwatum = -
khwatu-a - -
atakh - ~ -
tchu-nu-imtpu -
kanulhklimtiyv.
kulhma - - -
ochi-mi - -
atu-u-chik - -
/a-i-nak; malhkhok
pa-i-na-i-vak - -
- | techamik - -
Labrador Eskimo.
abba; (P. abbit).
iblau.
pu-i-rook.
pivok.
piwak.
ailer-it, W.
kai-it!
kai-wok.
kaitsi-wok, to bring.
ahammarik, (emphatic affir.)
katz ; kassak ; kaitsok ;
aheila ; ang-erpok.
se-1-ovut, aukai-lo.
ang-ing-ilak.
naukak, aukok.
sulle.
ahale.
nane ?
nauk ?
namut ?
naukut ?
ovane mane; tamane.
ovona.
mane; tamane.
ma-ungo; owunga.
ikkane.
millorpok, he throws ;
pok, he throws away.
taimak ; sorlo, as.
mana.
manakut.
king-urgane.
itsak.
sivurnga-gat.
miksane.
ane-taima, also southward.
egi-
knig-o-mut.
kollanut; pa-ungo.
kanna; sammand.
atou-sek.
marruk; maggok, W.;
(agea, hands).
ping-a-sut ; ping-ahuk, W.;
ping-a-nuk, W.
| sittamut.
English.
Num. 65 - -
” 6 - a
” 7- ee
” 8- a
” 9 - =
ss Ok -
ny ll hllate -
m. ell6): -
> 20- -
seca = -
Whale - -
Bird in general
Eagle - -
Raven - -
Magpie -~ -
Hawk - -
Owl - -
Goose - -
Swan - -
Crane - -
Duck - =
Sinew - =
Glass bead -
Blue - -
White - -
It is white -
Red - -
Black - -
Krelle - .
| Axe - -
Adze - -
Pickaxe - -
Knife - -
Aleutian axe -
ESKIMO VOCABULARY.
Kuskutchewak.
tali-mik - -
akhvinok - -
a-iI-na-akh-vanam -
pi-na-i-vi-akh-vanam
| chtami-akh-vanam -
tamimi-akh-vanam -
tzvinnak - -
| akh-vu-ik == -
_tu-in-mi-ak - -
nu-itu-i-gavi-ak = -
kolh-ka-guk - -
kalh-ka~-gai-ak.
naptak - - -
iggi-akhtu-gali -
nu-ikli-uk - -
kughi-uk - -
ghi-na-tuli,
tu-in-mu-ik - -
ulhi-un ; ivali-ut -
tu-ikh-lit - -
oat
tchunaizi ; tehu-a-g
katu-ighi-agvak —-
kivikh-tchitkkhlat -
tunulhgat = - -
tchunaglat; anat -
kalhk-anak - -
ulhvak - - -
| knun.
asl
Labrador Eskimo.
(tallek, the hand), tedlima ;
tellimet.
arvanget ; ping-a-su-yok-
tut, twice three.
ping-a-sullo _ sitta-mello,
W., three and four.
pina-i-u-ik, W.; ping-a-
nuk, W.
tellimella sitta-mello, W.,
Jive and four.
tellima-yoktut, W.
arkang-et.
arvertanget.
igluktut, hands and feet to-
gether.
ungna.
ar-wek.
ting-mi-ak ; (D. ting-mit-
sek).
nektoralik.
kallu-gak.
kiga-wik, W.
upik, W.; upigu-ak, great
owl, W.
nerlek, (P. nerlit).
kog-uk, W.
ting-mi-ak, (P. ting-mid-
eet), a bird, in general.
uli-yut, W.
(tue, the shoulder) ; sang-
pang-ak, beads.
tung-a-yuktak ;
berry juice).
kaud-luk-pok, W.; (kau,
day). |
kaggarpok, W.
auk-palliki-tak ;
ageut, blood).
kerngut; kernerpok; ker-
nian-garvok.
(sunak, W. polar-bear) ;
(annak, refuse of animals).
tukkingai-ok; (P. -ut;
kuksau-tok).
nella-yok.
tik-lak.
ulima-ut, (P. ulima-utit,
a hatchet).
(tungo,
(auk,
382
English.
Scissors - - -
He cuts something off
Needle - - -
Button - - -
Mirror - - -
He sees him, or it -
Iron - - -
Copper - - -
Lead - - -
Shirt - - -
Linen waistcoat -
Worsted ditto - -
Kettle - - -
Dentalium shell -
Ear-rings - -
Long - - -
Short - - -
Broad - - -
Narrow - - -
Fresh - - -
Sweet - - -
Sugar - - -
Kuskutchewak.
ku-ipli-a-unu-ik ==
minkuk; tchikuk -
nikht-ku-tu-it -
tangh-i-u-guk -
nu-ilhkh-agak -
kanukh - - -
khu-i-akak = -
tulhpakhak - -
alkuk - - -
tunulhkh-u-i-alkuk.
gantchavak - -
nuinhi-vaghi-ut.
aklatu-it - -
tatkhli.
nanilh-nuk - =
yu-gu-tuli = -
igu-kink-nuk ”
milukapak.
mi-iknik-kuk -
VOCABULARIES OF NORTH AMERICA.
Labrador Eskimo.
kipsaut, W.
kippiwok.
merkut; (sig-uk, a beak).
sennero-ak ; (P. sennerut-
set).
takh-artut.
takko-wok.
kikki-ek, general name,
also a wooden or wwory
pin.
kanu-yak, W. @_
ageiktok, W.
uvinerok; (uvinite
esh).
altighigha, wnder jacket, W.
the
uk-ku-sik, stone kettle.
ukla.
nai-pok.
silikpok, zt is broad and thin.
nerikipok, W.; amitok, W.
mamakpok, it tastes nice.
mamamak-sauk.
VOCABULARY OF THE KUTCHIN OF THE YUKON OR KutcuHi-KutTcHI,
DRAWN Up BY Mr. M‘MurrAy; TO WHICH THE CHEPEWYAN
SYNONYMS WERE ADDED BY Mr. M‘PHeErson.
English. Kutchin. Chepewyan.
Animals.
A bear - - - | so- - - = | |sasz.
grizzly bear - - | si-i - - - | tlizé.
beaver - - | se- - - - |tza; tsha.
red fox - - na-kath - - - | na-ghirhé-gosse.
black fox - -
cross fox - -
white fox (arctic) - |
Canada lynx -
marten - -
mink - - -
otter - - -
musquash_ - :
nakath = barhata -nil-
1Z- Ze.
nakath-so - =
etchi-a-thwi - -
ni-itchi - - -
tsu-ko - - =
tchith-ei - -
tsu-e = - -
tzénn - -
na-ghirhé-sin.
na-zhirhe-netlizzé.
na-ghirhé-gai.
ghise.
tha.
til-chuseé ; tekh-tuse.
na-pi-ekh.
tzén; tshén.
English.
Awolf - -
hare (American)
wolverene -
seal -
moose-deer
rein-deer
goose -
swan -
crane -
duck -
grouse -
fish, a salmon
white-fish (Core-
gonus).
pike - -
blue-fish (grayling)
methy (Lota)
Trading Goods.
Anawl - -
An axe - -
Beads = -
Abelt - -
A blanket -
A tobacco-box -
Buttons - -
Acap - -
A bonnet - -
A capot or coat
A duffle coat -
A chisel - -
A comb - -
A dagger -
A file - -
Tape gartering
A looking-glass
Agun - -
A gun-flint = -
A gun-worm -
Gunpowder -
A powder-horn
A kettle - -
A knife - -
Aring - -
A shirt - -
A small shot -
Aball = -
A fire-steel -
Cloth - -
| Thread - -
KUTCHIN VOCABULARY.
Kutchin.
ZO -
ke -
lekh-ethu-e
nat-tchuk
tin-djuke
bet-zey -
kré -
ta-arr-zyne
che-a =
tet-sun - -
akh-tail -
tleukh-ko -
tleukh-ko-tak-hei
alle-ti-in -
rsi-tcha = -
che-tlukh -
tha - -
ta-é - -
nak-kai-e.
tho.
tselta - -
tseltrow-ti-ak.
yei-kai-thit-le
tsa-kol-u -
tsa-til-ek-ha.
chat-ik.
so-itt-se.
tcheir-zug.
nil-ei-sho -
kuk-i - -
lekath-at-hai-é.
mutchai-e-i-a.
te-egga - -
bech-tsi =
koggo-te -
tegga-kon =—-
a-ki-itché,
thi-a.
Yr’ si = =
ilat-thékk.
azu-e-l-ek =
tegga-atsil -
tegga-atcho -
il-i-a.
athit-li.
_athit-li-itchi.
383
Chepewyan.
yess ; nuni-e.
ka.
nakh-ei.
(nétsek ; netsi-arksuk, Esk).
dunikh.
bedzi.
tcha.
kha-goss.
dhell.
yurrth-tcho,
dikh (pintailed gr.) ; kasba,
(white gr).
tlu-e-tcho; tlu-e-zané, trout.
thlu.
uldai.
thlu-é-detla.
tin-tellei.
thuth, @ spear.
thell; thelth.
tsurai.
bun-eil-lay ; pa-il-lay.
tsa-kulay.
ekh.
la-thuth.
hogulth ; hok-kelth.
tel-gtrthe.
tlé-tell.
ko-édéh.
telgtirre-koun-né.
| tillé.
| bess.
| tse-tsi-eh ; thisitei.
teli-thai-é.
tell-gith-teho.
384
English.
Tobacco - -
Trowsers - -
Vermilion -
Miscellaneous.
Atree - -
A willow - -
Grass - -
The ground” -
Water - -
A river - -
Awlalkce) am -
Rain - -
Warm ~- -
Cold - -
Hungry - -
Fatigued - -
Sick - -
A mountain =
A valley - -
The sun - -
The stars -
A rock - -
A house or fort
A lodge or tent
A bow - -
An arrow -
A canoe - -
Good - -
Bad - -
Day = -
| Night -
Sleep - -
Rest - -
To sit. = -
To walk - -
Torun - -
To shoot - -
Roy kal = -
Aman ~- -
A woman -
Aboy - -
Agirl - -
Adog - =
Asled - -
Numerals.
1 z a
D) a 3
Kutchin.
se’ el-i-ti-it -
illei-ik - -
tingi-ta-tseikh.
tetch-hau -
kai-i = - -
tlo - -
4
nunn - -
tchu = -
han - -
van - =
akh-tsin -
konni-etha -
konni-eka ==
sel-ze-kwetsik
kei-a-sethelth-krei
éth-ill-seyk -
tha - -
kra-tanneé -
r’ sey-€ - -
thun = -
tehi - -
IZZe.
ni-ti-a - -
alt-heikh -
ki-e - -
tri = -
neir-zil = -
bets-hé-té -
tzin - -
tatha - -
nokh-tehi -
tuggath-ila-e
tchith-u-étcha
ka-whot-él_ -
sha-tocha -
at-él-ke -
beshei-en-i-echa
tenghi - -
tren-djo -
tse-a - -
mitchet-ei -
tleine - -
latchan-vultl -
tih-lagea -
nak-hei -
VOCABULARIES OF NORTH AMERICA.
Chepewyan.
sel-tu-i.
(karlik, E’skimo).
tsu.
kai-thsinne.
tlo.
nih.
tu; to.
dessh.
theu-tu-i.
dsha.
etu.
etdza.
seth-ithu.
ni-nitsau.
al-a’.
sheth.
shegusse.
sakh.
thun.
thi *tsunne-cho.
neballé ; nepalle.
elthi.
kah.
tsi.
nesu; neso; nazu.
neso-ulla,
tzinna.
hetleghé.
bellkh.
thilleh.
théda.
nathall.
thebakall.
thelouth.
thega-thul.
*diinné; duneh; ’tinné.
tshékwe.
dunne-yaze.
tsekwe-aze.
thling ; thline.
bet-tchinnai.
nthlare, D., (en-clai, L.),
(sthlagi, C.).
nakkhe, D., (nakka, L.),
(nakke, C.).
KUTCHIN VOCABULARY.
385
“Te 163) (Ours ie es
90
100
200
300
English.
Kutchin.
thi-eka - - -
tan-na - - -
illa-kon-élei - -
neckhki-ét-hei -
ataitsa-newk-he = -
nak-hei-etan-na ss =
nuntcha-niko - -
tikh-lagga-chow-et-
hi-en,
tikh - lagga - mik- ki-
tagga.
nak-hei. mikki-tagga
thi-eka-mikki-tagea
tanna-mikki-tagga -
ilakon-élei- mikki-
tagga,
nak-how-chow-ethi-en
nak-how-chow-ethi-in-
unsla-tikh-lagea.
thi-eka-chow-ethi-en
tanna-ha-chow-ethi-en
atla-konélei-chow-ethi-
en.
nikh-ki-at-hei-chow-
ethi-en.
atait-sa.
nich-ki-etanna-chow=
ethi-en.
muntcha-niko-chow-
ethi-en.
tikh-lagga, chow-ethi-
en-chow-ethi-en.
nak-kaggo-chow-ethi-
en-chow-ethi-en.
thi eka-chow-ethi-en-
chow-ethi-en.
Chepewyan.
khtare, D., (ita-rgha, L.),
(takke, C.).
tinghe, D., (iting,
(tingee, C.).
zazunlare, D., (sa-soo-la,
L.), (sasulagi, C.).
eleathare, D., (ut-ke-tlai,
L.), (alkitakhe, C.).
nthlazuntinghe, D., (kko-
sing-ting, L.), (sthlasi-
tingie, C.).
alcatinghe, D., (elzenting,
L.), alketingie, C.).
nthla-otta, D., (kkahooli,
L.), katchine-onnuna, C.).
*nthla-una, D., (ito-nanna,
L.), onnuna, C.).
(sthlagi-juthet, C.).
1)
(nacke-juthet, C.).
(takhe-juthet, C.).
(tingee-juthet, C.).
(non-nanna, L.), (nackhe-
onnuna, C.).
(nacke-onnuna, nathetsin
sthlage, C.).
(tacke-onnuna, C.).
(tingie-onnuna, C.).
(sasulagi-onnuna, C.).
(alkitakhe-onnuna, C.).
(onnuna-onnuna, C.), fen
tens.
(nacki-onnuna-onnuna, C.).
(takhi-onnuna-onnuna, C.).
Note.—The orthography of the names of numerals enclosed by crotchets
is different from that of the other parts of the vocabulary. D. denotes
Dog-rib words obtained by myself. L. is Dog-rib recorded by Capt. Lefroy.
C. denotes Chepewyan words extracted from a list furnished by Mr. M‘Pher-
son, who has adopted the French orthography in part.
VOL. II.
CC
386 VOCABULARIES OF NORTH AMERICA.
The fragment of a vocabulary of the Chepewyan dialect,
which follows, was formed entirely from the diction of
Mrs. M‘Pherson, to whom the language has been familiar
from her infancy. It was written in the following manner :
Having at hand a pretty full vocabulary of the Cree,
drawn up at Carlton House in 1820, in which the words
were arranged in alphabetical order, I propounded the Cree
expressions to her in succession, assisting her with a French
translation when she had any doubt of their meaning. The
Chepewyan equivalent was pronounced by her again and
again, until my ear caught the sound, and I was able to
repeat it after her. I then wrote it down, and read it to
her from the manuscript. Such words as I was unable to
pronounce to her satisfaction, and they were not few, were
left out. The nasal sounds resembling the French final x
were the most difficult, and they are of frequent occurrence
in the language. The Chepewyan tongue also abounds in
the burring sound of the letter 7 combined with an aspirate,
which I know not how to express in English; and such
words have consequently been left out of the vocabulary.
The ordinary aspirate, similar to the och of the Scottish or
Irish, is denoted in the vocabulary by kh. The vocabu-
lary, short as it is, took some weeks to produce. It was
interrupted by a change in our arrangements in travelling,
canoes having been substituted for boats, which made it
less convenient for me to receive lessons in Chepewyan.
This difficulty would not, however, have prevented the
prosecution of the task, especially as Mrs. M‘Pherson
with much kindness expressed her willingness to proceed
until we had gone through the whole Cree vocabulary, of
which about nine-tenths remained; but knowing that the
language was becoming a written one, under the active
superintendence of the Roman Catholic missionaries at
Isle a la Crosse, I gave up my intention of endeavouring
to ascertain its structure, and contented myself with the
following specimen.
CHEPEWYAN VOCABULARY.
387
VOCABULARY OF THE CHEPEWYAN TONGUE, WITH CREE AND
ENGLISH TRANSLATIONS.
A as in “ father ;”
ad asin “awe” “law;
”
““bed;” i as in “ravine,” or as ee in “see;”
in “or” “for;” as in
in “how;”
“loch,” Scottice.
Cree, of Carlton House.
JN
Abu-ye -
Agatha-shu, or aggai-
a-shu.
Aggiskow, or Ow
Agciisk
Atchak, or aidighal
Reoeenene -u
Akop
Ai-ul-wannis
Akwa-napoy-igan-askek
Akwatin -
Amisk
Amis-kwa-wiste
Amu; amo
Annek-kutchass
Annek-kutchassis
Apikh-tow-kishi-kow
Apikh-tow-tippiskow
Apisi-mongsus -
Apiste-shipis -
Apistat-tchékus
Appakwa-sun -
Appek-kusis
Appisk
Appistis-kis
Appoye -
Appoy-nask
Appussuk, (Pl. ee
ye-akhtik, or appussu-
yuk).
Miskahtuk
Akhtai-ye (P. -wuk)
-
soa 6G -?)
oy as in “ hoy ;
“beauty ;” kw as in “awkward ;”
b] }
os. husk ="?
yu as “you;”
Chepewyan, of Athabasca.
é as in “ theme;”
ai as in “aim” “ maim;”
eu as ew in “dew”
ng as the French nasal x; kh as ch in
eas in “ dell”
masta. Soul’: “mks”? aguas
or eau in
English.
tu-a-will
thé-ut-’tinné
el-ka-ti. -
sis-thére
i-yu-ne -
yu-alane-pallé
tsirré, or tchirré
Tsirré-kai-cho
au
tillé-ar abatioln
hatkin
tza -
ekhke ; tza bekong
klize; ti-ranna
tli-i; tchillé -
tillel-kuzé.
*tchi-en-tizé 3 tchinne-
tan-ni-se.
thir-nize
él-kurré; tchikhth-i-
a-se-akhth.
ni-pallé -
kleune -
tannoneé-tcho, big bird
kai-yaze; kai-guse
toth; td-a
kes
thai-ye; meeallieeete yn
(tent legs).
nepalli
the
cc
liquor, soup, or drink.
an Englishman.
pin-tailed grouse.
a blunt arrow.
the soul.
a flag.
a blanket or covering.
a large blanket.
all kinds of goods.
a covered kettle.
frost.
a beaver.
a beaver house.
a bee.
a squirrel.
small or ground-squirrel.
mid-day, or half a day.
midnight.
jumping deer.
a teal, or small duck.
prong-horned antelope.
a leathern tent-cover.
a mouse.
black or white-headed eagle.
a Hutchins’s goose.
paddle or oar,
a spit.
tent poles.
a man’s legs.
| a fur skin.
au as OW
388
VOCABULARIES OF NORTH AMERICA.
Cree, of Carlton House
Ammiskwa-tai-yé —-
Askik - = >
Aski; assiski - -
Int’aski - - -
Kit’-aski - - -
Int’askinan - -
Aski-tin-wé-as ; aski-
we-as.
Askow-i - - -
Assam (P. assim-uk)
Ahkik - - -
Assini - - -
Assini-uspogan - -
Assini-watche-a -
Assini-poyt, or, E-askab
Assiske = - ~
Assiske-pak we-sigan -
Assiggan (P. assiga-
nuk).
Assiss-wi - - -
Astu-theggum-ik —-
Astu-tin - - -
Astum-astaik - -
Atchakht, or atchak -
Atchappi - . -
Atchappe-kan - -
Atchimmosis~ - -
Atekh, or attek -
Athappi - - -
Athabiskow = -
Atha-wak-kiska-mat-
tinow
Atha-wastin - -
Athik - . -
Athuskan - -
Atchak-ash - -
Attei-gan - -
Attikh-hameg - -
Attim - - =
Atuspi - - -
Aku-pusé-win - -
Chepewyan, of Athabasca.
tza-the - - -
tille - = -
kwotlés - - -
ni-tanninne - -
na-hinne - -
Be-anninné - -
bét ; per-eline -
ten-de-ila (ice, hard,
not); ten-nailer.
Kin-the leuk - -
akhe; akh; akhi_ -
tille - - -
Sampas-tillé - -
*thekh.
seltu-yé-thekh ; tche-
tut-thékh - -
sheth; the-she
otlés = - -
thlés = - -
tel - - - -
etlé - - -
tsi-yé - - -
tsa - - -
’Tsa-kallé = = =
tsa-ne-tum - -
thin - - -
elté - - -
klewlghe-elting = -
thling-yazé- -
ét-thin - = -
ta-bith - - -
thé-minné-u-ye -
hokar-ritha - -
tethi-el - - -
tsai elle - = -
Tsai-el-cho - =
ta-kallé-chi-a - =
til-chusé - -
yu = = -
thlew - - -
thling - - -
kaithlin-sinné = -
thai-i -
English.
beaver skin.
a kettle.
land.
my native land.
your native land.
our native land.
his land.
raw or fresh meat ; flesh.
holes in the ice.
ice breaking up.
a snow-shoe.
a kettle, or copper kettle.
a tin kettle.
stone pipe, or calumet.
Rocky Mountains.
a Stone Indian.
mud or earth.
wheaten flour.
a sock, foot stocking.
an ice chisel (dit. a horn).
a shed in which canoes are
built.
ladies’ cap
(beaver).
man’s hat.
sunshine.
a star.
a bow.
a fiddle.
a puppy-
rein-deer.
a net.
a rocky country.
a very steep bank.
or bonnet
a calm.
a frog (grenouille).
large frog (crapaud).
a raspberry.
a mink (mustela lutreola).
trading stock.
white fish (coregonus).
a dog.
alder.
a platter.
CHEPEWYAN VOCABULARY.
Cree, of Carlton House.
Apette-ki-higgan -
Akhakhk (a guttural
grunt).
Aka-mik - - -
Aka-mik - - .
Akwa-kukhtin - -
Annutch; atte - -
Atte - -
Annutch-kak-ke-sikak
Annutch ka-tippiskak
Annu-watch-gai-as -
Apikh-tow - -
Apatishew - -
Appatun - - -
Apputchiga = - -
Askow - = =
Astum-uspi- -
Athi-mun - -
Athé-wak - -
Athé-wak kishé-wak-
Athe-wak-petsow -
Eshunila - - =
Ai-a - - -
Int/ai-an ; or int’ai-a-
wa-u.
Kit’ai-an ~ -
Ai-akuski-té-u - -
Ai-ami- - -
Ai-amew ;__ ai-atchi-
me-u.
Ai-amihin - -
Ai-ami-hi-tu-tak -
Ai-ami-hi-tu-wuk -
Ai-ami-hé-u—- -
Tnt/ai-amin - -
Int/ai-ami-ha-u -
Int/ai-ami-hik - =
Kit’ai-ami-hik - -
Ekau-witha-atche-
mow.
Ai-atchémow-akwa -
Ai-ape-tika-u - -
Aikh-tu-ka-mik -
Waska-iggan - -
Wiggi - - -
389
Chepewyan, of Athabasca.
denti-lita-thil-tille -
hekh - - -
nanne - - -
yanna - - -
tit-sa- - -
tu-hu - - -
kaltuné - - -
ti-dzinne - -
terri-kitha - -
tanize - - -
bet-arutha = - -
bet-taritha = -
athké = - -
ekku-azeé - -
sutu-ye - - -
ona-hadztn - -
edzun-kuthé - -
hona-hedza-nitha -
hulé-ho - - -
nitsa-ula - -
se-itza-heila ; hune-
zoni.
netze - - -
petothé-karth - .
yan-ilti - - -
yalti - : -
zedzun-yar-ilti = -
althlai-yalthi (together
let us speak).
elthney-alti - -
yedzonne-alti - -
e-astl - - -
bedze-asti- -
zedzun-alti - -
nedzune-alta - -
zedzun-ye-inne-alti-
hila-kula.
nu-hei-lune - -
peye-onla-honné = -
nu-anku - -
ye kee
cices
English.
a chest lock key (properly,
but used for keys in ge-
neral).
yes.
across.
on the other side.
it is mouldy.
now ; at the present time.
already.
this very day.
this night.
rather long ago.
in the middle.
it is useful.
useful.
once on a time.
sometimes.
since such a time.
it is difficult.
more.
nearer ; very near.
further ; very far.
he is troublesome; badly
disposed.
keep it; have thou it.
I possess it ; it is mine.
it is yours,
it has a broad bill.
speak thou.
he talks.
speak to me.
let us talk together.
they talk to one another.
he spoke to him,
I talk.
I talk to him.
he spoke to me.
he talks to you.
do not tell it.
tell us the news; relate
thou now.
it is full of partitions.
another house.
a house.
a tent or dwelling.
390
VOCABULARIES OF NORTH AMERICA.
Cree, of Carlton House.
Ai-ish-ku-shu; ai-ish-
ku-teé-u.
Ai-ish-kutan-né-wu -
Int/ai ish-kuzin -
Int’ai-iskutché-man -
Kitai-iskutché-man-
ni?
Ai-u - - -
Akkushew - -
Tnt’akushin - -
Akkustemmu - =
Int/akkusktemmun -
Anniskutapan - -
Anniskutape! - -
Ing’annisku-tapan = -
Ge-annisku-ta-pe-u -
Apikh-ku-pai-u -
Ge-appaha - -
Apith-kuna ; appaha-
Ne-geé-apith-kunain -
Ne-ge-apa-hain -
Int’apikh-ta-pi-ha-u
Int/apikh-ta-pa-huk -
Apisa! - - -
Apisum - - -
Sa-sey-int/apisain = -
Appi! = - - -
Ute-appi! - -
Appew - - -
Appe-wé-tik = - -
Int/appin - -
Kit’appin-na ? - -
Ki-wi-appin-na? —-
Ashamin ! - -
Kaga-ashami-tin -
Michema; hughes) -
Aspun-ishew - -
Assitina - - -
A-sustatin - -
Kiga-kasustatin -
As-swe-té-u = -
As-swe-ta-u - -
Int/aswetan ss - -
Aswethim - -
Chepweyan, of Athabasca.
kalyé-ni-nan-idza -
kalyé-ni-tan-idza -
kalyé-ne ninna-cha
toth-ne-zin-alnilza -
teth-ne-ni-nan-ilza-
uza ?
nu-a-edzon-illa
ey-a-hilla = - -
ey-a-hezlé—- -
edzil - - -
dzedzil - - -
chas-inninne-al -
chas-nos-al! - -
chas-ninne-al -
tey-kunne-takh = -
tey-kunne-arlth; ney-
ke-urth.
pey-ke-urth - -
kalthonna-pey-ke urth
ey-ke-urrth
peino-harre-kluk -
zunno-arre-kluck -
per-il-thilth! - -
yi-ér-il-thilth -
kuda-ber-il-thilth -
thein-’ti! - -
ey-er-thein-ta! = -
nelti = - -
hed-nilthi - -
thi-ta - - -
thin-ta-uzang? =
unta-uzang- -
bega-van-ilchu! -
ne-a-urchu - -
bet-ho - - -
a-a-ontzun - -
éltan-nilé - -
necha-itus-'i - -
te-yé-thella - -
te-ye-yella
te-ye-ila - =
bega-etu-u-elne—-
t English.
he is tired (with walking).
they are tired (ditto).
I am tired (ditto).
I am tired with paddling.
are you tired with paddling?
he is there.
he is sick or ill.
I am sick.
he is wet.
I am wet.
a knot.
tie a knot!
I will tie a knot.
he has tied a knot.
it has become loose; it is
loose.
he has untied it.
loose it (a knot); open it.
I have loosened it.
I have untied it.
I gave him a blue eye.
he gave me a blue eye.
warm it (as a garment at
the fire).
he warms it.
I have already warmed it.
sit down!
sit here! (here sit!)
he sits.
they sit.
I sit.
are you sitting ?
do you wish to sit ?
sive me food to eat!
I will give you food to eat.
meat and drink; fvod;
victuals.
he is niggardly (of his
victuals).
mingle them; add one to
another.
it is hidden.
I will hide myself from you.
it is in (a bag).
he puts it in.
I put it in.
be on your guard against
him.
CHEPEWYAN
Cree, of Carlton House.
Aswithi-min - -
Ing’aswithi-mow — -
Atchis-chapum-wé-u
Athig-uskow - -
Atbin-i -isew ; eythiniseu
Int’sip- cathi-nisén -
Athinew - - -
Atuskeé-u- - -
Int/atuskaim- -
Atta-wanna! (imp.)
Ki-wi-atta-wanna? -
Atta-wa-gun - -
Atta-thow-ki! - -
Atté-mishi-ka-té-u -
Atté-mi-shé-u - -
Atikh-té-u - -
Atisum - - -
Int/atisain
Atima-ow - -
Int/atima-ow - -
Ing’atima-ow -
Int’atimilk - -
Int’atimahuk - -
Atimi-thowuk
Attohu - - -
Int’attohun - -
Ki-wi-au-toté mémi-
tin.
A-wuss; a-wussete! -
EK
E-atchi-inyu-wikk -
Ek-kwa - - -
Epetche- -kishi-wtkk -
Eskann-shi-ka-un -
Eskwai-atch-tchi-
tchan.
Esputtinow 3 - -
Ethik-kwatin - -
Ethiko-pew - -
Ethikwuk - -
Etiskew - - -
E-a-ha-u; or, ya-ha-u!
Chepewyan, of Athabasca.
zethé-sekor-u-elné -
AN xX
pa-us-o-elne - -
na-seil-hitché - -
ne-etel - - =
hung-ya; huya~s-
hong-she-a_- -
é-hul-ana - -
e-walasna - -
na-inni!
na-ukh-uneuza?- -
yu - = -
sel-honninné !- -
Honneé - - -
necha-ladi-nelthun -
neuth-lurth - .
udedza - - -
uridza - - -
ne-ni-esha = - -
ben-nisha-lillé -
nar-helteth - -
tchirr-ilté - -
tehirr-esté - -
et-te-to-tin-in-uste-
nuse! = - -
et-dunni-’tinneé -
yah - - -
yelkon - - -
edte-thidzi =
tinne-la-dthaille- dzilla
kokkarritha - -
ne-edja - - -
tchanti - - -
ekei-ghe - -
ey! - - -
VOCABULARY.
391
English.
be on your guard against
me.
I will be on my guard
against him.
he gives a side glance to a
girl.
it is br oad.
he is wise or knowing.
he is wise or prudent.
he is abstemious.
he labours.
I labour,
barter! trade!
will you barter ?
goods for trade.
tell a story or fable.
a story.
he grows bigger.
it grows bigver.
it Is ripe or * mellow.
she dyes or tinges it.
I dye it.
he overtakes.
I overtook him.
I will overtake him.
he overtook me.
he overtook me (by water).
they fly from us (birds).
he is choking.
I am choking.
I wish to be your friend.
keep off! let me alone!
Indians of a strange nation.
a louse.
dawn of day.
a horn comb.
the last or little finger.
high ground; a bank (une
cote). ‘
hoar frost —hoar frost.
hoar frost — rimy.
ants.
foot-mark or track of an
animal.
ha! (inter).
392 VOCABULARIES
OF NORTH AMERICA.
Cree, of Carlton House.
E-a-kusin ; thah-kusin
E-apitch - - -
Eka - -
Epetche- Hachiak
Ekushi-kak -
Kishi- kow ; kisgow
E kospi; €g-guspi
K-okwo-pukku -
Eskwai-atch
Espimmi-sik
Espimmik
Etakkusik -
Ethipinné-ok-tapo-an
Etippiskak —- -
A
E-aske-u = -
Int’e-askann - -
Ekau-witha! -
Entau-wi - -
E-ukh-tinne-gate-u -
E-ukhte-nammuk~ -
E-ukhte-num - -
Ne-ukhte-nain - -
Etapoy-ikhta - -
Ethepo-akwow; nepo-
akwow ; athin-ni-
sew.
Ey-thin-akhték -
Ey-thin-attu-shiship -
Ey-thinni-kannu-she-u
Ey-thinni-mina -
Ey-thinni-pithey-u_ -
Ey-thin-yu (P. ey-
thin-yu-wtkk).
Int’ey-apa-huk -
Tans-ey-sinikassort ?
Tans-ey-sini-kassu-
yun ?
Tanna-si-te-kateg-
oma ?
Init. I. sounded as ee.
[-a-pit - -
Kah-nup-ate-i-a- cenit -
Chepewyan, of Athabasca.
nedtha -
Ned-tarrilla
Na teillé
hila -
dzithé -
dziné -
klasing-tingé-
ashmoh = -
no-onte = -
i-yaze-beke -
beké - -
the-dzini-ghe
oti-a-elthe -
hedkléghe —-
Dza-kin -
dza-kin-nannelya -
<
S)
_e
a
©.
1 i
peta-harelta; peta-ha-
elta.
peta-klell
bethna-ilkis
huya -
eln - - -
tchith-tcho
ultai-ye
*dtinne -
etla-hulye? - -
ey-la-hunlye ? -
nakith - - -
English.
light.
not heavy.
still; quiet.
it stirs not.
not.
as the day was coming.
by day.
the day.
at that time.
only that.
last.
a little above.
above.
yesterday.
truly.
by night.
beaver lodge.
he breaks up a beaver lodge.
I break up a beaver lodge.
do not!
go and open it.
it is opened.
open ye it.
he opened it.
I opened it.
mix it stir it.
he is wise — knowing.
small spruce fir (Abies bal-
samea).
stock duck (Anas boschas).
a pike or jack.
bilberries.
Canada grouse.
an Indian of the speaker’s
nation.
he made my eye ache by a
blow.
what is his name ?
what is your name ?
«
how do you call this ?
he has an eye on one side.
CHEPEWYAN VOCABULARY.
393
Cree, of Carlton House.
Tann-ike? - -
Tann-ikh-té-an? = -
Isté-kwa-nan; usté-
kwan ; mistekwan.
Int’istekwanan -
Niste-kwan = - -
Uta-petche-itote! -
Neté-itoté! = - -
Tanti-wy-i-tukh-te-
an?
TCH.
Tehakkatinow - -
Techi-ké-kum - -
Tchi-tche - -
Tchi-ka-égan - -
Tchi-ka-égan-akhtik
Tchetik-sa-égan -
Tche-man
Tchi-pai (P. 5 tikk)
Tchi-pai-tiktim -
Tchi-pai-tikk (dance
of the dead).
Petipan - - -
O-wanni-wagan -
Tchis-a-wan - -
Tchis-ke-pi-son -
Tchis-ta-ba-sun -
Tchista-se-powin —-
Tchista-ka-we-sew -
Tchista-ka-nan-wi-
ship.
Tchistem-ow - -
Tchimm-ashén -
Tchuk-tchuk-athu ;
tehuk-tehuk-ai-u.
Tchika-wa-sis - -
Tchi-kima - -
Tchi-kima-numma ?
Tchi-ka-ka-win -
’Tchist ! tchiste ! -
Techtippasis —- -
N’tcha-ka-pai-huk — -
N’tcha-ka-pi-chi-nin
Chepewyan, of Athabasca.
eta an fe te -
eda - - -
zedthi-ey- a- .
zedthi = - -
é-o-kii-si! .
é-o-kt-si-nék- iltkh !
etla-se-nek-iltkh ? -
shethi-azé = -
shith = - - -
tinnila-theyl 1é (man’s
toe).
thell; kong-kwi -
thell-tchinne - -
klell-thelth ; thléh-
kon.
tsi; alle - -
ethi-a - - -
né-elkai - -
yel-kon - -
pernatal - -
dza-thulth - -
pan-neyla; luneylé-
pe-o-koyl = -
ther-onna -
el-karré (pine- ap
duck)
sel-tu-ye - -
ned-tu-a - -
tadzon-zellé -
yaze (few) - -
ta-tu-ahaddeé - -
ta-tu? - - -
ne-o-ka - -
*tehu! - - -
pei-ya-thi = - -
dzénoy-inke - -
dzé-noy-cke - -
English.
what is the matter ?
what is the matter with you?
the head.
my head aches.
my head.
come hither!
go there or thither!
where are you going ?
a knoll; small hill.
a wart.
a finger.
a hatchet.
a hatchet helve.
a gun flint.
a canoe.
a dead body; the deceased.
you dead dog! an oppro-
brious epithet.
Aurora borealis.
dawn of day.
dusk of the evening.
a hash, or haggis.
a garter.
a button; an anchor.
a fork.
a wasp.
a teal (Anas discors).
tobacco.
it is short.
a blackbird (Scolephagus).
not many.
true, truly; verily.
do you doubt it? it is true.
close to the shore.
hist! listen! look!
below ; underneath.
he poked it (a finger or
stick) into my eye.
it has run into my eye (a
stick)
394
Cree, of Carlton House.
Tchep-wow - -
Tches-kwa ; tchés-
kwa-pitta !
Tchitchei-mi-ktskwe-
su.
Tehika-ai-ge-u -
Ne-tchika-iggan —-
Tchi-ke-si-se-u -
Tehi-ké-si-se-i-wukk
Techi-kwa-ha-meé-u -
Inga-tchi-kwa-hain -
Tchi-pe-ttikk-wow -
Ni-ghe-tchi-pusti-ha-u
Wa-was-ki-shu -
Oya-peyu-mus-tus -
Nosia-mustus - =
Wa-pis-tann - -
Si-kak - - -
Si-ku-sew; sigus -
Winusk - - -
Winuste-key - =
Wapusk - - =
Apek-ku-sis - -
Shi-shi-pise —- -
Key-ask; kai-ask -
Okkau; uka_ - -
Miki-sew - -
Aha-sew - - -
Ottoni-bis - -
Namay-pith - -
O-wi-pi-tchi-sis -
Nipe; nipi - -
The-kwus-kwun -
Kusku-wtntsk- -
Kishi-kau ; kis-gau ;
wa-pan.
Ki-ki-ship - -
Apikh-tow-kishi-kau
(middle-day).
Pakkisimu (sun-set) -
Tippis-kak ; tippiskau
Mistiko-tcheman = -
Wini-pegh -
Thaka-stimmun-aigan.
Paské-ségotin-nis —-
Kitche-kuman - -
VOCABULARIES OF NORTH AMERICA.
Chepewyan, of Athabasca.
kai-intchuthé -
karre! - - -
pé-’kunne-neltu-yé
thelth-ta-nai-ilkh-
thelth.
thelth-ta-nai-ilkh-thell
dzeré-hai-éllé -
belekh-hered-ye_ -
tell-klikk
thilk-tas
tsé-thil - - -
ettirre-ya-ne - -
ettirre-su-ta-ha -
tha - - -
nult-si-ai
del-kathlei - -
tel-leh - - -
sass-del-gai_ - -
tlunne - - -
elgarré - - -
bess-gai-€—- -
Kallei - - -
Bekh-hulla_ - -
ettchu-e - -
ded-donné-tcho -
dadsang - =
thé-tchuthe
till-tulei - -
thlu-dathé = - -
tu; to - = =
kothé - - -
kambi - - ~
tsindéssai - .
tehilsin - -
tetsin-tsi - -
tu-tcho - - -
tsini-ball - -
telgurthe-yaze =
béss-tcho - -
English.
it tapers.
wait! wait a little!
he or it has short nails.
he hews with a hatchet.
I hew with a hatchet.
he plays at draughts.
they play at draughts.
he crumbles the leaves
(rubs them to powder).
I will crumble the leaves.
it is light blue.
I put it with my arrow.
the wapiti.
bison bull.
bison cow.
a marten.
a skunk.
an ermine.
a marmot or spermophile.
a Quebec marmot.
white bear.
a mouse.
a teal.
a gull.
a plover.
Salmo mackenzii .
Dore.
an eagle.
an American crow.
Coregonus artedi (Tullibee)
Catastomus.
Hiodon.
water.
it is cloudy.
clouds.
day ; day-light.
morning.
noon.
evening.
night.
a boat.
the sea.
a sail.
a pistol.
a sword (big knife).
Cree, of Carlton House.
Tappis-ka-gan -
Mokasin ; muskesin
Tippiska-wi ’peshim
Kesik ; kishik -
Pinasi-wuk
Wa-waskhsta-punu ;
owa-samusk.
Kunu; koni -
Miskwumi
Piki-se-u (tt is foggy)
Utin; thow-tin
Atchimow
Ni-ku-mun~= -
Mitzu- - -
Wappamow -
DOG-RIB VOCABULARY.
ke -
eltsi -
yaha -
edihi -
= yath “
-|ti-enn -
etzil -
Hothin -
Nahalgi
-|niltsi -
-| yalthi -
Netghin
-|tchéli -
-{etethi -
kothi-ghirre
tsinago-thethi-
Chepewyan, of Athabasca.
English.
a handkerchief.
a shoe.
the moon.
the sky.
thunder.
lightning.
snow.
ice.
fog.
frost.
thaw.
wind.
to speak.
to sing.
a song.
to eat.
to see.
395
Ureltha-nelsi - -
to Lear from you.
Su-sinneé
a great happiness.
The following words of Dog-rib were collected by my-
self at Fort Confidence.
The want of a good interpreter
caused me to discontinue the formation of a vocabulary of
this dialect.
Dog-Rib Vocabulary.
Dog- Rib, of Fort
English. Confidence.
A kettle - - | tille.
Large ditto - | tillé-tcho.
Little ditto - | tille-yaze.
Fire - - | kun.
Fire wood - | sus.
Gunpowder - | tel-kithe-ktn.
Shot - - | tel-kithé-ka.
Shot-pouch - | tel-ketha.
Ball - - | tel-kethi-tcho.
No meat! - | par-ulla!
Dried ribs of rein-) Atcharna; et-
deer. chanka.
Water - - | to.
A tin pan - | thai.
A coat, or capot |
i.
English.
Dog-Rih, of Fort
Confidence.
A blanket
Indian hose
Hair -
The beard
A crooked knife
A knife -
A knife sheath
A fork -
Snow
Smoke
A stone
A brisket
The shoulder
zidda (tzud-di-e,
Mr. O Brian).
thelth.
theo-ya.
tarra.
bess-ha.
bess,
bess-the,
pakwa.
tzill ; tchill.
thiet.
thai.
ana-rane ; ei yid-
da.
ak-kanna.
396
English.
Leg bone or
knuckle.
A firebrand -
A tent - -
Tent poles -
Transverse poles
to hang meat
upon.
Tent door - -
Leathern door for
tent.
Dressed leathern
blanket.
A spark from the
fire.
Rein-deer tongue
Deer-skin hose -
Breeches - -
Deer head -
A shoe - -
Cloth worn by
men round the
middle.
A bag - -
A hatchet - -
A spoon - -
Dog-Rib, of Fort
Confidence.
ak-kai-tchinna.
halai-kun.
nepalle.
thai-é.
taneé-al.
ku-latche.
thidai-nepalle.
tel.
kantida.
et-thu.
et-thidda.
thlai-i.
et-thi.
ku.
than.
naltche ; klelthe.
thelth.
thlus, or slus.
VOCABULARIES OF NORTH AMERICA.
English.
A file - -
Pole for hanging
a kettle upon.
Buttons - -
Mittens - -
The head - -
The nose = -
The knee - -
An encampment
The encampment
is distant.
The encampment
is near.
A warm woollen
collar; a com-
forter.
One - - -
Two - - -
Three - -
Four - -
Five - -
Six - - -
Seven - -
Kight - -
Nine - -
Ten - - -
Dog-Rib, of Fort
Confidence.
koketha.
telle-kaiza.
pai-illa.
gis.
ta.
tinnetze.
et-thétha.
zutes.
in-tu-é-zutes.
thi-si-té-zutes,
kow-i-tchitha.
*nthlaré.
nakhke.
khtarre.
"tinge.
zazunlarre.
elkatharre.
nthlazintinge.
alkatinge.
*nthla-otta.
*nthla-una.
The vocabularies which follow were made by gentle-
men whose system of orthography varies more or less from
that adopted in the preceding pages. The dialects of the
Dog-ribs who resort to Great Bear Lake, and of those
who hunt on Marten Lake and visit Fort Simpson, differ
little when spoken, and offer no difficulty to an interpreter
who is acquainted with either; but many of the words have
a very different aspect when written in English characters ;
and these tables may serve to illustrate a remark made in
a preceding page respecting the difficulty which an En-
glish ear experiences in apprehending the sounds of the
The Kutchin words collected by Mr.
M*‘Murray, though not numerous, show a close afhnity
Tinné languages.
between the language spoken by that people and the
DOG-RIB VOCABULARY.
397
Tinné, and will perhaps be considered as a proof of the
common origin of the Tinné and the Kolush tribes down
to the 54th parallel of latitude.
English.
Head -
Neck -
Tongue -
Eyes .
Ears -
Nose -
Cheeks, chin
Shoulders -
Thighs -
Brisket -
Rump -
Belly .
Hands -
Feet - -
Fingers -
Nails -
Teeth -
Brain -
Liver -
Heart -
Blood -
Skull -
Entrails -
Udder; milk
Butter -
Flour -
Sugar -
Tea - -
Pepper -
Medicine -
Paper -
Dog-Rib.
bet-thi.
bdi-korh.
eth-thadu.
mendi,
hed-ze-gai.
mi-gou.
mi-ta.
ai-kon-nai.
ed-zaddai.
a-ethin.
etchin-nai.
be-tchuki.
mila.
ak-kai.
mila-tchinnai.
mila-konnai.
baighu.
bet-the-ghu.
et-hut.
ed-zai.
et-tillai.
et-thi-thu-ine.
et-sl-ai.
et-tuzal.
edgiddai-thlissai
hatai-kotliss.
suka.
suka-tu (sugar
water).
tenni-tsi.
na-diddu.
eddithi.
English.
Go! - =
Come! - -
Take! - -
Cut! = =
Bring! - -
Hunt! ~ -
Large - -
Small - =
Long - -
Short - -
Far - - -
Near = .
Cry! - -
Laugh! - -
Speak! or talk!
How many? -
What do you
want ?
Heavy - -
Light - -
High - -
Low - -
Good - -
Bad - = -
Fat - -
Lean - =
Eat ! - -
Drink! ~- -
Smoke! - -
Sleep! - -
Give! - =
Tell!
Dog-Rib.
aga!
ya-kusi!
hi-tcho !
bekan-néthu !
si-nekai.
no-sai.
nai-tcha.
ti-ula.
nundeth.
nundeth-helai.
nitha.
wha-yai.
azel!
mena-thi-ukla !
betha!
tanna-itai ?
addow-adlis ?
tai-it.
naikel-helai.
yu-te-gai.
u-al.
naisou.
tlenai.
tlaika.
tlaika-helai.
shanai-tai !
ath-uluston !
ustud !
notai!
mi-ne-kai!
adin-dai !
The above vocabulary was formed, I believe, at Fort
Simpson, by one of the Hudson’s Bay officers for his own
use; but, having forgotten to note the circumstances
under which it was drawn up, I can give no further
information regarding it.
398 VOCABULARIES OF NORTH AMERICA.
A VocasuLary OF Fort Simpson Doa-Ris, sy Mr. O'Brian, oF
THE Hupson’s Bay Company.
Dog-Rib.;j English. Dog-Rib. English.
Edza-zinné - | Tetrao umbellus. | Noga = - | wolverene.
Tih - - - | Tetrao canadensis.| Kling - - | dog.
Bet-theu_ - - | owl. Tzus - - | wood fire.
Thlu-ai- - | Coregonus albus. | Tai-tchin - - | trees.
Samba - trout. Tzu - pine-tree.
Kaze - salmon. Ki = birch.
Tsai-teu - Back’s grayling. | Sinnai — - I.
Tai-tellai - Catastomus. Tlinnai- thou
Klogai- squirrel. Ottinai- he.
Emmu-i-u-ai Columba migra- |Ige - - it.
toria. Edetata—- yes.
Khun - fire. Helai; Odelis no.
‘uy = = water. Id-zeunai - to-day.
Techon - rain. Kambai_ - to-morrow.
Yah - - snow. Zeunai—- day.
Teu - - ice. Tethi - night.
Sa - 5 sun. Yakh-kai - winter.
Tethi-sa_ - moon. Klukai—- spring
Thi-u - stars. Senai - summer.
Kose - clouds. Ai-tonkai - autumn.
E-tu-ai- girl. Tai-chin-ala boat.
Ah - - snow-shoes. Ki-ala - canoe.
Kai - - shoes. Tami = net.
Whoghi_ - snare. Tau-ai-on full.
Thai - sinew. Tu-tai- empty.
Do: = - now. Tlon = plenty.
Ye-won - then. Hulai - none.
Tau-dezzei half. Tzuddi-é - a blanket.
Mal-lionai rings. Tai-si-ai - a shirt.
Hai-ai - trowsers. Ed-geid-dai a powder-horn.
Memba-ulai waistcoat. Mad-deli buttons.
‘Esi, = - vermilion. Thai-on-tithel thread.
Sat-su-wal wire snare. Et-thai-ai scissors.
Sas - - black bear. Meni-di-e-dai looking-glass.
Sa-tai-kuzé brown bear. Ai-tchusai beads.
Tsa - - beaver. Ai-tai - ice chisel.
Tsa-thu-ai castoreum. Bai-huch - crooked knife.
Tai-tchesi mink. Bai-chin-ai-i clasp.
Tzin - musk-rat. Bed-do-ai-du pot.
Te-ki - wolf. Tha - - pan.
‘““ MAUVAIS MONDE” VOCABULARY.
399
The following vocabulary of the language of a tribe
dwelling near the sources of the River of the Mountains,
and known to the voyagers by the name of ‘ Mauvais
Monde,” and of the Dog-rib dialect, was drawn up by
Mr. O'Brian, of the Hudson’s Bay Company’s service.
Mauvais Monde.
Thelgai
Olki-e
Ta-dette
Tinghi
Sazelli
Et-seu-ti -
Thlad za-di-e
Et-zan-di-e
Et-thlei-hu-lai
Ken-na-tai -
E]-lai-zai *
Bai-ka -
Ni-tai-ton -
Ai-tai-kai -
Et-ton-nai -
E-tha-thai-on
Utha - -
Thei - -
Ai-tchut -
Bess - -
Ta-chill-ai
Kestu-ai
Theth
Kothegettai
Set-tsa-tai -
Hai - -
A-tai-kai-tenney
Ta-ti-e -
Thai-ka -
Et-hai-ai =
E-kadzi -
Ai-kathai-tai
Klai-si
U-thai
Ustaidge
Ustai -
Kasho
Wollon
Dog-Rib, or Slave.
thli-e
olki-e
fi=eee =
tinghé - -
sazelli ; lakithe, the han
et-seu-ti - -
han-die -
et-zan-di-e -
ethli-e-houlai
O-nal-u-non
tel-kithi-kun
tel-kithi-tcho
thai-thi
sel-tu-e
tel-kithé
hai-ko
tiu-ni-e
thei -
al-tcehut
bess =
et-ley-nai
al -
theth -
Edgiddai
ko-the-gat
tsa -
kun -
seltu-tenne
ta-ti - -
ko-kassé =
baith-laika -
kud-dai -
sa-kathai-tai
sa-tai-kai
no-githi
no-ta =
no-thai
nom-be-ai
teu-di-e
CUimet cat yet Vim omelet Whe Chel Semen fhm POUR Year Vimy Tar Wd iment ae Trae mee eer Tae Moi Me AICS OU) el We od Vga Tie.) L)
d
SP eee ire ie een ' 0) MMe lg Cee Ce Cee nS) cee
English.
one.
two.
three.
four.
five.
Six.
seven.
eight.
nine.
ten.
gunpowder.
ball.
shot.
tobacco.
gun.
oun-flint.
kettle.
axe.
awl.
knife.
cloth (strouds).
coat (capot).
leggings ; also a belt.
powder-horn.
handkerchief.
bonnet-cap.
fire-steel.
tobacco-box.
needle.
file.
scissors.
gun-worm.
garters.
grey bear.
fox.
lynx.
marten.
otter.
male moose-deer.
* This word is used also by the Beaver and Thekanné Indians,
400
Mauvais Monde.
Intsei - =
Wod-su-tchu .
W od-su-mon-bed-sai
Kag-kalai - -
Ogha-tchai - -
Ea-sai - -
U-ta-dja- -
Niton - -
Setsa-on = - -
Te-sonnai - -
Klu-chu-i-nai -
Sunbaddei - -
Dog-Rib, or Slave.
teu-di-etse - -
bed-su - -
bed-su-tsi - -
kam’ba - =
ogha - - -
tai-tonna-tcho -
Uti - -
monalla - -
tchikwe - -
tehillawe - -
bai-tchinai
dsheth - -
VOCABULARIES OF NORTH AMERICA.
English.
- | female moose-deer.
- | male rein-deer.
- | female rein-deer.
- | ptarmigan.
- | goose.
- | eagle.
- | pike-fish.
- | white man.
- | woman.
- | boy.
- | sled.
- | mittens.
A VOCABULARY OF CHEPEWYAN AND DoG-Ris Worps.
The Chepewyan was taken down from the mouth of the inter-
preter at Great Slave Lake.
female interpreter (Nanette) at Fort Simpson.
1844.
Toronto, March, 1850.
‘ Broad, ‘nasal, ’ guttural,
“M
The Dog-rib from that of the
The whole in
J. H. Lerroy.
“nasal and guttural.
English. Chepewyan.
Yes! - - e-h! - - ”
No! - - he-li - - -
Aman - - denne - - -
A woman ~ tza-qui-ie - -
A little girl - ett-er-e-ka - -
A boy - - tchilla-qui-ie = -
A little boy -
Father - -
Mother - -
Brother, elder -
53 younger
Sister, elder -
» younger
To-morrow -
Yesterday -
Tobacco - -
A knife - -
Agun - -
tza-qui-the - -
tza-tah - - -
en-ne - = =
tzoon-noi - -
ssa-ra - - -
kom pee - -
ou-ah-ta-tzenke -
tza-twe - - -
pa-as - - -
thel-ki-the - -
Dog-Rib.
he-li.
tchel-a-qui.
tzek-qui.
tzek-qui-azze.
tenai-u.
tenai-u-azze.
tza-tah.
en-ne.
tzoon-nol.
tzachilli.
sa-rah, or tza-rah.
sa-tez-zah, or tza-tazze.
koume.
ye-hho-a.
tza-twe.
pa-as.
qua-ka- he.
CHEPEWYAN AND DOG-RIB VOCABULARIES.
401
English. Chipewyan. Dog-Rib.
Anaxe - - - | than-thye - - | qua-a-qui.
Gunpowder - - | thel-ki-the-conne — - | thi-ke-e-conné.
Ball - - - | thel-ke-the- ou - | the-ke-e-chou.
Air - - - | nutze - - | e-at-ti-ge.
Fire - - - | kkon - - - | kkon.
Water - - =| tto, = - = - | two.
Earth - - - | wa-kklas - - - | ko-eccla
A fish - - -|clou-a = - - | clou-a
Adog - - - | Gling - - - | Gle.
ANS - - | no-ki-ki-the = - - | e-et- tha-tha.
A buffalo, masculine - | et-cherre - - | et-cherri.
. feminine - - - - - ettzae.
Rein-deer - - | eet-than - - - | et- -thun (ettzae, f.).
A moose - - - | den-nee - - - | denne-a.
Snow shoes - -|ah-he - - - | a-e.
Asled - - - | beth-chin-ne - - | ba-chen-ne.
A kettle - - - | tille - - - | than-ne.
Evening - - -|eetzson - - - | eya-kka-ezza.
Morning - -| kompe - - - | sa-tcho.
Colours — Black - | tel-zonne - - | ta-zun.
: white - | tel-ka-ye - - | tel-ka.
re red - | tel kkosse - - | et-tel-kkos.
- ereen - | ta-ecloze - - | ta-eck-cles.
5 blue - | not distinguished from | ten-é-cle.
black.
“A yellow -/|tel-thoi - - - | tel-thoi.
The sun - - -| ssa - - - - | ssa.
The moon - - | et-cha-aza - - | tthe-tha-za.
A star - - | thun - - - | thun.
(The Great Bear) - | (ya-ee-telli) - - | (ya-tha).
English. Dog-Rib. English. Dog-Rib.
Snow - ~ | yya. Good . - | naa-zo.
Ice - - | t-than. Bad - - | naa-zo-heli;
Numerals—1_ - | en-¢lai. dzoun-de.
a 2 =| na-kka. Beautiful - - | bur-a-oonde3;
” 3 - | tta-rgha. tzoo-na-e-ti.
” 4 -| tting. Ugly - - | pa-chi-ri.
» 5 - | sa-soo-la. Large - - | natza-konde ; in-
= 6 -| ut-ke-ttai. cha.
» 7 -| kkosing-ting. Small - - | tzoo-ta.
” 8 - | etzenting. Heavy - - | net-ta; hinka.
” 9 - | kka-hooli. Light - - | hin-ka-he-li.
a 10 =| ho-nanna. Dark - - | tel-zen.
” 20 =| nou-nanna. Bright =< - | atz-za.
WAG 1BL DD
402 VOCABULARIES OF NORTH AMERICA.
English.
Low -
High - -
Hard -
Soft -
New -
Old -
Dear (beloved)
Wise -
Foolish = -
Strong -
Weak -
Right -
Left - -
My friend
My companion
Head -
Eyes -
Nose -
Mouth -
Ears -
Hair -
Tongue -
Teeth -
Neck -
Arm -
Hand -
Foot =
Legs -
Canoe paddle
Here -
There -
Where? -
Dog-Rib.
ne-otzin-ik.
tan-ne-e-tha.
taa-y-eet.
taa-yeet-heli.
e-e-yes-e.
e-e-ranna.
The word un-
known to the
language.*
koo-rac-yon.
na-a-ghal.
na-tZ-ap.
pa-a-ttha-to-
rghelli,
nochnesse.
intzesse.
tza-teleg-ga.
tza-onenya.
tzat-the.
tzen-nhae.
tze-etze.
tze-thd.
setz-r-rgha.
setz-thé-rgha.
tze-tthou.
tze-w-who ?
tze-e-e-cottle.
tze-int-chinne.
ssa-la.
tze-ka.
tze-thunna,
ola; tho.
d-jahn.
a-c-ya.
djahn-tin ?
English.
When = 5
Which = -
What? - -
To me - -
Tohim - -
To you - -
To us - -
I don’t
stand,
Idon’t speak Cree
under-
I won't give it
you.
I will give it to
you.
What shall I give
you for this ?
Take care =
Make haste -
Get out ( va t’en)
Whereis it? -
Carry this for me
Don’t touch that
What do you
want ?
What do you
want for this ?
Give me a piece
of tobacco.
T have no tobacco
Hold this -
Whose is this ?
Dog-Rib.
kkonde.
mee.
et-cloy ?
tzen-ez-etze.
ne-ghon-em-etze.
ne-nin-etze.
e-e-cla-toon-nim-
etze.
ne-ad-‘hear-des-
tha-helili.
(same sentence
taken down).
na ‘rha tchou-heli.
na ‘rha ochou-
eze
than-etcha-na-rha-
ocla-haze ?
ca-re.
aga-annite.
or-rhink-la.
ye-in-kon-ecla ?
sse-ragh-di-ach.
perrone-te-sonna.
na-nu-at-cloy ?
etcha-nette-ousa-
nousa-ou-sinne ?
tza-twe-tza-gan-
a-two.
tza-twe-ta-0o-
twe.
Ou-net-ton.
me-etze-hande ?
* T endeavoured to put this intelligibly to Nanette, by supposing such an
expression as ma chere femme, ma chere fille.
stood it, her reply was (with great emphasis) : “T° dit jamais ga.
femme, ma fille.”
When at length she under-
T dit ma
EXPLANATION OF PLATES I. & IL.
No. 1.
Plates I. and II. represent impressions of fossil leaves
found in a bed of potter’s clay, belonging to a tertiary
lignite deposit near the mouth of Bear Lake River, de-
scribed in vol. i. p. 190. of the narrative. The leaves
must have been very numerous, and were evidently depo-
sited quietly from water turbid with fine potter’s clay,
which forms the matrix. By the spontaneous burning of
the adjacent seams of lignite, the fossiliferous layer has
been subjected to heat of varying intensity, so that some
portions are semi-vitrified and rendered hard enough to
resist a file, while the greater part is in the condition of
moderately baked porcelain biscuit, and in some few
specimens the clay is but slightly altered.
The impressions only, and none of the substance of the
leaves remain; and owing to fusion of the leaves at their
margins from pressure, and the cracking of the clay matrix
from heat, none of the impressions of the larger leaves are
perfect in their outlines, though portions of the surface
are very delicately rendered so that the minute nervation
is distinctly shewn, and the existence of pubescence may
be made out.
Table 1. fig. 2. is a representation of the impression of a
twig which has the character of Tazites acicularis, (Brong-
niart Prodr. 108, and “ Descript. Geol. des Environs de
Paris, p. 362., t. ii. f. 13.” Tazites foliis subdistichis,
linearibus obtusis). The leaf is scarcely half the length
of that of Taxus baccata, and is decidedly smaller than
DD 2
404 EXPLANATION OF PLATES I. AND II.
that of T. canadensis, beng generally about 0:44 inch in
length and about one-fifth part as wide ; or, more precisely,
the breadth of the lamina is 0:09 inch, which is somewhat
broader in proportion than the leaf of the common yew.
The outline of the leaf is linear with a slightly lanceolate
narrowing near the apex, which is rounded without any
perceptible projection of the mid-rib. Yet though the
matrix has rendered the most delicate impressions of the
surface, an actually existing minute projection of the mid-
rib may have been obscured, owing to the convexity of the
lamina; for on making casts of the common and American
yew leaves in Paris plaster, the acute apices of the mid-ribs
were not distinctly shewn. ‘The footstalk is as short or
shorter than in the common yew, and appears to have had
the same kind of half twist which gives the distichous
direction to the leaves. The surface of the lamina is
slightly convex, with about as much recurvature of the
edges as in the Canadian yew, and there is a regular fine
undulation, or obtuse transverse wrinkling, which is per-
ceptible in all the impressions when they are examined
with a lens; but, except the straight, tapering, prominent
mid-rib, there are no veins.
Owing to the distichous attachment of the leaves, the
impressions of the adnate scales of the bark to which the
footstalks are jointed are oblique, and the proper form of
the scales is not easily determined. They do not appear,
however, to have differed greatly from those of the common
yew. ‘The elevated triangular areas shewn in the stem of .
the figure were depressions in the plant between adjacent
scales of the bark. Ina few specimens the tops of the
twigs are shewn to have had an arrangement similar to that
of the yew. Buds are numerous in the axils of the leaves of
the annotinous spray of yew, and a few impressed hollows
in the fossils may have been caused by such bodies, but
they are comparatively rare. More numerous small de-
tached bodies in the matrix may have been produced by
the berries or nuts of this plant. Five or six of the twigs
EXPLANATION OF PLATES I. AND II. 405
terminate inferiorly in ovate or irregularly oval expansions,
which are such as a cluster of buds situated there would
produce; in only one specimen is there any appearance of
the branching of a spray, and in that the seeming branch
may be merely the impression of one twig crossing another.
Out of upwards of fifty impressions of twigs of this
Tazites, eight or ten have small round depressions on some
of their leaves, disposed sometimes in a pretty regular row
on each side of the mid-rib, but more often they are irre-
gular both in distribution and size. Now and then one or
more of the dots approaches nearer the margin of the leaf
than the others, sometimes they are seated on the mid-rib,
and occasionally one dot encroaches on another. Most of
the dots have a little pit in the centre, and their circum~
ferences more deeply impressed than the area, which is
often convex, though not raised above the impression of
the lamina. They must, therefore, have projected above
the surface of the leaf, whose cast is all that remains.
These dots bear some resemblance to the fructification of a
fern; but on exhibiting the casts to Mr. Brown, he at once
remarked the dissimilarity of the dots to sori, in their
having no perceptible connection with veins, and in the
appearance of a membranous expansion from the epidermis
covering them, which his practised eye detected. On
examining twigs of the Canadian and common yews I
observed many sphacelated dots raised more or less above
the surface of the leaves, which would make impressions
very similar to those of the fossil. The dots in the recent
plant occur more commonly on the under surface of the
leaf than on the upper one, and are generally circular,
though sometimes irregular. They are covered by the
epidermis, which in the larger dots is always ruptured in
the centre. I have not been able to discover their precise
nature; they may possibly be caused by insects, or perhaps
by the rupture of terebinthaceous collections. They do
not appear to be fungi; and when the epidermis is removed,
the minute cavity is found to be lined with indurated
DDS
4.06 EXPLANATION OF PLATES I. AND II.
parenchyma, which, under the microscope, exhibits cells
similar to those of the rest of the leaf.
Figures 2 and 3 are magnified, but the lithograph has
failed in truly representing the delicate undulations of the
lamina shewn in the fossil casts.
No. 2.
There are also eight or ten impressions of yew-like twigs
differing from the preceding, but none of them sufficiently
perfect to give precise characters. The leaves are narrower
than in the former species, though generally of the same
length: there is, however, more variety in this respect, the
same plant containing leaves of very different lengths. They
are narrowly lanceolate, tapering gradually from the base to
the tip, which is acute. Instead of terminating in rounded
lobes at the insertion of the footstalk, the leaf appears to
be decurrent, with the mid-rib continued into the decurrent
portion. ‘The mid-rib is slender, but distinctly impressed
throughout the whole length of the leaf; and the surface is
less evidently wrinkled transversely than in the first
species. The leaves are also more crowded and more erect,
with less of the distichous appearance, and a 3 arrange-
ment may be made out. Some of the sprigs are branched
like those of the common yew. This plant possesses the
characters of Taxites phlegethonteus of Unger (Plant. fossil.
p- 390.). Round dots also exist in the impressions of this
species, disposed as irregularly as in the preceding one, and
some are visible on the decurrent base of the leaf. Part of
these dots had in the original an elevated margin, a convex
disk, not so high as the margin, and a pointed central
point ; others have left an uniformly concave impression.
Scattered through the matrix, and often in the close
vicinity of the Yazites twigs, but only in one instance
connected with them, there are impressions of a minute
fruit, such as would be made by the nut-like seed of yew,
deprived of its outer investment and of the coloured pulpy
EXPLANATION OF PLATES I. AND II. 407
calix. None of these impressions are, however, above one-
fourth of the size of a nearly ripe seed of the common yew.
They are compressed, ovate, and acute, without a promi-
nent point, and all of them shew a faint furrow descend-
ing on each side from the apex, more acute than the im-
pression which would be made by the slight ridges on
that part of the yew seed, which is only very slightly
compressed. Several shew indications of an imvestment
at the base, and in one impression the soft integument of
the fruit seems to have been pressed aside so as to allow a
cast to have been made of the nut within it. This pulp
enveloped the nut entirely; or, if an opening like that of
the calix of a yew-berry existed, it must have been oblite-
rated by pressure. The solitary fruit attached to a twig
of No. 1, is inclined downwards on a very short fruitstalk.
INiOneS:
Some imperfect casts also exist of a plant, most probably
belonging to the family Hricacee, and approaching nearly
to Vaccinium. Some of the casts shew a five-parted, or
five-leaved calix, composed of thick ovate acuminate sepals
meeting at the apex. In two others a berry seems to
have been crushed, leaving a flat floor of minute, very
numerous seeds, partially covered with integument or
pulp. ‘There are also impressions which may have been
produced by an urceolate corolla. These flowers grew on
short fruitstalks, springing apparently solitarily from the
axils of the leaves. As far as the form of the leaves can
be made out, they are linear lanceolate, narrow, but scarcely
acute at the point, with a concave surface and a not very
prominent mid-rib. The leaves are approximated, appa-
rently not in any regular order, applied to the stem at
their bases, and curving outwards at the tips with a
sigmoid flexure. They are rather more than a quarter
of an inch long, and the height of the swollen calix or
corolla is about as much.
pp 4
408 EXPLANATION OF PLATES I. AND It.
No. 4.
Plate II. is a representation of a segment of an impres-
sion of the upper surface of a palmately veined leaf, mag-
nified to rather more than twice its linear dimensions.
Though it bears a general resemblance in its nervation,
and in the areole formed by the minor reticulating veins,
to a leaf of the Maple, it differs at least as a species from
the American maples with which it has been compared.
Many small circular depressions of different sizes are irre-
gularly distributed over the surface of the leaf; the more
perfect of them are pitted by twenty or more minute
points visible by the aid of a lens; and in some the central
point is larger than the others, producing the .appear-
ance of an umbo, as in the dots of the Tavzites figured
in Plate I. These depressions were of course produced by
bodies rising above the surface of the leaf and rough with
little points; their unequal dispersion on the leaf, much
of whose surface was smooth, is against their having been
produced by hairy glands, and they were most probably
moulded on fungi growing on the leaf. There are also
some smaller and deeper depressions, most frequent towards
the upper part of the leaf, but considerably less numerous
than the larger shallow ones. Two other fragments of im-
pressions, seemingly of the same kind of leaf, have footstalks
not complete, but exceeding an inch in length. One of
these, representing the upper surface of the leaf, has a few
circular depressions of both kinds; on the other, which is
an impression of the under surface of the leaf, there are no
depressions.
None of the impressions are so complete as to give
the whole outline of the leaf. The base runs at right
angles with the footstalk, and is entire for nearly an inch,
beyond which it is rounded off and crenated by almost
semicircular, minutely apiculated teeth, separated from one
another by very acute sinuses. The leaf appears at first
EXPLANATION OF PLATES I. AND II. 409
sight to be three-ribbed, the central nerve or mid-rib being
straight, and the one on each side curved, so that if pro-
longed they would meet the central one at the point were
the impression complete. There are, however, in fact seven
nerves springing together from the footstalk, the lower
pair having less prominence and more the character of the
secondary veins; the next pair are but little smaller than
the three principal ones. On the upper surface of the
lamina the main veins were concaye, while the impressions
of their under surfaces are sharp and rectangular. The
secondary veins and ultimate reticulations were prominent
on both sides of the leaf. The minute areole are plain
and smooth, and there is no indication of any pubescence
in the axils of the veins.
Impressions of leaves from the coal beds of the Raton,
in lat. 373° N., long. 1043° W., (vide New Mexico by
Emery, Abert, Cooke, and Johnston, p. 522., plate), re-
semble this species, but are too imperfect for identifica-
tion.
No. 5.
An impression of a smaller leaf than the preceding is so
like it in the character of the veins, ultimate reticulations,
and general surface, that, but for a little difference in the
crenatures of the margin, they might be pronounced without
hesitation to be of the same species. The outline is sub-
rotund, transverse at the base near the footstalk, and appa-
rently entire there, crenated more irregularly and with
generally smaller teeth than the preceding on the sides;
and entire near the tip, which is deficient in the specimen.
The diameter of the lamina of this specimen is an inch and
a half. It exhibits none of the round dotted depressions,
but there are some of the irregular clusters of little pits
on different parts of the surface which exist in the speci-
men figured in Plate II. and in some other casts.
410 EXPLANATION OF PLATES I. AND II.
No. 6.
Another palmately-veined leaf differs from the pre-
ceding ones in the areolez being concave above or puckered
from the tightness of the veins, and in its margin being
sharply toothed and irregularly crenated. Only one impres-
sion of this leaf exists in the collection, and that is imper-
fect, there not being enough of it to indicate the form
of the outline. It does not appear, however, to have been
lobed. The diameter of the lamina is scarcely two inches.
No. 7.
There is still another palmately-veined leaf very dif-
ferent in form from any of the others. It is one-third
wider than it is long, and seems to have been rounded at
the apex, which is, however, narrower than the widely
rounded sides. The base is cut horizontally, and is very
entire. The sides are tooth-crenated, the teeth being seg-
ments of circles, and the crenatures acute, but not deep.
The footstalk is slender, and the primary veins, none of
which are straight, are still more so. They spring five
together from the footstalk; the lower pair being smaller
than the other three, and the mid-rib largest. They are
all branched, and the ultimate reticulations are polygons
of very irregular shape. The areole are smooth and flat.
The length of this leaf is rather more than an inch.
No. 8.
The fourth palmate leaf, of which there is a definite im-
pression, is subrotund, and about an inch and a half long,
with a very entire, or at the most slightly undulated, mar-
gin. More than an inch of slender footstalk remains. The
base is horizontal, with a minute curvature downwards, or
decurrence where it joins the footstalk, then it is widely
EXPLANATION OF PLATES I. AND II. 411
rounded into the slightly concave sides, and rounded again
towards the point which is deficient. Five principal veins
originate from the footstalk, the lower pair, which run
near the margin of the lamina, being less conspicuous than
the other three. The mid-rib is straight, the vein on each
side of it curved in the segment of a circle; so that were
the leaf complete, the three would be found to meet at the
point, as in No.4. Numerous curving and forking branches
spring from all. The areole are of very various sizes, and
their surfaces, when viewed with a microscope, are seen to
be minutely granular, indicating minute pits in the upper
side of the leaf.
No. 9.
Impressions of a penniform leaf resembling that of
Morus alba in its general outline and the character of its
veins, are pretty numerous. Both surfaces seem to have
been quite smooth, there being no evidences of the exist-
ence of any pubescence. The central nerve or mid-rib,
and the primary lateral ones, are very distinctly impressed
in the matrix; and the connecting ones of the second order,
which run from one lateral branch to another, are more
conspicuous than those of the mulberry. They vary, from
being almost straight and parallel to each other, to a
ereater or less degree of curvature, or even a pointed arch,
in the middle of their length, and towards the margin of
the leaf are branched and pass gradually into reticulations.
The minor veins are much less prominent, and form minute
meshes of no uniform shape, but generally oblong, and from
four to eight-sided, having a strong resemblance to those of
the mulberry. The minute areas are flat and smooth. The
lateral veins spring from the mid-rib in pairs, but, except
at the base of the lamina, not exactly opposite to each other.
From the footstalk two lateral branches spring together
with the mid-rib, forming, as in the mulberry, a triple-
ribbed leaf; but there is a greater fulness of the lamina
412 EXPLANATION OF PLATES I. AND It.
there, and the nervation differs from that of the mulberry
in that part, in two or sometimes three veins of smaller
size originating also from the mid-rib or footstalk to supply
the base of the leaf. Five, or sometimes six veins may,
therefore, be said to spring from the top of the footstalk,
the lower ones being secondary as to size. In the leaf
of the mulberry, these smaller basal veins are branches of
the lateral veins. No entire impression exists. The largest
fragment must have belonged to a leaf between seven and
eight inches long. The general outline seems to have
been cordate, with the lobes at the base full and perhaps
overlapping, and the apex acute, but not acuminate as
in the mulberry. The margin is serrato-dentate above,
and simply undulated, or nearly even, at the base. The
teeth are generally semi-ovate with a little point, or mam-
millate as in the mulberry, but are not so closely set. They
are somewhat unequal in size, and occasionally denticulate,
a larger tooth being notched by a single smaller one. In
some specimens the sinuses between the teeth are acute,
but more generally they are obtuse. This is one of the
most common leaves in the deposit, and one impression of
it often succeeds another in layers thinner than common
writing paper, and so blended together at the margins of
the leaves that the impressions cannot be obtained perfect.
Fig. 1. Plate I. is intended to represent a small frag-
ment of this leaf, drawn of the natural size, but the dis-
tinction between the secondary transverse veins and their
minor ramifications has not been maintained in the figure
as to size, nor are the ultimate veins shown. The tecth
are more obtuse in the side of the cast which has been
drawn than they appear in the layer which was removed
from it, owing to the way in which the matrix has adhered
at that part; but it would appear that some of the leaves
varied in having more obtuse teeth, if we may judge from
two other casts very similar to this one in all other respects.
Upwards of an inch of petiole remains in some of the spe-
cimens.
EXPLANATION OF PLATES I. AND II. 413
No. 10.
There are two good impressions of another cordate leaf,
which, instead of the smooth lamina of the preceding, have
the surface densely and equally covered with pores invi-
sible to the naked eye, and which may have been produced
by a close, stiffish pubescence. The outline of the leaf
has been exactly cordate with a short acuminated point,
and the base not so full as the preceding, but rather
reniform. The point has a perfectly even edge, and the
basal lobes are also quite entire; but the rest of the mar-
gin, of which only a small part is quite complete, seems to
have been undulated, the projections not amounting to
teeth. A straight, tapering mid-rib gives off about seven
lateral branches or. each side, at an angle of about 45°, not
exactly opposite, but so approximated as to form pairs. The
lowest pair rise more nearly opposite, but are not so much
more conspicuous than the others as to give a triple-ribbed
appearance to the leaf. Some of the lateral branches fork
near their tips; they are all joined by transverse veins
similar to those of the preceding species, and the intervals
are filled up by less obvious reticulations. The lower
pair of lateral branches send ramifications downwards to
the basal lobes stronger than the ordinary connecting veins.
This leaf is about five inches in length, and of equal or su-
perior breadth. A small part of the footstalk only remains.
No: 11:
Another impression of a pennately-veined leaf presents
a distinctive character in the fine acute reticulating veins,
which are prominent in the cast of the under as well as
of the upper surface of the leaf. The areole are flat,
but traversed also by minute winding prominent veinlets,
the ultimate reticulations being very minute. In the
general character of the principal veins, this species strongly
resembles No. 10. Of the outline, not much can be said,
414 EXPLANATION OF PLATES I. AND II.
as only the lower half of the cast remains. About an inch
and a half of broad footstalk is met very acutely by the
cordate base of the lamina. The margin is cut by rather
large and somewhat remote acute serratures, the first of
which is about three quarters of an inch from the foot-
stalk, The under side of each tooth of the serrature slopes
gradually down to meet the much shorter upper side of
the next tooth, which stands out horizontally. Each tooth
is traversed by a vein of the third order, which ends in the
acute point. From the fragments we may estimate the
length of this leaf at five inches, and the breadth at three.
I forbear describing other fragments, which probably
represent the upper end of this leaf, as there are some
differences in the surfaces of the casts.
INo: 12:
A very sharp cast occurs among the others of the upper
part of a leaf, which in the acuteness of the veins and their
form resembles T%lia europea, while in its general outline
and rugose surface (but not in its margin) it is similar to
some of the lower leaves of Corylus avellana. The veins
meet the mid-rib in pairs, or alternately; the lower ones
are nearly straight, the upper pairs are segments of a cor-
date curve, concave upwards. ‘The veins of the next order
pass directly between the branches in a straight line, or
with a few anastomoses, and the ultimate reticulations are
minute. The lamina is prominent above, from the tight-
ness of the principal and secondary veins, and the cast of
the upper surface shows also the prominence of the minute
netting, corresponding of course to furrows in the original
leaf, so close as to give it a somewhat woolly appearance
to the naked eye. The cast of the under surface is convex
where that of the upper one is hollow, shows the ultimate
ramifications of the veins less distinctly, and is irregularly
dotted by punctures visible by aid of a lens, and which
probably had their origin in a stiff and scattered pubes-
EXPLANATION OF PLATES I. AND IIL. 415
eence. The axils of the veins do not appear to have been
woolly. No punctures are perceptible on the cast of the
upper surface. The general contour of the end of' the leaf
is very obtuse, and as the central tooth which ought to
form the apex is broken away, we cannot determine whether
it was prolonged into an acuminated point or not. The
existing portion of the margin is tooth-crenated, the teeth
being comparatively large and obtuse, with a minute point
formed by the end of the vein which traverses each of
them. A tooth corresponds to every vein that proceeds
from the mid-rib, and the sinuses between are wide, shallow
curves.
A second east, which seems to be of the same kind of
leaf, shews the apex rounded, without other projections
than the wide and not very prominent teeth.
No, 13.
In contact with the apex of this leaf, and partly hidden
by it, there is the cast of a slender seven or eight-ribbed
fruitstalk with the upper part broken away. Globular
depressions are situated alternately on the sides of this
fruitstalk and in contact with it. They might have been
produced by sessile woolly fruits of the same form with
those of Zila europea, and about half the size, or by little
tufts of withered flowers on an interrupted spike like that
of the male florets of Castanea vesca, but each tuft con-
fined to one side of the fruitstalk, and not, as in Castanea,
verticillate. The exactly giobular form of the cavities
seems to be more accordant with the casts of a fruit, while
their rough interior must have been produced by pubes-
cence or some other inequality of surface.
No. 14.
A rugose leaf differing from No. 12.; has pointed teeth,
but the impressions are very imperfect.
VOL. If. EE
416 EXPLANATION OF PLATES I. AND It.
INO. 15:
There are two casts of a lanceolate penninerved leaf
having the aspect of a leaf of one of the Rhamnee. In
the outline of the lamina, and the nervation, they closely
resemble a leaf of the common Alaternus, with the excep-
tion of being only slightly crenated instead of serrated.
The greatest breadth is a little below the middle, and the
base is somewhat fuller than the apex, which is acute.
The impressions are an inch anda half long. There is a
fulness scarcely amounting to wrinkling, of the minor
meshes.
No. 16.
Is the lower half of an oval leaf resembling that of a
willow, with a margin entire, or indented only by small
pits, which are probably the casts of minute marginal
glands. The base is obtuse, the apex unknown, and the
Jamina flat and smooth, with a very slight prominence of
the principal veins. The transverse diameter is half an
inch.
There are also various fragments of impressions of
ribbed grasses or carices.
The group of plants seems to be such as one would
expect to flourish in the climate of Canada West, and
belongs perhaps to the meiocene epoch.
EE es
417
POS? SORE YT.
THE preparation of the illustrations, and other circum~
stances, having retarded the publication of these volumes
for some months after the letterpress was ready, the
delay has enabled us to learn the result of the last year’s
search for the lost Expedition. The first traces of the
missing ships, discovered on the south side of Beechey
Island and on Cape Riley, as mentioned in vol 11. p. 155.,
were followed up by the discovery of seven hundred empty
meat-tins, and other remains, which furnish undoubted
proof of Franklin’s ships having wintered, in 1845-6, on
the inside of the above-named Island. The tombs of three
men, with headboards bearing their names and the dates
of their deaths, were erected on the east side of the Island,
not far from the site of the armourer’s forge, an observatory
or store-house, and other enclosures opposite to the an-
chorage. One of these men belonged to the “ Terror,”
and two to the “Erebus,” which is sufficient evidence of
the presence of both ships; and the latest death supplies us
with the date of 3rd April, 1846. The mortality does not
exceed that of previous expeditions; and we may therefore
conclude, that the Expedition was in highly effective order
when it left that anchorage, with only a moderate inroad
into its stock of preserved meats, the seven hundred empty
tins found on the island forming but a small proportion of
the 24,000 canisters with which the ships were supplied.
Captain Penny and his officers, who examined Beechey
EE 2
a
418 POSTSCRIPT,
Island and the neighbourhood very carefully and minutely,
believe that the Expedition did not quit its winter anchor-
age till the end of August or beginning of September, 1846,
founding their opinion mainly on the lateness at which the
ice breaks up; that much of the summer was passed there,
they consider as proved by the deep sledge ruts in the
shingle, which must have been made after the snow had
partially disappeared, and by small patches of garden
ground bordered with purple saxifrage, and planted in
compartments with the native plants.
It is also the opinion of several officers of the searching
party that Franklin’s ships left their wintering station sud-
denly. The reasons assigned for this belief are, that
several articles which might have been useful were left
behind, and that at a look-out or fowling station, on Cape
Spencer, a long day’s journey from the anchorage, the lines
for securing the covering of acircular enclosure, formed by
a low wall of stones, had been cut, instead of having been
deliberately untied, when the covering was removed, leay-
ing the ends of line attached to the stones. The absence
also of any memorandum of past efforts or future inten-
tions, either at the stone cairn erected on the south side
of Beechey Island, at the pile of canisters, or in the neigh-
bourhood of the kitchen, forge, and other marked lo-
ealities opposite the anchorage, is thought by some to be
an indication of the sudden departure of the Expedition.
The value of the articles left behind is too trifling to sup-
port such an inference* and the absence of the diligently-
* These were an armourer’s wooden stand, used when laid on its side
for the support of an anvil, and when standing on its end for the in-
sertion of a vice ; several coal bags, two of them containing coal dust
mixed with a small proportion of small cinders and ashes, some pieces
of rope, and scraps of old canvass, and a small piece of oaken fire wood,
besides many fragments of worn clothing utterly worthless. An iron
stove that had been made on board ship was also found at a fowling
POSTSCRIPT. 419
searched for memorandum does not seem to be sufficiently
accounted for by such a supposition. The time required
for calling in the parties from Cape Spencer, Caswall’s
Tower in Radstock Bay, and other points where they have
been traced, and for embarking the instruments and utensils
from the observatories and kitchen, might have sufficed for
the planting of a copper cylinder or bottle, with a memo-
randum. That the ships drifted out unexpectedly ina floe
of ice is not considered by the nautical men who have ex-
amined the anchorage to be possible. The north point of
Beechey Island being connected to North Devon by a
shingle beach, covered by only two or three feet of water,
no pressure of ice can operate on the harbour from that
direction so as to drive out vessels by the south-eastern
and only navigable entrance, and it is almost certain that
Franklin’s ships must have made their exit by the tedious
and laborious operation of sawing out.
The absence of a memorandum at the wintering station
is remarkable, and, in my opinion, wholly unexplained by
any suggestion that has hitherto been given by the many
writers who have made their opinions known, through the
medium of the periodical press. From Sir John Franklin’s
well-known anxiety to act up to the tenor of his instruc-
tions, combined with the expressed desire of the Admiralty,
that he should embrace every opportunity of forwarding
station near the east corner of the island, but it is stated to have been
not worth carrying on board. The bird’s bones remaining in the vicinity
of the stone enclosure on Cape Spencer show that the sportsmen en-
camped there had been tolerably successful ; and much small shot was
found scattered among the stones with which the enclosure was paved.
In the interstices of the stone wall there were many pieces of news-
papers, also two bits of paper of much interest to the friends of two
of the missing officers —one being inscribed with the name of Mr.
M‘Donald the surgeon ; the other containing part of a memorandum
in the handwriting of Captain Fitzjames, giving directions as to the
times of recording certain meteorological observations.
420 POSTSCRIPT.
accounts of the progress of the Expedition to England,
I should have thought that he would certainly have left
a record of his doings at a winter station, which he knew to
be within reach of the whalers, before he commenced ‘his
voyage of the second season, in the hope of penetrating
either to the south-west or northward, where he knew there
would be little or no chance of finding a channel of com-
munication, unless he succeeded in overcoming all obstacles,
and pushing his way through that archipelago, which has
hitherto proved a barrier to successive expeditions. And
should he, as some suppose, but contrary as I think to all
likelihood, have cut his way out of Beechey Harbour
merely to turn his face to England, still I think he would
have left some authentic record on the spot, mentioning
his labours, and the cause of his return.
As there are no natives on the north side of Lancaster
Strait to disturb any memorial or flag-post that may be
erected, Sir John Franklin would probably not think it
necessary to bury the copper cylinder or bottle containing
his memorandum, but would rather suspend it in the most
conspicuous way he could devise. Now, I have learnt, by
experience, that the wolverene * will ascend trees to cut
down a package hung to a branch; and that bears have
similar habits was fully ascertained by Captain Austin’s
sledge parties. A depdt formed by Lieutenant M‘Clintock
on Griffith Island was entirely eaten by bears, the tin
cases proving to be but a poor defence against the tusks
of these omnivorous animals, who expressed their approval
of preserved potatoes by the way in which they cleared
out the canisters. That they would relish the pemican
which was part of their spoil, might have been predicted.
They did not respect even the sign-post, but overthrew it,
* The wolverene inhabits the islands north of Lancaster Strait, and
its recent footmarks were often seen by Lieutenant M‘Clintock.
POSTSCRIPT. AQ1
and bit off the end of the metal cylinder containing the
record.
The want of this memorial leaves us totally in the dark
as to Franklin’s intended course, which would in all proba-
bility have been decided upon before he left the harbour;
for, from his position, he had the means of ascertaining the
state of the ice both in Barrow’s Strait, and in Wellington
Channel. Ifthe former was open, his course would be to
Cape Walker and the south-west, agreeable to his instruc-
tions; but if Barrow’s Strait was closed, as he had found
it to be the preceding year, and Wellington Channel open,
then he would gladly follow the latter, which one at least
of his intelligent officers considered to be the most pro-
mising route of all, and which the spirit of his instructions
permitted him to take, if shut out from the west or south-
west.
The well-planned and thoroughly organised travelling
patties of the searching squadron, though they traced with
extraordinary perseverance extensive portions of insular
coast, failed in detecting any further decisive vestiges of
Franklin’s course. Captain Austin’s two ships, with their
tenders, wintered at the south-west end of Cornwallis
Island, under the shelter of Griffith Island. From thence
Lieutenant M*‘Clintock, who made the longest journey
of all the pedestrian parties, setting out in spring, rounded
the west end of Melville Island in longitude 114° W., and,
passing over the extreme discoveries of Sir W. Edward
Parry, saw distant land extending beyond the 116th
meridian. The intermediate passages and bays were ex-
plored by Lieutenant Aldrich, Mr. Bradford, and Mr.
M‘Dougall. On the south side of Barrow’s Strait, Cape
Walker, and the adjoining coasts, were traced by Captain
Ommaney and Lieutenants Osborne, Meecham, and
Browne; Lieutenant Osborne haying carried his re-
422 POSTSCRIPT.
searches nearly to the 72d parallel on the 104th meridian.
This was the most southerly point attained. It lies within
180 miles of the south shore of Victoria land, and is perhaps
part of the same island. Throughout the whole of the
great extent of coast-line closely examined by these
officers, on both sides of the strait, no traces whatever of
Sir John Franklin’s ships were discovered, though Lieu-
tenant M‘Clintock found the wheels of a cart used by
Sir W. E. Parry in 1820, and other traces of that officer’s
travelling parties. The signal posts planted by the latter
were thrown down by wind or animals.
Captains Penny and Stewart in the Lady Franklin
and Sophia, wintered in Assistance Harbour, in company
with Rear-Admiral Sir John Ross, of the Felix. The
spring journeys of the two former, and of their officers,
were directed to the examination of Wellington Sound.
Captain Stewart and Dr. Sutherland explored the west and
north sides of this inlet, their most northern points being
in latitude 76° 24’ N. Messrs. Goodsir and Marshall
traced its south and west sides to the 99th meridian; and
both parties, from their most westerly stations, saw a navi-
gable sea extending northward and westward, to the ut-
most limits of their vision. Wellington Strait, closed to the
eastward and northward, opens into this westerly passage
by three channels, separated from one another by Baillie
Hamilton’s and Deans Dundas Islands. Baring’s Island
lies more to the westward, opposite the middle channel. Its
shores, and those of the two other principal islands, were ex-
amined by Captain Penny, who crossed over to the point
of Sir Robert Inglis Bay on the northern shore, which has
been named Albert Land; and from whence he had the
melancholy prospect of boundless open water, which he
had not the means of navigating. A boat was trans-
ported over the ice towards it with much labour; but, the
POSTSCRIPT. 423
provisions of the crew running short, it was abandoned.
Mr. Goodsir found a spar of American spruce, untrimmed,
with its bark worn off, and broken at both ends, twelve feet
long, and as thick as a man’s ankle, on the shore facing the
open water; also many smaller pieces of the same kind of
drift wood, while none was picked up by Captain Stewart
in Wellington Sound. From this fact these officers
inferred, that the drift wood had come from the west-
ward. The currents or tides among the islands at the
western outlet of Wellington Strait, were at times, ac-
cording to Captain Penny’s judgment, not less than four
knots ; and the general opinion of his officers was that the
principal set of the stream came from the westward, and
the prevailing winds from the north-west.
Animal life was abundant in the open water, and on its
coasts. Walruses were seen repeatedly in the several
channels, north and south of Baillie Hamilton’s Island;
and polar bears were numerous and bold, so as to be
dangerous to parties not well armed. Several of the bears
were killed, and one of them contained an entire seal in
its stomach, the practice of these voracious animals being
to swallow their prey without mastication when it is not
too large to pass their gullets. The walrus cannot exist
except when it has access to open water; nor is the polar
bear usually found at a distance from it, except in its
passage from one sheet of water to another. The travellers
also saw polar hares, wolves, foxes, herds of rein-deer,
vast flocks of king and eider ducks, brent geese, and many
gulls and other water-fowl of less utility to man. Musk
oxen were seen only on Melville Island, where Lieutenant
M‘Clintock killed four, and might have procured more had
he wished to do so.
On the 5th of September, 1850, a floe of ice at least two
years old, and upwards of thirty miles in width, filled the
VOL. Il. FF
424 POSTSCRIPT.
lower part of Wellington Strait, and remained fast, though
diminished in breadth, when last visited on the 24th of
July, 1851. Captain Penny is of opinion that open water
existed beyond it all the winter.
With respect to traces of Sir John Franklin’s Expedition,
beyond Cape Spencer none whatever were observed by
Captain Penny’s travelling parties, except a small piece of
drift wood, which had been recently charred, and had been
exposed to little or no friction subsequent to the operation
of fire.* This was found by Mr. Goodsir in Disappoint-
ment Bay, in latitude 75° 36’ N., longitude 96° W.; and
I consider it to be certainly a relic of Sir John Franklin’s
Expedition, as these coasts are not now visited by natives,
and this piece of charred wood could not have been water-
borne from any great distance. It must have travelled,
however, some short way subsequent to its having been
exposed to the action of fire; for if it had been the remains
of a fire kindled on the spot, other fragments of charcoal
would have been found lying beside it. Franklin would,
undoubtedly, during the spring passed in Beechey Bay,
send out a party up Wellington Sound, as he would never
let the opportunity escape of examining, as far as he was
able to do, a route that might influence his future move-
ments; and as the course to the westward within the reach
of pedestrian parties was known, the resources of the two
ships would be turned to the undiscovered way, commen-
cing in their vicinity. That such exploring party went
beyond the limits of Captain Penny’s researches, I infer
* A piece of elm board that had been originally coated on one side
with mineral pitch or tar, and after long exposure to the weather
split by an axe, was too much weathered even on the most recent
surface to come within the date of Sir John Franklin’s Expedition.
Tt was found on Baillie Hamilton’s Island, and must have drifted a
very long way.
POSTSCRIPT. 425
from neither post nor cairn marking the limit of its journey
haying been seen. If the same expanse of open water was
visible, in 1846, from Baillie Hamilton’s Island, which
Captain Penny saw in 1851, we may readily conceive
the efforts that would be made to carry the Erebus and
Terror into it by any practicable extent of ice sawing,
particularly if Barrow’s Strait remained closed. The age
of a floe of ice filling a strait does not indicate with cer-
tainty the length of time that the strait has been blocked
up, for drift ice, loaded with the remains of several years’
snow, may be carried into a narrow passage, so as to shut
it up, and as suddenly removed again on a favourable
concurrence of winds and tides. One navigator, there-
fore, may be able to sail, as Sir W. E. Parry did, nearly
quite through that northern archipelago in one season,
while his successors may find impassable barriers thrown
across the path which he pursued, and new avenues opened.
It would be unsafe, therefore, to argue that Wellington
Strait is always closed, because it was choked by a floe of
some age in 1859 and 1851.
By the efforts of the searching parties, which have just
returned, combined with those of preceding years, all the
accessible parts of the continental coast of America have
been explored, and both sides of Barrow’s Strait, to the
further side of Melville Island, and the land beyond Cape
Walker. Land has also been traced, though only by dis-
tant view, round the bottom of Jones’s Sound. ‘This has
narrowed the lines of search to two distinct points— that
is, to the south west of Cape Walker, which, from its being
the direction in which Sir John was instructed to go, seemed
to be especially the one in which he was to be sought; and
the newly-found channel opening out to the westward from
Wellington Strait. It is greatly to be desired that this one
may be pursued by new efforts.
426 POSTSCRIPT.
Mr. Rae, in April last,was on the eve of setting out from
Great Bear Lake, in the hope of crossing on the ice to Victoria
Land, and of continuing his search in a boat as soon as the
navigation opened. Though hemay not actually attain Lieu-
tenant Osborn’s furthest, he may, under favourable circum-
stances, approach so near to the scene of that officer’s search,
or of Lieutenant M‘Clintock’s, as to prove, should he find
no traces of the ships, that the intervening space is too con-
fined for the seclusion of living men. Captain M‘Clure, who
passed to the eastward of Point Barrow last season, if he
found the sea as open as the more sanguine believe it to be,
may have reached the west side of Parry’s Archipelago, and
have spent the winter not far from the supposed outlet of
Victoria Channel; and this season Captain Collinson may be
sailing eastward in the same direction. It is from Beering’s
Straits, then, that we are next to look for tidings of great
interest to the civilised world, which sympathises so univer-
sally with the efforts made to trace and relieve so many
gallant victims to science.*
20 October, 1851.
* With reference to Sir John Ross’s pigeons, mentioned in a note
on page 157. of Vol. IL., it appears that he despatched the youngest
pair on the 6th or 7th of October, 1850, in a basket suspended to a
balloon, during a W.N.W. gale. By the contrivance of a slow-match
the birds were to be liberated at the end of twenty-four hours.
THE END.
LonpDON:
SPOTTISWOODES AND SHAw,
New-Street-Square.
~~
£0
fait
4