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A
SYNOPSIS
O F A COURSE OF LECTURES
O N
ANATOMY and PHYSIOLOGY.
/ BUSICK HARWOOD, M. D. F. R. S. 6? S. A.
PROFESSOR OF ANATOMY
IN THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE.
THIRD EDITION.
PRINTED BY F. HODSON,
K)R J. AND J. MERRILL, CAMBRIDGE j
T. CADELL IN THE STRAND, B. WHITE AND SON,
FLEET-STREET, AND G. AND T. WILKIE,
SI. f AVL'S CHURCH-YARD, LOND ON,
M DCCXCU.
T O
RICHARD FARMER, D.D.
MASTER OF EMMANUEL COLLEGE
AND
PRINCIPAL LIBRARIAN
IN THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE, THE FOLLOWING
SYNOPSIS
O F A
COURSE OF LECTURES
O N
Anatomy and Phyfiology,
IS MOST RESPECTFULLY INSCRIBED,
B Y HIS MOST OBEDIENT HUMBLE SERVANT,
BUSICK HARWOOD;
EMMANUEL COLLEGE,
ADVERTISEMENT.
JTIAVING found that the COMPENDIUM ANA. TOMICUM made ufe of by my predeceffor, was infufficient to anfwer all the purpofes of the more enlarged plan, which I have ventured to adopt in the delivery of anatomical lectures; I have been led to attempt the compofition of a Syllabus, which I hope will convey a more perfect idea of the fubjects I intend to enlarge upon in the enfuing courfe.
With regard to the order, in wrjich I have chofen to arrange the different articles of this Syllabus, I have adhered as nearly to that in •which they will be treated of at the lectures,
as
( vi )
as the nature of the undertaking would admit* And to remedy the inconvenience, which might arife from any occaiional breach in this order, I have avoided the divifion of it into feparate lectures, and have prefixed numbers to each article, by which means they may be referred to at pleafure. The number of articles has alfo been reduced into as fmall a compafs as poflible, by omitting the enumeration of the Bones and Mufcles, a catalogue of which will be found at the end of the Syllabus.
Befides the more immediate purpofe for which the following pages were defigned, I am not without hopes that an attempt (which as far as I know is the firft,) to coll eel: and arrange the principal facls, and difcoveries in Anatomy, may be of ufe to other Teachers of the art, who may poflibly think it worth while to extend and improve the plan which I now offer to the Public.
After the Anatomy of the human body is* completed, it is likewife my intention to give
fame
( vii )
fome fcparate lectures on the ftruflure of Ani- mals. And in the divifion of the fubjed, all thofe Analogies which affift us in explaining the ftrudure and ufes of the Animal CEconomy, will be particularly pointed out.
The articles which compofe this part of the Syllabus, are comprifed under the general head
of Comparative Anatomy.
INTRODUCTION.
Hi/lory of Anatomy.
1. T^ ISE, progrefs, and prefent JLV ftate of the fcience.
Of its general utility,
2. Of the various kinds of prepara- tions made ufe of, in inveftigating the more obfcure parts of the hu- man frame.
3. Explanation of the inftruments, and the manner of ufmg them, for the purpofe of preparing, and preferv- ing, the different parts of an animal body.
4., Neceflary cautions concerning the ufe of anatomical preparations.
A 5, Explica-
5» Explication of the general terms of Anatomy.
Of the Nature, and Properties of the BLOOD.
€. Recent blood appears like an ho- mogeneous fluid.
Of the means employed to difcover its compofition.
Of the feparate Parts of the Blood. SERUM.
f. The properties and ufe of this fluid. Saline particles contained in it.
CRASSAMENTUM.
8. Compofed of two parts.
Separation of thefe parts by walhing in water.
Particular
""
C 3 )
Particular Examination of each*
RED GLOBULES.
9. Suppofed caufe of their red colour.
Various opinions concerning their nature and formation.
Microfcopic obfervations, Sec.
10. Theories of Lewenhoec, Hewfon and others.
COAGULABLE LYMPH.
11. Its peculiar properties.
Is the caufe of the fpontaneous feparation of the blood into two parts.
12. Theory of the formation, and re- generation of parts, by means of the Coagulabfe Lymph*
1 3 . Morbid appearances of the blood.
1 4. Difference between arterial and venous blood.
A 2 15. Prieftly's
( 4 )
15. Prieftly's do&rine, and experi- ments.
16. Human blood compared with that of animals.
Hi/lory of Transfufion.
17. Method of performing the ope- ration.
18. Effefts of Jransfufion on various animals.
General Divifions of the Human Body.
19. Hippocrates's divifion into CON- TINENTES, CONTENTS &IMPETUM FACIENTES.
Other divifions of the antients.
Of ANIMAL FIBRES.
20. Their flrufture.
Infinite divifibility of an animal fibre.
* ''\ Various
( 5 )
Various kinds of fibres. Their gradual increafe and elon- gation.
21. Obfervations on the preternatural
growth of giants.
22. Of wounds in general.
23. Cicatrices how formed. Of MEMBRANES.
24. General idea of their ftru&ure and various ufe.
Their different degrees of fenfi- bility, in a healthy, and in a morbid ftate. ;
Of BONES.
25. The beginning and progrefs of OJJification.
Of the variety of this proceis in the flat, cylindric, and fpherical bones.
26. General ftrufture of bones. Cancelli how formed.
Remarks
Remarks oft the growth of bones.
27. Chemical analyfis of bone.
28. Of the varieties in the fhape and fubftance of bones.
Of the comparative ftrength of bones.
29. Of their nerves and blood-veffels.
Exquifite fenfibility of bones in
fome difeafes. Evident effe6t of diet on the
bones. Of the bones of animals fed on
Madder. ff:;
30. External conformation of the bones.
Apophyfes, Epiphyfes, &c.
Of the PERIOSTEUM.
31. Manner in which it is conne&ed to the bones.
Texture and ufes of this mem- brane.
Of
( 7 )
Of the MARROW.
32. Its nature and ufe*
Increafe of its fenfibility in difeafe*
33. Of the pori medullares. Remarks on the curious diftribu-
tion of thefe pores*
34. Difeafes of the bones.
35. General effe6ts of the Lues Vene~ rea upon them.
Exhibition of the different appear-* ances produced in them by this difeafe.
36. Remarks concerning the treatment of fimple and compound fra&ures. Callus how formed, &c.
37. Ufe of the bones in general.
Of CARTILAGES.
38. Their fituation and manifold ufes.
39. Difference of their ftru6lure.
40. Are clafled under three general heads,
41. Of
( 8 )
S|i. Of the Perichondrium, and its ufe.
Of LIGAMENTS.
42. Their variety.
43. Of the ftrufture, and ufe of liga- ments in general.
44. Of capfular ligaments in particu- lar.
45. Praftical remarks concerning the treatment of wounds of the liga- ments, and cartilages.
Of ARTICULATION,
46. Of the feveral fpecies of articu- lation, admitting different degrees of motion.
47. Explanation of each particular fpecies.
48. General account of the fynovial glands, and of the fluid fecreted by them, for the lubrication of the joints.
49. Praftical
( 9 )
49« Praftical remarks on the different kinds of luxations, and the modes of reducing them.
50. Of Anchylofis.
SKELETON.
51. Of the different kinds of Skele- tons, and methods of preparing them.
52. General divifion of the Skeleton.
* Bones of the Head, Trunk, and Ex- tremities, feparately confidered.
Of the CRANIUM.
53. Natural figure, fize, and unequal thicknefs of the fkull.
54. Of the tables of the cranium. Of the diploe and its ufes.
55. The fkull compofed of feveral bones.
B 56* ^Particular
* See a Catalogue of the bonei of the Human Skeleton, at the end of this Syllabus.
56. * Particular defcription of the Su* tures, by which thefe bones are conne6led with each other.
57. Advantages arifingfrom this mode of connexion.
Sutures often obliterated. Of their accidental varieties. Of the 0/a Triquetra.
58. Obfervations on the original con- formation of the fkull.
View of the external bafis of the fkull.
59. Of the various proceffes obfervable in this part of the cranium. Their names, fituations, and ufes.
60. Obfervations on the general, and particular ufes of each procefs.
61. General view of the internal ca- vity of the cranium.
62, Of
fCoROHALIS.
* The principal Sutures are SUTURA
#2. Of the various impreffions, pits, and furrows in this cavity.
Marks of the longitudinal, and lateral finus's, &c.
63. Divifion of its internal bafis.
64. Defcription and ufe of the Procef- JeS) &c. in the cavity of the fkulL
65. Remarks on the attachment of the Dura Mater.
66. Of the different foramina, for the paflage of blood-veffels and nerves,
Obfervations on the ufe of each.
67. a Remarks on the entrance of the carotid and vertebral arteries into the Ikull.
68. Of fradures of the fkulL Of concuffions.
Operation of the trepan, when neceflary and how performed.
Cautions to the furgeon in per- forming this operation.
B 2 69, Defcrip-
69. Defcription of the feparate bones of the cranium.
70. Obfervations on the form, ftruc- ture, and particular ufe of each.
Of the bones of the face.
71. Of their connexion with the proper bones of the ikull.
72. A particular defcription of each of thefc bones,
73. Of their general, and particular ufes.
74. Of the formation and ufe of the Lachrymal Du6t.
75. Remarks on the manner of per- forming the operation for the Fiftula Lachrymalis.
76. Of Caries, and other difeafes of the bones of the face.
77. Of the lower Jaw. Of its Articulation.4
fe» Of
Of the alveolar proceffes. Of the abforption of thefe pro- ceffes in old age.
78. Of the teeth in general.
bOf the ftruciure and form of the :. different claffes of teeth. Of their enamel, and its ufes.
79. Obervations on the paffage of the nerves into the teeth.
Of the original formation of the teeth, &c.
80. Of their difeafes.
Remarks on the ufual method of drawing teeth.
Of the SPIN E.
81. Of the vertebrae in general. Of their ftrufture.
82. Of the proceffes of the vertebrae and their feparate ufes,
83. Of the large canal for the. trant miflion of the fpinal marrow.
Of
Of the lateral holes for the paf- fage of the nerves.
Of the Vertebra of the Neck.
84. Of the ATLAS and EPISTROPHEUS: Obfervations on their peculiar
form, and articulation.
85. Of the perforations of the cervi- cal vertebrae, for the paffage of the vertebral artery.
Of the Dorfal Vertebrae.
86. Of their fubftance, fize, &c.
87. Of their articulation with the ribs.
Of the Lumbar Vertebrae.
88. Of their fituation and ftrength. 89 Of the peculiarities of the verte- brae of the back and loins.
90. Of the ligaments conne&ing the vertebrae.
91. Of their intervening cartilages/
92. Of
Q2. Of the incurvations of the ipine;
93. Of its mechanifm and ufes.
94. Deformities of the fpine.
Their caufes, and methods of cure.
;r. Of the PELVIS.
Of the Os Sacrum. . v
95. Of the falfe vertebrae and holes for the paflage of nerves.
g6.cOf the Os COCCYGIS, Its ftrufture and ufe.
Of the Os Innominatum.
97* Compofed of the Ilium, Ifchium, and Pubis.
98. Thefe boties feparately confi- dered.
99. Acetabulum how formed.
100. Of theSymphyfis Pubis,
101. Remarks on the ftru6ture, and different capacities, of the Pelvis^ in the male and female Skeleton.
£ 102; De-
io2. Deformities of the Pelvis conft- dered as the caufe of difficult births.
Of the T H O R A X.
i^cy^ Of the Ribs in general.
Their divifion into true and falfe ribs.
Of -their form, fituation, £c.
104. Of the cartilages of the ribs. Obfervations on the ufe of theje
cartilages.
105. Of the deformities and difeafes of the ribs.
Remarks on the treatment, and confluences of fraclured ribs.
Of the Sternum.
106. Of the feparate bones of the fternum.
Of the xyphoid cartilage.
107. Remarks
( '7 )
io/. Remarks on the general ftruo ture, and ufe of the thorax.
108. Obfervations on the motion of the ribs, and fternum, in refpi- ration.
Of the Upper Extremity.
109. Of the SCAPULA.
Its ftruclure, fhape, procefles, &c.
Of its articulation with the cla- vicle, and with the humerus.
no. Of the CLAVICLE.
Its fituation, ftrutlure and ufes.
111. Of the HUMERUS.
Stru&ure, proceffes, and articu- lation of this bone. Of the extent of its motion.
112. Of the treatment of fraftures, and luxations, of the Shoulder, and arm.
113. Of the RADIUS and ULNA,
C The
( 1* )
The ftru&ure, Sec. of thefe bones, feparately examined*
Of their articulation with each other, with the humerus, and with the carpal bones.
114. Of their particular ufes, and the variety of their motions.
115. Of the interofleus ligament, and its ufes.
116. Of the CARPUS.
Of the eight bones of the car- pus, their names, ftru6ture, and different fhapes. Of their fituation, and connexion
with each other.
Of their articulation with the bones of the fore-arm, and metacarpus.
117. Obfervation on their motion and ufes.
118. Of the METACARPUS.
The bones of which it is com- pofed, feparately confidered.
Of
( '9 )
Of their articulations, &c.
119. Of the Bones of the Fingers and Thumb.
Of their ftru&ure, articulations, &c.
120. Remarks on the number, fitua- tion, and ufes, of the OJJa Seffa- moidea.
121. General Obfervations on the mechanifm, and ufes, of the
• ^ bones of the upper extremity.
Of the Lower Extremity.
122. Of the Cs FEMORIS.
Its form and fituation in gene- ral.
Particular defcription of the ftrufture, and ufes, of the irochanters, condylcs, and other remarkable parts of this bone.
Of its articulation with the os in- nominatum.
C2 12. Obfer-
( 20 )
123- Obfervations on the motions of this joint.
124. Of luxations, fra&ures, &c. of the thigh bone, and methods of treating them.
125. Of the TIBIA and FIBULA. General defcription of their
flrufture and fhape.
Separate examination of all the parts of thefe bones.
Of their connexion with each other.
Of the articulation of the tibia, with the os femoris.
126. Of the femilunar cartilages, cru- cial ligaments, &c.
137. Of the PETELLA, and its ufes.
128. Of luxations and fraftures of the patella, and of the bones of the leg.
129. Of the TARSUS.
The
The names and ftrufture, of the fev£n bones which compofe it.
Of their connexion with each other, and particular ufes.
130. Of the articulation of the af- tragulus, with the bones of the leg.
131. Of the METATURSUS and TOES. Separate examination of thefe
bones.
Of the difference between them, and thofe of the metacarpus, and fingers.
132. Remarks on the mechanifm of the foot, and the manner in which progreffion is perform- ed.
133. SKELETON of a FCETUS examin- ed, and compared with that of the adult fubjeft.
134. Remarks on its flriking peculiari- ties, with regard to the number,
fhape.
fhape, connexion, and ufes of the bones.
* Obfervations on the peculiar ad- vantages of the cartilaginous ap- pendages affixed to the bones of a foetus.
Of
Of MUSCLES.
136. S~\ F the general ftru&ure, V^J and various attachments, of mufcles.
137. Of fimple, and compound mufcles.
138. Of the names of mufcles de- rived from their infertion, con- nexion, form, fituation, ufe, &c.
139. Mufcles voluntary, and invo- luntary.
140. Of the phenomena of mufcular a&ion.
141. Hypothefes concerning the im- mediate caufe of mufcular mo- tion.
142. Tendons how formed.
Of their connexions, and ufes.
143. Apon-
143* Aponeurofes.
Their flru6lure, and ufes.
ri tT T n •£* "-^ \~ "••-"^
* Mufcles of the Abdomen.
144. A particular defcription of their ftruflture, and mode of a6iion. Of their manifold ufe.
Great importance of the aftion of thefe mufcles, to the animal ceconomy.
145. Of Pouparfs ligament.
146 /Particular defcription, and ufe of the abdominal rings.
147. Remarks on the defcent of the teftis.
148. Praftical remarks on the dif- ferent fpecies of Hernice.
149. Obfervations on the manner of performing the operation for Bubonocele.
150. Of
* See a Lift of all the Mufcles at the end.
150. Of the treatment of wounds of the abdomen.
Mufcles of the Upper Extremity.
151. Of the mufcles which move the fcapula on the trunk.
152. Of thofe which move the os humeri on the fcapula.
153. Of thofe which move the bones of the fore-arm on the os humeri.
154. Of thofe which move the radius upon the ulna.
155. Of thofe which move the car- pus on the fore-arm.
156. Mufcles of the metacarpus and the fingers.
157. Of the general and particular ufes of the mufcles of the upper extremity.
Mufcles of the Lower Extremity.
158. Of the mufcles which move the thigh upon the pelvis.
D 1. Of
159* Of thofe which move the bones of the leg, upon the os femoris.
160. Of thofe which move the tarfus on the leg.
161. Mufcles which move the meta- tarfus, and the toes.
162. Remarks on the ftrufture of each of the above mufcles.
Of their ufes.
Mufcles which move the Head en the Trunk.
163. Situation, ftrufture, and ufe of each of thefe mufcles.
Mufcles of the Neck, Back, and Loins.
164. Their ftrufture and fituation. Of their general ufes.
165. Of the Phyfiology of the Mufcles:
OF
OF THE CONTENTS OF THE THORAX.
Of the Pleura.
±66. Its fituation and attachments. Of the ftru&ure, and ufes of the pleura.
167. Of the mediaftinum, and its ufes.
168. Pathological remarks on the dif- eafes of the pleura.
Of the hy drops pettor is.
Of the Thymus.
169. Different Hates of this gland in the adult fubjeft, and in the foetus.
Opinions concerning its ufe.
Of the Pericardium.
170. Its ftrufture, Sec.
;^ Of the fluid contained in it.
D2 Of
( 28 )
Of the ufe of the pericardium.
Of the HEAR T.
171. Of the fituation of the heart. eOf its form, and general ftruc-
ture.1
Remarks on the difpofition of its mufcular fibres.
172. Divifion of the heart, into auri- cles, and ventricles.
Of the fepta between the auricles
and ventricles. Of the foramen ovale. Obfervations on its being fome-
times found pervious in the
adult fubjecl.
Of the Right Auricle.
173. Its form, fubftance, and fitua- tion.
Of the opening of the two vena cavce into it.
Of
Of its communication with the right ventricle,
Of the Right Ventricle.
174. Its particular itrufture, fituation, and capacity.
175. Thecolumnce carnuz how formed. Their particular ufes explained.
176. Of the valvulce tricujpidaks, placed between the right ven- tricle and auricle.
Their ftrufture and ufe.
177. Of the communication of the right ventricle with the pulmo- nary artery.
Of the valvulce femilunares. Their ufe, &c. Of the Left Auricle.
178. Its ftrufture, &c.
Of the entrance of the pulmo- nary veins into it.
179. Of its communication with the left ventricle.
In
( 30 )
Of the Left Ventricle.
180. Its fubftance, fituation, &c.
181. Of the valvulce mitrales, placed between this ventricle, and its correfponding auricle.
Of the office of thefe valves, and their manner of afting.
182. Of the communication of the left ventricle with the AORTA. Valves of the aorta.
183. Of the coronary veins and arte- ries.
184. Remarks on the different capa- cities, and ftrength of the two ventricles.
185. Obfervations on the involuntary adlion of the heart.
186. Of the ufe of the heart in gene- ral.
187. Of polypi, anturijm, and other difeafes of the heart, and its veffels.
188. Of
( 31 )
188. Of the ftrufture of arteries an<J veins, and their general ufe. Of the vafa vaforum.
Of the anaftomofing branches of
the blood veffels. Of the connexion between the
extreme branches of arteries
and veins.
189. Particular defcription of thq
AORTA and VENA CAVA.
fOr THE CIRCULATION OF THE BLOOD.
190. Of the ancient do&rines con- cerning it.
Of the difcovery of it, by Harvey.
Particular Defcription of the man- ner in which the Circulation is performed.
191. Of the SYSTOLE and DIASTOLE of the ventricles and auricles of the heart.
Of
( 32 )
Of their alternate a&ion.
192. Of the paflage of the blood from the right ventricle to the lungs, by the pulmonary artery.
193* Of its return from the lungs to the left fide of the heart, by the pulmonary vein.
194» Of its exit from the left ventri- cle, and diftribution throughout the whole body, by the aorta and its branches.
195. Of its return to the right auricle of the heart, by the vena cava.
196. Experimental proofs of the re- ality of this mode of circulation.
197. Remarks on the quantity of blood, and the velocity with which it circulates in a healthy ftate.
198. Of the valves in the veins, their fituation and ufe.
199. Of the fyftole and diaftole of the arteries.
Ob-
( 33 )
floo. Obfervations on the different kinds of pulfes, in various dif- eafes.
;, 1 *6o^
•Of the LUNG S,
201. Their fituation, and figure.
Their general ftrufture, and di- vifion into lobes.
202. Of the BRONCHIA, or air vef- fels.
Their particular ftrufture.
Of their ramifications, and the termination of them in the
veficulce bronchiales.
203. Of the bronchial arteries and veins.
204. Of the Pulmonary Artery and
T/ • I ,»C
i/ri£ noi^ii Diftribution of thefe velfels
, throughout the fubftance of "^ the lungs.
E Of
( 34 )
Of their peculiar office.
205, Of the bronchial glands, thetf ufe.
206. Of the trachea, or afpera tcria.
}ts ftru£lqrea fituatipn, and
hOf RESPIRATION.
Of the, Diaphragm^ and M,ufcl$s employed in Rejpiratipn.
. Situation, figure, and attach- ments pf the diaphragm. Of its cruMi and centrum tendi-
nofum.
Of the perforations of the dia- phragm for the paffage of the esophagus an.d vena $aya. . Remarks on the alternate con- tra£lion and relaxation, of this important mufcle. Hypothefes concerning the caufe pf this phenomenon.
. Of
( 35 )
fcbg. OF the Coiation* and offic£ of the intercoftal mufcles.
feio; Of the manner in which refpi-* ration is performed.
Of expiration ahd inspiration.
Effefls oF thefe oppofite aftiohSj on the pulmbtiary Veflels.
^ii. OiF the primary ufes of tfefpira- tiorh
ftl2. OF the changes produced in the bloodj in its paflage through thb liings;
Various opinions of authors on this fubjeft.
Prieftly's theory arid experi- ments*
fiijjj. Of the fecotidary uFes oF the organs oF refpiration.
214. Obfervations oil thd daufe of' hickuping^ and other fpafmodie ^ affeftions oF the diaphragm*
E a &i. Of
( 36 )
215- Of peripncumony, afthma, phthi*. fis pulmonalis, and other difeafes of the lungs.
216; Of fuffbcation.
Remarks on the methods, made ufe of, for the recovery of drowned perfons.
217. General remarks on the pecu- liarities of the circulation in a foetus.
-
Of the general diflribution of the Blood-VeJfch throughout the body.
a 18. Of the courfe of the principal arteries and veins.
Of their names, origin, and re- fpe&ive ufes.
119. The peculiarities of each point* ed out, and the caufes of them inveftigated,
220, Prac-
( 37 )
220. Pra£Kcal remarks on the treat- ment of Popliteal Aneurifm.
221. Of PHLEBOTOMY.
Of the arteries, and veins of the arm, in particular.
Their fituation, feparately, and relatively confidered.
222. Of the courfe of the nerves, with refpeft to the blood-vet fels.
223. Of the manner in which bleed- ing in the arm is ufually per- formed.
General rules and cautions to be obferved.
224. Of Aneurifm occafioned by pun&ure of the artery in blood- letting.
Refleftions on other dangerous confequences of unfkilful ve- nzefe&ion. 525. ARTERIOTOMY, how performed,
and when neceflary.
( 38
1 Of the B R A I &
Of the Meninges of the Brain*
£26. Of the DURA MATER.
Its ftrufture and attachments.
227. Of the procefies of the dura mater and their ufes*
Of the longitudinal, and lateral finus's, Torcular Heropkili, &e.
228. Of the TUNICA ARACHNOID^A*
229. Of the PIA MATER < Its ftru6lure and ufes.
230.kOf the circulation of the blood in the brain*
General Divifion of the Brain*
331. Of the CEREBRUM.
Divifion of this part into hemi- fpheres and lobes.
232. Of the cortical fubftance,
233- or
( 39 )
£33- Of the medullary fubftance,.
234. Of the corpus callofum, Jorni*, &c.
235. Of the corpora ftriata, thalami nervorum opticorum, &c.
236. Of the tiibercula quadrigemina, and pineal gland.
£37. Of the four ventricles of the
brain, and their communication
with each other. £38. Of the infundibulum, pituitary
gland, and other remarkable
parts of the brain.
Of the Cerebellum and Medulla Oblongata.
£39' Of their fituation and ftrufture. Of their connexion with each other, and with the cere* brum.
340. Of their peculiarities. 84 lf Conjectures concerning the ufes pf the feveral parts of the brain,
242, Of
( 40 )
242. Of the ten pair of nerves which pafs out of the ENCEPHALON.
243. A particular defcription of each, and general account of their dif- tribution, and ufes.
244. Various hypothefes concerning the ufes, and fun6lions of the brain, and nerves in general. An account of the principal ex- periments which have been made on this fubjeft.
Of the Spinal Marrow.
345. Its exit from the brain and pat fage through the vertebral canal.
246. Of the nerves arifing from the fpinal marrow, and the diftribu- tion of them throughout the body,
247. Of pains in the head.
248. Of apoplexy, palfy, &c.
249. Of nervous diforders in gene- ral.
Of
Of GLANDS.
250. Their divifion into fimple, and compound.
251. Of their excretory du6ls. Difpute between RUYSCH and
M ALP i GHI concerning the ftruflure of glands.
252. Of glandular fecretion, and the opinions of various authors on that fubje6t.
Of morbid fecretions.
253. Opinions concerning the doc- trine of tranfudation.
254. Of Schirrus, Cancer, and other difeafes of the glands.
Of the Salival Glands.
255. Of the fituation, and office, of the parotid, maxillary, and Jub- lingual glands.
F 256. O
42 )
25". Of their excretory dufts, and the entrance of them into the mouth.
257. Difagreeable confequences of wounds in thefe parts.
258. Of the nature and ufe of the
faliva.
Of the Mouth in general.
259. ]Of the lips and palate.
260. Of theglandula lenticulares. 2~6i. Of the os hyoides, and tongue.
262. Of the papillae of the tongue, and the fenfe of tafting.
263. Of the velum pendulum palati, and uvula.
Confequence of their deftruc- tion by the Lues venerea, and other difeafes.
264. Of the pharynx and cefophagus. Their fituation, flrufture, a6tion,
and ufes.
265, Of
( 43 )
265. Of the mufcles employed in maftication, deglutition, and formation of the voice.
Of their feparate ufes, and mode of aftion.
Of the Oefophagus.
266. Phoenomena attending the pa£ fage of the aliment, from the mouth to the ftomach.
267. Of angina or quinfy.
268. Of the LARYNX, and the carti- lages which compofe it.
Of the£/0tfwand epiglottis.
Their ftrufture, and peculiar ufes.
269. Remarks on the general efFe6ls produced by the offification of thefe parts.
270.mOf the formation of articulate founds*
F2 Of
( 44 )
Of the ABDOMEN.
'
271. Of the external form, and re- gions of the abdomen.
272. Of its internal cavity.
273. Of the peritoneum.
Its ftruclure, procefles, extenfi- bility, and ufes.
274. Praclical obfervations on the caufes, and cure of of cites, and other difeafes of the abdomen.
Of the Abdominal Vifcera.
275. Of the ftomach.
Its ftru&ure, fize, and natural
fituation. Of the coats of the ftomach,
and their ufes.
Of the aftion of the ftomach. Of the nerves, and blood veflels
of the ftomach.
Of
( 45 )
Of the cardia and pylorus.
276. Remarks on the entrance and exit of the food, by thefe orifices.
Of DIGESTION.
277. Examination of the principal hypothefes which have been formed to explain the nature of this procefs.
Objections to each of thefe.
278. Of the difcoveries lately made on this fubje6l.
27g.nOf thefuccus gaftricus.
Examination into the nature and properties of this fluid in men and other animals.
280. Experiments of REAUMUR, SPALLANZANI and others.
281. Why the ftomach itfelf is not acted upon by the folvent power of the iuccus gaftricus.
282. Of
( 46 )
282. Of hunger and thirft.
283. Of diet in general.
284. Of fubftances which promote* or retard digeftion.
Remarks on the pernicious ef- fe£ts of exceffive drinking.
285. Of the effefts of various kinds of poifons taken into the fto- mach.
286. Of cardialgia, indigeftion, and other difeafes of this organ.
287. Of the caufes and effe&s of vomiting.
Remarks on the ufe of emetics in general.
Of the PANCREAS.
288. Its firu&ure, fituation, &c.
Of its excretory du6l, and the entrance of it into the duo- denum.
289. Of
47 -S«
289. Of the nature and properties of the pancreatic juice.
"Of the SPLEEN.
290. Its ftrufture, and fituation.
Of the blood veffels and nerves of the fpleen.
29 1 . Conjectures concerning its ufe. Theories of HEWSON and others.
Of animals who have been de- prived of this organ.
292. Of the difeafes of the fpleen, and pancreas.
pOf the OMENTUM.
293. Its figure, fituation, and ftruc- ture.
Of its blood veflels.
Of the fat contained in the cells . of the omentum.
Of
(48) 294- Of the ufe of the omentum.
Of the LIVE R.
295. Form, fituation, and general ftrufture of this vifcus.
Of the cdpfula gliffbni, and ex- ternal covering of the liver.
Of its nerves and blood veflels.
296. Of the vena portarum.
Its origin, diftribution, and ex- traordinary office.
297. Of the branches of the cava re- turning the blood from the liver.
298. Of the hepatic artery. Obfervations concerning its ufe.
299. Of the port bilarii.
300. Their origin, and the termi- nation of them in the Hepatic Dud.
301. Of the Gall Bladder.
Its form, fituation, and office.
302. General
C 49 )
302.qGeneral obfervations concerning thofe animals which have no gall bladder.
303. Of the Cyjlic Dutt.
Its union with the hepatic daft, forming the dudus communis choledochus.
304. Entrance of the duftus commu- nis into the duodenum.
305. Of the ufe of the liver.
306. Of the difference between the cy/lic and hepatic biles.
307. Examination into the nature, and ufes of each.
308. Obfervations on the mixture of the bile and pancreatic juice with the imperfe£l chyle.
309. General account of Chylification.
310. Of the difeafes of the liver.
Of calculi in the gall bladder, . &c.
G 311. Of
( 5° )
3H. Of the caufes, fymptoms, and cure of the jaundice.
Of the INTESTINES in general.
312. Divifion of the inteftines into large and imall.
Of their general ftrufture, fitu-
ation and length. Of the coats of the inteftines. Of thejuccus inteftinalis.
313. Of the periftakic motion of the inteftines.
314. Of the operation of cathartic medicines, &c.
315. General defcription of the Me-
fentery.
Of the DUODENUM.
3 16. Its connexion with the ftomach, &c.
317. Entrance of the duttus communist and duttus pancreaticus into it.
Of
Of the valvulcc conniventes, their ftrufture and ufe.
Of the JEJUNUM and ILEUM.
318. Their fituation, extent, &c. Remarks on the decreafe of the
valvulae conniventes in the ileum.
319. Of the entrance of this mteftine into the Colon.
Of the valve of the colon. Mechanifm and ufe of this valve. Obfervations on the fatal confe- quences of difeafe in this part.
rOf the CCECUM.
320. Its figure, fituation, and fup-* pofed ufes.
*Of the variety of its fhape and fize in different animals.
321. Of the Appendicula vermiformis coeci.
G 2 Con-
* See comp. anat.
( 52 )
Conjectures concerning its ufe.
ilforf:
Of the COLON.
322. Defcription of the courfe and circumvolutions of this intefiine. Of its ligamentary bands and
other peculiarities.
'Of the RECTUM.
323. Its ftru6lure and fituation.
Of the ruga formed by the in- ternal coat of the reftum.
324. Of \\\tjphin£ler and kvatores ani.
325. Of the glandular lacunce of the large inteftines.
326. Remarks on the difference of the ftruclure and ufes of the large and fmairinteftines.
327. Of difeafes and wounds of the inteftines.
328. General obfervations on the ufe of clyfters.
Particular
(? 53 )
Particular dejcription of the Mefentery.
329. Its mode of connexion with the inteftines.
Of the blood veffels, nerves, £c. of the mefentery and in- teftines.
Diftribuiion and ufe of thefe vefiels.
Of the LACTEAL VESSELS.
330. Of the firft difcovery of them by Afdlius.
Of the general ftru£lure of the latleals and lymphatics.
Defcription and ufe of their nu- merous valves.
331. Of the ampullulce of the Ia6leals. Demonftration of the lafteals on
the inteftines of an animal re- cently killed.
332. Of their pafiage to the thoracic
333- Of
( 54 )
333- Of the Receptaculum Chyli.
334. Of the Thoracic Dutt.
Of the ftruclure and fituation of this duel.
Of its termination in the angle between the jugular and Jub~ clavian veins on the left fide.
Ufe of this du£L
335. Remarks upon its paffage, and the manner in which the chyle and lymph are propelled through it.
336. Ohfervations on the manner in which animals are nourished.
lOf the Lymphatics.
337. General hiftory of the abforbent fyftem.
, Difcovery of this fyftem in birds,
fifties, and amphibia. Remarks on the importance of this difcovery.
338. Of
( 55 )
338. Of the origin of the lymphatics. Their univerfality, &c;
Of their termination in the tho- racic du6L
339. Modus operandi of thefe veffels. Antient opinions concerning ab-
forption by the meferaic veins. Refutation of this do6lrine by
the experiments of HUNTER
and others. The abforbent powers of thefe
veffels, how promoted, &c.
Of Lymphatic Glands.
340. Their number, names, fize, and fituation in different parts of the body.
Their firu£ture explained. Of the manner in which the
lymphatic veffels are conneft-
ed with them.
Of the fluid fecreted by them.
Ufes
( 5^ )
Ufes attributed to them, 341* Of -difeafes of the lymphatic glands ariling from the abforp- tion of venereal matter, &c.
342. OfScrophula.
343. Of the abforption of morbid matter from abfcefles, ulcers, &c.
344. Praftical remarks on the treat- ment of hydropic complaints in general.
345. Of the methods of difcovering and inje&ing the lymphatic veflels.
Of the KIDNEYS.
346. Of the fituation, and general ftru&ure of the kidneys. *"
Of their nerves and blood veflels.
347. Of the cortical, and medullary fubftances of the kidneys.
Of the papUlce and iheir orifices.
Of
( 57 )
uOf the infundlbula and pelvis of the kidneys.
348. Remarks on the quantity of blood fent to the kidneys.
349. Foetal peculiarities of the kid- neys.
Of the ufe of the kidneys.
350. Of the URETERS.
Their ftru6lure, office, and courfe.
Of their entrance into the blad- der.
351. Of the GLANDULE RENALES.
vOf the BLADDER.
352. Its fituation, ftruflure, and ufe.
353. Evacuation of the urine, how performed.
Of the mufcles employed in this office.
354. Analyfis of urine.
H Remarks
355* Remarks on the different ap- pearances of this fluid, in va- rious difeafes.
356. Of Calculi in the kidney?, and the fymptorns attending their paffage to the bladder.
357. Of Nepkrotomy.
358. Of ulcers and other difeafes of the kidneys.
359. Of Calculi in the urinary blad- der.
360. Analyfis of calculi.
361. Experiments of HALES, and others.
362. Nature and properties of one fpecies inveftigated byScHEELE.
363. A different fpecies difcovered.
364. Obfervations on the various kinds of folvents made ufe of, for the removal of the ftone.
365. Of Lithotomy, and the methods of performing that operation.
366. Of
( 59 )
366. Of Diabetes, Dyfury, fupprefllon of urine, &c.
w Of the Male Organs of Generation.
367. Of the SCROTUM,
Its ftru6lure and ufes.
Of the T E S T E S.
368. Coats of the teftis.
Of its general ftru&ure.
369. Of the fpermatic artery and vein,
370. Of the tubuli teftis.
The Epidydimis how formed, &c.
371. Of the ufe of the teftes, and feparation of the femen.
372. Of the properties of the femen, and its agency in the generation of animals. ,
373. Theories, and experiments of LEWENHOEC and others.
H 2 374. Of
374- Of Hydrocek.
375. Of Hernia humor alis, and other difeafes of the tefticles.
376. Of the Vafa deferentia.
377. Remarks on the ftruclure, and paflage of the fpermatic cord.
378. Obfervations concerning eu- nuchs.
379. Of the Veficulcefeminaks. Their texture, fituation, &c. Their ufe difputed by
J. HUNTER. Obfervations concerning them.
380. Of the Corpora cavernofa Penis. Of their cellular flruciure, &c.
381. Of the Urethra.
Of the corpus fpongiofum ure-
thrae.
Of the bulb of the urethra. Of the membranous portion of
the urethra.
382. Of
382. Of the fituation, ftru&ure, and office of the Pro/late Gland.
"^ T £
383. Of Cowper's glands.
384. Lacunae of the urethra, Sec.
1 385. Of the Glans Penis and Praepu- tlum.
386. Of the blood veflels, nerves, and lymphatics of thefe parts.
387. Of the mufcles called Erettores, and Accelerators.
388. Of the feparate, and combined ufes of the above-mentioned parts.
389. Of flriflures, and other difeafes of the urethra.
Of the introduction of the ca- theter.
390. Obfervations on the ufe of Bougies.
391. Of GONORRHOEA.
Its fymptoms, and effefls.
392. Ob-
( 62 )
392. Obfervations on the ufe of mer- cury in this difeafe.
393. Of the LUES VENEREA.
394. Of the attack and progrefs of this difeafe.
395. Of its local and conflitutional effefts.
396. Of the treatment of the lues venerea in its different flages. Confequences of negleft or ig- norance in the attempts to cure this difeafe.
397. Of mercurial preparations in ge- neral.
398. Of the effe&s of mercury on the conftitution.
*0fthe Female Organs of Generation.
399. Of the external parts.
Of the Clitoris, Hymen, and ca- runculce myrtiformes.
400. Of the Urethra.
Its
Ml j
Its fituation, and ftru&ure, com- pared with the Urethra o£ the male fubjeft. 401* Of the Vagina.
Of the ruga, and nervouspapillce of the vagina*
402. Of the Uterus.
Itsfubftance, form, and fituation.
403. Of the os internum, cervix, and fundus uteri.
Of the ligaments of the uterus.
404. Of its blood veflels, &c.
405. Of the Tubcefallopiancz.
Their fituation, and connexion with the ovaria.
406. Of the Ovaria.
Their ftru&ure, fituation, &c.
407. Of the Ovula and Corpora lutea.
408. Of the particular fun&ions, and combined ufes of rhe above parts.
409. Of
( 64 ) 409. Of the Menfes.
Of the caufe of the menftrual flux.
Of its natural duration and peri- odical return.
Confequences of the irregularity, obftrutlion, or excefs of this evacuation.
410. Of the diforders incident to women at the firft appearance, and natural ceflation of this djf- charge.
411. Remarks on the caufe of perio- dical haemorrhages.
412. Of dropfy of the ovarium.
413. Of the difeafes of the Uterus, &c.
Of Impregnation and Conception*
414. Of the ftate of the Uterus after conception.
Of
Of falfe conceptions.
Obfervations on the produ&ion of monfters.
415. Of extra-uterine conceptions, Of the FOETUS IN UTERO.
416. Of the Placenta.
Its ftru6lure and filiation.
Of its connexion with the Uterus.
417. Of the umbilical cord.
418. Of the veffels which compofe it, and their peculiarities.
419. Of the Chorion and Amnios.
420. Of the Liquor Amnii. 421* *Of the Allantois.
422. Remarks on the mode of com- munication between the mother and the foetus.
I 423- Of
* Sec comparative anatomy.
( 66 )
423. Of the manner in which it is fupplied with nourifhment.
Various opinions of authors on this fubje6l.
424. Of the progreflive changes which the foetus undergoes, during the ufual term of pregnancy.
425. Of the fituation of the foetus in utero at different periods of gef- tation.
426. Particular defcription of the cir- culation of the blood in a foetus.
Of the duclus arteriofus, duftus venofus, &c.
427. Of Parturition.
Symptoms of approaching la- bour.
428. Obfervations on the ufual modes of delivery*
Of
( 67 )
Of the extra&ion of the fecun- dines.
429. Of the caufes of difficult la-
bour*
430. Symptoms of the child's being dead, &c.
431. Of preternatural births, and the inftruments employed for the extra&ion of the foetus.
432. Of the Ccefarean operation.
433. Of the difeafes incident to wo- men during pregnancy.
434. Ofthebreafts, and the changes which take place in them during geftation, and after child birth.
435* Of the diforders fubfequent to parturition, occ.
436. Of Abortion.
Its caufes and prevention.
437. Experiments generally inftituted (in fufpicious cafes) to afcertain,
1 2 whether
( 68 )
whether the child has been ftill born, or the contrary.
438. Obfervations on the ufual ap- pearances in cafes of fufpecled violence.
439. Cautions to perfons who may be called upon to give evidence on fuch occafions.
Of
Of the E A R.
440. Of the external parts of the ear, and its mufcles.
Of the Meatus auditorius exter- nus.
441. Of the Glandulcz Ceruminofce. 4.4.2. Of the Membrana Tympani.
Its ftru&ure, fituation, attach* ments, &c.
443. Of the Officula Auditus, and the fmall mufcles attached to them*
444. Of the Labyrinth of the ear.
445' Veftibulum, fcmicircular canals, and cochlea. Of the two Feneftrcz. Of the maftoid cells, &c.
446. Of the Tuba Eujlachiana,
447, Of the auditory nerves, and their diftribution.
Of
( 70 ) Of the Chorda Tympani.
448. Of the feparate and combined ufes of all thefe parts.
449. Of the fenfe of hearing.
450. Of deafnefs, and its caufes.
451. Remarks on the cure of nervous deafnefs, by ele&ricityv
452. Of pain in the ear, and other difeafes of that organ.
Of the NOSE.
453* Of tne external parts of the nofe.
Of the bones of the nofe. Of its mufcles and cartilages.
454. Of the Septum Narium.
455. Remarks on the peculiar form, fituation, and ufe of the Offa Jpongiofa.
456. Of
-^,. ' * See Art. 71 to 76,
( 71 )
456. Of the pofterior openings of the nofe.
4* 7. Defcription of the finus's which
• • i • i
communicate with its internal ca- vity, and their ufes.
458. Of the lachrymal fac.
459. Of the Membrana Schneidtriana, or Pituitaria.
Stru6ture, and extent of this membrane.
Of the mucus fecreted on its fur* face.
Remarks on the ufes of the pi- tuitary membrane.
460. Of the olfaftory nerves.
Their pafiage through the cribri- form lamella of the aethiiioid bone, and distribution of them over the pituitary membrane.
461. Of the fenfe of fraeliing,
462. Of nafal haemorrhageSj Ozcena, Polypus, &c>
Of
Of the EYE.
463. Of the external parts of the eye;
Of the ftru&ure and ufe of thd eye-brows.
Of the eye-lids, &c.
464. Of the lachrymal gland, and its excretories.
465. Stru&ure and ufes of the puntta lachrymalia, caruncula lachryma- Us, and lachrymal du6l.
Of the Globe of the Eye.
466. Of the Tunica conjunffiva, or adnata.
Of the Tunica albuginea.
467. Of the fix mufcles fubfervient to the eye.
Explanation of their itrufture, fituation, and atlion.
Remarks
( 73 )
Remarks on the uniform motion of the eyes.
Of the three proper coats of the eye.
468. General explanation of the man- ner in which the coats of the eye are formed.
469. Of the Sclerotic a and Cornea.
Particular examination of the ftru6lure and ufes of this coat.
Of its connexion with the Cho- roides.
470. Of the Choroides and Uvea or Iris.
Peculiarities of this coat.
471. Of the manner in which the Uvea is formed.
472. Of the Ligamentum Ciliare.
473. Of the Pigmentwn nigrum.
474. Of the Pupil
K * Re-
( 74 )
*Remarks on the variety of its ftru&ure in different animals.
475. Of the expanfion and contraftion of the pupil.
Several phoenomena hence ac- counted for.
476. Of the Retina and Optic Nerve.
477. The entrance of the optic nerve into the orbit, defcribed.
The opinions concerning the manner in which the optic nerves are conjoined.
478. Of the ftrufture and diftribution of the Retina.
Of the three humours of the eye.
479. General remarks on the firua- tion, tranfparency, &c, of thefe humours.
480. Of the Chambers of the eye.
481. Of the Aqueous Humour.
Of
( 75 )
Of its different degrees of tran- fparency, at different periods.
Remarks on the effeft of the Jaundice upon this humour.
482. Of the evaporation of the aque- ous humour ; and the regenera- tion of it after it has been arti- ficially evacuated.
483. Pathological remarks on the caufe of Hydropthalmia.
484. Of the Cryftalline Humour.
Of the ftrufilure and fituation of the Cryftalline Lens, and its Capfule.
485. Of its fhapeand denfity. Obfervations on its want of vifi-
ble attachment, &c. Different ftates of it at different periods of life.
486. Of the Vitreous Humour. Remarks on the quantity, and
denfity of this humour.
K 2 487- Of
( 76 )
487. Of the cellular ftru&ure of the membrane which contains it. Of the cavity for the lodgement
of the cryftalline, &c.
Of VISION.
488. Of the refra&ing powers, &c. of the different humours of the eye.
489. Of the refpe&ive ufes of the three coats of the eye.
490. Obfervations on the ufe of the ligamcntum ciliare.
491. Of the change produced in the eye, that objefts may appear dif- tincl at different diftances.
492. Of the manner in which the pictures of objefts are formed upon the Retina.
493. Of the punEtum C(zcurn> and MARIOTTE'S experiment to prove the infenfibility of the Retina at that part.
494. Difpute
( 77 )
494- Difpute betwixt MAJUOTTE and PEQUET concerning the feat of vifion.
495' Of the caufes and effe&s of the contraftion and dilatation of the pupil.
Why we fee beft from a dark place to a light one, and vice verfa.
496. Obfervations on the ufe of the
pigmentum nigrum.
Why fome people fee better in the dark than others, &c.
Several other phcenomena ac- counted for.
497. Remarks oh the caufe of Myopia, or ihort fight.
498. Of Pre/byopia, or weak fight. Obfervations on the ufe of glafles
to remedy the above imper- feftions.
499. Of Cataratt.
Of
( 78 )
Of couching, and the manner of performing that operation.
500. Of the various caufes of fquint- mg, and its ufual remedies.
501. Of other difeafes of the eye, and the methods of treating them.
Of the TEGUMENTS of the Body.
502. Of the Cuticula or Epidermis. Its ftrufture and office.
Of its fpeedy regeneration.
503. Remarks on the operation of blifters.
504. Of the rete mucofum. Its fituation and ufe.
505. Obfervations on the caufe of the black colour of Negroes, &c.
506. Of the Cutis or Skin. Its ftruflure in general.
507. Of the papillae of the fkin,
508. Ge-
( 79 )
508. General remarks on the fenfe of FEELING.
509. Of infenfible tranfpiration.
510. Of the glandulce miliares.
511. Of the perfpirable matter.
Of its fecretion, paffage, and efcapfe from the body.
512. Of the quantity of this evacu- ation.
Experiments of SANCTORIUS, and others.
513. Of the cutaneous Lymphatics and of abforption from the fur- face of the lkin.
514. Obfervations on the ufe of nu- tritive baths.
515. Of the Membrana adipofa, and reticular fubftance.
Their texture and ufes.
516. An enquiry into the nature and ufe of fat.
517. Obfervations on the treatment of Emphyfema.
518. Of
( 8° )
518. Of the Nails.
Their ftru&ure, ufe, &c.
519. Of the Hairs.
Manner of their growth and re- ceiving nourifhment. Of their general utility.
520. Of the alopecia, and plica polo- nica.
521. Obfervations on the collections of hair found in the ftomachs of animals, and in fome abfceffes, &c.
522. Of the fuppofed integuments of the antients;
523. RECAPITULATION of the princi- pal phcenomena of the animal ceconomy, which have been taken notice of in the preceding le&ures.
CONCLUSION.
COM-
COMPARATIVE ANATOMY.
INTRODUCTION.
t. OF the utility of comparing the ftru£lure of man with that of ani- mals.
Of the ufe of comparative anatomy in reading antient authors, and its importance in the ftudy of Zoology, &c.
2. Observations on the comparative fize and flrength of animals.
3. Of the general analogy obfervable in the ftrufture of animals.
4. Of the divifion of animals into clafles.
L Of
( to )
5. Of QUADRUPEDS.
6. Remarks on the peculiarities in the ikeletons of different quadru- peds.
7. Obfervations on the ftrutlure, and ufes of the tails of various animals.
8. Of the Panniculus Carnofus.
g. Of the fituation of the heart com- pared with that of the fame organ in the human fpecies.
10. Of the brain and nerves of qua- drupeds.
11. Of the rete mirabile, or plexus of blood veflels on each fide of the
Jella turcica.
Refleftions on the ufe of this plexus.
12. Of the NOSE of quadrupeds.
Of its internal flrufture, and of the paflage, and diftribution of the olfa&ory nerves.
Re-
Remarks on the caufe of the acute fenfe of fmelling in various animals.
13. Of the EARS.
Of the variety in the fhape, fitu- ation and ufes of the external ear.
14. Of the EYE.
Its ftru&ure in different animals. Of the mufculusfufpenforius.
15. Of the membrana niftitans.
16. Of the figure of the pupil in dif-- ferent animals.
Of its extreme dilatability in fome animals, as in the cat, &c.
17. Of the different colours of the choroid coat, or Tapetum, in dif- ferent animals.
Why certain animals are ena- bled to fee with very little light,
La 18. Of
18. Of the ftrufture of the TEETH in various animals.
Of the difference between the teeth of granivorous, and thpfe of carnivorous animals.
19. Of the want of the Uvula in qua^ drupeds, and the ufe of the mufcle attached to the Glottis.
ANATOMY OF A DOG*
20. Of the Omentum.
Remarks on the fize and extent of the omentum in quadru- peds.
21. Of the chylopoietic vifcera.
Of the longitudinal direftion of the valvulce conniventes.
Strufture of the interlines of this animal compared with that of the human inteflines.
22. Of the digeftion of carnivorous animals.
Re-
( 85 )
Remarks on the fize of the Ap* pendix Vermiformis.
Of the Pancreas Afellii.
Of the bags found at the extre- mity of the reftum.
23. Of the pancreas, Jpken, and liver of this animal.
24. The kidneys and urinary bladder, compared with the fame parts in the human fubjecT;.
25. The openings in the abdomen for the paflage of the teftes to the fcrotum, compared with the ab- dominal rings in men.
26. Of the male parts of genera- tion.
Of the want of veficulce feminaks in the dog.
Remarks on the tedious copula- tion of this animal.
#7. Of the female parts of genera- tion,
28, Of
( 86 )
j28. Of the defeft of fenfible perfpi- ration in this fpecies.
29. Remarks on the caufe and pre- vention of the Rabies canina.
Of the Hydrophobia and the at* tempts to cure this difeafe.
30. Of the peculiarities obfervable in the anatomy of a HORSE.
31. Of the courfe of the principal blood veflels, &c.
32. Remarks on fome of the moft common difeafes of horfes.
OF RUMINANT ANIMALS.
33. *Of the four ftomachs of rumi- nant animals, compared with the fmgle ftomach of other quadru- peds.
Of
9 All ruminant animals have more than one ftomach,
10
( $7 )
Of the manner in which rumina*
tion is performed. Why ruminant animals require
lefs food than other granivo-
rous quadrupeds, who have but
one ftomach.
34. Of the parts of generation of a cow.
Of the Uterus and its Cornua.
35. Of the Foetus.
36. Of the Urachus and Allantois, or refervoir of urine peculiar to the foetus of quadrupeds.
OF BIRDS.
37. General remarks on this clafs of animals.
38. Of the peculiarities in the {kele- tons of birds.
39. Of the ftomach and inteftines of the carnivorous, compared with thofe of granivorous birds.
40. Of
( 88 }
4Q. Of the fuccus ga/lricus, and the digeftive faculties of the carni- vorous tribe.
42. Of the ventriculus fuccenturiatiUj
and gizzard. 43* Of the triturating power of the
gizzard, and the manner in which
their food is digefted.
44. Of the abforbent fyftem in birds.
45. Of the kidneys and paflage of the urinary fecretion.
46. Of the extent and attachment of the lungs.
Of their communication with the abdominal veficles* and the air cells in the bones of thefe animals.
47. Of the Diaphragm.
48. Of the brain compared with that of quadrupeds.
49. Of the olfa&ory nerves, and the organ of fmelling.
50. Of
( 89 )
50. Of the eye, and its peculiarities in this clafs of animals.
Of the Marfupium nigrum, or
Bourfe noire \
51. Of the organ of hearing in birds.
52. Of the organs of generation in the male.
53. Of the organs of generation in the female.
Of the vitellarium, infundibulum, &c.
54. Of the phcenomena attending the paflage of the egg to the ute- rus.
55. Stru&ure of an egg explained.
56. Of the progreffive changes which the egg undergoes during incuba- tion.
Of the nourifliment of the foetus of oviparous animals.
M 57. Of
( 90 )
57- *Of the fecretion in the crops of breeding pidgeons for the nou- rifhment of their young.
OF AMPHIBIOUS ANIMALS.
58. Of the heart and lungs of am- phibia.
Of the peculiarities in the flruc- ture of thefe organs.
59. Of the tranfverfe canals in the feptum between the ventricles, exemplified in the heart of a turtle.
Of the ufe of thefe canals.
60. Why all the arteries proceed from the right ventricle.
61. Defcription of the circulation of the blood in this clafs of ani- mals.
62. Ob-
* See a Differtation on this fubjeft, and alfo an account of the Air Cells in the Bones of Birds ; in Obfervations on cer- tain parts of the Ardrnal (Economy, lately publiihed by Mr, J, Hunter,
62. Obfervations on the pulmo arli- trarius enjoyed by them.
63. General remarks on the ftru6hire offerpents.
64. Of the teeth of ferpents, and their canal for the paffage of the poifonous fluid*
Of the refervoir in which this fluid is contained.
65. Of the general effe£ls of wounds made by the teeth of venomous ferpents.
66. Obfervations on the treatment of perfons bit by this fpecies of ani- mals.
OF FISHES.
67. Remarks on the ftrufture and ufe of the fins, tail, and other ex- ternal parts.
68. Of the fituation, and ftrufture of the teeth of fifties;
M 2 69, Of
69. Of the organs of digeftion, and of the chylopoietic canal.
70. Of the fwimming bladder and its ufe.
71. Of the fize and ftruclure of the liver.
Of the fituation of the gall blad- der, and courfe of the hepatic and cyftic dufts, &c.
72. Of the inteftinula c<zca, and their terminations.
73. Of the fpleen, &c.
74. Defcription of the heart, and its veffels.
Of the fingle form of the heart, being compofed of one auricle and one ventricle.
75. *Of the circulation of the blood in this clafs of animals.
Of
"* See a Treatife on the Strufture and Phyfiology of Fifties, publiflied in 1785, by Alex, Monro, M. D. Profeflbr of Phyfic, Anatomy, aod Surgery, in the Univerfity of Edinburgh.
( 93 )
Of the paffage of the blood from the ventricle of the heart to the gills, by the bronchial artery.
Of the union of the bronchial veins forming trunks, which perform the office of arteries, and convey the blood, (by their ramifications) all over the body.
Of the return of the blood to the heart by the Vence caves.
76. Remarks on this mode of circu- lation, and on the ufe of the gills.
Obfervations on the peculiarities of the circulation in the Sepia Loligo, or cuttle fifh.
77. Of the abforbent fyftem in fifties.
78. Of the Brain and Nerves.
79. Of the organ of fmell in filhes.
80. Of the Ear.
,81. Its
!
( 94 )
81. Its flftifture and fituation in the cartilaginous and offeous fifties.
82. Obfervations on the faculty of hearing in water.
83. Of the eye.
Peculiarities of the cryftalline, &c.
84. Of the mucus duffs, and the fe- cretion of the liquor for the lu- brication of the external furface of fifties.
85. Of the parts of generation in the cartilaginous and ofleous fifties.
86. Oflnfetts, Vermes, &c. CONCLUSION.
1
SCELETI OSSIUM CATALOGUE
|
*OS Frontis. Os Parietalc |
Coft* /Verafeptem. \Spuri2 quinquc |
|
Os Temporale |
*Sternum |
|
*Os Occipitis *Os Ethmoidale |
Clavicula Scapula |
|
*C)s Spha;noidale |
Os Humeri |
|
Os Unguis |
Ulna |
|
Os Nafi |
Radius |
|
Os Maize Os Maxillare |
rScaphoidci I Lunarc |
|
Os Spon?iofum inferius Os Palati *Vomer |
J Cuneiformc n/r. r, • ' Pififorme Offil Carpl i Trapezi,m |
|
*Maxilla inferior |
j Trapezoides |
|
f Incifores |
\ Magnum |
|
Dentes < Canini |
LUnciforme |
|
iMolares |
Offa Metacarpi |
|
*Os Hyoidcs |
Ofla Digitorum quindecim |
|
f Stapes Officula J Incus Auditus 1 Malleus |
Os Femoris Tibia Fibula |
|
LOs Orbiculare |
Patella |
fColli feptem TAftragalus
*Vertebra2 -I Dorfi duodccim J Os Calcis
t Lumborum quinq. Ofla Tarfi s Os Naricularc'
*Os Sacrum I Ofla Cuneiformia
*0s Coccygis t°s Cuboidet
{Ilio Ofla Metatarfi quinque
Ifchio Ofla Digitorum Pedis quatuor-
Pube decim
MUS-
Thofe booes which are fmgle in the Ikeleton, have no afteriik before them,— the reft are in pairs.
N
MUSCULORUM CATALOGUE
i Obliquus externus. Obliquus internus. Tranfverfalis, Reftus.
Jftontis et Occipitis. Occipito-Frontalis. Superciliorum. Corrugator. Genarum / °>Had.ratus> five Platyfma Myoidcs. L Buccinator.
Palpebramm{°rbicula™-
lApeneris Reflus*
rLevator. Alarum Nafi J Dilator.
LConftriftor five Tranfverfalis.
Labiorunr<
( Obliquus Attollens. Deprimens. Abduftor. Addudor. Externus. Internus. Obliquus. Stapedseus. Sterno-hyoidaeus. Coraco-hyoidaeus. Stylo-hyoidaeus. Genio-hyoidasus» Milo-hyoidaeus.
N 2
Elevator T Depreffor / Zygomaticus major, ct minor, ^Orbicularis.
Anris Internse
Offis Hyoidis
{Genio-gloffus. Stylo-gloflus. Bafio-chondro-cerato Gloffus. Linguales.
T Gloflio-Staphylinus. Uvula; < Pte"S°-Staphylinus. | Pharyngo-Staphylinus. V.Levator, five Salpingo-Staphylinus. Pharyngaeus. Oefophagasus.
-Sterao-fhyroidasus. Hyo-thyrdidsus. Crico-thyroidaeus.
Arytenoidaeus major, et minor.
Tcn.poralis. Mafiater.
Pterigoidsus externus, et internus. /-Serratas Anticus major, et minor. I Subclavius. I Scajenus. - Thoracis < Triangularis Sterni.
'] DlAPHRAGMA.
I Intercoftales externi, et interni. ^--Serratus Pofticus fuperior, et inferior. fTrapezius, five Cucullaris. Scapula; % Rhomboides.
Ll^evator, five Mufculus Patientiae. pSplenius. I Complexus.
j Reftus Poflerior, major, et minor. 1 Obliquus fuperior, et inferior. Capitis^ Sterno-maftoidasus.
Trachelo-maftoidceus.
f major. Reftus Anterior -| minor.
llateralis* f"Longus. i Spinalis. t. j Semifpinalis. < Tranfverfalis. I Inter-fpinales. ^Iiater-tranfverfales.
Dorfi
j L
n r f Sacrolumbalis. ILongiffimus.
("Quadratus. Lumborum -j Sacer.
IPfoas Parvus. Coccygseus.
r-Peftoralis. Deltoides. 1 Supra-fpinatus.
TT J Infra- fpinatus.
Homeri < Teres ^{nor> et
Latiffimus Dorfi. Coraco brachialis. -Subfcapularis. Biceps Flexor. Brachisus interntis.
Humeri
Biceps extenfor, five Gemellus,
Brachiaeus externus. _Anconsus. Volae Manus. Palmarus longus, et brevis. P ,.. f Supinator longus, et brevis.
IPronator Teres, et quadratus. £ . ("Flexor, Radialis, et Ulnaris. ' \ Extenfor, Radialis, et Ulnaris.
1 Extenfor. FI or fSublimis, five perforarus. \Profundus, five perforans. Lumbricales. Interoflei. -»;.-. /Indicator.
18 \ Adduftor proprius, et communis.
f Abductor. Digiti minimi 1 Primi internodii flexor.
I Extenfor.
r Flexor internodii primi, fecundi, et tertii five longus, p ,r . J Extenfor internodii primi, fecundi, et tertii. )lhcis ] Abdudor.
vAdduclor, proprius et communis. Flexor Offis Metacarpi, minimum Digitum fuftincntis.
(Pfoas magnus. Iliacus internus. Peftineus. Glutaeus magnus, medius et minimus. Triceps Extenfor. Iliacus Externus, five pyriformis. Gemelli. Obturator externus, et internus five Marfupialis. Quadratus.
Crurii
~Membranofus.
Sartorius.
Gracilis.
Bracilis.
Biceps Flexor. Cruris -^ Seminervofus
j Semimembranofus.
Reftus.
J Vaftus externus, et internus. • Crureus. V_Poplitaeus. Tibialis Anticus. Gaftrocnemius, ubi Tendo AcMlis.
Peroneus longus et brevis. Tibialis Pofticus.
{Extenfor longus, et brevis. E!,rbrrk: Interoflei.
{Extenfor longus, et brevii. Ts°AIongU5j et brevis* Abduftor. Adduftor. Tranfverfalis Pedis.
Digi,i Minimi
{Ereftores. Acceleratores Urinas. Tranfverfalis. Clitoridis, Ereftor. Vaginae Sphindter. . . /Levatores. Anl \Sphinfter.
F I N / S.
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