ASSESSING THE CONSERVATION STATUS OF THE WORLD’S TROPICAL FOREST

A contribution to the FAO Forest

Resources Assessment 1990

Compiled by

WORLD CONSERVATION MONITORING CENTRE

a financial support from

Overseas Development Administration, UK

June 1992

TABLE OF CONTENTS

MANAGING INFORMATION ON THE WORLD’S BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY AT

WECM CFE, SE Perret. Cheah SPRY Ae RUM) sons © OHA RM A MEMES CKO i HOW TO USE THIS REPORT ............ 2.20 cece eee ee eee ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ieee aiciee eile 2 clei) lela clo oe) a) eels clei ley ili

PART I SUBREGIONAL REVIEWS

1 INTRODUCTION AND METHODS .............5-0 00sec eee e rene nee 1 1.1 INTRODUCING THE WCMC TROPICAL MANAGED AREAS ASSESSMENT ._ 1 Neila il. REG SION tha s-drersarns 2 eeenses. pedS OS COOH OOOH FOU O ODD Cao goo. 1 1.1.2 FAO Forest Resources Assessment 1990 ....................0.. 1 1.1.3. WCMC Tropical Managed Areas Assessment 1990 ................. 1 1.1.4 Status of the FAO Assessment and its implications on the WCMC Assessment... 85s £404.44 94 52.4.4 24 SL EASE OPER, SAP RE 3 122) METHODS) tr ere ee ne ee SER nS A RNY MRL Ed PRE AMES os 3 P2SIP Se SCOPEt a eee te ee eS Dale Ra Atle 6 28 FORGE 1 Batted Gc 3 te De atarcollectione sea erie ints oie ett ee ete erent rete. ea sermntat a 0 4 12253" = Data*management ==, = a ht fee ee ee eS RS Rene Sete cme coe 6 1.2.4 Analysis and review of information ...................02.0005- 6 REFERENCES) 52 6245222 454.52 Sh 4 fe Bas 542 on 2 SO RE ee... 10 ANNEX 1.1 List of countries covered by the WCMC Tropical Managed Areas Assessment TPO) a alt ih Sn are ei he I A acre cite: ar te ra tam ae edt AEN 11 ANNEX 1.2 Letter to heads of all forest administrations in developing countries ...... 12 GUOSSARV Pe. Cet te tre ce Na ce cee ee a eo ger eels t eters als 15

TROPICAL ASIA & PACIFIC

A) MORGHH ELAS UV) dh” BAe Sida eA SAR RD HH ene a Pr eel SRE 18 251 DHISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE), © 25. 2 5 5 2-5 5 cacphpeneucn © ayirwep “mcmspencsesiceces oe 18 2.2 NATURE CONSERVATION POLICY AND LEGISLATION ............. 18

BAM RCIA, SELOP 4G-8 os 6.46 SEBS GS SS Sb.o 6 e660 Elo 6 clot eyciclonoNal 19 DUDE Pe Wildlife: SCCtOLM in prec ty Ante ei a) eo oirs heme eee beac eas caleie We cage apt We seh ale sacs 20 Dees PAAGILION Al SCCLOLS ite ieusp oi the ours Ge eo eae) eS al Gees ep ielges Sebusst ee ceheuaie) eytette. = 20 2.3 MANAGED AREAS ADMINISTRATION ...............-.-000+2+ ee? 20 Dea RR OLCSEDY SC COL eins aE Mom opcie gS 0 oor Sous slieis> 5.2m 3) 8 20 DeSED WG lites SECO Gece era etc stake cieiisa sec, Giaciensuetbel eacucute eueitena)(e e's ase do anos 21 Doses eA AGITIONAlSCCCOLSmeN tas re oo Sick oley ac ite ee deli nes omtatney sites, opis lene etcerions 21

2.3.4 Non-Governmental Organisations ..............-2--e eee eeeeeee 21

2.4 MANAGED AREAS STATUS ........... 20. eee eee ee eee 22

2.4.1 Managed Areas within the Forestry Sector..............-++-+-+----- 22 2.4.3 Contribution of the Forestry Sector to Nature Conservation ............ 24

235, (EUTURE)| PROSPECTS Wee oct icilon scyicl tied odieed clientele tient tic ment 24 2.5.1 Expanding the Conservation Area Network .........-------+--+-- 24 25.2, Other National Initiatives’ 2). sya ees ee enon nue menel terol outer eaten de> 24 2-5-3) InternationallInitiatives) space eens een) etre ead cee nie leat 25

2.6 PRIORITIES FOR ACTION .............. 0.2 0c e eee eee eee 25 REFERENGES @ 65) csc ee eae oe eR REN en Se Lt SMa Rte Seite 3) 16 ae, ame 27 Annex 2.1 List of conservation areas... 2... es 40 Annex 2.2 Extent of notified forests .... 2... 2... 0. . cee ee ee es 72 3 CONTINENTAL SOUTH EAST ASIA ...........0 0002 e eee eee eee 79 3.1 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE ............... 2... ee eee eee eee 79 3.2 NATURE CONSERVATION POLICY AND LEGISLATION ............. 79 WAIL AON IA SIA Rots old id bin aso MO Ole o ma cman aps boogaloo 6 79 B27) MIM GN Sareea 6 ata og ae Als OOo Como eisicin. orn S omen Ooo O:0targ oo 6 81 31237 Other; Sectors! avs eiereie susie sett nessa ogee oe come oe citor| HSRC tent eee 81

3.3 MANAGED AREAS ADMINISTRATION ................2--+22002: 81 SS ulp Forestry; SCClOte min ya iieerou a sart aesee) cuisine ies <) sfts: |stats moyen = Mean 82 3322 Wildlife: Sectonieys.. < che. cutee, socuel ee gieliet ol ec Sea is site Spot ote chee omnenS 82

3 3.3 Other SECtOLSy EA> aj.ssicscifay coe pal sees) olaates aes Eyl oeiceyies sich seottewtnn we epreednias co hau Nae 82 3.3.4 Non-Governmental Organisations ..................-.0002200- 83

3.4 MANAGED AREAS STATUS .............. 000. e eee eee eee eee 83 342i WForestry Sectorgercjumene vet eticcycirr a el cherie ete p etretcairenay sora) aipenas ae need 83 3.4.2 Contribution of the Forestry Sector to Nature Conservation ........... 83

3/5) FUTURE PROSPECTS) ic). i ce ook oie hee seg sae iom ona) cist ga cheer ene 85 3.5.1 Expanding the Conservation Area Network ...............----4-- 85 3:5:2) ‘Other. NationaliInitiatives, 94552425 > oe on 2 oe es sls ye hemes 85 3°5-3) International Initiatives! {27m am cies anes ore 2 toe eke ite oie carers 85

3.6 PRIORITIES FOR ACTION ............ 2... cece ee eee 86 IREFERENCES: 36.25) ogee tse: oo) os ence es) Ee tome eels oh oss bans Vanna Cibo Poaceae 87 Annex 3.1 List of conservation areas .. 2.2.2.1... ee ee es 99

Annex 3.2 Extent of notified forests .... 2.0... 20... eee ee ee ees 108

INSULAR SOUTH EAST ASIA ... 1.1... 00 eens 113

4.1 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE ............... 0c eee eee eee e eee 113 4.2 NATURE CONSERVATION POLICY AND LEGISLATION ............ 113 AVA LXOETINY NOE G6 G Gea Biaiolg Sam eho Gabo oo Goo ad 6 n5.6 0 Oe 113 Cldod \ Witla Nee (reg. 6 cls ole ai biged oor aeoes oo 5c 6 orald Orda aemeoloare dio ad dic 114 (sy OG? SOGOiS Boose ooasa oon ene so dob saad aoe a6 0 dood A0.0 115 4.3 MANAGED AREAS ADMINISTRATION ...............25-220006:- 115 Wail Jetoeiny SEG? peo oacaeouosod ob doueuoHOoooD UD OUD ODOOU OS 115 AB MWildliferSectorss 44 telars) } Geiss wee «= AR: We te tesias Ee See 115 4'3°3\ OthensSectorswm eras ee essai slg Sie dit wee eb en eats 116 4.3.4 Non-Governmental Organisations ...................2--0000% 116 4.4 MANAGED AREAS STATUS .............. 2... e eee eee eee 116 4.4.1 Managed Areas within the Forestry Sector ....................-. 116 4.4.2 Conservation Areas within Forestry, Wildlife and Additional Sectors ..... 117 4.4.3 Contribution of the Forestry Sector to Nature Conservation ........... 118 4.5 FUTURE: PROSPEGTS » scene 5. cist ey ceo See a crake a RA - 118 4.5.1 Expanding the Conservation Area Network .................04-. 118 4-5.2) Other Nationalpinitiatives Sac. 0 eel.) liken meee CRO el 118 435/3)( International Initiatives © <2 26 6 = 26 je 2s 2 © @ epeyteegh seca fe Dhol 119 4.6 PRIORITIES FOR ACTION ............... 02.20 eee eee eee 119 REEKERENGES is 3 ees Se we oe iow Se AGRE ERR BLS = 120 Annex 4.1 List of conservation areas .......-...0 22 eee eee ee eee eee 132 Annex 4.2 Extent of notified forests .............. 2.0.2.2 ee eee eee eee 183 OCEANIA: WESTERN PACIFIC ..........---- 2 eee eee eee ete 189 5.1 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE ............... 0. c eee eee eee eee 189 5.2 NATURE CONSERVATION POLICY AND LEGISLATION ............ 189 §.2;1\, Forestry, Sectors. 22 22a Ses ino © os os SEV AE fepehleratel BR: 189 5:2.2) Wildlife: Sector wiy< sea edsietie Sisters ced Ghai ciate aeetse one a) Shanes ceo we 190 5.23), Other Sectors. 245 6 se his ores] «is oe OE te I ee eee 190 5.3 MANAGED AREAS ADMINISTRATION ...................-+005: 190 5 SBA ROTeStiyASCClOGGA Ay eles co oi. o syne) etl wii) © Ee eSctd Oras ie aoe mes 190 §.3.2, Wildlife!Secton aan Fates. See eas obec sad > 8 ee 191 §.3.3 Othersectors: Arceah. Se Srey, St, BO AO CR aoe ee 191 5.4 MANAGED AREAS STATUS ..............-- 2-22 e eee eee eee 191 5.4.1 Managed Areas within the Forestry sector ...................24- 191 5.4.2 Conservation Areas, Forestry and Wildlife and Additional Sectors ....... 191

5.4.3 Contribution of the Forestry Sector to Nature Conservation ........... 193

5.5 FUTURE PROSPECTS ........0..22- cece cece teen teens 193

5.5.1 Expanding the Conservation Area Network ................2005. 193 5.5.2 Other National Initiatives ...... 0.0... . ee ee ee eee 193 5-5-3) Internationallinitiativess4 4s ees ene oo oe ieee 194 5.6 PRIORITIES FOR ACTION ............. 0.0.00: ee eee 195 REFERENCES say 52055): SSTSUeWS 2. acs anacantegiay aaaceea Sesen eee RO A 196 Annex 5.1 List of conservation areas .. 1... 1... cee ee ee ee 208 Annex 5.2 Extent of notified forests .......... 0.0.00 cee eee eee eee 217 TROPICAL AFRICA 6° WEST SAHELIAN AFRICA: .0.250.0 0 os ce ce ee i nle eels 222 6.1 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE .................... 000 eee eeuee 222 6.2 NATURE CONSERVATION POLICY AND LEGISLATION ............ 222 6241" Rorestry Sectors 5 tee eee ee Oe ee ee etd eee 222 6:2 22-Wildlife'Sector #4 ARE Sf Seo NATE ) RAO TD. T9 el eee 223 6:23 | Othe Sectors. itis ay See ras hetes set et, SPE TA aS Rh ae 224 6.3 MANAGED AREAS ADMINISTRATION .......................-. 224 6-SuliBRorestry; Sectors. ecru gion aisis ace ects cues GUS oan en Se Gee 224 6:3:.2 )WildliferSector x) HAs Saher PRS os ss nase fees gen so 224 63323) Additional ectors 3 iy cesyevenicn ch occnce tiop sacurh cectioucs oeckiohiamer ty alarcicl eee 224 6.3.4 Non-Governmental Organisations .....................0000- 224 6.4 MANAGED AREAS STATUS ................0 0000 cee eee ete eae 224 6:41" (Forestry! Sector aia cis sein aie se, eek) NA ee ero shan a ee 224 6.4.2 Conservation Areas within Forestry and Wildlife Sectors ............. 224 6.4.3 Contribution of the Forestry Sector to Nature Conservation ........... 225 6.5. FUTURE PROSPECTS: 22 2252522202525 1 ee ee ee eee 226 6.5.1 Expanding the Conservation Area Network ..................0.-. 226 6.5.2 Other National Initiatives ............ 0.00.0 eee eee ee eee 226 6.5.3 International Initiatives ........... 0.0... cee eee ee eee 226 6.6 PRIORITIES FOR ACTION ................. 00 cee eee ee eee 227 REFERENCES 6:66. 6:¢.4 0.4.6 4 4 2.4 SRR EI Tes, Se TI BE 228 Annex 6.1 List of conservation areas .. 1.2... ee ee ee 242 Annex 6.2 Extent of notified forests... 2.2.2.0... 0... ee ee eee eee 250 7* EAST SAHELIAN ‘AFRICGAWIS 282 SEI, Ae Se), EAR 260

7.2 NATURE CONSERVATION POLICY AND LEGISLATION ............- 260

UPol itoresiny Qos o do eaensccancpoGuvoosepomgeDes soo Goo oUDe 260 UA SMM SEEOe cone boesgoeoo seb ond ooo OOD OU NS Cb 00 6% 261 UP) (actin Seto oosacdnoopodsonouoooopooUgdGddnOo ODO O6 261

7.3 MANAGED AREAS ADMINISTRATION ............---2-+2 2-2 261 Fedak Forestry, Sector 3/0 -)-0) sy. «om 2 pies = Rede) deeb) eee hee ile 261 TeSeDWildlifeiSectoGeae eee eae oer aes elie ae ea 262 UBS INTO SESS Gesgocaaceoeeo boob odvGdds0dcanocOnOOE 262 7.3.4 Non-Governmental Organisations ............0--2 eee eee reas 262

7.4 MANAGED AREAS STATUS ............-- 22 eee eee eee eens 262 7.4.1 Managed Areas within the Forestry Sector ........-------.-.--+-: 262 7.4.2 Conservation Areas within Forestry, Wildlife and Additional Sectors ..... 263 7.4.3 Contribution of the Forestry Sector to Nature Conservation ........... 264

7.5 FUTURE PROSPECTS 255 «566 es Hoey ede stedek> A eke 265 7.5.1 Expanding the Conservation Area Network ........------------: 265 7.5.2 Other National Initiatives ............. 222 cee eee eee ee eee 265 7.5.3 International Initiatives ......-......- 22. eee eee eee eee ees 265

7.6 PRIORITIES FOR ACTION .............--2 22 eee e eee eee eee 266 REFERENGES ai cigcc ce. oo 3 us etapa or a Sabra) oy oh nerceute “eyes ecto en eteetcoeeres 267 Annex 7.1 List of conservation areas .. 2... 2... eee ee ee eee 279 Annex 7.2 Extent of notified forests ...........-. 0. eee eee eee ee eee 294 SPAWES THA RIGA ooh cs. eres eerie ep pelle <= von’ scsn ben diets cus seen ele DEE ee aR: 300 8.1 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE ...............-- 22 eee ee eee eees 300 8.2 NATURE CONSERVATION POLICY AND LEGISLATION ............- 300 Re2e ly Rorestny SCctOnucysuescycw swede leveled cbcs =) len eee) Meme) ee R RRM R om 300 VOOM WAI Saami bg God coon dob aogaosdodbennsououdaanvad ds 301 oeeN Ose NEON ooo oboe ous eo Od eRe BOUU OU OOD Oe cid. a cle 301

8.3 MANAGED AREAS ADMINISTRATION .............----++++055 301 Seaniebonestiy, Sectoreaaes rei ens ieier cic) lenny ei) 0 atone rcelien= 301 853-2) Wildlife:Sectotucy-scu-see- whence o-oo een ed teow ete oe Tote 301 ERAn(Ojisemicatineaoiooe aavetoedeudcnuenmGomoobeuuucdo oe ho oor 301 8.3.4 Non-Governmental Organisations ............-+++--eeeeeees 302

8.4 MANAGED AREAS STATUS ...........----2 +2 see eter terete 302 8.4.1 Managed Areas within the Forestry Sector .........-----+-+-++++--- 302 8.4.2 Conservation Areas within Forestry, Wildlife and Additional Sectors ..... 302

8.4.3 Contribution of the Forestry Sector to Nature Conservation ........... 303

$5 FUTURE, PROSPEGIUS i ipsiiicie tet hee eee on cnerc) enon RE near -tre metre) = 303 8.5.1 Expanding the Conservation Area Network ...........-----+++-: 303

8.5.2) Other National) Initiatives) 45 = 5 4 22 1 eel ler iene re i= 303

8) Titigareivorell INNES spec ooncoeebooaaso ce nnoccnvods0aDS 304

REFERENCES 28h. 28 aes oh st ok ae tice) wah alia) oh aah ap eh a le, Sao be 305 Annex 8.1 List of conservation areas ... 1.2... ee ee es 318 Annex 8.2 Extent of notified forests... 2.2.2.2... ee eee 331 DRCENTRAL, AFRICA 55 5 cris 5s nd 8 Hier I I eet) Sea oe 339 9.1 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE .............. 2... cece eee eee ene 339 9.2 NATURE CONSERVATION POLICY AND LEGISLATION ............ 339 9.2.1 Forestry. Sectors 2 1)./ 2202 G2 TAOS ee Oe OT Seay ke 340 OED 22 Wildlife: Sector: < xcs ee: o's, cats epee arent acne eee er 340 91:2..3) -Additionals SCCtors: .) 2...) sin) of ch ot etyotiel ot oh et ct 2) ol ones en oe eat ees 340

9.3 MANAGED AREAS ADMINISTRATION .................--.2-04. 340 9.3.1 Forestry Sector sicictchehe oe octet he: ey ns eee Ae En SARS 340 93:2 «Wildlife: Sector: si:c,. 8) 252 202.-2s) erterens cet eee eee ee eae 341 9.3.3) sAdditionalSectors’ 05 0: seers 0 cece ated he's Med eee 341 9.3.4 Non-Governmental Organisations .................-.022000-: 341

9.4 MANAGED AREAS STATUS ................--.2 2 ee eee eee ees 341 9.4.1 Managed Areas within the Forestry Sector ...................--.- 341 9.4.2 Conservation Areas within Forestry, Wildlife and Additional Sectors ..... 342 9.4.3 Contribution of the Forestry Sector to Nature Conservation ........... 343

9.5 FUTURE: PROSPEGTS) 22,200 c.c) cnc) 23 cence cage a cee eens, So 343 9.5.1 Expanding the Conservation Area Network ..............--.---- 343 9.5.2 Other National Initiatives ............ 0.2.2... e eee eee eee ee 343 9'553International| Initiatives) 5) -..c. ee ion once eee nein 343

9.6 PRIORITIES FOR ACTION .............. 0.00 eee eee eee ee eee 344 IREFERENCES | 656 htt ge onsen Geter e pda seneucigteeiase sites welt ota ies RTS Ree ke Dee eae eee 345 Annex 9.1 List of conservation areas... 1.2... ee ee 359 Annex 9.2 Extent of notified forests .. 2... .. 2.0.2... eee eee ee ees 369 10 TROPICAL SOUTHERN AFRICA (including Madagascar) ................. 376 10.1 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE ..................-202 02s eeeee 376 10.2 NATURE CONSERVATION POLICY AND LEGISLATION ............ 376 10:21) Forestry Sector een sea Sp a See ee ee ee ee ea 376 10.2.2: Wildlife:Sector 20.2... 6 scsi e cee. e Ses sy aracay sue eRe En ee 377

10.3 MANAGED AREAS ADMINISTRATION .............----+-+002- 10:3) iForestryiSectore OPW Ua A tas ein 2 ae APs eee area 10:32, Wildlife:Sector, 5.50.44 2c, 3 2 bee Ore eas de tek CEO EE. oe

10.4 MANAGED AREAS STATUS ..............-.-0 020 e eee eee ees 10.4.1 Managed Areas within the Forestry Sector .................... 10.4.2 Conservation Areas within Forestry, Wildlife and Additional Sectors .... 10.4.3 Contribution of the Forestry Sector to Nature Conservation ..........

10.5 FUTURE PROSPECTS 22299. .t4 4 Se MEN AY 29 2OD- SARITA. | 10.5.1 Expanding the Conservation Area Network ..................-.. 10.5.2 Other National Initiatives ..............00002 eee eceeenees 10523), Internationalinitiatives) jya420 eee ele See eee

10.6 PRIORITIES FOR ACTION .............. 0... eee eee ee eee

IREFERENGES 5.0 oe gegspsise cise 5. jac e ait sc 2,8) suey sy te, GRIM CMe oe Ree os

TROPICAL LATIN AMERICA 11 CENTRAL AMERICA AND MEXICO ...............2.2 000s eee eee eeee 11.1 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE ........................-00005.

11.2 NATURE CONSERVATION POLICY AND LEGISLATION ............ e212 Forestry: Sector = 2:28 At att tere as Sate eee Bee oe D222 =WildlifetSector = 2... 258A cdctew es eal 2 oe borne se eG eben eens M2. 3 Additional Sectors: \ 24h ecw here ee pent els eS

11.3 MANAGED AREAS ADMINISTRATION ...............--+------- 13.1 (Forestry Sector <2. coe the cise a eashe oc el aa ene ss ees Stewie ely 1163.2 8 Wildlife Sector...) nd etalon het, BE ROT TS ee, 1119383" AdditionaliSectorsOPwey. RH 5s Sn dete e ee oe ae Be edie 11.3.4 Non-Governmental Organisations .................-+-+...+-++.

11.4 MANAGED AREA STATUS ............ 0.0... eee eee eee 11.4.1 Managed Areas within the Forestry Sector ..................-. 11.4.2 Conservation Areas within Forestry, Wildlife and Additional Sectors .... 11.4.3 Contribution of the Forestry Sector to Nature Conservation..........

115° FUTURE PROSBECTS ernst etchant teat) tat sist tote, emote) sore ee® ous 11.5.1 Expanding the Conservation Area Network .................-.- 11.5.2 Other National Initiatives... 2.0... 2. ee eee 11/5¢3 International Initiatives»... 72h. Sete ee, ee.

11.6 PRIORITIES FOR ACTION ........... 0... eee eee eee

Annex 11.1 List of conservation areas 2... 1... ee eee 414 Annex 11.2 Extent of notified forests .............. 00.00.0000 eee eee eee 431 12'“ CARIBBEAN: » 3.6 S232 6 p03 2 SER APE BA I AE, DEGREE LDL 439 12.1 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE .....................0.00 000 eee 439 12.2 NATURE CONSERVATION POLICY AND LEGISLATION ............ 440 12.2.1. Forestry Sectors... 279394 ety vet a hed! Snipe 7 oe 440 12-2222 Wildlife;Secton dae Ai eu c eee OEM, TH) 5 PE. 441 112-2: SiiOther SCCtOLs fetish ie hor ednce Aoncs ances SE, Oe, Eee 442

12.3 MANAGED AREAS ADMINISTRATION ........................ 442 12 Sal ROREStVASECEOD a 4i.2/. saree A eee antes oat oy enclose, ee 443 P22 MWildlifel Sector MeO Me wk a eit ohaNince.6<estarethahorieens at aks Se Oe 443 1223) Srd Othery Sectors ese cucaies see teach reese Hh costes oe ate I Oe 444 12.3.4 Non-Governmental Organisations ...................0.e000- 444

12.4 MANAGED AREAS STATUS .................... 00000 eee eee 444 12.4.1 Managed Areas within the Forestry Sector .................... 444

12.4.2 Conservation Areas within Forestry and Wildlife Sectors ........... 445

12.4.3 Contribution of the Forestry Sector to Nature Conservation .......... 447

12.5- FUTURE:PROSPECTS 32886 2 Oe Eee eee 447 12.5.1 Expanding the Conservation Area Network .................... 447

12.5.2 Other National Initiatives ...................0.0 0000 cece 448 12*5:3ylnternationalllnitiativesije serie ss oe i ee eee 450

12.6 PRIORITIES FOR ACTION ...................2.0 002 e eee eee 451 REFERENCES) iRise boos. os, dot sy a raya sceks sn ye Geen SRO A SE So 452 Annex 12.1 List of conservation areas ........... 0000 cece eee ee eee eee 480 Annex 12.2 Extent of notified forests ..............0 0000 cee eee eee eee 517 IS SPRORICAL, SOUTHPAMERIGAY.. 3 Shh e ee oeeeeeee 588 13.1 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE ....................0000 00 cueee 588 13.2 NATURE CONSERVATION POLICY AND LEGISLATION ............ 588 13:2 MVROTeStry SeCtOfencn sot sicmoee RE See RG hence Sie eee 589 13.272.) Wildlife: Sectorteyans. ae. 50 © With 2 Reo i ine caine ng aes a. 590 13.2.3) ‘AdditionalSectors)) Vasa aan Gritaeenae alsin s Ege 590

13.3 MANAGED AREAS ADMINISTRATION ........................ 590 1323-1, Forestry Sector |... citys .c3 Setcemireec ace eee ae 591

1373:2 WildlifeSector’ “20. c sao ae. Ce eee ee 591

13.3.4 Non-Governmental Organisations ..................000000. 592 13.4 MANAGED AREAS STATUS ................. 0.00 e cece eee 592 13.4.1 Managed Areas within the Forestry Sector .................... 592 13.4.2 Conservation Areas within Forestry, Wildlife and Additional Sectors .... 593 13.4.3 Contribution of the forestry sector to nature conservation .......... 594 13.5\ FUTURE: PROSPECTS) scr. is foo ee eee, OR ee ae Sa eae 595 13.5.1 Expanding the Conservation Area Network .................... 595 135-2 qOther’ Nationall Initiatives’ 55...) .0e-. «ac 4s = 2.) Deke ele Sane 595 13:5.3) Anternational| Initiatives 5...) s5.2 seca « a i.t cake «1s he Seemeion: 596 13.6 PRIORITIES FOR ACTION ............ 2.0.0: cece ee ee ee eee 597 REFERENCES) 0005.75 y.n60 05 ieee est kere ey cusnttele ye eee Guedes a) Soe SRR ee 598 Annex 13.1 List of conservation areas... 2.1... 1... ee ee ee 618 Annex 13-25 Extent of notified|forests)). - 21) 4-4 ae 2 ee ieee oe 653

PART II REGIONAL AND GLOBAL REVIEW

TROPICAL ASIA & PACIFIC, TROPICAL AFRICA AND TROPICAL LATIN AMERICA

IL HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE ©. 22... 52 he oe es eens 0 wo Sas yo a 663 2 NATURE CONSERVATION POLICY AND LEGISLATION (FORESTRY AND WILDLIFE SEGTORS) 0:7 5550 265 os aeperra eatery cs eee ay ocak smc Sl aanigaenc es heat eae 663 Zl ROLES YAPONCY Sirs sh pect Meme touan ee teeter eerie yee sear itewis Adee os aE RS 664 23m Rorestry evislationy eae ice Mitbemsact Ais MVR cece het ens Aee olstesacrsa cicero eRe . 664 2:4 Wild lifesRONGY: ..\-cneheee tae = Ves Ae ge Ftc becuse it oe ee elae oan ieee . 665 25 Wildlife: Legislation’. 4-3. seh eee es eres a he es See ee . 666 2.6 Additional Sector Policy and Legislation .................2.2000000: 666

3 MANAGED AREAS ADMINISTRATION ................20000 eee cues 667 4° MANAGED AREAS STATUS <2 oS jeaieys ctesec 4 ee we sas nos ae oleae eee eels & 668 4.1 Managed Areas within the Forestry Sector ...............2.2-000000e 668 4.2 Conservation Areas within Forestry, Wildlife and Additional Sectors .......... 669 ADE es COVELADS «cine MERE eleanor eit oust AES a Ee Ce 669

4.252 Representativ ness rae Pn she mas «cbse ee ieee eS Le eee 670

A.Des Integrity; ac. cee Pewee a ine reese ye tee: eee TeomeI nc 670

4 2: EITECtVEMESS i 7am) ce Seem yer: 2, eee 3) Cabs Oe zoe Peewee ale: meee eee Aten oc Ree gal 671

4.3 Contribution of the Forestry Sector to Nature Conservation ................ 671

S» FUTURE PROSPECTS Wier crore ks bkeae eciea = une Sine Gi Le ee 672 5.1 Expanding the Conservation Areas Network................02200e000- 672 5.2 Regional conventions and programmes ................0000200eeeeee 672 5:3 “International Initiatives Ses a ee seers ats: hah he. oS oes) Sets Spee owes ee = 673

IREFERENGESS oi jsisoidsigsstiins tospeigs xe ke estas acinaits nse los ce deren ee ne) EC Pa Ae 675 PART III MAPPING TROPICAL MANAGED AREAS ..... 676 1 Sources of maps with annotations ............ 0.2.00. ee ee eee 678

TROPICAL ASIA & PACIFIC

2 South Asia

3 Continental South East Asia 4 Insular South East Asia

5 Oceania

TROPICAL AFRICA

6 West Sahelian Africa

7 East Sahelian Africa

8 West Africa

9 Central Africa

10 Tropical Southern Africa (including Madagascar)

TROPICAL LATIN AMERICA 11 Central America (including Mexico)

12 Caribbean 13 Latin America

Fig. 9.1 - Fig. 9.6 Fig. 10.1 - Fig. 10.1

Fig. 11.1 - Fig. 11.8 Fig. 12.1 - Fig. 12.23 Fig. 13.1 - Fig. 13.9

1 INTRODUCTION AND METHODS

MANAGING INFORMATION ON THE WORLD’S BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY AT WCMC

The Earth’s biological and other natural resources provide many economic, social and aesthetic benefits to mankind. This is particularly true of tropical forests which support over half the world’s biological diversity, as well as provide much needed foreign exchange, and contribute to the livelihood of rural human populations in many developing countries. It is essential, therefore, that effective programmes for sustainable human development are based on conservation objectives. Responsible institutions and individuals need access to a service that provides factual information on the conservation status of the world’s biological resources in a timely, focused and professional way.

This service is provided by the World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Cambridge, UK. Established in 1988 as a company limited by guarantee with charitable status, WCMC is managed as a joint-venture between the three partners in the World Conservation Strategy and its successor Caring for the Earth: UCN - The World Conservation Union, UNEP - United Nations Environment Programme, and WWF - World Wide Fund for Nature. Its mission is to provide information on the status, security, management and utilisation of the world’s biological diversity to support conservation and sustainable development.

To implement its mission, WCMC maintains substantial databases on the status and distribution of plant and animal species of conservation and development interest; habitats of conservation concern, particularly tropical forests, coral reefs and wetlands; the global network of conservation areas; and the international trade in wildlife species and their derivative products. Much of this information is managed using Geographic Information Systems, and is supported by an extensive bibliography of published and ’grey’ literature. WCMC is also involved in providing support for the expansion of national data management capabilities in developing countries, and in developing communication networks for the flow of information.

WCMC contributes its data to GEMS - the Global Environment Monitoring System, coordinated by UNEP. GEMS isa collective programme of the world community to acquire, through global monitoring and assessment, the data that are needed for the rational management of the environment. GEMS is an element of the United Nations Earthwatch Programme.

Working closely with the IUCN Commission on National Parks and Protected areas since its inception in 1981, the WCMC Protected Areas Data Unit has compiled an extensive database of the world’s conservation areas currently in excess of 30,000 records. Each record includes information on size, date of establishment, national designation, geographical coordinates, biogeographic province and, in the case of forest reserves, function. Boundaries of many of these conservation areas have been digitised from maps using a Geographic Information System, enabling them to be plotted and overlaid onto other georeferenced datasets for analytical and presentation purposes. In cases where maps of conservation areas are not available for digitising, the geographical coordinates can be used to plot their locations. This database, and associated digital files, has been expanded under the WCMC Tropical Managed Areas Assessment 1990 and forms the basis to the present report.

The WCMC Tropical Managed Areas Assessment 1990 is the first attempt to assess the contribution of the forestry sector to nature conservation. This assessment is therefore in many respects prototypical and in time could be significantly improved. This will require major improvements in the management of information on forestry sector data relating to protection and conservation, at the national level, and thus subsequently at the sub-regional, regional and global levels. In many instances this assessment has had to be carried out at two levels, based either on information that is derived from the site-specific level, or information that is only available at the aggregated system level. In the latter case, therefore, it is not possible to provide information on mean size and size distribution, location information, overlap with wildlife sector conservation areas, or precise numbers and areas of sites assigned to production, protection or conservation uses.

Future assessments could be made more comprehensive and more reliable if this detailed, site-specific information becomes available for both wildlife and forestry sectors.

HOW TO USE THIS REPORT

Findings from the WCMC Assessment are presented in this final report to the Overseas Development Administration, UK, which has funded the project. The report represents WCMC’s contribution to the FAO Forest Resources Assessment 1990. It has been planned in close consultation with FAO so that its contents can be readily incorporated within or supplement the FAO Assessment. It comprises three parts as follows:

Part I subregional reviews of managed areas in tropical countries for Asia & Pacific, Africa, and Latin America;

Part I regional and global overview of managed areas for each of the three tropical regions (Asia & Pacific, Africa, and Latin America), based on the subregional reviews in Part I; and

Part II — maps and lists of managed areas for each tropical country.

The report is intended to be a source of information and analysis rather than to be read from cover to cover. The primary means of accessing this information is through the Contents list. Before dipping into the main body of the report, the reader is urged to browse Section 1.2 on Methods which not only explains how the information has been collected and compiled, but also draws attention to its limitations.

The subregional reviews in Part I, which include summary statistics for individual countries, have been compiled according to a standard format to enable comparisons to be made directly between countries and subregions. Each subregional section is self-contained, complete with bibliography and annexes in which summary data on the forest estate are presented and conservation areas are listed. The exceptions are the country maps of managed and conservation areas which, because of their larger A3-size, are presented separately in Part III. The conservation areas listed in Annexes X.1 of the subregional sections are cross-referenced to the maps in Part Ill, enabling the location of individual sites to be identified from the maps. Sources of maps with annotations are provided in Section 1 of Part III. Part II comprises regional and global reviews based on summary details extracted from each subregional section in Part I.

A number of terms have been used which have very specific meanings so far as this report is concerned. Examples include forest land, managed area, conservation area, forestry sector, wildlife sector and total area. These and others are defined in the Glossary at the end of Section 1.

Finally, this report is largely a review and analysis of information contained in the four-volume series Protected areas of the world: a review of national systems prepared by WCMC and published by IUCN for the IV World Parks Congress, Caracas, 10-21 February 1992 (IUCN, 1992). Referencing of the text in this report has been kept to a minimum, thereby avoiding repetition of the extensive bibliographies contained in the four-volume series. These should be consulted for much of the background information on national conservation area networks, with details of their legislative and administrative basis, and of their representativeness.

ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Production of this report has been based largely on the substantial conservation areas database and associated digital maps that WCMC manages, supplemented by a massive pantropical data gathering exercise. This information is drawn from an extensive network of conservation area professionals within forestry and wildlife authorities, as well as those within scientific institutions and conservation bodies. WCMC wishes to express its thanks to these individuals and their agencies, too numerous to mention individually, for their support without which it would be unable to operate. WCMC recognises with particular gratitude the fundamental contribution of the IUCN Commission on National Parks and Protected Areas, whose commitment to WCMC over the years has helped the Centre to develop its capability in managing information on the world’s conservation areas. WCMC also acknowledges the support of the IUCN Forest Conservation Programme, which was instrumental in initiating this project, and the IUCN Environmental Law Centre for its help with information on conservation areas legislation.

Staff at WCMC involved in the Tropical Managed Areas Assessment 1990 include Mike Adam, Clare Billington, Simon Blythe, Gillian Bunting, Daphne Clark, Graham Drucker, Harriet Gillett, Donald Gordon, Michael Green, Thomas Moriarty, James Paine, Corinna Ravilious, Deborah Rothera, Joel Smith, Mark Spalding and Alison Suter. The project has been managed by Jeremy Harrison and coordinated by Michael Green with assistance from Clare Billington and James Paine.

The WCMC Tropical Managed Areas Assessment 1990 has been funded entirely by the Overseas Development Administration of the UK under Research Scheme No. 4544. Particular thanks are due to staff within the

Natural Resources and Environment Department who have supported this initiative through its various stages.

WCMC has welcomed the opportunity to integrate this project with the FAO Forest Resources Assessment 1990. The support of Dr K D Singh, its coordinator, and his colleagues is greatly appreciated.

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1 INTRODUCTION AND METHODS 1.1 INTRODUCING THE WCMC TROPICAL MANAGED AREAS ASSESSMENT 1.1.1 Background

The clearance of tropical forests, both rain forests and dry forests is an issue at the top of the environmental agenda. Most tropical forest occurs within developing nations where pressures are greatest from burgeoning populations to exploit this resource for its products and convert forest land to agriculture. Meanwhile, developed nations are concemed that such forests contain half the world’s species, as well as playing an important role in maintaining global climatic stability.

In order to assess the status of tropical forests (and woodlands) and identify trends in deforestation and afforestation, FAO and UNEP conducted a survey of tropical forest resources in 76 tropical countries in 1978- 1981 (FAO, 1981). It was concluded from the Tropical Forest Resources Assessment 1980 that human population growth and agricultural expansion are the main causes of deforestation in the tropics. The 1980 Assessment was instrumental in mobilising global support for the Tropical Forestry Action Plan which aims to stem, and eventually reverse, the process of deforestation and forest degradation in the tropics.

Much of this deforestation and degradation is unmanaged, uncontrolled and unsustainable, providing no long- term benefits to the local people involved. An integrated approach to land-use is needed whereby: forests are converted to agriculture only where soils are rich; they are managed for minor forest products for the benefit of local people as well as for timber production; and they are selectively protected in order to maintain ecological services, genetic resources and biological diversity. Such protection forests are a vital resource for local people, and are being managed increasingly for the direct benefit of local communities on whom ultimately depends the future integrity and maintenance of conservation area systems.

1.1.2 FAO Forest Resources Assessment 1990

Aware of the need to improve and update the baseline information gathered under the 1980 Assessment in order to keep governments and the international community informed of the state of tropical forest resources, FAO is carrying out an assessment for 1990 (FAO, 1990). The FAO Forest Resources Assessment 1990 complements the new round of assessments of forest resources in temperate countries conducted under the auspices of the FAO/ECE Timber Committee in Geneva for the reference year 1990. It was also intended that the scope of the 1990 Assessment would be expanded to include non-tropical developing countries, where trends in deforestation and degradation are linked with processes of desertification as well as with pressure from agriculture and inadequate management. However, this part of the 1990 Assessment has not yet been funded.

It was generally recognised that the 1980 Assessment was over-concerned with commodity production, notably timber, and that more emphasis should be given to the service functions of forest, including environmental protection and nature conservation. This is being addressed by the WCMC Tropical Managed Areas Assessment 1990 which is designed to quantify the environmental services of tropical forests (particularly with respect to conservation areas) and form an integral part of the FAO Forest Resources Assessment 1990. Efficient integrated land-use is essential to ensuring that local people benefit from available forest resources. Hence the importance of the WCMC Assessment in helping to ensure that conservation areas are considered by resource- use planners to be efficient forms of land-use.

1.1.3 WCMC Tropical Managed Areas Assessment 1990

Tropical forests have long been valued for their timber, on account of which governments of many countries have either nationalised them or developed extensive networks of forest reserves to safeguard them from over- exploitation and conversion to other forms of use. Such provisions have often proved inadequate due to a lack of proper management practices and enforcement measures in the face of ever mounting pressures on forests for their timber and potential agricultural land. While attention within the forestry sector has been focused primarily on their timber production value, with exploitation all too frequently occurring at unsustainable levels, there has been a growing awareness of the ecological values of tropical forests as centres of biological diversity

and endemism, and for watershed management. Increasingly, countries in Latin America, Africa and Asia have been allocating forest reserves or parts thereof to protect watersheds and conserve biological resources. But quite how much tropical forest is reserved for such protection and conservation purposes within the forestry sector is not known.

The WCMC Tropical Managed Areas Assessment 1990 is a three-year project (July 1989-June 1992) funded by the Overseas Development Administration, UK under Research Scheme No. R4544. It is being carried out in collaboration with IUCN - The World Conservation Union, in particular its Forest Conservation Programme and Commission on National Parks and Protected Areas, and in cooperation with the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations to compliment its Forest Resources Assessment 1990.

Its overall objective is to complement the FAO Forest Resources Assessment 1990 by quantifying the contribution of forestry, wildlife and other sectors to nature conservation in the tropics. This will help to identify gaps in existing managed and conservation area networks and, particularly with respect to the forestry sector, highlight the need for increased allocation of tropical forests for protection and conservation purposes.

Under the terms of the ODA Memorandum, the specific objectives of the WCMC Tropical Managed Areas Assessment 1990 with respect to "each of the countries covered by the [FAO] Tropical Forest Resources Assessment Project" are as follows:

a to update information held by WCMC on conservation area systems, and to expand its information on managed areas other than those established primarily for nature conservation, particularly with respect to forest reserves managed for sustainable resource use;

a to present this information in short accounts of the state of national managed and conservation area systems, drawing the main conclusions into regional summaries;

a to map managed and conservation area systems on a Geographic Information System;

a to use this GIS facility to analyse the coverage of different vegetation types or bioclimatic units by managed and conservation areas, and to examine the coverage afforded to different regions by those systems;

a to prepare analyses of managed area coverage by forest type and management category, and present this in a form that is compatible with the FAO Forest Resources Assessment 1990 tables and reports; and

a to prepare further analyses and reports as time permits.

These objectives have been met, with the exception of the analysis of vegetation/bioclimatic types, and findings are presented in this report and in the four-volume series Protected Areas of the World: A Review of National Systems (IUCN, 1992), compiled by WCMC. The latter country-by-country review of the world’s conservation areas was produced for the IV World Parks Congress, Caracas, 10-21 February 1992 under a separate but related project funded by British Petroleum. It comprises descriptions, lists and maps of national conservation area networks. A considerable amount of information on national conservation area networks generated from the WCMC Assessment has been incorporated within this series, which provides the basis of the present report.

It has not been possible to examine coverage of the different vegetation/bioclimatic types by managed and conservation areas within the available time. It has been WCMC’s intention throughout the project to base this analysis on the ecofloristic zone maps of the tropics produced for FAO by the Institut de la Carte Internationale de la Végétation, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse. Such maps have been available for tropical Asia (Sharma, 1986a) and Africa (Sharma, 1986b) for some time, but those for parts of Latin America have still to be completed. WCMC did not acquire the digital datasets of ecofloristic zones for Asia, Africa and Latin America (excluding Central America and Mexico) from FAO until the penultimate month of the project. Subsequent technical problems with the geo-referencing of the digital ecofloristic zone data sets precluded an analysis based on protected areas data sets.

It is still planned to assess the representativeness of the managed and conservation area networks with respect to ecofloristic zones, but in the months immediately following completion of this report. This study will be carried out in close cooperation with FAO and the results presented in a separate report.

1.1.4 Status of the FAO Assessment and its implications on the WCMC Assessment

The FAO Assessment has changed in several respects from those originally specified in the Guidelines for Assessment (FAO, 1990), due to inadequate information and a lack of additional funding. Changes which have directly affected the scope of the WCMC Assessment are as follows:

a it will cover only tropical countries, with the exception of those in Insular Africa (other than Madagascar) and Oceania which have been dropped due to paucity of data. Thus, the FAO Assessment currently covers only 100 out of the 130 tropical countries originally identified for inclusion. These are listed in Annex 1.1;

a it is not being extended to an additional 30 non-tropical developing countries as originally anticipated because of a lack of further funding; and

a it is no longer planned to produce a serjes of country briefs due to the lack of a comprehensive response from tropical countries.

In view of the these constraints and developments, the WCMC Assessment has necessarily been modified in order to maintain its consistency with the FAO Assessment. It includes 100 of the 101 geopolitical units covered by the FAO Assessment (Saint Pierre and Miquelon, listed by FAO under the Caribbean subregion is excluded from the WCMC Assessment), plus those five countries in Oceania which have a significant amount of forest (i.e. Fiji, Papua New Guinea, New Caledonia, Solomon Islands and Vanuatu), and Bermuda as listed in Annex 1.1.

The FAO Assessment will officially end in October 1992 with the completion of a series of regional reports covering Asia, Africa and Latin America. It is anticipated that this report will supplement the FAO regional reports, or be incorporated within them. A preliminary, summary version of Part II of this report has already been presented to FAO for inclusion within its report to the United Nations Conference on the Environment and Development (FAO, 1992).

1.2 METHODS 1.2.1 Scope

The WCMC Tropical Managed Areas Assessment 1990 covers 106 tropical geopolitical units. These are split into 12 subregions and three tropical regions (Latin America, Africa and Asia & Pacific), as shown in Annex 1.1.

The scope of the WCMC Assessment was initially wider, covering a total of 163 geopolitical units in line with the FAO Forest Resources Assessment 1990. It included all those in Insular Africa and Oceanian subregions and extended to non-tropical developing countries. Government agencies within 158 of these geopolitical units were approached for information during the early stages of the project. But it was subsequently trimmed in line with changes within the FAO Assessment, as explained above (Section 1.1.4).

The study is focused on managed areas, particularly those having a protection or conservation role which are referred to as conservation areas in this report. These terms are defined in the Glossary. It is directed primarily at the forestry and wildlife sectors, within which occur the majority of managed areas. Additional sectors are covered where appropriate.

No attempt has been made to exclude managed areas notified after 1990 from the WCMC Assessment because this would not affect the analysis significantly. The number of records of sites established post-1990 is only 119, which is less than 0.5% of all the sites recorded on the WCMC database as having been established prior to 1990.

1.2.2 Data collection

Forestry sector Prior to this assessment, WCMC’ information on managed areas in the forestry sector had been patchy, with good coverage of a few countries and scant or no data for the majority. Managed areas in the forestry sector are used predominantly for production purposes and, therefore, are of secondary interest to WCMC, as compared to those areas under protection and conservation management regimes.

For the purpose of this study, it was necessary for WCMC to contact forest administrations in every tropical country, often for the first time. Administrations were asked for statistics and maps of the forest estate, information relating to its management and copies of relevant legislation. A standard letter was drafted in consultation with colleagues in the IUCN Forest Conservation Programme and the FAO Assessment, translated into French and Spanish, and circulated to all forest administrations using the list of Heads of National Forestry, Wildlife and Parks Administrations maintained by the FAO. Attached to the letter were two tables which these authorities were requested to fill in. The English version of the standard letter and tables is shown in Annex ile,

Letters to forest administrations in 158 tropical and non-tropical developing countries (or geopolitical units) were sent out during the second quarter of 1990. Responses were received initially from 20% of countries, but, following reminder letters being sent in December, the response rate had increased to 40% by April 1991. As previously mentioned (Section 1.1.4), the scope of the project was reduced to 100 tropical countries following changes made to the FAO Assessment in mid-1991, and WCMC’s efforts in the latter part of 1991 and early 1992 concentrated on soliciting responses outstanding from among these tropical countries. By the end of this project, 52% of tropical countries had responded (Table 1.1). The level of response was remakably even, ranging from 48% in Tropical Latin America to 56% in Tropical Africa. A number of reasons may account for this relatively disappointing level of response. First, many of the countries in this assessment have extremely meagre financial resources dedicated to forestry and wildlife activities, and staff may not have been available to compile the information requested. Secondly, as a related issue, it is likely that the detailed information on individual sites, maps etc. may not be available, even within the countries themselves. This indicates the importance of supporting and building information gathering and management capacity within countries.

Information obtained directly from forest administrations was supplemented with data gathered under the FAO Assessment, particularly in the case of those which did not respond to WCMC’s requests. In the absence of any recent data, and as a last resort, statistics were used from the Tropical Forest Resources Assessment 1980 (FAO, 1981) with respect to quantifying the extent of natural forest under production. Additional information on the forestry sector was obtained from the libraries of the FAO Forest Department, Rome and the Oxford Forestry Institute. Copies of much of the forest legislation relevant to managed areas were obtained from the FAO Forest Resources Division.

Wildlife sector WCMC already holds an extensive body of information on conservation areas within the wildlife sector. This information has been gathered over many years as a result of direct contact with the appropriate government and other agencies responsible for their management. It is continuously being updated as existing areas are upgraded in their conservation status or enlarged, and as new ones are created.

Relevant agencies within all tropical countries were contacted at some stage during the WCMC Assessment for their latest lists and maps of conservation areas, or asked to check and update such material generated from the WCMC Protected Areas Database and Biodiversity Map Library. Much of this information-gathering exercise was conducted under the auspices of compiling Protected areas of a world: a review of national systems (IUCN, 1992), with relevant data feeding directly into the WCMC Assessment. As explained in Section 1.1.3, these two projects complement each other.

Table 1.1 Level of response from forest administrations in tropical countries to requests for information on managed areas initially made in March-June 1990. At least two reminders were sent over the subsequent two years to those administrations which did not respond.

REGION No. countries No. countries Response responding level

TROPICAL ASIA & PACIFIC

South Asia 7 3 43% Continental South East Asia 5 2 40% Insular South East Asia 5 4 80% Oceania 5 22 40% Subtotal 22 11 50% TROPICAL AFRICA

West Sahelian Africa 9 3 33% East Sahelian Africa 6 4 67% West Africa 8 6 75% Central Africa 7 2) 28% Tropical Southern Africa (+ Madagascar) 11 8 13% Subtotal 41 23 56% TROPICAL LATIN AMERICA

Central America (+ Mexico) 8 3 38% Caribbean 25 14 56% South America 10 21 40% Subtotal 43 21 48% TOTAL 106 55 52%

Maps Where possible, maps of managed areas were obtained from the relevant government authorities within the forestry, wildlife and any other sectors in order to digitise their boundaries using a Geographic Information System. In addition, the map libraries of the University of Cambridge and Oxford Forestry Institute were searched for maps of managed areas. Maps were also obtained from the Natural Resources Institute of the Overseas Development Administration (ODNRI) and Hunting Technical Services, UK.

1.2.3 Data management WCMC manages its information on conservation areas in the following ways:

a hard copies of bibliographic material (books, papers, reports, legislation etc), correspondence with raw data, and maps are filed on a geographic basis;

a relevant data are extracted from this raw material and stored electronically in the WCMC Protected Areas Database or, in the case of maps, digitised using a Geographic Information System and stored within the WCMC Biodiversity Map Library; and

L texts describing national conservation area networks, their legal and administrative basis, are compiled using a standard format and stored electronically. (Texts describing individual conservation areas are also compiled, and stored in the same way, but these are not relevant to this study.)

For purposes of the WCMC Assessment, the WCMC Protected Areas Database was expanded to include other managed areas, notably forest reserves. A number of modifications were made to the database to enable the function of forest reserves to be recorded as production, protection or conservation, in line with the classification used by FAO (1990). This database currently comprises some 31,000 records, of which some 9,136 are relevant to the WCMC Assessment.. An example of the type of output which can be generated from the Protected Areas Database are the lists of conservation areas presented in Annex X.2 of respective subregional chapters within Part I of this report.

Summary statistics of the forest estate provided by respective forest administrations in Table 1 of Annex 1.2 at the request of WCMC were entered into a series of worksheets within a Lotus 1-2-3 spreadsheet. Output from this database appears as Annex X.1 of respective subregional chapters.

Maps of managed areas were digitised using mainly ARC.INFO but also ATLAS*GIS software, in the latter stages of the project. Digital files are stored within the WCMC Biodiversity Map Library.

1.2.4 Analysis and review of information

This is described below for each part of the report. Limitations with the data are discussed in italics as appropriate.

PART I

The way in which data are generated, analysed and presented is described below for each section of the subregional chapters.

X.1 Historical Perspective Reviews the way in which nature conservation has evolved through legal and administrative regimes, based on informaton contained in Protected areas of the world: a review of national systems (IUCN, 1992).

X.2

X.3

X.4

Nature Conservation Policy and Legislation Reviews current nature conservation policy and legislation within forestry, wildlife and other sectors, based on information contained in Protected areas of the world: a review of national systems (IUCN, 1992). Table X.1 has been compiled by extracting the relevant data from the Annex of legal designations in IUCN (1992). The sector to which individual pieces of legislation apply (i.e. forestry, wildlife or additional) is indicated, together with management objectives for each designation as legislated or laid down in policies.

Managed Areas Administration Reviews current administration within forest, wildlife and other additional sectors based on information in Protected areas of the world: a review of national systems (IUCN, 1992).

Managed Areas Status Data on managed areas originates from two databases, namely the WCMC Protected Areas Database (Annex X.1), and the Lotus 1-2-3 spreadsheet with the responses from forest administrations (Annex X.2).

Data in Table X.2, showing the extent of natural forest land under production, protection and conservation, are derived directly from Annex X.2. It should be noted that, whereas statistics for individual protection and conservation forests were collected as part of the WCMC Assessment, this was not extended to production forests. Data presented in Annex X.2 are often subject to a number of limitations, due to the way in which statistics are compiled nationally, as follows:

@ It is not always possible to distinguish between the different forest origins. For example, data for natural forest may occasionally include plantation forest.

@ It is frequently difficult to differentiate between protection and conservation forest as countries do not necessarily follow the classification system drawn up by FAO (1990). In the final analysis, this does not affect the WCMC Assessment as both protection and conservation forest are treated similarly as conservation areas.

@ It is not always known whether or not raw data for protection and conservation forest, as supplied by forest administrations, include conservation areas managed by the wildlife sector. Where this is known to be the case, the raw data have been modified by subtracting the contribution of the wildlife sector.

These and other deficiencies reflect the availability of national statistics, or the way in which they are compiled, and are noted at the foot of the tables in Annex X.2.

Coverage The WCMC Protected Areas Database was used to generate statistics for analysing the coverage of national conservation area networks in terms of total and partial protection, and assessing the relative contribution of the forestry, wildlife and additional sectors. These statistics are presented in Table X.3. The analysis extends to all existing and proposed conservation areas, irrespective of their size, but managed areas under productive regimes are excluded. It does not extend to privately-owned and managed reserves. Coverage by national conservation area networks is expressed as a percentage of the total area of a country, and examined in relation to the widely-accepted target of 10%. This is considered to be a realistic goal for many countries, taking into account other demands on land for economic development and subsistence needs. Coverage expressed as a percentage of total area can be misleading, however, in the case of the countries with widely scattered islands and having a marine component that is well represented within the conservation area network. This discrepancy arises because total area accounts for land and inland water bodies only, and not territorial waters.

The representativeness of conservation area networks is examined with respect to major habitats, and gaps identified from other studies are highlighted. Particular attention is given to whether or not plans based on systematic surveys have been formulated to ensure that the full range of a country’s biological diversity is represented within its conservation area network.

Integrity Mean size and the frequency distribution of conservation area sizes are used as a measure of the integrity of conservation area networks (Table X.4). This, by necessity, is based only on data where the extent of individual conservation areas is known. Thus, agreggated data that may be included in Table X.2, Table X.3 or Annex X.2 will not appear. Given that, in effect, conservation areas have been increasingly established as islands in a sea of humanity, they should be theoretically as large as possible to maximise the degree to which their contents retain their integrity (Soulé, 1983). Thus, the effectiveness of a conservation areas network in maintaining biological diversity will partly be a function of the size of its constituent units. For example, conservation areas need to be large enough to support minimum viable populations of key species. These should consist of at least 500 genetically effective individuals, or a total population of about 1,000 individuals including juveniles and other non-breeders (Soulé, 1986). The optimal size of a conservation area will vary with respect to the key species under protection, but the many sites that contain populations of threatened large mammals need to extend over several tens or hundreds of thousands of hectares, respectively, for ungulates or carnivores at the top of their food chains.

The effectiveness with which conservation areas are managed is assessed qualitatively, based largely upon information from Protected areas of the world: a review of national systems (IUCN, 1992).

X.5 Future Prospects Official proposals to expand conservation area networks are reviewed, based on Statistics presented in Table X.3. The many new conservation areas recommended by authorities other than the responsible management agencies, such as consultants representing non-governmental organisations and aid agencies, are excluded from the analysis. Other national initiatives to strengthen networks through specific projects and programmes, to overcome economic constraints through funding mechanisms, and to improve management through new approaches are reviewed. Participation in international and regional conventions and programmes, particularly with respect to the Convention concerning the World Cultural and Natural Heritage (World Heritage Convention), the Convention on Wetlands of International Importance especially as Waterfowl Habitat (Ramsar Convention) and the Unesco Man and the Biosphere Programme is reviewed (Table X.5), together with attempts between adjacent countries to manage conservation areas under cooperative agreements.

X.6 Priorities for Action These are necessarily broad and may not be comprehensive, but the priorities identified in this report are summaried in Table X.6.

PART I

The analyses in Part II are essentially similar to those described above for Part I, but carried out at the regional and global level, rather than subregional level. This is intended to summarise the major trends across each of the three continental regions, and at a global level. It is by necessity a summary document dealing with generalisations, and should be read in conjunction with appropriate sub-regional reports, where much greater detail and elaboration is provided.

PART Ill

This part of the report consists entirely of maps of managed areas of each country generated from the WCMC Biodiversity Map Library. Maps show the boundaries of existing managed areas, where known, or their centre points if only their geographic coordinates are known. Proposed managed areas are not mapped. Different hatching patterns are used to distinguish between the following:

@ managed areas under production and conservation areas within the forestry sector.

™ conservation areas within the forestry sector and those within the wildlife and any other additional sectors.

Conservation areas are numbered on the maps; these numbers correspond to the numbers in the respective lists for each country in Annex X.2 of the subregional reports. Not all conservation areas are mapped because the

8

locations of some sites are not known. This is evident by comparing the numbers in Annex X.2 with those in the maps.

Managed areas under production are mapped, if the information is available, but they are not individually named by cross-referencing to the list in Annex X.2 as in the case of conservation areas.

The source material from which the maps are derived is given at the beginning of Part III on a country-by- country basis.

Maps are based on the best available information. Sometimes this may be ten or more years old, as in the case of Atlas of Forest Resources of India published by the Government of India in 1976. This was used as the source for digitising India’s forest reserves. In this particular case, there has been relatively little change (4%) in the total area of reserved forests, from 39.8 million ha in 1976 (Government of India, 1984) to 41.5 million ha in 1991 (Forest Survey of India, 1992), and boundaries of many forest reserves may not have changed significantly. Sometimes it has been possible to obtain copies of digital files, for example, most South American countries. In the case of Indonesia, a full set of film positives of Map 9 Land Cover and Suggested Forest Zoning, The Land Resources of Indonesia - A National Overview - Atlas was obtained from the Natural Resources Institute of the Overseas Development Administration, but unfortunately these could not be digitised for technical reasons. Sources used in the production of maps are given at the beginning of Part III.

REFERENCES

FAO (1981). Forest resources of Tropical Africa, Tropical America and Tropical Asia: regional synthesis and country briefs. 4 volumes. FAO/UNEP Tropical Forest Resources Assessment Project, Rome.

FAO (1990). Guidelines for assessment. July 1990. Forest Resources Assessment 1990. FAO, Rome.

FAO (1992). The forest resources of the tropical zone by main ecological regions. Forest Resources Assessment 1990 Project. Report presented at the United Nations Conference on the Environment and Development, Rio de Janeiro, June 1992.

Forest Survey of India (1992). The state of forest report 1991. Forest Survey of India, Dehra Dun. 89 pp.

Government of India (1984). India’s forests 1984. Forest Research Institute, Dehra Dun. 114 pp.

IUCN (1992). Protected areas of the world: a review of national systems. 4 volumes. Prepared by the World Conservation Monitoring Centre. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.

Sharma, M.K. (1986a). Eco-floristic zone and vegetation maps of tropical continental Asia. Institut de la Carte Internationale de la Végétation, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France.

Sharma, M.K. (1986b). Eco-floristic zones of Africa. Institut de la Carte Internationale de la Végétation, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France.

Soulé, M.E. (1983). Applications of genetics and population biology: the what, where and how of nature reserves. In: Conservation, Science and Society. Unesco-UNEP. Pp. 252-264.

Soulé, M.E. (Ed.) (1986). Viable populations for conservation. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. P. 189.

10

Annex 1.1 List of countries included within the WCMC Tropical Managed Areas Assessment 1990

West Sahelian Africa Burkina

Cape Verde

Chad

Gambia Guinea-Bissau

Mali

Mauritania

Niger

Senegal

East Sahelian Africa Djibouti

Ethiopia

Kenya

Somalia

Sudan

Uganda

Central America and Mexico

Belize Costa Rica EI Salvador Guatemala Honduras Mexico Nicaragua Panama

Caribbean

Anguilla

Antigua and Barbuda Aruba

Bahamas

Barbados

Bermuda

British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Cuba

Dominica Dominican Republic Grenada

South Asia Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka

Continental South East Asia Cambodia Lao PDR

AFRICA (TROPICAL)

West Africa Benin

Cote d’Ivoire Ghana Guinea Liberia Nigeria Sierra Leone Togo

Central Africa Cameroon

Central African Republic Congo

Equatorial Guinea Gabon

Sao Tome & Principe Zaire

LATIN AMERICA (TROPICAL)

Guadeloupe

Haiti

Jamaica

Martinique

Montserrat

Netherlands Antilles Puerto Rico

Saint Lucia

Saint Vincent & the Grenadines

Saint Christopher & Nevis

Trinidad & Tobago

Turks & Caicos Islands US Virgin Islands

ASIA & PACIFIC (TROPICAL)

Myanmar Thailand Viet Nam

Insular South East Asia Brunei Darussalam Indonesia Malaysia Philippines Singapore

11

Tropical Southern Africa Angola Botswana Burundi Malawi Mozambique Namibia Rwanda Tanzania Zambia Zimbabwe

Insular Africa Madagascar

Tropical South America Bolivia

Brazil Colombia Ecuador French Guiana Guyana Paraguay Peru Suriname Venezuela

Oceania Fiji” New Caledonia” Papua New Guinea” Solomon Islands” Vanuatu"

“Excluded from FAO Forest Resources Assessment 1990.

Annex 1.2 Letter to heads of all forest administrations in developing countries

Dear FAO Forest Resources Assessment 1990

The World Conservation Monitoring Centre, in cooperation with the IUCN Tropical Forest Programme, is currently gathering information on protected and managed forests in tropical/developing countries for incorporation into the Forest Resources Assessment 1990 being implemented by FAO under the framework of the Tropical Forestry Action Plan.

The last such survey undertaken by FAO was in 1980, in response to concern about the depletion and degradation of tropical forests and woodlands throughout the world. That assessment covered 76 tropical countries and provided a set of quantitative estimates on forest resources and deforestation rates. The findings were instrumental in mobilising global support for the Tropical Forestry Action Plan, the aim of which is to reverse the process of deforestation and forest degradation in the tropics.

As you are aware, FAO is carrying out a further assessment, working to a baseline of 1990. In the new assessment explicit emphasis will be given to reviewing the service functions of forests, including environmental protection and nature conservation. It is necessary, therefore, to examine the extent to which tropical forests and woodlands have been assigned a conservation role through their protection as national parks, wildlife sanctuaries and the like, or as certain categories of forest reserve. WCMC is working closely with FAO in preparing this part of the Assessment, with the support of the Overseas Development Administration of the UK.

Information is needed on the forest reserve system within your country. It would be very much appreciated if the following details could be provided by the end of May 1990:

statistical data summarising the extent of the forest reserve network as shown in Table 1.

a map (Scale 1:1 million is preferred, complete with projection - e.g. Mercator - and latitude and longitude registration marks) showing the distribution of the forest reserve network, with all forests reserved for protection or conservation purposes (e.g. protection of watersheds and water catchments, nature conservation) named and their boundaries marked;

3. a register of protection and conservation forests to be cross-referenced to the above map (2), with details of size, date of notification etc. as shown in Table 2.

Ne

In addition, it would be helpful if you could also provide the following:

4. copies of forestry legislation and policy relevant to the general establishment of forest reserves (but copies of legislation dealing with the notification of individual reserves is not needed);

5. precise definitions of the different categories of forest reserves, if not covered by the above (4);

6. details of recently introduced or proposed conservation measures within the forestry sector (e.g. bans on logging above specified altitudes or gradients, total bans on logging or raw log exports); and

7. acopy of the forest department annual report. It would be most helpful if WCMC could be put on your department’s mailing list for future issues.

Your help is greatly appreciated and if there is any way in which we might be able to reciprocate with information, please do not hesitate to contact us.

Yours sincerely

WCMC Tropical Managed Areas Assessment 1990

12

Table 1 National forest reserve network - summary information

Please complete the table below in the manner illustrated by the example, or supply an official listing annotated as appropriate with the information requested. Any policies relevant to the protection of forests should be entered as a footnote to the table as shown below.

For the purposes of the FAO Forest Resources Assessment 1990, forest function is classified according to the following definitions:

Production forests - areas which support sustained production of wood.

Protection forests - areas, other than conservation forests, which in practice cannot support sustained wood production because the terrain is unsuitable (eg too steep or rugged, subject to flooding).

Conservation forests - areas designated for conservation.

NAME OF COUNTRY/STATE: e.g. Gondwanaland

MONTH/YEAR OF REFERENCE: e.g. December 1989 National Forest Function No. Area designation Prod. Prot. Cons. reserves (ha)

- Class

Forest Reserves 126 3,783,417

- Protection Forests + 28 999,777

- Commercial Forests!” + 38 2,674,576

- Amenity Forests + 11 20,767

- Virgin Jungle Reserves + 49 88,306

" No logging permitted above 2,000m: this amounts to an area of c.198,000 ha. ? No logging permitted in the coastal zone: this amounts to an area of c.143,000 ha |

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GLOSSARY

This highly selective glossary provides definitions of some of the less familiar or more technical terms used in this report.

Alienable forest land Forest land available for transfer to other forms of land use (FAO, 1990).

Conservation forest Areas within the forestry sector designated for conservation by law or other regulations (FAO, 1990).

Conservation area Defined as for protected area. [The term conservation area is used instead of protected area with which it is synonymous.]

Forest land An area of land proclaimed to be forest under a Forest Act or Ordinance (FAO, 1990).

Forest reserve Generally well-defined, surveyed, demarcated and legally constituted forest under the control of a forest department. All acts of felling, collection of forest produce, grazing and even trespassing are usually prohibited unless expressly permitted by law (FAO, 1981).

Forestry sector That part of government responsible for the protection and management of forest land.

Land area Refers to total area excluding the area under inland water bodies, these being major rivers and lakes. [Data are taken from the FAO Production Yearbook. ]

Managed area A legally designated natural area managed for production on a sustainable basis or for conservation purposes. The term includes conservation area and is frequently used generically when referring to reserves within the forestry sector that may have a production and/or conservation function.

Natural forest Forest composed of tree species known to be indigenous to the area. Included in this definition are primary forest (undisturbed), disturbed primary forest associated with various intensities of selective logging, secondary forest resulting from logging of primary forest, logged over forest with under-planting of exotics, and managed forest regenerated artificially or naturally so long as this involves the renewal of essentially the same crop as before (FAO, 1990).

Notified forest Forest land that is notified as reserved. N.B notified forests are usually demarcated, the boundaries being given in the notification.

Plantation forest refers to forest established artificially by afforestation on lands which previously did not carry forest within living memory, or by reforestation of previously forested land involving the replacement of indigenous species by new and essentially different species or genetic varieties (FAO, 1990).

Production forest Forest having terrain and soil conditions suitable for the production of wood and other products on a sustainable basis. The distance to consumption or export centres is not taken into account, which means that economically inaccessible forests are included in this class (FAO, 1990).

Protected area An area of land and/or sea managed through legal or customary regimes so as to protect and maintain biological diversity and natural and associated cultural resources. [This definition was agreed at the IV World Parks Congress on National Parks and Protected areas, Caracas, 10-12 February 1992. The term protected area is not used in this report, conservation area being preferred.]

Protected forest Similar to forest reserve in so far as being notified, demarcated and under the control of a

forest department. However, the degree of control exercised is generally of a low order and nearby villagers usually have rights to grazing and collection of forest produce for their own consumption (FAO, 1981).

15

Protection forest Areas within the forestry sector located on terrain that is too steep or rough, or subject to periodic or permanent inundation, which makes forest management impractical due to physical non-productivity (FAO, 1990).

Total area Refers to the total area of a country, including the area under inland water bodies. [Data are taken from the FAO Production Yearbook. ]

Unclassed forest Forest land which is publicly owned but lacks any well-defined legal status (FAO, 1981).

Unclassified forest Forest land other than that legally reserved or that which is alienable, i.e. the rest (FAO, 1990).

Wildlife sector That part of government responsible for nature conservation.

16

Domaine de chasse Domaine forestier permanent de 1’Etat Domaine forestier rural de 1’Etat

Forét de dévéloppement communautaire Forét classée

Forét communale

Forét de production

Forét de protection

Forét protégée

Forét recréative

Forét rurale

Parc international

Parc national

Parc présidentiel

Pare régional

Périmétre de protection Périmétre de reboisement Périmétre de restauration

Réserve de chasse

Réserve forestiére

Réserve de faune

Réserve de faune et de flore Réserve forestiére

Réserve intégrale

Réserve naturelle gérée Réserve naturelle intégrale Réserve naturelle nationale Réserve naturelle partielle Réserve naturelle

Réserve spéciale

Réserve partielle de faune Réserve totale de faune

Sanctuaire

Zone protégée d’exploitation de la faune Zone cynégétique

Zone de chasse

Zone d’intérét cynégétique

Zone tampon

Glossary of French terms

Hunting reserve Permanent state forest Rural state forest

Community development forest

Classified forest Community forest Production forest Protection forest Protected forest Recreation forest Rural forest

International park National park Presidential park Regional park Protection area Reforestation area Restoration area

Hunting area Forest reserve Faunal reserve Faunal and floral reserve Forest reserve

Strict reserve

Managed nature reserve Strict nature reserve National nature reserve Partial nature reserve Nature reserve

Special reserve

Partial faunal reserve Total faunal reserve

Sanctuary

Protected zone for faunal exploitation

Sport hunting zone Hunting zone Sport hunting zone Buffer zone

Glossary of Spanish terms

Area boscosa baja proteccién

Area critica

Area de caza y pesca

Area de manejo integral de recursos naturales Area de proteccién y recuperacién ambiental Area de proteccién

Area de proteccién de flora y fauna silvestre y acudtica Area de proteccién de recursos naturales Area de uso multiple

Area nacional de recreacién

Area natural tinica

Area recreativa

Area recreativa natural

Area silvestre

Biotopo natural y tipico

Biotopo protegido

Bosque de libre disponibilidad Bosque de produccién

Bosque de proteccién

Bosque de uso multiple

Bosque especial

Bosque nacional

Bosque permanente de produccién Bosque permanente de proteccién Bosque productivo

Bosque protectivo

Bosque protector

Campo experimental forestal Coto de caza

Estacion biolégica Lote boscosa

Manantial Monumento cultural Monumento nacional Monumento natural

Parque

Parque forestal

Parque histérico Parque litoral

Parque marino nacional Parque municipal Parque nacional

Parque nacional marino Parque natural

Parque regional

Parque urbano

Refugio Refugio de fauna silvestre Refugio de vida silvestre

Wooded area under protection

Critical area

Hunting and fishing area

Area of integrated natural resource management Environmental protection and recuperation area Protection area

Wild and aquatic flora and fauna protection area Natural resource protection area

Multiple use area

National recreation area

Unique natural area

Recreation area

Natural recreation area

Wildland area

Natural and typical biotope Protected biotope

Freely disposable forest Production forest Protection forest Multiple-use forest

Special forest

National forest

Permanent production forest Permanent protection forest Production forest Protection forest

Protection forest

Experimental forest Hunting reserve

Biological station Forest plot

Water source Cultural monument National monument Natural monument

Park

Forest park

Historic park Littoral park

Marine national park Municipal park National park National marine park Natural park Regional park

Urban park

Refuge Wildlife refuge Wildlife refuge

Reserva

Reserva antropolégica

Reserva bioldgica

Reserva communal

Reserva de fauna

Reserva de fauna silvestre Reserva de la biosfera

Reserva de produccién de agua Reserva de produccién faunistica Reserva de recursos marinos Reserva ecolégica

Reserva equivalente

Reserva especial de la biosfera Reserva fiscal

Reserva forestal

Reserva forestal de asentamiento comunal Reserva forestal de inmovilizacién Reserva geobotanica

Reserva indigena

Reserva marina

Reserva nacional

Reserva nacional de recursos naturales Reserva nacional de vida silvestre Reserva nacional hidraulica Reserva nacional natural

Reserva natural

Reserva natural de vida silvestre Reserva natural privada

Reserva scientifica

Rutas y vias escénicas

Santuario de fauna silvestre Santuario de fauna Santuario de flora Santuario de vida silvestre Santuario histérico Santudrio nacional

Sitio de patrimonio histérico-cultural o arqueolégico

Via parque

Zona de interés turistico Zona de repoblacién

Zona de reserva para la proteccién de tortuga marina

Zona de reserva para fauna migratoria Zona protectora

Zona protectora forestal

Zona reservada

Zona sujeta a conservacién ecolégica

Reserve

Anthropological reserve Biological reserve Communal reserve Faunal reserve

Wildlife reserve Biosphere reserve

Water production reserve Faunal production reserve Marine resource reserve Ecological reserve Equivalent reserve Special biosphere reserve Fiscal reserve

Forest reserve

Communal forest reserve Closed forest reserve Geobotanical reserve Indigenous reserve Marine reserve

National reserve

National natural resource reserve National wildlife reserve National hydrological reserve National natural reserve Natural reserve

Natural wildlife reserve Private natural reserve Scientific reserve

Scenic routes and roads

Wildlife sanctuary

Faunal sanctuary

Floral sanctuary

Wildlife sanctuary

Historic sanctuary

National sanctuary

Historic-cultural heritage or archaeological site

Parkway

Zone of touristic interest

Reforestation zone

Reserve zone for sea turtle protection Reserve zone for migratory fauna Protection zone

Protection forest zone

Reserved zone

Zone subject to ecological conservation

Glossary of Portugese terms

Area especial de interesse turistico Area de protegdo ambiental Area indigena

Estagao ecolégica

Foresta nacional Foresta estadual Foresta municipal

Local de interesse turistico

Monumento arqueolégico o pre-histérico Monumento natural

Parque de caga federal Parque de caga estadual Parque de caga municipal Parque nacional

Parque estadual

Parque indigena

Parque municipal

Reserva bioldégica

Reserva bioldégica nacional

Reserva biolégica estadual

Reserva biolégica municipal

Reserva ecolégica

Reserva indigena

Reserva particular do patrimonio natural

Area of special tourist interest Environmental protection area Indigenous area

Ecological station

National forest State forest Municipal forest

Locality of touristic interest

Archaeological or prehistoric monument Natural monument

Federal hunting park State hunting park Municipal hunting park National park

State park

Indigenous park Municipal park

Biological reserve

National biological reserve State biological reserve Municipal biological reserve Ecological reserve

Indigenous reserve

Natural heritage private reserve

PART I

SUBREGIONAL REVIEWS

ee AWS wate

6 WEST SAHELIAN AFRICA

6 WEST SAHELIAN AFRICA

Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Chad, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Senegal

6.1 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE

Archaeological records indicate that from about 8000 BC until about 2,500 BC the subregion enjoyed a much more humid climate than exists today. The first evidence of agriculture occurs around 8000 BC. From about 4000 BC pastoralists established the main elements of existing pastoral production. By the standards of the time, the Sahel was both populous and prosperous. Until the 1890s Sahelian agriculture and pastoralism remained virtually unchanged; its historical impact on the environment is immeasurable, but the negative effects of shifting cultivation, bush fires, charcoal production and grazing of the pre-colonial era seem insignificant when set against the environmental degradation of the last 100 years (Cross, 1990).

Protection of nature in the West Sahel has a long history. Before the colonial period land nights were essentially self-determining. Individual communities allocated land, under the guidance of village elders, according to family needs and the land’s agricultural or pastoral potential, rather than being appropriated by individuals.

Over-exploitation was limited due to various factors. Low levels of population enabled fallow periods to extend to 10 years or more. Sanctuaries of sacred woods were respected and fruit trees (karité, néré, baobab) were protected. Relatively secret magic-fetish sects imposed regulations concerning hunting. Although hunting permits did not exist, animals were not killed without permission having first been received from the village chief at a public ceremony. Contravention of these regulations could lead to heavy penalties, even to offenders being sold as slaves.

With the imposition of colonial rule, this traditional system of land tenure changed to a hierarchical one, with political and economic decision-making being invested in non-Africans, or their appointees (Cross, 1990).

Protection of nature within the subregion this century is still strongly influenced by the countries’ colonial histories. The subregion comprises six francophone countries (Burkina Faso, Chad, Mali, Mauritania, Niger and Senegal), and the Gambia and Cape Verde (previously British and Portuguese colonies, respectively).

6.2 NATURE CONSERVATION POLICY AND LEGISLATION

Legal provisions for the establishment of protected areas have been passed in all countries within the region since their independence, with the exception of Cape Verde. These legal provisions are summarised in Table 6.1 and reviewed below.

6.2.1 Forestry Sector

Forest policy and forest law in colonial Africa were based on experience from continental Europe. In the francophone counties within the subregion, forest policy and law were derived directly from France and France’s long experience of temperate forestry. In the British colony of the Gambia, the early administrators adopted the pattern of reservation of forest lands applied in British India, with the legal establishment of a permanent forest estate, the boundaries and use of which could only be amended by the highest authority in the land.

Policy Information concerning current forest policy is only available for the Gambia and Chad. In the Gambia, main objectives of forest policy are: to reserve and maintain a national forest resource capable of protecting naiural ecosystems and providing an adequate supply of wood and other forest products for the rural population; to maintain a Forestry Service staffed with trained personnel; to administer the forest resources; and to foster conservation awareness amongst the Gambian people. In Chad, conservation and management of classified forests is included in the 1976 Manifesto of N’Djamena.

222

Legislation passed during the colonial period, relating to countries within the subregion, includes two decrees relevant to managed areas. These comprise a decree establishing the forestry regime in French Equatorial Africa (which included Chad, Cameroon, Central African Republic and Gabon), and a decree of 4 July 1935 established the forestry regime in French West Africa (which comprised Benin, Cote d’Ivoire, Guinea, Mali and Senegal).

The original French forestry legislation was based on the principle of Roman legislation. According to this, unoccupied land, where existence of written ownership documents could not be proved, belonged to the state. All forest lands were thus declared state property, although local populations exercised many rights of use. Contradiction between the oral customary law and these written regulations led to a general reluctance of local people to accept the delineation of reserved forests.

Categories established in common throughout francophone countries in the subregion were classified forest and protected forest. Since independence, all these countries have promulgated new forestry law, based on the earlier French legislation. Forest land is still considered to be state property, and the terms of classified forest (gazetted areas in which customary rights of use are permitted) and protected forest (areas not gazetted in which, generally, all felling is prohibited) continue to be used.

In Chad, where separate wildlife law has not been promulgated, classified forests are subdivided into strict nature reserves, national parks and other designations, following those defined in the African Convention of 1968. In both Chad and Mauritania, protection forests include all areas on slopes greater than 35°.

In Guinea-Bissau, previously a Portuguese territory, current forest legislation is the 1963 Regulamento Florestal. Forestry law in the Gambia reflects previous British administration, which often recognised the claims of local populations to forest ownership.

6.2.2 Wildlife Sector

Policy Information on wildlife policy in Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Mauritania, Niger and Senegal is not available.

In both the countries (Chad and the Gambia) for which information is available, recognition is given of the importance of the countries’ flora and fauna, and the importance of conservation areas in helping to maintain these.

In Chad, the 1976 Manifesto of N’Djamena reflects the country’s awareness of the cultural, scientific and economic importance of its natural resources and wildlife. Steps to be taken to ensure the preservation of its natural heritage are listed, including conservation and management of national parks, faunal reserves, classified forests and other natural reserves. It is also stated in the manifesto that the country relies on assistance from other countries and international organisations with nature conservation.

In the Gambia, the government’s commitment to the conservation of flora and fauna, including the setting aside of protected natural habitats, is stated in the Banjul declaration of 1977. A national conservation strategy is under preparation in Guinea-Bissau, in collaboration with IUCN, with particular attention being paid to coastal zone management and the development of a protected areas network.

Legislation The first piece of wildlife legislation within the subregion was the Wild Animals (Birds and Fish) Preservation Act of 1916 in the Gambia. A decree of 18 November 1947 controlled hunting in all French overseas territories. Under French colonial law, the Decree of 10 March 1925 provided for the establishment of refuge parks in French West Africa. Wildlife legislation has been promulgated in Burkina Faso, the Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Mauritania, Niger and Senegal. Present nature conservation legislation in the subregion provides for the establishment of national parks, strict nature reserves, wildlife sanctuaries, hunting reserves and sport hunting reserves. Definitions of these designations are similar for all countries in the subregion, and follow those given in the African Convention of 1968. The highest degree of protection is afforded to strict nature reserves, where access is permitted only for management purposes and scientific research. National parks are open to visitors, but residence is not permitted.

223

In Guinea-Bissau, there is as yet no comprehensive protected areas legislation. 6.2.3 Other Sectors

Not applicable

6.3 MANAGED AREAS ADMINISTRATION

The management authority for each category of protected area is listed in Table 6.1. Categories are listed according to the language used in the original legislation. A glossary of terms (French, Portuguese and Spanish) is given in Part I.

6.3.1 Forestry Sector

Administration of forestry is the responsibility of forest departments in the respective countries (Table 6.1). In general, management is the responsibility of respective administrative districts, each under a Divisional Forest Officer.

6.3.2 Wildlife Sector

Conservation areas have traditionally been managed under a single administrative organisation within the forest departments of the respective countries within the subregion (Table 6.1). Although information concerning this is limited, this situation still appears to hold true.

6.3.3 Additional Sectors No information 6.3.4 Non-Governmental Organisations

In general, non-governmental organisations are not involved directly in protected areas administration. An exception is Takieta Forest Reserve in Niger, where management has been passed to SOS Sahel, an environmental charity which supports community action that focuses on the conservation of natural resources and sustainable agricultural production.

6.4 MANAGED AREAS STATUS

The managed areas system is mapped for each country within the subregion in Fig 6.1-9 (Part III). Details of individual conservation areas are given in Annex 6.1 which serves as a key to the maps.

6.4.1 Forestry Sector

Coverage Data for the subregion concerning the forestry sector are incomplete, hence available data underestimate the role played by the forestry sector. Information concerning the extent of legally constituted forest reserves by forest origin and forest function, for each country, is given in Annex 6.2. Managed areas within the forestry sector account for a minimum 4.3% of the total area of the West Sahel (Table 6.2).

6.4.2 Conservation Areas within Forestry and Wildlife Sectors

Coverage There are some 271 legally designated conservation areas in the region covering a total area of 39.8 million ha or 7.4% of the region (Table 6.3). Approximately 21 of these conservation areas are under total protection, covering 11.8 million ha or 2.2% of the subregion. The rest are partially protected. The forestry sector is directly responsible for some 212 conservation areas, covering a total area of 18,263,307ha or 3.4% of the region.

224

Representativeness of the protected areas system within the region varies widely. The extremes are Senegal, with an extensive, well-planned system of protected areas which is generally considered to be adequate, and Cape Verde, which still has no protected areas.

Burkina Faso, Niger and Chad are similar in that each country has one enormous reserve in the Sahel zone, covering at least 5% of the country, and a considerably greater percentage of each country’s protected areas system. These systems are, therefore, relatively limited in the degree to which they represent each country’s variety of habitats. Air et Ténéré National Nature Reserve in Niger is the largest protected area in Africa under active management, and covers over 6% of the country. Similarly, Chad has a huge reserve, Ouadi Rime-Ouadi Achim Faunal Reserve, which occupies over 6% of the country. In Burkina Faso, the Sahel Partial Faunal Reserve covers 5% of the extreme north of the country, a region of relatively little conservation interest. In the south of the country there are a few smaller reserves, but virtually none of the central part of the country is represented. In contrast, Mali and Mauritania, although having little area protected, do have well located protected areas of particular importance to migratory birds. Mali has three small Ramsar sites in the Inner Niger Delta, whilst in Mauritania, Ramsar sites are situated along the coast. Protected areas in Guinea-Bissau are distributed throughout the country, but in reality exist only on paper. The Gambia has only a small area protected for conservation.

Ecofloristic zone analysis [pending data from FAO]

Integrity Data in Table 6.4 indicate that, with the exception of the Gambia, conservation areas under the wildlife sector tend to be large. Mean size of totally protected areas is similar to that of partially protected areas. Mean size of conservation areas within the forestry sector tend to be far smaller throughout the subregion.

Effectiveness War or armed violence has seriously disrupted or destroyed protected areas management in Chad. In general, conservation areas within the region are largely ineffective. Apart from inadequate representation of the subregion’s biological diversity within existing conservation area networks, conservation efforts are limited by: weaknesses in policy and legislation; inadequate institutional support and ineffective (or non-existent) management. Management plans for protected areas within the region, do not, in general, exist. Funds have not been sufficient to allow for effective management in any of the countries within the subregion apart from the Gambia and Senegal. Senegal has taken a very firm line on poaching, in spite of which it still remains a problem. Management of protected areas in the Gambia is, in general, good. In Chad, two decades of desertification and fighting have led both to serious degradation of the land, and to a virtual absence of any information concerning the status of the protected areas.

Enforcement is often handicapped by the absence of clearly-demarcated boundaries that are easily recognisable on the ground. Encroachment by people is ubiquitous, few conservation areas being free of this problem.

Desertification in the subregion has seriously hampered attempts to establish effective managed areas (Cross, 1990; IUCN, 1989).

6.4.3 Contribution of the Forestry Sector to Nature Conservation

Data in Table 6.2 suggest that the contribution of the forestry sector to nature conservation is negligible (1.1%) in terms of the total area of the subregion under protection and conservation forest. It should be noted that data is incomplete, and the contribution of the forestry sector to protection and conservation is presumably much higher than suggested by these statistics. Over 54 % of the conservation area network falls within the domain of the wildlife sector (Table 6.3).

Classified forests in francophone countries were originally established as conservation forests, mostly in the 1930s, 1940s and 1950s. However, comments from some administrative bodies imply that these classified forests now fulfil a productive function; hence, they appear in Table 6.2 under the heading of production rather than conservation or protection forests. In general, lists of forest reserves serving a conservation purpose within the subregion were not available; hence, the forestry sector appears to play a negligible role in conservation in the subregion.

225

The role played by protected forests in francophone countries should also be considered. They comprise virtually all state land lying outside individually gazetted areas, with regulations such that they serve a conservation purpose. Unfortunately, estimates of the area covered by these protected forests are in no instance available.

6.5 FUTURE PROSPECTS 6.5.1 Expanding the Conservation Area Network

Official proposals to expand the conservation area network are minimal. They total some 2.5 million ha or 0.5% of the total area of the subregion (Table 6.3). Proposals exist for the protected areas systems to be expanded in most countries in the region. Proposals exist for the establishment of a substantial protected areas system in Guinea-Bissau.

6.5.2 Other National Initiatives Strengthening networks No information

Overcoming Economic Constraints Funding is a major factor which limits the effective management of conservation areas throughout the subregion, although the situation is less severe in Senegal and the Gambia. In these countries, conservation areas are playing an increasingly important role in the developing tourism industries.

Improving Management 6.5.3 International Initiatives

Conventions and Programmes All countries within the subregion participate in one or more international conventions and programmes concerned with conservation areas (Table 6.5). All countries except Chad and Burkina Faso have ratified or accepted the Convention Concerning the World Cultural and Natural Heritage (World Heritage Convention). Mali, Mauritania, Niger and Senegal have properties inscribed on the World Heritage list. All countries except Cape Verde and the Gambia have acceded to or ratified the Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat (Ramsar Convention). All countries except Cape Verde are party to the African Convention 1968. Biosphere reserves have been designated in Burkina Faso, Mali and Senegal.

Senegal and Burkina Faso are the only two African countries to have signed the Convention on the Conservation of Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention) which is of particular importance to migratory birds.

Cooperative Agreements The Lake Chad Basin Commission, uniting representatives of four countries (Chad, Cameroon, Niger, Nigeria) bordering the lake, was established in 1964, although no information is available concerning its relevance to conservation areas. Chad has undertaken bilateral negotiations with the Central African Republic (Central Africa sub-region) and the Sudan (East Sahelian sub-region). Again, information is not available as to whether these negotiations concern conservation areas.

A Conseil d’Entente with Niger, Burkina Faso, Céte d’Ivoire and Togo provides an administrative structure for cooperation between neighbouring countries. A proposal to set up a single authority to manage the three contiguous "W" national parks in Burkina Faso, Benin and Niger, totalling over 1 million ha, and to raise funds for its operation, is being considered.

226

6.6 PRIORITIES FOR ACTION

Priorities for conservation action in the subregion were identified in the now dated IUCN Systems review of the Afrotropical Realm (MacKinnon and MacKinnon, 1986), the subsequent Action Strategy (IUCN, 1987), and in The IUCN Sahel Studies 1989.

Priorities have been reviewed more recently (IUCN, 1992) for the IVth World Congress on National Parks and Protected Areas. These are generalised, recognising that translation of priorities into action will vary according to national conservation objectives, history and political will. They provide a foundation to the more specific priorities identified in this report and summarised in Table 6.6. The Sudano-Sahelian PLATFORM for Action on UNCED Negotiations and Beyond: A Contribution to the African Position (Anon, 1191), concerning environmental degradation within the Sahel, was drawn up for UNCED 1992, following two consultative meetings of 22 Sudano-Sahelian countries, which included participants from all countries within the subregion. The report highlights the link between poverty and mismanagement of natural resources, particularly exploitation of marginal lands and deforestation. Recommendations include action to be taken at both the international and African level.

In conclusion, progress in the subregion has been seriously hampered by environmental conditions (i.e. drought), civil unrest, and the demand on resources by rapidly growing human populations. Although mostly aware of the need for conservation area networks, well-funded institutions and up-to-date policy and legislation, governments in the subregion have generally not been able to ensure these are established.

227

REFERENCES

Anon. (1991). Sudano-Sahelian PLATFORM for Action on UNCED negotiations and Beyond: A Contribution to the African Position. Prepared by the 22 Sudano-Sahelian Countries. CILSS, UNSO, IGADD. 22 pp.

Cross, N. (1990). The Sahel: The People’s Right to Development. Minority Rights Group Report, London, UK. 28 pp.

TUCN (1986). The IUCN Sahel Report. YUCN, Gland, Switzerland. 80 pp.

IUCN (1987). Action strategy for protected areas in the Afrotropical Realm. YUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. 56 pp.

IUCN (1989). The IUCN Sahel Studies. TUCN, Gland, Switzerland. 152 pp.

MacKinnon, J. and MacKinnon, K. (1986). Review of the protected areas system in the Afrotropical Realm. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK/UNEP, Nairobi, Kenya. 259 pp.

228

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de conservation de la faune et de son habitat [W] Réserve de faune Réserve naturelle intégrale Réserve spéciale ou sanctuaire Zone d’intérét cynégétique

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Ordonnance No. 82/171 portant Code Forestier Ministére du dévéloppement rural Forét classée [F] Périmétre de protection Périmétre de reboisement

Direction de la Protection de la Nature Parc national

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Direction de la Protection de la Nature Réserve intégrale

Legislation unknown [W]

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Table 6.2 Extent of notified natural forests, classified by forest function. Units are in sq. km, followed by % total area. Full data, with sources, are given in Annex 6.2.

Country Total FOREST FUNCTION SUBREGION Area Production Protection Conservation Total Burkina Faso 274,200 9,764 (3.6) - 192 (<0.1) 9,956 (3.6) Cape Verde 4,030 ? ? 2, 0

Chad 1,284,000 146,300 (11.4) 50,960 (4.0) 0 197,260 (15.4) Gambia 11,300 107 (0.9) 0 280 (2.5) 387 (3.4) Guinea-Bissau 36,120 ? ? * 0

Mali 1,240,190 9,600 (0.8) ? 1,348 (0.1) 10,948 (0.9) Mauritania 1,025,520 ? 2 ? 0

Niger 1,267,000 1,442 (0.1) ¥ ? 1,442 (0.1) Senegal 196,720 1,900 (1.0) ? 10,810 (5.5) 12,710 (6.5)

WEST SAHELIAN AFRICA 5,339,080 169,113 (3.2) 50,960 (0.9) 126,300 (0.2) 232,703 (4.3)

? = No information

232

Table 6.3 Extent of notified and proposed conservation areas, classified by sector and national designation. Management categories are assigned to designations based on national legislation (P = partial protection with local, sustainable extractive uses; T = total protection with no extractive uses). Totals for proposed sites may include areas of properties already protected but proposed for upgrading to higher conservation status. Details of individual properties are given in Annex 2. N is the total number of conservation

areas. COUNTRY Man. Notified Proposed Sector cat. ——————————_— —— National designation N Area (ha) N Area(ha)

BURKINA FASO (274,200 sq. km)

Forest Sector

Classified Forest P at 19,200 {e) {e) Subtotals 1 19,200 10) (0) (% total area) ( 0.1) ( 0.0) Wildlife Sector National Park T 3 489,300 1 280,000 Partial Faunal Reserve P 4 1,855,700 {e) (0) Sanctuary T te) 0 2 205,000 Total Faunal Reserve P 4 297,700 0 0 Subtotals ay! 2,642,700 3 485,000 (% total area) ( 9.7) ( 1.7) Totals 12 2,661,900 3 485,000 (% total area) ( 9.8) (a7) CAPE VERDE (4,030 sq. km) Wildlife Sector Integral Reserve T 0 (0) 1 o* Subtotals 0 (0) 1 Oo * (% total area) ( 0.0) ( 0.0) Totals (0) (0) 1 Oo * (% total area) ( 0.0) ( 0.0) CHAD (1,284,000 sq. km) Forest Sector Classified Forest P 10 5,096,000 * (0) (0) Faunal Reserve P 8 11,030,000 2 164,700 National Park T 2 414,000 2 1,040,000 Subtotals 20 16,540,000 * 4 1,204,700 (% total area) ( 12.9) ( 0.9) Totals 20 16,540,000 * 4 1,204,700 (% total area) ( 12.9) ( 0.9) GAMBIA (11,300 sq. km) Forest Sector Forest Park P 40 28,045 ? 10,000 * Subtotals 40 28,045 (0) 10,000 * (% total area) () 74555)) ( 0.9) Wildlife Sector National Park T 3 18,440 0 (0)

233

234

COUNTRY Man. Existing Proposed Sector Cat. National designation N Area (ha) N Area (ha) Nature Reserve P 1 107 (0) (0) Reserve P (0) 10} 1 1,000 Wetland Reserve P 0 0 1 3,500 Subtotals 4 18,547 2 4,500 (% total area) ( 1.6) ( 0.4) Totals 44 46,592 2 14,500 * (% total area) ( 4.1) (SS) GUINEA-BISSAU (36,120 sq. km) Wildlife Sector Hunting Reserve P 6 0 {0} (a) National Park P (0) (0) 6 456,000 * Protected Area P (0) (0) 1 Oo * Subtotals 6 0 7 456,000 * (% total area) ( O ( 12.6) Totals 6 fe} 7 456,000 * (% total area) ( oO ( 12.6) MALI (1,240,190 sq. km) Forest Sector Classified Forest P 3 134,822 0 (0) Subtotals 3 134,822 (0) (0) (% total area) ( 0.1) ( 0.0) Wildlife Sector Faunal Reserve P 9 1,911,989 0 0 National Park T 1 350,000 1 316,000 Partial Faunal Reserve P 2 2,950,000 (0) (0) Sanctuary P 1 400,000 (0) (0) Subtotals 13 5,611,989 1 316,000 (% total area) ( 4.5) ( 0.3) Totals 16 5,746,811 1 316,000 (% total area) ( 4.6) ( 0.3) MAURITANIA (1,025,520 sq. Wildlife Sector Faunal Reserve P al (0) (0) Oo Integral Reserve T 3 310,000 (0) (0) National Park P 2 1,186,000 {e) (0) Partial Faunal Reserve P 3 250,000 (0) (0) Subtotals 9 1,746,000 (0) (0) (% total area) ( 1.7) ( 0.0) Totals 9 1,746,000 * {0} (0) (% total area) ( 1.7) ( 0.0) NIGER (1,267,000 sq. km) Wildlife Sector National Nature Reserve T 1 7,736,000 (0) (0) National Park 1 1 220,000 (0) (0) Partial Faunal Reserve P 1 306,500 0 0 Strict Nature Reserve T 1 1,280,500 0 (0) Total Faunal Reserve P 2 153,740 (0) 10) Subtotals 6 9,696,740 (0) 0 (% total area) ( 7.6) ( 0.0)

COUNTRY Man. Existing Proposed

Sector Cat. National designation N Area(ha) N Area(ha) ee SS a a Totals 6 9,696,740 0 (0) (% total area) ( 7.6) ( 0.0)

SENEGAL (196,720 sq. km)

Forest Sector

Classified Forest P 145 1,081,000 {e) (0) Subtotals 145 1,081,000 (@) (e) (% total area) ( 5.5) (| 0.0) Wildlife Sector Faunal Reserve P 5 1,169,009 (0) (0) Hunting Reserve P 1 60,000 (0) 0 International Park T fe) (0) 2 Oo * National Park T 6 1,012,450 (0) (0) Nature Reserve T (0) (0) 2 201 Special Reserve P 1 16 0 0 Subtotals 13 2,241,475 4 201 * (% total area) ( 11.3) ( 0.0) Totals 158 3,322,475 4 201 * (% total area) ( 16.8) ( 0.0)

WEST SAHEL (5,339,080 sq. km) - summary by sector

Forestry Sector 209 17,803,067 * 4 1,214,700 * (% total area) ( 3.3) ( 0.2) Wildlife Sector 62 21,957,451 * 18 1,261,701 * (% total area) ( 4.1) ( 0.2) Additional Sector or sector unknown (0) (0) 0 0 (% total area) ( 0.0) ( 0.0)

——————— eS EEE WEST SAHEL (5,339,080 sq. km) - summary by management category

Total protection 21 11,830,690 * 11 1,841,201 * (% total area) ( 2.2) ( 0.3) Partial protection 250 27,929,828 * 11 635,200 * (% total area) ( 5.2) ( 0.1) Degree of protection unknown (0) 10) (0) 10) (% total area) ( 0.0) ( 0.0) Totals 271 39,760,518 * 22 2,476,401 * (% total area) ( 7.4) ( 0.5)

a ss. SEO OC C_CECE_EIE_ NN * Subtotal is incomplete because of missing data for either number of sites or area covered.

235

Table 6.4(a) Frequency distributions of conservation area sizes, with means, classified fied by management category (P = partial protection with local, sustainable extractive uses; T = total protection with no extractive uses), for (a) Forestry, (b) Wildlife and (c) Additional

sectors. Mean Number in each size class (ha) N size a) Forestry Sector (ha) <1000 1001- 10001-

10,000 100,000 >100,000

BURKINA FASO

Notified sites P 1 19,200 (0) (0) 1 (0) Total 1 19,200 (0) (0) 1 0 CHAD Notified sites T 2 207,000 0 0 (0) 2 P 17 668,934 3 2 4 8 Total 19 620,309 3 2 4 10 Proposed sites T 2 520,000 0 0 0 2 P 2 82,350 0 (0) 2 (0) Total 4 301,175 (0) Oo 2 2 GAMBIA Notified sites P 40 701 31 9 (0) (0) Total 40 701 31 9 (0) (0) MALI Notified sites P 3 44,940 (0) fe) 3 (0) Total 3 44,940 (0) (0) 3 {0} SENEGAL Notified sites P 1 756 1 (0) {e) (0) Total 1 756 1 (0) 0 (0) WEST SAHEL Notified sites T 2 207,000 (0) 0 (0) 2 P 62 186,366 35 11 8 8 Total 64 187,011 35 11 8 10 Proposed sites T 2 520,000 (0) (0) (0) 2 P 2 82,350 0 (0) 2 (0) Total 4 301,175 (0) (0) 2 2

Note that N (the total number of conservation areas) does not necessarily equate to N in Table 3, because the areas of some individual sites may be unknown.

Countries for which there are no relevant data are not included in the table.

236

Table 6.4(b) | Frequency distributions of conservation area sizes, with means, classified by management category (P = partial protection with local, sustainable extractive uses; T = total protection with no extractive uses), for (a) Forestry, (b) Wildlife and (c) Additional sectors.

Mean Number in each size class (ha) N size b) Wildlife Sector (ha) <1000 1001- 10001-

10,000 100,000 >100,000

BURKINA FASO

Notified sites T 3 163,100 fe) (0) 1 2 P 8 269,175 {0} (0) 5 3 Total 11 240,245 0 (0) 6 5 Proposed sites T 3 161,666 fe) fe) 1 2 Total 3 161,666 (0) 0 1 2 GAMBIA Notified sites T 3 6,146 (a) 2 1 (0) P sll 107 1 (0) 0 (0) Total 4 4,636 1 2 1 (0) Proposed sites P 2 2,250 al 1 {e) (0) Total 2 2,250 1 1 (0) (0) GUINEA-BISSAU Proposed sites P 5 91,200 (0) 0 4 1 Total 5 91,200 (e) fe) 4 1 MALI Notified sites T 1 350,000 (0) (0) 0 1 P 12 438,499 0 (0) 5 7 Total 13 431,691 fe) (0) 5 8 Proposed sites T 1 316,000 (0) 0 (0) 1 Total 1 316,000 (e) {0} 0 1 MAURITANIA Notified sites T 1 310,000 0 0 0 1 P 3 478,666 (0) (0) 1 2 Total 4 436,500 0 {0} 1 3 NIGER Notified sites T 3 3,078,833 (0) 0 (0) 3 P 3 153,413 (0) 0 2 1 Total 6 1,616,123 (0) {0} 2 4 SENEGAL Notified sites T 6 168,741 1 2 2 1 P 7 175,575 2 1 2 2 Total 13 172,421 3 3 4 3 Proposed sites T 2 100 2 (0) 0 0 Total 2 100 2 (0) {o) (0)

237

WEST SAHEL

Notified sites 28 17 671,570 1 4 4 8 P 34 310,022 3 1 15 15

Total 51 430,538 4 5 19 23

Proposed sites T 6 133,533 2 0) 1 3 P 7 65,785 1 1 4 1

Total 13 97,053 3 1 5 4

Note that N (the total number of conservation areas) does not necessarily equate to N in Table 3, because the areas of some individual sites may be unknown.

Countries for which there are no relevant data are not included in the table.

238

Table 6.5 State parties to international (and regional) conventions or programmes concerning the conservation of natural areas. The number of properties (natural or mixed natural/cultural in the case of the World Heritage Convention) recognised under respective conventions is given in brackets.

a Convention Reserves’ Convention Convention

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‘Unesco MAB Project 8 R = ratified S = signatory

239

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Annex 6.1 List of conservation areas. Locations of most notified conservation areas are shown in the accompanying maps in Part III.

BURKINA FASO

Classified Forest

1 Mare aux Hippototames 19,200 1937 Subtotal 1 site 19,200 ha National Parks 2 Deux Bales 56,600 1967 3 Kabore-Tambi 242,700 1976 4 W du Burkina Faso 190,000 1954 Subtotal 3 sites 489,300 ha Partial Faunal Reserves 5 Arly 130,000 1954 6 Kourtiagou 51,000 1957 7 Pama 74,700 1955 8 Sahel 1,600,000 1970 Subtotal 4 sites 1,855,700 ha Total Faunal Reserves 9 Arly 76,000 1954 10 Bontioli 12,700 1957 11 Madjoari 17,000 1955 12 Singou 192,000 1955 Subtotal 4 sites 297,700 ha Proposed (National Park) Komoe-Leraba 280,000 Subtotal 1 site 280,000 ha Proposed (Sanctuaries) Beli Bird 160,000 Mare d'Oursi Bird 45,000 Subtotal 2 sites 205,000 ha Totals Notified conservation areas 12 sites 2,661,900 ha Proposed conservation areas 3 sites 485,000 ha

241

CAPE VERDE

Proposed (Integral Reserve) Cova Tina Subtotal

Totals Notified conservation areas Proposed conservation areas

1 site

O sites 1 site

* Subtotal is incomplete because of missing data.

242

ha*

ha ha*

CHAD

Classified Forests

Bebo

Deli

Djoli Kera

Dora Kagui

Haut Bragoto

Helibongo

Lac Ouei

Siagon Yamodo

Timberi

Yamba Berete Subtotal

OWWDIMNDUMPWNHHE

a

Faunal Reserves 11 Aboutelfan 12 Bahr Salamat 13 Binder Lere 14 Fada Archai 15 Mandelia 16 Ouadi Rime-Ouadi Achim

17 Reserve de la Biosphere de Lac Fitri

18 Siniaka-Minia Subtotal

National Parks 19 Manda 20 Zakouma Subtotal

Proposed (Faunal Reserves) Beinamar Larmanaye Subtotal

Proposed (National Parks) Goz-Beida L'Aouk Subtotal

Totals Notified conservation Proposed conservation

areas areas

10 sites

8 sites

2 sites

2 sites

2 sites

20 sites 4 sites

* Subtotal is incomplete because of missing data.

243

12,400 2,340

521 214,000 1,254 350 46,500 64,000 521 341,886

110,000 2,060,000 135,000 211,000 138,000 8,000,000 50,000 326,000 11,030,000

114,000 300,000 414,000

76,500 88,200 164,700

300,000 740,000 1,040,000

11,785,886 1,204,700

ha*

ha

ha

ha

ha

ha* ha

1955

1956

1955 1964 1974 1967 1969 1969 1989 1965

1969 1963

GAMBIA

Forest Parks

1 Bankuba

2 Belel

3 Beri Kolon

4 Brikama

5 Dobo

6 Gambisara

7 Hamdulai

8 Helakunda

9 Jabisa

10 Jamara

11 Jambangkunda

12 Jeloki

13 Jollifin

14 Jumbo Yaka

15 Jundaia

16 Kahi Badi

17 Kaolong

18 Kasaywa

19 Kenowore

20 Kiberi

21 Kumadi

22 Kusun

23 Lohen

24 Madina Demba

25 Mamato Konko

26 Marike

27 Mutaro Kunda

28 N'Jassang

29 Ngeyen

30 Ngongonding

31 Niani Maru

32 Njau

33 Nyanaberi

34 Pakala

35 Sabbi

36 Sakaru Dalla

37 Sao Frest

38 Se-Ulumbang

39 Sikunda

40 Tanu Subtotal 40

National Parks 41 Kiang West 42 Niumi/Sine Saloum 43 River Gambia Subtotal 3

Nature Reserve 44 Abuko Subtotal 1

Proposed (Reserve) Coastal Subtotal 1

Proposed (Wetland Reserve) Bau Bolon

Subtotal 1 Totals

Notified conservation areas 44

Proposed conservation areas 2

244

sites

sites

site

site

site

sites sites

ha

ha

ha

ha

ha

ha ha

1954 1954 1954 1954 1954 1954 1954 1954 1954 1954 1954 1954 1954 1954 1954 1954 1954 1954 1954 1954 1954 1954 1954 1954 1954 1954 1954 1954 1954 1954 1954 1954 1954 1954 1954 1954 1954 1954 1954 1954

1987 1987 1978

1968

GUINEA-BISSAU

Hunting Reserves

Arquipelago dos Bijagos

Boe

Ilha de Cofara

Lagoa de Cufada

Mata de Cantanhez

Rio Geba/Rio Mansoa Subtotal

Ou PWN

Proposed (National Parks) Boe Dulombi Ilhas de Orango Lagoa de Cufada Mangais do Rio Cacheu (Pelundo) Matas de Cantanhes Subtotal

Proposed (Protected Area) Mata de Cantanhez Subtotal

Totals Notified conservation areas Proposed conservation areas

sites

sites

site

sites sites

* Subtotal is incomplete because of missing data.

245

177,000 68,000 89,000 54,000 68,000

456,000

456,000

ha*

ha*

ha*

ha* ha*

1980 1980 1980 1980 1980 1980

MALI

Classified Forests 1 Bossofola 2 Faya 3 Nafadji Subtotal

Faunal Reserves 4 Badinko 5 Bafing Makana 6 Banifing-Baoule 7 Douentza 8 Fina 9 Kenie-Baoule 10 Kongossambougou 11 Sounsan 12 Talikourou Subtotal

National Park 13 Boucle du Baoule Subtotal

Partial Faunal Reserves 14 Ansongo-Menaka 15 Gourma Elephant Subtotal

Sanctuary

3 sites

9 sites

1 site

2 sites

16 Falaise de Bandiagara natural and cultural

Subtotal

Proposed (National Park) Bafing Subtotal

Totals Notified conservation areas Proposed conservation areas

246

1 site

1 site

16 sites 1 site

12,000 79,822 43,000 134,822

193,000 158,989 13,000 1,200,000 136,000 67,500 92,000 37,600 13,900 1,911,989

350,000 350,000

1,750,000 1,200,000

2,950,000

400,000 400,000

316,000 316,000

5,746,811 316,000

ha

ha

ha

ha

ha

ha

ha ha

1944 1954 1952

1951 1990 1954 1960 1954 1952 1955 1954 1953

1954

1956 1960

MAURITANIA

Faunal Reserve 1 Reserve de Moufflon Subtotal

Integral Reserves 2 Baie du Levrier (Cap Blanc) 3 Iles Mauritaniennes 4 Las Cuevecillas Subtotal

National Parks 5 Banc d'Arguin 6 Diawling Subtotal

Partial Faunal Reserves 7 El Agher 8 Elephant 9 Tilemsi Subtotal

Totals

Notified conservation areas Proposed conservation areas

site

sites

sites

sites

sites sites

* Subtotal is incomplete because of missing data.

247

ha*

310,000

310,000 ha*

1,173,000 13,000 1,186,000 ha

250,000

250,000 ha*

1,746,000 ha* ha

1982

1986 1962 1986

1976 1990

1937

NIGER

National Nature Reserve 1 Air and Tenere Subtotal

National Park 2 W du Niger Subtotal

Partial Faunal Reserve 3 Dosso Subtotal

Strict Nature Reserve 4 Addax Sanctuary Subtotal

Total Faunal Reserves 5 Gadabedji 6 Tamou Subtotal

Totals Notified conservation areas Proposed conservation areas

248

site

site

site

site

sites

sites sites

7,736,000 7,736,000 ha

220,000 220,000 ha

306,500 306,500 ha

1,280,500 1,280,500 ha

76,000 77,740 153,740 ha

9,696,740 ha ha

1988

1954

1962

1988

1955 1962

SENEGAL

Classified Forest 1 Samba Dia Subtotal 1 site

Faunal Reserves 2 Ferlo-Nord 3 Ferlo-Sud 4 Gueumbeul Special 5 Ndiael 6 Popenguine Special Subtotal 5 sites

Hunting Reserve 7 Maka-Diama Subtotal 1 site

National Parks 8 Basse-Casamance 9 Delta du Saloum 10 Djoudj 11 Iles de la Madeleine 12 Langue de Barbarie 13 Niokolo-Koba Subtotal 6 sites

Special Reserve 14 Kalissaye Subtotal 1 site

Proposed (International Parks) Reserve des Elephants du Fleuve Senegambien Subtotal 2 sites

Proposed (Nature Reserves) Dindefello Special Faunal and Floral Reserve Kassel Special Bird

Subtotal 2 sites Totals

Notified conservation areas 14 sites

Proposed conservation areas 4 sites

* Subtotal is incomplete because of missing data.

249

756 756

487,000 633,700 750 46,550 1,009 1,169,009

60,000 60,000

111 90 201

2,242,231 201

ha

ha

ha

ha

ha

ha*

ha

ha ha*

1936

1971 1972 1983

1986

1970 1976 1971 1949 1976 1954

1978

Annex 6.2 Extent of notified forests by forest origin and forest function. Non—forest includes both degraded forest and lands not forested at the time of their reservation.

Region: Africa Sub—region: West Sahelian Africa Name of country/state: Burkina Faso

Total area (sq.km): 274200

Land area (sq.km): 273800

Month/year of reference: 1983

FOREST FUNCTION

FOREST Production forests Protection forests Conservation forests

ORIGIN Existing Proposed _ Existing Proposed Existing Proposed (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha)

Natural 976436 19200

Non—forest

Plantation

TOTAL 976436 0 0 0 19200 0

Notes: Data are taken from the Ministry of the Environment and

Tourism (1991).

All classified forests (except Mare aux Hippopotames 19,200ha which is also a biosphere reserve) are subject to commercial

exploitation and hence are listed as production forests.

Data were gathered in 1983.

250

Annex 6.2 (continued)

Region: Africa Sub—region: West Sahelian Africa Name of country/state: Cape Verde

Total area (sq.km): 4030

Land area (sq.km): 4030

Month/year of reference:

FaOuR ESS a FUNCTION

FOREST Production forests Protection forests Conservation forests

ORIGIN Existing Proposed Existing Proposed _ Existing Proposed (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha)

Natural

Non-—forest

Plantation

TOTAL 0 0 0 (e) 0 (e)

Notes No information available

#51

Annex 6.2 (continued)

Region: Africa Sub—region: West Sahelian Africa

Name of country/state: Chad Total area (sq.km): 1284000 Land area (sq.km): 1259200

Month/year of reference: April 1990

FO RES i FUNCTION

FOREST Production forests Protection forests Conservation forests ORIGIN Existing Proposed _ Existing Proposed __ Existing Proposed (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha)

Natural 14630000 5096000 Non-—forest 4936 Plantation TOTAL 14634936 0 5096000 0 0 0 Notes: Data are taken from the Ministry of the Environment and Tourism

(1990).

Reforestation areas are listed here as production forests of non—forest origin, although they serve both production and protection functions.

The figure 5,096,000 for protection forests represents 10 Classified forests.

252

Annex 6.2 (continued)

Region: Africa Sub—region: West Sahelian Africa Name of country/state: Gambia

Total area (sq.km): ; 11300

Land area (sq.km): 10000

Month/year of reference: 1992

FOREST FUNCTION

FOREST Production forests Protection forests Conservation forests ORIGIN Existing Proposed __ Existing Proposed Existing Proposed (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha)

Natural 10700 28045 10000 Non-—forest Plantation 2000 TOTAL 12700 0 0 0 28045 10000 Notes: Data are taken from the Ministry of Natural Resources and the

Environment (1992).

Plantations include rhun palm forests and bamboo forests.

The figures for production and conservation forests represent 60 forest parks.

253

Annex 6.2 (continued)

Region: Africa Sub—region: West Sahelian Africa

Name of country/state: Guinea— Bissau Total area (sq.km): 36120 Land area (sq.km): 2812

Month/year of reference: 1991

FO RES 7 FUNCTION

FOREST Production forests Protection forests Conservation forests

ORIGIN Existing Proposed Existing Proposed __ Existing Proposed (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha)

Natural

Non-—forest

Plantation

TOTAL 0 0 0 0 0 0

Notes: Data are taken from the Plan de Conservation de l’elephant au

Guinée—Bissau, 1991.

The protected area system is the responsibility of the Directorate of the Forestry & Hunting Service.

Proposals exist to establish 5 forest reserves ( to cover 900sqkm), but no information is currently available on the legislation or management authority under which these would be established.

254

Annex 6.2 (continued)

Region: Africa Sub—region: West Sahelian Africa

Name of country/state: Mali

Total area (sq.km): 1240190 Land area (sq.km): 1220190 Month/year of reference: 1980

FOFR Es FUNCTION

FOREST Production forests Protection forests Conservation forests

ORIGIN Existing Proposed _ Existing Proposed _ Existing Proposed (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha)

Natural 960000 134822

Non—forest 240000

Plantation

TOTAL 1200000 0 0 0 134822 0

Notes: Data are taken from FAO (1981) and WCMC database.

The 1.2 million ha are found in 102 classified forests.

The figure of 134,822ha represents three classified forests listed on WCMC database,

255

Annex 6.2 (continued)

Region: Africa Sub-—region: West Sahelian Africa

Name of country/state: Mauritania Total area (sq.km): 1025520 Land area (sq.km): 1025520

Month/year of reference:

ORES I FUNCTION

FOREST Production forests Protection forests Conservation forests

ORIGIN Existing Proposed Existing Proposed _ Existing Proposed (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha)

Natural

Non-—forest

Plantation

TOTAL 0 0 0 0 0 0

Notes No information available

256

Annex 6.2 (continued)

Region: Africa Sub—region: West Sahelian Africa

Name of country/state: Niger Total area (sq.km): 1267000 Land area (sq.km): 1266700

Month/year of reference: 1981

EO Res 1 FUNCTION

FOREST Production forests Protection forests Conservation forests

ORIGIN Existing Proposed Existing Proposed Existing Proposed (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha)

Natural 144200 163800

Non-—forest

Plantation

TOTAL 144200 163800 0 0 0 0

Notes: Data are taken from FAO (1981).

FAO state that 70% of the existing classified

forest (144,200 ha of 206,000ha) and proposed classified forest (163,800ha of 234,000ha) corresponds to productive formations. It is not obvious which category the remaining 30% fits in to.

257

Annex 6.2 (continued)

Region: Africa Sub—region: West Sahelian Africa Name of country/state: Senegal

Total area (sq.km): 196720

Land area (sq.km): 192530

Month/year of reference: 1981

FiOsk Ee Soh FUNCTION

FOREST Production forests Protection forests Conservation forests ORIGIN Existing Proposed Existing Proposed __ Existing Proposed

(ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) Natural 190000 1081000

Non-—forest 1502000

Plantation TOTAL 4692000 0 0 0 1081000 0) Notes: Data are taken from FAO (1981).

145 classified forests cover 1,081,000ha.

258

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7 EAST SAHELIAN AFRICA

7 EAST SAHELIAN AFRICA

Djibouti, Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, Sudan, Uganda

7.1 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE

Protection of nature in the form of local customs and laws is an old tradition throughout the subregion, one notable example being the protection of "kayas” or coastal forests as sacred groves in Kenya. More formally, the establishment of managed areas began with the reservation of forests at the turn of the century in Kenya and Uganda, although the majority were established in the 1930s in Uganda and Sudan, the 1940s in Kenya, the 1950s in Somalia, and the early 1980s in Ethiopia. There are currently no forest reserves in Djibouti. Within the forest reserve networks of Uganda and Kenya, nature reserves have been created which afford a high degree of protection to flora and fauna.

Following the early establishment of game reserves in Kenya in 1898, and the first national park, Forét du Day in Djibouti, in 1939, all countries of the subregion currently have conservation areas within the wildlife sector. Further, all countries, with the exception of Uganda, have passed post-independence legislation providing for the creation of conservation areas, mostly during the late 1960s and 1970s.

In at least half the countries of the subregion the administration of forest reserves and conservation areas in the wildlife sector originally fell to tne same organisation, and in Uganda game reserves were initially created from forest reserves. Today, all countries have distinct forestry and wildlife agencies, although within a number of countries these agencies are collaborating their efforts to ensure the effective management of conservation areas.

7.2 NATURE CONSERVATION POLICY AND LEGISLATION

Legal provisions for the creation and management of conservation areas exist in all East Sahelian countries. These are summarised in Table 7.1 and reviewed below.

7.2.1 Forestry Sector

Policy Current forestry policy throughout the subregion reflects the dual purposes of protection and management for sustainable use. For example, one aim of the forest policy of Kenya, as contained within sessional paper No. 1 of 1968, is to draw up management plans for all forests, based on the principle of sustained yield. Further, policy statements for Somalia emphasise the preservation of forestry and wildlife resources for the benefit of the Somalian people, the creation of protected areas, and the preparation of management plans combining production and conservation.

The need to increase the area under reservation is also reflected in a number of statements. In Uganda, emphasis is placed on the maintenance of enough forest land to ensure sufficient supplies of timber, to allow for amenity and recreation, and to ensure the conservation of plants and animals in natural ecosystems. The forest policy also specifies that 20% of the total reserved forest area is to be conserved in strict nature reserves, and a further 30% protected from intensive forms of forest management in buffer zones. Similarly, a forest law and policy was drafted for Sudan in 1989 which, together, are to provide for production and protection functions within forest reserves, and specify that 20% of the land area is to be protected eventually in the forest reserve network.

Legislation Current forestry legislation dates back to 1932 when the Central and Provincial Forest acts were passed in Sudan. A new forest law, drafted in 1989, is, however, likely to replace these early laws. The 1940s witnessed the enactment of modern-day forestry laws in Kenya and Uganda, which have subsequently been revised numerous times. Forestry laws in Somalia and Ethiopia were passed in 1969 and 1980, respectively. All of these laws generally provide for one or more categories of reserve, together with provisions for forest exploitation and management practices, establishment of a management authority, the creation and management

260

of forest reserves at the local level, and offences and accompanying penalties in connection with forest resources and reserves. Related and subsidiary legislation to the principal acts exists for most countries, notable among these being the Presidential Decree of 1986 which banned all logging in Kenya, and the Penal Code Proclamation of Ethiopia (1957) which has several provisions related to forest and wildlife conservation, and reserved lands.

Somalia and Ethiopia are unique in that provisions relating to the creation and management of forest reserves and conservation areas in the wildlife sector are contained within the same legislation. Other countries have distinct wildlife and forestry laws. The forestry laws of Kenya and Uganda, however, make provision for the establishment of more protective nature reserves within forest reserves. A number of forest reserves in Uganda have dual status as national parks, game reserves or sanctuaries.

In Uganda and Somalia, the need for revised and expanded legislation providing for protected areas has been recognised, while national forest priority areas are awaiting legal gazettement in Ethiopia. Forestry legislation per se does not exist in Djibouti.

7.2.2 Wildlife Sector

Policy Most countries have formulated, or are in the process of developing nature conservation policies. For example, Kenya’s commitment to conservation was stated in Sessional Paper No. 3, 1975: Statement on Future Wildlife Management Policy in Kenya, which made provision for optimising returns from the wildlife resource, coherent planning of projects and wildlife programmes, and defined the role of national parks. More encompassing is Somalia’s Mogadishu Manifesto on the Conservation of Wildlife, 1989, which embodies current government policy, formulating the basis for all future development projects and activities in various fields pertaining to Somali wildlife. In contrast, the need for a new conservation policy with clear objectives for effective management of conservation areas has been recognised in both Uganda and Sudan.

Legislation Within the subregion, the majority of countries had pre-independence laws relating to the creation of conservation areas. Early examples include the Kenya National Parks Ordinance of 1945, the Sudan National Parks, Sanctuaries and Reserves Regulations of 1939, and legislation dealing with the establishment of game reserves in Uganda in 1902. These were subsequently amended or repealed, most recently in the 1970s (Somalia) or 1980s (Djibouti, Kenya, Ethiopia, Sudan). As of 1990, Somalia was considering new draft legislation, while Uganda has recognised the need for legislation to replace that passed in the 1950s and 1960s.

In the 1970s, Southern Sudan was given a measure of autonomy, and legislation passed in 1972 created the categories of national park, game reserve and controlled area for the Southern region. Legislation passed in 1986, however, provides for the establishment and management of conservation areas throughout the country and replaces the earlier laws.

Present nature conservation legislation in the subregion commonly provides for the establishment of national parks, game reserves, sanctuaries, and controlled hunting areas, while Somalia also has a grazing reserve designation. National parks tend to afford the highest degree of protection, and controlled hunting areas the least throughout the subregion. In Kenya, Somalia, and Uganda, laws were passed in the late 1970s which completely banned hunting.

7.2.3 Additional Sectors

Not applicable

7.3 MANAGED AREAS ADMINISTRATION

7.3.1 Forestry Sector

Administration of forestry is the responsibility of forest departments in the respective countries, with the exception of Sudan, where forestry matters fall under the mandate of the National Forestry Corporation (Table

261

7.1). Most have a long institutional history, for example, Sudan where the first Forest Department was created in 1901.

In Ethiopia, the State Forest Conservation and Development Department is responsible for the establishment and management of national forest priority areas, while peasant associations and urban dwellers associations are responsible for natural resources, including forests, within their areas of local jurisdiction. In Kenya, trust land forests are managed by the county councils, while other forest reserves are managed by the Forest Department. Management of forests under the National Forestry Corporation of Sudan is mostly confined to the north of the country due to the ongoing civil war.

Management of conservation areas, apart from forest reserves serving a protection or conservation function, falls outside the forestry sector, the exceptions being nature reserves in Kenya, and nature reserves and sites of special scientific interest in Uganda. In Kenya, nature reserves are managed jointly by the Forest Department and Kenya Wildlife Service, while the Game Department in Uganda has jurisdiction over wild animals in all forest reserves and maintains field staff in some of the larger reserves. Further, several forest reserves in Uganda have dual status as national parks or game reserves and are therein managed jointly by forestry and wildlife sectors.

7.3.2 Wildlife Sector

The management of conservation areas in the wildlife sector is the responsibility of one organisation in Ethiopia (Ethiopian Wildlife Conservation Organisation), and by two or more agencies in the other five countries of the subregion. In Sudan, for example, management jurisdiction lies with the Wildlife Conservation and National Park Forces in the Northern Region and with the Regional Ministry of Wildlife Conservation, Fisheries and Tourism in the Southern Region, while in Somalia three agencies are involved: the National Range Agency in the southern and northern regions; the Central Rangelands Development Project in the central region; and the Ministry for Jubba Valley Development, in conjunction with the National Range Agency, in the Middle Jubba. Although most conservation areas in the wildlife sector of Kenya are managed by the Kenya Wildlife Service, national reserves are administered by district councils. Djibouti is unique to the subregion in having a research institute assist with the management of conservation areas.

7.3.3 Additional Sectors Not applicable 7.3.4 Non-Governmental Organisations

The Somali Ecological Society is currently managing Balcad Nature Reserve.

7.4 MANAGED AREAS STATUS

The managed areas system is mapped for each country within the subregion in Fig. 7.1. Details of individual conservation areas are given in Annex 7.1 which also serves as a key to the maps. The bulk (about 95% total area) of the conservation areas network falls within the domain of the wildlife sector.

7.4.1 Managed Areas within the Forestry Sector

Coverage Natural reserved forests account for about 0.8% of the total area of the subregion (Table 7.2). They are most extensive in Uganda (5.4%) and Kenya (2.5%), respectively. Currently, no natural forests are legally reserved in Djibouti, while the situation in Somalia is unclear.

Of the 0.8% of natural reserved forests in the subregion, more than half serves a conservation or protection function (Table 7.2). All forest reserves in Kenya are considered conservation forests by virtue of a country- wide ban on logging in 1986, while of the more than 700 notified reserves in Uganda, conservation forests constitute 63 % of the forest estate, and a further 9% is protection forest. When legally established, the national

262

forest priority areas of Ethiopia will be zoned into management blocks for production, conservation and protection purposes.

7.4.2 Conservation Areas within Forestry, Wildlife and Additional Sectors

Coverage There are more than 800 notified conservation areas in the East Sahel, covering 43.3 million ha or 8.3% of total area (Fig. 7.1). The forestry sector is directly responsible for over 600 conservation areas, covering approximately 2.4 million ha or 0.4% of total area for the subregion. All of these lie in Kenya (>200 forest reserves) and Uganda (> 460 forest reserves) (Table 7.3).

Approximately 9% of conservation areas are under total protection, covering 3.0% of area in the subregion (Table 7.3). Most of these fall within the wildlife sector. The rest are partially protected.

The target of 10% of total area under protection for conservation purposes has been reached by Uganda (23.7%), Ethiopia (15.9%), and Kenya (10.3%). The Sudan is half-way towards reaching the target. Least extensive are the networks of Djibouti (0.4%) and Somalia (0.8%). About 73% of the conservation area in Ethiopia, and over 50% of lands in Uganda, however, is tied up in game sanctuaries and controlled hunting areas which make minimal provision for habitat protection and are designated essentially for hunting purposes.

Representativeness Nature conservation areas have often been established haphazardly in the past, with little regard to ecological or other criteria for their selection. This is reflected in the existing networks of Djibouti, with dense forest habitats needing further protection (Welch & Welch, 1985), and Ethiopia where a number of important ecosystems are largely unprotected (Friis & Tadesse, 1990). A number of programmes and plans, however, have been formulated which recommend an expansion to the conservation areas network in Ethiopia.

In Kenya, national parks and conservation areas in the wildlife sector are found in the majority of habitat types for the country. The largest proportion of these, however, are found in arid and semi-arid regions (Pertet, n.d.). In response to this, the Kenya Wildlife Service is striving to create a national network of conservation areas and is developing a systems plan (KWS, 1990). Within the forestry sector, the establishment of a further 500,000ha in forest reserves is awaiting legal notification.

In Somalia there is an urgent need to establish a conservation areas system, made almost impossible by the current security problems and drought. The majority of conservation areas in Sudan are in savanna woodlands, found mainly in the inaccessible south, and no conservation areas occur in desert and Sahelian zones which make up half the country (Stuart & Adams, 1990).

Uganda is considered to have a good system of parks and reserves. Nevertheless, 25 out of 94 non-aquatic ecosystems are totally unprotected or only have small portions within forest or wildlife reserves. To afford a greater degree of protection, the Forestry Department has recently created a number of sites of special scientific interest, and is currently looking to expand nature reserves from 5% to 20% of total reserved forest area (Forest Department, pers. comm., 1990; Howard, 1988).

Integrity Using mean size as a measure of integrity, data in Table 7.4 indicate that forest reserves serving a conservation or protection function in Kenya tend to be small, the majority being less than 1,000ha in size. Similarly, the totally protected nature reserves of Kenya and Uganda have a mean size of less than 6,000ha. In the wildlife sector, established conservation areas in Sudan and Ethiopia tend to be large, with totally protected areas in Sudan having a mean size greater than one million ha. Partially protected areas in Uganda and Somalia have a mean in excess of 120,000ha, while those of Kenya are less than 60,000ha. Significantly, however, totally protected areas in Uganda and in particularly, Kenya, are a respectable size, having a mean larger than 100,000ha. Conservation areas in Djibouti tend to be on the small side.

The mean size of partially protected areas (7,050ha) in the forestry sector, made up exclusively of forest reserves, is almost twice that of totally protected areas (4,675ha). This reflects the relatively small size of nature reserves in the subregion. In the wildlife sector, the mean size of totally protected areas (282,39Sha) is slightly larger than that for partially protected sites (239,242ha). National parks constitute the bulk of the former category, and by definition tend to be relatively large areas to provide a range of services. Partially

263

protected areas comprise mainly game reserves, controlled hunting areas, and sanctuaries. Significantly, conservation areas in the wildlife sector tend to be considerably larger than those in the forestry sector.

Effectiveness Apart from gaps in the representation of the subregion’s biological diversity within existing conservation area networks, conservation efforts are limited by weaknesses in policy and legislation, inadequate institutional support and ineffective management.

As mentioned in Section 7.2, nature conservation policies in both the forestry and wildlife sectors have been formulated or are in the process of being drafted or amended for all countries of the subregion, the exception being Djibouti.

For a number of countries, legislation needs strengthening or updating. For example, existing forestry laws need to be reviewed in Kenya, and regulations enacted in Ethiopia to allow for the legal establishment of conservation areas and national forest priority areas. New definitions for the various types of conservation areas in the wildlife sector also need to be established in Ethiopia. In Somalia, the need for new legislation covering all aspects of forestry and wildlife has been recognised. As such, a wildlife law was drafted in 1990 which makes provision for a number of conservation area designations, and it has been recommended that complimentary forestry legislation be prepared. Security problems in a number of countries of the subregion have frequently hampered the enactment of conservation areas legislation.

Institutional resources for conservation area management are inadequate in all countries within the subregion. Constraints include a lack of adequately trained staff, funds, resources, and scientific information upon which to base sound management decisions. These problems are most acute in Ethiopia, Somalia and Sudan, while the situation in Uganda is gradually improving after years of political turmoil. Further hindrances to conservation areas management are poor communication and transportation networks in a number of countries. Conservation areas management is further complicated where forestry and wildlife agencies are both involved: the need for, and often lack of coordinated management in Kenya’s nature reserves is a prime example.

Low priority and a general lack of commitment of resources for conservation areas is largely responsible for many of the deficiencies in their management. This situation is exacerbated by countries having an unclear programme or weak planning of their conservation area networks. Very few conservation areas in the subregion have management plans, and for those which do exist, they are largely out-of-date or difficult to implement. For example, the- management plans for conservation areas in Uganda have been mostly forgotten and never acted upon, while all working plans for forest reserves in the country are out-of-date. The majority of conservation areas in Somalia, Sudan, and to a lesser extent Ethiopia, exist on paper only, while the boundaries of conservation areas in the wildlife sector of Uganda and protected forests in Somalia are ill-defined.

Common threats to the subregion’s conservation areas include poaching, expansion of human settlements, illegal grazing, shifting cultivation, unauthorised extraction of timber, fuelwood and minor forest products, uncontrolled bushfires, and, in the cases of Sudan and Kenya, dams and irrigation schemes. These threats are compounded by a rapidly growing population in the subregion, civil unrest in a number of countries, and famine in drought-stricken areas.

7.4.3 Contribution of the Forestry Sector to Nature Conservation

Data in Table 7.2 indicate that the contribution of the forestry sector to nature conservation is minimal (0.5 %) in terms of the total area of the subregion under protection and conservation forest. Although data for Somalia are missing, it is likely that the contribution of this country to the total would not be significant (<0.1%). In contrast, about 95% of the conservation area network falls within the domain of the wildlife sector, covering 7.9% of total area of the subregion (Table 7.3).

264

7.5 FUTURE PROSPECTS 7.5.1 Expanding the Conservation Area Network

Official proposals to expand the conservation area network total 9.3 million ha, or 1.8% of the total area of the subregion (Table 7.3). Two-thirds of this is proposed in the wildlife sector, with the majority of sites to be afforded partial protection. Improvements to the network affect 1.6 million ha in Sudan, 2.4 million ha in Ethiopia, and 4.6 million ha in Somalia. Proposed areas in Ethiopia already exist as de facto national forest priority areas which serve protection and production functions.

Other significant extensions to existing national networks are planned for Sudan and Kenya. Proposals for 20% of reserved forest lands to be designated as nature reserves in Uganda will afford protection to the entire variety of ecosystems within forest reserves, include medium altitude forest and critical sites of biological diversity (Howard, 1988; Pomeroy, 1990).

7.5.2 Other National Initiatives

Strengthening networks A variety of initiatives to strengthen conservation areas planning and management is being implemented or formulated. Following the National Programme for the Conservation and Management of Forests, Wildlife, Soils and Water and its Tropical Forestry Action Plan, Ethiopia has demarcated 58 national forest priority areas and is considering the establishment of a number of wildlife reserves and national parks. Under the Kenya Indigenous Forest Conservation Project, an additional 500,000ha of conservation forest have been earmarked for notification, forest inventories are being conducted, and management plans are being drawn up (World Bank, 1988). Under the World Bank’s Environmental Action Plan for Somalia, the remnant riverine forests of the Jubba valley have been established as a priority concern, while a Tropical Forestry Action Plan has recently been initiated in the country (IUCN, 1990; Stuart & Adams, 1990). The Five-year Development Programme 1987-1991 for Sudan includes increasing the area of savanna forest reserves to be brought under protection and management (World Bank, 1986), while a government/ICBP conservation programme is assisting with managing reserves (Stuart & Adams, 1990). The European Commission has funded the Natural Forest Management and Conservation Project in Uganda which supports the Forestry Department in its goal to expand nature reserves in the country, while a conservation project has begun for the degraded forests of Mount Elgon, Kibale, and Semliki (Harcourt, in press).

Overcoming Economic Constraints Funding is a major factor which limits the effective management of conservation areas. In addition to the aid projects mentioned above, the Elephant Action Plans, prepared for most countries in the subregion, identify funding and project priority areas.

Since 1987, tourism has been the largest foreign exchange earner in Kenya, with the Kenya Wildlife Service receiving KSh 130 million in 1990. It has been suggested that a Wildlife Conservation Trust be established as a long-term strategy to strengthen the Uganda National Parks and Game Department (Pomeroy, 1990).

Improving Management Within the subregion, there are several initiatives which attempt to link conservation with development in and around conservation areas. Two examples are the management of wildlife outside conservation areas by local residents under the Kenya Wildlife Service’s Community Wildlife Programme, and a collaborative government/FAO/UNDP project in Somalia which has been working towards applying the benefits of conservation to local communities (Stuart & Adams, 1990). Goals of forest management in Sudan include the need to increase the area and protection of forest reserves in woodland areas, and promote multiple- use management to benefit people living near forest reserves (ESMAP, 1986). The National Rehabilitation and Development Plan 1988/89-1991/92 of Uganda includes provision for the integration of wildlife management with rural development (Uganda National Parks, 1991), while the management of forest parks will involve an Advisory Committee composed of local authorities and community leaders.

7.5.3 International Initiatives

Conventions and Programmes Most countries within the subregion participate in one or more international conventions and programmes concerned with conservation areas (Table 7.5). All countries except Djibouti and

265

Somalia have accepted or ratified the Convention Concerning the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, but only Ethiopia has had a natural property inscribed on the World Heritage List.

Kenya and Uganda have acceded to or ratified the Ramsar Convention, while Kenya, Sudan and Uganda all participate in the Unesco Man and Biosphere Programme. To date, five biosphere reserves have been created in Kenya. All countries of the subregion have either ratified or are signatory to the AfricanConvention, which defines several designations of conservation area.

Cooperative agreements Cooperation within the subregion is difficult due to civil unrest in a number of countries. Nevertheless, an action plan to conserve and strengthen the Mara-Serengeti ecosystem between Kenya and Tanzania, and an agreement between Sudan and Egypt to establish the Gebel Elba Conservation Area, are examples of cooperative arrangements being attempted. The existence of a number of transboundary conservation areas in the region provides a departure point for further advancements.

7.6 PRIORITIES FOR ACTION

Priorities for conservation action in the subregion were reviewed as part of the JUCN Systems Review of the Afrotropical Realm (Mackinnon and MacKinnon, 1986), and in the accompanying Action Strategy (UCN, 1987), but these are somewhat dated.

Priorities have been reviewed more recently by IUCN (1992) in preparation for the IV World Parks Congress. These are generalised, recognising that translation of priorities into action will vary according to national conservation objectives, history and political will. They provide a foundation to the more specific priorities identified in this report and summarised in Table 7.6.

In conclusion, progress throughout the subregion has been hindered by civil unrest, environmental conditions (i.e. drought), and the demand on resources by rapidly growing human populations. Not surprisingly, the greatest progress has been made in those countries where these seemingly intractable problems have been minimal. Governments of the subregion are aware of the need for conservation area networks, well-funded institutions and up-to-date policy and legislation but have their hands tied by more immediate demands.

266

REFERENCES

ESMAP (1986). Fuelwood/forestry project feasibility aide mémoire. Energy Sector Management Assistance Programme. 23 pp.

Friis, I. and Tadesse, M. (1990). The evergreen forests of tropical N.E. Africa. In: Mitt. Inst. Allg. Bot. Hamburg 23a: 249-263.

Harcourt, C.A. (1991). Chapter 31: Uganda. In: J.A. Sayer, C.A. Harcourt, N.M. Collins (Eds.) (In press), The conservation atlas of tropical forests. Africa. Prepared by IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and WCMC, Cambridge, UK. MacMillan Press, London.

Howard, P.C. (1988). Nature conservation in Uganda’s tropical forest reserves. Kampala, Uganda. Unpublished draft. 302 pp.

IUCN (1987). Action strategy for protected areas in the Afrotropical Realm. YUCN, Gland, Switzerland and

Cambridge, UK. 56 pp.

TUCN (1990). The IUCN Sahel Programme progress report: 1 December 1989 - 31 May 1990. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. 32 pp.

IUCN (1992). Regional Review - Eastern Africa. In: Regional reviews. TUCN, Gland, Switzerland. Pp. 2.1 -2.30.

KWS (1990). Kenya Wildlife Service - A policy framework and development programme 1991-96: Annex 6 - Community conservation and wildlife management outside parks and reserves. Kenya Wildlife Service, Nairobi. 181 pp.

MacKinnon, J. and Mackinnon, K. (1986). Review of the protected areas system in the Afrotropical Realm. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK/UNEP, Nairobi, Kenya. 259 pp.

Pertet, F. (n.d.). Endangered and critical habitat areas in Kenya. Nairobi, Kenya. 14 pp.

Pomeroy, D.E. (Ed.) (1990). Forum II - conservation of biodiversity in Uganda. Proceedings of the Second

Conservation Forum, 8-10 February, Kabarole District, Uganda. 63 pp.

Stuart, S.N. and Adams, R.J. (1990). Biodiversity in Sub-saharan Africa and its islands: conservation, management and sustainable use. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. 242 pp.

Uganda National Parks (1991). Elephant conservation plan - Uganda. Uganda National Parks, Kampala.

52 pp.

Welch, G.R. and Welch, H.J. (1985). Djibouti II Autumn ’85. Privately published. 197 pp.

World Bank (1986). Sudan: Forestry Sector Review. Report No. 5911-SU. The World Bank, Washington, DC. 183 pp.

World Bank (1988). Kenya - Forestry subsector review. Report No. 6651-KE. Agricultural Operations Division, Eastern Africa Department. 41 pp.

267

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Forestry Department, National Range Agency

Wildlife Department, National Range Agency

Wildlife Department, National Range Agency

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Table 7.2 Extent of notified natural forests, classified by forest function. Units are in sq. km, followed by % total area. Full data, with sources, are given in Annex 7.2.

Country Total FOREST FUNCTION SUBREGION Area Production Protection Conservation Total Djibouti 23,200 0 0 0 0 (0.0) Ethiopia’ 1,221,900 0 0 0 0 (0.0) Kenya” 580,370 0 0 14,741 (2.5) 14,741 (2.5) Somalia’ 637,660 ? 4 ? ? Sudan‘ 2,505,810 12,700 (0.5) 0 0 12,700 (0.5) Uganda 235,880 3,575 (1.5) 1,145 (0.5) 8,067 (3.4) 12,787 (5.4)

EAST SAHELIAN AFRICA 5,204,820 >16,275(>0.3) >1,145 (4 >22,808(>0.4) >40,228 (>0.8)

? No information

‘National forest priority areas await legal gazettement. Although de facto protected areas, they are not included.

* All forest reserves (except plantations) are classified as conservation forest in view of the 1986 ban on felling of indigenous trees.

* There are 27 ’protected forests’ in the country, but no data are available.

“The total for natural production forest is inflated because it includes unknown amounts of protection forest, and may include some plantation forest.

271

Table 7.3 Extent of notified and proposed conservation areas, classified by sector and national designation. Management categories are assigned to designations based on national legislation (P = partial protection with local, sustainable extractive uses; T = total protection with no extractive uses). Totals for proposed sites may be inflated because they may include areas of properties already protected but proposed for upgrading to higher conservation status. Details of individual properties are given in Annex 7.2. N is the total number of conservation areas.

COUNTRY Man. Sector Cat.

National designation

DJIBOUTI (23,200 sq. km)

Wildlife Sector Integral Reserve National Park Territorial Park Subtotals (% total area)

HHH

Totals (% total area)

ETHIOPIA (1,221,900 sq. km)

Forest Sector National Forest Priority Area’ P Subtotals (% total area)

Wildlife Sector Controlled Hunting Area Marine National Park National Park Sanctuary Wildlife Reserve Subtotals (% total area)

wHHAHY

Totals (% total area)

KENYA (580,370 sq. km)

Forest Sector Forest Reserve Nature Reserve Subtotals (% total area)

WJ

Wildlife Sector Game Sanctuary Marine National Park Marine National Reserve National Park National Reserve Subtotals (% total area)

uwvHUHY

Totals (% total area)

272

WR

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67

Notified

Area (ha) N

Oo * 10,000

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10,000 * f°) ( 0.4)

[o} ow

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13,182,300 * 200,000 2,082,900 957,300 2,982,400

19,404,900 * ( 15.9)

oo00000

19,404,900 * 0) ( 15.9)

1,421,400 * 132 52,679 * {e)

1,474,079 * 132 (| 2.5)

500 43,700 70,609 2,905,261 1,527,333 4,547,403

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mOWOrFO

6,021,482 * 136 ( 10.3)

Proposed Area(ha) (0) te) 0 fe) ( 0.0) fe) ( 0.0) 2,443,107 2,443,107 ( 2.0) 0 0 10} ie} {0} (0) ( 0.0) 2,443,107 (| 2.0) 581,261* O 581,261* ( 1.0) fe) 250 (0) 115,032 0 115,282 ( 0.2) 696,543* ( 1.2)

COUNTRY Man. Notified Proposed

Sector Cat. National designation N Area(ha) N Area (ha)

SOMALIA (637,660 sq. km)

Wildlife Sector Controlled Hunting Area P 3 oO * 0) 0 Game Reserve P 4 344,360 * (0) (0) National Park T 0 Oo 11 2,240,000* Nature Reserve P 2 180,190 (0) 10) Partial Game Reserve P 4 Oo * (6) 0 Wildlife Reserve P 0 0 10 2,350,000* Subtotals 13 524,550 * 21 4,590,000* (% total area) ( 0.8) ( 7.2)

Totals 13 524,550 * 21 4,590,000* (% total area) ( 0.8) ( 7.2)

SUDAN (2,505,810 sq. km)

Wildlife Sector Bird Sanctuary P 0 fe) 8 14,200* Game Reserve P 14 3,130,000 5 600,000* Managed Nature Reserve P (0) (0) a 12,000 Marine National Park T 1 26,000 1 O* National Park T 7 8,473,000 2 76,000* Nature Conservation Area P 0 (0) 5 880,000* Wildlife Sanctuary P 3 95,500 (0) 0 Subtotals 25 11,724,500 22 1,582,200* (% total area) ( 4.6) ( 0.6)

Totals 25 11,724,500 22 1,582,200* (% total area) ( 4.6) ( 0.6)

UGANDA (235,880 sq. km)

Forest Sector Forest Reserve P ? 872,116 (0) (0) Nature Reserve T 12 45,509 al 3,054 Site of Special Scientific P 4 3,574 0 te) Subtotals 16 921,199 1 3,054 (% total area) ( 3.9) ( 0.0)

Wildlife Sector Controlled Hunting Area P 14 2,828,501 * (0) (0) Game Reserve P 11 919,215 (¢) (0) National Park T 6 833,606 {e) 0 Sanctuary P 8 98,816 (0) 0 Subtotals 39 4,680,138 * (0) 0 (% total area) ( 19.8) ( 0.0)

Totals 55 5,601,337 * 1 3,054 (% total area) ( 23.7) ( 0.0)

273

COUNTRY Man. Notified Proposed

Sector Cat... ——_______ a National designation N Area(ha) N Area(ha)

—___—_—_—_——..c.|: oo — — — — —

EAST SAHELIAN AFRICA (5,204,820 sq. km) - summary by sector

Forestry Sector 27 2,395,278 * 133 3,027,422* (% total area) ( 0.5) ( 0.6) Wildlife Sector 178 40,891,491 * 47 6,287,482* (% total area) (( Hot))) ( 1.2) Additional Sector or sector unknown 0 (0) (0) (0) (% total area) ( 0.0) ( 0.0)

nnn n nnn n ccc ccc cnc nee

EAST SAHELIAN AFRICA (5,204,820 sq. km) - summary by management category

Total protection 80 15,629,955 * 19 2,434,336* (% total area) ( 3.0) ( 0.5) Partial protection 125 27,656,814 * 161 6,880,568* (% total area) ( 5.3) ( 1.3) Degree of protection unknown (0) (0) 0 (0) (% total area) ( 0.0) ( 0.0) Totals 205 43,286,769 * 180 9,314,904* (% total area) ( 8.3) ( 1.8)

S:.°>"—"—“——“Own—nawqe0”76wSBEea=q_j_l— eee * Subtotal is incomplete because of missing data for either number of sites or area covered.

274

Table 7.4(a) | Frequency distributions of notified and proposed conservation area sizes, with means, classified by management category (P = partial protection with local, sustainable extractive uses; T = total protection with no extractive uses), for (a) Forestry, (b) Wildlife and (c) Additional sectors.

Mean Number in each size class (ha) N size —— a) Forestry Sector (ha) <1000 1001- 10001-

10,000 100,000 >100,000

KENYA Notified sites T 9 5,853 5 3 1 (0) P 229 7,157 132 60 36 1 Total 238 7,108 137 63 37 1 Proposed sites P 125 4,650 91 24 9 1 Total 125 4,650 91 24 9 1

UGANDA Notified sites T 12 3,792 3 8 1 (0) P 4 893 2 2 0 {0} Total 16 3,067 5 10 1 fo) Proposed sites T 1 3,054 (0) 1 {e) {e) Total 1 3,054 0 1 (0) 0

EAST SAHELIAN AFRICA

Notified sites T 21 4,675 8 11 2 (0) P 233 7,050 134 62 36 1 Total 254 6,853 142 73 38 1 Proposed sites T 1 3,054 (0) 1 {e) (0) ; P 125 4,650 91 24 9 1 Total 126 4,637 91 25 9 1

Note that N (the total number of conservation areas) does not necessarily equate to N in Table 7.3, because the areas of some individual properties may be unknown.

Countries for which there are no relevant data are not included in the table.

275

Table 7.4(b) Frequency distributions of notified and proposed conservation area sizes, with means, classified by management category (P = partial protection with local, sustainable extractive uses; T = total protection with no extractive uses), for (a) Forestry, (b) Wildlife and (c) Additional sectors.

Mean Number in each size class (ha) N size b) Wildlife Sector (ha) <1000 1001- 10001-

10,000 100,000 >100,000

DJIBOUTI Notified sites T 1 10,000 (0) 1 0 (0) Total 1 10,000 (0) 1 (0) (0) ETHIOPIA Notified sites T 13 249,246 (0) 1 4 8 P 25 646,588 0 (0) 2 23 Total 38 510,655 (0) 1 6 31 KENYA Notified sites T 27 109,220 6 6 11 4 P 29 55,118 1 7 14 7 Total 56 81,203 7 13 25 11 Proposed sites T 4 28,820 1 fe) 3 ce) Total 4 28,820 1 (0) 3 (0) SOMALIA Notified sites P 4 131,137 1 0 1 2 Total 4 131,137 1 {0} 1 2 Proposed sites T 8 280,000 (0) 1 2 5 P 7 335,714 (0) 0 (0) 7 Total 15 306,000 (0) 1 2 12 SUDAN Notified sites T 8 1,062,375 (0) (0) 3 5 : P 17 189,735 2 2 6 7 Total 25 468,980 2 2 9 12 Proposed sites T 1 76,000 {e) (0) 1 Oo P 10 150,620 (0) 3 2 5 Total 11 143,836 (0) 3 3 5 UGANDA Notified sites T 6 138,934 (0) 1 2 3 P 31 124,081 1 5 17 8 Total 37 126,490 1 6 19 11 EAST SAHELIAN AFRICA Notified sites T 55 282,395 6 9 20 20 P 106 239,242 5 14 40 47 Total 161 253,984 11 23 60 67 Proposed sites T 13 187,021 1 1 6 5 P 17 226,835 fo) 3 2 12 Total 30 209,582 1 4 8 17

Note that N (the total number of conservation areas) does not necessarily equate to N in Table 7.3, because the areas of some individual properties may be unknown.

Countries for which there are no relevant data are not included in the table.

276

Table 7.5

State parties to international (and regional) conventions or programmes concerning the conservation of natural areas, together with the number of properties (natural or mixed natural/cultural in the case of the World Heritage Convention) recognised

under respective conventions in brackets.

er World Heritage Biosphere Ramsar African

Convention Reserves’ Convention Convention Ea ae Be ea eee Rec e O e e

Ee ee ee SS A a | Sudentonns risratajon opel oro fh P old 30 EE

1987 (0) 1979 (1) 1988 (1)

‘Unesco MAB Project 8 R = ratified S = signatory

277

syuowpudep SoAlosal alnjeu pus syed WaloJ pus owen pus ‘sxivg [BUCTeNY BpuLs”~) UaY)BUaNS SO} JO WLIO} ay) UT UOTDa}0I1d Waysks009 pudXy UOljB[sIZa] UspBorq pue oyepd¢ Bpuesy) Axunod 9y} ynoyZnosy) soytAtjoV JO UOTBUTPIOOD s9U0Z SOAIOSAI JSAOJ UTYIIM UOIDa}0Id Joy ‘suonestuesio Arsaloy pue oft[pliMm usy)Zualjs uvljayeg pus Wosep opnpout 0} yJomyou puvdxq SUIMOT]B UOTB[SIZ9] solo} MOU JOBUT SOTAIOS OTP WBWOS o8A1D ylomyou oanujuasaidar ystiquisy uonje[st3ay ayepd—) aS ay

quowpedeg ysaloj oy) pus ylomyou

SOIAIOG SIIP[IA, BAUSY UseMJoq drysuonsar voy Buars SAlasal Jsaloy pusjxo puv uvjd susoysAs yuowodwy uonje[stZa_ oyepdy) Bhuoy quowyedeg uleyy juawdojaaeq svoie AjWWoud

pus uoNBAlIasuod sedInosey [BINjeAY oY} UstTuarS Salo} [BUOTeU Jo UOTISsN[oUT Aq YOmyou puedxq uolyesi3a] youu” uidomy

sued juoweseuew dojaaeq SUIBIUNOUW BIQUP] 0} pus}xq UOl}e[sIZ9] USpvoIg puB UdY}sUAal}G ynoqilq

“SBaIe UONPAIJOSUOD 0} BUTVeIAI UOTE JO} somtoIId euoWeu Jo AreuWING OL AGEL

Annex 7.1 List of conservation areas. Locations of most notified conservation areas are shown in the accompanying maps in Part III

DJIBOUTI

Integral Reserve 1 Maskali Sud 1980 Subtotal 1 site ha*

National Park 2 Foret du Day 10,000 1939 Subtotal 1 site 10,000 ha

Territorial Park 3 Musha 1972 Subtotal 1 site ha* Totals

Existing conservation areas 3 sites 10,000 ha* Proposed conservation areas 0 sites ha

* Subtotal is incomplete because of missing data.

279

ETHIOPIA

Controlled Hunting Areas

Afdem-Gewane Akobo Arsi Awash West Bale Borana Boyo Swamp Chercher & Arba Gugu Dabus Valley Eastern Hararghe (Harar-Wabi Shebelle) Erer-Gota Jikao Maze Mizan-Teferi Murle Omo West Segen Valley Tedo Subtotal 18 sites

Marine National Park

19

Dahlac Subtotal 1 site

National Parks

Abijatta-Shalla Lakes Awash Bale Mountains Gambella Mago Nechisar Omo Simen Mountains Yangudi Rassa Subtotal 9 sites

Sanctuaries

29 30 31

Babile Elephant Senkelle Swayne's Hartebeest Yabello Subtotal 3 sites

Wildlife Reserves

Alledeghi

Awash West

Bale

Chew Bahr

Gash-Setit

Gewane

Mille-Sardo

Nakfa

Shire

Tama

Yob Subtotal 11 sites

Totals

Existing conservation areas 42 sites Proposed conservation areas 0 sites

* Subtotal is incomplete because of missing data.

280

593,200 504,900 1,087,600 913,600 966,300 4,536,600

304,500 212,700 2,378,800 238,600 337,500

417,200 456,100

234,700 13,182,300

200,000 200,000

88,700 75,600 247,100 506,100 216,200 51,400 406,800 17,900 473,100 2,082,900

698,200

5,400 253,700 957,300

183,200 178,100 176,600 421,200 70,900 243,900 876,600 163,900 75,300 326,900 265,800 2,982,400

18,404,900 ha*

ha*

ha

ha

ha

ha

ha

1973 1973 1973 1973 1973 1973 1983 1973 1973 1973 1973 1973 1983 1985 1973 1973 1983 1973

1969

1970 1966 1969 1974 1978 1973 1966 1966 1976

1970 1972 1985

1973 1973 1973 1973 1959 1973 1973 1959 1973 1973 1959

KENYA

Forest Reserves!

Aberdares (Central Muranga) Aberdares (Central Nyandarua) Aberdares (Central Nyeri) Arabuko Sokoke Bahati Bojoge

Buda

Bunyala Cheboyit Chembartigon Chemorogok Chemurokoi Chepalungu Chepkuchumo Cherial Choke (Mnjonyi) Dagoretti East Ngamba Eastern Mau Eburu Eldoret I & II Embakasi Embobut Escarpment Fururu Gogoni

Gonja Ikilisa Iveti

Jombo Kabarak Kabiok Kaisungor Kakamega Kalimani Kamiti Kangure Kapchemutwa Kapchorua I Kapchorua IV Kapkanyar Kapolet Kapsaret Kaptagat Kaptaroi Kaptimom Karua A Karua B Karua C Karura Kasigau Katende Katimok Kemeto

Kenze

Kerrer Kessop Ketnwan Kiagu Kiambicho Kiambu Kiamuti Kibithewa Kibwezi

281

1943 1943 1943 1943 1932 1991 1932 1956 1941 1949 1949 1941 1956 1962 1949 1991 1938 1978 1941 1932 1966 1941 1954 1941 1991 1932 1961 1960 1933 1941 1962 1949 1941 1933 1960 1933 1961 1941 1941 1941 1967 1941 1932 1941 1936 1949 1961 1961 1961 1932 1941 1960 1949 1949 1960 1954 1941 1949 1959 1961 1932 1961 1959 1936

Kieiga

Kierera Kiganjo

Kijabe Hill Kijegge Kikingo

Kikuyu Escarpment Kilala

Kilombe Hill Kilulunyi Kilungu Kimojoch Kinyesha Mvua Kinyo Kiongwani

Kioo

Kipipiri Kipkabus (Elg-Marak) Kipkabus (Uasin/Gishu) Kipkunurr Kiptaberr Kitalale Kitale Town Kiteta Kithendu Kitondu

Kitoo Kitumbuuni

Kiu (Ngungu) Kyai

Kyemundu Lariak

Lelan

Lembus

Leroghi

Leshau Loitokitok Londiani Lugari

Lusoi

Maatha

Macha

Magumo North Magumo South Mailuganji Maji Mazuri Makongo-kitui Makongo-machakos Makuli-nguuta Malaba Mangrove Swamp Maragoli Marenji Marmanet

Marop

Marsabit

Mataa

Matthews Range Mau Narok Mbili Mchungunyi Menengai

Meru (Lower Imenti) Meru (Upper Imenti) Metkei Mkongani North Mkongani West

282

1959 1959 1932 1980 1959 1959 1943 1960 1936 1991 1933 1949 1991 1949 1960 1960 1956 1961 1941 1941 1967 1977 1932 1933 1960 1960 1960 1960 1960 1960 1960 1932 1958 1959 1936 1960 1977 1932 1977 1984 1959 1991 1978 1979 1941 1932 1961 1960 1960 1933 1932 1957 1967 1932 1949 1932 1960 1956 1967 1991 1991 1977 1938 1938 1954 1956 1956

Modagache (Weni-tole) Molo

Momandu Mosegem

Mount Elgon Mount Kenya Mount Londiani Mount Nyiru Mrima Mtarakwa Muguga

Mukobe Mukogodo Mumbaka Mumoni Hill Munguni Muringato Nursery Mutejwa Mutharanga Mutito

Mutula

Mwachi Mwachora Mwakamu Mwandongo Nabkoi

Nairobi Arboretum Nakuru

Namanga Hill Namuluku

Nandi North Nandi South Nanyungu

Ndare

Ndatai Ndiwenyi Ndotos Range Nduluni-kalani Ngaia

Ngamba

Ngong Hills Ngong Road Njuguni

North Mbooni Nthangu

Ntugi

Nuu

Nyambeni Nyamweru

Nyeri

Nyeri Hill Nyeri Municipality Nzaui Ol-arabel Ol1-bolossat Ol-pusimoru Ololua

Pemwai Perkerra Catchment Rumuruti

Saimo

Sanao

Sekenwo Sekhendu Shimba

Sogotio

Sokta Hill

283

1991 1932 1955 1949 1932 1943 1932 1956 1961 1949 1938 1962 1937 1986 1938 1959 1932 1959 1959 1962 1960 1938 1991 1991 1991 1932 1932 1977 1979 1986 1936 1936 1986 1932 1960 1991 1956 1960 1959 1961 1985 1932 1959 1933 1960 1959 1961 1959 1941 1932 1944 1987 1960 1941 1938 1957 1941 1949 1962 1932 1949 1949 1962 1977 1956 1941 1949

199 South Laikipia 200 South Mbooni 201 South-western Mau 202 Southern Mau 203 Susu 204 Tarambas Hill 205 Taressia 206 Thunguru Hill 207 Thuuri 208 Timau 209 Timboroa 210 Tinderet 211 Tinderet North 212 Tingwa Hill 213 Toropket 214 Transmara 215 Tulimani 216 Tumeya (Elgeyo Marakwet) 217 Tumeya (Uasin Gishu) 218 Turbo 219 Tutwoin 220 Uaso Narok 221 Ururu 222 Utangwa 223 Utunene 224 Uuni 225 Waiya 226 Wanga 227 Weni-Mwana 228 West Molo 229 Western Mau 230 Witu Subtotal 230 sites

Game Sanctuary 231 Maralai Subtotal 1 site

Marine National Parks 232 Kisite/Mpunguti 233 Malindi 234 Mombasa 235 Ras Tenewi 236 Watamu Subtotal 5 sites

Marine National Reserves 237 Kiunga 238 Malindi 239 Mombasa 240 Mpunguti 241 Watamu Subtotal 5 sites

National Parks

242 Aberdare

243 Amboseli

244 Arabuko Sokoke 245 Central Island 246 Chyulu

247 Hell's Gate 248 Kora

249 Lake Nakuru 250 Longonot

251 Malka Mari

252 Meru

253 Mount Elgon

284

3,472 1932

208 1933 82,411 1932 136 1941

2 1991

423 1949 385 1936 631 1959 735 1959 295 1950

5,891 1932 27,870 1932 26,150 1932

915 1954 117 1941 35,270 1941 326 1960 366 1961 215 1941 10,788 1968 12 1949 2,041 1960 433 1936

55 1960

166 1960

93 1960

263 1960

77 1986

5 1991

275 1932

19,833 1932 3,938 1962 1,639,079 ha*

500 500 ha

3,900 1978 600 1968 1,000 1986 35,000 1991 3,200 1968 43,700 ha

25,000 1979 21,309 1968 20,000 1986 1,100 1978 3,200 1968

70,609 ha

76,619 1950

39,206 1974 600 1990 500 1983

47,090 1983 6,800 1984 178,780 1989 18,800 1967 5,200 1983 87,600 1989 87,044 1966 16,923 1968

254 Mount Kenya

255 Nairobi

256 Ndere Island

257 Ol Donyo Sabuk

258 Ruma

259 Saiwa Swamp

260 Sibiloi

261 South Island

262 Tsavo East

263 Tsavo West Subtotal

National Reserves

264 Arawale

265 Bisanadi

266 Boni

267 Buffalo Springs

268 Dodori

269 Kakamega

270 Kamnarok

271 Kerio Valley

272 Lake Bogoria

273 Losai

274 Marsabit

275 Masai Mara

276 Mwea

277 Nasolot

278 Ngai Ndethya

279 North Kitui

280 Rahole

281 Samburu

282 Shaba

283 Shimba Hills

284 South Kitui

285 South Turkana

286 Tana River Primate Subtotal

Nature Reserves

287 Arabuko Sokoke

288 Cheptugen-Kapchemutwa

289 Kaimosi Forest

290 Kaptagat Forest

291 Karura

292 Katimok Kabarnet

293 Langata

294 Mbololo

295 Nandi North

296 South-Western Mau

297 Uaso Narok Subtotal

Proposed (Forest Reserves) Aroso Awach Nursery Aywaya Bondoni Boni Bura Nursery Chawia Chepnyal Cheptiram Chonyi-kaya Endau (Kenya) Fighi Juu Mkumu Fungo-kaya Gaikuyu

22 sites

23 sites

11 sites

285

3,880 1,174,700 906,500 2,905,261

53,324 60,600 133,900 13,100 87,739 4,468 8,774 6,570 10,705 180,680 208,800 151,000 6,803 9,200 21,209 74,500 127,000 16,500 23,910 19,251 183,300 109,100 16,900 1,527,333

3,434 43,032 1,575 52,679

294 2 142

18,466 10

ha

ha

ha*

1949 1946 1986 1967 1983 1974 1973 1983 1948 1948

1974 1979 1976 1985 1976 1985 1983 1983 1970 1976 1949 1974 1976 1979 1976 1979 1976 1985 1974 1968 1979 1979 1976

1979

1978 1961 1981

Gembe

Giribe

God Kwach

Goye

Gwasi

Homa

Huri Hills Igho Mkundu Igi Ikumu

Imba

Irizi

Jaycee Jibana-kaya Kabonge

Kakuzi Hill Kalangu Kamatira Kambe-kava Kanzulu Karaini Karangu Kasigau Nursery Kauma-kaya Kaya Ribe Kegonga Kiambere Kiangombe Kianjiru Kibauni

Kigala Kingatua

Kiria

Kirimiri Kitovo

Kodera

Kodera Forest Area Koguta

Kotim

Kuja Bull Camp Kwa Hill Kwisagat Kyawea

Lambwe

Latema

Loima Hills Lowero Hills Lungi

Maeta Hill

Mai

Maimu Makinyambu Makutani

Mango

Mangrove (Mto Tana) Mangrove (Res Mwachera) Marabu-Magina Maranga Marigat

Masai Mau Matha

Mavindi Mbololo Juu Mbololo Mwambirua Mikuro

Miriu Mngambua (Mwawanyu) Molinduko

286

Mount Kulal Mraru Mugabwa (Ngabwa) Mumoni Museve Mutha Muthini Mutuluni Mutunyi Muune Mwaganini Mwarungu Mworungu Ndhoani Ndune Ngangao Ngorome Njukini East Njukini West Nyamarere Nyasoko Nyasumbi Hill Ole Lengishu Onoo Water Point Otacho Rabai Rabuor Ramogi Ranen Rangwe Ronge Sagalla Sagegi Hill Salaita Sekerr Sodany Hill Sungululu Tana River (Bangali) Tana River (Herimani I & ITI) Tana River (Hewani) Tana River (Kokani) Tana River (Mbalambala) Tana River (Mwina) Tana River (Wayu I,II,III) Twanyoni Usenge Weni-mbogho Wesu Wire Yale Yekanga Subtotal

Proposed (Marine National Park)

Diani Complex Subtotal

Proposed (National Parks)

Arabuko Sokoke

Marsabit

South-Western Mau Subtotal

Totals

Existing conservation areas Proposed conservation areas

287

132 sites

1 site

3 sites

297 sites 136 sites

41,965

63

2

50

392

22

100 581,261 ha*

250 250 ha

36,000 36,000 43,032 115,032 ha

6,239,161 ha* 696,543 ha*

* Subtotal is incomplete because of missing data.

‘Includes an unknown number of plantation reserves covering a total area of 165,000ha.

288

SOMALIA

Controlled Hunting Areas

1 Borama District 1969 2 Bushbush 1969 3 Juba Left 1969 Subtotal 3 sites ha* Game Reserves 4 Bushbush 334,000 1969 5 Geedkabehleh 10,360 1969 6 Mandera 1969 7 Mogadishu 1969 Subtotal 4 sites 344,360 ha* Nature Reserves 8 Alifuuto (Arbowerow) 180,000 9 Balcad 190 1988 Subtotal 2 sites 180,190 ha Partial Game Reserves 10 Belet Wein 1969 11 Bulo Burti 1969 12 Jowhar 1969 13 Oddur 1969 Subtotal 4 sites ha*

Proposed (National Parks) Angole Farbiddu

Awdhegle-Gandershe 80,000 Daalo Forest 251,000 Gaan Libaah 50,000 Gezira Lagoon 5,000 Har Yiblane Jowhar-Warshek 220,000 Lag Badana-Bushbush 334,000 Lag Dere 500,000 Las Anod-Taleh-El Chebet 800,000 Rus Guba Subtotal 11 sites 2,240,000 ha* Proposed (Wildlife Reserves) Boja Swamps 110,000 Eji-Oobale El Hammure 400,000 Far Libah Far Wamo 140,000 Haradere-Awale Rugno 250,000 Hargan Dalandoole 800,000 Hobyo 250,000 Ras Hajun Zeila 400,000 Subtotal 10 sites 2,350,000 ha* Totals Existing conservation areas 13 sites 524,550 ha* Proposed conservation areas 21 sites 4,590,000 ha*

* Subtotal is incomplete because of missing data.

289

SUDAN

Game Reserves

Ashana

Bengangai

Bire Kpatuos

Chelkou

Fanyikango Island

Juba

Kidepo

Mbarizunga

Mongalla

10 Numatina

11 Rahad

12 Sabaloka

13 Tokar

14 Zeraf Subtotal

WDIMHDU &WNrH

Marine National Park 15 Sanganeb Atoll Subtotal

National Parks 16 Bandingilo 17 Boma 18 Dinder 19 Nimule 20 Radom 21 Shambe 22 Southern

Subtotal

Wildlife Sanctuaries 23 Arkawit 24 Arkawit-Sinkat 25 Khartoum Sunt Forest Subtotal

Proposed (Bird Sanctuaries) El Rosieris Dam Jebel Aulia Dam Khashm el Girba Dam Lake Abiad Lake Keilak Lake Kundi Lake Nubia Sennar Dam Subtotal

Proposed (Game Reserves) Abroch Boro Machar Meshra Wadi Howar Subtotal

Proposed (Managed Nature Reserve) Mukawwar Subtotal

Proposed (Marine National Park) Port Sudan Subtotal

Proposed (National Parks)

14 sites

1 site

7 sites

3 sites

8 sites

5 sites

1 site

1 site

290

90,000 17,000 500 550,000 48,000 20,000 120,000 1,000 7,500 210,000 350,000 116,000 630,000 970,000 3,130,000

26,000 26,000

1,650,000 2,280,000 890,000 41,000 1,250,000 62,000 2,300,000 8,473,000

82,000 12,000

1,500 95,500

150,000 450,000 600,000

12,000 12,000

ha

ha

ha

ha

ha*

ha*

ha

ha*

1939 1939 1939 1939 1935 1939 1975 1939 1939 1939 1939 1946 1939 1939

1990

1986 1986 1935 1954 1980 1985 1939

1939 1939 1939

Lantoto Suakin Archipelago Subtotal

Proposed (Nature Conservation Areas) Imatong Mountains Jebel Elba Jebel Marra massif Lake Ambadi Lake No Subtotal

Totals Existing conservation areas Proposed conservation areas

25 22

sites

sites

sites sites

* Subtotal is incomplete because of missing data.

291

76,000

76,000 100,000 480,000 150,000 150,000 880,000

11,724,500 1,582,200

ha*

ha*

ha ha*

UGANDA

Controlled Hunting Areas

ay OWUODYIRHKH UU k&WNHe

Buhuka

Central Karamoja (Napak)

East Madi

East Teso

Kaiso Tonya

Karuma

Katonga

Lipan

North Karamoja

North Teso

Sebei

Semliki

South Karamoja

West Madi Subtotal

Game Reserves

Ajai Bokora Corridor Bugungu Karuma Katonga Kibale Forest Corridor Kigezi Kyambura Manteniko Plain Upe Toro Subtotal

National Parks

26

Gorilla (Mgahinga)

Kidepo Valley

Lake Mburo

Mt Rwenzori

Murchison Falls

Queen Elizabeth* Subtotal

Nature Reserves

Igwe/Luvunya Kasagala Kisanju Maruzi Hills Ngogo North Mabira Ntendure Hill Nyakafunjo Rkungiri Waibira Wambabya Zoka Subtotal

Sanctuaries

44

Difule Animal

Entebbe Animal & Bird

Jinja Animal

Kazinga Animal

Malawa Bird

Mount Kei White Rhino

Otze Forest White Rhino

Zoka Forest Elephant Subtotal

292

14 sites

11 sites

6 sites

12 sites

8 sites

1,750 22,451 175,220

22,690 24,061 227,660 89,856 1,079,330

253,490 50,400 798,470 83,123 2,828,501 ha*

15,600 203,363 74,830 71,272 20,662 33,915 38,232 15,514 158,656 228,715 58,456 919,215 ha

2,445 134,400 53,600 61,361 384,000 197,800 833,606 ha

1,080 10,314 eating) 6,829 7,200 3,355 913 710 268 3,210 3,429 6,084

45,509 ha

1,024 5,120 3,261 2,243 768 45,220 20,480 20,700 98,816 ha

Sites of Special Scientific 52 Buto-Buvuma 53 Kifu 54 Mpanga 55 Nile Bank Subtotal

Proposed (Nature Reserve) West Bugwe Subtotal

Totals

Interest

4 sites

1 site

Existing conservation areas 55 sites Proposed conservation areas 1 site

* Subtotal is incomplete because of missing data.

293

3,054 3,054 ha

4,729,221 ha* 3,054 ha

1989 1989 1989 1989

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LA Hoe ti Eb Sarin abe = eocie 46 eee S S'mebed. oma btO.E se ee oo ig Semi Lied : : : 48 Gauthh Latemoje pial vateaia to eaveom woe! 4 Warr tc, Panty, le a ;

wimrotal | TS edieh neal y Uae A aaa ae wines “ ay

Came fava yer Ce WO athe 2s

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A 18 Sateen Kpoa meeelid 7 * Sc fee cies

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} af Rare ; resi Lo Tena ; ge sri © es al Lite) ts hts - ; rt mie iy _ 20 Binnie Forget cimeadios fe a, ‘ane (MA Kigtel “ ,

» 23 Rywierk 7 oe ae te | Se Ae me gee ow cite

24 Acie ‘tye Eins “el

7 ee ae i Ds ; nt = Pa oe y ohh wy ne ia 3 5 peta 1 See eee

Annex 7.2 Extent of notified forests by forest origin and forest function. Non—forest includes both degraded forest and lands not forested at the time of their reservation.

Region: Africa Sub—region: East Sahelian Africa Name of couniry/state: Djibouti

Total area (sq.km): 23200

Land area (sq.km): 23180

Month/year of reference: 1990

FORRES 7 FUNCTION

FOREST Production forests Protection forests Conservation forests

ORIGIN Existing Proposed __ Existing Proposed Existing Proposed (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha)

Natural

Non-—forest

Plantation

TOTAL 0 0 0 0 0 0

Notes: There are no forest reserves in Djibouti.

294

Annex 7.2 (continued)

Region: Africa Sub-—region: East Sahelian Africa Name of country/state: Ethiopia

Total area (sq.km): 1221900

Land area (sq.km): 1101000

Month/year of reference: August 1991.

FORE sot FUNCTION

FOREST Production forests Protection forests Conservation forests

ORIGIN Existing Proposed Existing Proposed __ Existing Proposed (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha)

Natural 1628738 2443107

Non-—forest

Plantation

TOTAL 0 1628738 0 2443107 0 0

Notes: Data provided by Kidane (State Forest Conservation and

Development Department), pers. SO, 30 August 1991. National forest priority areas are awaiting legal gazettement.

Most national forest priority areas serve a variety of production, conservation and protection functions and are being subdivided into relevant management blocks.

60% of national forest priority areas are inaccessible for commercial purposes (EFAP, 1991). 2,443,107 ha out of a total of 4,071,845 ha (60 %) has therefore been placed in the protection forest category.

295

Annex 7.2 (continued)

Region: Africa Sub—region: East Sahelian Africa Name of country/state: Kenya

Total area (sq.km): 580370

Land area (sq.km): 569690

Month/year of reference: August, 1991.

FOREST FUNCTION

FOREST Production forests Protection forests Conservation forests ORIGIN Existing Proposed Existing Proposed Existing Proposed (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha)

Natural 1474079 581261 Non-—forest Plantation 165000 TOTAL 165000 0 0 0 1474079 581261 Notes: Data provided by Omollo & Blackett, August 1991; Blackett,

March, 1992.

Forest reserves in Kenya have not been classified under the forest function categories above. However, the government banned all felling of indigenous trees in 1986. Therefore, the area of forest reserves, apart from the 165,000 ha of industrial plantations, has been placed under conservation forest.

There is about 53,000 ha of nature reserves found within

forest reserves and constitutes part of the total in the above table.

296

Annex 7.2 (continued)

Region: Africa Sub-—region: East Sahelian Africa Name of country/state: Somalia

Total area (sq.km): 637660

Land area (sq.km): 627340

Month/year of reference: October 1991.

FOREST FUNCTION

FOREST Production forests Protection forests Conservation forests ORIGIN Existing Proposed _ Existing Proposed __ Existing Proposed (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha)

Natural Non—forest Plantation TOTAL 0 0 0 0 0 0 Notes: According to Simonetta (pers. comm., 1987), there are 27

“protected forests" in the country. No further data is

available.

297

Annex 7.2 (continued)

Region: Africa Sub-—region: East Sahelian Africa Name of country/state: Sudan

Total area (sq.km): 2505810

Land area (sq.km): 2376000

Month/year of reference: September, 1991.

FOR E<Si hi EeUUN Gar AON

FOREST Production forests Protection forests Conservation forests

ORIGIN Existing Proposed __ Existing Proposed Existing Proposed (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha)

Natural 1270000 1600000

Non-—forest

Plantation

TOTAL 1270000 1600000 0 0 0 0

Notes: Data provided by Ali, pers. comm., 1991.

According to the Central Forests Act, forest reserves serve protection/conservation and production functions.

298

Annex 7.2 (continued)

Region: Africa Sub—region: East Sahelian Africa

Name of country/state: Uganda Total area (sq.km): 235880 Land area (sq.km): 199550

Month/year of reference: May 1990

FIOIRIESS 7 FUNCTION

FOREST Production forests Protection forests Conservation forests

ORIGIN Existing Proposed __ Existing Proposed Existing Proposed (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha)

Natural 357510 131827 114491 806708 3054

Non—forest

Plantation 25900

TOTAL 383410 131827 114491 0 806708 3054

Notes: Data provided by Byarugaba (Forest Department), pers.

comm., 21 May 1990; Kiwanuka (Forest Department), pers. comm., July 1990; Department of Environment Protection, 1992.

The total area of nature reserves (45,509 ha) which occurs within natural production forest is included under conservation forest. Conservation forest also includes 2 protection forests (125,625 ha), 4 sites of special

scientific interest (3,574 ha) and 461 savanna woodland reserves (632,000 ha).

One nature reserve constitutes the total in the proposed conservation forest category, while the 131,827 ha in the proposed production forest category is forest parks (Kiwanuka, pers. comm., 1991).

The 114,491 ha of protection forest is located in tropical high forest (production).

Several forest reserves have dual status as game reserves, animal sanctuaries or national park§g

8 WEST AFRICA

a

la f +> Ny ‘ bls al aan

Ded

8 WEST AFRICA

Benin, Céte d’Ivoire, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Togo

8.1 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE

Protection of nature in West Africa has its origins in oral customary law, traditional rules and taboos conceming hunting. Examples from Ghana include the protection of snails and tree species in sacred groves of the closed forest zone, and the establishment of a monkey sanctuary at Boabeng-Fiema in the Brong-Ahafo region. At Boabeng-Fiema, mona and black and white colobus monkeys are considered sacred and are protected as such.

The first protected areas were created in the early 20th century, when most of the countries in the region were under colonial rule. Colonial authorities in the subregion were Britain (Ghana, Nigeria, Sierra Leone) and France (Benin, Cote d’Ivoire, Guinea, Togo). Liberia is an exception in not having been subject to colonial tule.

8.2 NATURE CONSERVATION POLICY AND LEGISLATION

Legal provisions for the establishment of protected areas have been passed in all countries within the subregion. These are summarised in Table 8.1 and reviewed below.

Conservation areas in the subregion are designated either under the forest law, or under separate wildlife law. In both cases, designations are generally similar and follow those given in the African Convention of 1968. This provides definitions of strict nature reserve, national park and special reserve (which includes other areas such as game reserve, partial reserve, sanctuary and soil, water and forest reserve).

8.2.1 Forestry Sector

Policy Information on forest policy is only available for Ghana, Guinea, and Sierra Leone. In general, the role of forests, both in serving a conservation function and as a natural resource, is recognised in all three countries.

Legislation Forest policy and forest law in colonial Africa were based on experience from continental Europe, and reflect the idea, common at the time, that nature provides a readily exploited resource. Legislation principally concerned land tenure, and forest exploitation.

In British colonies, the early administrators followed the pattern of reservation of forest lands adopted in India. This mainly concerned establishment within a legal framework of a permanent forest estate the boundaries and use of which could only be amended by the highest authority in the land.

In francophone countries within the subregion, legislation was derived directly from France, a country with a long experience of temperate forestry. This legislation was based on the principle of Roman legislation, according to which any unoccupied land where existence of written ownership documents could not be proved, belonged to the state. All forest lands were thus declared state property, although local populations exercised many usage rights. Contradiction between oral customary law and the written regulations of the forest law resulted in a general reluctance of local people to accept the delineation of reserve forests. Since independence, French-speaking countries have tried to amend the regulations on forest ownership. However, as a general rule, the whole forest area is still considered to be state property (forét domaniale), the concept of private forests being virtually non-existent.

Throughout francophone countries, the concept still exists of state forests comprising classified forests and protected forests. Classified forests are gazetted areas in which customary rights of use are generally permitted, but which are otherwise generally protected. Protected forests comprise that part of the state forest not subject to individual classification orders, which therefore do not appear in Table 8.1. Within protected forests,

300

uncontrolled clearing and unauthorised logging are forbidden, as well as the regulation of customary rights which the population could otherwise exercise without restraint.

Most current forest laws within the subregion contain some reference to the multiple role and uses of forests for environmental protection and raw material production.

Information on existing forest legislation is not available for Togo, but a new Code de la Forét et de la Faune is due to be passed, which will make Togo the only country within the subregion not to have separate forest and wildlife legislation.

8.2.2 Wildlife Sector

Policy Information on wildlife policy is available only for Ghana, Liberia, Nigeria and Sierra Leone. In these countries, the importance of preserving wildlife is stressed. The need to ensure that local people benefit from protected areas is also recognised, for example, by permitting the use of protected areas as a source of bushmeat.

Legislation All countries within the region, other than Togo, have passed wildlife legislation designating protected areas. There is often close interlinkage between this and the forest legislation. Present nature conservation legislation in the subregion generally follows the 1968 (Algiers) African Convention. Designations are for national parks, strict nature reserves, wildlife sanctuaries, hunting reserves and sport hunting reserves, definitions of each category generally being similar throughout the region. The highest degree of protection is given in strict nature reserves, where access is only permitted for management purposes and scientific research. National parks are open to tourism, but residence is not permitted. Sanctuaries are for the protection of named species. Reserves in which hunting is permitted comprise hunting reserves, where subsistence hunting is allowed, and sport hunting reserves, where hunting for sport is permitted, usually following purchase of a permit. In general, many categories of conservation area have been defined for which there are as yet no examples on the ground.

8.2.3, Other Sectors Not applicable

8.3 MANAGED AREAS ADMINISTRATION

Departments responsible for administration of protected areas are given in Table 8.1. Categories are listed according to the language used in the original legislation. A glossary of terms (French, Portuguese and French) is given in Part I.

8.3.1 Forestry Sector

Administration of forestry is the responsibility of forest departments in the respective countries (Table 8.1). Most have histories dating back to colonial times, earlier this century. For all countries for which data is available, the forestry sector is responsible for at least some of the conservation areas.

8.3.2 Wildlife Sector

Conservation areas are generally managed under a single administrative organisation within the forest departments of countries within the subregion. The Wildlife Division has been upgraded to departmental status in Ghana, and recommendation has been made for upgrading the wildlife and national parks section in Liberia. Separate wildlife sections have not been established in Guinea or Togo, conservation areas in these countries being administered by the Forestry Sector.

8.3.3 Other Sectors

Not applicable

301

8.3.4 Non-Governmental Organisations

Togo provides the only example in the subregion of management being entrusted to a non-governmental organisation. Management of Fazao-Malfakassa Faunal Reserve has been passed to the F. Weber Convention for a period of 25 years, starting in 1990 (Bleich, 1991).

8.4 MANAGED AREAS STATUS

The managed areas system is mapped (where possible) for each country within the subregion, in Figs 8.1-8 (Part III). Details of individual conservation areas are given in Annex 8.1 which serves as a key to the maps.

8.4.1 Managed Areas within the Forestry Sector

Coverage Data for the subregion, although far from up-to-date, is rather more complete than for the neighbouring subregions of West Sahel and Cental Africa. Managed areas within the forestry sector account for approximately 9.4% of the total area of West Africa (Table 8.2). As available data is incomplete, this should be considered a minimum figure. Managed areas within the forestry sectors of the subregion are most extensive in Liberia (13 %), although this area comprises solely production forest. By contrast, in Benin, which ranks second in this table, all the 12 % of land managed within the forestry sector comprises conservation forest. Of the countries for which data was available, Togo has the lowest figure (1.8%) for managed areas within the forest sector.

8.4.2 Conservation Areas within Forestry, Wildlife and Additional Sectors

Coverage There are over 386 legally designated conservation areas in West Africa covering a total area of over 14 million ha or 6.7% of the subregion (Table 8.3). Approximately 8.7% of these conservation areas are under total protection, covering 3.1% of the subregion. The rest are partially protected. The totally protected areas tend to be much larger than the partially protected areas, such that the area covered by the two categories is roughly equal.

The 10% target of total area under protection for conservation purposes has been reached only by Benin, Cote dIvoire and Togo. Benin has by far the largest protected areas system within the region, due to several large reserves in the north of the country. The protected area systems of Liberia and Sierra Leone are the smallest in the subregion, covering less than 2% of each country.

Representativeness Representativeness of the protected area systems within the subregion varies widely. The systems of Cote d’Ivoire and Togo are extensive, and are considered to be adequate, particularly as most habitat types are represented. Two of the habitats protected within Cote d’Ivoire are only protected in one other country: dense humid Guinean forest in Ghana and mangroves in Senegal. The systems of Ghana, Guinea and Nigeria are comparable, although less extensive, in being fairly well dispersed throughout the countries, and representing most habitat types.

Although Benin has by far the most extensive protected areas system within the subregion, distribution is very uneven, all areas being in the north of the country, on the border with Burkina Faso and Niger.

Sierra Leone has a small protected areas system. However, when sites which are currently proposed are finally gazetted, all the vegetation types in the country will be covered.

Ecofloristic zone analysis [pending data from FAO] Integrity Data in Table 8.4 indicate that conservation areas under the wildlife sector tend to be large or very large throughout the subregion. Mean size of totally protected areas is in all cases at least double that of

partially protected areas. National parks form the bulk of the former category and, by definition, they tend to be relatively large areas to provide a range of services.

302

In contrast, mean size of conservation areas within the forestry sector tend to be far smaller, throughout the subregion.

Effectiveness Apart from inadequate representation of the subregion’s biological diversity within existing conservation area networks, conservation efforts are limited by weaknesses in policy, legislation, institutional support and management. Existing legislation frequently needs strengthening or updating (Table 8.6). Management plans for conservation areas within the region generally do not appear to exist.

The general lack of commitment of resources for conservation areas is largely responsible for many of the deficiencies in their management, which generally is ineffective or in some cases non-existent. Enforcement is very often handicapped by the absence of clearly-demarcated boundaries that are easily recognisable on the ground. Encroachment by people is ubiquitous, few conservation areas being free of this problem.

8.4.3 Contribution of the Forestry Sector to Nature Conservation

The forestry sector is directly responsible for the vast majority (90%) of the conservation areas within the subregion, which cover a total area of approximately 7 million ha or 3.4% of the region. However, these conservation areas largely comprise classified forests, which in general are small. Therefore, the total area for which the forestry service is responsible is actually slightly less than the area covered by the 31 conservation areas for which the wildlife sector is responsible.

Data in Table 8.2 suggest that the contribution of the forestry sector to nature conservation is minimal (3.3%) in terms of the total area of the subregion under protection and conservation forest. However, this figure is almost certainly minimal, and the contribution of the forestry sector to protection and conservation is probably higher than suggested by the statistics because data are incomplete.

The contribution of the forestry sector to conservation is further underestimated, as no figures are available of the extent of protected forests, which are legislated for in all francophone countries within the subregion. Protected forests comprise virtually all land outside gazetted areas, in which felling, amongst other things is prohibited, and which thus serve a conservation function.

8.5 FUTURE PROSPECTS

8.5.1 Expanding the Conservation Area Network

There appear to be relatively few official proposals to expand the conservation area network. Figures in Table 8.3 show a total for 54 proposed sites covering 1,176,529ha or 0.6% of the total area of the subregion. Approximately equal numbers fall within the wildlife and forestry sectors, although the wildlife sector represents the bulk of the area covered.

8.5.2 Other National Initiatives

Strengthening networks No information

Overcoming Economic Constraints Funding is a major factor which limits the effective management of conservation areas throughout the region.

Improving Management Throughout the region an increase in funding is necessary to enable adequate management. Problems in recruiting sufficient trained professional staff are common. Guinea has a particular problem in having an excess of staff, who are largely unmotivated. Reducing the numbers and increasing training is considered a priority task.

303

8.5.3. International Initiatives

Conventions and Programmes All countries within the region, apart from Togo, participate in one or more international conventions and programmes concerned with conservation areas (Table 8.5). Only Ghana is party to the Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat (Ramsar Convention), hence Owabi, Ghana’s only Ramsar site, is the single Ramsar site within the subregion.

Cooperative Agreements Guinea and Cote d’Ivoire cooperate in the management of Mount Nimba, which is a joint World Heritage site. A Conseil d’Entente with Niger, Burkina Faso, Céte d’Ivoire and Togo provides an administrative structure for cooperation between neighbouring countries, although the relevance of this to managed areas is not clear. A proposal to set up a single authority to manage the three contiguous "W" national parks in Burkina Faso, Benin and Niger, totalling over 1 million ha, and to raise funds for its operation, is being considered.

8.6 PRIORITIES FOR ACTION

Priorities for conservation action in the subregion were reviewed in the now dated IUCN Systems review of the Afrotropical Realm (MacKinnon and MacKinnon, 1987) and the accompanying Action Strategy (IUCN, 1987).

Priorities have been reviewed more recently (IUCN, 1992) for the IV World Congress on National Parks and Protected Areas. These are generalised, recognising that translation of priorities into action will vary according to national conservation objectives, history and political will. They provide a foundation to the more specific priorities identified in this report and summarised in Table 8.6. The Sudano-Sahelian PLATFORM for Action on UNCED Negotiations and Beyond: A Contribution to the African Position (Anon, 1991), concerning environmental degradation within the Sahel, was drawn up for UNCED 1992, following two consultative meetings of 22 Sudano-Sahelian countries, including several from the West Africa subregion. The report highlights the link between poverty and mismanagement of natural resources, particularly exploitation of marginal lands and deforestation. Recommendations include action to be taken at both the international and African level.

In cenclusion, progress in the subregion has been seriously hampered by the environmental conditions (i.e. drought), and the demand on resources by rapidly growing human populations. Although mostly aware of the need for conservation area networks, well-funded institutions and up-to-date policy and legislation, governments in the subregion have generally not been able to ensure these are established.

304

REFERENCES

d

Anon. (1991). Sudano-Sahelian PLATFORM for Action on UNCED Negotiations and Beyond: A Contribution to the African Position. Prepared by the 22 Sudano-Sahelian Countries. CILSS, UNSO, IGADD. 22 pp.

Bleich, M. (1991). Rapport de la saison 90-91. Parc national de Malfakassa-Fazao/Togo. Unpublished. 14 pp.

IUCN (1987). Action strategy for protected areas in the Afrotropical Realm. YUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. 56 pp.

Frame, G.W. and Tanghanwaye, N.N. (1991). African Elephant Action Plan Togo National Plan for Elephant Conservation. Ministry of Environment and Tourism, Lome, Togo. 77 pp.

MacKinnon, J. and MacKinnon, K. (1986). Review of the protected areas system in the Afrotropical Realm.

IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK/UNEP, Nairobi, Kenya. 14 pp.

Stuart, S.N. and Adams, R.J. (1990). Biodiversity in Sub-saharan Africa and its islands: conservation,

management and sustainable use. TUCN, Gland, Switzerland. 242 pp.

305

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Forest Ordinance (Cap. 157) [F] Forestry Department Amenity forest Forest reserve Private forest Production forest Protection forest Sacred grove

Trees and Timber Decree [F] Forestry Department Protected area

Wild Animals Preservation Act [W] Department of Game and Wildlife Game production reserve National park Strict nature reserve Wildlife sanctuary

~~

Legislation unknown [F] Direction Nationale des Foréts et Chasses Forét classée

Ordonnance No. 007/SGG/90 portant code de Direction Nationale des Foréts et Chasses la protection de la faune sauvage et reglementation de la chasse [F]

Parc national

Réserve naturelle gérée Réserve naturelle intégrale Réserve spéciale

Zone de chasse

Zone d’intérét cynégétique Sanctuaire

T P T P P P P

Communal forest Government forest reserve National park

Native authority forest reserve Wildlife refuge

Act for the Conservation of the Forests [W] Forestry Development Authority

vu Ue

Communal forest reserve Controlled hunting area Game reserve

National park

Nature reserve

Wildlife and National Parks Act [W] Wildlife and National Parks Section, Forest Development Authority [W]

sq v0r

~

Conservation area Nature conservation unit

Legislation unknown [W]

~~

1937 v v 1991

Sierra Leone 1988

Togo 1988 ?

Forestry Ordinance - Northem Region [F]

Legislation unknown [F] Legislation unknown [F]

Federal National Parks Decree No. 36 [W]

Forestry Act [F]

Forestry Regulations [F]

Wild Life Conservation Act No. 27 [W]

Code de l’Environnement [F]

Legislation unknown (to be included within proposed Code de la Forét et de la Faune) [F]

Department of Forestry (Northern Region)

State Departments of Forestry State Departments of Forestry

National Parks Board

Forestry Division

Forestry Division

Wildlife Conservation Branch

Direction des Foréts, des Chasses et de l’Environnement

Communal forestry area Government forest reserve and protected forest

Native authority or local government

council forest reserve Strict nature reserve Game reserve

National park

Community forest National production forest National protection forest Protected area

Community forest Sacred bush area Unclassified forest

Controlled hunting area Game reserve

Game sanctuary National park Non-forest hunting area Strict natural reserve

Zone d’environnement protégée Réserve de faune

Parc national Forét classée

= pete

ape

By vw

i v . ii :

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a

Table 8.2 Extent of notified natural forests, classified by forest function. Units are in sq. km, followed by % total area. Full data, with sources, are given in Annex X.2.

Country Total FOREST FUNCTION

SUBREGION area Production Protection Conservation Total Benin 112,620 0 0 13,737 (12.2) 13,737 (12.2) Céte d’Ivoire 322,460 23,787 (7.4) 0 12,222 (3.8) 36,009 (11.2) Ghana 238,540 12,560 (5.3) 6,396 (2.7) 0 18,956 (7.9) Guinea 245,860 0 8,931 (3.6) 1,635 (0.7) 10,566 (4.3) Liberia 111,370 14,453 (13.0) 0 0 14,453 (13.0) Nigeria 923,770 76,492 (8.3) 0 20,988 (2.3) 97,480 (10.5) Sierra Leone 71,740 2,853 (4.0) 0 0 2,853 (4.0) Togo 56,790 0 0 1,042 (1.8) 1,042 (1.8) WEST

AFRICA — 2,083,150 130,145 (6.2) 15,327 (0.7) 49,624 (2.4) 195,096 (9.4)

309

Table 8.3 Extent of notified and proposed conservation areas, classified by sector and national designation. Management categories are assigned to designations based on national legislation (P = partial protection with local, sustainable extractive uses; T = total

protection with no extractive uses).

Totals for proposed sites may include areas of

properties already protected but proposed for upgrading to higher conservation status. Details of individual properties are given in Annex 2. N is the total number of conservation

areas. COUNTRY Man. Sector Cat. National designation N

BENIN (112,620 sq. km)

Forest Sector

Classified Forest P 45 Reforestation Area P 7 Subtotals 52

(% total area)

Wildlife Sector Hunting Zone P National Park T Subtotals (% total area)

On Ww

Totals 57 (% total area)

COTE D'IVOIRE (322,460 sq. km)

Forest Sector Classified forest P 63 Subtotals 63 (% total area)

Wildlife Sector Botanical Reserve Fauna and Flora Reserve National Park Partial Faunal Reserve Strict Nature Reserve Subtotals 1 (% total area)

Hun NPRPORPH

Totals 75 (% total area)

GHANA (238,540 sq. km)

Forest Sector Forest Reserve P 23 Protection Working Circle P Subtotals 23 (% total area)

vu

Wildlife Sector Game Production Reserve National Park Strict Nature Reserve Wildlife Sanctuary Subtotals i (% total area)

wHnv

31¢

Notified

Area(ha)

1,373,707 2,567 1,376,274 ( 12.2)

510,000

843,500

1,353,500 ( 12.0)

2,729,774 ( 24.2)

1,222,190 1,222,190 (| 3-8)

7,350

123,000

1,762,500

95,000

5,000

1,992,850 ( 6.2)

3,215,040 ( 10.0)

209,623 430,000 639,623

( 2.7)

136,080 1,029,795 32,400 12,702 1,210,977

(Gs)

N

ooo

oo ooo

ooooo0oo°o

NON

WRORP

Proposed

Area(ha)

oo oo0o0o0o0o0o (o)

oO ~

COUNTRY Sector National designation

Totals (% total area)

GUINEA (245,860 sq. km)

Forest Sector Classified Forest Faunal Reserve National Park Strict Nature Reserve Subtotals (% total area)

Totals (% total area)

LIBERIA (111,370 sq. km)

Forest Sector National Forest Subtotals (% total area)

Wildlife Sector National Park

Nature Conservation Unit

Subtotals (% total area)

Totals (% total area)

NIGERIA (923,770 sq. km)

Forest Sector Game Reserve Strict Nature Reserve Subtotals (% total area)

Wildlife Sector National Park Subtotals (% total area)

Totals (% total area)

SIERRA LEONE (71,740 sq.

Wildlife Sector Game Reserve Game Sanctuary National Park Strict Nature Reserve Subtotals (% total area)

Totals (% total area)

HH

HHU

37

FOR

26 34

40

NOrROF

311

Notified

Area(ha)

1,850,600

(728)

893,076 te)

38,200 125,300 1,056,576

( 4.3)

1,056,576

( 4.3)

129,230 ie) 129,230

(| 1.2)

129,230

(| 1.2)

2,040,782 58,013 2,098,795

(| 2-3)

2,114,396 2,114,396

(| 2.3)

4,213,191

(| 4.6)

N

Arouwo

WNr

13

13

14

Proposed

Area (ha)

54,834 ( 0.3)

453,400 453,400 ( 4.1)

55,400 46,364 101,764

( 0.9)

555,164 ( 5-0)

371,920 *

0) 371,920 * ( 0.4)

29,700 29,700 ( 0.0)

401,620 * ( 0.4)

42,958 7,511 70,573 38,823 159,865 (| 2.2)

159,865 (| 2.2)

COUNTRY Man. Notified Proposed Sector Cat... ————___ — National designation N Area(ha) N Area (ha)

TOGO (56,790 sq. km)

Forest Sector

Faunal Reserve P 9 290,381 (0) 10}

Forest reserve P 28 104,157 ie} 0

National Park 7 3 357,290 (0) 0

Subtotals 40 751,828 fe) 0

(% total area) (@elsy2)) (( @a{0))) Totals 40 751,828 (0) 0

(% total area) ( 13.2) ( 0.0) WEST AFRICA (2,083,150 sq. km) - summary by sector Forestry Sector 346 7,145,286 25 847,377 *

(% total area) ( 3.4) ( 0.4) Wildlife Sector 40 6,882,966 29 329,152

(% total area) (( <}683)) ( 0.12) Additional Sector or sector unknown (0) (e) ce) fe)

(% total area) ( 0.0) (030) WEST AFRICA (2,083,150 sq. km) - summary by management category Total protection 31 6,518,424 18 220,792

(% total area) (( eaat}) ( O.1) Partial protection 355 7,509,828 36 955,737 *

(% total area) ( 3.6) ( 0.5) Degree of protection unknown (0) 0 0 0

(% total area) ( 0.0) ( 0.0) Totals 386 14,028,252 54 1,176,529 *

(% total area) ( 6.7) ( 0.6)

* Subtotal is incomplete because of missing data for either number of sites or area covered.

Table 8.4(a) Frequency distributions of notified and proposed conservation area sizes, with means, classified by management category (P = partial protection with local, sustainable extractive uses; T = total protection with no extractive uses), for (a) Forestry, (b) Wildlife and (c) Additional sectors.

Mean Number in each size class (ha) N size a) Forestry Sector (ha) <1000 1001- 10001- 10,000 100,000 >100,000 BENIN Notified sites P 52 26,466 19 20 8 5 Total 52 26,466 19 20 8 5 GHANA Notified sites P 23 9,114 8 7 8 0 Total 23 9,114 8 7 8 {0} Proposed sites P 2 8,505 0 1 1 (0) Total 2 8,505 fe) 1 1 O GUINEA Notified sites T. 3} 54,500 fe) fe) 2 1 P 131 6,817 61 46 24 (e) Total 134 7,884 61 46 26 1 Proposed sites ae 1 5,032 te) 1 ie} 0 P 3 4 3 (0) fe) 0 Total 4 1,261 3 1 fo) {0} LIBERIA Proposed sites P 4 113,350 (0) 0 2 2 Total 4 113,350 (0) 0 2 2 NIGERIA Notified sites P 34 61,729 8 5 12 9 Total 34 61,729 8 5 12 9 Proposed sites P 10 37,192 (0) 2 7 1 Total 10 37,192 {0} 2 7 1 TOGO Notified sites T 3 119,096 (0) 1 (0) 2 P 9 32,264 1 2 5 1 Total 12 53,972 1 3 5 3 WEST AFRICA Notified sites T 6 86,798 (0) 1 2 3 P 249 19,550 97 80 57 15 Total 255 21,133 97 81 59 18 Proposed sites T 1 5,032 (0) 1 (0) (0) P 19 44,333 3 3 10 3 Total 20 42,368 3 4 10 3

to N in Table 3, because the areas of some individual sites may be unknown. Countries for which there are no relevant data are not included in the table.

313

Table 8.4(b) Frequency distributions of notified and proposed conservation area sizes, with means,

classified by management category (P = partial protection with local, sustainable extractive uses; T = total protection with no extractive uses), for (a) Forestry, (b) Wildlife and (c) Additional sectors.

Mean Number in each size class (ha) N size b) Wildlife Sector (ha) <1000 1001- 10001- 10,000 100,000 >100,000 BENIN Notified sites T 2 421,750 0 fe) 0 2 P 3 170,000 fe) (0) fe) 3 Total 5 270,700 fe) 0 0 5 C6TE D'IVOIRE Notified sites T 9 196,388 0 2 4 3 P 3 75,116 0 1 1 1 Total 12 166,070 0 3 5 4 GHANA Notified sites T 6 177,032 0 i 2 3 P 8 18,597 1 3 4 0 Total 14 86,498 1 4 6 3 Proposed sites T al 21,264 (0) 0 1 0 P 2 8,279 (0) al 1 0 Total 3 12,607 (0) 1 2 fo) LIBERIA Notified sites T 1 129,230 (0) (0) (0) 1 Total 1 129,230 (0) fe) 0 al Proposed sites T 1 55,400 0 0 1 10) P 2 23,182 0 fe) 2 ie} Total 3 33,921 (0) (0) 3 0 NIGERIA Notified sites T 6 352,399 (0) Q 1 5 Total 6 352,399 (o) 0 1 5 Proposed sites T. 1 29,700 ie) 0 1 ie} Total 1 29,700 (0) (0) 1 0 SIERRA LEONE Notified sites Hy 1 80,813 (0) fe) 1 (0) P 1 1,200 (0) 1 0 fe) Total 2 41,006 10) 1 1 0 Proposed sites T. 14 7,814 (0) 11 3 (@) P 8 6,308 (0) 7 1 (0) Total 22 7,266 (0) 18 4 (0) WEST AFRICA Notified sites T 25 239,905 0 3 8 14 P 15 59,022 1 5 5 4 Total 40 172,074 1 8 13 18 Proposed sites ae 17 12,691 (0) 11 6 (0) P 12 9,449 6) 8 4 0 Total 29 11,350 0 19 10 (0)

314

Note that N (the total number of conservation areas) does not necessarily equate to N in Table 3, because the areas of some individual sites may be unknown.

Countries for which there are no relevant data are not included in the table.

315

Table 8.5 State parties to international (and regional) conventions or programmes concerning the conservation of natural areas, together with the number of properties (natural or mixed natural/cultural in the case of the World Heritage Convention) recognised under respective conventions in brackets.

fcowcrvoire | ee | om@ | -

Ee sf See Tae a re ea

‘Unesco MAB Project 8 R = ratified S = signatory

316

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Annex 8.1 List of conservation areas. Locations of most notified conservation areas are shown in the accompanying maps in Part III

BENIN Classified Forests 1 Agoua 75,300 1953 2 Agrimey 2,800 1945 3 Atcherigbe 3,150 1942 4 Atlantique 900 1953 5 Bassila 2,500 1943 6 Bellefoungou 1,300 1943 7 Birni 3,200 1943 8 Boko 300 1952 9 Bonou 197 1946 10 Dan 1,237 1942 11 Dassa-zoume 2,645 1945 12 Djigbe 4,300 1942 13 Dogo 31,850 1955 14 Donga 250 1943 15 Gougoun 73,200 1950 16 Guene 1,300 1942 17 Itchede 191 1945 18 Ketou 11,000 1945 19 Kilir 50 1943 20 L'Alibori Superieur 256,000 1955 21 La Lama Nord 6,500 1946 22 La Lama-Sud 9,750 1942 23 La Sota 53,000 1947 24 Logozohe 1,200 1942 25 Mekrou 9,320 1950 26 Mont Kouffe 180,300 1949 27 N'Dali 4,721 1942 28 Ouari Maro 107,500 1946 29 Ouedo 586 1944 30 Oueme Boukou 20,500 1954 31 Oueme Superieur 177,542 1954 32 Ouenou-Benou 30,000 1943 33 Pahou 765 1940 34 Penessoulou 5,470 1942 35 Sakarou 240 1954 36 Sakete 60 1946 37 Savalou 1,015 1945 38 Seme 1,290 1943 39 Serou 498 1946 40 Soubroukou 84 1946 41 Tchaourou 1,100 1942 42 Tchaourou Gokana 2,000 1948 43 Toui 29,030 1942 44 Tozoun 66 1942 45 Trois Rivieres 259,500 1949 Subtotal 45 sites 1,373,707 ha Hunting Zones 46 Atakora 122,000 1980 47 Djona 188,000 1980 48 Pendjari 200,000 1980 Subtotal 3 sites 510,000 ha National Parks 49 Boucle de la Pendjari 275,500 1961 50 W du Benin 568,000 1954 Subtotal 2 sites 843,500 ha

Reforestation Areas

318

51 Abomey 52 Barage de Natitingou 53 Kandi 54 Kouandi 55 Natitingou 56 Parakou 57 Taneka Subtotal

Totals Existing conservation areas Proposed conservation areas

319

7 sites

57 sites O sites

173 345 250 250 203 256 1,090 2,567

2,729,774

ha

ha ha

1945 1952 1942 1942 1946 1949 1951

COTE D'IVOIRE

Botanical Reserve 1 Divo Subtotal

Fauna and Flora Reserve 2 Haut Bandama Subtotal

National Parks Azagny Banco Comoe Iles Ehotile Marahoue Mont Peko Mont Sangbe Tai

Subtotal

OWUNOIHDU bw

Partial Faunal Reserve 11 N'Zo Subtotal

Strict Nature Reserve 12 Mont Nimba Subtotal

Totals Existing conservation areas Proposed conservation areas

320

1 site

1 site

8 sites

1 site

1 site

12 sites O sites

7,350 7,350

123,000 123,000

19,000 3,000 1,150,000 10,500 101,000 34,000 95,000 350,000 1,762,500

95,000 95,000

5,000 5,000

1,992,850

ha

ha

ha

ha

ha

ha ha

1975

1973

1981 1953 1968 1974 1968 1968 1976 1973

1972

1944

GHANA

Forests Reserves Abasumba Aboben Hill Abutia Hills

Akrobong

Anhwiaso North Bombi

Daka Headwaters Dede

Gambaga East Gambaga West I Gambaga West II Krokosua Hills FoR* Kumbo

Marago River Nasia Tributaries Nuale

Obotumfo Hills Sapawsu

NPRPBPBPPRPBPPRPP OCWUDIDUPWNKPOWVDIMDUEBWNH

21 Sissili North

22 Sukusuku

23 Volta River Subtotal

Game Production Reserves 24 Ankasa 25 Bia 26 Gbele 27 Kalakpa 28 Shai Hills Subtotal

National Parks 29 Bia 30 Bui 31 Digya 32 Mole 33 Nini-Suhien Subtotal

Strict Nature Reserve 34 Kogyae Subtotal

Wildlife Sanctuaries 35 Boabeng-Fiema 36 Bomfobiri 37 Owabi Subtotal

Proposed (Forest Reserves)

Greenbelt Kulpawn Tributaries Subtotal

Proposed (Game Production Reserve)

Assin-Attandanso Subtotal

Proposed (National Park) Kakum Subtotal

Ahirasu (Blocks I & II)

Sekondi Waterworks (Blocks II & III)

sites

sites

sites

site

sites

sites

site

site

104 725 899 104 260 363 148 14,566 5,110 12,753 11,500 22,222 48,170 16,449 8,806 31,469 5,180 155 1,531 1,010 8,288 14,760 5,051 209,623

20,736 22,810 54,691 32,400 5,443 136,080

7,770 207,360 312,595 491,440

10,630 1,029,795

32,400 32,400

260 5,184 7,258

12,702

1,471 15,540 17,011

15,359 15,359

21,264 21,264

ha

ha

ha

ha

ha

ha

ha

ha

1927 1962 1939 1927 1930 1926 1963 1952 1955 1948 1954 1968 1935 1956 1954 1956 1954 1930 1957 1938 1940 1972 1940

1976 1974 1975 1975 1976

1974 1971 1971 1971 1976

1976

1974 1975 1971

Proposed (Wildlife Sanctuary) Agumatsa Subtotal

Totals Existing conservation areas Proposed conservation areas

322

1 site

37 sites 5 sites

1,200 1,200 ha

1,420,600 ha 54,834 ha

GUINEA

Classified Forests

PRRPPP PWHPOWDITD UH &WHPH

Badiar-sud Bagata

Bakoum Balayan-Souroumba Bambaya

Bani

Banie

Bantarawel

Baro

Beauvois

Beko

Bellel

Binti

Botokoly

Boula

Chutes de Kinkon Chutes de Tinkisso Colline-Macenta Counsignaki Damakhania Dara-Labe Darawondi Darou-salam Diecke

Diego Tamba Diogoure

Dixinn

Djimbera (Bantiguel)

Dokoro Fanafanako Fello Digui Fello Diouma Fello Sounga Fello-Selouma Fello-Touni Fitacouna Fougoumba Foye-Madinadian Galy

Gambi

Gangan

Gban

Gbinia

Gioumba

Goto

Gouba Goulgoul-Kankande Grandes Chutes Gueme Sangan Gueroual Guewel

Guirila Haute-Komba Hoo

Kabela

Kakrima

Kala

Kaloum

Kambia Khabitaye Kolumba

Koni

Konkoure Fetto Kora

323

1956 1942 1951 1951 1951 1952 1956 1936 1943 1945 1943 1944 1944 1942 1955 1955 1944 1945 1955 1944 1943 1978 1954 1945 1946 1943 1944 1983 1952 1986 1967 1936 1953 1955 1983 1942 1944 1954 1943 1955 1942

1945 1956

1945 1954 1944 1955 1944 1936 1954 1944

1955 1955 1944 1955 1944 1944 1943

1945 1955

129 130 131

Koulou Koumban-Kourou Kourani-Oulete- Dienne Kouya

Koyoto

L'Amana

Laine

Lefarani Ley-Billel Loffa

Lombha Lombonye

Mafou

Makona

Mankiti

Milo

Mirire

Miti Kambadaga Mombeya

Mt. Balan

Mt. Balandougou Mt. Banan

Mt. Bero

Mt. Gouba

Mt. Konossou Mt. Kouya

Mt. Loura

Mt. Salia

Mt. Tetini

Mt. Yonon N'Dama N'Guidou

Nimba Piedmont Nono

Nzo

Ore-Djima Ouladin Paradji

Pic de Fon

Pic de Tibe Pincely Pissonon

Sala

Samba la "Ton" Sambalankan Selly-Koro Sere

Serima Sierra-Fore Sincery-Ourssa Singuelema Sobory Souarela Sources de Dinguiraye Sources de Kindia Soyah Tafsirla Tamba

Tangama Teliko Tialakoun Tinka

Tolole

Tomine Koumba Vonn

Wonkon

Yardo

324

1978 1942 1942 1952

1952 1955 1943 1955 1945 1967

1942 1985 1942 1944 1944 1943 1952 1945 1950 1952 1945 1955 1943 1955 1942 1955 1950 1956 1954 1943 1936

1936 1950 1955 1953 1945 1945

1945 1986 1952 1951 1936 1943 1942 1942 1978 1956 1944 1951 1943 1945 1961 1945 1944 1978 1943 1944

1954

1967 1956

Subtotal

National Park 132 Badiar Subtotal

Strict Nature Reserves

133 Massif du Ziama

134 Mount Nimba Subtotal

Proposed (Faunal Reserves) Alkatraz Blanche Cabri Corail Tristao Subtotal

Proposed (Strict Nature Reserve) Kamalaya (Kounounkan) Subtotal

Totals Existing conservation areas Proposed conservation areas

131

134

site

site

sites

sites

site

sites sites

* Subtotal is incomplete because of missing data.

325

893,076

38,200 38,200

112,300 13,000 125,300

mr wo

14

5,032 5,032

1,056,576 5,046

1932

ha*

ha

ha ha*

LIBERI

Nation 1 Sa

Propos Be Ce Lo Ti

Propos Ca

Proposed (Nature Conservation Units)

Wo Wo

Totals

A

al Park

po Subtotal

ed (National Forests) lle

stos-Sankwen

fa-Mano

enpo Subtotal

ed (National Park) pe Mount Subtotal

logizi Area negizi Area Subtotal

Existing conservation areas Proposed conservation areas

326

site

sites

site

sites

site sites

129,230 129,230

65,600 145,000 230,000

12,800 453,400

55,400 55,400

20,234 26,130 46,364

129,230 555,164

ha

ha

ha

ha

ha ha

1983

NIGERIA

Game Reserves

PRPRPPP PBWNHRPOWUDIMKUBWNH

Alawa

Bakono

Baturiya Wetlands

Dagida

Dagona

Falgore (Kogin Kano)

Gilli-Gilli

Ibi

Ifon

Kambari

Kashimbila

Kwale

Kwiambana

Lame/Burra

Margadu-Kabak Wetlands

Nguru/Adiani Wetlands

Okomu

Ologbo

Opara

Orle River

Pai River

Pandam

Sambisa

Udi/Nsukka

Wase

Wase Rock Bird Subtotal 26 sites

National Parks

Chad Basin Cross River Gashaka/Gumti Kainji Lake Old Oyo Yankari Subtotal 6 sites

Strict Nature Reserves

33 34

Akure Bam Ngelzarma Bonu Lekki Milliken Hill Omo Ribako Urhonigbe Subtotal 8 sites

Proposed (Game Reserves)

Akpaka

Anambra

Ankwe River

Damper Sanctuary

Ebbe/Kampe

Iri-Ada-Obi

Kamuku

Meko

Num River

Ohosu

Okeleuse

Opanda

Stubbs Creek Subtotal 13 sites

327

2,040,782 ha

45,696 422,688 636,300 534,082 251,230 224,400

2,114,396 ha

58,013 ha

19,400 35,400

11,730

120,000 96,610 9,720 47,100 11,440 10,520 10,000

371,920 ha*

1971 1972 1976 1971

1969 1916 1972 1990 1969 1977 1916 1971 1972

1985 1981 1973 1916 1972 1972 1978 1981 1972 1972

1991 1991 1991 1975 1991 1991

1912 1949

Proposed (National Park) Baturiya Wetlands Subtotal

Totals Existing conservation areas Proposed conservation areas

* Subtotal is incomplete because of

1 site

40 sites 14 sites

missing data.

328

29,700 29,700 ha

4,213,191 ha 401,620 ha*

SIERRA LEONE

Game Reserve 1 Tiwai Island Subtotal 1 site

National Park 2 Outamba-Kilimi Subtotal 1 site

Proposed (Game Reserves) Bagru-Moteva Creeks Kagboro Creek (Yawri Bay) Kangari Hills Kpaka-Pujehun Sankan Biriwa (Tingi Hills) Sewa-Waanje Subtotal 6 sites

Proposed (Game Sanctuaries) Bo Plains Bumpe Mangrove Swamp Subtotal 2 sites

Proposed (National Parks) Kuru Hills Lake Mape/Mabesi Lake Sonfon Loma Mountains Western Area Subtotal 5 sites

Proposed (Strict Nature Reserves) Bonthe Mangrove Swamp Gola (West) Forests Gola North Extension Mamunta-Mayoso Swamp Mogbai (Gola North) Port Loko Plains Sulima Mangrove Swamp Wemago (Gola East) Yelibuya Island

Subtotal 9 sites Totals

Existing conservation areas 2 sites

Proposed conservation areas 22 sites

329

1,200 1,200 ha

80,813 80,813 ha

5,000 5,000 8,573 2,500 11,885 10,000 42,958 ha

2,590 4,921 7,511 ha

6,993 7,511 5,180 33,201 17,688 70,573 ha

10,101 6,200 3,885 2,072 4,000 2,590 2,590 3,500 3,885 38,823 ha

82,013 ha 159,865 ha

1987

1986

TOGO

Faunal Reserves Abdoulaye Akaba Aledjo Djamde Galangashie Haho-Yoto Kpessi Oti Mandouri Togodo Subtotal

WODIAHMN PWNHH

National Parks 10 Fazao-Malfakassa 11 Fosse aux Lions 12 Keran Subtotal

Totals Existing conservation areas Proposed conservation areas

330

sites

sites

sites sites

30,000 25,626 765 1,650 7,500 18,000 28,000 147,840 31,000 290,381

192,000

1,650 163,640 357,290

647,671

ha

ha

ha ha

1951

1959 1954 1954 1955

1952

1951 1954 1950

a yh Ts

ré y's

vagpet por

ny

Toke inn}

wer

Annex 8.2 ‘Extent of notified forests by forest origin and forest function. Non—forest includes both degraded forest and lands not forested at the time of their reservation.

Region: Africa Sub—region: West Africa Name of country/state: Benin

Total area (sq.km): 112620

Land area (sq.km): 110620

Month/year of reference: 1991

FLOMREESS? T FUNCTION

FOREST Production forests Protection forests Conservation forests

ORIGIN Existing Proposed _ Existing Proposed ___ Existing Proposed (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha)

Natural 1373707

Non—forest 2567

Plantation

TOTAL 0 0 2567 0 1373707 0

Notes: — Data are taken from B.D.Otchoun, pers.comm. 1991.

The figure for conservation forests represents 45

classified forests (see Annex 8.1). Classified forests are listed as protected areas by the Department of Forests and Natural Resources, although according to legislation (Décret No. 89-385), classified forests may be exploited if permission is granted by the Minister responsible for Water, Forests and Hunting.

The figure for protection forests represents 7 reforestation areas.

331

Annex 8.2 (continued)

Region: Africa Sub—region: West Africa Name of country/state: Cote D’lvoire

Total area (sq.km): 322460

Land area (sq.km): 318000

Month/year of reference: February 1990

PO) drs Sey FUNCTION

FOREST Production forests Protection forests Conservation forests

ORIGIN Existing Proposed Existing Proposed __ Existing Proposed (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha)

Natural 2378670 1222190

Non—forest

Plantation

TOTAL 2378670 0 0 0 1222190 0

Notes: Data are taken from Bagno, 1990.

There are 191 classified forests, 128 of which occur in dense forest and serve primarily a production function, and 63 (1,222,190ha) which are found in the savanna zone and serve principally a protection function.

The total for production forests does not include the area

for 25 classified forests which are to be declassified for agricultural purposes.

332

Annex 8.2 (continued)

Region: Africa Sub—region: West Africa Name of couniry/state: Ghana

Total area (sq.km): 238540

Land area (sq.km): 230020

Month/year of reference: August 1990

FO RE St FU N Gatch OFN

FOREST Production forests Protection forests Conservation forests

ORIGIN Existing Proposed Existing Proposed Existing Proposed (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha)

Natural 1255989 639623 1471

Non-—forest

Plantation 52828 482517 108049

TOTAL 1308817 0 1122140 109520 0 0

Notes: Data are from the Forestry Commission, 1990; Forestry

Department, 1990 (above totals).

Many of the producion forests have Protection Working Circles which generally consist of steep slopes and watersheds in which logging is prohibited and, therefore, serve primarily a protection function. The total area under Protection Working Circles is estimated to be 430,000ha (Gartey, 1990).

The figure for protection forests of natural origin

comprises 209,623ha of forest reserve (Annex 8.1) and 430,000ha protection working circles.

333

Annex 8.2 (continued)

Region: Africa Sub—region: West Africa Name of country/state: Guinea

Total area (sq.km): 245860

Land area (sq.km): 245860

Month/year of reference: March 1992

FOREST FUN CATchiOeN

FOREST Production forests Protection forests Conservation forests

ORIGIN Existing Proposed _ Existing Proposed _ Existing Proposed (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha)

Natural 893076 163500

Non—forest

Plantation 1406

TOTAL 0 0 894482 (@) 163500 0

Notes: Data are taken from the Direction Nationale des Foréts et

Chasses (1992).

The figure for conservation forests represents the national park and strict nature reserves.

The figure 893,076 represents classified forests (see Annex 8.1). The figure 1,406 represents reforestation areas, which are assumed to be of plantation origin, and for protection

purposes.

Information concerning production forests is not available.

334

Annex 8.2 (continued)

Region: Africa Sub—region: West Africa Name of country/state: Liberia

Total area (sq.km): 111370

Land area (sq.km): 96320

Month/year of reference: May 1992

FO Ree sri FUNCTION

FOREST Production forests Protection forests Conservation forests

ORIGIN Existing Proposed Existing Proposed Existing Proposed (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha)

(SS

: Natural 1445327 508800 _Non—forest

_ Plantation

TOTAL 1445327 0 0 0 0 508800

|

_ Notes: Data are taken from B.S.Gwyan (Forestry Development

| Authority); Anstey (1991).

National forests (production) are administered by the | Forestry Development Authority. National parks and other conservation areas are managed by the Wildlife and National | Parks section within FDA and are therefore not included in this table.

| 335

Annex 8.2 (continued)

Region: Africa Sub—region: West Africa Name of country/state: Nigeria

Total area (sq.km): 923770

Land area (sq.km): 910770

Month/year of reference: June/December 1990

F © RES 7 E UNE Canc OuNn

FOREST Production forests Protection forests Conservation forests

ORIGIN Existing Proposed Existing Proposed _ Existing Proposed (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (na)

Natural 7649180 2098795 371920

Non-—forest

Plantation 194178

TOTAL 7843358 0 0 0 2098795 371920

Notes: Data are taken from the Forestry Research Institute, 1990

(production forest totals); Nigerian Conservaton Foundation, 1990; WCMC database (conservation forest totals).

The figure 2,098,795 represents strict nature reserves

and game reserves, which are managed and administered by each State Department of Forestry. National parks used to be administered by the Division of Wildlife and Conservation within the Federal Department of Forestry, but since 1991, have been controlled and managed by the corporate National Parks Governing Board, operating through individual

National Parks Management Committees. The area of national parks is therefore excluded form the above table.

Strict nature reserves can occur within game reserves, hence the figure 2,098,795 may be an overestimate.

336

Annex 8.2 (continued)

Region: Africa Sub—region: West Africa

Name of country/state: Sierra Leone Total area (sq.km): 71740 Land area (sq.km): 71620

Month/year of reference: 1990

FO RE Si FU NeCaich OUN

FOREST Production forests Protection forests Conservation forests ORIGIN Existing Proposed Existing Proposed Existing Proposed (ha) (ha) (na) (ha) (ha) (ha)

‘Natural 285300 34000 ‘Non—forest Plantation 11800 TOTAL 285300 34000 0 0 11800 0 Notes: Data are from Davis (1987), Allan (1990) and Palmer (1992).

National Parks and other conservation areas fall under the Wildlife Conservation Branch within the Forestry Division and are not included in the above table.

The 11,800 ha of conservation forest are stands planted 200m deep along road strips, for conservation purposes.

337

Annex 8.2 (continued)

Region: Africa Sub—region: West Africa

Name of country/state: Togo Total area (sq.km): 56790 Land area (sq.km): 54390

Month/year of reference: August 1990

FOREST FUNCTION

FOREST Production forests Protection forests Conservation forests

ORIGIN Existing Proposed Existing Proposed Existing Proposed (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha)

Natural 104157

Non-—forest 29180

Plantation 38881

TOTAL 68061 0 0 0 104157 0

Notes: Data are from Frame, G.W. and Tanghanwaye, N.N. (1991).

The Ministry of Environment and Tourism comprises six departments. These include the Department of National Parks, Fauna Reserves and Hunting (responsible for management of national parks and reserves, which are therefore not

included in this table), and the Department of Protection

and Control of Exploitation of the Flora, which is

responsible for conserving the natural vegetation in

all the forest reserves, and for enforcing the forest code.

Some forest reserves are managed by the Ministry of Rural Development, which exploits natural forests and tree plantations both within and outside forest reserves.

Togo has 80 forest reserves. Approximately 28 of these,

(covering 104,157ha) mainly fulfil a conservation

function, and are listed here as conservation forests. A

further 39 are listed here as production forests. These comprise 11 reserves (covering 29,180ha), listed as being of non—forest

origin, which have been cleared of natural vegetation, and

28 (covering 38,881ha) being plantations. Remaining

RNR : 338 forest reserves lie within the faunal reserves and national parks.

9 CENTRAL AFRICA

it

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ag ae ql i.

healt Beth ea

it abe)

9 CENTRAL AFRICA

Cameroon, Central African Republic, Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Sao Tome and Principe, Zaire

9.1 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE

Protection of nature in Central Africa has its origins in oral customary law, traditional rules and taboos concerning hunting.

Nature conservation legislation within the subregion still reflects the countries’ colonial histories. In the Central African Republic, Congo and Gabon (previously French colonies) and Zaire (previously a Belgian colony), policy and law were derived directly from France or Belgium (by Royal Decree of the Belgian monarch), and the long experience of temperate forestry in those countries. The situation in Cameroon, which was formed by the union of two parts formerly under British and French administrations, is more complex. Reserves in Equatorial Guinea, then a Spanish colony, were created by Ministerial Decree of the Spanish government. Sao Tome and Principe, a Portuguese colony was subject to Portuguese colonial law.

9.2 NATURE CONSERVATION POLICY AND LEGISLATION

Legal provisions for the establishment of protected areas have been passed in all countries within the subregion, other than Sao Tome and Principe, since independence. These are summarised in Table 9.1 and reviewed below.

Conservation areas in the subregion are designated either under the forest law, or under separate wildlife law. In both cases, designations are generally similar and follow those given in the African Convention of 1968. This provides definitions of strict nature reserve, national park and special reserve (which includes other areas such as game reserve, partial reserve, sanctuary and soil, water and forest reserve).

9.2.1 Forestry Sector

Policy In general, little information on forest policy is available. Sao Tome and Principe had no forest policy by 1985. In Cameroon, main objectives of the forest sector are defined under the VIe Plan de Dévéloppement for the period 1986-1991, but no policy has been formulated.

Legislation Texts from the colonial period were based on experience from continental Europe, and reflect the principle, common at the time, that nature provides a readily exploitable resource. A decree, based on France’s long experience of temperate forestry, established the forestry regime in French Equatorial Africa (which included Chad, Cameroon, Central African Republic and Gabon). The original French forestry legislation was based on the principle of Roman legislation. According to this, unoccupied land, where existence of written ownership documents could not be proved, belonged to the state. All forest lands were thus declared state property, although local populations exercised many rights of use. Contradiction between the oral customary law and these written regulations led to a general reluctance of local people to accept the delineation of reserved forests.

Since independence, all francophone countries in the subregion have promulgated new forestry law, based on the earlier French legislation. The concept of state forests,comprising classified forests and protected forests, still exists. Classified forests are gazetted areas in which customary rights of use are generally permitted, but which are otherwise generally protected. Protected forests comprise that part of the state forest not subject to individual classification orders, which, therefore, do not appear in Table 9.1. Within protected forests, uncontrolled clearing and unauthorised logging are forbidden, as is the regulation of customary rights which the population could otherwise exercise without restraint.

339

In general, forest legislation within the subregion concerns only the large forest massifs. Clauses which concern forest outside these areas are few, and technically far behind those found in recent legislation for countries in neighbouring subregions.

The situation in Cameroon is confusing. Areas of forest were originally designated as forest reserves. New forest legislation has subsequently been passed, which provides for many designations, but not for forest reserves. Existing forest reserves are, therefore, awaiting reclassification as production or protection forests, but meanwhile continue to be known as forest reserves.

Conservation areas may be established under the forest legislation (e.g. Cameroon, the Central African Republic, Congo and Gabon). Alternatively, they may be established under separate wildlife legislation (Zaire). The Forest Codes of Cameroon and the Central African Republic name various designations of conservation area, but definitions of these categories are only given in the subsequent wildlife laws.

Equatorial Guinea and Zaire only have fragmentary forest legislation. 9.2.2 Wildlife Sector Policy Information on nature conservation policies is not available.

Legislation Conservation areas legislation has been promulgated within Cameroon, Central African Republic, Equatorial Guinea and Zaire.

Designations for conservation areas, whether defined under the forest code or separate wildlife legislation, are generally the same throughout the subregion, and follow the 1968 African Convention. Categories defined include national parks, strict nature reserves, wildlife sanctuaries, hunting reserves and sport hunting reserves. The highest degree of protection is afforded to strict nature reserves, where access is only permitted for management purposes and scientific research. National parks are open to tourism, but residence is not permitted. Sanctuaries are for the protection of named species. Reserves in which hunting is permitted include hunting reserves, where subsistence hunting is allowed, and sport hunting reserves, where licensed hunting for sport is permitted.

Gabon is anomalous in that definitions of conservation areas do not follow those given in the African Convention.

Protected areas were established in Equatorial Guinea when the region was under colonial rule. Following independence these were all ignored. Eight protected areas have recently been established in the country, but information is not available concerning the legislation under which they have been gazetted. Legislation on the creation of protected areas in Sao Tome and Principe has not been passed, and needs to be established urgently. 9.2.3, Additional Sectors

Presidential reserves in the subregion are established by presidential decree.

9.3 MANAGED AREAS ADMINISTRATION

Departments responsible for administration of protected areas are given in Table 9.1. Categories are listed according to the language used in the original legislation. A glossary of terms (French, Portuguese and French) is given in Part I.

9.3.1 Forestry Sector

Within the region, there is a proliferation of state and para-statal institutions involved in the forestry sector.

Individual managed areas are frequently managed by numerous organisations. In the Congo, six different ministries are involved in forest management, and in Zaire, ten departments are involved.

340

In general this leads to confusion and inefficient overall management. 9.3.2 Wildlife Sector

Conservation areas have been managed traditionally under a single administrative organisation within the forest departments of respective countries within the subregion. This remains the case in the Central African Republic, Equatorial Guinea and Gabon, where conservation areas are managed by departments within the ministry responsible for forests. In Cameroon the department responsible for wildlife is in a separate ministry to that responsible for forests.

Management of conservation areas in the Congo and Zaire is complex, many organisations being involved, which, in the Congo fall within six different ministries.

In Gabon, a para-military force of forestry and wildlife staff is directly responsible for managing reserves. 9.3.3 Additional Sectors

Officially decreed presidential reserves exist in both the Central African Republic and Gabon, under direct control of the countries’ presidents.

9.3.4 Non-Governmental Organisations

No information is available on the direct involvement of non-governmental organisations in the management of protected areas within the subregion.

9.4 MANAGED AREAS STATUS

The protected areas system is mapped for each country within the subregion in Fig 9.1-7 (Part III). Details of individual conservation areas are given in Annex 9.1 which serves as a key to the maps.

9.4.1 Managed Areas within the Forestry Sector

Coverage Data for the region is generally so incomplete that general conclusions concerning the extent of managed areas within the forestry sector cannot reasonably be made. Available data is given in Table 9.2, and indicates that a minimum of 8.8% of the total area of the subregion is managed by the forestry sector, although this is considered to be a gross underestimate.

According to Table 9.2, managed areas within the forestry sector appear to be most extensive in Equatorial Guinea (11.3%). This figure represents eight recently established protected areas, which are presumed to be under the management of the forest sector.

Apart from Equatorial Guinea, the country in the subregion with the greatest area (3%) managed by the forest sector is Cameroon, virtually all of which comprises production forest. This is in contrast to the overall figures for the subregion which indicate that most of the land managed by the forest sector is allocated to protection or conservation purposes.

The contribution of the forest sector to conservation is further underestimated in the tables, as no figures are available for the extent of protected forests, which are legislated for in all francophone countries within the subregion.

Throughout the francophone countries, virtually all land outside gazetted areas is known as forét protégee, in which felling, amongst other things is prohibited, and which thus serves a conservation function. The contribution of the forestry sector as a whole to protection and conservation is, therefore, much higher than suggested by the statistics in Table 9.2.

341

9.4.2 Conservation Areas within Forestry, Wildlife and Additional Sectors

Coverage There are some 209 legally designated conservation areas in the subregion covering a total of 27 million ha or 6.7% of the subregion (Table 9.3). Approximately one half of these conservation areas are under total protection, covering 3.2% of the subregion (Table 9.3). The rest are partially protected. The forestry sector is directly responsible for only 75 conservation areas, covering a total area of 3 million ha or 0.2% of the region. Bearing in mind the paucity of information available, this is certainly an underestimate.

The 10% target of total area under protection for conservation purposes has only been reached by the Central African Republic and Equatorial Guinea. Only 5.4% of Zaire is protected. This is an important consideration, bearing in mind that this country alone accounts for 57% of the subregion. In contrast, Sao Tome and Principe have no protected areas, but as the total land area of the two islands which comprise the country only amount to less than 0.1% of the subregion, this is insignificant on a subregional level.

Representativeness No protected areas yet exist in Sao Tome and Principe. As the country consists of two islands this has greater implications than if an equally small area on the mainland was totally unprotected. Although currently 9.5% of Cameroon lies within protected areas, these are not evenly distributed. National parks were originally set up in the north, where big game could be more easily viewed in the Sudanian savanna. This region is, therefore, well represented in contrast to forest areas in the south of the country, which are much less well represented. Similarly, in Central African Republic, most protected areas are located in the northern Sudanian savanna. However, attempts have been made recently to improve the representativeness of the system with the establishment in 1990 of Dzanga-Ndoki National Park and Dzanga-Sangha Special Reserve in the extreme south-west comer in a region of rain forest. In the Congo the situation is quite different. Samples of all vegetation types except swamp forest are included within protected areas, although the area gazetted is minimal (3.9% by 1982), and, as management is virtually non-existent, these are in effect only paper parks. Until recently, Equatorial Guinea had no protected areas, the well organised areas established during colonial days having collapsed. However, nine areas have recently been accorded formal protection, theoretically establishing an effective system. Again, information available suggests that these too exist only in name. Conservation areas in Gabon are located primarily on or near the coast, with little of the east of the country being represented. In Zaire, conservation areas are well distributed throughout the country.

Ecofloristic zone analysis [pending data from FAO]

Integrity Data in Table 9.4b indicate that conservation areas under the wildlife sector tend to be large or very large throughout the subregion, particularly in Zaire, which has a mean size of totally protected area of over 1 million ha. Mean size of totally protected areas is in all cases almost double that of partially protected areas. National parks form the bulk of the former category which, by definition, tend to be relatively large areas and provide a range of services. The two presidential reserves listed under Additional Sector (Table 9.4c) are similarly large. In contrast, reserves managed by the forestry sector are comparatively minute with a range of 4 to 40,000ha, apart from in Zaire which once again provides conservation areas with the largest mean size, of 141,500ha in this instance.

Effectiveness Apart from inadequate representation of the subregion’s biological diversity within existing conservation area networks, conservation efforts are limited by weaknesses in policy, legislation, institutional support and management. Existing legislation frequently needs strengthening or updating (Table 9.6). Management of protected areas throughout the sub-region is inadequate or totally lacking. Management plans for conservation areas within the region generally do not appear to exist, and many protected areas are ineffective, existing only on paper. The general lack of commitment of resources for conservation areas is largely responsible for many of the deficiencies in their management. Enforcement is very often handicapped by the absence of clearly-demarcated boundaries that are easily recognisable on the ground. Encroachment by people is ubiquitous, few conservation areas being free of this problem. Poaching is a continual problem throughout the region.

Even in Gabon, management is generally low despite the country’s relative affluence, an exception being the relatively well protected Wonga-Wongué Presidential Reserve. Invasion of protected areas by local populations,

542

which is a considerable problem elsewhere in Africa, is generally not a problem within this region, due to the comparatively low population pressure.

9.4.3 Contribution of the Forestry Sector to Nature Conservation

Preliminary data in Table 9.2 suggest that the contribution of the forestry sector to nature conservation is low (8%) in terms of the total area of the subregion under protection and conservation forest. The great majority (86%) of the conservation area network falls within the domain of the wildlife sector (Table 9.3).

The figures in Table 9.2 should be considered to be an absolute minimum. Data for the subregion was sparse, and the contribution of the forest sector to conservation is further underestimated, as no figures are available of the extent of protected forests. These are legislated for in all francophone countries within the subregion, and comprise virtually all land outside gazetted areas. Numerous activities, including felling, are prohibited, hence these forests serve a conservation function.

9.5 FUTURE PROSPECTS 9.5.1 Expanding the Conservation Area Network

The conservation area networks in all the countries within the region need to be expanded. In Cameroon, legislation states that 20% of the country should be protected, but present coverage is much less than this. Gabon is one of the few countries in the world that still offers exceptional potential for conservation. In general, the major ecosystems remain intact, and human activities are having less of an influence on the forest as people become more sedentary.

Proposals exist for the establishment of completely protected ecological zones on Sao Tome and Principe, at high altitudes, and on very steep slopes. Official proposals to expand the conservation area network throughout the region total some 1.7 million ha or 0.4 % of the total area of the subregion (Table 9.3).

9.5.2 Other National Initiatives Strengthening networks No information

Overcoming Economic Constraints Funding is a major factor which limits the effective management of conservation areas throughout the region, although this is much less of a problem in Gabon, which has a GNP at least double that of other countries within the sub-region.

Improving Management Management needs to be implemented, or improved throughout the sub-region. 9.5.3 International Initiatives

Conventions and Programmes All the countries within the sub-region are the subject of a regional programme "Conservation and Rational Utilisation of Forest Ecosystems in Central Africa", financed by the European Development Fund of the EC (IUCN, 1989).

Sao Tome and Principe, and Equatorial Guinea are not party to any of the international conventions listed in Table 9.5, to which other countries in the subregion belong. These comprise the 1968 (Algiers) African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, the Unesco Man and the Biosphere Programme, under which biosphere reserves are established , and the Convention Concerning the World Cultural and Natural Heritage (in which all other countries in the subregion participate). Gabon is the only country within the subregion party to the Ramsar Convention, under which three wetlands have been designated, all of which encompass areas of forest.

343

Cooperative agreements Zaire has transfrontier parks with Uganda and Rwanda, in neighbouring subregions, but there does not appear to be any cooperation in management.

9.6 PRIORITIES FOR ACTION

Priorities for conservation action in the subregion, summarised in Table 9.6, were reviewed in the now dated IUCN Systems review of the Afrotropical Realm (MacKinnon and MacKinnon, 1986) and the subsequent action plan (IUCN, 1987). Priorities have more recently been reviewed by IUCN (1989), and IUCN (1992) in preparation for the IV World Parks Congress. These are generalised, recognising that translation of priorities into action will vary according to national conservation objectives, history and political will. They provide a foundation to the more specific priorities identified in this report and are summarised in Table 9.6.

Recommendations listed in IUCN (1989) include limiting the great diversity of institutions responsible for forest management, establishing coordination between NGOs and the forest services, and the recruitment of women, who usually play an important role in agriculture and collection of forest products, into the forest service.

The Sudano-Sahelian PLATFORM for Action on UNCED Negotiations and Beyond: A Contribution to the African Position (Anon., 1991), concerning environmental degradation within the Sahel, was drawn up for UNCED 1992, following two consultative meetings of 22 Sudano-Sahelian countries, which included Cameroon. The report highlights the link between poverty and mismanagement of natural resources, particularly exploitation of marginal lands and deforestation. Recommendations include action to be taken at both the international and African level.

In conclusion, although mostly aware of the need for conservation area networks, well-funded institutions and up-to-date policy and legislation, governments in the subregion have generally not been able to ensure these are established, which has hampered progress within the subregion.

REFERENCES

Anon. (1991). Sudano-Sahelian PLATFORM for Action on UNCED Negotiations and Beyond: A Contribution to the African Position. Prepared by the 22 Sudano-Sahelian Countries. CILSS, UNSO, IGADD. 22 pp.

IUCN (1987). Action strategy for protected areas in the Afrotropical Realm. YUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. 56 pp.

TUCN (1989). La Conservation des Ecosystémes forestiers d’ Afrique centrale. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. 124 pp.

IUCN (1992). Parks for Life: proceedings of the IV World Parks Congress on National Parks and Protected Areas. 250 pp.

MacKinnon, J. and MacKinnon, K. (1986). Review of the protected areas system in the Afrotropical Realm. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK/UNEP, Nairobi, Kenya. 259 pp.

Stuart, S.N. and Adams, R.J. (1990). Biodiversity in Sub-saharan Africa and its islands: consrvation, management and sustainable use. TUCN, Gland, Switzerland. 242 pp.

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Table 9.2 Extent of notified natural forests, classified by forest function. Units are in sq. km, followed by % total area. Full data, with sources, are given in Annex 9.2.

Country Total FOREST FUNCTION SUBREGION Area Production Protection Conservation Total Cameroon 475,440 14,037 (2.9) 477 (0.1) <1(<0.1) 14,514 (.0) Central African

Republic 622,980 9,500 (1.5) 0 6,335 (1.0) 15,835 (2.5) Congo 342,000 4 3,170 (0.9) 3,170 (0.9) Equatorial

Guinea 28,050 ? 2, 316,700 (11.3) 316,700 (11.3) Gabon 267,670 ? ? i

Sao Tome

& Principe 960 ? P ?

Zaire 2,345,100 6,185 (0.3) 0 5,172 (0.2) 11,357 (0.5)

CENTRAL AFRICA 4,082,200 29,722 (0.7) 3,647(<0.1) 328,207 (8.0) 361,576 (8.8)

? = No information

350

Table 9.3 Extent of notified and proposed conservation areas, classified by sector and national designation. Management categories are assigned to designations based on national legislation (P = partial protection with local, sustainable extractive uses; T = total protection with no extractive uses). Totals for proposed sites may be inflated because they may include areas of properties already protected but proposed for upgrading to higher conservation status. Details of individual properties are given in Annex 9.2. N is the total number of conservation

areas. COUNTRY Man. Notified Proposed Sector cat. ——_—_—__—__——- National designation N Area (ha) N Area(ha)

CAMEROON (475,440 sq. km)

Forest Sector

Protection Forest P 9 47,676 11 154,985

Recreation Forest P 1 25 3 124

Subtotals 10 47,701 14 155,109

(% total area) ( 0.1) ( 0.3) Wildlife Sector

Faunal Reserve P 9 1,018,995 * 4 85,000 *

Hunting Reserve P 27 1,721,190 0 (0)

National Park T 7 1,031,800 1 353,180

Subtotals 43 3,771,985 * 5 438,180 *

(% total area) (@ ~*Zo))) ( 0.9) Totals 53 3,819,686 * 19 593,289 *

(% total area) ( 8.0) ( 1.2) CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC (622,980 sq. km) Forest Sector

Classified Forest P 46 633,472 (0) Q

Subtotals 46 633,472 fe) (0)

(% total area) ( 1.0) ( 0.0) Wildlife Sector

Faunal Reserve P 7) 2,668,000 1 320,000

National Park T 4 3,102,000 1 435,900

Sanctuary P 0 (o) at 265,000

Special Reserve P 1 335,900 (0) (0)

Strict Nature Reserve 7 1 86,000 {¢) 0

Subtotals 13 6,191,900 3 1,020,900

(% total area) ( 9.9) ( 1.6) Additional Sector, or sector unknown

Private Reserve P 1 250,000 O (0)

Subtotals 1 250,000 (0) (0)

(% total area) ( 0.4) ( 0.0) Totals 60 7,075,372 3 1,020,900

(% total area) ( 11.3) ( 1.6)

351

COUNTRY Man. Notified Proposed Sector Cat. National designation N Area (ha) N Area (ha) CONGO (342,000 sq. km) Forest Sector Protection Forest P 2 317,000 0 (0) Subtotals 0 317,000 (0) (e} (% total area) ( 0.9) ( 0.0) Wildlife Sector Faunal Reserve P 6 895,794 O (e) Hunting Reserve P 3 155,000 Oo 0 National Park T 1 126,600 (0) {0} Subtotals 10 1,177,394 (0) 0 (% total area) ( 3.5) ( 0.0) Totals 10 1,494,394 0 (0) (% total area) ( 4.4) ( 0.0) EQUATORIAL GUINEA (28,050 sq. km) Forest Sector Protected Area P 8 316,700 0 0 Subtotals 8 316,700 (0) (0) (% total area) ( 11.3) ( 0.0) Wildlife Sector National Park T (0) (0) 1 Oo * Subtotals (0) (@) al Oo * (% total area) ( 0.0) ( 0.0) Totals 8 316,700 at Oo * (% total area) ( 11.3) ( 0.0) GABON (267,670 sq. km) Forest Sector Faunal Reserve P 4 650,000 (@) (a) Hunting Area P 6 695,000 0) (0) Strict Nature Reserve T 1 15,000 0 (0) Subtotals 11 1,360,000 fe) 0 (% total area) ( 5.1) ( 0.0) Additional Sector, or sector unknown Presidential Reserve P 1 380,000 (0) (0) Subtotals 1 380,000 (e) (0) (% total area) ( 1.4) ( 0.0) Totals 12 1,740,000 {e) (0) (% total area) ( 6.5) ( 0.0) SAO TOME AND PRINCIPE (960 sq. km) Wildlife Sector Ecological Zone P 0 (0) 2 29,000 Subtotals {0} (0) 2 29,000 (% total area) ( 0.0) ( 30.2) Totals {e) (0) 2 29,000 (% total area) ( 0.0) ( 30.2)

352

COUNTRY Man. Notified Proposed Sector Cat. ———____- ss National designation N Area (ha) N Area(ha)

em

ZAIRE (2,345,100 sq. km)

Forest Sector

Forest Reserve P ? 517,169 * (0) (0)

Subtotals (0) 517,169 * (e} (0)

(% total area) ( 0.2) ( 0.0) Wildlife Sector

Hunting Reserve P 55 3,838,645 * ie) 0

National Park T 7 8,544,000 2 76,850 *

Strict Nature Reserve T 4 Oo * ie) (0)

Subtotals 66 12,382,645 * 2 76,850 *

(% total area) ( 5.2) ( 0.0) Totals 66 12,899,814 * 2 76,850 *

(% total area) ( oe) ( 0.0) EE EEE EE ee EEE EE eee CENTRAL AFRICA (4,082,200 sq. km) - summary by sector Forestry Sector 75 3,192,042 * 14 155,109

(% total area) ( 0.8) ( 0.0) Wildlife Sector 132 23,523,924 * 13 1,564,930 *

(% total area) ( 5.8) ( 0.4) Additional Sector or sector unknown 2 630,000 0 (0)

(% total area) ( 0.2) ( 0.0)

eu

CENTRAL AFRICA (4,082,200 sq. km) - summary by management category

Total protection 25 12,905,400 * 5 865,930 * (% total area) ( 3.2) ( 0.2) Partial protection 184 14,440,566 * 22 854,109 * (% total area) (3715) ( 0.2) Degree of protection unknown te) (0) 10} {0} (% total area) ( 0.0) ( 0.0) Totals 209 27,345,966 * 27 1,720,039 * (% total area) ( 6.7) ( 0.4)

aes ee

* Subtotal is incomplete because of missing data for either number of sites or area covered.

353

Table 9.4(a) Frequency distributions of conservation area sizes, with means, classified by management category (P = partial protection with local, sustainable extractive uses; T = total protection with no extractive uses), for (a) Forestry, (b) Wildlife and (c) Additional sectors.

Mean Number in each size class (ha) N size —.. a) Forestry Sector (ha) <=1000 1001- 10001-

10,000 100,000 >100,000

CAMEROON Notified sites P 10 4,770 6 3 1 (0) Total 10 4,770 6 3 1 (0) Proposed sites P 14 11,079 7 3 4 (0) Total 14 11,079 7 3 4 0 CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC Notified sites P 46 kp tal 19 17 7 3 Total 46 13,771 19 17 7 3 EQUATORIAL GUINEA Notified sites P 8 39,587 (e} 1 7 {0} Total 8 39,587 (o) 1 7 (0) GABON Notified sites T 1 15,000 0 O 1 0 P 10 134,500 fe) (0) 6 4 Total 11 123,636 (e) (0) 7 4 ZAIRE Notified sites P 2 141,500 (0) fe) 1 1 _ Total 2 141,500 (0) (0) 1 1 CENTRAL AFRICA Notified sites T 1 15,000 fe) ie} 1 0 P 76 34,550 25 21 22 8 Total 77 34,297 25 21 23 8 Proposed sites P 14 11,079 7 3 4 {0} Total 14 11,079 7 3 4 (0)

Note that N (the total number of conservation areas) does not necessarily equate to N in Table 3, because the areas of some individual sites may be unknown.

Countries for which there are no relevant data are not included in the table.

354

Table 9.4(b) Frequency distributions of conservation area sizes, with means, classified by management category (P = partial protection with local, sustainable extractive uses; T = total protection with no extractive uses), for (a) Forestry, (b) Wildlife and (c) Additional sectors.

Mean Number in each size class (ha) N size b) Wildlife Sector (ha) <1000 1001- 10001- 10,000 100,000 >100,000 CAMEROON Notified sites £, 7 147,400 (0) 2 (0) 5 P 35 78,291 1 3 25 6 Total 42 89,809 1 5 25 11 Proposed sites T. al 353,180 (0) (0) 0 1 P 2 42,500 (0) fe) 2 fe) Total 3 146,060 (e) (e) 2 1 CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC Notified sites T 5 637,600 fe) 0 1 4 P 8 375,487 fe) (0) (0) 8 Total 13 476,300 fe) fe) 1 12 Proposed sites T 1 435,900 te) 0) (0) 1 P 2 292,500 (0) fe) (0) 2 Total 3 340,300 fe) fe) (0) 3 CONGO Notified sites T 1 126,600 0 0 (e) 1 P 9 116,754 0 al 6 2 Total 10 117,739 (0) al 6 3 ZAIRE Notified sites T 7 1,220,571 fe) 0 (0) 7 P 14 274,188 2 1 4 7 Total 21 589,649 2 1 4 14 Proposed sites Tr 1 76,850 fe) fo) 1 0 Total 1 76,850 fe) (0) 1 (0) CENTRAL AFRICA Notified sites rT 20 644,520 0 2 1 17 P 66 161,114 3 5 35 23 Total 86 273,534 3 7 36 40 Proposed sites T 3 288,643 fe) 0 1 2 P 4 167,500 fe) (0) 2 2 Total 7 219,418 fe) fe) 3 4

Note that N (the total number of conservation areas) does not necessarily equate to N in Table 3, because the areas of some individual sites may be unknown.

Countries for which there are no relevant data are not included in the table.

355

Table 9.4(c) Frequency distributions of conservation area sizes, with means, classified by management category (P = partial protection with local, sustainable extractive uses; T = total protection with no extractive uses), for (a) Forestry, (b) Wildlife and (c) Additional sectors.

c) Additional Sector(s)

Mean Number in each size class (ha) size (ha) <1000 1001- 10001-

10,000 100,000 >100,000

CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC

Notified sites P 250,000 {0} 0 10) Alt Total 250,000 (0) (0) fe) 1 GABON Notified sites P 380,000 fe) (o) (0) 1 Total 380,000 (0) (0) (0) 1 CENTRAL AFRICA Notified sites P 315,000 (0) 9 (0) 2 Total 315,000 (0) fe) (0) 2

Note that N (the total number of conservation areas) does not necessarily equate to N in Table 3, because the areas of some individual sites may be unknown.

Countries for which there are no relevant data are not included in the table.

356

Table 9.5 State parties to international (and regional) conventions or programmes concerning the conservation of natural areas, together with the number of properties (natural of mixed natural/cultural in the case of the World Heritage Convention) recognised under respective conventions in brackets.

World Heritage | Biosphere Ramsar African Convention Reserves! Convention Convention 1982 (1) iG) [S| elhed 7" Central African 1980 (1) 1977 (2) Republic 1987 (0) wre) |S) fl eib.

Eguaoria Guinea | - | | - T- 1986 © 983.) | i986 @) | ss

Sao Tome and Principe

‘Unesco MAB Project 8 R = ratified = signatory

357

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Annex 9.1 _—_List of conservation areas. Locations of most notified conservation areas are shown in the

accompanying maps in Part III

CAMEROON

Faunal Reserves

1 Campo 300,000 1932 2 Dja 526,000 1950 3 Douala-Edea 160,000 1932 4 Kimbi 5,625 1964 5 Lac Ossa 4,000 1968 6 Mbi Crater 370 1964 7 Nanga-Eboke 16,000 8 Sanaga 9 Santchou 7,000 1933 Subtotal 9 sites 1,018,995 ha* Hunting Reserves 10 Bandjoukri 58,780 11 Bel Eland 26,000 12 Boune Dje 97,040 13 Cobas 50,000 14 Densa 70,480 15 Djibao 64,600 16 Dobinga 44,600 17 Elephants 17,000 18 Faro Coron 56,860 19 Faro Ouest 125,950 20 Grand Capitaine 29,360 21 Hippopotame 46,950 22 Kourouk 95,000 23 Landou 38,370 24 Logone Birni 80,000 25 Mayo Duele 64,600 26 Mayo Oldiri 46,940 27 Mayo Oldiri Nord 60,000 28 Mayo Oldiri Sud 38,370 29 Mayo Sala 38,000 30 Ndock . 181,120 31 Rhinoceros 72,510 32 Sadje 26,660 33 Tatou 20,000 34 Tcheboa 160,800 35 Vogzom 85,000 36 Waimba 26,200 Subtotal 27 sites 1,721,190 ha National Parks 37 Benoue 180,000 1968 38 Bouba Ndjidah 220,000 1968 39 Faro 330,000 1980 40 Kalamaloue 4,500 1972 41 Korup 125,900 1986 42 Mozogo-Gokoro 1,400 1968 43 Waza 170,000 1968 Subtotal 7 sites 1,031,800 ha Protection Forests 44 Bakwery 9,324 45 Barombi-Mbolake 885 46 Mbamidjin 145 47 Mont Koupe 300 48 Mont-Bamboutos 222 1948 49 Monts Ekasekas 250 50 Mouma 10,000 1936 51 Nkilzock 3,000 1936

359

52 Obala Subtotal

Recreation Forest 53 Bois des Singes Subtotal

Proposed (Faunal Reserves) Bafia Boumba bec Lac Lobeke Nki Subtotal

Proposed (National Park) Mbam et Djerem Subtotal

Proposed (Protection Forests) Boumba Belo Ejagham Kakaya (Kiki) Kouloumbou Koutaba Meri Mogode Mpadama Nyassogolo Yamben Zebe

Subtotal

Proposed (Recreation Forests) Edea Poli Sokilimbanga Subtotal

Totals Notified conservation areas Proposed conservation areas

11

53 19

sites

site

sites

site

sites

sites

sites sites

* Subtotal is incomplete because of missing data.

360

42,000 43,000 85,000

353,180 353,180

84 124

3,819,686 593,289

ha

ha

1974

ha*

1968 ha

ha

ha

ha* ha*

CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC

Classified Forests Badada Kere Bako Malikpa Bandengue Banzoum Batangafo Batouri Kadei Batouri Sadowa Bengue Birini Bolee 11 Botambi 12 Boungou 13 Calvaire 14 Collines de Bangui 15 Cote des Singes 16 Disso Donago 17 Herman 18 Landjia 19 Lole 20 Lotomo 21 Loumi 22 Mobaye 23 Mokinda 24 N'dres 25 Nan Barya Ngoudou 26 Nayomo Guimi 27 Ngotto 28 Ngoulo 29 Nidou 30 Ohou 31 Ouabere 32 Ouele Ouele 33 Pami 34 Pamia 35 Pande Zamaga 36 Paoua 37 Paya 38 Pepoulou 39 Poto Poto 40 Pradama 41 Sabo 42 Seriki 43 Tomi 44 Yakamele 45 Yangana 46 Zizi Subtotal

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Faunal Reserves

47 Aouk-Aoukale

48 Gribingui-Bamingui 49 Koukourou-Bamingui 50 Nana-Barya

51 Ouandjia-Vakaga

52 Yata-Ngaya

53 Zemongo

Subtotal

National Parks 54 Andre Felix 55 Bamingui-Bangoran 56 Dzanga-Ndoki 57 Manovo-Gounda-Saint Floris Subtotal

361

46 sites

7 sites

4 sites

633,472 ha

330,000 438,000 110,000 230,000 130,000 420,000 1,010,000 2,668,000 ha

170,000 1,070,000

122,000 1,740,000 3,102,000 ha

1952 1952

1950 1955 1953 1952 1954 1951

1950 1952 1952 1952 1952 1952 1956 1948 1951 1951 1950 1951

1948

1951 1950

1951 1950 1952 1951 1952 1953

1956 1950 1951

1953 1952 1952 1951 1952 1951

1939 1940 1940 1960 1925 1960 1925

1960 1933 1990 1933

Private Reserve 58 Avakaba Presidential Park Subtotal

Special Reserve 59 Dzanga-Sangha Subtotal

Strict Nature Reserve 60 Vassako-Bolo Subtotal

Proposed (Faunal Reserve) Bahr Oulou Subtotal

Proposed (National Park) Sangha Economique Subtotal

Proposed (Sanctuary) Bongo Subtotal

Totals

Notified conservation areas Proposed conservation areas

362

site

site

site

site

site

site

sites sites

250,000 250,000

335,900 335,900

86,000 86,000

320,000 320,000

435,900 435,900

265,000 265,000

7,075,372 1,020,900

ha

ha

ha

ha

ha

ha

ha ha

1980

1990

1960

CONGO

Faunal Reserves Conkouati Lefini Lekoli-Pandaka Mont Fouari Nyanga Nord Tsoulou Subtotal

Du kPWNe

Hunting Reserves 7 M'boko 8 Mont Mavoumbou 9 Nyanga Sud Subtotal

National Park 10 Odzala Subtotal

Totals Notified conservation areas Proposed conservation areas

363

sites

sites

site

sites sites

144,294 630,000 68,200 15,600 7,700 30,000 895,794

90,000 42,000 23,000 155,000

126,600 126,600

1,177,394

ha

ha

ha

ha ha

1980 1951 1955 1958 1958 1963

1955 1955 1958

1940

EQUATORIAL GUINEA

Protected Areas

Altos de Nsok

Estuario de rio Muni

Estuario de rio Ntem (Campo)

Isla de Annobon

Macizo de Monte Alen

Macizo de los Montes Mitra

Pico Basile o Sta. Isabel

Sur de la Isla de Bioco Subtotal

OIH UN P&wWNEe

Proposed (National Park) Monte del Frio Subtotal

Totals Notified conservation areas Proposed conservation areas

kr ©

40,000

70,000

20,000

1,700

80,000

30,000

15,000

60,000

sites 316,700

site

sites 316,700 site

* Subtotal is incomplete because of missing data.

364

ha

ha*

ha ha*

1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990

GABON

Faunal Reserves

1 Lope 500,000 1962 2 Moukalaba-Dougoua 80,000 1962 3 Ouanga Plain 20,000 1966 4 Petit Loango 50,000 1966 Subtotal 4 sites 650,000 ha Hunting Areas 5 Grand Bam-Bam 20,000 1971 6 Iguela 180,000 1962 7 Moukalaba 20,000 1962 8 Ngove-Ndogo 250,000 1962 9 Sette-Cama 200,000 1962 10 Wonga Wongue 25,000 1962 Subtotal 6 sites 695,000 ha Presidential Reserve 11 Wonga-Wongue 380,000 1971 Subtotal 1 site 380,000 ha Strict Nature Reserve 12 Ipassa-Makokou 15,000 1970 Subtotal 1 site 15,000 ha Totals Notified conservation areas 12 sites 1,740,000 ha Proposed conservation areas O sites ha

Sites 5 and 10 lie within Site 11. They are not mapped as information concerning their exact location was not available.

365

ZAIRE

Forest Reserves

1 2

Luki Yangambi Subtotal

Hunting Reserves

NNNNNPBPRPPRPEPHPPBPP PWUNFOWUDIDUAWHKPOWUDITDU AW

Alundas-Tutshokwea

Azande

Basse Kando

Beni (Oicha)

Bili-Uere

Bombo-Lumene

Botende

Bukama

Bushimaie

Epi

Epulu

Fizi

Gangala-na Bodio

Gungu

Hippo/Kolwezi

Iles aux singes

Iles de Kifuabire

Kalemie

Kalule

Kibali-Ituri

Kiziba-Baluba

Kolwezi

Lac Kwada

Lac Mokoto

Libenge

Loma

Lualaba

Luama

Luama/Shaba

Lubudi-samppa

Lueba-Izeba

Lwadekere

Maika-Penge

Mangai

Mitwaba

Mole

Mondo Missa

Mont Hoyo

Mufufya

Mulumbu

Mwanza

Mwekaji

Mwene

Mwene Musona

Rubi Tele

Rubitele

Rutshuru

Sakanya

Sandua

Sefu-Kiongo

Semliki-Kasenyi

Sud-Ouest de Lubero

Swa-Kibula

Tshikamba

Watalinga Subtotal

National Parks

58

Garamba

366

2 sites

55 sites

33,000 250,000 283,000

600,000 240,000 982

60,000

380,000

63

340,000 9,200 900,000 36,000

32,400 1,000,000

100,000

140,000

3,838,645

492,000

ha

ha*

1979

1938

59 Kahuzi-Biega

60 Kundelungu

61 Maiko

62 Salonga

63 Upemba

64 Virunga Subtotal

Nature Reserves 65 Bomu 66 Eaux Delcommune 67 Lac Fwa 68 Ubundu Subtotal

Proposed (National Parks) Okapi Parc National Marine Subtotal

Proposed (Reserve) Lomako Marungu mountains Uvira Subtotal

Totals Notified conservation areas Proposed conservation areas

sites

sites

sites

sites

sites sites

* Subtotal is incomplete because of missing data.

367

600,000

760,000 1,083,000 3,656,000 1,173,000

780,000 8,544,000

76,850 76,850

12,665,645 76,850

ha

ha*

ha*

ha*

ha* ha*

1975 1970 1970 1970 1939 1925

Annex 9.2 Extent of notified forests by forest origin and forest function. Non—forest includes both degraded forest and lands not forested at the time of their reservation.

Region: Africa Sub—region: Central Africa Name of country/state: Cameroon

Total area (sq.km): 475440

Land area (sq.km): 465400

Month/year of reference: March 1992

FORRES Ti FUNCTION

FOREST Production forests Protection forests Conservation forests

ORIGIN Existing Proposed __ Existing Proposed __ Existing Proposed (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha)

Natural 1403702 829345 47676 159585 25 124

Non-—forest

Plantation 48903 4009

TOTAL 1452605 833354 47676 159585 25 124

Notes: Data are from B.Djingoer, pers.comm. 1992 Forestry | Department, Ministry of the Environment and Forests.

Reforestation areas are listed as production forests of plantation origin. The figures for conservation forests represent 4 recreation forests.

| 369

Annex 9.2 (continued)

Region: Africa Sub-—region: Central Africa Name of couniry/state: Central African Republic

Total area (sq.km): 622980

Land area (sq.km): 622980

Month/year of reference: May 1990

E,O RR EsS F U N Cc} OIN

FOREST Production forests Protection forests Conservation forests

ORIGIN Existing Proposed _ Existing Proposed __ Existing Proposed (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha)

Natural 950000 633472

Non-—forest

Plantation

TOTAL 950000 ) 0 0 633472 0

Notes: Data are from Ministére des eaux, foréts, chasses, péches

et tourisme, 1990.

The figure 633,472 represents 46 classified forests (see Annex 9.1).

370

|

Annex 9.2 (continued)

Region: Africa Sub—region: Central Africa Name of country/state: Congo

Total area (sq.km): 342000

Land area (sq.km): 341500

Month/year of reference: 1981

PORES Tt FUNCTION

FOREST Production forests Protection forests Conservation forests

ORIGIN Existing Proposed Existing Proposed Existing Proposed (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha)

Natural 317000

'Non—forest

Plantation

TOTAL 0

Note: FAO (1981) gave an area of 317,000ha for the classified

forests in the last assessment. New legislation has since been passed, and the term protection forest is now used.

371

Annex 9.2 (continued)

Region: Africa Sub—region: Central Africa Name of country/state: Equatorial Guinea

Total area (sq.km): 28050

Land area (sq.km): 28050

Month/year of reference: 1992

FIO VRSE tS.) FeU NEG) OFN

FOREST Production forests Protection forests Conservation forests

ORIGIN Existing Proposed Existing Proposed Existing Proposed (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha)

Natural 316700

Non-—forest

Plantation

TOTAL 0 0 0 0 316700 (0)

Notes: Data are from Castroviejo (1992).

The figure for conservation forests 316,700ha represents eight protected areas, recently established, and presumed to be managed by the authorities responsible for forests.

372

Annex 9.2 (continued)

Region: Africa Sub—region: Central Africa Name of country/state: Gabon

Total area (sq.km): 267670

Land area (sq.km): 257670

Month/year of reference:

PORES Tf F UN Gitol OTN

FOREST Production forests Protection forests Conservation forests ORIGIN Existing Proposed Existing Proposed __ Existing Proposed (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) ‘Natural

Non-—forest

Plantation

TOTAL 0 0 0 0 0 0 Notes No information available.

373

Annex 9.2 (continued)

Region: Africa Sub—region: Central Africa

Name of country/state: Sao Tome/Principe Total area (sq.km): 960 Land area (sq.km): 960

Month/year of reference: 1989.

FO RPE Sai FUNCTION

FOREST Production forests Protection forests Conservation forests

ORIGIN Existing Proposed _ Existing Proposed Existing Proposed (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha)

Natural 45000 29000

Non—forest

Plantation

TOTAL 0 45000 0 29000 0 0

Notes: Data are taken from Jones et al (1989).

The figure for proposed protection forests represents two ecological zones to be established at higher altitudes and on steep slopes.

374

Annex 9.2 (continued)

Region: Africa Sub—region: Central Africa

Name of country/state: Zaire Total area (sq.km): 234510 Land area (sq.km): 226729

Month/year of reference: October 1988.

FO tR Ess’ 7, FUN CT I O°N

FOREST Production forests Protection forests Conservation forests

ORIGIN Existing Proposed Existing Proposed Existing Proposed (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha)

Natural 618545 517169

Non—forest

Plantation

TOTAL 618545 0 0 0 517169 0

Notes: Data are taken from D.Katond, pers.comm. 1990 and IUCN (1990).

Management of forests in Zaire is complex, with numerous organisations being involved.

The figure 618,545 represents 200 production forests. The figure 517,169 represents 117 forest reserves, under the management of the Direction de la Gestion des Ressources Naturelles Renouvelables.

375

Arrest 8:2 (corpriued

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Mantiyew of relernnce: wes

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FOREST

10 TROPICAL SOUTHERN AFRICA

10 TROPICAL SOUTHERN AFRICA (including Madagascar)

Angola, Botswana, Burundi, Madagascar, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Rwanda, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe

10.1 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE

Protection of nature, in the form of traditional creeds and superstitions, is an old tradition throughout the subregion, one notable example being the protection of mountain forests and peaks in Madagascar. The "305 Articles Code" of the Ancient Malagasy Kingdom also provided protection for forests on the island and, under this code, those who were convicted of deforestation were condemned to be chained. During the 19th century, chiefs in Zambia had traditional hunting grounds where a measure of protection was provided.

Conservation in the subregion, however, stems mainly from the creation of extensive networks in both the forestry and wildlife sectors, with forest reserves first being created around the tum of the century in Malawi, in the 1920s, 1930s, and 1940s in most other countries, and somewhat later (1970s) in Botswana. To date, no forest reserves have been established in Namibia. Significant additions to the forest reserve networks of most countries has occurred in the post-independence period.

The establishment of conservation areas in the wildlife sector follows a similar pattern, with the first game reserve being created in 1897 in Malawi, followed by those created in the early 1900s in Namibia and Tanzania, in the 1920s and 1930s in Angola, Rwanda, Zambia, Zimbabwe and Madagascar, and in the 1950s and 1960s in Mozambique and Botswana, respectively. Significant additions to these wildlife sector networks occurred in the majority of countries from the 1950s onwards. In most countries, national parks were established somewhat later than game reserves, and Burundi represents one of very few African countries where no national park was established during the colonial period. The majority of conservation areas in the wildlife sector of Malawi were created from previously established forest reserves.

National monuments, which serve primarily to protect natural features, were first created in Zambia in the 1940s, Victoria Falls being a prominent example. National monuments, and legislation allowing for their creation, were established in the 1960s for both Malawi and Namibia.

Nature conservation is in various stages of development throughout the subregion. Legislation allowing for the creation of forest reserves exists in all countries, with the possible exception of Namibia. Further, all countries have legislation providing for the creation of conservation areas in the wildlife sector, most of which conform to international standards, the exception being Angola where conservation areas are established under individual laws (IUCN, 1987a). Apart from Madagascar, where the situation is under review, each country has distinct agencies or departments which are responsible for conservation areas in the forestry and wildlife sectors, respectively.

10.2 NATURE CONSERVATION POLICY AND LEGISLATION

Legislation exists for the creation and management of conservation areas in all countries of Tropical Southern Africa. These are summarised in Table 10.1 and reviewed below.

10.2.1 Forestry Sector

Policy Forest policy has been developed for a number of countries in the subregion, reflecting the dual purposes of protection and management for sustainable use. The need to increase the area under reservation is also stated. For example, the national constitution of Namibia (1989) outlines state policy on the conservation and sustainable use of natural resources. This is complimented by the Nationhood Programme for an Independent Namibia, which emphasises the environmental and economic role of forests. In addition, the recently approved National Forest Policy states that 10% of the country’s land area will be managed as state forests. Similarly, the government of Zambia has set a target to increase the area of state-managed forests to

376

at least 15% in the future. In Malawi, the Department of Forestry’s "Statement of Development Policies (1987-1996)" is currently guiding the management and control of the forest estate, while the accompanying five- year action plan (1988-1992) has identified a number of priority strategies including initiatives in community forestry and cooperation with other countries in the development of forest resources.

Legislation Within Tropical Southern Africa, early legislation allowing for the creation of forest reserves dates back to 1921 in Tanzania, the 1930s in Madagascar and Rwanda, the 1940s in Malawi, Zambia and Zimbabwe, and the mid-1950s in Mozambique. In almost all cases, these early acts have either been amended or new legislation adopted, mostly in the 1970s and 1980s. Forestry legislation has recently been passed in Botswana (1976) and Burundi (1989), while the origin and date of legislation creating forest reserves in Angola is unknown.

Early legislation in Rwanda, and probably in a number of other countries in the subregion, made provision for the exploitation of timber resources in the interests of European settlers, while leaving Rwandanese nationals free to cut wood in accordance with customary rights. Most forest reserve networks today, however, have been established with both exploitation and conservation in mind, and, in the case of Tanzania, the development of management plans for forest reserves is stipulated in its legislation.

Present forestry legislation throughout the subregion allows for the creation of one or more forest reserve designations, outlines provisions relating to forest exploitation and management, establishes management authorities, and sets out offences and accompanying penalties in connection with forest resources and reserves. Related and subsidiary legislation to the principal acts exists in most countries, notable among these being the Acquisition of Land for Public Purposes Ordinance No.19 (1948) of Malawi, which enables the proclamation of public lands, subsequently gazetted as forest reserves.

In no less than six countries (Botswana, Malawi, Rwanda, Tanzania, Zambia and Madagascar), the principal forest acts make provision for the establishment of private forest reserves, local authority forest reserves, community forests or village forests. These categories are generally governed by the same regulations set out for government reserves, and are usually managed by local authorities. Zimbabwe is unique in that it has distinct legislation governing the conservation and sustainable use of communal land.

All but Mozambique and Madagascar have distinct wildlife and forestry laws. In Botswana, hunting is allowed within the forest reserve network, while in Zambia national parks are classified as conservation forests by the Forestry Department.

10.2.2 Wildlife Sector

Policy Most countries within the subregion have formulated, or are in the process of developing nature conservation policies which emphasise the importance of conservation areas in protecting wildlife and natural habitat. For example, the Wildlife Conservation Policy of Botswana, 1986 emphasises the importance of national parks and reserves, wildlife management areas, and the rational use of wildlife. Similarly, Malawi’s Wildlife Policy Statement, 1963 contains provisions for the protection of wildlife and natural habitat, the control of hunting, and for conservation education programmes. Somewhat more extensive, the Ministry of Wildlife, Conservation and Tourism in Namibia has recently set out a number of aims and objectives for the next decade, including the development and maintenance of a network of conservation areas which will contain at least 10% of each habitat type, the proclamation of marine reserves, and the development of master plans and management policies for each conservation area.

A second feature of many policies within the subregion is an emphasis on the role conservation areas play in support of rural development. For example, the Director of Wildlife (1991) stated that the overall conservation goal of Tanzania is to integrate wildlife conservation with rural development, and to maintain a viable network of conservation areas which will benefit rural people and provide for the conservation of flora and fauna. Likewise, the policies of Zambia and Zimbabwe, respectively, emphasise the protection and management of the parks and wildlife estate, and promote wildlife management as an economic form of sustainable resource use. Currently, the development of a national environmental policy is a priority area in Angola.

377

Legislation Within the subregion, the majority of countries had pre-independence laws relating to wildlife conservation and the creation of conservation areas in the wildlife sector. Early examples include the passing of the first game law in Botswana in 1891, legislation passed in Rwanda (1925) which allowed for the creation of Virunga National Park, the 1925 Game Ordinance of Zambia, a decree of 1927 which established the first nature reserves in Madagascar, the Game and Fish Preservation Act, 1929 of Zimbabwe, and the "Regulamento", 1936 of Angola, which allowed for the establishment of national parks and reserves. These were subsequently amended or repealed, most recently in the 1970s (Angola, Botswana, Malawi, Mozambique, Rwanda, Tanzania, and Zambia), or 1980s (Burundi, Namibia, and Zimbabwe).

There is recognition of the need to draft new conservation area legislation for Angola, while revision of the natural resources acts in Malawi is ongoing. The proposed Wildlife Conservation and National Parks Bill of Botswana is being promulgated and will amalgamate the existing Fauna Conservation Act and the National Parks Act, while the National Parks and Wildlife Act of Zambia has been redrafted and is currently before parliament. These new pieces of legislation will either create or redefine conservation area designations.

Present nature conservation legislation in the subregion commonly provides for the establishment of national parks, game/nature reserves, sanctuaries, controlled hunting areas, and strict (integral) nature reserves. Other categories found include the international game park of Zambia, national recreation area of Namibia, and a single piece of legislation providing for the establishment and management of Ngorongoro Conservation Area in Tanzania. National parks and strict nature reserves tend to afford the highest degree of protection, while controlled hunting areas the least throughout the subregion. Wildlife management areas and game management areas, which are a feature of Botswana and Zambia, respectively, provide for conservation, local utilisation of wildlife resources, and often serve as buffer zones to the more strictly protected designations. In Zimbabwe, a number of parks and reserves are a part of the estate of the late Cecil John Rhodes and as such are also covered by the terms of the Rhodes Estate Act of 1978.

10.2.3 Additional Sectors

In Tanzania, the creation and management of marine reserves is provided for by the Fisheries Act No. 6, 1970, and the accompanying regulations of 1975. National monuments legislation has been passed in Burundi, Malawi, Namibia, and Zambia.

10.3 MANAGED AREAS ADMINISTRATION 10.3.1 Forestry Sector

Administration of forestry is the responsibility of forest departments or services within the subregion. Exceptions to this are Botswana and Tanzania, where forestry is administered at the divisional level, Namibia, where a Forestry Directorate exists, and Zimbabwe where a Forestry Commission is the managing authority (Table 10.1). Most have a long institutional history, dating from the tum of the century in a number of countries.

Unlike all other countries of the subregion, where there are distinct agencies which administer conservation areas in the forestry and wildlife sectors, respectively, the Administration Forestitre of Madagascar is responsible for all conservation areas. In Namibia, the Forestry Directorate will be responsible for the management of forest reserves when the necessary enabling legislation is introduced.

10.3.2 Wildlife Sector Many of the original game departments in the subregion were established for tsetse control and have since assumed conservation responsibilities. Further, the management of conservation areas today is closely tied to tourism in many countries.

With the exception of Madagascar, management of conservation areas in the wildlife sector is the responsibility of the respective wildlife departments. Today, these departments, apart from those in Angola and Mozambique, operate independently of their respective forestry administrations. For example, jurisdiction lies with the Department of Wildlife and National Parks in Botswana, and with the Office of Tourism and National Parks

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in Rwanda. Somewhat unique are Burundi, where management responsibility lies with the National Institute for the Environment and the Conservation of Nature; Mozambique, where Eduardo Mondlane University manages the partially-protected Inhaca Island; and Tanzania, where three agencies have management authority: the Division of Wildlife, which is responsible for game reserves and game controlled areas; Tanzania National Parks; and the Ngorongoro Conservation Area Authority. In addition, while the majority of game reserves are controlled on a regional basis in Tanzania, seven are considered national projects and come directly under the management of the Wildlife Division.

Management of conservation areas in the wildlife sector is linked closely to rural development in a number of countries. For example, responsibilities of the National Parks & Wildlife Service of Zambia include management of the Administration Management Design Programme for Game Management Areas, and the wildlife component of the Luangwa Integrated Rural Development Project, while the Department of National Parks & Wildlife Management of Zimbabwe oversees the Communal Areas Management Programme for Indigenous Resources projects throughout a number of districts in the country.

10.3.3 Additional Sectors

The creation and management of national monuments is the responsibility of the National Monuments Council in Namibia and the National Heritage Conservation Commission in Zambia, respectively. The Fisheries Division in the Ministry of Tourism, Natural Resources and Tourism, Tanzania, manages the seven marine reserves in the country.

10.3.4 Non-Governmental Organisations

While there are no local NGOs which are exclusively responsible for the management of conservation areas, the Kalahari Conservation Society of Botswana funds projects relating to protected areas, the Wildlife Society of Zimbabwe promotes the establishment of wildlife areas, and the East Africa Wildlife Society and the Wildlife Conservation Society of Tanzania support the management of reserves in that country.

10.4 MANAGED AREAS STATUS

The managed areas system is mapped for each country within the subregion in Fig. 10.1-13. Details of individual conservation areas are given in Annex 10.1 which also serves as a key to the maps. The bulk (over 90%) of the conservation areas network (by total area) falls within the domain of the wildlife sector (Table 10.3).

10.4.1 Managed Areas within the Forestry Sector

Coverage Natural reserved forests account for at least 5.2% of the total area of Tropical Southern Africa (Table 10.2). They are most extensive in Tanzania (14.2%), Rwanda (12.7%), Madagascar (10.6%), and Zambia (9.6 %), the latter having over 450 notified reserves. The reserved forest networks of all other countries in the subregion cover less than 10% of the respective country, while there are no notified reserves in Namibia.

Of the 5.2% of natural reserved forests in the subregion, the majority (about 72 %) are allocated for commercial production purposes (Table 10.2). All reserved forests in Mozambique, however, serve a conservation purpose, those in Malawi and Burundi are all considered protection forests, and 75% of the forest estate in Madagascar is set aside for protection purposes.

10.4.2 Conservation Areas within Forestry, Wildlife and Additional Sectors

Coverage There are more than 650 notified conservation areas in Tropical Southern Africa, covering a total area of 99.9 million ha or 16% of the subregion (Fig. 10.1). The forestry sector is directly responsible for over 370 conservation areas, covering a total area of approximately 9.1 million ha or 1.4% of the subregion. Most of these lie in Madagascar (279) and Malawi (70). The total coverage of conservation areas under additional sectors is minimal.

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Approximately 13% of conservation areas are under total protection, covering 4.4% of area in the subregion (Table 10.3). Most of these fall within the wildlife sector. The rest are partially protected.

The target of 10% of total area under protection for conservation purposes has been reached by eight of eleven countries of the subregion, including Zambia (29.7%), Tanzania (28.5%), Rwanda (21.0%) and Botswana (17.6%), which all have extensive conservation area networks. Least extensive are those of Burundi and Angola, both of which are about half way towards reaching the target. About 57% of the conservation area in Zambia and about 45% of the area in Tanzania, however, is tied up in game management areas and game controlled areas, respectively, which make minimal provision for habitat protection.

Representativeness In a number of countries in the subregion, nature conservation areas have been established haphazardly in the past, with little regard to ecological or other criteria for their selection. This is reflected in the existing networks of Angola, where conservation areas were established first in zones of low agricultural or economic potential, and Burundi, where the current conservation area system is comprised mostly of montane habitat. In contrast, Botswana supports 14 major ecosystem types, nine of which are represented in national parks and game reserves (Hannah ef al., n.d.). Forest reserves in the country are found primarily in dry woodland types.

In Madagascar, the establishment of conservation areas, beginning with the selection of ten nature reserves in 1927, was to provide a representative sample of the many ecological features of the island (UCN/UNEP/WWF, 1987). Despite this intent, only about 8% of the country is included within the conservation area network, and not all native terrestrial forest communities are afforded protection. Fourteen additional sites have been proposed to extend protection to the south-west and centre-east, to mangrove and wetland habitat, and to coral reefs (Nicoll and Langrand, 1989).

Protection of the biotic communities in Malawi is extensive. Of the 29 communities recognised by Shaxson (1977), examples of 18 occur in conservation areas of the wildlife sector, while a number of others are found in the forest reserve network (Clarke and Bell, 1986). Extended protection to the deciduous miombo woodlands and the evergreen forest biome are considered priorities, among others. In Mozambique, increased protection is needed in highland and coastal forests, while in Namibia, the Ministry of Wildlife, Conservation & Tourism has set a target of protecting 10% of each habitat type (Grobler, 1991). In Tanzania, where conservation areas cover nearly 30% of its total area, recommendations to extend the conservation areas network to montane and lowland forests, and to establish conservation areas on Pemba and Zanzibar have been formulated (IUCN, 1987b; Stuart & Adams, 1990).

Zambia has 2 good conservation area network covering most major habitat types (MacKinnon & MacKinnon, 1986). Nevertheless, inadequately protected habitats include a number of montane habitats, and isolated patches of lowland and gallery forest in the north-west (MacKinnon & MacKinnon, 1986; Stuart & Adams, 1990). In Zimbabwe, additional protection has been recommended for lowland forest, quartz grassland and forest, and Parinari forests.

Integrity Using mean size as a measure of integrity, data in Table 10.4 indicate that forest reserves serving a conservation or protection function in Malawi and Zimbabwe tend to be small, the majority being less than 10,000ha in size. In contrast, the reserves of Botswana, although small in number, have a mean size in excess of 30,000ha. Totally protected sites (strict nature reserves) under the jurisdiction of the Administration Forestitre of Madagascar have a mean size larger than 50,000ha. Extrapolating from Table 10.3, forest reserves serving a conservation or protection function in Mozambique tend to be large, with a mean size exceeding 135,000ha.

In the wildlife sector, the partially and totally protected conservation areas of Angola, Botswana, Mozambique, and Namibia tend to be few in number but large in size, with means in excess of 300,000ha for each country. Both Tanzania and Zambia have respectable numbers of partially and totally protected areas, again with means larger than 300,000ha. The totally protected sites of Malawi, Rwanda, and Zimbabwe have mean sizes (> 100,000ha) which are considerably larger than those of their respective partially protected sites, while conservation areas in Burundi tend to be on the small side. Conservation areas in additional sectors in the subregion are all afforded partial protection and are small in size.

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The mean size of totally protected areas (51,776ha) in the forestry sector, made up exclusively of strict nature reserves, is about four times that of partially protected sites (12,980ha), comprising mostly forest reserves. In the wildlife sector, the mean size of totally protected areas (353,825ha) is slightly larger than that for partially protected sites (329,060ha). National parks constitute the bulk of the former category, and by definition tend to be relatively large areas to provide a range of services. Partially protected areas comprise mainly game/nature reserves, sanctuaries, and controlled hunting areas. Significantly, conservation areas in the wildlife sector tend to be considerably larger than those in the forestry sector.

Effectiveness Apart from gaps in the representation of the subregion’s biological diversity within existing conservation area networks, conservation efforts are limited by weaknesses in policy and legislation, inadequate institutional support and ineffective management.

As mentioned in Section 10.2, nature conservation policies in the forestry sector have been formulated at least in Malawi, Namibia, and Zambia, while the majority of countries in the subregion have nature conservation policies in the wildlife sector.

For a number of countries, legislation needs strengthening or updating. For example, wildlife legislation in Angola is in urgent need of revision, particularly when one considers that the existing designations of conservation area do not conform to international standards (IUCN, 1987a). In Botswana, the proposed Wildlife Conservation and National Parks Bill will upgrade a number of conservation areas, and make provisions for legally established wildlife management areas in the country. In Malawi, a weakness of forestry legislation is that nearly all of the country’s statutes were enacted prior to independence and occasionally revised in the 1960s (Vardy, 1982). A new act governing natural resources management in Malawi is being prepared. Significantly, new forestry legislation (since 1980), allowing for the creation of various forest reserve designations, has been passed in Burundi, Rwanda, Tanzania and Zimbabwe. Enactment of conservation area legislation is hampered in a number of countries by civil unrest or lack of resources.

Institutional resources for conservation area management are inadequate for almost all countries within the subregion. Constraints include a lack of adequately trained staff, funds, resources, and in one or two cases, an infrastructure which is almost non-existent for the management of conservation areas. These problems are most acute in Burundi, Mozambique, and Angola, where, in the latter, the Forestry Development Institute operates on less than US$ 20,000 per year for conservation areas management (IDF, 1991). Further hindrances to conservation area management are poor communication and transportation networks in a number of countries, rendering many sites inaccessible. A lack of coordination between agencies managing conservation areas has been identified as a problem in several countries of the subregion.

Low priority and a general lack of commitment of resources for conservation areas is largely responsible for many of the deficiencies in their management. This situation is exacerbated by countries having an unclear programme or weak planning of their conservation area networks. Very few conservation areas of the subregion have management plans. The majority of conservation areas in Angola and Mozambique, and game controlled areas in Tanzania exist on paper only, while Jolly (1990) has noted that many of the conservation areas in Madagascar are protected in name only, most being unprotected from land and animal poachers. Exceptions to these general trends are found in Namibia and Malawi, where conservation areas are well managed. In the case of Malawi, a master plan for national parks and wildlife, and protected area plans for conservation areas in the northern, central and southem regions were prepared in the early 1980s (Clarke, 1983 a,b,c,d; Mackinnon & Mackinnon, 1986; Stuart & Adams, 1990). Further, Botswana is actively managing its forest reserves, and has adopted a high cost/low volume tourism policy for the reserves, envisaging that considerable financial and ecological dividends will be realised in the long-term (Modise, pers. comm., 1991).

Common threats to the subregion’s conservation areas include subsistence and commercial poaching, the growth of human settlements, illegal grazing, shifting cultivation, the unauthorised extraction of timber, fuelwood and minor forest products, uncontrolled bushfires, and in the cases of Botswana, Namibia, and Zambia, mineral prospecting. Other threats include rice cultivation in Malawi, hydroelectric developments and the expansion of industrial activities in Zambia, and forest swamp reserves are under threat from drainage plans in Namibia. These threats are compounded by rapidly growing populations in the subregion, and civil unrest in a number of countries.

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10.4.3 Contribution of the Forestry Sector to Nature Conservation

Data in Table 10.2 indicate that the contribution of the forestry sector to nature conservation is small (1.4%) in terms of the total area of the subregion under protection and conservation forest. This percentage, however, represents minimum coverage as data are not available for all countries. For example, an unknown amount of commercial forest area in Zambia serves a protection function in guarding hilly slopes and sources of streams or rivers. Nevertheless, over 90% of the conservation area network falls within the domain of the wildlife sector, covering 14.4% of total area of the subregion (Table 10.3).

10.5 FUTURE PROSPECTS 10.5.1 Expanding the Conservation Area Network

Official proposals to expand the conservation area network total 14.6 million ha or 2.3% of the total area of the subregion (Table 10.3). These improvements to the network affect 10.7 million ha in Botswana, 1.3 million ha in Malawi, and 1.5 million ha in Mozambique. The establishment of wildlife management areas in Botswana will form buffer zones around most national parks and game reserves. Other significant extensions to existing national networks are planned for Madagascar and Tanzania, while extended protection will come about in Namibia through the creation of more conservation areas in the wildlife sector and the notification of forest reserves.

10.5.2 Other National Initiatives

Strengthening networks A variety of initiatives to strengthen conservation areas planning and management are being implemented or formulated. In Rwanda, a project entitled "Tourisme et Parcs Nationaux" ran from 1974 to 1990, the principal objectives being to develop infrastructure and tourism in conservation areas, and to provide equipment and technical assistance in park planning and management. Following this, a new programme is currently being planned (ORTPN, 1991). The Elephant Conservation Plan for Angola outlines a three-phase programme spread over the next five years. Actions within this programme include the establishment of an effective conservation area network and the creation of a state wildlife and conservation authority. In addition, regional Southern African Development Coordination Conference sub-sector proposals include infrastructure development in conservation areas of Angola (IDF, 1991). In Madagascar, IUCN and WWF are giving considerable support to improving the management of parks and reserves. As of 1991, there were no fewer than 29 separate WWF projects in the country. The World Bank, interested in the commercial possibilities of the proposed Kruger/Limpopo International Park, is considering a US$ 12 million loan to Mozambique to get the scheme started (Caplan, 1991). In Tanzania, the Report on the Conservation of Ecosystems and Genetic Resources under the Tropical Forestry Action Plan contains a "Conservation Action Plan", drawn up for forest areas, which includes a number of projects for certain key areas, notably closed forest and mangrove forest (Bensted-Smith and Msangi, 1989). Other multi-agency projects include the planning and development of marine and terrestrial protected areas in the country.

Overcoming Economic Constraints Funding is a major factor which limits the effective management of conservation areas. In addition to the aid projects mentioned above, the Elephant Action Plans, prepared for most countries of the subregion, indicate funding and project priority areas.

In Namibia, income from hunting, tourism, and wildlife products is second only to the mining and fishing industries (Berry, 1990), while in Rwanda, tourism, based on the national parks, has been promoted vigorously and was the third largest foreign exchange earner in 1988 (Perlez, 1988; Wilson, 1991). Total earnings for the Wildlife Division in Tanzania were about US$ 2.6 million, while Tanzania National Parks earned over US$ 3.5 million, and Ngorongoro Conservation Area Authority received over US$ 1.84 million in revenue in 1990 (WD, 1991). In total, Tanzania earns more than US$ 70 million from wildlife in the form of tourism, sport hunting, live animal trade, and, formerly, from ivory (ITC, 1989). Further, the Tanzania Wildlife Protection Fund channels funds and other facilities to national organisations involved in wildlife management.

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Under the Communal Areas Management Programme for Indigenous Resources projects in Zimbabwe, considerable revenue is being accrued by management trusts involved in community management. As of 1990, the estimated total revenue from hunting safaris in these areas was about US$ 4 million, of which approximately 50% accrued directly to the districts involved (Metcalf, 1990). US-AID and WWF have provided support for the Administration Management Design programme for game management areas in Zambia, while wildlife management areas are being developed through the Natural Resources Management Project funded by US-AID in Botswana. In response to economic constraints, the Direcgéo Nacional de Florestas e Fauna Bravia is currently considering privatising the management of Mozambique’s wildlife resources (Ministerio de Agricultura, 1991).

Improving Management Within the subregion, there are numerous initiatives which attempt to link conservation with development in and around conservation areas. Two examples include the goal to integrate protection and management into rural development programmes in Angola, and the development of wildlife management areas in Botswana to allow for conservation and controlled utilisation of wildlife outside conservation areas. In Madagascar, the World Bank has targeted the country in a pilot cooperative venture to integrate conservation and economic growth. An "Environmental Action Plan" has been drawn up, one of its features being the equal division of funds: half in support of conservation in reserves, and half to the local people (Jolly, 1990).

Integrated rural development programmes that include provision for local communities to benefit from wildlife have been in operation in several parts of Malawi for some time, and it has been suggested that these programmes be extended to the Lower Shire Valley (Stuart & Adams, 1990). Further, the Department of Forestry’s current five-year action plan (1988-1992) has identified initiatives in community forestry and is encouraging multiple land use systems as priority strategies. In Rwanda, recommendations have been made to develop a scheme to involve local people in the management of conservation areas, while in Tanzania it has been proposed to set aside wildlife management areas and to develop wildlife-based industries for the benefit of village communities and the private sector (WD, 1991). Further, Ngorongoro Conservation Area in Tanzania was established as a multiple use management area to promote the conservation of wildlife and other natural resources and the interests of the 25,000 resident Masai pastoralists.

Currently, two major parallel initiatives testing different models for involving local communities in sustainable use of wildlife resources in Zambia are the Administration Management Design Programme for Game Management Areas and the Luangwa Integrated Rural Development Project (Lungu, 1990). The former provides a national policy framework for community-based wildlife conservation and management, linking wildlife benefits to local communities for conservation in game management areas. By comparison, the latter is More encompassing and is intended to be a multi-sectoral project for economic development in the central part of the Luangwa Valley, including wildlife management and initiatives aimed at development of agriculture, forestry, fisheries, water resources and infrastructure (Lungu, 1990). In Zimbabwe, the buffer zone concept was introduced in 1960, and considerable emphasis is placed on the role of conservation areas in raising rural living standards and generating revenue through domestic and foreign tourism and utilisation of wildlife (Child, 1984). Outside conservation areas, the Communal Areas Management Programme for Indigenous Resources projects have been initiated in at least thirteen districts of the country. Half the revenue realised from sport hunting and other activities on such lands accrues directly to the districts involved, the other half to the respective management trusts (Metcalf, 1990).

10.5.3 International Initiatives

Conventions and Programmes Most countries within the subregion participate in at least one international convention or programme concemed with conservation areas (Table 10.5). All countries except Angola, Botswana, Namibia, and Rwanda have accepted or ratified the Convention Concerning the World Cultural and Natural Heritage (World Heritage Convention). Of those countries which are party to the Convention, only Burundi and Mozambique have not had natural properties inscribed on the World Heritage List.

Zambia is the only country of the subregion to have acceded to or ratified the Convention on Wetlands of

International Importance especially as Waterfowl Habitat (Ramsar Convention), while Madagascar, Rwanda and Tanzania participate in the Unesco Man and the Biosphere Programme. To date, two biosphere reserves have

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been accepted in Tanzania, one in Rwanda, and one in Madagascar.

All countries of the subregion, with the exceptions of Angola, Namibia, and Zimbabwe, have either ratified or are signatories to the African Convention, which provides for the establishment of several conservation area designations. Most countries are members of the Southern African Development Coordination Conference (SADCC) and the Southern African Regional Commission for the Conservation and Utilisation of the Soil (SARCCUS), which both have sectors responsible for the conservation and management of natural resources.

Cooperative agreements Despite a number of security problems in the subregion, there are no fewer than thirteen transfrontier conservation areas between countries in and around Tropical Southern Africa. Botswana is currently considering a collaborative programme for the management of the contiguous Gemsbok National Park (Botswana) and Kalahari Gemsbok National Park of South Africa, and is assessing a number of sites for potential transborder parks with its other neighbours. Mozambique and the Southem African governments of South Africa, Zimbabwe, and Swaziland are discussing the creation of the Kruger/Limpopo International Park, which, if established, would comprise one of the largest national parks in the world (Ministerio de Agricultura, 1991).

10.6 PRIORITIES FOR ACTION

Priorities for conservation action in the subregion were reviewed as part of the IUCN Systems review of the Afrotropical Realm (MacKinnon and MacKinnon, 1986), and in the accompanying Action Strategy (IUCN, 1987b), but these are somewhat dated.

Priorities have more recently been reviewed in IUCN (1992) in preparation for the IV World Parks Congress. These are generalised, recognising that translation of priorities into action will vary according to national conservation objectives, history and political will. They will provide a foundation to the more specific priorities identified in this report and summarised in Table 10.6.

In conclusion, progress throughout the subregion has been variable, ranging from the well established and managed conservation areas of Malawi and Namibia to the almost non-existent networks of Angola and Mozambique. Not surprisingly, much of this situation is a direct reflection of the political stability in the first two cases and the civil unrest in the latter two. Other countries of the subregion fall in between these two extremes. Governments of Tropical Southern Africa are well aware of the need to integrate rural development with conservation, and have made remarkable progress in initiating such programmes in and around conservation areas of the subregion.

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Berry, H.H. (1990). Namibia: Large-scale commercial wildlife utilisation. Gnusletter 9(3): 15-17.

Caplan, J. (1991). The park of all problems. The Guardian, 8 November. P. 31.

Child, G. (1984). Zimbabwe's approach to protected area management. Proceedings of the 22nd Working Session, Commission on National Parks and Protected Areas, Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe, 22-27 May 1983.

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Grobler, D. (1991). Review of conservation in Namibia over the past decade and objectives for the next decade. Paper presented at the CNPPA Workshop for Anglophone Africa in preparation for the Fourth World Parks Congress, Amboseli, Kenya, 16-19 July 1991. 11 pp.

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IDF (1991). Elephant Conservation Plan, Angola. Instituto de Desenvolvimento Florestal, Luanda, Angola. 49 pp.

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MacKinnon, J. and MacKinnon, K. (1986). Review of the protected areas system in the Afrotropical Realm. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK/UNEP, Nairobi, Kenya. 259 pp.

Metcalf, S. (1990). The CAMPFIRE programme in Zimbabwe. Nature et Faune 6(1): 22-27.

Ministerio de Agricultura (1991). Elephant Conservation Plan for Mozambique. Direccio Nacional de Florestas e Fauna Bravia, Maputo, Mozambique. 47 pp.

Nicoll, M.E., and Langrand, O. (1989). Madagascar: revue de la conservation et des aires protégées. WWF, Gland, Switzerland. 374 pp.

ORTPN (1991). Plan de conservation de |’éléphant au Rwanda. Unpublished report. Office Rwandais du Tourisme. 43 pp.

Perlez, J. (1988). Compromise keeps Rwanda’s dwindling families of gorillas alive. The Globe and Mail

27 December. P. A1S.

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Stuart, S.N. and Adams, R.J. (1990). Biodiversity in sub-saharan Africa and its islands: conservation, management and sustainable use. TUCN, Gland, Switzerland. 242 pp.

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Vardy, R.G. (Compiler) (1982). Draft environmental profile of Malawi. Arid Lands Information Centre, University of Arizona, Tuscon, USA. 195 pp.

WD (1991). Elephant conservation plan - Tanzania. Wildlife Division, Ministry of Tourism, Natural Resources and the Environment, Dar-es-Salaam. 152 pp.

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Table 10.2 _ Extent of notified natural forests, classified by forest function. Units are in sq. km,

followed by % total area. Full data, with sources, are given in Annex 10.2. Country Total FOREST FUNCTION SUBREGION area Production Protection Conservation Total Angola 1,246,700 18,560 (1.5) 0 0 18,560 (1.5) Botswana 581,730 3,918 (0.7) 0 638 (0.1) 4,556 (0.8) Burundi 27,830 0 430 (1.5) 0 430 (1.5) Madagascar' 587,040 15,700 (2.7) 0 46,273 (7.9) 61,973 (10.6) Malawi*? 118,480 0 6,180 (5.2) 0 6,180 (5.2) Mozambique' 799,380 0 0 19,400 (2.4) 19,400 (2.4) Namibia 824,290 0 0 0 0 (0.0) Rwanda’ 26,340 1,380 (5.2) 760 (2.9) 1,201 (4.6) 3,341 (12.7) Tanzania’? 945,090 118,000 (12.5) 0 16,000 (1.7) 134,000 (14.2) Zambia 752,610 72,553 (9.6) 0 0 72,553 (9.6) Zimbabwe 390,580 8,957 (2.3) 22(+) 49(+) 9,028 (2.3) TROPICAL SOUTHERN AFRICA

6,300,070 239,068 (3.8) 7,392 (0.1)

1

83,561 (1.3) 330,021 (5.2)

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A more thorough breakdown of conservation forest into non-forest and plantation categories is not

available (see Annex 10.2.2). The totals for natural forest under conservation, therefore, may be

inflated.

is)

conservation and protection forest, is not available.

w

working circles is not included.

391

The breakdown of natural forest into protection function, and/or the distinction between

Total for conservation/protection forest is underestimated because the extent of conservation

Table 10.3 Extent of notified and proposed conservation areas, classified by sector and national designation. Management categories are assigned to designations based on national legislation (P = partial protection with local, sustainable extractive uses; T = total protection with no extractive uses). Totals for proposed sites may be inflated because they may include areas of properties already protected but proposed for upgrading to higher conservation status. Details of individual properties are given in Annex 10.2. N is the total number of conservation areas.

COUNTRY Man. Notified Proposed

Sector Cat.

National designation N Area(ha) N Area(ha)

ANGOLA (1,246,700 sq. km)

Wildlife Sector

Integral Nature Reserve T 2 828,200 (0) (0) National Park T 6 5,423,000 (0) 0 Partial Reserve P 4 1,920,000 (0) (0) Regional Nature Park P 1 10,000 0 (0) Subtotals 13 8,181,200 (0) 0 (% total area) ( 6.5) ( 0.0)

Totals 13 8,181,200 0 (0)

(% total area) ( 6.5) ( 0.0)

BOTSWANA (581,730 sq. km)

Forest Sector

Forest Reserve P 2 63,750 0 (e) Subtotals 2 63,750 (0) 0 (% total area) ( 0.1) ( 0.0) Wildlife Sector Game Reserve P 7 6,410,100 0 (e) National Park T 3 3,807,000 (0) (0) Sanctuary P 4 9,910 * 0 (0) Wildlife Management Area P {e) (0) 12 10,702,700 * Subtotals 14 10,227,010 * 12 10,702,700 * (% total area) ( 17.5) ( 18.4)

Totals 16 10,290,760 * 12 10,702,700 *

(% total area) ( 17.6) ( 18.4)

BURUNDI (27,830 sq. km)

Forest Sector

Protection forest P ? 43,000 fs 20,000 Subtotals (0) 43,000 (0) 20,000 (% total area) ( 1.5) ( 0.7) Wildlife Sector National Park P 3 88,865 (0) (0) Nature Reserve P 5 12,125 0 {e) Subtotals 8 100,990 (0) (0) (% total area) ( 3.6) ( 0.0)

Additional Sector, or sector unknown

Natural Monument P 2 35 (0) (0) Subtotals 2 35 (0) (0) (% total area) ( 0.0) ( 0.0)

Totals 10 144,025 0 20,000

(% total area) ( 5.1) ( 0.7)

392

COUNTRY Man. Notified Proposed Sector Cat. National designation N Area (ha) N Area(ha) MADAGASCAR (587,040 sq. km) Forest Sector Classified forest P 158 2,671,051 Oo (0) Hunting Reserve P 4 15,000 * 0 10) Marine National Park P (0) (0) 1 Oo * National Park P 6 171,307 3 450,567 Reforestation Area P 77 823,798 0 0 Special Reserve P 23 376,580 {e) (0) Strict Nature Reserve T 11 569,542 10) (0) Subtotals 279 4,627,278 * 4 450,567 * (% total area) ( 7.9) ( 0.8) Totals 279 4,627,278 * 4 450,567 * (% total area) ( 7.9) ( 0.8) MALAWI (118,480 sq. km) Forest Sector Forest Reserve P 70 617,984 * 88 1,267,079 * Subtotals 70 617,984 * 88 1,267,079 * (% total area) ( 5.2) ( 10.7) Wildlife Sector Game Reserve P 4 361,400 (0) {e) National Park T 5 696,200 (0) 0 Subtotals 9 1,057,600 (0) 0 (% total area) ( 9.0) ( 0.0) Totals 79 1,675,584 * 88 1,267,079 * (% total area) ( 14.2) ( 10.7) MOZAMBIQUE (799,380 sq. km) Forest Sector Forest Reserve P 14 1,940,000 * (0) (0) Subtotals 14 1,940,000 * (e} 0 (% total area) ( 2.4) ( 0.0) Wildlife Sector Faunal Reserve P 1 2,000 0 {e) Game Reserve P 5 2,810,000 (0) (0) Marine National Park P 1 377,000 1 Oo * National Park P 4 1,590,000 4 1,500,000 * Wildlife Utilization Area P 2 2,200,000 (0) (0) Subtotals 13 6,979,000 5 1,500,000 * (% total area) ( 8.8) ( 1.9) Totals 27 8,919,000 * 5 1,500,000 * (% total area) ( 11.2) ( 1.9) NAMIBIA (824,290 sq. km) Wildlife Sector Game Park P 13 8,005,635 (0) (0) National Park T 3 2,360,400 (0) (0) Nature Reserve P 2 6,005 (0) (0) Recreation Area P 2 782,900 {e) {e) Subtotals 20 11,154,940 {e) (0) (% total area) ( 13.5) ( 0.0)

393

COUNTRY Man. Sector Cat.

National designation

Additional Sector, or sector unknown Natural Monument P Subtotals (% total area)

Totals (% total area)

RWANDA (26,340 sq. km)

Forest Sector

Integral Forest Reserve P Protected Forest P Subtotals

(% total area)

Wildlife Sector

Hunting Reserve P National Park T Subtotals

(% total area)

Totals (% total area)

TANZANIA (945,090 sq. km)

Forest Sector Forest Reserve P Subtotals (% total area)

Wildlife Sector Conservatian Area Game Controlled Area Game Reserve National Park Subtotals (% total area)

HuvH

Additional Sector, or sector unknown Marine Reserve P Subtotals (% total area)

Totals (% total area)

ZAMBIA (752,610 sq. km)

Wildlife Sector

Game Management Area P National Park 38 Subtotals

(% total area)

Additional Sector, or sector unknown Natural Monument P Subtotals (% total area)

Totals (% total area)

21

Wy Ww

WNer

on

85

32 51

394

Notified

Area (ha)

11,154,990 ( 13.5)

120,100 76,000 196,100

(| 7-5)

30,000 327,000 357,000

(13.5)

553,100

( 21.0)

1,600,000 1,600,000 (| 1-7)

828,800

11,616,502 8,970,050 * 3,909,975

25,325,327 *

( 26.8)

Oo * Oo *

(| 0.0)

26,925,327 * ( 28.5)

16,048,800 6,359,000 22,407,800 ( 29.7)

1,900 1,900

0.0) 22,409,700 ( 29-7)

N

oo

ooo

ooo

PeEWOO oo

oo

ooo

Proposed

Area(ha) fe) fo) ( 0.0) fe) ( 0.0) fe) fo) 0 (| 0.0)

i)

0

( 0.0)

)

r) 500,000 * 120,000 620,000 *

( 0.6) fr)

r)

(| 0.0) 620,000 * ( 0.6) re) 0 0 ( 0.0)

0)

r)

( 0.0)

0

( 0.0)

COUNTRY Man. Notified Proposed Sector Cat. ——————______—__ National designation N Area(ha) N Area(ha)

ZIMBABWE (390,580 sq. km)

Forest Sector

State Forest P 5 7,017 (0) {e) Subtotals 5 7,017 0 {e) (% total area) ( 0.0) ( 0.0) Wildlife Sector Botanical Reserve Ty 14 1,100 0 (0) National Park T 11 2,703,900 1 Oo * Recreation Park P 15 346,001 * (0) (0) Safari Area P 17 1,892,774 (0) Oo Sanctuary P 7 18,677 0 0 Subtotals 64 4,962,452 * 1 Oo * (% total area) ( 12.6) ( 0.0) Totals 69 4,969,469 * 1 Oo * (% total area) ( 12.6) ( 0.0)

_——————————————— eens eee TROPICAL SOUTHERN AFRICA (6,300,070 sq. km) - summary by sector

Forestry Sector 373 9,095,129 * 92 1,737,646 * (% total area) ( 1.4) ( 0.3) Wildlife Sector 273 90,753,319 * 22 12,822,700 * (% total area) ( 14.4) ( 2.0) Additional Sector or sector unknown 11 1,985 * Oo 0 (% total area) ( 0.0) ( 0.0)

_— a EE eee TROPICAL SOUTHERN AFRICA (6,300,070 sq. km) - summary by management category

Total protection 88 27,814,117 2 120,000 * (% total area) ( 4.4) ( 0.0) Partial protection 569 72,036,316 * 112 14,440,346 * (% total area) ( 11.4) ( 2.3) Degree of protection unknown fe) fe) ie) 0 (% total area) ( 0.0) ( 0.0) Totals 657 99,850,433 * 114 14,560,346 * (% total area) ( 15.8) ( 2.3)

———— — —_—_————————————————0O55 * Subtotal is incomplete because of missing data for either number of sites or area covered.

395,

Table 10.4(a) Frequency distributions of notified and proposed conservation area sizes, with means, classified by management category (P = partial protection with local, sustainable extractive uses; T = total protection with no extractive uses), for (a) Forestry, (b) Wildlife and (c)

Additional sectors.

Mean Number in each size class (ha) N size a) Forestry Sector (ha) <1000 1001- 10001- 10,000 100,000 >100,000 BOTSWANA Notified sites P 2 31,875 0 (e} 2 (0) Total 2 31,875 0 0 2 (0) MADAGASCAR Notified sites uy 11 51,776 1 1 8 1 P 30 18,762 4 9 17 0 Total 41 27,620 5 10 25 1 Proposed sites P 3 150,189 0 to) 1 2 Total 3 150,189 {0} 0 1 2 MALAWI Notified sites P 65 9,507 21 28 16 (0) Total 65 9,507 21 28 16 0 Proposed sites P 63 20,112 29 22 11 Bl Total 63 20,112 29 22 11 1 MOZAMBIQUE Notified sites P 1 4,200 (0) al Oo {e) Total 1 4,200 (0) 1 (0) (0) RWANDA Notified sites P 3 40,033 (0) 1 2 (0) Total 3 40,033 (0) 1 2 (0) ZIMBABWE Notified sites P 5 1,403 2 3 (0) (0) Total 5 1,403 2 3 (0) 0 TROPICAL SOUTHERN AFRICA Notified sites T 11 51,776 a 1 8 1 P 106 12,980 27 42 37 0 Total 117 16,628 28 43 45 1 Proposed sites P 66 26,024 29 22 12 3 Total 66 26,024 29 22 12 3

Note that N (the total number of conservation areas) does not necessarily equate

to N in Table 10.3, because the areas of some individual properties may be unknown.

Countries for which there are no relevant data are not included in the table.

396

Table 10.4(b) Frequency distributions of notified and proposed conservation area sizes, with means, classified by management category (P = partial protection with local, sustainable extractive uses; T = total protection with no extractive uses), for (a) Forestry, (b) Wildlife and (c) Additional sectors.

Mean Number in each size class (ha) N size b) Wildlife Sector (ha) <1000 1001- 10001-

10,000 100,000 >100,000

ANGOLA Notified sites T 8 781,400 1 10) 1 6 P 5 386,000 0 1 1 3 Total 13 629,323 1 1 2 9 BOTSWANA Notified sites T 3 1,269,000 (@) 0 (0) 3 P 10 642,001 4 1 {0} 5 Total 13 786,693 4 1 (0) 8 Proposed sites P 7 1,528,957 0 {0} (¢} 7 Total 7 1,528,957 (0) 0 0 7 BURUNDI Notified sites P 8 12,623 2 4 2 {e) Total 8 12,623 2 4 2 Oo MALAWI Notified sites T 5 139,240 (0) 1 2 2 P 4 90,350 (0) fe) 3 1 Total 9 117,511 fe) 1 5 3 MOZAMBIQUE Notified sites P 13 536,846 0 2 2 9 Total 13 536,846 (0) 2 2 9 Proposed sites P 1 1,500,000 (0) (e) (0) 1 Total 1 1,500,000 fe) fo) {0} 1 NAMIBIA Notified sites T 3 786,800 (0) 0 1 2 P 17 517,325 4 4 3 6 Total 20 557,747 4 4 4 8 RWANDA Notified sites T 2 163,500 0 (0) 1 1 P 1 30,000 (e} 0 1 (0) Total 3 119,000 (0) 0 2 1 TANZANIA Notified sites T 12 394,897 (0) 1 4 7 P 65 316,716 3 10 18 34 Total 77 328,900 3 11 22 41 Proposed sites T 1 120,000 (0) (0) 0 1 P 2 250,000 fe) 0 {0} 2 Total 3 206,666 (0) (0) {0} 3

397

Mean Number in each size class (ha)

N size b) Wildlife Sector (ha) <1000 1001- 10001-

10,000 100,000 >100,000 ee See eee ZAMBIA

Notified sites T 19 334,684 (0) 2 6 11 P 32 501,525 (0) (0) 5 27 Total 5i 439,368 (0) 2 11 38 ZIMBABWE Notified sites - 25 108,200 14 1 5 5 P 38 59,406 8 10 12 8 Total 63 78,769 22 11 17 13 TROPICAL SOUTHERN AFRICA Notified sites T. 77 353,825 15 5 20 37 P 193 329,060 21 32 47 93 Total 270 336,123 36 37 67 130 Proposed sites BY 1 120,000 (0) (0) 10} 1 P 10 1,270,270 (0) (0) {0} 10 Total 11 1,165,700 (0) (0) (0) 11

Note that N (the total number of conservation areas) does not necessarily equate to N in Table 10.3, because the areas of some individual properties may be unknown.

Countries for which there are no relevant data are not included in the table.

398

Table 10.4(c) Frequency distributions of notified and proposed conservation area sizes, with means, classified by management category (P = partial protection with local, sustainable extractive uses; T = total protection with no extractive uses), for (a) Forestry, (b) Wildlife and (c) Additional sectors.

Mean Number in each size class (ha) N size c) Additional (ha) <1000 1001- 10001- Sector(s) 10,000 100,000 >100,000 BURUNDI Notified sites P 2 17 2 (0) (0) 0 Total 2 17 2 {e) (0) 0 NAMIBIA Notified sites P 1 50 1 (@) 0 (0) Total 1 50 1 0 (0) (0) ZAMBIA Notified sites P 1 1,900 0 1 {0} (0) Total 1 1,900 (0) 1 0 (0) TROPICAL SOUTHERN AFRICA Notified sites P 4 496 3 1 (0) Oo Total 4 496 3 1 0 (0)

Note that N (the total number of conservation areas) does not necessarily equate to N in Table 10.3, because the areas of some individual properties may be unknown.

Countries for which there are no relevant data are not included in the table.

399

Table 10.5 State parties to international (and regional) conventions or programmes concerning the conservation of natural areas, together with the number of properties (natural or mixed natural/cultural in the case of the World Heritage Convention) recognised under respective conventions in brackets.

TS ie Eat [ Bowwana | [Burundi | 1982 @) ST BESO

1982_ © el ee

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"Unesco MAB Project 8 R = ratified S = signatory

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Annex 10.1. _List of conservation areas. Locations of most notified conservation areas are shown in the accompanying maps in Part III

eee —_—_—_———_———________ EEE

ANGOLA Integral Nature Reserves 1 Ilheu dos Passaros 200 1973 2 Luando 828,000 1955 Subtotal 2 sites 828,200 ha National Parks 3 Bikuar 790,000 1964 4 Iona 1,515,000 1964 5 Kameia 1,445,000 1938 6 Kangandala 63,000 1970 7 Kisama 950,000 1957 8 Mupa 660,000 1964 Subtotal 6 sites 5,423,000 ha Partial Reserves 9 Bufalo 40,000 1974 10 Luiana 840,000 1966 11 Mavinga 595,000 1966 12 Mocamedes 445,000 1960 Subtotal 4 sites 1,920,000 ha Regional Nature Park 13 Chimalavera 10,000 1974 Subtotal 1 site 10,000 ha Totals Existing conservation areas 13 sites 8,181,200 ha Proposed conservation areas O sites ha

402

BOTSWANA

Forest Reserves 1 Kasane 2 Kasane Extension Subtotal 2 sites

Game Reserves Central Kalahari Gaborone Khutse Mabuasehube Makgadikgadi Pans Mannyelanong Moremi Subtotal 7 sites

WD IHU SW

National Parks 10 Chobe 11 Gemsbok 12 Nxai Pan Subtotal 3 sites

Sanctuaries 13 Bathaen 14 Maun 15 Mogabane 16 Nnwane Subtotal 4 sites

Proposed (Wildlife Management Areas) Grootlaagte Kedia Kgalagadi Kweneng Linyanti Matlho-a-Phuduhudu Nata Statelands Ngamiland Statelands Nunga Okavango Delta Okwa Southern District Subtotal 12 sites

Totals Existing conservation areas 16 sites Proposed conservation areas 12 sites

* Subtotal is incomplete because of missing data.

403

16,250 47,500 63,750 ha

5,180,000 300 260,000 166,500 413,000 300 390,000 6,410,100 ha

1,057,000

2,600,000 150,000

3,807,000 ha

470 8,500 940

9,910 ha*

390,800

2,500,000

881,600 1,670,500

1,388,000 1,361,800 2,510,000 10,702,700 ha*

10,290,760 ha* 10,702,700 ha*

1968 1981

1961 1980 1971 1971 1970 1985 1965

1968 1971 1971

BURUNDI

National Parks 1 Kibira 2 Rusizi 3 Ruvubu Subtotal

Natural Monuments 4 Chutes de Karera 5 Nyakazu Gorge Subtotal

Nature Reserves 6 Bururi Forest 7 Kigwena Forest 8 Lac Rwihinda 9 Monge Forest 10 Rumonge-Vyanda Forest Subtotal

Totals Existing conservation areas Proposed conservation areas

sites

sites

sites

sites sites

101,025

ha

ha

ha

ha ha

1933

1951 1951

1990 1986

MADAGASCAR

Hunting Reserves 1 Lac Ihotry 2 Lac Kasanga 3 Lac Kinkony 4 Lac Masama et Bemamba Subtotal

National Parks 5 Isalo 6 Mananara Marine 7 Mananara Terrestrial 8 Mantadia 9 Montagne d'Ambre 10 Ranomafana Subtotal

Special Reserves

11 Ambatovaky

12 Ambohijanahary 13 Ambohitantely

14 Analamerana

15 Andranomena

16 Anjanaharibe-Sud 17 Ankarana

18 Bemarivo

19 Beza-Mahafaly

20 Bora

21 Cap Sainte Marie 22 Foret d'Ambre

23 Kalambatritra

24 Kasijy

25 Mangerivola

26 Maningozo

27 Manombo

28 Manongarivo

29 Marotandrano

30 Nosy Mangabe

31 Perinet-Analamazaotra 32 Pic d'Ivohibe

33 Tampoketsa d'Analamaitso

Subtotal

Strict Nature Reserves 34 Andohahela

35 Andringitra

36 Ankarafantsika

37 Betampona

38 Lokobe

39 Marojejy

40 Tsaratanana

41 Tsimanampetsotsa 42 Tsingy de Bemaraha 43 Tsingy de Namoroka 44 Zahamena

Subtotal

Proposed (Marine National Park)

Grand Recif Subtotal

Proposed (National Parks) Presqu'ile Masoala Ramomatan Soalala

Subtotal

4 sites

6 sites

23 sites

11 site

1 site

3 sites

405

15,000

15,000 ha*

81,540 1,000 23,000 10,000 18,200 37,567 171,307 ha

17,150 376,580 ha

76,020 31,160 60,520 2,228 740 60,150 48,622 43,200 152,000 21,742 73,160 569,542 ha

ha*

300,000 37,567 113,000 450,567 ha

1972

1972 1972

1962 1989 1990 1989 1958 1991

1958 1958 1982 1956 1958 1958 1956 1956 1978 1956 1962 1958 1959 1956 1958 1956 1962 1956 1956 1965 1970 1964 1958

1939 1927 1927 1927 1927 1952 1927 1927 1927 1927 1927

Totals Existing conservation areas 44 sites 1,132,429 ha* Proposed conservation areas 4 sites 450,567 ha*

* Subtotal is incomplete because of missing data.

MALAWI

Forest Reserves

Amalika Bangwe Bunganya Chigumula Chilolowe Chimaliro Chiradzulu Chisasira Chongoni Dedza Mountain Dedza/Salima Dowa Hills Dzalanyama Dzenza Dzonzi Mvai Escarpment Kalulu Hills Kalwe

Kangwe Kaning'ina Kanjedza Kawilwe Litchenya Liwonde Mafinga Hills# Malabvi Maleri Islands Malosa Mangochi Mangochi Palm Masambanjati Masenjere Matandwe Matipa# Mchinji Michiru Mirale 1 Mndilansadzu Msitolengwe Mtangatanga Mua-Livulezi Mua-Tsanya Mughese Mulanje Musisi

Mvai Nalikule Namizimu Ndirande Ngara Nkhwazi Ntchisi Nyika Juniper Perekezi Phirilongwe Ruvuo Sambani Senga

Soche

South Viphya Thambani Thuchila Thuma Thyolo

407

1974 1930 1973 1925

1926 1924 1935 1924 1926 1974 1974 1922 1948 1924

1958 1956 1926 1935 1922 1935 1948 1924 1976 1927 1971 1924 1924 1980 1974 1930 1931 1948 1924 1970 1949 1958 1974 1935 1924 1932 1948 1927 1948 1924 1948 1924 1922

1927 1924

1935 1924 1935 1948 1958 1922 1948 1927 1925 1926 1924

65 Thyolo Mwani

66 Tsamba

67 Uzumara

68 Vinthukutu

69 Wilindi

70 Zomba Subtotal

Game Reserves 71 Majete 72 Mwabvi 73 Nkhota-Kota 74 Vwaza Marsh Subtotal

National Parks 75 Kasungu 76 Lake Malawi 77 Lengwe 78 Liwonde 79 Nyika Subtotal

Proposed (Forest Reserves) Bangwe Chambe Champira Chantasha Chanthurwa Chapananga

Chikwawa Eastern escarpment

Chilenje

Chilolowe

Chimvuo

Chingale

Chingoli

Chinthi

Chinundwe Chinungu/Kapelula Chipala

Chipande

Chiperoni

Chipokosa

Chisasira Extension Chitipa (Urban) Choma/Mpeza Dwambazi

Dzonzi Mvai Extension Henga Hills

Ighembe

Jembya

Kakhome

Kalembo Hills Kambuto

Kaning'ina Extension Kanobli

Kaombe

Karonga Escarpment Kasimba Kasungu/Chipala Katili

Kavuzi Kawinga/Nyambi Hills Kawiya

Kholonje

Macheleni 1 Macheleni 11

70 sites

4 sites

5 sites

408

5,957 617,984

69,100 13,500 180,200 98,600 361,400

231,600 8,700 88,700 53,800 313,400 696,200

1930

1928

1948

1948

1948

1913 ha*

1955

1953

1954

1977 ha

1970

1980

1970

1973

1965 ha

Machemba

Mahowa 7,500 Malinda 85 Maoko 2 Mbula 1,600 Mchezi/Chiuta 32 Mfumbati 8,048 Mirale 11 14 Mpemba 503 Msusi Extension 7,588 Muwanga 1,268 Mzuma/Ngazi 9,293 Nagogoda 34 Namatunu Namilongo 109 Namisu 33 Nankhunda 1,250 Nansengwe 476 Neno Eastern escarpment 63,100 Ngani 2 Ngara (Karonga) 471 Ngongonda 700 Njakwa Nkhoma Nkhwazi 3 Nkopola Nkuluti 10 North Viphya 6,816 Ntiya. 1.111.111 Ntonya Phirilongwe Extension 66,208 Pirimiti Sani 260 Sanjo 987 Simulemba 56 Songwe South Viphya Extension 38,047 Tedzani/Nkula 9,300 Thambani Extension 5,700 Thawiro 1,292 Therere Tsambe Extension 4,400 Ulumba Zigoma Zobue

Subtotal 88 sites 1,267,079 ha*

Totals Existing conservation areas 79 sites 1,675,584 ha* Proposed conservation areas 88 sites 1,267,079 ha*

* Subtotal is incomplete because of missing data.

409

MOZAMBIQUE

Faunal Reserve 1 Ilhas da Inhaca e dos Portugueses 2,000 1965 Subtotal 1 site 2,000 ha

Forest Reserves! 2 Baixo Pinda

3 Bobole 4 Derre 5 Inhamitanga 6 Licuati 7 Maribano 8 Maronga 9 Matibane 4,200 1950 10 Mecuburi 11 Mucheve 12 Nepalue 13 Nhapacue 14 Ribaue 15 Zomba Subtotal 14 sites 4,200 ha* Game Reserves 16 Gile 210,000 1960 17 Maputo 90,000 1969 18 Marromeu 1,000,000 1969 19 Niassa 1,500,000 1960 20 Pomene 10,000 1972 Subtotal 5 sites 2,810,000 ha Marine National Park 21 Paradise Island 377,000 1972 Subtotal 1 site 377,000 ha National Parks 22 Banhine 700,000 1972 23 Bazaruto Marine 15,000 1971 24 Gorongosa 375,000 1960 25 Zinave 500,000 1972 Subtotal 4 sites 1,590,000 ha Wildlife Utilization Areas 26 Limpopo Valley 1,200,000 1979 27 Zambezi 1,000,000 1981 Subtotal 2 sites 2,200,000 ha

Proposed (Marine National Park) Nacala-Mossuril Subtotal 1 site ha*

Proposed (National Parks) Primeira and Segunda Islands Quirimba Islands

Rovuma 1,500,000 San Sebastian Peninsula Subtotal 4 sites 1,500,000 ha* Totals Existing conservation areas 27 sites 6,983,200 ha* Proposed conservation areas 5 sites 1,500,000 ha*

* Subtotal is incomplete because of missing data.

'The areas of individual forest reserves ranges from 1,600ha to 190,000ha (Tello, 1986).

410

NAMIBIA

Game Parks Ai-Ais Hot Springs & Fish River Canyon Daan Viljoen Gross Barmen Hot Springs Hardap Kaudom Mahango Namib/Naukluft Naute Dam Popa Falls Rest Camp 10 Skeleton Coast 11 Von Bach 12 Waterberg Plateau 13 Western Caprivi Subtotal

WODIDMN WNP

National Parks 14 Etosha 15 Mamili 16 Mudumu

Subtotal

Natural Monument 17 Duwiseb Castle Subtotal

Nature Reserves 18 Cape Cross Seal 19 South West African (WHK) Subtotal

Recreation Areas

20 National Diamond Coast

21 National West Coast Tourist Subtotal

Totals

Existing conservation areas Proposed conservation areas

411

13

sites

sites

site

sites

sites

site sites

346,117 3,953

100 25,177 384,162 24,462 4,976,800 5

25 1,600,000 4,285 40,549 600,000 8,005,635

2,227,000 32,000 101,400 2,360,400

50 50

6,000 5 6,005

2,900 780,000 782,900

11,154,990

ha

ha

ha

ha

ha

ha ha

1979

1967 1970

1977 1974

RWANDA

Hunting Reserve 1 Mutara Subtotal

Integral Forest Reserves 2 Gishwati 3 Mukura 4 Nyungwe Subtotal

National Parks 5 Akagera 6 Volcans Subtotal

Totals Existing conservation areas Proposed conservation areas

412

site

sites

sites

sites sites

30,000 30,000

21,000 2,100 97,000 120,100

312,000 15,000 327,000

477,100

ha

ha

ha

ha ha

1934 1929

TANZANIA, UNITED REPUBLIC OF Conservation Area 1 Ngorongoro 828,800 1959 Subtotal 1 site 828,800 ha

Game Controlled Areas

2 Burunge 40,000 1974 3 Chabula Marsh 10,000 1974 4 Endulen 60,000 1974 5 Gombe 300,000 1974 6 Grumeti 200,000 1974 7 Handeni 350,000 1974 8 Igombe Dam 10,000 1974 9 Ikorongo 300,000 1974 10 Kalimawe 30,000 1974 11 Kigosi 700,000 1974 12 Kihirumira Pool 10,000 1974 13 Kilombero 650,000 1974 14 Kitwai 350,000 1974 15 Kongwa 150,000 1974 16 Lake Daramatai 2 1974 17 Lake Kwila 7,000 1974 18 Lake Manka 2,000 1974 19 Lake Natron 300,000 1974 20 Lihogosa 3,000 1974 21 Loliondo 400,000 1974 22 Lolkisale 150,000 1974 23 Longido 150,000 1974 24 Luganzo 250,000 1974 25 Lukwati 200,000 1974 26 Masasi River 18,000 1974 27 Meserani Dam 7,500 1974 28 Mic-wa-Mbu 150,000 1974 29 Mkungunero 70,000 1974 30 Mlele 300,000 1974 31 Msima 200,000 1974 32 Muhuwesi 150,000 1974 33 Mwadui Diamond Mine 1,000 1974 34 Mwambesi 100,000 1974 35 Nchwa-Nkima 5,000 1974 36 Ngeju-Njiro Dam 3,000 1974 37 Ngorongoro 1,500,000 1974 38 Nyonga 3,500,000 1974 39 Rau Forest 10,000 1974 40 Rukwa 40,000 1974 41 Rungwa River 150,000 1974 42 Ruvu Masai 150,000 1974 43 Ruvu Same 100,000 1974 44 Sanya-Lelatema 80,000 1974 45 Simanjiro 200,000 1974 46 Speke Gulf 30,000 1974 47 Ugunda 150,000 1974 48 Umba River 30,000 1974 49 Utengule Swamps 50,000 1974 Subtotal 48 sites 11,616,502 ha Game Reserves 50 Biharamulo 130,000 1959 51 Burigi 220,000 1980 52 Ibanda 20,000 1974 53 Kigosi 54 Kilimanjaro 90,000 1974 55 Kizigo 400,000 1974 56 Maswa 220,000 1969 57 Mkomazi 100,000 1951 58 Mount Meru 30,000 1974

413

Moyowosi

Rumanyika

Rungwa

Saadani

Saanane Island

Selous

Ugalla River

Umba

Uwanda Subtotal

Marine Reserves

68 69 70 71 72 73 74

Bongoyo & Pangavini Islands Chole Bay Fungu Yasini Maziwi Island Mbudya Tanga Coral Gardens Tutia Island Subtotal

National Parks

Arusha

Gombe

Katavi

Kilimanjaro

Lake Manyara

Mahale Mountain

Mikumi

Ruaha

Rubondo

Serengeti

Tarangire Subtotal

Proposed (Game Reserves)

Grumeti

Ikorongo

Kijereshi Subtotal

Proposed (National Park)

Udzungwa ‘Subtotal

Totals

Existing conservation areas Proposed conservation areas

18 sites

7 sites

11 site

3 sites

1 site

85 sites 4 sites

* Subtotal is incomplete because of missing data.

414

600,000

5,000,000 500,000 150,000 500,000

8,970,050

13,700 5,200 225,300 75,575 32,500 157,700 323,000 1,295,000 45,700 1,476,300 260,000 3,909,975

200,000 300,000 500,000

120,000 120,000

25,325,327 620,000

ha*

ha*

ha

ha*

ha

ha* ha*

1982

1951 1968 1974 1922 1964 1974 1971

1981 1981 1981 1981 1981 1981 1981

1967 1968 1974 1973 1960 1985 1964 1964 1977 1951 1970

ZAMBIA

Game Management Areas

1 Bangweulu 657,000 1971 2 Bilili Springs 308,000 1971 3 Chambeshi 62,000 1971 4 Chibwika-Ntambu 155,000 1971 5 Chisomo 339,000 1971 6 Chizera 228,000 1971 7 Kafinda 386,000 1971 8 Kafue Flats 517,500 1971 9 Kalaso Mukoso 67,500 1971 10 Kansonso-Busanga 778,000 1971 11 Kaputa 360,000 1971 12 Luano 893,000 1971 13 Lukwakwa 254,000 1971 14 Lumimba 450,000 1971 15 Lunga-Luswishi 1,334,000 1971 16 Lupande 484,000 1971 17 Luwingu 109,000 1971 18 Machiya-Fungulwe 153,000 1971 19 Mansa 207,000 1971 20 Mazabuka 25,400 1971 21 Mulobezi 342,000 1971 22 Mumbwa 337,000 1971 23 Munyamadzi 330,000 1971 24 Musalangu 1,735,000 1971 25 Musele-Matebo 370,000 1971 26 Namwala 360,000 1971 27 Nkala 19,400 1971 28 Sandwe 153,000 1971 29 Sichifula 360,000 1971 30 Tondwa 54,000 1971 31 West Petauke 414,000 1971 32 West Zambezi 3,807,000 1971 Subtotal 32 sites 16,048,800 ha National Parks 33 Blue Lagoon 45,000 1973 34 Isangano 84,000 1972 35 Kafue 2,240,000 1951 36 Kasanka 39,000 1972 37 Lavushi Manda 150,000 1972 38 Liuwa Plain 366,000 1972 39 Lochinvar 41,000 1972 40 Lower Zambezi 414,000 1983 41 Luambe 25,400 1972 42 Lukusuzi 272,000 1972 43 Lusenga Plain 88,000 1972 44 Mosi-Oa-Tunya 6,600 1972 45 Mweru-Wantipa 313,400 1972 46 North Luangwa 463,600 1972 47 Nsumbu 202,000 1972 48 Nyika (Zambia) 8,000 1972 49 Sioma Ngwezi 527,600 1972 50 South Luangwa 905,000 1972 51 West Lunga 168,400 1972 Subtotal 19 sites 6,359,000 ha Natural Monument 52 Victoria Falls 1,900 1948 Subtotal 1 site 1,900 ha Totals Existing conservation areas 52 sites 22,409,700 ha Proposed conservation areas O sites ha

415

ZIMBABWE

Botanical Reserves

1 Bunga Forest

2 Chisekera Hot Spings

3 Haroni Forest

4 Mazowe

5 Mwari Raphia Palm

6 Pioneer

7 Rusitu Forest

8 Sebakwe Acacia Karoo

9 Sebakwe Great Dyke

10 Sebakwe Mountain Acacia

11 South Camp 12 Tingwa Raphin Palm 13 Tolo River 14 Vumba Subtotal

National Parks 15 Chimanimani 16 Chizarira 17 Gonarezhou 18 Hwange (Wankie) 19 Kazuma Pan 20 Mana Pools 21 Matobo (Matopos) 22 Matusadona 23 Nyanga 24 Victoria Falls 25 Zambezi Subtotal

Recreation Parks 26 Bangala 27 Chibwatata Hot Springs 28 Chinhoyi Caves 29 Kariba 30 Kavira Hot Springs 31 Kyle

32 Lake Robertson (Darwendale)

33 Manjirenji

34 Mayfair and Palawan

35 McIlwaine

36 Mufuli

37 Muzingwane

38 Ngezi

39 Sebakwe

40 Umfuli (Hartley A) Subtotal

Safari Areas 41 Charara 42 Chegutu (Hartley A) 43 Chete 44 Chewore 45 Chipinge 46 Chirisa 47 Dande 48 Deka 49 Doma 50 Hurungwe 51 Island 52 52 Malipati 53 Matetsi 54 Mfurundzi 55 Sapi

14 sites 1,100

11 site 2,703,900

15 sites 346,001

169,400 44,500 108,100 339,000 26,100 171,300 52,300 51,000 94,500 287,800 4 15,400 295,500 76,000 118,000

416

1975

1950 1975 1975 1949 1975 1975 1926 1975 1950 1952 1979 ha

1975

1975 1979

1975

1975

1975 1975 1975

ha*

1975 1975 1975 1964 1975 1975 1975 1975 1975 1975

1975 1975 1976 1975

56 Sibilobilo Islands 57 Tuli Subtotal

Sanctuaries

58 Boulton Atlantica

59 Chimanimani Eland

60 Manjinji Pan

61 Mbaze Pan

62 Mushandike

63 Nyamaneche

64 Tshabalala Subtotal

State Forests

65 Banti

66 Chirinda

67 Gungunyana

68 Martin (i)

69 York Subtotal

Proposed (National Park) Greater Nyanga Subtotal

Totals Existing conservation areas Proposed conservation areas

2,270 41,600 17 sites 1,892,774

7 sites 18,677

5 sites 7,017

1 site

69 sites 4,969,469 1 site

* Subtotal is incomplete because of missing data.

417

ha

ha*

ha* ha*

1979 1975

1975 1975 1975 1975

\nnex 10.2 Extent of notified forests by forest origin and forest function. Non—forest includes both degraded forest and lands not forested at the time of their reservation.

Region: Africa Sub-—region: Tropical Southern Africa

Name of country/state: Angola Fotal area (sq.km): 1246700 Land area (sq.km): 1246700

Vionth/year of reference: 1981

FOREST FUNCTION

=OREST Production forests Protection forests Conservation forests

JIRIGIN Existing Proposed Existing Proposed __ Existing Proposed (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha)

Natural 1856000

Non—forest

?lantation

TOTAL 1856000 0 0 0 0 0

Notes: Data provided by FAO, 1981.

In 1981, there were 18 forest reserves covering 1,856,000 ha, but these have received little attention (FAO, 1981).

Conservation areas are the responsibility of the Wildlife Department within the Forestry Development Institute and are not included in the above table.

418

Annex 10.2 (continued)

Region: Africa Sub—region: Tropical Southern Africa

Name of couniry/state: Botswana Total area (sq.km): 581730 Land area (sq.km): 566730

Month/year of reference: March, 1991

FO RE 7S: 7 FUNCTION

FOREST Production forests Protection forests Conservation forests

ORIGIN Existing Proposed _ Existing Proposed Existing Proposed (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha)

Natural 391750 63750

Non-—forest

Plantation

TOTAL 391750 0 0 0 63750 0

Notes: Data provided by the Forestry Division, 1991.

Of the six forest reserves (455,500 ha) in the country, four are still being logged and are therefore considered to be production forests as per FAO definitions.

419

Annex 10.2 (continued)

Region: Africa Sub—region: Tropical Southern Africa Name of country/state: Burundi

Total area (sq.km): 27830

Land area (sq.km): 25650

Month/year of reference: 1989

FOREST FUNCTION =OREST Production forests Protection forests Conservation forests

ORIGIN Existing Proposed Existing Proposed __ Existing Proposed (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha)

Natural 0 0 43000 20000 0 0 Non—forest 2500 3000 56000 76000 0 0 Plantation 50020 10135 29540 3000 0 0 TOTAL 52520 13135 128540 99000 0 0 Notes: Data provided by the Institut National pour |’Environnement | et la Conservation de la Nature Département des Foréts

(Rapport 1989).

All conservation forests in the country are listed as national parks and nature reserves, and as they do not fall under the jurisdiction of the Department des Foréts, are therefore not included in the above table.

420

Annex 10.2 (continued)

Region: Africa Sub—region: Insular Africa

Name of country/state: Madagascar Total area (sq.km): 587040 Land area (sq.km): 581540

Month/year of reference: 1991

FOREST FUNCTION

FOREST Production forests Protection forests Conservation forests

ORIGIN Existing Proposed Existing Proposed Existing Proposed (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha)

Natural 1570044 4627278

Non—forest

Plantation

TOTAL 1570044 0 0 0 4627278 0

Notes: Data provided by WCMC database, 1991; Direction des Eaux et

Foréts, 1969.

All protected areas fall under the jurisdiction of the Direction des eaux et foréts. Production forests include forest reserves (124) and forest stations (1). Conservation forests include national parks (6), strict nature reserves (11), special reserves (23), hunting reserves (4), reforestation and restauration areas (77), and classified forests (158).

421

Annex 10.2 (continued)

| |

|

Region: Africa Sub—region: Tropical Southern Africa [Name of country/state: Malawi

‘Total area (sq.km): 118480

Land area (sq.km): 94080

Month/year of reference: September 1991.

FiO RIES 7 FUNCTION

|FOREST Production forests Protection forests Conservation forests (ORIGIN Existing Proposed __ Existing Proposed Existing Proposed | (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha)

Natural 617984 1267079 ‘Non —forest

\Plantation 98924

TOTAL 98924 0 617984 1267079 0 0

Notes: Data provided by the Department of Forestry, 1991. The forest reserve network is comprised of 49 production

reserves, 70 protection reserves, and 88 proposed | protection reserves.

All production forests (plantations) have conservation working circles within them which are either selectively felled or left undisturbed. No datais currently available on the area of working circles left unexploited.

Protection forests serve protection and conservation functions. A breakdown of this by area has not however been provided.

| 422

Annex 10.2 (continued)

Region: Africa Sub—region: Tropical Southern Africa

Name of country/state: Mozambique Total area (sq.km): 799380 Land area (sq.km): 781880

Month/year of reference: 1981

FIORE S 7 FUNCTION

FOREST Production forests Protection forests Conservation forests

ORIGIN Existing Proposed Existing Proposed __ Existing Proposed (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha)

Natural 1940000

Non-—forest

Plantation

TOTAL 0 0 0 0 1940000 0

Notes: Data provided by the African Forestry Commission: Progress

Report on Forestry 1983/85.

According to legislation, the 14 forest reserves in the country serve mainly a conservation function.

An earlier estimate (FAO, 1981) stated that there were 11 forest reserves covering a total area of 410,300 ha.

423

Annex 10.2 (continued)

Region: Africa Sub—region: Tropical Southern Africa

Name of couniry/state: Namibia Total area (sq.km): 824290 Land area (sq.km): 823290

Month/year of reference: 1990

POREST FUNCTION

=OREST Production forests Protection forests Conservation forests ORIGIN Existing Proposed __ Existing Proposed _ Existing Proposed (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) Natural 0 0 0 Non—forest

Plantation

TOTAL 0 0 0

Notes: Data provided by Hilbert, 1990; Erkkila & Siiskonen, 1992;

Finne, 1992.

The recently approved National Forest Policy states that 10% of the country’s land area will be managed as state forests. Some areas have already been demarcated and are treated as forest reserves (Finne, 1992). Further

information on these areas is, however, not available.

] 424

Annex 10.2 (continued)

Region: Africa Sub—region: Tropical Southern Africa

Name of country/state: Rwanda Total area (sq.km): 26340 Land area (sq.km): 24950

Month/year of reference: 1990

RiOURve out FUNCTION

FOREST Production forests Protection forests Conservation forests

ORIGIN Existing Proposed _ Existing Proposed _ Existing Proposed (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha)

Natural 138000 76000 120100

Non—forest

Plantation

TOTAL 138000 0 76000 0 120100 0

Notes: Data provided by Le Ministre de |’Agriculture, de I’Elevage

et des Foréts, 1990.

425

Annex 10.2 (continued)

Region: Africa Sub-—region: Tropical Southern Africa

Name of country/state: Tanzania Total area (sq.km): 945090 Land area (sq.km): 886040

Month/year of reference: 1991

FOREST FUNCTION

=OREST Production forests Protection forests Conservation forests

DRIGIN Existing Proposed __ Existing Proposed __ Existing Proposed (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha)

ae ee ee ee ee ed

Natural 11800000 1600000

Non-—forest

>lantation

TOTAL 11800000 0) 0) 0 1600000 0

Notes: Data provided by Mlowe (pers. comm.), Forest Division, 3

September 1991.

IUCN (1992) has stated that about 45% of forest reserves are closed to timber production. This is not reflected in the above table.

The 1,600,000 ha of conservation forest are primarily water catchments.

A number of forest reserves are located in game reserves. The total area for conservation areas in the country may, therefore, be inflated (Table 10.3).

426

Annex 10.2 (continued)

Region: Africa Sub-—region: Tropical Southern Africa

Name of counitry/state: Zambia Total area (sq.km): 752610 Land area (sq.km): 743390

Month/year of reference: January 1991

FO RES 1 FUNCTION

FOREST Production forests Protection forests Conservation forests ORIGIN Existing Proposed Existing Proposed Existing Proposed (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha)

Natural 7255341 Non-—forest Plantation 804 TOTAL 7256145 0 0 0 0 0 Notes: Data provided by Chakanga (Forest Department), pers. comm.,

11 July 1991.

Protected’ and ‘commercial’ forests may be either national or local forests.

‘Protected’ forests (5,884,516 ha natural, 512 ha plantation) are mostly productive forests protecting sources of streams or rivers, or located on hilly terrain to guard against soil erosion (Chakanga, pers. comm., 1991). In the above table, therefore, these forest are considered to be production forests.

427

| | Annex 10.2 (continued)

|

Region: Africa Sub—region: Tropical Southern Africa

Name of country/state: Zimbabwe

Total area (sq.km): 390580

Land area (sq.km): 386670

Month/year of reference: 1990

| FOUR ES Ti FUNCTION

FOREST Production forests Protection forests Conservation forests

ORIGIN Existing Proposed __ Existing Proposed __ Existing Proposed (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha)

Natural 895698 2155 4862

Non-—forest

|

>lantation 96317

TOTAL 992015 0 2155 0 4862 0

Notes: Data provided by Gondo (Forestry Commission), pers. comm.,

| 13 July 1990.

Most forest reserves are managed on a multiple use basis for the production of exploitable timber, for the management and utilisation of wildlife, and for the protection of soils and water catchment areas. They have therefore been placed under the production forest category.

The total for natural production forest includes 60,855 ha which are communal forests.

Eastern District forest reserves have been entered as protection or conservation reserves in the above table.

428

Krewe 16,8 [x +orwsnl)