HARVARD UNIVERSITY Ernst Mayr Library of the Museum of Comparative Zoology I Volume 8 • 1999 Editor Ermi Zhao Chengdu Institute of Biology, Academia Sinica, Chengdu, Sichuan, China Associate Editors Kellar Autumn Lewis & Clark College, Portland, Oregon. USA J. Robert Macev Department of Biology. Washington University. St. Louis. Missouri, USA Theodore J. Papenfuss Museum of Vertebrate Zoology. University of California. Berkeley. California. USA Editorial Board Kraig Adler Cornell University. Ithaca, New York. USA Natalia B. Ananjeva Zoological Institute. St. Petersburg. Russia Steven C. Anderson University of the Pacific. Stockton, California. USA Aaron Bauer Villanova University, Villanova, Pennsylvania. USA Christopher Bell University of Texas. Austin, Texas. USA Leo Borkin Zoological Inslilule. St. Petersburg. Russia Bihui Chen Anhui Normal University, Wuhu. Anhui. China I i Cheng Inslilule oi Marine Biology. National Taiwan Ocean University, Keeking. Taiwan. China Ilya Darevsky Zoological Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia Indraneil Das Madras Crocodile Bank. Vadanemmeli Peiur. Madras. India William E. Duellman University of Kansas. Lawrence, Kansas. USA Hajime Fukada Sennyuji Sannaicho, Higashiyamaku, Kyoto. Japan Carl Cans University of Michigan. Ann Arbor. Michigan. USA Robert F. Inger Field Museum. Chicago, Illinois, USA Xiang Ji Hang/hou Normal College. Hangzhou. Zhejiang, China Pi-peng Li Yantai Normal College, Yanlai. Shandong. China Ronald Marlou I niversitj oi Nevada, Las Vegas. Nevada, I S \ Robert W. Murphy Royal Ontario Museum. Toronto, Ontario. Canada (.nun Nilson University of Goteborg, Goteborg, Sweden Nikolai Orlov Zoological Institute, Si Petersburg, Russia Hidetoshi Ota Department oi Biology, University of the Ryukyus. Nishihara. Okinawa, Japan James F. Parham University of California, Berkeley. California. USA Soheila Shafii University ol Shahid Bahonar, Kerman, Iran Hai-tao Shi Hainan Normal University, Haikou, Hainan. China \iu-ling Wang Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi, Xinjiang. China Yue-zhao Wang Chengdu Institute of Biology. Academia Sinica, Chengdu. Sichuan. China Yehudah Werner Hebrew University, Jerusalem. Israel Ken-tang Zhao Suzhou Railway Teacher's College. Suzhou. Jiungsu China Asiatic Herpetological Research is published by the Asiatic Herpetological Research Society (AHRS) and the Chinese So- ciety for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles (CSSAR)at the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology. University of California. The editors encourage authors from all countries to submit articles concerning hut not limited to Asian herpetology. All correspon- dence outside of China and requests for subscription should be sent to AHR. Museum of Vertebrate Zoology. University of California. Berkeley. California, USA 94720. or by email to asiaherp@uclink.berkeley.edu. All correspondence within Chi- na should be sent to Ermi Zhao. Editor, Chengdu Institute of Biology, P.O. Box 416. Chengdu, Sichuan Province. 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Chongqing. Sichuan. China. Acta Herpetologica Sinica ceased publication in June, 1988. Cover: Cuora galbinifrons. Diaoluoshan, 18 km N. of Nanxi. Hainan Province, China. Photo by James F. Parham. 1999 Asiatic Herpetological Research Vol. 8, pp. 1-6 The Activity and Thermal Biology of the Fossorial Reptile, Diplometopon zarudnyi (Amphisbaenia: Trogonophiidae) in Central Saudi Arabia AWADH M. AL-JOHANY Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O.Box 2455, Riyadh II 45 1, Saudi Arabia. Abstract .- The nocturnal activity of the fossorial amphisbaenid Diplometopon zarudnyi was studied in the field and its thermal selection and tolerance were determined in the laboratory. During the study period (summer) the animals commenced activity at 20.00 hrs (ground temperature 30-32°C) and finish their foraging between 3.00 to 4.00 hrs (ground temperature 28-26°C) before the break of dawn. The mean activity temperature determined in the field was 31.5°C, which was usually 0.5 to 1°C higher than the ground temperature. The mean selected body temperatures in a gradient during day and night were 26.4°C (range 15-38°C) and 26.3°C (range 14-38°C) respectively. The Critical Thermal Maximum was 47.6°C and the Critical Thermal Minimum was 7°C. D. zarudnyi tolerates a wide range of temperatures while maintaining its mean body temperature within a narrow range. The role of Selected Body Temperature is discussed in relation to metabolism. Key words.- Amphisbaenia, Trogonophiidae, fossorial reptile, Diplometopon zarudnyi, Saudi Arabia, Central Arabia, activity, thermal preference, thermal tolerance. Introduction The amphishaenian family Trogonophiidae is repre- sented in central Arabia by the single species Diplom- etopon zarudnyi ( Al-Sadoon, 1988). The range of this species extends to northern Arabia and the coastal Arabian Gulf (Arnold, 1986). D. zarudnyi is an oscil- lating digger, commonly found burrowing in low sand dunes in open terrain and in sub-surface soils of date palm farms. This amphisbaenian is a nocturnal for- ager, sometimes occupying ant and termite tunnels. In this study the nocturnal activity of D. zarudnyi was studied in the field, and its thermal selection and temperature tolerance were determined in the labora- tory. A comparison of results of this study has been made with the results of other species from different geographical habitats. Material and Methods Several field trips were made during the summer sea- son (July- August.) to habitats of D. zarudnyi located around Riyadh city (Thummama and Dilam). Noctur- nal activity of the animals was observed during the activity period. Rechargeable fluorescent lanterns were employed to illuminate the area being studied. When tracks appeared on the sand surface, they were followed up to the location of the animal, which was either dug out of its subsurface position by hand or using a small hand shovel. Soil temperature (Ts), air temperature (Ta) and cloacal body temperature (Tb) were taken within 15 seconds of capture by a quick reading cloacal thermometer (Millar and Weber Co., Figure 2. Setup used to measure the selected body temperature: (1) Telethermometer, (2) Thermal gradi- ent, (3) Thermostat heater, (4) Cooling coil in water bath, (5) Refrigerant machine, (6) 10 cm thick sand layer, (7) 100 W heating bulb, (8) Thermistor probe. U.S. A). Air and ground temperature were also moni- tored every hour from dusk to dawn. Thirty D. zarudnyi (adult animals of both sexes) were used in the laboratory study (mean mass = 7.63 g, SD ± 2.54; mean SVL=182 mm, SD ± 13.4; mean VTL=14 mm, SD ± 2.0). They were collected from various locations around Riyadh city. They were maintained for short periods in Plexiglass boxes filled with 10 cm of clean sand. The sand was sprinkled periodically with water. Mealworms and water were available ad lib. The laboratory temperature was 23 ± 1.5°C. The Selected Body Temperature (SBT) of ten amphisbaenians was determined in a metal thermal Vol. 8, p. Asiatic Herpetological Research 1999 Figure 2. Method employed to tie the thermistor; the probe (1) inserted inside the animal's cloaca and looped to be held on the tail (2) with bands of adhesive tape. gradient which measured 200 x 25 x 40 cm (Fig.l). Sand was spread evenly to a depth of 10 cm on the base of the gradient. A temperature gradient from 10- 50°C was achieved by fitting a thermostatic hot plate below one end and by placing an insulated ice con- tainer constantly frozen by an immersion refrigerant coil on the other end. The surface sand at the cool end was sprinkled with water intermittently to prevent desiccation. The gradient was illuminated by two 100 watt bulbs suspended 80 cm from the surface of the sand controlled by an electronic timer to maintain the photoperiod. The animals were left in the gradient for one day prior to the start of the experiment for accli- mation. The cloacal body temperature (Tb) was monitored with high sensitivity probes (Model 511; Yellow Springs Inc.). The probes were connected to a multi- channel YSI Telethermometer, and an Omniscribe Houston Instruments continuous chart recorder. The flexible tip of the pre-calibrated probe was inserted for 1 cm into the cloaca and held in place with 3-4 mm bands of adhesive tape (Fig. 2). The probes remained in place even when the animal burrowed below the sand. Twenty four hour continuous recording of Tb was obtained for three days on each animal and one measurement for each hour was recorded. These instruments were also used to measure the Critical Thermal Maximum (CTMax) and the Critical Thermal Minimum (CTMin). CTMax is the arith- metic mean of the collective thermal points at which locomotor activity becomes disorganized and the ani- mal loses its ability to escape from conditions that will promptly lead to its death. CTMin is the low tem- perature that produces cold narcosis and prevents locomotion (Pough and Gans, 1982). A sheet metal box (25 X 20 cm) filled with a layer of sand and kept above a thermostat heater was employed to measure CTMax. For CTMin, a Plexiglass box (25 X 15 cm) with a layer of sand held inside a larger insulated box surrounded by ice cubes was employed. Twenty dif- ferent animals ( 10 for each category) were used. Each animal was gradually heated or cooled inside the experimental chambers ( 1 °C increase or decrease per minute). The probe remained inserted in the cloaca and the body temperature was monitored continu- ously while the test chamber sand was gradually heated or cooled. To determine the CTMax and CTMin, the amphis- baenian was observed until the animal lost its righting response when it was turned on its back. During the CTMin experiments, after initial cooling (9.5°C), the animal lost its ability to right itself but, after its belly was touched by a fine paint brush, the animal exhib- ited a wave of convulsions down the body. Further cooling led to total loss of all responses, and the tem- perature at which this occurred was designated as the CTMin. All but one experimental animal survived after returning to room temperature. After 10 days, the animals which were used for CTMax experiments were used to measure CTMin. The CTMin of these animals was compared to that of the first group. Statistical analysis was performed using GLM procedure of Minitab package (version 8.2). Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with interaction (unbalanced) was used for data analysis (P=<0.05). Results The nocturnal activity of the animals is clearly defined during summer nights. Emergence for foraging activ- ity begins at 22.00 hrs when the air temperature is 30- 32 °C and the ground temperature is 32-34°C. The foraging activity subsides between 03.00 to 04.00 hrs when the air temperature is 28-26°C and the ground temperature is 27-25°C. After this the animals move deeper into the sand surface (presumably to their bur- rows or refuges) and no kind of activity is observed during the daylight hours. The animals were active between adjacently located shrubby small sand dunes. Most of these sand dunes hosted colonies of ant and termite mounds. Movement is typically a combination of sub-surface and surface locomotion. Undisturbed movement of the animal over the surface of the sand was observed only two instances. On the rest of the occasions the animals were tracked by their impressions in the sand. The animals move just below the surface of the sand for two or three meters by piercing and wiggling by strong head and body movement (probably in search of termites). After that they come out on the surface and effortlessly glide on the sand surface for several meters by fast subsequent spring action. This was done by making an VS' shape of the body and flicking forward. Consequently this kind of activity leaves a distinct pattern of tracks on the sand surface which 1999 Asiatic Herpetological Research Vol. 8. p. 3 35 0-i 32.5 30.0 E i E a m 27.5 250 r= 0.6648 P=0.0132 n=13 27 — i — 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35.0 O 32.5 300 ■- 27.5- 25.04 r=06588 P=0.0143 n=13 B 27 28 29 31 33 34 Body Temperature 'C Figure 3. A. Relationship between body temperature (Tb) and soil temperature (Ts). B. Relationship between body temperature (Tb) and air temperature (Ta). (The regression line, significance value and sam- ple size are as indicated). can be easily differentiated between the tracks of other animals of the habitat. The mean field body temperature for the active animals captured was 31.5°C (range 29.5 - 32.5°C; n=13). Regression analysis showed a significant dif- ference between the T\, - Ta and T^, - Ts (P<0.05; Fig. 3). The mean selected temperatures in the gradient during the day and night were 26.4°C (SD ± 5.2) and 26.3 °C (SD ± 5.7) respectively; the temperatures selected during day ranged between 15 and 38°C and between 14 and 38°C during the night (Fig.4). About ninety percent of D. zarudnyi selected temperatures between 23 and 36°C during the day and between 21 and 36 C during the night. Temperature selected did not differ significantly between day and night (F=0. 14, P=0.705). However, individuals differed sig- nificantly in temperatures selected (F=l 27.37, P=0.001 ). Also, there was a highly significant interac- tion between individuals and the time of day (F=7.72, P=0.001 ). The average hourly temperature pattern of D. zarudnyi showed a gradual increase of body tem- perature (in the gradient) and reached its highest level just before the end of the dark period (Fig. 5), and a s I 0 M %- C 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 Temperature "C Figure 4. Representation of body temperature selec- tion (%) by Diplometopon zarudnyi in the thermal gra- dient during day and night periods. gradual decrease of body temperature to its lowest value by the end of the light period. During the CTMax trials, animals below the soil surface emerged when the sand temperature reached 40°C. The CTMax was 47.6°C. During the CTMin trials, the animals lost the righting reflex at 9.4°C (SD±1) and CTMin was 7°C (SD±0.6). The second group of animals used in measuring CTMin lost the righting reflex at 11.3°C (SD±1.1) and CTMin was reached at 9.5°C (SD±0.5). Discussion D. zarudnyi come out of their refuges at night when the air temperature and the soil surface temperature are favorable. By employing two kinds of locomotion the task of foraging is accomplished. They expend vigorous efforts on their foraging activity, since they have to accomplish it in a short duration: multiple tracks crossing each other were observed for a single animal in a wide area, giving a false impression of many animals being active. This lead to many dead ends while following the leads of the tracks. Previous reports (gradient studies) assumed that the body temperatures of amphisbaenians are equal to soil temperatures, since readings were obtained from the soil surrounding the animals. For a more accurate evaluation, here, we recorded body temperatures direct and continuously in the thermal gradient. The selected mean temperature in the gradient (26°C) measured in this study explains the Metabolic rate-Temperature curve (M-T curve) reported for D. zarudnyi; in which both the adults (mean wt.6.34 g) and sub-adults (mean wt.3.15 g) showed stable Ot consumption rates between 25-30°C (Al-Sadoon, 1986). Vol. 8, p. 4 Asiatic Herpetological Research 1999 28.0 27.5 27.0 a I 26.5 26.0 255 25.0 24 5 24.0 O Q. E « n=10 _i — i — i — 1_ 18 h 24 h 6h 12h 18 h Time Figure 5. Mean selected body temperature pattern of Diplometopon zarudnyi in the thermal gradient during 24 hours. Numbers at each point indicate the SEM. The body temperature for active D. zarudnyi are higher in the field than in the laboratory because the animals were deprived of food during the experiment, and also may be the result of confinement to a limited space in the gradient. Van Berkum (1980) demon- strated that the SBT is lower in lizards with decreased food consumption. It is recommended to measure metabolism during the post absorptive state of diges- tion, so as to minimize any contribution of specific dynamic action (Eckert and Randall, 1983). As D. zarudnyi is fossorial, the low mean selected temperature (26°C) could extend activity and stabilize body metabolism in the sub-surface habitat. The present results supplement the previous published reports of lower temperature selection in amphisbae- nians. Avery (1982) noted that many fossorial snakes, amphisbaenians, sea snakes, fresh water and marine turtles, appear not to thermoregulate and that many select low temperatures. Evidence of thermoregula- tion in Amphisbaena mertensi was reported by Abe (1984); mean field body temperature and preferred temperature in the gradient was 21.1°C and 21.4°C respectively. Also, Martin et. al. (1990) reported marked field thermoregulation in Blanus cinereus and it selected low field body temperatures. Gatten and McClung ( 1981 ) reported the low mean body temper- ature for Trogonophis weigmanni in a range of 21.7°C to 23.4°C. A field study of Bipes biporus demon- strated that this worm lizard can thermoregulate if necessary, by vertical and horizontal changes in sub- strate positioning (Papenfuss, 1982). More recently, Diaz-Paniagua et al., (1995) during a field study of seasonal and diel activity of Blanus cinereus, reported an activity range of ground temperatures between 13.4 -27.8°C which is low and as well clearly indi- cates thermoregulation. The low temperature selection of D. zarudnyi is also in line with the observations made on other bur- rowing species of reptiles. Bury and Bolgooyen (1976) determined the thermal preferendum of the legless burrowing lizard Anniella pulchra to be 24- 25°C. Clark ( 1968) reported five subterranean species of small snakes to select lower temperatures than sur- face dwelling species. Burrowing snakes of the family Uropeltidae also appear to select a low body tempera- tures between 18°C and 20°C (Gans,1973). Low selected body temperatures were also reported for Anguis fragilis (Gregory, 1980). A previous study showed that D. zarudnyi had no endogenous circadian rhythm and no periodicity in alternating light and darkness although it was more active at high temperatures (Cloudsley-Thompson, 1979). The finding in the present study wherein Diplometopon showed no significant difference between day and night time temperature selection is consistent with the lack of an endogenous circadian rhythm in temperatures selected in day and night. However, in the present results there is a highly sig- nificant difference among individuals. This is proba- bly due to individual differences in body weight, health status, age and sex of the animals tested. In the gradient D. zarudnyi elevated its body tem- perature slightly in the second half of the night, a time when they were seen to forage actively in the field. In contrast, T. wiegmanni tested in a thermal gradient showed elevated temperatures in the afternoon and early evening (Gatten and McClung, 1981). Foraging activity at dawn and in early morning also is reported 1999 Asiatic Herpetological Research Vol. 8, p. 5 for Agamodon anguliceps from Somalia; the animals were located in the top 2-3 inches of the soil at dawn, appearing to have moved upwards during the night. As temperatures rose, most animals disappeared from the top 6-12 inches of the ground (Gans and Pandit. 1965). The CTMax value for Diplometopon is similar to that of certain terrestrial lizards of Central Arabia, but the CTMin was higher than that reported for most other sympatric lizards (Al-Johany, 1986). The rela- tively high CTMin might be related to the subterra- nean temperatures encountered by Diplometopon which seldom fall below freezing, unlike the surface temperatures which may drop below 0 °C. The 2.5 °C increase in the CTMin for animals that had experi- enced the CTMax might be attributed to a short-time heat-hardening effect (see Maness and Hutchison, 1980). Prior to this study there was no data available on the held thermal ecology of D. zarudnyi. By the com- bined result of the field and laboratory study it is now confirmed that the animal is a thigmotherm but not in its strict sense. Since it was observed that the animal manages (probably by metabolic activity) to keep its body temperature a degree or half higher than the ground temperature. Acknowledgments I am thankful to Dr.Carl Gans, Department of Biol- ogy, University of Michigan, for helpful comments and to Dr.Roger Avery, University of Bristol, for meticulous reading of the manuscript. Thanks are also due to Mr. Mohammed Yousuf for help in field work, technical assistance in the laboratory and typing of the manuscript. Literature Cited Abe, A. S. 1984. Experimental and field record of pre- ferred temperature in the neotropical amphisbaenid Amphisbaena mertensi Stauch (Reptilia, Amphis- baenidae). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 77A: 251-253. Al-Johany, A. M. H. 1986. Ecology and reproductive biology of Acanthodactylus schmiditi in Central Ara- bia. Ph.D.Thesis. University of Southampton. U.K. pp. Al-Sadoon, M. K. 1986. Influence of a broad tempera- ture range on the oxygen consumption rates of three desert lizard species. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 84A: 339-344. Al-Sadoon. M. K. 1988. Survey of the reptilian fauna of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia II. The lizard and amphisbaenian fauna of Riyadh province. Bulletin ofMaryland Herpetological Society 24: 58-76. Arnold, E. N. 1986. A key and annonated check list to the lizards and Amphisbaenians of Arabia. Fauna of Saudi Arabia. 8: 385-432. Avery, R. A. 1982. Field studies of body temperature and thermoregulation. Pp 93-166. In: C.Gans and F.H.Pough (eds), Biology of the Reptilia Vol 12, Aca- demic Press, London. Bury, R. B. and T.G. Bolgooyen. 1976. Temperature selectivity in the legless lizard, Anniella pulchra. Copeia 1976: 152-155. Clark, D. R. Jr. 1968. Experiments into selection of soil type, soil moisture level and temperature by five species of small snakes. Transactions of Kansas Acad- emy of Sciences 70: 490-496. Cloudsley -Thompson, J.L. 1979. Water loss and loco- motory activity in Agarna persica and Diplometopon zarudnyi from Kuwait. Journal of Arid Environments 2: 273-277. Diaz-Paniagua, C, M.C. Blazquez, C. Keller, A.C. Andreu.G. Olmedo and J. A. Mateo. 1995. Observa- tions on seasonal and dial surface activity of the amphisbaenian Blanus cinereus in south-western Spain. Herpetological Journal Vol.5: 217-220. Eckert, R., and D. Randall. 1983. Animal Physiology, Mechanisms and Adaptations, 2nd Edition, W.H. Freeman & Co., New York. Gans, C. 1973. Uropeltid snakes - survivors in a changing world. Endeavor. 32: 60-65. Gans, C. and H.M. Pandit. 1965. Notes on a herpeto- logical collection from Somali republic V. The amphisbaenian genus Agamodon Peters. Ann. in 8 Zool., R.G. Mus. Afr. Cent. 134: 71-86. Gatten, R. E. Jr. and R.M. McClung. 1981. Thermal selection by an amphisbaenian Trogonophis wieg- manni. Journal of Thermal Biology 6: 49-51. Gregory, P. T. 1980. Physical factor selectivity in the fossorial lizard Anguis fragilis. Journal of Herpetol- ogy 14: 95-99. Maness, J.D. and V.H. Hutchison. 1980. Acute adjust- ment of thermal tolerance in vertebrate ectotherms following exposure to critical thermal maxima. Jour- nal of Thermal Biology 5: 225-233. Martin. J., P. Lopez and A. Salvador. 1990. Field body temperatures of the amphisbaenid lizard Blanus cinereus. Amphibia-Reptilia 1 1 : 87-96. Vol. 8, p. 6 Asiatic Herpetological Research 1999 Papenfuss, T.J. 1982. The ecology and systematics of the amphisbaenian genus Bipes. Occational Paper, California Acadamy of Sciences 136: 1-42. Pough, F.H. and Gans, C. 1982. Biology of the Rep- tilia, Vol.12 Physiology C. Academic Press, London. Templeton, J.R. 1970. Reptiles. Pp. 167-221. In: Whittow, G.C (ed), Comparative physiology of ther- moregulation. Vol. 1. Academic Press, New York. van Berkum, F.H. 1980. The significance of preferred body temperature of lizards. American Zoologist 20: 734. 1999 Asiatic Herpetological Research Vol. 8, pp. 7-12 Description of a New Species of Pseudorabdion (Serpentes: Colubridae) from Panay Island, Philippines with a Revised Key to the Genus Rafe M. Brown1'2, Alan E. Leviton3, and Rogelio V. Sison4 Section of Integrative Biology and Texas Memorial Museum, University of Texas, Austin, Texas, 78712 (rafe@mail.utexas.edu); "Geier Collections and Research Center, Museum of Natural History and Science, Cincinnati Museum Center. 1720 Gilbert Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45202-1401: •Department of Herpetology, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, CA 941 18 (leviton® sfsu.edu); 4 Zoology Department, Natiotud Museum of the Philippines, Executive House, P. Burgos Street, Manila, Philippines (nmuseum@webciuest.com). Abstract.- We describe a new species of snake in the colubrid genus Pseudorabdion from the western coastal mountain range of Panay island, Philippines. The new species appears to be related to the members of the P. mcnamarae species group (P. mcnamarae and P. taylori from the Philippines, P. albonuchalis, and P. saravacensis from Borneo, and P. sarasinorum from Sulawesi) but differs from each of these species by characters of scalation and color pattern. The new species is one of several other recently-discovered vertebrates from Panay island. Together, these discoveries suggest that diversity and endemism patterns of the Negros-Panay Pleistocene aggregate island platform (Negros, Panay, Cebu and Masbate islands) are more complex and interesting than previously thought. Introduction While engaged in a biological reconnaissance survey of the western coastal mountain range of Panay Island (Fig. 1 ), the senior author collected two specimens of what appeared at the time to be Pseudorabdion mcnamarae, a species already well know from Negros Island. On closer examination it was discovered that the Panay specimens differed in significant details from the Negros population while sharing features with P. taylori, known from Mindanao, and with P. albonuchalis, a species earlier known only from the type specimen (but see Inger and Leviton, 1966), which can no longer be located, and said to have come from Sarawak, Borneo. The observed differences among these related species leads us to believe that the Panay specimens represent a previously unrecog- nized, taxonomically distinct population of Pseudo- rabdion allied to the section of the genus Pseudorabdion whose members possess an elongate loreal (lori-ocular) that borders the orbit anteriorly. Pseudorabdion cies (Figs. 2-3) talonuran new spe- Holotype: PNM 2712 (Field no. PNM/CMNH 671), adult male, collected on western foothills of Mt. Madja-as ( 1 1°23' N, 122°09' E; elev. 1500 m), Baran- gay Allojipan, Municipality of Culasi, Antique Prov- ince, Panay Island, Philippines, 28 May 1992 by Rafe Brown and Roger Sison. Paratype: CMNH 5076 (Field no. PNM/CMNH 670), young male, other data as for holotype except it was collected at 1410 m. Etymology: The specific epithet is chosen from the Antique Province dialect Caray-a, and is derived from the words, "talon" (forest) and "uran" (rain), in refer- ence to the high elevation rain forest habitat where the new species was collected on Mt. Madja-as. Diagnosis: Elongate loreal (=Iori-ocular) present, extending from the posterior border of the nasal to the orbit of the eye; ventrals (M) 139-146; subcaudals (M) 36-39; total of ventrals plus subcaudals (M) 175- 185; scales of dorsum each edged with a mottling of brown pigment, the posterior and central portions of each scale pale, lacking a dense infusion of dark pig- ment, the lateral and latero-ventral scales with larger pale areas than those on the dorsum; no distinct nuchal collar but pattern of pale centers and dark rims characterizes nuchal scales and head shields, which are somewhat mottled dark and light. Pseudorabdion talonuran belongs to the section of the genus Pseudorabdion characterized by the presence of a loreal (lori- ocular) shield. From the allied Philip- pine P. mcnamarae, it differs in lacking a pale nuchal color in adults and in having more than 30 subcaudals in both males and females; from P. taylori it differs in having the centers and apical tips of the dorsal scales nearly pigmentless whereas in P. taylori the centers are pale brown, and in having the hemipenes minutely This paper represents contribution number 23 to the results of the National Museum of the Philippines/ Cincinnati Museum of Natural History Philippine Biodiversity Inventors- (PNM/CMNH PB1) Vol. 8, p. 8 Asiatic Herpetological Research 1999 spinose (in P. taylori the apical tips are calyculate). Among the non-Philippine species having a lori-ocu- lar, P. talonuran differs from P. sarasinorum in having the anterior chin shields in contact with the mental, from P. albonuchalis in having fewer subcaudals (36- 39 vs. 43) and the frontal not border the eye, and from P. saravacensis in having a greater number of subcau- dals (36-39 vs. fewer than 30) and fewer maxillary teeth (8 vs. 14). From the remaining species in the genus, it differs in having an elongate loreal (lori-ocu- lar) shield that borders the eye. Description of holotype: (Adult male) Rostral as high as wide, portion visible from above slightly greater than length of internasal suture; internasals small, greatest length about one-half greatest length of prefrontals, in contact with rostral, nasal, loreal and prefrontal: common suture between prefrontals about four-fifths length of frontal: prefrontal bordering eye between loreal and supraocular, also in contact with internasals; left prefrontal in contact with both inter- nasals (because internasal suture offset from midline): frontal two-thirds length of parietals, subtriangular, three-fourths as wide as long, in contact with prefron- tals, supraocular and parietals, but not bordering eye; supraocular distinct, not fused to ocular brill; maxi- mum length of parietals slightly greater than distance to tip of snout; nasal quadrangular, undivided, resting on first and in contact with second supralabials, nostril pierced in anterior lower quadrant; loreal elongate, resting on second and third supralabials. about twice as long as its distance to tip of snout, bordering eye; preocular absent (or more likely fused to form an elongate loreal [lori-ocular]); postocular, subquadran- gular, about one half size of supraocular, in contact with fourth and fifth supralabials, not as high as eye, its lower border extending below level of eye and inserting between two supralabials; eye small, its diameter equal to its distance from mouth, pupil round; five supralabials and one large postsupralabial, supralabials three and four border eye, fifth largest and broadly in contact with parietals, followed by third, second, fourth, and first in descending order of -12 -11° 40 km Borneo ' ^'■"121° 124° ] 0-150 ] 150-400 400-800 800-1200 1200-1600 >1600 Fig. 1 . Map of Panay Island, showing its position in the Philippines (inset), major cities (darkened circles), provinces (dashed lines; names underlined) and elevational topography (see key). The type locality (Mt. Madja-as) of Pseu- dorabdion talonuran is indicated with a star. 1999 Asiatic Herpetological Research Vol. 8, p. 9 Fig. 2. Dorsal (A) and lateral (B) views of head of holo- type of Pseudorabdion talonuran. size; one large "posterior temporal" between postla- bial and parietal; mental in contact with elongate ante- rior chin shields; infralabials five, first three in contact with anterior chin shields, third and fourth bordering posterior chin shields; posterior chin shields about three-fourths length of anterior pair, separated from one another in the midline for two-thirds their length by insertion of a gular scale, and about same size as bordering gular scales; maxillary teeth eight. Scales smooth, without apical pits, in 15 longitu- dinal rows, not reducing posteriorly before vent; ven- trals 146 mm; subcaudals 39 mm, paired; anal undivided. Hemipenes extend in situ to 8th subcaudal plate, forked at the level of the 6th plate; apical ends with minute spines. Total length 265 mm; tail 46 mm; head length (tip of snout to angle of jaws) 1 1.25 mm, (tip of snout to posterior edge of parietals) 9.1 mm; diameter of eye 0.8 mm. Color pattern (in alcohol): Dorsal scales each with irregular dark borders; apical end and centers pale, nearly pigmentless, pigmentless areas larger and more distinct laterally; ventrals unpigmented except for lat- eral edges; no nuchal collar. Paratype: The paratype, a young male, differs from the holotype in the following particulars: ventrals 139; subcaudals 36; snout-vent length, 265 mm; tail length 47 mm; apical ends of hemipenes do not appear to be spinose (but the everted organ is poorly preserved and difficult to examine). Ecological notes: The forest habitat of the new spe- cies on Mt. Madja-as (Fig. 4) has been classified by Whitmore (1984) as the transition zone between mixed dipterocarp (submontane) and mossy (upper montane) forests. The forest consists of two strata, a canopy of 10 m and subcanopy of 3-4 m with emer- gent trees as high as 18 m; an herb and shrub layer vegetation was also present. The forest near the col- lection site was mossy and contained high densities of epiphytic ferns and orchids. The topography was qualitatively characterized as steep, with numerous sheer rocky valleys and forest-covered ridges (see Ferner, et al., 1997 for more details.) Both holotype and paratype were found beneath logs. Remarks: The section of the genus Pseudorabdion characterized by the presence of an elongate loreal (lori-ocular) that borders the orbit, termed here the "mcnamarae" section, includes three species in the Philippines, P. mcnamarae, P. taylori, and P. talonu- ran, and three non-Philippine species, P. albonuchalis and P. saravacensis from Sarawak, and P. sarasi- norwn from Gunung (Volcano) Soudara, Sulawesi. Five species (P. longiceps, P. ater, P. oxycephalum, P. eiselti, and P. montcmum) lack the loreal (lori-ocu- lar); the prefrontals are in contact with the second and third upper labials. Of the forms lacking a distinct Fig. 3. Dorsal view of holotype (PNM 2712) of Pseudorabdion talonuran. Vol. 8, p. 10 Asiatic Herpetological Research 1999 Fig. 4.Cloud forest habitat of Pseudorabdion talonuran at the type locality: Mt. Madja-as, Antique Province, Panay Island, Philippines. loreal (or if a small scale is present in the loreal posi- that its high elevation montane regions warrant more tion, a rare occurrence among this group, it is neither intensive biodiversity survey efforts in the near future. elongate nor does it border the orbit), P. oxycephalum, P. ater, and P montanum are confined to the Philip- Key tO the Species of Pseudorabdion pines, f! me/ft is known only from the type locality at Padang, Sumatra, and P. longipes has been collected (Modified from Inger and Leviton, 1966) at many localities on the islands of Borneo, Sulawesi, ia Lori-ocular (loreal) shield absent (if present, does Nias, and Sumatra, from Singapore and elsewhere not border orbit); prefrontal in contact with upper north along the Malay Peninsula, from the Riau labials 2 (Riou) Archipelago, and as far north as Ban Gnara and ^ Lori.ocular shidd presem very distincti elongate, Patani, in southern Thailand. borders orbit; preftontal not in contact WIth upper The presence of this new, endemic species of labials 7 snake in the coastal mountains of western Panay ^ Preocular present; supraocular present; internasal island further bolsters our suspicion that the level ot ^ fa ^^ ^ upper labia,s; maxillary teeth , , . endemism on Panay is greater than previously p longipes thought. By virtue of the fact that Panay was intermit- tently connected to Negros and Cebu at various points 2b. Preocular absent; supraocular present or absent; during the Pleistocene (Heaney, 1986), biogeogra- internasals almost always in contact with upper labial^ phers have justifiably expected that these islands to possess a high percentage of faunal elements in com- 3a. Supraocular absent; frontal borders orbit; nasal mon (Leviton. 1963; Brown and Alcala, 1970). Never- divided; maxillary teeth 10 or more 4 theless, recent discoveries of other vertebrates 3^ Supraocular present; frontal does not border orbit; endemic to Panay (Gonzales and Kennedy, 1990, nasa] undivided; maxillary teeth 10 or less 5 1996; Brown et al.. 1997; Ferner et al., 1997) suggest ^ Postocular absent; masmsay teeth 10 P. ater 1999 Asiatic Herpetological Research Vol. 8, p. 1 1 4b. Poslocular present; maxillary teeth 22-25 P. collaris 5a. Postocular not fused to supraocular: ventrals 130; suhcaudals 12 P. eiselti 5b. Postocular and supraocular fused; ventrals greater than 140; suhcaudals greater than 15 6 6a. Each scale of outer row with dark centers and pale borders; ventrals uniformly dark brown except for extreme posterior outer edges which are pale; ocular shield usually fused to combined supra- and postocu- lars; suhcaudals (M) 22-24, (F) 16- 17 P. oxycephalum 6b. Each scale of outer row with pale centers: ventrals whitish with dark brown more or less confined to a broad median band; ocular shield not fused to com- bined supra- and postoculars; suhcaudals (M) 28; (F) 21-24 P. montanum 7a. Anterior chin shields not in contact with mental: nasal shield divided P. sarasinorum 7b. Anterior chin shields in contact with mental; nasal shield not divided 8 8a. Maxillary teeth greater than 15 9 8b. Maxillary teeth fewer than 10 10 9a. Ventrals greater than 125; suhcaudals greater than 40 P. albonuchalis 9b. Ventrals fewer than 120; suhcaudals fewer than 30 P. saravacensis 10a. Pale nuchal collar usually present; suhcaudals 1 7-30; distal portion of hemipenes minutely spinose P. menamarae 10b. Pale nuchal collar absent in adults; suhcaudals greater than 30 11 I la. Dorsal scales uniform pale brown, each scale thinly edged with pigmentless border; distal portion of hemipenes calyculate P. taylori 1 lb. Dorsal scales with pale, nearly pigmentless cen- ters and apical tips, anterior borders of each scale with brown mottling, larger areas of latero-ventral scales devoid of dark pigment; hemipenes minutely spinose P. talonuran Acknowledgments We thank The Protected Areas and Wildlife Bureau (PAWB) of the Philippines Department of the Envi- ronment and Natural Resources (DENR) for facilitat- ing collecting and export permits necessary for the field work that contributed to this study. For logistical assistance in the Philippines, we thank Corazon Cati- bog-Sinha (DENR), A. Alcala (Silliman University), P. Gonzales (PNM), R. Kennedy (CMNH) and the provincial DENR authorities of Antique Province. For the loans of specimens, we thank the follow- ing individuals and their respective institutions (museum acronyms, with the exception of CMNH. follow Leviton et al., 1985): J. Vindum and R. Drewes (CAS), R. Kennedy and J. Ferner (CMNH), and P. Gonzales (PNM). Financial support for RMB's travel to CAS was provided by the C. Stearns Fellowship of the California Academy of Sciences. We thank J. Bar- celona (PNM) for assistance with the Caray-a deriva- tion of the new species name. Support for RMB's field work was provided by the Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles, the Roschman Student Enrichment fund of the College of Arts and Sciences, and the Zoology and Botany Departments of Miami University (Oxford, Ohio). The PNM/CMNH PBI was supported by a grant (to R. Kennedy and P. Gonzales) from the John D and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation and by the bene- factors of Cincinnati Museum of Natural History. We thank D. Cannatella and A. Diesmos for com- ments on earlier drafts of this manuscript. Literature Cited Brown, W. C. and A. C. Alcala. 1970. The zoogeogra- phy of the Philippine Islands, a fringing archipelago. Proc. California Acad. Sci. 38:105-130. Brown, W. C, R. M. Brown, and A. C. Alcala. 1997. Species of the hazelae group of Platymantis (Amphibia: Ranidae) from the Philippines, with descriptions of two new species. Proc. California Acad. Sci. 49:405-421, Figs. 1-4. Ferner, J. W., R. M. Brown, and A. E. Greer. 1997. A new genus and species of moist closed canopy forest skinks from the Philippines. Jour. Herpetol. 31:187- 192, Figs. 1-3. Gonzales, PC. and R.S. Kennedy. 1990. A new spe- cies of Stachyris babbler ( Aves: Timaliidae). from the island of Panay, Philippines. Wilson Bull. 102: 367- 379. Gonzales, PC. and R.S. Kennedy. 1996. A new spe- cies of Crateromys (Rodentia: Muridae) from Panay, Philippines. J. Mamm. 77:25-40. Heaney, L. R. 1986. Biogeography of small mammals in SE Asia: estimates of rates of colonization, extinc- tion and speciation. Biol. Jour. Linnaen Soc, London 28:127-165, Figs. 1-8. Inger, R. F, and A. E. Leviton. 1961. A new colubrid snake of the genus Pseudorabdion from Sumatra. Fieldiana: Zoology 44:45-47, Fig. 1. Vol. 8, p. 12 Asiatic Herpetological Research 1999 Inger, R. F., and A. E. Leviton. 1966. The taxonomic status of Bornean snakes of the genus Pseudorabdion Jan and of the nominal genus Idiopholis Mocquard. Proc. California Acad. Sci., 34:307-314, Figs. 1-3. Leviton, A. E., and W. C. Brown. 1959. A review of the genus Pseudorabdion with remarks on the status of the genera Agrophis and Typhlogeophis (Serpentes: Colubridae). Proc. California Acad. Sci., 29:475-508, Figs. 1-10. Leviton, A. E. 1963. Remarks on the zoogeography of Philippine terrestrial snakes. Proc. California Acad. Sci. 31:369-416, Fig. 1. Leviton, A. E., R. H. Gibbs, Jr., E. Heal, and C. E. Dawson. 1985. Standards in herpetology and ichthy- ology: Part I. Standard symbolic code for institutional resource collections in herpetology and ichthyology. Copeia 1985: 802-832. Appendix 1. Specimens Examined In addition to specimens listed in earlier publications by Leviton and Brown ( 1959) and by Inger and Levi- ton (1961 and 1966), the following new materials have been examined: Pseudorabdion mcnamarae: Philippine Islands: Negros Island: Negros Occidental Prov.: CAS 185577 - Panakiyo, 22 km E Isabela, 16 April 1960 by Q. and L. Alcala. Negros Oriental Prov.: CAS 186052 - Cuer- nos de Negros. 3600-3800 ft., 24 December 1959 by Q. Alcala and R. Empeso. P. talonuran: See Holotype and Paratype sections for this species. P. albonuchalis: Malaysia: Sarawak (Fourth Divi- sion): CAS 101500 - Niah, Tangap, 6 December 1960 by T. Harrison. P. oxyeephalum Philippine Islands: Panay Island: Aklan Prov.: CAS 137643 - Nabas, Laserna Barrio, 12 May 1973 by L. Alcala. Negros Island: Negros Occi- dental Prov.: CAS 185453-185457 - Hinoba-an Town, barrios Alim and Asia, 9-10 June 1967 by L. Alcala and party: Barrio Asia, 30 May-3 June 1967 by A. Alcala, L. Pelingon and F Pelingon. Negros Oriental Prov.: CAS 1 10974 - Camp Lookout. Valencia, 14 June 1967 by L. and F. Pelingon: 24-25 km NW of Bondo [about 10 km N of Siaton], 27-31 December 1958 by A. Alcala and party. 1999 Asiatic Herpetological Research Vol. 8, pp. 13-17 Anguis melanostictus Schneider, 1801, a Valid Species of Barkudia (Sauria: Scincidae) from Southeastern India INDRANEIL DAS Institute of Biodiversity and Environmental Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, 94300, Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, East Malaysia Abstract.- Anguis melanostictus Schneider, 180I, based on a watercolor in Russell (1796), from the Coromandel coast of India, is shown to be a species of Barkudia, nonconspecific with B. insularis Annandale, 1917, and is revived. B. melanosticta, is compared with the holotype and other specimens of B. insularis from Orissa State, and shown to be larger (SVL 161.0-164.9 mm, vs. 107.0-143.0 mm), in addition to differing in the following characteristics: palatal teeth present (vs. absent); anterior lobe of tongue distinctly narrowed (vs. not differentiated); and lobules around ear opening absent (vs. present). A neotype of Barkudia melanosticta (Schneider, 1801) is designated, based on an adult female from Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh State, southeastern India (ZSI 20627). Key words.- Sauria, Scincidae, Anguis melanostictus, designation, Andhra Pradesh, southeastern India Barkudia insularis, Barkudia melanosticta, neotype Introduction Patrick Russell (1726-1805), perhaps the lirst Western herpetologist in India, a medical doctor by training, was posted as naturalist by the British East India Company at Vizagapatam (at present Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, southeastern India). Russell is best known for a two volume folio of watercolors of snakes, published in 1796 and 1801-1802 (finished between 1807-1810; see Adler, 1989; Zhao and Adler, 1993), that concentrated on the fauna of the region. Russell's books are unique in that he used local ver- naculars of the species illustrated, but not their scien- tific or English names, and several leading herpetologists of the time have named new species on the basis of the watercolors in Russell. Accounts of the life of Patrick Russell can be found in Adler (1989) and Smith ( 1931). The only reptile that is not a snake described and illustrated in Russell (1796: 48; PI. XLII), a blind worm snake (Typhlops j-like reptile, was named Anguis melanostictus by Schneider, 1801. Russell referred to the species only by the local ver- nacular name, Rondoo talooloo pam (an obvious cor- ruption of 'renda talu pam', Telugu for two-headed snake), and referred the species to the genus Anguis. Subsequent workers (e.g., Gray, 1845; Giinther, 1864) have assigned the species provisionally to the genus Anguis, the latter author crediting the name, in error, to Merrem (1820). The species is unlisted in the next several major works on the herpetology of the region, including Boulenger ( 1 890) and Smith (1935). Because the description was substantial, including details of scalations, coloration and scale counts, it is clear that the species illustrated by Russell and named as Anguis melanostictus by Schneider ( 1 801 ) is a spe- cies of Barkudia, known to be endemic to the east coast of peninsular India (see Smith, 1935). Diagnos- tic features described by Russell (1796) matches only this genus amongst all other southern Asian species of scincids: ventrals 151; head and neck subequal; the forehead covered with "laminae of unusual shapes" (fide Giinther, 1864); teeth small, numerous: eyes lat- eral, small: nostrils small: trunk cylindric, of the small thickness throughout the body; body scales imbricate; each with a black dot, and eight to 10 parallel dotted lines forming a line that runs from the head to the end of the tail; length 10.5 inches: tail round, smooth, its tip blunt: tail length 4.5 inches; color reddish-brown; ventrals and subcaudals glossy white. The genus Barkudia and its type species, B. insu- laris, was established on a single specimen of a leg- less scincid from Barkuda Island, Chilka Lake (19° 46'N; 85° 20'E), Ganjam District, Orissa State, East- ern India, by Annandale (1917). Smith (1935) pro- vided a redescription of the species, expanding the original description based on a reexamination of the holotype at the Zoological Survey of India (ZSI). No further species of the genus has been described and Greer (1970), in his analysis of the phylogenetic rela- tionships of scincid lizards, included the genus in the subfamily Scincinae. Although subsequent specimens have been found at the type locality (Annandale, Vol. 8, p. 14 Asiatic Herpetological Research 1999 Figure 1 . The neotype of Barkudia melanosticta (ZSI 20627). Bar = 20 mm. 1921; also ZSI 22540, collected from the type locality on 5 July, 1961), and from adjacent Nandan Kanan Biological Park (20° 13'N; 85° 50'E), Cuttack Dis- trict, Orissa State (Biswas and Acharjyo, 1980), little is known of its biology (see Murthy, 1990a; 1990b). Ganapati and Nayar (1952) reported Barkudia insu- laris from Waltair (17° 44'N; 83° 23'E; close to Visa- khapatnam: 17° 42'N; 83° 18'E), Andhra Pradesh State, Southeastern India, at a distance of circa 300 km to the southwest of the type locality of B. insu- laris, and Ganapati and Rajyalakshmi (1955:279) noted that the type of the species was reported lost. Several subsequent publications (e.g., Murthy, 1990a; Pillai and Murthy, 1982: Sanyal, 1993; Sanyal et at.. 1993; Subba Rao, 1996) uncritically accepted the Waltair locality and listed the Andhra Pradesh locality for the species, although both Tikader and Sharma (1992) and Welch et al. (1990) omit this southern record. The recent rediscovery of the holotype of B. insularis by Das and Dattagupta (1997), permits an examination of this and additional material and a comparison with material from Waltair reveal that the Andhra Pradesh material is not conspecific with B. insularis. This paper redescribes the Southeast Indian material and designates a neotype. Material and Methods The following measurements were taken with dial vernier caliper (to the nearest 0.1 mm): snout- vent length (SVL; from tip of snout to vent), tail length (TL; from vent to tip of unregenerated tail), tail width (TW; measured at base of tail); head length (HL: dis- tance between angle of jaws and snout-tip), head width (HW; measured at angle of jaws), head depth (HD; maximum height of head, from occiput to throat), body width (BW; greatest width of body), eye diameter (ED; greatest diameter of orbit), eye to nos- tril distance (E-N; distance between anteriormost point of eyes and nostrils), eye to snout distance (E-S; distance between anteriormost point of eyes and tip of snout), eye to ear distance (EE: distance from anterior edge of ear opening to posterior corner of eyes), inter- narial distance (IN; distance between nares), and interorbital distance (IO; between orbits). Comparative material of Barkudia insularis exam- ined includes: ZSI 18075 (holotype of Barkudia insu- laris Annandale. 1917), Barkuda Island, Chilka Lake, Orissa, Eastern India; ZSI 22540: Barkuda Island, Chilka Lake, Orissa, Eastern India); ZSI 24086.1 and 24086.2 (Nandan Kanan Biological Park, Cuttack District, Orissa, Eastern India). Systematic account Barkudia melanosticta (Schneider, 1801) nov. comb. (Figs. 1-2) Neotype. ZSI 20627 (adult female), Visakhapatnam (17° 42'N: 83° 18'E), Andhra Pradesh State, South- eastern India, 47.8 m above mean sea level, collected by P. N. Ganapati, 17 August 1954. The type locality is indicated in Fig. 3. Other material. ZSI 25135 (adult female), collected by M. V. Subba Rao, 1984. Diagnosis. A member of the genus Barkudia Annan- dale, 1917, B. melanosticta (Schneider, 1810), can be distinguished from B. insularis Annandale, 1917, as follows: larger size (SVL 161.0-164.9 mm, vs. 107.0- 143.0 mm): palatal teeth present (vs. absent); anterior lobe of tongue distinctly narrowed (vs. not differenti- ated from the posterior lobe of tongue); and lobules around ear opening absent (vs. present). Description of neotype. Adult female. Snout-vent length 164.9 mm; head elongated (HL/SVL ratio 0.05), narrow (HW/SVL ratio 0.04), depressed (HD/ HL ratio 0.61), indistinct from neck; snout long (E-S/ HW ratio 0.74), longer than the eye diameter (ED/E-S ratio 0.33). projecting beyond mandible: parietal eye absent; supraoculars three, supraoculars II and III largest; supraciliaries present; scales on snout and forehead smooth; rostral emarginate laterally, contact- ing supranasals posteriorly; rostral large, lacking ros- tral groove, wider than deep (rostral width = 3.0 mm; rostral depth = 1.7 mm; width/depth ratio 1.76), con- 1999 Asiatic Herpetological Research Vol. 8, p. 15 Figure 2. Head of the neotype of Barkudia melanos- ticta (ZSI 20627) in dorsal (top left), ventral (top right) and lateral (bottom) views. Bars = 5 mm. 20627). Bar = 20 mm. tacted posteriorly by two nasals and two semicircular supranasals that are narrowly in contact. Posteroven- trally, rostral in contact with supralabial I. Nares slit- like, situated within nasals, oriented laterally, nasals in narrow contact with supralabial I. Supranasals con- tact supralabial I laterally and frontonasal posteriorly: frontonasal trapezoid, wider than long, contacting supranasals anteriorly and frontal posteriorly: frontal deeper than frontonasal, constricted laterally, where it contacts supraocular I; at its posterior end, frontonasal contacts a V-shaped interparietal, which is wider than frontal, a single pair of parietals contacts interparietal: a single preocular between loreal and orbit. Eye reduced (ED/HL ratio 0.18), orbit situated dorsolater- al^; four supralabials (supralabial III in suborbital position), supralabial IV largest: supralabial followed by a single small scale; infralabials 4; upper eyelids undeveloped; lower eyelids scaly; two postoculars: a single anterior and two posterior temporals; ear open- ing minute, slitlike, measuring 0.05 mm; situated lat- erally at approximately the level of jaws; lobules Figure 3. Map of India (marker = 800 km), showing (enlarged on right; marker = 400 km) eastern and southeastern India, and the distribution of the two spe- cies of Barkudia. Reference: Spots, B. insularis (both in Orissa State); triangle, B. melanosticta (in Andhra Pradesh State). See text for details. around ear opening absent; eye-to-ear distance less than eye-to-nostril distance (E-E/E-N ratio 1.19). Inner rim of upper jaw smooth. Mental large, semicir- cular, wider than deep, single trapezoidal postmental, larger than mental, its width 0.29 per cent head width. Postmental contacts infralabial I, but fails to contact infralabial II, bounded posteriorly by a pair of smooth, rounded, juxtaposed chin scales that are sepa- rated by a single scale. Tongue narrowly elongate, dis- tinctly narrowed distally, with a median cleft and scattered papillae on the dorsal surface. Palate with teeth arranged in a regular series; maxillary and manibular teeth oriented towards the posterior, regu- larly arranged. Body slender, elongate (SVL/BW ratio 0.04). Scales smooth, scale size subequal dorsal ly as well as ven- trally. Anals three, smooth; preanal not enlarged, over- lapped by the last ventral; two scales border anal laterally, exceeding its posterior level, over vent. Limbs absent. Tail short, tail length 67.5 mm, much shorter than snout- vent length (TL/SVL ratio 0.41 ), tail base slightly swollen and bluntly rounded at tip. Ventral surface of tail with smooth, undifferentiated subcaudals; scales on the postanal region and at the proximal part of the tail base smooth. Coloration, (in alcohol) Dorsally yellowish-brown, turning chestnut brown towards the posterior half of tail; the tail tip (last 5 mm of tail) dark brown dorsally and ventrally, except for a pale yellow spot on the Vol. 8, p. 16 Asiatic Herpetological Research 1999 ventrum. Ventrum of body uniformly yellow-cream. In life, these lizards are typically "glossy brown with a black spot in the middle of each scale" (Ganapati and Rajyalakshmi, 1955). Measurements . (neotype, followed by ZSI 25135 [an adult female]; in mm) SVL 164.9 (161.0); TL 67.5- original unregenerated (32.2- partially regener- ated); TW 4.7 (5.1); HL 8.7 (6.7); HW 6.6 (6.2); HD 5.3 (4.9): BW 6.8 (6.3); ED 1.6 (1.2); E-N 3.2 (3.1); E-S 4.9 (4.1); E-E 3.8 (3.3); 10 4.7 (5.0); and IN 3.3 (3.5). Scutellation. (neotype, followed by ZSI 25135 in parentheses).- Ventrals (between postmental and prea- nal) 145 (143); subcaudals 78 (36+): supralabials 4 (4) (III in suborbital position in both types); infralabi- als 4 (4); and midbody scale rows 20 (20). Variation. The non-type differs from the neotype in the following details: anal divided, lateral scales do not exceed level of anal; which bear fine keels and first scale following postmental contacts infralabial I. In the original description, the subcaudal count given (120) is significantly larger than that shown by the neotype- 78 (tail-tip regenerated in the non-type), but it is likely that adult males (of which no specimens have been examined) have longer tails and therefore, larger subcaudal counts. For instance, in a single male Barkudia insularis (ZSI 18075) examined, the sub- caudal count was 108, as opposed to 82 in the only female (ZSI 24086) with an original tail. Natural history. Several authors have provided infor- mation on the natural history of Barkudia melanos- ticta, including Ganapati and Nayar ( 1952), Ganapati and Rajyalakshmi (1955), Subba Rao (1996) and Subba Rao and Nageswara Rao ( 1998). The local pro- tection given to the new species has precluded the col- lection of additional specimens. Comparisons The species being revived from obscurity is clearly a member of the genus Barkudia Annandale, 1917, due to the following features: fore and hind limbs absent, upper eyelids undeveloped, lower eyelids scaly, eyes vestigial, ear opening slitlike; nares situated in nasal, and body elongated. These features, in combination, separate members of the genus Barkudia from two other genera (both monotypic) of limbless scincids to which it is apparently closely related, including Sep- sophis Beddome, 1870, containing Sepsophis puncta- tus Beddome, 1870, from the Eastern Ghats of Southeastern India and Chalcidoseps Boulenger, 1887, containing Chalcidoseps thwaitesii (Gunther. 1872), from the Knuckles Range of Central Sri Lanka (see Smith, 1935, for diagnoses). Barkudia melanosticta (Schneider, 1801) differs from B. insularis Annandale, 1917, in the following features: palatine teeth present (vs. absent); anterior lobe of tongue narrowed (vs. not differentiated): and lobules around ear opening absent (vs. present). The two specimens known are larger (SVL 161.0 and 164.9 mm) than the four (see Materials and Methods) examples of B. insularis (SVL 107.0- 143.0 mm) examined. Barkudia melanosticta is known only from the Andhra University Campus at Visakhapatnam (north- eastern Andhra Pradesh State, southeastern India), and is thus separated from the two known localities of B. insularis by a distance of circa 300 km to the southwest. Most of Russell's collections were pre- sumably made in and around Visakhapatnam, ca. 5 km southeast of Waltair, the only known locality of B. melanosticta. Acknowledgments For permission and facilities to examine comparative material at the ZSI, I thank J. R. Alfred and Shyamal Kumar Chanda. Basudeb Dattagupta, Nemai Charan Gayen and Sujay Raha rendered curatorial assistance. M. V Subba Rao supplied the second example. Kraig Adler, Sushil Dutta, Allen Greer, Van Wallach and Romulus Whitaker offered comments on the manu- script. Literature Cited Adler, K. 1989. Herpetologists of the past. In: Contri- butions to the history of herpetology. pp: 5-141. K. Adler (Ed). Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles. Contributions to Herpetology, Number 5, Oxford, Ohio. Annandale, N. 1917. A new genus of limbless skinks from an island in the Chilka Lake. Records of the Indian Museum 13:17-21. Annandale, N. 1921. The reptiles and Batrachia of Barkuda Island. Records of the Indian Museum 22:331-333. Biswas, S. and L. N. Acharjyo. 1980. A note on distri- bution of Barkudia insularis Annandale, a rare limb- less lizard from Orissa Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 76:524-525. Boulenger, G. A. 1890. The fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Reptilia and Batrachia. Taylor and Francis, London, xviii + 541 pp. 1999 Asiatic Herpelological Research Vol. 8, p. 17 Das, 1. and B. Dattagupta. 1997. Rediscovery of the holotypes of Ophisops jerdoni Blyth. 1853 and Barkudia insularis Annandale, 1917. Hamadryad 22(l):53-55. Ganapati, P. N. and K. K. Nayar. 1952. Occurrence of the limbless lizard Barkudia Annandale at Waltair. Current Science 21:105-106. Ganapati. P. N. and K. Rajyalakshmi. 1955. Bionom- ics and some anatomical peculiarities of the limbless lizard Barkudia insularis Annandale. Records of the Indian Museum 53:279-291. Gray, J. E. 1845. Catalogue of the specimens of liz- ards in the collection of the British Museum. British Museum, London, xxviii + 289 pp. Greer, A. E. 1970. A subfamilial classification of scin- cid lizards. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University 1 39: 1 5 1 - 1 84. Gunther, A. C. L. 1864. The reptiles of British India. Ray Society, London, xxvii + 452 pp. + I-XXVI pi. Reprinted around 1982 Oxford and IBH Publishing Co., New Delhi, Bombay and Calcutta. Merrem, B. 1820. Versuch eines Systems der Amphibien/Tentamen Systematis Amphibiorum. Johann Christian Krieger, Marburg, xv, xv + 188, 188 pp., index; 189-191: 1 pi. Murthy, T. S. N. 1990a. A field book of the lizards of India. Records of the Zoological Survey of India. Occasional Paper ( 1 15 ):i-vii +1-92+30 pi. Murthy, T. S. N. 1990b. A pocket book of the amphib- ians and reptiles of the Chilka Lagoon, Orissa. Records of the Zoological Survey of India. Occa- sional Paper ( 1 25 ):( 1 )+ 1 -35+33 pi. Pillai. R. S. and T. S. N. Murthy. 1982. Herpetofauna of Eastern Ghats. //;: Proceedings of the Seminar on Resources, Development & Environment of the East- ern Ghats, pp: 81-84. P. Bhavanarayana (Ed). Depart- ment of Environmental Sciences, Andhra University, Waltair. Russell, P. 1796. An account of Indian serpents, col- lected on the coast of Coromandel; containing descriptions and drawings of each species; together with experiments and remarks on their several poi- sons. George Nicol, London, viii + 91 pp + PI. I-XLVI. Russell, P. 1801-1810. A continuation of an account of Indian serpents; containing descriptions and fig- ures, from specimens and drawings, transmitted from various parts of India, to the Hon. The Court of Direc- tors of the East India Company, and published by their order, under the superintendence of Patrick Russell, M.D.F.R.S. G. and W. Nicol, London, i-v, ix-xv + 53 + (4) + PL I-XLV. Sanyal, D. P. 1993. Reptilia. In: State Fauna Series 1. Fauna of Orissa., Part 4. pp: 51-74. A. K. Ghosh (ed). Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta. Sanyal, D. P., B. Dattagupta and N. C. Gayen. 1993. Reptilia. In: State Fauna Series 5. Fauna of Andhra Pradesh, Part I. pp: 1-63. A. K. Ghosh (ed). Zoologi- cal Survey of India, Calcutta. Schneider, J. G. 1801. Historiae Amphibiorum natu- ralis et literariae. Fasciculcus Secundus continens Crocodilos, Scincos, Chamaesauras, Boas, Pseudo- boas, Elapes, Angues, Amphisbaenas et Caecilias. Friederici Fromman, Jena, vi + 374 pp + pi. 1-2. Smith, M. A. 1931. The fauna of British India, includ- ing Ceylon and Burma. Vol. I. Loricata, Testudines. Taylor and Francis, London, xxviii + 185 pp + 2 pi. Smith, M. A. 1935. The fauna of British India, Ceylon and Burma, including the whole of the Indo-Chinese region. Vol. II. Sauria. Taylor and Francis, London, xiii + 440 pp + PI. I. Subba Rao, M. V 1996. Ecology of limbless lizard, Barkudia insularis Anadale (sic) (Reptilia, Sauria, Scincidae). //;: [Abstract book for] International Con- ference on the Biology & Conservation of Amphibi- ans & Reptiles of South Asia, pp: 23. A. de Silva (Ed). ARROS, Gampola. Subba Rao, M. V. and B. Nageswara Rao. 1998. Diet of the limbless skink, Barkudia insularis Annandale 1917 (Sauria: Scincidae). Hamadryad 22(2): 120. Tikader, B. K. and R. C. Sharma. 1992. Handbook: Indian lizards. Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta, xv + 250 pp + 42 pi. Welch, K. R. G., P. S. Cooke and A. S. Wright. 1990. Lizards of the Orient: A checklist. Robert E. Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, Florida, v + 162 pp. Zhao, E.-M. and K. ADLER. 1993. Herpetology of China. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Rep- tiles, Contributions to Herpetology, No. 10, Oxford, Ohio. 522 pp + 48 pi. + 1 folding map. 1999 Asiatic Herpetological Research Vol. 8, pp. 18-24 The Dates of Publication of Amphibian and Reptile Names by Blanford and Stoliczka in the Journal and Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal INDRANEIL DAS Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. Present address: Institute of Biodiversity and Environmental Consen'ation, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, 94300 Kota Samaralian, Sarawak, Malaysia, email: idas@maillwst.unimas.my Abstract.- The dates of publications of the Proceedings and the Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal are discussed. Several names of amphibians and reptiles were proposed, along with brief descriptions, by W. T. Blanford and F. Stoliczka in the monthly Proceedings before their intended formal description in the Journal, in some cases, a year before. These earlier publications constitute formal descriptions according to the Code of Zoological Nomenclature. A listing of two genera (one amphibian and one reptile) and 24 species (three amphibians and 21 reptiles) is appended; the type localities include Turkmenistan, Pakistan, India, Myanmar and Malaysia. Key words.- Amphibians, reptiles, dates of publication. Proceedings and Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. Founded in 1784 by the Orientalist, Sir William Jones (1746-1794; see Cannon, 1960, for a biographic sketch), the Asiatic Society of Bengal, with its head- quarters in Calcutta, has played, according to a report in Nature at the turn of the century, "...a leading part in the exploration of the natural history, philology, antiquities, and other branches of scientific inquiry connected with the East" (Anonymous, 1907). Although Jones himself was opposed to the collection of zoological specimens (Bose, 1885), examples of both plants and animals did start to arrive from vari- ous parts of the British Indian Empire, and occasion- ally from outside. Coupled with the expeditions organized or participated in subsequently by the staff of the Museum of the Society, the Asiatic Society of Bengal came to acquire one of the most important zoological reference collections in the world, which, after the passing of the Museum Act in 1 866, came to the Indian Museum (Fermor, 1936) and is at present maintained by the Zoological Survey of India (Sewell, 1932; Das et al., 1998). The periodicals of this two century old institution included the Journal and the Proceedings, which gradually replaced several leading oriental journals of the period, including the Asiatick Researches and the Calcutta Journal of Natural History. Because of delays in publishing the Journal (started in March 1832, the old series continuing until 1904, see Chaudhuri, 1956), the Society started the Proceedings in January 1865 (which were issued monthly till December 1904). The Proceedings was out "as soon as possible, after every monthly meeting", according to the information on the cover page, as opposed to and separate from the more widely circulated Journal, which was published only once in two to three months (Mitra, 1885). As mentioned on an untitled page of the first issue, the separation of the Journal (which was issued in a "new series" between 1905 and 1934, when the Proceedings was reunited with the Journal) from the Proceedings was "In accordance with the announcement of the Council in the Annual Report read at the Annual General Meeting held on the 1 1th January, 1865" (Blanford and Heeley, 1865). Each fascicle of the Proceedings comprised 10-30 pages, and contained reports of the progress of the Society, including financial statements, additions of books to the library and coins to the Society's numismatic col- lection, exhibition notices, correspondence from its members and lists (and losses) of members, and also, "short notes, which were not deemed fit for introduc- tion into the Journal" (Mitra, 1885). Because the Society's Proceedings was less well known than the Journal and the ambiguity of descrip- tions in abstracts versus in "full papers", the dates of some of the descriptions of several genera and species of amphibians and reptiles from Asia have been assigned incorrectly in subsequent works (e.g., Smith, 1935; 1943) to the description published in the Jour- nal, when, in fact, they were validly published earlier, in some cases, a year before, in the Proceedings. Some of the leading naturalists of the day read papers on faunistics, including the descriptions of new taxa, in the monthly meetings of the Society, which were reported as "abstracts" in the Proceedings. These 1999 Asiatic Herpeiological Research Vol. 8, p. 19 abstracts propose both new names and provide descriptions and diagnoses, thereby constituting a valid description according to the Code of Zoological Nomenclature. Since the aforementioned fascicles were generally issued monthly, and distributed to members through subscription, publication was rapid, leading to several names being available before their more complete description. In some of the cases, the titles of the papers published in the Journal and Pro- ceedings were identical, in others, there were minor differences, such as the use of the more formal 'Rep- tilia' in Blanford (1879a) instead of 'reptiles' in Blan- ford (1879b). Regrettably, the type localities of some taxa are different in the two publications, the Journal tending to have a more precise type locality. In one instance. (Blanford, 1878a), the type locality ("Foot of Nawlabu hill, west of Tavoy") is different from that which appeared in the purported formal description (Blanford, 1878b: "Foot of Nawlabu Hill, east of Tavoy..."). If illustrations depicting the new taxon being described for the first time were provided, these appeared in the Journal. The months and, where avail- able, dates of issue of each fascicle making available new zoological names are annotated with the refer- ences in Table 1. Only names published in the Pro- ceedings that are at present attributed to the intended formal description in the Journal have been listed. Names dealt with in this communication have been proposed either by William Blanford (1832- 1905) of the Geological Survey of India, or Ferdinand Stoliczka (1838-1874), Secretary of the Natural His- tory Department of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. Two genera (one amphibian and one reptile) and 24 species (three amphibians and 21 reptiles) were described as new by the aforementioned workers in the Proceed- ings before their intended formal publication in the Journal. Of these, one genus (an amphibian) and 16 species (three amphibians and 13 reptiles) are at present considered valid (see Table 1 ). The geographi- cal coverage of the type localities includes Turkmeni- stan (five), Pakistan (five), India (five), Myanmar (six), and Malaysia (five). Acknowledgements Supported by a Fulbright Fellowship. Research on the manuscript was conducted at the Widener and Ernst Mayr Libraries of Harvard University. I thank Kraig Adler, Roy McDiarmid, Hobart Smith and Van Wallach for comments on the manuscript. Literature Cited Anonymous. 1907. The Asiatic Society of Bengal. Nature 75: 511. Berry, P. Y. 1975. The amphibian fauna of peninsular Malaysia. Tropical Press, Kuala Lumpur, x + 130 pp. Blanford. H. F and W. L. Heeley. 1865. [Untitled] Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 1865(i): (I). Blanford, W. T 1875a. List of Reptilia and Amphibia collected by the late Dr. Stoliczka in Kashmir, Ladak, Eastern Turkestan and Wakhan, with descriptions of new species. Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal (8): 201-202. [issued November, 1875.] Blanford. W. T "1875"b 1876. List of Reptilia and Amphibia collected by the late Dr. Stoliczka in Kash- mir, Ladak, eastern Turkistan, and Wakhan, with descriptions of new species. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 44(3): 191-196. [issued January 13, 1876.] Blanford, W. T. 1875c. On some lizards from Sind, with descriptions of new species of Ptyodactylus, Stenodactylus, and Trapelus. Proceedings of the Asi- atic Society of Bengal (9): 232-233. [issued Decem- ber, 1875.] Blanford, W. T. 1876. On some lizards from Sind, with descriptions of new species of Ptyodactylus, Stenodactylus, and Trapelus. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 45(1 ): 18-26 + PI. I-II. [issued June 26, 1876.] Blanford, W. T. 1878a. Notes on Reptilia from the Himalayas and Assam. Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal (6): 141-142. [issued June, 1878.] Blanford, W. T. 1878b. Notes on some Reptilia from the Himalayas and Burma. Journal of the Asiatic Soci- ety of Bengal 47(3): 125-131. [issued October 28, 1878] Blanford, W. T. 1879a. Notes on reptiles. Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal (8): 216-217. [issued August, 1879.] Blanford, W. T. 1879b. Notes on Reptilia. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 48(3): 127-132. [issued November 28, 1879] Bose, P. N. 1885. Centenary review of the Asiatic Society of Bengal from 1784-1883. Part ID.. Natural Science. Asiatic Society of Bengal, Calcutta. Errata + 109 + xcvi pp. Boulenger, G. A. 1885. Catalogue of lizards in the British Museum (Natural History). Second edition. Vol. 1. Geckonidae (sic), Eublepharidae, Uroplatidae, Vol. 8, p. 20 Asiatic Herpetological Research 1999 Pygopodidae, Agamidae. British Museum (Natural History), London, xii + 436 pp + PL I-XXXII. Boulenger, G. A. 1893. Catalogue of the snakes in the British Museum (Natural History). Vol. I., containing the families Typhlopidae, Glauconiidae, Boidae, Ilysi- idae, Uropeltidae, Xenopeltidae, and Colubridae Aglyphas part. British Museum (Natural History), London, xiii + 448 pp + PL I-XXVIII. Boulenger, G. A. 1912. A vertebrate fauna of the Malay Peninsula from the Isthmus of Kra to Sin- gapore including the adjacent islands. Reptilia and Batrachia. Taylor and Francis, London, xiii + 294 pp. Brown, W. C. 1991. Lizards of the genus Emoia (Scincidae) with observations on their evolution and biogeography. Memoirs of the California Academy of Sciences (15): vi + 1-94. Cannon, G. 1960. The literary place of Sir William Jones (1746-1794). Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal (new series) 2: 47-61. Chaudhuri, S. 1956. Index to the publications of the Asiatic Society 1788-1953. Asiatic Society of Bengal, Calcutta, xiii + 336 pp. Das, I., B. Dattagupta and N. C. Gayen. 1998. History and catalogue of reptile types in the collection of the Zoological Survey of India. Journal of South Asian Natural History 3(2): 121-172. Dring, J. C. M. 1979. Amphibians and reptiles from northern Trengganu, Malaysia, with descriptions of two new geckos: Cnemaspis and Cyrtodactyius. Bul- letin of the British Museum of Natural History (Zool- ogy) 34: 181-241. Dubois, A. 1992. Notes sur la classification des Ranidae (Amphibiens Anoures). Alytes 61(10): 305- 352. Fermor, L. L. 1936. Annual address, 1934-35. The development of scientific research in India to the end of the Nineteenth Century. Year-Book Asiatic Society of Bengal 1:9-22. Greer, A. E. 1977. The systematics and evolutionary relationships of the scincid lizard genus Lygosoma. Journal of Natural History 11: 515-540. Hennig, W. 1936. Revision der Gattung Draco (Aga- midae). Temminckia 1: 153-220. Hoge, A. R. and S. A. R. W. L. Romano-Hoge. 1978- 1979. Poisonous snakes of the world. Part I. Check list of the pit vipers Viperoidea, Viperidae, Crotalinae. Mem. Inst. Butantan 42-43: 179-310. [issued 1981.] Inger, R. F 1960. A revision of the Oriental toads of the genus Ansonia Stoliczka. Fieldiana Zoology 39: 473-503. Inger, R. F 1983. Morphological and ecological varia- tion in the flying lizards (genus Draco). Fieldiana Zoology new series (18): i-iv + 1-35. Kluge. A. G. 1993. Gekkonoid lizard taxonomy. Inter- national Gecko Society, San Diego. 245 pp. Mitra, R. 1885. Centenary review of the Asiatic Soci- ety of Bengal from 1784 to 1883. Part I. History of the Society. Asiatic Society of Bengal. Calcutta. 195 pp. Moody, S. M. 1980. Phylogenetic and historical bio- geographical relationships of the genera in the family Agamidae (Reptilia: Lacertilia). Unpublished Doc- toral Dissertation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. 5 unnumbered pages + xv + 373 pp. Musters, C. J. M. 1983. Taxonomy of the genus Draco L. (Agamidae, Lacertilia, Reptiles). Zoolo- gischeVerhandelingen(199): 1-120, PL 1-4. Nikol'skii, A. M. 1963. Fauna of Russia and adjacent countries. Reptiles. Vol. I. Chelonia and Sauria. Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem. 352 pp. Pope, C. H. 1935. The reptiles of China. Turtles, croc- odilians, snakes, lizards. Natural history of central Asia. Vol. 10. American Museum of Natural History, New York, lii + 604 pp. Sewell, R. B. S. 1932. The Zoological Survey of India. Nature 129:530-531. Smith, H. M. 1989. The original description of Ovo- phis Burger (Serpentes: Viperidae). Bulletin of the Chicago Herpetological Society 24: 7. Smith, M. A. 1935. The fauna of British India, includ- ing Ceylon and Burma. Reptilia and Amphibia. Vol. II.- Sauria. Taylor and Francis, London, xiii + 440 pp + 1 pi. Smith, M. A. 1943. Fauna of British India, Ceylon and Burma, including the whole of the Indo-Chinese region. Vol. III. Serpentes. Taylor and Francis, Lon- don, xii + 583 pp. + 1 map. Stoliczka, F 1870a. Observations on some Indian and Malayan Amphibia and Reptilia. Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 1870(4): 103-109. [issued April, 1870.] Stoliczka, F 1870b. Observations on some Indian and Malayan Amphibia and Reptilia. Journal of the Asi- atic Society of Bengal 39(2): 134-157 (= 158 pp) + captions, PL DC [issued June 7, 1870.] Stoliczka, F 1870c. Observations on some Indian and Malayan Amphibia and Reptilia. Journal of the Asi- atic Society of Bengal 39(3): 159-228 (= 70 pp) PL X-XII. [issued September 1, 1870.] 1999 Asiatic Herpetological Research Vol. 8, p. 21 Wall, F. 1923. A hand-list of the snakes of the Indian Empire. Part II. Journal of the Bombay Natural His- tory Society 29: 598-632. Wall, F. 1924. A hand-list of the snakes of the Indian Empire. Part III. Journal of the Bombay Natural His- tory Society 29: 864-878. Zhao, E.-M. and K. Adler. 1993. Herpetology of China. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Rep- tiles, Contributions to Herpetology, No. 10. SSAR, Oxford, Ohio. 522 pp, 48 pi. • a) a> £ SP£ •o !» c (D J — ? = 8 1 8 g C X) C (0 CD go "O CD co 'o E o X o "5 «9 o < o> a> ° x o ~ 0) o 0) c CD 05 C CD CD £ T3 CO O ■D £ o o "co CD Si E £ CO c c — — c o o °- )z ECO _ CD c c CO CO en co ■ ■ X> CD CD- 'S M |2 E z o p < y j ca D CL u. O 00 P < Q 2 o P < u o -1 _J < H z PJ OS „ D S u 2 OS 0 to O Is kj 00 UJ _ 81 OS < ft. ca O r- oc Q O0 B C UJ S < z < z 5 5 o a* 2 .2 . . « CO >^ O C3 six -So a to 00 ^ a — — . u. 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