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GIFT OF
Arthur Garfield Kennedy in memory of
Bertha Miller Kennedy
(५.4... ७. [~~
` 1८, 2५४
é
५/4. 27, 1706,
५
BIBLIOTHEK INDOGERMANISCHER GRAMMATIKEN
BEARBEITET VON
ए, BUOHELER, 2. DELBRUOK, ए, FOY, ए. HUBSOHMANN, A. LESKIEN, G. MEYER, ए. SIEVERS, H. WEBER, W. 2. WHITNEY, 2. WINDISOH.
BAND Il. A SanscriT GRAMMAR, INCLUDING BOTH THE CLassicaL LANGUAGE, AND
THE Oxpgr Diatects, or VEDA AND BRAHMANA sy Wiis Dwicat Watney.
THIRD EDITION.
—w
LEIPZIG, DRUCK UND VERLAG VON BREITKOPF & HARTEL. 1896.
A SANSKRIT GRAMMAR,
INCLUDING BOTH THE CLASSICAL LANGUAGE, AND THE OLDER DIALECTS, OF VEDA AND BRAHMANA.
BY
WILLIAM DWIGHT WHITNEY,
LATE PROFESSOR OF SANSKRIT AMD COMPARATIVE PHILOLOGY IN KALB COLLEOE, ‘MEW-HAVEN,
THIRD EDITION.
THIS WORK 15 COPYRIGHT.
LEIPZIG: BREITKOPF & HARTEL.
BOSTON: GINN & COMPANY.
1896. र
Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1879, by W. D. Whitney in the office of the Librarian of Congress at Washington D. C.
491.25
~ W 623 ed. 3 ८.२
Printers: Breitkopf & Hirtel, Leipzig.
PREFACE
70 THE First Epirion.
It was in June, 1875, as I chanced to be for a day or two in Leipzig, that I was unexpectedly invited to prepare the Sanskrit grammar for the Indo-European series projected by Messrs. Breitkopf and Hartel. After some consideration, and consultation with friends, I accepted the task, and have since devoted to it what time could be spared from regular duties, after the satisfaction of engagements earlier formed. If the delay seems a long one, it was nevertheless unavoid- able; and I would gladly, in the interest of the work itself, have made it still longer. In every such case, it is necess- ary to make a compromise between measurably satisfying a present pressing need, and doing the subject fuller justice at the cost of more time; and it seemed as if the call for a Sanskrit grammar on a somewhat different plan from those already in use — excellent as some of these in many respects are — was urgent enough to recommend a speedy com- pletion of the work begun.
The objects had especially in view in the preparation of this grammar have been the following:
1. To make a presentation of the facts of the language primarily as they show themselves in use in the literature, and only secondarily as they are laid down by the native grammarians. The earliest European grammars were by the necessity of the case chiefly founded on their native prede-
PREFACE ix
able to make (unfortunately a very imperfect one) of the im- portant Maitrayani-Sambita. *
Of the deficiencies of my mork I am, I think, not less fully aware than any critic of it, even the severest, is likely to be. Should it be found to answer its intended purpose well enough to come to another edition, my endeavor will be to improve and complete it; and I shall be grateful for any corrections or suggestions which may aid me in mak- ing it a more efficient help to the study of the Sanskrit language and literature.
Gorua, July 1879. W. D. W.
PREFACE
TO THE SEcoND Epirion.
Ih preparing a new edition of this grammar, I have made use of the new material gathered by myself during the intervening years,** and also of that gathered by others, 80 far as it was accessible to me and fitted into my plan;*** and I have had the benefit of kind suggestions from various quarters — for all of which I desire to return a grateful acknowledgment. By such help, I have been able not only to correct and repair certain errors and omissions of the first edition, but also to speak with more definiteness upon
* Since published in full by him, 1881—6.
** A part of this new material was published by myself in 1885, as a Supplement to the grammar, under the title “Roots, Vorb-Forms, and Primary Derivatives of the Sanskrit Language”.
*** Especially deserving of mention is Holtzmann’s collection of material from the Mahabharata, also published (1884) in the form of ॐ Supplement to this work; also Buhtlingk’s similar collection from the larger half of the Ramayana.
x PREFACE.
very many points relating to the material and usages of the language.
In order not to impair the applicability of the referen- ces already made to the work by various authors, its para- graphing has been retained unchanged throughout; for in- creased convenience of further reference, the subdivisions of paragraphs have been more thoroughly marked, by letters (ngw and then changing a former lettering); and the par- agraph-numbers have been set at the outer instead of the inner edge of the upper margin.
My remoteness from the place of publication has for- bidden me the reading of more than one proof; but the kindness of Professor Lanman in adding his revision (ac- companied by other timely suggestions) to mine, and the care of the printers, will be found, I trust, to have aided in securing a text disfigured by few errors of the press.
Circumstances beyond my control have delayed for a year or two the completion of this revision, and have made it in some parts less complete than I should have desired.
New-Haven, Sept. 1888. W. D. W.
xvilf Istropeerios.
to be called br&hmansa ‘apparently relating to the brahman or worship). In the White Yajar-Veda, it is separated into a work by itself, beside the sathhit& or text of verses and formulas, and is called the Catapaths-Braihmana Brahmana of a hundred ways. Other similar collections are found. be- longing to various other schools of Vedie study. and they bear the common name of Brahmaga, with the name of the school, or some other distinctive title. prefixed. Thus, the Aitareya and Kausitaki-Brahmanas, belonging to the schools of the Rig-Veda, the Paficaviiga and Sadvinga-Brahmapas and other minor works, to the Sama-Veda; the Gopatha- Br&éhmana, to the Atharva-Veda; and a Jaéiminiys- or Tala- vak&ra-Bréhmays, to the Sama-Veda, has recently ‘Burnell heen discovered in India; the Téittirlya-Brahmana is a col- lection of mingled mantra and br&hmana, like the samhita of the same name, but supplementary and later. These works are likewise regarded as canonical by the schools. and are learned by their sectaries with the same extreme care which is devoted to the satbhit&s, and their condition of textual preservation is of a kindred excellence. To a cer- tain extent, there is among them the possession of common material: a fact the bearings of which are not yet fully understood.
Notwithstanding the inanity of no small part of their - contents, the Brahmanas are of a high order of interest in their bearings on the history of Indian institutions; and philologically they are not less important, since they re- present a form of language in most respects intermediate between the classical and that of the Vedas, and offer spe- cimens on a large scale of a prose style, and of one which is in the main a natural and freely developed one — the oldest and most primitive Indo-European prose.
Beside the Brahmanas are sometimes found later ap- pendices, of a similar character, called Aranyakas (forest- sections): as the Aitareya-Arapyake, Taittiriya-Arapyaka, Brhad-Aranyaka, and so on. And from some of these, or even from the Brahmanas, are extracted the earliest Upa~ nigads (sittings, lectures on sacred subjects) — which,
xxii InTropuction.
accordance with approved religious doctrines. All of them seek the same end, the emancipation of the soul from the necessity of continuing its existence in a succession of bodies, and its unification with the All-soul; but they differ in regard to the means by which they seek to attain this end.
The astronomical science of the Hindus is a reflection of that of Greece, and its literature is of recent date; but as mathematicians, in arithmetic and geometry, they have shown more independence. Their medical science, although its beginnings go back even to the Veda, in the use of medicinal plants with accompanying incantations, is of little account, and its proper literature by no means ancient.
Vv.
CONTENTS.
PREFACR ५ , + + ~ ^ ^ ^-^ = ~ ^ INTRODUCTION. . . . . - .
ALPHABET .. 2... ~ ~ च Wee
System or Sounps; PRONUNCIATION e Vowels, 10; Consonants, 13 ; Quantity, 27; Accent, 28,
|. RoLEs OF EupHonic COMBINATION .
Introdyctory, 34; Principles, 37; Rules of Vowel Com- bination, 42; Permitted Finals, 49; Deaspiration, 53; Surd and Sonant Assimilation, 54; Combinations of Final 8 and r, 66; Conversion of 8 to ह, 61; Con- version of n tom, 64; Conversion of Dental Mutes to Linguals and Palatals, 66; Combinations of Final n, 69; Combinations of Final m, 71; the Palatal Mutos and Sibilant, and h, 72; the Lingual Sibilant, 77; Extension and Abbreviation, 78; Strengthening and Weakening Processes, 81; Guna and Vrddhi, 81; YVowel-lengthening, 84; Vowel-lightening, 85; Nasal Increment, 86; Reduplication, 87.
DECLENSION .... .. - } Gender, Number, Case, 88; Uses of the Cases, 89; Endings of Declension, 103; Variation of Stem, 107; Accent in Deolension, 108.
Nouns ann Apsectiyes ... . च Classification ete., 141; Declension I., Stems ina, 112; Declension II., Stems in i and प, 116; Declension IIL, Stems in Long Vowels (4, i, i): A. Root-words ete., 124; Stems in Diphthongs, 130; छ, Derivative Stems etc., 131; Declension IV., Stems in fF or ar, 187; Declension V., Stems in Consonants, 144; A. Root-stems etc., 143; 5, Derivative Stems in as, is, as, 163; 0. Derivative Stems in an, 156: D. in in, 161; HB. in ant or at, 163; F. Perfect Par- ticiples in vais, 169; G. Comparatives in yas or yas, 172; Comparison, 173.
Page. v xi 1—9 0—34 4—87 88—110 111—176
मष ConTEenTs.
Chap. VI. Numenats . . Cardinals, 177; Ordinals otc., 183.
VII. Pronouns .. . . far ean eae Porsonal, 185; Demonstrative, 188; Interrogativo, 104; Relative, 196; other Pronouns: Emphatic, In- definite, 196; Nouns used pronominally, 197; Pronominal Derivatives, Possessives etc., 197; Ad- fectives declined pronominally, 199.
VIII. Consuaation . « we eee Voice, Tonse, Mode, Number, Person, 200; Verbal Adjectives and Nouns, 203; Secondary Conjugations, 203; Personal Endings, 204; Subjunctive Mode, 209; Optative, 244; Imperative, 243; Uses of the Modes, 215; Partioiples, 220; Augment, 220; Reduplication, 222; Accent of the Verb, 223.
IX. Toe PResentT-SysTeEM. ^ र च ५ च ५ ees General, 227; Conjugations and onjugation Classes, 228} Root-Class (second or adeclass), 281; Re- duplicating Class (third or hu-class), 242; Nasal Class (seventh or rudh-class), 260; nu and u-Classes (fifth and eighth, or su- and tan-classes), 264; nd- Class (ninth or kri-class), 260; a-Clase (frst or Dhii-class), 264; Accented &-Class (sixth or tud- class), 269; ya-Class (fourth or div-class), 271; Accented y&-Olass or Passive Conjugation, 275; So-called tenth or cur-class, 277; Uses of the Pres- ent and Imperfect, 278.
ड, Tae Perrect-System. . = . . . ^ Perfect Tense, 279; Perfect Participle, 291; Modes of the Perfect, 292; Pluperfect, 205; Usos of the Perfect, 295.
XI. Tae Aonist-Systems . . . Classification, 297; I, Simple Aorist: 1. Root-Aorist 299; Passive Aorist 3d sing. 304; 2. the a-Aorist, 305; IL. 8. Reduplicated Aorist, 308; III. Sibilant Aorist, 313; 4. the s-Aorist, 314; 6. the ig-Aorist, 320; 6. the eig-Aorist, 323; 7. the sa-Aorist, 326; Precative, 926; Uses of the Aorist, 328.
NIL Tue Furure-Systems + च च ee = = =" ५ I. Tho 8-Future, 331; Preterit of the e-Future, Con- ditional, 334; I, The Periphrastic Future, 335; Uses of the Futures and Conditional, 337.
Page.
177—185 185—199 200—226 227—278 279—296 297—330 330—339
ConTEnTs. xxv
Chap. Page. XIII. VERBAL ADJECTIVES AND Nouns: Parrici-
PLES, INFINITIVES, GERUNDS . . . - 340—360
Passive Participle in t& or ०६, 340; Past Active
Participle in tavant, 344; Future Passive Parti-
ciples, Gerundives, 345; Infinitives, 347; Uses of
tho Infinitives, 351; Gorunds, 355; Adverbial Gerand
in am, 359.
XIV. Derivative on SeconDARY ConJUGATION . . 360—391 1. Passive, 364; II. Intensive, 362; Present-System, ‘ 365; Perfect, Aorist, Future, etc. 370; III. Desider- ative, 372; Present-System, 374; Perfect, Aorist, Future, ९९. 376; IV. Causative, 378; Present-System, 380; Porfect, Aorist, Future, ctc., 883; ए. Denom- inative, 386.
XY. PERIPHRASTIC AND ComMPOUND CONJUGATION 391—403 The Periphrastic Perfect, 392; Participial Pertphras- tic Phrases, 394; Composition with Prepositional Prefixes, 395; Other Verbal Compounds, 400.
XVI. INDECLINABLES. . . . 5 “4083—417 Adverbs, 403; Prepositions, 414; Conjunetions, 446 ~ Interjections, 417.
XVII. Derivation of DECLINABLE StEMS. . . . . 418—480 A. Primary Derivatives, 420; छ. Secondary Deriva- tives, 454.
XVIII. Formation or Coupounp Stems. . . . 480—515
Classification, 480; I. Copulative Compounds, 485 Il. Determinative Compounds, 489; A. Dependent Compounds, 489; B. Descriptive Compounds, 494; IIL, Secondary Adjective Compounds, 601; A. Pos- sessive Compounds, 604 ; BB. Compounds with Governed Final Member, 611; Adjective Compounds as Nouns and as Adverbs, 512; Anomalous Compounds 6414; Stem-finals altered in Composition, 614; Loose Construction with Compounds, 616.
APPENDIX. , 2... „ , ^ + ~ ^ ee + 816-520 A. Examples of Various Sanskrit Type, 516; B. Ex- ample of Accentuated Text, 518; Synopsis of the conjugation of roots bhi and kp, 620.
Sanserir-Inpex. © 2. + = + च, + ee ee , 521--539 GeneraL-InDEx. © 2 + + = + + „+ ~ + . ee SAO BSL
1.1 1/1. 1 . Raj फ. ५ ८1... 81. 1 0 - Big-Veda.
PU. Pracea Upanisad R एकष्य Ragh Raghavais OS. Catkhiyans (riate-Sttra. एति. Rigveda-Prancakkys. RTI. Raja Tarangimi. RV. Rig-Veda 3. Simas
1
DKC. Daza-Kamara-Carita
ट, Epos ‘MBb. sod B.
GB. Gopaths Brabmana SV. Sama-Veda
GG%. Gobbiliya-Grhya-Satr. TA. Taittiriya-Aracyaka.
H. Hitopadegas. ‘TB. Tait
Har, Harivance. TPr. Taittiriya-Praticakbya. J, Jaiminiya ‘or Talavakara)Brab- Tribh. Tribbasyaratna comm. to
8४.
maps. प्रष्ठा). JU, Jaiminiya-Upanisad-Brah- TS. Taittiriya-Sambita. mans. ए. Upanigads. K. Kathaks. V. Vedas (RV., AV., Kap. Kapligthala-Samhita, Vas. Vasistha.
KS. Kaugitaki- (or (/aikbayana-) VBS. Varaha-Brhat-Samhita Brahiwnaps. Vet. Vetalapaiicavingati.
KU. Kaugitaki-Brabmana-Upani- Vikr. Vikramorvaci gud
VPr. Vajasaneyi-Praticakbya.
Kg
KH. Kaugike-Sttra. V8. Kan. do.
KH, Katha-Sarit-Sigars. ए, Yajfiavalkya. ५10४ Upanigad.
a
. Katydyana-Vrauta-BSiitra, VS. Vajaseneyi-Sanibita.
Kanva-text.
प ^+ 21781.
ALPHABET.
1. Tue natives of India write their ancient and sacred language in a variety of alphabets — generally, in each part of the country, in the same alphabet which they use for their own vernacular. The mode of writing, however, which is employed throughout the heart of Aryan India, or in Hindustan proper, is alone adopted by European scholars: it is called the devandgart.
2 This name 18 of doubtful origin and value. A more comprehensive name is na&gari (perhaps, of the city); and deva-ndgari is nagari of the gods, or of the Brakmans,
3. Much that relates to the history of the Indian alphabets is still obseure. The earliest written monuments of known date in the country are the insoriptions containing the edicts of Agoka or Piyadasl, of about the middle of the third century ए. 0. They are in two different systems of characters, of which one shows distinct signs of derivation from a Semitic source, while the other is also probably, though much less evidently, of the same origin. From the latter, the Lath, or Southern Acoka character (of Girnar), come the later Indian alphabets, both those of the northern Aryan languages and those of the southern Dravidian languages. The ndgari, devandgari, Bengali, Guzeriti, and others, are varieties of its northern derivatives; and with them are related some of the alphabets of peoples outside of India — as in Tibet and Farther India — who have adopted Hindu culture or religion.
8, There is reason to believe that writing was first employed in India for practical purposes — for correspondence and business and the like — and only by degrees came to be applied also to literary use. The literature, to a great extent, and the more fally in proportion to its claimed sanctity and authority, ignores all written record, and assumes to be kept in existence by oral tradition alone,
Whitney, Grammar. 3. ed. 1
3] 1. ALPHABET. 2
8. Of the devandgari itself there are minor varieties, depending on differences of locality or of period, as also of individual hand (seo examples in Weber's catalogue of the Berlin Sanskrit MSS., in Rajendrslala Mitra’s notices of MSS. in Indian libraries, in the published fac-similes of in- scriptions, and so on); and these are in some measure reflected in the type prepared for printing, both in India and in Europe. But a student who makes himself familiar with one style of printed characters will have little difficulty with the others, and will soon learn, by practice, to read the manu- scripts. A few specimens of types other than those used in this work are given in Appendix A.
&, On account of the difficulty of combining them with the smaller sizes of our Roman and Italic type, the devand&gari characters are used below only in connection with the first or largest size. And, in accordance with the laudable usage of recent grammars, they are, wherever given, also trans- literated, in Clarendon letters; while the latter alone are used in the other sizes.
4, The student may be advised to try to familiarize himself from the start with the devandgari mode of writing. At the same time, it is not indispensable that he should do so until, having learned the principal paradigms, he comes to begin reading and analysing and parsing; and many will find the latter the more practical, and in the end equally or more effective, way.
5. The characters of the devanfgari alphabet, and the European letters which will be used in transliterating them, are as follows:
short long 1g a8 11 a palatal +3 i ५१ ए Vowels: simple ¢ labial sso ou “Ht lingual 12oy “RF dental + ल् 1] (५ q Q diphth { palatal » ठ् € ” > ai "० | abil ज्ञरो ow AY ष्ण Visarga wih Anusvara w =, © 4 or th (see 730). surd surd ssp, sonant- «= son. asp. nasal
guttural vw Hk wu @kh ण्ह »A| gh ATA palatal न्च 6 = Beh »Tj sHjh ~Ah Mutes 1 lingual ग्ट { =@ th »Z qd »G dh गणा dental =aqt s@ th भद् त =» dh न्नम् labial श्प p »Q ph » Gb *भ bh «Am
ॐ या. उक क सथर, 14 & Tie Hom ए > dus item The mend म भी -o be ‘Sermed by ‘eourn 2 9 7 7 त › न 7 gen them Jv ureewure uf che oer. a7. The secumi oui ‘urch पठ each series are aspirates: chus Xemie he suri nore Ww ws have de corresponding sand पयय इने, md उष te wma: न् इ the corres- pending soant mmc: T gh OF (द che preewe char कलषा -क आषा पकस्व ind ieulr 2 devermine ॐ प cee छ + ग oem me -र noes गः तात्य sminds. and ९७८ Theatiee “the उष @ ami gb धवत् ok. mr. -3 hevond question. क ase ae doulas, oo vat way ae sari th ‘or example. differs ‘oem 2 1 श 3 ए ए. 5 7 ११३ [ sea on ume त 17 1 87 amine bit [शि क क 9 त 5 2 5 1. 1 ७५५५. ०2०८१ इ कमत पेष, शधो ace भ्ठ -प्णयम्तो crgresemted by the कि ५८. =: sana, 0 mtagee १ “ac Lacm SysGmeme af the similar ancient Ores epee we ae 8.8) ww The woant ०.8. 8 indersod ani ieseribed as made पा ५ अदः say. wth ५ awe epe die Revamd wer che येतद २८ अव mute sewe Sut chece axe gras chavreceal iicutes ia the war af accepting ke eagiaaastum und aume af he dest pauMece पेड भत fem that the modern २५ grvaeneativa i 96 sack a charmer, and ३९.२८ the clement following the ४५० as a “giver Yes”, अयित, or 98 an emzharired दाधा of the pegmang of the saceeniiag sound The qrestiea 19 ome २६ crest diftealty, aml pos it dhe epinivas of the highest anchorites are much at variance. ३७७५४ aspitatee are 20:2. :9 uve in Init in the promunciative of the vermacular as weil as 98 2 १ sh By the PrinyaRhyas, che aspirates of beth clanves are <aDed sogman : ७६८) weight meas either arveparind Sy 6 rusk of breath (taking figman iw ie were व जहतः erage). ५८ aecevenpanied by @ spirant (below, 58). Awd avme wative szthurities dedize the surd aspirates as made by the combi- ७९६१७ of coud sunk men-aspirate with its own corresponding urd spirant; and Abo wxant कहर, of each somamt nen-aspirate with the sonant spirant, the ००५५५ (doles, GS Bat this wenld make ue two classes of aspirates of qulte dlveres character, ant would also make th thé same as ts, {h as tq, ch aa ey , is te any measere plausible only of the last. Panini has no mame 3 the echeme given im his comment (to i 4. 9) attributes ^~ ५५७७ MARMARA grout expcretivn, amd to the non-aspinstes alpapréiga |. +) Jv ie usual among Buropean scholars to pronounce
pees of aspirates as the corresponding non-aspirates
5é—] Il. System or Sounns. 20
66. The y is by its physical character a palatal utterance; and it is classed as & palatal semivowel by the Hindu phonetists. It is one of the most common of Sanskrit sounds.
57. The qv is pronounced as English or French ९ (German w) by the modern Hindus — except when preceded by a consonant in the same syllable, in which case it has rather the sound of English ४; and European scholars follow the same practice (with ot without the same exception).
a, By its whole treatment in the euphony of the language, however, the v stands related to an u-vowel precisely as y to an s-vowel. It is, then, a » only according to the original Roman value of that letter — that is to say, a w-sound in the English sense; though (as was stated above for the ऊ) it may well have becn less markedly separated from ४ than English चठ, or more like French ow in oui etc. But, as the original w has in most European languages been changed to ० (English), so also in India, and that from a very early time: the Paninean scheme and two of the Pratigakhyas (VPr. and TPr.) distinctly define the sound as made between the upper teeth and the lower lip — which, of course, identifies it with the ordinary modern v-sound. As a matter of practice, the usual pronunciation need not be seriously objected to; yet the student should not fail to note that the rules of Sanskrit euphony and the name of “semivowel” have no application except to a w-sound in the English sense: a v-sound (German ९०) is no semivowel, but a spirant, standing on the same articulate stage with the English th-sounds and the f.
58. The ए is classed as a labial semivowel by the Hindu phonet- ical authorities. It has a somewhat greater frequency than the y.
a. In the Veda, under the same circumstances as the y (above, 56 a), v is to be read as a vowel, प.
b. As to the interchange of v and b, see above, 50a.
59. Spirants. Under the name Ogman (literally heat, steam, flatus), which is usually and well represented by spirant, some of the Hindu authorities include all the remain- ing sounds of the alphabet; others apply the term only to the three sibilants and the aspiration — to which it will here also be restricted.
8, The term is not found in the Paninean scheme; by different treatises the guttural and labial breathings, these and the visarga, or all those and anusvara, are also (in addition to the sibilants and h) called igman (see
प्र] II. System or Sounps. 26
० It is convenient also in transliteration to distinguish the as- similated m by a special sign, rh, from the anusvdra of more inde- pendent origin, 4; and this method will be followed in the present work.
74, This is the whole system of sounds recognized by the written character; for certain other transitional sounds, more or less widely recognized in the theories of the Hindu phonetists, see below, 230.
75. The whole spoken alphabet, then, may be arranged in the following manner, in order to show, so far as is possible in a single scheme, the relations and important classifications of its various members:
a, @ फन ७५७ ९ ९ oe “~ % Vowels * % i, i HE lou, a ५४ 4 a ५ ० ज Son. y Tr 1 v Semivowels ५ ५५ क on a a 2 n m Nasals = ra on ५ a Anusvara « Aspiration ve h Visarga १५ Burd | ९ a a Sibilants 1 Ms 6 gh jh dh dh bh asp. 1 at 3 a iat Son. | [1 j qd dad ४ unasp. ey ५ a २५ “ kh ch th th ph asp, | Mutes “ow * os ५ Surd | k c t t ए unasp. ie = oo 6 Gutt. Pal, Ling. Dent. Lab.
a. The figures set undor the characters give the average per- centage of frequency of each sound, found by counting the number of times which it occurred in an aggrogate of 10,000 sounds of con- tinous text, in ten different passages, of 1,000 sounds each, selected from different epochs of the literature: namely, two from the Rig-Veda, one from the Atharva-Veda, two from different Brahmanas, and one each from Manu, Bhagavad-Gita, Cakuntala, Hitopadega, and Vasa- vadatta (J.A.0.8., vol. X., p. cl).
¶१९-] Il. System or Sounps. 28
making a heavy syllable. The last syllable of a pada (pri- mary division of a verse) is reckoned as either heavy or light.
a. The distinction in terms between the difference of long and short in
vowel-sound and that of heavy and light in syllable-construction is valuable, and should be observed.
IV. Accent.
80. The phenomena of accent are, by the Hindu gram- marians of all ages alike, described and treated as depend- ing on a variation of tone or pitch; of any difference of stress involved, they make no account.
81. The primary tones (svara) or accent-pitches are two: a higher (udatta raised), or acute; and a lower (anudétta not raised), or grave. A third (called svarita: a term of doubtful meaning) is always of secondary origin, being (when not enclitic: see below, 85) the result of actual combination of an acute vowel and a following grave vowel into one syllable. It is also uniformly defined as compound in pitch, a union of higher and lower tone within the limits of a single syllable. It is thus identical in physical character with the Greek and Latin circumflex, and fully entitled to be called by the same name.
88. Strictly, therefore, there is but one distinction of tone in the Sanskrit accentual system, as described by the native grammarians and marked in the written texts: the accented syllable is raised in tone above the unaccented; while then further, in certain cases of the fusion of an accented and an unaccented element into one syllable, that syllable retains the compounded tone of both elements.
88. The svarita or circumflex is only rarely found on a pure long vowel or diphthong, but almost always on a syllable in which a vowol, short or long, is preceded by a y or v representing an originally acute i- or u-vowel.
a. In transliteration, in this work, the udatta or acute will be marked with the ordinary sign of acute, and the svarita or circumflex (as being a downward slide of the voice forward) with what is usually called the grave accent: thus, 4, acute, ya or va, circumflex.
29 Accent. स [-85
84. The Pritigakhyas distinguish and name separately the circumflexed tones arising by different processes of combination: thus, the circumflex is called
a. Kedipra (quick), when an acute i- or u-vowol (short or long) is converted into y or v before a dissimilar vowel of grave tone: thus, vyapta from vi-Apta, apsvantér from apsu antar.
b. J&tya (native) or nitya (own), when the same combination les farther back, in the make-up of ५ stem or form, and so is constant, or belongs to the word in all circumstances of its occurrence: thus, kva (from kia), svar (इः), nydk (nfak), budhnya (budhn{a), kanya (kan{a), nadyas (nadi-as), tanva (tanti-a).
c. The words of both the above classes are in the Veda, in the great majority of cases, to be read with restoration of the acute vowel as a separate syllable: thus, apsd antér, salar, nadias, ctc. In somo texts, part of them are written correspondingly: thus, sivar, tanava, budhniya.
त. Pragligts, when the acuto and grave vowels are of such character that they are fused into a long vowel or diphthong (128 c): thus, divi ’va (RV. AY. ete.), from divi iva; siidgata (TS.), from sh-udgata; nai ‘va *gniyat ((B.), from n& eva agniyat.
७. Abhinihita, when an initial grave a is absorbed by a final acute 6 or 6 (186): thus, té ‘bruvan, from té abruvan; 80 ‘bravit, from _ 86 abravit.
85. But further, the Hindu grammarians agree in de- claring the (naturally grave) syllable following an acute, whether in the same or in another word, to be svarita or circumflex — unless, indeed, it be itself followed by an acute or circumflex; in which case it retains its grave tone. This is called by European scholars the enclitic or dependent circumflex.
& Thus, in téna and té ca, the syllable na and word ca are regarded and marked as circumflex; but in téna té and té ca svar they are grave.
b. This seems to mean that the voice, which 1s borne up at the higher Pitch to the end of the acute syllable, does not ordinarily drop to grave Pitch by an instantaneous movement, but descends by a more or less per- ceptible slide in the course of the following syllable. No Hindu authority suggests the theory of a middle or intermediate tone for the enclitic, any more than for the independent ciroumflex. For the most part, the two are identifled with one another, in treatment and designation. The enclitic circumflex is likewise divided into a number of sub-varieties, with different names: they are of too little consequence to be worth reporting.
ॐ8- | आ. Srerem vt उ ॐ
86. The च्छा difference ५ te rey kinds छ cirommiier is shown clearly envngi by tbe face 1. the indepensemt ecreamiiex takes the place of the sects a8 tie propir अदयः of a word while the enclitic is the mere thaduw folowing aa acute. apd following it im spother word precisely as ix the same word: 2 tbe independent circumflex maivtsins its character im a sitcativus whik the eeclitic before > following ciremafiex or acu ketes is cirecmfex character. and becomes grave: murourer, 3. in many of the sysems of marking accent below. 88. the two are quite differenty indiead
87. The ace-ptustiva is marked ic mamuserip:s only of the older literature: wamely. im tbe primary Vedie texu. or sathhitas in two off the Brabmazas Taiztiriva and (atepatha . in the Taittir-ya-Arasyaka. in certain passages of the Aitareya-Arazyaka ard in the Suparnadiyaya. There are भ number of nxthods of writing accent. more or leas different from one another: the one found in manuseripts of the Rig-Veda. which is most widely known. and of which most of the others are only slight modificatio-s. is as follows.
a. The acute syllable is Jeft unmarked: the cireumflex. whether independent or enciitic, has a short perpendicuiar stroke above; and the grave next preceding an acute or independent, circumflex has a short horizontal stroke beiow. Thus.
Aa agnim; FEAT juhoti; नुन्वा tanvé: Gh kv
४. But the introductory grave stroke below cannot be given if an acute syllable is initial; hence an unmarked syllable at the beginning of a word is to be understood as acute; and hence also, if several
grave syllables precede an acute at the beginning of a sentence, they must all alike have the grave sign. Thus,
FH व्ण; ते ८६; HATA karigyasi; TATA पण्ड.
७. All the grave syllables, however, which follow a marked cir- cumflex are left unmarked, until the occurrence of another accented syllable causes the one which precedes it to take the preparatory stroke below. Thus,
सीक् भप; but सुटृशीकंटगावाम् sudfetkasahdre gévam.
त. If ४० independent circumflex be followed by an acute (or by
another independent circumflex), a figure 1 is set after the former
circumflexed vowel if it be short, or a figure 3 if it be long, and the signs of accent are applied as in the following examples:
अ्रप्स्वरत्तः apsv aintah (from apsa antah); TRAP: rayds कः (from मच्छ avinih).
9-] If. EvrHonic CompraTion. 34
97. In this work, the accent of each word and form will in general be marked, so far as there is authority determining its place and character. Where specific words and forms are quoted, they will only be so far accentuated as they are found with accent in accentuated texts.
CHAPTER IIL
RULES OF EUPHONIC COMBINATION.
Introductory.
98. The words in Sanskrit, as in the other languages related with it, are in great part analysable into roots, suffixes of derivation, and endings of inflection, these last being added mostly to stems containing suffixes, but also sometimes directly to roots.
&. There are, of course, a certain number of uninflected words — indeclinables, particles; and also not a few that are incapable of analysis.
99. The Sanskrit, indeed, possesses an exceptionally analysable character; its formative processes are more regular and transparent than those of any other Indo-European tongue. Hence the prevailing method of the Hindu native science of grammar, which sets up a certain body of roots, and prescribes the processes by which these may be made stems and words, giving the various added elements, and laying down the rules by which their combination is effected. And the same general method is, for like reason, followed also by European grammarians.
100. The euphonic laws, accordingly, which govern the combination of suffix or of ending with root or stem, possess a high practical im- portance, and require to be laid down in preparation for the topics of declension and conjugation.
101. Moreover, the formation of compounds, by joining two or more simple stems, is extremely frequent in Sanskrit; and this kind of combination has its own peculiar euphonic rules. And once more, in the form of the language as handed down to us by its literature, the words composing a sentence or paragraph are adapted to and combined with one another by nearly the same rules which govern the making of compounds; so that it is impossible to take apart and understand a Sanskrit sentence without knowing those rules. Hence
39 GENERAL PRINCIPLES. (-117
inflection ; the rules of external combination may better be left untouched until he comes to dealing with words in sentences, or to translating, Then, however, they sre indispensable, sinco the propor form of the words that compose the sentence is not to be determined without them.
a. The general principles of combination underlying the euphonic rules, and determining their classification, may be stated as follows:
118. Hiatus. In general, hiatus is forbidden; every syllable except the initial one of a sentence, or of a word or phrase not forming part of a sentence, must begin with a consonant (or with more than one).
a. For details, and for exceptions, see 125 ff.
४, In the earlier language, however, histus in every position was abundantly admitted. This appears plainly from the mantras, or metrical parts of the Veda, where in innumerable instances y and v are to be read as 1 and u, and, less often, a long vowel 15 to be resolved into two vowels, in order to make good the metre: 6. g., vary&na&m has to be read as varl-J-ne-im, svagvyam as su-ag-vi-am, and so on. In the Brshmanas, also, we find tvac, svar, dydus describod as dissyllables, vyaima and satyam as trisyllables, rajanya as of four syllables, and the like. See further 129 e.
114. Deaspiration. An aspirate mute is liable to lose its aspiration, being allowed to stand unchanged only
before a vowel or semivowel or nasal.
115. Assimilation. The great body of euphonic changes in Sanskrit, as elsewhere, falls under the general head of assimilation — which takes place both between sounds which are so nearly alike that the difference between them is too insignificant to be worth preserving, and between those which are so diverse as to be practically incompatible.
116. In part, assimilation involves the conversion of one sound to another of the same series, without change of articulating position; in part, it involves a change of position, or transfer to another series.
117. Of changes within the series, the most frequent and im- portant occur in the adaptation of surd and sonant sounds to one
49 PERMITTED FINALS. (-141
Permitted Finals.
189. The sounds allowed to occur as finals in Sanskrit words standing by themselves (not in euphonic combination with something following) are closely limited, and those which would etymologically come to occupy such a position are often variously altered, in general accordance with their treatment in other circumstances, or are sometimes omitted altogether.
8 The variety of consonants that would ever come at the end of either an inflected form or a derivative stem in the language is very small: namely, in forms, only t (or ते), n, m, 8; in derivative stems, only t, d, n, r, 8 (and, in a few rare words, j). But almost all cousonants o-cur as finals of roots; and every root is liable to be found, alone or as last member of & compound, in the character of a declined s:em.
140. All the vowel sounds, both simple and diphthongal, may be sounded at the end of a word.
a. But neither दृ nor ] ever actually occurs; and कृ is rare (only as neuter sing. of a stem in दृ or ar, or as final of such a stem in composition).
Thus, indra, givaya, akari, nadi, datu, cami, janayitf, 4gne, Givayai, vayo, agnau.
141. Of the non-nasal mutes, only the first in each series, the non-aspirate surd, is allowed; the others —surd aspirate, and both sonants— whenever they would etymologically occur, are converted into this.
Thus, agnimét for agnimath, subjt for suhfd, virdt for viradh, trigfap for trig}ubh.
a. In a few roots, when their final (sonant aspirate) thus loses its aspiration, the original sonant aspiration of the initial reappears: compare & ४, below, 147.
Thus, dagh becomes dhak, budh becomes bhut, and 80 on.
The roots exhibiting this change are stated below, 155.
b. There was some question among the Hindu grammarians ss to whether the final mute is to be estimated as of surd or of sonant quality; but the great weight of authority, and the invariable practice of the manu- scripts, favor the surd,
Whitney, Grammar. 3. ed. 4
a
170-| TIL Evruonic Comminarion. 58
170. ५, The 4, as already noticed (145), becomes visarga before a pause,
b. It is retained unchanged only when followed by At or 7 th, the surd mutes of its own class.
ec. Before the palatal and lingual surd mutes च् ° and ङ् ch, Z f and द् th—it is assimilated, becoming the sibilant of either class respectively, namely शु ¢ or चृ इ.
घ, Before the guttural and labial इष्यते mutes — कू ४ and ल् kh, पए and पू् ph—it is also theoretically assimilated, becoming respectively the jihvimiliya and upadhminiya spirants (69); but in practice these breathings are unknown, and the conversion is to visarga.
Examples are: to b, tatas te, cakgue te; to ९, tatag oa, tasyag chy; padag talati; to त, nalay kamam, purugah khanati; yagah prapa, vrkeah phalayvan,
171. The first three of these roles are almost universal; to the last one there are numerous exceptions, the sibilant belog retained (or, by 180, converted into 9), especially in compounds; but also, in the Veda, even in sentence combination.
a, In the Veda, the retention of the sibilant in compounds fa the genéral Tule, the exceptlone to which are detailed in the Vodle grammars,
४, In the lator language, the retention is mainly determined by the ntimacy or the antiquity and frequency of the combination. Thus, the inal sibilant of « proposition or ५ word Milling the offles of + preposition bafore a verbal root is wont to be preserved; and that of a stem before a derivative of Ykp, before pati, before kalpa and kiima, and 40 on. Examples are namaskara, vacaspati, dyugkéma, paynskalpa.
©. Tho Vedio rotention of tho sibiiant im sentence-collocation ts detailed in fall in the Pratighkhyas, The ehiof classes of cases ate: 1. the final of + proposition or fte like before a verbal form; 2 of « genitive beforn +
governing noun: as पप putrdb, 185 padé; 5. of an ablative before himévatas other less classifiable cases: a5 करप
261—] TV. Decrexston. 88
CHAPTER IV.
DECLENSION.
261, The goveral subject of declension includes nouns, adjectives, and pronouns, all of which are inflected in ossentially the same manner. But while the correspondence of nouns and adjectives is 80 close that they cannot well be separated in treatment (chap. V.), the pronouns, which exhibit many pecularities, will be best dealt with in a separate ebapter (VIL); and the words designating number, or numerals, also form class peculiar enongh to require to be presented by them- solves (chap. VI).
262. Declensional forms show primarily case and num- ber; but they also indicate gender—since, though the distinctions of gender are made partly in the stem itself, they also appear, to no inconsiderable extent, in the changes of inflection.
263. Gender. The genders are three, namely mascu- line, feminine, and neuter, as in the other older Indo-Euro- pean languages; and they follow in general the same laws of distribution as, for example, in Greek and Latin.
a. Tho only words which show mo sign of gender-distinetion are the personal pronouns of the first and second person (491), and the numerals above four (483).
264. Number. The numbers are three — singular, dual, and plural.
& A fow words are asod only fn the plural: ss dards wife, dpas water; tho numeral dva feo, is dual only; and, as in other languages, many words are, by the nature of their uso, found to occur only in the singular,
266. As to the uses of the numbers, it needs only to bo remarked that the dual is (with only-very rare and sporadic exceptions) used
288 | TY, Decuzsxsion. 98
n& ‘sti dhanyataro mama (ii.) there i no one more fortunate than I (व my superior in fortune); putrath mama pr&pair gariyasam (MBh.) @ son dearer than my life.
A, Occasionally, an ablative ix used instead of > partitive genitive: thus, mithundd ekath jaghina (R.) te slew “one out of the pair; tebhya ekam (KSS.) one of them.
203. The ablative Is used with = varicty of propositions and words sharing > propositional charactor (1126); but ol) these haye rather an ail- verbial value, as streagthoning or defining the fromerolation, than any Proper governing force, We may notice here:
a. In the Veda, Adhi and pari arc much used as directing end strength~ ening adjuncts with the ablative: as, 1865 himdvatas piri (AV.) born from the Himalaya (forth); sumudrad &dhi jajiige (AV.) thow art bora from the ocean; cérantath pari tasthagah (RY.) moving Sorth fron that which stands fast.
४. Also purd (and purds), in the sense of forward from, aud henee before: > purk Jdrasah (RY-) before old age: and hence also, with words of protection and the like, from: as gugaméinah puri nidih (BY.) securing from iR-will.
९. Also द, in the sense of Aither from, all the way from: as, & miilad 4nu guyyata (AV.) let it dry completely up from the root: thamad & nadyo ndma stha (AYV.) since that tine ye are called rivers, But पा ally, and especially in the Inter language, the méasurement of interval implied in & is reversed in direction, and the constraction moans all the way to, untit: as yati girfbhya & samudrat (RV.) going from the mountains to the ocean; & "sy& ऊष 4059 "dgcak (VS,) until the end of this sacrifice; & godagit (M.) till the sixteenth year; & praddnat (0) until her marriage.
204. Uses of the Genitive, a The proper value of the gonitive 18 adjectival; it belongs to and qualifies a noun, designating somothing relating to the latter in a manner which the pature of the ease, or the connection, defines more nearly. Other genitive con- structions, with adjective or verb or preposition, appear to arise out of this, by 4 more or loss distinctly traceable connection,
४, The use of the genitive has become much extended, espe- लमा in the later language, by attribution of a noun-character to the adjective, and by pregnant verbal construction, so that it often bears the aspect of being s substitute for other vases —as dative, instru- mental, ablative, locative.
385, The genitive in its normal
307—| TY. Decuension, 104
b. In the acousative, m or am is the mase. and fem. ending —am being added after a consonant and दृ, and ufter इ and त in the radical division, and m elsewhere after vowels. ‘Tho neuter accusative ia like the nominative.
ठ, The instrumental ending for all goudors ulike is & With final i- aud u-vowels, the ह is variously combined, and in the older language it is sometimes lost by contraction with them. Stems in a make the case end in ena (sometimes ena in ए}, and those in & make it end in व्ह; but instances occur, in the early language, of tmmediate addition of & to both a and ह.
a. The dative ending is in general o; and with it likewise the modes of combination of i and u final arc various (and disappearance by contraction not unknown in the oldest language). The a-atems are quite irregular in this case, making it end in dya— excepted is the pronominal element -sma, which combines (apparently) with ह to "कक्षो, [n the personal pronouns is found bhyam (or hyam).
e. A fuller ending ai (like gon.-abl. &s and loc. im: seo below) belongs to feminine stems only, Lt is taken (with interposed ऊ) by the great class of those im derivative &; also by those in derivative 3, and {as reckoned in the later language) in derivative च, And later it is allowed to be taken by feminine atoms in radical इ and ठ, and eyen by those in i and प; these last have it in the earliest language in only excoptional instances. For the substitution of i for abl.-gen. &s, soc below, h.
# Tho ablative has a special ending, d (ort), only in a-stems, masc. and neut., the a being lengthened before it (except in the per- sonal prononos of ist and 2d person, which have the same ending at fu the pl. and even, in the old language, in the dual). Everywhere else, the ablative is identical with the genitive,
g. The genitive of a-stems (snd of one pronominal u-stem, amu) adds sya. Elsewhere, the usual abl.-gen. ending is as; but its irregularities of treatment in combination with a stem-final are con- siderable, With i and u, it is either directly added (only in the old language), added with interposed n, or fused to es and os respect- ively. With y (or ar) it yields ur for us: 169 b).
h. The fuller de is taken by feminine stems precisely ay Ai is tuken in the dative: soc above. But in the language of the Brab- mapas and Sitras, the dative-ending ai is regularly and eou instead of Gs, both of ablative and of genitive. Ss
i. The locative ending is i in co [पिभ with a to final vowel is save
383- ] V. Nouns axp पतय, 112
ड, ‘This class is cxscntially only + spocial class of compound adjectives, since in the earliest Vode the simple ४३ well ३३ the compounded root was sometimes used aljectively, But the compounded root was from the beginning much more often so used, and the later the more exclusively, so that practically the class is > separate and important ove,
324. Compound adjectives having a noun as final member, but obtaining sa adjective sense secondarily, by having the idea of possession added, and being inflected as adjectives in the three gen- ders (1293). Thus, prajakAmA desire of progeny, whence the ad- jective prajdkama, meaning desirous (i. 0. having desire) of progeny; sabhirya (sa-}bhirya) hacing one's wife along; and 8० on.
8, In a few cases, also, the final nown is syntactically object of the preceding member (1309-10): thus, atimatra immoderate (ati mitram beyond measure); yavayaddvegas driving away enemies.
325. Hence, under each declension, we have to notice how a root or a noun-stem of that declension is infleeted when final member of an adjective compound,
a. As to accent, it needs only to be remarked here that a root- word ending ४ compound hus the accent, but (820) loses the pecu- arity of monosyllabic accentuation, and does not throw the tone forward npon the ending (except afic in certain old forms: 410),
Deelension |. Stems (masculine and neuter) in 7 a.
326. a. This declension contains the majority of all the declined stems of the language.
b, Its endings deviate more widely than any others from the normal.
927. Endings: Singular, &, The tom, १०१७९. has the normal ending 8.
४५ Tho २०९, (masc. and nevt.) adds m (not am); and this form has the office also of nom, neuter,
©+ The instr, changes & to ena uniformly in the later language; and even in the oldest Vedic this is the predominant endivg (in RV, eight ninths of all casea), Its final ts in Vedio verse frequently made Tong (ena), But the normal ending #—thus, valid, (fer yajfiéna
336- ] ए. Nouns axp Apseorives. 118
ॐ, The yoo. gunates the final of the stem, in mast, and fem, alike fn the earllor and in the later language. In the nout., it is later allowed to be either of the same form or the unsitered stem; and this was probably fhe usage in the older time also; not Instances enough are quotable to determine the question (AV. has u once, and VS. 9 once).
387. Dual. a, Tho later and earlier language agree in making tho १०.-५९९.700, mase, and fem, by lengthening the final of the stem. The same cases in the neuter (according to the rule given above) end lator in ini and uni; but these endings are nearly unknown in the Veda (as, indeed, the cases sre of only rare occurrence): AV, has ini twice (RV, perhaps once); VS, has uni once; RV. bas wi from one w-stem, and T, once short- ened to §, from one or two i-atems,
४, The unvarying ending of instr.-dat.-abl., in all genders, is bhyam added to the unchanged stom,
© The gen.-loc. of all ages add ०8 to the stem in masc. and fom; in ५५६, tho later language interposes, as elsewhere in the woakest casos, a nj probably in the earlier Vedic the form would he like that of the other genders; bat the only occurrence noted {s ona unos in AY.
338. Ploral. a. The nom-voc, ०४4९. and fem. adds the normal नात ing 88 to the gunated stom-final, making ayas and avas, The excoptions fn the Veda are vory fow: one word (ari) has das in both genders, and a few fominines have Is (like S-stems); > very few w-stems have uas. The neut. nom.«ace, ends later in Int and Oni (like Ani from a: 389 6); but the Vode bas इ and i (about equally frequent) much oftener than ini; and त and (more usually) प, more than half as often as fini.
Db. The १८६०8, mare. ends in Im and fin, for older ins and fins, of which plain traces remain in the Veda in nearly balf the instances of ocour- rence, and even not dofrequontly in the later language, in the guise of phonetic combination (208 ¶.}. Tho accus. fem, ends in ऋ and is. But both mase. and fem. forms in 188 and was are found sparingly in the Veda.
©, The instr. of all genders adds bhis to the stem.
4, The dat.-abl. of all genders adds bhyas (in V., almost never bhias) to the stem.
©, The gen. of all genders is made alike in nm ond Gnim (of which the & is not soldom, in the Voda, to bo resolved into aam), Steme with accented final in the later language may, and tn the earlier always do, throw forward the accent upon the ending.
ॐ, The loc. of all genders adds su (as gu: 180) to the stem=final,
ह. The accent is in accordance with the general rules alroady laid down, and there are no irregularitics calling for special notice.
889. Examples of le
364 | ४. Nouxs ann Anseorives, | Plusal: 8४. FAM कन्यान् देव्यस् Ta [म [1 devyas vadhvas A. मेनाम् कन्यान् Pat न् १6०९० kanyhs devis vadhiis ५ सिन् afi ta sénabhis kanyibhis devibhis § yadhiibhip ४.५४. निनाभ्यत् = कन्यान्यन् देवीभ्यन् PT sén&bhyss kanylibhyas dovibbyas 1 8. सेनानाम् कन्यानाम् देवीनाम् aT 1 kanyinim devinam vadhiinam ४ Fg कन्यासु देवीषु aT [71 1 devigu vadhtiga
a. In the Veds vadhii is + stem belonging to the other division (like tanti, above, 356).
3868. Examples of Vodle forms are:
8 G-stems: instr. sing. manig& (this simpler form is especially eom- mon from stems in t& and if); nom, pl. vagiisas (about twonty examples); ३९९५६. pl. arathgamésas (a case or two). Half tho bhyns-cases are to Ye read as bhias; the Sm ef gen. pl. is a few times to be rerolved into gam; and the & and &m of nom, accus. sing, are, very rately, to be treated in the same manner.
b. E-stoms: instr. sing. gdmi, g&mi; loc. g&uri; nom, etc. १४. devi; nom. pl. devis; gen. pl. bahvindm. The final of the stem is to be read as + vowel (not y) frequently, but not in tho majority of instances: thus, devii, devids, devidm, rédasios,
€ The sporadic Instances of transfer between this division and the preceding have boon already sufiiclontly notleed.
घ, OF the regular substitution made in the Brihmapa Janguage (807 h, 836g, 363 ५} of the det. sing. ending ह| for the gon.-ebl ending Os, tn all clastes of words admitting the latter ending, a few examples may be given ere: abhibhiity@i rGpam (AB,) a sign of overpowering bhag ०8 jagatyai ca (AB.) of the metres free त् jogati; ०४०० तद्रा = 1111 | (AB) woman's milk; dhenval vi सादत rétah (TB. that, forsooth,
V. Nouns anp Ansecrrves.
पपे
papé पापाभ्यान् papabhyam पापवोन् 289६508
पापानि piipini
Singular: 0. ष पापम् papas A. ब. Dd, Ab. 6. L भ, Dual: NAY. पापी papad ३.४. Ab, 6. ५. Plural: फ, पापात् x Papiis A पापान्
धापानि papani
पापान् papam
पापया एकम पापा एषम पापाया् एकिव पापायाम् pipayiis array plpayam पपि pipe
पपि
papé पापान्यान् pipabhyam पापयोन् Piipiyos
136
177 NUMERALS. (475
CHAPTER VI.
NUMERALS,
475. The simple cardinal numerals for the first ten numbers (which are the foundation of the whole class), with their derivatives, the tens, and with some of the higher members of the decimal series, are as follows:
५ टक 10 दृषा 100 शत oka daga gata 26 20 विंशति 1000 ata तण्ड vingat{ 88116878. 3 त्रि "30 त्रिणत् 10,000 aga tri trihgat ayuta + चतुद् + चतरारिशत् 100,000 ल्त catar catvaringat leaked ५ चञ्च 80 पञ्चाशत् 1,000,000 wat pAfica 80024६४ prayuta 6 ay oo षष्टि 10,000,000 कदि aay 2 [ 7 सप्त 70 सप्तति 108 ed sapta saptati arbudé eae so ana 109 मदर् [ [ 11 maharbuda oa vo नवति 1010 wa nave navati kharvé 10 ट्श 100 शात roll Feet daga gata nikharva
a. The accent saptd and agtd is that belonging to these words in all accentuated texts; according to the grammarians, they are sdpta and Agta in the later language. See below, 483.
b. The series of decimal numbers may be carried still further; but there are great differences among the different authorities with
Whitney, Grammar, ३, ed. 12
189 DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS. (405
80 many pronouns and pronominal adjectives that it is fairly to be called the general pronominal declension.
a. But this root has also the special irregularity that in the nom. sing. masc. and fem. it has sds (for whose peculiar euphonic treatment 866 17@a,b) and sa, instead of tds and té (compare Gr. 6, 7, 6, and Goth. sa, so, thata). Thus:
Singular: nm ०. ६ N. सम् तत् सा 8६8 tat 8a A तम् तत् ताम् tam tat tam L तेन तया téna taya D ret तमै |... 1 tasyai Ab. तस्मात् तस्यात् tasmat tasyas 9. तस्य तस्याम् tasya tasyas 1, तस्मिन् तप्याम् tésmin tasyam Daal NAV. तौ a ते ध्व te ४६ 1. 7. Ab. ताभ्याम् ताभ्याम् tébhyam tébhyam @. L. तयोम् तयोस् ६४5०8 ४६०४ Plural N. a तानि तात् ४६ tani tas A तान् तानि तात् tin téni tis 1 a are
tals tabhis
5317- | VII. Coxsuaatton. 200
CHAPTER शा.
CONJUGATION.
527. Tue subject of conjugation or verbal inflection inyolyes, as in the other languages of the family, the dis- tinctions of voice, tense, mode, number, and person.
a. Further, besides the simpler or ordinary conjugation of a verbal root, there are certain more or less fully de- veloped secondary or derivative conjugations.
628. Voice. There are (as in Greek) two voices, active and middle, distinguished by a difference in the personal endings. This distinction is a pervading one: there is no active personal form which does not have its corresponding middle, and pice verse; and it is extended also in part to the participles (but not to the infinitive).
529, An active form is called by the Hindu grammarians parasmai padam ¢ word for another, und 8 middie form is called fitmane padam a word for one's self: the terms might be best para- phrased by transitive and reflexive. And the distinction thus expressed is doubtless the original foundation of the difference of active and middle forms; in the recorded condition of the language, however,
the antithesis of transitive and reflexive meaning is in no small measure blurred, or oven altogether effaced.
a. In tho epics there fs much offacement of the distinction between active snd middle, the choles of १०८८ being very often determined by tmotrical considerations alone, a
530. Some verbs are co in one only; sometimes a.
570—} VU. Conauaarion, = 4
gamayatat, cyivayatat, varayatat; ipsatat; jagytat. No examples ४५९७ boon found from a nosal-class verb (680), nor any other than those here given from 9 passive, intensive, or desiderative. The few accented eases indicate that the formation follows the general rale for one made with an accented ending (652),
४, The tmperative in tht 16 not a very rare formation in the older Jungwage, being made (in V., B, and §.) from about fifty roots, and in toward + hundred and fifty occurrences, Later, tt is very unusual; thus, only a single example has been noted in MBb., and one in B.; snd corres- poadingly fow in yet more modern texts.
571. As regards its meaning, this form appears to have pre- yailingly In the Brabmayas, and traceably but much less distinetly in the Vedic texts, a specific tense-value added to its mode-valuo—as signifying, namely, an injunction to be carried out at a later time than the present: it is (like the Latin forms in to and tote) a posterior or fature imperative.
a, Examples ore: ihai "vA ma tigthantam abhyéhi "ti brihi tith ti na agatish pratiprabritat ((B.) say to Aer “come to me as I stand just here,” and (afterward) announce her to us as having come; yaad ardhvas tigtha dravine hd dhattat (RV.) when thow xhalt stand up- right, [then] bestow riches here (and similarly in many cases); utktlam udvahd bhavo ’dihya prati dhivatat (AV.) be a eerrier up the ascent: after having carried up, ren back again; vanaspatir ddhi tva sthayati tasya vittit (1'S.) the tree will ascend theo, [then] take note of it,
b, Examples of its use as other than 2d sing. are as follows: fat sing., dvyugith jagytid ahim (AY.; only case) let me watch till doy-break; as Sd sing, ptinar md "vignt&d rayfh (TS.) वथ wealth come again to we, agéth tyasya rij miirdhitnash vi pitayatat ((B.) the ding here shall make his head fly off; a 24 ds, nasatyay abruvan devah piinar & vahatid {ti (RV.) the gods said to the ९८० Agvina “bring them back again”; as 24 pl, pak... devégu nab sukfto bratat (1S.) ye toaters, announce us to the gods at well-doera, Yn the भहा language, the prevailing value appears to be that of a Sd sing: thus, bhavin prasidarh Keurutat (MBh.) may your’ worship do the facor, ensth bhavén abhirakgatat (7६60) fet your exeellency protect him.
©. According to the native grammariang, the imperative in tat used with a benodictive implication, No instance of be quotable,
864} TX. Parseyt-sysTem. 248
664. bA remove, mid.: thus, jihite, jihidhve, jfhate; Jihigva, jihatém; Ajihita, ajihata, QB. bas jihith&m (for jihathaim),
686. यह quit, act. (originally identical with the former), may furiher shorten the T to i: thus, jabiti, jahita, jahitat (AV.); jahiman (AV.), johitas (TB.), jahitam (‘TA.), ajahitém (TS, AB.). In the optative, the radical vowel ie lost altogether; thus, jahyam, Jahyus (AY.). The ‘24 wing. impy., socording to the grammarians, is jabihi or Jahihi or Jahahi; only the firet appears quotable,
&. Forms from an a-stem, jaha, are made for this root, and even derivatives from a quosi-root jah.
666. r& give, mid.: thus, raridhvam, rarith&s (impf. without augment); and, with i in reduplication, ririhi, But AV. bas rariava.
@. In those verbs, the accent is generally constant on the redaplicating syllable.
667. The two roots १6 and dh& (the commonest of the class) 1986 their radical yowel altogether in the weak forms, being shortened to dad and dadh. In 2d sing. impv. act, thoy form respectively वणम् and dhenf In combination with a following t or th, tho final dh of dadh does not follow the special rule of combination of a final sonant aspirate (becoming ddh with the ४ or th: 160), but — as also before 8 and dhv—the more general rules of aspirate and of aurd and sonant combination; and its lost aspiration is thrown back upon the initial of the root (155).
668. The Inflection of ydha fs, then, as follows:
Present Indicative.
686] 1X. Paesent-sysrem. 252
from yyuj all the forms for which examples have been noted as actually occuring in the oldor language.
activo. middlo, | a P- 1) 4, Pp { yundjini yundjiva yundjima yunajai yundjdmah 2 yundjes yunajadhvai
3 yundjat yunijatas yundjan yundjate
€87, The RY. bas onco afijatas, which is anomalous as boing made from the weak tense-stem, Forms with double mode-sign are mot with: thas, tpodhan (AV.), r&dhndwat and yunajan (द); and the only quotable example of Sd du. act. (besides afijatas) ts hindsAtas ((B.). QB. bas also hinas&vas ss dst du. act.: an elsowhere unexampled form.
3. Present Optative.
688. The optative is made, as elsewhere, by adding the compounded mode-endings to the weak form of present- stems. Thus:
active, middle.
& a Pp. ४. 4. sae 1a ga युज्याम asia युज्ञीवकति नरि अष अपरद अणुन yufjiyA yuAjivkhi अपु
ote. ete, ote. ete. ete. ९६८.
३, AB, has once the anomalous ist sing. act. vpfijiyam, And forms like bhufifiyam -yat, yufjiyat, are here and there met with in the opie (bhudijiyaétém once in GGS.). MBb., too, has onco bhuiijitam.
4. Present Imperative,
889. In this class (as the roots all end in consonants) the ending of the 2d sing. act. is always चि dhi.
active, middle. 6 ष. 7. ng a
1 arent wera | WATT yunajini yunijave ॥
युङ्ग्ि ` युगम्. yangdni
381 CausaTIvE. [--1048
stems in अ (7384): it will be sufficient to give here in general the first pereons of the different formations, taking as model the stem धार्य dhGréya, from va तण. Thus:
1. Present Indicative.
active. 4.
५ । २. + धारयामि धाए्यावस् धारयामम् dh&r4yami dhardyivas dhérdyamas
etc. etc. etc. middle. [त a ए. 1 धार्ये धारयाक्रे धारयामरे dharaye dharéyévahe dhaird4yamahe etc. ete. ete.
a. The ist pl. act. in masi greatly outnumbers (as ten to one) that in mas in both RV. and AV. No example occurs of 2d pL act. in thana, nor of 3d sing. mid. in © for ate.
2. Present Subjunctive.
For the subjunctive may be instanced all the forms noted as occurring in the older language: active.
1 dhardyéni dhardyava dhardyama
\dharayasi dharisae, वाध dhsréyBtha dharéyati नि @Sryates dhardyan middle. 1 कण्ठ्य dhéréyavabai jdnaréyadhve a) rdherayaae (नि (dharayate : (1 "स्य
७. Only one dual mid. form in Aite occurs: m&dAyAite (RV.). The only RV. mid, form in Ai, except in 4st du., is m&dayadhvai. The primary endings in 2d and 8d sing. act. are more common than the secondary.
3. Present Optative. active, raya ayaa धारयेम
dharayeyam dharéyeva dhdrdyema ete. ete. etc.
401 Vurnat Compounns, [—loes
bination with a derivative in Am to make a periphrastic conjugation. Sneh roots have also been, from the earliest period of the language, but with increasing frequency, used in somewhat analogous combi- nations with othor elements, substantive and adjective as well as adverbial; and this has become, in part, developed finally into a regular and indefinitely extensible method of increasing the resources: of verbal expression.
1091. a. The older language bas a number of (mostly) redoplicative onomatopoetio compounds with roots kp and bhi, the prefixed element end- ‘ing in & or & (generally the former): thus, in RV,, akkhalikjtya croah- ing, jafjan&bhavant jlimmering, alaldbhavant making merry, kikirt ‘eppu tear; in AY., magmagk "karam I have crushed; tn V8., masé (alse TS.; MS. mpsmysa) kuru; in TS., malmalabhdvant; in K,, manmalabhavant, kikkitakara; in MS, bibibabhavant, bharbhara "bhavat; in AB, bababikurvant. The arcentuation, where shown, {9 Mike that of ३ verb-form with sccompanying prefix,
४, Farthor, combinations with Pky of utterances used at the sacrifice, and mostly ending in &: thus, sviha, svadhi, avagd; also vigat. In theso, too, the accemtnation is generally that of > verb with prefix: 6. g. avagikaroti ((6.; but svadhié kardti [२] TA.), vagatkuryat (MS.); and, with another prefix, anuvégatkaroti ((B.).
6. An instance or two also orcur of ordinary words in such combi- nations, put in corresponding form: thus, ofl kury&t ((B.) may roast on 9 pit (gia); anypakartos (AB,) of getting clear of debt; कषक bhiivayant (AA.) uniting.
1002. a. The noun namas obcisance, homage, in a still more purely noun-value, becomes combined with Wp: in the Veds, only with the gerund, in namankftya (borlde hantagthya and karnagthya: above, 990 b).
D. A solitary combination with 1/1 go is shown by the acontative ~ tam Aome; which, appearing only in ordinary phrases fn RV., is in AV. compoundod with the participles —in astathydnt, astamegydnt, dsta- mita (with accent Mike that of ordinary compounds with « prefix) —and in tho Brihmapas and the lator langasge t treated quite like « prefix: thus, astaméti ((B.).
©. Othor ordinary accusative forms of sdjectives in combination with verbal derivatives of ky and bhi are found here and there In the older langunge: thus, grtarhk¢tya and nagnazhkjtys (TS.); nagnambhitvuka, pimanambhivuka ete, (TS. ot al.); 4narugkaroti (+).
1093. In the early but not in the earliest language, a noun- stem thus compounded with ky or bhO (and very rarely with as), in verbal nouns and ordinary derivatives, and then also in verbal forms, begins to assume a constant ending इ (of doubtful origin).
8. There ts no instance of this in RY., unless the इ of akkhalikftya (above, 1081.0) is to bo so explained. In AV., besides the obscure
Whitney, Grammar, 3, ed. 26
APPENDIX.
520
Perfect-system. Aorist-system. Future-systems,
६ babhtiva bhavigyimi | ^ "1 : * pabhiivéts bhavigyént 4bhuvam Abbavigyam babhiive bhavigyé [bhavitéhe] ‘ [bhavigty4] babhivand bhavigyamana Abhavigi Pass.pple bhGté;—Infin. bhévitum ; — Gerunds bhfitvi, -bhtiya. cakara karigydmi kartismi kriyisam cakyvais karigyant ékargam &karigyam cakré karigy6 [kartihe] (पकए cakrind karigyamana [ ~):
५०.715 kyt4; —Infu. kértum;— Gerands करद, -kitya.
84 पश्यत INDEX.
४, pron. ०६९. 69, 66, 66, 119; from dh and bh, 223g; a8 final, 147; compensating aspiration of initial, 147, 155d; with following t or th, 160a; with preceding final mute, 163; m before h and an- other’ cons, 213; reversion to gh, 2440, 222: in inflection, 402, 687; in pf, 787; in intens., 10024; in desid., 10281; internal combn, 222-4; ‘anomalously changed to a sibilant, 160f; to d, 404; du- plication of a cons, after, 3288; nasikya added after, 230b; loss before hi, 10115.
cha, 99], "11009, 11048.
10९१, pple, 957
past
inf., 968d; int, 10028,
1, 1003; १०. 1028, f; caus.,
642m; root-noun, 888४, 402.
hénta, accent of verb with, 698५,
yhas, jakg from, 640.
Vh& move, pres., 660, 664; ०७९. 10264; caus., 10424,
Vhs leave, pres., 665, 7619; aor., 830, 889, 0127" {५१ ' 986 ०; pple, 9674; 101. 968f; caus, aor., क्रः 4047.
h i
539
has, 1022 912. soph, 192¢, 2461, 674, 787; 1 92४, 7164; 1) 891, 889, Bios, 847, 8892, 894d; ' १०. 1028
hf, 6956, 11222. shi, advbl, 1100५. Vhits, ouph 1889; pres., 687, 696; des., 10017. Vhinv, 7165. hid, euph., 2409; ए, 786; caus, nig. oop P j caus,
Vou, pres., 645, 6470, 652; periphr. pf. ete., 40741, 1078¢.
1/8 or hva, pros, 7611 755; pf, 794; aor, 884५, 847, 8870 912; fot, १96०; int, 9661; eaus., 4042k; periphr. pf., 4071.
seize, 201, 884s, 88005 int,
(0 cans, 1042९. ' न.
1/०, hfdaya, 397.
Vbyq, sor., 847; pple, 966d.
yhnu, pres., 626a.
Yhras, pple, 9669.
Vhri, pres., 645; sor, 840b; 9678; 10711.
yhva, see hi.
vay or hvar, euph., 2426; pres., ; aor., 8689, 890; pple, 0666
ple, caus., 10421; periphr. pf.
ए. 147, 881, Plar. Loc, 265, 786, last 1. 967, 9699, 1. 2 401, 10819, 1. 3
ERRATA.
for FHACH read trary
» bhévadntai » bhévantal.
» gubya » guhya.
» akkhalikjtya » akhkhalikttya.
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