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UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH

Uarlington iVlemorial Jjibrary

ARCTIC ZOOLOGY.

VOL. ir.

C L A S S n. BIRDS.

P1*ED DTJCK , .V4««

LONDON:

PRINTED BY HENRY HUGH

M.DCC.LXXXr,

C L A S S IL BIRDS,

B b 2

i?8

CLASS 11. BIRDS.

D I V. I. LAND BIRDS.

II. WATER BIRDS.

© I V, I. ORDER I. Rapacioits.

Genus.

I. T TULTURE.

II. V Falcon.
III. Owl.

II. P I E S.

IV". Shrike.
V. Parrot.
VI. Crow.
* Roller.
VII. Oriole.
VIII. Grakle.
IX. Cuckoo.
Wryneck.

X. WOODPECKSR.

XI. Kingfisher.
XII. Nuthatch.
XIII. Tody.
Hoopoe.

The Genoa which have not the number prefixed, are not found in America.

XIV. Creepej

Genus.

XIV. Creeper.
XV. Honey Sucker.

III. GALLINACEOUS.

XVI. Turkey.
XVII. Grous.
XVIII. Partridge.
XIX. Bustard.

IV. COLUMBINE.

XX. Pigeon.

V. P A S S E R R I N E.

XXI. Stare.
XXII. Thrush.

XXIII. Chatterer.

XXIV. Grosbeak.
XXV. Bunting.

XXVI. Tanagre.
XXVII. Finch.
XXVIII. Flycatcher.
XXIX. Lark.

Wagtail.
XXX. Warblers.
XXXI. Titmouse.
XXXII. Swallow.
XXXIII. Goatsucker.

D I V. 11. WATER BIRDS.

VI. CLOVEN-FOOTED.

XXXIV. Spoonbill.
' XXXV. Heron.

XXXVL Ibis.

x^o

Genus.
XXXVI. Ibis.

XXXVII. CURLETV%

XXXVIII. Snipe.
XXXIX. Sandpiper.
XL. Plover.
XLI. Oyster-Catcher.
XLII. Rail.
XLIIL Gallinule.

VII. PINNATED FEET,

XLIV. Phalaropk.
XLV. Coot.
XLVI. Grebe.

VIII. W E B - F O O T E D.

XL VII. AvosET.
XLVIII. Flammant.
XLIX. Albatross.
L. Auk.
LI. Guillemot.
LII. Diver.
LIII. Skimmer.
LIV. Tern.
LV. Gull.
LVI. Petrel.
LVII. Merganser.
LVIII. Duck.
• LIX. Pelecan.

CLASS

CARRION VULTURE.

19c

C L A S S II. BIRDS.

D I V. I. LAND BIRDS.
ORDER L Rapacious.

I. VULTURE, Gen. Birds 1.

Urubu, AuraTzopilotl, Muxic. Margrave, 207, ZQ^.'—fViL Or/i. 63. — Rait Sja.

Av. 180. ' .

Carrion Crow, S/oane Jam. ii, 294., — Broivn Jam, j^jli -
Corvus Sylvaticus, Barrere, 129.
Gallinazo, Vlloa 'voy. i. 60. 201.
Turkey Buzzard, Jqfelyn. — Laivfon, 13?, — Catejby, i. 6. — Bancroft, 152. — Du

Pratz, ii. 77.
Vultur Aura, Lin. Syfi. izz.—De Buffon, i. 175.— P/. Enl. N" 187.
Le Vautour du Brafil, Brijon, i. 46S. — Latham, i. 9. N''5.— Lev. Mus.

5, Carrios,

"EIGHT four pounds and an half. Head fmall, covered with Descriptism.
a naked wrinkled red fl<.in, befet with black briftles. This
gives it feme refemblance to a Turkey j from which it derives one of
the names. The noftrils are very large, and pervious : the whole
plumage is duil-cy, dalhed with purple and green : legs of a dirty flefh--
color : claws black.

Thefe birds are common from Nova Scotia to Terra del Fuego -, but Place-

fwarm in the hotter parts of America ; and are found in the iflands,
where they are faid to be far inferior in fize to thofe of North Ame-
rica.

In the warm climates they keep in vail flocks. Perch at night on MANNiRe.
rocks or trees j fitting with dilhe veiled wings to purify their bodies,
1 which

ipa C A R R I O N V U L T U R S.

which are mofl: ofFenfively fetid. Towards morning they take flight,
fearing at a vaft height, with the gentle motion of a kite ; expefting
notice of their banquet by the tainted effluvia of carrion, excrements,
or any filth. They have moft fagacious noftrils, and fmell their prey
at a vaft diftance; to which they refort from all quarters, wheeling
about, and making a gradual defcent till they reach the ground.
They do not confine themfelves to dead animals, but feed on Snakes^^
and fometimes on Lambs. They are very tame, and, while they are at
their meals, will fuffer a very near approach.

In the torrid zone, particularly about Carthagena, they haunt in-
habited places, and are feen in numbers fitting on the roofs of the
houfes, or walking along the ftreets with a (luggifh pace. In thofe
parts they are ufeful, as the Ibis in Egypty devouring the noifome
fubjefts, which would otherwife, by the intolerable ftench, render the
climate ftill more unwholefome than it is.

When thefe birds find no food in the cities, they are driven by
hunger among the cattle of the neighboring paftures. If they fee
a beaft with a fore on the back, they inftantly alight on it, and at-
tack the part affefted. The poor animal attempts in vain to free
itfelf from the devourers, rolling on the ground with hideous cries :
but in vain ; for the Vultures never quit hold, till they have efi^ected
its deftruclion. Sometimes an Eagle prefides at the banquet, and
keeps thefe cowardly birds at a diftance, until it has finiftied its re-
paft.
t^*«S' Mifchievous as they are in a few inftances, yet, by the wife and

beneficent difpenflxtions of Providence, they make in the hot climates
- f Liil recompence, by leffening the number of thofe deftruftive ani-
mals the Alligators, which would otherwife become intolerable by
their multitudes. During the feafon in which thefe reptiles lay,
their eggs in the fand, the Vultiires will fit hid in the leaves of the
trees, watching the coming of the female Alligator to depofit its
eggs, who then covers them v/ith fand, to fecure them, as fhe ima-
gines, from all danger : but no fooner does fhe retire into the water,

than.

CARRION VULTURE.

than the birds dart on the fpot, and with claws, wings, and beak,
tear away the fand, and devour the whole contents of the depofitory.
No birds of this genus are found in northern regions of Europe
or /^fia, at left in thofe latitudes which might give them a pretence
of appearing here. I cannot find them in our quarter of the globe
higher than the Grijon Alps *, or Silefta f ; or at fartheft Kalijhy in
Great Poland"^. Certainly the Count De Buffon was mifinformed as to
the habitation of the fpecies, which he afcribes to Norway ||. In the
Ruffian dominions, the Bearded Vulture of Mr. Edwards, iii. tab. io6.
breeds on the high rocks of the great Altaic chain, and beyond lake
Baikal^; which may give it in Europe a latitude of 52. 20. in
Aft a of 55. ^^ — • \ ,f

* Wil. Orn. 67. f Schiuencltfeldt am. Silejia, 375. J Rxaczynjii, Jiifit

Nat. Pokn. 298. II HiJlD'Oif. i. 164. PI Enl. 449.

§ Dr. Pallas's Catalogue of the Birds of the RuJJian empire, which he favored me,
with in MS. my fureft clue to the Jriiic birds.

19:

C c II. FALCON,

194 S E A E A G L E.

11. F A L C O N, Gen. Birds II.

IO.A.SeaEagls. ^r. ZW. i. N° 44.

Falco Offifragus, Lin, Syfi. \2i,.~'Latham, i. 30. — PI. Enl. 12. 415.
-Grey Eagle, Laiv/on, 137.
Land Oern, Leems, 230.
L'Orfraie, De Buffon, i. 112. pi. 3. — Lev, Mus.

V^

'ARIES a little from the Britlfi fpecies, and is much fuperior
in fize. The length three feet three inches j of wing, twenty-
five inches.

Feathers on head, neck, and back, brown, edged with dirty white :
chin white : breaft and belly brown, fpotted with white : coverts of
wings brown, clouded ; primaries black : tail dufky ; the middle
mottled with white : legs feathered half down.
TuKCi. Very common in the northern parts o( America, and endures its

feverefl winters, even as high as Newfoundland. Thefe birds prey on
fea fowls, as well as land, and on young Seals, which they feize
floating, and carry out of the water.

Eagles, and all forts of birds of prey, abound in Ainerica, where
fuch quantity of game is found. Multitudes are always feen below
the falls of Niagara, invited by the carcafes of Deer, Bears, and
other animals, which are fo frequently hurried down in attempting
to crofs the river above this ftupendous cataracV.

This fpecies is very frequent in Kamtfchatka -, and is found during
fummer even on the Ardlic coafl: : is very common in RuJJia and Si~
Mria ; nor is it more rare about the Cajpian fea, where they breed
on the loftieft trees.

£1:. Zooi.

B L A C K E A G L E. 155

5a Zot/. i. N" 43. 87. Black Eagls.

Falco Fulvus, Lin. SjJ}. 125. — Latham, i. 32, N" 6.

White-tailed Eagle, Ediv. i. i. — Lev. Mus.

L'Aigle ccmmun, De Buffln, i. S6, — PL EnL 409. — Lev. Mus.

'T^H E whole plumage is of a duH^y-brown : the bread: marked with
triangular fpot-s of white ; in vdiich it varies from the BritiJIj
kind : the tail white, tipt with black ; but in young birds dufky,
blotched with white : legs covered to the toes with foft ruft-colored
feathers : vent feathers of the fame color.

Inhabits //«^o«V 5^_y, and northern Europe OlS (iv s.^ Drontheim*. Place,

Is found on the higheft rocks of the Uralian chain, where it is
not covered with wood j ; but is mod frequent on the Sibirian,
■where it makes, its neft on the loftiefc rocks. It is rather inferior in
fize to the former ; but is a generous, fpirited, and docile bird. The
independent Tartars train it for the chace of Hares, Foxes, Ante-
lopes, and even Wolves. The ufe is of confiderable antiquity j for
Marco Polo, the great traveller of 1269, obferved and admired the
diverfibn of the great Cham of Tartary ; who had feveral Eagles,
which were applied to the fame purpofes as they are at prefentij:. I
muft add, that the Tartars efteem the feathers of the tail as the beft "
they have for pluming their arrows.

The Kahnucs ufe, befides this fpecies of Eagle, that which the
French call Jean le Blanc y, and alfo the Lanner ; all which breed
among them: but people of rank, who are curious in their Falcons,
procure from the Bafchkiria-ns the Gyrfalcon and the Peregrinci
which inhabit the lofty mountains of the country §.

* Efpecially in the winter, Leemi, 2^'^. f Dr. P^xUas. % M. Polo, in Pur- ' '

chat, iii. 85. in Bergeron, 74. || De Buffon.

§ ExtraSls, III. i^o'^. A name by which I quote an abridgement of the trarels
of Pallas, Gmelin, Lepechin, and others, publifhed by the Societe Type-
GRAPHiQUE, 3.t Birne, under the title of Histoire des Decouvertes, faites par 1.

divers favans voyageurs dans plufieurs contrees de la Ruj/ie ec de la Per/e, 4 vols. 8vo.

C C 2 F. With

i^S BLACK-CHEEKED, AND WHITE-HEADED EAGLE.

88. Black- T? With a dufky and blue bill ; yellow cere : head, neck, and
csietKED Eagle. * breaft, of a deep afli-color : each cheek marked with a broad
black bar paffing from the corner of the mouth beyond the eyes :
back, belly, wings, and tail, black : legs yellow, feathered below
the knees.
Sizt, AND Place. ^s about the fize of the laft. Communicated to me by the late Tay-
lor White, Efq; who informed me that it came from Norlh America. Is
defcribed by Mr. Latham, i. 35, N" 10 ; and feems to be the fpecies
engraven by M. Robert, among the birds in the menagery of
Louis XIY,

80. White- Faico Leucocephalus, £/«. Sjy?. 124.

HEADED Eagle. Bald Eagle, Lwwfon, 137. — Catejhy,'\. \*, Brkkell, 173. — Latham, i. 29.— Lev,

Mus.
Le Pygargue a tete blanche, Bt Buffon, i, 99. — Tl, Eiil. 411. — Lev. Mus.

TJI LL, cere, and {&tx, pale yellow : head, neck, and tail, of a pure
white : body and wings of a chocolate-color. It does not ac-
quire its white head till the fecond year.

This Eagle is leffcr than the foregoing fpecies, but of great fpirit :
Ma NITERS. preys on Fawns, Pigs, Lambs, and fifh : is the terror of the Ofprey,
whofe motions it watches. The moment the latter has feized a fifh,
the former purfues till the Ofprey drops its prey ; which, with
amazing dexterity, it catches before it falls to the ground, be the
diftance ever fo great. This is matter of great amufement to the
inhabitants o{ North America, who often watch their aerial contefls.
This fpecies frequently attends the fportfman, and fnatches up the
game he has fhot, before he can reach it.

Thefe birds build in vaft decayed cyprefTes f , or pines, impending
over the fea, or fome great river, in company with Ofpreys, Herons,
and other birds ; and their nefts are fo numerous, as to refemble a
rookery. The nefbs are very large, and very fetid by reafon of

* Le Pygargue a tetc blanche, Vt Buffan, i. 99. PL Enl. 41 1. t Catejbj,

% the

W H I T E E A G L E. 197

tlie reliques of their prey. Law/on fays, they breed very often, lay-
ing again under their callow young ; whofe warmth hatches the eggs.
In Bering's, ifle they make their nells on the cliffs, near fix feet wide,
and one thick ; and lay two eggs in the beginning of July.

'X'HIS moft beautiful and fcarce fpecies is entirely white, except 93- White

the tips of the wings, which are black. We know nothing of
this bird, but what is colle6ted from Du Pratz *. The natives of
Louiftana fee a high value on the featliers, and give a large price for
thofe of the wings j with them they adorn the Calumet, or pipe
of peace. Different nations make ufe of the wings, or feathers of
different birds ; but, according to Hennepin^ always decorate it with
the moft beautiful.

The Calumet is an inftrument of the firfr importance among the CalumhTo
Americans. It is nothing more than a pipC) whofe bowl is generally
made of a foft red marble f : the tube of a very long reed, orna-
mented with the wings and feathers of birds. No affair of confe-
quence is tranfafted without the Calumet. It ever appears in meet-
ings of commerce, or exchanges ; in congreffes for determining of
peace or war ; and even in the very fury of a battle. The accept-
ance of the Calumet is a mark of concurrence with the terms pro-
pofed ; as the refufal is a certain mark of rejeftion. Even in the
rage of a conflicft this pipe is fometimes offered ; and if accepted, the
weapons of deftruftion inftantly drop H-om their hands, and a truce
enfues. It feems the facrament of the Savages -, for no compadl is
ever violated, which is confirmed by a whiff from this holy reed.
The Dance of the Calumet is a folemn rite which always confirms a
peace, or precedes a war. It is divided into three parts : the firft,
appears an aft of devotion, danced in meafured time : the fecond,
is a true reprefentation of the Pyrrhic dance J : the third, is
attended with fongs expreffive of the viftories they had obtained,
the nations they had conquered, and the captives they had made.

• Z)« Pra/a, ii. 75. Latham, \. i(>. f Du Pratz, i. 2qS. Ka!m, ill 2^0,

t Strabo, lib. x. p. 736. edxi. /imjiel. 1707.

From

19* W H 1 T E E A G L E.

r'r«m the winged ornaments of the Calumet, and its conciliat-
ing ufes, writers compare it to the Caduceus of Mercury, which was
carried by the Caduceatores, or meflengers of peace, with terms ta the
hoftile Itates. It is fingular, that the moft remote nations, and the
mod oppofite in their other cuftom.s and manners, fliould in fome
things have, as it v/ere, a certain confent of thought. The Greeks.
and x.h.t Americans had the fame idea, in the invention of the Caduceus
of the one, and the Calumet of tlie other. Some authors imagine,,
that among the Greeks the wings were meant as a fymbol of elo-
quence. I rather think that the twifted Serpents exprefTed that in-
finuating faculty ; and that the emblem was originally taken from the
fatal effe6t the rhetoric of Satan had on our great mother, when he
affiimed the form of that reptile, which the higheft authority repre-
fents as more Jubtile than any beaft of the field. On this the heathen
mythology formed their tale of y^pzV^r taking the figure of a Serpent,
to infmuate himfelf into the good graces of Olympas ; who, like Eve,
fell a viftim to. his perfuafive tongue. As to the wings, it is moft
probable that they were to fhew the flight of difcord ; which the re-
conciled parties gave, with all the horrors of war, to the air, and
fport of the winds.

The Oole, or Eagle,, is a facred bird among the Americans. la.
cafe of ficknefs, they invoke this bird to defcend from heaven (which
in its exalted flight it approaches nearer than any other) and bring
down refrefhing things ; as it can dart down on its rapid wing quick,
as a flafh of lightning *.

* Mar's Hijl, Jm, Indians, \ 79^

Kfcing

F

OSPREY, AND ROUGH -LEGGED FALCON. i9j

FilhmgHawk, Catejby, i. z.—Laixjfon, i^j.—Brickell, 173. 9'« OspRHif.

Ofprey, JoffelyiCs Rarities, ii. — Br. Zool. i. N° 46. — Latham, i. 45.

Le Balbuzard, Z)f Buffon, i. 103. pi. z.

Falco HalisEtus. Blafot. Filk-orn, Faun. Suec. N" 63,

FiCc Gjoe, Leems, 234. — P/. jfa/. 414. — Lev. Mus,

With blue cere, and feet : head, and lower part of the body,
white : upper part brown : two middle feathers of the tail
plain brown ; the reft barred with white and brown.

This, in all refpefts, refembles the European kind. Notwithftand- Mannurs.
ing it is fo perfecuted by the Bald Eagle, yet it always keeps near its
haunts. It is a fpecies of vaft quicknefs of fight ; and will fee a
fifh near the furface from a great diftance * : defcend with prodigi-
ous rapidity, and carry the prey with an exulting fcream high into
the air. The Eagle hears the note, and inftantly attacks the Ofprey ;
who drops the fifh, which the former catches before it can reach the
ground, or water. It fometimes happens that the Ofprey perifhes
in taking its prey ; for if it chances to fix its talons in an over-grown
fifh, it is drawn under water before it can difengage itfelf, and is
drowned.

It is very frequent in Kamtjchatka ; and in fummer, even under the Place;

Arctic zone of Europe and Jfia. Is very common in Sibiria, and
fpreads far north ; probably common to the north of America, and
Afia. Is rare in RuJJia. It is likewife very frequent as low on the
U^olga as the tra6l betv/een Syjran and Saratcff, where they are faid to '
be the fupport of the Er)i Eagle, as they are of the White-tailed
Eagle in America, each living by the labors of the Ofprey. The
Tartars have a fuperflition, that a wound from its claws is mortal,
either to man or fifli, and confequently dread its attack f .

• That agreeable traveller, the reverend Dr. Burnaly, adds, that it is often feea
reftlng on the wing for fome minutes, without any vifible change of place, before it
■defcends. Travels iti America, zd ed- p. 48.

t Exirads, i. 479.

Falco

300 S T. J O H N ' S FALCON.

jz. Rough- Falco Lagopus J9/a«»/V>&, N° 15. — Lems Lapm.216.

'■^(^■icD. Rough-legged. Falcon, Br. Zool. ii. Jpp. 529. — Latham, i. 75. — Lev. Mus.

F.

With a yellow cere, and feet : head, neck, and breaft, of a
yellowifh white, marked with a few oblong brown- Ipots : belly
of a deep brown : thighs white, ftriped with brown : fcapulars
blotched with yellowifh white and brown : coverts of the wings
edged with ruft-colorj primaries black: tail, little longer than the
wings; the part next to the rump white; the end marked with a
black bar ; the tips white : legs feathered to the toes : feet yellow.
Si2E. Length two feet two inches.

Place, Inhabits England^ Norway/, Lapmark, and North America. Was fliot

in Connecticut^

93, St. John's. Latham, i. 77, N" 58.

•r-\ With a fliort duflcy bill : head of a deep brown : hind part of.
■*■ • the neck, back, fcapulars, and coverts of the tail, marked with
bars of black, and dull. white, pointing obliquely : coverts of the
wings deep brown ; the greater fpotted on their inner fides with
white ; the primaries dufky, the lower part white, barred with deep
afh-color and black : the under fide of the body brown, marked
fparingly with white and yellowifli fpots : tail Ihorter than the ex-
tremity of the wings ; the end white ; beneath that is a bar of black,
fucceeded by two or three black and cinereous bands ; the refl: of
the tail marked with broad bars of white, and narrower of afli-color :
the legs are cloathed with feathers to the toes, which are yellow, and
very fliort.

Size. Length, one foot nine inches.

FvACE,. Inhabits HudJo;is Bay and Newfoundland. Bl. Mus.

Latham,

CHOCOLATE AND NEWFOUNDLAND FALCON. 201

Lati>am.us4- N" 34. A; 76. N= 57. 94- Chocolate

■" Ji » J/ COLORED.

T^ With a n-ioit and black bill, and yellow cere. The whole
plumage of a deep bay or chocolate-color, in parts tinged with
ferruginous : primaries black j the lower exterior fides of a pure
white, forming a confpicuous fpot or fpeculum : the wings reach to
the end of the tail : the exterior fides of the five outmoft feathers of
the tail, dufl<:y; their inner fides blotched with black and white; the
two middle, black and cinereous : the legs and toes feathered ; the
laft remarkably fhort. Length one foot ten inches.

Inhabits Hiidfcn's Bay and Newfomidlavd. Preys much on Ducks. Place.

Sits on a rock and watches their rifing, when it infl:antly flirikes at
them.

Latham, I, yg. N' 60. 95. Newkound-

(.AKD.

PP With a yellow cere : deep yellow irides : hind part of the
head ferruginous : crown, back, fcapulars, and coverts of
wings, brown, edged with a paler color : belly rufli-colored, blotched
with deeper fhades : thighs of a mottled afli, marked with round
dufi<y fpots, and on the lower parts with four large dark blotches :
the tail crofl^ed by four bars of deeper and lighter brown : legs yel»
low, ftrong, and feathered half way down. Length twenty inches.
The defcription borrowed from Mr. Latham.

Inhabits Newfoundland, Place.

D d Belon,

4fr2 SACRE. AND PEREGRINE FALCON.

96. Sacks. Behn, Uift. des Oif. \o%.—Buffon, i. 246.

Speckled Patridge Hawk oi HuJ/on's Bay, Phil. Tranf. Ixli. 383. — Latham, 1. 78.

N-s8,59.

T7 With a duflcy bill j upper mandible toothed : irides yellow :
cere and legs bluifh. Head, and upper part of the body, of a
du&y brown : hind part of the head mottled with white : whole un-
der fide of the body, from chin to vent, white ; the middle of each
feather marked with a duflcy fpot : wings reach almoft to the end of
the tail : coverts, icapulars, and primaries, of a deep brown, ele-
gantly barred tranfverfely with white : tail brown, marked on each
fide with oval tranfveric fpots of red : feathers on the thighs very-
long, brown fpotted with white : the fore part of the legs covered
with feathers almoft to the feet. Length two feet. Weight two
pounds and an half.
Place. Inhabits Hudfon's Bay and Newfoundland : found alfo in Tartary,

and is a fpecies celebrated there for the fport of falconry. It is a
hardy fpecies; for it never quits the rigorous climate oi Hud/on's
Bay. Preys on the white Grous, which it will feize even while the
fowler is driving them into his nets. It breeds in yipril and May,
in defert places. The young fly in the middle of June. The females
are faid to lay only two eggs.

Perecrinf. Br. Zoo!, i, N" j\.i. — Latham, i. 6S, N' 49 ; 73. N" ^2.

Spotted Hawk, or Falcon ; and Black Falcon, Ediu. i. 3, 4.
Le Faucon, De Buffon, i. 249. pi. 16. — Lev. Mus.

Tj' With a fhort ftrong bill, toothed on the upper mandible, of a

• bluifh color : cere yellow : irides hazel : forehead whitilh :

crown, and hind part of the head, dufky : the back, fcapulars, and

coverts of wings, elegantly baxred with deep blue and black : the

9 primaries

GENTILFALCON. wsj

primaries duflcy, with tranfverfe oval white fpots ; the throat, chin,
and breaft, of a pure white, the lafl: marked with a few duflcy lines
pointing down : the belly white, croffed v/ith numerous dufky bars,
pointed in the middle : legs yellow : toes very long.

The American fpecies is larger than the European. They are fub-
ieft to vary. The black Falcon, and the fpocted Falcon of Mr.
Edwards., are of this kind ; each preferve a fpecific mark, in the
black ftroke which drops from beneath the eyes, down towards the-
neck. The differences in the marks in the tail may pofiibly pro-
ceed from the different ages of the birds ; for few kinds differ lb
much in the feveral periods of life as the Rapacious.

Inhabits different parts ol North America, from Hudfoiis Bay as low Placs.

as Carolina. In Afia, is found on the highefl parts of the Uralian
and Sibirian chain. Wanders in fummer to the very Ardtic circle.
Is common in Kamtfchatka.

Gentil Falcon, Br. Zool. I. N" 50. gS. Gektil.

F. Gentilis. Falk. Faun. Suec. N'58. — Latham, i. 64. — Lev. Mus.

■r\ With a dud-iy bill : yellow cere, irides, and legs : head and
"•• * upper fide of the neck ferruginous, ftrealced with black : under
fide, from chin to tail, white, marked with dufl<.y heart-ffiaped fpots :
back, coverts of wings, and fcapulars, brown, edged with ruft-color:
primaries dufky, barred on the exterior fide with black : wings reach
only half the length of the tail : tail long, barred with four or five
broad bands of black cinereous ; each of the firft bounded by a nar-
row line of dirty white.

In fize fuperior to the European kind, being two feet two inches Size,

long. Shot in the province of New York. Is found in northern Place.

Europe., as far as Finmark *.

* hums, 337. Strom. 224,

D d 2 £r, Zool.

^04 GOSHAWK FALCON.

99. GoiHAWK, Br. ZooL i. N° 52.

F. Palumbarius, Faun. Suec. N° 67. — De Buffon, i, z^o.— Latham, i. 58. — Lev.

MU5.

p With a bluifli bill, black at the tip : yellowifh green cere :
yellow legs : head brown ; hind part mottled with white : over
each eye extends a long whitilli line : hind part of the neck, back^
and wings, of a deep brown color : bieaft and belly white, crofied
with numerous undulated lines of brown : tail of a cinereous brown,
crofTed by four or five bars of black : wings fhorter than the tail.
That which I faw in the Leverian Mufeum, was fuperior in fize to
Place. the European. Mr. Lawjon fays, they abound in Carolina .- are fpi-

rited birds, but lefler than thole of Mufcovy. Is common in that
A WHITE VA- country, and Sibiria. Dr. Pallas adds, that there is a large white
variety on the Uralian mountains, mottled with brown and yellow.
Thefe are yet more frequent in the ealt part of Sibiria ; and in
Kamtjchatka they are entirely white. Thefe are the beft of all Hawks
for falconry. They extend to the river Amur ; and are ufed by the
emperor of China in his {porting progrefTes *, attended by his grand
falconer, and a thoufand of the fubordinate. Every bird has a filver
plate faftened to its foot, with the name of the falconer who had the
charge of it ; that in cafe it fhould be loft, it might be brought to-
the proper perfon : but if he could not be found, the bird is de-
livered to another officer, called the Guardian of loji birds -, who
keeps it till it is demanded by the falconer to whom it belonged^
That this great officer may the more readily be found, among the
army of hunters, who attend the emperor, he eredls a ftandard in the
moft confpicuous place f .

The emperor often carries a Hawk on his hand, to let fly at any
game which prefents itfelf j which are ufually Pheafants, Partridges,
Quails, or Cranes. Marco Polo faw this diverfion about the year

* Bill. ii. 87. f Bergeron, 75, 76.

1 1^} i

RIETT.

EXCEILENT FOR
FALCONRY.

RED-TAILED FALCON. 205

1269*; a proof of its antiquity in thefe parts, when it formed fo
regular and princely an eftablifhrnent in the ftate of this great eaftern
monaj-ch ; the origin of which might have been in fome long pre-
ceding age. The cuftom of carrying a Falcon extended to many
countries, and v/as efteemed a diftinftion of a man of rank. The
Welfi had a faying, that you may know a gentleman by his Hawk,
Horje, and Grehound. In fadt, a perfon of rank feldom went without
one on his hand. Harold, afterwards king oi England, is painted
going on a moft important embafiy, with a Hawk on his hand, and
a Dog under his arm f. Henry VI. is reprefented at his nuptials, at-
tended by a nobleman and his Falcon ij:. Even the ladies were not
without them, in earlier times ; for in an antient fculpture in the
church of Milten ^l^l>as, in Dorfetjloire, appears the confort of King
Athelftan with a Falcon on her royal fift § tearing a bird : and, perhaps
to indulge his queen in her paflion for the diverfion, he demanded
of my countrymen (befides an nnmenfe tribute) fome of their moft
excellent Hounds, and of their bed Hawks : which proves the high
efteem in which our Dogs and Falcons were held ia thofe early
days II. ,

American Buzzard, Latham, i. 50. — Lev. Mds. ioo.Red-taM bd.

T? With a duflcy bill, and yellow cere : head, lower part of the
* neck, and chin, brown, mixed with white r breaft and belly
white, varied with long ftripes of brown,, pointing downwards : fe-
moral feathers very long, white, and marked with long dentated
ftripes of pale brown : upper part of the neck, and back, of a very
deep brown : coverts and tertials brown, barred or edged with white:
primaries dufky, barred with cinereous : tail of a pale ruft-color,
marked near the end with a dufky narrow bar i legs yellow.. Size.
of the Gopja'wk.

Inhabits North America. Sent from Carolina to Sir AJhton Lever.. Place.

• Bergeron, J ^. '16. \ MoTiumens tie la Monarchie Franfoife,\. ■^■]z. % Mr.

Walfole's Anecdotes of Fainting, i. 33. § Huttbim't Dor/etjhire, ii. 443..

11 Malm/bury, lib. ii, c. 6.

J F. Withi .

ao6 LEVERIAN, AND RED-SHOULDERED FALCON.

loi. LsvERiAN. T^ With a duflcy bill, greatly hooked: head ftriped with brown
and white : upper part of the body and wings of a deep brown ;
each feather elegantly marked at the end with a large white fpot :
the whole under fide of the body white : the outmoft feathers of the
tail marked with nine white, and the fame number of duflcy bars ;
middle feathers with duflcy and cinereous : the wings extend beyond
the end of the tail : legs ftrong and yellow.
Place. q^^^i. of a Buzzard. Sent to Sir Jfiton Lever from Carolina.

102. Rfd- Barred-breafled F. Latham, i. 56, N° ?6.— Lev. Mus.

SHOULDKKED,

TP With a flender' duflcy bill ; yellow cere ; and legs, head, and
neck, of a yellowifh white, flireaked downwards with duflcy
lines : back of a deep brown, edged with ruft-color : leflTer coverts
of wings ferruginous, fpotted with black; primaries and fecondaries
black, fpotted on each fide mofl diftindly with white : bread and
belly of a light tawny; the firfl: ftreaked downwards with black ; the
lafl; traverfed with deeper tawny : tail fliort and duflcy, croflTed by
feven narrow bands of white; the two nearefl: to the ends more re-
mote than the others : legs weak. L,ength twenty-two inches,
Placi. Inhabits Long Ifland. This is a new fpecies, prefervcd in Mrs.

Blackburne's Af«/'^«»?.

A(h-

B U Z Z A R D F A L C O N. 007

Afli-colored Buzzard, Ediv. ii. 53. — Latham, i. 55, N° 35. 485 N° z%.—De J03. Buzzard.

Buffon, i, 223.
Faico Euteo. Quidfogel, Faun. Suec. N" 60. — Br, Zool. i. 54. — Lev. Mus.

"C* With a duflcy bill, and bluilli yellow cere : head, and hind
part of the neck, of a cinereous brown, ftreaked with yellow :
back brown -, lower part and rump barred with ruft-color, fometimes
with white : the coverts of the wings brown ; the greater and fcapu-
lars fpotted with white ; the three firfl quil-feathers black, white at
their bafes ; the interior webs of the rell blotched with black and
white : the throat and breaft yellowifh, marked thinly with oblong
brown fpots : belly white, varied with great fpots of brown : feathers
of the thighs long, white, crofTed with fagittal bars of yellow : tail
marked with about nine bands of black and light cinereous ; the tip
white : legs fhort, ftrong, and yellow. Length two feet two inches.

The American varies in fize, and fometimes (lightly in color ; but Place.

in both has fo much the habit of the EngUJJ} Buzzard, as not to me-
rit feparation. It is called in New York, the great Hen Hawk, from
its feeding on poultry. It continues there the whole year. Lays
in May five eggs : the young fly about the middle of June. It is
alfo an inhabitant oi Hudjon's Bay and Newfoundland ; and in Europe
as high as Sondmor, in Norway ; where, from its attacking the Eagle, .
it is CTiWeA Orne-Falk. Migrates, before winter, from Sweden. Is-
fcarce in RuJJia ; and very few are found in Sibiria, Is found in.
winter as low as Woronejch* .

* In RuJJia, lat, 52 north.

Dd 4 F. With

2o8 PLAIN, AND MARSH FALCaN,.

104, Pt A IN. 17 With the bill black: head dufky : nape fpotted with white::
back, and coverts of'wihgs, and tail, of an uniform deep brown;:
under fide of the neck, breaft, and. belly, and thighs, deep brown,
nightly fpotted with white : primaries dufky : inner webs marked:
with great oval fpots of white, mottled with brown: middle feathers.
of the tail plain brown; inner webs of the reft mottled with white;
exterior webs and ends (lightly edged with the fame : legs ftrong :
yellow ? Wing reaches near the length of the tail. Length, from
bill to tail, two foot one.
PLiwi:. Inhabits Hudfdn's. Bayi

IOC, Marsh. Marfh Hawk, E'Jin. iv. 291, — Latbum, i. 90. — Lev. Mus. — Bl. Mus..

F.

With a bluilh bill ; orange cere, orbits, and legs : irides hazel:
a black line extends from the corner of the bill beyond the
eyes ; above that is another of white, which encircles the cheeks, and
meets in front of the neck : head, throat, and upper part of the
breaft, varied with black and ruft-color : back, and coverts of the
wings, brown : rump white : breaft and. belly, and thighs, of a bright
ferruginous: tail dufky brown, crofied by four black bands: legs
ftrong, thick, and fhort ; which are fpecific diftindtions from the
next. Length two iz^x..
Place,. Inhabits Tenjylvama : frequents, during the fummer, marfhy

places; where it feeds on the fmall birds. Frogs, Snakes, and Li-
zards. At approach of winter quits the country.

Br. Zool. .

RINGTAIL, AND WINTER FALCON. 209

]5r. Zool. i. N°59.— fi/av. iii. 107.— Z.d/i«;«, i. N''» 75. 75 A, and N" 34, is a ic6. Ringtail.

ruft-colored variety.
Falco Pygargus, F. Hudfonius, Lin. Syjl, iz%.—Mul!er, N° 72.— Bl. Mvt.

tp With a dufky bill and yellow cere : a white line over each eye :
head, upper part of the neck, and back, dufky brown : coverts
and primaries of the fame color ; the inner fides of the lafl white ;
breaft, belly, and thighs, vvhitifh, marked with ferruginous fpots :
vent and rump white, encircling the root of the tail : the middle
feathers of the tail dufky; the next of a bluifh afli-color ; the out-
moft white, all marked tranfverfely with orange bars : legs long, and
very flender.

This fpecies is fuperior in fize to the Britijh Ringtail ; but havino- Size.

moft of the charafters of that bird, we doubt not but that it is the
fame. Like the European kind, ikims along the ground in fearch of
prey, which is Mice, Frogs, and fmall birds. Builds its neft indif-
ferently on the ground, or on the lower parts of trees. It is fubjedt
to vary to a deep ruft-color; plain, except on the rump and tail.

Inhabits Hudfori's Bay. Weight, in Hudjons Bay, feventeen ounces Size and Place.
and a half. Length twenty-one inches. Extent three feet feven. Is
very common in the open and temperate parts of Rnjfia and Sibiria ;
and extends as far as lake Baikal*. It is not found far in the north of
Europe. Linnaus omits it among the birds of his country ; but Mr.
Brunnick defcribes one, which had been fhot in lat. 58, on the little
ifland of Chrijlianjoe f-

-p^ With a black bill j yellow cere : head of a deep brown : back 107. Winter.

the fame, tinged with ruft : hind part of the neck ftreaked with
white : the coverts of the wings dufky, edged with dull white ; thofe
on the ridge with orange j ends of the primaries dufky ; the other
parts barred with brown and white : breafl and belly white, marked
with heart-lhaped fpots: thighs fulphur- colored, fpeckkd with

■* Dr. Pallas. + la ihe Baltic, alittle north-eaft of.&er»/J5/w.

E e duOcv :

iio SWALLOW -TAILED FALCON.

dufky : vent feathers white : tip of the tail white ; then fucceeds a
broad duflcy bar; the remaining part barred with brown, tawny, and
black : legs long, and very flender.
Size. Is of an elegant fornn, and about the fize of the Ringtail.

Place. Inhabits the province o? New Tork : appears at approach of win-

ter, and retires in the fpring. Bl. Mus.

Mr. Latham's northern Falcon, N° 62, feems to differ from this
only in age, or fex.

108. Swallow- Hirundo maxima Peruviana, avis prsdatoris calcaribus inftrufla, Feuilhe i/iy.

TAILED. Peru, torn. ii. 33.

Herring, or Swallow-tailed Hawk, Laivfon, 138. — Brickell, 175. — Catejhy, i. 4,
Le Melan de la Caroline, BriJ'on, i. 418. — De Buffon, i. 221.
Falco Furcatus, Lin. Syfi. 129. — Latham, i. 60. — Lev. Mus.

"C* With a black bill, lefs hooked than ufual with rapacious birds;
bafe of the bill hid in feathers, and briftly : the eyes large ;
irides red : head, neck, brcaft, and belly, of a fnowy whitenefs : back,
coverts of wings, and fcapulars, black, gloffed with purple and
green : inner webs of the primaries and fecondaries white towards
their bafe ; the tertials white : tail of the fame color with the back ;
and moft extremely forked ; the outmoft feather above eight inches
longer than the middlemoft : the legs yellow.
Place. This rrioft elegant fpecies inhabits only the fouthern parts oi North

America ; and that only during fummer. Like Swallows, they feed
chiefly flying ; for they are much on wing, and prey on various forts
of infefts. They alfo feed on Lizards and Serpents ; and will kill
the largeft of the regions it frequents with the utmoft eafe. They
quit North America before winter. We are not acquainted with their
retreat. It probably is in Peru : at left we have the proof of one
being taken in the South-fea, off the coall which lies between 2~Io
and Arica, in about the latitude 23 fouth, on September nth, by the
reverend the Father Louis FeuiHee *.

• Journal lies Oi/erv, ^c. vol. ii. 33.

F. With

j/iTf //(//' /^a(/e{/ S^aut'/t J\'

/OS.

BUZZARDET, AND LITTLE FALCON. 211

rp^ With dufky bill : head, cheeks, neck, breaft, and belly, white, 109. Buzzardet.

marked with large brown fpots, tnore fparingly difperied over
the breaft and belly ; lefler coverts brown ; the others colored like
the head : primaries dufky : thighs white, with fmall fagittal fpots
of brown : tail dufky, barred and tipt with white : legs yellow.
Length fifteen inches. It has much the habit of the Buzzard; but
the legs in proportion are rather longer.

In the Leverian Mufeum. Except in the almoft uniform color of
the tail, Mr. Latham'% fpecies, p. 97, N° 83, agrees with this.

Little Hawk, Catefiy, i. c. — Latham, i. no, N^ gl. ..„ t ,

' J ■" 3 ' ^ ' J-* no. Little.

Emerillon de Cayenne, Buffon, i. 291. — PL Enl. N" 444.
Falco Sparverius, Lin, Sjjl. 128. — Lev. Mus. — Bl. Mxh,

Male.

"C*^ With bluifh bill, and yellow cere : crown of fine light grey, ^ .

with a red fpot in the middle ; on the hind part a femicircie
formed of round black fpots : cheeks white, bounded on each fide
with a large black fpot : throat white : breaft of a pale yellow,
fpotted with black : back of a brilliant bay, crofTed by broad black
bars : coverts of the wings of a beautiful grey, thinly fpotted widi
black ; primaries black, fpotted on their inner webs with white : tail
long; the middle feathers barred near the end with a black band,
and tipt with white; the two exterior feathers white, crofTed with
three or four black bars : legs yellow.

Length eleven inches and a half. Weight only three ounces and
an half. This varies in color from the female, in the fame manner
as the European Keftrils.

Thefe birds inhabit America, from Nova Scotia to the Antilles ; are Place

aftive and fpirited. They prey on fmall birds. Mice, Lizards, and
infefts. The Female is the following.

F, e 2 Emerillon

SlZ-E.

2J4 LITTLE, AND PIGEON FALCON.

Emerillon de St. Domingue, Dt Buffon, i. 2gi.—PJ. Enl. N» 465.— i^/^4#», i. 1 1,,
N" 95. — Lev. Mus.— Bl. Mus.

pr With a fhort and very crooked bill : crown of a deep flaty
blue, obfcurely fpotted with red : hind part of the neck, back,
and tail, of a bright ferruginous color and black, elegantly difpofed
in narrow tranfverfe bars : coverts of the wings of the fame colors j
primaries black : under fide of the neck, breaft, and belly, of a
dirty white, marked with large ferruginous fpots : thighs and vent
feathers white : legs long, flender, and orange-colored : tail long,
crofled with eleven black, and the fame number of bright ferrugi-
nous bars.

The New T'ork Merlin of Mr. Latham., i. 107, N" 94, bears fo
great a refemblance to thisj that I do not venture to feparate them..

\\\. Pigeon.. Pigeon Hawk, Cattjly/u'i,. — Phil.TrattJAxvi. i%i. — Latham, i. lor.

Falco Columbarius, Lia. Syft. 128. — Lev. Mus.— Bl. Mus.

TT With a dufky bill, and yellow cere: crown, back, and coverts
of the wings and rump, of a bluifti grey, with the middle of
each feather ftreaked with black : the hind part of the head fpotted
with reddifh white : cheeks and under fide of the body white, with
large oblong fpots of black : primaries and fecondarics dufky j their
infides marked with great oval fpots of white : tail long ; black tipt
with white, and crofled with four bars of bluifh grey: legs yellow.

Sizi!. Its length is from ten to twelve inches. The weight fix ounces.

Fl4ce. It inhabits America., from Hiidjon s Bay as low as South Carolina.

In the laft it attains to- a larger fize. In Hudjon's Bay it appears in
May on the banks of Severn river, breeds, and retires fouth in au-
tumn. It feeds on Cnall birds i and on the approach of any perfon,

flies

DUBIOUS, AND DUSKY FALCON. fli3

flies in circles, and makes a great fhrieking. It forms its neft in a
rock, or fome hollow tree, with flicks and grafs ; and lines it with
feathers : and lays from two to four eggs, white, fpotted with red. In
Carolina it preys on Pigeons, and young of the wild Turkies.

PP With a dufky bill : yellow cere and irides : head duHcy, flreaked ,,2, Dubious.

with ruft-color : back and coverts of wings brown, edged with
ruft ; the priiTiaries dufky afh-color, barred with black, and the in-
ner webs marked tranfverfely with oval ferruginous fpots : tail long,
of a deep cinereous, with four broad bars of black : breaft and belly
dirty white, marked with oblong ftrcaks of brown : legs yellow.

Length about ten inches. Weight fix ounces. In the marks and Sirs.

colors of the tail it much refembles the Sparrow Hawk : in the fpots
on the breaft it agrees with the Englijh Merlin.

Inhabits Ne'-^ I'ork and Carolina. I have my doubts whether this Place.

is any more than a variety of the preceding, efpecially as the Englijh
Sparrow Hawk, varies with the fam^e colors.

17 With a bluifh bill 5 upper mandible armed with a fharp procefs ; 113. Dusky^

yellow cere : head, back, and coverts of the wings, and tail, a
dufky brown, flightly edged with ferruginous : hind part of the neck
fpotted with white : primaries dufky ; inner webs marked with oval
fpots of a pale ruft-color : tail Jljort, tipped with white, and barred
with four broad dufl<y ftrokes, and the fame number of narrow ones ~' , ' ■'■' -

of white : the hind part of the head fpotted with white : from the
chin to the tail whitifh, ftreaked downwards with diftinfl lines of
black : legs deep yellow.

Inferior in fize to the laft. Inhabits tlie province o^ New Tork. Size, *nd Placi.
Bl, Mus,

G<}1.d:n

?I4

GOLDEN, AND CINEREOUS EAGLE.

Place.

A. Golden Eagle, Br.Zool.i. N"42.
Orn. Faun, Suec. N° 54. — Lev. Mus.

17 With a bluifh bill : plumage dufky and ruft-color : tail dufky
brown, blotched at the bafe with afli-color : legs feathered to
the toes. Weight about twelve pounds.

Inhabits Sweden ; perhaps Norway. Found about the fouthern-
part of the UralUan mountains, and the mountains whidi border Si-
biria on the fouth. Grows fcarcer towards the eafl.

B. Cinereous Eagle, Br. Zool. i, N''45. — Latham,!. 33.
Vultur Albiulla, Lin. Syjl. 123.

"C* With pale yellow bill, irides, cere, and feet : plumage light
cinereous : body and coverts of the wings clouded with darker :
primaries duflcy : tail white.
Size, and Place. j^ fjze equal to the Black Eagle. Inhabits Europe, as high as Ice-
land and Lapmark *. Is common in Greenland; but does not extend
to America : at left, if it does, it varies into the White-headed Eagle,
to which it has great affinity, in particular in its feeding much on
filh : the Danes therefore call it Fijke-orn f. Is common in tlie fouth
of Ruffia, and about the Volga, as far as trees will grow. Is very
fcarce in Sibiria -, but has been obferved in the eaftern parts about
Nertjcbink. It feems to be the fpecies called by the Tungufi, Elo ;

L$cms, 331.
I

.}■ Brunnici, N° 12.

which

C R Y I N G E A G L E. • aij

which breeds on the banks of the Kharioujowa, a river which falls
into the Tenjlnna fea*.

It inhabits Greenland the whole year, fitting on the rocks with flag-
ging wing, and flies flowly. It makes its neft on the lofty cliffs, with
twigs, lining the middle with mofl"es and feathers. Lays two eggs.
Sits in the latter end of May, or beginning of June.

Thefe birds prey on young Seals, which theyfeize as they are floating
on the water ; but oft-times, by fixing their talons in an old one, they
are overmatched, and drawn down to the bottom, fcreaming hor-
ribly. They feed alfo on fifli, efpecially the Lumpfifli, and a fort of
Trout f; oa Ptarmigans, Auks, and Eider Ducks. They fit on the
top of rocks, attentive to the motion of the diving birds j and, with
quick eyes, obferve their courfe by the bubbles which rife to the fur-
face of the water, and catch the fowls as they rife for breath.

The Greenlanders ufe their fl-iins for cloathing, next to their bodies.
They eat the flefh, and keep the bill and 'it^t for amulets. They
kill them with the bow, or take them in nets, placed in the fnow,
properly baited ; or tempt them by the fat of Seals, which the
Eagles cat to an excefsj which occafions fuch a torpidity as to
make them an eafy prey.

€. Crying Eagle, Planga et Clanga, Arijiot. Hijl, An lib. ix.

Morphnos, Clanga, Anataria, IVil. Om. Gt,. — Rail Sjn. a-u. -j , N" 7.

Spotted Eagle, Latham, i, 38. ~ • "

Le Petit Aigle, De Buffcn, i. 91.— Br. Mus.

Ip With a dufky bill and yellow cere : color of the plumage a fer-
ruginous brown ; the coverts of the wings, and fcapulars, ele-
gantly varied with oval white fpots ; on the greater coverts very
large : primaries duflcy j the ends of the greater white : breaft and
belly of a deeper color than the reft of the plumage, ftreaked down- 7

wards with dull yellow : tail dark brown, tipt with dirty white ; legs
feathered to the feet, which are yellow. Length two 'iztx..

• Uijl, Kamt/chatka, 501. t Salmo Carpio, Faun. Grcenl. 170. N'124,

'.i6 ICELAND FALCON.

^^*^"' Is found in many parts of Europe, but not in Scandinavia : is fre-

quent in RuJJia and Sibiria, and extends even to Kamtjchatka. Is lefs
generous and fpirited than other Eagles ; and is perpetually making
a plaintive noife, from which it v/as ftyled by the antients Planga
6? Clanga ; and Anataria, from its preying on Ducks, which Pliny *
defcribes with great elegance. The Arabs ufed to train it for the
chace ; but its quarry was Cranes, and other birds : the more
generous Eagle being flown at Antelopes, and various quadrupeds.
This fpecies was even itfelf an objeft of diverfion ; and made the
game of even fo fmall a Falcon as the Sparrow Hawk : which would
purfue it with great eagernefs, foar above, then fall on the Eagle,
and, faftening with its talons, keep beating it about the head with its
wings, till they both fell together to the ground. This Sir John
Char din has feen praftifed about Tauris.

D. Iceland Falcon, Gint. Mag, 1771, p. 297, fig. good.
Falco Idandus Fufcus, Brunnick, z, N° 9.
Le Gerfault d' Ifland, BriJJhn, i. 373, tab. xxxi. — PI. Enl. 210.

Falco Gyrfalco, Lin, Syfi. 130. — Faun. Suec. N" 64. — Latham, i. 82, N" 68 ; and 71,
N°50 B. parag. 2d. — Lbv. Mus.

"p With a ftrong bill, much hooked, and the upper mandible
fharply angulated on the lower edges ; cere bluifh : head of a
very pale rufl-color, ftreaked downwards with dufky lines : neck,
breaft, and belly, white, marked with cordated fpots : thighs white,
crofled with fhort bars of deep brown : back and coverts of wings
dufky, fpotted and edged with white : the exterior webs of the pri-
maries dufky, mottled with reddifh white ; the inner barred with
white : the feathers of the tail crofTed with fourteen or more narrow
bars of duflcy and white ; the dufky bars regularly oppofing thofe of
white : the wings, when clofed, reach almofl to the end of the train :
legs flrong and yellow. The Length of the wing, from the pinion
to the tip, fixteen inches.

* Lib. X. c. 3.

Thij

I C E L A N D F A L C O N. ii]

This fpecies is an inhabitant o^ Iceland ^ is the moft elleemed of any
for the fport of falconry, and is, with the two follov/ing, referved for
the kings ol Denmark -, who fends his falconer, with two attendants,
annually info the ifland to purchafe them. They are caught by the
natives ; a certain nuaiber of vvhom in every diftrift are licenfed for
that purpofe. They bring all they take, about Midfumtner, to Be/-
Jefted, to meet the royal falconer ; and each brings ten or twelre,
capped, and perched on a crofs pole, which they carry on horfeback,
and reft on the ftirrup. The falconer examines the birds, rejeds
thofe which are not for his purpofe, and gives the feller a written
certificate of the qualities of each, which entitles him to receive from
the king's receiver-general feventeen rixdollars for F, or the pureft
white Falcon ; ten for E, or thofe which are left white j and feven
for this fpecies *. This brings into the illand between two and three
thoufand rixdollars annually f.

They are taken in the following manner: — Two pofts are faftened Manner
in the ground, not remote from their haunts. To one is tied a Ptar- taking.

migan, a Pigeon, a Cock or Hen, faftened to a cord that it may have
means of fluttering, and fo attract the attention of the Falcon. On
the other poft is placed a net, diftended on a hoop, about fix feet in
diameter.- Through this poft is introduced a ftring, above a hundred
yards long, which is faftened to the net, in order to pull it. down ;
and another is faftened to the upper part of the hoop, and goes
through the poft to which the bait is tied. As foon as the Falcon
fees the fowl flutter on the ground, he takes a few circles in the air,
to fee if there is any danger, then darts on its prey with fuch vio-
lence as to ftrike off" the head, as nicely as if it was done with a
razor. He then ufually rifes again, and takes another circle, to ex-
plore the place a fecond time : after which it makes another ftoop ; "
when, at the inftant of its defcending, the man pulls the dead bird
under the net ; and, by means of the other cord, covers the Falcon
with the net, at the moment it has feized the prey j the perfon lyino-

• Brunnkk, p. 2. | Olaffen, i. 32.

F f concealed

aiJ I C E L A N D F A L C O N.

concealed behind fome ftones, or elfc lies flat on his belly, to elude
the fight of the Falcon *.

As foon as one is caught, it is taken gently out of the net, for fear
of breaking any of the feathers of the wings or tail ; and a cap is
placed over its eyes. If any of the tail-feathers are injured, the fal-
coners have the art of grafting others f ; which fometimes has oc-
cafioned a needlefs multiplication of fpecies.

The Iceland Falcons are in the higheft efteem. They will laft tea
or twelve years ; whereas thofe of Norway, and other countries, fel-
dom are fit for fport after two or three years ufe. Yet the Nor-
wegian Hawks were in old times in great repute in this kingdom,
and even thought bribes worthy of a king. Geoffry Le Pien-e, chief
judiciary, gave two good Norway Hawks to King John, that IValter
Le Madina might have leave to export a hundred weight of cheefe.
John, the fon of Ordgar, gave a Norway Hawk to have the king's
requeft to the king o? Norway, to let him have his brother's chattels ;
and Ralf Havoc fined to King Stephen in two Girfals (Gyrfalcons) and
two Norway Hawks, that he might have the fame acquittance that
his father had J.
Antiquity OF I cannot fix the precife time of the origin of falconry; the paf-
Falconrt. ^^^.g jj^ Ariftotle, and the epigram in Martial, do by no means fix
it to the periods in which they wrote. The philofopher || informs us,
that " tiiere was a diftrift in Thrace, in which the boys ufed to
" aflemble at a certain time of the year, for the lake of bird-catch-
«' ing. That the fpot was much frequented by Hawks, which
" were wont to appear on hearing themfelves called : and would
" drive the little birds into the bufhes, where they were caught
" by the children ; and that the Hawks would even fometimes take
" the birds and fling them to thefc young fportfrnen-; who (after
«' finifliing their diverfion) gratefully befl:owed on their alTifliants
♦• part of their prey." This tale may have fome truth-at the bottom ;

• Horreioiv, ^g, 60. + Brunnkk, p. 3. Horrehow, ^i. % MadeXy

' Jutiq. Exch. 469. 497. 11 ^riji. ie Mirabil. Aufcult.

it

A N T I ajJ ITYOFFALCONRY. 219

it being notorious that Larks, and even Partridges, will, by the ter-
ror of a Hawk pafling over them, lie fo ftill as to fufFer themfelves
to be taken by any pafTenger. Here feems to have been no training
of thefe fj&r««'«K Hawks, but a mere cafual concurrence of Hawks and
fmall birds, which afforded now and then an amufement to the youth
of the country. The thought expreffed on the antient gem, of little
Gemi engaged in the chace of Deer, aflifted by an Eagle, may have
originated from this ftory. •

The Poet only defcribes another kind of bird-catching, in the
following epigram on the fate of a Hawk :

Praedo fuit volucrum, famulus nunc Aucupis, idem
Decipit, et captas non fibi, moeret, aves f .

By the word decipit, it is plain that the Hawk was not trained ; but :

was merely ufed as a ftale, either to entice fmall birds under a net,

or to the limed twigs : the laft is a method ftill in ufe in Italy. The

Italians call it Uccellare con la Civetta ; for inftead of a Hawk, they

place a fmall fpecies of Owl on a pole, in the middle of a field ; and ■ '

furround it, at various diftances, with lime-twigs. The fmall birds

from their ftrange propenfity to approach rapacious fowls, fly around,

perch on the rods, and are taken in great numbers \. A Hawk would

ferve the purpofe full as well. Pliny mentions the ufe of bird-lime [f ,• •

and Longus, in his elegant romance oi Ba-phnis and Chloe, employs

the latter to catch little birds for his beloved §.

I cannot find any certainty of Hawks being trained for diverfion
before the time of King Ethelbert, the Saxon monarch ; who died in
the year 760 f. He wrote into Germany for a brace of Falcons,
which would fly at Cranes and bring them to the ground *, as there
were very few fuch in Kent. This fliews how erroneous the opinion
was, of thole who place it in the reign of the emperor Frederic Bar-

t Lib. xiv. ep. 216. % Olina, 65. || Hiji. Nat. lib. xvi. c. 44. ' '

§ Fr. ed. oftavo, S2. % Saxon Chr. 60.

* Quoted by Mr. Whitaker in Hijl. Manchejier, from Max. BibUotheca Patrum, xiii. '
p. 85. ep. 40.

F f 2 barojfa.

«ao A N T I QJJ ITY OF FALCONRY.

barojfa*, who was drowned in 1 189. By the application oi Ethelbert
to Boniface, archbifhop oi Mentz, for the brace of Falcons, it is evi-
dent, that the diverfion was in perfeftion in Germany before the year
752, the time in which that prelate was martyred by the Pagans. It
feems to me highly probable, that falconry was invented in Scythia,
and pa/Ted from thence into the northern parts of Europe. Tartary
is even at prefent celebrated for its fine breed of Falcons ; and the
fport is in fuch general elteem, that, according to Olearius, there was
no hut hat what had its Eagle or Falcon j-. The boundlefs plains of
that country are as finely adapted to the diverfion, as the wooded cr
mountanous nature of moft part o( Europe is ill calculated for that
rapid amufement.

The antiquity of falconry in Tartary is evinced by the exhibition
of the fport on the very antient tombs J found in that country ; in
which are figured horfemen at full fpeed, with Hawks on their hands :
others again, in the fame attitude, difcharging their arrows at their
game, in the very manner of the antient Scythians.

From Germany, falconry got footing in England ; and became fo
favored a diverfion, that even fanguinary laws were enadled for the
prefervation of rapacious fowls. Edward \\\. made it death for the
ftealing of a Hawk : and to take its eggs, even in a perfon's own
ground, was punifhable with a fine at the king's pleafure, and im-
prifonment for a year and a day. In the reign of James I. the amufe-
ment was carried to fuch an extravagant pitch, that Sir Thomas Mon^
Jon is faid to have given a thoufand pounds for a caft of Hawks^

E. Dusky. FalcoFufcuJ, Faun. Groen. ^6, N* 34. \>.
Grey Falcon, Crantz, i. 78. — Egede, 64.

T^ With dufky irides : lead-colored cere and feet : brown crown,

marked with irregular oblong white fpots : forehead whitifh :

cheeks blackifh : hind part of the head and throat white : breafl: and

• Sftlman'iGkff. f QUarius' i travils , \-]-] , X Strahhnberg, tab. A. B.

belly

DUSKYFALCON. a^x

belly of a yellowifh white, ftriped downwards with duflcy ftreaks : the
back dufky, tinged with blue, the ends of the feathers lighted, and
fprinkled over with a few white fpots, efpecially towards the rump :
wings of the fame colors, variegated beneath with white and black :
the upper part of the tail duflcy, croflfed very faintly with paler bars ;
the under fide whitifh.

Lefler than the Collared Falcon. Size..

Inhabits all parts o{ Greenland, from the remoteft hills to thofe Place.

which impend over the fea. They are even feen on the idands of
ice remote from fhore. They retire in the breeding-feafon to the
fartheft: part of the country, and return in autumn with their young.
They breed in the fame manner as the Cinereous Eagle, but in more ' ■ ' '.■ '
diftant places ; and lay from three to five eggs. The tail of the
young is black, with great brown fpots on the exterior webs.

They prey on Ptarmigans, Auks, and all the fmall birds of the ^

country : have frequent difputes with the Raven, but feldom come
off viftors ; for the Raven will, on being attacked, fling itfelf on
its back ; and, either by defending itfelf with its claws, or by callings
with its croaking, numbers of others to its help, oblige the Falcon to
retire. The Greenlanders ufe the fl<in, among many others, for their
inner garments ; the wings for bruflies; the feet for amulets : but fel-
dom eat the flefli, unlefs compelled by hunger.

It is alfo a native oi Iceland.

F. Gyrfalcoh, Br.Zool. N° 47, tab. xix. — Latham, i. 71, N" 50 A, and N'' 50 B,
ill paragr. and 83, N" 69.

Falco Iflandus, Faun. Groenl. 58, N° 35. — Brmnick, N''^ 7, 8. — Crantz, i. 78. —
Egede, 64 — Horrebo'w, 58. — Lev. Mus..

■p* With a yellow cere : bluifh bill, greatly hooked : eye dark blue:

the thioat of a pure white : the whole body, wings, and tail, of

the fame color, moft elegantly marked with duflcy bars, lines, or fpots,.

leavins:.

£-1 GYR, AND C01.LARED FALCON.

leaving the white the far prevaling color. There are inftances, but

rare, of its being found entirely white. In fome, the whole tail is

crofied by remote bars of black or brown ; in others, they appear

only very faintly on the middle feathers : the feathers of the thighs

are very long, and unfpotted : the legs llrong, and of a light blue.

■Sise; Its weight forty-five ounces Troy : length near two feet : extent

Placi!. four feet two. Of the fame manners and haunts with the former.

Is very frequent in Iceland; is found in Lapmark *, and Norway •\ ;

and rarely in the Orknies, and North Britain. In JJia, it dwells in the

higheft points of the Urallian and other Sibirian mountains, and

dares the coldeft climates throughout the year. It is kept, in the la-

Vert hardy, titude of Peterjburg, uninjured in the open air during the fevereft

winters, when the Peregrine Falcon, N° 97, lofes its claws by the froft.

Mr. Hut.chJns ^ has often ohkrved it about Albany fort, where it
appears in May, and retires before winter. It feeds on the white,
and other Grous. This fpecies ought to be added to the American
clafs.

This fpecies is pre-eminent in courage as well as beauty, and is
the terror of other Hawks. It was flown at all kinds of fowl, how great
foever they were i but its chief game ufed to be Herons and Cranes.

rC. Collared. Falco Rufticolus, Liu. Sy/l. 125. — Faun. Star. N° 56. — Faun. Grcenl.
N° "Si^.— Latham, i. 56.

TC* With a lead-colored bill, tipt with black : head broad and

flat, ftreaked lengthways with black and white ; on the cheeks

the white predominates : the throat, under fide of the neck, and

, • Lums, 235. f Sirom.

X At the time this (heet was printing, I had the good fortune to meet with Mr.
J^utchins, furgeon, a gentleman many years refident in Hudfon''s Bay ; who, with the
utmofl: liberality, communicated to me his MS. obfervations, in a large folio volume:
in every page of which his extenfive knowlege appears. The benefit which this work
will, from the prefent page, receive, is here once for all gratefully acknowleged.

2 breaft,

K I T E F A L C O N. zij

breaftj are of a pure white ; that on the neck almoft furrounds it,
fbrnning a fpecies of collar : the belly is of the fame color, marked
with a few dufky cordated fpots : the back is waved with afli-color and
white; the tip of each feather white : the coverts of the wings of
the fame colors, but more obfcure : the exterior webs of the prima-
ries dufky : the tail rounded, crofled with twelve or thirteen whitifli
and dufky bars : the legs yellow. Size of a Hen.

Is rarely found in the remoteft parts oi Greenland. Inhabits alfo Placs.

Sweden -, and' extends eaftward. as far as. Simbirjk, lat. £4 j, in the
government of Cajan *,.

H. Kite, Br. Zool. i. N° 53. — Latham, i. 61, N" 43.
Falco Milvas Glada, Faun. Suec. N" 57.
Le Milan Royal, De Buffon, i. 197. — PI, Enl. 422. — Lev. Mus.

Tf* With yellow bill and cere ; white head, ftreaked with black :
body ferruginous, with a few dufky fpots : tail much forked
and ferruginous.

Weight forty-four ounces. Length twenty-feven inches : extent Size.

five feet one.

Inhabits the north of Eurcpe, as high as Jarljherg, in the very Placi,

ionth. oi Nor way\ ; but does not extend farther. This fpecies, the
Sea Eagle, Lanner, Buzzard, and Kejiril, quit Szveden, in flocks, at
approach of winter, and return in fpring J. Oi xh&k,xh.e Buzzard
and Kejiril winter at Woronejch, in RuJJia, in lat. 52 1| ; and, together
vv'ith the Lanner and Kite, about Afirakan §, in lat. 46. 30 ; but the
far greater part of the Kites are fuppofed to retire into Egypt, being
feen in September pafTing by Conftantinople ^, in their way from the
north ; and again in April returning to Europe **, to fhun the great

• Extrails, i. 315^ + Hammer, Faun. Norivaj, J Aman, Acad. iv.

^ Extraas.'u XQO, §Yol. ii. 142. *!^ Ferjkahl, Defer, Arab. J. ** WU.

Orn. 75,

heats

424' HONEY-BUZZARD FALCON.

heats of the eall. They are obferved in vafl: numbers about Cairo,
where they are extremely tame, and feed even on dates, I fuppofe.for
want of other food *. They alfo breed there ; fo that, contrary to
the nature of other rapacious birds, they encreafe and multiply
twice in the year ; once in the mild winters of Egypt, and a fecond
tiine in the fummers of the north. It makes its appearance in Greece
in the fpringj and in the early ages, fays AriJlophanei\, " it governed
" that country : and men fell on their knees when they were firfl:
" blefled with the fight of it, becaufe it pronounced the flight of
" winter, and told them to begin to flieer their vernal fleeces. The
" Crane lilcewife, by its autumnal departure, warns the mariner to
♦' hang up his rudder, and take his reft, and every prudent man to
" provide their winter garments : and the Swallow again informed
" them when they were to put on thofe of fummer. Thus, adds the
" chorus of birds, are we to you as Ammon, Dodona, Apollo :"
meaning, in thofe early days, that man confulted only thefe natural
calendars, and needed no other than what they took from the flight
of birds J, or the flowering of plants.

They inhabit England in all feafons. I have feen their young
taken, the laft week in May, or firfl: in June, in the great woods be-
longing to Sir Jojeph Banks, in Lincoln/hire ; and have often obferved
them in various places in the depth of winter.

L Honey Buzzard, Br. Zool. i. N° 56. — Latham, i. 52, N" 33,
Falco Aplvorus Slaghok, Faun. Suec. N° 65. — Lev. Mus.

T^ With an afh-colored head ; dark brown above ; below white,
fpotted or barred with rufl:y brown ; tail brown, barred with
two duflcy bars, remote from each other : legs ftrong and yellow :
bill and cere black. Length twenty-three inches. Weight thirty
ounces.

• Belon Ob/, xxxvi. p. 107. b. f ■^'vei-

X See this fubjedl moll ingenioufly handled in Mr. Stillincfleet's Effays, in

the Calendar of Flora.

Inhabits

LANNER, AND MOOR-BUZZARD. 225

Inhabits as far north as the diftrift of Sondmor, in Norway *. Is Place.

found in plenty in the open parts oi Ruffia and Sibiria, -near woods ;
and preys much upon Lizards.

K. Lanner, Br, Zool.'u N°5i. — Latham, i.%6.

Falco Lannarks, Faun. Suec. N" 62. — De Buff6n,i. zj^^,

"C* With a white line over each eye : cere and legs bluifii : breaft
white, tinged with yellow, and marked with brown fpots : pri-
maries and tail dufkyj the firfl: marked with oval ruft-colored fpots
on the inner webs ; the laft, on both.

■Inhabits Iceland, the Feroe ifles, and Sweden; the "Tartarian deferts Place.

and the Baraba. Breeds on veiy low trees. None in the north or
eaft of Sibiria. Much efteemed for falconry.

L. Moor Buzzard, Br.Zoel. N»57. — Latham, i.^^.
Falco ^ruginofus. Faun. Suec. N" 66,
Hons-tjuf, Le Bufard, De Bufftm, i. 218. pi. x. — ?/. Enl. 424.' '

P Entirely of a chocolate brown, tinged with ruft : on the hind
* part of the head a light clay-colored fpot : flender long yellow
legs : cere black.

Weight twenty ounces. Length twenty- one inches. Site.

Found in the Tranjbaltic countries, as far north as Sondmor\. Place,
Common in the fouth o{ RuJJla : not m Sibiria, It continues the
•whole year in Sweden.

* Strom. 235, f The fame.

G g iCESTRiL,

526 K E S T R I L, A N D S P />'R R O W,

M. Kfstbil, Br. Zoo!. I. N°6o. — Latham, \. ^\.

Falco Tinnunculus, Kirko-Falk, Faun. Suec, li" 6i,—Mu!ler, N" 6^.
La Crefferelle, De Buffon, i. 280. pi. xviii. — PI. Enl, 401, 471.

Male. T^ With the crown and tail of a fine light grey, the laft
marked with a black bar near the end : back and wino-s
of a purplifh red, Ipotted with black. Female. Head reddifh ; crown
ftreaked with black: back, tail, and coverts of wings, dull ruft-co-
lor, barred with black : legs yellow. Weight o^ Male fix ounces
and a half: of Female eleven.
Place. Frequent in the deferts o{ Tarlary and Sibiria, in the open coun-

tries, where fmall trees are found for it to breed in. Migrates into
S-iveden, at the time in which the White Wagtail returns, and the Saf-
fron, Snowdrop, and bulbous Violet, bloffom. Each of thefe birds
quit the country about the fan>e day, in September *. Not found
farther north ?

K. Sparrow Hawk, Br. Zed.i.ti" 62. — Latham, 1.99.

Sparfhok, Faun.Suec. N° 6S.—Mulkr, N" 71. — Strom. 235.
L'Epervier, De Buffon, i. 225. pi. xi. — ?l. Enl, 412, 467.

Tj^ With head, back, and coverts of wings and tail, (in fome)
of a deep bluilh grey ; in others, of a deep brown, edged with
ruft-color : breaft and belly of a whitifh yellow, with waved bars
of deep brown or dull orange : tail cinereous, with five broad
black bars ; the tips white.

Weight of the male five ounces : female nine.
Place. Found as high as Sondmor, and in the Feroe iflands, in the fouth of

Riiffia ; but none in Sibiria.

* Calcmlar of Flora, and Migr. a'v. in Jmtrn. Acad, V. 397. 382,— —Is found as
far fouth as as the H»lj Land, Hafft^uiji, It in. 291.

HoBBTj

HOBBY. 227

O. Hobby, Br. Zool. i. N" 61. — Latham, i. 103.
Falco Subluteo, Faun. Suec, N" 59.

JT "With crown, back, and coverts of a bluifh black : from the
crown a black ftroke points down the cheeks, which are white ;
breaft white, with oblong black fpots : thighs and vent pale orange :
inner webs of primaries marked with oval reddifli fpots : two mid-
dle feathers of the tail plain dove-color ; the inner webs of the
others marked like the primaries : legs yellow. Weight of the male
feven ounces.'

Schonenyiht mofl fouthern province o( Sweden*, and, I believe,
does not extend farther north. This fpecies winters about Woro-
tjefch zr\& JJirakan^i and frequents the fame places '\n Sibiria yf'ixk
the Kestril.

* Faun, Sufc, f ExtraUt, ii, 142,

.aA. 'I

G g a III. OWL. -

•aa8 GREAT HORNED OWL.

IIL O W L. Gen. Birds. III.

EARED O W L S..

_ Great Horned Owl, Edi». 60. — Latham, i. 119,

''■' * Great Grey Owl, JoJJeljn, 96. — Laiujon, 145.

Jacurutu, Margrave, 199.
Stria Bubo Uf, Faun. Suec. N° 69.

o,

With a dufky bill : yellow irides : horns fliorter than the
'« European Eagle Owl; thofe, with the head, black, marked
with tawny : circle round the eyes cinereous, edged with black : on
the throat a large cruciform mark of a pare white, reaching to the
beo-inning of the breaft : upper part of the bread dufky and tawny ;
the lower part thickly barred with black afh-color, mixed with yel-
low : coverts of wings, fcapulars, and back, elegantly painted with
zigzao- lines, cinereous, black, and orange ; the fcapulars alfo marked
with a few great white fpots : primaries broadly barred with black
and ferruo-inous : tail of a deep brown, croffed v/ith brown dufl<y
bars and marked with numerous tranfverfe cinereous lines : legs
and feet covered with foft light brown feathers to the very claws,
which are very ftrong and hooked.
Size. This fpecies is inferior in fize to the Eagle Owl, Br. Zool. i.

N° 64 ; but feems only a variety.
Place. Jj. jj common to South and North America, as high as Hiidfon's Bay.

Makes, during night, a moft hideous noife in the woods, not unlike the
Jiollowing of a man; fo that paffengers, beguiled by it, often lofe their

way.

The favages have their birds of ill omen, as well as the 'Romans.
Tbey have a pioft fuperftitious terrgr of the Owl ; which they carry

fo

LONG AND SHORT-EARED OWL. 229

fo far as to be highly difpleafed at any one who mni"»ics its hoot-
ing *.

This fpecies is common in Kamtjchatka, and even extends to the
Ar£lic regions J in the firft of which it very often inclines to white.
It is found as low as Aftrakan.-

Bf. Zool. i. N° 65. 115. LoNG-

Strix Otus, Faun. Suec. N" y\.~Latham, i. i2i. eared.

C\ With very long ears, of fix feathers each, yellow and black :
irides yellow : back and coverts of wings deep brown, grey, and
yellowilli ruft-color : primaries barred with dufky and ferruginous :
breaft and belly pale yellow, with flender brown ftrokes, pointing
downwards : tail barred with cinereous and dufky ; the bars of the
middle feathers bound above and below with white : feet feathered
to the claws. Length fourteen inches : extent of the Englijh fpe-
cimens three feet four f . Weight ten ounces.

Obferved by Mr. Hutchins about Severn fettlement in Hud/on s Bay, Plage.

where it lives in the woods, far from the fea : at night fallies in fearch
of prey. Approaches the tents of the inhabitants, and is very clamo-
rous. Builds its neft in trees, and lays four white eggs in April.
Never migrates.

Inhabits Sweden, and the northern and fouthern parts of the Rujfian
dominions, and the eaftern parts oi Sibiria. Is found as far fouth as •

Aftrakan, and even in the hot climate o^ Egypt J.

Short-eared Owl, Br. Zool. i. N° 6G. — Phil.Tranf. Ixii. ^i^.— Latham, \. 124. ug. Short-

La Chouette ou la grande Cheveche, De Buffon, i. 372. tab. xxvii. — PI, Enl. 43S. EARto.

— Bl. Mus. — Lev. Mus.

C\ With a lefler head in proportion than the former: bill dufky;
irides yellow : head, back, and coverts of the wings, pale

* Colderts Six Indian Nations, i. 17.

t If no miftake is made in Mr. Uutchins's MS. the extent is lefs by far than that of ■ '

the Englijh kind.'

X HaJJ'elquip, Itin. 233,

brown,..

230

SHORT-EARED OWL.

Siz

brown, edged with dull yellow : breafh and belly yellowilh white,
marked with a few dufky ftreaks pointing downwards : thighs, legs,
and toes, covered with plain yellow feathers : primaries duflky,
barred with red : tail of a deep brown, marked on each fide of the
middle feathers with a large yellow circle, with a brown fpot in the
middle. In fome, the feathers are yellowifli, obliquely barred with
black. The horns, or ears, confift of only a fingle feather, which it
can raife or deprefs at pleafure. The wings reach beyond the end of
*]ie tail. Length fourteen inches. Weight fourteen ounces.
Place. Found in plenty in the woods near Chateau Bay, on the Labrador

coaft. It is alfo an inhabitant of the Falkland IJlands ; fo probably
is common to North and South America. In Hudjons Bay it is called
the Mouje Haivk. It never flies, like other Owls, in fearch of prey ;
but fits quiet on a flump of a tree, watching, like a Cat, the appear-
ance of Mice. It breeds near tlie coaft j makes its neft with dry
grafs upon the ground ; and migrates fouthwards in autumn. Father
Feuillee fpeaks of an Owl he found in Peru that has fome refemblance
to this, particularly in the Hawk-like fhape of the bill. He fays
it burrows under ground to a great depth, like a Rabbet; for which
reafon he names it Ulida Cunicularia *. It is very common in the
northern and woody parts of Sibiria. Comes boldly to the nighc
fires, and aflfaults men, when it is often killed with fticks.

In Europe it is found in Great Britain, and reaches to the Orkney
ifies. Does not. perch, but fits on the ground, on which it lays its
eggs amidft the heath. Appears and difappcars in Lincolnjhire with
the Woodcock. Perhaps migrates to S^^eden or Norway, where it is
alfo found, and even as high as Iceland ■\. Flies and preys by day, in
dark and cloudy weather. Friendly to the farmer, by being an ex-
cellent moufer. Does not fly far; but if difturbed, foon alights, and
fits looking about ; at which times its horns are very confpicuous.
This circumftance hitherto unattended to ; fo that it has been ranked
among the Earlefs Owls.

• foy. Peru, ii. 562.

t See Strix Funerea, Faun. Suec. li°7S- P""'}' Atlas Danica, tab. 25. Olafferit

Iceland, ii. tab. 46,

^ Little

RED, MOTTLED, AND WAPACUTHU OWL. 23 *

Little Owl, Catejhy/i.-j. — Latham, I. 123. II7. Red,

Strix Afio, Lin. SjJI. 13Z.— Bt. Mus.— Lev. Mus.

r\ With yello%Y irides : horns, head, back, and wings, of a plea-
fant tawny red, ftreaked with black : the fcapulars marked with
large white fpots : primaries barred with black, red, and white :
breaft pale tawny, marked with oblong black fpots : tail red, barred
■with dufky : feet covered with feathers to the claws. Length ten
inches and a half.

Inhabits Neiv Tcrk, and as low as the CaroUnas. Laves in the Place.

■woods near the coaft.

Latham, i. 126.— Bl. Mus— Lev. Mus. h8- Mottlep.

C\ With the face white, fpotted with brown : head, wings, and
upper part of the body, mottled with afli-color and pale red :
the fcapulars marked with great white fpots ; as are the coverts of the
■wings : the primaries with black and pale ferruginous : breaft and
belly whitifh, varied with duflcy ragged ftripes, pointing downwards :
toes feathered to the claws. Length eleven inches.

Inhabits the province oi Neiu Tork. Breeds in May, and continues Plact.

in the country the whole year.

* * W I T H O U T EARS.

^\ With glofly black bill, and claws much incurvated : bafe of iifj.W.'iPACuTHUv

the bill befet with ftrong briftles : irides bright yellow : fpace
befween the eyes, cheeks, and throat, white : the ends of the feathers
on the head black : fcapulars, and all the coverts of the wings, white,
elegantly barred with duflcy reddifti marks, pointing downwards :

primaries,
7

i3i S O O T Y O W L.

primaries, fecondaries, and tail feathers, irregularly fpotted and barrecl
with pale red and black : back and coverts of the tail white, mixed
with a few dufl<y fpots : breaft and belly dirty white, crofied with
innumerable reddifh lines : vent white : legs feathered to the toes,
which are covered with hairs. Weight five pounds : length two
feet : extent four.
Place. Inhabits the woods about Hudfon's Bay: makes its nefl: on the

mofs, on the dry ground. The young are hatched in May, and fly
in Jufle ; and are white for a long time after. Feeds on Mice and
fmall birds. Called by the Indians, Wapacuthu, or the Spotted
Owl. The Europeans fettled in the bay, reckon it a very delicate
food.

rzQ. So(JTy. Cinereous Owl, Latham, i. 134, N''r9. — Br, Mus.

r\ With a whitifh bill : bright yellow irides : circlets confifl of
elegant alternate lines of black and pale afh-color : head, hind
part of the neck, and coverts of wings, footy, marked with narrow
bars of dirty white : primaries deep brown, with broad bars, com-
pofed of lefTer of dufky and pale cinereous : tail moft irregularly
marked with oblique ftrokes of brown and dirty white : the breaft and
belly whitifh, greatly covered with large oblong blotches of dufky
fcrown : as a fingular mark, from the chin to the vent is a fpace,
about an inch in breadth, entirely naked : legs feathered to the feet.
Weighs three pounds : length two feet : extent four.
Place. Inhabits Hudjon's Bay the whole year. Flies in pairs. Feeds on

Mice and Hares. Flies very low -, yet feizes its prey with fuch
force, that, in winter, it will fink into the fnow a foot deep ; and, with
great eafe, will Ry away with the American Hare, N° 38, alive in
its talons. It makes its nefl in a pine-tree, in the middle of Mzy,
with a few fticks lined with feathers ; and lays two eggs, fpotted
with a darkifh color. .The young take wing in the end oijuly.

Great

SNOWY O W L. 233

Great White Owl, Edw, 61. — Ellis's a/oj. 40. — Dti Pratx, ii. gi. — Claytcn's Fir- 121. Snowy.

ginia. — Ph. Trartf. iii. 589.
Great Speckled Owl, Egedc, Greenland, 64.
Strix Nyftea, Harfang, Faun. Suec. N° ■^S. — Buffon, i. 387. — Latham, i. 132,

N° 17. — Bl.Mus.— Lev. Mus.

C\ With a head lefs in proportion than other Owls : irides yellow :
whole plumage of a fnowy whitenel's, fometimes pure, ofcener
marked with dulky fpots : the legs and feet covered warmly to
the very claws with long fnowy feathers of the nrioft delicate and ele-
gant texture : the claws are of a fine contrafting blacknefs, very
large and very crooked. Its length two itzt ; but it varies greatly Size;

in weight, from three pounds to one and a half.

It inhabits the coldeft parts oi America^ even as high as the remote Place.

mountains in the icy centre of Greenland ; from which, in intenfe
cold, it migrates to the fliores. It adds horror even to that country,
by its hideous cries, refembling thofe of a man in deep diftrefs.

It is rare in the temperate parts o^ America, and feldom ftrays as
low as Penfyhania or Louifiana. Is very common in Hudfon's Bay,
in Norway, and Lapland. It fears not the rigor of the feafon, but
bears the cold of the northern regions the whole year. It flies by
day, and is fcarcely to be diftinguiflied from the fnow : it flies pretty
fwiftly, and falls perpendicularly on its prey. Feeds on the White
Grous, and probably on the Hares ; for to the laft circumftance it
owes its SwediJIo name, Harfang. It preys alfo on Mice, and Carrion ;
and in Hudjons Bay is almofl domeftic, harbouring in places near the
tents of the Indians.

Is fcarce In Rujfia; grows more common on the Uralian moun-
tains, and all over the north and eaft of Sibiria, and in its Afiatic
empire, even in the hot latitude oi Aftrakan* ; are very numerous in
Kamtfchatka,

• Extrails, i. gi. ii, 142.

H h Latham,

434. BARRED, ANDHAWKOWL.

132. Barrkd. Latjjam, i. 133, N" 18. — Bl. Mus. — Lev. Mus.

C\ With a pale yellow bill, befet with ftrong briftles : irides yel-
low : circlets whitifh, barred with dufky lines : head, back, co-
verts of the wings, and the breaft, barred with dark brown, and white
tinged with yellow ; the primaries with black and white : the belly
white, marked downwards with long ftripes of deep brown : tail
barred with broad bands of black, and narrower of white : wings
reach only half the length of the tail : feet feathered to the claws.

Sjze. a large fpecies, two feet long; the extent four. Weight three

pounds.

Place. Inhabits Hudjons Bay, and New York. Preys on Hares, Grous,

Mice, &c.

J21. Hawk. Little Hawk Owl, Ediu. 62. — Lathavi, i. 142, N' 29; 143, N° 30; 147, N°36;

148, N° I-].— Phil. Trait/. Ixi. 385.
Le Chat-huant de Canada, Brijfon, i. 518. — Be Buffbrt, i. 391.
Chouettc a longue queue de Sibirie, Pl.Enl. 465. — Lev. Mus.

O With yellow irides: head finely fpotted with dufl<:y and pure
v/hite : back brown, with a few large white fpots : primaries
of a deep brown, regularly fpotted with white on each web: upper
part of the breaft whiter lower part and belly barred with "brown :
tail very long, and cuneiform, marked with broad bars oF brown, and
narrow of white : feet protected with feathers to the claws.

.Length feventeen inches. Weight twelve ounces. Never hatches
above two young at a time ; which, for Ibine months after flight, re-
tain a rufty brown plumage.
p This fpecies is common to North America, Denmark, and Svjeden.

The Savages who come down to HudJorCs Bay, call it Cabetitutch. It

I flies

^■If I^T,^i/A^ M

//7 ^^/ C^z'/. //& ^ /^//^^ /2a MaU.^.

WHITE O W L. 23S

flies high, like a Hawk, and preys by day on the White Grous. Like.
the Short-eared Owl, will hover over the nofturnal fires. Is a bold
bird ; will attend the fowler, and often (teal the game he has fhot,
before he can pick it up. Was feen by the navigators near Sandwich
found, in /^/. 6 1 north.

This bird is very frequent in all Sibtria, and on the weft fide of the
Uralian chain, as fiir as Cafan and the I'olga : not in RaJIa.

124.. WfllTE.

Tuidara, Margrave, 205.

Barn Owl, Clayton's Virginia. — Phil.Tranf. in. 589.
White Owl, Br. Zool. i. N° 6-] .—Latham, i. 138.
StrLx Flammea, Faun, Suec. N° 73.

L'EfFraie, ou L'Effiafaie, De Bujen, i. 366. pi. xxvi.— P/. Enl. 440.— Lev.
Mus.— Bl. Mus,

r\ With a white bill : dufl<y irides : head, back, and coverts of
wings, of a pale beautiful yellow, with two grey and two white
fpots placed alternately on each fide of the lliafrs : breaft and belly
wholly white i interior fides of the feathers of the tail white; ex-
terior marked with obfcure dun<y bars : legs feathered : feet covered
with fhort hairs. Length fourteen inches. Weight eleven ounces.

This bird is common to North and South America, and to Europe. Placb.

Was found by the navigators near Sandwich {own^, lat. 6t north. Is
rare in Sweden, and, I believe, not found farther north. Inhabits
Tartary. The Mongol and Kalmuc 'Tartars almoft pay it divine ho-
nors ; becaufe they attribute to this fpecies the prefervation of the
founder of their empire, Cingis Khan. That prince with his fmall
army happened to be furprized and put to flight by his enemies,
and forced to conceal himfelf in a little coppice : an Owl fettled on
the bufh under which he was hid, and induced his purfuers not to
fearch there, as they thought it impoffible any man could be concealed *

in a place where that bird would perch. From thenceforth they
held it to be facred, and every one wore a plume of the feathers of

H h 2 this

^36 BROWN, ANDLITTLEOWL.

this fpecies on his head. To this day the Kalmucs contirme the cuf-
tom, on all great feftivals ; and fome tribes have an idol in form of
an Owlj to which they faften the real legs of one *.

»25. Brown, Brown Owl, Br. ZocL- i. N° 69 Latham, i. 140.— £)r Bujotiy i. 372.— P/. Enl.

438.
Strix Ulula, Faun. Suec. N" 78.— Bl. Mus Lev. Mus.

C\ With dark hazel irides : head, wings, and back, of a deep
brown fpotted with black : coverts of the wings and fcapulars
varied with white fpots : breafl: of a pale afh-color, naarked with
dufky jagged ftrokes pointing downwards : feet feathered to the
claws. Length about fourteen inches. Weight nineteen ounces.

\n]mb\ts Newfoundland : tslvq. \n Rrijfia : unknown in >?//'/>/«.• found
in Sweden and Norway j-.

Place;

J26. LlTTLB. ]_\xx\t. Owl, Br. Zool. i. N" Jo.—De Buffon, \. 377.

Strix Pafleriiia, Faun. Suec. N" 79. — Latham, i. 149, N' 38, N" 39 ; 150, N°40.
— Bl. Mus. — Lev. Mus.

f\ With pale yellow irides : bill whitifli brown : head light brown,
fpeckled with white : back, and coverts of the wings, and fca-
pulars, of the fame color, marked in parts with white fpots : the
^^ bread whitilh, varied with ruft-color : tail barred with white, and

marked regularly on each web with circular white fpots : feet feathered
to the claws. It varies in length, from eight to feven inches. The
fmalleft I have feen is from Nova Scotia -, which has white circlets
about the eyes, and fewer white fpots on its plumage.
Placs. Inhabits from Hudjon's Bay to New York. Called by the natives of

the firft, Sbipmojpijh. Lives in all feafons among the pines : builds
its nelt halfway up the tree : lays two eggs. Are moft folitary birds.
Keep clofe in their retreat the whole day ; but are moft aflive
Dioufers during night. Frequent in RuJJia ; lefs fo in Sibiria.

* ExtraSs, ii. 142. t Brunnick, N° 19.

ScANDit

SCANDINAVIAN, AND TAWNY OWL. 237

* E A R E D.

(

A. Scandinavian Eared Owl, Strix Scandiaca, Faun. Suec. N" 70. — Latham'\, 120.

r\ With the plumage entirely white, fprinkled with black fpots.

Size of a Turky : in all refpefts like the Snowy Owl, except Si2b»

the ears.

Inhabits the Lfl^/«»ia/^j. Mentioned hy Linfr^us -, who feenns to Plag*.

take his defcription from a painting oi Rudbeck's ; but its exillence
is confirmed by Mr. Tanning of Drontheim *.

**EARLESS.

B-. Tawny Owl, Br. Zocl. i. N° 68. — Latham, i. 139.

StrixStridula, SkrikUggla, Faun, Sutc. N° 77. — PL Enl. 437. — Lev, Mv%.

C\ With a plain head : dufky irides : plumage of the head, and tlit
whole upper part of the body, tawny, fpotted and powdered
with dufky fpots : breaft and belly yellowifh, mixed with white,
marked downward with dufky ftreaks : tail blotched, barred, and
fpotted with pale rufl-color and black : toes feathered to the claws.
Weight nineteen ounces.

Inhabits Europe, as far as Sweden. Frequent in the fouth o{ RuJJia, Placb.

and deferts of Tartary ; and breeds in the nefts of Rooks. None in
Sibiria: a fufpicion that it is found in Hudjon's Bay?

* Rariera Nor'vegite, in Amctn, Mad. vii, 479,

ORDER

^« GREAT, AND BLACK-CROWNED SHRIKE.

O R D E R II. PIES.

IV. SHRIKE. Gen. Birds IV.

127. Great. Great Shrike, Br. Zcol. i. N°7i.

Lanlus Excubitor, Warfogel, Faun. Suec. N" 80. — Latham, i. 160.

White Whifky John, Phil. Tranf. Ixii. 386.

La Pie-grieche Grife, De Buffon, i. 296. pi. xx. — PI, Enl. 445. — Lev, Mus.

With a black bill and legs : cinereous crown, hind part of the
neck, and back: cheeks white, crolTed fronn the bill wi:h a
bar of black : under fide, from chin to tail, white, marked with fe-
micircular lines of a pale brown : lefler coverts black ; thofe on
the joints of the wings afh-color : primaries black, marked with a
fingle band of black; fecondaries tipt with white : the tail cuneiform ;
the two middle feathers black, the tips of the next on each fide
white ; on the reft the white prevales, till the exterior, when the
black almoft entirely vaniflies : beyond each eye of the female is a
brown bar.
Yi.KZ^. Inhabits North America, from Hudjons Bay to Louijiana. In

Hudjons Bay, lives in the woods remote from fhores, and is the firft
bird there which brings out its young in the fpring. Makes its neft
with dry grafs or bents, and lines it thickly with feathers : lays feven
eggs, of a pale blue color, blotched with brown.

Is frequent in Rujfia, but does not extend to Sibiria ; yet one was
taken by our navigators within Bering's ftraits, in lat. 66, on the
Afiatic fide of the Frozen Sea. Has the fame manner of transfixing
and tearing its prey as the EngUJIo kind.

128. Black- C With the bill, legs, crown, and fides of the head, back, and
CROWNED. • (-Qyej.f3 Qf Yvrings, black : primaries black, marked with a fmall

fpot of white, and another on the ridge of the wing : throat, cheeks,
and vent, pure white : breaft and belly tinged with afh-color : tail

long i

CRESTED, AND NATKA SHRIKE. 239

long; middle feathers black; the reft marked at their ends with
white, which increafes to the exterior ; in which the black almoft
vanifhes. Rather inferior in fize to the laft.

Inhabits North America. Seems to be La Fie Griefche de la Louifi- Place.

ane, BriJJon, ii. 162; Latham, i. 162.

Lanius Canadenlis, Lin. Syjl. i^^.—De Buffon.'i. i\6.—Pl. Enl. J^^jg. fig. 2.— 129. Crested.

Latham, i. 182.
La Pie Griefche de Canada, Brijfon, ii. 171. — Lev. Mus.

C "With black bill and legs : head adorned with a reddifli creft :
cheeks dufky, fpotted with white : hind part of neck and back
brown, inclining to red : throat and breaft of a yellowilh red : belly
and vent of a fine afh-color : coverts of the wings black, edged
with white ; primaries with white on their exterior fides : tail black,
bordered on each fide, and tipt with white. Lexgth fix inches and
a half: Extent about eleven.

Inhabits Canada. Placb.

C With the bill fiightly incurvated at the end, black, except the 130. Natka.

upper half of the lower mandible : crown, lower part of the
upper fide of the neck, and the back, black : over each eye is a white
line, extending to the very nape ; beneath that one of black : from
chin to vent is wholly white: a narrow white circle quite encom-
pafles the neck; leflTer coverts of the wings black; greater white,
more or lefs daftied down the fhafts with black : primaries dufky,
fringed with yellowifh brown ; fecondaries black, edged and tipped
with white : tail black, a little rounded ; the four outmoft feathers
tipped with white : rump cinereous, the edges of the feathers grey :
legs black. Length feven inches one-fourth.

Brouglit from Natka found in North America. Communicated to Placb.

me by Mr. Latham.

if.

=4° RED-BACKED, AND GREY SHRIKE,

i3i.RrD. BACKED. Br.Zod.\.li''72.—Laiham,\.i6-j.

Lanius Collurio, Faun. Suec. N° Si.
Pie-grieche de la Leuijians, Be Buffon,i. 307. — PI. Enl. 397. — Lev. Mus.

Q With grey crown and rump : ferruginous back and coverts of
wings : black line acrofs the eyes : bread and belly rofeate : tail
black ; exterior feathers edged with white : head and upper part of
the Female dirty ruft-color j line over the eyes the fame color :
breaft and belly dirty white, marked with duficy femicircular lines.
Length feven inclies and a iialf.
^'•*<^2- Inhabits Rujfia ; not Sibiria. Is found in Sweden and Chrijiianfoe.

The Count De Biijfon fays, he received one from Louifiana. I ima-
gine, that, as the Norwegians give the Great Shrike and this a name,
that they may be found in their country. The firfl: they call Klavert,
the laft Hanvark. Mr. Ekmark has obferved both of them, only
during fummer, in Eaji Gothland; but is not certain whether they
winter. Each fpecies appears in Italy in the fpring; retires in autumn.

A. Grey, Lanius Nengeta, Lin. Syfi. 135. — Latham, i. 183.
Grey Pye oi Brafil, Ediv. 318.

C "With the crown, hind part of the neck, back, and coverts of

the wings, deep cinereous : a black line pafTes from the bill

through the eyes to the hind part of the head : greater coverts and fe-

condarics

L.ESSERGREYSHRIKE. 241

condaries black, tipt with dirty wliite ; primaries black : bread and
belly light afh-color : tail black j ends of the outmofl feathers white.
Much larger than N° 127, the common Great Shrike; and differs
fpecifically.

Inhabits RuJJia, but is more frequent in Sibiria ; where it lives in the Place;

forefts the whole winter. Taken and tamed by the fowlers ; and kept
by the Ruffians for the diverfion it affords in the manner of killing
its prey. They ftick a rod with a fharp point into the wall of a
room, on which the Shrike perches. They turn loofe a fmall bird,
which the former inflantly feizes by the throat, ftrangles, and then
fpits it on the point of the ftick, drawing it on with its claws and
bill. Thus it ferves as many as are turned to it, and afterwards eacs
them, thus fufpcnded, at its leifure *. The Germans fbyle it Wurch-
■angely or the Suffocating-angel. The old EngUJh, IVarlangel, which fig-
nifies a bird of fome very mifchievous qualities ; as is evident
from Chancer.

This Sompnour, which that was as ful of jangles.
As ful of venime ben thife (Varianghs f .

B. Lesser. Grey, Pie Grieche if' //o/zV, De Buffon,\, z^'i.—'Pl.Enl. '^z.

O With the forehead black : a black line crofles the eyes, like as
in the former : head, hind part and fides of the neck, back, and
coverts of wings, cinereous, paleft on the rump : ridge of the wing
white : primaries black, with a white fpot near the bafe ; fecondaries
black, tipt with white : throat white : bread and belly tinged with
xofe-color : tail marked like the preceding.

Inhabits Ruffa, but not Sibiria. Found in Italy and Spain, Place.

* Edwards, Gl. p. 233.

t The Freres tale. Ful of 'vcnime, becaufe it was believed, that the thorn on which '

it fluck its prey was venomous. • '

I i V, PARROT, ---

U^ CAROLINA PARROT.

Y.. PARROT. Gen. Birds V..

i^Zi Carolina. Parrokeeto, Laiv/cn, 142. — Latham, i. 227. — Lev. Mtjs.

Parrot oi Carolina, Catejby, i. u. — Du Pratz, ii. 88.
Pfittacus Carolinenfis, Lin. Syji. 141. — BriJ/hn, iv. 350.
La Perruche a tete jaune, De Buffon, vi. 274.
Le Papegai a tete aurore, De Buffon, vi. 247.

P

With the forehead, ridge of the wings, and feathers round"
the knees, orange : head and neck yellow : back, body, and
coverts of wings and tail, green : primaries dufky, mixed with blue
and green ; the upper exterior fides edged with yellow: tail very
long and cuneiform : legs white. 1-ength thirteen inches. Weight
three ounces arid a half.
P.I.ACJ. Inhabits the fouthern parts of North America^ but never appears

higher than Virginia. It is in general a migratory bird, even in Ca-
rolina ; arriving at the feafon when mulberries are ripe, which they
are very fond of, and which are the earlieft fruits of the country, ex-
cept ftrawberries. They infeft, in autumn, the apple-orchards in vaft
flocks, and make great havock by fplitting the fruit for the fake of
the kernels only, being very greedy of them, and the, feeds of cyprefs,
and other trees. They devour too the buds of the birch.

Fev/ of thefe tender birds continue in Carolina during the whole
year. They breed in hollow trees, in low fwampy grounds. When
taken, they eafily grow tame, but do not fpeak. TJieir inceftines are
faid to be a fpeedy poifon to Cats.
E.-j^A 1^^^ ^So^ °^ Parrots are roundifh, and generally of a pure white;

thofe of the Maccaws fpotted, like the eggs of a Partridge. The
r\umber ufually two j yet the Count De Bu^on gives an inftance of a

P.erroquet,

ILLINOIS PARROT. 243

Perroquetj in a ftate of confinemenr, which laid four eggs every
fpring, during five or fix years : one of the eggs was addle ; the
others prodiiflive *^

Ta'i-aj>etz]\ihe, Margrave, 206, N° 2. — fFil, Orn. i\6. — Rait. Syn. av, i^. — r33. [llvnc!

De Buffon, vi. 269. — Latham, i. 22S.
Pf:ttacJ5 Pertinax, Lin. Syft. li^z.
La Perruche Illinoife, BriJJon, iv. 353.
■MelloNV-faced Parrotj Edw. 234..

"P With a cinereous bill : orange-colored irides : forehead, cheeks,
and foinetimes the hind part of the head, of a rich orange :
crown, upper part of the body, tail, and coverts of the wings, of a
fine green : primaries green, edged externally with blue : breall and
belly of a yellowifh green : vent yellow : tail very long and cunei-
form. Of the fame fize with the former. Perhaps differs only in fex ?

Inhabits the interior parts oi North America., in the country of the
Illinois, fouth of lake Michigam : it is alfo met with in the Brazils.
Is a lively bird ; but its voice not very articulate. Father Charlevoix
met with fome on the banks of the Theatiki, a river that rifes a little
fouth of lake Michigam, and runs into the MiJJifipi. He fays, that
thofe he faw were only ftragglers, which migrated before winter ;
but that the main body palled the whole year on the borders of the

MiMp^-

The Count De Buffon confines the whole genus of Parrots to ex- Latitudes or
actly twenty-five degrees on each fide of the Equator J. It always
gives me pain to differ in opinion with fo illuftrious a charafler ; but
[ muft produce my authorities of their being common at far greater
diitances. On the continent of ^^z^r/c^, two fpecies have been ob-
ferved by the Spaniards about Trinity Harbour, in the South Seas, in

Place.

Parrots.

Oi/. vi. 115. f Journal Hijiorique, vi. 124. I Oif. vi. 82.

I i 2 north

444 ■ ILLINOIS PARROT.

north lat. 41. 7 *. Dr. Forjier faw, in the raw, rainy latitude o^ Dujky
Bay, in New Zealand, 46 fouth, two kinds. In the neighborhood of
Botany Bay, in New Holland, in fouth lat. 34, five fpecies were difco-
vered j among which, the greater variety of the fulphur-crefted Cocka-
too appeared in amazing multitudes. But what is moft wonderful,
a fmall fpecies of this tender genus is to be met with as low as Port
^ Famine, in the ftreights o( Magellan, in norch lat. 53. 44 f, in flocks
innumerable. They inhabited the vafl: forefts of the country. Their
food muft be confined to buds and berries; for no ibrt of fruit-,
trees have been obferved there. The forefts likewife were frequently
bounded by mountains, probably cloathed with eternal fnow.

* Barritigten's Mi/cellantes, 489. 491.

f See Sfilbergen's njoy. \n Purchas, i. 80; Wood's, m Dampier's •vcy.hi. 112; and.
Byron's, in Hwwkfiuorth's Coll. i. 38. Befides thefe authorities, Lieut. Gore (fince Cap-^
tain) and Mr. Ednuards, now furgeon at Caernar'von, who failed with Mr. Byron, con-
firmed to me the exiftence of thefe birds in the ftreights oi Magellan.

VI. C R O W.

RAVE N. 245

VI. C R O W. Gen. Bird,- XIL

Er.Zool, i. N° 74.. 134. RaveNo

Corvus Corax, Lin. SjJI. 155.

Korp, Faun. Suec.'H'^ i-,. — Leems, 240. — Faun. Grcfir!. p, 62. — Latham, \. i^j.
— De Bujha, ni. 1.3. — Lev. Mus.

With the point ofthe bill a little incurvated, with a fmall
tooth on each fide, of a black color, glofled with blue. It va-
ries to white, and to pied. In the Feroe ifles is a breed which are
black and white, and are laid to keep in a place feparate from the
comnnoTi kind *..

The largeft of the genus. Weighs three pounds. Length two feet Size.

two inches.

Very numerous as far north as Fimnark., Iceland, a.nd Greenland, Pla.ci.

where it frequents the huts of the natives, and feeds on the offals
of the Seals f . Preys in concert with the White Bear, Ardlic Fox,
and Eagle. Devours the eggs of birds, efpecially the Ptarmigan : •
eats fhore-fifh, and fhell-fifh : drops the laft from on high to break
them, and get at the contents. Turns roundin the air, and is dexterous ;
changes its prey from its bill to its feet, or from its feet to its bill,
by way of eafe. Eats alfo berries, and, when almoft famifhed, dried
ikins and excrements. Nefcles on high r6cks, which overhang and
afford a canopy. Couples in Aiarch ; lays in April. Each preferves
a diftrift to itfelf. The male fits in the day 3 the-femal'e in the night :
the former fieeps clofe by its mate. Have ftrong affeflion to their,
young brood. Hearing its croaking echoed, repeats it ; as if ad-
miring its own note. At approach of ftorms, coUefls under fhelter.
of rocks.

* Brunnid, p, 8. f ^ieiih 64,

Caught

246 C A R R I O N C R O W.

Caught by the natives. Its flefh is eaten. The flcins reckoned the
beft for cloathing : the wings ufed for bruilies : the quils fplit, are
made into nfhing-lines. They alfo inhabit Newfoundland, and now
and then appear as low as Virginia, and Carolina * .

This bird is, among the American favages, an emblem of return of
health. Their phyficianSj or rather magicians, when they vifit a fick
perfon, invoice the Raven, and mimic his croaking voice f . The
northern Indians., on the contrary, detefh this arid all the Crow kind \,
It inhabits Kamtfchatka and Sibiria -, but not within the Afiattc
Ar(5lic regions.

135. Carrio.v. Br. Zool. i. N° 75 ? — Latham, \. ■^jo,

Blaae Raage, Brunnick, N° 29.
Corvus Corone, Faun. Suec. N° 86.
La Corbine, ou I'Corneille, De Baffon, iii. 45.1— P/. Enl. 483.— ^Lev. Mus.

f^ With the plumage wholly black, glofled with violet : bill
ftrong, thick, and arched : noftrils covered with ftrong black
briftles : ends of the feathers of the tail flightly pointed. Length
eighteen inches and a half. Weight from twenty to twenty-two
ounces 1].
?L*cg. Inhabits the province oi New Tork, and the inland parts o{ Hud-

Jon's Bay. Mr. Blackburn obferved, that it retains there the fame
manners as the European fpecies ; and never migrates from New
Tork. Mr. Kalm fays, that they fly in great numbers, and have a
cry much refembling the Rook §. By his account, they appear of
a mixed nature, feeding not only on grain, but on carrion ; and are
alfo very pernicious to young poultry. Like Rooks, they pull up the

• Laiufon, ijg. t Adair's Hiji. Am. 173. X Mr. Hutchinr,

H Foyage, i. 121.

§ See article Rcok, p. 250, A. where a comparifon is made of the differences
between thefe two birds.

a corn

MAGPIE. 247

corn of the country, the neW'-fown maize ; and, when it ripens, do
pick a hole in the leaves which furround the ears, expofing it to
corruption, by letting in the rain. The inhabitants ol Penjylvania
and New Jsrfey were wont to profcribe them, fetting three pence or
four pence on the head of each Crow ; but the law was loon re-
pealed, becaufe of the great expence it brought on the public ftock*.
Mr. KalrA alfo remarks this agreement with the Rook fpecies, that
they fettle much on trees, both in February and the fpring.

Thefe birds are fo rare in Sweden, that Linnaus gives only one in-
ftance of its being killed in his country. Yet it is found in the
diocefe of Drontheim, and in the Feroe iflands. They are fcarce in
Rnjfta ; and only in the north. Grow more common in Sibiria,
and are found plentifully beyond the Lena, where the Hooded Crow
ceafes. Was obferved about Botany Bay, in New Holland -, and is met
with in the Philippine ifles f.

Br. Zool. i, N' 78. — Latham, i. 392. — De Buffon, iii. %<^. IjS. Magpis,

Corvus Pica, Skata, Skiura, Skara, Faun. Suec, N° 92,— Lev. Mus.

^ Variegated with black and white, the black mod beautifully
glofled with green and purple : the tail very long, cuneiform,
black, refplendent with the fame rich colors as the body. Lenp-th
eighteen inches : weight nine ounces.

Vifits Hud/on" s Bay, where the natives call it Que ta-kee Aft:e, or the
Heart-bird. It migrates, and but feldom appears there J.

Is found in Europe, as high as Wardhuys, in lat. 7 ij. It is efteemed Place,

there an augural bird. If it perches on the church, it is fuppofed to
portend the death or removal of the minifter : if on the caftle, that
o-f the governor ||. The Magpies fwarm in the temperate parts of
RuJJia. Common in Sibiria, and even as far as Kamtjchatka, and the
ifles.

* Voyage, ii. 65. f De Buffon,- iii. 6^, \ Tbil. Tranf. Ixii. 3S7.

i|: Lemh 241.

CorviiAi

i>48 C I N E R E O U S C R O W.

J37. Cinereous. Corvus Canadenfis, £/«. 5yy?. 158. — i«/^aCT, i. 389.

Le Geay Brun de Canada, BriJJhn, ii. 54. — De Buffon, lii. 117. — Lev. Mus.

r^ "With a black bill, ftrong, ftrait, notched near the end of the
upper mandible : noftrils covered with a tuft of whitifh feathers
reflefted downwards ; the forehead, cheeks, and under part of the
body, of a dirty reddifh white : the feathers on the crown long and
black, forming a fpecies of creft, like that of the Englijh Jay : the
plumage on the back brown, filky, loofe, and unwebbed, like that of
the Jay : wings black*, tail long, cuneiform, black; the three out-
moft feathers tipt with dirty white : legs black. Length near ele-
ven inches : extent fifteen. Weight two ounces and a half.

Inhabits Hudjon's Bay, Newfoundland, and Canada, and the woods
on the weftern coafts oi America. Thefe birds breed early in
fpring : their nefls are made of (ticks and grafs, and built in pine-
trees. They have two, rarely three, young ones at a time. Their eggs
are blue. The young are quite black, and continue fo for fome time.
They fly in pairs. The male and female are perfectly alike. They
feed on black mofs, worms, and even flefh. When near habita-
tions or tents, they are apt to pilfer every thing they can come at,
even fait meat. They are bold, and come into the tents to eat
vidluals out of the'difhes, notwithftanding they have their hoard of
berries lodged in the hollows of trees. They watch perfons baiting
the traps for Martins, and devour the bait as foon as they turn their
backs. Thefe bii-ds lay up ftores for the winter; and are feldom
feen in January, unlefs near habitations : they are a kind of mock-
bird. When caught, they pine away, and die, though their appetite
;never fails them f. Detefted by the natives oi Uudjons Bay.

f Mr, Htitchias.

BLUE, AND STELLER'S CROW. 249

Jay, Clayton's Virginia. — Phil. Tranf. lii. %<)0.—La'iufon, 141, 138. Btws.-

Blue Jay, Catejhy, i. 15. — Edixi. 239. — Latham, i, 386.
Corvus Criftatus, Lin. Syft. 157.

Le Geay Bleu de Canada, BriJJhn, ii. ^^.—De Sufon, iii. i?o.— Bl. Mifs.—
Lev. Mus,

/^ With a ftrong thick bill : head adorned with a rich blue creft :
a ftripe of black from the bill extending beyond the eyes :
throat and cheeks white : neck furrounded with a black collar : breaft
of a pale vinaceous red : belly white : back of a pale purple : coverts
of the wings and fecondaries of a rich blue, beautifully barred with
black ; the fecondaries, and one order of the coverts, tipt with white :
tail long and cuneiform, barred with blue and black -, the tips of all
white, excepting thofe of tiie two middlemoft : legs black. Length
twelve inches.

Inhabits Newfotaidlandi Canada^ arui as far fouth as Carolina. Has Plac^:

the fame aft ions and jetting motion as the Englijh Jay, but its cry
is lefs harfh. It feeds on fruits and berries, and commonly fpoils
more than it eats. It is particularly fond of the berries of the bay-
leaved Smilax. Refides in the country all the year. Lays in May five
or fix eggs, of a dull olive, with rufly fpots.

/^ With a crefted head : bill, neck, and back, black: iefler co- ij^.Stece-er's

verts of the wings dufky ; the others of a rich refplendent blue:
exterior webs of the primaries of the fame color; the inner dufky ;
the fecondaries of a beautiful rich blue, crofled with narrow black
bars, remote from each other : the rump, belly, and breaft, of a dull
blue : tail very long, cuneiform, and of a fine glofly blue ; the mid-
dle feathers flightly barred. Size of an Englijh Jay.

Inhabits the woods about Natka or George found, in North America. ?LAci.

It had been before difcovered by Steller, when he landed on the fame
fid-e of that continent. Defcribed from a fpecimen in the colledioft

«f Sir Joseph Banks.

• Latham, i. 387.

K k Roo«j

iSO R O O K.

A. Rook, Sr. Ztol. i. N° 76. — Latham, 1. 372.

Corvus Frugilegus, Roka, Faun. Suic. N" 87. — De Buffiin, iii. jj.

r^ Blaek, glofled with purple : a tinge of dull green over part of
* the tail : the ends of the feathers of the tail broad, and rounded ;
thofe of the Crow, acute : the bill ftraiter, flenderer, and weaker, than
that of the Carrion Crow : the length two inches and a half; that of the
latter only two inches and a quarter. The bill of the Crow is of a
more intenfc black. The noftrils and bafe of the bill of the Rook
naked, and whitifli, occafioned by being often thruft under ground
infearch of food. The Weight of both nearly the fame, about
twenty-one ounces : the length about eighteen inches : the extent
of wings in the Rook three feet one inch and a half; of the Crow, .
two inches and a half lefs *.
Place. This fpecies is not found farther north than the fouth q? Sweden. -

It breeds there ; but is driven away by the feverity of the winttr.
No mention is made of it iii the Danifn or Norwegian Faun^. Is
common in Riijfia, and the weft of Sihiria ; but there are none in the
eaft. - They migrate in the beginning of March to the environs of
Woronejch., and rnijngle with the common Crows f.

" I once had the curiofity to compare the meafurements of thefe common birds, and
found them as above ; but theyare often inferior in fizes to the fubjefts I examined.
t Extraiis, i. 103.

n Hooded

HOODED CROW: J A C K D A V/, 2.41

Hooded Cr. Br. Zool. i. N° 77. — Latham, i. 374.
Corvus Cornix, Kraka, Faun. Suec. N" 88.
Krage, Leems, 239, —2?# Buffoii, iii. 61.

^ With black head, wings, and tail ; alh-colored body.

Inhabits Europi, as high as the Feroe illands .ind Lapmark, wherd Place=

it continues the whole year j but in the northern countries often re-
tires to the fhores, where it lives on fliell-fifh. Is very common in
all Ruffia and Sibiria : none beyond the Lena. Migrates to lVo7'onefchy
and pafles the winter there. Grows very large beyond the Ob, and
often varies to entire blacknefs. This bird, and the Raven, in Oc-
tober quit the Jub-alpine woodsy where they b^eed ; and fpread all
over the plains of //tz/y. This fpecies extends to Syria^ as do the
Raven, Crow, JackdaWj and Magpie *.

This fpecies, the Raven, Crow, Jackdaw, Pie, and Jay, pafs
their winter at WoroneJch\, removing probably from hotter as well as
colder climates j for thtee of the above can endure the feverefl cold.

C. Jackdaw, Br. Zbcl. i. N° 81. — Latham, i. 378.
Kaia, Faun, Sutc. N" 89. — De Buffon, iii. 69.

/^ With white ifidts : hind part of the head light grey : breali
• and belly dufl<y alh : reft of the bird black. Length thirteen
inches.

Inhabits as far north as Sondmor : is fometimes feen in the Feroe tiAcei

ifles. Migrates from Smoland and Eaft Gothland the moment that
harveft ends ; and returns in the fpring, attendant on the Stares.
Winters about Upfal, and pafles the night in vaft flocks in ruined
towers, efpecially thofe of antient Upfal. Common over all Ruffiat
and the weft of Sibiria. A few are feen beyond lake Baikal. Are
migratory, unlefs in the fouth of Rujfia, . .

* Htfsl's 4hj>fo, 6^. i £;>-tram, i, 19^,

K k 2 KVr-

452 NUTCRACKER, JAY, AND ROCK CROW.

D. Nutcracker, Br. Zool. ii. App. p. 625. — Latham, i. 400.— Z)* Buffon, iii. laz.
Merula Saxatilis, Aldr. av. ii. 284.
Corvus Caryocaiaftes, Notwecka, Notkraka, Faun, Suee. N" 91.

/^ With primaries and tail black, tlie lafl: tipt with white : vent
white : reft of the plumage of a rufty brown : crown, and co-
verts of the tail, plain j every other part marked with white triangu-
lar fpots. Size of a Jackdaw.
Place; Is found as high as Sondmor. Does not migrate. Common in the

pine-forefts oi Rujfia and Sibiria, and even in Kamtfchatka. Lives
on nuts and acorns, and on the kernels of pine-cones. Neftles in
the bodies of trees, which it perforates like the Woodpecker.

E- JaYj Br. Zool. 1. N° 79 — Latham, i. 3^. — De Buffon, iii. 107.
Corvus Glandarius, Allonfkrika, Kornlkrika, Faun. Suec. N° 90.

r^ With a black fpot on each fide of the mouth : very long
feathers on the head : body purplifh alh : greater coverts of
wings beautifully barred with rich blue, black, and white. Length
thirteen inches.
^^^^^' Is met with as high north as &ondmor. Not migratory. Common

in the woods oi RuJfia and Sibiria ; but none beyond the Lena.

Rock, Greater Redftart, fFU. Orti. 197.

La Paiffe Solitaire, Belon, Oyf. 322.

Codiroflb Maggiore, Olin», 47. — Latham, i, \j(h—De Bufoit, iii. ^^^.—AUr. av. ii.

283.
Stein-Rotela, Gefn. av. 732.

/^ With crown, and neck above, and coverts of wings, brown

* and dirty white. In the males, the middle of the back marked

with a fpot, confifting of a bar of blue, black, and ruft -colored :

throat-, breaft, and bcUy> orange^ fpotted with white, and 3 few dulky

fpots :

GARRULOUS ROLLER. ~ 253

foots : rwo middle feathers of the tail dufky ; the reft ferruginous :
has the fame loofe filky texture of feathers as the Jay. Size of a
Stare.

Found as high as the forefts o^ Lapland. Is called by the Sirjedes, Plac2>-

Lappjkata and Olyckfugl ; by the Norwegians., Certnidsfogel ; alfb
Ulykifuegl, from its being fuppofed to forebode ill-luck. Linn^us,
for the fame reafon, ftyles it Lanius Infaujltis -, and in his Fauna,
Corvus Infaujlus *. It is common in the woods of the north olRuJfta
and Sibiria. Is a moft audacious bird. Li'inceus relates, that in
dining amidft the Lapland forefts, it would often fnatch away the
meat befoje him. Breeds in crevices of rocks. Feeds on worms
and. infeds. Sings finely, and is often preferved in cages for its fong.

ROLLER. Gen. Birds XIII.

G. Garrulous, Br. Zool. ii. App. p. 530 quarto, 624 oilavo. — Latham, i. ^06,— Dt
Biiffon, iii. 133. — Aldr. i. 395.
Coracias Garrula, Spanflt-kraka, Bla-kraka, Faun. Suec. N° 94.

"n With a naked fpot beyond each ear : head, neck, back, bre.ift,
belly, and greater coverts of the wings, of a light bluifh
green ; back ferruginous : coverts of the tail, lefTer coverts of the
■wings, and lower parts of the fecondaries, of a rich blue ; primaries '
black above, blue beneath : middle feathers of the tail dirty green ; • .
the reft of a light blue : the exterior feathers on each fide much longer
than the reft, and tipt with black : legs yellawilh. Size of a Jay.

This elegant bird is found not fpread, but as if it were in a ftreami Pla<

from the fouthern parts of Norway to Barbary and Senegal : from the
fouth oiRuJfia to the neighborhood of the Irtijh, only, in that em-
pire i and foutherly, to Syria f . In Sweden, it arrives with the Cuckoo j

* %?. 138. Faun. Suet. N"'93. f Refers ^Ufpo, 6^,

retires

254 GARRULOUS ROLLER.

retires at the conclufion of the harveft f . It makes its neft in the
birch, preferably to all other trees J ; and in places where trees are
wanting, fuch as Malta and Barbary, it forms its ncft in clayey banks.
Zinanni fays it lays five eggs, of clear green, fprinkled v/ith innume-
rable dark fpecks ||. It feeds on fruits, acorns, and infefts. Is a Ihy
bird J but, at times, is feen in company with Crows and Pies on the
plough lands, picking up worms, and grains of corn. Schwenckfelt
fays, that in autumn it grows very fat, and is efteemed as a delicacy §.
It is remarkably clamorous. Is migratory, M. Adanjon obferved
them in Senegal, in flocks, in the month of September, and iuppofes
they winter there f .

•f- Antten. Acad. iv. 583,

X De Buffon, iii. 139: from this circumftahcc, one of its German xwmzsh Bird'
-heher, or the Birch Jay.

11 Zinanni dellt Nova, &c. p. 63. tab. X. %. 29. f Av. Silefia, 244.

'% Foy. Senegal, Engl. ed. 25. 107.

Vll. ORIOLE.

REDWING ORIOLE. 255

V-II. ORIOLE. Gen. Birds XIV.

Acolchichi, Fernand. Nov. Hiff, p. i^.—Wil. Or». 395. — Raii Sytt. av. 166, — j^^o. Red-wing.

Latham, i. 428.
Black Bird (2d fp.) Laiu/on, 139.

Red-winged Starling, Catejhy, i. 13, — Du PratK, ii. 91.
Le Troupiale a Aifles Rouges, BriJJott, ii, 97.
Le Conwnandeur, De Biiffbn, iii. 214. — PI. EnL 402.
Oriolus Phoeniceus, Lin. Syji. 161.

OWith black bill and legs : plumage of a fine jetty blacknefs,
• except the lefler coverts of the wings, which are of a bright
fcarlet, with the loweft row white. Length ten inches. The Fe-
males are of a dufky color.

Inhabit from the province of New Tork to the kingdom of Place.

H'lexjco. In North America they are called Red-winged Starlings,
and Swamp Black-birds ; in Mexico, Commendadores, from their red
flioulders, refembling a badge worn by the commanders of a certain
SpaniJJj order. That kingdom feems to be their moft fouthera refi-
dence. They appear in New Tork in Jpril, and leave the coun-
try in October. They probably continue the whole year in the Mankirs.
fouthern parts, at left Catejby and Law/on make no mention of
their departure. They are feen in flocks innumerable, obfcuring at
times the very fky with their multitudes. They were efteemed the
peft of the colonies, making moft dreadful havock among the maize
and other grain, both when new fown, and when ripe. They are
very bold, and riot to be terrified with a gun ; for, notwithftanding
the fportfman makes flaughter in a flock, the remainder will take a
Ihort flight, and fettle again in the fame field. The farmers fome- . ' •

times attempt their deftruction, by fteeping the maize in a decodion

of.

as6 R E D-W I N G ORIOLE.

'of white hellebore before they plant it. The birds which eat this
prepared corn are feized with a vertigo, and fall down ; which fome-
times drives the reft away. This potion is particularly aimed againft
the Purple Grakles, or Purple Jackdaw, which conforts in my-
riads with this fpecies, as if in confpiracy againft the labors of the huf-
bandman. The fowler feldom fhoots among the flocks, but fome of
each kind fall. They appear in greatefl: numbers in autumn, when
they receive additions from the retired parts of the country, in order
to prey on the ripened maize.

Some of the colonies have eftablifhed a reward of three pence a
<3ozen for the extirpation x>f the Jackdaws : and in New England,
the intent was almoft effefted, to the coft of the inhabitants ; who at

Uses. length difcovered that Providence had not formed even thefe feem-

ingly deftrudtive birds in vain- Notwithllanding they caufed fuch
havock among the grain, they made ample recompence, by clearing
the ground of the noxious worms * with which it abounds. As fooa
as the birds were deftroyed, the reptiles had full leave to multiply :
the confequence was the total Joli of the grafs, in 1749; when the
New Englaiiders, late repentants, were obliged to gtt their hay from
Tenjyhania, and even from dreat Britain.

Nest. 'pj^e Red-winged Orioles build their nefts in bulhes, and among

the reeds, in retired fwamps, in the form of a hang-nefl ; leaving it
fufpended at fo iudicious a height, and by fo wondrous an inftinft,
that the hi^hefl: floods never reach to deflroy it. The nefl: is fl:rong,
made externally with broad grafs, a little plafl:ered ; thickly lined
with bent or withered grafs. The eggs are white, thinly and irre-
gularly fl:reaked with black.

Fernandez fays, that in Mexico they build in trees near towns ; and
both he and Catejhy agree., that they fing as well in a fl:ate of con-
finement as of nature ; and that they may be taught to fpeak. I
agree with M. de Buffon, that, in cafe the manner of their nidification

• The Caterpillar of the BrMchns Pifi, or Peafe Beetle, in particular. See Kalm, i.
173. 176.

WHITE-BACKED, AND BALTIMORE ORIOLE. 257

is as Fernandez aflerts, the difagreement in the different countries is
very wonderful.

In Louiftana they appear only in winter, and are taken in a clap-
net, placed on each fide of a beaten path made on purpofe, and
ftrewed over with rice. As loon as the birds alight, the fowler draws
the net, and fometimes takes three hundred at a haul. They are alfo
eaten in the EngliJIi colonies. Fernandez does not commend their
flefh, which, he fays, is unpalatable and unwholefome.

D« Pratz fpeaks of two kinds : this, and another which is grey

and black, with a red iTioulder, like the fpecies in queftion. I fufpe£t Younc, or

. c ^^ ^ Females ?

he forms out of the young birds, not yet arrived at full color, a new

kind J or perhaps a female bird : for I have received from Dr. Gar-'

den one under that title, which agrees with the defcription given by

M. Du Pratz. Thefe are ftreaked with pale rufty brown : cheeks

black : over each eye a white line : breaft and belly black, fpotted

with pale brown : leffer coverts of the wings rich orange.

White-backed Maize Thieves, Ka!m,iU2j^. 141. White-

back e%

* Species mentioned barely as above by Mr. Kalm, with the addi-

■^ tion of their being lefs than the laft : that they fing finely,

and appeared flying now and then among the bufhes near Saratoga;

but that he faw them for the firfl time near New Tork. As Mr. Kalm Place.

feems not to have had a diftinft fight of thefe birds, it is poflible that

they are the White-winged Orioles of Mr. Latham, ii. 440 : the

coverts of whofe wings are white ; the reft of the plumage entirely

black. His fpecies came fiom Cayenne.

Baltimore bird, Catefiy,\. ^^. — Latham, \. /^'t^z. 142. Baltimore.

Le Baltimore, BriJJon, ii. 109. — De Buffon, iii. 231. — PI. EnJ. 506.
Oriolus Baltimore, Lin. Syji. 162. — El. Mus.— Lev. Mus.

r^ With the head, throat, neck, and upper part of the back, black : Male.

^^' leffer coverts of the wings orange j the greater black tipt

L 1 with

^58 B A S T A R D ORIOLE.

with white: breail, belly, lower part of the back, and CQverts-pf
the tail, of a bright orange : primaries dufky, edged with white :
two middle feathers of the tail black ; the lower part of the reft of
the fame color, the remaining part orange : legs blade.
Female. Head and back of the fernale olive, edged with pale brown:

coverts of the wings of the fame color, marked witli a fingle bar of
white : under fide of the body, and coverts of the tail, yellow : tail
dufky, edged with yellow. Length of this fpecies feven inches.
Place. Inhabits from Carolina * to Canada \. Sufpends its neft to the

horizontal forks of the Tulip or Poplar trees, formed of the fila-
ments of fpme tough plants, curioufly woven, mixed.with wool, and
lined with hairs. It is of a pear fhape, open at top, .with a hole on
the fide, through which the young difcharge their excrements, and
are fed. Ip fpme parts oi -North America, thisfpecies, from. its brilliant
color, is called the Fiery Hang-neji. It is called the Baltmtore bird,
from its colors refembling thofe in the arms of that nobleman.

It quits North America before winter, and probably retires to
Mexico, the Xochitototl of Fernandez % feeming to be the fame fpe-
cies.

143. Bastard. fiailard Baltimore, C«;^, i. 49. — £<j/A4»i, i. 433.

Le Baltimore Batard, Brijfon, ii. in. — Be Buffon, iii. z^i.—TLEmI. 506.
<>ioIus Spuri.us, Lin.SjJi. 162. — Bl.JMus. — Lev. Mus.

/^ With the head, neck, and upper part of the back, of a full
gloffy black : breaft and belly of a fine orange bay : lower part
of the back, and coverts of the tail, of the fame color : the leffer
coverts of the wings light bay; the greater black, edged with dirty
■white: the quil feathers dufky, edged with white : tail cuneiform
and black.

The head of the female, and hind part of the neck, deep olive :
throfit black : coverts of wings dufky, edged with white j primaries

• itf-Mj/Si*, 145. f Dt Bujin. % Av, Ncv.Hi/p. ^g.

■ and

xrr

268

1 \

^%z/^^n{7re L-n<:ne . ^ C/^

BLACK, AND BROWN-HEADED ORIOLE. (159

and fecondaries of the fame colors: under fide of the body of a
greenifli yellow : tail dufky, edged with yellow.

Inhabits Norfh America. Arrives in New Tor k In May. Lays five P^lace.
eggs i and ufually hangs its nefl: in an apple-tree^

Latham, ii. 445, N" 37.

Le Troupiale Noir, Brijfon, ii. 103. tab. x. — Dt Buffon, iii. 320.— i*/. Ent, 534— H4' Rlack..
Bb.. Mus.

/^ With a black bill, an inch long : legs of the fame color :
whole plumage black and glofly. Length near ten inches.
Extent one foot. Weight two ounces and a quarter.

Female. With head, bread, and belly, dufky, tinged with cinere-
ous } the reft of the plumage of as greenifh brown.

Inhabits North America, even a far as Hudfon's Bay. Arrives there Place*

in the beginning of June, as foon as the ground is thawed fufficiently
for them to get food, which is Worms and Maggots. They ling with
a fine note till the time of incubation, when they defift, and only
make a chucking noife till the young take their flight ; when they
refume their fong. They build their nefts in trees, about eight
feet from the- ground ; and form them with mofs and grafs. Lay
five eggs, of a dark color, fpotted with black. Gather in great
flocks, and retire foutherly in September. A bird, which I apprehend
to be only a lefler variety, is defcribed by the Com^te de Buffon, iii. 221.
Th Enl. 606. Latham, ii. 446..

AS' With the head of a rufVy brown : the body and wings black, 145.' Frown-

* glofl"ed with green : the tail of a dufky color. Size of a com- headed,.

anon Blackbird. — Br. Mus. Lev. Mus.

Inhabits New Tork, and appears there in fmall flocks during fum- Place^

mer. Perhaps migrates to St. Domingo, where it is alfo found, and is
eatted there, according to Mr. Knchan's account, Siffleur, or Whiftler;
but differs from that defcribed by M. Be Buffon, iii. 230, which is
entirely yellow beneath.

Lis. O. With

26® RUSTY, WHITE-HEADED, Sec. ORIOLE.

r+e. Rusty. r\ With dufky bill and legs : head, and hind part of the neck,
of a blackilli purplifh hue, with the edges of the feathers ruft-
colored : from the bill, over and beneath the eyes, extends a black
fpace, reaching to the hind part of the head : throat, under fide of the
neck, the breaft, and back, black, edged with pale ruft : belly dufky:
wings and tail black, gloffed with green. Length between feven
and eight inches.
Place. Appears in New Tork in the latter end of OlJoher, and makes a

very fhort flay there : it probably is on its way foutherly from Hud-
Jon s Bay, where it is alio found.

147. White- Le Caffiqae de la Louiflane, DtBuffoH, iii. 242. — PL Enl. 646.

HEADED.

r\ With the head, neck, belly, and rump, white : the reft of the
plumage changeable violet, bordered with white, or in fome
parts intermixed. Length ten inches French.
Pi-*cE, Inhabits Louiftana.

148. HuDsoNiAN ^ With a dufky bill : head and throat pure white : ridge of the
wing, fome of the under coverts, firfl primary, and thighs, of
the fame color : all the reft of the bird dufky, in parts gloffed with
green : on the breaft a few oblong ftrokes of white : legs dufky.
Length eight inches and a half. Extent thirteen and a half.
Weight an ounce and three quarters.
Place. Inhabits Hudjoti's Bay. A very rare fpecies. Quere, if only differ-

ing in fex from the laft. — Lev. Mus.

140. Olive. i-e Carouge Olive de la Louifjane, De Buffon, iii.' 2^1.— PI. Enl. 607.

/^ With the head olive, tinged with grey : hind part ofj the
neck, the back, wings, and tail, of the fame color, tanged with

brownj

YELLOW -THROATED, &c. ORIOLE. ^6\

brown, brighteft on the rump and the beginning of the tail : the fides
alfo olive, dafhed with yellow ; the fame color edges the greater
coverts and primaries : the throat is orange-colored : the under fide
of the body yellow : legs a brownifh afh-color. Length fix or
feven inches French. Extent from ten to twelve.

Inhabits Louijiafia. Place.

/^ With a bright yellow ftroke over each eye : cheeks and throat 150. Yellow-

of the fame color : all the reft of the plumage tinged with
green, only fome of the coverts of the wings are tipt with white : bill
and legs duiky. Length nine inches. Extent fifteen and a half.

Was fhot in Hudfon's Bay. Place.

ifl/;&«», ii. 447, N" 40. tSl- Unalasch-

KA.

i~\ With a brown bill ; between its bafe and the eyes a white
mark : plumage above, brown ; the middle of each feather
clouded : chin white, bounded on each fide by a dark diverging
line : fore part of the neck and breafl: of a rufty brown : coverts of
the wings, the fecondaries, and tail, brown, edged with ruft : pri-
maries and belly plain: fides dufky: legs brown. Length eight
inches.

Brought by the late navigators from Unalafchka. Placb.

Latham, i. 448. ,j2. SHARf-

TAILSD.

r\ With the crown brov/n and cinereous: cheeks brown, fur-
rounded by a border of light clay-color, commenced at the
bafe of each mandible of the bill : throat white : breaft, fides, and
vent, of a dull pale yellow, fpotted with brown : belly white : back

varied *•

a6a SHARP-TAILED ORIOLE.

varied with afh-color, black, and white : greater and lefler coverts
of the wings dulky, deeply bordered with ruft-color ; primaries
black, nightly edged with ruft : the feathers of the tail flope off on
each fide to a point, not unlike thofe of a Woodpecker ; are of a
dufky color, and obfcurely barred : the legs of a pale brown. Size
of a Lark.
Placi, Inhabits the province of New York. — From Mrs. Blackburn^ col-

ledtion.

Vm. "SRAKLE.

P'U R P L E G R A K L E. a$3

VIII. G R A K L E. Gen. Birds, XV.

Tequixquiacatzanatl *, FemandtxMtx. 21. ,50. Purpie.

La Pie de la Jamaique, Brijfon, ii. 41. — De Buffhti, iii. gj.^-Pl. Enl. 5-38.

Merops Niger iride fub-argentea, Brcwn's Jamaica, 476.

Purple Jackdaw, Catejlj, i. 12. — Latham, i. 462.

Black Bird, Laiv/on, fp. 2d, i^q.—SIoane Jamaica, ii. 299.

Gxacula Quifcula, £;». 5y/. 165.x— Bl. Mus. — Lev. Mus.

GWith a black bill : filvery irides : head and neck black,
. glofled over with a moft refplendent blue, variable as
oppofed to the light: back and belly, with green and copper-color,
growing more dufky towards the vent : tail long, and cuneiform :
legs black : wings and tail rich purple. Female entirely dufky ;
darkeft on the back, wings, and tail.

Length of the male thirteen inches „and a half: the Weight about Sizh.
fix ounces. Length of the female eleven inches and a half.

Thefe birds inhabit the fame countries as the Red-wing Orioles,
and generally mingle with them. They fometimes keep feparate j
but ufually combine in their ravages among the plantations of maize.
After that grain is carried in, they feed on the feeds of the Water
Tare Grafs, or Zizania aquatica. Their good qualities, in clearing the
country from noxious infefts, have been recited before, in page
mixed with the hiftory of their congenial companions.

They appear in New York and Philadelphia in February, or the be-
ginning of March ; and fit perched on trees near the farms, and give
a tolerably agreeable note. They alfo build in trees, ufually in re-
tired places, making their nefts externally with coarfe ftalks, inter- Nbst.

Placb.

* i. e. The Salt Starling, becaufe in Mexico it frequents the fah lakes,

3 nally

a64 B O A T - T A I L G R A K L E.

nally with bents and fibres, with plaifter at the bottom. They lay
five or fix eggSj of a pale plue color, thinly fpotted and flriped with
black. After the breeding-feafon, they return with their- young from
their moft diftant quarters, in flights continuing for miles in length,
blackening the very flcy, in order to make their depredations on the
ripening maize. It is unfortunate that they increafe in proportion as
the country is more cultivated ; following the maize, in places they
were before unknown, wherefoever that grain is introduced.

They migrate from the Horthern colonies at approach of winter ;
but continue in Carolina the whole year, feeding about the barn-
door. Their flelh is rank, and unpalatable ; and is only the food of
birds of prey. The fmall Hawks dafli among the flocks, and catch
them in the air.

They are alfo found in Mexico, and in the ifland of Jamaica^
They are fometimes eaten j but their flefh is hard, rank, and of bad
nouriflimenr.

ici. BoAT-TAiLi Gracula Barriia, Liu. Sjj!. 16^. — Latham, u /^6o.

Le Troupiaie Noir, Ifterus Niger, BriJJhn, ii. 105. — T>e Buffhn, ill. 220. — PI.

Enl. 534.
Monedula tota nigra, Shane, 299. — Rail Sya, av. 185.— Lev. Mus.

/^ With the bill an inch and a half long, fliarp, and black J
plumage black, gloffed with purple : tail cuneiform, expanded
when walking j in flight, or on the perch, folded, fo as to form an
oblong cavity in its upper part. Length about thirteen inches.
Placi, Inhabits not only the greater Antilles, but the warmer parts of

North Aw.erica ; conforting with the Purple Grakles, and Red- winged
Orioles. Feeds on maize and infedls ; in the iflands on Bananas.

IX. CUCKOO.

CAROLINA CUCKOO. ^^5

IX. CUCKOO. Gen. Birds, XIX,

Cuckoo of Carolina, Ca/efy, i.g. — Laiv/oi:, t^^. 155. Carolina.

Le Coucou de la Caroline, Brijfon, iv. 112.

Cuculus Americanus, Lin. Syft, 170. — Latham, i. 537. — Lev. Mus.— Bl. Mus.

CWith the upper mandible of the bill black, the lower yel-
. low : head, and whole upper part of the body, and coverts of
the wings, cinereous ; under fide entirely white : primaries brown
on their exterior, orange on their interior fides : tail long j two
middle feathers entirely cinereous, the others tipt with white : legs
dufliy. Length twelve inches.

Inhabits North America. Arrives in New York in May. Makes its Place.

neft in June, ufually in apple-trees ; and lays four eggs, of a bluifli
white color. The neft is made of fmall fticks and roots, and refem-
bles greatly that of the Englijh Jay j but is fmaller. It retires from
North America in autumn.

This bird, as well as all the foreign Cuckoos, have only the gene-
rical charafter of the well-known European fpecies. They differ ia
their oeconomy, nor have the opprobrious notes of that bird.

Mm lUROPEAK

a66 EUROPEAN CUCKOO,

A. European Cuckoo, Br. Zool. i. N" 82. tab. xxxvi. fem. — Latham, I. ^og,
Cuculus Canorus, Gjok, Faun. Suec. N° 96.
Le Coucou, De Buffon, vi. 305. — Lev. Mus.

f^ "With dove-colored head, hind part of the neck, back, rump,
and coverts : throat, and under fide of the neck, of a pale grey :
breaft and belly white, barred with black : primaries dufky ; inner
webs marked with white oval fpots : tail cuneiform ; middle feathers
black, tipped with white ; the reft marked with white fpots on each
web. Female, Neck of a brownifh red : tail barred with ruft- color
and black, and fpotted with white.
Place. Inhabits all parts of Europe, as high as Saltens Fogderie, in Nor"

way *, within the Ardtic circle ; and even at Loppen, in Fimnark f .
It is found equally high in ^Jia ; and extends as far eaft as Kamtf-
chatka. In all places it retains its fingular note, and its more Angu-
lar nature of laying its eggs in the nefts of fmall birds, and totally
deferting them J. Of the above circumftance I beg leave to add a
proof, which fell under my own notice in June 1778 ; when I faw a
young Cuckoo, almoft full grown (when I firft difcovered it) in the
neft of a white Wagtail, beneath fome logs in a field adjacent to my
houfe. The Wagtail was as folicitous to feed it, as if it had been
its own offspring ; for, many days after the Cuckoo fled, it was feen
often perched on the adjacent walls, ftill attended and fed by the
Wagtail.

It arrives in the northern and eaftern parts of Jfta, about the tenth
of June.

* Poniop, ii. 75. f Leems, 291. f Dr. Pallas.

WRYNECK.

WRYNECK. ^ ^ 267

WRYNECK. Gen, Birds, XX.

B. Wrvnfck, Br. Zool. i. N° 83. — Latham, i. 548.
Jynx Torquilla Gjoktyta, Faun. Stiec. N" 97.
Le Torcol, De Buffon, vii. 84.— P/. Enl. 698.— Lev. Mus.

'\M' With a black and colored lift dividing lengthways the crown
and back : upper part of the body elegantly pencilled v'lth
grey, black, white, and ferruginous : tail confifts oi ten featliers,
grey, fpeckled with black, and marked equidiftant with four broad
black bars.

Extends over all RuJJia and Sibiria, and even to Kamtjchatka. Place.

Found in Sweden^ and as high as Drontheim, in Norway ; and probably
migrates as far as the Cuckoo. The Swedes call this bird Gjoktyta, or
the bird which explains the Cuckoo : probably for the fame reafon as
the fFelJJ} and Englijlo ftyle it the Cuckoo's Man, as it feems its attend-
antj and to point out its arrival.

M m 2 X. WOOD-

26S WHITE>BII.LED WOQDFECKER.

% WOODPECKER. Gen. Birds, XXI.

156. White- Quatotomomi, Femand. Mex. 50. — Wil. Orn. 390.

BILLED. Ipecu, Maregra've, 207. — Wil. Orn. 138. — Rait Syn. ^ad. 43. — Latham, ii. 553.

Picus principalis, Lin. SyJ}. 173,
Largeft White-bill Woodpecker, Catejby, i. 16. — Lanxifon, 142. — Barrere Fr.

Equin. 143. — Kalm, ii. 8y.
Grand Pic noir a bee blanc, De Buffon, vli. 46, — Fl. Enl. 650.

w.

With a bill of ivory whitenefs ; great ftrength ; three inches
long : irides yellow : a conic creft, of a rich fcarlet color,
on the hind part of the head ; head, throat, neck, bread, and belly,
black : beneath each eye is a narrow ftripe of white, crooked at its be-
ginning, running afterwards ftrait down the fides of the neck : upper
part of the back, primary feathers, and coverts of the wings, black ;
lower part of the back, and the fecondaries, white : tail black.

This is a gigantic fpecies, weighing twenty ounces ; and in bulk
equal to a Crow.
Pl^ce. Inhabits the country from New Jerfey to the Braftls. Is in North

America a fcarce bird ; in South America more common. It breeds
in the kingdom of Mexico in the rainy feafon ; for which reafon
Nieremberg ftyles it Picus Imhrifcetus *. The Spaniards call them
Carpenteros, Carpenters, on account of the multitude of chips which
they hew out of the trees, either in forming their nefts, or in fearch
of food, infeds, and worms, which lurk beneath the bark. They are
very deftruftive to trees j for they have been known to cut out a
meafure of chips in an hour's time f . Inftinft diredts them to form
their holes in a winding form, in order the better to protefb their
nefts from the injury of the weather %.

Eu/eb. Nieremlerg. f CateJBy, J Barren.

10 Canada

PILEATED WOODPECKER, aSf

Canada is deftitute of thefe birds. The Indians of that fevcre
climate purchafe the bills from the favages of the more fouthern
parts, at the rate of two or three Buck Ikins apiece, in order to form
the coronets * of their fachems and warriors. Thefe coronets were
made with feveral materials. Gay plumes formed the rays ; the
beaks of birds, claws of rare animals, and the little horns of their
Roes, were-the other ornaments. They were never worn but on high
folemnities ; either when a warrior fung the fong of war, or was fet -
ting forward on his march to meet the enemy. He went forth like
a Spartan hero, dancing, and crowned f.

Larger Red-crefted Woodpecker, Catejhy,\. 17. 1-7, Pileateo.

Le Pic noir hupe de Virginia, Briffon, iv. 29.
Picus Pileatns, Lin. Syft. 173. — Latham, 1. 554.

Le Pic noir a huppe rouge, De Buffhn, vii. 48. — PI. EiiL 718. — Lev, Mus.—
Bl. Mus.

yXT" With a bill two inches long, of a dufky color on the upper,
and whitifh on the lower mandible : irides of a gold-color :
a tuft of light brown feathers refiedted over the nollrils : the crown
adorned with a rich fcarlet creft, bounded by a narrow bufF-colored
line ; beneath that is a broad band of black, reaching from the eyes
to the hind part of the head ; under this is another line of buff-
color, commencing at the bill, and dropping down on each fide of
the neck to the pinions of the wings : from the lower mandible a
line of fcarlet extends along the lower part of the cheeks : chin and
throat white : fore and hind part of the neck, back, breaft, belly,
•and tail, black : the wings black, marked with a double line of
white : legs dufky. Length eighteen inches. Weight nine ounces.

Inhabits the forefts o( Pen/ylvania and New York. When the maize Placs.

begins to ripen, this and the other kinds make great havock, by

* Gatejij, t Lafitau Masurs tie Sauvttge, ii. 60.

fettlins:

07° GOLDEN-WING WOODPECKER.

fettling on the heads, and picking out the grain ; or making holes la
the leaves, and letting in the wet, to the deftruftion of the plant*.
It breeds and refides the whole year in the country. It extends as
high as lat. 50. 31. north; being found near the banks o^ Albany
river, near four hundred miles from its difcharge into Hud/on's Bay.
Lays fix eggs, and brings forth its young in June. The Indians deck
their Calumets with the creft of this fpecies.

158. Golden- Golden-winged Woodpecker, Catejiy,i. iS.

*'*''• Le Pic Raye de Canada, BriJ/hn, iv. 70.

Picus Auratus, Lin. Syfi. 174. — Latham, i. 597.

Le Pic aux ailes dorees, De BuJfon,v\x. 39. — Fl. Enl. G^^. — Lev. Mus, — Bl»

Mus.

"V^ With a black bill, bending like that of a Cuckoo : crown
cinereous ; on the hind part a fcarlet fpot : cheeks and under
fide of the neck of a pale red : from each corner of the mouth a
black line extends along the cheeks: the upper part of the breaft is
marked with a black crefcent ; the remainder and the belly whitifh,
fpotted v/ith black : back and coverts of wings of a fine pale brown,
barred with black : the primaries cinereous ; their fhafts of a moft
elegant gold-color ; the under fide of the webs of a gloffy yellow :
rump white, fpotted with black : tail black, edged v/ith white : the
fhafts of all the feathers gold- colored, except thofe of the two mid-
dle feathers : legs duflcy. Length twelve inches. Weight five
ounces. The Female wants the black on each fide of the throat.
Place. Inhabits from Hudjons Bay to Carolina, and again on the weflern fide

"of North America. In the firft is migratory, appearing in April, and
leaving the country in September. All the American Woodpeckers
agree with thofe oi Europe in building in hollow trees, and in laying
fix white eggs. The natives oiUudJon's Bay call this fpecies, Qu-thee-

* Kalm.
2 quan-

FERRUGINOUS, AND RED-HEADED WOODPECKER. 271

qiian-mr-owy from the golden color of the fhafts and under fide of
the wing feathers *.

Tht Swedi/h Americans call it Hittock, andP/«/f ; words formed
from its notes. It is almoft continually on the ground; and never
picks its food out of the fides of trees, like others of th-s genus : nei-
ther does it climb, but fits perched, like the Cuckoo ; to which it
has fome refemblance in manners, as well as form. It feeds on in-
fefts. Grows very fat, and is reckoned very palatable. It inhabits
the Jerfies, and other provinces to the fauth, the whole year.

Latham, i, 592. Ijj. Ferrugi-

Le Pic Mordore, De Bujon, vli. 34.— i*/. Enl. 524. nous.

TX/" With a duflcy bill : the crown and pendent creft of a pale
yellow : a crimfon bar extends from the mouth along the
lower part of the cheek : the cheeks, back, and coverts of the wings,
of a deep ferruginous color : lower part of the back of a pale yel-
low : primaries ferruginous, barred on their inner webs with black.
Size of the Green Woodpecker.

This new fpecies was fent to me by Dr. Garden, of Charlejiown, Placz,

£outh Carolina.

Red-headed Woodpecker, Catejly, i. 20. — Laiu/on, 3d fp. 143. — DuPratz, 92. 160 Red-heade»,

Latham, i. 561.
Picus Erythrocephalus, Lin. Sjjl. 174.

Le Pic a telle rouge, de la Virginie, Briffon, iv. ^^,—Pl. Enl. 117.
Le Pic noir a domino rouge, De Buffon, vii. 55. — PI, Enl. 117. — Lev. Mus. .

Bl. Mus.

With a lead-colored bill : head and neck of the moft deep
and rich fcarlet : back, coverts of wings, primaries, and tail,
of a glofiy blacknefs : the fecondaries white, marked with two black

• Phil Tr. Ixii. 387. f Kalm, ii. ^6.

bars :

aya CAROLINA AND SPOTTED WOODPECKER.

bars : breaft and belly white : legs black. The head of the Female-
Is brown. Length nine inches and a half. Weight two ounces.
f^^<^^- Inhabits Penfyhania, and the neighboring provinces. Feeds on

maize and apples ; and is a mofl deftruftive fpecies. They pick out
all the pulp, and leave nothing but the mere rind. They feed alfo
on acorns. They were formerly' profcribed ; a reward of two pence
v/as put on their heads : but the law was repealed. They migrate
fouthward at approach of winter. When they are obferved to linger
in numbers in the woods, in the beginning of v/inter, the inhabi-
tants reckon it ?, fign of a mild feafon *.

This fpecies extends acrofs the continent to the weflern coaft of
America.

161. Carolina. Red-bellied Woodpecker, Catejly, i. 19.

Picus Carolinus, Lin. Syjl. 174. — Latham, i. J70.

Le Pic varie de la Jamaique, Briffon, iv. 59. — De Buffbn, vii, 72,

Woodpecker of Jamaica, Edtu. 244. — Bl. Mus.

"\X/" With the forehead, crown, and hind part of the head, of an
orange red j under fide of a light alh-color, tinged with yel-
low : the vent fpotted with black : the back and wings clofely
barred with black and white ; middle feathers of the tail black, the
outmoft barred with black and white. The crown of the female is
light grey : hind part of the head red. Length eleven inches.
Weight two ounces eleven penny-weights.
f-LACE. Inhabits North America, and the greater Antilles^,

162. Spotted. Great Spotted Woodpecker ? Br. Zool. i. N° 85. — Latham, i. 564.

Le Pic varie, Brijfon, iv. 34. — De Buffon, vii. 57. — PI. Enl. 196. 595.
Picus Major, Faun. Suec. N° 100. — Lev. Mos. — Bl.Mus.

TX/" With buff forehead ; black crown, bounded behind with a

crimfon band : vent feathers crimfon : back black : fcapulars

white : wings and tail barred with black and white : breaft and belly

• Kalm, ii, 87.

white>

CANADA SPOTTED, AND HAIRY WOODPECKER. ayj

white, tinged with yellow. Length nine inches. Extent fixteen.
Weight two ounces three quarters. Female wants the crimfon
marks.

Sent to Mrs. Blackburn from New 7'ork. Inhabits Europe, as high Placj.

as La-pmark. Extends to the moft eaftern part oi Sibiria,. *

L'Epeiche de Canada, De Bitffhn, vii. 69. — PI. Enl. 347. — Brijjfon, iv. 45. 163. Canada

6P0TT.ED.

"Y^T" With white forehead, throat, breaft, and belly: crown, black;
beneath is a band of white, encircling the head ; from each
eye another of black, uniting behind, and running down the hind
part of the neck ; each fide of this bounded by white ; that again
bounded by black, commencing at the bafe of the bill, and uniting
with the fcapulars : the back black ; fcapulars of the fame colof,
mixed with a few white feathers; wings fpotted with* black and
white: middle feathers of the tail black; the outmoft black and.
white. Size of the laft.

Inhabits Canada. Place,

Hairy Woodpecker, Catejiy,\. 19. — Latham, i. ^"/Z. .g^ jj

Picus Villofus, Lin. Syji. 175.
Le Pic varie de la Virginie, Brijfon. iv. 48.

L'Epeiche ou Pic Chevelii de Virginie, De Buffhn, vii. 75. — Lev. Mus. — Bl.
Mus.

TXT' With the crown black : the hind part of the head marked
with a crimfon fpot ; the cheeks with two lines of white and
two of black : whole under fide of the body white : back black, di-
vided in the middle lengthways with a line of white unconnefted
feathers, refembling hairs : the wings black, fpotted in rows with

*■ PhiLTran/. Ixu. ^?,i. . '

N n, ■ ■ ■ white %.

274 DOWNY WOODPECKER.

white : two middle feathers of the tail black ; the two outmoft en-
tirely white ; the reft black, marked crofTways with white. The fe-
male wants the red fpot on the head. Length nine inches. Weight
two ounces.
''''*cE. Inhabits from Hudjon's Bay * to Carolina. In the laft very deflruc-

tive to apple-trees.

'5. "DowNT. Snialleft Spotted Woodpecker, Catejhy,\. 21.

Picus Pubefcens, Lin,Syft. 175. — Latham, i. 573.
Le Petit Pic varie de la Virginie, Bri/foa, iv. 50.
Pourth Woodpecker, La^wjon, 143.

L'Epeiche ou Petit Pic varie de Virginie, De Buffon, vii. 76. — Lev. Mus.

Bl. Mus,

■yXT" of the fize of a Sparrow. In all refpefts refembks the laft,
except in fize ; and in having the outmoft feather of the tail
marked with a fmgle white bar.
Placb. Inhabits Penjylvania and Carolina, and is very numerous. It is alfo

found, but more rarely, near Albany fort, in Hudjon's Bay. The
Woodpecker tribe is the molt pernicious of all the birds oi America,
except the Purple Grakle ; but this little fpecies is the moft deftruc-
tive of its whole genus, becaufe it is the moft daring. It is the peft
of the orchards, alighting on the apple-trees, running round the
boughs or bodies, and picking round them a circle of equidiftant
holes. It is very common to fee trees encircled with numbers of
thefe rings, at fcarcely an inch's diftance from each other j fo that the
tree dries and periflies.

• Phil. Tranf. Ixii. 388,

Yellow-

YELLOW-BELUED, &:c. WOODPECKER.

275

ydlow-bellied Woodpecker, Catrjly, i. 21.

Picus Varius, Liit. Syji, 176. — Latham, i. 574.

Le Pic Varie, Brijfon, Iv. 62.

Le Pic Varie de Carolina, De Buffon, vii. 77. — Lev. Mus, — Bl. Mus.

166. Yellow-
bellied.

"\\/' With a crimfon crown, furrounded by a line of black *.
cheeks white, with two lines of black : chin crimfon : breafl
and belly light yellow ; the firft fpotted with black : coverts black,
crofled by two bars of white : primaries fpotted with black and white:
tail black ; interior webs of the two middle feathers barred with
white ; the two outmoft feathers edged with the fame color. The
Female wants the red on the crown. Length nine inches. Weight
one ounce thirteen penny-weights.

Inhabits the fame country with the former. Is very numerous, and
very deftru6live to the fruits.

Place,

^T^HIS is inferted on the fufplclous authority o( Alhin *. Fie fays,
that it is of the fize of the Little Englip Spotted Woodpecker;
that the hind part of the head is black; the ridges of the v/ings, and
fhe lower part of the belly, white ; the reft of the plumage, and the
tail, black ; the legs yellow.

167. Yellow-

LEGGSD.

Three-toed Woodpecker, JjiW. 1 14. — Phil. Tranf. Ixii. 388-. — Letham,\. 600,601.
Picus Tridadylus, Lin. SyJi. 177. — Faun. Succ. N° 103.
Le Pic varie de la Cayenne, Bnjfon, iv. 55. — Lev. Mus.

VX/^ With black feathers reflefted over the noftrils : crown of a

bright gold color : irides blue : cheeks marked lengthways

with three black and two white lines : hind part of the neck and back

• Vol. iii, 9. — Brijfon, iv, Z4, who follows Albin, calls it, Zf Pic mr dt la Nowvells
Jngleterre,

N n 2 - bl'ack.j.

'3. Thr!

TOED,

^7^ ^ L A C K WOODPECKER.

black ; the laft Ipotted on the upper part with white : coverts of tlie
wings black ; primaries black, fpotted with white : all the under
fide of the body white; the fides barred with black : the middle
feathers of the tail black ; the outmoft fpotted with white : legs
dufky : toes, two before, only one behind; which forms the charafter
of this fpecies. Length eight inches. Extent thirteen. Weight
two ounces.
■P^*'^*' Inhabits Hudj'oii's Bay, and Norton Sound, lat. 64. Is frequent ic

Sihiria, and common as far as Mojcow, in the alps oi Dakcarlia is
Szvedeu, and in thofe oi' Switzerland*.

rLA,€«.

A. Black W. Picus Martius, Lia. Syjt. 173.

Spillkraka, Tillkraka, Fmui. Suec, N° 93. — De Bufou, vii. 41, — Wil. Out. 13;. —
Latham, i. 552. — Lev. Mus.

"YXT" With the crown of the head of a rich crimfon : the reft of
the plumage of a full black : the head of the female marked
with red only behind. Length eighteen inches. Extent twenty-
nine. Weight near eleven ounces.

Inhabits the forefts of Germany, Switzerland, and the north, from
Peterjbourg to Ochotjk, on the eaftern ocean, eaftward, and to Lapnark
weftward. It migrates to Woronejch, about the third oi March, and
continues coming in greateft numbers in April. Is called there The

* M. Sprunglin'% colleilion at Stettliit, near Bern, who told me it was common among

the^///.

3 rujtlier ;

GREEN, AND GREY-HEADED WOODPECKER. 277

Tufilier; and is the mod cunning, and difficult to be (hot, of all the
vtribe.

It does vaft damage to trees, by making holes cf a great depth in Mamnbm.
the bodies to neftle in. A bufliel of duft and chips, a proof of its
labors, are often found at the foot of the tree. Makes as much noife
in the operation, as a woodman does with an axe. Rattles with its
bill againll the fides of the orifice, till the woods refound. Its note '

very loud. Lays two or three white femi-tranfparent eggs. Feeds on •'
caterpillars and infedsj efpecially Ants. • :

'B. Green, Br, Zool. \. N° 84. — Latham, i. 577. - >

Picas Viridis, V/edknar, Gronfpik, Grongjoling, Faun, Su:c. N" 99.— £><? Buffon,
vii. 7, — Lev. Mus.

^\\^ With crimfon crown*, green body; lighteft below. Length
thirteen inches.
Inhabits Europe, as high 'north as Lapmark, where it is called Zhi~ Plxck,

aine *. Is found in Ruffia -, but difappears towards Sibiria,

■C, Grey-headed, Ediu. 65. — Latham, i. 583.

"IX^ With a grey head, and neck of a bluifh grey: noftrils covered
with harfh black feathers, extending in a line to the eyes : a
black line, beginning at the bafe of the lower mandible, points be-
neath the cheeks towards the hind part of the neck : under fide of
the body of the color of the head, dafhed with green : all other
parts fo exaftly like the laft, that I fhould fuppofe it to have been
.a variety, had not my very fcientific friend, Pallas, aflured me that
it was a diftindt fpecies, and inferior in fize to the common Green.

* Lsems, 292. ■ • ' . ■ !

^78 MIDDLE, AND LEST SPOTTED WOODPECKER.

Place. It is found in Norivay, s.nd among th.t alps o^ Szoitzerland* ; and

common in die north of Ruffia, and ftill more in Sibiria. The Tuit^
gufi, of Nijmaia 1'ungoujkay roafl: this fpecies, bruife the flefh, and
mix it with any greafe,, except that of the Bear, which difTolves too
readily. They anoint their arrows with it, and pretend, that the ani-
mals, which are ftruck with them, inftantly fall f .

D' Middle Spotted W. Br. Zed. i, N° 86. — Latham, i. 56^..
Picus Medius, Faun. Succ. N° lOl. — BriJJon, iv. 38.

^XT" With a crimfon crown and vent : in all other refpefts like the
Great Spotted, N° 162, except in fize, being rather lefs.

E. Lest Spotted W. Br. ZooL i. N° 87.
Picus Minor, Faun. Suec. N° 102.
Le Petit Epeiche, De Buffon, vli. 62. — PI. Enl. 598. — Brijfm, iv. 41. — Lev. Mws.

'\J^ With a crimfon crown : the reft of the head, breaft, and
belly, like thofe of the former : back barred with black and
v/hite : the white on the wings diffufed in broad beds. Weight under
an ounce. Length fix inches. Extent eleven.
ft-ACB. The Middle is only found in Rujfia. This, and the Great Spot-

ted, extend to the eaftmoft parts of Sibiria ; but all three are found
as high as Lapnark %, the extremity of northern Europe, far within
the polar circle j a country which is one vaft foreft of pines, firs,
and birch ij. Innumerable infefts, or their larva, lurk in all feafons in
the bark of the trees ; fo that this tribe of birds is never compelled,
for want of food, to fliun even the moft rigorous winters of that fe-
vere climate. It alfo bears the heats of the torrid zone -, for I difco-
vered it among the drawings in the colleftion of Governor Loten,
made in the ifland of Ceylon.

• Catalogue of S'ujijs birds in M. SprungUri'i cabinet, which that gentleman favored-
Hie with. This fpecies was not unnoticed by the great Gesner. See his HiJ}. av. ed.
p. 710, line 20.
t Gmelin. -voj. Sibirk, ij. 113. J Ums, 292. H Flora Lapp. Proleg. 2U

XI. KING-

ELTED KINGFISHER. iff

XI, KINGFISHER. Gen. Birds, XXIII.

Kingfinier, Caujiy, i. 69. ,g^_ Belteu.

American Kingfilher, £</«>. 115.

Le Martin pefcheurhupede la Caroline, Bri^oti, iv, ^12, Sc ds Si. Domingu:, ^\^.

Alcedo Alcyon, Lin. Sy/f. i8o. — Latham, i. 637.

Le Jaguacati, De Btiffon, vii, 210 — Lev. Mus.

With a black bill, two inches and a half long : head crefted
with long bluifli grey feathers : above the upper mandible of
the bill, on each fide, is a white fpot; beneath each eye is another:
chin and throat white : the upper part of the breafi: crofled by a
broad grey belt ; the lower part, and belly, white : the fides of a ver-
milion color ; in fome croffing the bread : upper part of the neck, the
back, and coverts of the wings, of a pleafant bluilh grey : the fecon-
darics of the fame color ; their ends, and thofe of the lower order of
coverts, tipt with white : primaries black, barred with white : tail grey ;
the two middle feathers plain ; the reft barred with white : the legs
crange. Length thirteen inches. Weight three ounces and a half.

Inhabits Hudfgn's Bay, Norton Sound, and other parts oi North Ante- Place,

rica. The Achalala^i, i. e. the Devourer of fifh, of the Mexicans *,
feems to be the fame bird. It has the fame cry, manners, and folitary
difpofition, with the European fpecies ; and feeds not only on fifh, but
Lizards. It makes its neft in the face of high banks, penetratino-
deep into them in an horizontal direftion. Lays four white eggs,
which difcharge the young in June. It migrates in Mexico -, is there
eaten, but is obferved to have the fame ranknefs as other pifcivorous
birds.

* FernandtK, Kcv. Hijji. 13.

if^^

EUROPEAN KINGFISHER.,

A'. European Kingfisher, Br. Zool, i. N' 88. — Latiiam, i. 626*
Le Martln-Pecheur, Buffon, vii. 164. — PL Enl. 77.
Alcedo Ifpida, Lin^ Syji. 179. — Lev. Mus.

\^ With the crown, and coverts of the wings, of a deep green^,
fpotted with cjerulean : fcapulars and back bright ca;rulean :
tail rich deep blue : brcaft and belly orange red.
?,LAcj!. Said by D« Pratz to be found in North America ; but, as I never

faw it in any colleftion, doubt the faft. Inhabits the temperate parts
olRuJjia and Sibiria, and is frequent about the Jenefei, but not farther
eaft. It does not extend to Sweden, and it even feems a rarity in Den"
mark *.

The 'Tartars and Oftiaks ufe the feathers of this bird as a lovc-
charnn. They fling them on water, and preferve thofe which fwim ;
believing, that the woman, whom they touch with one of thefe
feathers, will immediately become enamoured with them. The Oftiaks
preferve the bill, feet, and flcin, in a purfe, and imagine them to be
prefervatives againft all forts of misfortunes f.

The moft fingular northern philtre, is a fort of mufhroom, worn
by the youth of Lapland in a purfe, . ante pubem pendulo. Linn^us's ,
upofirophe is very diverting.

" O ridicula Venus, tibi, qua: in exteris Tegionibus uteris caffea et choco.
" lata, conditis et faccharatis, vinis et bellariis, gemmis et margaritis, auro
"• et argento, ferico et cofmetico, faltationibus et conventiculis, mufica et
'< coracediis, tibi fufficit hie folus exfuccus fungus." Flora Lappon. 368.

* Mulhr, Prod, Zool Dan. 13.

f Gmtlitt, voy. ii. 112.

XII. NUT-

CANADA, AND BLACK-HEADED NUTHATCH. iSi

XI I. NUTHATCH. Gen. Birds, XXIV.

NwTHATCH, 5r. ZW. i. N" 89 ? — i<2/^««, i. 648. 6ji. Y> 170. Canada.

Le Torchepot de Canada, Brijfon, iii. 592. . 1' .•-

Sitta Europea Notwacka, Faun. Suec. N° 104.
la Sittelle, Z)<jJ»^(r, V. 460.— Lev. Mus.

NWith the crown, hind part of the neck, and (houlders, black;
. back and rump of a light blue grey : over each eye a white
line: cheeks white : primaries duflcy, edged with grey: breaft and
belly of a pure white : two middle feathers of the tail grey -, the
others black, with a white fpot at the end : vent ruft-colored. Size
of the European ; of which it feems a mere variety.

Inhabits Canada, and as far fouth as New Tork ; and extends to PtAct.

the weftern fide of America, Kamtfchatka *, Sibiria, and RuJJia ; Swe-
den, and Sondmor f in Norway : and does not migrate.

Nuthatch, Catejby, i. 22, lower figure. — Latham, i. 650. B. ,-l. Black-

Lb Torchepot de la Caroline, ^r/^«, iii. 22. r HEADED.

■^J" With the bill, head, and hind part of the neck, black : over
each eye is a white line : back of a fine grey : wings duflcy,
edged with grey : breaft and belly, and vent feathers, red : two mid-
dle feathers of the tail grey j the reft black, marked with a white
fpot. Lefs than the European.

Inhabits the temperate parts of America. V-lilci.

• Among a fmall colleftion of drawings made in that country by one of our
voyagers.

t Sirtm. 247.

O O Small

2U L e S T N U T H A T C H.

ift» Lest. Small N'athatch, Catifify i. iz.^BriJIin, Hi. g^.'^lMhtm, u 651. C*

La Petite Sittelle a tece Brune, Dt Bufon, v. 474.

^J With a brown head,, marked behind with a white fpot : back
grey : wings of a deep brown : under fide of the body of ^
dirty white : two middle feathers of the tail grey i the others,
black.
Pi*cE» Inhabits Carolina^ and other parts ot North Amsriia^

Xm. TODY.

DUSKYTODY: HOOPOE. aSj

XIII. TODY. Gen. Birds, XXV,

Todi Sp. quarta, Fallas Spicil. vi. 17,— 'Latham, ii. 661, N* 9.— Br. Mus. 173. DnsKv.

TWith a bill half an inch long, broad at the bafe, (lightly
• indented above the nolirils, and a little bent near the point ;
bafe befet with briftlesj upper mandible brown, lower white : co-
lors above duflcy j below yellowifh white : primaries and tail of the
fame color with the back, edged with dirty white : legs dark. Size
of a Hedge Sparrow.

Inhabits ^/f>o/i^^ ^rtW. Has the adions of a Flycatcher. Frequents Place.

decayed trees, and feeds on infefts. Has a brief agreeable note,
•which it repeats twice or thrice. — Ba. Mus.

HOOPOE. Gen. Birds, XXVII.

A. Hoopoe, Br. ZeoJ. i. N° 90. — Latham, i. 687.— Z>/ Buffbu, vi. 439,
Upupa Epops, Harfogel, Popp, Faun. Suu, N' 105. — ^Lkv. Mus.

TJ With a high creft, of pale orange tipt with black : back'and

wings barred with black and white : neck reddilh brown :

brcaft and belly white : only ten feathers in the tail -, black, with a

O o 2 white

a84 HOOPOE.

Placi.

white crefcent * acrofs the middle : legs black. Length twelve
inches.

Inhabits Europe, as far as Sweden, where it is called Harfugl, or
Soldier-bird, not only on account of its plumed head, but becaufe
the common people believe its appearance to be an omen of wai".
The Norwegians flyle it Mrfugl ; it is therefore likely that it may
fometimes vifit their country. It is properly a fouthern bird, and ex-
tends even to Egypt and India. Is common in the fouthern deferts of
Rujfta and Tartary -, grows fcarcer Ueyond the Ob ; yet fome are feen
beyond lake Baikal. Dr. Pallas confirms to me its filthy manners f.
He affures, that it breeds, in preference, in putrid carcafes ; and
that he had feen the neft of one in the privy of an uninhabited houfe,
in the fuburbs of Tzaritfyn. Lays from two to feven cinereous eggs.
Ufually has no nell of its own. Breeds fometimes in hollow trees,
holes in walls, or on the ground. Migratory.

• Correft the defcription of this part in the Britijh Zoologj,
t See Br, Zool. i. 258,— Is rarely feen in Britaim,

XIV. CREEPER.

EUROPEAN, AND BAHAMA CREEPER.

i?8|

XIV. CREEPER. Gc/z. Birds, XXVIII.

Br. Zool. I. N° 91. — Catejby, App. xxxvi.
Certhiu Familiaris Krypare, Faun. Suec. N° 106. ■
Le Grirapcreau, DeBuffon, v. 481. — Lev. Mus.

-Latia

701.

J74, European.

CWith head and neck brown, ftreaked with black : rump
■ tawny : coverts of wings varied with brown and black : pri-
maries dufky, edged with white, and edged and barred with ferrugi-
nous marks : breaft and belly filvery : tail very long, confilling of
twelve fharp-pointed feathers of a tawny hue.

Inhabits Norih Jmerica, Is found, but very rarely, in Ruffia and
Sibiria. Found in Sweden, and never quits the country ; and extends
as far north as Sondmor *.

Place;

Bahama Tltmoufe, Catejby, i. 59.

Yellow-bellied Creeper, Ediu, 362.

Certhia Flaveola, Lin. Syft. i%j.— Latham, i. 737.

Le Grimpereau de Martinique, ou le Sucrier, Brijfon, ill. 611.

Le Sucrier, De Buffon, v. 542.

175. Bahama.

O With a dufky bill head, and back : cheeks black : above each
eye is a yellow line : rump yellow : wings duflcy ; the prima-
ries crofled with a bar of white : neck, breaft, and belly, yellow :
tail black -, the exterior feathers tipt with white.

The female hath the fame marks, but the colors are more obfcure.

Inhabits the Bahama IJlands, and the Antilles ; in the laft it lives
among the fugar-canes, and fucks the fweet juice which exudes
from them f-

f Strom, 244. t ^' Suffon, v. 542.

XV. HONEY-

Placx.

aW RED. THROATED HONEYSUCKER.

XV. HONEYSUCKER. Gen. Birds, XXIX *.

176. Red- Pafler Mufcatus, G^/«r, «i;. 655.

THROATED. .Ouriffia five Tomineio. Cluf. Exci. 96.

Guainumbi Prima, {f<xm.) Marcgrave, 196.

Colibry, Viaroelin, or Rifmg Bird, JcJJilyni ixy. 100. — Rarities, 6. — Lev. M«s.

Trochilus Colubris, Lin. Syjl. i^i. — Latham, \. j 6^.

L'Oyfeau Mouche a rouge gorge, Brijfon, iii. 716.

Humming Bird, Caiefiy, i. 65. — Laiu/oo, 14.6. — Edtu. 38.

Le Hubis, De Buffen, vi. 13.

H

With a black bill, three quarters of an inch long: crown,
upper part of the neck, back, and coverts of the wingsi of a
moft refplendent variable green and gold : chin and tliroat of a Ihin-
ing rich fcarlet, changing, as oppofed to the light, from gold to a
f«H black ; thefc feathers lie nearly as compadlly as fcales : breaft and
belly white ; the fides green : middle feathers of the tail green j the
-exterior purple.

The chin, throat, and whole under fidf, of the female, 'is white :
the exterior feathers of the tail tipt with white.
MANNE»f. This bird, fo admirable for its minutenefs, vafl: fwiftnefs of flight,

food, and elegance of form and colors, gave rife to numbers of ro-
mantic tales. They were not the Europeans alone, who were ftruck
with its great beauty; the natives of America, to whom it was fo fa-
jniliar, were affefted with its gemmeous appearance, and beftowed
on it titles exprelTive of its refplendent colors. Some nations called
it Ourijia, and Guar acy aba, or the Sun-beam ; others, Guaraeygaha,
x)r Hairs of the Sun ; others again named it Huitzitzil, or Vicililin,

* This genus may be divided into thofe vvitli ftrait and thofe with incurvated bills ;
Juit thete being noiie of tlie laft in Nertb Aaurica, the diftinSion is omicced.

a or

RED-THROATED HONEYSUCKER. i8?

or the Regenerated -, becaule they believed it died annually, and was
re-aninaated at the return of the flowers it fed on : that it fl-uck. its
bill into the trunk of a tree, and remained lifelefs for fix months j
when the vital powers re-migrated» and reftored to nature one of its
mod brilliant wonders.

It flies with a fwiftnefs which the eye is incapable of following. Swiftnsss.
The motion of the wings is fo rapid as to be imperceptible to the
nicefl: obferver. Lightning is fcarcely more tranfient than its flight,
nor the glare more bright than its colors. It never feeds but upon Food.

wing» fufpended over the flower it extrafts nourifliment from ; for
its only food is the honied juice lodged in the neftarium, which it
focks through the tubes of its curious tongue. Like the Bee, hav-
ing exhaufted the honey of one flower, it wanders to the next, ia
fearch of new fweets. It admires moft thofe flowers which have the
deepeft tubes. Thus the female Balfamine, and the Scarlet Monarda,,
are particular favorites. Whofoever fets thofe plants before the win-
dow is fure to be vifited by multitudes of thefe diminutive birds. It
is a moft entertaining fight to fee them fwarming around the flowers,
and trying every tube of verticillated plants, by putting their bills
into every one which encircles the ftalk. If they find that their
brethren haye been beforehand,, and' robbed the flower of the honey,
they will, in rage, pliick ofl^, and throw it on the ground.

The moft violent paflions animate at times their little bodies. Rac».

They have often dreadful conteftsy when numbers happen to difpute
poflieflion of the fame flower. They will tilt againft one another with
fuch fury, as if they meant to transfix their antagonifts with their
long bills. During the fight, they frequently purfue the conquered
into the apartments of thofe houfes whofe windows are left open,
take a turn round the room, as Flies do' in England, and then fod-
denly regain the open air. They are fearlefs of mankind ; and in
feeding will fufi^r people to come within two yards of themj but
on a nearer approach, dart away with admirable fwiftnefs.

Fernandez Oviedo, an author of great repute, fpeaks from his owni
knowlege of the fpirited initinft, even of this diminutive bird, in

defence

2S3 HED-THROATED HONEYSUCKER.

defence of its young : " So that when they fee a man clime y* tree
" where they have their nefts, they flee at his face, and flryke hym
" in the eyes, commyng, goying, and returnyng, with fuch fwyft-
" nefs, that no man woulde lyghtly beleeve it, that hath not feene
" it*."

Father Charlevoix gives a more apocryphal inftance of the courage
of this bird, in its attack on its difproportioned enemy the Raven.
As foon as the laft appears, the Honeyfucker flies up like lightning,
beds itfelf beneath the Raven's wing, and, piercing him with his
needle-like bill, till the bird is heard to croak with agony, at length
tumbles to the ground dead, either from the fall or the wound.
This relation feems of a piece with the combat of the Wren with the
Eagle, mentioned by Ariftctle f ; but, to do juftice both to the French
voyager and Grecian philofopher, I mufl: add, that each of them de-
livered their reports from oral evidence.

Many fables have been related of the melody of the fong of thefe
KcT«. birds. In fad, their only note is /creep, /creep, /creep ; but the noife

which they make with their wings, efpecially in the morning, when
numbers are in motion, is a fort of buzz or found refembling that
of a fpinning-wheel. Their note is chiefly emitted when they happen
to ftrike againft each other in their flight.
*^'' Their nefts are found with great difficulty, being built in the

branch of a tree, amidfl: the thick foliage. It is of elegance fuitable
to the architedts; formed on the outfide with mofs ; in the infide lined
with the down or goflTamer collefted from the Great Mullein, or
Verba/cuin Thap/us ; but it is alfo fometimes made of flax, hemp, hair,
and other foft materials. It is of an hemifpherical fhape. Its inner
diameter an inch : its depth half an inch. The female is faid to be
the builder ; the male fupplying her with materials. Each afllfts in
ihe labor of incubation, which continues during twelve days. They
lay only two eggs, v/hite, and as fmall as peafe. The firft is very fin-

• Hijl, of Weji Indies, tranflated by Richard Eden, p. 1 59.
\ HiJl, Aa< lib. ix. c. II. vol. i. 931. — Charlivoix, v, 232.

9 g^lar.

R£D-THROAtED HONEYSUCKER. 2S9

gular, and contrary to the general rule of nature ; which makes, in
all other inftances, the fmalleft and moft defencelefs birds the inoft
prolific. The reafons of the exception in this cafe are double. The
fmallnefs of their bodies caufes them commonly to efcape the eyes
of birds of prey ; or if feen, their rapid Right eliKles purfuit : fo that
the fpecies is preferved as fully as if they had been the itioft nume-
rous breeders.

The Indians oi Mexico ^ Peruy and Mayn^s, make moft ^xquifite
pidures of the feathers of birds 3 but thofe of the Honeyfuckers
form the moft brilliant part. Some «fe them as ornaments, and hang
them as pendants in their ears, which give a blaze emulous of the
Ruby and Emerald, In order m Gomp<^fe piflures, the Indians drav/
off the feathers with fmall pincers, and with firve pafte moft artfully
join them together. They difpofe them with fuch fkill, as to give
the true lights and Ihade to the performance, and imitate nature with
the greateft fidelity. Thefe were meant to decorate the idols and
temples ; for, before the depreffion of the Indian fpirit by the tyranny
of the Spaniards, religion was highly cultivated amon-g the Mexicans
and Peruvians ; and, notwithftanding it was cruel, was attended with
great fplendor.

The generical name (in the BrafiUan tongue) of thefe birds, is
^uianumbi. There are feveral fpecies, but only one which is found
in North America. This kind is found from Canada, through that great Place.

continent, as low as Louifiana, and from thence to the Braftls. It
breeds even in the northern climate o^ Canada ; but retires not only Migrates,
from thence, but even from the warm provinces of Carolina, at ap-
proach of winter. In Hijpaniola, the mountains of Jamaica, and the
Brajils, countries where there are a perpetual fucceflion of flowers,
they refide throughout the year.

Latham,

apo

RUFFED HONEYSUCKER.

J77. RuFr£0> Latham, i. 785.

TT With long ftralt flender bill : head of a rich variable green
and gold : the feathers on the neck long, and difpofed on each
fide in form of a ruff, and of a moft brilliant crimfon and copper co-
lor : back, and coverts of the tail, ruft-colored : breaft and belly
white, the laft dafhed with red ; feathers of the tail pointed -, the ends
brown, bottoms ferruginous : coverts of wings green : primaries
deep blue.

Femals. Crown, upper part of the neck, back, and coverts of wings and tail,

green and gold : throat white, fpotted with brown and variable cop-
per : belly white, dafhed with ruft : primaries deep blue : middle
feathers of the tail green ; thofe on the fide ferruginous at their bot-
toms, black in the middle, and tipped with white.

Place. Inhabit in great numbers the neighborhood of iV«//^<z *9i'«W. The

Indians brought them to our navigators alive, with a long hair fafteji-
cd to one of their legs.

ORDER in.

W I L D T U R K E y. 29;

ORDER III. GALLINACEOUS.

XVI. TURKEY. Gen. Birds, XXXI.

Turkey, Jofelyn's voy. 99. — Rarities, %.— Clayton's Firgia. — Ph. Tr. Ahridg. iii. 178. Wild.

590. — La'wfon, 149. — Cate/by, App. xliv.
Le Coc d'Inde, Belon, 248.

Gallo-pavus, Ge/her, av» ^81.— Icoh. ^6. ^

Gallo-pavo, Jldrcv. a'v. ii. 18.
Gallo-pavo, the Turkey A. 3.
Gallo-pavo Sylveflris Ncvie Angliie, a New England Wild Turkey, Rait. Syn,

av. 51.
Meleagris Gallo-pavo, M. capite caruncula frontal! gularique, maris peflore bar-

bato, Lin. Syji. 268.
Le Dindon, De Buffon/n. 132. — BriJfon,\. 158. tab. xvi. — Pl.Enl.^y.

TWith the characters defcribed in the definition of the genus. Description.
• Color of the plumage dark, glofled with variable copper co-
lor and green : coverts of the wings, and the quil-feathers, barred
with black and white. Tail confifts of two orders ; the upper, or Tail.

fhorter, very elegant ; the ground color a bright bay j the middle
feathers marked with numerous bars of ITiining black and green ;
the greateft part of the exterior feathers of the fame ground with the
others, marked with only three broad bands of mallard green, placed
remote from each other; the two next are colored like thofe of the
middle ; but the end is plain, and crofled with a fingle bar, like the - ■ -

exterior.

The longer, or lower order, were of a rufty white color, mottled
with black, and crofled with numerous narrow waved lines of the '

fame color, and near the end with a broad band.

P P 2 Wild

292 \V I L D T U R K E Y.

Wild Turkles preferve a famenefs of coloring. The tame, as ufual
with domeftic animalsj vary. It is needlefs to point out the diffe-
rences, in fo v/ell-known a bird. The black approach neareft to the
original (lock. This variety I have fecn nearly in a ftate of nature, in
Richmond and other parks. A moft beautiful kind has of late been
White variety, introduced into Engla-nd-, of a fnowy whitenefs, finely contrafting witli
its red head, and black pectoral tuft. Thcfe, I think, came out of
Holland., probably bred from an accidental white pair; and from;
them preferved pure from any dark or variegated birds.

Si^E. The fizes of the wild Turkies have been differently reprefented.

Some writers aJTert, that there have been inftances of their weighing
fixty pounds; but I find none who, {peaking from their own know-
lege, can prove their weight to be above forty. Jojfelyn ftys, that he
has eaten part of a Cock, which, after it was plucked, and the en-
trails taken out, weighed thirty *. Lawfon, who-fe authority is un-
queftionable, law half a Turkey ferve eight hungry men for two-
meals f; and fays, that he had feen others, which, he believed, weighed
forty pounds. Catefiy tells us, that out of the many hundreds which
he had handled X, very few exceeded thirty pounds. Each of thefe
fpeak oi their being double that fize,, merely from the reports of
others.
MANNFas. The manners of thefe birds are as fingular as their figure. Their

attitudes in the feafon of courtfhip are very ftriking. The males fling
their heads and neck backwards,, briftle up their feathers, drop their
wings to the ground, flrut and pace moft ridiculoufly ; wheel round
the females, with their wings ruffling along] the earth, at the fame
time emitting a ftrange found through their noftrils, not unlike the

NoTESi grurr of a great fpinning-wheel. On being interrupted, fly into great

rages, and change their note into a loud and guttural gobble ; and,
then return to dalliance.

The found of the females is. plaintive and melancholy.

* New England RoMties, 8. t Hijl. Carolituf, 149 and 27.

X h^'p. xliv. The greateft certain weight is given by Mr. Clajtait, who faw one-
<hat reached ?8 lb. — Pi>. Tranf.

3 The

W I L D T U R K E Y. • 293

The paflions of the males are very ftrongly exprefled by the change Irascible.
of colors in the flefhy fubftance of the head and neck, which alters
so red, white, blue, and yellowifh, as they happen to be affefted.
The fight of any thing red excites their choler greatly.

They are polygamous, one cock ferving or hens. They Polygamous.

lay in the fpring; and will lay a great number of eggs. They will
perfift in laying for a great while. They retire to fome obfcure place
to fit, the cock, through rage at lofs of its mate, being very apt to
break the eggs. The females are very afFeftionate to the young, and
make great moan on the lofs of them. They fit on their eggs with,
fuch perfeverance, that, if they are not taken away when addle, the
hens will almoft pei'ilh with hunger before they will quit the neft.

Turkies greatly delight in the feeds of nettles j but thofe of the
purple Fox-glove prove fatal to them *.

They are very ftupid birds ; quarrelfome, and cowardly. It is
diverting to fee a whole flock attack the common Cock; vA\o will for
a long time keep a great number at bay..

They are very fwift runners, in the tam,e as well as the wild ftate. Swift.

They are but indifferent flyers. They love to perch on trees ; and Perch hiqh.
gain the height they wifh, by rifing from bough to bough. In a wild
ftate, they get to the very fummit of the loftiell trees, even fo high '
as to be beyond the reach of the mufquet f.

In the flate of nature they go in flocks even of five hundred J. Gregariouj.
Feed much on the fmall red acorns; and grow fo fat in March, that
they cannot fly more than three or four hundred yards, and are then
foon run down by a horfeman. In the unfrequented parts bordering
on the Miffifipi, they are fo tame as to be flhiot with even a piftol ||.

They frequent the great fwamps § of their native country ; and Haunta..
leave them at fun-rifing to repair to the dry woods, in fearch of

* De Buffon, f Laiv/on, ^^. X Laiv/on, l^g, \\ Adair's Amir, ■^60,

§ It is in the fwamps that the loftieft and moft bulky trees grow : the wet, with which'
they are environed, makes them a moft fecure retreat. ..

acorns,,

294 WILD TURKEY.

acorns, and various berries ; and before fun-fet retire to the fwamps
to rooft.

The flefh of the wild Turkey is faid to be fuperior in goodnefs to
the tame, but redder. Eggs of the former have been taken from
the neft, and hatched under tame Turkies ; the young will ftill prove
wild, perch feparate, yet mix and breed together in the feafon. The
Indiavs fometimes ufe the breed produced from the wild, as decoy-
birds, to feduce thofe in a ftate of nature within their reach *.

Wild Turkies are now grown moft excefTively rare in the inhabited
parts oi America, and are only found in numbers in the diftant and
moft unfrequented fpots.

The Indians make a moft elegant cloathing of the feathers. They
twift the inner webs into a ftrong double thread of hemp, or inner
bark of the mulberry-tree, and work it like matting. It appears
very rich and glofTy, and as fine as a filk fhagf. They alfo make
fans of the tail ; and the French of Louifmna were wont to make um-
brellas by the junftion of four of the tails J.

When difturbed, they do not take to wing, but run out of fight.

It is ufual to chafe them with dogs ; when they will fly, and perch

on the next tree. They are fo ftupid, or lb infenfible of danger, as

not to fly on being fhot. at ; but the furvivors remain unmoved at

the death of their companions ||.

Place. Turkies are natives only o( Ame'rica, or the New World; and of

courfe unknown to the antients. . Since both thefe pofitions have

been denied by fonie of the moft eminent naturalifts of the fixteenth

century, I beg leave to lay open, in as few words as pofllble, the

caufe of their error.

Mistaken by Belon %, the earlieft of thofe writers who are of opinion that thefe

Belok. . . .

birds were natives of the old world, founds his notion on the de-

fcription of the Guinea Fowl, the Melsagrides of Straho, Athenaus,

Pliny, and others of the aniients. I reft the refutation on the excel-

* Laiu/on, 149. t Laiu/on, 18. Adair, 423. % Du Pratx, ii. 85.

II Bu Pratz, 224. § 248. Hijl. des Oi/.

lent

W I L D T U R K F. Y. 195

lent account given hy Athenaus, taken from Clytus Milefius, adifciplc
oi Ariftotls, which can fuit no other than that fowl. " They want,
fays he, " natural affeftion towards their young. Their head is
" naked, and on the top is a hard round body, like a peg or nail :
" from their cheeks hangs a red piece of fl-^fh, like a beard : it has
" no wattles, like the comnnon poultry : the feathers are black, fpot-
" ted with white : they have no fpurs : and both fexes are fo like, as
" not to be diftinguiflied by the fight." /^'^^rro * and P/zwy j take
notice of the fpotted plumage, and the gibbous fubfbance on the
head. Athen^eus is more minute, and contradifts every charafter of the
Turkey: whofe females are remirkible for their natural affeftion ;
which differ materially in form fr:)m the males 1 whofe heads are def-
titute of the callous fubitancc; and whofe heels (in the male) are
armed with fpurs.

Aldrovandiis, who died in 1605, draws his arguments from the Aldhovandus,
fame fource as Belon ; I therefore pafs him by, and take notice of
the greateft of our naturalifts, Gesner % -, who falls into a miftake of and Gesner.
another kind, and wifhes the Turkey to be thought a native oi India.
He quotes /Elian for that purpofe ; who tells us, " that in India are
" very large poultry, not with combs, but with various-colored crefls,
" interwoven like flowers : with broad tails, neither bending, nor
" difplayed in a circular form, which they draw along the ground,
" as Peacocks do when they do not erecft them : and that the
" feathers are partly of a gold color, partly blue, and of an emerald'
" color ||." -^i

This, in all probability, was the fame bird with the Peacock Phea-
fant of Mr. Edwards, Le Paon de Tibet of M. Brijfon, and the Pavo-
Bicalcaratus o( Linnaus. I have feen this bird living. It has a crefl,
but not fo confpicuous as that defcribed by Mlian ; but' it has thofe
ftriking colors in form of eyes : neither does it ereft its tail like the

* Lib. iii. c. 9. f Libi x. c. 26. t Av.4,ii. || De Anim^

Ub. x.vi. c. 2.

Peacock,

29^

WILD TURKEY.

Peacock *. The Catreus of Straho f feems to be the fame bird. He
defcribes it as uncommonly beautiful, and fpotted ; and very like a
peacock. The former author:}: gives a more minute account of this
fpecies, and under the fame name. He borrows it from Clitarchus,
an attendant oi Alexa7ider the Great in all his conquefts. It is evident
from his defcription, that it was of this kind ; and it is likewife
probable, that it was the fame with his large Indian poultry before
cited. He celebrates it alfo for its fine note -, but allowance muft be
raade for the credulity of ^lian. The Catreus, or Peacock Pheafant,
is a native of Til>et, and in all probability of the north o{ India., where
C///«rJj«J might have obferved. it; for the march ov Alexander was
through that part of India which borders on Tibet, and now known
by the name oi Penj-ab, or Five Rivers.
Not natives op I lliall now coUeft from authors the feveral parts of the world
Europe ; where Turkies are unknown in the ftate of nature. Europe has no
ftiare in the queftionj it being generally agreed, that they are ex-
otic in refpeft to our continent.
NOR OF Asia. Neither are they found in any part of Afta Minor, or riie Aftatic Tur-

key, notwithftanding ignorance of their true origin firft caufed them
to be named from that empire. About Aleppo, capital of Syria, they
are only met with domefticated, like other poultry ||. In Armenia
they are unknown, as well as in Perfia, having been brought from
Venice by fome Armenian merchants into that empire § ; where they
are flill ib fcarce, as to be preferved among other rare fowls ia the
Royal men age ry <f.

. In India they are kept for life in our fettlements, and im.ported
from Europe, as I have been more than once inforiTied by gentleinea
long refident in that country.

Z)« Halde acquaints us, that they are not natives of Chma.-, bur
were introduced there frona other couiTtries. He errs, from miiin-
formation, in faying that they are common in India.

• EdtM. ii. 67. Brijfan, i. 291. Lin. Syji. 268- t Lib. x». p. 1046.

J De Anim. lib. xvii. c.23. 11 Ruffell, 63. § Taveinier, 146.

f Belt's Travels, i. ii8.

W I L D T U R K E Y. 297

I will not quote Gemelli Careri, to prove that they are not found
in the Philippine iflands, becaufe that gentleman, with his pen, tra-
velled round the world in his eafy chair, during a very long indil-
pofition and confinement*.

But Damper bears witnefs that none are found in Mindanao -f.

The hot climate of ^nVa barely fufFers thefe birds to exift in nor Africa j
that vaft continent, except under the care of mankind. Very few
are found in Guinea, except in the hands of the Europeans : the ne-
groes declining to breed any, on account of their great tender-
nefs J.

Pro/per Alpinus fatisfies us that they are not found either in Nubia
or in Egypt. He defcribes the Meleagrides of the antients j and only
proves that the Guinea-hens were brought out of Nubia, and fold at
a great price at Cairo ||, but is totally filent about the Turkey of the
moderns.

Let me in this place obferve, that the Guinea-hens have long been
imported into Britain. They were cultivated in our farm-yards :
for I difcover, in 1277, in the grainge of Clifton, in the parifh
of Ambrcjden, in Buckingham/hire, among other articles, vi. muti-
lonesy and yVx Avvlicahje faminief^ ; 'for this fowl was familiarly
known by the names of Afra Avis, and Gallina Africana & Nu-
mida. It was introduced into Italy from Africa, and from Rome into
our country. They were neglefted here by reafon of their tender-
nel's and difficulty of rearing. We do not find them in the bills of
fare of our antient feafts § : neither do we find the Turkey : which
laft argument amounts to almoll a certainty, that fuch a hardy and
-princely bird had not found its way to us. The other likewife was
then known here by its claffical name j for that judicious writer,

• Sir Jarnes Porter's Ob/. Turkey, i. 1. f I. 321.

X Burbot, in Churchill's Coll. v. 29. Bofman, 229.

.^1 HiJ}. Nat. ^gypti, i. 201. fl Kennet's Parahial Antiq. 287.

§ Neither in that of George Ne'vil, archbifhop of fori, in 1466, nor among the de-
licacies mentioned in the Northumbtrland Houlhold Book, in the beginning of th*
jeign of Htnrj VIII.

298 W I L D T U R K E Y.

Dr. Caius*, defcribes, in the beginning of the reign o? Elizabeth, thi
Guinea fowl, for the benefit of his friend Gefner, under the name of
Mekagris, beftowed on it by Arijlotk \.

Having denied, on the very beft authorities, that the Turkey ever
exifted as a native of the old world, I muft now bring my proofs of
its being only a native of the new ; and of the period in which it
firft made its appearance in Europe.
atJT OF America. The firft precife defcription of thefe birds is given by Oviedo; who
in 1525 drew up a fummary of his greater work, the Hijiory of the
Indies, for the ufe of his monarch Charles V. This learned man had
vifited the Weft Indies and its iflands in perfon, and payed particular-
regard to the natural hiftory. It appears from him, that the Turkey
■was in his days an inhabitant of the greater iflands, and of the main
land. He fpeaks of them as Peacocks j for, being a new bird to him,
he adopts that name, from the refemblance he thought they bore-
to the former : " But (fays he) the neck is bare of feathers, but
" covered with a fkin which they change after their phantafie into
" divers colours. They have a horn as it were on their front, and
*• HAiRES on the breaft J." He defcribes other birds, which he
alfo calls Peacocks. They are of the gallinaceous genus, and
known by the name of Curajfao birds ; the male of which is black,
the female ferruginous.

The next who fpeaks of them as natives of the main land of the
warmer parts of America, is Francifco Fernandez, fent there by
Philip II. to whom he was phyfician. This naturalift obferved them
Mexico, in Mexico. We find by him, that the Indian name of the male was

Huexolofl, of the female Cihuatotolin : he gives them the title of
Gallus Indicus, and Gallo-Pavo.. As the Indians as well as Spaniards
domefticated thefe ufeful birds, he fpeaks of the fize by comparifon,
faying that the wild were twice the magnitude of the tame ; and
that they were fhot with arrows or guns 1|. I cannot learn the time

» Caii Opu/c. 93. t HIJ}. An. lib. vi. c. 2. J In Purchai, iii. 99s*

S HiJ^ Av. 'Nov. Hi/p. 27.

7, when.

I

W 1 L D T U R K E Y. ii^^

when Fernandez vjrote. It mufl be between the years 1555 and 1598,
the period of Philip's reign.

Pedro de Ciefa mentions Turkies on the Ifthmus of Barien*. Dariem.
Lery, a Portuguefe ?MthoT, aflerts that they are found in Brafil, and '

gives them an Indian name f > but fince I can difcover no traces of
them in that diligent and excellent naturalift Marcgrave, who re^
fided long in that country, I muft deny my afient. But the former
is confirmed by that able and honeft navigator Damper, who law
them frequently, as well wild as tame, in the province QiYiicatan\, Yucatan.
now reckoned part of the kingdom oi Mexico.

In 'North America they were obferved by the very firfh difcoverers. N. America.
When Rene de Laudonniere, patronized by Admiral Ccligni, attempted
to form a fettlement near the place where Charleftown now ftands,
he met with them on his firfl landing, in 1564, and by his hiftorian,
has reprefented them with great fidelity in the Vth plate of the re-
cital of his voyage ||. From his time, the witnefles to their being
natives of this continent are innumerable. They have been feen in
flocks of hundreds in all parts, from Louifiana even to Canada : but
at this time are extremely rare in a wild ftate, except in the more
diftant parts, where they are ftill found in vaft abundance.

It was from Mexico or Tucatan that they were firft introduced into When first in-
Europe; for it is certain that they were imported into England &% Europe!" "'^*'
early as the year 1524, the 15th of Henry VIII §. We probably re-
ceived them from Spain-, with which we had great intercourfe
till about that time. They were mod fuccefsfully cultivated in
our kingdom from that period ; infomuch that they grew common
in every farm-yard, and became even a difh in our rural feafts by

• Seventeen Tears T'ra'vels, 20> f In De Laet^s Defer, des Inifes, 491*

X Voyages, vol. ii. part 2d. p. 65, 8;, 1 14. || De Bry. "■

§ Baier's Ckr. Jniier/ori's Diil. Com- i. 354. Hackluyl, ii. 165. makes

their introduftion about the year 1532. Barnaby Googe, one of our early writers on
hutbandry, fays they were not feen here before 1530. He highly commends a Lady ■
Hales, oi Kent, for her excellent management of thefe fowl. p. i66.

Q^q 2 'the

500

WILD TURKEY.

the year 158^; for we may certainly depend on the word of old
Tujfer, in his account of the Chrijlmas hufbandlie fare *.

Beefe, mutton, and porke, ihred pies of the bed.
Pig, veale, goofe and capon, and Turkie well dreft :
Cheefe, apples, and nuts, jolie carols to heare.
As then in the countrie, is counted good cheare.

But at this very time they were fo rare in France, that we are
told that the very firft which was eaten in that kingdom appeared at
the nuptial feaft oi Charles IX. in 1570 -f.

They are now very common in all parts of RuJ/ia, but will not
thrive in Siiiria. Are cultivated in Sweden, and even in Norway,
where they degenerate in fize:}:.

* Tive hundred pointes of good hujbandrie, p. 57*

t ^ndfr/on's Diii, Comm. u 410. t Ptntopp. 78*

XVII. G R O U S. •;

RUFFED GROUS. «>®'*

XVII. GROUS. Gen. Birds. XXXVI.

RufFed Heathcock, or Grou^ Ed-w. 248. — Latham. 175, Rpffbd,

Morehen, La Hontaa, i. 6g.
Pheafant, Laiv/on, 139.

Tetrao umbellus, Lin. Syjl. 275 Tetrao togatus, ibid.

Lagelinote hupee de Penfylvanie, Brijfon, i. 214. — and. La groffe gelinote

Je Canada— zoj.
Le Coq de Bruyere a fraife, DeBuffon, Oif.u. 281. — ?U tnl. 104. —Lev.

Mui. — Bl. Mus.

GR. With a great rufF on the hind part of the neck, to be
railed or deprefied at pleafure : the head crefted : that, hind
part of the neck, the rufF, back, and coverts of the wings, pret-
tily varied with brown, ferruginous, and black: the black on the
ruff difpofed in broad black bars : the coverts of the tail marked
with heart^-fhaped fpots of white : chin white : fore part of the neck
yellowifh : bread and belly dirty white, barred with cinereous
brown : primaries barred on their outmoft fides with black and ruft-
colour.

Tail large, expanfible like a fan ; in fome of a cinereous colour,
in others orange, moft elegantly barred with narrow undulated lines
of black ; near the end with a broad band of afli-color, another
of black, and tipped with white.

Legs feathered to the feet : toes naked and peftinated.

Female wants both creft: and ruff. Crown dufky : back mixed
with black and ruft-colour like a Woodcock: breaft, belly, and co-
verts of the wings, barred with dirty white and cinereous brown :
tail fliort, brown, tipt with white j two middle feathers mottled
with red..

In

■^

HUFFED GROUS.

M^

TRAM.

Size. 'In fize thefe birds obferve a medium between a Pheafant and a

Partridge. Length i foot 5 inches.
Place. They inhabit North America, from Hudfoits Bay * to the Cnroli-

nasy and probably to Louijiana -f-.

The hiftory of this fpecies is very curious: all v;hich I beg
leave to tranfcribe from Mr. Edwards, according to the accounts
given him by Mr. Bartram and Mr Brooke, who had frequent op-
portunity of obferving its manners ; to which I Ihall add another,
borrowed from the Travels of the Baron La Hontan.
From Mr. Bar- " He is ffays Mr. Bartram) a fine bird when his gaiety is dif-
*' played } that is, when he fpreads his tail like that of a Turkey-
*' cockj and erefts a circle of feathers round his neck like a ruff,
" walking very (lately with an even pace, and making a noife fome-
" thing like a Turkey ; at which time the hunter muft fire immedi-
" ately at him, or he flies away direftly two or three hundred yards,
'*' before he fettles on the ground. There is fomethingvery remark-
" able in what we call their thumping ; which they do with their
" wings, by clapping them againft their fides, as the hunters fay.
" They ftand upon an old fallen tree, that has lain many years on the
" ground, where they begin their ftrokes gradually, at about two fe-
" conds of time diftant from one another, and repeat them quicker
^' and quicker, until they make a noife like thunder at a diftance ;
" which continues, from the beginning, about a minute ; then ceaf-
" eth for about fix or eight minutes before it begins again. The
" found is heard near half a mile, by which means they are dif-
■" covered by the hunters, and many of them killed. I have fhot
" many of them in this pofition ; but never faw them thump, they
•" moflily feeing me firft, and fo left off. They commonly exercife
" in thumping fpring and fall, at about nine or ten in the morning,

• Phil Tranf. Ixii. 393.

t The accounts given by Bojfu, Engl. ed. 1. 95. and by Bu Pratz, ii. are too
flight for us to determine the fpecies they mean, Charlevoix^ in his account of
Canada, ro!. v. defcribes it very well.

" and

RUFFEDGROUS. 303

" and four or five in the afternoon. Their food is chiefly ber-

•* ries and feeds of the country : their flefh is white, and choice

" food. I believe they breed but once a year, in the fpring, and

** hatch twelve or fourteen at a brood ; which keep in a company

" till the following fpring. Many have attempted to raife the young

" ones, and to tame them ; but to no purpofe. When hatched under ' .

" a hen, they efcape into the woods foon after they are hatched,

" where they either find means to fubfift, or periili."

The hiftory of this bird is thus further illuftrated by Mr. Brooke Ma. Brooks.
of Marylajid,. in North America: " The ruffed Grous, or Pheafanr,
" breeds in all parts of Maryland^ fome countries on the Eaftern " ' '

" fhore excepted. They lay their eggs in nefts they make in the .'

" leaves, either by the fide of fallen trees, or the roots of Handing ■ ' -
" ones. They lay from twelve to fixteen eggs : the time of incu-
" bation is in the fpring ; but how long their eggs are hatching
" I cannot fay j but probably it is three weeks, the time that ■a. .

" Dunghill Hen fits. I have found their nefts when a boy, and have
" endeavoured to take the old Pheafant, but never could fucceed :
" fhe would almoft let me put my hand upon her before fhe would
" quit her neft ; then by artifice fhe would draw me off" from her eggs,
" by fluttering juft before me for a hundred paces or morej fo that
" I have been in conftant hopes of taking her. They leave their
" nefts as foon as they are hatched j and I believe they live at
" firft on ants, fmall worms, &c. When they are a few days old,
" they hide themfelves fo- artfully among the leaves, that it is dif-
" ficult to find them: as they grow up, they feed on various berries,
" fruits, and grain of the country : grapes they likewife are fond of
" in the feafon; but the Pheafant is more particularly fond of the ivy-
" berry. I do not know any other animal that feeds on this berry:
" I know it is poifon to many. Though the Pheafant hatches
" many young at a time, and often fits twice a year, the great num-
" ber and variety of Hawks in Maryland feeding on them, prevents
" their increafing faft. The beating of the Pheafanr, as we term it,
^* is a noife chiefly made in the fpring of the year by the cock-bird -,

3^4 R U F F E D G R O U S.

" it may be diftincflly heard a mile in a calm day : they fwell their
" breads like the Powting Pigeon, and beat with their wings, which
" make a noife not unlike a drum in found j but the ir'heafant fhor-
" tens each founding note, till they run one into another undiftin-
" guilhably, like ftriking two empty bottles together."

La Hontan. In order to perfeft, as far as I am able, the hiftory of this bird, I

Ihall give a quotation from Baron La HontarCs Voyages to North
America, publiflied in Englijh, (vol. i. p. 67.) where he fpeaks of
a bird found near the lakes of Canada, which, I think, can be no
other than the above-defcribed, though the names given them
difagree.

La Hontan fays, " I v/ent in company with fome Canadefe on
" purpofe to fee that fowl flap with its wings : believe me, this fight
** is one of the greateft curiofities in the world ; for their flapping
" makes a noife much like a drum, for about the fpace of a minute ;
" then the noife ceafes for half a quarter of an hour; after which
" it begins again. By this noife we were direfted to the place where
" the unfortunate More-hen fat, and found them upon rotten mofly
" trees. By flapping one wing againft the other they mean to call
" their mates j and the humming noife that enfues thereupon may
" be heard half a quarter of a league. This they do in the months
" of April, May, September, and Oliober ; and, which is very re-
" markable, the More-hen never flaps in this manner but upon
" one tree. It begins at break of day, and gives over at nine
" o'clock in the morning, till about an hour before fun-fet, then
*' it flutters again, and continues fo to do till night."

Mr. Graham; To thefe accounts I beg leave to add the following, out of the
Philofophical'TranfaSiions; which inforrns us, that this fpecies of Grous
bears the Indian name of Pujkee, or Pu/pujkee, at Hudfon's Bay, on
account of the leannefs and drynefs of their flefli, which is extreme-
ly white, and of a very clofe texture; but when well prepared, is
excellent eating. They are pretty common at Moofe Fort and Henly
Houfe ; but are feldom feen at Albany Fort, or to the northward
of the above places. In winter they feed upon juniper-tops,.in fummer
on goofeberries, rafpberriesj currants, cranberries, ^c. They are not
5 migratory ;

PINNATED GROUS. 305

migratoryj ftaying all the year at Moofe Pert: they build their neft
on dry ground, hatch nine young at a time, to which the mother
clucks as our common hens do; and, on the left appearance of danger,
or in order to enjoy an agreeable degree of warmth, the y-oung ones
retire under the wings of their parent.

Urogallus minor fufcus cervice plumis alas imitantibus donata, Catcjly, Jpp> tab. i. [go, Pinnatei

Tetrao Cupldo, Lin. Sj/i^ 274. — Latham.

La Gelinote hupee d'Amerique, Brijfon, i. 212. — Lev. Mos. — Bl. Mus.

^^R. With head, cheeks, and neck of a reddifh brown, marked
with dufliy lines: chin and throat of a pale rufty brown:
on the head is a fmall creft : on each fide of the neck a moft fin-
gular tuft (five feathers in each) gradually lengthening to the fifth,
which is about three inches long: the upper feathers ferruginous
and white ; the lower black : back and fcapulars black and pale
ruft-colour J the former fpotted with white: breaft and belly barred
with white and pale brown : tail barred with pale brown and black.

Legs covered with foft brown feathers : toes naked and pe6tinated.

Size of a Pheafant. A peculiar fpecies, not to be confounded with Sizi.

the preceding *. Defcribed from the real bird by Mr. C<?/f/Z^ ; and by ' ' "

myfelf from the fpecimens in Mrs. Blackhurn\ cabinet; which were
fent from the province of ConneBicnt. Is frequent about a hun- Place,

dred miles up Albany river, in Hudfon's Bay,

The tufts, which diftinguifh this fpecies from all others, are
rooted high on the neck, not far from the hind part of the head.
The bird has the power of ere6ling or dropping them at pleafure.
When difturbed, it wouid fpread them horizontally, like little wings;
at other times let them fall on the fides of the neck f . It is pro-
bable, that they affift in running or flying, or perhaps both, as the
real wings are very fliort, in proportion to the weight of the body.
Thefe appendages are peculiar to the cock, and almoft the only dif-
ference between it and the hen.

• The Comte De Bufon, lu 2Sz. falls into this millake. f Catejhy.

R r . , ' Long-

3o6 SHARP-TAILED GROUS.

i8i. Sharp- Long- tailed Groas, EJiv. ii8. — Pb, Tr.lx'n.

TAILED. Tetrao Phafianellus, Lin.Syfi. ij^. — Latham.

Le Coq <Je Bruyeres a longue queae, de la Baye de Hud/on, Brijfon, App, <j.—-De
Buffon, ii. 286.

^R. With the head, eheeks, and hind part of the neck, varied
with reddilh brown and black : the back and coverts of the
tail of the fame color : the fcapulars and great coverts of the
wings ferruginous, fpotted with black, and great fpots of white :
primaries black, fpotted with white : breaffc and fides white, ele-
gantly marked with fagittal fpots of black: belly white : tail fhort
and cuneiform j the two middle feathers two inches longer than the
others : the tail is of the fame color with the back, only the ex-
terior feathers are fpotted with white : the legs are covered with
foft and long feathers, extending over the peftinated toes, which
would be otherwife naked.

&I2B. The Length of this fpecies is feventeen inches : the Extent of

wings twenty-four : Weight two pounds.

Place. Inhabits Hud/oris Bay ; and, according to Dr. Mitchel, the unfre-

quented parts of Virginia; but none have been brought over to
England from any other place than the Bay.

Linnaus confounds this with the Wood Grous, or Cock of
the Wood *. Comparifon will fhew with how little reafon the
Comte Tit Buffon -f makes it to be the female of the next fpecies,
our Spotted Grous. If the female of that was not afcertained, the
difference in the form of the tail would be fufficient to eftablifli
a diftinftion j by which it approaches nearefl: to the European
Pheafant of any bird in North America.

• Br. ZmI- i. N" 92. tab. xL f Oi/. ii. 279,

5 Th«

SPOTTEDGROUS. 30?

The Indians about Hudfon's Bay call this fpecies the Au KuJkoW'
It continues there the whole year 5 lives among the fmall larch buflies,
and feeds, during winter, on the buds of that plant and the birch ;
in the fummer, on all forts of berries. The females lay from nine
to thirteen eggs. The young, like others of this genus, run as
foon as hatched, and make a puling noife like a chicken. They
differ chiefly from the cock, in having lefs of the red naked
(kin over the eyes. The cock has a fhrill crowing note, but not
very loud. When difturbed, or \vhile flying, it makes a repeated
noife of f«r^, cuk ; and makes a noife with the feathers of its tail !

like the cracking of a fan. The flelh of thefe birds is of a light brown
color, plump, and very juicy.

Black and Spotted Heathcock (male) Ediju. n3. jg^. Spotted.

Brown and Spotted Heathcock (female) Edtu. 71.
Tetrao Canadenfis (male) Lin. Syfl. 274.
Tetrao Canace (female) Lin. Syji. 275. — Latham.

La Gelinote tie la Baye de Hudjon, Brijfon, i. 201. and the fame, App. 10. (male.)
La Gelinote de Canada, BriJJhn, i. 203. tab. xx. fig. i. 2. (m. and fem.) — De
Buffon, ii. 279. — PL Enl. 131, ijz.

t~^ R. With a white fpot before and behind each eye : head, neck,
back, and coverts of the wings and tail, dufliy brown, croffed
with black : throat of a gloffy black, bounded by a white line,
commencing at the external corner of each eye : breafl: of the for-
mer color : belly white, marked with great black fpots : tail black,
external feathers tipt with orange : legs feathered : toes naked and
pedlinated.

The FEMALE is of a reddifli brown, barred and fpotted with black : Femali,

belly of a dirty white, fpotted with black : tail of a deep brown,
barred with mottled bands of black j the tips of the exterior feathers
orange.

The Weight is twenty-three ounces: Length fifteen inches: Sisi.

Extent near two feet.

R r 2 Inhabits

3o8 W H I T E G R O U S.

Placi. Inhabits Hudjon's Bay, Newfoundland, and Canada. Is called by

the Englijh of Hudjon's Bay, the Wood Partridge, from its living in
pine woods. Thefe birds are very ftupid ; fo that they are often
knocked down with a flick ; and are ufually caught by the natives
with a noofe fattened to a ftake. In fummer they are very palat-
able ; for in that feafon they feed on berries. In winter they live on
the (hoots of the fpruce-fir, which infers the fiefh with a very difa-
greeable tafle. If it is true, that this fpecies lays but five eggs *,
it is a ftrange exception to the prolific nature of the genus.

183. White. White Partridge, EJnv.jz, — Ellis's Toy. iJ.

La Lagnpcde de la Baie de Hudfon, De Buffon, ii. 276. tab. ix — Latham.

La Gelinote blanche, BnJJon, i. z\6.—PL Enl.

Tetrao Lagopus, J'uecis Snoripa, Lappis Cheruna, Faun. Suec. N° 203

/"^R. With a black bill: fcarlet eye-brows, very large in the
male ; in the female far lefs confpicuous. Head, neck and

Summer part of the back, coverts of the tail, and fcapulars, deep orange,

Plumage. crofled with numerous dufky lines, and often marked with great
blotches of white : belly, legs, and middle feathers of the tail, white:
the reft of the tail dufky, tipt with white : the fhafts of the quill
feathers black : the legs and toes warmly clad with a very thick and
long coat of foft white feathers : the claws broad and flat, adapted
for digging.

Winter Such is the fummer drefs : in winter they change their color to

white, or, more properly fpeaking, moult, and change their colored

FEATHERED.

Doubly plumes for white ones. By a wonderful providence, every feather,

except thofe of the wings and tail, becomes double j a downy one
fhooting out at the bafe of each, as exprefTed in the plate, which
gives an additional protedtion againfl the cold. In the latter end of
February, the fummer plumage begins to appear firft about the

• Ph. Tr. Ixii. 390.

7

rump.

W H I T E G R O U S. J09

rump, in form of brown flumps *, the firfb rudiments of the coat
they affume in the warm feafon, when each feather is fingle, fuit-
able to the time. I ought to have obferved before, that the Spot-
ted Grous alfo changes its fingle for double feathers at approach
of winter, notwithflanding it undergoes no change of color.

The Weight of this fpecies is twenty-four ounces : its Lekgth Size.

fixteen inches and a quarter : Extent twenty-three.

Theie birds are met with round the globe, within and without Place,

the ar£fic circle, and as high as lat. 72, in the countries round Hudfons
Bay, and as low as Newfoundland ; in Norway -, perhaps in the
N. of the Ruffian dominions in Europe-^, and certainly in AJia all
over Sibiria, as far as Kamtfchatka, and in the idands which lie be-
tween that country and America. Finally, they abound in Lapland
and Iceland; and I repeat, with certainty, that Norway has fupplied me Norway.

with this fpecies, which was fent to me by the late Mr. Fleifcber, of
Copenhagen, along with the lelTer kind, which proved to be the
fame with the White Grous of the Alps, and the Ptarmigan of the
Highlands of Scotland. Each of the varieties of the Norwegian birds
were in their fummer drefs j and differed moft materially in fize as
well as color, the one being in all refpedls like the American kind:
the leffer agreed in every point with that which I defcribe, N" 95,
vol. i. of my Britijh Zoology.

The natives diflinguifh the kinds. The larger, which inhabits Norwecians
forefts, is ftyled by them Skorv Rype, or the Wood Grous ; the
lefler, which lives in the mountains, is called Fiald Rype, or the
Mountain Grous J. Tliey all burrow under the fnow j and form
extenfive walks beneath. There they feed, efpecially in Lapland, on

• Drage's Vcy. ii. g.

■\ The feathers of the RuJ/ian kind, whichfoever it was, in early times, about
Fechora, were an article of commerce, and were fold for two pence of their money
l>er Pooit, or 381b. Purchas, iii. 536.

X The RuJJian White Grous inhabits indifferently woods, mountains, plains, and
marfhes. The BritiJ/} fpecies or variety is in RuJJia about half the fize of the Sibiriaa
kind.

the

DISTINGUISH
TWO KINDS,

,lio W H I T E G R O U S.

the feeds of the dwarf birch *, and in the feafon on variety of
berries of mountain plants. During winter they are taken and
brought to Bergen by thoufands ; are half roafted, and put into
firkins, and tranfported to other countries f.

The lelTer variety is not unknown in America. The fort here
defcribed is found in amazing quantities, efpecially about Hudfon's
Bay, where they breed in all parts along the coafts, make their nefts
on dry ridges on the ground, and lay from nine to eleven eggs,
powdered with black.

This is the only fpecies of Grous in N. America to which
Providence hath given that warm proteftion to its feet, evidently
to fecure them againfl: the cold of their winter lodgings: and, as they
are greatly fought after by Eagles, Owls, and other birds of prey,
a fine provifion is made for their fafety, by the change of color,
which renders them not to be diftinguifhed from the fnow they
lie on.

Every morning they take a flight into the air direftly upwards,
to fliake the fnow from their wings and bodies. They feed in the
mornings and evenings, and in the middle of the day baflc in the
fun. In the morning they call to one another with a loud note,
interrupted ; feeding in the intervals, and calling again.

In the beginning of October, they aflemble in flocks of two hundred,
and live much among the willows, the tops of which they eat; whence
they are czWtdWillowPctrtridges. About the beginning o^Beceinberthtj
appear in lefs plenty, retiring from the fiats about the fettlements on
Hudfon's Bay to the mountains, where in that month the fnow is lefs
deep than in the lowlands, to feed on cranberries and other berries %•
In Greenland they refort in fummer to the mountains for the fake of
the crowberries H, which they eat even with the leaves of the plant.
In winter they defcend to the fhores, where the winds fweep the
fnow off the rocks, and enable them to pick up a fuftenance.

• Fl, Lap- 268. t Pontoppidan, iL 92. \ Dragt'sVoy. i. 174.

B Empetrum Nigrum. See Crantx. Greenl. i. 64, 7 J.

They

WHITE GROUS. 31X

They are an excellent food, and much fearched after by the Eu-
ropeans in Hudfon's Bay. They are generally as tame as chickens,
efpecially in a mild day : fometimes they are rather v/ild; but by
being driven about, or fliot at with powder, they grow fo weary,
by the fhort flights they take, as foon to become very tame again.
Sometimes the hunters, when they fee the birds likely to take a long
flight, imitate the crying of a Hawk, which intimidates them fb
much, that they inftantly fettle. When the female is killed, the
male can fcarcely be forced from the body of its mate *.

The uf jal method of taking them is in nets made of twine, twen-
ty feet fquare, faftened to four poles, and fupported in front in a
perpendicular direftion with flicks. A long line is faftened to thefe
props, the end of which is held by a perfon who lies concealed at a
diftance. Several people are then employed to drive the birds within
reach of the net, which is then pulled down, and often covers ac
one haul fifty or feventy. At this time they are fo plentiful, that
ten thoufand are taken for the ufe of the fettlement from November
to the end of Jpril. In former days, they muft have been infinite-
ly more numerous ; for Sir Thomas Button relates, that when he
wintered there in 16 12, he took eighteen hundred dozens of thefe
and other fowl f : but this is a trifle to the fuccefsof M. Jeremie, who
afl'erts, that there' were eaten in one winter, between himfelf and
feventy-nine others, ninety thoufand Grous, and twenty-five thou-
fand Rabbets %. , _

The Laplanders take them by forming a hedge with the boughs of
birch-trees ; leaving fmall openings at certain intervals, and hang in
each a fnare. The birds are tempted to come and feed on the buds
or catkins of the birch ; and whenever they endeavour to pafs through
the openings they are inftantly caught.

• Faun. Groenl. p. 1 17. t Quoted in North-tvejl Fax, 32?.

\ Recueil de Voy. au Nord. iii. 344.

ROCK

jii ROCK, ANDWOODGROUS.

1S4. Rock. TJ OCK Gr. With a black line from the bill to the eye. In all other
parts of the plumage of the fame colors with the White, N" 183;
but inferior in fize by one third.

Differs in nature. Feeds on the tops of fmall birch. Frequents
only the dry rocky grounds, and the larch plains. Makes a fingular
fnoring noife, with its neck ftreched out, and feemingly with diffi-

, culty. Is very numerous in the northern parts of Hud/on's Bajy

and never vifits the fouthern end, except in very hard weather.
Never takes flicker in the woods, but fits on the rocks, or burrows in
the fnow. Is inferior in goodnefs to the preceding.

^, Wood Grous, Br. Zool. i.N" g2.

Tetraonis alterum Genus, Plinii, lib. x. C. 22.

Tetrao urogallus Kjader, Faun. Saec N° ::oo. — Latham.

La Tetras ou le grand Coq de Bruyere, Di Buffon, ii. 191. tab. v. — PL Enl. 73, 74.

Male. C^^' With head, neck, and back crofled with flender lines of

black and grey : upper part of the breafl glofly green : tail

black ; the feathers on each fide fpotted with white : legs feathered :

Size. ' toes naked and peftinated. Length two feet eight : Weight

fometimes fourteen pounds.

Female. Length of the female only two feet two: color ferruginous and

black, difpofed generally in bars.

Notwith-

W O O D G R O U S. 313

Notwithflanding the opinions of Limueus and the Count Bs
Buffon, this fpecies is unknown in North jitnericn. Its mofl; Ibuch-
erly habitation, as far as I can difcover, is the Archipelago^ it being Place.

found in the iflands of Crete and of Milo. One was fliot in
the lafl:, perched on a palm-tree, on whofe fruit it probably
fed. I fufpeft that it does not extend into AJia Minor; for Doiftor
Rujfell does not enumerate it among the Syrian birds. As the 'TeiraOi \

which Athenaus* (iv\\% a fort of Pheafant, was found in the antient
Media., it may ftill be met with in the northern part of Perfia. If
Arifiotle intends this fpecies by the words 'Tctrix and Oiirax -f-, it was
likewife found in Greece; but he applies thofe names only to a bird
which lays its eggs on the grafly ground, and fays no more.

Pliny gives a far clearer defcription of the Tetracnes of Italy,
Decet TuTRAOti AS Juus nitor, abfoltitaqiie nigritia, in fuperciliis cocci
rubor. This certainly means only the cock odh^Black Grous; which
is diftinguifhed by the intenfe blacknefs and the brilliant glofs of
its plumage, as well as by its fcarlet eyebrows, which is common
to it and the Wood Grous ; which laft is the fpecies defcribed by
the ancient naturalift ; truly in fome refpeds, hyperbolically in
others. He fays it is of the fize of a Vulture, and not unlike it in co-
lor J. Both thefe affertions approach the truth ; for the upper part
of the body has a dufky or footy look, not unlike that of the Vul-
ture of the Alps. But when he fpeaks of its being the heavleft bird . . ^
next to the Oflrich, we fee plainly he goes beyond all bounds.

It is a fpecies found in mod parts of the wooded and mounta-
nous countries oi Europe, and extends even to the arftic Lapmark^ :
is common in RuJJia and Sibiria ; in the laft are found greater and
lefler varieties. It is found even as far as Kamtjchalka.

* Lib. xiv. p. 6^\. \ HiJ}. An. lib. vi. c. I. \ Hijf. Nat. lib. x. C. 22. '. ,

§ Leems, 241.

S f

2H SPURIOUS, AND BLACK G ROUS.

B. Spurious Gr. Tetrao Hj'bridus. Racklehane. Rojlsgii Roflare, Faun. Suee. N° 201.

/^R. With a fpotted breaft and forked tail. In fize equal to the
hen of the preceding. Is much fcarcer, more timid, and its note
very different. Linnaus fays it is a mixed breed between the Wood
and Black Grous j but his account of it is obfcure.

C. Black Grous, Br. Zool. i. N=' 93.
Tetrao i"S Plinii.

Tetrao Tetrix, Orre, Faun. Suec. N° 202.

Le Petit Tetras ou Coq de Bruyere a queue forchue, De Buffon, ii. 21c. — Tl. EnU
172, 173-

/^R. With a white fpot on the fhoulders, and white vent fea-
thers : reft of the plumage of a full black, glofled with blue :
tail much forked, exterior feathers curling outwards. Weight near
four pounds. Length one foot ten inches.

Female weighs but two pounds. The tail is flightly forked and
fliort : the colors ruft, black, and cinereous.

Inhabits Europe, as high as Lapland: extends over Ruffia and Si-
hiria as far as birch-trees grow, of the catkins and buds of which
it is very fond. Feeds much on the populus balfamifera *, which
gives its flelh a fine flavor. In northern Europe, this and the laft
fpecies live during fummer on whortle-berries, and feed their young
with gnats. In fummer the males perch on trees, and animate the
forefts with their crowing. In winter they lie on the ground, be-
come buried in the fnows, and form walks beneath, in which they

* The Taccamahacca of North America^ Catejhy, i. 34.^

3, often

PTARMIGAN G R O U S. jjj

ofcen continue forty days *. They are at prefent taken in fnares ;
but in Lapland were formerly fhot with arrows +.

During winter, there is at prefent a very fingular way of taking
the Black Grous in Sihiria. In the open forells of birch, a certain
number of poles are placed horizontally on forked flicks : by way
of allurement, fmall bundles of corn are placed on them; and not
remote, are fet certain tall bafkets of a conic fhape, wiin the
broadeft part uppermoft : within the mouth ii ^-^'aced a fmall wheel,
through which pafTes an axis fixed fo nicely as to admit it to play very
readily, and permit one fide or the other, on the lead touch, to drop
down, and again recover its fituation. The Black Grous are foon
attra6t:ed by the corn on the horizontal poles ; firft alight on them,
and after a Ihort repaft fly to the baflcets, attempt to fettle on their
tops, when the wheel drops fideways, and they fall headlong into
the trap, which is fometimes found half full.

D. Ptarmigan, Br, Zool. i. N* 95.

Tetrao Lagopus. Suecis Snoripa. Lapph Cheruna, Faun. Suec. N' 20J.
Le Lagopede, De Buffoit, ii. 264. tab. ix.

/^ R. With the head, neck, back, fcapulars, and fome of the
coverts of the wings, marked with narrow lines of black, afti-
color, and ruft, intermixed with fome white: wings and belly white :
outmoft feathers of the tail black ; thofe of the middle cinereous,
mottled with black, and tipt with white. The male has a black
fpot between the bill and the eye; which in the female is fcarcely
vifible. One which I weighed in Scotland was nineteen ounces.
Another weighed by IVIr. Ray, in the Gri/ons country, only fourteen.
It regularly changes its colors at approach of winter.

* Aincen. Acad. iv. jgi, t Olaus Gent. Septr, lib. xix. C. 13.

S f a Inhabits

3i6 REHUSAKGROUS.

Place. Inhabits Greenland, Iceland, Lapland, z\\ Scandinavia, and Ru{fia ;

but I believe does not extend to Sibiria or Kamlfcbatka. This,
from its haunts, is called by the Norwegians, Fitclde Hype, or Moun-
tain Grous. But in RuJJia it inhabits indifferently woods, moun-
tains, plains, and marfhes. Its feathers were formerly an article of
commerce. It is taken among the Laplanders, by the fame ftratagem
as the White Grous, N° 183.

The Greenlanders catch it in noofes hung to a long line, drawn
between two men, dropping them over the neck of this filly
bird. They fometimes kill it with ftones j but of late oftener
by fhooting. It is faid, that when the female is killed the male un-
willingly deferts the body *.

The Greenlanders eat it either drefled, or half rotten, or raw,
with feals lard. The inteftines, efpecially thofe next to the rump, and
frelh drawn, are reckoned great delicacies. They alfo mix the concents
. with frefh train-oil and berries ; a luxury frequent among thefe peo-
ple. The fkins make a warm and comfortable fhirt, with the feathers
placed next to the body. The women formerly ufed the black fea-
thers of the tail as ornaments to their head-drelTes.

E. Rehusak. Montin, in ASl. Phyjiogr. Lund. i. 150.

^^R. With neck ruft-colored, fpotted with black: back and coverts
of tail black, varied with rufty ftreaks : bread divided from the
lower part of the neck by a dark fhade : reft of the breaft and vent .
white ; the hen fpotted with yellow : primaries white : tail black -,
end whitifh : thighs white, with fome rufty fpots: legs feathered to the
toes: toes naked, covered with large brown fcales. SizEofafmall
Hen.

• Taun. Groittl. p. 117.

9 Inhabits

HAZEL G R O U S.

Inhabits both the woods and alps of Lapland. Lays thirteen or
fourteen reddifh eggs, marked with large brown fpocs. When
difturbed, flies away with a loud nolle, like a coarle laugh. The
Keron, or comnnon Ptarmigan, on the contrary, is filent. The
Keron inhabits the Alps only.

317

Hazel Gr. Will.Orn. 175.

Tetrao bonafia. Hiarpe, Faun. Suec, N" 20\.

La Gelinotte, De Bujfon, ii. 233. tab. vii. — PI. Enl. 474, 475.

/^R. With the chin black, bounded with white : head and upper
part of the neck crolTed with dulky and cinereous lines : be-
hind each eye a white line : coverts of wings and fcapulars fpotted
with black and ruft-color : breafl: and belly white, marked v/ith
bright bay fpots : feathers of the tail mottled with afli and black;
and, except the two middlemoft, crofied with a broad fingle bar
of black : legs feathered half way down. Female wants the black
fpoton the chin, and white ftroke beyond the eyes. Its fize fuperior
to an Englijld Partridge.

Inhabits the birch and hazel woods of many parts of Europe, as
high as the diocefe of Drontkeim, and evQn Lapland* ; and is not
unfrequent in the temperate parts. Paul/en -[ fays that it migrates
into the fouth of Iceland in April, and departs in September? It lays
from twelve to twenty eggs: perches ufually in the midfb of a tree:
is attraded by a pipe, imitative of its voice, to the nets of the
fportfmen, who lie concealed in a hovel J. Is excellent meat, in-
fomuch that the Hungarians call it Tfcbaj'drmadar, or the bird of
Cajar, as if it was only fit for the table of the Emperor. Is found
in moft parts of rhe Riijfian dominions with the Ptarmigan, buc
grows Icarcer towards the jfaf" of Sibiria.

Size.
Place.

Schefftr Lafl. 138.

t Catalogue of Iceland Bircls, MS.

X Gefyer Av. 230.

XVII. PARTRIDGE.

3iS MARYLAND PARTRIDGE,

XVII. PARTRIDGE. Gen. Birds, XXXVU.

185. Maryland. Jixen'caa ?a.nnige, Clayton, Ph. Tr. abriJg. in- 590. — Laiu/on, 140. — Cattjbj, Afp.
plate xii. — Du Pratz, ii. 86.
Tetrao Virginianus, Lin. Syjl. 277.

Lc Perdrlx d'Amerique, Srijfon, i. 231. — Et de la Nouvelle Angleterre, 229. — Dt
Buffon, ii. 447.

With white cheeks and throat, bounded by a line of black on
• all fides, and marked with another pafllng beneath each eye :
breaft whitifli, prettily marked with femicircular fpots of black :
upper part of the breaft, coverts of wings, fcapulars, and coverts
of tail, bright bay, edged with fmall black and white fpots ; fcapu-
lars ftriped with yellowlfh white : primaries and tail of a light
afh- color.

The head of the female agrees in the white marks of the male,
but the boundaries are ferruginous. There is alfo more red on the
bread. In other refpedts the colors nearly correfpond. In Size,
above half as big again as the Englijh Quail.
Place. Frequent from Canada to the mod fouthern parts of North Ame-

rica, perhaps to Mexico. Are great breeders, and are feen in covies
of four or five and twenty. Breed the latter end o{ Jpril, or be-
ginning of May. Colled):, towards the beginning of June, in great
flocks, and take to the orchards, where they perch when difturbed.
Feed much on buck- wheat j grow fat, and are excellent meat. Mi-
grate from Nova Scotia, at approach of winter, to the fouthern pro-
vinces ; but numbers refide in the latter the whole year. The males
have a note twice repeated, which they emit, while the females are

fitting.

COMMON PARTRIDGE. 319

fitting, ufually perched on a rail or gate. Make a vaft noife with
the wings when they arile.

or late they have been introduced into Jamaica ; are naturalized In Jamaica.
to the climate, and increafe greatly in a wild ftate ; and, as I am
informed, breed in that warm climate twice in the year.

A. Common Partridge. Tetrao Perdix. Rapphona. Faun. Suee. N" 205.
La Perdrix Grife, De Buffon, ii. 401. — PI. Enl. 27.

"INHABITS as high z% Sweden-, but has not yet reached 'Nor-
way *. Found in the weft, and all the temperate parts of RttJJia

and Sibiriay and even beyond lake Baikal, where it winters about

fteep rocky mountains expofed to the fun, and where the fnow lies

left.

During winter, in Sweden it burrows beneath the fnow ; and the

whole covey retires there, leaving a fpiracle at each end of their

lodge..

• Brunnieh, N» 20 1 ,

QWAJI.,

10 Q^ U A I L.

E, Quail, Br. Zoo!, i. N" gj.—Wachtel, Faux. Suec. N° 206,— Lev. Mos.— Bl.Mus.

T S found no further north than Sweden. It appears there in the
beginning of the leafing month (May) ; and is neither heard or
feen there in autumn or winter, unlefs it fhould, as Linnaeus fuppofes,
migrate to the fouthern province, or Schoncn^ or retire to the Ukraine,
Wallachia, &c *.

Quails fwarm fo greatly, at the time of their migration, about the
Dnieper, and in the fouth oi RuJJia, that they are caught by thoufands,
and fent to Mo/cow and Peterjhurgh in cafks. They are common in all
parts of Great Tartary ; but in Sibiria only in the fouth, as their
paflage is hindered by the lofty fnowy mountains. It is faid they
winter beneath the fnow j and in great frofts, to be found
torpid in the Ant-hills. Beyond lake Baikal, the Quails exaftly
refemble thofe of Europe, but are quite mute. Thefe are ufed by
the Chineje in fighting, as we do Cocks.

• Amcen. Acad. iv. 592.

XVIII. BUS-

NORTON SOUND, AND LESSER BUSTARD. ^2t

XVIII. BUSTARD. Gen. Birds. XXXIX.

I Am forry that I have it not in my power to do more than afcer- ,35. Norto?;
tain that a bird of the Bustard genus is found in North Ame~ Souko.

rica. Captain King was fo obliging as to inform me, that he faw
on the plains near Nortoji Sound, N. lat. 64 f, great flocks of a
large kind. They were very fliy ; ran very faft, and for a confiderable
way before they took wing ; fo that he never could get one fhot.

I often meet with the word Outarde, or Bujtard, among the French
voyagers in North America ; but believe it to be always applied to
a fpecies of Goofe,

The Great Buftard, Br. Zool. i. N° 98, is frequent over all the
defert of T'ar/ary, and beyond lake Baikal. Is a folitary bird; but
colledts into fmall flocks at the time of its fouthern migratiooj and
winters about Aftracan *.

Lesser Bustard, Br. Zoo], i. N" 99.
Tetrao Tetrax, Faun. Suec. N° 196.

La Petite Outarde ou la Cane-petiere, DeBiiffon, ii. 40. — Pl.Enl. lo. zj. — Lev.Mus.
T> Wfth crown, back, fcapulars, and coverts of the wings, ferru-
ginous and black ; primaries black at their ends, white at their
bottoms; the fecondaries quite white: neck black, marked near the
top and bottom with a white circle : bread and belly white : middle
feathers of the tail crofl"ed with rufl; and black, the refl: white.
Female entirely ferruginous and black, except wings and belly.
Size of a Pheafant.

Appears in Sweden rarely in the fpring: not traced further north. Placb.

Very frequent in the fouthern and fouth-wefl: plains of Rujfia, and in
fmall flocks when it migrates. Continues a good way into the de-
ferts of Tartary -, but is never feen in Sibiria.

• ExtraSs, 143.

T t ORDER

323

PASSENGER PIGEON.

ORDER IV.

COLUMBINE.

XIX. PIGEON. Gen, Birds, XU

187. Passbmcbr.. Pigeon, Jofelyn's Vhy. 99.

Wild Pigeon, Law/on, 140.1 — Kalm. il. 82..
Pigeon of PaiFage, Catejby, i. tab. 23.
Wood Pigeon, Du Pratz, ii. 88.
Columba Migratoria, Lin. Syjl. 285^

Le Pigeon fauvage d'Anierique, Brijfon, i. 100. — De Buffon, 01/, ii. 527."
Lev. Mus. — Bl. Mus.

Manners.

Fooi

PWith a black bill : red irides : head, and hind part and fides
• of the neck,, of a flaty blue ; on each of the lafl: a large ftiining-
golden fpot : coverts of the wings of a dark blueifh grey, marked with.
a few black fpots : quil feathers brown : tail of a great length, and
cuneiform: the middle feathers dufky grey, the next paler,, the out-
mofl: white. Weight nine ounces.

Thefe birds vifit the provinces of North America in mod amazing
numbers every hard winter. They appear in greater or lefler num-
bers, according to the mildnefs or feverity of feafon ; for. when;
the weather proves mild, few or none are feen in the fouthern parts..
Neceffity alone obliges them to change their quarters, in fearch of"
acorns, maft, and berries, which the warmer provinces yield in vaft
abundance. When they alight, the ground is. foon cleared of all;
efculent fruits, to the great lofs of the hog, and other mad-eating;
animals. When they have devoured every thing which has fallen on-,
the furface, they form themfelves into a great perpendical column,,
and by rotation keep flying among the boughs of the trees, from-
top to bottomi beating down the acorns with their wings, and fomc

PASSENGER PIGEON. '3^3

or other, in fuccefTion, alight on the earth and eat*. The fpecles of
food they are fondeft of is the fmall acorn, called the Turkey acorn,
it befng alfo a favorite food of thofe birds. In Canada they do vad
damage in autumn, by devouring the corn, before they begin their
fouthern flight f .

They build their nefts in trees, and coo like the Englipo Wild Nests,

Pigeon ; and lay two eggs. They breed in the more northern parts,
from the country fouth of Moofe Fort, in Hudfons Bay J, to that
between Fort Frederick and Fort Anne, and the woods about the
river Onandago ||. During the time of incubation and nutrition,
they feed firft on the feeds of the § red maple, which ripens in May-y
and after that, on thofe of the elm ^. It appears by thofe accurate
obfervers, Mr. Bertram and Mr. Kalm, that they continue in their
breeding-places till the middle at left of Julyi the firft having
feen them in June-, the laft, the 19th of July. Mr. Hutchins aflures
me, that they continue in the inland parts of Hudfon's Bay till De-
tember ; and when the ground is covered with fnow, feed on the
buds of juniper.

As foon as thefe birds find a want of food, they collecl in vaft Migratioks.
.flocks, and migrate to fuch places as are likely to fupply them with
fubfiftence. The multitudes which appear during the rigorous fea- Vast numbers.
fons are fo immenfe, that the mention of them, unlefs fupported by
good authority, would feem incredible. They fly by millions in a
flock; and in their paflTage literally intercept the light of the fun for
a confiderable fpace. As foon as one flock has pafled, another fuc-
ceeds, each taking a quarter of an hour before the whole flock is
gone. This continues, in fome feafons, for three days without any
intermiffion **.

The inhabitants of New Tork and Pemfyhan'ia are frequent wlt-
nefles of the phasnomenon, and kill numbers of thefe migrants from

\

• Du Prata. f The fame. % Ph. Tr. Ixii. 398. || Bartram's

yourney to Onandago, ^^.-^Kalm's 1'ra'velj, ii. 311. § Ac?r Rubrum, Lin.

—Catefy, i. 62. ^ Ulmus Americana, Lin. •* Catejhy.

T t 2 their

3H PASSENGER PIGEON.

their balconies, and the roofs of their houfes. When they alight
on trees to roofb, they often break the limbs of ftout oaks, un-
able to fupport the weight of the crowds which perch on them.
The ground beneath the trees on which they have lodged a night, is
covered with their dung to a confiderable depth *.

Jojfelyn, who obferved thefe Pigeons in 1638, in New England,
before they were difturbed by population, fays, he has feen flights
of them moving at Michaelmas to the fouthward, four or five miles
long, fo thick that he loft fight of the fun. He adds, that they
Return. return in fpring j and that they join neft to neft, and tree to tree,

by their nefts, for many miles together, in the woods f . Kalm
mentions their pafl"age through Jerfey in March.

The inhabitants of North America profit by this kind gift of Pro-
vidence, and (hoot them in their pafiage j for they are very fat, and
excellent meat. The Indians watch the roofting-places ; go in the
night, and, knocking them down with long poles, bring away thou-
fands. Formerly, you could not go into a little Indian town, in
Their oil. xht interior parts of Carolina, but you would find a hundred gallons
of Pigeons oil or fat, which they ufe with their mayz, as we do
butter J. They fcorn to obtain that ufeful article from the quiet
employ of the dairy j but are fond of the fimilitude, provided it
could be obtained by any means fuitable to their aftive fpirit.

M. du Pratz hit upon an ingenious expedient of taking them on
rooft, by placing under the trees veflTels filled with flaming fulphur;
the fumes of which afcending, brought them fenfelefs to the ground
in perfedl fhowers.

I Ihall conclude this account with what was communicated to me
by the late Mr. Ajhton Blackbwne, from his own obfervations, or
thofe of his friends, who were eye-witneffes to the wondrous fadls
related of thefe birds.

• La'wfon, 44. — The Rev. Mr. Burnahy relates the prodigioas flights he fawpafling
in Septembtr, foutherly, over Neiu England. He adds, he fcarcely met with any other
food in the inns he was at. p- i3z-

+ I'oj. 99, I Lavi/on, 44.

New

PASSENGER PIGEON. 325

" New Tork, June 21, 1770.

" I think," fays Mr. Blackburne, " this as remarkable a bird as
" any in America. They are in vaft numbers in all parts, and have
*' been of great fervice at particular times to our garrifons, in fup-
" plying them with frefh meat, efpecially at the out-pofts. A
" friend told me, that in the year in which ^ebec was taken, the
" whole army was fupplied with them, if they chofe it. The way
" was this : every man took his club (for they were forbid to ufe
*' their firelocks) when they flew, as it was termed, in fuch quan-
*' tities, that each perfon could kill as many as he wanted. They
" in general begin to fly foon after day-break, and continue till
" nine or ten o'clock ; and again about three in the afternoon,
" and continue till five or fix : but what is very remarkable, they
" always fly wefterly. The times of flying here are in the fpring,
*' about the latter end of February or the beginning of March,
" and continue every day for eight or ten days j and again in the
" fall, when they begin the latter end of July or the beginning of
" Auguft. They catch vaft quantities of them in clap-nets, with
" ftale pigeons. I have feen them brought to this market by facks-
" full. People in general are very fond of them ; and I have heard
*' many fay they think them as good as our common Blue Pigeon ;
" but I cannot agree with them by any means. They tafte more
" like our Queeft, or Wild Pigeon j but are better meat. They
" have another way of killing them — They make a hut of boughs
*' of trees, and fix ftale Pigeons on the ground at a fmall diftance
" from the hut. They plant poles for the Wild Pigeons to light
" on when they come a falling (as they term it) which they do
" every morning in the feafon, repairing to the marfties near the
" fea-fide ; then the perfons in the hut pull the ftale Pigeon, when
*' the birds will alight in vaft numbers on the poles, and great
" multitudes are ftiot. Sir William Johnfon told me, that he killed
" at one fhot with a blunderbufs, a hundred and twenty or thirty.

Some

346 C A R O L I N A P I G E 0 N.

" Some years paft they have not been in fuch plenty as they ufcd
" to be. This fpring I faw them fly one morning, as I thought
" in great abundance ; but every body was amazed how few there
" were ; and wondered at the reafon.

" I muft remark one very Angular faft: that, notwithftanding the
*' whole people of a town go out a pigeoning, as they call it, they
*' will not on fome days kill a fingle hen bird ; and on the very
*' next day, not a fingle cock (and yet both fexes always fly
" wefterly) ; and when this is the cafe, the people are always aflured
" that there will be great plenty of them that feafon. I have been
" at Niagara when the centinel has given the word that the
" Pigeons -werejlyifig; and the whole garrifon were ready to run over
*' one' another, fo eager were they to get frefh meat."

1^8. CAaoLiNA. Picacuroba, Marcgrave, 204.

Turtle Dove, Law/on, 142.— Z)a Pratz, ii. 88.

La Tourterelle de ia Caroline, Brijfon, i. 110.

Turtle of Carolina, Catejby, i. 24. — De Buffon, ii. 557. — PI. Exl. 175.

'Columba Carolinenfis, Lin. Syft. 286.

Long-tailed Dove, Edw. 15.— Lev. Mus — Bl. Mus.

■p With the orbits naked and blue : crown, neck, back, and
fcapulars, brown ; the lafl fpotted with black : fome of the
lefTer coverts of a lead-color : qull feathers duflcy : beneath each
eye in the male a black fpot ; on each fide of the neck another,
variable, with green, gold, and crimfon : breafl: of a pale claret-
color : belly and thighs of a dull yellow : tail very long and cunei-
form ; the two middle feathers brown ; the others white, marked
in the middle with a black fpot. Length fourteen inches.

Inhabits Carolina the whole year ; and is found as far fouth as the
Weji hdies and Braftl. Feeds much on the berries of the poke or
Phytolacca Decsndria *, and the feeds of the mug-apple or Podcphyl-

• Phytolacca Decandria, Lin. Sp. PI. 631.

lum

xrv^

396

^r///^/i-t7^ri::y/^^-cr/i,^\*!f&'7. f:>

7ri/'(^//?^f^/ J^(<a£-o//,J\^ liO

WHITE-CROWNED, AND CANADA PIGEON. 3^7

ium Peltatum *. Law/on fays, it is a great devourer of peas ; on
which account the Americans catch as many as they can in traps ;
and as an additional reafon, becaufe of the delicacy of their
flelh. . .

White-crowned Pigeon, Catefiy, i. 25. i8g. White-

Baldpate, Broiun. Jam. ^6%.— Sl<,ane, ii. 303. Crown id.

Le Pigeon de la Roche, de la Jamaique, BriJJhn, i. 137. — De Buffin, ii. 529.
Columba Leucocephala, Lin. Syji. z8i.

"P With the end of the bill white ; the bafe purple : crown
white, beneath that purple : hind part of the neck changeable
green, edged with black.

Inhabit the Bahama, iHands, and breed among the rocks ; and Place.

prove of great ufe to the inhabitants, who take vaft numbers. This
fpccies is found alfo in "Jamaica, where Brown fays they feed on the
feeds of the mangrove and wild coffee.

I do not recollefl that our navigators faw any Pigeons on the
weftern fide oi America-, but the Spaniards faw abundance in lat. 41.7.
north f.

La Tonrterelle de Cawai^a, BriJJhn, \. 118. — De Buffun, "\^ 552. — Fl. Enl. 176. 190, Canada.
Columba Canadenfis, Lin. Syft. 285.

"P With the crown, hind part of the head, and upper part of the
back, of a cinereous brown : the lower part of the back and rump
afli-colored : lower part of the neck and the bread cinereous, daOied '

with ruft : coverts of the wings fpotted with black: primaries duflcy, .
the exterior edges of the greater yellowifh : the tail long and cu-
neiform ; the middle feathers afh-colored ; the exterior on each ,
fide white, marked on their inner fide with a red fpor, and beneath,
tliat with a great black one.

The head, neck, back, brcaft, and coverts of the wings, of the .
female have the feathers terminated with dirty white and yellow.

• Lin. Sf. PI. yi^, f In Earringlons Mifallanies, 432.

3 Inhabits:. '

328 GROUNDPIGEON.

Place. Inhabits Canada. Greatly refembles, in fize, form, and fome of

the colors, the Carolina Pigeon: I guefs therefore, that it is here
needlefsly feparated from that fpecies.

191. Ground. Picuipinima, Marcgrave, 204. — Rait Syn. Av. 62. 184. — Skant. Jam. ii. ^05.

—Broivn, 469.
Ground Dove, Caiejby, i. 26.
La petite Tourterelle, BriJJon, i. 1 13.
Columba Pafferina, Lin. Syji. 285.
Le Cocotzin, Femandex, 24. — De Buffhn, ii. 559-— /*/■ Enl. 243.

■p With a yellow bill tipt with black : red irides : upper part of

the head, body, and coverts, of a cinereous brown ; the coverts

■fpotted with black: breafl; and belly a variable purple, fpotted with

a deeper : the two middle feathers of the tail cinereous brown, thofe

Size. of the fides du(ky : legs yellowifli. In Size does not exceed a Lark.

Plack. This diminutive fpecies is not found further north than Carolinat

where they fometimes vifit the lower parts near the fea, where (hrubs
grow, in order to feed on the berries; efpecially of the pellitory,or tooth-
ach tree *, which gives their flefh a fine flavor. The fpecies is con-
tinued through the warm parts of America, the ifiands Mexico and
Brajil. The Fretich iflanders call them Ortolans, from their excef-
five fatnefs and great delicacy. They take them young, when they
will become very tame.

^HERE is not a fingle fpecies of Pigeon to be found in KamtJ-

chatka ; a proof that the birds of this genus do not extend far

to the north-weft of America : otherwife the narrow fea between the

two continents could never confine birds of fo fwift and ftrong a

flight.

* Xanthoxylum Clava Herculis, Lin, Sp. PI. H5S-~~Cate^j, i. 26.

S The

S T O C K D O V E, R I N G D O V E. 3^9

A. The Stock Dove, iriL Or«.

Columba Oenas. Skogfdufva, Fau/i. Suec. N" loy,

TS very frequent in a wild (late iii the fouth of Ruffia, breeding in
the turrets of village-churches, and in fteep rocky banks of ri-
vers j but at approach of winter, migrates fouthward. It does the
fame in Sweden *. Is among the birds of the Feroe ifles, and fome-
times flrays as far Finmark |,

No Pigeons are feen in Sibiria, till you come beyond lake Baikal,
where a very fmall variety (with a white rump) breeds in great
plenty about the rocks. This is the fame with our Rock Piglon,
bne flock or origin of our tame Pigeons. This fpecies breeds in
the cliffs as far north as the diocefe of Bergen in Norway t. Haunt
during winter the cliffs of the Orknies, by myriads.

B, Ring Dovs, Br. Zool. i. N" 102,

Columba Palumbus. Ringdufvva, Faun. Succ. N° 20S, '

Le Ramier, De Buffon, ii. 531.

/^ O M M O N in the Ruffian forefts : very fcarce in SIhiria ; none in
the north-eafl. Y\^\l% Sweden in fummer : migrates in autumn.
None in Nonvay.

None of the Pigeon tribe inhabit the circle zone, by reafon not
only of the cold, but of defedl of food.

• Ekmark Migr. au. in Amcen. Acad. iv. J53. f Lrems, 24J.

X Pontop. ii. 69. Since the publication of the laft edition of the Britijh Zoology,

1 have been informed, by the Rev. IVIr. /Iphy, of Barroiv, near Ne--wmarket, that , .

multitudes o( Stock Donjes breed in the rabbet-burrows on the fandy plains d Sujhlk, - '

about Brandon ; and that the ihepherds annually take the young for fale.

U e ORDER

330 CRESCENTSTARE.

ORDER V. PASSERINE.
XX. STARE. Gen. Birds. XLI.

192. Crescent, -Lark, Law/on, \\i^,—CateJhy, i. 33.

Le Merle a collier d'Amerique, Btiffon, ii. 24.3.

L'Etourneau de la Lonifiane — 449-

Le Fer a Cheval, ou Merle a collier d'Amerique, Di Buffon, Oi/. iii. 371.-^

PI. Ell. 256. — Latham, iii. 6,
AlauJa Magna, Lin. Syji. 289.
Sturnus Ludovicianus— 290. — Lev. Mus.— Bl. Mus.

S'

(T. With a duflcy head, divided in the middle by a pale brown
line, bounded on the fide by two others: on the corner of
each eye, above the bill, is a yellow fpot : whole upper part of the
body, neck, and wings, redd ifii brown and black: breaft and belly
of a rich yellow; the former marked with a black crefcent : pri-
maries pale brown, barred with a darker : tail very fliort, the
feathers fharp-pointed ; the three outmoft white, marked with a
pale brown ftripe on the exterior fide; reft of the feathers lighc
brown, marked with pointed bars of black : legs long.

Size. Length above ten inches : Weight between three and four

ounces.

Place. Inhabits moft parts of the continent of North America : lives in

the /avann^s, feeding chiefly on the feeds of grafles; fits on fmall
trees and flirubs ; has a jetting motion with its tail ; is reckoned
excellent meat ; has a mufical but not a various note. Arrives in
Netv Tork in March, or the beginning of Jp}-il : lays in June, in the
grafs, five white eggs, thinly fpotced with pale ruft-color. Leaves-
the country in Septcfnber or OcJober.

Sturnut

L O U I S I A N E STARE, 33'

Sturnus Ludoviclanus, Lin. SjJ. 290. — Latham, iii. 6. jgj. Louisiawe.

L'Etourneaa de la Louifiane, De Buffon, iii. 192. — BriJJon, ii. 44.9 —P/. £»?. 156.

s

T. With a whkifh bill, tipped with brown: with the crown,
back, wings, and tail of a rufty afli-color ; the firft marked
along the middle with a white line ; and another of the fame color
over each eye ; inner webs of the four outmoft feathers white : in
front of the neck a large black fpot ; each feather tipt with grey :
reft of the fore part of the neck, breaft, and belly, of a rich yellow ;
thighs and vent dirty white. ■ • . • .

Inhabits Louifiana, ' ?i,

A. Stare, £r. Zoo/, i. N° iO-|.. Stare,

Sturnus, vulgaris Stare, Faua. Suec.'N'' 213,
L'Etourneau, De Buffon, iii. 176. — Latham, iii. 2.—Li.\. Mus. — Bl. Mus.

CT. With a yellow bill : black body gloffcd with purple, and
fpotted with yellow and white : legs black.
Inhabits Europe as high as SalteHi in the diocefe of Dronlbcihty Place.

in Norway -, and in great numbers in N^/ne Helgeland *, in Feroe,
and in Iceland -f. They migrate from Norivay, a few excepted,
which lodge in the fiflures of the rocky ifle near Stavanger, at
the fouthern extremity of that kingdom, and come out to bafl< in
the funny days of winter. They are found in vaft flocks in all
parts of RuJJia, and the weft of Sibiria; but are very fcarce beyond

• Leems, 194. j- Brunmch, 64,

U U 2 the-

33^ W A T E R O U Z E L.

the Jenejei. In many places of England refide the whole year : in
others, migrate after the breeding-feafons by thoufands to other
countries.

Water. Ouzel. B. Water Ouzel, Br.Zool. i. N" iii.

Siurnus cindus, Watnflare, Faun. Suec. N''2I4.

Le Merle. d'Eau, De Buffcn, viii. 134. — Latham, ill. 48. — Lev. Mus.— Bl. Mus.

CT. Duflcy above: throat and bread white : belly ruft-colored :
tail black. Weight two ounces and a half: Length feven
inches and a half.
Place. Found in Europe as high as Feroe and Finmark *: in the Ruffian

empire, as far as Kamtfcbatka. The Tartars believe, that the fea-
thers of this bird, tied to their nets, produce good fortune in their
fifliery -f.

* Leems, 261. t ^"y- ^" Sibirie, ii. 112.

XXI. THRUSIL

MIMIC THRUSH. ^33

XXI, THRUSH. Gefi. Birds. XLII.

Mock-bird, Cafejiy, \.—Laivfon, 143. ,g^_ Mimic.

Le Moqueur, De Buffon, Oif. ii. 323.— P/. Eal. 6\^.—Briffo>i, ii. 262.—

Latham, iii. 40.
Turdus Polyglottos, T. Orpheus, Lin. Syft. 293. — Lev. Mus. — Bl. Mus.

TH, With a black bill and legs : head, neck, back, and leffer
coverts on the ridge of the wing, afli-colored : the other
coverts dufl<y, flightly edged with white: quil feathers black; white
on their lower parts : under fide of the body white : tail very lono-j
the middle feathers duflcy ; two outmoft feathers white; the ex- ,

terior margins black.

The breaft of the female of a dirty white.

A. The Lefler, Edw. 78.

"T^IFFERS frdm the former in having a white line over each eye';
and in being fomewhat inferior in fize. Jamaica *.

B. Varied. Teironpan, Fernandes., 38.

■ ITH a fpotted breaft ; probably a young bird of one of the
others.

Thcfe birds fliun the cold parts of America ; and are found from Piace.

the province of New l~ork as far fouth as Mexico and the Antilles.
They are fo impatient of the rigorous feafon, as to retire at ap-
proach of winter from all the provinces north of Carolina or Vir-
ginia. In the firft they inhabit the whole year. They vifit Neiv
7'ork in Jpril, or the beginning of May, but are rather fcarce in
that part of America : they breed there in June, and lay five or fix
blue eggs, thickly fpotted with dull red.

They build' often in fruit trees -f- ; are very familiar, and love to
be converfant about dwellings ; and, during fummer, ufually deliver

* Slo.ine, ii, 306.- f Laivfon.

their

534 M I M I C T H R U S H.

their fong perched on the chimney's top. During breeding fcaron, are
very fhy, and will defert their neft if any one looks on the eggs*:
but are fometimes prefervedj and brought alive to England.

During fummer they feed on berries, mulberries, and other
fruits, and infe£ts. In winter, when other food is fcarce, on the
berries of the Dogwood '\. When tamed, feed on every thing.
Various Sokg. Thefe birds are perhaps the firft among the chorifters of the
woods ; and are juftly fanned not only for the variety, fulnefs, and
melody of their own notes, but their imitative faculty of the notes
of all other birds or animals, from the Humming-bird to the Eagle.
They will even imitate the found of other things. I have heard of
one, confined in a cage, that would mimic the mewing of a
cat, the chattering of a magype, and the creaking of a fign in
high winds. The Mexicans call them CencontlatoUi J, or the birds of
four hundred tongues, on account of their vaft variety of notes
and imitative powers. In the warmer parts of America they fing
inceffantly from March to Augiift, day and night, beginning with
their own compofuions, and then finifhing by borrowing from the
whole feathered choir, and repeat their tunes with fuch artful
fweetnefs, as to excite pleafure and furprize. The fuper-excellence
of their fongs makes ample amends for the plainnefs of their
plumage.

They may be faid not only to fing, but dance : for, as if excited
by a fort of extafy at their own admirable notes, they gradually raife
themfelves from the place where they ftand, with their wings ex-
tended, drop with their head down to the fame fpot, and whirl round
with diftended wings, accompanying their melody with variety of
pretty gefticulations §. They are birds of vafl courage; and will
attack any large bird.

* Kalm, i, 218. t Cornus Florida, tin, S/i. PI. % Fernandez,^. 20.

§ Catejiy.

Grouiid

FERRUGINOUS AND RED-BREASTED THRUSH. 335

Ground Mocking-bird, Latv/oti, 143. '95* Ferruoi-

Fox-coloured Thrufh, Catejhy, i. 28.

Turdus rufus, Lin. Sjjl. 293. — Latham, iii. 39.

La Grive de la Caroline, B'iJJhn, ii. 223.

Le Moqueur Fran9ois, De Bi.fon, iii. 323.—/'/. Enl. 645. — Lev. Mus.— Bl. Mu«.

npH. With yellow irides : head, and whole upper part of the
body, coverts of the wings, and the tail, of a pale ruft-
color : under part of a dirty white, fpotted with brown: acrofs tha
coverts of the wings are two white lines: tail very long : legs brown.
Length twelve inches.

Inhabits North America, from Ne-iv l^ork to Carolina. In the for- Place.

mer, arrives in Alay, and migrates to the fouth in Augujl : continues
in Virginia and Carolina the whole year: builds in low bufhes, and
(in New York) breeds in June, and lays five white eggs, clofely
fpotted with ruft-colour.

It feeds on berries, efpecially thofe of the clufler bird-cherry,
of which all the Thrufh kind are very fond. It is called in
America the French Mocking-bird, from the variety of its notes j
but they are far inferior to the real.

Fieldfare of Carolina, C<3/f/?j, i. 29. ' 196. Ren-

La Grive de Canada, Brijjhn, ii. 22;.
La Litorne de Canada, De Buffon, iii. i'^~. — PL Bnl. 55?.
Turdus migratorius, Lin. Sjji. 295. — Latham, iii. 26. — Lev. Mus, — Bl. Mus.

^H. With the bill half yellow and half black : head and cheeks
black : orbits covered with white feathers : chin and throat
black, ftreaked with white : under part of the neck, the bread, and
upper part of the belly, of a deep orange : vent white : back and
rump of a deep afli-color : coverts and quil feathers dulky,
edged with white: inner coverts of the wings orange: tail black;
the outmoft feather marked with white: legs brown. Size of an
EngliJJj Throftle.

Inhabits

BREASTED,

33^ R E D - B R E A S T E D THRUSH.

Tlace. Inhabits North America, from HuJjons Bay to Natka Sound, on

the weftern coaftj and fouth as low as Carolina. Qiiics the warmer
parts in the Ipring, and retires north to breed. Appear in pairs in
Hudfon's Bay, on Severn River, at the beginning of May, At
Moofe Fort, thefe birds build their neft, lay their eggs, and hatch
their young, in fourteen days; but at Severn fettlement, which lies in
55, or four degrees more north, the fiine is not efFefted in lefs than
twenty-fix days *. They are alfo very common in the woods near
St. John's, in Newfoundland.

They arrive in New Tork in February, and lay their eggs in May,
and quit the country in Otlober : in each country where they pafs
the fummer, they adapt their retreat to the time in which winter
fets in.
Nests. They make their nefts with roots, mofs, &c. ; and lay five eggs,

of a mod lively fea-green colour. The cock is moil affiduous in
affifting its mate in making the neft and feeding the young; and
in the intervals chears her with its mufical voice.

Like the Englijh Fieldfare, they come and go in large flocks.
They have two notes \ one a loud fcream, like the Miffel-bird : the
other, a very fweet fong, which it delivers from the fummit of fome
lofty tree.

They feed on worms, infefls, and berries. Mr. Catefjy brings a
proof, that it is not the heat of the feafon alone that forces them
away. He had, in Virginia, fome trees of the Aluternus, in full
berry ; the firft which were known in America : a fingle Fieldfare
■was fo delighted with them, as never to quit them during the
■whole fummer.

They are called in America, the Robin ; not only from the red-
nefs of the breaft, but from their aftions and tamenefsj as I have
obferved in thofe kept in aviaries.

• Pb. Tranjail. Ixii. 399.

T H.

XV

/a'n/'f/ .y/z/^u^y/i-- . 'Vrz/y/.

VARIED, TAWNY, BROVs^N, &c. THRUSH. j;/;

^T^H. With a dufky crown: upper part of the neck and back 197. Varied.

of an iron grey : cheeks black : beyond each eye is a bright
bay line : throat, under fide of the neck, and bread:, of the fame
color i the breaft crofled by a black band : fides orange-colored :
middle of the belly white : lefler coverts of the wings iron grey :
greater, dufky, tipped with bright ferruginous : primaries dyficy,
crofled and edged with bay : tail long, of a deep cinereous color :
legs pale brown. Size of the former.

Inhabits the woods of Natka Sound. Latham, iii. 27* Plach.

^H. With the head, back, and coverts, tawny j the head the 198. Txv/ny.

brighteft : cheeks brown, fpotted with white : throat, breafl,
and belly, white, with large black fpots : rump, primaries, and
tail, of a pale brown: the ends of the tail fharp-pointed : legs pale
brown. Size o^ the Redwing Thrufh.

From the province of New Tork. Bl. Mus. — hathamy iii. 28. Place.

npH. With the head, neck, back, cheeks, coverts, and tail, of 199. Brown.

an olive brown : primaries dufky : breaft and belly of a dirty
white, marked with great brown fpots : legs dufky. Size of the
former; and a native of the fame country. Bl. Mus. — Latham^ iii. 28.

Merle appelle 9"////' ? Feuilhe, i. 126. soo.RED.LtGGCp,

Red-leg'd Thrufh, Cittejby,\. ^o.

Le Merle cendre de rAmerique, Bnjj'on, ii. 288.

Turdus plumbeus, Lin. Sjji. 294, — Latham, iii. 33. ^ -

Le Tilly, ou la Grive cendree de I'Amerique, De Buffon, iii. 314.--P/. Enl. 5:60.

'X'H. With a duflcy bill : irides, edges of the eyelids, and legSj

red : throat black : whole body of a dufky blue : tail long, and

cuneiform : tail duflcy, with the three exterior feathers on each fide

X X > tipt

33^ LITTLE, AND UNALASCH A THRUSH.

tipc with white. Weight two ounces and a half. The hen is a
third pare lefs than the cock.
Place. Inhabits the Bahama iflands, Jndros, and Ilathera. Has the voice

and geftures of Thruflies. Feeds on berries, efpecially of the gum
elimy tree *.

201. Little. Little ThrulL, Caujij, i. 31. — Ediv. 296. — Latham, iii. zo.
Le Mauvis de la Caroline, Brijjon, ii. 212.

La Grivette d'Amenque, De Buffon, iii. 289. — PL Enl. 398.— Lev. Mus, —
Bl. Mus.

nrH. With the head, whole upper part of the body, wings, and
tail, of an uniform brown color: eyelids encircled with white:
chin white : bread, and under fide of the neck, yellowifli, marked
with large brown fpots : belly white : legs long, and brown. Size
of a Lark.
Placb. Inhabits Canada, Newfoundland, and the whole continent of

North America, and even Jamaica. In all the cold parts, even as
low as Penfylvania, they migrate fouthward at approach of winter.
They arrive in that country in April, and breed there. They in-
habit thick woods, and the dark recefles of fwamps : are fcarce,
and not often feen -f . In Jamaica they inhabit the wooded moun-
tains J. They feed on berries, &c. like other Thrulhes, but
want their melody.

o". Unalasch^ T*^' With the crown and back brown, obfcurely fpotted with
dufky : breaft yellow, fpotted with black : coverts of the
wings, primaries, and tail, dufky, edged with teftaceous. Size of
a Lark,
p Found on Unalajcha. Latham^ iii. 23.

• Aaiyris Elemifera, Lin. Sj>, Pl, i. 495. f Catejhj. % Sham, ii. 305.

c Golden -

GOLDEN-CROWNED, HUDSONIAN, &c. THRUSH. 339

Golden-crowned Thrufh, EJw, 2^2. ■'' ' ' 203. Golden-

Motacilla aurocapilla, Lin, Syfi. 334. — Latham, Hi. ;i. CROWNED.

Le Figuier a tete d'or, Briffon, iii. 504.

La Grivelette de St. Domingue, De Buffon, Oif. iii. 317. — PI' Enl. 398. —
Bl. Mus.

nrH. Wi:h the crown of the head of a bright gold-color,
bounded on each fide by a black line : upper part of the body,
wings, and tail, of an olive brown : under fide of the neck, breaft,
and fides, white, fpotted with black ; or, as the French exprefuvely
call, it grivelees :■ belly in fome of a pure white ; in others, fpotted:
legs of a yellowifh brown. In Size lefler than the laft.

Inhabits Penfylvania, and probably all the fouthern provinces. Place.

It builds its neft on the ground, on the fide of a bank, in the form
of an oven, with leaves, lining it with dry grafs, and lays five
white eggs, fpotted with brown. Migrates on approach of winter
to the iflands, fuch as St. Domingo, Jamaica, &c. Sonne having
been taken at fea in November in their pafiage *.

'T'H. "With a black bill : general color of the plumage, deep 204. Hudsomias.

blueifh afh : crown, nape, coverts of the wings, and primaries,
more or lefs edged with pale chefnut : coverts of the tail of the fame
color : tail deep aih, rounded at the end : legs black. Length of
the whole bird feven inches and a half. va Jc

Inhabits Hudfons Bay. Lev. Mus. - , Place.

'JPH. With a dufky ftrong bill, half an inch long: head, neck, 205. New-York.

and breaft, mottled with light ruft-color and black : back very
glofly : and the edges of the feacliers ferruginous : from the bill,
above and beneath each eye, extends to the hind part of the head

• Edwards.

■ - X X 2 a band

340 LABRADOR THRUSH, AND FIELDFARE.

a band of black : belly dufky : wings and tail black, glofled with
green: tail rounded : legs black. Size of an £«f/i/7:» Blackbird.
Place. Appears in the province of New Tork in the latter end o( O£lobery

in its way from its more northern breeding place. Bl. Mus.

ao6. Labrador. Latham, iii. 46.-^Bl. Mus.— Lev. Mus,

'T'H. With, a black bill, rather flender, near an inch long. In
one fpeclmen the plumage wholly black, glofled with variable
blue and green * : in another f, the feathers on the head, neck, and
beginning of the back, flightly edged with deep ruft : tail, and reft of
the plumage, full black ; tail even at the end.
ptAcs. Inhabits Labrador, and the province of New Tork.

PtACI.

A. Fieldfare, Br. Zoo!. I. N° io6.

Turdus pilarii. Suecit Kramsfogel. Uplandis Snofkata, Faun. Siiec. N° 215.
La Litorne, Dt Buffon, iii. 301.— /"/• Enl. 490. — Latham, iii. 24. — Lev. Mus..—
Bl. Mus.

'T'H. With head anci rump cinereous : back ami wing coverts
chefnut ; bread and belly of a rufty white, Ipocted with black.
Weight about four ounces. Length ten inches.

Thefe birds fwarm in the woods of Sweden and Norway : breed
in the highcft trees ; and continue, at left in Szvedefj, the whole year J.
In Norway, I do not trace them further north than the diocefe of

• Frotn Hudjon's Bay.—Liv. Mus. t AVw York.—^i., Mus.

X Arnan. Acad. iv. 594.

a Bergen^

MISSEL THRUSH. 341

Bergen. They migrate in great numbers into Britain at Aficbaelmas,
and depart about the beginning of March; but I have no ctrtainty
of the place they come from. Multitudes are found in all leafons in
Poland * : multitudes alfo migrate from other places to the PoliJl3
woods in autumn. Perhaps the woods in all thofe countries may
be overcharged with them, fo that annually numbers may migrate
into other places, without being miffed by the inhabitants.
Pontoppidan fays, that Fieldfares are in great flocks in autumn,
when berries are moft plenty -f. Poffibly, after they have exhaufted
the woods, they may migrate to us, compelled both by cold and
want of food. They appear conftantly in the Orknies, near the
approach of winter, in their way fouth, and feed during their refi-
dence in" thofe ifles on the berries of empetrum nigrum, arbutus.
alpina, and uva urfj, and thofe of the juniper. They arrive in.
England about Michaelmas, and leave it early in March. They
are frequent in the forefts of RuJJia, Sihiria, and even Kanitfchatka^
as is the Redwing Thrush. Both vifit Syria J, and both migrate
into Minorca in the end of Otlober, and winter in that climate §.

B. Missel Th. Br. Zoo!, i. N" 105.

Turdus vifcivorus, Biork-Trall, Faun. Suec. N'sid.

Le Draine, De Buffon, iii. 295.—/'/. Enl. 489. — Latham, iii. 16.

'"TH. Olive-brown above : whitifh yellow below, fpotted with,
black : inner coverts of wings white : tail brown ; three out-
mofl feathers on each fide tipt with white. Weight near five
ounces : Length eleven inches.

Inhabits Europe as far as Norway ■, but not higher than the middjle PLteg,

part. Common in Rujfta ; but has not reached Sihiria.

* Klein Migr. a'v. \jf. -^ Hi/}. Nsrivaj, 6g. %Ru£il^s Aleppo, 6^, yi.

J Cltghorn's Minorca, 56^

ThrostlIj.

344 TFIROSTLE, ANDREDWING.

C. Throstle, Br. Zool. i. N" 107.

Turdus mnficus, Faun. Suec. N° 217.

La Gt'we,' De Bi'ffon, iii. 280. — PL Enl. ^06,-^Leiibam, ill. 18.— Lev. Mus.—
Bl. Mus,

npH. Above of an olive-brown : breaft white, with large dufky
fpots ; inner coverts of the wings of a deep orange : cheeks
white, fpotted with brown. Weight three ounces : Length nine
inches.
Place. Inhabits Europe as far north as Sondmor *. Is found in mofi:

parts o^ Riiffia, where juniper grows, efpecially about the river Kama:
not in Sibiria,

D. Redwing, Br. Zool, i. N" lo8.

Turdus iliacus. Klera. Kladra. Talltraft. Faun. Suec. N' ^i8.
Le Mauvis, De Buffon, iii. io<j.— Latham, iii. 22.

'T'H. With a whitifh line above each eye : and the cheeks
bounded beneath by another : head, and upper part of body,
brownifh : on each fide of the neck a fpot of deep yellow : tail
of an uniform brown : breaft white, fpotted with brown : infide of
the wings deep orange. Weight two ounces and a quarter.

Is met with as remote as Sondmor, and even in Iceland. In Sweden
fings fweetly, perched on the fummit of a tree, among the forefts of
maples : builds in hedges, and lays fix blueifh green eggs, fpotted
with black +. Appears in England with the Fieldfare, and has with
us only a piping note. Such numbers of thefe birds, Throftles, and
Fieldfares, are killed for the market in PoliJJo Prujfm, that excife
was payed in one ftafon at Dantzick for thirty thoufand pairs, be-
fides what were fmuggled or payed duty in other places J. Found
with the Fieldfare in the Ruftan dominions.

• Sirm, 260. t Faun. Suec, N° 218. % Klein, Migr. av. 178.

Latham,

KAMTSCHATKAN THRUSH, AND ORIOLE. 343

E. Latham, iii. 28.— Lev. Mus. Kamtschatkan.

'X'H. With a dufky bill : crown, upper fide of the neck, back,
and wings, light brown : from the bafe of the bill, on each
fide, a black line pafTes to the eyes, and a little beyond ; over each,
a line of white : chin and throat of an elegant rofe-color : bread
and belly of a whitifh brown : tail of a light brown, and rounded.
Length fix inches.

Inhabits Kamtjchatka. Place,

F. Oriole, Br. Zool. ii. App. p. 626, 8^". — 4'°, 532. tab. h.—Wil. Orn. 198.
Oriolus galbula, Lin. Syfi. 160. — Faun. Suec N° 95.

Loriot, De Buffon, iii. 260. tab. xvii. — PI. Enl. 26.

npH. With head and whole body of a rich yellow : bill red :
wings black ; the primaries marked with a yellow fpot: tail
black ; tips yellow. Female dull green : ends of the exterior fea-
thers of the tail whitifh. Length ten inches.

Inhabits many parts of Europe. Has been fhot in Finland; but is Place.

in Sweden a rare bird. Seen in England but very feldom : afFedts
warm climates : frequent in India and China. Found in the tempe-
rate parts of the Ruffian empire, as far as lake Baikal : none beyond
the Lena. Is almoft conftantly flitting from place to place : makes
no long refidence in any. Builds a hanging neft between the forks
of a bough, ufually of fome lofty tree. Lays four or five eggs, of .^;
a dirty white, fpotted with dufky. Is reckoned very good meat.
Receives its name of Loriot from its note. Feeds on infedtsj ber-
ries, and fruits.

Ros

444 ■ ROSE-COLORED THRUSH, AND RING-OUZEL.

G. Rose-colored Ouzel, Br. Zool. ii. App. p. 627. 8^0. — 4'°. tab. v.

Tardus rofeus, Faun. Suec. 'H" 219.' — Will. Or/i. 194.. — De Buffon, ili. 348. tab. xxii.
— PI. EnL 251. — Latham, iii. ;o.

npH. With a crefted head : head, neck, wings, and tail, black,
gloffed with variable purple, blue, and green : breafl:, belly,
back, and lefTer coverts of the wings, of a fine rofe- color. Size of
a Stare.

Linnaeus, on the authority of Mr. Adlerheim, fays it is found in
Lapland. Has been fhot in a garden zt Chefier ; and twice befides
near London. Is migratory. I cannot difcover its breeding-place in
Europe. Is found during fumnner about Aleppo, where it is called,
from its food, the Locuji-bird *.

Appears annually in great flocks about the river Don: and in
Sibiria about the Irtijh, where there are abundance of Locufts, and
where it breeds between the rocks.

H. Rino-Ol'zel, Br. Zool. I. N" no.
Turdus torquatus. Faun. Suec. N° 221.

Ring-troft, Norvegio, Brunnich, N" 237. — De Buffon, iii. 340. — Latham, iii. 46. —
Lev. Mus. — Bl. Mus.

'X'H. With wings and tail black : upper part of the body duilcyj
lower part the fame, edged with afli-color : bread marked with
a white crefcent. Length eleven inches.
*'^^' Inhzbix.'s, Europe as high as Lapmarkf. Is not found in Rujia

and Sibiria : is, in the fouth of England, and in France, an errant
paflenger, for a week or two, to other countries : in alpine parts,
refident. Is met with about Mount Caucafus, and in Perfia.

Belon X fays, that in his time they fwarmed fo in their feafon
about Embrun, that the hods were ufed to treat their guefls with
them inftead of other game. We are told by the Count de Buffon,
that they build their nefts on the ground at the foot of lome bufh ;
from which they are called Alerles Terriers.

* Ruffel's Al'pto, 70. f Gjelavaelgo Lapponum. — Leems, 260. % Oj/eaux, 319.

Blackbird,

I.

BLACKBIRD. 345

Blackbirb, Br. Zool. i. N" 109.

Turdus merula. Traft. Kohltraft. Faun. Suec. N" zzc.'—Lathau, ii. N" 46,— Lev.
Mus. — Bl. Mus.

^H. "With a yellow bill : plumage and legs intenfely black.
Female with bill and plumage of a dufky hue. Length nine
inches and a half: Weight about four ounces.

Inhabits Europe as high even as Dronthe'im, Is uncommon in Place.

Ruffia, except beyond the Urallian chain, and in the weftern pro-
vinces. But about Woronefih, this bird, and the Stare, do not
jnake their appearance till about the 17th or i8th oi April *, fearch-
>ing for food in other places during the fevere feafon,

• Extrails, i. 107,

]()■ t;£0'. I ■ - -■-■'■ ■"

346 PRIBCHATTERER.

XXII. CHATTERER. Gen. Birds, XLIII.

207. Prib» Chatterer, Calefiy, 1. 46. — Ediv. 24.2. — Br. Znol. i. N= 112.

Le Jafeur de la Caroline, Briffon, ii. ^■^- —Di Buffon, Qif. iii, 441.—
L.atham, ii. 93. — Lev. Mus. — Bl. Mus.

Place.

c

(H. "With a black bill : black band of feathers acrofs the fore-
head, extended on each fide of the eyes towards the hind part
of the head : head crefted ; color of that and neck a pale reddilh
brown : chin black : back deep brown : rump grey : coverts of
wiags cinereous : quil feathers dufky ; ends of the feven laft tipt
with wax-like, or enameled appendages, of a bright fcarlet color :
tail duflcy, tipt with bright yellow : breaft whitifh : belly and thighs
of a light yellow : legs black. I>ength feven inches. Female
wants the fcarlet appendages to the wings.

Inhabits America, from Nova Scotia to Mexico and Cayenjie *. The
Mexican name is Coquantototl.- Fernandez \ fays, it lives in the
mountanous parts of the country. Feeds on feeds ; but is remark-
able neither for its fong, or the delicacy of its flefli. It migrates
in flocks to New Tork the latter end of March ; breeds there in
May and June ; and retires fouth in flocks in November.

The differences between this bird, and the Chatterers of the
old continent, are thefe : — it is about an inch inferior in length : it
wants the rich yellow on the wings j but, as a recompence, has the
fame beautiful color on the belly.
In Europe. ^\it European varieties are found as high as Drontheim, and appear

in great numbers during winter, about Peterjburg and Mojcow,
and in all parts of Rujfia, and are taken in flocks. They do
not breed there: retiring to the very arclic circle for that purpofe.
It is faid, that they never have been obferved beyond the river
Lena : and that they are much fcarcer in Sibiria than RuJJia. Mr.
Bell faw fome about Tobol/ki in December J. The navigators found
them,. September 1778, on the weftern coaft of America, in lar,.
64. 30. : long. 198. 30.

* De Biifon. t ^'ft- «"^' •^ff"' WP- II' X Tra-veh, i. 198.

XXIII. G R O S-

CROSSBILL. 347

XXIIL GROSBEAK. Gen. Birds, XLV.

Le Bee croift. Be Bujf'cn, iii. 4.49. — -PI. Enl. 218. — Br. Zool. i. N° 115. 208. Crossbill.

Loxia curvirortra. KoifTnaf. KiagelritVare, Faun. Suec. N° zz^.— Latham, ii. 106.

— Lev. Mus. — Bl. Mus. , _ .■

R. With each of the mandibles crooked, and crofTing each
other at the tips : wings, head, neck, and body, of a full
red : wings and tail dufky : the coverts crofled with two white
lines.

The Female is of a dirty green : rump of a deep yellow: the
colors of each fex vary wonderfully ; there being fcarcely two which
agree in the degree of fhades of red or green: but the bills are
fufficient diftincflions from all other birds.

Inhabits the northern latitudes of North America, from Uudjons Place,

Bay to Neix:foundland. Mr. Edivards mentions one taken off Green-
land; but that individual muft have been driven there by a florm,
fince it could never have fubfifted in that woodlefs region, its food
being the kernels of pine-cones, apples, and berries.

Thefe birds arrive at Severn river in Hudfon's Bay, the latter end
of May ; but fo greatly affeft a cold climate, as to proceed even
more northward to breed. They return in autumn at the firft fetting-
in of the froft. Their habitations are the forefts of pines.

They are found in all the evergreen forefts of Rtijfia and Sibiria.
In Scandinavia, as high as Drontheira. In England they only appear
in certain years. I do not find that they migrate in any part ex-
cept in America,

The American fpecies varies from the European in being much
lefs J and in the two white lines acrofs the wings.

y y a Pjni

348 PINE GROSBEAK.

zog. PiNi, Pine Grosbeak, Br. Zool. i. N" 114. — Ediu. 123.

LeDur-bec, De Buffon, iii. 444.— /'/. Enl. 135.
Loxia enucleator. L. Canarlenfis, Lin. Sjjl. 299, 304.
Tallbit, Swanlk-Papgoia, Faun, Suec. N° 223. — Latham, ii. in. — Lev. Mus.

/^R. With a very ftrong thick bill, hooked at the end: head, and
upper part of the body, of a rich criinfon ; each feather marked
■with black in the middle : lefier coverts incline to orange j the
others duflcy, crofTed by two white lines : the primaries and tail
dufky : lower part of the neck, breaft, and belly, of a pale crim-
fon : vent cinereous : legs black. Female of a dull dirty green;
twice the fize of the Englijh Bullfinch.
Place. Inhabits Htidjori's Bay *, Newfoundland, and Canada, and as far as

the weftern fide of North America: vifits Hudfons Bay, in April:
frequents the groves of pines and junipers : fings on its firft arrival,
but foon grows filent : makes its nefl: on trees, at a fmall height from
the o-round, with fticks, and lines it with feathers. Lays four white
eggs,, which are hatched in June. The clerk of the California ob-
ferved thefe birds firft on the 25th of January: they fed on the
poplar tree t« It^ is remarked, that birds of plain colors only in-
habit the frigid climates : but this gay bird is an exception.

It is likewife an inhabitant of the northern parts of Europe, as
far as Drontheim ; and in Afia, in all the pine forefts : is frequent
in Sibiria, and the north of Ruffia: is taken in autumn about
Teterjburg, and brought to market in plenty. In fpring it retires
to Lapland.

I have feen them in the pine forefts near Invereauld, in the county
of Aberdeen, in Scotland, in the month of Auguji; therefore fufped
they breed there.

• Ph. Tranf. Ixii. f Foy. to Hud/on s Bay, ii. 5.

CoccothrauHe

CARDINAL GROSBEAK.

349

©occotbrauftes Incica criflata, Aldr. ii. 289.

Virginian NightingaL, Will. Oni Z45. — Rai: Sjtt, av. 85..

Redbird, La'wfon, 144 — Catejly, i. 38.

La Cardinal hupe, De Bi.ffon, iii. 45*^.

Grofbec de Virginie, BiiJJ'on, iii. 253.

Loxia Cardinalis, Lin. Syjl, 300. — Latham, ii. 1 1 S.— Lev. Mus.— Bl, Mus.

/^R. "With a light red bill ; bafe encompafied with black fea-
thers : head adorned with an upright pointed creft : head,
neck, and body, of a rich fcarlet color : wings and tail of a dark
and dull red- Female of a much duller hue, with brown cheeks
and back : belly of a dirty yellow. Length nine inches.

Inhabits the country from Newfoundland to Louiftana. Is a hardy
and familiar bird: very docile. Lives much on the grain ofmayz,
which it breaks readily with its ftrong bill. Lays up a winter pro-
vifion of that grain ; and conceals it very artfully in its retreat,
firft with leaves, and then with fmall branches, with an aperture
for anentrance *.

Their fong is remarkably fine j fo that they are called the
Virginian Nightingale. They fit v/arbling in the mornings, during
fpring, on the tops of the higheft trees f . They alfo fing when
confined in cages, and are much fought on account of their melody.
In a ftate of confinement the female and male are at fuch enmity,
that they will kill one another. They feldom are feen in larger
numbers than three or four together. I have heard that their note
is toned not unlike that of a Throfl:le ; and that when tame, they
will learn to whiftle. Arrives in the Jerfies and New Tork in the
beginning of April; and during the fummer, haunts the magnolia
fwamps. In autumn retires to the fouth.

• Du PratK, ii. 94.

•J- Kalm, ii. 71. — He fays that they are very deftrHflive to Bees.

210. Cardinal.

Placb.

Crea*A

35© POPE, RED-BREASTED, AND SPOTTED GROSBEAK,

211. Pope. Crefted Cardinal, Brciun's ///w/7»-. tab. xxlii.

Le Paroure hupe, Di Buffon, iii. 501. — PL Enl. \o^. — Latham, ii. 124.

/^R. With a mod elegant upright pointed creft : that, head, and
neck, of a moft rich fcarlet : fides of the neck, breaft, and
belly, white : upper part of the neck, back, wings, and tail, dark
grey : legs fiefli-color.

Size a little inferior to the lafl. Is faid to have a fofc feeble note *.
Place. Inhabits from Louifiana to Brafil.

212 Red- Loxia Ludoviciana, Lin. Syft. 306. — Latham, ii. \z6. — BriJJon, iii. 247.

BREASTED. Le Rofe Gorge, Ds Buffon, iii. 460. — PI. Ed. 153. — Bl. Mus.

(^R. With the head, chin, and back, deep black : coverts of the
wings black, crofTed with two white lines : upper part of the
primaries black; lower white: tail black; inner webs of the two
outmoft feathers marked with a large white fpot : bread and inner
coverts of the wings of a fine rofe-color : lower part of the back,
belly, and vent, white : legs black. Head of the Female fpotted
with white : bread yellowidi brown, fpotted with black.
PcACE. Inhabits from New 7'ork to Louifiana. Arrives in Neiv 2'ork in

May : lays five eggs : retires in Auguft. Is in that province a
fcarce bird.

213. Spotted. Ct^" ^^''^''^ ^^^ middle of the head, neck, and whole under fide
of the body, white, marked with narrow fpots of brown : above
each eye is a long bar of white, reaching from near the bill to
the hind part of the head : back, wings, and tail, brown : the co-
verts of the wings eroded with two white lines : inner coverts of the
wings of a fine yellow : on the inner fide of the outmod feathers of
the tail is a white fpot: legs dudiy.
Tlace. Inhabits Ne-w England. — Lev. Mus. — Bl. Mus. — Latham, ii. 126.

• Du Pratz, ii. <)i.

Gi'otbec

FANTAIL, YELLOW-BELLIED, &c. GROSBEAK. 35 ^

Grolbec appelle queue en eventail deVIrginie.P/. Enl. 380. — DeBiiffon,'nu 463. 214. Fantail.
—Latham, ii. 128.

/^R. With a dufky bill: fcarlet head, neck, breaft, and belly;
colors mod lively on the head : back and wings dufky, tinged
with fcarlet : the coverts of the tail a rich red ; tail dufky, edged
with red : lower belly and thighs in fome white, perhaps females.

Inhabits Virginia. Mr. Blackburne fent one from New Tork, fhot Place.

in Novemher. This fpecies has a cuftom of fpreading its tail like a
fan, from which arofe the name.

/^R. With a yellow bill : redhead; hind part of an olive brown: 215- Yellow-

hind part of the neck, and whole under fide, of a fine red :
wings, lower part of the back, and the tail, olive, the two middle
feathers of the lad excepted, which are red : belly yellow.

Inhabits Virginia. Y ^om.yix .KuckahrC % colledlion. — Latham,\\. 125. Place.

/^R. With the head, neck, and back, dufl<:y, edged with pale 216. Dusky,

brown : coverts of the wings dulky, crolTed with two bars of
white : quil feathers dark ; their outmoft edges of a pale yellowifli
green : middle of the throat white : the breaft, and fides of the
belly, white fpotted with brown.

New Tork^ Killed in June. — Bl. Mus. — Latham, ii. 127^ Place,

Loxia Csrulea, Lin Syjl. 3^4. — Latham, ii. 116. 217. Blue.

Pyrrhal Carolineus Csrulea, BriJJon, iii. 223. tab. xi.

Blue Grofbeak, Caiejly, i. 39. — De Buffon, iii. 454. — PL Enl. 154,

/^R. With a narrow black lift round the bafe of the bill : head,

whole body, and coverts of the wings, of a deep blue; the laft-

marked with a tranfverfe bar of red : primaries and tail brown,

dafhed with green : legs dufky. Female of a dark brown, with a

fmall mixture of blue.

7 Inhabits

352 PURPLE, GREY, AND CANADA GROSBEAK.

Place. Inhabits Carolina during fummer only. Is a fcarce bird, and feen

only in pairs. Has but a fingle note.

2180 Purple. Loxiaviolacea, i/«. iSjy?. 306. — Latham, \\, iiy.

Purple Grolbeak, Catejby, i. 40.
Pyrrhula Bahamenfis violacea, Briffon, iii. 326.

La Bouvreuil ou Bee rond violet de la Caroline, Dt Buffon, \v. 395.—
Lev. Mus.

/^R. "With head and body entirely purple : wings and tail of the

fame color : over each eye a ftripe of fcarlet : throat and vent

" feathers of the fame color. Female wholly brown, with red marks

fimilar to the cock.

''^ACE* Inhabits the Bahama idands. Feeds much on the mucilage of the

poifon * wood-berries. From the trunk of this tree diftils a liquid,

black as ink, faid to be a poifon.

215. Grey. Le Grifalbin, Z)e 5»^«, iii. 467. — Latham, ii. 134.

Groibec de Virginie, PI. Enl. 393, N" 1.

/^R. Entirely of a light grey color, except the head and neck,
which are white. Size of a Sparrow.
Place. Inhabits Virginia.

2.20. Canada. Loxia Canadeniis, Lin. Syjl, 309. — Latham, ii. 127.

Le Flavert, De Buffon, iii. 462. — Briffon, iii. 229. — PL Enl. 152.

^^R. With the upper part of the plumage of an olive green ;
the lower light-colored, and inclining to yellow : chin black :
bafe of the bill furrounded with feathers of the fame color :
legs grey.
Place. ■ Suppofed, from the Lz»7z^a« name, to inhabit C«Ka^<j ; but is alfo

found in Cayenne.

• Amyris Toxifera, Lin, Sp, PI, 496.

■BULFINCH,

BULFINCH, AND GREEN GROSBEAK:. 3$$

BuLViNCH, Br. Zoo!, i. N" !i6.

Loxia Pyrrhula. Domherre, Faun. Susc. N' 22^,

he Boavreail, De Bii^on, iv. ^jz. — Latham, ii. i/).3. — -Lev. Mus.— Bl. Mus.

/^R. With a fhort thick bill : full black, crown : whole under fide
rich crimfon : tail black. Under part of the Fbmale of a light
brown.

Is found in Europe as high as Sondmor *. Frequent in the north Place;

of Ruffia; and during winter, all over Ruffia and Sil^iria, where it
is caught for the table. The Loxia Atra, Brumtich, N° 244, a
bird fhot at ChriJiianfoCy and defcribed as wholly black, except a
white line on the wings, and the outmoft feather in the tail, feems
only a variety of this fpecies.

I, Green Gr. ^z-. ZW. i. N° 113. . ' ' '«

Loxia chloris. Swenlka, Faun. Suec. N" 226. -•

Le Verdier, De Buffon, iii. 171. — Latham, ii. 134. — Lev. Mus. — Bl. Mus.

/^R. With the plumage of a yellowifh green. \

Inhabits Europe as far north as Drontheim. Is rare in Ruffia. Placi.

Seen about the Kama. None in Sibiria : yet Sulkr defcribes it among
the birds of Kamtfchatka. Inhabits Sweden the whole year, as does

the BULFINCH. ■

• Fai,n. Suec, N° 222.

Z z Haw

354 HAWGROSBEAK,

C. Haw Gr. Br. Zool. i. N" 113. •

Le Gros-bec, De Buffon, iii. 444. tab. xxvii. — PL Enl. 99, 100.
LQxia coccothrauftes. Stenkneck, Faun. Suec. N° zzz. — Latham, ii. 109.—
Lev. Mus. — Bl. Mus.

/'^R. With a large conic thick bill : crown and cheeks bay : hind

part of the neck of a fine grey : chin black : breaft dirty

flefh-color: back, and coverts of wings, deep brown: tail fhort ;

inner webs white. Weight two ounces.

Place. Is a fpecies that feldom is feen' far north. Newly arrived in

Schonen, where it does much damage to cherry-orchards. Lives*
on the kernels of fruits, and even on walnuts and almonds, which
it eafily breaks with its ftrong bill. Is migratory : appears only
accidentally in England. Known only in the weft and fouth of the

■ ' * ■ Ruffian empire, where fruits grow, wild or cultivated. Difappears

in other parts, as far as beyond lake Baikal ; where they come from-
the fouth in great plenty, and feed on the pyrus baccata, a tree pe-
culiar to that country. They build their neft, like that of the
Turtle, with dry fticks faftened with fiender roots; and lay five
blueifh eggs, fpotted with brown.

XXIV. BUNTING

XVI

JJ5

r.,^^/:?^^^^/ t^n i/^/7^.^A%i3 .

WHITE-CROWNED, AND SNOW BUNTING. 3S5

XXIV. BUNTING. Gen. Birds, XLVI.

Emberiza Leucophrys, Forfler.—Phil. Tranf. Ixii. 403, ^iS.— Latham, \'u 200. j^,. White-

crowned.
With a red bill : white crown : fides of the head black : be-
^o neath the eyes a black line joining the former : fpace between
both white : front, fides of the neck, and bread, cinereous : back and
coverts of the wings of a rufl:y brown, fpotted with black, croflTed
with two lines of white : fcapulars edged with white : primaries
brown : tail long, and of the fame color : legs flefh-colored. Length
feven inches and a half : Extent nine: Wsight three-quarters of
an ounce.

Inhabits the country round Hitdjons Bay. Vifits Severn river in Place,

June. Feeds on grafs feeds, grubs, infc6ls, &c. Makes its nefl: at
the bottom of willow-trees : lays four or five eggs, of a dufky
color. Appears near Albany Fort in May : breeds there, and retires
in September. Its flight fhort and filent j but when it perches, fings
very melodioufly.

£r. Zool. i. N' 122.— Tawny B. N" izL—Edw. 126. 222. Snow.

Emberiza nivalis, Lin. Syfi. ■^0%.— Latham, ii. 16.
^Sno-fparf, Faun. Suec. N" 227. tab. i.— Sneekok, vinter fugl. Cimhn's.-~

Snee fugl. Fialfter Nor'vegis, Bruniiich, N° 24;.
L'Ortolan de Neige, De Buffon, iv. 329.— P/. Enl. 497.— Lev. Mus.—

Bl. Mus.

T> With a fhort yellow bill, tipt with black : crown tawny : ' '

neck of the fame color : breaft and belly of a dull yellow,
declining into white towards the vent : back and fcapulars black,
edged with reddifh brown : the coverts of the tail white on their
lower, yellowifh on their upper parts : on the wings is a large bed
of white: the other parts black and reddifh brown: tail a little

2 z 2 forked j

35f SNOW BUNTING.

forked ; three outmoft feathers white ; the thud bkck, tipt with
white ; the reft wholly black : legs black : hind claw long, but not
fo ftrait as that of the Lark. Weight one ounce five drams :
Length fix inches and a half: Extent ten.
Place. The earlieft of the migratory birds of Hudjcns Bay. Appeared in

Kubson's Bay. jyyj^ at Severn fettlement, on A-pril nth; ftayed about a month or
five weeks ; then proceeded farther north to breed *. Return in
September; ftay till November, when the fevere frofts drive them
fouthward. Live in flocks : feed on grafs feeds, and are con-
verfant about dunghills : are eafily caught, under a fmall net baited
with oatmeal, and are very delicate meat. I am not certain of the
winter retreat of thefe birds out of Hudjotis Bay -, but having {tzn
one of this fpecies among thofe fent to Mrs. Blackburn from New
Tork, I imagine that they fpread over the more fouthern parts of
North America in the rigorous feafon, as they do over Europe in the
fame period.
Chance op Thefe birds have a fummer and a winter drefs. The firft we

-eoioR. j^^^g defcribed. Againft the rigorous feafon they become white on

their head, neck, and whole under fide : great part of their wings,
and the rump, affumes the fame color : the back, and middle fea-
thers of the tail, are black. But Linnaeus, who was very well ac-
quainted with this fpecies, fays, that they vary according to age and
feafon. Mr. Graham fent to the Royal Society two fpecimens ; one
in its fummer feathers, which exaftly anfwered to our TA\yNY
Bunting, N° ii\ ; the other, to our Snow Bunting, N" 122, in
its winter feathers. On this evidence, I beg the readers of the Britifi
ifles to confider the above as one and the fame fpecies.

Hudfon's Bay is not the fartheft of their northern migrations.

Grbenland. They inhabit not only Greenland f, but even the dreadful climate of

Spitzhergen, where vegetation is nearly extinft, and fcarcely any

but cryptogamious plants are found. It therefore excites wonder, how

• Phil. Tranf, l.xii. 403. t Crantx, i- 77.

birds.

S N O W B U N T I N G. 357

birds, which are graminivorous in every other than thefe froft-
bound regions, fubfift : yet are there found in great flocks, both
on the land and ice of Spitzbergen *. They annually pafs to this
country by way of Norway : for in the fpring, flocks innumerable
appear, efpecially on the Norwegian ifles : continue only three
weeks, and then at once difappear f. As they do not breed in
Hudfons Bay, it is certain that many retreat to this laft of lands,
and totally uninhabited, to perform in full fecurity the duties of
love, incubation, and nutrition. That they breed in Spitzbergen is
very probable J but we are afllired that they do fo in Greenlani.
They arrive there in April, and make their nefts in the fiffures of
the rocks, on the mountains, m May : the outlide of their neft is
grafs ; the middle of feathers; and the lining the down of the
ArSiic Fox. They lay five eggs, white, fpotted with brown : they
fing finely near their neft.

They are caught by the boys in autumn, when they colled near
the fiiores in great flocks in order to migrate ; and are eaten
dried J.

In Europe they inhabit, during fummer, the moft naked Lapland
Alps ; and defcend, in rigorous feafons, into Sweden, and fill the
roads and fields ; on which account the Dalecarlians call them
lllwcFTsfogel, or bad-weather birds. The Uplanders, Hardvarsfogel,
expreffive of the fame. The Laplanders ftyle them Alaipg. Olaus
Magnus fpeaks of them under the name of Avicula nivales §, but
mixes much fable in his narrative: he perches them alfo on trees;
whereas they always fit upon the ground.

Leenis \ remarks, I know not with what foundation, that they
fatten on the flowing of the tides, in Finmark, and grow lean on the
ebb. The Laplanders take them in great numbers in hair fpringes,
for the tables, their flefh being very delicate.

They feem to make the countries within the whole ar5lic circle

• Lord Mulgra've' s Voy, 1 88. — Marten's Voy. 73. -J- Leems, 256.

} Faun. Gnenl. 118. § De Genf, Septentr. lib, xix. p, 156, || Finmark, 255.

5 their

J58 SNOW BUNTING.

their fummer refidence ; from whence they overflow the more
fouthern countries in amazing multitudes, at the fetting-in of winter
in the frigid zone. In the winter of 1778-9, they came in fuch
multitudes into Birfa, one of the Orkney iflands, as to cover the
whole barony j yet, of all the numbers, hardly two agreed in
colors.
North ok Lapland, and perhaps Iceland, furnifhes the north of Britain with

Britain. ^j^^ fwarms that frequent thole parts during winter, as low as the
Cheviot hills, in lat. 55. 32. Their refting-places, the Feroe ifles,
Schetland, and the Orknies. The highlands of Scotland, in particular,
abound with them. Their flights are immenfe i and they mingle fo
clofely together, in form of a ball, that the fov/lers make great
havock among them. They arrive lean, foon become very fat, and
are delicious food. They either arrive in the highlands very early,
or a few breed there ; for I had one fliot for me at Invercauld, the
4th of Aiiguft. But there is a certainty of their migration, for
multitudes of tliem often fall, wearied v^'ith their pafiage, on the
veflTels that are failing through the Pentland Frith *.

In their fummer drcfs they are Ibmetimes feen in the fouth of
England \, the climate not having feverity fuflicient to afteft the
colors ; yet now and then a milk-white one appears, which is ufually
mifl:aken for a white Lark.
Russia. Rujfia and Sibiria receive them, in their fevere feafon, annually, in

iBiRiA. amazing flocks, overflowing almofl: all Ruffia. They frequent' the

villages, and yield a mofl: luxurious repafl:. They vary there in-
finitely in their winter colors ; are pure white, fpeckled, and even
quite brown J. This feems to be the influence of diff"erence of age
more than of feafon.
Germaky. Germany has alfo its (hare of them. In Aujlria they are caught,

and fed with millet, and afford the epicure a treat equal to that of
the Ortolan %.

• Billiop Pocock's Journal, MS. t Morton^ Northamp 427. X BeWs

Traiieh, 1. 198. . § Kramer Anim, Aujir. 372.

Fringilla

LACK, AND TOWNEE BUNTING. 359

Frirgilla Hudfonias, /"or/??^. — Ph. Tmnf, IxU. — Latham, ii, 666. 223. Biack.

Snow-bird, Cotejby, i. 36. — Lev. Mus. — Bl, Mus.

T> With a white fliort bill : blue eye : head, neck, wings, body,
and tail, of a footy blacknefs, edged with ruft : breaft, belly,
and vent, of a pure white: exterior fides of the primaries edged
with white i of the fecondaries, with pale brown : exterior webs of
the outmofl: feathers of the tail white : of the fpecimen defcribed
in the Tranfadions, the two outmofl are wholly white, and the
third marked with a white fpot j the reft dufky. Length fix
inches and a half : Extent nine: Weight half an ounce.

Appears near Severn fettlement not fooner than June : ftays a Place,

fortnight : frequents the plains : feeds on grafs feeds : retires into the
(ir^ic parts to breed. Returns to Hudfon's Bay in autumn, in its
pafl'age to the fouth. Migrates into New Torky where it continues
the whole winter. Appears in the fouthern provinces, as low as
Carolina, but chiefly in fnow, or when the weather is harder than
ordinary *. Arrive in millions, in very rigorous fealbns, and fly
about the houies and barns to pick up the corn. Frequent the gar-
dens, and the fmall hills, to feed on the fcattered feeds of grafs.
Are called by the Swedes, Snovogel, ox Snow-bird ; by the Americans,
Chuck-bird f. They do not change their colors in any feafon of
the year. Are efteemed very delicate meat.

Towhee-bird, Catejby, i. 34. — Latham, ii. 199. 224. ToWHEE,

Fringilla Erythrophthalma, Lin. Syji. — Brijfon, iii. 169.

Le Pinfon noir, aux yeux rouges, De Buffon, iv. 141.— Lev. Mus.— Bl. Mus.

T> With the head, coverts of the wings, whole upper fide of the

body, and breaft, black : middle of the belly white : fides

orange": quil feathers black, edged with white : tail long, and

* Lavj/on, 146. f Ar<j/»», ii. 51, 81.

7 . black;

36o R I C E B U N T I N G.

black J exterior edge of the outmofl; feathers white j and a large
white fpot on the end of the three firftj naiddle feathers entirely
black.

Female of a rufty brown : belly white, bounded by dirty yellow:
irides in both fexes red. Length eight inches and a half.
PtAce. Inhabits New T'ork and Carolina. Has a pretty note.

2Jj. Rice. Maia Fernandez, 56. C. ccxix. — Wil. Orn. 386, — Rait Syn. Avm

Rice-bird, Hortulanus Carolinenfis, Caiejby, i. 14. — Ed'w. zgi.
Err.beriza oryzivora, Lin. SjJ}. 311. — Latham, ii. 288, 2S9.
L'Ortolan de la Caroline, BriJJon, iii. 282.

L'Agripenne, ou I'Ortolande Riz, De Buffon,'rv. 337. — PI. EnJ.jSS. — Lev. Mus.
— Bl. Mus.

T> With the head, and whole under fide of the body, black :
hind part of the neck in fome pale yellow ; in others, white :
coverts of the wings, and primaries, black; the lad edged with
white: part of the fcapulars, lefler coverts of the wings, and rump,
white : back black, edged with dull yellow : tail of the fame colors, and
each feather fharply pointed : legs red. Length feven inches and
a quarter.

Head, upper part of the neck, and back, of the Female, yellowifli
brown, fpotted with black : under part of a dull yellow : fides
thinly ftreaked with black. The bird defcribed by le Comte de
Buffon, under the title of rjgripennc de la Louifiane *, feems to
be no other than a female of this fpecies, varied by having fome of
the fecondary feathers wholly white.
Place. Thefe birds inhabit in vaft numbers the iiland of Cuba, where

they commit great ravages among the early crops of rice, which
precede thofe of Carolina. As foon as the crops of that province
are to their palate, they quit Cuba, and pafs over the fea, in nu-
merous flights, directly north ; and are very often heard in their
pafl"age by failors frequenting that courfe. Their appearance is in

* HiJ}. d'Oi/. iv. 339.—/'/. Enl. 388. fig. 3.

Septemhery

R I C E B U N T I N G. 361

Septemhery while the rice is yet milky ; and commit fuch devallations,
that forty acres of that grain have been totally ruined by them in a
fmall time.

They arrive very lean ; but loon grow fo fat^ as to fly with difE-
CLilty ; and, when fhot, often burft with the fall. They continue in
Carolina not much above three weeks, and retire by the time the
rice begins to harden. They are efleemed to be the moft delicate
birds of the country. I am informed, that the male birds have a
fine note.

It is very fingular, that, among the myriads which pay their ' '
autumnal vifit, there never is found a fingle cock-bird. Mr. Catcjly
verified the fii6t by diflefting numbers, under a fuppofition, that
there might have been the young of both fexes, which had not ar-
rived at the full colors ; but found them all to be females, which
are properly the Rice-birds. Both fexes make a tranfient vifit to
Carolina in the fpring. It is faid, that a few ftragglers continue in
that country the whole year.

Rice, the periodical food of thefe birds, is a grain of India* :
it probably arrived in Europe (where it has been much cultivated)
by way of Baffria, Sujia, Babylon, and the lower Syria -j-. The
time in-Avhich it reached Italy is uncertain : for the Oryza of Pliny
is a very different plant from the common Rice; but tiie lafi: has
been fown with great fuccefs about I'crona for ages paft ; and was
imported from thence, and from Egypt J, into Englajid -, until, by a
mere accident, it was introduced into Carolina. It was firft planted
there about i683, by Sir Nathaniel J ohnfon, then governor of the
province J but the feed being fmall and bad, the culture made little
progrefs.

Chance brought here, in 1696, a veffel from Madagafcar ; the
mafter of which prefented a Mr. IFoodxvard with about half a bufliel,
of an excellent kind § ; and from this fmall beginning fprung an

• Rail B'lji. PI. i). 1446. - f Sti-aho, lib. xv. p. 1014. % Anderfon s

r>/^. ii. 327. § The fame, 238— and Ca/^_)i,ii. Account of C«rtf//«<7, xvii.

3 A ■ , ' iminenfe

j6» PAINTED BUNTING.

immenfe fource of wealth to the fouthern provinces o^ America ;
and to Europe relief from want in times of dearth. Within little
more than half a century, a hundred and twenty thouflxnd barrels of
Rice have been in one year exported from South Carolina; and
eighteen thouland * from Georgia : and all from the remnant of a
fea ftore, left in the bottom of a fack ! — Ought I not to retrad: the
word chance, and afcribe to Providence fo mighty an event from fa
fmall a caufe ?

226. Paikteo. Painted Finch, Ca.'.^^j;, i. 44. — Laiufcn, 144.

Eraberiza ciris, Lin. Syji, 313. — Edwj. 130, 173.

Le Verdier de la Louifiane, die vulgairement le Pape, BriJJon, iii. zoo. App. 74.
— Fl. Enl. 159. — Be Buffon, iv. 176. — Latham, ii. 206. — Lev. Mus. —
El. Mus.

T> With the head, and hind part of the head, of an exquifite
deep blue : orbits fcarlet : back, greater coverts, and fecon-
daries, green : primaries dufky : the upper orders of lefTer coverts of
a fine blue -, the lower, orange : rump, and whole under fide of the
body, of a rich fcarlet; the fides declining into yellow: tail dufky,
edged with green.

This beautiful fpecies is fome years in arriving at the height of
its colors. At firft is of a plain brown, like a hen Sparrow ; in
the next ftage, becomes blue ; in the third, attains the perfeclion of
its gay teints.

The Female is brown, and has over its plumage a tinge of green.

• American Traveller, 95, loi. In a news-paper of laft year, I met with the fol-
lowing article: — A Gentleman died lately in Carolina, without any nearer relation than
a third coufin. He determined to leave his eflate, confilhng of three fine plantations,
to fome perfon whofe public deferts would juftify fuch a ftep. The Gentleman,, on
confideration, determined in favour of Mr. AJhly, a gentleman in the province, whofe
anceflor had introduced the culture of rice, by which Carolina had increafed fo amaz-
ingly in wealth, declaring at the fame time in his will, that if there had been any
living perfon to whom his country was equally obliged, in the fame line of peace, he
would have preferred him. Mr. Ajhby, on his death, which happened lately, took
polfeffion of the Gentleman's eftate, in confequence of this will,— How much more
rational is fuch a condufl, than endowing colleges or hofpitals !

5 Inhabits

LOUISIANE, BLACK-THROATED, &c. BUNTING. 3^3

Inhabits Carolina in the fummer-time ; but migrates in winter per- Place.

haps as far as Vera Cruz, in Spanijh America, where the Spaniards
call it Maripo/a' pinlada, or the Painted Butterfly. It chufes a tree
for neftling equal to its own elegance of form and color j aiFefting
the orange for that purpofe.

Hortulanus Ludovifianus, 5n^H, Hi. 278. — De BuJ~o/!, Iv. ^2^. — P/. £«/. 158. ^2j. LooisiAnE.
Emberiza Ludovicia, Lin. Syji. 310. — Latham, ii> 177.

13 With the crown reddifli, furroundcd with a black mark, in
form of 9l horfe-flioe : another black line beneath each eye :
the whole upper part of the body of a rufty brown, fpotced with
black : lower part of the back, lefler coverts of the wings, and
rump, black : bread and belly reddifh ; towards the vent growing
more faint : tail and primaries black.

Inhabits ILoidfiana. Nearly allied to the European fpecies : per- Placs.

haps a female, or young bird.

T> With a large and thick bill: fore part of the head of a yei- 228. Blace-

lowifli green : hind part and cheeks cinereous : above each eye
a line of rich yellow : on the corner of the mouth another : on the
throat a black fpot : breafl and belly of a fine yellow: back, fca-
pulars, and fecondaries, black, edged with reddifli brown : lefl^er
coverts of a bright bay : primaries and tail of a dufl<y brown : vent
and thighs white : legs dufl<y.

Inhabits iV(?iy 2"on^. Lev. Mus.— Bl. Mus. — Latham, W. 197. Place.

T> With a yellow line from the bill, reaching over each eye : ^^9' Unalasqha.

crown duflcy, divided lengthways with a white line : back
black, edged with pale brown : tail and primaries dufky, edged
with white: throat and breafl: white, fpotted with black', belly white.

Inhabits Unalafcha. Latham, ii. 202. N° 47. Place.

3 A 4 B. "With

364 BLACK-CROWNED, RUSTY, Sec. BUNTING.

230^ Black- tj With a deep "black crown, and a rich yellow fpot orr the fore

part : feathers on the back black, edged with ruft-color : wings

of the fame color, crofTed with a double line of white : rump

olive brown : throat and breafi: cinereous ; belly whitifli : tail long,.

and of a deep brown : legs yellowifh.

Place. Inhabits Natka Sound. Latham, ii. 20a.

231. RusTy. -o With head, neck, breaflr, and fides, ruft-colored : belly-
white: wings ferruginous, with two white marks on the pri-
maries : tail of the fame color : the two outmoft feathers of the tail
tipt ■v^ith white.
Place. New York. In Mrs. 5/^<r/^^«r«'s colleftion. Perhaps the fame with

Mr. Latham's fpecies, ii. 197 * : if fo, it is common to RuJJla and
America, Latham, ii. 202.

232. Unalascha. T> With head, upper part of the neck, back, wings, and tail,

brown, tinged with red : breaft and fides dirty white, clouded i
middle of the belly plain dirty white.
Placi. Inhabits the weftern fide of North America.

Le Bruant de Canada ? Briffon, iii, 296.

Le Cul-roujret, De Buffon, iv. 368. — Latham, ii. 204. — Lev. Mus.

233. Cinereous. T? With a fiiort bill : head, neck, back, breaft, and coverts of the

wings and tail, of a pale reddifh brown, edged with afli-
color : on the neck and breafi the afli-color predominates : belly
white: primaries duflcy, edged with white: tail pale brown, with
the ends fharp-pointed.
Place. Inhabits Canada^

233. A Var. I? With a yellow bill : head, back, and wings, ruft-colored";

each feather deeply and elegantly edged with pale grey ; fome

of the greater coverts edged with paler ruft; the primaries and

• Emberiza Rutila Dallas Lin. iii. 698. ■

7' tertials

WR

30-1

.^.^*K»-V/ ^r«^

BLUE. AND INDIGO BUNTING. 2^5

tertials with white : throat, breaft, and fides, white, fully fpotted
with ruft : middle of the belly white : middle feathers of the tail
brown ; exterior feathers white ; each feather truncated obliquely.

Inhabits New Tork. Bl. Mus. Place,

Le Bruantbleu de Canada, BriJJhn, iii. 298. 234. Blue.

L'Azuroux, De Buffon, iv. 369. — Latham, ii. 20J.

T? With the crown of a dirty red : the upper part of the neck and ^

body, fcapulars, and lefTer coverts of the wings, of the fame i, ■
color, varied with blue : the lower part of the neck, breaft, and
belly, of a lighter red, mixed with blue: primaries and tail brown j
with the exterior edges of a cinereous blue.

Inhabits Canada. Breeds in New England ; but does not winter Place.

there.

Tanagra cyanea, Lht. Syjl. ■^x^,. — LathamyW. 20J. . . , . .^ , 235. iNaico.

Blue Linnet, Catifiy, i. 4;. -'^ . ■ ■ ■■

Le Taiigara bleu de la Caroline, BriJJln, iii. 13. ' ' * *'.;'"! ^ " "
Le Miniftre, D^^^/fa^, iv. 86.— Bl. IVIus.— Lev. Mus. - _^'

Ty With a dufky bill : plumage of a rich fky-blue color j lighteft
about the belly and breaft : acrofs the coverts of the wings is
a row of black fpots : primaries and tail dulky, edged with blue. l ' ^

Female brown above; of a dirty white beneath. In Size lefs '*'
than the Englijh Goldfinch.

Inhabits (according to CateJIjy) the interior parts of Carolina, a Flags.

hundred and fifty miles from the fea. Has the note of a Linnet. It
is found as low as Mexico, where the LV^«;;/<2/-i3'i call it Aztil Lexos, , •

or the far-fetched bird : and the Americans call it the Indigo bird..
Notwithftanding Catejly, it appears in the province o( Nezv 2'ork, in -"- ' 1I

May. Makes its nefl of dead yellow grafs, lined with the down of '■»''^ '

fome plant i and places it between the fork of an upright branch.. - ' "

GOIDZN

S6$ GOLDEN, AND COMMON BUNTING.

\

A', Golden Bunting. Emberiza Aureola, Pallas Itin. ii. -jiL-^Lathafit, ii. 201.

T> With the crown, hind part of the neck, and back, of a deep
bay : fides of the head, throat, and fpace round the noftrils,
black : under part of the neck, bread, and belly, of a moft beautiful
citron-color : the middle of the neck croffed by a bar of bay : vent
white : wings dufky, marked with a great bed of white : tail a lit-
tle forked j two outmoft feathers on each fide crofTed obliquely with
white : legs pale afh-colored.
Placj. Found only in Sibiria. Moft frequent in the eaft part ; where it

extends even to Kamtfchatka. Is converfant in the idands, in ri-
vers overgrown with reeds and willows. Has the note of the Reed
Sparrow.

B» Common B. Br. tool. i. N" 118.
Kornlarka, Faun. Suec.N" 228.
Knotter Nor'vigis, Brtinnich, N° 247.
Le Proyer, De Buffon, iv. 355. — PI. Enl. 30. \.^^Latham, ii. 171.— Lev. Mus.

T> With the head, and upper part of the body, light brown j
lower part yellowifh white : all parts, except the belly, fpotted
with black : tail fubfurcated, dufky edged with white.
PtABE. Inhabits £aro/>e as high as Sondmor*. Migrates into the fouch of

Rujia. Unknown in Sibiria.

• Strem, 240;

YftLOW

YELLOW BUNTING, AND ORTOLAN. 5^7

C. Yellow B. Br. Zool.i. N" 119.

Groning. Goldfpink, Faun. Suec. N' 230,

Le Bruant de France, De Buffon, iv. 340. — PL Enl. 30, 2,— Latham, li. 170.—
Lev. Mus.

TJ "With the crown of a fine light yellow : chin, throat, and
belly, yellow : breaft marked with orange red : rump ruft-
colored : tail brown ; two outmoll feathers marked, near the end,
obliquely with white.

Found as high as Scndmor *, in the Rujfian empire. In Rujfia\
and the weft of Sibiria : but none in the wilds of the eaft.

PlACl.

D. Ortolan, Wil. Orn. 270. — RaiiSyn. A'v. 94.

Emberiza Hoitulana, Lin. Syji. 509. — Faun. Siiec. N" 22g. * ■

L'Ortolan, De Buffon, iv. 305, — PL Enh 247. i. — Latham, ii. 166. — Lev. Mus.

TJ With a cinereous crown : yellow throat : back pale brown,
fpotted with black: rump dafhed with yellow: belly ruft-
colored : tail dufky; inner ends of the outmofl: feathers marked
with a great fpot of white.

Thefe are a fouthern fpecies; but fometimes wander into Sweden, PtAcSr

in March. Breed, and quit the country in autumn f. Are com-
mon in Ruffia and Sibiria, but not further than the Oby. Arrive in
France with the Swallows J. In Italy, about Padua, in May, and
retire in September §. I cannot trace their winter refidence. They
come rather lean. Make an artlefs nefi: : lay four or five greyifh
eggs : and ufually lay twice in the fummer. Thefe birds fing pret-
tily, and in the night || : but, by epicures, are valued more as a
delicious morfel, than for their fong. They are taken and placed in
a chamber lightened by lanthorns ; fo that, not knowing the vicifli-
tudes of day and night, they are not agitated by the change. Are

* Strom. 230. f Amcen, Acad. iv. 59;. J De Buffon, iv. 309,

S M. ScopoLi's Lift of Italian birds, MS. with which he favored jae, || Kram.

Aujlr. 371.

fed

368 . REED BUNTING.

fed with oats and millet i and grow fo fat, tiiai tliey would certainly
die, if not killed in a critical minute. Tiiey are a mere lump of
fat ; of a moll exquifite tafte ; but apt fcon to fatiate,

Thefe birds receive both their Greek and their Latin name from
their food, the millet. Ariftotle calls them Cynchrani ; and the
Latins, Miliariie *. The latter kept and fattened them in their
ornithoHCs, or fowl-yards, as the Italians do at prefent; which the
anticnts conftrufted with the utmoft magnificence, as well as con-
veniency f.

E, Reed B. Br. Zool. i. N' izo.
Saf. Sparf. Faun, Si/ec. 'N" 231.
Ror-Spurv. Bruntiich, N° 251.

L'Ortolaii de rofeaux. Die Buffon, iv. 315.^/"/. Enl. 247. z. — Latham, ii. ^'l-—'
Lev. Mus.

t? With black head and throat : cheeks and head encircled with
white: body above rufty, fpotted with black; beneath white.
Female has a ruft-colored head, fpotted with black : wants the
white ring.
Pl*ce. Is found as far north as Denmark: and is rare in Sweden. Com-

mon in the fouth of Rujfia and Sihiria. Its fong noflurnal, and
fweet. Makes a neft pendulous, between four reeds.

" AriJ}. Hift. An. lib. viii. c. T 2 : and Varro ie re Rujl. lib. iii. c. 5 — Flctdul^
et miliariis diSte a cibo, quod altercs jico : alter ^e milio Jiant pingues. Varro de
Ling. Lat. iv.

j- See a plan in the Leiffic edition of Var. ds re Rufi. lib. iii. v.

XXV. TANAGER.

SUMMER, CANADA, AND OLIVE TANAGER, " 3^5

XXV. TANAGER. Gen. Birds. XLVII,

Summer Red-bird, Catejby, i. 56.— £</au. 239. 2,g Summer.

Mufcicspa rubra, Lin. Syji. 326. — BriJJon,\\, \'},l.

Tangara du Miffifipi, De Buffon, iv. 252. — PI. Enl, 741. — Latham, ii. 210.

T Wholly red, except the wings j the ends of which arc
• brown: bill yellow : legs reddifh. Female brown, with a
tinge of yellow.

Inhabits the woods on the Miffifipi. Sings agreeably. Colleds, PtACE,

againft winter, a vafl: magazine of maize, which it carefully con-
ceals with dry leaves, leaving only the hole by way of entrance j
and is fo jealous of it, as never to quit its neighborhood, except
to drink *.

Scarlet Sparrow, Ediu. 343. zjy. Canada-

Tanagra rubra, Lin. Syft. ■^\\,— Latham, ii. 217. N' 3. A.
Tangara de Canada, De Buffon, iv. 250. — PI. Enl. 156.

'T^ With a whitifli bill : head, neck, and whole body, of a 'bril-
liant fcarlet ; the bottoms of the feathers black : primaries
duflcy ; lower part of their inner webs white : tail and legs black ;
tips of the firft white j but that circumflance is fometimes wanted.
The fuppofed Female is of a green color, light and yellowilh be-
neath. Size of a Sparrow.

Inhabits from New York to the Brafils. In New York it appears Plack.

J?i My, and retires in Angufi. Is a very fhy bird, and lives in the
deepeft woods.

'X' With the head, whole upper part of the body, and coverts 238. Olivb.

of the wings, of an olive green, fading into cinereous towards
the rump : wings and tail brown, edged with white : throat and
bread of a fine yellow : belly white : legs brown. Wings and tail

• Du Pratz.

3 B of

370 GREY, AND BISHOP TANAGER.

of the Female dufky, edged with olive : under fide of the body
of a very pale yellow.
Place. Inhabits New York : and as far fouth as Cayenne *. Bi. Mus. —

Latham, ii. 218.

239. Grey. Le Gris-olive, De Buffer:, 277. — Fl. Eiih j\\.— Latham, ii. 236.

f~W^ "With a black bill : forehead, and fpace above the eyes, grey:
back of an olive grey : wings and tail dufky, edged with
grey : under part of the body an uniform grey.
Pi-ACE. Inhabits Guiana and Louifiana.

240. Bishop. Latham, ii. 226.

Tanagra epifcopus, Lin. Syjl. 316.

L'Eveque, BriJJhn, iii.

Le Bluet, Di Buffon, iv. zSt,.'-PL Enl. 176.— Lev. Mus.

'T^ "With a black bill ; whole plumage of a blueifh grey j in
fome places greenifh : on the coverts of the wings the blue
predominates : legs afh-colored. Head, neck, and breaft, of the
Female of a blueifh green : back, and coverts of the wings, brown;
the laft crofTed obliquely with a greyifh ftroke : primaries and tail
black.
Place. Inhabits Louifiana f ; and as low as Cayenne. Haunts the fkirts

of forefts, and feeds on the fmaller fruits. Is fometimes gre-
garious, but ufually found in pairs. Roofts on the palm-trees.
Has a very fharp and difagreeable note.

• L'OIivct, Di Buffon, iv. 269. f Du Pratz, ii.

XXVI. FINCH.

COWPEN, AND GOLDEN FINCH. 37^

■ XXVI. FINCH. Gen. Birds. XLVIII.

Cowpen-blrd. Ca/ejlj, i. ^^.~Lall>am, ii. 269. 241. Cowpen.

Le Pinion de Virginie, Bri//cn, lu. 165,

Le Brunei, De B-ffon, iv. 138. — Lev. Mus. — Bl. Mus.

FWith the head and neck of a dufky brown : back, wings,
• and body, of a fine black, glolTed with green and blue : tail
the fame: legs black. Crown and upper part of the Female deep 1

brown: throat white : breaft and belly light cinereous brown : wings
and tail dufky, edged with brown. Bigger than the Englijh
Bulfinch.

Arrives in New Tork in May: lays five eggs in J line : and mi- Place.

grates fouthward in Auguft. Appears in flights in winter, in Virginia
and Carolina, and aflbciatcs with the Redwing Orioles, and Purple
Grakles. It delights much to feed about the pens of cattle ; which
gave occafion to the name.

American Goldfinch, Ca/^/Z)!, i. 43. — Ed'M. 274. — Laiham, ii. 285. 242. Golden.

Fringilla Triftis, Lin. Sy ft, ^zq.

Le Chardonneret jaune, De Buffon, iv. iiz.^PL En!, 202. — Bl. Mus.

"C* With a fleHi-colored bill : fore part of the head black : reft
of the head, neck, and whole body, of a moft beautiful gold
color J whitening towards the vent : wings black, with two lines of "*

white : tail black : inner webs of the exterior feathers white :
legs brown. Female wants the black mark on the head : whole
upper part of an olive green ; lower part of a pale yellow : in other
marks the fexes agree : on coverts of wings two bars of yellow.

3B 2

372 NEW-YORK SISKIN, ORANGE, &c. FINCH.

243. New-York LeTarin de la Nouvelle York, £>^5.-/i-«, iv. 231. — Pl.Enl.2<)2.-'Laiham,n. zgu

T^ With a black crown : neck encircled with yellow : breaft and
rump of the fame color ; the laft fading into white : back olive
brown : wings and tail black, edged with white : belly and vent
whitifh. The crown of the Female wants the black: its colors
alfo in general are lefs brilliant than thofe of the male. Superior,
in fize to the European kind ; but feems only a variety.
^^*'=*' Inhabits New Tcrk,

244. Orange. Bahama Finch, Caiejly, i. /i,2.— Latham, ii. 276.

Fringilla Zena, Lin. Syji. izo.—BriJJin, iii. 368. — De Buffon, ivs 140 ?

T? With a yellow throat: head and neck black: above and be-
neath each eye a long white line: breafl: orange-colored : belly

white: back greenifh : coverts of the wings black; lowefl: order

white : primaries and tail dufky, edged with white : legs lead-color.
XitAJKLt, Head of the Female afli-color : back of a dull green : belly o£

a dull yellow.
PxACK. Inhabits the Bahama ifles.

aAc. Red- TT With a white bill : cheeks, throat, and under fide of the neck
jRKASTED, * and breaft, of a rich crimfon : belly white ; crown, upper pare:

of the neck, back, wings, and tail, black : coverts croiTed with two
lines of white : legs black.

Eight of thefe were driven, in a ftorm, on Sandy Hooky in April
1779. Latham^ ii. 272,

Mf.

TREE, BAHAMA, AND WHITE-THROATED FINCH. 373

£r. Zcol.i. N' izS: - 2|6. Treb.

Mountain Sparrow, fem. Ei/zv. 269. — Latham, ii. 252, 265.

Moineau de Canada, BriJJon, iii. 102. — PI. Enl. 223.

Le Soulciet, De Biiffon, iii. 500. — Bl. Mus. — Lev. Mus.-

"C* With the end of the bill dufkyj bafe of the lower mandible
yellow : cheeks, and under fide of the neck, pale afh-color :
from the bafe of the bill, on each fide, is a red line pafTing above
the throat : crown, hind part of the neck, and feathers on the ridge
of the wings, bay: back ferruginous, fpotted with black: coverts
of the wings black, edged with ruft-color, and crofifed with two
bars of white : belly and bread of a dirty white : tail dufky, edged
with afh-color. Length fix inches and a half: Extent ten.

Inhabits Hudfon's Bay during fummcr. Comes to Severn fettlement Place*

\n May. Advances farther north to breed j and returns in autumn,
in its way fouthward. Found alfo in Penjylvania. Suppofed, by
Mr. Edwards, to be the female of the Tree, or Mountain Sparrow,
Br. Zool. i. N° 128; but as I have had opportunity of feeing fpe-
cimens of this bird from Hudfon's Bay, Newfoundland, and New
York *, all of which agreed in marks and colors, I have no doubt,
but that it is a diftinft fpecies. . ■ '

Bahama Sparrow, Ca/^v, i. 57. — Latham, \\. xoo. -/ „

„..,,,.,,.„- -^ 247. Bahama,

FringiUa bicolor, Lia. Sjjt. 324.

Le Verdier de Bahama, BriJJon, iii. 202. — Lev. Mus.

|7 With the head, neck, and breaft, black : the remaining parts
of a dirty green color. Size of a Canary-bird.
Inhabits the woods of the Bahama iflands. Sits perched on a Place.

bufh, and fings, repeating one fet tune.

EJtvar^j; 304. — Latham, ii. 272. — Bl. Mus.

;43. Whiti=>
With a broad bar crofflng from the bill, over each eye, to- throated.
wards the hind part of the head ; orange-colored near the bill ;

•Bi.. Mus.
3 white

374 YELLOW-THROATED, AND STRIPED FINCH.

white beyond the eyes ; and bounded above and below with a duflcy
, line : crown divided lengthways by a white ftroke : throat white :
hind part of the neck, back, and coverts of the wings, prettily
fpotted with black, aih-color, and ferruginous : primaries and tail
dufky, edged with white : ridge of the wing pale yellow : breaft and
belly of a brownilh white : legs yellowifli.
Vlacs. Inhabits Penfylvania. Mr. Blackburne faw a fn:iall flock of them

in the province o? New Tork, in January. I have likewifedefcribed
them from Newfoundland, where they are found during fummer :
one, which I fuppofe to be the female, had the yePow fpot at
the bafe of the bill very obfcurcj nor had it the white fpot on
the chin.

149. Yellow- Tp With head, and upper part of body, cinereous : primaries
dufl-cy, edged with pale brown : chin white : on the throat a
pale yellow fpot : belly of a dirty white : legs and bill of a blueifli
grey.
Place. Inhabits the province of New Tork.

2^0. Striped. Latham, ii. 275.

"PP With a lead-colored bill : forehead, and fpace between the
beak and eyes, yellow : on the crown are three black ftripes on a
white ground: behind each eye is a black fpot: cheeks and chin
whitifh: hind part of the neck and back brown, fpotted with
dufl<y : coverts of the wings uniform brown : tail of the fame
color, and fubcuneiform : primaries dulky : bread: light grey : belly
ftill paler.
Plac*. Shot in New Terk in May. In the cabinet of Major Davies, of

the Artillery : a gentleman to whom this Work is under great
■obligations.

Littlt

FERRUGINOUS, FASCIATED, AND GRASS FINCH. 375

Little Sparrow, Ediv. 354. — Latham, ii. i-ji. — Bl. Mus. 251. Ferrugi-

nous.

TJ^ With the head and back cinereous, edged with ruft-color :
coverts of the wings and tail cf a bright ferruginous : inner
webs of the primaries, and the tail, dufKy; the exterior ferrugi-
nous : the cheeks, bread, and belly, white, marked with large
bright fpots of ferruginous : legs yellowifli. Size of a Houfe
Sparrow.

Inhabits Newfoundland, and as low as Penfylvania. Called in New Plac».

7'ork, the Shepherd, from its note Jhep, pep : flays there only the
winter. Fond of fcraping the ground.

A bird of a plain dufky ruft-color above, and white beneath,
fpotted like the former, fliot at Unalofcha, fecms a variety.

"p With the crown, hind part of the neck, and back, ruft- 2^2. Fasciat£p»

colored, fpotted with black ; the fpots on the back large :
coverts of the wings of a plain ferruginous : primaries dufky,
edged with dirty white : whole under fide white, with black flreaks
pointing downwards : tail brown, crofTed by numerous dufky bars.

Inhabits Ne"^ Tork. Bl. Mus. — Lcithamy ii. 273. Pi,ace»

T? With the head, upper part of the neck, and back, cinereous, 253. Grass^

* rufl-colored, and black : cheeks brown : lefTer coverts of the
wings bright bay : the orders below black, edged with white : pri-
maries dufky, edged with white : lower part of the neck and fides
white, fpotted with fmall white flreaks : belly pure white : tail
dufky.

Inhabits New Tork. Lays five eggs in May, in the grafs. Called 'fiK*t,
the Grey Grafs-lird. Continues the whole winter. Bl. Mus. —
Latham, ii, 273. ,

F. With

376 WINTER, BLACK-FACED, NORTON, &c. FINCH.

2j|. Winter. T? With the head, neck, and back, of a light brown, fpotted

• with black : under part of the neck, bread, and fides, white,

with fmall brown fpots : belly white, and unfpotted : primaries

brown, edged with white ; as are the coverts.

Place. Inhabits New York, Seen and killed there, out of a fmall flock,

in January. Bl. Mus, — Latham, ii. 274.

255. Black- Le Molneau de la Caroline, De Buffon, iii. 496.—/'/. Enl. 181. fig. 2.—

^^^^^' Latham, ii. 293. ,

T? With the fore part of the head and chin black : hind part,
■^ • neck, and rump, crimfon : back, tail, and wings, black, edged
with ruft-color : breaft crofled with a black band : belly brownifli.
Place. Inhabits Carolina, according to the Count Be Buffon, who fup-

pofes it to be the female of a crefted Finch, of a very different
afpedt *.

356. Norton. T? With the head, upper part of the neck, and fecondaries, black,
• edged with bright bay : rump bright bay, edged with a(h :
lefler coverts of the wings bright bay ; middle order black, crofled
with a white line ; primaries dufky : throat buff-colored ; bounded
on each fide by a dufky line : belly and fides white : fides and
-under part of the neck fpotted with ruft-color : tail dufky, edged
with dirty white: along the middle of the outmoft feather is a pure
-white line, ending at the tip.
Place. Difcovered in Norton Sound. — Lathmi, ii. 274.

5:57. Crimson- 1? With a crimfon head and breaft; the firft faintly marked with
HEAD. r • (juficy fpots : fpace behind each eye dufky : back, coverts of

the wings, primaries, and tail, black, edged with crimfon: belly
white, tinged with red.

• PLEuL 183- H- '•

Inhabits

PURPLE, AND LAPLAND FINCH. 377

Inhabits Nezv 7'ork. Arrives there in /^pril. Is very frequent Place.

among the Red Cedars, and fhifcs mod nimbly around the ftems.
Bl. Mus. — A bird of this fpecies, or nearly related, is defcribed by
Do6tor Pallas, under the name of Fringilla rofea * ; which, he fays,
frequents lake Baikal, and the country to the north of that water. j^, /^jia.

Purple Finch, Cate/hy,\. ^\. — Latham, ii. 275, " 2#8. Purple.

Le Bouvreuil violet de la Caroline, Bnjfon, iii. 324.

T? With a purple head and body, with fome dufl<;y mixture,

• efpecialiy the inner webs of the primaries, and the tail : belly »

white. Female brown, with the bread fpotted like a Thrufli.

Appears in Carolina, in November. Feeds on Juniper-bernes. In Place,

February, deftroys the fwelling buds of fruit trees.

Fringilla Lapponica, Lin. Syft. 317. — Faun. Suec. N" 235, 2^0, Laplaup,

Fringilla calcarata, Pallas Travels, \i. App. 71c. tab. E.
Le Grand Montain, De Buffon, iv. 134. — Latham, ii. 263.

17 With a yellow bill, with a dufky point : crown black: from
• the bafe of the bill is a white line, pafTing under each eye,
defcending down the fides of the neck, bending towards the breaft ;
throat, and fore part of the breaft, black : its fides and belly white:
hind part of the neck and back brown, mixed with ruft-color : tail
forked ; that, and the wings, dufl<y, edged with ruft-color; fome of
the exterior feathers of the tail marked, near their ends, with a white
fpot : legs dark brown : hind claw long, like a Lark's, and almoft
ftrait. Length five inches: Extent feven : Weight half an ounce.

A bird of a hardy conftitution. Inhabits Huiijon's Bay during Plice

winter. Appears in November, and lives among iht juniper bufhes.
Is called by the natives, Tecurmajhijh.

• Travels, iii. 699.

3 C It

^73 CINEREOUS FINCH, AND GREATER REDPOLL.

It alfo inhabits Greenland, but continues there only in the fumrner.
Makes an artlefs neft of mofs and<grafs, lined with a few feathers-;
and lays in June five or fix eggs, of a clay-color, clouded : departs
early *. Is focnd in Lapland, in the Feroe ifles, the northern
parts of Sibjriaj and near the UralHan chain, where it breeds.
Arrives in flocks, from the fouth, and frequent the fields at the
firft flowering of the Draha virua, or IVhitloiv-grafs. Has nearly
the note of a Linnet; but its flight is higher,, and more lafting.
It runs on the ground like a Lark : and feeds on feeds.

260. Cinereous. T? With the head, upper part of the body, wings, and tail, deep
• ciuereous brown, edged with obfcure rufl:-color : at the corner
of the upper mandible is a light grey line; another bounds the
cheeks beneath; and a dufky line bounds that: the throat is of a
light grey : under fide of the neck pale cinereous, marked with
great dufky black fpots : middle of the belly whitifh : bill long :.
that and the legs dufl<y.
Place. Inhabits JJnalafeha. Latham, ii. 274.

s5i. Greater. Greater Red-headed Linnet, Br. Zool. i. N" 131. — Latham, ii. 304.

Redfoi-l. Hampling, Faun. Suec. N° 240.

La Linotte, De Buffon, iv. 58. — PI. Enl. 4S5.— Lev. Mus. — Bl. Mus.

T? With a blood-red fpot on the forehead : breaft tinged with
■^ • rofe-color. In the European fpecies, a ruft-color prevales in all
the upper part of the body ; in this the greateft portion is white.
Length five inches and a half: Extent nine.
PLACb. js found in the northern parts of North America. Is feen only in

the fouth and wefb of Ruffia : yet is met with in Scandinavia, as
high as Drontheim. None in Sibiria.

* Fauna Greenl. 119.

Br»

LESSER REDPOLL, AND ARCTIC FINCH. 37^

Br, ZooL i. N° 132. — Ph, Trail/. Ixii. 405, j6:. Lesser

Grafi&a, Faun. Suec. H" 2\\. Redpoll.

Le Sizerin, DeBufon, iv. zi6. — PI. Enl. 151. 2. — Latham, n. 305. — Lev.
Mus.— Bl. Mu3.

f? With a red fpot on the forehead : breafl of the fame color :
"*■ • back dufky, edged with rufty brown : coverts brown, with
two tranfverfe bars of white.

Inhabits Hudfons Bay, and probably other parts of America : alfo Place.

Creenliifid, where it arrives in April, and quits the country in
autumn. Is found in Sweden. Is feen in prodigious flocks all over
RuJJia and Sibiria, particularly in the fpring, flying about the vil-
lages. Mr. Slelkr alfo faw it in Kamtjchatka, and the iflands.

Sr.

A. Arctic F. Fiingilla flaviroftrif, Lin. SyJ}. ■i^zz. . -

Rifka, Faun. Suec. N° 239. — Latham, ii. 260. . .

T? With a yellow bill : body black and afli-color, lightefl: in
* front : wings and tail black : tips of the feathers on the breaft
gloiTed with crimfon. Female of a duflcy afh.

Appears about the Jenefei, and in the eaftern parts of Sibiria, even Place.

in the fevereft of winters : and returns to the north even before the
Snow Bunting *. Is not feen in Rujfia, but inhabits Sweden.

* P alias'' i Travels, ii. 710,

3 C 2

LuLEAKi

38o LULEAN, AND FLAMING FINCFI, TWITE.

B. LuLEAN F. FringillaLuIenfis, £;'«. 5iy?. 318. — Faun. Suec.N" 2^^. — Lai&am, ii. zij,
Le Chardonneret a quatre rales, De Buffon, iv, zio.

T? With body and tail dufky cinereous : chin white : breafl: and
* fhoulders ferruginous : belly whitifh : prinnaries dufky : on part
of the wings two black lines, one rufty, and a fourth white.
Inhabits about Litlea, in ^Fi?/? Bothnia.

Place.

C. TwiTK, Br. Zool. i. N° 133.

La Linotte de Montagne, De Buffon, iv. j J^.— Latham, ii. 307.

F.

With a fhort yellow bill: head cinereous, and black : above
each eye a fpot of pale brown : back rufty, fpotted with
black : coverts of the tail rich fcarlet : tips of the greater coverts of
the wings white: primaries dufky; inner fides white: tail dufky;
all but the two middle feathers edged with white. About the Size
of the greater Red-headed Linnet.
Place. Is feen in northern Europe as high as Finmark *. I difcover it

only in the Fauna of that country, of Silefia -f, and of Great Britain.
It flits in great numbers, In fpring and fall, in the neighborhood of
London, to and from its breeding place.

p. Flaming. Fringilla Hammea, Lin. SyJ}. 322. — Faun. Sitec. N° •—laiham, ii. 259.
Lev. Mus.

F.

With a pale brown bill : crown of a deep crimfon flame-color,
nightly crefled : upper part of the body and wings brown :
lower parts of a light rofe-color : legs pale brown. Length four
inches.
FiACE. Inhabits Norland, in Sweden.

* Gran-Iiifc, Leems : well defcribed, p. 256.

f Linaria Saxatilis. Stein-henfliing, Schvitn(kfelt. Av. Silefia, 294.

Srambling.

BRAMBLING, AND CHAFFINCH. jSi

Bramblino, Br. Zoal. i. N° iz6. .. _

Norquint, Faun. Suec. N" 233. — Latham, \\. 261.

Le Pinfon d'Ardenne, De Buffon, iv. 123. — PI. Enl. 54. 2.

T^ With head and back of a glofly black, edged with dull yel-
low : bread, and lefler coverts of the wings, orange : inner ' ■■
coverts rich yellow : primaries dufky ; exterior fides edged with
yellow : tail a little forked ; black, with the outmoft webs of the
outmoft feather white.

Breeds in the woods of Nordltind &nd Drcntheim. In hard winters Place.

defcends into Eaji Gothland *.

F. Chaffinch. Br. Zool. i. N° 125.

Finke. Bofinke, Faun, Suec. N" 232. — De Buffon, iv. 109. — PL Enl, i\. — Latham,
ii. 257. — Lev. Mus. — Bl. Mus.

"17^ With the front black : crown blueifh-grey : cheeks, throat, and
" breaft, reddifh : upper part of the back tawny ; lower, green :
wings and tail black, marked with white. Female of duller co-
lors : breaft of a dirty white.

Is found as high as Drontheim. Both fexes continue in England Place.

the whole year. By admirable and unufual inftindl, in Sweden the
females, to a bird, colledt in vaft flocks at the latter end of September^
defert their mates, and, paffing through SchonenyDenmark, Holftein, and -
Holland, vifit feveral parts of Europe. They reach Holland about a
fortnight after Michaehnas, and at that time afford great amufement
to the gentry at their country houfes, in taking them while they fit
at tea in their pavilions. They fpread nets among their plantations,
and ftrew the ground with hemp-feed, by way of bait. The birds
arrive, and perch by thoufands in the trees : then alight on the
ground, hungry, and inattentive to the danger. The nets are
clofed by the pulling of a cord by the perfons in the pavilions j and ,

* Amten. A(ad, iv. 596.

multitudes

^%2 SPARROW.

mukitudcs are thus taken. Thofe which efcape, continue their route
to Flanders, France, and lialy. The males continue in Sweden, and
enliven its rigorous winter with their chearful twitter. Towards
fpring, they receive additional fplrits; perch on every tree, and ani-
mate with their notes every Tpray, expedling the arrival of fpring,
and of their mates. The Lift return invariably the beginning of
Jpril, in fuch numbers as almoft to darken the fkies ; join their
conforts, perform their nuptials, retire to the woods, increafe and
multiply *.

France has its refident Chaffinches, as well as England : many alfo
winter in Italy : many come there in Jpril, and migrate in OEiober f ;
perhaps into Minorca, where it arrives in Oilober, and continues in
that iQand the whole winter J.

G. Sparrow, Br. Zooli. N° 127. — Latham, \\. 2j(i.
Fatting. Grafparf, Faun. Suec. N°24z.j
Le Moineau, De Buffon, Hi. 474. — /'/. Enl. 6. i. 55. i.

Placi. inhabits £ar(?/)^ in plenty as high as Z)r<jK/i?'f/?» §: infe/ls the

corn, in the Orknies, by thoufands : is native among the rocks be-
yond lake Baikal; but it is faid, that they were unknown in the
greateft part of Sibiria before the Ruffians attradted them by the cul-
tivation of corn. By a wonderful inftinft, thefe and many other birds
difcover the effedls of rural cEConomy, which draws various fpecies,
unknown before, from diftant parts, to fhare with mankind the fe-
veral forts of grain or feeds which are grateful to them. Partridges
keep pace with the fpreading of corn over many parts of the earth,
and appear where they were never feen before: and Rice-birds
quickly difcovered the cultivation of nVc in South Carolina, and
come annually feme hundreds of miles to feed on it.

• ylman. Acad., iv. 50J. t ^- ScopcU, MS. Lift, & Av. 148.

J Clcghorn, 56. S Avei Nidr, Enum. MS.

GoLOFINCK*

G O L D F I N C H, A N D S I S K I N. 's^S

H. Goldfinch, Br. Zoo!, i. N^izi.
Stiglitza, Faun. Saec. N° 23,6.

Le Chardoneret, De Biffon, iv. 187. — PI. En!. i[.— Latham, ii. 2S1. — Lev. Mus>
Bl.Mus.

Tp With the bafe of the bill encircled with rich fcarlet : cheeks
white: crown black: prinnaries dufky, marked with a rich
yellow fpot : tail black j tips white : feathers round the bill of the
Female brown : other colors lefs brilliant.

This elegant bird is found as high as Scndmcr * : whether it goes Placs

farther north, is rather d,oubtful f. In Italy., appears in Jpril :
breeds J and retires in October andNcve^nhr. Is common in Ru^c,
and the greateft part of Sibirici. None beyond the Lena, and lake
Baikal.

I. Siskin, Br. Zoo!, i. N° 129.

Le Tarin, De Btiffon,\v. zzi.'^P!. Enl. ^'&^.

Siika, Groufifka, Fauti. Suec. N° 237. — Latliam, ii. zSg.

"C^ With a black crown : body yellowifh j green above: breaft the
* fame: wings green, with a yellow fpot in the middle: tail
black; yellow at the bafe : head and back of the Female greenifli
afh, fpotted with brown.

Found as high as Sweden, and perhaps Norzvay J, In Sweden, Plac&.

during fummer, lives in woods, and among junipers : in winter,
conforts with Red-headed Linnets, and feeds on the buds of alders.
Plenty in the fouth and weft of Rujfia, but none towards the Urallian
chain, nor in Sibiria.

• Sirom. 255. f Gunner, la Leems, 256. jSilfgen.' Pontopfiti«n,\i.^\.

XXVU. FLY-

384 TYRANT FLY-CATCHER.

XXVII. FLY-CATCHER. Goi. Birds, XLIX.

263. Tyrant. Tyrant, Caiejby,\. 55. — Briffon, ii. 391.

Lanius Tyrannus, i/'a. .Sjy?. 136 — Latham, i. 1S6.

Le Tyran de la Caroline, Di Buffon, iv. 577. — ?L Enl. 676. ^Lev. Mus.—
Bl. Mus.

F'

^L. With a black bill and head j the crown divided lengthways
by a ftripe of fcarlet ; in fome, yellow : back afii-color : wings
.dufky, edged with white: tail black, tipt with white: under fide
of the body white : legs black. Size of a Redwing Thrufli.
Place. This fpecies appears in New Tork in April: lays five white eggs,

fpotted with ruft-color : builds in low buites : makes its neft with
wool, and fome mofs, and lines it with fmall fibres of roots : leaves
the country in Auguft : obferves the fame time of migration in the
fouthern provinces. Mr. Catefiy gives fo very good an account of its
manners, and fingular fpii it, that I beg leave to exprefs it in his own
words : — " The courage of this little bird is fingular. He purfues
" and puts to flight all kinds of birds that come near his ftation,
'' from the fmalleft to the largeft, none efcaping his fury -, nor did I
" ever fee any that dared to oppofc him while flying, for he does not
" ofi^er to attack them when fitting. I have feen one of them fix
*' on the back of an Eagle, and pcrfecute him fo, that he has
" turned on his back into various poflures in the air, in order to get
*' rid of him ; and at laft was forced to alight on the top of the
" next tree, from whence he dared not to move, till the little
" Tyrant was tired, or thought fit to leave him. This is the
" confl:ant practice of the cock, while the hen is brooding : he fits
" on the top of a bufli, or fmall tree, not far from her nefl: ; near
" which, if any fmall birds approach, he drives them away; but
" the great ones, as Crows, Hawks, and Eagles, he won't fufftr to
- '< come within a quarter of a mile of him without attacking them.
7 " They

L O U I S I A N A T Y R A N T, &c. 3^5

" They have only a chattering note, which they utter with great
" vehemence all the time they are fighting.

" When their young are flown, they are as peaceable as other
" birds. It has a tender billj and feeds on infecfts only. They are
" tame and harmlefs birds. They build their nelt in an open
" manner, on low trees and fhrubs, and ufually on ih.c faj^cifras-
" tree." .

Le Tyran de la Louifiane, De Buffoa, iv. 583. — Latham, ii. 358. 264. Louisiana

TTL. With along flat beak, hooked at the end: head and back
cinereous brown : throat clear flate-colour : belly yellowifh :
primaries bright bay: on the greater coverts fome lines of white:
tail long, of a cinereous brown. Rather inferior in fize to the laft.
Inhabits Lomfiana.

Mufcicapa Tyrannus, Lin.SyJi. 325. — Latham ii. ■^s^. 26-. Fork-Tail.

Le Tyran a queue fourchue, BriJ'on, ii. 395.

Le Savana, De Bnffon, iv. 557. — PL Enl. 571.— Lev. Mus.

T^L. With head and cheeks black : feathers on the crown yellow at
their bottoms : upper part of the body afli-colored ; lower
white : tail greatly forked ; the two outmoil feathers on each fide
five inches longer than the others; color black : the lower half of /'.

the exterior feather white.

Inhabits Canada, and as low as Surinam. Place.

Yellow-breafted Chat, Catejhy,\. z^o, — Latham, ii. 350. 2^g_ Chatter-

Le Merle verde de la Caroline, B-.ifon, ii. 315. — Be Buffon, iii. 396.— P». ing.

EnL 627.— Bl. Mus.

"pL. With the crown, upper part of neck and back, and tail, ofa ci-
nereous green : each eye encircled with yellow : from the throat
to the thighs of a fine yellow: belly white : tail dunsV, edged with '*■*'■*

white: legs black. Size of a Sky-Lark.

3D - • - Inhabits

3^6 CRESTED, AND LESSER-CRESTED FLY-CATCHER.

^*-'^cii. Inhabits the interior parts o( Carolina, two or three hundred miles

from the ftra. Js fo very fliy, as to be fliot with the iitmoft diffi-
culty. L'vc3 by the hmk% of great rivers ; and makes fo loud a
chattering, as to reverberate from rock to rock. Flies with its
legs hanging dov/n. Its mufical note is good. Often flies up per-
pendicular, and lights by ]erks.

2iiy. CsiSTf.D. Crefted Fly-catcher, Catejhy,\, 52. — Lalham, ii. 357.

MuCcicapa crinlta, Lin. Syft. 325.
Le Gobe-Mouche hupe de Virginie, Brijjon, ii, 412.

Le Moucherollc de Virginie a huppe verte, De Bufon, iv. 565.— P/. Enl. 569.
— Bl. Mus.

pL. With an upright creft : head and back olive: the coverts of
the fame color, croiied with two white lines : primaries dufky ;
the four firft edged, on their outmoft fides, with ferruginous : tail
dufky ; two middle feathers plain ; the inner webs of the others
orange : neck and breaft of a lead-color : belly and thighs yellow :
legs black. I have feen one of a cinereous color on the upper
parts, and white belly : perhaps a young bird, or a hen. Weight
one ounce.
*'"• Length eight inches. Sent from Neinj Tork, with the name of the

Large Wild Phceby Bird, or Bee-eater.
3Pl*cb. Breeds in New Tork and Carolina. Its note extremely brawling,

as if at enmity with all other birds. Makes its neft of fnake-fkins and
hair, in holes of trees. Retires in Auguft.

a68. Lesser- tj^l. With a fmall backward creft: head, neck, and back, of a
dirty light cinereous green : breaft and belly whitifti, tinged with
yellow : wings and tail dufl^y ; coverts crofTed with two bars of
white i fecondaries edged with white : legs black.
Pla'ci; Inhabits Nova Scotia, Captain Davies,

Black.

BLACK-HEADED, &c, FLY -CATCHER. 387

Black-cap Fly-catcher, Catejhy, i. ^x.'~Laikam. v.. jjj. 269. Black:-.

Le Gobe-Mouche brun de la Caroline, Br:JJo:i, ii. 367. HEAuiio.

Le Gobe-Mouche noinitre de la Caroline, De Bi/ffon, iv. 541 0

fTL. With a black ciown t back brown, wings and tail dufiiy,
edged with white : whole under fide white, tinged with ycUowifh
green : legs black. Head of the hen of Kot fo full a black as that
of the cock.

Breeds in Carolina, Is fuppofed to migrate m the winter. Piace,

Little brown Fly-catcher, Catejhy, 1.54. fig. i. 270. CiNEp.EOt'r.

Le Gobe-Mouche cendre de la Caroline, Brijfon, ii. 36S,
Mufcicapa virens, Lin Syji. 327,

Le Gobe-Moache bran de la Caroline, De BuffvH, iv. ^^y.—Lat/)am, ii, 350,
— Bl.Mus.

PTL. With the upper mandible black ; the lower yellow: eyes red:
head and back of a deep afh-coior : over each eye a fain.t white
line : wings and tail brown : fecondaries- edged with white : whole
under fide of the body dirty white, tinged with yellow ; legs black.
Weight nine pennyweights.

Inhabits Carolina, in the fummer only. Place.

Red-eyed Fly-catcher, Catcjly, \. ^\. (ig. z. — Edzv. zj^. . , ,,j_ Rio-ErEOe

Mufcicapa Olivacea, Lin. Syjf. ■^zj.—Brov^n Jam, 476.
Le Gobe-Mouche de la Jamaique, BriJJon, ii. 410.

Le Gobe-Mouche olive de la Caroline, De BuJ^on, iv, ^i^.— Latham, ii. 351,
352. — Lev. Mus.

JTL. With red irides: crown, and whole upper part of the body, ' '

wings, and tail, of a cinereous brown : over each eye a white
line : edges of the primaries and tail whitifh : under fide of the
body white, dafhed with olive : legs black. Weight ten penny-
weights and a half.

3 D 2 Inhabits

388 CAT, AND CANADA FLY-CATCHER.

^i-Act. Inhabits Carolina, and as high as New Tork; and migrates at

approach of winter : probably into Jamaica ; the fame kind
being found there, where, from its note, it is called JVhip Tom
Kelly. Has great affinity with the preceding : perhaps they

Ne.'t. differ only in fex. Makes a pendulous neft, ufually in apple-

trees, and hangs it between the horizontal fork of fome bough, be-
neath the leaves. It is moft curioully fonr.ed with cotton and wool,
lined with hair and dead grafs ; and wonderfully bound to the
branches by a certain thread, like mofs, twifted round them, and
likewife all about the outfide of the neft. Lays five eggs, white,
^liinly fpotted with deep ruft-cobr.

272. Cat, Cat-bird, Catef-'y, i. 66. — Laivfiti, 143. — Latham, ii. 353.

Le Gobe-Mouche brun de Virginie, BriJ/in, ii. 365.
Mijfcicapa Carolinenfis, Lin. SvJ!. 328.
Le MoucrieroUe de Virginie, De Buffon, iv. 562. — Lev. Mus. — Bl. Mus.

"pL. With a black crown : upper part of the body, wings, and tail,

blueifh grey : the tail cuneiform, marked with numerous dufky

bars : under fide of the body of a pale grey : vent ferruginous : legs

brown. Larger than a Lark.

Placi. Inhabits Neiv 7'ork and Carolina. Mews like a kitten j from which

arofe its name. Lives among buOies and thickets. Feeds on infedls.

Makes the outfide of its neft with leaves and matting rufhes ; the

infide with fibres of roots. Lays a blue egg. Has a great fpirit, and

will attack a Crow, or any large bird. Mr. Latham faw one which

was brought from Kamtfchatka, which differed from this only in

~ having no ruft-color on the vent.

a??. Canada« Mufcicapa Canadenli*, Lin. Syft. 324. — Latham, ii. 354.

Gobe-Mouche cendre de Canada, BriJJon, ii. 406. tab. xx.Jx. — Dt Buffon, iv. 538,
— Cat if 'y, i. 60.

pL. "With a cinereous head, fpotted with black ; a yellow fpot
between the bill and the cyesj and beneath each eye a black one :

the

GREEN, DUSKY, Sec. FLY-CATCHER. 389

the upper pare of the body cinereous ; the lower, yellow, marked on
the under fide of the neck, with fmall black fpots; the tail of a cinere-
ous brown, with the exterior webs a(h-colored.

Inhabits Canada. Place.

T^L. With a yellow fpot on each fide of the bill : head a cinereous z74- Green.

green : back and coverts of the wings of a pale green ; crofs
the laft are two bars of white: primaries and tail dufky, edged
with green : throat of a pale adi-color : middle of the belly white :
fides of a fine yellow.

Sent from New Tork by Mr. Blackburney under the name of the Place*

fmall Green Hanging Bird. It comes there in May, breeds, and
ctires \n Augnft : and is a fcarce fpecies. Bl. IMus. - :

"pL. With a duflcy head: back of a dull cinereous olive: quil ^"5- Dusky.

feathers and fecondarles duflcy j the lall edged with white :
bread of a pale alh-color : belly of a v/hitifh yellow: tail dufl-ty;
exterior web of the exterior feather white r legs black.

Sent from the fame place, under the title of The Small or Com- Place,

men Phceby Bird, or Bee-eater. Appears the latter end of March,
or beginning of April; lays five white fmall eggs: dil'appears in
Augujt. Eats Bees. Bl.Mus.

"pL. With the crown, upper part of the neck, and body, of a 2-^6. Goidek-

dirty olive : throat and ridge of the wing of a very rich yellow :
breaft and belly white, tinged with yellow : primaries and tail of a
bright olive green.

Inhabits iVfw 2"!?'-^. Bl.Mus. Placi.

Striped

STRIPED AND DUN FLT-CATCHER.

577. SfRsp?Oi Striped Fly-catcher, For/ler, Ph. Tr. Ixii. 406.

Mufcicapaftriata, the/ami, ^zg.-^Latham, ii. ^^g.'—Milkr't PlaieiiH" 15.

PTL. "With a black crown ; white cheeks : hind part of the head
varied with black and white : throat of a yellowifli white,
ftriped with brown : bread white, ftriped on the fides with black;
belly white : back of a cinereous green, marked with black : wings
dufky, nnixed with white t tail dufl-:y, with the three outmoft fea-
thers marked with a white fpot : legs yellow.

Head of the Female of a yellowifh green, with fliort ftreaks of
black : a fhort yellow line pafles from the bill over each eye : throat,
cheeks, and breaft, of a yellowifh v^hite, Itriped on the fides with
black : in .other refpedts like the Male, but greener. Length
five inches } Extent feven.
P Arrives at Severn feitlement, Hudjon's Bay, in the fummer. Feeds

on grafs-feeds.

A. Dun Fl. Faun, Ruff.— Latham, n. 3Si«

1

I^L. Dufky above ; afh-colored beneath : throat and vent fpot-
ted with white.
Place.' Found about lake Baikal, and in the eaftern part of Sihiria : and

obferved by Stelkr in Kamtjcbatka,

FlSD

P I E D F L Y - C A T C H E R. 591

Bi PiEuFt. Br, Zooh i. N' i|j.

Mufcicapa Atricapilla, Faun. Suecli^ 2^6, tab, i •.

Le Gobe-.VJouche noir a Collier, De Buffon, iv. 520. — PI. Eid. 565.

Motacilla Leucomela, MuUer, N'' 268. — Latham, ii. 324. — Lev. Mus. — Bl. Mus.

JTL. With white front: bill, head, back, and legs, black: co-
verts of tail fpotted with white : coverts of wings dufky, crofTed
with a white bar : primaries dulky : exterior fides of fecondaries
white ; interior black : bread and belly white : middle feathers of
tail black; exterior black, marked with white: head of the Female
wholly brown, as is the upper part of the body : white in the wings
obfcure : bread and belly dirty white.

Found as far north as Sondmor. Inhabits that diocefe the whole Pla«b,
year ; and, during winter, frequently takes refuge in the very
houfes f. Feeds on the buds of birch. Is met with in Ruffia only
between the Kama and the Samara.

* The defcripxion refers to ihe B!ack-ca/i IVariUr, The figure to this bird,
t -^iS. Nidros, V. 543,

XXVIIT..

392 S H O R E L A R K.

XXVIII. LARK. Gen. Birds, L. '

378. Shore. Alauda gutture flavo. The Lark, Catejly, i. 32.

Alauda alpeflris, Lin. Syji. ^89.

Gelbburtige Lerch, Klein, Av. 72. — Latham, ii. 385.

Le Haufle-col noir, ou I'Alouette de Virginie, De Buffon, v. ^^.—BrSJJhn, iii. 367.
Lev. Mus. — Bl. Mus.

L,

With yellow cheeks and forehead : breaft and belly whlte<
head divided by a line of black; another pafTes beneath each
eye, bounding the throat, which is yellow : acrofs the upper part of
the bread is a broad black mark ; beneath that is a tinge of red :
upper part of the neck, and coverts of the wings and tail, are ferru-
ginous : back brown : priniaries duflcy : two middle feathers of the
tail brown; the reft black; thofe on the outfide edged with white:
legs dufky : head of the Female dufky. L,arger than the common
Lark.
Place. Inhabit the large plains of feveral provinces, and breed there.

They appear on our fettlements in Hudfoti's Bay in May, and proceed
farther north to breed. Feed on grafs-feeds, and the buds of the fprig
birch. Run into fmall holes, and keep clofe to the ground; whence
the natives call them Chi-chup-pi-/ue.

In winter they retire to the fouthern provinces in great flights; but
it is only in very fevere weather that they reach Virginia and Carolina.
They frequent land-hills on the fea-fhore, and feed on the fea-fide
eats, or uniola payiicula. They have a fingle note, like the Sky-lark
in winter.

They are alfo found in Poland ; in Ritffia and in Sibiria more fre-
quent : in both are very common during winter ; but retire to the
north on approach of fpring, except in the north-eaft parts, and near
the high mountains.

Hed

RED, ANDCALANDRALARK. 59;^

Red Lark, Eciw. 297. — Br. Zoo/, i. N° 140. — Brijfon, App. 94. — Latham, ii.376. 279. Rso.

L'Alouette aux joues brunes de Penfylvanie, De Buffon, v, 58. — Lev. Mus.

T With a white line above and beneath each eye: thickifli bill :^
chin and throat whitifli : head, and whole upper part of the
body, and coverts, pale ferruginous, fpotted with black : breaft
whitifh, with dufky fpots : belly of a dirty white : fide tinged with
ruft : tail dufky -, outmofb feathers white ; the two next edged with
white : legs dufky. When the wing is clofed, fays Mr. Ed-joards,
the third quill from the body reaches to its tip j a conftant charac-
teriftic of the Wagtail genus.

Inhabits P^/z/y/r^wzfl ; appears there mMarch^ in its paflage north-
ward. Found alio near London.

Place.

i'rt'vw. 26s. — Latham, ii. 382. 2S0. Calj-kdra.

Alauda Calandra, Un. Syft. 288.
• La Calandra ou groffeAlouette, Z)i 5. ■^"o/;,v. 49. — PL Enl. i6'i,. — BriJJon, in. i^i.

T With a bill thicker and ftronger than ufual to the genus : from

the bill a black line pafies to and beyond the eye ; above and ■ i

beneath are two others of white, faintly appearing : head, neck, /

back, and coverts of the wings, reddifli brown, fpotted with black :
primaries and tail dulky, edged with rufh-color : throat white :
upper part of the breaft crofled by a narrow black crefcent ; beneath
that the breaft is of a pale brown, fpotted with a darker: belly and
vent white : tail a little forked : legs of a pale flefh-color. In Size
rather fuperior to the Sky-Lark ; but the body thicker. It is a fpe-
cies allied to the common Buntin'g.

Brought from North Carolina; and firft defcribed as zn American Place.

bird by Mr. Edzvards. Is common in many parts of Europe, efpe-
cialiy in the fouthern. In Afia it is found about Aleppo, and is pretty
frequent about the Tartarian deferts bordering on the Don and Vol^a.

'* 3 E Skt-Lar*,

394

S K Y - L A R K.

A. Skt-Lark, Br. Zeol. i. N" 136.
L'Alouette, Dt Buffon, v. i.

Alauda arvenfis. Larka, Faun. Suit. N* 209. — Latham, ii. 368.— Lev. Mus.—
Bl. Mus.

T ^ With the crown of a reddifh brown, fpotted with black : hind
part of the head cinereous : chin white : breaft and belly pale
dull yellow j the firft fpotted with black : back and coverts of wings
dufky, edged with pale reddifh brown : exterior web, and half the
interior web of the outmoft feather of the tail, white : legs dufky.
Sjs!i. Length feven inches one-fourth: Extent twelve and a half:

Weight an ounce and a half.
p^^jjj^ Inhabits all parts of Europe, even as high as Nordland in Nor^

way, beneath the ArStic circle. They migrate in Scandinavia, They
are the firft birds, in Eaji Gothland m Sweden, which give notice of the
return of fpring, finging with a tremulous note, and flying in flocks
near to the ground. Enlivened by the warmth of fummer, they
foar and fing with full voices. In September they colleft in flocks,
and retire fouth ; probably into the province of 6'i"^o;«», where they
are found in vaft multitudes during winter *. They are frequent
in all parts of Rujjia and Sibiria, and reach even Kamtfchatka,

* Ammn. Acad. iv. 593.

Wo ©Bo

WOOD, TIT, AND FIELD LARK. ■ 295

B, Wood-lark, £r. Zool. i. N° 137.
Alauda arborea. Faun. Suec. N° 211.
Le Cujelier, De Buffon, v. 25. — PI. Enl.6G:3. — Latham, ii. 371.

T With crown and upper part of back reddifh brown : head fur-
rounded with a whitifh coronet from eye to eye : firfl feather
of the wing fhorter than the fecbnd. In form fhorter and thicker
than the Sky-Lark.

Inhabits not farther north than Sweden. Found in the woods of PfcACE.
Ruffia and Sibiria, as flu' eaft as Kamtfchatka *,

C. Tit-Lark, ^r. Zm/. i. N" 138.

Alauda pratenfis. Faun. Suec.'N^ 210. - . ' •

La Farloufe, De Bufon, v. 31. — PL En!, ^j^. — Latham, ii. ^^^. .-.-■-

T With a black bill : olivaceous brown head and back, fpotted
with black: bread yellow, with oblong ftreaks of black. Of
a flender form.

Found not higher than Szueden. PtAc*.

D, Field-Lark, Br. Zool. i. N" i^g, ' ' '■

Alauda campelli is. Faun. Suec. ti" z\z. — Rait Syit. Av. 70. ,

La Spipolette, De Buffon, v. 43. — Latham, ii. 375.

T With head and neck pale brown, marked with dun<y lines, faint-
eft on the neck : rump and back of a cinereous olive; the firft
fpotted with blacli, the laft plain : legs pale brown : hind claw
ftiorter than ufual with Larks. Lefler than the Sky-Lark.

Extends only to Sweden. Thefe three fpecies difappear in that Place.

kingdom in the height of winter. If the weather foftens, they re-
turn in February. The Comte De Buffon f defcribes a variety of this,
under the name of La Farlouzzane ; which, he fays, came from
Loui/iana,

* Mr. Latham, ii. 372. f v. 38.

jE 2 WAGTAIL.

39<5 WHITE, AND YELLOW WAGTAIL.

WAGTAIL. Gen. Birds. LI.

White, Br. Zool. ii. N" 142.

M. Alba. Aria, Faun. Suec. N° 25 2. — Latham, ii. 395.

LaLavandiere, De Buffon, v. 251. — Pl.Enl. 652. — Lev. Mus. — Bl.Mus.

T. With head, back, and neck, black : cheek, front, and chin,
white : belly white : primaries dufl-cy : tail long, dufky, with
part of the webs white.

Inhabits as high as Iceland., the Feroe IJles, and Drontheim *. It is
a bird of augury with the SwediJJj farmers; who have a proverb relative
to this and the Wheat-ear, which is another bird of direftion :
" When you fee the Wagtail return, you may turn your fheep into
*' the fields; and when you fee the Wheat-ear, you may fow your
" grain f."

It is common in RuJJla, Sibiria, and Kamtfchatka, but does not ex-
tend to the ar£i:ic regions.

Place.

F- Yellow Wagtail, Br. Zool. i. N" 143.

M. Flava. Sadefarla, Faun. Suec. N° 253. — Latham, ii. 400.

La Bergeronette grife, De Buffon, v. 261. — PI. EnL 674. — Lev. Mus.

V^T". T. With crown and upper part of the body of an olive-green :
bread and lower part of the body of a rich yellow : throat
fpotted with black. In the Female thofe black fpots are wanting :
the other colors are alfo much more obfcure.
Place. \n\\dh\t% Sweden ; but not higher. Migrates like the former. Com-

mon in all parts of Ruffia, Sibiria, and even Kamtfchatka,

* Av. NiJr. Enum. MS.

t STiLLiNGrLEET's7'rfl<!?.f, 2d ed. z6S'

Yellaw-

YELLOW- HEADED, AND TCHUTSCHI WAGTAIL. 357

G. Yellow- headed Wagtail. Motacilla cifreola, Pallas Iiin. iii. 696. — Latham, ii. 401.

VIT". T. with citron-colored head, necl<, bread, and belly : the
hind part of the neck marked with a black crefcent : t!ie back
blueifh grey.

Common in Sihiria, as far as the ArSlic circle : lefs fo in Ruffia, Place.

Migrates with the laft.

H. TcHUTSCHi, Latham, ii. 403. '

"VTIT'. T. With crown and back deep olive-brown : afpotofwhite
between the upper mandible and eye : coverts and primaries
deep brown ; the firft crofled with two bars of white : breall and
belly white, dafhed with ruft : vent pale yellow : tail very long ;
outward web, and half the inward web, of outmoft feather, white j
all the reft duflcy : legs black.

Taken off the Tchutfcbi coaft, within the S freights of Bering, PxAC*.;

lat. 66, north.

XXIX.

39'^ B L U E - B A C K E D R E D - B R E A S T, &c.

XXIX. WARBLER. Gen. Birds, LII.

Bi.Bl'JE-backeb Blue-bird, Cafjiy, i. 47.

Red-breast. Blue Red-brealt, EJw. 24.. — Laivfon.

Motacilla Sialis, Lin. Syfl. 336. — Latham, ii. 44.6.

Le Rouge gorge bleu, De Buffon, v. 21 z. — ?l. EnL 390. — Brijpjn, iii. 423. —
Lev. Mus — Bl. Mus.

■\\r, V/ith bill and legs of a jetty bLicknefs : head, hind part
of the neck, back, tail, and coverts of the wings, of a rich
deep and glolTy blue : primaries duflcy, tipt with brown : from the
bill to the tail red. Head, and lov/er part of the neck, in the
Female, cinereous blue : breaft duller than that of the Male.
Yi^f^ci.. Frequent in moft parts of North America, from Ne-O) York to the

Bermuda iflands. Is the fame in the new world as the Robin-red-
hreoft is in the old. Are harmlefs, familiar birds. Breed in holes of
trees. Have long wings. Are fwift of flight, therefore elude the
purfuit of the Hawk. Have a cry and a whiftle. Feed ufually on
infcfts ; bur, through deficiency of that food, come to the farm-
houfesj to pick up grafs-fecds, or any thing they can meet with.

2S2. BiACK- Redflart, Ca/f/^ji, i. 67 — Ediu.Zo.

niADSD. Mufcicapa ruticilla, Lin.SyJi. -,26.— Raii Syn. A v. i8c. N° 51.

Le Gobe-Mouche d'Amerique, BriJJon, iii. 3S3. — De Buffon, v. 178, 566,— Lf.v.
Mus — Bl. Mus.

"VX/" With the head, neck, breaft, back, and wings, black : the

primaries crofTed with a broad bar of orange : the fides and

inner coverts of the wings, belly, and vent, white, fpotted with black

on the upper fides : two middle feathers of the tail dulky j the reft

of the fame color at their ends ; the lower parts orange : legs black.

The Female cinereous olive above ; white beneath, bounded on

each fide by yellow : the parts of the tail which are red in the

male, are in this fex yellow.

Plach. Inhabits the fliady v/oods of Ne-w York, Virginia, Hud/on's Bay,

I and

YELLOW-BREASTED, &c. WARBLER. 399

and Carolina, during the fummer. Retreat to Jamaica, and per-
haps others of the Antilles, during winter *.

Maryland Yellow-throat, Ed-w. i-i,"]. , . 483. Yellow-

Le figuier dc Maryland, Brijfon, iii. 506. • breast.

Le figuier a joucs noires, De Buffon, v. 292.
Turdus Trichas, Lin. SjJ}, 293. — Latham, ii. 438. — Lev. Mus. — Bl. Mus,

"l^/"^ With black forehead and cheeks : crown cinereous : hind
part, whole upper part of the neck, back, wings, and tail,
of a deep olive green : primaries and tail edged with yellow: un-
der fide of the neck, breaft, and belly, of a rich yellow.

Inhabits Penfyhama and Maryland. Frequents bufhes and low Place.

grounds, near rills of water. Quits the country in autunrin.

La Fauvette a poitrine jaune de la Louifiane, Di Buffon, v. 162. — PL Enl. 709. 284. Orange-
— Latham, ii. 439. thighed.

\SJ With forehead and cheeks black : head crofled in the middle
with a white band, which divides the cheeks from its hind
part: nape, back, wings, and tail, deep olive : lov/er part of the neck,
breafl, and belly, fine yellow : thighs and vent reddifli orange : tail
rounded.

Inhabits Loui/sana ; and is a mod elegant fpecies ; differs from the Place.

laft in its rounded tail.

Blue Fly-catcher, EJiu. 252. 2S5. Black-

Motacilla Canadenfis, Lin.SyJ}. 336. - throat,

Le petit figuier cendre de Canade, Briffon, iii. 527. — Latham, ii. 487.
Le figuier bleu, Z)^ -Sa/o«, V. 304.— P/. £W. 685.— Bl. Mus.

"1X7" With the head, upper part of the neck, back, and coverts
of the wings, of a fiaty blue : throat, under part, and fides
of the neck, black : primaries duficy j white at bottom : breaft and
belly white : tail dufky.

Inhabits, during fummer, Canada and other parts of America, to Placj.

the fouth. Arrives in Penjylvania in April, Migrates in winter to
the Antilles, and returns in Ipring.

* Shane's jfamaicn, ii. 312.

Yellow-

400 YELLOW-THROATED, &c. WARBLER.

aS6. Yellow- Yellow-throated Creeper, Calejly, i. 62. — Latham, ii. ,137.

thro»t.

La Mefange grife a gorge jaune, De Buffon, v. 454. — Briffon, iii. 563.

w.

With a yellow fpot on each fide of the upper mandible:
throat of a bright yellow: from the bill, a black line ex-
tends acrofs each eye, pointing down, and bounding the fides of the
neck : forehead black : crown, hind part of the neck, and back,
grey : wings dark cinereous ; the coverts edged with white : mid-
dle of the breaft and belly of a pure white : fide fpotted with black :
tail black and white. The Female wants both the yellow and
black marks.
Place. Inhabits C^rc//;/^ ; and is continually creeping about the trees in

fearch of infefts.

iS;. Hooded. Catrjly, i. 60. — Latham, ii. 462.

Le Gobe-Mouchecitrin, De Biiffon, iv. 538.— PA Enl. 666.
La Mefange a Collier, De Bi'Jj'on, v. 452, — Bl. Mus-

'^\T , With the forehead, cheeks, and chin, yellow, regularly
encircled with black like a hood. This black is the color
of the head, breaft, and each fide of the neck : back, wings, and
tail, of a duflcy green : inner webs of the exterior feathers of the
tail white : breaft and belly bright yellow. Size of a Gold-Finch.
Place. Frequents the thickets and fhady parts of the uninhabited places

of Carolina.

188. Yellow- Yellow-rumped Fly catcher, Edw. 25;.

RUMP. Le fiouier tachete de la Penfylvanie, BriJ/on, iii. 503.

Le figuier a tete cendre, De Bujj'cin, v. 291. — Latham, ii. 481.

W/^. With cheeks and crown of the head cinereous : hind part
of the neck and back of an olive-green; the lad fpotted
with black : rump of a bright yellow : throat and breaft of the fame
color; the breaft fpotted with black drops: reft of the under fide
white : wings dark afn-color ; the coverts croflfed with two bars of

white :

RED-HEADED, AND BLACK-POLL WARBLER. 401

white : inner fides of the primaries edged with white : coverts of
the tail blaclc j two middle feathers of the tail dufky ; the middle part
of the inner webs of the reft white ; the tops and bottoms black.

Inhabits Penjylvania. ■ •

Yellow Red-poll, ^/tu. i;6, o «

,. .,, ^ ' , • 289. Red-iieab.

JMotacilIa petechia, Lin. Sjji. 334. — Latham, li- 47Q.

Le figuier a tete rouge de Penfylvanie, Brijfon, iii- 488. — Dt Buffon, v. 286,

— Bl. Mu$.

With the crown fcarlet : cheeks yellow: liind part of the
neck, back, and rump, of an olive-green : wings and tail
dufky, edged with yellow : all the under fide of the body of a rich
yellow, fpeckled with red, except the vent, which is plain, A bird,
which I fufpeft to be the Female, fliot in Newfoundla?hi, had the
fcarlet crown ; but the upper part of the body was dufky, edged
■with pale brown : coverts of the tail white : primaries and tail dufky :
breaft and belly of a dirty white, and unfpotted.

Vifits Penfylvania in March. Is a lonely bird, keeping in thickets Placs.

and low bufhes. Does not breed there ; but goes farther north to
breed ; probably to Canada and Hc^'fonndland. Feeds on infefts.

'\\7'^ With the crov.'n black: cheeks white : upper part of the :!9o. Bi.ack-foll.

body afli-colored, with long black flrokes pointing to the
tail : coverts of the v^ings and primaries dufky ; the firfb marked with
two white bars : the fecondaries edged with white : tail duHcy ; ends
of the two oucmoll feathers marked with a v.'hite fpot : throat white,
ilreaked on each fide v.i-h black: breaft and belly of a dirty white,
ilreaked downwards with black: legs whiciOj.

Inhabits, during fuinmer, Nivsfcundlayid zni. Ncvj York; called in ?lacs3

the latt, SaiUr. Arrives there in a/.tj ; breeds ; and retires in Au-
gtift. Bl. Ml's. — LathniUy ii. 460.

3 F W. With

4oa G R E Y - P O L L, &c. WARBLER.

291. Grey poll. Tl/' With head, fides of the neck, and coverts of the v/ings
and tail, of a fine grey ; the coverts of wings crcfl'ed with
two white bars : primaries and tail dufl-iy, edged with grey : throat
orange : chin and breaft of a fine yellow : belly whitifh afh-color.
Place. Sent from Nezv 2'crk to Mrs, Blackburn. — Latham, ii. 461.

202. Yellow- Le figuier tachete i Efpece, De Buffon, r. 285. — PI, Enl. ^'a,— Latham, ii. 514.

POLL. — Lev. Mus. — Bl. Mus.

'\X7" With the forehead and whole under fide of the body of a
fine yellow -, the lafi: ftreaked with red : the upper part, and
coverts of wings, of an olive-green : the primaries brown, bordered
with green : tail brown, bordered with rich yellow. Female of
a duller color.
Place. Inhabits Canada ; where it makes only a Ihort ftay, and does not

breed there. Found in New Tork j and even Hudfon's Bay during
fummer. Retires into South America, according to M. T)e Buffon.
He fufpei^s that N" i, plate 58, PL Enl. is the female. Till that
is afcertained, I beg leave to make a new fpecies of it, in the Olive,

The neft is very elegant, compofcd of dov/n, mixed with dead,
grafs ; the infide lined with fine fibres. The eggs fpotted near the
larger end. Sent from New Tork, under the name of the Swamp
Bird.

:pi. White- Black and white Creeper, EJiu, 300.

rCLL. Le figuier varie, De Buffon, v. 305. — Latiam, 11. ^2Sm

— — de St. Domingue, Brijon, iii. 529. — Bl. Mus.

"V^ With the crown white, bounded by a black line paffing

from the corners of the bill ; beneath that is a ftripe of

white : below the eyes a broad bed of black, bounded with white :

chin and throat black : hind part of the neck, back, and rump,

white.

G O L D E N - C R O W N E D, &c. WARBLER. ' 403

white, marked with great black fpots : coverts and primaries
black ; the firft crofTed with two white bars ; the laft edged on
their inner fides with white : belly white : fides fpotted with black :
tail black, edged with grey; inner webs of the outmoft feathers fpot-
ted with white.

Arrives in Penjylvania m April ; n;ays there the whole fummer. Place.

Feeds on infefts, caterpillars, &c. Probably winters in the An-
tilleS) where it is likevvife found *.

Golden-crowned Fly-catcher, Ei/iu. 298. 204.. GoLDiK

Le figuier couronne d'or, De Buff on, v. i\z.~Laibam, ii. 486, crowned.

"yX/", With a golden crown, bounded on all fides with a blueifh
flate-color : above each eye, a narrow white line : from the
bill, acrofs the eyes, a broad band of black : throat and chin white :
hind part of neck and back blueifli, with duiky oblong fpots : rump
yellow : breaft black, edged with grey ; fides of the bread yellow :
belly and vent white, fpotted with black: wings duficy ; coverts
and fecondaries edged with white : tail black ; three outinoft fea-
thers on each fide marked on their inner webs with white. Female
is brown on the back ; wants the black ftroke through the eye, and
mark on the breaft : in other refpefts agrees with the cock.

Arrives in Penfylvania in fpring : ftays there but three or four Placs.

days, proceeding northward to breed. Appears likewife in the fame
manner in Nova Scotia.

Golden-wing Fly.catcher, Ediv. 2^g. :!9S. Gold-wing.

Le iiguicr, sux ailes dorees, De BiiJon,y. 311. — Biijofi, App. 109.
Motacilla chryfoptera, Lin. SyJ}. 333. — Latham, ii. 492.

W". With a golden crown : eyes inclofed in a bed of black,

reaching from the bill to the hind part of the head, and

bounded above and below with a white line : throat, and under fide

* Shane, i. 309.

3 F 2 of

404 Y E L L O W- F R O N T E D, &c. W A R B L E R.

of neck, black: upper part, back, and lefler coverts of wings, pale
blueifh grey : greater coverts rich yellow: primaries and tail dark
cinereous : belly white.
Place. Like the preceding, tranfient in the fpring through Per^Jyl-

^^c/6. Yellow- "V^. With the forehead and crown of a bright yellow : from the
bill extends, through the eyes a band of black, bounded on
each fide with white: chin, throat, and lower fide of the neck, black:
breaft and belly white : upper part of the neck, back, rump, and
lefler coverts of the wings, of a light bluei-fh grey ; the greater co-
verts, and lower order of lefler, of a bright yellow, forming a great
fpot in each wing : primaries and tail of a deep afti-color ; inner webs
of the outmofl: feathers of the tail fpotted with white.
Pi-ACE. A pafltnger, like theformer, through Penjylvania^ — Latham, ii.461.

^97. Green. ' Green black-throated Fly-catcher, i'lj'^v. 300. — Latham, 11.484.

Le figuier a cravate noire, De Buffon, v. 298. — BriJJhn, App. 104.

\X7'^ With yellow cheeks and fides of the neck : black throaf,

under fide of the neck, and fides under the wings : upper

part of the breafl: yellowifh j lower, and belly, white : head, and

upper fide of the body, of an olive-green : coverts of the wings of

the fame color, marked with two bars of white : primaries and tail

duflcy J the inner webs of the firfl; edged with white; of the three

, outmoft feathers of the tail, fpotted with white.

Plice. Appears and migrates in the fame manner as the other.

Red.

BLOODY-SIDE AND CERULEAN WARBLER. 405

Red-throated Flycatcher, Edw. 301. 258. Bloodv-

La figuier a poitrine rouge, De Bi-Jfrn, v. 2oS.-^BriJ/'cn, Add. 105, s.o«.

Motacilla Penfylvanica, Lin, Sjji. 333. — Latham, ii. 489.

With a 3'el!ow crown : white cheeks : a fmall black mark
patTing under each eye : throat, and whole under fide of the
body, white, except part of the bread, which is of a blood-red, which
color extends along -the fides under the wings : hind part of the
head black ; back and rump dufky, edged with yellowifh green :
coverts of the wings, and primaries, duflcy; the firft marked with
two bars of white : tail dufliy, with a white mark on the exterior
feathers. Female wants the black fpot on the hind part of the
head, and thofe on the back; in other refpefts agrees with the
cock.

Attends the preceding fpecies in their fhort paflage through Pen- Placi,

Jylvania.

Little blue-grey Fly-catcher, Edva. 302. ^99- Cjsrulean.

La figuier gris de fer, De Buffon, v. 309. — BriJPut, App. 107.
M. Ca;rulea, Lin. Syji. 337. — Latham, ii. 490.

'^ICT'^ With the head and whole upper part of the body of a blueidi
flate-color : wings brown ; a few of the fecondaries edged
with white : over each eye a narrow line uf black : tail dufky ; two
Gutmoft feathers white ; the third on each fide tipt with white.
Female wants the black ftripe over the eyes: and the colors of the
tail, and upper part of it, brownifh.

Appears in Penfyhania in March, Builds its neft in April, with P-Aci.

hufks from the buds of trees, down of plants, &c. coating it with
lichens, and lining it with horfe-hair. It continues in the country

all

4o6 ' WORM-EATER, AND YELLOW^TAIL WARBLER.

all fummer, and retires fouth at approach of winter 3 perhaps t©
Cayenne, where the fame fpecies is found *.

300. Worm- Worm-eater, f^/xu. 305.— Ifl^/^aw.ii. 499.

Le Dera'i-fin. Mangeur de vers, De Buffon, v. 325.

W. ^^''^'^ t'''^ crown of a reddifli yellow, bounded by a line of a
lighter; beneath that, another of black; and through the eye,
from the bill, a third of yellow, bounded beneath by a dufky flroke :
clieeks, throat, and breaft, of a yellowifli red, deepeft on the
' breafb, fading towards the belly, which is white : upper part of the

neck, back, wings, and tail, of a deep olive-green : legs flelh-
colored. Bill of this fpecies is much thicker than others of the
genus.
Place, Does not appear in Pefifylvania till July, in its paffage north-

ward. Does not return the fame way; but is fuppofed to go be-
yond the mountains which lie to the weft. This feems to be the cafe
with all the tranfient vernal vifitants of Penjylvania.

301

TAIL

Yellow- Yellow-tail Fly catcher, Ed'-w, 257.

Plack.

"V^T"^ With an afli-colored crown : hind part of the neck, co-
verts of the wings, and the back, of an olive-green : rump
cinereous ; fometimes that and the head of the fame color with the
back : throat, under fide of neck, breaft, and belly, white ; the fides
of the breaft dafhed with ruft-color : fid^s, under the wings, yellow:
on the lower part of the primaries a large bed of yellow : two mid-
dle feathers of the tail brown ; the reft yellow, tipt vn\\\ brown.

Taken on its pafTage, with other birds (before defcribed) of this
o-enus, off" Hijpaniola, at fea, fuppofed to be on their way to their
winter quarters in Jamaica, and other ifiands.

• PI. EnL 704.

Spetted

SPOTTED, AND LO U I S I AN E W ARB LE R. A-^1

Spotted yellow Fly-catcher, Edio.z^'j. — Latham, W, \%2. _ ' 30:. Spotted.

La iiguier brun de Canada, (the male) BriJ/lit, iii. 515.

— de St. Domiiigue (the female) 5 13, — De Buffon, v. 293.

W. With the head, upper part of the body, and wings, of a
dark olive green : primtries and tall of a more dufky hue :
the interior web of the outmofb feathers of the tail marked with a
large white fpot : lefler coverts of the wrings, near the ridge, crolTed
v^'ich white: rump yellowifli : all the under fide of the body yellow :
under fide of the neck, breaft, and fides, fpotted with black : mid-
dle of the belly and vent plain.

Taken with the preceding. Inhabits alfo Canada, which may be Place,

its place of fummer refidence and breeding. The Female, which
has a white breaft, and the colors of the upper part of the body-
more dull than that of the cock, has been found in the ifie of Hifpani-
cla ; which may be one of the winter quarters of this and congene-
rous birds.

Le figuier agorgejaune, Z)^ £«/i«, V. 28S. 303. Louisiake>

Le figuier de le Louiliane, Brijfon, iii. 500. — Lathat/ii ii. 480.

"X^ , With the head and whole upper part of the body of a clear
olive-green : cheeks inclining to cinereous : coverts of the
wings of a blueifli afh-color, croflTed with two white bars : prima-
ries dufky, edged externally with alive, internally with white : tail
of a dufky brown, edged like the wings ; and the three outmoft
feathers marked near their ends with a white fpot : lower fide of
the neck and breaft of a fine yellow ; the laft fpotted with red :
,belly and vent white, tinged with yellow. Female wants the red
fpots on the breaft.

Inhabits Loiiifiana and St, Domingo. Tl^-ce;

La

4o8 O R A N G E-T H R O A T, &c. WARBLER.

304.. Orange- Le figuier a gorge orangee, De Buffon, v. J90.

THROAT-. Le grand iiguier de Canada, Briton, iii. 508,

W" With the head, upper part of the neck and back, and lefler
coverts of the wings, of an olive-green : the lower part of
the back, rump, and greater coverts, afh-colored : primaries brown,
edged on the outmoft webs with dark cinereous ; on the inner with
dirty white : throat and under fide of the body orange, except the
vent, which is white. Female differs from the male in having its
under fide of a duller and paler color.
Placi. Inhabits Canada.

tor. Quebec. Le figuier atctejaune, Dt Buffon, v. Z(j%,—^BriJfan, iii. 517.— PA £»7. 73U

Mocacilla iderocephala, Lin.Sjft, 334. — Latham, 11.484.

w.

With a yellow crown : fpace between the bill and the eyes
black : below the eyes, and on the fides of the neck, white :
hind part of the head, neck, back, and rump, black, edged with
yellowifh olive : ridge coverts of the wings, and tail, of the fame
color; other lefier coverts, and the greater coverts, black, marked
with two tranfverfe bars of yellow : tail dufky, edged with olive;
the outmoft feathers marked half the length of their inner webs with
yellowifh white : all the lower part of the body of a dirty white.
Placi. Inhabits Canada,

306. BiLTED, Le figuier a cetnture. Be Biffon, v. 503.

Le figuier cendre, Brijfsn, iii. 524.
Motacilla Canadenfis, Lin. SjJJ. 334. — Latham, ii. 4S6.

With an oblong yellow fpot on the crown : reft of the head,

upper fide of the body, and coverts of wings, of a deep

blueifti alh-color, almoft black \ the laft croITed with two white

9 bars :

BELTED, OLIVE, &c, WARBLER. ^, a 40a

bars: from the bill, above each eye, pafles a white line: the under "'

fide of the neck, breaft, and belly, are white j the two firft

marked longitudinally with brown ftreaks : between the breaft and

belly is a tranfverfe belt of yellow : tail dufky, a little forked ; the

two outmoft feathers on each fide white at their ends and inner

fides : coverts of the tail yellow. Female is brown on the upper

.fide : the coverts of the tail are not yellow.

Inhabits Canada. ' ' ■ - PtAae.

Le figuler de la Caroline, P/. Enl. 58, N" i. — De Buffon, v. 286. ,q__ Qlive

\X7' With the head, upper part of the body, and coverts of the
wings, of an olive-green : primaries and tail brown ; the
firft bordered with green, the laft with yellow : under fide of the 1

body of a pale yellow. *" • ■">

Inhabits Carolina, . .. Place.

Le Fauvette tachetee de la Louifiane, £>? 5»^», v. 161.— ?/.£/;/. 752. — 308. Nfw-York.
Latham, ii. 436.

VX/" With a black bill, flightly bent at the end : over each eye a - '

white line : crown, and all the upper plumage, cinereous and
deep brown : lower part of the neck and body yellowilh, ftreaked
with black : legs reddifii brown. Length near fix inches.

Inhabits Louifiana, and the hedges about New Tork. Not gre- Place.

garious.

^ Q ■•.Ii- i'y.ju. <.." ' Fauvette

4*9 DUSKY, PROTHONOTARY, &c. WARBLER.

309. DusKT. Fauvette ombree de la Louifiane, De JSi/Jcn, v. liz.—Pl. Enl. 709.—

Latham, ii, 437.

\X/" With a black flender bill: upper part of the plumage grey-
ifh brown : back marked faintly with black : wings, coverts
of the tall, and the tail itfelf, dufky j the lad edged with white^
thinly fpeckled with black : legs dufky.
'^*ci. Inhabits Louijiana,

310. Protbon*- Le figuier protonotalre, De Buffon, v. 316.— P/. Enl. 704. — Latham, ii. 494*

TARY.

"l^LT", With the head, neck, throat, breaft, and belly, of a fine
jonquil yellow : vent white : back olive : rump afh-color :,
■wings and tail black and cinereous.,
PtAci. Inhabits Loiiifiana^ QiMtd ihett le Proionotaire -, but the reafon

has not reached us.

H.t 1, crt, Le iiguier a demi collier, De Buffhay v. 316. — Latham, ii. 494^

W '^'^^^ ^ yellowifli olive crown : an afh-colored band behind
the eyes : coverts of the wings brown, edged with yellow t
primaries brown, edged with white: throat and all the under fide of the
body of a clear afh-color: acrofs the breaft is a half-collar of black:
belly tinged with yellow : tail afh-color : four feathers on each fidr
edged with black on their inner fides.

LA.&.ED.

312. O«-AN0E» Le figuier a gorge jaune, De Baffin, v. 317. — Latham, n.^^i^.

EEILIEP.

VTir With the head and upper part of the body of an olive-
brown : coverts of the wings yellow, varied with brown I
primaries brown : fecondaries and tail brown, bordered with
olive : throat, under fide of the neck, and breafl, yellow ; part

of

OLlVE-BliOWN, GRASSET, $cc. WARBLER. 4"

«f the latter tinged with brown : the reft of the lower part of the
body reddifh, approaching to yellow.

!

Le figuier brun olive, De Buffon, v. i\%.—Lathamy Ii> 495. 3 '3* Otivt.

BROWK.

\SJ , With the upper part of the head and body of a brownifli
olive : the coverts of the wings, and primaries, brown ; the
firft edged and tipt with white ; the laft edged with grey : throat
and breaft white, va^ied with teints of grey : belly of a yellowifti
white: vent quite yellow: tail brown, bordered with clear grey;
thofe of the middle tinged with yellow ; the t\yo outmoft on each
fide bordered with white.

Le figuier grafTct, De Buffo n, v. 3 19. — Latham, W. 4964 J14. Graj^sit.

\1S7' With the head and upper part of the body of a deep greyifh
green and deep olive ; the middle of the head marked with a
yellow fpot : back tinged with black: wings browri or dufky : throat
and under fide of the neck reddifli ; the reft of the lower par: - . ..."

white: tail blackj edged with grey j and the four outmoft featheiJii - .'

on each fide marked near their ends with white.

Le figuier cendre, a gorge cendre, Dt Buffon; v. 319. — Latham, ii. ^g6. 315. Gret-

THROAT.

^XZ With the head, and upper part of the body and wings, afti-co-
lor ; the laft edged with white : throat and under fide of the
body of a more clear afti-color : tail black : firft feather on each
fide almoft white ; the Iccond half white j the third tipt with the
fame.

Thefe five fpecies inhabit Louifia'na, and are called there Gyaffetit Placi.

from their exceeding fatnefs. They frequent the tulip-trees ; in
particular the magmlia grandifloray or the laurel-tree *, whofe ever-
green leaves give ample Ihelter to the feathered tribe.

* Qattjby, ii. 61. ' ' >" "

J G 2 Motacilla

J17- Black

BARMAN.

4i« GUIRA, BLACKBURNIAN, &c. WARBLER.

316. GuiRA^ Motacilla Guira, Lin. Sjjf. 336. — EJiv. 351. — Latham, ii. 505. — Marcgrave,

212. — De B'ffon, V. 343. — Bl. Mu3.

With liead, hind part of neck, and back, of an olive green;
lower part dafhed with yellow : lefler coverts duflcy, {light-
ly edged with white; greater, and primaries, duflcy, with their edges
deeply marked with white : throat, and lower part of the n^ck,
full black : breaft and belly of a fine light yellow : tail brown,
edged with dull yellow. The crown of the Female olive green,
fpotted with black : hind part of the neck plain green : chin and
fore part of neck black : breaft and belly yellow, fpotted with red :
wings and tail like thofe of the male.
Place. Inhabits New York. Makes its neft between the fmall branches

of fome tree. It is open at top, fhallow, and formed of broad dead
grafs, and fome fibres. Its eggs white, thinly fpotted with black.

■\T 7 With the crown intenfely black, divided by a line of rich
yellov/ : from each corner of the upper mandible is an^.
other of the fame color : through the eye paflTes one of black, reach-
ing beyond it, bounded beneath by a narrow yellow line : fides of
the neck, the throat, and middle of the breaft, are of a beautiful yel-
low : fides fpotted with black : vent and thighs white : leflTer co-
verts black ; greater white : back ftriped black and white : prima'-
ries dulky : middle feathers of the tail dufliyj three outmoft oa.
each fide marked with white. — Latham, ii. 461-
Flags. Inhabits New York. — Bl. Mus..

jj-g. Pine. Pine-Creeper, Gatejhy, i. 61. — Ediu. 277.

Le figuier de fapins, De Buffon, v-. 2^6.^— Latham, ii. 4S3.

"TXT" With the crown, checks, breaft, belly, and thighs, of a bright

" yellow : from the bill to the eyes is a dufky line : hind part

•f the neck,, the back, and rump, of a yellowilh green, inclining

tO'

PINE, YELLOW, AND RUBY-CROWNED WARBLER. 413

to olive, brightefb on the rump : wings and tail of a blueifh grey :
coverts marked with two white lines : outmoft feathers of the tail
with their inner webs white. Females of a brownlfh color.

Appears in Penfylvania, from the fouth, in April. Feeds on Infefls Place.

and buds of trees. Continues there the whole fummer. Inhabits the
fofter climate of Carolina the whole winter ; and is feen creeping about
the trees, efpecially the firs and pine, with other congenerous birds,
which affociate durins that feafon in fmall flights.

Yellow Titmoufe, Catejhy,\. d'^. ^jp. Yellow.

Yellow Wren, Br. Zool. i. N^" i^i.—Ediv. 278.

Le figuierbrun &jaune, De Buffon, v. 29;.

LePouillot, ou le Chantre, Ih. 344. — BriJJln, in. 479.

Le figuier de Caroline, lb, 4S6. — Latham, ii. 512. /

M. Trochilus, Faun. Siiec. W 264. — Lev. Mus.— Bl. Mus.

Tiy With the head and upper part of the body, wings, and tail,
of a deep olive : cheeks yellow : through the eyes pafies a
dufky line, and beneath them another : whole under fide and inner
coverts of the wings, of a fine yellow ; but in fome much paler than
others.

Inhabits North Carolina ; breeds there, and difappears in winter,
retiring to Jamaica and other iflands. Is almoft an univerfal bird.
Found in moft parts of Europe. Bears all climates, from the Eaji
Indies to the rugged Kamtfchatka. Is one of the fmalleft birds of
Europe. Feeds on infefts.

Pl-.

Rubv-crowned Wren, Edmi. 254. „

^2C. i\UBY

Le Roiteletrubis, De Buffon, v. 373. — Latham, ii.511. — Lev. Mus. ' -

32c.

CROWNED.

TT r With a rich ruby-colored fpot towards the hind part of the

" ' head : reft of the head, upper part of the neck, body,

and coverts of the wings, of an olive-colour : coverts crofled by

two white liaes ; primaries and tail dufky, edged with yellow : from

bilL

414 GOLDEN-CRESTED WARBLER, AND WREN.

Size. bjn {q ^^\\ ^ light yellow. Length four inches: extent five;

v?eight four drams.

P''*«^=- Inhabits North America, ivom Hudfon's Bay to Penfylvania ; pro-

bably through the whole continent. A moft delicate bird, to be
found in the rude climate of the bay.

J2I. GotDEK. Sr. Zool. i. N* i^-^.—Catefiy, App. 13.

M. Regulus. Koiigsfogel, Faiw. S.tec. N° 262.-^Latham, ii. 508.

Le Roitelet, De Bujon, v. 363 — PL Enl. 651. 3. — Lev. Mus.— Bl. MuSi

With a black crown, divided lengthways with a rich fcarlet
line, which it fliews or conceals at pleafure. In other re-
fpefls, .the colors and marks refemble the former. The leafl of all
European birds. Length only three inches and a half.
Pl^ci. -^^ found in Ne-xn York ; and inhabits the red cedars. Is met with

in Europe as high as Dronthem *. Crofles annually from the Orkniti
to the Shetland ifles ; where it breeds, and returns again before
winter : a long flight, of fixty milesj for fo fmall a bird. Rare ia
Ruffia. Frequent in Sihiria, about the Jenefei.

W

322. Wren. i?>-. ZW. i. N° 154.

M. Troglodytes, Faun. Suec. N* 261, — Latham, ii. 506.

Le Troglodyte, Be Buffon, v. 352* — PI. Enl. 651.2. — Lev. Mus. — Bl. Mui.

■\17^ With head and back brown, obfcurely barred with duflcy i
coverts of wings, quil-fcathers, and tail, elegantly barred
with black and ferruginous : whole under fide of a dirty white, mot-
tled with pale bro^^n.

Twice the fize of the European Wren ; yet appears to be of the
fame kind* Is one of the exceptions to the remark made, that the

• A%. Nidr. Catal. MS.

7 animals

PtACE.

WREN, AND BUSH WARBLER. ^1$

animals of the fame fpecies in the new are lefler than thofe of the
old world.

Appears in the province of New 2~ork in May, and lays in June.
Builds its neft in holes of trees, with fibres of roots and fticks,
lining it with hairs and feathers. Lays from kvcn to nine eggs,
white, thinly fported with red. Has the fame actions with the
European Wren : fings, but with a different note. Retires fouth
in Augufi.

The European kind reaches to the Feroe ifles ; where it enters the
cottages, to peck the dried meat of the inhabitants *. Found alfo
in Norway ; but not far north. Rare in Sweden and Rujfia. Un-
known in Sibiria,

Lutle Sparrow ? Ca/^/y, i. 35. ' • , , J^S- Bush .^^

Hedge Sparrow, Law/on, 144. — Latham, \\. ^iO. , • _ ^

WI ^V"^^ ^^^ body entirely brown.

* Lefs than the European Hedge Sparrow. Mr. Catefly
fays, that it partakes much of the nature of that fpecies. Mr. Law-
fan fays, that the Hedge Sparrow of Carolina differs fcarcely from the
Engiijh ; only that he never heard it fing. They are not nume-
rous J are ufually ken fingle, hopping under buflies : feed on in-
fc£ts : and are commonly feen near houfes in Carolina and Virginia, PiAcr^

where they continue the whole year.

• Brunnich, N° 284.

NlCHTlNCALKj-

4i6

NIGHTINGALE, AND REDSTA R T,

Tlace.

A. Nightingale, Br. Zoo!, i. N* 145.

Nachtergahl, Faun. S//ec. N° 34.5. — Latham, ii. 410.

te Roflignol, De Bujon, v. Si.—Pl. En!. 615.— Lev. Mus.—Bi,. Mus.

W/ ^'^'^ '^^^"^ ^"'^ "^^'^ tawny, dafhed with olive : throat,
breaft, and belly, glofiy afti-color : tail deep tawny.
Inliabics the groves of Oland, Golbland, Up/al, and Scbofien ; but
not farther north. Appears about the middle of May: retires about
the time of hay-harveft *. Found in the temperate parts of Ruffia ;
and in Sibiria, as far as Tomjk only; not as yet in the eaftern parts.
None in Scotland. Extends over every temperate part of Europe; to
Syria f, Perfia %, and the Holy hand % ; and to the banks of the Nile,

Tlace.

B. Redstart, Br. Zoo!, i. N° I46i

M. Phuenicurus Rodfljert, Faun. Sua. N° l^j.— Latham, ii. 421.

Le Roffignol de murailk, De Buffon, v. 1 70. — Pi. Enl. 35 i.— Lev. Mus.— Bl. Mus.

•t X7 With white front : crown and back deep blueifli grey : cheek
and throat black : breaft, rump, and fides, red : two middle
feathers of tail brown ; the reft red. Female, head and back afh-
color : chin white.

Inhabits Europe, as high as Brontheim. In all parts of Ruffia and
Sihiria : in the laft, the colors are extremely vivid. Extends to
Kamtfchatka, and even to the ArSlic circle.

* Amctn. Acad. iv. 597. f RuJfeU, as quoted by Mr. Latham.

Trav. 248. § Hejfd^uift.

X Fryer''s

Grey

GREY REDSTART, &c. WARBLER,

Ct Grey Redstart.

M. Erithacus, Fau>i. Suec. N" 258.

Le Rouge-queue, De Buffon, v. \%o.— Latham, ii. 423.

'\KT ^'^''•'^ ^ hoary crown : back and wings cinereous : whole un-
der fide of the body and tail ferruginous.
Inhabits Sweden. Lives in trees. Lavs nine blueifh srev eo'ss.
Seen alfo near the Voha.

417

pLAca.

D« Red-breaft, Br. Zool. i. N° 147.

Rotgel, Faun. Suec. 260. — Latham, ii. 442.

Irf Rouge-gorge, De Buffon^ v. 196. — PI. Enl. 361. — Lev. Mus.

W7 ^'"^^ front, chin, and bread, of a deep orange red : upper
part of the body, wings, and tail, olivaceous.
Inhabits Europe as far as Drontheivi. Scarce in Rujfia. Is fcen Placb.

above the Kama ; but never in Sihiria. Its familiarity with man-
kind has occafioned it, in many countries, to receive a fond name :
thus the Danes call it Tommi-Liden -, the Norwegians, Pefer Ron/mad ;
the Germans, 'Thomas Cierdet ; and we, Robin Red-breaft *.

B, Blue-throat. M. Sueciea, N" 259.

Bloukropfl, Kram. Auft. 375. — Latham, ii. 444.

La Gorge-bleue, De Buffon, v. 206. — ?L Enl. 361.— Lev. Mus. *

■\X 7" With a tav/ny breafl:, marked with a flcy-blue crefcent : over
each eye a white line*, head and back brown : tail dufl<y,
ferruginous towards the bafe, and tipt with yellow : belly whitilh :
the vent yellowifli.

Inhabits Weft Both'nin and '.Lofland. Lives among the alders and Placb.

willows, and is fuppofed not to migrate from that fevere climate t.
Is found in all the northern parts of RtiJJla and Sibiria. Sings
£nely. .■.•.■■ . .

• Mr, Latham.

t Ameer:. Acad. Iv. 597,

3 H

A bird,

4i8 B L A C K - C A P, ace. W A R B L E R,

A bird, differing from this only by a blue line below each eye,
is figured by Mr. Ed-wards, tab. 28, and drawn from one {hot on
the rock of Gibraltar.

f. Black-cap, Br. Zool.'i.K" 148.

M. Atricapirla, Faun. Suic. N" 256. — Latham, ii. 415.

La Fauvette a tete noire, De Buffon, v. 1 z^.—Pl. Ed. 580.— Lev. Mus.— Bl. M«$.

■y^ With a black crown : hind part of neck pale afh : back,
and coverts of wings, greyifh olive : breaft and belly light
afh. Crown of the Female dull ruft- color.
Plach, Found in Sweden ; chiefly in Schonen. Not in the RuJJian ca-

talogue.

G. Petty-chaps, Br.ZeoI. i. N° 149.

M. Hippolais, Faun. Suec. N" 248. — Latham, ii. 413.

La Fauvette, DeBi>ffon,\. wj.—Pl.Enl. 579. — ^Lev. Mus.

T^/" With infide of the mouth red : head, back> and wings, oliva-
ceous afh : inner coverts yellow : breaft white, tinged with
yellow : belly filvery : tail dufky.
PtACB. Found as far as Sweden.

H. Hedge, 5r. Zflo/.i. N" 150.

M. Modularis Jarnfparf, Faun. Suec. N" 245. — Latham, ii. 4r9.
Le Traine Buiffon, ou Mouchet, ou la Fauvette d'hiver, De Buffon, v. 151. — PU
EnL 615 — Lev. Mus.

"VKJ With a deep brown head, mixed 'with alh : throat and breaft
of a dull Hate-color : belly dirty white : fides, thighs, and
vent, of a tawny brown : tail dufky.
PiACE. Inhabits 5«;f^f«, its fartheft aorthern refidence. Lays four or five

fine pale blue eggs.

Boc-

BOG-RUSH, FIG-EATER, &c. WARBLER. 419

I, EoC-RUSH.

M. Schsnobasnus, Faun. Saec. N° 2^6.~~La/iam, ii. 418.
La RouiFette, ou Ja Fauvette des bois, De Buffon, v. 139.

"W/" With head, back, and rump, of a teftaceous brown; the two
firft fpotted : the wings teftaceous on their outmoft fides :
throat and belly of the fame color : tail dufky. Size of a Wren.

Inhabits among the bog-rufhes oi Schoncn in S'-Joedm, Placs.

K. FiC-EATFR.

M. Ficedula, Faun. Suec. N" 251. — Latham, ii. 432,
Le Bec-figue, De Buffon, v. iSy.—P/. Enl. 668.

"VVT" With head and upper part of the body and wings dufky,
mixed with chefnut : breafb of a cinereous white ; that of
the female white: tail of the male black; of the female inclined
to chefnut : legs of the male chefnut, of the female black.

Inhabits (but rarely) the gardens and cultivated parts of SiveJai, Placb,

L. Grasshopper, Br.Zool. i. N° 382. ' " '"'

Alauda trivialis, Lin. Syji. zSS.'^Latham, ii. 429,— Lev. Mus>

VfT With head and upper part of the body of an olive brown,
fpotted with blaci<.: primaries dufky, edged with olive brown :
bread and belly dirty white : tail very long, and cuneiform, compofed
of twelve fharp-pointed brown feathers.

Inhabits Sweden. Is frequent in Sibiria. Scarce in RuJJia. Has Piace.

the note of a Grafshoppcr.

M. Sedge, 5r. Zm/. i. N° 155. , .: . ' , . ■

M. Salicaria, Faun- Suec. N" z^i^.—Latham, 31. 430. , '

La Fauvette de rofeaux, De Buffon, v. \-\z. — Lev. Mus.

^17 With a brown head, (Ireaked with dufl<y : over each eye a line

of white, bounded above by another of black : throat white :

breaft and belly white, tinged with yellow : back reddifli brown,

3 H 2 fpotted

4^o S C O T C H, LO N G-B I L LE D, &c. WARBLER.

fpotted with black ; rump tawny : tail brown ; circular when
fprcad.
Place. Inhabits Sweden. Is frequent in Rujia and Sibiriay in willow

thickets near rivers, even to the 'Ar£fic circle.

N. Scotch, Br. Zool. i. N° 152.

M. Acredula, FauH. Suec. N" zG^.— Latham, ii.513.

"Y^ "With front and under fide of the body of a fine pale yellow ;
back and wings green, dafhed ^ith afh-color: tail forked
and brown. Size of a Wren.
Place. Inhabits Sweden, about Upfal. Found alfo in RuJia and Sibiria,

0» Long-billed.

■\\7^ With a very long flcnder bill : forehead, cheeks, and chin,
pale ruft-color : upper part of body and tail brown, tinged
with olive : under part of the body of the fame color, but lighter :
middle of the belly white. LefTer than a Hedge Sparrow.
Place. Inhabits Kamtfchatka,

■** WITH PARTICOLORED TAILS.

P, Wheat-ear, Br.ZcoI.'i. N" 157.

M. Oenanthe. Stenfquetta, Faun. Suec. N° 254. — Latham, ii. 465.

Le Motteux, ou Cul blanc, De Buffon, v. 237. — PL EnL 554. — Lev. Mus.

"Vy With head and back grey, tinged with red : from the bill to
the hind part of the head, acrofs each eye, is a broad bar of
black J above that a line of yellow : breaft and belly white, tinged
with yellow : rump and lower half of the tail white j the end black.
Female wants the black bar acrofs the eyes : lefs white on the tail,
and the colors in general are duller.

A fpecies

WHEAT-EAR, STAPAZINA, &c. WARBLER. 43t.

A fpecies which extends from the fultry climate o( Bengal* to the Place.

frozen region of Greenland. Is migratory, at left in the temperate
and frigid zones. Goes even in fummer as high as beyond the
Ar^ic circle, in Europe and Jfia, wherever the country is rocky. In
Greenland, is converfant among rills of water. Feeds on infedts and
worms, efpecially thofe of places of interment ; is therefore detefted
by the natives -f . Breeds in that country in June. Is found in
Iceland and the Feroe iilands. On its firft appearance in Sweden, the
pealants expe(5l to be freed from the fevere nodlurnal frofts J. Its
winter retreat unknown.

Q^ Stapazina.

M. Stapazina, Lin. Syjl. 33 l. — Latham, \\. 468.

Le Motteux, ou Cul blanc roufsatre, De Buffon, v, 454. — Lev. Mus. , ,

■\X7" With head, neck, and breaft, of a reddifh brown : throat and
belly white : acrofs the eyes a brown bar : rump white : tail
like that of the former.

Is frequent, with the preceding, in Ritjfia and Sibiria ; and ex- Placi.

tends to Kamtfchatka. Often found in the warmer parts of Europe.

R. Whin-chat, ifr. ZW. i. N" 158.

Le Tarier, De Buffon, v. 224.— P/. EnU 678. • •

M. Rubetra, Faun. Suec. N° 255. — Lathayn, ii. 243. — Lev. Mcs. ^

■yi/" With head and back of rufty brown, fpotted with black :
over each eye a while line ; under that a broad bed of black :
breaft reddifh yellow : two middle feathers of the tail black ; the
reft white at their bottoms, black at their ends. The Female has
on the cheeks a bed of brown inftead of black, and the other colors

lefs vivid.

, < ' . 1- , ■ -,^ , . , . . ^

* Edvi. Birds, i. Preface, xii. f ^«««> Groenh N» 84. X Amsen. Acad. iv. 597.

Found

4»2 WHITE-THROAT, AWATCHA, &c. WARBLER.

Place. Found not farther north than Sweden. Is found in the tempe-

rate parts of Rujfia, as far as the Uralliati chain ; but has not reach-
ed Sibiria.

S, White-throat.

M. Sylvia. Skogfneter mefar, Faun. Suec. N° z;o. — Latham, il. 42S.

La Grifette, ou Fauvette grife, DeBuffon, v. 132 — Pl.Enl, 579. 3. — Lev. Mus.

"XXT" With head of a brownilh afh : back tinged with red : lefler
coverts of wings pale brown ; greater dufky, edged with
tawny brown : wings and tail duflcy, with reddlfli brown margins :
exterior fide, and part of the interior fides, of the outmoft feather
of the tail white.
Placci Not farther north than Sweden. Scattered over all RuJfia and

Sibiria,

T. AwATCHA.

"VVT With crown, -upper part of neck and body, deep brown :
primaries edged with wliite : lower part of the five outmoft
feathers of the tail deep orange; ends brown; two middle fea-
thers wholly brown : throat and breaft white ; the fides of the firft,
and all the laft, fpotted with black : from upper mandible to each
eye, an oblique white line : fides pale ruft-color ; middle of the
belly white.
^'-ACE. Inhabits Kamtjchatka.

U. Kjiuka.

M.Curruca. Kruka, Faun. Suec. N". 247. — Latham, li. 417.

■yy^ With head, wings, and upper part of body, brownifli afh; lower
part white : tail dufliy ; but each outmoft feather ftriped
down with a line of white.
pLAce. Inhabits Sweden, and all parts of RuJfia ; but not Sibiria. Its eggs

afh-colored, fpotted with ruft. Not our Hedge Sparrow, which
Linnaus makes fynonymous with it.

XXX. T I T-

TOUPET, VIRGINIAN, AND CREEPING TITMOUSE. 423

XXX. TITMOUSE. Gen. Birds LIV.

Creiled Titmoufe, Catejhy, i. 57. — Laiham, ii. 544. J24. Toupbt.

La Mefange huppee de la Caroline, De Buffon, v. 451 Brijon, iii. 561.

Parus bicolor, Lin. SyJ}. 340. — Lev. Mus. — Bl. Mus.

TWith the forehead, head, and upper part of the neck and
• body, of a deep grey : under fide white, tinged with red ;
deepefl: under the wings : feathers on the head long, which it ereds
Gccafionally into a pointed creft, like a toupet; legs of a lead-
color. Female differs not in color.

Inhabits the forefts o{ Virginia and C^ro/Zw^ the whole year, and Place.

feed on infedts. Shuns houfes. Found alfo in Greenland *. Flies
fwift; and emits a weak note.

Yellow-rump, Catejhy, i. 58. — Latham, ii. 546. 325. VirginiaHo

La Melange a croupion jaune, De Buffon, v. 453,
Parus Virginianus, Lin. Syji. 342. — BriJJon, iii. 575^

'Tp With the head, whole body, wings, and tail, brown, tinged
with green : rump yellow.
-Inhabits C^rc//««. Frequents trees,, and feeds on infciSls.. Place.

Finch Creeper, Ca/f/3y, i. 64. — Latham, vs. ^^^i. 326. Creeping,

Parus Americanas, Lin, Syft. 341. — Bl. Mus.'

'T^ With a blueifli head : white fpot above, and another beneath

each eye : upper part of the back of a yellowifh green ; reft

of the back,, tail, and wings, of a dufky blue ; the laft crofled with

two bars of white : throat yellow, bounded beneath by a black

• Faun. Groml. 123..

3 band;

424 COLEMOUSE, AND CANADA TITMOUSE.

band, extending to the hind part .of the neck 5 which is of th?
fame color : breaft yellow : belly white : fides tinged with red : legs
dull yellow. Female dufky.
Place. Inhabits Carolina all the year. Creeps up and down the bodies of

treeSj and picks infefts out of the bark.

327. CoLEMousE. Sr. Zool. i. N' 164.

Parus ater, Faun. Suec. 268. — Latham, n. 540.

La petite Charbonniere, De Buffon, v. 400. — Lev. Mus.

rr^ With a black head, marked on the hind part with a white

fpot : back and rump of a cinereous green ; brighteft on the

laft : coverts of the wings of a dud^y green ; the loweft order tipt

with white.

Place. Shot during fummer in Newfoundland. Is found in Sihtria^ even

. beyond the Lena ; and winters in that climate.

%i%. Canada. Mefange a tete noire du Canada, De Buffon, v. \oZ. — Briffon,\\\. ly^.

Parus Atricaplllus, Lin. SyJ}. 341. — Latham, ii. 542.

'T^ With the head and chin black: fides of the neck, cheeks, and
all the under part of the body, white : upper fide of the neck,
back, and rump, of a deep afh-color : coverts of the wings, and
primaries, brown ; the firft edged with grey ; the exterior fides of
the laft with a lighter grey ; the inner with white : the two middle
feathers of the tail cinereous ; the others brown on the inner fide,
and afh-colored on the outmoft, edged with light grey.
Place. Inhabits Canada and Hudfon's Bay, and as high as lat. 64. 30,

on the weftern fide of North America. Is a moft hardy bird ; and
continues about Albany Fort the whole year ; but moft numerous in
cold weather, probably compelled by want of food. Feeds on
worms and infedls : makes a twittering noife, from which the na-
tives call it Kifs-kijs-kejhijh *.

• PbJl. Tranf, Ixii. 407.

I cannot

HUDSON'S BAY, AND GREAT TITMOUSE. , 4^^

I cannot add a bird of this kind from Louifmna as a new fpecies,
as it differs in nothing, except having the black fpot on the chin
larger, and the colors deeper. The Female has a tinge of red
amongft the cinereous, and on the head *.

T.

Parus Hudfonicus, Forjler. — Pb. Tranf. Ixii. 408. 430. — Latham, ii. 557. jzq. Hudson's

Bav.

With the head of a rufty brown : a white line beneath each
eye : black throat : feathers on the back long, brown tipt with
olive : feathers on the bread and belly black, tipt with white : fides
under the wings ferruginous : wings brown : edges of the primaries
cinereous : tail rounded j brown, edged with cinereous : legs black.
Male and Female refemble each other. Length five inches and
an eighth. Extent feven. Weight half an ounce.

Continues, even about Severn river, the whole year. Frequents the Place.

juniper-bufhes, on buds of which it feeds. Lays five eggs. In winter
collects in fmall flocks, flying from tree to tree. The natives call
them Peche-ke-ke-JIdijh.

A. Great Titmouse, 5>-. ZW. i. N" i6z. — Latham, ii. 536.

Le Charbonniere, ou grofli Mefange, Be Buffon, v. 392. — PI. En'i. 3.
Talg-cxe, Faun. Suec. 265, — Lev. Mus. — Bl. Mus.

np With white cheeks : bill, head, and throat, black : belly yellowifli

gtpen, divided lengthways with a bed of black : rump blueifh

grey : coverts of wings blue : primaries edged with blue : tail

* Dt Buff'ott, V. 407.— P/. Enl. 502,

3 I ^ . . dufkyi

446 STROMIAN AND AZURE TITMOUSE.

duflcy J exterior fides of the outmoft feathers white ; of the others
blueifh ; legs lead-color. Size of a Chaffinch.
Pi'ACE. Inhabits Norway., Sweden, Rujfia, and Sibiria, even in the winter.

B. Stromian, Strom. SohJ. i. 240. — Brunnich, p. 73. — Latham, ii. 537.

^T^ With bill black above, yellow below : neck and upper part
of the body yellowifh green : throat yellow : breaft yellow,
fpotted with bay : belly blue, yellowifh near the vent : tail bifur-
cated, of the fanne color with the back ; the two naiddle feathers
greenifli 5 the two outmoft edged with white : legs black.
Place, Difcovered by Mr. Strom, in Sondmor.

C. Azure Titmouse.

Parus Cyaneis, Nov. Com. Petrop. xiv. 498. tab. xlii. fig. i. — 58S, tab. xxiii. fig. r»
Parus Indicus, Aldr. — Rati. Syn. A-v. 74. — Latham, i. 538.

'X' With a very fhort and thick bill : crown and hind part of the
neck of a hoary whitenefs ; the lower part of the laft bound-
ed by a tranfverfe band of dark blue : cheeks white, crofled by a
deep blue line, extending beyond the eyes : back light blue : rump
whitifh : under fide of the neck, breaft, and belly, of a fnowy
whitenefs, with a fingle dufky fpot on the breaft : wings varied with
rich blue, duflcy, and white : tail rather long i of a dufl<y blue, tipt
with white : legs duflcy blue.

Size of the EngliJJj Blue Titmoufe. The plumage of this elegant
fpecies is extremely loofe, foft, and of moft exquifitely fine texture^
and fo liable to be raifed, that when the bird is fitting, but efpe-
cially when it is afleep,. it appears like a ball of feathers.
TtAc«. It inhabits, in great abundance,, the northern woods o( Sibiria and

Riijfia, and about SynbirJJ;, in the government of Kafan. It is a
migratory bird, and appears in winter converfant about the houfes
in Peterjburgh. It twitters like the common Sparrow, but with a
fofter and fweeter note»

Blue,

BLUE, MARSH, AND CRESTED TITMOUSE.

4a?

D. Blue, 5r. ZwA i. N" 163.

Blamees, Faun. Suec. N° 26' .—Latham, ii. 543.

La Mefange bleue, De Buffon, v. 413 — PI. Enl. 3. 2.— Lev. Mus.— Bl. Mus>

'T' With a rich blue crown, wings, and tail : a black line over
each eye : cheeks and forehead white : back yellowifh green :
breaft and belly yellow.

Inhabits as high as Smdmor*. Found in fouthern RuJJia^ but
not in Siiiria.

Place*

Marsh, Br. Zool. i. N" 165.

Entita, Tomlinge, Faun. Suec. N° 269. — Latham, ii. 541.

La Nonuette cendree, Di Buffon, v. 403. — PI. Enl. 3. 3.— Lev. Mus. — Bl. Mus.

np^ With head wholly black : under fide of the body white : back
cinereous. Like the Colemoufe, N" it wants the white
fpot on the hind part of the head : its tail is longer, and the bulk
larger.

Is found as far as Sondmor f. Inhabits all parts of Ruffia and
Sibiria, even as far as Kamtjchatka ; and endures the hardeft frofts.

Place.

jr. Crested.

Parus criftatus. Tofsmyfla. Tofstita, Faun. Suec. N° 266.

La Mefange huppee, De Buffon, v. ^ny.^Pl. Enl. 502. — Latham, ii. 545.

'T'^ With a large upright creft : chin black : reft of the plumage
a mixture of black, afh-color, and white.
Is found in Sweden, and in the weft and temperate parts o( RuJJia ;
'but does not reach Sibiria.

* Strm, 239.

t Ibid.

Place.

jl 2

LOHG-

42l LONG-TAILED AND BEARDED TITMOUSE.

G. Long-tailed, Br, Zool. i. N° i66.

Lanius caudatas Ahkita, Faun. Suec. N° 83. — Latham, ii. 551.

La Mefange a longue queue, De Buffaa, v. 436. — PL Enl, 502. 3. — Lev. Mus.—
Bl. Mvi.

1-

by a bed of black, beginning at the bafe of the bill : from

the hind part of the head to the rump a line of black j feathers on
each fide of that line, and thofe on the breaft, a fine purplifh red: tail
very long and cuneiform ; black, with the interior edges of the three
outmoft feathers white.
Flaci. Inhabits Sweden. Frequent, even in winter, in thickets and woods,

all over Ruffia and Sibiria. Its elegant neft defcribed in the Br^
Zool. i. Pi 395.

H. Bearded, Br. Zool. i. N° 167. — Latham, ii. 552.

La Mouftache, BeBuffon, v. i,\%.—Pl. Enl. 6iS.— Lev. Mus.— Bl. Mus.

'"P^ With a fine grey head : beneath each eye a deep black triangu-
lar tuft of feathers : back, fides, and thighs, orange-colored :
fecondaries black, edged with orange : middle of the breaft bloom-
colored : tail long, cuneiform, and ferruginous. Female wants the
black tufts : crown of a dirty brown : outmoft feathers of the tail
black J the ends white.
Pt»cB. Found but rarely in Schonen in Stveden. Is very common about the

Cqfpian and Palus M<eotis, and among the rufties of the rivers which.
fall into tliemi but in no high latitudes in Afia, None in Sibiria^

XXXL SWAL-

HOUSE SWALLOW.

XXXI. SWALLOW. Gen. Birds, LV.

El-. Zool. N° 1 68. — Latham, ii. 560.

Hirundo rullica. Ladu Svvala, Faun. Suec. N" 270.

L'Hirondelle de cheminee, De Buffon, vi. 591. — PI. Enl. 54J.— Lev. M-js.

Bl. Mus.

429

330. Cm;

CW. With the head, upper part of the body, and coverts of the
wings, black, gloffed with rich purplifli blue: forehead red:
under fide ferruginous. That of Europe white; in the Male tino-ed
with red : tail black ; every feather, unlefs the tv/o middle, marked
with a white fpot near the end.

Differs in nothing from the Engliflj chimney Swallow, but in tlie
rednefs of the under fide.

Thefe birds inhabit, during fummer, Neivfoimdland, and other Plac«,

parts o( North America. Build on lofty rocks and precipices, efpecialiy
fuch as yield fhelter by overhanging their bafe. Others, fince the
arrival of the Europeans, affe6l the haunts of mankind, and make
their nefts in barns, ftables, and out-houfes : in fome parts they
are, on that account, called Barn Swallows. The Swedes give them
the fame name, Ladu Sv-hila, becaufe in their country they alfo
neftle in barns.

They appear in the Jerjies the beginning of JprH, wet, fays Mr.
Kaim, from the fea or lakes, at the bottom of which they had palled
torpid the whole winter — I fhould rather imagine, from the cafual
fliowers they met with in their long flight from their winter quar-
ters : and that they do take fuch, Mr. Kalm himfelf is witnefs to,
by meeting with them on their paJTage at fea, nine hundred and
twenty miles from any land*.

In the province of New Tork they appear in May. Make the
fame fort of neft with the European. Lay in June. Difappear in
Jhgufi, or early in September. ' -

• Voy. i. 24, — See alfo Br. Zod, i. p, 344, &c.

430 MARTIN/ AND SAND SWALLOW.

Is found in Europe as far north as Drontheim, and fometlmes
frequents the Feroe ifles.
In SiBiRiA, This fpecics is very common all over Sibiria ; but thofe which

are found beyond the Jenefei, and in all the north-eaft part of that
country, have their lower part rufl-colored, like the American variety;
for they cannot be deemed a diftind fpecies.

551. MARTlNt Br. Zool. i. N° 169. — Latham, u, 564.

Hirundo urbica. Hus-Swala, Faun. Suec. N" 271.

L'Hirondelle au Croupion blanc, ou de Fenetre, De Buffon, vi. 614.—-
Pl.Enl. 542.— Bl. Mos.

CW. With a white rump, breaft, and belly : head and back black,
glofled with blue : wings and tail black : feet covered with white
down.
PtACE. In Europe is feen as high as Drontheim.

Inhabits, during fummer, Neivfoundland and New York. It was
alfo found by the navigators on the weftern coaft in the month of
OSlober : it was inferior in fize to thofe found in Europe, A Ipeci-
men, with a black rump, was fent from Hu df on' s Bay * i doubtful
whether a variety or diftinft fpecies. They build there under the
windows of the few houfes, or againft the fteep banks of rivers.
Ih Sibiria. Is very common in Sibiria and Kamtjchatka.

432. Sand. Br, Zool. i. N" lyo.'i — Latham, ii. 568.

Hirundo riparia. Strand-Svvala. Back-Swala, Faun.Suee-ti'zjj^
L'Hirondelle derivage, De Buffon, vi. 632. — PI. Enl. 543. 2.' — Bl. Mus.

CW. With the head and upper part of the body of a moule-color:
wings and tail dufky : under fide white : throat crofled by a
moufe-colored ring : feet fmooth and black.

' » Ph. Tranf. Ixii. 408.

7 Arrives

PURPLE SWIFT. 431

Arrives in "June in New York. Builds in deep holes of banks, PLAct.

over lakes and rivers j and departs in Auguft or the beginning o£
September. It is frequent in Sibiria and Kamtjchatka. Is found in
Europe as far north as Sondmor *. '

Purple Martin, Catejly, i. !:i, " ' „

^ . 333- PuRPi.i

Great American Martin (fem ?) i'a'w. 1 20. Swift.

Hirundo purpurea. H. SubJs,L/».5);y?. 344. — Latiam, ii, ^j^.'!>i''2i. — 575.N^'23, 24^

Le Martinet coleurde pourpre, De Buffon, vi. v'976.

L'Hirordelle de la Bale de Hudfon, lb. (>7J.

L'Hirondelle de la Louifiane, lb. 674. — PI. Enl. 722. — Lev. Mus. — Bl. Mus.

CW. With its whole plumage black, glofled moll richly with vari-
able blue and deep purple : wings and tail of a duller color : ♦^
legs and feet naked, large,, and ftrong ; three toes only Handing for-
ward, not all four, as ]n the Europea?! kind. In Size far fuperior to
the Englijh Swift ; but the wings in proportion fhorter.

The colors of the Female are lefs glofiy on the upper part of the
body J below of a dirty white : in fome, the ridge of the wings is
white, and the breaft grey. Such is the fpecimen engraven by Mr.
Edivards ; which I fufpedl to be a young bird, and not to differ in
fpecies, although it may in fex, from that of Mr. Catejhy ; for I
have had opportunity of examining both male and female from
New Tork. I muft alfo unite the Louifiane of the Count De Buffon,
to this fpecies.

Inhabits North America, from Hudfott's Bay to South Carolina and Placi;

Louifiana. Appears in New 2'ork in April. Leaves the province
the latter end of Auguft. By the felf-intereft of mankind, they are
welcome guefts, and provided v/ith lodgings, in form of earthen pots
or boxes, placed on the outfides of the houfes, againft their arrival,
and fometimes with empty calaballies hung on the tops of poles f-
In thefe they make their nefls, and lay four or five eggs. In re-
turn for thefe benefits, they are the guardian of the poultry; driving

• Siicm. 249, . f La'wfcn, 144.

swavj

432 SWIFT, AND ACULEATED SWALLOW.

away, and purfuing with great noife. Crows, Hawks, and all kinds of
vernain. On the approach of any thing noxious, they fet up a loud
note ; which the chickens confider as an alarm, and inftantly run
under fhelter.

334, Swift. Br. Zool. i. N" \'j\.— Latham, ii. 584,

Swift, or Diveling, Laiv/on, 145.
Hirundo apus. Ring-Swala, Faun. Suec. 272.
Le Martinet noir, De Buffon, 643. — PL Enl 542. — Bl. Mus.

C W. With a very fmall bill : white chin : all the plumage befides
dufky : all the toes ftanding forward.
j^LAci. According to Mr. Law/on, inhabits Carolina. Found in vaft

abundance beyond lake Baikal, on the loftieft rocks ; chiefly about
the river Onon, where a variety with a white rump is very com-
mon. Extends in Europe as high as Drontheim.

53;. AcuLEAT£D. American Swallow, Cetejhy, i. 8.

Chimney Swallow, Kalm. ii. 146.
Hirundo pelafgia, Lin. Syji. 345. — Latham, il. 583.

Le Hirondelle brune acutipenne, De Buffon, vi. 699. — PI. Enl. 726.
—Lev. Mus.— Bl. Mus.

CW. With the bill fliort, broad, and black : head, upper part of

the neck, and wings, dufky : breaft cinereous : back, tail, and

belly brown : tail even at the end j extremities of each (haft naked

and fliarp-pointed : wings extend far beyond the tail : legs longer

than common to this tribe, and naked a little below the knee.

Length five inches and a half.

PtACE. Inhabits many parts of iVor/i6 ^wfr/V^. Arrives in iVero iV-^ and

Penfylvania in May ; fomtimes early, fometimes late in the month.

Builds in chimnies, forming a moft curious neft, with bits of fmall

fticks, cemented by peach-tree gum. It is open at top, and forms

about a third of a circle. Lays four or five eggs in June, and quits the

2 country

ACULEATED. SWALLOW. 435

country in Auguji. They often ftick clofe to the chimney-wall by
their feet, and fupport themfelves by applying their fharp tail to
the fides. They make all day a great thundering noife, by flying
up and down the funnel.

It is remarkable, that three fpecies of the American Swallows, in
general feek the protcftion of houfes for their places of building
their nefts, ovation. End nutrition ; yet it is very certain, that be-
fore the arrival of the Europeans they mufl: have had recourfe to
rocks or hollow trees for thole purpofes ; for the miferable hovels
of the Indians had neither eaves for the ufes of the 331ft and
330th fpecies, nor chimnies for that of the bird in queftion.
The two firft muft therefore have fixed their neft againft the face
of fome precipice, as fome of the Houfe Swallows do at prefent in ••

America, and this fpecies does about the fteep rocks about Irkutjk
in Sibiria. The inftinft that direds part of this genus to fly to In Sibiria^
the protedtion of mankind, as foon as opportunity, unknown to
preceding broods, offered, is as wonderful as it is inexplicable.

The Comte Be Buffon mentions another of this fpecies *, which Louisiaive.
is found in Louifiana. It differs only in the fuperior length of the A Varietv.
wings, from the bird I defcribe : I therefore can confider it but as

a mere variety. ' , ' ' '

• vi. 700. .•:],\

K XXXII.

43+ SHORT-WINGED GOATSUCKER.

XXXII. GOATSUCKER. Gen, Birds, LVI.

1^6. Short- Goatfucker of Carolina, Catejly,\.%.

WINCED. Eall India Bat, or Mufqueto Hawk, Lanxfon, 144.

L'Engoulevent de la Caroline, De Buffoii,v\. ^iz. — Latham, ii. 592.

Cjr

With the head, back, breaft, and coverts of the wings, ele-
gantly n:iottled with black and bright ruft-color, and fpot-
ted with large ragged black marks : the fcapulars of the fame co-
lor, here and there fpotted with white : on the lower part of the
back is a mixture of afh-color : primaries and fecondaries moft beau-
tifully varied with narrow bars of black and ferruginous : the four
middle feathers of the tail barred and mottled with the fame colors ;
as are the external webs of the three outmoft on each fide j but the
inner webs of a fnowy whitenefs. Wings, when clofed, reach little

Sizs. farther than half the length of the tail. Length twelve inches :

Extent twenty-four.
P I received this fpecies from Doftor Garden of Charleftown, South

Carolina; where it is called, from one of its notes, Chuck, Chuck
WilVs widovj \ and in the northern provinces, Whi-p poor Will, from the
refeiTiblance which another of its notes bears to thofe words. This,
Mr. Kalm fays, is the fancy of the Europeans ; for the real found is
likeft to Whipperiivhip, with a ftrong accent on the firft and lad
fyllable *. It begins its note about the time that the cherry-trees
begin to bloffom, or near the 126. of April, in the Jerjies; probably
fooner in the fouthern provinces. Mr. Blackburne obferved them

EsGs. firft, in the province of New Tork, in May. Adds, that they lay two

eggs on the bare ground ; and that they will fcarcely quit them on
the neareft approach. They difappear in Auguft.

Foojj, Their food is entirely infefts, which they catch night and morn-

ing,^ at the time in which they emit their fong. They never fettle

• Kalm, ii. I c 2.

SHORT- WINGED GOATSUCKER. 4j;

on high trees ; but on buflies, rails, or the fteps of houfes, which
they frequent, as infedls fvvarm more, near to habitations, than other
places. They give their note fitting : if they fee an infedt pafs, they
fly up, catch it, and then fettle again, and renew their fong. Oft-
times numbers perch near one another, make a vaft noife, repeat-
ing their fong as if in emulation. They continue their call till it is
quite dark : their note ceafes during night -, but commences at the
dawn, and is continued till the fun rlfes, when they again defift for
the whole day *. I muft add, that, befides thefe notes, it has that
flrange found refembling the turning of a great fpinning-wheel ;
probably common to the whole genus f.

They are extremely rare towards the fea-fide ; but fwarm towards
the mountains. Dodtor Garden never got but this one. Mr. Clnyton
confirms their fcarcity in the maritime parts of the provinces j and
favors us with the following account of them.

" I never heard but one in the maritime parts ; though my abode
" has been always there; but near the mountains, within a few mi-
*' nutes after fun-fet, they begin, and make fo fhrill and loud a noife,
*' which the echoes from the rocks and fides of the mountains increafe
" to fuch a degree, that the firft time I lodged there I could hardly
« get any fleep. The Ihooting them in the night is very difficult;
" they never appearing in the day. Their cry is pretty much like
" the found of the pronunciation of the words Whi-p poor IVill, with \

" a kind of a chucking between every other, or every two or three
" cries ; and they lay the accent upon the laft word Will, and left of
" all upon the middle one.

" The Indians fay, thefe birds were never known till a great
" maflacre was made of their country folks by the Englijh, and that
" they are the departed fpirits of the maffacred 7«ii/fl«j. Abundance
'■' of people here look upon them as birds of ill omen, and are very

• Kalm, ii. 153. + Br. Zool. i. p. 352, 410—417, Svo. (

7 K 2 " melancholy

4J^ LONG-WINGED GOATSUCKER.

" melancholy if one lights on their houfe or near tlieir door, and fets
" up its cry (as they will fometimes upon the very threfhold) ; for
" they verily believe one of the family will die very foon after *."

WINGED.

S^T^^^LoNG- ^vhip poor Will, or leffer Goatfucker, Ed-w. (>'r,. — Catijby, App. i6.—

Latham, ii. 595.
Caprimulgus minor Americanus, Lin. Sjjl. 34.6. — Lev. Mus. — Bl. Mus.

r\ With the head and body dufliy, mottled with white and pale
ruft-color : primaries black, marked near the middle with a
white bar: under the throat is a white crefcent, with the ends pointing
upwards : breaft barred with dirty white and dufky : tail black,
marked regularly on each web with fpots, mottled with black and
white : near the ends of each feather is a large white fpot, the ends
quite black : wings, when clofed, extend beyond the end of the tail.
Length nine inches and a half: Extent about twenty-three,
PlacX' Inhabits the fame provinces with the former, and feems to have

the fame manners and notes; for, according to Doftor Gardeny each
are known in different places, by the name o^ Whip poor Will. It is
found as far north as Heyily Houfe, a fertlement for about a hundred
miles up Albany river in Uudfmii Bay, where it is called the Mitf^ueta
Hawk.

• Cattfiy, App. 16.

EtiKGPEAN.

IVUL

C ___ ^a/^^f7t£^/ ^^/^f//e?l'; I ^'^335- J^^^if/i^'^t

^■/i^u<-/\>''/: .- I.A?;

EUROPEAN GOATSUCKER.

437

A, European.

Caprimulgus Europeii?, Nattfkafwa. Quallknarran, Fauit. Suec, N' 274. — La-
tham, ii. 593.
L'EngouIevent, De Buffan, vi. 512. — Br. Zool. i. N° — Lev. Mus. — Bl. Mus.

/^ With head and back elegantly ftreaked with narrow lines of
black and grey, and with a few long oblong ftrokes of
black and ruft : belly barred with black and grey : wings black j
each web finely marked with rufty fpots : near the ends of the three
firfl primaries, a large oval white fpot : tail dufky, with regular fpots,
mottled with ruft and black j ends of the two firft feathers white.
Female wants the fpots on the wings and tail.

It is found in Europe as far north as Sondiiwr, and is common all over
Sibiria and Kayntjchatka ; and lives not only in forefts, but in open
countries, where it finds rocks or high banks for fheker.

Place.
Ik Kamts-

DI V.

D I V. 11.

WATER FOWLS.
SECT. I. Cloven-Footed.

440 R O 5 E A T E S P O O N ' B I I. U

D I V. II. Water-Fowls.
SECT. I. Cloven-Footed.

XXXIII. S P O O N - B I L- L. Gen. Birds, UX.

338. Roseate, Ajaja, Marcgrave, 204- — IFil- Oni, — Rati Av. — Platalea ajaja, Lin. Sjjl. 231,

— Latham, iii.
La Spatule d'Amerique, De Buff'on, vii. 456. — PL EnL 165. — Du Praiz, il. 84.

SP.B. With the fore part of the head and throat naked and whitifh :
the whole plumage white, tinged with a beautiful rofe-color, deep-
efl: about the wings and coverts of the tail, where it nearly approaches
crimfon. Size of a Goofe. Is an eatable fowl. Is converfant in
Place. houifianay about the fhores and rivers ; and lives on water- infeifts and

fmall filli. Is found alfo in Mexico* , Guiana f, Brafil, and in Jamaica^
and the greater Antilles. The plumage acquires its beauty in propor-
tion to the age of the bird X > ^^ probably is whitifh when young.
It foon sitows tame.

Fernandez, 49. f Bariere, izj. } The fame.

Spoon-

SPOON-BILL. 441

A, Spoon-bill, Br. Zool. ii. App. N" ix. — LaSpatule, BeBuffon, vii. 448, tab. xxlv.
— PI. Enl. 405. — Latham, iii.
Platalea Leucorodia, Pelekan, Faun. Sue:. N" 160. — Lev. Mus. j

CP. B. Wholly white, with a pendent crefl; : legs and bill black.

at the angles of the bill, on each cheek, a bright orange fpot. ,-

From the end of the bill to end of the claws, forty inches. Ex-
tent fifty-two.

Inhabits the Feroe ifles *; and on the continent is fometimes found Place:

in fummer as high as JVeJl Bothnia and Lapland f. Inhabits alfo the
teVnperate parts of Ruffia and Sibiria, both in flocks and folitary,
frequenting the vaft lakes of the country. Is feen even beyond
lake Baikal. Winters in the fouth. Builds its neft on high trees,
and is very clamorous in the breeding feafon. Lays four eggs. Feeds
on fifli, which it is faid to take from the diving tribe of birds,
frightening them from their prey by clattering its bill J. If de-
vours frogs and fnakcs j and will even feed on vegetables.

* Worm, M«/ 310. t Faun. Sut(. N" 160. X Worm, Muf. i\;

3 L XXXIV.

442 HOOPINGCRANE.

XXXIV. HERON. Gen. Birds, LXIII.

339. Hooping Hooping Crane, Caiejhy, 1.7;. — EJiu, 132. — Latham, ui.

^*A*'E' Ardea Americana, Lin. Syft. 234.

La Grue blanche, Dt Bujon, vii. 308. — ?/. Enl. 889.

H

With a yellowifh brown bill, ferrated near the end : crowrf
covered with a red flcin, thinly befet with, black bridles :
from the bill, beneath each eye, extends a fimilar ftripe : on the
hind part of the head a triangular black fpot: quil feathers, and ai
few of the greater coverta, black: fecondaries, and the whole
plumage, of a pure white : webs of the tertials elegantly loofe and
unconnedled, and, falling over the primaries, almoft conceal them :
legs and feet black and fcaly. Length from the bill to the tip
of the claws five feet feven inches.
Place. Inhabits all parts of North America, from Florida to Hudfon's Baj.

Is migratory : appears early in the fpring about the Alatamaha, and
other rivers near St. Augufiine, and then quits the country in great
numbers, and flies north in order to breed in fecurity. They appear
in fummer in Hudfon's Bay, and return fouthward with their
young on approach of winter. They make a remarkable hooping
noife : this makes me imagine thele to have been the birds, whofe
clamor Captain Philip Amidas (the firft Englijhman who ever fet foot
on North America) fo graphically defcribes, on his landing on the
ifle of Wokokou, off the coaft of North Carolina : " When," fays he,
** fuch a flock of Cranes (the mofl: part white) arofe under us, with
** fuch a cry, redoubled by many ecchoes, as if an armie of men
" had fhowted all together." This was in the month of July * j
which proves, that in thofe early days this fpecies bred in the then
defert parts of the fouthern provinces, till driven away by population,
as was the cafe with the common Crane in England; which abounded
in our undrained fens, till cultivation forced them entirely to quit our
kingdom,

• SmWt Hijl. Virgin, SiC, 2»

Browa

BROWN AND GREAT CRANE. 443

Brown and afli-colored Crane, EJiu. 133. — Grus Canadenfis, Lin. Sjj}. 234— J+o- Brown

Toquil Coyotl, Fernandix, 44 — Latham, iii. Crane.

La Grue brune, De Buffcn, vii. 310. — Lev. Mus.

TJf With a dufl<y bill, near four inches long : crown red and naked :
cheeks and throat white:. hind part of the head and whole
neck cinereous j reft of the plumage of the fame color, tinged with
pale ruft : primaries black, fliafts white ; the row of feathers in-
cumbent on them light afli : tertials brown with elegant loofe webs,
incurvated, and extending beyond the ends of the primaries : tail
cinereous : legs black. Length three feet three. Extent three, Sjj,e

five. Weight feven pounds and a half.

This fpecies is found in Mexico ; but migrates into the north to Paacs.

breed. About the middle of February they are feen in their flight
over the Jerftes, fleering northerly j and in the fpring fome make a
Ihort halt there *. They arrive in May about Severn river in
Hudfon's Bay, Frequent lakes and ponds. Feed on fifh and infeds. - ■

Hatch two young ; and retire fouthward in autumn f . I muft ob-
ferve, that they formerly made a halt in the Hurons country, at the
feafon in which the Indians fet their maiz ; and again on their return
from the north, when the harveft was ready, in order to feed on the
grain. The Indians, at thofe times, were ufed to fhoot them with
arrows headed with ftone ; for Theodat J, my authority, made his
remarks in that country in the beginning of the laft century.

Largeft crefted Heron, Catejly, App. 10.— Ardea Herodlas, Lin. Sjjf. ,i i, Q^^kt

Le grand Heron d'Amerique, DeBuffon, vii. 385. — Latham, \\u

TLT With a bill eight inches long : on the hind part of the neck a

* long creft of flender herring-bone feathers, of a brown color, to

be erefted at pleafure : the head, neck, and whole of the body, brown,

• Kalm, ii. 72. f Pb. Tran/. Ixii. 409. % As quoted by De Bufon.

- , ' . 3 L 2 paleft

444 RED -SHOULDER ED, AND COMMON HERON.

paleft on the under part, and fpotted : primaries black : legs brown.
Height, when eredl, four feet and a half.
I'lacb. Inhabits Virginia. Feeds on fifh, frogs, and lizards.

34r. Red-shoul- Afli-colored Heron, Edw. 135.— Ardea Hudfonias, Lin. Syjl. zi^.— Latham, iii.

SIREB.

Le Heron de la Baie d'Hudfon, DeBuffon, vii. 386.— Lev. Mus.

tJ With a white forehead : black creft : hind part of the Beck of
a reddifh brown ; fore part white, fpotted with black : fea-
thers on the breaft long and narrow : belly black and white, bound-
ed with black : fides grey : primaries and tail dufky : coverts and
fecondaries cinereous : flioulders and thighs of an orange red : bill
yellowiih : legs dufky. In Size fuperior to the Englijlo Heron.

Place. Inhabits Hudfo7i^s Bay, frequenting, during fummer, the inland

lakes.
Female? Head fmooth, deep cinereous: neck paler: throat white : breaft

and belly white, ftriped downwards with black : back, tail, and co-
verts of wings, light afh : primaries black : fhoulders and thighs of
a dirty yellow : legs dufky.

?LAcs. Sent to Mrs. Blackhurn from NeivTork, under the name of the Hen-

Heron^ It probably is the female of the lafl. Its Length was three
feet to the tail : to the end of the toes four feet nine^

343. Common Br. Zool, ii- N" 173. — Ardea cinerea. Hagen, Faun. Suec. N* 16^.— Latham, lii.

He&on. Le Heron commun, DeBuffon, vii. 34. — PL Enl. jSy. 755. — Lev. Mus.— Bl.

Mus.

TT With a white crown : long pendent black crefl : white neck,,
flreaked before with black : coverts of the wings, fcapulars,
and tail, grey : belly white : primaries dufky. Crefl on the Female
very fhort. Length three feet three.
•'>*ci. Is frequent in Carolina * ; and I think a fpecimen was fent to Mrs.

Blackburn from New Tork, where they breed in flocks as they do

• Cutejbj, App. xxx\'u—'Laiv/on, HiJ, Carol. 148.

GREAT AND LITTLE WHITE HERON. 445

in England. If I miftake not the kind, they come to New I'ork in
May^ and retire in OSober. They are found in RuJJia and Sil^irid-,
but not very far north. Crantz fays, that they have been feen in
the fouth oi Greenland ; but were never oblerved by Fabricius * ; but
it certainly inhabits Romjdal and Nordmer -f, in the fevere climate
o( the d'lQctk oi Drontheim.

It may be here remarked, that this, and the whole tribe of what " /

Linn^us calls Grallte, or the Cloven-footed Water Fowl, quit Sweden,
and of courfe the more northern countries, at approach of winter i
nor is a fingle fpecies feen till the return of fpring J,

White Heron, Br. Ziol. i. N° 175. — Ardsa. Alhz, Lin. Sj-/}. 239. — Faun. Suec. 344. Great

N" 166. — Latham, iii. WHITE.

Le Heron blanc, De Buffon, vii. 365. — PLEnl. 886,— Lev. Mus.— Bl. Mus.

TLI With a very flender yellow bill : plumage entirely of a milk
white : legs black. Length to the toes four feet and a half.
Inhabits America, from Jamaica and Mexico, to New Eng-
land. It migrates, being feen in New 2'ork from June to OSlober
only. Is found, but rarely, in Sweden. Inhabits the Ruffian domi-
nions, about the Ca/pan and Black Seas, the lakes of Great I'artary,
and the river Irtijh, and fometimes eJttends north as high as lat. ^;^.
Captain Cook, obferved this Ipecies in New Zealand ||.

Garzetta, Aldr. A'u. lib. iii. 161. — WiU. Orn. 280. — Rait Sjti. Av, 99.-- ,,- £1x^1,8

Catejlyt i. 77. — Latham, iii. white.

LaGarzette blanche, De Buffon, vii. 371. — Lev. Mus. — Bl. Mus.

■jLI With the bill and legs black : whole plumage white : on the
head a fhort creft. Length two feet.
This fpecies is found in A''i?k; 2"or/^. Is met with again in iV^w Zf^- PiAct.

land and Otaheite.

• Faun. Greenl. 106. f Leems, 242. % Amcen. Acad. iv. 5S8.

I Voy. tcuiards S. Pok, i. 87.

9 The .

Pia:e.

446 GREAT AND LITTLE EGRET.

The little white Carolina Heron of Catejly, with a red bill and
green legs, feems only a variety of this.

346. Great La grande Aigrette, De Buffon, \n. ■^•jj.—Pl.EnLgii. — Latham, \ii.

"tJ With a long flender creft : bill and legs black : whole plu-
' mage of a filvery whitenefs : the feathers on the back inexpreffibly
elegant, long, filky, narrow, and with unwebbed plumes, hanging
over the wings and tail ; the fame kind are pendent from the breaft.
Of double the Size of the European fpecies. Length of which,
from bill to the tip of the tail, is two feet *.
^''**^' Inhabits Louifiana and Guiana. Does not frequent the fhores ;

but the vaft morafles and overflown trafts, where it neftles on the
little ifles formed Jay the inundations. The Guiritinga of the Brafi-
Hans t is probably the fame fpecies. It extends to the Falkland ifles j
for Bougainville obferved thefe Egrets, which he firfl: thought were
common Herons. They fed towards night, and made a barking
noife J.

The feathtrs of the Great Egret would prove a valuable article of
commerce, being very much fought after for the ornamental part of
<3refs.

347. LiTTLi ^^' ^'"^* "• ■^PP* ^° ^"' — Ardea Garzetta, Lin. Syjl. 237. — Latham, iii.

Egret. h'Aigrcue, De Buffon, vii. 372. tab. xx.—Pi. Enl. goi. — Lev. Mus.

TT With yellow irides : a crefl: with fome fliort and two long
pendent feathers : whole plumage of a delicate filvery white :
feathers on the breaft and fcapulars very delicate, loofe, and unweb-
bed : legs a blackifti green. Weight about one pound. Length
to the tip of the tail two feet.

• Br, Zcol. ii. App. N' vii. + Mnrc^ravt, 209. % Voj. round tbt

W'erld, Engl. ed. 67.

7 h

REDDISH EGRET, AND GREEN HERON. 447

Is frequent in New York and Long TJlandi about the Black and ' Place.
Cafpian feas ; but feldom farther north. Are found in France, and
the fouth o( Europe. Migrates into Aujlria in fpring and autumn *.
Is' frequent in Senegal^ Malaga/car, IJle de Bourbon, and Siam f.

L'Aigrette roufle, De Buffon, vii. 378. — PL Enl. 90Z. — Latham iii. " 348. Reddish

Egret.
T-I With the body of a blackifh grey : the filky long feathers of
the neck and back of a rufty red. LtNGXtt about two
feet.

Inhabits Louijiana, - Place.-

Small Bittern, Catejhy, i. 80. — ^Ardea virefcens, Lin. Syjt.2i%. — Latham,\\u 349. Greek,

Lc Crabier vert, De Bufon, ¥11.404. — Le/. Mus.— -Bl. Mus..

XJ With a green head, and large green creft : bill dufky above,
yellow beneath : throat white : neck a bright bay, ftreaked
before with white : coverts of the wings dufky green, edged with
•white : tail and primaries dufky : feathers on the back cinereous,,
long, narrow, and filky : belly of a cinereous red : legs yellowidi.
The colors of the Female lefs brilliant : wings fpotted with rufl-
color. It wants the long filky feathers. Length eighteen inches.

Inhabits from New Tork ta South Carolina. Ufually fits, with its Placb.

long neck contrafted, on trees hanging over rivers. Feeds on fmall
filh, frogs, and crabs. From the laft, the i^r^wtf^ call feveral of thefe
Herons Crabiers^

They are fuppofed to migrate, even from Carolina, at approach of
winter.

» Mrnm. Aujlr. 346. t ^i Bujin, Oif. vii, 375. 376, \

.£»

448 I.OUISIANE, BLUE^ &c. HERON.

350, L0UISIAN60 '^2 Crabier roux a tete & queue vertes, De Buffon, vii. 407. — FU Enl. 909.—

Latham, iii.

l_T With the crown and tail of a dull green : the neck and belly
red, tinged with brown : coverts of the wings duflcy green,
edged with tawny : the back covered with long flender feathers,
faintly dalhed with purple.
•Place. Inbabxti Louijiana,

35.1. Blpe, Blue Bittern, Catejbj, i. 76. — Le Crabier bleu, De Buffon, vii. 398.—

Ardea Ccerulea, Lin, Sjjl. 238. — Latham, iii. — Lev. Mus.

ILT With a blue bill, dufky at the point : head and neck of a
changeable purple j the firft adorned with a beautiful creft
of long flender feathers : the remainder of the plumage entirely of
a fine deep blue : from the breaft depend leveral long feathers : the
back is covered with others a foot in length, hanging four inches be-
yond the tail % they are filky, and of the fame fine texture with
thofe of the creft : the legs are green. Weight fifteen ounces.
Placei It appears, but not in numbers, in Carolina, and that only in the

Ipring of the year. Its winter refidence feems to be Jamaica *.

?cz. Yellow- Crefted Bittern, Catejby, i. 79, — Ardea Violacea, Lin. Syji. 238. — Latham, iii.

jCrowned. Le Crabier gris de fer, De Buffon, vii. 399.

tJ With a black, ftrong, and thick bill : crown of a pale yellow:
from the hind part ilTue three or four long flender white fea-
thers, erigible at pleafure ; fome are fix inches long : a broad white
ftripe runs from the corner of the lower mandible as far as the
ears : the reft of the cheeks and head are of a blueiih black : head,
breaft, belly, and coverts of wings, of a dufky blue : the primaries
brown, tinged with blue : the back ftriped with black, mixed with

• Skanii Hijl. Jamaica, ii. 315.

white :

ASH -COLORED AND STREAKED HERON.

449

white: from the upper part a rife tufts of elegant flender filky fea-
thers, falling beyond the tail : the legs and feet yellow. Weight
one pound and a half.

This fpecies appears in Carolina m the rainy feafons : but their Pt^cE.

native places are the Bahama iflands, where they breed in amazing
numbers, amidft the bufhes in the rocks. They are called by the
iflanders Crab-catchers, as they chiefly live on thofe cruftaceous ani-
mals. They are of great ufe to the inhabitants j who take the
young birds before they can fly, and find them delicious eating.
They fwarm fo on fome of the rocky ifles, that two men, in a few
hours, will fill a fmall boat with them, taking them when perched on
the rocks or bufhes j for they will make no attempt to efcape, not-
withftanding they are full grown.

tT With a black ftrong bill : crown dufky : cheeks and chin 353« Ash-color-

whitifh : neck of a pale cinereous brown, fl:reaked before with '^^'

white: back, wings, and tail, cinereous, clouded round each feather
with dufl<y : feathers on the fides of the back long and broad,
hanging over the ends of the wings : belly white : legs yellowifli.
Length two feet one inch.

Inhabits New York. Arrives there in May: breeds, and leaves the Placi.

country in OBober, — Bl. Mus. — Latham, iii.

TJ With a bill about two inches long : crown, back, and tail, of 354. Streaked.

an uniform duflcy color : hind part of the neck and cheeks
rufl7 and black : chin and throat white : fore part of the neck
marked with flreaks of white and black : coverts of the wings,
with flreaks of black and yellowifli white : ridge of the wing white :
primaries duflcy. — Lev. Mus. — Latham, iii.

Another, in the fame Mnfeum and fame cafe (probably differing
only in fex) has, from the lower mandible, a white line bounding
the lower part of each cheek : the greater coverts of the wings and

3 M fcapulars

450 GARDEN IAN AND NIGHT HERON.

fcapulars duflcy, each feather tipt with white. In other refpefts it
^ agrees with the former : the legs of each are greenifh : the form of

their bodies flcnder and elegant. Length, from bill to the tip of

the tail, about fevcnreen inches.
^^^^'^- Sent to Sir Afolon Lever from North America.

355. Gardeniak. Lj Pouacre de Cayenne ? PL En!. 939. — Latham, iii.

TT With a dufky flrong bill : head, neck, breaft, and belly, whit-
ifh, elegantly ftreaked downwards with fliort fine lines of
black ; the crown and hind part the darkefl: : upper part of the
back ftreaked with white ; the lower dufky and plain : the whole
wing of the fame color : the lefler coverts marked with fmall yel-
lowifh fpots ; the greater coverts marked with a white fpot at the
end of each feather, forming, acrofs the wings, two rows : the
primaries edged with dull white -, the ends tipt with the fame : tail
dufky : legs of a deep dirty yellow. Length about twenty-two
inches.
Pj.acs, Doflor Garden, of South Carolina, favoured me with this bird.

From the charafteriftic lines of white fpots in the wings, I do not
doubt but that the Brown Bittern of Catejhyy i. 78, is the fame *
with this: notwithftanding, it would hardly be known, had he not
preferved the fpots in his very bad figure of it. He fays it fre-
quents pond? and rivers in the interior part of the country remote
from the fea. — Lev. Mus.

356. NiGHTa Ardea Nyfticorax, Lin. Syft. 135. — Will. Orn. zjg. — Latham, in.

Le Bihoreau. LeB. de Cayenne, De Buffon, vii. 435. 4.39. tab. xxii.— P/. Enl.
758. 759. 899. — Lev. Mus. — Bl. Mws.

TJ" With a black bill, crown, back, and fcapulars 5 the laft broad

and long : forehead, checks, neck, and under fide of the body,

vhite : wings and tail of a very pale afh-color : the hind part of the

• Alfo rEtoile of jDy £a^«/», vii. 428.

tead.

N I G H T H E R O K, A N D B I T T E R N. 451

head is mod fpecifically diftinguifned by three very {lender v.-hlte
feathers, five inches long, forming a pendent creft : legs of a yellow -
ifli green. The Length, to the tip of the tail, one foot kvtn
inches.

Inhsihhs New, 2'ork ; and a variety is found as low as Cayenne. Is PiAca,

common to Europe. Is frequent in the fouthern parts of the Ruffian
dominions ; but does not extend farther than lat. ^2,- ^^ mu?t not
at this time be fought for in the wood near Sevenbuys in Hclland,
fo noted in the days of Mr. Willughby for the vaft rendezvous of
Shags, Herons, Spoon-bills, and thefe birds, befides Ravens, Wood-
pigeons, and Turtles *, it being now cut down. When Mr. Wil-
lughhy vifited the place it v/as rented, for the birds and grafs, fo-r
three thoufand gilders a year.

This bird is not the NySIicorax of the Ancients j which was feme
rapacious fowl, probably of the Owl kind. It is the Nacht-rab, or
Night-Raven of the Germans ; fo called from its nocturnal cry, re-
fembling the draining of a perfbn to vomit. '

Br.Zool. ii. N° 174. — ArdeaStellaiis. Rordrum, Faun. Suec. N" 164. — Latham,\i\. ,^j. Bittern.

Bittern from Hudfon's Bay, E,h\i. 136. — Le Butor, De Buffon, vii. 411. 430. — PL
Enl. 7S9.— Lev. Mus— Bl. Mus.

W, With the upper mandible dufky j lower yellow : feathers on the
crown black and long ; on the cheeks tawny ; on the throat
white: hind part of the neck brownilh red ; fore part white, beau-
tifully marked with fhort ftripes of red, bounded on each fide with
one of black : feathers on the bread very long : the belly of the
colors of the fore part of the neck : back, coverts of wings, and the
tail, are ferruginous, traverled with duflcy lines : primaries black :
legs yellowifh green. Rather inferior in Sije to the European Bit-
tern J but fo like, as not to merit feparation.

- Ray\ Travels, i. 33.

3 M 2 It

453 BITTERN, AND RUSTY-CROWNED HERON,

Place. It inhabits from Hudfon's Bay to Carolina *. In the former, ft

appears the latter end of May : lives among fwamps and willows I
, - lays two eggs. Like the European fpecies, is very indolent ; and,

when difturbed, takes but a fhort flight f-

That of the old continent is found in Riijfia ; and, in Afia, in Sibiria,
as far north as the river Lejta, and is continued confiderably to the
north. Inhabits Swedetf^.-, but, with all the other Herons, difap-
pears at approach of winter ||.

The fecond fpecies of Bittern, mentioned hj Law/on, p. 148. as
being lefler than the former, with a great topping, of a deep
brown color, and a yellowifh white throat and breaft, is at prefenc
unknown to us.

358. RusTv- T_r With yellow irides : very fmall creft : the bill feven inches
CROWNED. • lo^g^ {lender, and of the fame color with the former : fore-

head dufky : throat white : creft and hind part of the neck of a deep
ferruginous color : the fore part of the neck marked with four rows of
black fpots : the feathers towards the breaft long : a dark line paflfes from

r , ■ ; . . :"; , the breaft upwards to the back of the neck : the upper part of the body,

and coverts of the wings, deep ferruginous, marked with a few large
black fpots : primaries dufky : tail ftiort, and of a lead color : belly
and breaft of a dirty white, ftriped with black : legs of a dirty
yellow. The creft on the head is very fmall, and the feathers
lie univerfally fmooth. Size of the European Bittern.
Placb. Inhabits North America -, the province unknown. Defcribed from

a live bird at Amfierdam, — Lev. Mus "i— Latham, iii.

* Laixifon, 148. t Pb.Tran/, Ixii. 410. % Faun. Suec. N« 164,

tl Amcen. Aad. iv. 588.

Little

LITTLE HERON, AND COMMON CRANE. 413

Little Bittern, Br. Zeol. ii. App. N° x. tab. viii. — PI. Enl. '^zi.— Latham, ili. 359. Little.

Ardea Minuta, Lin, Syjl. 240. — Lev. Mus. — Bl. Mus.

TJ With a fmooth head : crown black : hind part of the neck and
cheeks ferruginous : coverts on the ridge of the wing, and
ends of the greater, of a bright bay ; the refb of the coverts of a
very pale clay color : primaries and fecondaries dufky, with ferru-
ginous tips : lower fide of the neck and belly of a yellowifh white :
bread croITed with a band of black : tail black : legs of a dufky
green. Length, to the end of the tail, fifteen inches. The body
narrow : neck very long.

Inhabits from New Tork to South Carolina, and many parts of Placi.

Europe. Extends to, and perhaps winters in Jamaica. Its eggs are
of a fea-green color.

A. Common Crane, Br.Zool. ii. App. No vi.— Ardea Grus, Trana, Faun.Suec. N* i6iv
—Latham, iii. —La Grue, De Bujon, vii. 286. tab. xiv.—PL Enl. 769.

— Lev. Mus.

"LT With a bald crown : fore part of the neck black : primaries
black : a large tuft of elegant unwebbed curling feathers
fpringing from one pinion of each wing : thofe, and all the reft of the
plumage, cinereous. Length fix feet. Weight about ten pounds.

Cranes arrive in Sweden in great flocks in the fpring feafon ; pair, Px.acz.

and difperfe over the whole country 5 and ufually refort to breed to ^

the very fame places which they had ufed for many years paft *•

? Amcsn, A<ad> iv. 588.

•i|.|4 ■ ^^ COMMON CRANE.

No augural attention is paid to them there ; yet Flejiod directs the
■ ■ Grecian farmer " t® think of ploughing whenever he hears the an-

" nual clamor of the Cranes in the clouds *."
Place. Inhabits all Rtiffia and Sibiria, even as far eaft as the t'wtr Anadyr ;

and migrates even to the ArSiic circle. None feen in Kamtfchatka,
except on the very fouthern promontory, which they probably make
a refting-place, on their re-migration j Kamtfchatka being deftitute of
ferpents and frogs, on which they feed in countries where corn is
unknown. They lay two blueilh eggs on the rufhy ground : the
young are hatched late ; and as foon as they can fly attend their pa-
rents in their fouthern migration :

Poturs te, AV/?, Grues.

For Egypt is generally fuppofed to be the great winter quarters of
thefe birds. Previous to their retreat, they aflemble in amazing
numbers, choofe their leader, foar to a confiderable height, and then,
with continued clamor, proceed to their defigned place. Milton,
when he touches on this wonderful inftindl of nature, defcribes their
progrefs with equal truth and elegance.

Part loofely wing the region : part more wife.

In common, rang'd in figure ( ^ ) wedge their way.

Intelligent of feafons, and fet forth

Their aery caravan, high over feas

Flying, and over lands with mutual wing

Eafing their flight. So fleers the prudent Crams

Her annual voyage, borne on winds ;

The air flotes as they pafs, fann'd with unnumber'd plumes.

B. SlEIRIi^N

SIBIRIAN CRANE, AND W FI I T E STORK. 455

B. SiBiRiAN Crake. Grus Leucogeranos, Pallas Itin.W. -ji^. — Latham, \\\.

tT With a red bill like the former, ferrated near the end : face
naked beyond the eyes : coverts and primaries black : all the
reft of the bird of a fnowy whitenefs: legs red. Its height is four
feet and a half.

Inhabits the vaft moraflfes of Sibiria, and every part where lakes PtACE,

abound J and penetrates far north into the boggy forefts about the
Ifchim, Irtijh, and Oby. Makes its neft among the inaccefllble
reeds, with layers of plants. Lays two great grey eggs, ftreaked
with numerous duflcy lines. Makes a clamorous noife, and that
frequently, efpecially during its flight. Feeds on fmall fifh, frogs,
and lizards. Winters ufually about the Cafpian fea. Obferved to
migrate in fpring northward along the courfe of the IVoIga, always
in pairs *.

C» White Stork. Ardea Ciconia. Storck, Faun. Suec. N" i6j. — La Ci'gogne, De
Buffon, vii. 253. — PL Enl. 866. — Latham, iii. — Lev. Mus.

I-J^ With red bill and legs : primaries black : the reft of the plu-
mage white 1 (kin of the color of blood. Larger than the
common Heron.

Inhabits moft parts oi Europe, exce-pt Engbnd. In the weft of Fuce.

Rujia, is not found beyond 50 degrees north, nor to the eaft of
Mo/cow. Jt apTpea.rs in Sweden \n Jpril ; retires in Jnguji\ : does
not reach Nonvay, unlefs tempeft-driven.

This fpecies is femi-domeftic : haunts towns and cities ; and in
many places ftalks unconcerned about the ftreets, in fearch of offals
and other food. Removes the noxious filth, and clears the fields of
ferpents and reptiles. They are, on that account, protected in Hoi-
land i held in high veneration by the Mahomedans -, and fo greatly

* Extraas, ii. 146. f Jmcen. Acad, iv. 5S8.

, :.: ; 5 refpeded

456 WHITE AND BLACK STORK.

refpeded were they in old times by the Thejfalians, that to kill one
of thefe birds was a crime expiable only by death *.

The Storks obferve great exadlnefs in the time of their autumnal
departure from Europe to more favorable climates. They pafs a fe-
cond fummer in Egypt, and the marfhes of Barbary f : in the firft
they pair, and lay again, and educate a fecond brood J. Before each
of their migrations they rendezvous in amazing numbers j are for a
while much in motion among themfelves ; and after making feve-
ral fhort flights, as if to try their wings, all of a fudden take
flight with great filence, and with fuch fpeed, as in a moment to
attain fo great a height as to be inftantaneoufly out of fight. The
beautiful and faithful defcription which the Naturalist's Poet g
gives of this annual event, ought not by any means to be omitted.

Where the Rhine lofes his majeftic force

In Belgian plains, won from the raging deep

By diligence amazing, and the Ilrong

Unconquerable hand of Liberty,

The Stork-assembly meets ; for many a day

Confulting deep and various, ere they take

Their arduous voyage thro' the liquid Iky.

And now, their route defign'd, their leaders chofe.

Their tribes adjufted, clean'd their vigorous wings;

And many a circle, many a fliort effay,

Wheel'd round and round, in congregation full

The figur'd flight afcends, and riding high

The aerial billows, mixes with the clouds.

D. Black Stork. Ardea nigra. Odenfvvala, Faun, Suec, N" 163. — Latham, lii.
La Cigogne noire, De Buffon, vii. 371. — PI, Enl. 399.

XJT^ With the bill, legs, and fkin, red: head, neck, body, and wings,
black, glofled with blue : breaft and belly white. About the
Size of the former.

• Pliny, lib. X. C, 23. f Shavj's Trav. 428. J Belon Oy/. 201.

tl Thomson.

Inhabits

B L A C K S T O R K. ■ • 457

Inhabits many parts of Europ. Ic is not uncommon in the tcm- Place.

perate parrs of Rujjla and Silliia, as far as the Lena, where lakes and
moraffcs abound. Migrates to warmer countries in autumn. Is a
folltary fpc-cies. Preys on fi(h, which it not only wades for, bur,
after hovering over the waters, will fuddenly plunge on its prey.
It alfo eats beetles and other infefts. Perches on trees : and builds
its neft in the depths of forefts.

Thefe birds pafs over Szveden in the fpring in vail: flocks, flying
tov/ards the extreme north. They fometimes reft in the moors at
night ; but it is reckoned a wonder, if any one is found to make its . ,

reft in the country. They return fouthward in autumn ; but, in
both their pafliages, foar fo high as to appear fmall as fparrows *.

■>! '

' Jmaen. Acad. iv. 589.. ^

3 N XXXV.

45S W O O D A N D S C A R L E T I B I S.

XXXV. IBIS. Gen. Birds, LXV.

'60. Wood. Wood Pelecan, Ca/(y3)', i. 81. — Latham, \u.

Curicaca, Marcgra-ve, 191. — De Buffon, vii. 276. — PI. Enl. Zb'a.—Erijon, v. 335.
Tantalus Loculator, Lin. Syft. 240.

With a bill near ten inches long; near feven in girth at the
bafe ; ftraic till near the end, where it bends downwards : fore
part of the head and face covered with a bare dufky blue fkin :
hind part of the head, and the whole neck, of a pale yellowifh
brown : under the chin is a pouch capable of containing half a pint :
the greater primaries, and fome of the greater coverts, are black
glofied with green ; the reft of the wing, back, and belly, white :
tail fquare, fliort, and black : legs very long, black, and femi-pal-
mated. The body of the Size of a Goofe.
Place. Appears in Carolina, at the latter end of fummer, during the great

rains, when they frequent the ov^x?io^v\ Javannas in vaft flocks;
but retire in November. They perch ereft on tall cyprefs and other
trees, and reft their monftrous bills on their breafts for their greater
eafe. They are very ftupid and void of fear, and eafily fhot. Fly
flowly. Their food is herbs, fruits and feeds, fifl:i, and water in-
fers; notwithftanding which they are excellent eating.

The refidence of thefe birds, the reft of the year, is Brojll^ Guiana* ^
and perhaps other parts of ^outh America.

\(j\. Scarlet. Guara, Marcgranie, 203. — De Buffon, vii. 35. — PL EnL 81;

Red Curlew, Catejby, i. 8+. — Latham, iii.
Tantalus Ruber, Lin. Syft. 241. — Lev. Mus. — Bl. Mus.

T With a (lender incurvated bill, and naked flcin on the face, both
* of a pale red color: the whole plumage of the richeft fcarlet,
only the ends of the wings are black : legs pale red. In Size fomc-
what larger than the EngUJIj Curlew.

• DtsMarchah, iii. 326.

Frequent

BROWN AND WHITE IBIS.

45$^

Frequent the co.ifls of the Bahnma iOancis. Are common in £.?/? Pi, ace.

Florida : in Georgia are frequent in the months oijuly and Atignft, after
which they retire fouthward. A few are feen in the fouth of C<r?rff//;?/?,
and the parts of America within the tropics, and very feklom to the
north. Thefc birds perch, like the former, upon trees, and make a mod
refplcndent appearance. They lay their e,G:gs in the r-1! grafs. When
firft hatched, the young are of a dufky color : their firft change is to
afh-colorj then to white; and, in their fecond year, to columbine ;
and with age acquire their brilliant red. In Guiana it is often
domefticated, lb as never to leave the poultry yard. It fhews great
courage in attacking the fowls, and will even oppofe itfelf to the
cat. The flefh is efteemed excellent. Its rich plumage is ufed by
the Brafilians for various ornaments.

Brown Curlew, Catejby,\. %\. — De Buffon, \\\. \-i,.— Latham, \\\. ^,^ Brown.

Tantalus Fufcus, Lin. Syji. 242.

T With the bill fix inches and a half long, refembling the former :
bill, face, and legs, red : neck, upper part of the back, and
tail, of a cinereous brown : lower part of the back, breaft, and
belly, white.

White Curlew, Catefoy, i. 82. — DeBuffon, vii. 41. — PA Erd. 915. — Latham,\\\. g,_ Whitj.

Tantalus Albus, Lin. Sjjl. 242.

T With the face, bill, and legs, like the former: the whole plu-
mage of a fnowy whitenefs, except the ends of the four firft ^ ,
primaries, which are green. The flefh and fat is of faffron-colorc

Thefe birds arrive in South Carolina, with the Wood Ibis and the Place.
Broivn Curlew, in great numbers, in September, and frequent the
low watery tracts : continue there about fix weeks, and then
retire fouth to breed. This fpecies goes away with egg. There
was a fufpicion, that the Brown and the White differed only in fex ;
but experiment proved the contrary. The white kind are ^twenty

-J N a times

460

BAY

IBIS.

■titnes more numerous than the others ; the flefli of the latter alfo
differs, being of a dark color.

All thefe fpecies frequent the fides of rivers, and feed on fmall
fifh, cruftaceous animals, and infedts.

A. Bat Ibis. TantalusFalcinellus, i;». 5^/7. 241. — Muller,'bl'' 178. — Latham, ni.
—Lev. Mus.

I With a black face : violet-colored wings and tail : blue
legs.
Inferted here on the authority of Mr. Muller j but this fpecies has
hitherto been known only to fouthem Euro;pe, and about the Cafpian
and Black Seas.

XXXVI.

E S K 1 M A U X C U R I, E W.

461

XXXVI. CURLEW. Gen. Birds, LXVI.

£r. Zoo/, ii. N" 177. — Encimaux Curlew, Faun. Am. — Latham, iif.
—Lev. Mus.

364. EsKIMAUX.

CWith a dufl'Cy bill, near three Inches long: crown of a deep
• brown, divided lengthways by a white ftripe : cheel<s, neck,
and breaft, of a very pale brown, marked with fmall duflcy ftreaks,
pointing down the back: fcapulars and coverts fpotted with black
and pale reddifh brown: primaries dufl:y ; fhafts white; inner webs
marked with red oval fpots : tail barred with black and light brown:
legs blue. Larger than the Englifo Whimerel, of which it is a
variety j and differs only in having its back brown inftead of
white.

Were feen in flocks innumerable, on the hills about Chateaux Bay,
on t\\Q Labrador co^ik, from Auguji t\\Q 9th 10 September Sih, when
they all difappeared, being on the way from their northern breed-
ing-place. They kept on the open grounds, fed on the empetrum
mgrum, and were very fat and delicious. They arrive in Hudjon's
Bay in April or the beginning of May : pair and breed to the north
of Albany Fort, among the woods : return in Augufi to the marflies ;
and all difappear in September *.

PtACE,

• Ph, Trau/. Ixii. 411. where it is called the EJkimaux Curlew.

A. Curlew,

46a C U R L E W A N D W H I M B R E L.

A. CvRLUW, Br. Zool. ii. N° 176.— Scolopax arquata, Faa* 5'a«.N° 168. — Latham, iii.
Le Courlis, De Buffon, viii. 19. — Pi EnU 818.— Lev. Mus.— Bl. Mus.

C^ With an incurvated bill, feven inches long : head, and upper
part of the wings, pale brown, fpotted with black : back white :
tail white, barred with black : legs blueifh. Weight from twenty-
two to thirty-feven ounces.
Place. Inhabits Europe, as high as Lapmark * and Iceland f ; and is found

on the vaft plains of Rujfia and Sibiria, quite to Kamtjchatka.

B> Whimbrel, Br. Zoo!, ii. N° 177. — Scolopax Phaopus. Windfpole. Spof. Faim.
Suec. N" 169. — Latham, iii.
Le Courlieu, ou petit Courlis, De Buffon, viii. 27. — PI. Enl. S42. — Lev. Mus.

r^ With a bill near three inches long : head marked lengthways
by a whitifli line, bounded on each fide by one of black :
neck, coverts of wings, and upper part of the back, pale brown,
fpotted with black: lower part of the back and the belly white : tail
light brown, barred with black: legs blueifh grey. Weight twelve
ounces.
Place. Inhabits the fame places with the former.

• Leems, 249. f Brunnkh, p. 49.

XXXVIT.

XK

f(\i

L^^i'^?iauoc L5M.'?^^i/r ,7V^364-. =,.Z^<^%% //'az/zcccn;A>, ,yV jff:

LITTLE WOODCOCK AND COMMON SNIPE. ■ ' ^^

XXXVII. SNIPE. Gen. Birds, LXVII.

SN. With the upper mandible of the bill two inches and a half 35^. Littlb
long; the lower much fliorter : forehead cinereous ; hind part Woodcock.
black, v/ith four tranfverfe yellovvifli bars : from bill to the eye a
dufliy line : chin white : under fide of the neck, breafc, belly, and
thighs, of a dull yellow, paleft on the belly : hind part of the neck
black, edged with yellowifh red : back, and leflfer coverts, of the
fame colors ; reft of the coverts marked with zigzags of black and
dull red : primaries dufky : inner coverts ruft-colored: tail black,
tipped with brown : legs fliorc, pale brown. Length, from tip of
the bill to the end of the tail, eleven inches and a half.

This fpecies has entirely the form of the European Woodcock -, but Place.

differs in fize and color. They appear in the province o{ New Tork
in the latter end oC Jpril, or beginning of May. They lay, the latter
end of the laft month or beginning of June, from eight to ten eggs ?
and ufually in fwampy places, Mr. Lawjon * found them in Caro-
lina in September. He prefers them, in point of delicacy, to the
Eiirotean kind. — Latham, iii. — Lev. Mus. — Bl. Mus.

Br. Zool. ii. N" 187.' — Scolopax gallinago, Horfgjok, Fauii. Sate. N" ij^. — 3^6. Commoh

Latham, lu.
LaBecaffine, De Bufoti, vii. 483— P/. Enl. SS3 — Lev. Jv^us.— Bl. Mus.

CN. With head divided lengthways with two black lines, and three
of reddifh brown : throat white : neck mottled with brown and
teftaceous: ridge of the wing dufl<y : greater coverts and primaries
dufky, tipt with white : belly white : lower half of the tail blark ;
upper orange, with two duflcy ftripes : toes divided to the origin.-
The American is leffer than the Britijh.

P. 44.

Inhabits

4^4 JACK, RED- BREASTED, AND BROWN SNIPE.

fi-ACB. Inhabits Europe as far as Iceland : extends even to Greenland* -,

and common in all parts of Riijfia and Sibiria. Ts found all over
North America, and fvvarms in ^outh Carolina. The lines on the
head are lefs diftinft in the American kind : the bill is alfo fliorter
than that of the Englijh.

?6t Jack Br.Zool. ii. N° 189. — Petite Becafline, ou le Sourde, De Buffon, vii. 490.

— Latham, iii. —Lev. Mus. — Bl. Mus.

CN. With crown of the head black, tinged with ruft: a yellow
ftroke over each eye : neck mottled with white, brown, and
tedaceous : rump of a glofly purplifh blue : tail brown, edged with
tawny. Weight under two ounces.
Place. Thefe two inhabit Europe, North America, and Sibiria.

3. Red-breast
ED Snipe.

CN. With a bill like the common kind, two inches one-eightb
long : head, neck, and fcapulars, varied with black, afh-colorj.
and red : under fide of the neck and breaft ferruginous, thinly fpot-
ted with black : coverts and fecondaries dark cinereous ; the laft tipc
with white : back and rump white, concealed by the fcapulars : tail
barred with duflcy and white : legs dark green : middle and ouc-
moft toe connefted by a fmall web. Size of the Englijh Snipe.
PkACE. Inhabits the coaft of New Tork. — Latham, iii. — Bl. Mus>

369. Brown. CN. With a bill like the former : from that to each eye a white-
bar : head, neck, and fcapulars, of a fine uniform cinereous
brown, in a very few places marked with black : coverts and pri-
maries dark brown j fhaft of the firfl: primary white : fecondaries
light brown, edged with white: back white: rump and tail barred

• Faun, Greer.}, N° 711

Q with

NODDING SNIPE, AND GREAT GODWIT. , 4^5

with black and white : breaft mottled with brown and white : belly
white : legs and toes like the former. Its Size the fame, — Bl. Mus.

Inhabits the fame place. Place.

CN. With the bill very (lender^ longj and black: the crov/n, and 370. Noodiwc.

upper part of the back, dufl<.y, ftreaked with red : cheeks cine-
reous, ftreaked with black : neck and breaft cinereous, mixed with
ruft- color, and marked obfcurely with dark fpots : belly white :
thighs fpotted with black : lefier coverts of wings afh-colored j greater
dufky, edged with brown: primaries and fecondaries dufky; the
laft tipt with white : lower part of the back white, fpotted with
black: tail barred with black and white; tips reddiHi : legs
greenifli : the toes bordered by a narrow plain membrane. Size of
the Engliflo Snipe.

Obferved in Chateaux Bay, on the co?&.oi Labrador, m September. Placi;.

Are perpetually nodding their heads. — Latham, iii.

EJiv, 137. — Scolopax Fedoa, Lin, SyJ}. 244, — La Barge roufle de Bale de 37'; Great
Hudfon, De Buffon, vii. 507. — Lat}:ram, iii. — Lev. Mus.

CN. With bill fix inches long : throat white : from the bill to the
eye extends a dufky line: head and neck mottled with dufl-:y
and light brown : breaft barred with black : belly plain brown :
back and coverts varied with rulty brown and dufl<y : the prima-
ries and fecondaries ferruginous on their exterior webs : tail barred
■with light brown and black : legs very long, blacky and naked
very high above the knees. . . "

Inhabits lludjoris Bay and Conve5ikut. — Bl. Mus. ' PtAcs.

O Red

466 RED AND COT/iMON GODWIT;.

372. Red. Red Godwit, £r. Zool.u. N° iSi. — £</w. 158. — Scolopax Lapponica, Fau»,

Suec. N° 174. — Ph Tranf. Ixii. 411. — Latham, iii.
La Barge rouffe, De Buffcn, vii, 304. — PL Enl. 900. — Lev. Mus.

CN. With a bill three inches three quarters long, reflefting a little
upward; yellow near the bafe ; dufky towards the end : head,
neck, bx-eaft, and upper part of the back, ferruginous, and ftreaked
with black, excepting the neck, which is plain : lower part of the
back white : lefTer coverts of the wings cinereous brown : exterior
webs of the primaries black ; the lower parts white : the lower part
of the tail white ; the upper black ; the tips white : the legs dufky.
Length, to the tip of the tail, one foot fix inches. Extent two
feet four. Weight twelve ounces. Varies much in colors, accord-
ins; to age.
Place.. Is common to the north ol Eiirofe and oi America. Very nume-

rous, in fummer time, in the fens olHudJon's Bay, where they breed,
and then retire. Appear about the Cajfian fea in the fpring j but
never in Sibiria, nor in the north oi Afia.

373, Common. Godwit, Br. Zoel. ii, N° 179. — Catejhy, App. — Latham, ili.

La Barge Aboyeufe, De Buffcn, vii. 501. — PI. Enl. %-j(>.—'L^y. Mus. — Bl. IVTusi

CN. With the bill turning a little up ; four inches long ; pale purple
at the bafe; dufky at the end : head, neck, back, and coverts
of the wings, of a very light brown, with a brov/n fpot in the
middle of each feather : primaries dufky ; inner webs of a reddifh
brown ; tail barred with black and white : belly and vent white :.
legs duflsy ; in fome of a greyilh blue. In Size fomewhat inferior to
the laft.
Place. Common to the north of Europe, Jfia, and America.

Sri

SPOTTED AND JADREKA SNIPE. 467

Br. Zcol. ii. N^ \'&6.—Phil. Tranf. Ixii. i^xo.— Latham, iii.— Bl. Mus. 374- Spotted.

ON. With a very {lender bill, a little more than two inches long :
orbits, chin, and throat, white : from bill to eye a line of white :
cheeks and under fide of the neck white, with fhort ftreaks of a
dufky color : crown and upper part of the neck brown, with white
ftreaks : coverts of the wings, primaries, fecondaries, and fcapulars,
black, with elegant triangular fpots of white : tail barred with black
and white : breaft and belly white : legs long ; and in the live bird
of a rich yellow; fometimes red. Lexgtk, to the tip of the tail,
near fixteen inches.

Arrives in Uudjons Bay in fpring. Feeds on fmall fliell-fifli and Placb.

worms; and frequents the banks of rivers. Called there, by the na-
tives, from its noife, Sa-Ja-Jhew; by the EngliJIj, Tellow legs. Retires
in autumn. Makes a ftop in the province of New 2'ork, on its return,
but does not winter there. This, and feveral other fpecies of Snipes
and Sandpipers, are called, in North America, Humilities.

Leffer Godwit, Br. Zool. ii. N" i83. — La Barge commune, De Biiffof., vii. jco. --' J.idreka.

— PL EnL 874. — Latham, iii.
Scolopax Limofa, Faun. Suec. N" 172.
Jadreka, Olaf. Iceland , ii. 201, tab. xlviii.

CN. With a bill near four inches long: head and neck cinereous . ,..■; :

cheek and chin white : back of an uniform brown : wings mark-
ed with a white line : rump and vent feathers v/hite : middle fea-
thers of the tail black ; in the reft the white predominates more and
more, to the outmoft; legs dufky. Weight nine ounces. Length,
to the tail, feventeen inches.

Inhabits Iceland, Greenland*, and Sweden. Migrates in flocks in Place.-

the fouth of Raffia. - >

* Faun. Grcer.L N° "jl. .•■\;%\'., ''>

3 O 2 SN.

,4^8 STONE, REDSHANK, &c. SNIPE.

^jS. Stone. gN. With a black bill : head, neck, and bread, fpotKd with black
aiid white : back, fcapulars, and greater coverts, of the fame
colors: primaries dufky : rump and tail barred with black and white :■
belly white : legs long and yellow. Double the Size of a Snipe.
Place. Obferved in autumn feeding on the fands on the lower part of

Chateaux Bay, continually nodding their heads. Are called there
Stone Curlews,

377. Redshank. Br. Zod. ii. N" 1&4. — Scolopax Tetanus, Taun. Suec. N" i6y.— Latham, iii,

Le Chevalier aux pieds rouges, De Buffon, vii. ^I'^.—Pl.Enl. 84.5. — Lev.
Mus. — Bl. Mus.

CN. With bill red at the bafe, black at the end : head, hind part
of neck, and fcapulars, of a duflw afli-color, faintly marked with
black : back white, fprinkled with black : under fide of neck white,
ftreaked with dufky : breaft and belly white : tail barred with black
and white : legs of a bright orange-color.
pLAci. Inhdhiti North America, in common with the north of £z;ro^^, as

high as Finmark * ; and is found in Sibiria. Grows lefs common
towards the north of that country. Is fometimes found, in Hudjon's
Bay, quite white f .

378. Yellow- CN. With a flender black bill, an inch and a half long, a little
*'**'^' bent at the end: head, hind part of the neck, back, and greater

coverts of the wings, dirty white, fpotted with black : lefTer co-
verts plain brown : primaries dufl<.y : breaft and fore part of the neck
fpotted with black and white : belly and coverts of the tail pure
white : tail barred with brown and white : legs yellow. Length,
from tip of the bill to the tail, eleven inches.
Place. Appears in the province of New Tork in autumn.— Bl. Mus.

* ttms, 253, " t EdniD, 139.

Sr.

GREENSHANK, SEMIPALMATED, &c. SNIPE. 469

Br. Zool. ii. N° 183. — La Barge varie, De Buffon, vii. ^oi.— Latham, iii. 379- Green-

Scolopax Glottis, Faun. Suec. N" 171. — Lev. Mus. shank.

CN. With a bill two inches and a half long, very flender, and a
little recurvated : head, and upper part of neck, cinereous^
■writh duflcy lines : over each eye a white line : coverts of wings, fca-
pulars, and upper part of the back, of a brownifh afh-color : breaft,
belly, and lower part of the back, white: primaries duflcy: tail white,
finely marked with waved duflcy bars : legs green. Length four-
teen inches. Weight only fix ounces.

Inhabits the province of New Tork ; and in every latitude of Place.

RuJJia and Sibiria, in plenty. Is found in Europe as high as Sond-
mor*.

ON. With a bill tv/o inches long, and dufky : head and neck ftreak- 380. Semipal«

ed with black and white : breaft white, with round brown fpots : mates.

belly and fides white ; the laft marked with tranfverfe bars of brown :
back and coverts of the wings cinereous, with great fagittal fpots
of black : primaries dufky, with a tranfverfe white bar : feconda-
ries white : the middle feathers of the tail cinereous, barred with
black; outmoft white: legs dufky: toes femipalmated. Length
fourteen inches.

Inhabits New Tork. — Bl. Mus. Place.

CN. With red bill and legs : the plumage moft intenfely 381. Blacc.
black.
Obferved by Stcller in the iflands towards America, Place,

• Strom. 235.

A. EuROPgAN

470 EUROPEAN WOODCOCK, AND GREAT SNIPE,

A. European Woodcock, Br. Zcol. ii, N" 178. — Le BecafTe, De Buffon, vii. 462.—
PL Enl. 885. — Latham, ii'".
Ccolopax rufticola. Morkulla, Faun. Suec. N° 170. — Lev. Mus. — Bl. Mus.

■CN. With a reddifh cinereous front : hind part of the head barred
with reddifh hrown : upper part of the body and wings barred
with ruft-color, black, and grey : breaft and belly dirty white,
barred with dufky lines. Weight twelve ounces.
Place. Inhabits, during fummer, Scandinavia, Lapland, and Iceland. Mi-

grates foutherly at approach of winter. Common in Ruffia and Sibi-
ria, but only in the time of migration ; and breeds in the northern
marflies and Arflic flats.

B, Great Snipf, Br. ZooL ii. N° 188. — Latham, iii.
Scolopax Media, Fri/ch. tab. 228.— Lev. Mus.

CN. With head divided lengthways by a teftaceous line, bounded
on each fide by one of black ; above and beneath each eye an-
other : neck and breaft yellowifh white, marked with feanicircular
fpots of black : fides undulated with black : back and coverts tefta-
ceous, fpotted with black, and edged with white : primaries dufky :
tail ruft-color j external feathers barred with black. Weight eight
ounces.
Place. Inhabits the ArHic regions of Sihiria. Found in England and Ger-

many. The link between the Woodcock and Snipe.

C. DiisitY

DUSKY AND FIN MARK SNIPE. 471

C. Dusky Snipe. Scolopav Fufca, Lin. Sy/?, 243. — Brijfon, v. 276. tab. xxiii.
La Barge brun, De Buffon, vii. 508. — Fl. Enl, 875. — Latham, iii.

CN. With the upper part dufky black, with the edges of the fea-
thers whitifh : lower part of the body dark cinereous : two mid-
dle feathers of the tail duiky, ftreaked croflfways with white : the fide
' feathers brown, ftreaked in the fame manner : legs black. Length
twelve inches ; of the bill two and a quarter.

Breeds within the ArBk circle. Migrates into Rujfia and Sil/iria. Place.

J). FiNMARK Snipe, Scolopax Gallinaria, Muller, N^ iS^.—Lailpam, iii.

ON. With the bill tuberculated like that of the common Snipe :
head entirely grey : legs yellow. In other refpefts, has great

agreement with the common fort.
Inhabits Finmark, - Piace,

XXXVIII.

472 HEBRIDAL AND STRIATED SANDPIPER,

XXXVIII. SANDPIPER. Gen. Birds, LXVIII.

382. He BR I DAI-. ^j.^ Zool. ii. N» 200.— Tringa interpres, Tolk, Faun. Suic. N° 178.

Tiirnftone, Catejhy, i. 72. — Tringa Morinellus, Lin. Syjl. 249. — Latham, iii.
Le Tourne-pierre, Ds Buffon, viii. 130. — PI. Enl. 130, — Lev.Mus. — Bl. Mus.

With black bill, red at the bafe : v/hite forehead, throat, belly,
1 and vent : crown white, fpotted with black : fides of the head
white : a black line pafles above the forehead; is continued under
each eye to the corner of the mouth ; drops on each fide of the neck
to the middle, which is furrounded with a black collar: breafl black:
coverts cinereous : upper part of the back, fcapulars, and tertials,
ferruginous, fpotted with black : lower part of back white, traverf-
ed with a black bar : tail black, tipped with white : legs fliort ; of
a bright orange. Weight three ounces and a half. Length eight
inches and a half.
t-Lkzt. Inhabits Hud/on' s Bay, Greenland*, and the ArElic flats o? Sibiria,

where it breeds; wandering foutherly in autumn. It lays four eggs.
It migrates in America as low as Florida. In fpring it pofl^efles itfelf
of the ifles of the Baltic, till it quits them in autumn f.

3S3. Striated. Tringa Striata, Lin. Syft. 2^2.— Faun. Groenl. N" -ji.—Faun. Dan. N° 194.—

Latham, iii.

C_ With the bafe of the bill and legs yellow: upper part of the body
undulated with dufky and cinereous : front of the neck dufky :
breafl. and belly white : primaries and fecondaries black ; the lafl: tipt
with white : tertials white, with a ftripe of black : tail black : the
feathers on the fide cinereous, edged with white. Size of a Stare.
Place. Inhabits Sweden, Norway, and Iceland. Is found, but not frequent-

ly, in Riijfxa and Sihiria; and is converfant, even during winter, in the

• tautt. Groenl, N° 74. t Amain, A<ad, iv. 590.

^ frofly

KNOT AND SPOTTED SANDPIPER. 473

frofty climate o( Greenland ; but retires to breed into the bottom of
the bays : flies very fwiftly along the furface of the water, catching the
infefts on the furface. Never touches the water with its feet or
body J but dexteroufly avoids the rifing of the higheft waves. Twit-
ters with the note of the Swallow *.

Br.Zool. ii. N° 193. — Le Canut, De BuffoH, viii. 142. — Latham, iii. .g,_ Kvot

Tringa Canutus, Faun. Suec, N° 183. — Lev. Mus.

C^ With a black bill : between the bafe and eyes a white line :
crown and upper part of the body of a duflcy brown : wings of
the fame color, croiled with aline of white : the breaft and under
fide of the neck white, fpotted with black : rump white, with large
black fpots : legs fhort, of a blueifh grey : toes divided to the
origin.

I have feen this fpecies from the province of iWw T'ork. Ob- Place.

ferved by Dr. Pallas only about lake Baikal.

Br. Zool. ii. N" 196. — Tringa Macularia, Lin. Syfl. 2^g.—EJiv. 277. — 385. Spotted.

Latham, iii.
La Grive d'eau, De Buffon, viii. 140. — Lev. Mus. — Bl. Mus.

C^ "With a white line above each eye : crown, upper part of neck
and body, and coverts of the wings, olive brown, with triangu-
lar black fpots : under fide, from neck to tail, white, with brown
fpots : middle feathers of the tail brown ; thofe on the fide white,
with dufky lines : legs of a dirty flefh-color. Female has no fpots
on the lower part of the body. Size of the Striated.

Inhabits North America. Arrives in Penjylvania in Jpril, and Vikct.

ilays there all the fummer. Vifits Hudfon's Bay in May : breeds
there, and retires in September.

• Faun, Croml. N» 73,
\. 3 P ' . ' Jr. -

474 ASH-COLORED, &c. SANDPTPER.

3S6. Ash- Br, Zool. ii. N° 194.. — Tn^gSi Cinerea, Brunnkh, N^ 179. — Latham, ill.

C^ With a dufiiy cinereous head, fpotted with black : neck cine-
reous, marked with dufky ftreaks : back and caverts of wings
finely varied with concentric femicircles of black, afli-color, and
white : coverts of the tail barred with black and white : tail cinereous,
edged with white i breaft and belly pure white; the firft fpotted with
black : legs dufky green : toes bordered with a narrow membrane,.
finely fcoUoped. Length ten inches. "Weight five ounces.
Placs. Seen in great numbers on 5eal Iflands near Chateaux Bay. Conti-

nues the whole fummer in Hudfon's Bay, and breeds there. Breeds
in Denmark ? Has been fliot on t\\Q Flhitfiire fliores in the winter
feafon.

3?;.^ New York. C^ With the under fide of neck and body white : the breaft fpotted

with brown : leffer coverts dufky, edged with white : back and'

greater coverts duflcy in the middle ; the edges cinereous ; the fecon-

daries of the fame colors: coverts of the tail barred with black and.

white: fides beneath the wings flreaked with browh : tail cinereous.

PtAci. Inhabits the province oi Nezv 2'ork. — Bl. Mus.

38S. Common, Sr. Zool. ii. N° 204. — La Guignette, De Buffon, vii. 540.— P/. £«/. S50.—

Latham, iii.
Tringa Hypoleucus Snappa, Faun, Suec. N" 182.— Lev.[Mus,

C, Above of a deep brown, fpotted with rugged marks ot black :
the plumage moft glofly and filky : fore part of the neck and breaft
white, with a few black fpots i belly white : primaries and fecondaries^
duflcy ; the laft with their bottoms and ends white : the outmoft fea-
thers of the tail fpotted with white and brown ; the middle brown^,
tipt with white : legs yellowifii. Weight about two ounces. Dif-
fers little from the European kind, but in the colors of the legs.
FiACE. Inhabits Chateaux Bay^ and the northern latitudes oi Sibiria, as far

as Kamtfchatka,

GREEN ANP TURRE SANDPIPER. 475

&: Zool. ii. N'' 201, — Le Bccadeau, De Euffon, vli. 53J. — PL Enl. 843. 339. Green,

Tringa Ocrophus, Faun. Suec. N" 180.— Tr. Littorea ? Faun. Suec. N" iSj.—
Latham., iii. — Lev. Mus.

C With head and upper part of the neck cinereous brown, flrcak-
ed with white : lower part of neck mottled with brown and
white: back^^ fcapulars, and coverts of wings, , of a dufky green*
gloflfy as filk, and elegantly fpeckled with white : primaries dufl<y :
rump, breaft, and belly, white : tail white, the feathers marked
with different numbers of fpots : legs a cinereous green. About a
third larger than the Common.

I have feen this fpecies in Mr. Kuckaji\ colledion, which he made Placb.

in North America. It is alfo found in Iceland ; and is very common
in all the watery places of Rujfta and Sibiria. The Tringa Littorea
is fuid to migrate fronn Sweden to England, at approach of winter *.

Br. Zool. ii. N" 2o5. — Tringa Cinclus, Lin.Syfi. z^\.-^Latham, iii. .„. t,

■" ■> ' 39°' rURRK.

L'Alouette de mer, De Buffon, vii. 548. — ?l. Enl. 851.— Lev. Mus.— Bl. Mus.

C^ With a flender black bill : head and upper part of neck afli-
colored, ftreaked with black : from bill to eyes a white line :
under fide of the neck white, mottled with brown : back and co-
verts of wings a brownifh afli-color : greater coverts dufky, tipt with
white : breaft and belly white : two middle feathers of the tail
duflvy ; the others afh-color, edged with white : legs of a dufky green.
Weight an ounce and a half. Length feven inches and a half.

Inhabits the coaft of New Tork, and extends as low as Jamaica PtAci.

and Cayenne. Not mentioned among the Scandinavian birds. Com-
mon in all latitudes of RuJ/ia and Sibiria,

f Aman. Atad, iv. 590.

3 P 2 i»

47^ DUNLIN AND RED SANDPIPER.

391. DuNLiK. ^r. Zoo/, ii, N'^ 20;. — La Brunnette, De Buffcn, vii. 493. — Latham, Wl.

Tringa Alpina, Faun. Suec. N° 181. — Faun. Grcenl. N" 77.
Loar ThrxU, Ola/. Iceland. \. N° 677. tab. xli.— Lev. Mus. — Bl. Mus.

C^ With head, hind part of the neck, and back, ferruginous, mark-
ed with great black fpots : lower part of neck white, flreaked"
with black : coverts of the wings afli-colored : bread and belly-
white, marked with a black crefcent : tail afh-colored; the two
middle feathers longeft and darkeft : legs black. In Size fome-
what larger than the laft.
Pj^^ Inhabits Greenland, Iceland^ Scandinavia, the alps of Sihiria, and,,

in its migration, the coafts of the Cafpian fea.

39^' ^^' Br.Zool.u. N" 202. — Aberdeen Sandpiper, N'zoj. — Latham, 'm^

Tringa Icelandica, Lin, SjJ}. Add.

O, With the bill black and flender, a little bending : head, irpper
part of the neck, and beginning of the back, dufky, marked
with red : lower fide of the neck and breafl cinereous, mixed with
ruft-color, and obfcurely fpotted with black: lefler coverts of the
wing cinereous ; primaries dufky j fecondaries tipt with white :
two middle feathers of the tail are duflcy, and extend a little be-
yond the others ; the reft are cinereous : legs long and black.
Place. The birds which I have ktn of this kind came from the coafts

oi New York, Labrador, and Natka Sound. They are alfo found in
Iceland*. Probably are the fame with the Scolopax Subarq^uata, which,
during fummer, frequent the fhores of the Cafpian fea, lake Baikal, and
cfpecially the mouth of the Don f. I believe them to be the young,

• Brunnich, N" i8o.

f No'v. Com. Petrop. xix. 47 1, tab. xix.— Tlie Tringa Ruficollis, PaLLAS Iter. iii.
700, is another red-necked fpecies, found about the fame fait lakes.

or

GREY AND GAMBET SANDPIPER. 477

or the females, of that which is defcribed in the Br. Tool, under the

name of th; Red. The laft diiFers in nothing, but in having the

v/hole under fide of a full ferruginous color. Length from eight Size.

to ten inches. A'aries greatly in fize.

Br. Zool. ii. N" 191. — Grey Plover, Wil. On:. 309. — Lal/jam/ui, ,_, GaEYJ

Tringa Squatarola, Faun. Suec. N° 1 86.

Le Vanneau ?[\i\icr, De B:ijiri,vin. 68.— PI. Enl. 854-.— Lev. Mus.— Bl. Mus..

C^ With a ftrong black bill; head, back, and coverts of wings,
black, edged with grey, tinged with green, and fome white :
cheeks and throat white, ftreaked with black : primaries dufky,.
white on their interior lower fides: belly and thighs white : rump'
white : tail barred with black and white : legs of a dirty green : back
toe very fmall. Weight feven ounces. Length, to the end of the
tail, twelve inches.

According to Lawfon, frequents the vallies near the mountains of Placed

Carolina. Are feen flying in great flocks ; but feldom alight *. Very
common in Sibiria -, and appear in autumn in flocks, after breeding
in the extreme north.

Br. Zool. il. N" 198. — Latham, iii. 294. GameeT,

Tringa Gambetta, Faun. Suec. N° 177. — Tr. Variegata, Brunnich, N" I Si.

C^ With head, back, and breaft, of a cinereous brown, fpotted with
dull yellow : coverts of the wings, and fcapulars, cinereous,
edged with yellow : primaries dufl<y : belly white : tail dufliy, bor-
dered with yellow : legs yellow. Size of the Greenfhank.

Taken in the frozen fea, between Afia and America^ lat. d^l-, PLACis.

long. 191I. \T)}i\2}d\\.% -Aio Scan diytavia :!LK\dL Iceland ■\ ; in the laft it is
called Stelkr, from its note.

• WJl. Carol 140. Caufiy, App. t Pa"V<ns lift.

478 ARMED AND SWISS SANDPIPER.

395. Armed. Le Vanneau crroe de la Louifiane, Brijfon, iv. 114. tab, viii — De Biffon, viil.

6s,-~Pl. EnL ill-— Latham, iii.

C With an orange bill, deprefTed in the middle : on each fide of
the bafe is a thin naked fkin of a light orange-color, which
rifes above the forehead, extends beyond each eye, and falls, in
form of a pointed wattle, fir below the chin: crown dufky : hind
part of the neck, back, rump, fcapulars, and coverts of the
wings, of a duflvv grey : from the chin to the vent v/hite, tinged
with tawny : primaries moftly black : the fore part of the wing is
armed with a fharp fpur, a mod offenfive weapon : the tail fliort,
whitifh, croffed near the end with a black bar, and tipt with white:
legs long, and of a deep red. Length, from bill to tail, above ten
inches. Extent about two feet two.
Tlace. Inhabits Lowjiana.

^»56. Swiss. Tringa Helvetica, Lin. Syft. 250. — Le Vanneau Suiffe, De B tffon, viii. 6q.—=
PL EnL 853.

Vanellus Helvecicus, BriJJhii, v. 106. tab. x. — Latham, iii. — Lev. Mus.—
Bl. Mus,

C^ With a ftrong bill an inch long, deprefTed in the middle : front
and fides of the head white ; hind part fpotted with black and
white : cheeks, under fide of the neck, breaft, and belly, black :
thighs and vent white : primaries black : back, coverts of wings,
and the tail, white, barred with black : legs black : back toe very
fmall. Size of a Lapwing.
Place. Inhabits the coaft of CmneSlkut and Hudfoii's Bay. Vifits the lad

in the fpring. Feeds on berries, infeds, and worms. Retires in
September. Breeds alfo in the ArElk flats of Sibiria -, and, in the time
of migration, appears in all parts of thefouth of Rii£ia and Sibiria,
Is found in France and Swijferland,

Br.

LITTLE SANDPIPER, AND RUFF. 479-

Br.Zool. ii. N" 207. — Tringa pufilla, Lin. Syjl, 252. — Oddinftiane Iflandis, 397, Little,
Latham, iii.

C^ With crown black : upper part of the plumage brown, edged
with black and pale rufty brown: belly and bread white:
tail dufl<y : legs black. Size of a Hedge Sparrow.

Inhabits the north of Europe, Iceland, and Newfoundland. Ob- Placb;

fervcd alio In Natka Sound. It is met with as far fouth as St. Da-
aii-.'go '''. Probably migrates there in the winter.

AV Ruff, Br. Zool. ii. N° 192. — Le Combattant, ou Paon de mer, De Buffo>i,y\i. 521.-^
Pl.Enl, 305, 306. — Latham, iii.
Tringa pugnax, Brufhane, Faun.Suu. N° 175. — Leems Lapm. 246. — Lev. Mus.— >
El. Mus.

C^ With a long ruff of feathers on the fore part and fides of the
neck ; and a long tuft on the hind part of the head : legs yel-
low. Reeves, or the females, are of a pale brown : back flightly
fpotted with black : breaft and belly white : neck fmooth.

Inhabits the north of Europe in fummer, as far as Iceland, and PtAcs..

\%. very common in the northern marfhes of RuJJia and Sibiria,

,. .. . * BrI/foH, V. 222. '

jB, Frecsl»9,

4Bo FRECKLED, &c. SANDPIPER.

B. Freckled.— Calldris nsevla, Bt-ijfou, v. 229. tab. xxi. fig. \,— -Latham, v»,

C^ Above of a duflcy cinereous, fpotted with red and black; the
laft gloffed with violet : lower part of the body of a reddifh
white, varied with dufky and chefnut-colored fpots : two middle fea-
thers of the tail afh-colored, edged with white ; the reft dark cine-
reous : the outmoft feather on each fide marked lengthways, on
the exterior fide, with a white line : legs greenifh. Length near
nine inches.
Place. Is found in the north oi Riijfia and Sihiria ; and alfo in France.

C. Selnincer, MiiUer, N" 206. — Tringa Marltiraa, Brunnich, 182. — hums, 254.

—Lathatn, iii.

O^ Above varied with grey and black : the middle of the back
tinged with violet : fore part of the neck dufky : lower part of
the body white: tail duHcy ; four outmoft feathers on each fide
fliorter than the reft, and edged with white : legs yellov/. Size of
a Stare,
^i-ACi. Inhabits Norway and Iceland. Lives about the fea-fliores, and is

always emitting a piping note.

D. Lapwing, Br. Zool.W, N° 190. — Le Vanneau, Di Buffon, viii. 4S. — PI. Enl. 242.

^Latham iii.
Tringa Vanellus Wipa, Cowipa, Blacka, Fa^n. Succ. N" i;6. — Lev. Mus. —
El. Mus.

s

With a black bill : crown and breaft black : head adorned with
a very long flender creft, horizontal, but turning up at the end :
cheeks and fides of the neck, and belly, white : back and fcapulars
glofiy green; the laft varied with purple : primaries and fecondaries
black, marked with white : coverts of tail, and vent, orange : out-
moft feathers of the tail white, marked v^ith one dufliy fpot : the
upper half of the reft black ; the lower o( a pure white. Weight

eight

WAVED AND SHORE SANDPIPER. 481

eight ounces. Length thirteen inches and a half. Extent two
feet and a half.

The Lapwing is common in rnoft parts of Europe. Extends to Placb.

the Feroe ifles, and even to Iceland*. Is very frequent in Rujfia ;
but becomes very rare beyond the UralUan chain ; yet a few have
been obferved about the rivers Ob and Angara, and beyond lake
Baikal; but never farther to the eaft. They extend foutliward as
far as Perfia and Egypt -^j where they winter ; but, unable to bear
the vaft heats of the fummer, migrate to the countries about
Woronefch and Aftracan %. Appears in Lombardy, in April ; re- •
tires in September. Continues in England, and I believe in France,
the whole year ; but conftantly fnifts its quarters in fearch of food,
worms and infe£ls. In France, multitudes are taken for the table in
clap-nets, into which they are allured by the playing of a mirror,

%. Waved. Tringa Undata, BruitKu/j, H" iH. — L ai ham, iiu

C Of a duflcy color, marked with undulated lines of white and
yellowifli clay-color : Ihaft of the firft primary white : tips
of the fecondaries, and their coverts, white : tail afh-colored, fipt
with black.

Inhabits Denmark and Norvjay, . Placi.

F. Shore. Tringa Littorea, Faun. Suec. N' 183. — 2ruxx:c/j,K* i^j. — ia/Aaw, iii.
Le Chevalier varie, De Buffon, vii. 517. — PI. Enl. 300.

0, With a duflcy neck, ftriped obliquely with white : back and co-
verts of the wings duflcy, with fmall rufty fpots, lighteft on the
lafl:: primaries and fecondaries duflcy, the laft tipt with white ; fhaft
of firfl: primary white: breaft and belly white : tail crofled with wav-
ed bars of duflcy and white : legs duflcy. Size of a Turtle Dove.
Inhabits the marlhes of Sweden; and is found in Denmark. PiAcf.

• Brunnkh, f Hajfelquijl, 288. % Extraas, i. I07.ii. 147.

3 0^ G. Wood,

482 WOOD AND UNIFORM SANDPIPER..

G. Wood. TriBg^Glnieoh, FauH. Suee. N" iS^. —Latham, ii'i.

Q With the back duflcy, fpeckled with white : primaries and fc-
condaries dufl<y ; the laft tipt with white : breaft and belly-
whitifh : tail barred with black and white -, the outmoft feathers light-
eft : rump white : legs of a dirty green. Size of a Stare.
Place. Inhabits the moift woods of Sweden.

H. Uniform. Keildu-fuin, Iflandii, ik/a//fr, N" 205.— i«/^««», iil.

C^ With a fhort black bill, and of an uniform light alh-color on.
all its plumage.
Placb. Inhabits Iceland,

XXXIX»

ALWARGRIM, AND GOLDEN PLOVER. .483

XXXIX. PLOVER. Gen. Birds, LXIX.

Spotted Plover, Edxv. 140. — Le Pluvier dorc a gorge noire, De Bujfon, viii. 85. 398, Alwargrim
Charadrius Apricarius. Alwargrim, Faun. Suec. N" '.89. — Latham, m.
— Lev. Mus. — Bl. Mus.

PL. With a fhort bill, like that of the Swifs Sandpiper : the fore-
head white, from which a white line falls from each corner, along
the fides of the neck, and unites at the bread; the whole intervening
fpace black, as are the breaft, belly, thighs, and vent ; only on the
lafl are a few white fpots : crown, hind part of neck, back, and
coverts of wings and tail, dufky, moft elegantly fpotted with bright
orange : the primaries diifliy, edged with a(h-color : fecondaries and
tail barred with duflcy and brown : legs black. Size of a Golden
Plover.

Inhabits all the north of Europe^ Iceland, Greenland., and Hudfon's Placb.

Bay, and all the ArElk part of Sibiria ; and defcends fouthward in its
migrations. Is called in Hudfons Bay, the Hawk's eye, on account
of its brilliancy. It appears in Greenland in the fpring, about the
fouthern lakes, and feeds on worms and berries of the Heath *. Ar-
rives in New Tork in May : breeds there, and difappears in the latter
end of Olfober, after collefting in vaft flocks. Is reckoned moll;
delicious eating.

Br- Zocl. ii. N° 20S. — Le Pluvier dore, De Bvffon, viii. 81. — PI. Enl, 904. ,g^^ Qqj ^^.^_

Charadrius Pluvialis, Akerhoua, Faun. Suec. N" 190. — Latham iii. — Lev.

Mus.— Bl. Mus.

■pL. "With head, upper part of the neck, back, and coverts of

wings, dufky, elegantly fpotted with yellowifli green : breaft

brown, ftreaked with greenifh lines : belly white : middle feathers

of the tail barred with black and ycllowifli green; the others with

* Faun. Green'. N° 79.

3 0^2 black -

4§4 NOISY PLOVER.

black and brown : legs black. Length, to the tip of the tail,
eleven inches.
Place. Inhabits North America^ as low as Carolina*. Migrates to the L^-

brador coaft, about a week after the Efiimaux Whimbrels, in its way
to New Tork ; but not in fuch nunnbers. Found in Iceland and the north
of Europe ; but are fcarcely feen in Rujfia. Very frequent in Sibiria,
where they breed in the north. They extend alfo to Kamtfchatka,
and as far fouth as the Sandwich iQes : in the laft it is very fmall.
I have feen, which I fuppofe to be young, a variety with black
breads : and fometimes a very nninute back toe.

403. Noisy. Chattering Plover, Catejby, \. IX. — Le Kildir, Z>«^»^5«, viii. 96. — Latham,\\\.

Charadrius Voclferus, Lin. Syji. 253. — Lev. Mus. — Bl. Mus.

pL. With a broad black bar, extending fron:i the bill, beneath
each eye, to the hind part of the head : orbits red : forehead,
and fpace before and beyond the eyes, white : fore part of the
crown black ; the reft brown : a white ring encircles the throat and
neck; beneath that another of black; under that fucceeds, on the
breaft, two femicircles, one of white, another of black; all below is
white : back and coverts of wings brown : primaries dufky : the
feathers on the rump are orange, and extend over three parts of the
tail ; the lower part of which is black. Size of a large Snipe,
p Inhabits New Tork, Virginia, and Carolina -, where they refide

the whole year. Are the plague of the fportfmen, by alarming the
game by their fcreams. They are called in Virginia, Kill-deer, from
the refemblance their note bears to that word. Migrate to Neiv
Tork in the fpring : lay three or four eggs : ftay late.

• Laiufon, 1\Q.—Ca!cjly, App.

£r.

RINGED AND BLACK-CROWNED PLOVER.

Br. Zcol. ii. N" 211. — Le Pluvier a collier, De Buffon, viii. 90. — PL Enl. 921. 401. Ringed,
Charadrius Hiaticula, Strandpipare, Faun, Stiu. N" 187. — Latham, iii.
— Lev.Mus.— Bl. Mus.

■pL. With a fhort bill ; upper half orange-color ; the end black :
crown light brown : forehead, and a fmall fpace behind each
eye, white : from the bill, beneath each eye, extends a broad bar '

of black: the neck is encircled with a white ring; and beneath that
is another of black : coverts of wings of a pale brown : primaries
diiflcy : tail brown, tipt with lighter: legs yellow.

Almoft all which I have feen from the northern parts of North Varies.

America, have had the black -marks extremely faint, and almoft loft.
The climate had almoft deftroyed the fpecific marks ; yet, in the
bill and habit, preferved fufHcient to make the kind very eafily af-
certained. The predominant colors were white, and very light afli- ' " ,

color. Weight near two ounces. Length, to tip of the tail, fe- Size.

ven inches and a half. Thole of the weftern coafts of North America
are much fmaller.

Inhabits America, down to Jamaica* unA th^ Brafils ; in the laft Place.

it is called Aiatuitui t, where it frequents fea-fhores and eftuaries.
Is found in fummer in Greenland: migrates from thence in autumn. ■' • - .'
Is common in every part of Rujfm and Sihiria. Was found by the
navigators as low as O^vyhe, one of the Sandwich ifles, and as light-
colored as thofe of the higheft latitudes. . '

T>L. V/ith the bill an inch long ; black towards the end j red towards 4CJ. BtACK-
the bafe : forehead black : crown black, lurrounded with a circle crowneo.

of white : throat white : neck and breaft of a very light afh-color-
€d brown, divided from the belly by a duflcy tranfverfe ftroke :
belly and vent white: backj fcapulars, and coverts of the wings, ci-

* Sloanet f Marcgrave, 199.

nereous ■''.

486 SANDERLING, AND RUDDY PLOVER,

nereous brown : primaries dufky j white towards their bottoms : tail
white towards the bafe ; black towards the end ; and tipt with white:
legs very long, naked an inch above the knees, and of a blood-red:
toes very fliorr. Length, to the end of the tail, about ten inches.
Placb. Inhabits the province of Nezv Tcrk. Has much the habit of the

European Dottrel. — Lev. Mus.

403. Sander- Br. Zool.n.'H'' z\z. — Le Sanderling, De Buffhn, vii. 532.

^'^■°' Charadrius Calidris, Lin. Syji. 255. — Latham, 'in. — Lev. Mus.— Bl. Mus.

■pL. With a flender, black, weak bill, bending a little at the end :
head and hind part of the neck cinereous, ftreakcd with dufky
lines : bacli and fcapulars of a brownifh grey, edged with dirty
■white : coverts and primaries dufky : belly white : feathers of the
tail Iharp-pointed and cinereous : legs black. Weight near an
ounce and three quarters. Length eight inches.
Pi»ACE. Inhabits North America, Abounds about Seal IJlands, on the La~

hrador coaft. I do not find it among the birds of northern Europe ;
nor in Jfia, nearer than lake BaikaL

404. Ruddy. pL. With a black ftrait bill, an inch long: head, neck, breaft,
fcapulars, and coverts of wings and tail, of a ruddy color, fpot-
ted with black, and powdered with white ; in the fcapulars, and
coverts of wings the black prevails : the outmofl: web of the four
firft quil feathers brown j the internal white, tipt with brown : the
upper part of the others white ; the lower brown : the two middle fea-
thers of the tail brown, edged with ruftj the others of a dirty white :
legs black : toes divided to their origin.
Place. Inhabits Hudfon's Bay. — Mr. Hutchim.

Br.

LONG-LEGGED PLOVER, AND DOTTREL. 487

Br. Zool. ii. N" 209.— F/. Scot. i. N° l^J.— Latham, iii. +05* Lonc-lec-

Charadrius Himantopus, Liti. SyJ{. 25;. — Hajfelquijl, 253.
L'Echaffe, D^5;ifo«, viii. 114— P/. £»/. 87S.— Lev. Mus.

pL. With the crown, upper part of the neck, back, and wings,
dufliy ; the laft crofled with a white line: tail of a greyidi
white : forehead and whole under fide of the neck and body white :
legs the moft difproportionably long and weak of any known bird ;
the French, for that reafon, call it, very juftly, PEchaJJe, or the
bird that goes upon ftilts ; they are of a blood-red, four inches and a
half long, and the part above the knees three and a half. Length,
to the end of the tail, thirteen inches.

Inhabits from ConneSlicut to the iflands of the JFeJi Indies *. Is
not a bird of northern Europe. Frequent in the fouthern defert of
independent Tartary : very common about the fait lakes ; and
often on the Ihores of the Cqfpian fea. Is again found on the Indian.
fliores near Madras f .

CED.

A, Dottrel, Br. Zool. ii. N° 210.— Charadrius Morinellusia^a/, Lappis, Faun. Sutc,
N" 188. — Leems Lapmark, 260. — Latham, iii.
LeGuignard, De Buffon, viii. Sj.—PI. Enl. S32.— Lev. Mus.

pL. With bill and crown black : from the bill, over each eye, a white

line: breaft and belly dull orange ; the firfc crofled with a white

line; vent white: back, coverts of wings, and tail, olivaceous, edged

* Sloans, t ■^^" "?>'«• ■^■^'' '93'

5

with^

48* ALEXANDRINEPLOVER.

with dull yellow: tail du{l<y olive ; ends oftheoutmofl: feathers white.
Colors of the female duller. Weight four ounces. Length ten
inches.
Place. Inhabits Europe, even as high as Lcpmark. Firft appears in DroH-

theini ; then feeks the Lapland alps. Returns in fmaller numbers.
Appears in May at Upjal, in its pafTage northward. Breeds in all the
north of Ruffia and Sibiria ; but appears in the temperate latitudes
only in their migrations.

B, AxEXANDRiNE. — Chaiadvius Alexandilnus, Lin, Sjjl. 253. — Bruniuch, App. p. 77.
— HaJelqidJ} Itin. 256. — Latham, iii.

"pL. "With a black bill : a white line over each eye, and collar round
the neck : head, upper part of body, and coverts of wings, light
cinereous brown : primaries dufky 5 from the fifth to eighth marked
with an oblong white fpot on the exterior margin : fecondaries dufky,
tipt with white : middle feathers of the tail black ; outmoft white :
under fide of the body white : legs dufky blue. Size between a
Lark and a Thrufti.
PtACE. Found in the diocefe of Drontheim, Norway. Common about the

fait lakes between the rivers Argun and Onon -, but not obferved in
any other part of Rujfia or Sibiria. Inhabits alfo the canal which
conveys water from the Nile to Alexandria *.

• HaJ/ilquiJi Itin. 256.

XL.

PIED O YST ER- CAT CHER.
XL . O Y S TE R-C A T C H E R. Gen. Birds.

'^Si^

Br. Zool. ii. N*2I3. — Calejhy, i. 85. — L'Muitrier. La pie de mer, Di Bujh/i, 406. Pif.i

viii. 1 19. — PL Enl. 9:19.^ — Latham, iii.
Hstnatopus oftralegus Strandflcjura, Faun. Suec. N" 192. — Brunnich, N" 189.

— Lev. Mus. — Bl. Mus. . ,

With a long'deprelTed bill, ciineated at the end, and of a rich
orange-color : beneath the throat fometimes a white bar :
the whole neck befide?, with head, back, and coverts of wings, of a
fine black : wings duflcy, crofled with a bar of white : under fide
of the body white : lower part of the tail white ; end black : legs
ftrong and thick, of a dirty flefii-color. Weight fixteen ounces.
Length feventeen inches. .

Inhabits North America^ from New York to the Bahama Iflands ; and F&acs.

again is found in Sharks Bay, on the weft coafi: of New Holland*,
with fome variation of color. It is met with about Curacoa in the
Wejt Indies -f, and wholly black, with a red bill and cinereous legs.

Found as far as Lapmark J. Inhabits all Ruffia and Sjbiria.
Breeds on the great Ar^fic flats : and extends to Kamtfchatka.

• Damfler, iii, 85. f Fiuillit, Ob/erv, cd. 1725. p. 289. J Lems

Lapmark, 253. . .

3 R XLI.

49° CLAPPER, AND VIRGINIAN RAIL.

XLI. RAIL. Gen. Birds. LXXIII.

407. Clapper. T^ With the crown, and whole upper part of neck, back, and
A\.* wings, of an olive brown, edged with pale a(h-color : primaries
dark, edged with tawny: tail of the fame color: cheeks cinereous:
throat white : under fide of the neck and bread brown, tinged with
yellow : fpace beyond the thighs barred with dark cinereous and
white: legs brown. Length fourteen inches j of the bill two.
Placb. Inhabits JVi?w 21?ry^. CdW^d. thsxetht Meadow Clapper. It arrives,

there in Mjjv, lays in June, and difappears in October. — Lev, Mus. —
Bl. Mus.

4o8.Viiir.itriAN, Rallus Vifginianos, Z/». 5;iy?. 263. — Latham, ill.

American Water Rail, Ediv, 279. — Lev. Mus. — Bl. Mus>

"O With a dufky bill, red at the bafe of the lower mandible:

crown dufky : cheeks cinereous : from the bill to each eye a

white line : throat whitifli : upper part of the neck and back dufky,

bordered with brown : ridge of the wing white : coverts ferruginous :

primaries and tail dufky : under fide of the neck and breaft of a

brownilh orange : lower belly, fides, and thighs, duflcy, barred with

white: vent black, white, and orange: legs of a dirty flefh-color.

A Variety In fize and fiiape like the Englijh Rail*, of v/hich- it feems a mere

English R^Aii variety ; ours having a deep afh-colored breaft inftead of a red one.

PtACB Inhabits Penjylvania. The common kind is found in the Feroi

iflands, Norway, as far as Sondmor, Sweden, Rujfia, and the weft of

Siliria..

• Le Rale d'Eau,, TXt Buffhn, viii. 154.— i»/. Enl. 749.-

XLII. G A L-

M

SOREE AND YELLOW-BREASTED GALLINULE. 49^

XLIL GALLINULE, Gen. Birds. LXXV. . '

Little American Water Hen, £/w. 144. — Lalha7n,\n. 409, SoR.EE.

Soree, Catejby, i. 70.— Le Rale de Virginie, Dc Buffon, viii. 165. — Lev. Mus.

f^ With a yellow bill : crown, hind part of the neck, back, tail,
and wings, of a rufty brown, fpotted with black : coverts of
the wing alone plain and more ferruginous: forehead, throat, and
great part of the front of the neck, of a deep black: cheeks, fides
taf the neck, and bread, of a fine blueifli afli-colour : belly and fides of
a dirty white j the lafl barred downwards with black : legs of a dull
green. Rather larger than a Lark.

Thefe birds migrate in great numbers into Virginia the latter end Placi.

o^ September, and continue there about fix weeks. During that fpace
they are found in vaft multitudes in the marflies, feeding on wild oats.
On their firit arrival they are exceedingly lean ; but foon grow fo fat
as to be unable to fly. In that flate they lie upon the reeds i and the
Indians go in canoes and kill them with their paddles, or run them
down. It is faid that they have taken a hundred dozen in a morning.
They are moft delicious eating ; and, during the feafon, are found on
the tables of moft of the planters, for breakfaft, dinner, and fupper *.

f^ ^ With the crown and hind part of the neck dark olivaceous ^,0. Yellow-

brown, fpotted with white: back plain brown: fcapulars brrastrd.
edged with yellowifli white: bread dirty yellow : belly white: legs
brown. In Size lefler than an Englijh Quail.

Inhabits the province of iVifw 2V^. — Bl. Mus. Place.

• Burnah/s Tra'vels, oftavo ed. 42.

• 3 R • Sr,

4S2 COMMON GALLINULE, AND CRAKE.,

411. Common. Br, Zool. ii. N" 217. — Bmnnich, N° 191. — La Poule d'Eau, DeBufon, viii. 171.

—PI. Eal. ij-. — Latham, iii.
Fulica chloropus, Lin. Syjl. 258. — Lev, Mus. — Bx. Mus.

/^ With the head and upper part of the neck, body, and coverts of
the wings, of a fine deep olive green : primaries and tail dufky :
bread and belly cinereous : vent white : legs green. "Weight of the
male fifteen ounces : length fourteen inches.

Inhabits New Tork, and as low as Carolina : does not crofs the
Baltic: rare in Denmark: inhabits RuJJia, and the weft of Sibiria,
but not the eaft..

A. Cr AKF, Br. Zool, I. N" 216. — Rallus crex. Angfnarpa ; Kornkraka, Faun. Suec.'N*' 194.
Le Rale de Terre, Genet, ou Roi des Cailles, De Buffon, viii. 146. — Pi, Enl. 750. —
Latham, iii. — Lev. Mus. — Bl. Mus.

r^ With the crown, hind part of the neck, and back, black, edged
with bay: coverts of wings plain bay: tail of a deep bay:
belly dirty white : legs cinereous. When lean v/eighs fix, when fat
eight ounces.
Placs. Inhabits Europe, even as far north as Drontheim. Notwithftand-

ing it is fo fhorc-winged a bird, and a bad flier, yet it is found in fum^
mer in the Schetland ide^ ; not uncommon in the temperate parts of
Rujia and Sibiria, but none in the north, or towards the fhores.
Where Quails are common, in thofe countries this bird abounds j and
the contrary where Quails are fcarce. The Crakes depart at the
fame time with the Cranes. The Tartars obferve how ill adapted
the firft are for a long flight; therefore believe that every Crane takes,
a Crake on its back, and fo afiifts the migration*.

* Gmelin,

DIV.

D I V. II.

SECT. II. Pinnated Feet.

494 GREY AND RED PHALAROPE.

D I V. II.

SECT. 11, P 1 N N AT E D F E E T.

XLIII. PHALAROPE. Gen. Birds, LXXVI.

412. Grsy. Bi-.Zool.u.. N" SiS. — Ediu. ^0%. — Latham, \\i.

Tringa lobata, Faun. Suec. N" 179. — Muller, N" 195. — Brunnich, N* 171.
LePhalarope a feftons dentelcs, DcBi'ffon, viii. 226. — PL Enl. 766. — Ltv. Mus.

P'

>H. With a black bill, flatted and dilated near the extrennity : eyes
placed far back : white forehead : crown duflcy : upper part of
the neck light grey : back, rump, and fcapulars, deep dove-color,
marked with dulky fpots : edges of the fcapulars yellow : coverts and
primaries dufky ; the firft edged with white : breafb and belly white:
tail dufky, edged with afli-color : legs black : toes fcolloped j the
margins of the membranes finely ferrated. Size of a Purre.
^''*'^^' Inhabits Scandinaviay Iceland, and Greenland : in the lad, lives on

the frozen fide, near the great lakes ; quits the country before win-
ter : is feen on the full feas in April and September, in the courfe of
its migration. Swims flowly : cannot dive. Twitters like a Swallow.
The feathers being very foft, the Greenlanders ufe it to wipe their
rheumy eyes. Is not found in Rujfta, but is frequent in all Sihiria,
about the lakes and rivers, efpecially in autumn ; probably in its
migration from the Jr^ic flats : it was alfo met with among the ice,
between JJia and America.

41?. Red. Br. Zool. ii. N" 219. — Edzu. 142, 143. — Latham^ iii.

Tringa flilicaria, Faun. Suec. N° 179. — Brunnich, N° 17Z. — MulUr, N" igS.

— Faun. Groe-iA. N* 76.
Le Phalarope rouge, De Bujfon, viii. 225.

pH. With bill in form of the lafl: : crown, hind part of the neck, and

upper part of the breaft, of a dufky afli-color : fides of the neck

ferruginous : throat, belly, and vent, white : wings black : greater

7 coverts

BROWN AND PLAIN PHALAROPE. . 495

coverts and fecondaries tipt with white : back and fcapulars dufky j
the laft edged with bright ferruginous: rump white, barred with
cinereous : tail dufky : toes like the former. The whole under fide of
the neck, the breaft, and belly, of the fuppofed Female are ferrugi-
nous. Limiaiis calls the male Trihga Hyperhorea, and feparates them *.

Found in Hudfon's Bay and Scandinavia ; common about the Cafpian Place.

fea, and lakes and rivers adjacent, during fpring; but does not extend
to the farther part of Sibiria; yet was found by the navigators be-
tween Afia and America. They go in pairs. Swim in the ponds of the ' '
fens ; and are perpetually dipping their bills in the water in fearch
of infeds.

Ediv. i,6.— Latham, iii. ^,^. BrOwn.)

pH. With a flender black bill, a little bending at the end : crown
black: cheeks and neck of a light afli-color, tingedwith bloom-
color: breaft and belly white: back, wings, and tail, dufky : greater pri-
maries and greater coverts tipt with white: legs like the preceding.

Taken on board a fhip off the coafl of Maryland, the wind blow- Plag*.

ing from land. The form of the bill is a fpecific diftindion from the
laft.

pH. With a flender black bill, dilated at the end: crown duflcy and ^,._ p,^,^_

dull yellow : acrofs each eye a black line : cheeks and fore part
of the neck a pale clay-color : breaft and belly white : back and ter-
tials dufky, edged with dull yellow : coverts, primaries, and tail,
cinereous; the laft edged like the tertials : legs yellowifh : toes
bordered with a plain or unfcolloped membrane. ,;' '

Taken in the frozen fea, about Lat. 69 i. Long. 191 1. Flack.

• Sjji. Nat. 249. - '

XLIV.

49^^ -COMMON COOT.

XLIV. COOT. Gen. Birds. LXXVII.

i.i6. Common. Br. Zool. i. N" 220. — La Foulqae, De Bufon, viii. zii. — PL Enl. 197. — La-

tham, iii.
Fulica atra. Faun. Suec, N* 193. — Brunnich, N° ig6. — Lev. Mus. — Bl. Mus.

GWith a white bill : head, neck, body, wings, and tail, of a full
• black : legs yellowiih green. Weight from twenty-four to
twenty-eight ounces.

Inhabits the fhores of Sweden and Norway : appears in fpring, and
very rarely vifits the lakes or moors*. Frequent in Ruffia, and even
to the eaft of Sihiria. I found it among the birds fent to IVIrs.
Blackburn from North America, The Indians about Niagara drefs
their fkins, and ufe them for pouches. They are frequent in the rivers
of Carolina, where they are called Flufterers f ; I fuppofe, from the
noife they make in flying along the furface of the water.

Place.

• Amacn, Acad. iv. 591. •}• Law/oti, 149.

XLV.

HORNED AND PIED-BILL GREBE. 497

XLV. GREBE. Gen. Birds, LXXVIII.

Eared or horned Dobchiqk, iJi/w. 49. — Latham, \n. .j,_ Hoekib.

GR. with the head very full of feathers, and of a mallard green
color : from each eye iflues a long tuft of yellowifh orange-
colored feathers, almoft meeting at the hind part of the head j be-
neath them is a large ruff of black, feathers : fore part of the neck
and breaft of an orange red ; the hind part and back dufky : coverts
of the wings cinereous : primaries and tertials black : fecondaries
white : belly gloffy and filvery : legs of a bluifli a(h-color before ;
flefh-colored behind. Of the Size of a Teal. Not the male of
my Eared Dobchick, as Mr. Edwards fuppofes * ; there being in
that fpecies no external difference of fexes, as I have had frequent
opportunities of obferving.

Inhabits Hudfon's Bay: appears therein the frefh waters in June: Placi.

lays its eggs among the aquatic plants. Retires towards the fouth in
autumn : is called by the natives, Sekeep. It appears in New Tork in
that feafon, and continues there till fpring, when it returns to the
north. For its vaft quicknefs in diving is called, in New Tork, the
JVater Witch.

Colyir.bus podiceps, Lin. Syft. ZZ'^.— Latham, iii. ^i8, Pied-bill.

Pied-bill Dobcliick, Catejhy, i, 91. — Lev. Mus. — Bl. Mus.

/^R. with a fbrong arched bill, not unlike that of the common
poultry ; of an olive-color, croffed through the middle of both
mandibles with a black bar: noftrils very wide: chin and throat of
a gloffy black, bounded with white : upper part of the neck and back
dufky ; cheeks and under part of the neck pale brown : breaft filvery,
mottled with alh-color: belly filvery : wings brown: ends of the

• See tab, 96, Ediu, and my account of that fpecies, Sr.Zoo/. ii. N°z34.

3 S fecondaries

49» L O U I S I A N E, &c. G R E B E.

fecondaries white : toes furniflied with broad membranes. The
female wants the black bar on the bill. Length fourteen inches.
Place. Inhabits from New York to South Carolina : is called in the firft, the

Hen-beaked Wigeon, or Water Witch. Arrives there late in the autumn,
and goes away in April.

415. LouisiAKE, Le Grebe de la Louifiane, De Buffon, viii. 240. — PI, Enl. N" 94.3. — Latham, iii.

/^R. The end of the bill flightly bent : middle of the breaft white,
tinged with dufky : fides of the neck and body, quite to the rump,
ruft-colored : from the bafe of the neck to the thighs marked with
large tranfverfe black fpots : upper part of the body and wings deep
brown : legs dufky. In Size rather lefs than the common Grebe.
Place. Inhabits Louifiana.

420. DusKT. Br. Zo»I. ii. N° 225. — Ed'u).g6. fig, i. — Le petit Grebe, De Buffon, viii. 232. —

P/.- Enl. 942. — Latham, iii. — ^Lev. Mus. — Bl. Mus.

/^R. With the crown, neck, back, and primaries, dufky: ridge of
the wings and fecondaries white : refl of the wings dufky : breaft
and belly filvery, but clouded. Size of a Teal.
F],Aci. Sent from New Tork with the Horned Grebe^ as its female j but is

certainly a diftinxft fpecies.

A. Great Cre3TI» Grebe, Br. Zoo/, ii. N° 223.— Le Grebe cornu, De Buffon,
2^^.— Faun. Suec. N° 1 5 1 .— i«//^aw, iii. —Lev. Mus.— Bl. Mus.

Vilic

f^ R. With the cheeks and throat furrounded with a long pendent rufF,

of a bright tawny color: on the head a great dufky crcft : hind

part of the neck and back dufky : primaries of the fame color : fecon-

n ^daries

EARED AND RED-NECKED GREBE. 499

daries white : bread: and belly of a glofly filvery white : outfide of
the legs dufky ; infide greenifli. Weight two pounds and a half.
Length twenty-one inches. Extent thirty.

Inhabits Iceland, northern Europe, and the temperate and northern Place,

parts of Sibiria, in every reedy lake.

S. Eared, Br. Zool, ii. N" 225. — Ediu. 96. fig. z.— Latham, iii.

Colymbus Auritus. Fiorna. Skra;nlom, Faun. Suec. N" 15^. — Lev. Mus. — Bl. Mus.

/"^R. With crimfon irides : behind each eye a large tuft of ferrugi-
nous feathers : the head, upper part of the body, and primaries,
dufky : lecondaries white : whole under fide white : feathers above the
thighs ferruginous. Length, to the rump, twelve inches.

Inhabits Iceland*, Norway, and Sweden, and alfo the lakes o^ Lap- Placi.

land, where it makes a floating neft : quits thofe countries in winter.
Common in Sibiria and Rujfia, in all latitudes. Inhabits England the
whole year. I have feen numbers (hot in Lincolnfiire. Could
obferve no external fexual differences ; fo am certain they are not of
the fame fpecies with the Horned Grebe, N" 417.

C. Red-necked Grebe.

r^ R. With the crown, hind part of the neck, back, and wings, dufky
brown : fecondaries white ? cheeks and throat white j the firll:
marked with a few brown flreaks : under fide of the neck bright fer-
ruginous : belly white : legs dufl<:y.

This fpecies was fent to me by the late Mr. Fleijcher oi Copenhagen, Place.

from either Denmark or Norway. The fame fpecies is found, but
very rarely, towards the Cajpian fea f.

• OlaJsK, t Z)a(7or Pallas.

2 S 1 D I V.

.7. -• .'i

D I V. II.

SECT. III. Web. footed.

$oi AMERICAN ANDTEREKAVOSET.

D I V. II.

SECT. III. Web-footed,
•WITHLONGLEGS.

XLVI. A V O S E T. Gen. Birds, LXXIX.

411. American. A ^' With a flender black bill, flightly turning up : head, neck,
jl\. and upper part of the breaft, of a pale bufF-color : reft of the
lower part of the body white: back and primaries black: lefTer
coverts white ; greater black ; beneath which is a long tranfverfe bar
of white : legs very long, and dufl<y : feet femipalmated ; the webs
bordering the fides of the toes for a confiderable way. Larger than
the Efjglijh Avoset.
Place. This fpecies is preferved in the Leverian IVIuseum. It is a na-

tive o{ North America. I imagine that it fometimes is found entire-
ly white; for the bird called by Mr. Edwards (tab. 139.) the White
Codwit from Hud/on' s Bay, feems to be the fame with this.

A. Terek. Scolopax cinerea, A'o^-. Cow. Pf/rs/, xix. 473. Xzb. x\x..— Latham, va.

A V. With a bill one inch ten lines long, flightly recurvated : whole
upper part of the plumage cinereous : the middle of each fea-
ther marked with dufky ; on the rump in form of bars : lower part

of

X-XT

JO'2

.. S-v/^^-t'^/'tcr///^ L-^^tev'^i". j\'.43il

P If y^< ^«</,

50J

SCOOPING AVOSET.

of body white : tail cinereous j outmoft feather on each fide varied
with white and afh-color : legs fhorc, femipalmated. Size of the
Red Sandpiper.

Frequents and breeds in the north * ; and haunts, during the fum- Place.

mer, the Cafpian fea. Migrates through Rujfia and Sibiria.

B. Scooping, Br. Zool. ii. N° 228. — Skarflacka. Alfit, Faun. Suec. N" 191. — Aman.
Acad, iv. 591. — L'Avocette, Be Bujfo/i, viii. 466. — PI, Enl. 353, — Latham, iii.
— Lev. Mus. ' ,

A V. With a black, thin, flexible bill, three inches and a half long,
bending upwards half its length : head, hind part of the neckj
and part of the wings and fcapulars, black : reft of the neck, breaft,
belly, and tail, white. Weight thirteen ounces. Length, to the end
of the tail, eighteen inches. Extent thirty.

Inhabits, in Scandinavia^ only the ifle oi Oeland, off Sweden -, where Place,

it rarely appears in the fpring. Is properly a fouthern bird. Very
frequent, in the breeding feafon, about Fojfdike IVaJh, in Lincoln/hire :
are then very eafily fliot, flying about one's head like the Lapwing,
repeating flirilly, twit, twit. Lay two eggs, white, tinged with green,
and fpotted with black. Are frequent about the fait lakes of the
'Tartarian defart, and about the Cafpian fea.

• DoSlor Pallas,

XLVII.

£04 ; RED F L A M M A N T.

XLVII. F L A M M A NT. Gen. Birds, LXXXI.

422. Rkd. Flamingo, Catejby, i. 73. — Phasnicopterus ruber, Lin. Syji. 230: — Le Flammant,

ou le Phenicoptere, De Buffon, viii. 475. — PL EkU 63. — Latham, iii.
— Lev. Mus.

F

^L. With the upper mandible extremely convex, ridged, and
(loping to a point ; the under very deep, and convex on the up-
' per part ; the edges of both furnifhed with numerous teeth : fpacc

between it and the eyes naked : neck very long : tail fhort : prima-
ries black : all the reft of the plumage of a fine crimfon color ; but
the European birds, which are the only I have feen, are rofeatc : leg*
very long : toes webbed : hind toe very fmall. The attitude isercdl-:
and its height ufually five feet.
Places in Ame- Thefe birds inhabit Louifiana*, the Bahama iflands, and thofc of

RICA. x\-\t Weft Indies; and frequent only fait waters. They live in flocks,

and are uncommonly tame, or rather ftupid. A perfon who can
ftand concealed may fhoot as many as he plcafes j for they will not
arife at the report of the gun ; but thcfurvivors will ftand as if afto-
nifhed : nor will they take warning at the fight of the flain j but con-
tinue on the fpot till moft of them are killed. Such is Catejhy'% ac-
count. But the honeft and intelligent Dampier gives a very different
one ; and fays that they are extremely fhy, and very difficult to be
Ihot.
NfisTs. They build their nefts in ftiallow ponds ; and form, for that purpofe,

with mud, hillocks with a broad bafe, which appear about a foot and
a half above the water: thefe taper to the top, in which the birds
make a hollow for the eggs. They lay two, and cover them with
their rump, their legs refting beneath the water. As foon as the
young are hatched they run very faft, but cannot fly till they are full
grown -f. They arc for a long time of a grey color, nor do they attain
that of red till near two years,

• Du Pratz, ii. 81. f Voyages, i. 71.

They

RED FLAMMANt.

SOS-

They ftand upright, and in a row; fo at a diftance lool-c: like a file
offoldiers. They feed on the feeds of water-plants : not fifli. Their
flelh is good, notvvithftanding it is lean, and loois;s black. Danipicr
alfo bears vvitnefs to the delicacy of the tongues ; which, fays he, are
large, and furniflied with a knob of fat at the root, the fo much
boafted morfel. ApcitiSy a Roman., probably cotemporary with
31'iberius, had the honor of firft introducing them to table : the fame
perfon whom Pliny fo forcibly ftigmatifes with the title of Ne-potum
altijjimus gurges *.

The Flammant inhabits feveral parts of the old world : fuch as Places in Eu-
fomeofthecoafts of the M^<iz/frr(7«^<?« fea; the Cape De ^^r.i iflands ; rope anb Asia,
and the Cape of Good Hope. They are common on the fhores of the
Cajfian fea, on the Perjian and 'Turcomannian coafts : repairing in
flocks to the mouth of the river Temha ; and fometimes to that of
the X^i^ > and alfo to that of the Volga, below JJlracan.

• Lii. X. C, 48»

3 T 'WITH

ro6 W A N D E R I N G A 1. B A r R O S S.

• WITH SHORT LEGS.
-XLVIII. ALBATROSS. Gen. Birds, LXXXII.

4Z3.WjiNDERiNC. Diomedea Exulans, i/«. %?. ZI4. — Pl.Enl. 237. — Latham, Vn.

Albatrofs, Ednu. 83. — Pallas, Spicil. Zool. Fa/c. v. 28.
Tfchaiki of the Kamtfcha'.kans, Lev. Mus — Bl. Mus.

A'

LB. With a ftrong bill, finking a little in the middle; hooked
at the end of the upper mandible, abrupt at that of" the lower i
noftrils covered with a ftrong guard, and opening forward ; color
red ; tip duflcy : the plumage, in fome, wholly dufl<y, with the
color moft intenfe on the upper part; others again have their under
fide entirely white: the tail is rounded : legs and feet of a dufky red:
the webs dufky.

SizB. Albatrosses differ greatly in fize. Whether they differ in fpecies

I cannot determine. They weigh from twelve to twenty- eight pounds :
and vary in extent of wings, from feven feet fevcn inches to ten
feet feven.

Plac£. The white and the brown variety or fpecies appear annually in

flocks of thoufands, about the end oijune, and fpread over the whole
Ochotjchan fea, the gulph of PenJchinJIn, and the Kurile iflands -, but
very rarely on the eaftern coaft of Kamtjchatka. They alfo arrived
in great numbers about Bering's Ifland, at the time when Steller was
preparing to depart from his long confinement, after the fhipwreck
of his illuftrious commander. He failed from thence on the loth of
Aiigufi. This coincides with the re-migration of thefe birds, who re-
tire from the former places about the end of July or the middle of
Auguft. T. heir arrival is the certain forerunner of fifh. It is pro-
bable that they purfue their prey northward, as they do not return
the fame way. They fpread to the coafts of America *, and tend

• Seen the 4th of July, in lat. 56. 30, off the weftern coaft of Amnka. — ElUs'i
t'oy, i. 292.

from

WANDERING ALBATROSS. ^ 507

from each continent to their breeding-places in the iouthern heini-
Tphere, which they may arrive at by the feafon of lummer in that
adverfe part of the globe.

They feek the northern fliores, in purfuit of the vaft fhoais of fal- Mankerj.
mon which frequent tliofe diftant places. They are the moft vora-
cious of birds ; and will fo fill themfelves with fifh, that fometimes
a large one will hang half out of their mouths till thofe in their
ftomach are digefted. They will be at times fo leaden with food
as to become incapable of flying j and even fo flupified, as to be
readily hunted down by boats, or transfixed in the water by darts:
neither can they arife till they have vomited up their prey, v/hich
they ftrive to do with all their might.

The Kamtfchatkans are very folicitous about the capture of thefe Cmtuiv:.
birds, not fo much for the fake of their flefh (which is very tough
and dry, and never eaten unlefs hunger compels) but on account of
the inteftines, which they blow into bladders, in order to form
floats for their nets. They angle for the Albatrofles as they do for ' '

the fcaly race, baiting with a whole fifh, a large hook fixed to a long
cord. This they fling into the water, when there is an inftant con-
tell: among thefe greedy birds, which fhall firll lay hold of it *.

They have only the veftige of a tongue ; which is one of the cha-
rafters of the Gannet, Corvorants, and other voracious birds. Their
voice, like that of the Pelecan, refembles the brayino- of an afs.

The voyage which thefe birds undertake, from perhaps almoft the MroRAT-.oNSr
extremity of the fouthern hemifphere to that of the northern, urged by
inftindl, to attend the migration of certain fifhes, is very amazing.
They are, indeed, feen in Jpril and May off the Cape of Good Hope f,
fometimes foaring in the air with the gentle motioii o( a Kite, at a
•ftupendous height j at others, nearer the water, watching the mo-
tions of the Flying Fifh, which they catch while thofe miferable be-
ings fpring out of their element to fhun the jaws of the Coryphenes.

•» Miji. Kamtfihatka, Engl, edit. 155, t Dampier, i. 531. — OJheck, i. 109,

3 T 3 I have

5oS \V A N D E R I N G A L B A T R O S S.

1 have not authority to fay that fome of them do not refide about
. " the Cape the whole year: but I am acquainted with only two places

in which they breed ; one is the Falkland iflands, the other the coaft
of Patagonia '*. In the firft, they begin to lay their eggs in OSlcher,
the fpring of thofe regions, and continue that function about a
Nests and Egg. month. They build their nefts with fedges, in form of a haycock,
about three feet high, leaving a hollow in the fummit for the egg ;
for they lay but one, which is four inches and a half long, white,
with fome fmall obfcure fpots at the thicker end. They are con-
Itantly watched while on their nefls by multitudes of Hawks, who
no fooner fee the Albatrofs quit its neft, but they inftantly dart
down and carry off the egg. This obliges them to lay another, and
prolong the feafon of incubation.

The remaining part of the fummer they wander over all parts of
the AntarSic feas ; and were feen as low as lat. 67. 20. in the mid-
dle oi ovivJanuary\ ; and have been feen in feveral fucceffive months
to the northward, fhunning the winter of their native hemifphere, and
feeking warmth and food in the remote climate of Kamtfchatka.

Steller takes notice of fome birds which the RuJJians rank under
the name of Glougkpcbi. He fays they are found in great numbers
. on the iiles between Jfta and America ; that they were of the fize be-
tween an Eagle and a Goofe, had a yellow crooked bill, and their plu-
mage of the color of umber, fpotted with white. He alfo faw numbers
feeding on a dead whale. And in croffing the Penchian fea, he obferv-
ed feveral flying : fome white, others black J. All thefe I fufpcd to
have been different forts of Albatrosses, which may have wander-
ed here ; for the Antarctic voyagers obferved at left three fpecies
in their approaches towards the fouthern pole i|.

• This account is given by a diftinguiflied officer in our navy, who had vifited
thefe iflands.

+ CooVs Vty. S. Pole, i. 256. J De/cr. de la Kamtfchatka, 492, |) Ccok''s

Voy. towards the S. Pole,}. 43, 256, 258.

XLIX.

GREAT AUK, AND RAZOR-BILL.

XLIX. AUK. Gen. Birds^ LXXXIIL

,509

Br. Zoo!, ii. N° 2:9. — Ediu. N° 147. — Latham, iii. ^

Alca Impennss, /^a««. Suec. N" 140. — Brunnkb, N" 105. — Malkr, N" 139. —
Lev. Mus. , -

With a ftrong bill, bending at the end ; black, and furrowed
. tranfverfely : between that and the eyes, a bean-fliapcd white
fpot : above, the whole plumage is of a gloffy black ; the fecondaries
alone tipt with white : breaft and belly white : wings very fhort,
and ufelefs for flight, covered with very fhort feathers : legs black.
To the end of the tbes, three feet.

Inhabits (but not very frequently, the coafts o( Norway) t\ic Feroe Place.

iflands (in a certain number of years, St. Kilda) Iceland, Greenland^
and Neivfoundland. It lives chiefly on the fea ; but never wanders
beyond the foundings. Feeds much on the Lump-fiJJj, Br. Zool. ii.
N° 57. and Father Lajher, Br. Zool. iii. N° 99. and other fifli of
that fize. Builds on rocks remote from fhore. Lays one egg,
fix inches long, irregularly marked with purplifli lines on a white
ground, or blotched near the thicker end with black or ferruginous
fpots. Hatches late. The young, in Augufl, are only covered with
grey dov/n. Their food, at that period, is vegetable, the Rhodiola
Rojea, and other plants, having been found in their ftomachs. The
Greenlanders ufe the gullet as a bladder to fupport their darts * : and
I think I have feen fome habits of the EJkimaux inade of the fkins.

Br. Zool. ii.N° 230. — Le Pingoin, PI. Eiil. 1004, 1005. — Latham, iii. i^r. Razor-bill.

Alca Torda, Faun. Suec. N° 139. — Lev. Mus. — Bl. Mus.

* With a white line from the bill to the eyes : bill thick, bent at
'^^* the end, crofled with tranfverfe groves ; the largeft white, and
pafling over each mandible : head, back, wings, and tail black :

* Faun. Groenl. p. Sz.

, : 9 fecondaries

510 RAZOR-BILL, AND BLACK-BILLED AUK.

' fecondarles tipt with white : breaft and belly white : legs black*
Weight near twenty-three ounces. Length eighteen inches. Ex-
tent twenty-feven.
PtACE. Inhabits the north of Europ-e, Iceland, Greenland, and the coa-ft of

Labrador *. Extends in Europe, along the White fea, into the ArBic
Jfiatic fhorcs ; and from thence to Kamtjchatka and the gulph of
Ochotjlc, wherever there are lofty rocics f. It is the only one of this
fpecies which reaches the inland Baltic. It is found there on the
Carls-Ozar ifles, near Gothland, and the ifle of Bondon off Angerman-
land.

426. Black-bil- Br.Zool.W. N°23r. — Alca Pica, Lin. SyJI. 210, — Latham, uu

^^^' Alca Unifuleata, Brunnich, N" jo2. — Muller, N* 138.

A With a black bill, marked with one furrow : whole upper fide
of the body black -y the under, from chin to tail, white.
Weight only eighteen ounces. Length fifteen inches and a half»
Extent twenty-five,
TtACE. Inhabits the north of Europe^ and the fame countries with the

former. It extends farther fouth than any of the genus ; being found
on the coaftsof Candia, the antient Crete; where it is called Vutha-
maria, and Calicatczii %. In Greenland neither of them frequent the
bays till the intenfe cold fcts in ; but live in the fca, reforting, in the

• Doftor Pallas ; to whom it was fent by a Moravian miffionary.

f In the Britijh Zoology, ii. N° 230, I made matter of wonder, the manner in which
this bird placed its egg on the naked rock, with fo fecure a balance that it would nor
roll oft. Mr. Aikin referred me to the following paflage in Harvey de Generationt
Anim. which mcft clearly explains the caufe: " In the fame illand" (the Be/t), fays
he, " una mihi monflratur avis, quas ovum duntaxat fingulare, five unicum, parit,
" idemque fuper cujufdam lapidis acuti fadigium collocat (nullo nido, aut conquifua
" ftrue fuppofita), idque tarn firmiter, ut raater abire & redire, falvo ovo, poffit. Hoc
*' autem fi quis loco dimoveat, nulla arte poftea ftabiliri poteft ; quin inde devolutum
" prasceps in mare ruat. Locus nempe (ut dixi) csmento albo incruftatur ; ovumque,.
'' cum nafcitur, lenta & vifcofa madet humiditate, qua cito concrsfcente, tanquam
" ferrumine quodam fubftrato faxo agglutinatur."
t Belon. Okj. 12.

breed ina;

BLACK-BILLED AUK, AND PUFFIN. 511.

breeding feafon, to the cliffs in flocks, where each knows its ilation.
Feed on the cancer pedatus, and other marine infefts ; and grow
very fat. In winter, refort to the bays to feed; but at night return
to fea. Vie with the Eider-duck^ in point of utility to the Grcodcind-
ers. The fkins are ufed for cloathing : the raw fat is fucked as
broth: the flefli, half putrid, is much admired : and the whole fowl,
dreffed with the intefhines in it, efteemed a high delicacy.

They are taken in the fea with darts ; or, chaced in canoes, arc
driven on fliore, and killed by the perfons who wait for them ; or
are taken in nets made of fplit whalebone. They are the chief food
of the natives during February and March *.

The y^lca Balthica of Briinnich, N° 115, is a variety of thefe birds,
only wants the white line from the bill to the eyes.

Sr. Zo:)!. i'i. N° 232. — EJiv. 358. — Le Macareux, PI. En/. 27^. — Latham, iW. A7y, Puffin.

Alca Arftica, Faun. Suec. N° 141.— Lev. Mus. — Bl. Mus.

A With a fhort bill, deep at the bafe, ridged, triangular, ending
in a fharp point j bale ftrongly rimmed ; upper part blueiHa
grey ; lov/er red ; both furrowed tranfverfely : crown, and upper
part of the body, wings, and tail, black : cheeks white, bounded by
grey: breaft and belly white : legs orange-colored. Weight twelve
ounces. Length twelve inches. Extent twenty-one.

Inhabits all the coafls of northern Europe, the icy fea, and all the Place.-

\N2.y X.O Kamtjchatka ; where they are larger and blacker than ufual,
and their crown cinereous. Found in the Ferae iiles, where they are
called Lunda; extends to Iceland, Greenland, and Spitzbergen. Catefiy
enumerates this fpecies, and fays that the Great Auk, and Razor-
bill, frequent the coafts of Carolina during winter -f-. In the fame fea-
fon, numbers of thefe birds, and the Razor-bills, frequent the coafl:
of Andalufia ; but difappear in the fpring. It is fuppofed that they
continue fwimming from the northern parts in fearch of food ; the
fifh of the fofter latitudes not retiring to the great deeps out of their
reach, as is the cafe with the fifh of more rigorous climates.

* Crantz, 1. 48. f Cats/lj, App. xxxvi.

A. With

51 a LABRADOR. LITTLE, AND ANTIENT AUK.

428, Labracor. a \yi(;h a bill about an inch and a quarter long, nriuch carinated

at top, not very deep, a little convex j upper mandible dufky,

lower whitifli, marked with a black, fpot, and angulated like that

of a Gull : crown, and upper part of the body, wings, and tail,

dufky: lower part white: legs red. Size of the former.

Place. Inhabits the Labrador coaft ?— Br. Mus.

429. Little. Br. Zool. ii. N° 233. — Edix). 91. — Latham, iii.

Alca AWe, Faun. Suec. N° 14.2. — Brunnich, N° 106. — Rot-ges, or Roftet, Martinis
Sfiizb. 85. — Lev. Mus.

A With a fhort, black, convex, and thick bill : whole upper part
black : cheeks and lower parts white : fcapulars fiireaked
downwards with white : legs dirty greenifh white : webs black : throat
of the male is black. In Size not fuperior to that of a Blackbird.
^^^^^' Inhabits the north of Europe, as far as Spitzhergen ; but I believe

does not extend to AJia. Frequent in Greenland. Dives well. Is
always putting its bill to the water as if drinking. Grows very fat
in ftormy weather, when the waves bring fmall Crabs and little fifh
near the furface. Is called in Newfoundland the Ice-bird, being the
harbinger of ice *. Varies to quite white ; and fometimes is found
with a reddifh breaft. Is called by the Dutch, Rottet, from its note.

430. Antient. a With a black bill, crown, and throat: on each fide of the
head a fliort whitifli creft : on the hind part of the neck are
numbers of white, long, loofe, and very narrow feathers, which give
it an aged look : wings, back, and tail, footy : breaft and belly
white. Size of the former.
PticE. Inhabits from the weft of North America to Kamtjchatka and the

Kurik iflands. — Pallas, MS. — Lev. Mus.

* Crantz, i, 85.

A. With

P I G M Y, A N D T U F T E D A U K. 515

A With the bill black and ridged : crown, upper part of the 431. ProMT.

neck, back, wing?, and tail, dufky : under fide of the neck
and breafb of a deep iron grey : belly of a dirty white : legs duflty.
Size of the Water Ouzel.

Seen in Vaft multitudes about Bird IJland, between Afia and Ame- Place.

rica. ■ - .

Aka Cirrhata, Pallas, Sficil, Zooh fafc. v. 7. tab. i. — Latham, in. 432. Tut'TEn.

— Lev. Mus.

A With a ftrong thick bill, of a fub-triangular form, arched,
hooked near the end -, the lower mandible truncated j the
upper mandible, near the bafe, rifing into a diftinfl: prominence: the
bill of the male marked with three furrows ; of the female with
two : its colors a fine red, yellow, and corneous : from the fides of
the head are two long filky tufts of a yellow color, falling down
the fides of the neck to the back : cheeks white : the reft of the
plumage entirely black; lighteft beneath: legs of a bright red. In
Size fuperior to the Puffin Auk.

Inhabits only the fliores of Kamtfchatka, the Kurile iflands, and Placs.

thofe intervening between Kamtfchatka and America.

In manners this fpecies greatly refembles the Puffin. Lives all Manners;
day at fea, but at no great diftance from the rocks : comes on fhore
at night : burrows a yard deep under ground, and makes there a
neft, with feathers and fea plants : is monogamous, and lodges there
the whole night with its mate. Lays one white egg, in the latter
end o( May or beginning of June. Bites fiercely when taken.
Feeds on Crabs, Shrimps, and fhell-fifh, which it forces from the
rocks with its ftrong bill.

The females of Kamt/cbatka copy from this bird the fafhion of
hanging, from behind each ear, tufts made offiips of the white part
of the flcins of the Glutton, Thefe are reckoned the moft valuable

3 U, prefent

514 TUFTED AUK, AND PERROQUET.

prefent a lover can give his miftrefs, or a hufband to his wife,
and the ftrongeft proof of afFedlion.

Their magicians formerly ufed to recommend the bills of this bird,
mixed with thofe of the PufEn, and the parti-colored hairs of
Seals, as a powerful amulet. The diftant iflanders ftill bear the
bills in their helmets and caps, and make their garments of the
fkins; but the Kamtfchatkans at prefent make no ufe of any part
but the eggs, which are a common food ; the flefh being hard and
infipid.

433. Perroquet. Alca Pfittacula, /',j//<j/, S/jya'A ZW. fafc. v. i5.tab. ii. — Latham, \\\.

A With an oval bill, or the upper and lower parts convex, and

of a bright red color : from the remote corner of each eye is

a very flender tuft of fine white feathers, hanging down the neck : the

head and upper part of the body dufl<y ; the lower whitifh, varied

with black edges : legs dirty yellow : webs duflcy. About the Size

of the Little Auk.

Place. Inhabits Kamtfchatka, the ifles towards Japan, thofe towards

America, and the weftern (bores oi America, in great abundance. They

, fwim in flocks; but never, unlefs tempeft-driven, go far from the

rocks, to which they refort towards night, and fhelter themfelves in

the fiffbres or holes, without keeping any certain neft. Are the moft

ftupid of all birds, and caught by the natives in this ridiculous

manner : — towards evening they put on their garment with great

fleeves, pull out their arms, and leave the fleeves diftended, which.

the birds will creep into by flocks, and thus become an eafy prey.

The ftupidity of this fpecies has often been the falvation of ma-
riners failing by night in thefe dangerous parts ; being often warned
of the neighborhood of a dreadful rock, by thefe birds flying on board
their veffel, miftaking it for their defigned lodging. They lay one
egg, uncommonly great for their fize ; it is of a whitifh color, fpeck-
kd with brown, dufky, or yellow i and is efteemed for its delicacy.

Aka

CRESTEDANDDUSKYAUK. ^i^

Alca Criftatella, Pallas Spicil. Zod. fafc. v. i8. tab. iii. — Latham, iii. ,,, Crested

A With a fcarlet bill : upper mandible convex, and end hooked;
and near the angle of the mouth a fcarlet heart-fhaped fub-
ftance : on the forehead rife fome upright feathers; and above that
a fine crelt of longer feathers, curling forwards : head and neck
black : behind each eye hang a few narrow feathers : back black,
marked with dufky ferruginous ftrokes : rump hoary : wings footy :
under fide of the body of a dufky cinereous caft : legs livid : webs
duiky. Size of the Miflel Thrufh.

Frequent on Bird IJland, between Jfia and America. PtAci,

Aka Tetracula, Pallas Spicil. Zool. fafc. v. 23. tab. iv. — Latham, iii. .,, Duj^y

A With a fmall arched bill, duflcy and yellow: above the bafe, on
the forehead, the feathers divide into two points : beyond
each eye is a whitifh defcending line, in which are a few fetaceous
feathers : general color of the bird duflcy : belly hoary : on the hind
part of the head and neck, and near the tail, a (tw rufty marks : tail
very fhort, dufky, and fome of the -feathers tipt with ferruginous :
legs livid : webs intenfely black. Length eleven inches. Extent
eighteen.

Frequent about Kamtfchatka, the Kurile ifles, and thofe fituated PtAci,

towards America. Live in flocks on the rocks ; but appear at fea
folitary : moft flupid, and clumfy. Can fcarcely fly; or fland, except
they refl againft the rocks, where they lodge in the fifTures the whole
night, or in burrows, which they make with great facility. They fwin:i
and dive admirably well. Are exceedingly bad food ; but are eaten
by the almoft-famifhed natives.

3 U a L. G U I L-

510 FOOLISH AND BLACK GUILLEMOT.

L. GUILLEMOT. Gen. Birds, LXXXIV.

436. Foolish. Jir. 'Zool. ii. N° 234 — Colymbus TroIIle, Faun. Suec. N" 149, — Latham, iii.

— Lev. Mus.— Bl. Mus.

With the bill three Inches long : head, neck, back, wings, and
tail, of a deep moufe-color : fecondaries tipt with white :
breaft and belly pure white : legs duflcy. Weight twenty ounces,
Length feventeen inches. Extent twenty-feven and a half.
Place. Inhabits all parts of the north of Europe, to Spitzhergen ; the coafl:

oi Lapmark, and along the white and icy fea, quire to Kamtfchatka
and North America. Found in Ne^vfoundland. Not mentioned among
the birds of Greenland. Is a fpecies that winters on the coaft of
Italy. * ; poflibly thofe which quit England before that feafon.

A"-'. Blick. ^>'- '^"i^- '■• N" 236 — Colymbus Grylle, Faun. Suec. N° 148. — Latham, iii.

—Lev. Mus, — Bl. Mus.

C^ With the bill an inch and a half long : infide of the mouth
* of a fine red : bill, head, neck, back, tail, and under fide
of the body, black: wings duflcy; the coverts marked with a bed of
white; fecondaries tipt with white : legs fcarlet. Length fourteen
inches. Extent twenty-two.
Place. Found in all the fame places with the former, except Italy; doubt-

ful as to Newfoundland. Inhabits Hudfon's Bay the whole year. The
young are mottled with black and white, and fometimes are quite
white f. Are excellent divers ; therefore called fometimes Diving
Pigeons. Make a twittering noife. The Greenlanders eat the flefli,
ufe the fl:in for cloathing, and the legs as lures for fifli.

• MS. Lift. o/"^;W^ o/"//«/y, fent to me by that eminent Ornithologift, M. Scopoli,
from Pavia.

\ Mr. Hutchins affures me, that the old birds do not vary, as has been imagined.

la la

MARBLED GUILLEMOT. 517

In Kamtfchatka is a variety, with a white oblique line ifluing from .;

the white fpot on the wings.

r^ With a black bill : crown dulky : throat, bread, and belly, 438. Marbiid^

mottled with black and white : back and fides very glofly,
and niarbled with black and ruft-color : wings dud^y j greater co-
verts edged with white : tail black : legs yellow : webs black.
Length nine inches.

Inhabits Prince JVilliant's Sound, on the weftern coaft of North Place.

America, and probably Kamt/chaika. — Lev. Mus.

LI. DIVER.

5i8 NORTHERN AND IMBER DIVER.

LI. DIVER. Gen. Birds, LXXXV.

439. NoRTHBRN. Br. Zool. ii. N° 237. — L'fmbrim, ou grand Plongeon de laMer de Nord, Di Buffon,
viii. 258. — PL Enl. 9,2.
Colymbus Glacialis, Lin. Syft. 221. — Latham, iii. — Lev. Mus. — Bl. Mus,

With head and neck black : throat, and hind part of the neck,
marked with a femilunar fpot of white, and with white
ftreaks pointing downwards : upper part of the body and wings
black, varied with white fpots : tail dufky : breaft and belly white :
legs black. Length three feet five inches. Extent four feet eight.
Weight fixteen pounds.
Place. Inhabits the north o{ Europe, and fpreads along the y/riJ?zV coafts,

as far as the mouth of the Ob only. Is found about Spitzbergen,
Iceland, Hudjon^s Bay, and as low as New York. Makes its neft, in
the more northern regions, on the little ifles of frefh-water lakes.
Every pair keeps a lake to itfelf. Sees well : flies very high, and,
darting obliquely, falls fecure into its neft. Tries to fave itfelf by
diving, not flying. The young defend themfelves ftoutly with their
bills. Appears in Greenland in Jpril or the beginning of May.
Goes away in September or OSfober, on the firft fall of fnow. The
natives ufe the flcins for cloathing ; and the Indians about Hudfon's
Bay adorn their heads with circlets of their feathers.

440. Imber. Br. Zool. ii. N" 238. — Le Grand Plongeon, De Buffcn, viii. 251. — PI. Enl. 251.

Colymbus Immer, Lin. Syjl. 222. — Latham, \\i, — Lev. IVIus. — Bl. Mus.

T^ With a dufky head : back, coverts of wings, and tail, dufky,
elegantly edged with greyifli white : primaries and tail
black : breaft and belly filvery : legs black : webs marked with
white ftripes. Larger than the laft.
Place. Inhabits New York during winter. Extends to Kamtfchatka -, but

in no part of Sibiria or Rujfia, Found in Iceland, and moft parts of
northern Europe.

Br.

SPECKLED AND STRIPED DIVER. 519

£r. Zool. ii. N" 239.— Le petit Plongeon, De Buffon, viii. 254. — ?l. Enl. 99:. 441. Speckled.

Colymbub Stellatus, Soehane, Brunnich, N" 130. — Latham, iii. — Lev. Mus.

— Bl. Mus.

"T^ With the bill turning a little upwards: head dark grey, fpot-
ted with white : hind part of the neck of an uniform grey :
back, coverts of wings, primaries, and tail, dufl-iv ; tlie two firll
fpotted with white : from chin to tiil a fine filvery white. Weight
two pounds and a half. Length two feet three. Extent three
feet nine.

Thefe three fpccies vific Ne-iv 2'ork in the winter, and return Place.

very farnorth to breed. This is common about the Baltic and White
Sea; but not obferved in other parts of RnJJia ; yet is a native of
Kamtjchatka* . It lays two eggs in the grafs, on the borders of the
lakes, not far from the fea. The eggs are exactly oval, of the fize
of thofe of a Goofe, dufky, marked with a few black fpots.

'T\ With a ftrong black bill, three inches long ; head and neck 442. Striped.

light grey, ftriped regularly downwards with long nar-
row black lines: back and fcapulars dun-:y and plain: priinaries,
tail, and legs, dufliy : cheeks, and whole under fide of the body,
of a glofly white. Weight between two and three pounds.

Inhabits the inland lakes of Hudjons Bay^ about a hundred miles Place.

fouthward o( Tork Fort. Lays, in June, two eggs. Flies high, and
pafles backwards and forwards, making a great noife ; which is faid
to portend rain. Detefted by the natives, who look on this note as
fypernatural. — Mr. Hut elms.

* Stil'.er, in No'v, Com. Petrcp. iv, 424.

Br,

S20 RED AND BLACK THROATED DIVER.

443. Red- Br. Zeol. ii. N'' 240 — Le Lumme, ou petit Plongeon de Mer de Nord, De

THROATED. 2,ffon, viii. 2^1 .—PL Enl. 308.

Colymbus Septentrionalis, Lin, Sy/l. 220. — Latham, iii. —Lev. Mus.

"r\ With head and chin of an uniform grey : throat, and lower
fide of the neck, of a dull red : upper part grey, flreaked
with black: upper part of body, wings, and tail, dufl^y : back and
coverts of wings fpotted with white : breaft and belly white : legs
dufl<y. Weight three pounds. Extent three feet five. Length,
to the tip of the tail, two feet.
Plass. Found in the north q( Europe and Iceland, along the northern coafl: of

Rujidy Sibirla, and Kamtfchatka ; but does not haunt the inland lakes.
Inhabits the rivers of Hudfon's Bay during fummer. Prey much on
the fifli entangled in the nets ; but are often caught themfelves in
their rapid purfuit of the fifli. Mr. Hutchins took fourteen out of a
fingle net in one tide. Numbers of every fpecies of Diver are fre-
quently taken in this manner about Hudfon's Bay.

444. Black- Br. ZodI. ii. N" 241. — Colymbus Arfticus, Lomm. Faun. Suec. N° 150.

THROATED. Lehyimme, kc. De Bufon,\n\. z6\.— Latham, in. —Lev. Mus.

\\, With bill, forehead, and cheeks, black : hind part of the neck

cinereous : fides of the neck ftreaked downwards with black :

fore part varying with black, purple, and green : back and coverts

.of wings dufky ; the firft marked with fquare, the laft with round

white fpots : breafh and belly white : tail black : legs partly red,

partly dufky.

PiAci. This, and the preceding, inhabit Hudfons Bay *, the north of

EiiropCy and Iceland. Few in RuJJia : but frequent in the inland

lakes of 6'/^/m, efpecially thofe of the ArElic regions; but in the

wandering feafon fpread over all latitudes.

• Edwards, 147.

The

BLACK-THROATED DIVER. fax

The Norwegians remark the fagacity of thefe birds, in prelaging
the change of weather. When the fkies are big with rain, they
fly wildly about, and make the moft horrible hoarfe noife, fearing
that the fwelled waters fhould invade their neft; on the contrary,
in fine weather, their note is different, and fcemingly in an exulting
llrain. The Norwegrmis think it impious to deftroy, or even to dif-
turb, this fpecies *.

The Szvedes have lefs fuperftition : they drefs the fkins •, which,
when prepared, fhew in the cleareft manner, on the infide, the quin-
cuncial difpofition of feathers. They are exceedingly tough, and.
are ufed for gun-cafes and facings for winter-caps f-

♦ yForm^ Mil/. 304. \ Faun. ■lac^..

3 X LII.

524 C U T - W A T E R.

445. Cut-water.

LII. SKIMMER. Gen. Birds, LXXXVI.

Cut-water, Catejby, i. 90. — Le Bee en Cifeaux, De Buffon, viii. 454. tab. 36.

—PI. Enl. 357.
Rynchops nigra, Lin, S_\fi. 229. — Latham, iii. — Lev. Mus. — Bl. Muj.

S'

iK. With the bill greatly comprefTed, the edges fharp ; lower
mandible four inches and a half long; upper only three ; bafe
red ; the reft black : forehead, chin, front of neck, bread, and
belly, white: head, and whole upper part of the body, black : wings
of the fame color : lower part of the inner webs of the primaries
white : tail ftiort, and a little forked ; middle feathers dulky ; the
others white op their fides : legs weak and red. Length one foot
eight inches. Extent three feet feven.
Place. Inhabits America, from New York to Guiana * . Skims nimbly

along the water, with its under mandible juft beneath the fur-
face, feeding on the infefts and fmali fifh as it proceeds. Fre-
quents alfo oyfter-banks ; its bill being partly, like that of the Oyf-
ter-catcher, adapted for preying on thofe fhell-fifli. In Mr. Rays
Synopfis t is a fketch, fent from Madras, of one of this fpecies.

* Bantre France Ejuiit. 135. t I94- N° 5. tab. i. No 5.

LIII.

N O D D Y, A N D S O O T Y T E R N. 52-3

LIII, TERN. Gen. Birds, LXXXVII.

Catcfjy, i. SS.— Le Noddi, De Biffon, viii. tfi\.—Pl. Etil. 461. - .,(,, Noddy.

Sterna Stolida, Lin. Sjjl. 227. — Lev. Mus,

With a black long bill : crown white, gradually darkening to
the hind part : whole plumage brown : wings and tail alnaoft
dufky. Weight four ounces.

Inhabit, in vaft numbers, the Bahama idands, where they breed on Place.

the bare rocks. In the breeding feafon they, and numbers of other
birds, are feen in great flights, flying near the furface of the water,,
continually dropping on the fmall fifh which are driven to the top,
to fhun the perfecution of the greater. The whole air refounds with
the noife of the birds, who feem in full exultation on their fuccefs i
which is exprefled in vaft variety of notes. A rippling and whitenefs
in the water marks the courfe of the flioals of fifh ; and above them ■
the air is animated with their feathered enemies. Where the ftrong-
efb rippling is, there appear the thickefl- fwarms of fowls. As foon
as the time of nutrition is over, thefe birds difperfe over the ocean,
feparately j and are I'een at the diftance of hundreds of leagues from^
land 5 but very feldom on the outfide of the tropics. Their {lupi-
dity is notorious ; for they will fufler themfelves to be taken by the-
hand, when they fettle, as they often do, on the yards of fhips.

'T^ With a black bill, two inches long : forehead white : crown, i^^-j. Sooty.

' hind part of the head and neck, back, and wings, of a footy
blacknefs : cheeks, fore part of the neck, breafl:, belly, and ridge of
the wings, white: tail greatly forked j tip of the exterior feathers
white; the reft of the tail duflcy. Nearly the Size, of the Common-
Gull..

Sent from New York, to Sir Ajhton Lever. Thefe birds are found Placs'.

in very remote climates. They fwarm in the \^to^ Ajcenfion, 8 fouth
latitude. Emit a moft fkarp and flirill cry : are quite fearlefs j and

3X2 fly.

524 G R E A T A N D L E S S E R T E R N.

fly Co clofe to the few men who vifit that diftant ifle, as almost to
touch them. They lay only two or three eggs, which are of a for-
prizing fize, yellowifh, fpotted with brown and pale violet. The
flocks which poffefs the different parts of the ifle, lay at different
times. In fome quartere the young were found very large j irj
others only a fingle egg was found jufl then layed. Mr. Ojbeck
and Do6l:or Forftcvy who were here in ^^r;Vand May, are filent about
this fpecies : pofTibly it was then on its migrations. It is to the
Comte de Buffon * we owe this account j who received it from
that obfervant nobleman the Marquis de ^lerhoeKt.

44?. GrEaT. iJ,-. Zool. ii. N" 254. — Sterna Hirundo, Tama, Faun. Suec. N° 15?.

Le Pierre garin, ou grande Hirondelle de mer, De Bufon, viii. 331. — PI. EitL
987. — Laiiam, iii. —Lev. Mus. — Bl. Mus.

T^ AVith bill and feet of a fine crimfon color : forehead, throat, and
whole under fide, of a pure white: crown black: upper part
of the body, and coverts of the wings, an elegant pale grey : tail much
forked, white, with the exterior edges of the three outmofl: grey.
Weight four ounces one quarter. Length fourteen inches. Extent
thirty.
Place. Inhabits Europe, as high as Spitzhergen ; and alfo the northern

parts of North America, as far as Hudfon's Bay. It appears in New
England in May, and goes away in autumn.: called there the Mackerel
Gull. It is found on the Ar5lk coafls of Sibiria and Kamtjchatka^
Retires even from England at approach of winter,

jLifQ. Lesser, ^i"- Zool. ii. N° 255. — Sterna minuta, Lin. SjJI. 228.

La petite Hirondelle de mer, De Buffon, viii. 337. — PL En!. 996. — Latham, iii.
Lev. Mus. — Bl. Mus.

np "With a yellow bill and legs j the firft tipt with black : forehead

and cheeks white: from the back to the eyes is a black line:

crown black : breafl and belly of the mofl exquifite and gloITy white-

nefs, unequalled by the finefl fatin : back and wings of apale grey : tail

• Oi/, viii. 345.
t •whitej

BLACK AND KAMTSCHATKAN TERK. J25

white ; lefs forked than that of the preceding. Weight two ounces eiglic
grains : Length eiglu inches and a half : Extent nineteen and a half.

This fpecies is too tender to endure the high northern latitudes, nor "Place.

even beyond the Baltic. Is met with in the fouth of Ru£ia^ and
about the "Black and Cajpian feaj and in Sibh'ia about the Irtifi. In
America is feeii, during fummer, about NcdJ York.

Br. Zool. ii. N" 256. — Sterna f;il"ipes, i/«. Syji. 228. ^JO, Black.

Le Guifette noire, ou I'Epouvar.tail, De Buffon, viii. 341.— -P/, £»/. 333.'—
Latham, iii. — Lev. Mus.^Bl. Mus.

'X' With the bill, head, neck, bread, and belly, black: vent white:
uings and back of a deep afh-color: tailfliort; exterior fea-
thers white; the others cinereous: legs a dirty red: webs deeply
hollowed in the middle, fo as to form a crefcent.

This is the fpecies which I apprehend was fent to the Royal Society Place.

from Hudfon's Bay ; and was feen in vaft flocks beyond iat, 4 1 north,
long. 47^weft from London, hy Mr. Kabn*, fomewhat fouth of the
bank oi Newfoundland. Is found in Europe, as far as Iceland, Very
numerous in Sil>ina, and ab©ut the fait lakes of the defarts of Tariaiy,
which they animate by their note and aftive flight and motions.

A. TCAMtSCHATKAN. pALtAS, MS.

LaGuifFette? De Bufon, viii. i^g.'—Pl.Enl. 924.

np With the bill and crown black : forehead and fpace over the
eyes white.
Obferved by Suller about Katittjchatka. A bird feemingly of this Piace.

fpecies was Ihot on the Severn a few miles below Shrew/bury ; and is

f yoye.^e, i, 23,

■ •■ ' among

5:5 CASPIAN TERN.

among the elegant drawings of my friend, Jcfcph Plymky, Efq; of
Lonznpr..

B. Caspian T. Terna Cafpia, Mr. Lepcchin, in 'Ko-j. Com. Petrop. xiv. 5C0. tab. xiii*.
— Pallas, 483. tab. xxli. — Latham, iii.

'X* With a fcarlet bill, three inches long : crown and hind part of
the head cf an incenfe black, hoared with white : fpace round
the eyes black j under each a white crefcent : cheeks, lower fide of"
the neck, and whole under fide of the body, of a fnowy whitenefs :
upper part cinereous and hoary : fix firft primaries darker, edg-
ed and tipt with black : tail deeply forked, and of a pure white :
legs black. The fpecimen defcribed by Doftor Pallas was of
darker colors ; perhaps differed In age and fex. Length near two feet;
Extent three feet two inches. Seems, in the air, as big as a Kite.
Place. Inhabits the Cafpian fea, about the mouth of the Taik. Makes a

laughing noife. Fifhes both in the fea and rivers. Remains long
fufpended in the air, then daOies on its prey ; and fkims the furfiice of
the water like a Swallow. Lays, on the back of defart ifies, two eggs
marked with dufky fpots. Wanders up the great river Chy, tvtfi.
towards the /r(5Si?« ocean *.

* Pallas MS. Catalog,.

LIV.

BLACK-BACKED GULL, AND HERRING. SV

LIV. GULL. Cm. Birds, LXXXVLTL

Br. Zool. ii. N° 242. — Larus marinus, Faun. Suec. N" Jjj.
Ls Goeland a manteau noir, De Bujfon, viii. 405. — PL Enl. 9-0 — Latham, iii.
— Lev. Mi's. — Bl. Mus.

451. Black-
backed.

With a firong pale yellow bill ; the lower mandible marked
with a black fpot, encircled with red : upper part of the back
and wings black j primaries tipt with white : the reft of the plu- '*

mage of a fnowy whitenefs : legs pale flefli-color. Weight fome- gize

times five pounds. Length twenty-nine inches. Extent five feec
nine.

Inhabits northern Europe, as high as Iceland, Lapmark, and the White Placi".

Sea; Greenland, and the coaft of North America down to New
York and South Carolina, where they are called Qld Wives. Is ob-
ferved, in Greenland, to attack other birds, efpecially the Eider
Duck. The EJkimaux and Greenlanders make their garments of "' '

the ftins of thefe, as well as other water fowl. This vv^as a pradice,
in early times, with every people to whom manufaftures were un-
known, Non avium plum<£ in ujum vejlis conjeruntur * ?

Br. Zool. ii. N° 246. — Larus fufcus, Faun. Suec, N° 154. ^.^^ Hbhrino,

Le Goeland a manteau gris brun, De Bujliit, \m, .^10.— Latham, ni,

f^ 'With a yellow bill ; lower mandible marked with a red fpot :
irides ftravv-colored : head, neck, and tail, white : back and
coverts of wings alli-color : primaries dufky, with a white fpot near
their ends : legs of a pale flefh-color; vary to yellow. Weight about
thirty -ounces. Length twenty-three inches. Extent four feet four.

Inhabits the north of Europe, Iceland, and Greenland : even in the Place.

laft country a common fpecies ; and continues there the whole year.

• Sentca Epijl. Ep- xc.

q Breeds

S^i WAGEL, AND LAUGHING GULL,.

Breeds among broken rocks : much upon wing : is caught in fnare-^
or by a baited hook. The flefh and eggs eaten ; and the fkin ufed,
like that of mofl: other Gulls, for garments. Is found in Hudfon's
Bay during fummer: breeds- there, and retires at approach of winter.
It breeds likewife on the iflands on the coaft of South Carolina. Is-.
ft£quent about the Cafpiaft and Black feas,. and their great rivers :
alfo about the greateff lakes of Sibiria,

^^l, Wagel. Br, Zool. ii. N=' 247.— Larus navius, Lin. Syfi. 22;.

Le Goeland varie, ou le Grifard, De Buffon, viii. 413. — Tl. Enl. 266. —
•^ Latham, iii. —Lev, Mus. — Bl. Mus.

/"I With a black bill : irides dufi<;y : whole plumage, above and
below, varied with brown, white,, and cinereous : primaries
dufky : tail mottled with dufky and white; near the end a black bar;-
tips whitilh : legs of a dirty white. Weight thirty-two ounces.
Length near two feet. Extent four feet eight.
I'i'Acs. Inhabits the north o( Europe, Iceland, Hudfon's Bay, and Newfound-

land. Frequent about the lakes of Ruffia, and the weft of Sil/iria.

454, Laugh(nc< Cattjby, i, i^.'^WiU. Orn. 346. N" iv.— La Mouette rieufe. Be Bujhn,\in. 433.

—PL Enl. 970.
Larus Atricilla, Lin. Syjl. zt^.^^Latham, iii. —Lev. Mus.

ff^^ With a red bill : black head : the ends of the primaries black :
back and coverts of the wings cinereous: all the reft of the
plumage white : legs black and long. Length about eighteen'
inches. Extent three feet.
PiAsr. Inhabits the Bahama iflands. Their note refembles a coarfe

laugh.

L A C K - H E A D E D, &c. GULL. 529

Br. Zool. ii. N" 252.— Larus ridibundus, Lin. Syji. 225. — La Mouette rieufe, 455. Black-
De Buffon, v'ni. /^ll. — Latham, iii. — Lev, Mus. headed.

C^, "With a red bill and legs: head and throat black : neck, belly,
and tail, white : back and wings afh-colored : ends of the pri-
maries marked with black. Length about fifteen inches. Extent
thirty-feven. Weight ten ounces.

Inhabits Nevo England : comes in May, leaves the country in ^ugufl. Placb.

In Europe, not farther north than England. In all ^zTtioi Ruffia and
Sihiria, and even Kamt/chatka. Has the laughing notes of the former,
of which it feems a variety.

Br. Zool. ii. N". 250. — Phifps, iS/.—Laruj Rifla, L-n. SyJl. 224. .^i5_ Kittiwake.

Y>.\ilge-gehsi, Marten's Sfil:cbergen,%l. — Latham, iii. — Lev. Mus ?

r^^ With a yellow bill : infide of the mouth orange : head, neck,
under fide of the body, and tail, white : behind each ear is a
black fpot : the back and coverts pale grey : primaries dufky, with a
white Ipot ne^r the ends : legs dufky : no back toe. Length four-
teen inches. Extent three feet two.

Is found about Newfoundland. Inhabits Spitzbergen, Greenland, Place,

Iceland, and the north of Europe, the ar(5tic coaft of Afia, and Kamt-
fchalka.

Larus eburneus, Fhipps's Fay. 187. — Larus candidus, Faun. Groenl. N° 67. 457. IvoRy.

Rathfher, Marten s Spitzb, 77. — La Mouette blanche, De Buffon, viii. 422.-!?-
Pl. Enl. 904, — Latham, iii. — Liv. Mus.

^, With the bill and legs of a lead-color: whole plumage of a
fnowy whitenefs. Length, to the end of the tflil, fixteen inches.
.Extent thirty-feven.

, 3 Y Inhabits

J30 COMMON AND ARCTIC GULL.

PtACi. Inhabits Spitzbergen and Greenland: alfo very frequent in the

frozen fea between AJia and America -y and off cape Denbigh, a little
to the fouth of Bering s Streights. Keeps ufually far at fea ; but when
it does alight, is very ftupid, and eafily killed. The young are fpotted
with blacky and their bills are black.

4158. Common. 5r. Zm/. ii. N" 449. — Larus cauus. Homaka. Mave. /,«//« Straule, Fauiu

Suec. N" 153. — Latham, iii. —Lev. Mus.

r^^ With a yellow bill : head, neck, tail, and all the under fide of
the body, white : back and coverts of wings light grey : pri-
maries dufky J near their extremities a white fpot : legs dull white,
tinged with green. Length feventeen inches. Extent three feet.
Weight twelve ounces and a half.
Place, Inhabits as high as Iceland ; and is comoian about the Ruffian lakes*

Is frequent on the coaft of Newfoundland.

. Arctic. ^''' ^""^^ "' ^° ^+5* — P^'ff*> ^^7- — ^^ Labbe a longue queue, I>e Bufon, vlii.

445.— i'/. EttL 762. — PL Tranf. Ixii. 421. — Latham, iii. — Lev. Mus.

r\ With a dufky bill, much hooked at the end : upper part cover-
ed with a thin cere : crown black : back, wings, and tail, duflcy :
neck, breaft, and belly, white : tail cuneiform} two middle feathers
near four inches longer than the reft. Female wholly brown ; under
fide lighteft. Length twenty-one inches,
y J Inhabits, in America, Hud/on' s Bay* ; all the north o£ Europe to

Spitzbergen ; frequent in Greenland^ Feeds almoft entirely on fiflx
caught by other birds, which it perfecutes till they drop their prey, or
vomit for fear ; when it catches their droppings before it falls into the
water. The Dutch call it, from a now exploded notion, that it lives
on the dung of fowl., the Stront-j agger. Extends along the ar£lic
coaft to Kamtjchaika. Afcends the great rivers, the Ob, Jenefei, and
Lena, above a hundred leagues inland.^

• Ph.Tranf. Ixii,

BLACK-TOliD AND SKUA GULL. 531

Sr. Zool. ii. N" 244.— Catharafla cepphus. Strandhoeg, Brunnuh, N" 126. — Le .^^^ BlacK-tosh
Labbe, ou Stercoraire, De Buffon, viii. 441. tab. 34. — PI. Enl. 991. — La-
tham iii. — Lev. Mus.

^^^ With a bill refembling the former: head and neck of a dirty
white, marked with dufky fpots : back, fcapulars, coverts of
"wings, and tail, black, prettily edged with pale ruft : breaft and belly
white, crofled with numerous duiky and yellowifh lines : the fides
and vent barred croffways with black and white : tail black, tipt
with white; the exterior webs of the outmoft, fpotted with ruft; the
two middle feathers are near an inch longer than the others. Thefe
birds vary into lighter and darker colors ; but the color of the toes
are fpecific marks : the leg« are of a blueifli lead-color : the toes and
webs have their lower parts of a deep black. Weight eleven ounces.
Length fifteen inches. Extent thirty-nine.

Inhabits, in America-, the coaft of Newfoundland and Hudfon's Bay : is Flacb.

hated by the natives, who have a notion that the birds are companions
to the detefted Efkimaux. I cannot, in Europe, trace it higher than
Great Britain and Denmark ; yet it has been fhot, in the Atlantic ocean,
as near to the line as north lat. 8, weft long, 2a. la.

A. Skua, Br. Zeoh ii. N° 243. — Catharafla Skua, BrunnUh, N" 12^.— -Mulkr, N« iSf.
Le Goeland brun, De Biiffon, viii. 408. — Latham, iii. — Lev. Mus.

r^ With a ftrong fliarp black bill and cere : head, back, and coverts

of the wings, brown and ruft-colored : primaries and fecondaries

dufl<v j the fhafts of the primaries white : on the fecondaries a great

3 Y 2 whit«

532 G L A U C a U S GULL.

whice fpot : breaft and belly of a rufty a(h : tail brown, white at the
bale : legs black and fcaly : claws black, fharp, ftrong, and hooked
like thofe of a Kite. Length two feet. Exten't four and a half.
Weight three pounds.
Place. Inhabits Europe very locally; only from Foz//« and Unjiy two- of the

Schetland ifles, to the Feroe ifx'es, Norway, aivd as far as Iceland. Its
manners, fuch as its great courage, and fiercenefs in defending its
young, in driving away the eagle from its haunts, and, as is firmly
afTerted by Mr. Schroter, a furgeon in the Feroe ides, its preying on
the lefler water fowl, like a rapacious land bird, are fully defcribed
in the Britijh Zoology. They abound about Port Egmont, in the Falk-
land iflands, and are therefore filled by navigators. Port Egmont Hens.
They have been obferved in many parts of the Pacific ocean, as low
as lat. 36. 56 fouth, to theeaft* oi New Zeland; and as high, in the
fame hemifphere, as to. 67. 15!. The navigators found them in;
great plenty, in their breeding feafon, in the latter end of Deceml>er,
about Chrijimas Sound, in Terra del Fuego, making their nefts in the
dry grafs. They have not been remarked in other parts of the globe,,
nearer than the Schetlands.

B. Glaucous, Larus Glaucus, Brunnich, N° 14S. — Mulkr, N° 169. — Faun. G'reinl.
N" 64. — Latham, iii.

r^ With a yellow bill, and orange fpot near the end : head and
lower part of the body white : back and wings of a fine hoary
grey j primaries darkeft, and tipt with white : legs of a pale fulvous
hue. In Size fuperior to the Herring Gull.
Place. Inhabits Norway, Lapniark, Iceland, Greenland, and Spitzlergen.

Is called by the Butch, Burgermeifter, being the mailer of all other fea
fowl. It builds its neft high on the cliffs : preys on dead whales :
attends the Walrufes, in order to feed on their dung ; and, as Frederic

* Ceei'i Foj, Haivi/worlib'j Coll, ii. 283. f Former's Voj. i. 103*

Martens

SILVERY, $cc. GULL. ^33

Mr.rtcns aiTerts, will even deftroy and eat the young of the Razor-bills.
It alio feeds on fifh ; and does not defpife the berries of the Empetriim
Nigrum. It is almoft continually on wing ; and makes a hoaife noife,
like the Raven.

C. Silvery. Larus argenjatus, i?r//n«/V^, N° i/[g.~-Lai/jam, iii.

r^ With a white head and neck, flreaked downwards with cinere-
ous lines : back and under part of the body like the former
Ipecies : lower part of the primaries greyifh ; upper black ; the tips
white: bill yellow, with an orange fpot. Size of the Herring Gull.
This and the former feem nearly.

Inhabits Norway^ Place

D. Tarrock, Br. Zoo!, ii. N" 251. — ^Larus tridaftylus, Faun. Suec. N" 157. — LaMou8tte

tacheiee, De Buffon, viii. 424. — Latham, iii. —Lev. Mus.

/^ With a ftrong, thick, black bill : with white head, neck, breaft,
and belly: behind each ear a black fpot: on the hind part of
the neck a black crefcent : back and fcapulars blueifh grey : ten
middle feathers of the tail white, tipt with black ; outmoft quite
white : a protuberance inftead of the back toe. Size of the former.

Inhabits Europe quite to Iceland and Spitzhergen ; the Baltic a,nd Ptj-cs.
IFhiie fea ; and again in Kamtfchatka,

E, Red-legged.

/^ With blood-red bill and Itgs: head and neck white, mottled
about the former : back and coverts of wings fine grey : lefler
coverts mottled : under fide of body and the tail white; the laft tipt
with black. Size of the Black-cap Gull.

A bird of this fpecies was brought from Kamtfchatka, Another of Place.

the fame kind has been fhot in Anglefey,

LV. PE-

534 FULMAR P E T R E U

LV. PETREL. Gen. Birds, LXXXIX,

461. Fulmar, •^'■' ^""^^ "• N° ^57* — Procellariaglacialis, Faun. Suec. N'^ 144. — Petrel de I'ifle

de St, Kilda, PL Enl. 59. — Latham, iii. —Lev. Mus.

PWith a ftrong yellow bill : head, neck, tall, and under fide of
• the body, white : back and coverts of wings cinereous : pri-
maries dufky : legs of a pale yellow. Rather larger than the Com-
mon Gull.
PiACK. Abound in the feas 0^ Spitzbergen and Greenland, and common in

thofe between Kamtjchatka and America : the latter are darker colored
than the former. They are equally abundant in the fouthern hemi-
fphere. Captain Cook found them among the ice, in his voyage to-
wards the fouth pole, inlat. 64. 55 *; in lat. ^^■) to thefouthof the ifle
of Nezv Georgia f ; and even in the moderate climate of lat. 34. 45,
not remote from the Cape of Good Hope J. They keep chiefly in the
high feas, and feed on dead whales, or any thing that offers on the
furfacc ; but will, with their ftrong bills, picli the fat out of the backs
of living whales, efpecially of the wounded ; whofe bloody track they
will follow by hundreds, to watch its rifing. Their flight refembles
running on the top of the water j for which reafon the iV<;;-;x;^_g-;tf;/j
call it Hav-heft, or Sea-horfe ; and Storm-fugl, or Storm-fowl, as be-
ing fuppofed to be a prefage of tempefts. The Dutch call it Mall-
tnucke, or the Foolifli Fly, from their multitudes, and their ftupidity.
They very feldom come to land, unlefs they chance to lofe their way
in the mifl:s, which are fo frequent on the coaft of Greenland during
the month o( Juguft. They breed on the broken rocks about Dijco,
and remote from the main land.

They are, by reafon of their food, exceflively fetid ; yet the flelh
is ufed as a food by the Granlanders, both raw and dreiTeJ. The fat

• Ccok't Voy. S. Pole, i. 252. f Forjln's Voy. ii. 534. % Forfitr, i. 52.

is

S H E A R-W A T E R, &c. P E T R fi L. S35

h alio eaten, and ferves to fupply their lamps with oil. The prey of
thefe birds being chiefly the blubber of cetaceous fifh, it is quickly con-
verted into oil, which ferves the Fulmars for a double end ; as a fufte-
nance for the young, and a defence againft their affailants ; for they
fpurt it, on being feized, out of their mouths and noftrils, into the
faces of the perfons who lay hold of them. The Creenlanders take
them by darting them in the water.

Br.Zool.u. N'zsS. — Edvj. Av. 359. — Procellaria Paffinas, Lin. Sjft. ix^. — 462. ShEar-
Latham, iii. — Lev. Mws. water.

XJ, With a dulky bill, more {lender than that of the former : head,
wings, and whole upper part of the body, of a footy blackne£s :
lower part, from chin to tail, and the inner coverts of the wings, white :
legs weak, comprefTed; whitifh before, dulky behind. Length
fifteen inches. Extent thirty-one. Weight feventeen ounces.

Inhabits the northern parts of £arop^, /(Tf/^Ki, and Greenland. Con- Pi-acj,

fort with the lafl in Greenland : and, in mifty weather, quite cover
the fea. It extends, in the Atlantic ocean, to America, and again al-
moft to the Cape of Good Hope* ; and is alfo found in the fouthern
hemifphere, having been feen in fouth lat. 13. 13, in Captain Ccij/^'j
paflage from Eajler illand to Otaheite f : and again, in numbers, as
low as cape Defeada, in^fouth latitude 53 X-

"P With the whole upper and under parts of a cinerous grey : bill 463. Fork-tah.

much hooked, and black : lefler coverts of wings duity ; great-
er,,deep grey : exterior webs of primaries dufky ; interior, light grey :
tail forked, and of a light grey. Length nine inches.

Taken among the ice between Jfia and America. Placs.

• Cook's Foj. to S. Pole, 12. 13. t /^'V. 1 Ibid.

^^G STORMY AND KURIL PETREL.

464.. Stormy. ^''' ^^^o'- >'• N° 259. — Procellaria pelagica, Stormwaders Fogel, Fault. Suec. N" 14J..
Le Petrel, ou I'Olfeau tempete, PI. En!. 993. — Latham, iii. — Lev. Mus.

P^ With a black bill, much hooked at the end : rmnp and feathers
of the vent, and each fide of the tail, white j all the reft black;
fecondaries tipt with v;hite : tail fiiort : wings very long. Length
fix inches. Extent thirteen.
Place. This fpecies Inhabits the north of Europe: is common about

Kamtfchatka, where it is larger than in other places; but does not
extend to the Ar5iic circle, at left is unmentioned by the Faunifts of
that region. Is, with the preceding, found at all diftances from
land, in all parts of the Atlantic^ from Great Britain to the coaft of
North America * : flocks attend the ftiips the whole way, and ufually
keep in the wake, where they pick up every thing that drops. They
never are ofFwing; yet feem to fettle. They are filent during day;
clamorous in the dark. Are hated by the failors, who call them
Witches, imagining they forebode a ftorm. The Norwegians ftile
them Sondenvinds Fugl -, the Swedes^ Stormwaders Fogel; and the inhabi-
tants of Feroe, Strunkvit.

A. Kuril. Black Petrel, '£</tu. S9. — Latham, m.

"P With a ftrong yellow bill : whole plumage of an unvaried rufty
hJack : aegs the fame, daftied with red. Size of a Raven.
Place. Sent to Dodor Pallas from the Kuril ifles.

• Kalm^ i. 22, 23.

9 LVI.

GOOSANDER, AND RED-BRExlSTED MERGANSER. S37

LVI. MERGANSER. Gr^. Birds, XC.

£r. Zool. ii. N° 26c. — Mergus Mergar.fer, Wrakfage), Kjorfagcl, Skraka, Taust. 4-6j' GoosANDtr.
Suec. N° 135.— Le Harle, De Bifffon, viii. it-].— PL Enl. 951, 953. —
Latham, iii. — Lev. Mus. — Bl. Mus.

With a red bill : head full of feathers, loofe behind, and of a
.• mallard green : lower part of the neck and belly of a fine
ftraw-color : upper part of the back, and fcapulars next to it, black:
Igwerpart of the back, and the tail, cinereous : primaries dulky, fecon-
daries white, edged with black : coverts on the ridge of the wing
black; the others white: legs a full orange. Weight four pounds.
Length two feet four. Extent three feet two. Head and upper
part of the neck of the Female, or Dun Diver, ferruginous : behind
is a pendent creft : throat white: back, coverts of wings, and the tail,
cinereous: primaries duflcy : bread and middle of the belly white.

Inhabits the province of Nnv 2''ork in winter : retires in April, Placi.

probably to Hudfofi's Bay, and other northern countries. It is alfo
found as low as South Carolina *. Breeds in every latitude in the
Ruffian empire ; but moftly in the north. Is common in Kamtfchatka.
Extends through nortliern Europe to Iceland and Greenland ■\:. Con-
tinues the whole year in the Orknies ; but vifits South Britain only in
fcvere winters. Swims with its body very deep in the water : dives
admirably; and is a great devourer of fifh.

Br. 7,ool. ii. N° 261. — Mergus ferrator, Ptacka, Faun. Sutc. N° 136. — Le Harle 466. Red-
huppe, De Buffon, viii. Ziy—Pl. Enl. zoy.—Faun Groenl. N" 48.— £a- bf.eistsd.

?'■> tham, iii. — Lev. Mus.

"^fi With a crefted head ; and part of the neck a mallard green:

reft of the neck, and whole belly, white : breaft ferruginous,

fpottcd with black : upper part of the back black : exterior fcapulars

• The birds like a Duck, with a narrow bill, with fets of teeth, called in Carolina,
Fijhermen, and defcribed as having a fifliy tafte, are of this fpecies, Sse Latv/on, 150'
f Olaffin Ictland — and Faun. Greenl. N° 49.

3 Z . black i

^38 HOODED MERGANSER.

black ; interior white : coverts of the v/ings black and white : pri-
maries dufky : lower part of the back, and fides under the wings,
cinereous, barred with fnnall lines of black : tail brown : legs orange.
In the Female the head and upper part of the neck are dull ferru-
ginous : throat white : fore part of the neck, and the bread, marbled
with deep afli-color : back, fcapulars, and tail, cinereous : primaries
dufky. Weight of the male two pounds. Length one foot nine.
Extent two feet feven.
Place. Frequent Newfoundland and Greenland during fummer 5 and ap-

pear, in the fame feafon, in Hudforis Bay in great flocks. Is found in
Europe, as high as Iceland, where it is called Faius-ond. In the Ruffian
dominions is gregarious, about the great rivers of Siihiria and lake
Baikal.

467. HooDBD. RoQnd-creftedDuck, Caujby,\. ^\. — Ediu. ^Go. — Latham, \\\.

Mergus cucullatus, Lin. Syji. 207. — Lev. Mus. — ^Bl. Mus.

■JVyT "With a large, upright, circular creft, beginning at the bafe of
the bill, and ending at the hind part of the head -, flabelliform,
edged with black ; the reft white j and on each fide, above the eyes,
ftreaked with a fhorter fet of black feathers : forehead, cheeks, neck,
back, and tail, black : breaft and belly white : fides yellowifh ruft,
crofied by (lender dufky lines. Head and neck of the Female dark
afli, mottled with black : creft fliort, and ruft-colored : back, wings,
and tail, dufky ; the wings crolTed with a white line : breaft and belly
white. In Size between a Wigeon and a Teal.
Place. This fpecies breeds in fome unknown parts of the north. Appears

in New Tork, and other parts of North America, as low as Virginia
and Carolina, in November j and frequents frefh waters : retires in
March.

Br.

SMEW MERGANSER.

539

Br. Zoo!. N^ 262.— La Piette, De B ,ffon, viii. zj:^.—PI. Enl. 449, 450. 46S. Smew.

Le Harle couronne, De Buffon, viii. 280. — PL Enl. 935, 936. — Latham, iii.
— Lev. Mus.

M.

With a lead-colored bill : horizontal creft, white above,
black beneath : eyes included in a large oval fpot, black,
gloffed with green, which extends to the bafe of the bill : neck, and
whole under fide of the body, pure white : wings andfcapulars parti-
colored with black and white: tail deep afh-color : legs blueifh grey.
Length eighteen inches. Extent twenty-fix. Weight thirty-
four ounces. Head of the Female * ruft-colored, and flightly creft-
ed : around the eyes a fpot of the fame color and form as in the male :
neck grey, darkelt behind : in the other marks refembles the male
except the legs, which are grey.

This fpecies was fent to Mrs. Blackburn from New Tork, I think as
a winter bird. In Europe it extends to Iceland: vifits Britain in the
fevere feafon. In the Ruffian empire frequents the fame places with
the Goosander. Each of thefe retire fouthward at approach of
winter ; and are obferved returning up the Volga in February, tending
towards the north. Migrates, during fummer, even as low as Tims
in the Archipelago f.

* Confiding in other writers, I made, in my Britijh Zoology, another fpecies of the
female of the Smew, under the name of the Red-headed, N" 263. The bird I thought
to be the female, and call the Lough Diver, is a diftinft kind, Mr. Plymley in-
forms me that he diiTedled feveral, and found males and females without any dillinftioa
of plumage in either fex.

-J- Extra8s,\u 146. — Ha£ilquij}, 269.

3 Z 2 A. MiNUTB

540 MINUTE MERGANSER.

•A. Minute Lough Diver, Br. Zool. ii. p. 560. — Mergus minutus, Faun. Suec. N° 13?;
— Latham, iii. — Lev. Mus.

IVT With head and hind part of the neck ruft-.colored j the head
^ flightly crefted : back, fcapulars, and tail, dufky : fore part of

the neck white : breaft clouded with grey : on the lefler coverts of

the wings a great bed of white ; on the primaries and greater coverts

two tranfverfe lines of white : legs dufliy.
Placs. Inhabits the fhores o( Sweden: found alfo, during winter, in Great

Britain j at which feafon the whole genus quits Sweden,, expelled by

the ice.

LVIL

WHISTLING SWAN, 541

• •■ LVII. DUCK. Gen. Birds, XCI.

Br, Zool. ii. N° 264.— Anas Cygnus ferui. Swan, Faun. Siiec, N' 107.— A^g. WHiSTLife
Latham, iii. — Lev. Mus. Swan.

With the lower part of the bill black ; upper part, and fpace
between that and the eyes, covered with a naked yellow fkin :
eye-lids naked and yellow : whole plumage pure white : legs black.
Length, to the tip of the tail, four feet ten. Extent feven feet
three. Weight from thirteen to fixteen pounds.

Thefe birds inhabit the northern world, as high as Iceland, and as Place.

low as the foft climate 0^ Greece, or o{ Ljdia, the modern y^natolia,in
Afia Minor .• it even defcends as low as Egypt *. They fwarm, dur-
ing fummer, in the great lakes and marfhes of the Tartarian and
Sibirian defarts ; and refort in great numbers to winter about the
Cafpian and Euxine^t^^. Thofe of the eaftern parts oi Sihiria retire
beyond Kar/itfchatka, either to the coafts of America, or to the ifles
north of Japan. In Sibiria, they fpread far north, but not to the
ArSiic circle. They arrive in Hudfon's Bay about the end of May .♦
breed in great numbers on the fhores, in the iflands, and in the in-
land lakes ; but all retire to the fouthern parts oi North America in
autumn, even as low as Carolina and Louifiana. Mr. Lawjon, who
was no inaccurate obferver, fays, that there were two forts in Carolina:
the larger is called, from its note, the Trumpeter. Thefe arrive in
great flocks to the frefh rivers in winter; and, in February, retire to
the great lakes to breed : the lefler are called Hoopers, and frequent
moftly the fait water. The Cygnets are efteemed a delicate difb.
The Indians oi Louifiana make diadems for their chieftains with the
large feathers : the lefl"er are woven into garments for the women of
rank. The young of both fexes make tippets of the unplucked fkin.

* Catejby, Jjip, xxxvi. — Laiv/on, 146. — Du Pratz, ii. 78.

They

54^ WHISTLING SWAN.

They breed in great multitudes in the lakes of Lapland ; and refort
towards the more fouthern parts of Europe, during the fevere feafon.
Breed even in the Orkney illes.
Hew TAKEN IN Ih IceUnd they are an objeft of chace. In Auguft they lofe their
Iceland. feathers to fuch a degree as not to be able to fly. The natives jat

that feafon, refort in great numbers to the places where they mofb
abound ; and come provided with dogs, and aftive and ftrong horfesj
trained to the fporc, and capable of paffing nimbly over the boggy
foil and marlhes. The fwans will run as fafc as a tolerable horfe.
The greater numbers ^re taken by the dogs, which are taught to
catch them by the neck, which caufes them to lofe their balance,
and become an eafy prey. Great ufe is made of thie plumage : the
flefh is eaten ; and the flcin of the legs and feet, taken off entire,
looks like fliagreen, and is ufed for purfes. The eggs are coUefled in
InKamtschatka. the fpring for food *. In Kamtjchatka., where they abound both in
winter and fummer, they are alfo taken with dogs, in the moulting
feafon j or killed with clubs. During winter they are taken in the
unfrozen rivers, and form a conftant difli at the tables of the natives f*
Specific dis- This fpecies has feveral diRinftions from the fpecies which we, in
England, call the Tame Swan. In P^ujfia this fpecies more fitly
clames the name, it being the kind moft commonly tamed in that
empire. The Whiftling Swan carries its neck quite eredt : the other
fwims with it arched. This is far inferior in fize. This has twelve
ribs on a fidej the Mute % only eleven. But the moft remarkable
is the ftrange figure of the windpipe, which falls into the cheft, then
turns back like a trumpet, and afterwards makes a fecond bend to
join the lungs. Thus it is enabled to utter a loud and flirill note.
The other Swan, on the contrary, is the moft filen: of birds ; it can
do nothing more than hifs, which it does on receiving any provoca-
tion. The vocal kind emits its loud notes only when flying, or

• Olaffen, i. Il8. f Defer. Kamtfchatka, \<j^.

X We change the name of the Tame Swan into Mute, as the former name is
equivocal, and this fpecies emits no found.

7 calling :

TINCTIONS.

WHISTLING AND MUTE SWAN. 543

calling : its found is, ixjboogh, '■xhoogh, very loud and fhrill, but not dif-
agreeable, when heard far above one's head, and modulated by the
winds. The natives of Iceland compare it to the notes of a violin :
in faift they hear it at the end of their long and gloomy winter, when
the return of the Swans announces the return of fummer: every
note muft be therefore melodious which prefages the fpeedy thaw,
and the releafe from their tedious confinement.

It is from this fpecies alone that the antients have given the fable Vocal Swan of
of the Swan being endued with the powers of melody: embracing ^"^ ozt^.
the Pythagorean doftrine, they made the body of this bird the manfion
of the fouls of departed poets : and after that, attributed to the birds
the fame faculty of harmony which their inmates poffeffed in a pre-
exiflent ftate. The vulgar, not diftinguiihing between fweetnefs of
numbers and melody of voice, thought that real which was only in-
tended figuratively. The Mute Swan never frequents the Padus;
and I am almoft equally certain that it never is feen on the Cayjler^
in Lydia ; each of them ftreams celebrated by the poets, for the great
refort of Swans. The Padus was ftyled Oloriferus, from the numbers
which frequented its waters ; and there are few of the poets, Greek
or Latin, who do not truly make them its inhabitants. I fhall give
one reference only, out of refped to the extreme beauty of the
imagery^

Haud fecus Eridani ftagnis ripave Cayflri

Innatat albus Olor, pronoque immobile corpus
" ■'• - Datfluvio: ■& pedibus tacitis emigrat in undas.

-■- <' 'i SiJiui Italic:is, lib. 14.

Tame Swan, Sr. ZooL ii. N° 265, — Anfer Cygnus, N° 107. /S. — Latham, iii. 470. MuT£ Swak.

. —Lev. Mus,

"P^ With a deep red bill, and black incurvated nail at the end : a

triangular naked black fkin between the bill and the eyes :

at the bafe of the upper mandible a large black rounded protube-

r , rancc :

544 CANADAGOOSE.

ranee: legs black : whole plumage of a fnowy whitenefs. Weight
fometimes twenty-five pounds.
Place. The Mute Swan, or that which we call Tame, is found in a wild

ftate in fome parts of Rujfia -, but far more plentiful in Sibiria. It
arrives, in fummer, later from the fouth, and does not fpread fo far
north *. Thofe which frequent the provinces of Chilan and Mafen-
deran., on the fouth of the CaJ'pian fea, grow to a vafl fize, and are
efteemed great delicacies. The Mahometans hold them in high ve-
neration f.

j-^i, Canada EJvj. iji. — Cate/by, i. 91. — Anas Canadenfis, Lin. Sjjt. 198. — Phi!. Tranf.

GkOse. Ixii. 412. — Latham, ili. — Lev. Mus. — Bl. Mus.

"T^ With an elevated black bill : head, neck, primaries, and tail,
^ - black : from the throat pafTes, along the cheeks to the hind

part of each fide of the head, a triangular white fpot : bottom of
the neck, vent feathers, lower belly, and coverts of the tail, white:
breaft, upper belly, back, and wings (except primaries) of a duiky
brown : legs of a deep lead-color.
Fla«h. Inhabit the northern parts of North America. Immenfe flocks

appear annually in the fpring in Hudfon's Bay, and pafs far to
the north to breed ; and return fouthward in the autumn. Numbers
alfo breed about Htid/on's Bay, and lay fix or feven eggs. The young
are eafily made tame. M. Fabriciits fufpefts that they are found,
during fummer, in Greenland'^. They proceed, in their fouthern mi-
gration, as low as South Carolina, where they winter in the rice-
grounds. The Englijh of Hudfon's Bay depend greatly on Geefe, of
thefe and other kinds, for their fupport ; and, in favorable years, kill
three or four thoufand, which they fait and barrel. Their arrival
' is impatiently attended ; it is the harbinger of the fpring, and the

month named by the Indians the Goofe moon. They appear ufually
at our fettlements in numbers, about St. George's day, O. S. and fly

• Doftor P.iLLAS. f Extraas, iii. 78. \ Faun.Groenl. p. 66.

■ ^ * northward

CANADA GOOSE.

northward to neftle in fecurity. They prefer iflands to the con-
tinent, as further from the haunts of men. Thus Marbh Ijland
was found, in Jtiguft, to fwarm with Swans, Geefe, and Ducks j
the old ones moulting, and the young at that time incapable of
flying *.

The Englijh fend out tlieir fervants, as v.-ell as Indians, to fhoot
thefe birds on their paflage. It is in vain to puifue them: they
therefore form a row of huts made of boughs, at mufquet-fhot dif-
tance from each other, and place them in a line acrofs the vaft
marfhes of the country. Each hovel, or, as they are called, //««J, is
occupied by only a fingle perfon. Thefe attend the flight of the birds,
and on their approach mimic their cackle fo well, that the Geefe will
anfwer, and wheel and come nearer the fl:and. The fportfman keeps
motionlefs, and on his knees, with his gun cocked, the whole time ;
and never fires till he has feen the eyes of the Geefe. He fires as they
are going from him, then picks up another gun that lies by him,
and difcharges that. The Geefe which he has killed, he fets up on
fl:icks as if alive, to decoy others; he alfo makes artificial birds for
the fame purpofe. In a good day (for they fly in very uncertain
and unequal numbers) a fingle Indian will kill two hundred. Not-
withftanding every fpecies of Goofe has a diff'erent call, yet the
Indians are admirable in their imitation of every one.

The vernal flight of the Geefe lafts from the middle o^ April un-
til the middle of May. Their firft appearance coincides with the
thawing of the fwamps, when they are very lean. The autumnal,
or the feafon of their return with their young, is from the middle
of Auguft to the middle of OSfober f . Thofe which are taken in
this latter feafon, when the frofls ufually begin, are preferved in
their feathers, and left to be frozen for the frefli provifions of the
winter fl:ock. The feathers conftitute an article of commerce, and
are fent into England.

*Drage,i.^l. ^ Dobbins HudjWs Bay, ^z,

4 A £,,

545

546 BEAN AND GREY LAG GOOSE,

472. Bean Goose. Sr. Zooh ii. N" zS^.— Latham, iii. —Lev. Mus.

Y\, With a fmall bill, much comprened near the end ; bafe and
nail black; middle of a pale red: head and neck cinereous
brown, tinged with ruft : bread and belly dirty white, clouded with
afh-color: lefler coverts of the wings very light grey: back plain
afh-color : fcapulars darker, edged with white : primaries and fe-
condaries grey, edged with black : tail edged with white : legs faf-
fron-color : claws white. Length two feet feven. Weight Iix
pounds and a half.
Place. Obferved by Mr, Hearne,'m Hudfon's Bay. Is in Europe a northern

bird. Breeds in great numbers in Lewis, one of the Hebrides, and
is mofl deftruftive to the green corn. Migrates at the latter end
of Augt'.ft, in flocks innumerable, into the wolds of 2'orkfiire, and
into Lincoln/hire ; and among them are fome white *. They all
difappear in the fpring. The appearance and difappearance of this
kind in Auftria is fimilar f. Wild Qtt^z are feen flying over, but
very rarely alight in the Orknies.

473. Grev lag £r. Zool.'\\. N° 256.— Anas Anfer. Willgas, Faun. Suec. N" 114.— Wild Goofe

^°°^^' of all &\ithois.— Latham, iii.

L'Oye Saavage, PL EnL 995.— Lev. Mus. — Bl. Mus.

\), With an elevated bill, flefli-colored, tinged with yellow, and
with a white nail : head and neck cinereous, mixed with dirty
yellow : neck fl:riated downwards : back and primaries dufky ; the laft
tipt with black; fliaftswhite: fecondaries black, edged with white :lefl;er
coverts duflcy, edged with white : bread and belly whitidi, clouded with .

• LiJIer, in Ph. Tr. Abridg. ii. 852. I cannot but fufpeft, that fome of the Skow
Geese, N° 477, may mix with them, as none of this genus vary in color in the
wild Aate.

■\ Kramir Anim. Aujlr. 339.

1 afh-color :

BLUE- WINGED GOOSE. 547

afh-color : rump and vent white : middle feathers of the tail dufky,
tipt and edged with white ; the outmoft almoft entirely white : leo-s
flefli-colored : claws black. Length two feet nine. Extent five
feet. Weight fometimes ten pounds.

Inhabits the north of Europe, Afta, and America, and migrates Placr.

into Hudjon's Bay. Frequents, during winter, South Carolina, and
particularly the rice grounds, where it gleans the droppings- of the
harveft. This fpecies breeds in the fens of LincolnJJjire, and never
migrates from that county. They are feen, early in the fpring, fly-
ing over Sw-eden, to the Lapland moors, and to the eaftern and
ibuthern parts of Iceland j in which quarters of that ifland alone
they breed *. Return in autumn : make a fhort flay along the
Ihores ; but never winter in Sweden f. Abound in Rujfia, Sil>iria,
and Kamtfchatka ; but breed chiefly in the north.

E/liv. 152. — Anfer Cxrulefcens, Lin. Syjl. 196. — Latham, iii. — Lev. Mus. aji, Blce-winc

ED GOOJE.

■p^^ With a red elevated bill : crown yellowifh ; reft of the head
and neck white ; the hind part of the lafl fpotted with black;
In fome the fpots are wanting : bafe of the neck, breafl, fides un-
der the wings, and back, of a deep brown: covens of the wings and
tail of a light blueifh afh-color : belly and vent white : primaries
dufky : fcapulars and tail white and grey, difpofed in flripes : legs
red. In Size rather lefl'er than the common Tame Goofe.

Migrates into Hudjofis Bay, and re-migrates like the former. The p^^ .

Indians have a notion, that to avoid the cold, it flies towards the
fun, till it finges its pate againfl that luminary. Few go very far
north ; but are moft numerous about Albany Fort ; where, on the
contrary, the Snow Geese are very fcarce.

* Paul/on^ t Amoen. Acad, iv. 585,

4A 2 D. With

548 BERING AInTD WHITE-FRONTED GOOSE.

475. Bering. |-^^ With a yellow excrefcence at the bafe of the billj radiated in
the middle with blueilli black feathers : round the ears a
fpace of greenilh white : eyes black, encircled with yellow, and
rayed with black : back, fore part of the neck, and belly, white :
wings black : hind part of the neck blueifli. Size of a common
Wild Goofe. — Steller's Defer. *
Place. Obferved by Mr. Steller, in July^ on the ifle of Bering. They

probably came from America. It is the remark of that great natu-
ralift, during his ftay on that ifland, that Geefe of various kinds
migrated this way to and from America to Afta-, in vaft flocks. In
the fpring they came from the weft, in autumn from the eaft ; whicli
proves, that the Water-Fowl of tliefe latitudes prefer, for breeding-
places, the Afiatic waftes to thofe of America.

g White- Br.Zool.\\. N° 268. — Anas Erythropus Fiaelgas, Faun. 5:iec, N" 1 16. — Latham, iii.

IRONTED Goose. Laaghing Goofe, Edw, 153. — Lev. Mus. — Bl. Mus.

\\, With a pale yellow elevated bill : forehead white : head and

neck of a cinereous brown, darkeft on the crown : coverts of

the wings grey, edged with brown : breaft of an afh-color, clouded

with a deeper : belly white, marked with large black fpots : coverts

of the tail and the vent white : tail dufl<y, edged with white : legs

Size. orange. Length two feet four. Extent four feet fix. Wbight five

pounds and a half.

Place. Inhabits, during fummer, Hudfon^s Bay, and the north of Europe..

Breeds alfo in the extreme north of AJia ; and in its migration is

very frequently fcattered over Sibiria. Migrates over only the eaft

of Rujfia ; and is very fcarce in the weft. Mr. Fabricius fufpeds that

they are found in Greenland f .

• See Defer. Kamtfihatka, 496. 7. f Faun. Groenl. p. 66.

AnSa

S N O W G O O S E. ^^5

Anfer Grandinis. Schnee Cans. Schwnelfeh Silef. zi^.—Phil. Tranf, Ixli. 413. 477. Svow.
Anfer Hyperboreus, Pallas Spidl. Zool. fafc. vi. 26. — Latham, iii.
White Brant, LaivJ'on, 147.

T~>^ With an elevated biUj upper mandible fcarle: ; lower whitifli:
forehead yellowifli : head, neck, and body, of a fnovvy white-
nefs : primaries white at the bottoms, black to the tips : lefTer co-
verts ufually cinereous, with duflcy tips : legs and feet deep red.
The young Geefe are blue, and do not attain their proper colors in
lefs than a year. Length two feet eight inches. Extent three c

feet and a half. Weight between five and fix pounds.

This fpecies is common to the north of Afia, and to North Place

America. They appear in flights about Severn river in Hudfoii's
Bay, in the middle of May, on their way northward ; return in
the beginning of Septemler wirh their young, and ftay about the
fettlement a fortnight^ and proceed, about the tenth of OBober,
flying very high, fouthward to pafs the winter. They come in flocks
of thoufands ; quite cover the country ; rife in clouds, and with an
amazing noife. They vifit Carolina * in vafl flocks ; and feed on Food,

the roots of fedge and grafsj which they tear up like hogs. It ufed
to be a common praftice in that country, to burn a piece of a
marfli, which enticed the Geefe to come there, as they could then
more readily get at the roots ; which gave the fportfman opportunity
of killing as many as he pleafed. In Hudfon's Bay x.h.Qu^^nd'iz.rQ dLn-
nually fhot by the Indians for the ufe of the fettlement i and are
efteemed excellent meat.

They arrive in the earlieft fpring, before any other fpecies of MicftArio:Ts„
Water-fowl, in immenfe flights, firft about the river Kolyma. Their

* Law/on, 147. — ^ere. The fort of whitiih fowl mentioned by Mr. Laivfin,
■p. 150, which he calls Bull-necks, of the fize of a Brant, which come to Carolina
after Chrijimas, and frequent the rivers : are excellent meat ; but are very Ihy, and
fuch good divers, as not to be fliot without difficulty ?

courfc

Si''

Stupidity

SNOW GOOSE.

courfe is from the eaft, tending to the frozen ocean ; and fpreading
to the eftuaries of the 'Jana and Lena before the ice is broken up.
Findino- the want of fubfiftence, they bend their journey a little
fouthward, in fearch of the infefts and plants which abound in the
inland lakes and moors. In this manner they penetrate as low as
Jakut, and very rarely farther, except in very fmall detachments,
which ftray towards the Olecma, and fometimes by accident to the
jun6tion of the Whim with the Lena. They make very little flay
in thofe parts ; but again tend direftly to the ArSlic coafts q{ Sihiria,
where they breed ; but rhey do not take the fame route, keeping more
eafterly, towards the Jana and Indigirka. It is obfervable, that
they never migrate weft ward beyond long. 130, a little beyond the
mouth of the Lena ; neither is their migration by fo high a latitude
as Kamtfcbatka, where they are extremely rare * ; or their flight
over that country may be fo lofty as to render their courfe im-
perceptible. In the beginning of winter they are feen flying at a
great height over Silefia; but it does not appear that they continue
there, being only on their pafl"age to fome other country f.

The general winter quarters of this fpecies feems to be the tem-
perate and warm part of North /America.

They are the moft numerous and the moft ftupid of all the Goofe
race. They feem to want the infl:inft of others, by their arriving
at the mouths of the ArSh Aftatic rivers before the feafon in which
they can pofllbly fubfift. They are annually guilty of the fame
miftake, and annually compelled to make a new migration to the
Ibuth in queft of food, where they pafs their time till the northern
eftuaries are freed from the bonds of ice.

They have fo little of the fhynefs of other Geefe, that they are

iKo. taken in the moft ridiculous manner imaginable, about Jakut, and

the other parts of Sibiria which they frequent. The inhabitants

firft place, near the banks of ^he rivers, a great net, in a ftrait line,

* J)e/cr. Kamtjch, 496. f Sch-wenkfelt An. Silefia, 215-.

Manner of tak-

SNOW AND BRENT GOOSE- 55'

or elfe form a hovel of flvins fewed together. This done, one of the
company dreffes himfelf in the flcin of a white rein-deer, advances
towards the flock of Geefe, and then turns back towards the net or
the hovel ; and his companions go behind the flock, and, by making
a noife, drive them forward. The fimple birds mifliake the man in
white for their leader, and follow him within reach of the net, which
is fuddenly pulled down, and captivates the whole. When he chufes
to condu6l them to the hovel, they follow in the fame manner; he
creeps in at a. hole left for that purpofe, and out at another on the op-
pofite fide, which he clofes up. The Geefe follow him through the firfl: ;
and as foon as they are got in, he pafl^es round, and fecures every
one*. In that frozen clime, they affbrd great fubfiftence to the natives ;
and the feathers are an article of coaimerce. Each family will kill
thoufands in a feafon. Thefe they pluck and gut-, then fling them
in heaps into holes dug for that purpofe, and cover them with no-
thing m.ore than the earth. This freezes, and forms over them an
arch J and whenever the family has occafion to open one of thefe
magazines, they find their provifion fweet and good.

Br. Zool. ii. N" 270. — Anas Hrota, Muller, N°ii5. — Anas Bernicla. Belgis 478. Brent.
Rotgans. Calmariens Prutgas, Faun. Suec. N° 115. — Latham, \i\.
— Lev. Mus.

ir\_ With a fhort, black, elevated bill : head, neck, and upper part
of the breafl:, black : a white fpot marks each fide of the
neck near its jun6tion with the head : primaries and tail black :
belly, fcapulars, and coverts of the wings, cinereous, clouded with
a deeper : coverts of tail and the vent white : legs black.

Is frequent in Budjons Bay. Breed in the iflands, and along the P.Acr.

coafl:s } but never fly inland. Feed about high-water mark. Re-
turn towards the fouth in vafb flocks in autumn. Probably they
winter in Carolina -, for Laivfon mentions a Grey Brent frequent in

• The Kamt/ckatkais ufe the fame method in taking Geefe. Di/cr, Kamtjtbatka, 496.

that

55 V BRENT AND BERN A CLE GOOSE.

that feafon*. During v/intei'j they fvvarm in Holland iad in Ireland: in
the firfl:, every eating-houfe is full of them: in thelaft, they are taken
in flight-time, in nets placed acrofs the rivers ; are fattened, and rec-
koned great delicacies. They appear in fmall flocks in Hoy Sound, in
the Orknies ; but do not continue there: on the contrary, they winter
in Horra Sound, in Schetland, in flocks of two hundred, and are called
HorraGeefe f. They retire from Europe to breed in the extreme
north. A (q\v, after flying over Sweden, fl:op on the borders of
Lapland; but the great bodies of them continue their flight even
to the mofl: northern ifles of Greenland %, and to Spitzherge.n. Fly
in the fliape of a wedge, and with great clamor. Feed on grafs,
v/ater-plants, berries, and worms. Cannot dive. Barentz found
multitudes fitting on their eggs, about the 21ft of June 1595, in the
great bay called IFibeJanz Water; and, to his amazement, difcovered
them to be the i?(7/;^^«y2'/7, which his countrymen, t\\c Dutch, fup-
pofed to have been generated from fome trees in Scotland, the fruit
of which, when ripe, fell into the fea, and were converted into
Goflings 11 . Thefe birds arrive every year in the eafl: part o{ Sibiria,
in order to breed; but are not feen to the weft of the Lena, nor yec
in Rnjfia.

479. Bernacle. Br. ZooL ii. N° 269 — Anas Erythropus (maf.) W. Both. — Fiaelgas, Faun.Suec.

N° 116. — Anas Helfingen, Olaffin Iceland, ii. tab. 33. — Latham, iii.
La Beinache, PI. EnL^n. — Lev. Mus. — Bl. Mus.

"VS With white cheeks and forehead : from bill to the eyes runs a

duflcy line; the reft of the head, neck, and part of the

bieaft, black : belly, vent, and coverts of tail, white : back, fca-

pulars, and coverts of wings, barred with black, grey, and white :

• Laiufon, 147. t Reverend Mr. Zow. % Faun. Groenl. N° 4:.

U Navigation par la Nord, Amftelreiam, 1606, folio, p. 14. — The EngliJIi fabled the
fame of the Bernach. See Gerard's Herbal.

tail

- £ I D E R D U C K. 55j

lail and legs black. Length two feet one inch. 1:".kti:nt tout
feet five. Weight about five pounds.

Thefe birds are feen, but extremely rarely, in Hudfons Bay. It is Place.

found, and I believe breeds, in the north of Ruffia and Lap!a7jd, in
Norway, and in Iceland* -, but not in Sihiria. They appear on the
Briti/h fhores and marflies, in vaft flocks, during winter ; but retire
in February. Linn^us unaccountably makes the White-fronted
Goofe, N° 476, the female of this.

5r. ZosA ii. N°27i.— AnasMoIIilTima, Ada, Eider, Gudungc, /■«««. 5.«r. N" 1 17. 4S». Eider.

— Lai ham, iii.
Great Black and White Duck, Ed-w. 98. — Pi. Enl. zo3, 209. — Lev. Mus.—

Bl. Mus.

"P^ With a black bill, fomewhat elevated : forehead of a velvet
black: a broad black bar, glofled with purple, extends from
thence beyond each eye : middle of the head, whole neck, upper
part of the back, fcapulars, and coverts of the wings, white : be-
low the hind part of the head is a ftain of pea-green : lower part
of the back, tail, breaft, and whole under fide of the body, black :
legs greenifh. The Female is almoft entirely of a dull ruft-color,
barred with black : primaries and tail dufky. Weight of the female
is about three pounds and a half. The Male is double the fize of
the common Tame Duck.

Inhabits the feas near New 2'crk, in the fpring feafon ; and breeds PiJiei.

on the defert ifies of Ne-zv England, and from thence as far as the
-extreme coafts of the northern world, in America, Europe, and y/Jia ; '•,

but never comes within land. Common in Kamtjchatka. The
moft fouthcrn of its breeding-places are the Fern ifles, on the coaft
■of Northumberland. Lays feldom more than five eggs ; thofe large,
and of a pale green color. Thefe birds afford the moft luxurious of

• Not in Qiem'iand or Spinchtrgen, as I once conje(!lured. See Br. Zool. ii. p. 57S.

; . 4 B down,

554 EIDERANDKINGDUCK.

down, which forms, in many of the regions, a confiderable article of
commerce. Moft Ducks pluck off a certain down to form its neft :
thefe have the greatefc quantity, and the fined and moft elaftic. It
is cuftomary in fome places to take away the firft eggs, which oc-
cafions a fecond laying, and a fecond deplumation. In Greenland
they lay among the grafs ; in Sweden among the juniper buflies. Na-
ture hath furnilhed them with fo warm a cloathing, that they brave
the fevereft winter, even of the Ar£lk regions. In Greenland, they
are feen in that feafon by hundreds, or even thoufands, in the fhel-
tered fouthern bays : their breeding-places are in the moft northern.
They take their young on their backs inftantly to fea, then dive, to
Ihake them off and teach them to (hift for themfelves. It is faid^
that the males are five years old before they come to their full color ?
that they live to a great age j and will at length grow quite grey.
They are conftant to their breeding-places : a pair has been ob-
ferved to occupy the fame neft twenty years. They dive to great
depths for their food, which is ftiells of all kinds. The Greenlanders
kill them with darts ; purfue them in their little boats ; watch their
courfe (when they dive) by the air-bubbles j and ftrike them when
they arife wearied. The fiefti is valued as a food. The fkin of this
and the next fpecies is the moft valuable of all, as a garment placed
next to the fkin.

481. King. Grey-headed Duck, Ediv. 154. — Anas Speflabilis, Faun. Susc. N" 112. — La'

iham, iii. — Lev. Mus.

\\, With a red bill, extending high up the forehead on each fide^,
in form of a broad bean-ftiaped plate : head, and part of the
hind part of the neck, light grey,, bounded by a line of black dots :
cheeks and neck, as low as the grey color, pea-green : a narrow
black line from the bar of the bill bounds the lower part of the
cheeks : throat, neck, and breaft, white : back, belly, and tail,,
black : leffer coverts of the wings, and primaries, dufky brown : fe-
condaries black, gloffed with rich purple \. coverts above them form

7 a great

VELVET DUCK. 555

a great bed of white : legs dirty red. Size near double of the Mal-
lard. The Female differs greatly in color, being moftly black
and brown : the belly dufky : the plate on the bill (lightly eminent.

This fpecies is found \n Hud/on' s Bay; and, in winter, as low as Place.

New York. Is as common in Greenland as the Eider. Yields al-
moft as much down, and is as ufeful to the natives : has the fame
haunts, and is taken in the fame manner. Inhabits the coafl of
Norway, and even has been killed in the Orknies. Is frequent on
the Ar£lic Ihores of Sibiria, and extends to Kamtfchatka.

Br.Zool.ii. N" 272. — Anas Fufca, Swarta, Faux. Suec. N" 109. 482. Velvet.

La grande Macreufe, PL Enl. 956. — Latham, iii. — Lev. Mus.

Y), With a broad bill, elevated near the bafe ; black in the mid-
dle ; yellow on the fides j the nail red : behind each eye * is a
white fpot : a bar of the fame color crofles each wing : all the plu-
mage befides is of a rich velvet black : legs red. The Female is of
a deep brown ; but marked, like the male, with white.

Frequents the feas about New York. Is very common in the great i?la«e.

lakes and rivers of the north and eafl: of Sibiria, and on the fhores.
Extends to Kamtfchatka. Is lefs common in RuJJia. Lays from
eight to ten white eggs. Notwithftanding they are Ducks which
at all other times frequent the fea, yet, in the laying feafon, go
far inland, and make their nefts : as foon as that talk is over, the
males fly av/ay ; but as foon as the young can fly, they are rejoined
by their mates j followed by the brood f.

• Read eje, in the Br. Zoo!, inftead oi ear. + Stiller, in Nov. Com. Petrsf.

iv. 421. — Strom, p. 230'

4 B 2

Sa'vi,

55^ BLACK AND SCOTER DUCK.

483. Black. £i/w. 15;. — P/J-. 7V<j«/: Ixii. 417.— Canard da Nord, ou le Marchand, />/. £/»/.

99;. — Latham, iii.
Anas Perfpicillata, Lin.Syft. zoi. — Lev. Mus. — Bl. Mus.

\\^ With a comprelTed bill, rifing into a knob at the bafe, each
fide of which is marked with a patch of black ; middle
white; fides of a deep orange j the edges black; nail red : fore-
part of the head white: crown and cheeks black: juft beneath the-
hind part of the head, the neck is marked with a large white fpot r
reft of the plumage of a dull black : legs and toes bright red ; webs
black. Weight two pounds two ounces. Length twenty-one
inches. Extent thirty-five. The Female is twenty inches long :.
of a footy color : has no white on the hind part of the head ; but
the cheeks are marked with two dull white fpots.
Place. Appears in Hudjon's Bay as foon as the rivers are free from ice:

Breed along the Ihores :■ make their nefts with grafs, and line them
with feathers. Lay from four to fix white eggs : hatch in the end
of July. Feed on grafs. Extends to New Tork, and even to South
Carolina *.

484. Scoter, Br. Zool. ii. N° 273.— Anas Nigra, Faun. Sutc. N" no.-'— Latham, iii.

La Macreufe, PI. Enl. 278. — Lev. Mus.

T\_ With a bill black; of a rich yellow in the middle; on the
bafe a green knob, divided longways with a furrow; no nail :
whole plumage black : head and neck glofiTed with purple : tail
cuneiform ; legs black. Weight two pounds two ounces. Length
twenty-two inches. Extent thirty-four.
Place. Sent to Mrs. Blackburn, from New Tork. Abounds on the great

lakes and rivers of the north and eaft of Sibiria, and on the fhores ;
but is lefs frequent in Ruffia. Inhabits Sweden and Norway f. Lives
much at fea. Is of a very fifhy tafte.

* Catejhy, App. t Latu/oti, 151.

Br.

SHOVEL.ER, AND GOLDEN-EYE DUCK. 557

Br. Zool. Vu N" 280.— Le Souchet, PI. £«/. 971.— Anas Clypeata, Faun. 485. Shoveler.

Suic. N" 119. — Latham, iii.
Blue-wing Shoveler, Cjtejhy,i. g6. {km.) — Lev. Mus. — Bl. Mus.

J^, With a very large black bill, expanding greatly towards the
end : head, and greatcft part of the neck, of a mallard
green ; lower part of the neck, bread, and fcapulars, white : belly
bay : back brown : coverts of wings of a fine fky-blue : primaries
dufky : fpeculum green: outmoft feathers of the tail white; reft
duflcy, edged with white : legs red. Plumage of the Female like
that of the common Wild Duck ; only the coverts of the wings
are of the fame colors with thofe of the Drake, Length twenty-
one inches. Weight twenty-two ounces.

Found about New Tork, and even as low as Carolina, during Pj.ace,

winter. Is common in Kamtfchatka -, and breeds in every latitude
of the RuJ/ian dominions ; but chiefly in the north. Inhabits Sweden
and Norway. We are to feek for the Swaddle Bill, an afli-colored
Duck of Carolina, with an extraordinary broad bill, faid not to be
very common there, but to be very good food ; we muft therefore
join it, for the prelent, to this Ipecies.

Br. Zool. ii. N° 276. — Anas Clangula, Knipa. Dopping, Faun. Suec. ^^"722. 486. Goldem-

Le Garrot, PI. Er.l. 802. — Ph.Tranf. Ixii. 417. — Latham, iii. — Lev, *^*'

Mus.— Bl. Mus. ^

■p^^ With a (hort broad black bill : large head, black, glofled with
green : at each corner of the mouth a great white fpot :
breaft and belly white: back, lefler coverts of the wings, and tail,
black : fcapulars black and white : greater coverts white : prima-
ries dufky : legs orange. Head of the Female rufty brown : neck
grey : breaft and belly white : coverts and fcapulars duflcy and cine-
reous : primaries and tail black: legs duflcy. Length nineteen
inches. Extent thirty-one. Weight two pounds.

Inhabits

5SS S P I R I T D U C K.

^^f^cB. Inhabits from iWw I'ork to Greenland : in the laft is very rarci

and arrives in the bay on the breaking up of the ice : difappears on
the return of froft. Frequents frefli-water lakes : makes a regular
neft of grafs, and feathers from its own breaft. Lays from feven to
Kn white eggs. Is expelled Sweden by the froft, except a few which
haunt the unfrozen parts of rivers near the catarafts : there they live,
diving continually for fliells. Extends to Norway.

487. Spirit. Little Black and White Duck, Et^iv. 100. — PL. Tranf, Ixii. 416.

Anas Albeola, Lin. Syft. 199. — Latham, iii.
f EM. Little Brown Duck, Catejly, i. 98.
Sarcelle de la Louifiane, dite la Religieofe, Fl. Enl. 948. — Lev. Mus.

With a black bill : crown and fore part of the head of a glofly
black, varying with green and purple : throat and upper part
of the neck encircled with the fame: cheeks and hind part of the
head white : lower half of the neck, breaft, belly, and fcapulars,
white : primaries, fecondaries, and tertials, duiky j upper ends of the
fecondaries vv^hite; coverts incumbent on them v.'hite; on the others
dulky : back and tail dufky ; legs orange. In the F£M.4.le the
head and upper part of the neck dufky : a large white oblong fpot
marks the fides of the head, beginning behi; d each eye : oack, tail,
primaries, and lefler coverts, dufky : great coverts and fecondaries
white : breaft and belly dirty white : legs orange. Size of a
Wigeon.
ff^^Q^, Inhabits North America, from Hudfons Bay to Carclhici. Called

fometimes the Spirit, as is fuppofed, from its fudder,!-; appearing
again at a diftance, after diving. Vifits Scvcii: river, :ii H.idjon's
Bay, in June: and makes its neft in trees, among the wocJs near
frefti waters.

D. With

PIED AND BUFFEL DUCK.

S59

TS, "With the lower part of the bill black, the upper yellow : on 488. Pieb.

the fummit of the head is an oblong black fpot : forehead,
cheeks, reft of the head, and neck, white-, the lower part encircled
with black : fcapulars and coverts of wings white : back, breaft,
belly, and primaries, black : tail cuneiform, and dufky : legs black.
The bill of the fuppofed Female ? refembles that of the male : head
and neck mottled with cinereous brown and dirty white : primaries
dufky : fpeculum white : back, breaft, and belly, clouded with diffe-
rent Ihades of afti-color : tail dufky and cuneiform : legs blacks
Size of a common Wild Duck.

Sent from Conne£iieut, to Mrs. Blackhirn. Poflibly the great PiAcs,

flocks of pretty Pied Ducks, which whiftled as they flew, or as they
fed, fecn by Mr. Lawfon * in the weftern branch of Cape Fear
inlet, were of this kind.

Buffel's-head Duck, Can/ij, i. 95. — Anas bucephala, Lin, SyJ}. 200. — Latham, iii. 4'?9' Buffil-.

— Lev. Mus.

■p\ With a fhort blue bill : head vaftly increafed in fize by the full-
nefs of the feathersj black, richly glofled with green and purple :
neck white all round : upper part of the breaft pure white ; lower,
and belly, clouded with pale brown : back, primaries, and fecondaries,
black : the coverts on the ridge of the wings mottled, bounding the
others, which form a great bed of white : tail cinereous : legs
orange.

Is found frequently in the frefli waters of Carolina, during winter, Piaci*.

• Uiji. Carolina, 14.8.-

Dufky

S^o HARLEQUIN AND POCHARI) DUCK.

490. IlAR^Eq^uiN. Dudcy and Spotted Duck, EJtu.ggiand the Female, Edw. i^y.—CauJly, i. 9S.

Anas Hiflrionica, Lin. Syjl. 204. — Ph. Tranf. Ixii. 419. — Latham, ill.
Anas Briinond, Olaffcn Iceland, ii. tabi xxxiv. — PL EnL 798. — Lev. Mus. —
Bl. Mus.

T~^.^ With a fmall black bill : between the bafe and the eyes a great
' white patch : crown black, bounded by a light rufty line :

cheeks, chin, and neck, black ; beneath each a white fpot ; below
that a fhort line of white, pointing down the neck: bottom of the
neck, on each fide, bounded by a tranfverfe line of white ; beneath

. • which is another of black : breaft, back, fcapulars, and part of the

belly, of a pleafant flate-color: breaft on each fide marked with
femilunar ftripes of white, beginning at the fhoulders, and bounded
on each fide with a ftripe of black : wings and tail deep afh : rump,
above and below, of a full black : legs black. The Female is al-
moft wholly dufl^y, and is marked at the bafe of the bill with a white
fpot, and another behind each ear. Size of a Wigeon.

-i' Plage. Xviki'i^iM^ {xom. Carolina X.Q) Greerdand : in the laft frequents, during

fummer, the rapid rivers, and the moft fhady parts. Neftles on the
banks, among the low fhrubs. Swims and dives admirably. In winter
feeks the open fea. Flies highahd fwiftly, and is very clamorous.
Feeds on fliell-fifh, fpawn, and the larvs of gnats. Is found in
Iceland, and as low as Sondtnor *. Is common from the lake Baikal
to Kamtfchatka : breeds there, as well as every where clfe, about
the moft rocky and rapid torrents.

491. PoeHARD. Br. ZooL ii. N° 2S4. — Anas Ferina, Faun. S ec. N° ii-j.— Latham, iii;

Le Millouin, PI EnL 303.— Lev. Mus.— Bi.. Mus.

T^^ With a lead-colored bill : head and neck bright bay : breaft and

upper part of the back black: reft of the back, fcapulars, and

coverts of wings, pale grey, ftrcaked tranVerfely with lines of black :

• Sirom. 243,

primaries

WHISTLING DUCK.

S6,

primaries duHcy : belly grey and brown : tail deep grey : leo-s lead-
colored. In the Female the head rufty brown : breaft rather dark- Female.
er : belly and coverts of wings cinereous : back like that of the
male: legs lead-colored. Length nineteen inches. Extent two
feet and a half. Weight one pound twelve ounces.

Inhabits North America, in winter, as low as Carolina * ; and, I PtACE.

believe, is the Red-headed Duck of Law/on. Is found, in Europe,
as high as Drontheim. Is met with in the great rivers and lakes in
all latitudes of the i?«^rt» empire. A frefli-water Duck, and of ex-
cellent tafte.

Bkck-billed Whiftling Duck, Edw. 193 ^.—Latham, ili. . Whj4tli«c.

• Anas Arborea, Lin. Syjl. 207.— Whiftlers, Catejly, App. xxxViL—Laiv/oit
Carolina, 149. — Liv. Mus.

T^, With a black bill, and crown (lightly crefted : cheeks brown :
hind part of the neck dufky ; fore part white, fpotted with
black : back and wings brown ; coverts fpotted with black : tail and
its coverts black : breaft of a dark reddifli color, fpotted with black :
belly white, mixed on the fides with black : legs long, and of a
lead-color j hind claw placed high up the leg. LefTer than a Tame
Duck. Defcribed from Mr. Edwards.

-Inhabits South Carolina and Jamaica. Is, from its voice, called Place.

the WhiftlingBuck : perches on trees. Placed here merely on the au-
thority of the name given it by Law/on and Catejhy. The laft fays,
that it frequents the coafts of Carolina during winter; which makes
me doubt, whether Mr. £c«tf<7rJ^'s bird, a native of Ji3?72«/V^, is the
fame : for it may be held as a rule, that the water-fowl of hot
climates never retire in winter to colder; and that thofe o? ArHic
climates almofi: generally retire from them into warmer. Clouds of
birds annually quit Hudfon's Bay, and other fevere climates, at ap-
proacli of win'^er; flock the different latitudes of iVijr//& America-,

' Cattjby, App. t Probably not the female of EdvvarJs's Duck, 194.

4 C and

S62 S U M M E R D U C K.

and return in fpring to encreafe and naukiply. To the conftitutions
of the Summer Duck, a very few other water-fowl, and to many land-
birds, the warm temperature of the Carolinas is climate fufficiently
north. They are driven, by the exceflive heat and arid foil of the
Antilles and Guiana, to the moift favannas and woods of thefe pro-
vinces, there to difcharge the firft great command.

(^93. Summer,- Summer Duck, Ca/f/Sy, i. 97. — Edw, loi. — ^Anas Sponfa, Lin. SyJ{.20-j.

Le beau Canard hupe de la Caroline, PL Enl. 980. — Latham, iii. — Lev.

Mus.— Bl. Mus.

T^^ With the ridge and nail of the upper mandible black ; lower
part fcarlet : on the head a beautiful creft, hanging half down
die neck, and beginning at the bafe of the bill j upper part fhining
purple; beneath that a line of white J then fucceeds purple j and that
again is bounded by white : cheeks purplilh and green : throat, and;
part of the neck, pure white : from the hind part of the neck a bead
of purple divides the white, and points towards the throat : reft of
the neck and breaft ferruginous, fpotted with white triangular fpotsr
belly white: feathers of the fides, which hide part of the wings,
elegantly marked downwards with incurvated lines of black and
white : back deep brown, gloffed with copper and green : primaries-
dufky : fecondaries refplendent blue : coverts of the tail, and tail it-
felf, dufky, glofled with green : legs- dirty orange. Head of the
Female of a deep brown y crefted, but not fo much as the Drake :
back deep brown : cheeks brown : behind each eye a white fpot :
throat white : neck and breaft reddifti brown, with white fagittal
fpots : belly white. Length, from the bill to the tip of the tail,
near nineteen inches. Extent about thirty.
Ps-ACio- This moft elegant fpecies is found from New Tork to iht Antilles,.

and alfo in Mexico. It pafles the fummer in Carolina; and in a
fingular manner makes its neft in the holes made by Woodpeckers
in the loftieft trees, which grow near the water, efpecially the deci-
duous cyprefs. When the young are hatched, they are conveyed

3 down

MALLARD. $6;^

down on the backs of the old ones, to whom the Ducklings adhere
clofely with their bills. It often neftles on the bodies or boughs of
trees which have fallen over the ftreams which run up the v;oods. It
-appears in Neiv I'ork, in the latter end of February or beginning of
Marchy and retires towards the fouth at approach of winter. They
are very delicate eating. The Mexicans call it Tzta£izonyayauhqui^
or the bird of the various-colored head. It is there migratory. The
natives feign that, from the fituation of its legs, it cannot ftand.

Br. Zool. ii. N* 279. —Anas Bofchas. Gras-and, Blanacke, Fizan. Sute.N" 131. — 404. Mallard.
Pi>. Tranf. Ixii. 419. — PI. Enl. 776, 777. — Latham, 'in. ^Lev. Mus.

— Bl. Mus.

Y\ With a bill of a yellowifh green : head and neck of a (hining
changeable green : on the front of the lower part of the neck is
a femicircle of white : breaft of a purplifli red : lower part of the
back, and belly, grey, crofled with fpeckled lines of black: fpeculum
purple : four middle feathers of the tail curled upwards : legs faffron-
colored. Female is of a pale reddifli brown, fpotted with black.
Length twenty-three inches. Extent thirty-five. Weight about
two pounds and a half.

Inhabits the northern parts of North America, from Hudfon's Bay Placj.

to Carolina* : is frequent in Greenland, and continues there the whole
year. Arrives in Hudfon's Bay in May : retires in OEioler. Is com- '
mon in all latitudes of the Ruffian empire : and was obfcrved by
Steller in the Aleutian iflands. In Sweden retires in winter to the
fhores of Schonen ; but in fevere feafons pafles over to Denmark and
Germany, poffibly to England y for this idand can hardly fupply the
vafl: wintery flocks.

* Caiejtj, App.

4 C 2 Ilaihera

5<4 1 L A T H E R A, &c, D U C K.

495. Ilathera. Ilathera Duck, Catejby,\. <)i. — Anas Bahamenfis, Z,/«. Sy/. 199. — Latham, \\\.

■r\ With a large dufky blue bill; on the bafe of the upper man-
dible a great triangular orange-colored fpot: head, as far as the
cyeSj hind part of the neck, and back, of a mixed grey, inclining to
yellow : fore part and fides of the neck white : belly of the fame color,
fpotted with darker : lefler coverts of the wings, and primaries,
dufky; great coverts green, tipt with black : fecondaries dull yellow :
legs lead-colored. In Size fomewhat lefs than the common Tame
Duck.
Placi. Inhabits the Bahama iflands ; but is very rare ; extends to the

, , Brafih, where the Indians call it Mar ecu *. This fpecies, the Sum-
mer Duck, and the Whifiling Duck, Edw. 193, perch and rooft on
trees ; and are among the few of this clafs which do not migrate
northward to breed.

496. Dusky. T^ With a long and narrow dufky bill, tinged with blue : crown
dufky: chin white: neck pale brown, flreaked downwards with
dufky lines : back, and coverts of the wings, deep brown : breafl and
belly of the fame color, edged with dirty yellow : primaries dufky :
fpeculum of a fine blue, bounded above with a black bar : tail cunei-
form ; duflcy, edged with white : legs in one fpecimen dufky, in ano-
ther yellow. Length near two feet.
Place; From the province of New York. — Bl. Mus.

497. 'Western, Anas StelUri, Pallas S(Jtil. Zool. fafc. v. p. 35. tab. v. — Latham, iii.

— Lev. Mus.

■p\ With the head, cheeks, and upper part of the neck, white : be-
tween the bill and the eyea a mallard-green fpot ; another

acrofs the hind part of the head : chin and throat of a full black :
\_

• Marcgravet 214.
1 around

SCAUPANDBROWNDUCK. 565

around the neck a black glofTy color : back of the fame color : coverts
of the wings white: primaries dufky : fecondaries black, tipt with
white: breaft and fides of a light yellowifh brown: belly, vent, and
tail, black. Size of a Wigeon.

Brought by the late navigators from the weftern fide of yfwfr/V^ j Placi.

but had been before difcovered by Steller to breed among the inac-
ceflible rocks about Kamtjchatka ; to flyin flocks, and never to enter
the mouths of rivers.

Br. Zool. ii. N° 275. — Anas maiila, Faun. Suec. N" HI. — Ph. Tranf. Ixii. 413.— 498. Scaup.
Le Millouinan, Pi. Enl. 1002. — Latham, iii. — Lev. Mus. — Bl. Mus.

Tr\ With a broad, flat, and blueifli grey bill : irides yellow: head
and neck black, glofled with green : breaft black : back, coverts
of the wings, and fcapulars, marked with numbers of tranfverfe lines
of black and grey : primaries dufl<y : fecondaries white, tipt with
black : belly white : tail, coverts, and vent feathers, black : legs
dufky. Male weighs a pound and a half: female two ounces more.
Length fixteen inches and a half. Extent twenty inches.

Inhabits America, as high as Hudfon's Bay : comes there in May ; Place.

retires in O£ioher. Is found in Iceland, and moft part of the north of
Europe. Are common on the northern fhores of Rujfia and Sibiria ;
and are moft frequent about the great river Ob : migrate fouthward :
dive much : and feed on fhell-fifh.

Y) With a large blueifh bill : head and neck of a very pale brown : 499. Brown.

lower part of the laft, and breaft, of the fame color, edged with
ruft-color : wings cinereous grey : fpeculum blue, tipt with white :
tail and legs dufky.

Inhabits Newfoundland, Placi.

Br.

565 PINTAIL AND LONG-TAILED DUCK.

500. Pjnta.ii. Br.Zool. ii. N' 282.— Anas acuta, Aler, Ahlfogel, /"««». Suec,'H° 126.

Le Canard a longue queue, PI. Enl. 959. — Latham, iii. — Lev. M'JS,

— Bi,. Mus.

Y\ With bill black on the middle ; blueiPa on the fides : head and
half the neck rufty brown : from the ears, half way of each fide
of the neck, a white line, bounded by black, points downwards:
lower hind part of the neck, back, and fides, marked with white and
dufky waved lines : fore pare of the neck, breaft, and belly, white :
coverts of the wings cinereous ; lowed tipt with dull orange : fecon-
daries marked with green, black, and white : exterior feathers of the
tail afli-colored ; middle black, and three inches longer than the reft:
legs alh-colored. Female brown, fpotted with black. Weight
twenty-four ounces. Length two feet four. Extent three feet
two inches.
Place. Appears about 7V(?wiV/& in winter : breeds in the north : \n Europe,

about the White Sea. Migrates fouthward at approach of the froft.
Is feen in Siveden about fourteen days in the fpring, on its paflagc
northward : and in autumn repafles the fame way to the fouth. Vifit
the Orknies in great flocks in the winter. In the Ruffian empire,
extends to Kamtjchatka,

jof. Long- Br. Zed. ii. N° 283. —Anas hyetnalis. Winter-and, Taun. Suec. N° 12;.

TAILED. Anas Glacialis, Lin. Syft. 20^.— PL Tran/. Ixii. 418.— Male, Edw. 28®.

Female, 156. — Latham, ui.
Le Canard de Miclon, PJ. En!. 954. — Lev. Mus. — Bl. Mus.

Tr> With bill black, orange in the middle : forehead, fides of the
head, and neck, pale brown, daflied with rofe-color : beneath
each ear a large duflcy fpot points downwards : hind part of the head
and neck, throat, and breaft, white : back and belly black : fides and
-vent feathers white : fcapulars long and white : coverts of the wings
glofly black : primaries dufky : fecondaries dark rufty brown : two
middle feathers of the tail black, and four inches longer than the
others, which are white : legs red. Female; crov/n dufky : cheeks

white :

AMERICAN W I G E O N. " 567

white: reft of the head, neck, back, and bread, coverts of the
wings, and primaries, deep brown : fcapulars and fecondaries rufty :
belly white : tail and legs like thofe of the Male.

Inhabits to the extreme north. Breeds in Hudfoit's Bay and Green- Place.

land, among the ftones and grafs : makes its neft, like the Eider, with
the down of its own breaft ; which is equal in value to that of
the Eider, if it could be got in equal quantity -, but the fpecies is
fcarcer. It lays five eggs: fwims and dives admirably : and feeds on
fhell-fifh, which it gets in very deep water. Flies irregularly, fome-
times fhewing its back, fometimes its belly. Continues in Greenland
the whole year, in unfrozen places * : but there are feafons fo very
fevere, as at times to force them towards the fouch. Thofe which
breed between Lapland and the polar circle, are often driven into
Sweden, and the neighborhood of Feterjburg: thofe from the coaft
of the Icy fea, as low as lat. 55 ; but on the fetting in of froft, retire
ftill further fourh, unlefs where fome open fpots remain in the rivers.
Vifit the frefh-water lakes in the Orknies, in Otlober, and continue
there till April. At fun-fet they are fcen, in great flocks, returning
to and from the bays, where they frequently pafs the night, and
make fuch a noife as to be heard fome miles in frofty weather.
Their found is like Aan-gitche, and is faid not to be difagreeable.
Steller, who obferved them in Kamtfchatka -f, fays, that their larynx
has three openings, covered with a thin (I fupofe valvular) mem-
brane, which forms the fingularity of the voice. La Sarcelle de
Feroe, or the Feroe Teal, of M. Bri(fon J, is probably conjeftured, by
M. Brunnich, to be only a variety of this fpecies : feemingly a female.

Le Canard Jenfen de la Loulfiane, P/. £«/. 955. — Latham, iii. ■ — Lev. Mus. 502. American

WlGEON,

T\ With a lead-colored bill, tipt with black: crown and forehead

yellowifh white : hind part of the head, and whole neck, prettily

fpeckled with black and white : behind each eye is a large black fpot,

* Faun. Groenl. p. 73. T Defer. duKamt/chaika, 49?. X vi. 466.

t»b. xl. — PI. Enl, 999..

gloffed

563 W H I T E - F A C Bf D TEAL.

glofled with green ; back and fcapulars pale ruft and black, elegantly
difpofed in narrow tranfverfe waving lines : coverts of the wings
white : primaries, coverts of the tail, and vent, black : tail cunei-
form j middle feathers black; the reft cinereous: legs dufky. In
Size fuperior to the EngliJIo Wigeon ; with which it feems to agree
in colors and marks, except thofe on the head.

Sent from New 2~ork, under the name of the Pheajant Duck : is a
rare bird there. Found as low as Louifiana. — Bl. Mus.

Place.

503. White- White-faced Teal, Catejby, i. 100. Male. — Blue-wing Teal, Catefy, i. 99.

'''*^^''" Fern.— Anas Difcors, Lin. Syjl. 205.

Sarcelle male de Cayenne, di«E le Soucrourou, VI. EnU 966. — Lctham, in.
— Lev. Mus.— Bl. Mus.

T\ With bill and crown black; bafe of the bill bounded by black :
between the laft and the eyes a white ftripe, ending on each fide
" of the chin : cheeks, hind part of head, and whole neck, purplifh
green : breaft yellow, fpotted elegantly with black : back brown,
waved with a lighter color; on the lower part feveral long, narrow,
light brown feathers : coverts of the wings fine caerulean : primaries
dun<y : fpeculum green : vent black : tail brown : legs yellow. The
Female is almoft entirely brown; in parts marked with dufky fpots :
the blue on the wings duller than that of the Drake. In Size a little
larger than a Teal.
Place. This fpecies is found as high as New York. Arrives in Carolina in

great plenty, in Augujt, to feed on the rice ; and continues till O^ober,
when the rice is got in. In Firgifiia, where there is no rice, it feeds
on wild oats. Is reckoned moft delicious meat. Extends as far
fouth as Guiana.

A Variety ?

T\ With crown and upper part of the neck dufky brown : cheeks,
under part, and fides of the neck, whitifli brown, mottled with
darker: back, breaft, and belly, marked with great dufky fpots, edged
with dirty white : coverts of the wings pale fky-blue ; lower order
white : fpeculum rich purple, with a white edge: primaries and tail

dufky

A M E R I C A N r E A t. ^9

duilzy. Size of the laft, with the female of which it has great affinity j
but in the purple /pecnium refembles the Gadwall.

Brought from Newfoundland by Sir Jqfeph Banks. Place.

Ph.Traitf.h-.u. i^\(). — Anascirciaf Faaw. Sarr. N" 130. — Latham, Wi. 504. American

Krik-and Z>c«;V, Brunnich, N'"130. Tsal.

"F^ With head and upper part of the neck of a fine deep bay : from
each eye to the hind part of the head is a broad bar of rich
changeable green : v/ants the white line, which the European kind has
above each eye, having only one below : lower part of the neck and
breaft dirty white, beautifully fpotted with black : has over each
fnoulder a lunated bar, another diftinftion from our fpecies : coverts
of wings brown : upper part of the back marked with waved lines of
white and black ; lower part brown : tail duflcy : Jpeciilum green : legs
duflcy. Plumage of the Female of a brownifh aih, tinged with red,
and fpotted vv'ith black : wings refemble thofe of the male.

Inhabits America, as high as Hudfon's Bay, and as low as Carolina. Placi.

Is found plentifully about Severn river, in the woods and plains near
the frefh waters; and has from five to feven young at a time. Difappears
in autumn: and is found, during winter, as low as Carolina, and per-
haps Jamaica. We feem here to have recovered the Summer Teal
of Mr. Wilhighhy *, to which the American kind has great affinity.
He calls it the left of Ducks: and muft be the fame with the fecond
kind defcribed by Lazvfon f as frequenting frefh waters; being lefler
than the common fort, and always nodding their heads.

• Ornith. 378. + H'^> Card. 149.

4 D GREAT

576 G R E A T G O O S E,

A- /^REAT GOOSE. With a black bill, tawny at the bafe : a dufky-
body ; white beneath : fcarlet legs. Of a vaft Size, weigh-
ing near twenty-five or thirty Ruffian pounds.
Place. This fpecies is found in the eaft of Siliria, from the Lena to Kami-

fcbatka : and is taken in great numbers, together with the Red-neck-
Taken in ED Goose, in glades, as we do Woodcocks in England. The Geefe
in the day-time repair to the corn-fields and meadows : in the even-
ing refort to the lakes, to wafh themfelves and pafs the night. The
Sibirians generally fix on a place where there are two or three lakes
near each other, and cut between each an avenue through the thick
birch woods of the country. If there is not the advantage of
adjacent lakes, the avenue is made through the woods which
border the fides of any which the birds frequent. At the en-
trance of the glades, on each fide, a tall birch-tree is left ftanding,
and all their branches ftripped away: from the tops of thefe naked
trees is placed a ftrong net, which fills the breadth of the avenue :
this net is capable of being dropped or raifed at pleafure, by means
of certain long cords which run along the top ; and the ends o£
which are held by a man who conceals himfelf in the high grafs.
The Geefe commonly leave the lakes an hour before fun-rife; and, as
they do not chufe to fly high at that feafon, prefer going through
the avenues ; and with their long extended necks ftrike into the nets,
which are fuddenly dropped ; and twenty>.and often more, of the Geefe
are taken at a time. All forts of Ducks, and other water-fowl, arc
taken in the fame manner *.

• Pallas'^ Travels, ii. 325, 3*6.

ClilHIiS

CHINESE AND RED-BREASTED GOOSE. 57»

B. Chinese Goose. Anfer Cygnoides, Lin. Syji. 194. ,3 — Swan Goofe, IJ'il Orn, 360.

— Rail. Syn. air, 138. — BriJJbn, vi. 280. — Latham,\\\. — Lev. Mus.

TA With a black bill, and a large protuberance at the bafe, biggeit
in the males : on the chin is a naked, pendulous, black fl-;in : from
the crown to the back a black line runs down the hind part of the
neck : the reft of the neck and breaft is of a cream-color, often daflied
with tawny : belly white : between the bafe of the bill and the eyes
is a white line : the back and wings deep grey : tail of the fame
color, with whitifh tips : legs red: in fome the bill is of the fame
color. In Length often reaches to three feet three.

This fpecies is found wild about lake Baikal ; in the eaft of Sibiria ; Placi,

and in Kamtfchatka. They are very commonly kept tame in moll
parts of the Ruffian empire. Will produce, with the Common Goofe,
a breed which preferves an exaft medium between both fpecies. As
an exception to the remark that a mulifh race will not breed, thefe
frequently couple with one another, and with the genuine kind *.
They are frequent in China : are very ftately birds, therefore are dig-
nified with the title of S-zuan Goofe.

C. Red-ereasted Goose. Anfer ruficollis, PJlas SpiciL Zool. fafc. vi. 21. tab. iv.—

Lev. Mus.— Bl. Mus.

T\^ With a fhort black bill ; a great patch of white between the bafe
and the eyes, bounded by black : crown, chin, hind part of the
head and neck, back, wings, and tail, of an intenfe black : fides mark-
ed with a few white fpots : greater coverts tipt with the fame color :
coverts of the tail white : loWer part and fides of the neck of a bright
' bay, bounded by a narrow line of white : the breaft and lower part of
the neck divided from the belly and back by a circle of black and

• Do.lor Pallas.

4 D 2 another

572 SHIELDRAKE AND GULAUNDf.

another of -white : legs black. Length one foot ten inches. Ex-
tent three feet ten. Weight three pounds 'Troy.
Placi, This moft elegant of Geefe is found to breed fronn the mouth of

the Ob, along the coafts of the Icy fea^ to that of the Lena. The win-
ter quarters of thefe birds is not certainly known. They are obferved
in the fpring, flying from the Cafpian fea, along the Volga, northward,
in fmall flocks ; and are feen about Zarizyn, between the fixth and
tenth oi April. They refl: a little time on the banks of the Sarpa,.
but foon refume their ArSlic courfe*. Their winter retreat is pro-
bably in Perfia. They are highly efteemed for the table^ being quite
free from any fifliy tafte.

D. Shieldrake, Br. Zool. ii. N" 278. — Tadorne, PL En!, jj. — Latham, iii.
Anas Tadorna. Jugas Gotlandts, Faun. Suec. N" 1 13. — Lev. Mus. — Bl. Mus,

T\ With a fcarlet bill : on the bafe of that of the male a large pro*-
tuberance : head, and part of the neck, of a mallard-green r
reft of the neck and belly white : the bread: crofl'ed with a large band
of orange bay : coverts of wings, and the back, white : fcapulars pied :
tail white 5 tips of the outmoft feathers black : legs fiefh-color.
Weight of the male two pounds ten ounces. Length two feet.
Extent three and a half.
PtACB. Inhabits northern Europe, as high as Iceland. Vifits Sweden and the

Orknies in winter : returns in the fpring. Continues in England the
whole year. Is found in Jfia about the Cafpian fea, and all the fait
lakes of the Tartarian and Sibirian dcferts ; and extends even to
Kamtfchatka,

"■ E. GULAUND.

J), With a narrowed bill: head of a mallard-green : breaft and
belly white. Size between the Goofe and Duck kind,

f Extrails, ii. 20,
..■■ ' Inhabits

MORILLON, AND TUFTED DUCK.

573

Inhabits the morafTes of Iceland. Lays from feven to nine eggs. Place.

Is a fcarce fpecies. The account of it was communicated to me by
M. Brmnich, from the catalogue of Dodor Biorno Paulfen. The
Icelanders call it Gulaund.

F. MoRiLLOK, Br. ZooL ii. N" z--. — Anas Glauclon. Brunnaeke, Faun. Suec. N" 123.
— Latham, iii. —Lev. Mus.

ir^^ With dufky ruft-colored head : irides gold-colored : neck
with a white collar j and beneath that another, broader, of
grey : back and coverts of wings dufky, marked with a few white
llripes : greater coverts dufky, with a few great white fpots : pri-
maries and tail black : fecondaries white : breaft and belly white :
above the thighs black : legs yellow. Rather lefs than the Golden
Eye.

Inhabits as high as Sweden: is found, but rarely, even in Greenland* : Placs,

- or may be fuppofed to be feen in the intermediate parts. Is frequent
in every place in Rujfia and Silfiria, and even in Kaintfchatka.

G. Tufted, Br. ZooL ii. N° 274. — Anas fuligula, Wigge, Faun. Suec. N*" 132. —
Le Morillon, PL EnL icoi. — Latham, iii. — Lev, Mus. — Bl. Mus.

"T^, With a thick, fhort, pendent crefl : belly and under coverts of

the wings pure white : primaries dufky ; part of their inner

webs white : fecondaries white, tipt with black : all the reft of the

■plumage black ; about the head glofTed with violet : legs blueifh grey.

' Weight two pounds. Length fifteen inches.

Inhabits Europe, as high as Norway. Common in all latitudes of Placi,

the RttJJian empire ; but commonly travels northward to breed.
Frequent in Kamtfchatka.

* Feun. Gicinl. N*

Hrafn-

574 HRAFN-OND, FALCATED DUCK, AND WIGEON.

H. Hrafn-ond, Olaffai Iceland, feft, fii .—Mulhr , N° \(i\.— Latham, iii.

"VS With a crefted head, black above : under fide of the neck, breaft,
and beliy, white : legs fafFron-colored.
Place. Inhabits Iceland. Whether a variety of the former? for the A^-

/a/zicTJ ftyle that fpecies -f//--^/rtj-«««i*.

I. Falcated. Anas Falcaria, Pailas lii/i. in. 701. — Latham, u'l,

T^^ With a fmall dufl;y bill : feathers above the bafe of the upper
mandible white : middle of the head pale ruft : reft of the head
filky green, variable, and changing, on the fides of the neck, to re-
fplendent copper : from the head to the hind part of the neck is a
creft clofely comprefled, and ending in an angle: throat and half the
fore part of the neck white; which color encircles the neck, and is
bounded above by another of variable black and green ; the reft of
the neck, and the breaft, elegantly marked with femicircles of grey
and black : the back and wings undulated with the fame colors : the
fpeculum of the color of polilhed fteel, edged with v.'hite : five laft
fecondaries long and falcated, of a violet-color edged with white :
vent white, croHed with a black bar : legs duflcy. Size of a
Wigeon.
Place. "PounA, but r?irt\Yt inKamtJchatha. Frequent in the eaft of i'/Kn'tf,

{romxht J enefei to the Lena, and beyond lake Baikal. None in the
weft. Probably winters in China and the Mongalian deferts.

WiTSEON, Br. ZooL ii. N° 286. — Anas Penelope, Wriand, Faun. Sitee. N" 124.
— Le Canard fiffleur, PL EnL %z^.— Latham, iii. — Lev. Mus.— Bl, Mus.

"VS, With forehead whitifh : head and upper part of the neck of 3

bright light bay : hind part of the head, and breaft, vinaceous :

in other rcfpefls like the American kind. Female colored like a

* Biornis Lift.

Wild

G A D W A L L. 575

Wild Duck. Length twenty inches. Extent two feet three.
Weight near twenty-three ounces.

Inhabits £a?-c/>e, perhaps not higher than 6'zc'fifw. Is not uncom- Place.

mon about the Cafpian fea, and afcends its rivers, but not far up. Is
fometimes feen in the great lakes on the eaft fide of the Urallian chain -,
but not in the reft of Sibiria. Is found in plenty about Aleppo, dur-
ing winter* : and taken in great numbers in the Nile, in nets, juft
before the waters have quite fubfided ■\. Thefe probably retire north
to breed. The Germans call this fpecies Pfeiff-eni, or the Fifing
Duck, from its acute note. The French, for the fame reafon, call it
le Canard Jiffleur : and the Englijh, the Whevoer. My Bimaculated
Duck, Br. Zool. ii. N° 287, has been difcovered, by Doctor Pallas,
along the Lena, and about lake Baikal ; and a defcription fent by him
to- the Royal Academy at Stockholm, under the title of J7ias Glocitans,
or the Clucking Buck, from its fingular note.

L. Gadwall, Br. Zoo!, ii. N° 2?S. — Anas flrepera, Faun. Suec. N° 121. — Le Chipeau,
PL Enl. 953. — Latham, iii. — Lev. Mus, — Bl. Mus.

' T~> With a black flat bill : head and upper part of the neck reddifli,
fpotted with black: breaft, upper part of the back, and fcapu-
lars, elegantly marked with black and white lines : belly dirty white :
coverts on the ridge of the wings reddifn brown ; the next purplifli
red, with a border of black : primaries duf!-cy : fpeculum white : tail
■ cinereous: legs orange. Breaft of the female reddifh brown, fpotted
with black : other colors fimilar, but more dull. Rather lefs than a

WiGEON.

This fpecies does not feem to advance higher in Europe than Svoe- ?Lici,

den. In the Ruffian empire extends over moft of the latitudes of the
European and Sibirian part, except the eaft of Sibiria, and Kamt-
fchatka.

- • E--fd':s A'.eppo, t Hajfihuifl, 1%%.

LAfl.iARE,

576 LAPMARK, RED, AND GARGANEY, DUCK.

M. Lapmark. Skoaara, Leems Lapmark, zCiG, — Anas latiroftra, Brunnkh, N° 91.— ;-
Le Canaid brun ? PL Etil, loz-j .—Latham, iii.

T^ With a broad black bill and legs; the lafl: reaching far beyond
the tail : head, neck, and upper part of the body, duflcy, thick
fet with fmall fpots : on each fide of the bafe of the bill a great
white fpot : neck and bread clouded : on the wings an oblique white
mark : belly duflcy : feathers on the fides ferruginous. Size of a
Wild Duck.
Plach. Inhabits Lapmark, and frequents both fea and frelh-water. Is alfo

found in Denmark.

N. Red. Anas rut'Ia, Faun. Suec. N'' 134. — Ferruginous Duck, Br. Ziol. ii. K" 285.
—Latham, iii.

Y\ With a long pale blue bill, much flatted : head, neck, and upper
part of the body, a fine reddifli brown : throat, breaft, and
belly, paler : belly white: legs pale blue: webs black. Weight
twenty ounces.
Place. Found, but rarely, in the Swedijh rivers. Sent to me from DeU"

mark, by the late Mr. Fleijcher. Has been fliot in England.

O. Garganey. Br. ZooL ii. N° 289. — Anas Querqoedula, Faun. Suec. N" 12S.
La Sarcellc, PI. EnL <j^6. -^Latham, iii. -^Lev. Mus.^Bl. Mus.

T^ With a white line from the further corner of each eye, point-
ing to the nape : crown duflcy, fl:reaked lengthways : cheeks
and neck very pale purple, ftreaked with white : chin black : breaft
light brown, marked vath femiclrcular bars of black : fpeculum
green : fcapulars long and narrow, hanging over the wings, and
llriped with white, afli, and black : tail duflcy. Length feventeen
inches. Extent twenty-eight. The Female has an obfcure whitifli
7 mark

EUROPEANTEAL. 577

mark over the eyes : reft of the plumage brownifli afli, fpotted.
Wants thcfpeculum.

This elegant fpecies feenns not to inhabit Europe higher than Placr.

Sweden; but is found in all latitudes of the Ruffian empire, even
to Kamtfcbatka.

p. European Teal, Br. Zool. ii. N" 290.— Anas Crecia. Arta. Krscka, Faun. S..ec.
N'' 129.
La petite Sarcelle, PL Enl, 947. — Latham, in. — Lev. Mus Bl. Mus. —

r\ U R fpecies in all refpefts refembles the American, except in
having a white line above and beneath each eye, and in want-
ing the humeral ftripe of white, which the latter has.

In Europe it is found as high as Iceland; and even in that fevere Place.

climate lays from thirteen to nineteen eggs *. The American fpe-
cies appears to be far lefs prolific. Found in the Ruffian empire, in
the fame places with the Garganey.

» BioTHt't LiJ.

4 E LVIIL

57«

GREAT PELECAN.

LVIII. PELECAN*. Gen. Birds, XCIII.

505, Great. Pelecanus Onocratolus, Lin.SjJt. 21;. — Edw. ()z.~Ph. TranfAx.n. i^xc).

Le Pelican, De Buffon, viii. 2S2.— PI. Enl. 87. — Latham, iii. — Lev. Mus.

With a bill fifteen inches long, flat, dilated near the point,
with a hook at the end, and a ridge from that to the bafe
running along the middle ; on the midway of the ridge rifes a bony
procefs, an inch and feven tenths high, three inches broad at the
bafe, and only two tenths of an inch thick. In fome are feveral lef-
fer procefTes between this and the point : a vafh naked membrana-
ceous pouch extends from the point of the lower mandible, widen-
ing gradually, and extending ten inches down the front of the neck:
on the hind part of the head is a tuft of very narrow delicate fea-
thers, not very difcernible, as they ufually lie flat : the refl: of the
head and neck is covered with moft exquifitely fine down, and very
thick fet : the reft of the plumage white, except the primaries and
baftard wings, which are black : legs flefh-color. The largefl: of
web-footed Water-Fowl. Some are fuperior in Size to a Swan.
One was killed off Majorca, which weighed twenty-five pounds.
Their extent of wings from eleven to fifteen feet. Notwithftand-
ing their great bulk, they foar to a moft furprifing height. This is
owing to the amazing lightnefs of the t)ones, which, all together, do
not weigh a pound and a half. Add to this, the quantity of air
with which its body is filled, which gives it a wonderful fpecific
lightnefs.
Placi. One of the birds from which this defcription was taken, was fliot

at Augiijla in South Carolina^ a hundred and fifty miles from the

• This genus, in the Br. Zool. is called by the more familiar name of Corvorant,
there being none of the Pdecan fpecies in Brilain,

iea.

GREAT PELECA.N.

fca. Ic agrees entirely wich the Pelecan of the old continent, except
in the bony proceffes on the bill. The other was fent, with other
birds, from Hudjcns Lay, to the Royal Society. Inftead of the
bony proceiTes on the bill, was a tuft or fibrous fringe, fufficient to
identify the fpecies. This fpecies extends over inoft parts of the
torrid zone, and many parts of the wanner temperate. Is found in
Europe on the lower parts of the Danube, and in all parts of the
Mediterranean fea, almofl: all Africa, and Jfia Minor. Are feen in in-
credible numbers about the Black and Cajpian feas ; and come far
up the rivers, and into the inland lakes of the Afiatic Ruffian em-
pire ; but grow fcarcer eaftward, and are feldom met with fo far
north as the Sibirian lakes ; yet are not unknown about that of
Baikal. They are common on the coaft of New Holland, where they
grow to an enormous fize *. They feed upon fifh ; which they
take fometimes by plunging from a great height in the air, and
feizing, like the Gannet : at other times, they fifh in concert,
fwimming in fiocks, and forming a large circle in the great rivers,
which they gradually contrafl:, beating the water v/ith their wings
and ^ttt, in order to drive the fifh into the center ; which when they
approach, they open their vaft mouths, and fill their pouches with
their prey, then incline their bills, to empty the bag of the water j
after which they fvvim to fliore, and eat their booty in quiet. As
the pouch is capable of holding a dozen quarts of water, a guefs
may be made of the quantity of fifhes it can contain. The French
very properly call them Grand-gofiers, or Great-throats. It is faid
that when they make their nefts in the dry deferts, they carry the
water to their young in their vaft pouches, and that the lions and
beafts of prey come there to quench their thirft, fparing the young,
the caufe of this falutary provifion. Poffibly, on this account, the
Egyptians ftyle this bird the Camel of the River -, the Perfians, Tacab,
or the Water-carrier.

* Cook's TWJi Voy.\\\. 62-7.

4 E 3 Pelfcaiias

579

580

DUSKY AND CHARLES -TOWN PELECAN.

506. Dusky. Pelecanus Onocrotalus occidentalis, Lin. Syfl. 2i^.—-Edw. 93.

Le Pelican Brun, De Buffon, viii. 306.— -P/. Enl. 957. — Latham, iii.
— Lev. Mus — Bl. Mus.

Place.

p With a red bill and black hook : the pouch extending half
way down the neck: between the bill and eyes naked and
red : head mottled with afh-color and white : the nape (lightly
crefted : hind part of the neck covered with foft cinereous feathers :
back, fcapulars, primaries, and coverts, dufky, edged with dirty
white : tail deep a£h : legs dufky green. In Size fcarcely equal to a
Swan.

Inhabits, during fummer, Hudfon^s Bay. One was fcnt to Mrs,
Blackburn, fhot near New Tork, I think in the winter. Extends
to Louifiana * j to Jamaica, the bay of Campechy f, and as low
as Carthagena. They fit on rocks in the fea in a fluggifh manner,
with their bills retting on their breafts.

507. Charles-
town.

Pi ACE.

T> Dufky above : white an the breaft and belly, with a pouch, be-
ginning at the chin, and reaching to the breaft-bone, capable
of containing numbers of gallons of liquids. Size of a Canada
Goofe.

Abound in the bay of Charles-town, where they are ccntinualty
filhing. — Dodtor Garden J.

• Du Pratx, ii. 79. f Damphr's Fay. Campechy, 70.'

J The fame Gentleman informd me, that the Snowy Owl, N"
near the ihores of South Carolina, among the Pahnelto treet.

is frequ€2Jt

WA

SHAG PELECAN AND CORVORANT, 581

Wil. Orn. 530.— PelecanusGraculus, /■«;.«. ^//^r. N" 146.— Z,fl/Z,fl«.iii. 508. Shag.

— Lev Mos.

p^ With htr.id and neck black, glofled like filk wirh green : the
back and coverts of wings of the fame color, edged with pur-
plifh black : belly dulky and dull ; the middle cinereous : tail con-
fiils of twelve feathers, duflcy, gloffed with green : legs black: mid-
dle claw ferrated. Length two feet fix. Extent three feet eight.
Weight four pounds.

Frequent in many parts of Great Britain. Found in Sweden, Nor- Plach.

way, and Iceland.

Br. Zool. N" 293. — ^Pelecanus Carvo, Haffs-tjader, Faun, Suee. N" 145. — 509. Cortcrakt,
Latham, iii. — Lev, Mus. — Bl. Mus.

P With a narrow bill, hooked at the end : a fmall dilatable pouch,
under the chin; feathers at its bafe white, in the male: head
and neck of a footy blacknefs, fometimes ftreaked with white : co-
verts of wings, back, and fcapulars, deep green, edged with black,
glofled with blue : breaft and belly black : on the thighs of the male
a tuft of white : tail confifts of fourteen feathers, and is rounded.
Weight feven pounds. Length three feet four. Extent four
feet two.

Extends over all parts of the northern hemifphere, even to Green- Place.

land, where it continues all the year. The natives ufe the jugular
pouch as a bladder to float their darts after they are flung. The flcins
are ufed in cloathing ; the flefli is eaten ; but the eggs are fo fetid as Greenland.
to be rejefted, even by the very Greenlanders. Thefe birds are taken
either by darts on the water; by fnares dropt down the precipices,
and placed before their haunts; or, in winter, they are taken while
afleep upon the ice. Are found in all the temperate latitudes of
the Ruffian empire, and in immenfe numbers on the fhores of the Russian Empire.
Cajpan fea *. Reach even to Kamtfchatka. I believe this to be the

♦ ExtraHs'i. 164. — ii. 405,

the

SS2 ■' G A N N E T.

the kind which the Chincfe train for fifhing. They keep numbers, which
fit on the edge of their boats ; and, on a fignal given, plunge under
water, and bring up their prey, which they are unable to fwallow,
by reafon of a ring placed by their maiters round their necks *.

Mrs. Blackburn received this fpecies from Nezv 7'ork. There are
great flocks in Carolina, efpecially in March and April, when the
herrings run up the creeks; at which time they fit fiiliing on the logs
of v/ood which have fallen into the water f .

510. Gannet. ■^''- ^ool. ii. N° 293 — Pelecanus Baflanus. Nautis, Jaea Von Gent. Faun-.

Suec. N» 147. — Latham, iii. — Lev. Mus. — Bl. Mus.

P With a ftrait dirty white bill, jagged at the edges : beneath
the chin a naked black fl<.in, dilatable fo as to contain five or
fix herrings : hind part of the head buff^-colored : baftard wings
and primaries duflcy : all the reft of the plumage pure white : toes
black, marked before with a pea-green ftripe : feathers of the tail
fharp-pointed. Weight feven pounds. Length three feet one
inch.. Extent fix feet two.
?LACE. Inhabits the coaft of iWw/oaW/rtK^; where it breeds, and migrates

fouthward as far as South Carolina. The head of the bird which
Catejl'j has engraven, and called the Greater Boobv, i. tab. Ixxxvi.
is of one in its young ftate. At that period it is deep afli-colored,
fpotted with white. In Europe it is common on the coaft of Nor-
way and Iceland J; but as it never voluntarily flies overland, is
not feen in the Baltic. Wanders for food as far as the coaft of
Lijbon, and Gibraltar, where it has been feen in December, plunging
for Sardine. Straggles as high as Greenland \\. In northern A/ia, it
has been once feen by Steller off Bering'^ ifle; but has been frequent-
ly met with in the fouthern hemifphere, in th^ Pacific ocean j

* Dii Halde, i. 316. f Lanvfcn, 150. J Olaf. Iceland. [| Faun.

Croinl. p- 9^.

5 particularly.

CRESTED COR V GRANT.

particularly, in numbers about New Zealand and Neiv Holland *,
Captain Cook alfo faw them in his paffage from England to the Caps of
Good Hope-\-, and remoter from land than they had been feen clfe-
where. Among thofe obferved in the South Sea, is the variety called
Sula Xi vvith a few black feathers in the tail anJ. aniong the fecon-
daries. Found not only on the Feroe iflands, but on our coafts, one
having been brought to me a few years ago, which had fallen down
wearied with its flight. A moft ample account of the manners of the
Gannet is given in the Br. Zool.

58J

A. Crested Corvorant. Shag, Br. Zool. ii. N" 292. — Latham, iii.

PelecanmCriftatus. Top-ikarv/5/-a«?«V/?', N°i23. — Faun. Grotvl. N*58. — Lev,Mu9.
— Bl. Mus.

p With a narrow dufky bill, hooked at the end : irides fine
green : on each fide of the head is a long tuft of dufky fea-
thers reaching beyond the crown : head, neck, and lower part of
the back, of a fine and glolTy green : the upper part of the back, and
coverts of the wings, of the fame color, edged with purplifh black :
belly dufky : tail confifts of twelve feathers, dufl^y tinged with
green. Length two feet three. Extent three feet fix. Weight
three pounds three quarters.

Inhabits, in Great Britain, the vaft precipices about Holyhead ; Flacx.

and is found in Norway, Iceland \, and in the fouth o{ Greenland ^ ;

* Cook's Firji Foj, ii.382. — iii. 439, 627. \Cook''sVoy. toivards the South

Pole, i. 10, I). \ It'll. Orn. 331. 1! Olajin, ii. tab, xxxi.x. SI Faun.

Grcenl. N" 58.

but

5^4 VIOLET AND RED-FACED CORVORANT.

but in the latter is fcarce. The places which it inhabits are covered
with its filthy excrements. The Greenlanders therefore call it 'Ting-
mingkpott or the bird affliSied with a loofene/s. It differs from the
Shag in having a creft, and in being lefler. The Norwegians are well
acquainted with both fpecies, and diftinguifh them by different
names *. I have feen feveral of the Shags fhot among the Hebrides,
but not one was crefted. On the authority of the northern natura-
lifts, I therefore feparat€ them.

B. Violet CoRvoRANT. Pelecanus Violacens, Fallal MS. Lijt. — Latham, ii'i.

p With the body wholly black, glofTed with violet color.
Plac!. * Found about Kamtfckatka and the ifles.

C. Red-faced CoRVORANT. Ouril of the Kamtfchatltans, D^r. Je la Kamt/chatka,
493. — Latham, iii.

■p With a (lender bill ; upper mandible black j lower red : from

the bill to the eyes is a fpace covered with a blueifh red naked

fkin : round each eye a white cutaneous circle : head crefled : head,

neck, and middle of the back, of a deep glofTy green : on the

fore part of the neck a few white (lender feathers : fides of the

back and fcapulars glofl"ed with purple : wings dufky : belly

glo(red with green : tail, confifting of twelve feathers only, is

dufky : over each thigh is a tuft of white feathers : legs black.

Length of one I meafured thirty-one inches. Steller compares its

fize to that of a Goofe,

Place. Inhabits the high precipices on the coafts o( Kamt/chatka. Is

.; ; very (low in rifing; but when on wing, flies moft rapidly. Feeds

on fi(h. During night they fit in rows on the cliffs, and often in

their deep fall off, and become the prey oi Ar5lic Foxes j who lie in

' '""^ ....... * JSritnni{h, N* 12J, 123.

• - 2 wait

RED-FACED CO RVOR ANT. 585

wait for thefe birds, which are a favorite food of thofe animals. They
lay in June. Their eggs are green, and of the fize of thofe of a
Hen. They are very bad tailed, and are not eafily drefled ; yet are
fo acceptable to the Kamtjchatkans, that, at the hazard of their
necks, they will climb to the mod dangerous places in fearch of
them, and often fall and lofe their lives. They catch thefe birds
with nets, in which they are entangled in the places where they
reft. They are alfo caught in fnares, with a running noofe hung
to the end of a pole, with which the fowlers creep quietly to-
wards the birds, and fling it round their necks, and draw them
up the rock. The reft of the flock are fo ftupid, that, notwith-
ftanding they fee the fate of their companions, they remain, fliak-
ing their heads, on the fame fpot, till they are all taken. The
flefh is excefllvely hard and finewy. The Ka7ntfchatkans cook it af-
ter their fafliion, by putting the bird, without plucking or gutting,
into a hole filled with fire ; and when it is done enough, draw off the
fl-iin, and make on it a fivory repaft.

HAVING gone through the clafs of birds, let me remark, that
there is the greateft probability, that numbers of thofe oi Kamtjchatka
are common to North America -, and that they pafs there the feafons of
migration ; but not having adual proof of their being found on the
new continent, I am obliged to place them in thefe appendages to
each genus. The time may come, when it will be found neceflTary to
remove them into the American feclions. It is alfo likely, that num-
bers may feek a more fouthern retreat, and ftock Japan and China
with their periodical flocks. I have done as much as the lights of
my days have furniflied me with. In fome remote age, when the
Britip ofi-'spring will have pervaded the whole of their vaft conti-
nent, or the defcendants of the hardy RitJJians colonized the weftern
parts from their diftant Ka;ntfchatka, the road in future time to new

4 F conquefts :

586 CONCLUSION.

conquefts : after, perhaps, bloody contefts between the progeny of
Britons and Ruffians, about countries to which neither have any
right ; after the deaths of thoufands of clamants, and the extirpation
of the poor natives by the fword, and new-imported difeafes, a quiet
fettlement may take place, civilization enfue, and the arts of peace
be cultivated: learning, the luxury of the foul, diffufe itfelf through
the nation, and fome naturalift arife, who, with fpirit and abilities,
may explore each boundary of the ocean which feparates the JJiatic
and American continents j may render certain what I can only
fufpefl ; and, by his obfervations on the feathered tribe, their flights
and migrations, give utility to mankind, in naval and oeconomical
operations, by auguries which the antients knew well to apply to
the benefit of their fellow-creatures. He may, perhaps, fmile on
the labors of the ArSlic Zoologtft (if by that time they are not quite
obfolete) ; and, as the animate creation never changes her courfe, he
may find much right j and, if he is endowed with a good heart, will
candidly attribute the errors to mlfinformation, or the common in-
firmity of human nature.

INDEX,

I N

ME RICA originally deftitute

domeilic animals — p:

[lbatross, wandering — —

its vaft migrations
Amulets of bills and claws of the Eagle
of the feathers of the King-

filher — —

fingular, ofafpeciesofmulh-
room — —
Ape, Sea, extraordinary animal —
Argali, or Wild Sheep —
AvosET, American

Terek
fcooping
AtJK, great

razor-bill

black-billed

puffin

Labrador

little —

antient

pygmy

tufted

Perroquet

crefted

dulky

of
ge 6

506
S°7

280

,b.

!8l

. — — 50Z

503

509

ib.

510

5"

512

— 5'3

51 +
5 '5

Bear, folar _ — — page 53

their fkins anciently offered to

the church — —

black — _

not carnivorous —

brown — — .

carnivorous and granivo

rous
chace of the Bear by the
Indians — —
Laplanders — —
Finnilh fong on the death of
Beaver, its wondrous oeconomy —
Mu(k Beaver — —
forms houfes like the Caftor
Beaver — —

Beaver. See Otter.

Beluga, a fpecies of Porpefs —

Bifon, its limits — —

chace of by the Indians —

Bifon or Ox, muik — —

its excellent wool

Boars, wild, their moil northern refi-

dence — —

Buzzard, common — —

honey — —

moor — —

Butcher-bird. See Shrike

Buftard, Norton Sound — ^ — 321

57

a.

6i

— — 62

ih.

65
66

99
106

107

18+
182

2>3

35

33

207

224.

225

Badger,

fometimej white

great
little

4F 2

— ib.

BUNTIKG,

I

N

D

Bunting, white crowned
fnow —

its migrations —
change of colors

black —

Towhee — —

rice — —

fingular migration of the
males — —

painted — —

Louifiane — —

black-throated —

; . ,. , Unalafchka — —

black-crowned —

rufty — —

fecond Unalafchka * —
cinereous — —

blue — —

indigo — —

«!&

page 35;

356

ib.

Rook —
hooded

page

250
251

359

Jackdaw

—

2b.

■L

lb.

Nutcracker

—

252

360

Jay -

rock —

z

ib.
ib.

36 1

Roller genus —

—

253

362

garrulous

—

ib.

lb.

Cuckoo genus —

—

265

ib.

Carolina

—

ib.

ib.

364
ib.

^

ib.

European

—

266

ib.

Creeper genus —

—

28^

365

European —

—

ib.

lb.

Bahama —

—

ib.

C

BATTERER, prib

—

34^

c

URLEW, Eikimaux

—

461

golden — — 366

common — — ib,

yellow — — 367

Ortolan — — ib.

reed — — 368
Birds, their fkins ufedforcloathing 5 1 1,127

Bimaculated Duck — — 575

C.

Cat, domeftic — — 52

wild, none in the Ruffian empire ib.

Mountain, Cat a — — 50
Callor. See Beaver.

Camels, their higheft latitude — 35

Calumet, account of — — 197

Crow, Raven — — 245

carrion — — 246

MagpTe — 247

blue — -— — 249

Steller's — — ib.

common
Whimbrel

Coot, common

Corvorant

Cranes, American —

European — -

— ■ — 462

— 496

- - 581
4+2.443

453

Deer, Moofe — —

its chace by the favages —
fuperlUtions relative to —
its fize exaggerated — —
Rein Deer, See Rein.
Virginian — —

Dogs, what the original Dog of Ame-
rica • —

ofKamtfchatka, Greenland, &c.
beafts of draught in many

places —

no mad Dogs in Greenland

39
ib.

40
41

A wrong repetltlen of nams ; the Read«r is therefpre dsfired to diftingui/h by the addition of Sscor.d.

Dormouse,

I

N

D

Dormouse, ftriped —

Etiglifti? —

Diver, northern —

Imber —

fpeckled —

ftriped —

red-throated --
black-throated —

Dunlin ■

Duck, whirling Svvr.n —
mute Swan —

Canada Goofe —

bean Goofe —

grey-leg Goofe —
blue-wing Goofe —
Bering's Ifie Goofe -
white-fro ted Goofe
fnow Goofe —
brent Goofe —

bernacle Goofe —
eider Duck —

king

velvet —

black — —

footer —

Shoveler —
golden-eye —

ipirit — —

pied

BufFel —

Harlequin —

Pochard — —
whiftling —
fummer —

Mallard — -
Ilathera —

dofky —

weftern — —
fcaup —

brown — —

pintail —

long-tail —

American Wigeon -
white-faced —

American Teal —

great Goofe —

page 1 26

— 128

— 58

— li.

— 519

— 520

— li.

— 476

— 5 + '

— 543

— 544

— 54'J

— 547

— 548

— li.

— 549

— 55'

— 552

— 5 5 3

— 554

— 555

— 556

557

558
559

iL
560

li.
561
562

563
564

lb.

565

tb.

566

ib.

567
568
569

Chinefe Goofe — page 571

red breaded Goofe — — ib.

Shieldrake — — 572

Gulaund ■ — ib.

Morillon — 573

tuficd — ib.

Hrafn-ond — — — 574

falcated — — ib.

W geon — — ib.

Gaawall — — — 575

Lapmark — — J70

red — — ib.

Garganey — — ib.

European Teal — — 577

Duck, bimaculated — — 575

Elk, the fame with the Moofe — 17

or wild Swan — —

Ermine — — "^75

Echoueries, what — — 14S

Eagle, fea — — — 194

black — — — 19;

black-cheeked — — 196

white-headed — — ib,

its fingular man-
ner of preying ib.
white — — 197

its feathers much ufed in
the Calumet — — ib.
Ofprey — — — 199
how robbed by the white-
headed Eagle ^ ib.

golden — — 214
cinereous — — ib.
crying — — — ^'S
Eider Duck — — — 553
Eggs of the Auk tribe, Doftor Har-
vey's curious remarks on — — 510

Fifher Weefel
Fox, common
570 its varieties

— 82

— 45
49' 47
Arctic

N D

X.

Arftic — — -

- page 4^

Falconry, earlieft account of

page

219

arc migratory —

—

43

very antient in Tartary

220

grey and filvery —

—

48

great ftate in which

the

Fallow Deer — —

—

33

Chinefe emperors h,

awk

204

Furs, multitudes imported from Ame-

Falcons

1, manner of taking in Icel

and

217

rica — —

77,

105

FiNCH;

, Cowpea —

—

37'

Furs unknown to the antient Romans

golden —

__

ib.

as luxuries — —

—

81

New York Sifkin —

37-

when firft introduced into

Rome

ib.

orange —

_

ib.

long ufed in Tartary —

—

ib.

red-bieafted —

—

ib.

Falcon, rough-footed —

—

200

tree — —

—

373

St. John's —

il>.

Bahama — —

,b.

chocolate-colored —

.

201

white-throated —

ib.

Newfoundland —

—

ib.

yellow-throated —

374

facre — —

—

202

ftriped — —

—

ib.

peregrine —

—

ib.

ferruginous —

—

375

gentil — —

—

203

fafciated —

_

lb.

Gofhawk —

—

204

grafs —

—

ib.

fometimes '

white

ib.

winter —

—

376

red-tailed —

—

205

black-faced —

ib.

Leverian —

206

Norton — —

__

ib.

red-fhouldered ^

—

ib.

crimfon-head —

—

ib.

Buzzard —

—

207

purple — —

—

377

plain —

—

208

Lapland —

—

ib.

marfli —

—

ib.

cinereous — —

—

378

ringtail — • —

—

209

greater Red-poll —

—

ib.

fwallow-tailed —

—

210

lefler Red-poll —

—

379

Buzzardet —

_.

211

little — —

—

ib.

Pigeon —

—

2J2

^

dubious — —

—

213

dufky ^ —

—

ib.

Arftic — —

—

ih.

Iceland —

Greenland * —
Gyrfalcon — —
collared —

Kite — —

Honey Buzzard —
Lunner — —
Moor Buzzard —
Keftril — —
Sparrow Hawk —
Hobby — —

Lulean — — 380

Twite — — — ih.

flaming — ~ — ih,

216 brambling — — — 381

220 Chaffinch — — ib.

221 Sparrow — ~— ~ ^82

222 Goldfinch — — 383

223 Silkin — — — ib.

224 Flycatcher, tyrant, its courage 384

225 Louifiana — — 385
ib. fork-tail — — ih.

226 chattering — — ih,
ih. cretted — — 386

227 leffer crefted — ib.

* By inadvertency the word dusky is applied to this fpecies, a trivial before given to another Falcon ;
the Reader is therefoie rtquefted to alter this with his pen,

5 black-beaded

I

N

D

X.

black-headed

cinereous — —

red-eyed — —

Cat —

Canada — —

green — —

dufl;y — —

golden throat —

ftriped — • —

Flam ANT, red

Fulmar

Fieldfare

dun
pied

page 387
— ib.

388
ib.

389
ib.

ib.
390

ib.

39'
504

534
340

G.

Goat, wild — — — 16

tame, inhabits far north — ib.

Gyrfalcon — — 216

Gofhawk — — — 204

Gentil Falcon — — 203

Grakle genus — — 263

purple — — ib.

moft deftruftive to mayz 256

yet ralhly profcribed ib.

boat-tail — — 264

Gambet — — — 476

Glades in Sibiria for Wild Geefe, &c. 570

Grous, ruffed — — 301

fingular noife made by 302

pinnated — — 305

fharp-tailed — — 306

fpotted — — 307

white — — 308

amazing numbers taken 3 1 1

rock — — — 312

wood — — — ib.

fpurious — — 314

black — -^ — lb.

how taken in Sibiria 315

Ptarmigan •- — ib.

Rehufak —
hazel —

Grosbeak, crofsbill —
pine —

cardinal
pope —

red-breafted
fpotted —
fan-tail —
yellow-bellied
dulky —
blue — .

purple -

grey —

Bullfinch —
green — —
haw —

Goatsucker, fhort-winged

long-winged —

European —
Gallinule, foree —

yellow-breafted
common —

page 316

— 1^7

— 347

— 348

— 349

— 350

— ,b.

— lb.

— 3;«

— ib.

— ib.

— ib.

— 352

— ib.

353
,b.

354
434
436

— 437

— 491

— tb.

— 492

#

Crake —

__

ih.

Grebe, horned —

497

pied-bill —

—

ib.

Louifiana —

—

498

dulky — —

—

ib.

^

great crefted —

_

ib.

eared —

—

499

red-necked —

—

ib.

Guillemot, foolifh —

— .

516

black —

—

ib.

marbled —

—

VI

Gull, black-backed —

—

5^7

herring —

—

ib.

Wagel — —

—

528

laughing

N D

X.

laughing

black-headed

Kittiwake

ivory

common

Araic —

black-toed

Skua
glaucous
filvery
Tarrock
red-legged
Gannet —

page 52S

— 529

— ib.

— ib.

— 530

— ib.

— s8i

ib.
532

533

ib.

ib.

582

night
Bittern

rufty-crowned
little —

common Crane
Sibirian Crane
white Stork
black Stork

page 450

— 451

— 452

— 453

— ib.

— 455

— ib.

H.

Ibis, wood
fcarlet
brown
white

456

— 458

— ib.

— 459

— !b.

Hare, varying — —

American — —

Alpine — —

Hoc. See Boar.

Hedge-hog — — —

Hobby _ _ _

Hoopoi, its filthy neft — —

HONEYSUCKER, gCnUS

red-throated —
its curious manners

ruffed — —

Heron, hooping Crane — —

brown — — —

great — —

red-fhouldered Heron —

common — —

great white '~- —

little white — —

great Egret ■ —

little Egret — —

reddifli Egret — —

green — ■ — —

Louifiane ■— —

blue — — —

yellow- crowned — —

afli-colored — ^— —

flreaked — —

Gardenean '■■ — 450

94
95

97

142
227
284
286
ib.

^77
290
442

443
ib.

444
2b.

445
lb.

446
ib.

4+7
,b.

448
ib.
ib.

449
ib.

Imber

bay

— 460

- 5.8

K.

Kingfisher, belted — — 279

#

European ? — —
Knot — — —

Kamtfchatkanshad no domefiic ani-
mals before the arri-
val of the Ruffians

their chace of the Ar-
gali or Wild Sheep

ufe the Rein Deer in
fledges — —

their chace of the Bear
of the Seal

fuperftitions about its
chace — —

their chace of the Ur-
fine Seal —

their nobleft chace of
Leonine Seal —

280

472

7

13

25

64

158

157
170

'75

Kite,

N

D

Kite, a kind of oracle with the Greeks p. 224 Maffagets, cloathed themfelves in
Kellril — — — 226 Seal-fldns , — page 15E

Lemmus — —

Lynx — —

bay — —

Lanner — —

Lark, Ihore — —

red — —

calandra —

136
SO
51

225

392
393

N.

Norway Rat. See Brown.

N'JTHATCH, Canada —
black-headed
left —

281

— i6.

— 282

fky -
wood —

—

— 394

— 395

tit — —

—

— i6.

field —

—

— a.

Lapwing —

—

-^ 4S0

M.

Martin, pine — —

Minx — — —

Manati — — —

its conjugal affeftion —

Marmot, Quebec — —

Maryland — —

hoary — — —

tail-lefs — —

earlefs — —

Bobak — —

Morfe. See Walrus.

Mcufe, common — —

field _ _ —

meadow — —

Mufk, Tibet — — ~

a folitary animal —

Merganser, Goofander —

red-breafted — —

hooded — —

fmall — —

€^

minute — —

Oposst'r.i, fingular afylum for its

young _ — _ — 73
very tenacious of life i^.

Otter, common — — 86

minx or lefler — — 87
fea — — 88

its fingular manners 89

its fur exquifite, and of
high value — go

Ox. See Bifon.

mufk — — — S

76 Ofther, in the time of Alfred, firft
87 mentions the Walrus — — 146

177 Owl, Eagle — — 228

1 So a bird of ill omen with the fa-

I I 1 vages — — iB.

ib. long-eared — — 229

1 1 2 Ihort-eared — — ib.
ib. red — — 230

113 mottled — — — 231
115 Wapacuthu — — ib.

footy
131 fnowy —

— 233:

232

580

ib.

barred —

—

234

'33

Hawk — —

—

ib.

34

white -^

—

23?

lb.

brown — —

—

2^6

to.

little —

""

ib.

538

^

539

Scandinavian —
tawny —

—

237
lb.

0

RiOLE genus —

—

255

540

red-wing —
4 G

vv

ib.
hite-

\

N

D

X.

white-backed —

page

2;6

Partridge, Maryland —

page 318

Baltimore —

—

2S7

its cuiious

neft

253

•^

baftard —

—

i&.

black — —

—

259

common —

—

319

brown-headed

—

!b.

Quail —

—

320

white-headed

—

260

Pigeon,

palTenger — —

—

322

olive —

—

/*.

their amazing

num-

yellow-throated —

—

261

bers —

—

323

Unalafchka —

—

i&.

Carolina —

—

3i

fliarp-tailed —

—

a.

Canada — —

—

327

Oyfter-catcher, p"ed —

—

489

white-crowned —

—

a.

black ? Introduct

ION.

ground —

—

328

Ouzel, water —

—

33-

ring — —

—

34+

#

rofe-colored — —

i&.

Stork —
ring _ —

—

329

P.

Plover

, alwargrim —
golden —

—

4S3
a.

Petrhl, Fulmar —

—

S34

noify — —

—

484

Sheerwater —

—

535

ringed —

—

485

fork-tail — —

—

a.

black-crowned —

—

ii.

flormy ——

—

536

fanderling —
ruddy —

z

486

#

long-legged —

—

487

Kuril — —

iL

^

Pelecan, great —

—

578

duiky —

—

qSo

Dottrel —

—

a.

Charleftown —

. —

a.

Alexandrine —

—

488

Shag —

—

581

Phalarope, grey —

—

494

Corvorant —

—

ii.

red —

—

ii.

Gannet —

—

582

brown —

—

495

9&

583

58+

— — 109

plaia
Purre —

Puma —

PufBn —

crefted Corvorant

violet —

red-faced —

Panther, brown. See Puma.
Porcupine —

its manners — — no Quickhatch. See Wolverene.
Pekan Weefel — — 78

Peregrine Falcon — — 202

Parrot, Carolina — — 242 R.

Illinois — - — 243

Philtre, fingular in Lapland — 280

amone the Oftiacs iii.

— — a.

— 475

— 49

— 511

Rat, black —

browa — —

— 129

— 130
American

N

D

X.

American —

page

130

water — — ■

—

iL

common Moufe —

131

field _ _ — —

—

iL

Virginian —

132

Labrador —

—

a.

Hudfon's — —

ib.

meadow ? —

—

'33

hare-tailed —

—

^b.

^

— '34

ODConomic

its wonderful manage
ment —
red — —

Lemmus —

Lena — —

ringed —

Tchelag _ —

Rabbet. See American Hare.
Raccoon

its great cunning —

Rein Deer — —

its great utility in northern
countries
Roebuck —

tail-lefs —
Ringtail Hawk —

Roller genus

garrulous —
Rail, clapper —

Virginian —

Razor-bill —

Rice-bitds, their wonderful migration 360
Rice, how introduced into North Ame-
rica — — — 361

Sable — — — 79

how taken — — 80

Seals, common — ■ — 51

the flocks of the Arftic regions ib.

their chace by the Greenlanders ib.

by the Kamtfchat-

kans — — 156

great Seal — — 159

9

13s

136
ib.

137
ib.
138

_ _ — 60

24, &c.

33
ib.
209

253
,b.

490
ib.

509

rough
Leporine

hooded — — —

harp — —

rubbon — — —

Urfine — —

its curious hiftory —

Leonine — —

its hiftory — —

chace by the Kamtf-

chatkans —

Sheep, wild — —

chace of -^ —

tame of Iceland — —

tame as high as Finmark

Shrew, foetid — —

Squirrel — — —

Hudfon's Bay — —

grey — —

moft dellruftive to the

mayz —

Americans once unable to

pay their profcription

money ! — .—

black — _

flying _ — _

hooded flying — —

Severn river flying —

common European —

European flying — —

Stag — — —

Stoat — — —

Skunk — — —

Sacre — — —

Sparrow Hawk — —

Skimmer, Cutwater — —

Stork, white — —

black — — —

Shrike, great — —

black-crowned — —

crefted — —

Natka — —

red-backed

page 1 60

— 161

— 162

— 163

— .65

— ib.

172
^11

'7;
iz

13

ib.

14
139
116

ib.
ib.

— 117

118

i'9
120
121

I2Z
ib.

124
27

75

85

202

226

522

456
238
ib.
239

*♦'

Skua

grey
leffer grey

4G 2

— — 240

— ib.

— 241

— 581
Stare,

N D

X.

Stare genus —

pag,

- 330

New York —

page 474

crefcent —

—

ib.

common —

—

ib.

Louiiiane —

—

331

green —

—

475

Purre —

—

ib.

•1'

—

476

red

—

ib.

common —

—

ik

grey —

—

477

water Ouzel —

—

332

gambet —

—

,b.

Swallow, chimney —

—

429

armed —

—

478

Martin —

, —

430

Swifs —

—

ib.

Jand —

—

ib.

little —

—

479

purple fwift

—

43'

fwift —

—

432

'1'

aculeated —

—

ib.

Unalafchka. See Ii

N T R O D

ruff —

—

ib.

Spoon-bill, rofeate —

440

freckled —

—

480

felninger ■

— -

lb.

#

Lapwing —

—

ib.

waved —

—

481

European —

441

fhore —

—

ib.

Snipe, little Woodcock —

463

wood —

—

482

common Snipe —

ib.

uniform —

—

ib.

Jack — —

464

red-breafted —

ib.

T.

brown —

ib.

nodding —

46,-

Tody genus —

—

283

great Godwit —

ib.

du(ky — —

—

a.

red G. —

466

TURKY —

—

291

common G. —

lb.

manners — —

—

292

fpotted —

467

not a bird of the old continent

296

Jadreka —

ib.

Thrush, mimic —

—

333

Itone —

468

its wondrous

power

redfhank —

ib.

of note

—

334

yellow-fhank —

—

ib.

ferruginous —

—

335

green-fhank —

469

red-breafted —

—

ib.

femipalmaced —

ib

varied —

—

337

black —

—

ib.

tawny —

—

ib.

red-legged —

—

ib.

^

little —

—

338

Unalafchka —

■ —

ib.

European Woodcock

470

golden-crowned

—

339

great Snipe —

ib.

Hudfonian —

—

ib.

dufky —

471

New York —

—

ib.

Finmark ^

ib.

Labrador —

—

340

Sandpiper, Hebridal —

m;-

ftriated —

ib.

#

knot —

473

fpotted —

—

ii.

Fieldfare —

—

ib.

aih-colored —

47+

xniffel —

—

341

ThrolUe

I

D

E

X.

3 44

■1-3
lb.
,b.

42 +
ib.

42;

Throllle —
red-wing —

Kamtfchatkan ■
rofe-colored
ring —

Blackbird —
Tanacer, fummer
Canada
olive —
grey —

bidiop —

Titmouse, Toupet —
Virginian
creeping —
Colemoufe
Canada —
Hudfon's Bay

great -

Stromlan
azure —

blue —

marlh

crefted —

long-tailed
bearded
Tern, Noddy

great —
lefl-er —

black —

ft-,

Kamtfchatkan —
Cafpian —

Tyrant Flycatcher, its great fpirit

— page 144

— 3'!

'47

— 426

427

7h.

428

Vulture, carrion

its great utl
Vifon —

W.

Woodcock, Air.erican
European

523

,b.
525

.ty ~

Walrus —

its ufes and chace —
Weesel, common —

Stoat or Ermine —

Pine Martin — —

Pckan — —

Vifon — —

Sable _ _ _

I- idler —

ftriated — —

l.ikuuk — —

Wolf _ _ _

the Dog of America —

Wolverene — — —

Wagtail, white — —

yellow — —

yellovi'-hcadcd —

Tcfhutfchi — —

Wryneck. — —

V/ooDPECKER, white-billed —

pileated — —

qolden-wiiig — -

ferruginous —

red-headed — —

Carolina — —

fpotted — —

Canada, fpotted —

hairy — —

downy — —

yellow-bellied —

yellow-legged —

three-toed —

ih.
526
384

191

192

78

4S3
470

*

WaRBLER:

black
green

grey-headed
middle fpotted
left fpotted
blue-backed —
black-headed —
yellow-bread —
orarge-thighed —
bhck-throat —
yellow-throat —
hocded —

yellow-rump —
red-head —

148

7?
tb.

76
78

85
38
39
66

396
lb.

397
lb.
267
26s
26g
2-0

2"4

— — 2-6

''lb.

2-3

398
lb.

— 400

— lb.

— lb.

— 401
black-

N

D

X.

black-poll —

page

401

yellow — .

page 41 3

grey-poll —

402

ruby-crowned

—

ib.

yellow-poll —

—

i6.

golden-crelled —

—

414

white-poll —

—

ib.

Wren —

—

ib.

golden crowned

—

403

buPa

—

415

gold-wing —

—

ib.

yellow-throat

—

404

*%

green —

—

ih.

bloody-fide —

—

405

Nightingale

—

416

cjcrulean —

,

ib.

Redftart —

—

ib.

Worm -eater —

_

406

grey Redftart —

—

4'7

yellow-tail —

—

ib.

Redbreaft, Robin

—

ib.

fpotted —

—

407

blue-throat —

—

ib.

—

ib.

black-cap —

—

418

orange-throat

—

408

pettychaps —

—

ib.

Quebec —

. —

ib.

hedge —

_

ib.

belted

—

ib.

bogrulh —

—

419

olive ■

—

409

Fig-eater —

—

ib.

New York — —

—

410

Grafshopper —

■ —

ib.

d u flty —

—

ib.

fedge —

—

ib.

prothonotary

—

ib.

Scotch

—

420

half-collared —

—

ib.

long-billed —

—

ib.

orange-bellied

—

ib.

Wheat-ear —

—

ib.

olive-brown —

—

411

Stapazina —

—

421

Graflet —

—

ib.

Whinchat —

—

ib.

grey-throat —

—

ib.

white-throat —

—

422

Guira —

—

412

Awatcha —

—

ib.

Blackburnian

—

ib.

Kruka —

—

ii.

pine — ■

—

ib.

ERRATA AND CORRECTIONS.

V O L. I.

Page IV, line \^,/orhut, readytt — ?. xxvi, 1. 31, fimiliarity, read fimilarity —
P. XXXII, 1. 23, Maura, read Moufa — P. xxxvii, 1. 2, maen-hirion, read meini-hiricn —
P. xLii, 1. 14, circumgirations, ;-ffl^ circumgyrations — P. xr.iii, laft line, /or t Same,
p. 7. § Same, p. 8. Torfaus, l^c. ; read XTorf/tus Hijl. Noweg. ii. p. 96. § The
fame, p. 97 — P. xlvi, 1. n, the laft to 1766, /varf the laft period it remained quief-
cent to 1766. 1. 16, overflown, read overflowed — P. Lvii, 1. 16, amata. Donee; read
amata donee. 1. 19, 'vidit, read •uident — ?. lxii, 1. 31, is, read zve — P. lxiii,1. 18,
as low as that of 60, read and that of Go — P. lxxvi, 1. 14, Plearonedes, read Pleu-
ror.ecles — P. LXxxii, 1. 2g, infert , after the <ujord places, the mark of reference %, and
blot it out of line --jX — P. Lxxxvr, ]. 13, 14, fmall and hard, read )\&tA. and fmall —
P. xci, 1. 26, Lajes, read Lepas ; 1. 28, earinotum, read earinatum. 1. 36, fee p. LV —
P. xcix, 1. 5, dele'is, — P. cm, 1. 10, Salmon, read Salmo — P. cvi, 1. 6, yet is, read
which yet is — P. cvii, laft line, after kaccaia, add Pallas Itin. iii. 105 Fl. Rcjf.
23. tab. X — P. CVI 1 1, note*, read Cook's P'oy age — P. cxiv, 1. 22, Firg. thofe, read
Virg. are diftinguilhed thofe — P. cxvi, 1. 23, hieraciodes, jva^hieracioides — P. cxviii,
1. 30, finally, of thofe, read finally, thofe — P. cxx 1. 10, is, read are — P. cxxiii,
lait line, 261, read 201 — P. cxxxii, 1. 28, ^<f/^ either — P. cxliv, 1. 18, Ihall, read
fhould — P. CLXVi, 1. 24, had in the, read had been in the. 1. 31, dele from —
P. CLXXIV, after N° 73, add 74 ; after N" 75, add 76 ; after N° 77, add 7S — P. cxci,
1. 1, oetus, read {(£tus. 1. 18, ovaria, read ova, 1. 20, northeriily, read northern —
P. cc, 1. penult, for ; read ,

P. 3, 1. 24, Mivera, rend ^i'vera — P. 24, 1. 9, Kungus, read r^angai- — P. ^3, 1. 11,
is, read are — P. 34. note, for 9, 44 or 4J, read 20, rc.?.^ lat. 60 to 20 — P. 43, I. 23,
latter, read others — P. 50, 1. 22, addThe Lynx alfo inhabits thevaft foreftsof the north
of Europe and A/:a ; in the firft, as high as Lapland, in the laft, in moft parts of Si-
biria, and even in the north of Inula, amidft the lofty mountains which bound that
country — P. 58, 1. z6, carnivorous, read animal — P. 76, 1. i6, dele in great plenty —
*P. 8g, 1. 10, lat. 44, read ^g — P. 90, 1. 27, j^. 25. read £. 20. — P. 98, 1. 15, all
round, read in all parts of — P. 99, 1. 3, Konyma, n'<7<l'Kowyma — P. 112, 1. 23, Hif.
^ad. N° 265 — P. 116, note *, HiJ}. ^lad. 283. :x. — P. 142, 1. 16, Szuedea, in the, read
Siveden. In the

VOL. IL

P. 220, 1. 26, EDusKV, read E Greenland — P. 223, 1. 21, Sea Eagle, read
Ofprej — P. 244, 1. 7, for north, read {outh — P. 368, 1. f, cychromi, >•;■.'/(/ cychrarai
— P. 407, 1. 18, le, read Is. — P. 527, 1. 18, Non, read Nam: and dele ?

OMITTED at p. 285, VOL.11.

c

well.

L'Oifeaupourpre a bee de grimpereau, De Bifcn, v. ^26. — Latham, Vi. jzi. i^j. A.

- , , ^ , /- • 1 J 1 ir PuRi'Li Creeper.

R. wholly or a purple color. Length four inches and a halt.

According to Seha, it inhabits Virginia; and is faid to fing

■♦v

^s\

A •'-. •'^^

>.