ATLAS ANTIQUUS
In Forty-eight Original, Qraphic ^M^aps, with Elaborate 'Tjext to each (^M^ap, and full Index
EMIL REICH
DOCTOR JURIS
AUTHOR OK "general HISTORY OF WESTERN NATIONS," "ATLAS OF ENGLISH HISTORY,''
"GRAECO-ROMAN INSTITUTIONS," "SELECT DOCUMENTS ILLUSTRATING
MEDIEVAL AND MODERN HISTORY," "IMPERIALISM," "SUCCESS
AMONG NATIONS"; EDITOR OF "THE NEW CLASSICAL
LIBRARY," ETC., ETC.
MACMILLAN AND CO., LIMITED ST. MARTIN'S STREET, LONDON
1908
Richard Clay and Sons, Limited,
bread street hill, e.c., and
.bukoay, suffolk
6
PREFACE
The present Atlas is done on the same lines as my New Atlas of English History (1903, Jlacmillan & Co., Ltd.). Its chief purpose is to project historical events graphically upon the territory in which they happened, and by the configuration of which they were largely influenced. Many of the military movements indicated in the maps of this Atlas Antiquus are not in full accordance with all the sources. Given the contradictory or incomplete state of the sources, nothing remained but to take, in many a case, the prohahlc line of action. Yet even in dubious cases, a graphic representa- tion will prove, it is confidently hoped, of great utility to the student. At any rate, this is the first attempt to give, by graphic methods, a full and clear statement of all the great militar}' events of classical antiquity, previous to the times of the Roman Emperors.
EMIL REICH.
London, .S.3 St. Luke's Road, W. January 28, 1908.
CONTENTS
1. Bellum Persicum Primum. 492-490 a. C.
Bellum Persicum Secundum. 481-479. a. C. (With Text.)
2. Bellum Peloponxe.siacum. I. 4-'54-42.5 a. C. (AVith Text.)
3. Bellum Pelopo.nnesl\cum. II. 424-416 a. C. (With Text.)
Intel (a). Bella in Hellespoxto. 411-40-5 a. C.
4. Bellum Pelopos\esl\cum in Sicilia Gestum. 415-41.3 a. C.
huet (a). Orsidio Syracu-s.^na. 415-413 a. C. (With Text.)
5. Bellum Peloponxesiacum. III. 412-404 a. C. (Witli Text.)
6. Bella a L.\cedaemoniis contra Thebaxos Sociosque gesta. 404-371 a. C. (With Text.)
7. TnEBAXoRUM Bella. 371-362 a. C. (With Text.)
S. Bella Philippi Secundi Reois Macedoxiae. 359-336 a. C. (With Text.) 9. Bellum Sacrum. 356-346 a. C. (With Text.)
10. Bellum Sociale. 358-355 a. C. (With Text.)
11. Bella Alexaxdri Maoxi. 336-323 a. C. (With Text.)
12. Partitio Prima Regxi Alexaxdri. 323 a. C. Rectohes Provixciarum.
13. Bellum Lamiae. 32.3-322 a. C. (With Text.)
14. Bella per Asiam et ix Aeoypto gesta. 323-321 a. C. (With Text.)
15. Bella per Asiam gesta. 321-316 a. C. (With Text.)
16. Partitio Provixciarum apld Triparadisu.m facta. 321 a. C.
17. Polysperchox. 319-316 a. C. (With Text.)
18. Bella per Graeciam et Asiam gesta. 312-301 a. C. (With Text.)
19. Partitio post pugxa.m ad Ipsum facta. 301 a. C.
20. Demetrius Poliorcetes. 301-285 a. C. (With Text.)
21. Lysimachus. 289-281 a. C. (With Text.)
22. Status rerum mortuo Seleuco sub fixe axxi 281 a. C. (With Text.)
23. Gallorum Irruptio. 281-276 a. C. (Witli Text.)
24. Aetolia Sofiii^uK Aktolorum.
Minora Bella ab Aetolis gesta. 245-189 a. C. (With Text.)
25. Fixes Lkiae Aetoliae.
26. AxTi(;oxus Dosox. 224-222 a. C. (With Text.)
27. Piiilopoemex adv. M.\chaxidam. 207 a. C.
T. Q. Flamixixus adv. Nabim. 195 a. C. (With Text.)
28. Bellum cum Axtiocho et Nabis fixi.s. 193-190 a. C.
Inset (b) Thermopylae. 191 a. C. (Witli Text.)
29. Achaea et Achaeorum Socii.
.\chaeorum Finis. 146 a. C.
vi CONTENTS
MAI' NO.
30. Beli.um cu.m Antiooiio in Asia gestum. 191-190 a. C. (With Text.)
31. Bellum contra Samxites Primum. 343-341 a. C.
32. Beli-um contra Latinos. 340-338 a. C.
33. Cleonymus et Acatiiocles. 303-293 a. C. (With Text.)
34. Agathocles in Sicilia et in Africa. 317-304 a. C. (With Text.)
35. Bellum contra Pyrriium. 280-272 a. C. (With Text.)
36. Bellum Punicum Primum. 264-242 a. C. (With Text.)
37. Bellum Punicum Secundum. I.
Hannihal in Italia. 218-216 a. C.
Bes Gestae in Hispania. 220-206 a. C.
Hasdrubal et Mago in Italia. 207-203 a. C.
Res gestae in Africa et Circa Insulas. 218-21-5 a. C. (With Text.)
38. Bellum Punicum Secundum. II.
Res (iESTAE IN Italia. 215-213 a. C.
Res GESTAE IN SiciLi.\. 214-211 a. C. (With Text.)
39. Bellum Punicum Secundu.m. III.
Hannibal in Italia. 212-202 a. C.
Inset (a) Res in Africa gestae. 208-202 a. C. (Witli Text.)
40. Bellum Macedonicum Secundum. 202-197 a. C. (With Text.)
41. Bellum M.\cedonicum Tertium. 171-108 a. C. (With Text.)
Bella a L. Corn. Sulla Gesta.
42. Bellum contra Mitiiridatem oestum. 92 a. C. et 88-83 a. C. (With Text.)
43. Bellum Marsicum. 90-88 a. C.
Bella in Italia gesta. 83-80 a. C. (With Text.)
44. Bella Gallica a Caesare ge.sta. 58-51 a. C. (With Text.)
45. Bella Civilia tempore Caesaris. 50-45 a. C.
Inset (a) Bellum in Italia et in Illyrico (jestum. ,, (b) Bellum in Graecia gestum. „ (c) Bella in Africa gesta. „ (d) Alhxandiua. (With Text.)
46. Atiienae.
Iniiet (a) Acropolis. „ (b) Piraeus.
47. Roma.
48. Imperii'm Komanum maxime e.xtensum.
INDEX UERUM ET NUMINL'.M \0 I'ajcs
KKI;.\TL".M. In title of map 48 there ought to be maxime exteusum.
EXPLANATION OF SIGNS USED ON THE MAPS
+ denotes "beaten by," the initial of the defeated preceding that of the victor.
Thus, D + S = Demetrius beaten by Seleucus, as in Map XX.
X denotes capture of a place. Thus, in Map XX, x Pt 9j against Cyprus denotes that Cyprus was captured by Ptolemy in 295 B.C. Sometimes this sign appears in the colour representing the side which has made the capture.
X denotes a battle, the result of which is either not decisive, or unimportant.
5 denotes that the place where it appears has been ravaged. Sometimes this sign appears in colour, designating the side responsible for the devastation.
A denotes camps, as in Map XLI\'.
Coloured lines mean the essential strategic marches of an army, the direction being indicated by arrow-heads. All coloured lines do not begin from the starting-point of an expedition, where such starting-point is ob\-iousl3' indicated by the nature of the movements.
The coloured strategic lines on sea are, of course, not uautically correct, which, given the scales of the maps, would be impossible. Xor is it in any way necessary they should be so, the direction of the fleet being the only really relevant element for the puqjoses of this atlas. Such sea lines often start from a point in the sea, when it is inunaterial to show from which harbour or harbours the fleet started.
Red and blue lines indicate the two sides in a contest, and these are clearly distinguished in the reference table of eeich map.
Small coloured arrows indicate harassing e.xpeditions.
Broken red or blue lines ( — • >- >-) mean retreat after a defeat. Dates are represented by the two final figures of
the j'ears given in the title of the map.
Abbreviations used for the names of generals, etc., on each map, are shown in the reference table of that map, under the colour (red or blue) allotted to their sides.
RoipiyUJas antiquLLa
^
B ■ &n^-lnuiles.Sfjartiates J/ - ifurdemius.dux
liua^Tiavium Oniea>rit/ri Persttru/ii
Eii-Huuniefux.fitur J£, -Mirdtmles.th/J^
Qriucoivm Pfrsunai,
L. ■ t.eotyc/,t(ii:s!.Sptn1iaiKf X . -^avm.re.ctersanmi
duo- ruiriuiJi Gr-aeronan I Lf ■ Ifonidiut.rtii-S'panae X.R-SavfsPerstcoe r. ■ I\iiistmi{ts. SpartUdts
diLf Grueearum T - TJtaiustudfs.diu- (kvreorum |'3n -^Lmthippus, dux .Vlimien^nuni
Lon<loivMatiiimaii.i. Co.LtfL
BELLUM PERSICUM PRIMUM
492-490 a.C.
The domination of Asia Minor and adjacent islands liy the Persian King Darius, coupled with Ids impulse for further conquest northwards and westwards, led to what is called the Ionic Revolt of the Greeks of Asia Minor and the islands against him in 501) B.C.
Though the revolt was ended by the victory of the Persians at Lade in 496 B.C., and by the capture of Miletus in the following year, the determination of Darius was to effect the conriuest of (Ireece, in consequence of the action of the Athenians and Eretrians in assisting the louians in 499 B.C. in the burning of Sardes.
B.C.
492. — Mardonius is given the supreme command of a large Persian force which reaches Cilicia. The force marches thence
by land to the Hellespont, while Mardonius with his fleet proceeds from Cilicia to Ionia. There he
establishes democracies, and continues his journey to the Hellespont to join his army. He marches with his
army through Thrace.
His fleet is despatched to the island of Thasus and, after receiving its surrender, proceeds to Acanthus.
Mardonius continues his march through part of Macedonia, subduing the country.
The fleet is despatched from Acanthus to double the promontory of Mount Athos, and to meet the land forces
at Therma, for a general ad\ance southwards.
At the promontory of Mount Athos a violent hurricane destroys 300 ships of the Persian fleet and 20,000 men.
Mardonius, on hearing of this disaster, and suff'ering at the same time a lieavy loss inflicted on his land army in a
night attack of the Thracian Brygi, abandons his further progress, and returns with the remainder of his forces to
Asia. 491. — Darius was now all the more eager for the conquest of Greece, being instigated by Hippias. Heralds were sent to the
Greek cities requiring their formal token of submission.
Though many cities and islands tender the requisite token of earth and water, the heralds to Athens and Sparta are
put to death. 490. — A large force for this renewed attempt on Greece was accordingly assembled in Cilicia under the command of Datis and
Artaphemes.
A fleet of 600 armed triremes and many transports convey this force along the coast to the island of Samus. From
thence, passing through the islands of the Icarian Sea, they touch at Naxus, which they take without a blow, burning
down the to\vn.
Taking hostages from the other Cyclades islands, and treating Delus with respect, Datis arrives with his fleet- at
Carystus in Euboea, which he lays waste.
Thence he goes to Eretria, and takes that place by storm ; proceeding from there to Marathon, where he lands,.
accompanied by Hippias.
He is met bj- the Athenians under the chief conmiand of Miltiades, whom the Plataeans had spontaneously joined
The battle is decisive ; the Persians being utterlj' routed, take to their ships.
The Persians then round the promontory of Sunium and make for Phalerum, near Athens.
Miltiades, however, seeing the danger, takes his army back to Athens by a forced march on the day of the battle.
The Persians, seeing this, were in no mood to disembark again, and so Datis abandons his project and retires to
Asia by way of the Cyclades.
K
BELLUM PERSICUM SECUNDUM
481-479 a.C.
B.C.
481. — Xer.\e.s, the Persian king, construing his dreams as a divine commaml to invade Greece, after a preparation of for-
years, launches an enormous force, wliicli marches through Cappadoeia and Plirygia to Sanies, by way ot
Cehienae, Colossae, and CaUatebus. Heie they winter. 480.- From iSanles, Xerxes advances across the river Caicus to Adramyttium and Antandrus, and thence across th
Scamander to Ilium and Abydus, leaving Dardanus on the left.
At Aliyilus tlio Hellespont is bridged, and Xer.xes' army advances by Cardia and Aenus to Doriscus.
The fleet which had assembled at the Hellespont rounds the promontory of Sar|)edonium, and takes up its
position opposite Doriscus. Here Xerxes numbers his army and his fleet.
From Doriscus, Xerxes marches through Mesambria and Abdera to Eion, leaving Mounts Ismarus and
Pangaeus on his right. He then proceeds through Argilus and Stagirus to Acanthus, where his fleet awaitoil him.
Hence, Xerxes proceeds to Thernia : where the fleet again joined him, after going through the canal of Mount
Athos, made by the Pereians, doubling the jiromontory of Anipelos, and proceeding round the promontory of
Canastraeum by way of Scionc, Mendc, and Potidaea.
Meanwhile the Greeks had sent 10,0(X) hoplites under Euaenetus and Themistocles from the Isthmus to Tempe,
through tlie Euripus. These generals, having disendjarked at Halus, proceed to Tempe ; but retreat when they
find it impossible to secure the passes of Thessaly.
Xerxes advances from Therma by way of Gonnus into Thessaly; thence by Halus, through Achaca and Malis to
Thermopylae.
Leonidas, king of Sparta, with 7,'lllO men, advances from the Peloponncse to 'I'lu-rmiipylae, to bar the advance of
Xerxes.
Meanwhile, the Persian fleet, having sailed along the Magnesian coast, reaches the promontory of Sepias, where a
storm destroys 400 vessels. Tlie remainder of the Persian fleet, which had taken refuge in the gidf of I'agasa-, takes
up its position at Aphetae, having lost 15 vessels to the (ircck fleet, which, under ICuryljiades and Thermistocles,
had taken its station at Artcmisium.
The Persian fleet now advances to attack the Greek fleet at the latter place. In the battle which ensues the (ireeks
are victorious. The Greek fleet then retires through the Euriiais to Salamis ; while the Persian fleet, after taking
Histiaea, also sails down the Euripus, and takes station at Phalerum.
Meanwhile Xerxes, having annihilated the forces of Leonidas at Thermopylae, advances through Doris into I'hocis ;
then to Elatea, and along the river Cephisus to Hyampolis, Thespiae, and Plataea ; and thence into Attica and to
Athens.
In the great naval engagement «hich follows between the Greek and the Persian fleets at Salamis, the Greeks are
victorious.
The Persian fleet thereupon retreats from Phalerum to the island of Andrus, and thence to the Hellespont, tlie Greek
fleet pursuing them as far as Andrus.
Xerxes and his land army retire to Thessaly, where Xerxes leaves Mardonius with part of his army, and himself
returns to Asia Minor by way of the Hellespont. 4'79. — Mardonius advances from Thessaly through Bocotia to Athens, and thence ravages the lands of Megara.
Pausanias, at the head of a Spartan armj', proceeds to the Isthmus from Sparta, when Mardonius retires before him
to Tanagra.
Pausanias now moves to Plataea, where he encounters the Persians, and defeats them, Mardonius being slain in the
battle.
The Persian fleet, under Mardontes, proceeds from the Hellespont to Cyme, and thence to Samus.
The Greek fleet, under Leotychides, sails from Aegina to Delus ; and thence to Samus and Mycale, where the Persian
fleet had taken refuge.
Disembarking at the latter place the Greeks rout the Persian army, and they also burn their ships.
After this battle the Greeks proceed to Samus, Chius, and Lesbus, and on to the Hellespont. Here the forces divide,
the Peloponnesians under Leotychides returning home, while the Athenians under Xanthippus undertake the siege
and capture of Sestus, and then return to Athens.
To face Map 1.
Beicli.AlIa8 anliguus
BELLUM PELOPONNESIACUM (I)
434-425 a.C.
P.C.
435. — Epidamnus appeals to Corinth for aid against noble exiles and Corcyraeans. 434. — Corintli prepares and sends under Aristeus an army and fleet (30 sliips + 38 of allies), who reach Actium. The
Corcyraeans meet them in neighljourhood with 80 sail, and defeat them, ravaging Leuuas and burning Cyllene.
They then form a camp at Leuciinnie, whilst the Corinthians do the same at Actium and Chimerium. 433. — The whole year is spent in preparations ou both sides, the Corcyraeans appealing to Athens for aid, and the Corinthians
getting aid from the Pelojronnesus. 432 — Athenians send 10 ships to act on the defensive with the Corcyraeans. Corinthians take the sea with 150 ships,
and after touching at Leucas, reach Chimerium and encamp.
Corcyraean fleet of 110 ships, including the 10 from Athens, take up position at Sybota I.
Corinthians put out by night to engage the enemy early. A severe and uncertain battle ensues, when 20 sail
from Athens appear at a distance.
Neither party being sure what the ships mean, the battle ceases for the night, the Corinthians falling back to
Sybota, the Corcyraeans to Leueimme.
Next morning the Athenians and Corcyraeans ofl"er battle, but fail to draw the Corinthians, who are allowed
to sail away, both sides claiming a victory.
On their way home the Corinthians seize Anactorium.
Potidaea, a Corinthian colony, but tributary to Athens, being ordered to dismantle the Pallene side of the city,
revolts against Athens.
Thirty Athenian ships arrive at this juncture, but not being strong enough to recapture Potidaea, cruise ofiF the
Macedonian coast, take Thcrnia and besiege Pydna.
Aristeus reaches Potidaea with troops from Corinth.
Athenians are reinforced with 40 ships, which join in the siege of Pydna ; the troops march inland, attempt Beroea,
and then advance along the coast to Potidaea, the .ships sailing in a liiie with them, and reaching Gygonus.
They find the enemy encamped near Olynthus. In the encounter which ensues, the Athenians drive Aristeus and his
force into Potidaea, which the Athenians now besiege on all sides.
Phormio, with a fresh fleet from Athens, reaches Aphytis, and marches across and invests Potidaea from the Pallene
side.
Aristeus contrives to escape from Potidaea and inflicts damage on the Sermyleans. Phormio ravages Chalcidice and
Bottiaea and takes some towns.
At the Assembly at Sparta it is decided to declare war against Athens for breaking the Thirty Years' Peace.
Spartan iiltimaliim, sent to Athens, is rejecte<l on the advice of Pericles. 431. — A force of 300 Thebans attempts to surprise Plataea, but is defeated. A larger force, appearing before the walls in the
morning, has to fall back.
A little later, the Athenians send a force to garrison Plataea. Archidamus, Spartan king, collects allies at the
Isthmus, crosses the border, and proceeds to attack the frontier fort of Oenoe, whilst Boeotians ravage Plataeau
territory.
After a futile assault on Oenoe, Archidamus ravages Eleusis and the Thriasian plain, and, after a cavalrj' skirmish at
Rheiti, marches through Cropoea and encamps at Acharnae. His provisions being exhausted, he reentera the
Peloponnesc by way of Boeotia and Oropus, playing havoc on the way.
Meanwhile, the Athenians had drawn all their outlying population within the walls ; but their fleet was active. A
fleet of lOU Athenian ships, joined by .50 Corcyraean vessels, is sent to devastate the Peloponnesian coast. It
assaults Methone, defended by Brasidas, defeats the P^leans and takes Pheia, also SoUium, Astacus and Cephallenia.
Astacus is recaptured, and Cephallenia vainly assailed by an expedition from Corinth.
Another Athenian squadron of 30 ships ravages the Locrian coast, tights a successful battle at Alope, and seizes and
fortifies the desert island of Atalanta.
The Athenians e.xpel the Aeginetans, who take refuge in Thyrea.
Pericles leads an expedition into the Megarid, the 100 sliips, on their way back from the Peloponnese, co-operating
with liim. This is done annually until Nisaea is captured. Athenians in the summer make alliance with Silalces. 430. — Archidamus again leads a contingent into Attica, and, after ravaging the country, passes into the Paralian district as far
as Mount Laurium.
Pericles, with 100 ships, joined by 50 from Chius and Lesbus, sets out to ravage the Peloponnese. He fails to take
Epidaurus, but lays waste the territory there and at Troezen, Haliae and Hermione, and captures and sacks the
town of Prasiae.
On their return the troops of Pericles are taken on an expedition against Chalcidice and Potidaea, but return without
doing anything. Potidaea, however, surrenders in the winter.
In the summer, C'nemus, with KXI Peloponnesian ships, goes toZacynthus, but eflects nothing.
Jjite in the jear, the Ambraciots make a vain attempt to take Araphilochian Argos.
Phormio, with 20 Athenian ships, blockades Corinth and the Crisaean Bay from Xaupaetus.
A small squadron of six Athenian ships goes out to Caria and Lycia to raise money. They suffer defeat, and the force
is cut up. 429. — Archidamus determines to besiege Plataea ; a blockading wall is built round the city.
Athenians despatch troops against Chalcidice and Bottiaea. They reach Spartolus, but are routed and driven to
Potidaea. A Peloponnesian force, escaping Phormio at Xaupaetus, and joined by allies at Leucas, marches through
Argive territory, sacks Linmaea, and advances against Stratus, the Acarnanian capital. They are defa.ited by the
Stratians and fall back on the Anapus river.
A Corinthian fleet s;iils from the Crisaean Bay to support the above expedition, is intercepted by Phormio whilst
crossing from Patrae to Acarnauia. The .\thenians are victorious, and sail to Molj-crium ; the Corinthians escape to
Cyllene, wliere the other ships from Leucas joined them.
A Peloponnesian force is now sent to Cyllene to retrieve this disaster. Athenians also send "20 sliips to reinforce
Phormio, but with orders to call at Crete and reduce Cydonia, a scheme which causes much delay.
To face Map 2.
B 2
The Pelopoiiiiesiaiis, with 77 ships, coast us fur as I'auoriiius ; while Phoniiio, willi liis original 20 ships, is I3 ing
off lihiuin, iioai- Moljcrium.
A battle is foiceil on in the Gulf, the Peloponnesians getting the best of it at first, and ending in a brilliant victory
for the Athenians. The Peloponnesians retire to Corinth ; and tlie stjuadron from Crete reinforces Phormio.
Brasidas at Corinth resolves to surprise the Piraeus ; but attacks, instead, Kudoruni in Salaniis, and ravages the
island. On appixjach of the Athenians, he, with his force, gets safely liack to Nisaea.
Phormio goes from Naupactus to Astacus ; marches into Acarnania, does damage and returns to Athens in the spring.
Sitalces, King of ihc Odrysae, an ally of Athens, sets out against Perdiccas, in order to bring the Thrace-ward
Chalcidicians into subjection. Advancing over Mount Cereine, he reaches Dobera in Pueonia, takes Idomcnc,
Gortynia and Atalanta, but Kuropus resists. He ravages Mygdonia, Crestonia, and Anthennis, and, after sending a
force into Chalcidice and Uottiaea, retires, as no Athenian ships arrive to assist him.
428. — Archidamus again invades Attica ; he is resisted by Athenian cavalry and soon retires.
Premature revolt of Mytilcne and all Leslms except Methynina. Forty ships are despatched from Athens to effect a
surprise ; Athenians encamp off Malea, and light an indecisive battle, establisliing a blockade of Mytilcne.
Mityleneans try to take Methynnia.
Pelojjonnesians muster at the Isthmus and drag their ships overland to attack Attica. The Athenians muster 100
ships, in addition to the ;jO, «itli Asopius, w Inch were ravaging Laconia ; whereupon the Peloponnesians give up the
expedition.
Asopius, with 30 Athenian ships, sails to Acarnania, and ravaging the Peloponnesus on his way, reaches
Naupactus with 1'2, sending the rest back. He devastates Oeniadae on the Achelous, then goes to Leucas, where he
suffers defeat and the fleet returns.
Lysioles is despatched from Athens to levj- money on the coast of Asia. He is killed on his march from Myus
in Caria.
Sally of 220 Plataeans, who escape and reach Athens by way of Hysiae and Erythrae.
427. — Platiea surrenders, is rased to the grouml, and the inhaliitants butchered.
Peloponnesians send 42 sliii)S to relieve Mytilcne. Hearing the place had surrendered they make for Endxitum, after touching at Uelus, Icarus, and Myconus. Thence they proceed to Myonnesus and E|)hesus ; from the latter place they take to fliglit, pursued by the Athenians, under Paches, as far as Patmns ; off Crete they are disperseil by a storm, and finalh' seek refuge at Cyllcnc. The Athenians return and capture Notium.
Nicias leads an Athenian cNpedition against the island of Miuoa, commanding Megara, and takes and fortifies it. The annual invasion of Attica takes place under Cleomenes.
Peloponnesians at Cyllcnc, with I'.i ships, reinforced with the 40 from Lesbus, set out to reduce Corcyra before the 12 Athenian ships at Naupactus could be reinforced. Athenian ships from Naupactus arrive at Corcyra ; Pelo- ponnesians reach Sybota. The Corcyraeans man GO shijjs, and there is an indecisive battle ; when another CO Athenian ships are sighted. The Peloponnesians, after ravaging Leucimme, sail away, dragging their sliips over the isthmus at Leucas. A small party escapes from Corcyra and establishes itself at Istone on the nuiinland. The Athenians despatch 20 ships to Sicily to aid the Leonliui.
426. — The Peloponnesians under Agis set out to invade Attica, but halt at Isthmus and retreat.
T'hirtj' ships arc sent from Athens under Demosthenes to harass the Pcloponncse. Tliey lay an andjush at EUomenus
in Leucadia and, joined bj- 30 ships from Corc3i'a, make a general attack on Leucas. Demosthenes, however, diverts
his forces to subdue the Aetolians about Naupactus. He lands at .SoUium, ami fixes his headquarters at Aeueum.
Thence advancing inland, he takes Potidanea, Crocyleum, Tichium, and Acgitium. The Aetolians muster and rout
the Athenians, the remnant escaping to Aeneum.
The Peloponnesians send troops to attack Naupactus. They muster at Delphi and march towards Naupactus. taking
Aeneum and Eupalium, and also Molycrium.
Meanwhile Demosthenes collects troops and throws himself into Naupactus.
Peloponnesians, despairing of success, withdraw to Aeolis with a view to an attempt on Amphilochian Argos.
Nicias, with 60 ships, is sent from Athens to reduce the island of Melus, but fails. He proceeds then to Oropus, and
marches to Tanagra, being joined by a force from Athens. After defeating the Tanagrans and 'i'hebans, Nicias, with
his fleet, ravages the Locrian coast.
The Andn-aciots take Olpae near Argos, and the Peloponnesians march from Proschium to join them, crossing the
Achelous : and passing through the Stratian borders, Phytia, Medeon, and Linmaea, reach Mount Thyamus and get
safely to Olpae.
Demosthenes, reinforced with 20 ships, takes command and blockades Olpae. In a battle which ensues the
I'eloponnesians are worsted and retreat. A large force of .\mbraciots is waylaid by Demosthenes near Idomene
anil destroyed. The Athenians then go home, leaving 20 ships at Naupactus.
425. — Athenians, with 40 ships for Sicil}^ sail to assist the Corcyraeans on their way, but are induced by Demosthenes to occupy Pylus. They raise a fort there and, leaving Demosthenes with five ships, proceed on.
The Peloponnesians also send 60 ships to help the Corcyraean exiles ; and also begin in the spring their annual invasion of Attica under Agis. Hearing the news about Pylus, they recall the expedition from Attica, and also the 60 ships from Corcyra, whicli were hauled over the isthmus at Leucas.
The Athenian fleet proceeds only as far as Zacyntlms, and returns again to Pylus. The Peloponnesians occupy Sphacteria to prevent the Athenians entering the harbour of P3IUS. Demosthenes takes action both by land and sea, and Sphacteria is isolated.
Spartan land force, reaching Pylus, finds it impossible to relieve Sphacteria ; an armistice is arranged, but fails. Hostilities are renew'ed, Sphacteria is stormed and surrenders.
Athenians, with 80 ships, land on Corinthian soil between the Chersonesus promontory and the Rheitus river, below the Solygian hill. Corinthians, leavinga force at Cenchreae to protect Crommyon, go to meet tlu-m. The Athenians get the best of the action, but seeing the men of Cenchreae coming up, they take to their ships, ravaging the territory of Crommyon and Epidaurus, then cutting the isthmus at Methana, they leave a garrison tlierc, and return home. The Athenian squadron, after the surrender of Sphacteria, resume their voyage to Sicily and, touching at Corcyra, capture the fort at Istone. The Athenians at Naupactus take Anactorium ; they also call upon Cliius to dismantle its walls.
ReiclyAUas amiquns .■
London, Alat^niiUaii a- C'oLtd.
BELLUM PELOPONNESIACUM (II)
424-416 a.C.
n.c.
424. — The first eiitciprise umk-rtaken bj- the Athenians in the spring was against the island of C3'thera. Nicias, with a force and sixty ships, invades the island, captures the towns of Cythera and Scandea, and after garrisoning the island makes inroails on the mainland near Helos, Asine, Aphrodisias, Cotyrta, and elsewhere.
On his return from Cythcia to Athens, Nicias ravages the country near Epidaurus Limera, then attacks the Aeginetan settlement at Thyrea, which he takes by storm.
While the Lacedaemonians are in a state of uneasiness, a request is received from Chalcidice and Perdiccas for Spartan aid under Brasidas against Athens.
The Athenians, elate with their successes, now form plans against Megara, and a force is sent by way of Eleusis to surprise the place. Xisaea capitulates, but they were unable to enter Megara. Demosthenes and Hippocrates commanded the Athenians.
At this juncture, Brasidas, who was preparing his Thracian expedition, at once starts with a force to Tripodiscus in aid of Megara. Being joined by a Boeotian force, and after an indecisive action, he compels the Athenians to retire, tlius saving Megara.
Hippocrates'and Demosthenes ttien concert a more extensive plan for the invasion of Boeotia : the former with a land army, the latter with a fleet from the Corinthian Gulf ; but the plan miscarries, and Demosthenes retires without striking a blow after having reached Siphae. Hippocrates is even more unfortunate. He marches to Tanagra and captures Delium, which he fortifies. On his return march he suffers a crushing defeat at the hands of the Boeotians, who afterwards recapture Delium.
Brasidas, having completed his levies, conducts them from the Isthmus to Heraolea, Melilaea, and Pharsalus in Thessal}', encamping on the river Apidanus. Thence he proceeds to I'liacium, through Perrh;ebia and over the pass of Olympus to Dium, in the territory of Perdiccas.
Bras^idas joins Perdiccas in marching against Arrhibaeus towards Lyncestis, but being dissatisfied with this arrangement, and without marching over the pass to Lyncus, he takes his army into Chalcidice.
His first operation is against Acanthus, which joins him against Athens ; as also Stagirus. Passing through Arne, Anion, and Bromiscus, near Lake Bolhe, he begins his march on Amphipolis ; enters Argilus with the help of conspirators, surprises and takes the bridge over the Strymon, and compels the capitulation of Amphi])olis. Thucydides, who was in command at Thasus, immediately sets sail on hearing of the danger at Amphipolis, but arrives at Eion after the surrender of the place. There was now dismay at Athens.
Brasidas, now in possession of Amphipolis. marches against the peninsula of Acte. Thyssus, Cleone, Olophyxus. and other towns all submit, but Sane and Dium hold out. He next marches into the Sithonian peninsula to attack Torone, which « as surprised and taken, the Athenian garrison retiring to the citadel called Lecythus. This Brasidas storms and takes.
423. — A truce for one year is concluded between Athens and Sparta. Before the truce is made known in Thrace, Scione revolts from Athens.
When the commissioners arrive to announce the truce, a dispute arises regarding Scione, the Athenians declaring it had revolted after the signing of the truce.
The objection to handing over Scione being known at Athens, it was determined to undertake an expedition for its reconquest. The war thus continued in Tluace, though suspended elsewhere.
Following on this, Mende revolted from the Atlienians. Brasidas now goes with the greater part of liis force to assist Perdiccas against Arrhil)aeus and the Lyncestae.
While Brasidas is thus engaged the Athenian armament under Nicias and Nicostr.itus reaches Potidaea, then proceeds to laud near the promontory of Posidium, to attack Mende. Being first repulsed, they take their fleet to the side of Scione and ravage the country. Nicostratus soon recaptures Mende, and Nicias completely blockades Scione. Brasidas, deserted by Perdiccas and harassed by lllyrians in his retreat, reaches Arnissa and proceeds to the protection of Torone. Periliccas opens negotiations with Nicias. Nicias, leaving Scione under blockade, returns with bis armament to Athens.
422. — The year's truce now expires. After considerable discussion as to peace or war, the Athenians are persuaded by Cleon to undertake an expedition against Amphipolis.
Cleon in command starts from the Piraeus early in August with a force and tldrty iships. He first stops at Scione and takes with him as many hoplites as can be spareil from the blockaile ; he next sails over to the Sithonian peninsula to the "Harbour of the Colophonians," near Torone. Attacking Torone on two sides be captures it.
Cleon then sails round Mount Atlios promontory to Eion, .3 miles from Amphipolis. While waiting for reinforcements from Perdiccas, Cleon attacks Stagirus but is repulsed. He also attacks Galepsus, opposite Thasus, where he is successful.
Brasidas was at Mount Cerdylium, watching Cleon's movements. Cleon is forced to move on Amphipolis by his troops, but being ajiprised of Brasidas' attempt to surprise his army, orders a retreat to Eion. Brasidas falls on the retiring army, and the Athenians are defeated and put to flight. Both Brasidas and Cleon are slain in battle.
To fact Map 3.
421.— Peace of Nicias concluded between Sparta and Athens for 50 years. Athens restores prisoners from Sphactiria ; Sparta declines to give up Amphipolis ; Athens thereupon retains Pylus.
Pfloporniesians form a new league under Argos, wliiili is joinud by Mantinea, F.lis, Corinth and Chaliidice. Scione surrenders to the Athenian blockade. The Athenians, however, '.ose the towns of Thvssus on the peninsul.i of Mount Alhos, and Mecyperna on the Sithonian (iulf, captured by the Chalcidians of Tluace.
420. — Alliance between Sparta and Hoeotia, which is still at war with Athens. Renewal of ill feeling at Athens against Sparta, as I'anactuin, which was to have been restored to Athens, is attacked and demolished by the Boeotians. -Ahibiades now heads the war party, and Athens joins the new league under Argos, leading to the withdrawal from it of Corinth and Chalcidice. This happened aftir the failure of the Kmbassy of Nicias to Sparta to clear up differences.
Heraclea, a Spartan colony, is seized by Boeotians to prevent its being t.iken by Athens ; they tlius give olTcnce to the Lacedaemonians.
419, — Alcibiades conducts an expedition into the Peloponnese, reinforced by Peloponnesian allies. He turns his attention to the Achaean towns, and induces Patrae to join Alliens ; he is prevented hy Corinthians and .Sicyonians from building a fort at Rhium. He then returns to take pait witli the .\rgives in a war against Epidaurus.
Tlie Spartans, under Agis, march to the assistaiuc of ICpidaurus, but the sacrifices being unfavourable, return from Leuetra. The Argives then ravage the territory of Epidaurus, but fail to take the town.
418. — The I^acedaemonians, with Agis, resolve to help Epidaurus, and march against Argos, their allies assembling at Phlius.
The Argives march first to Mantinea, and taking up a force there, meet the Lacedaemonians at Methydrium in
Arcadia. Agis eludes them and joins his allies at Phlius.
The Argives, finding this out, march witli their allies, first to Argos, then to Nemea. They are, however, caught
between the forces of Agis and his allies in front and rear, who have been ravaging Saminthus and other places in
Argive territory. Agis accedes to a truce and leads back his force, for which ho was uuich blamed.
Shortly afterwards the Athenian contingent arrives under Laches and Nicostratus, with whom was also Alcibiades.
The latter persuades the Argi\es and allies to break the truce and to attack Orehomenus, which surrenders. Tegea
then being in danger, sends for aid to Sparta.
Agis goes out with a force by way of Orestheum into the territory of Mantinea. Here they find the Aigivcs and
their allies prepared for battle. The action wliich ensues is a complete victory for the Lacedaemonians, th? Argives,
Athenians, and allies retreating with heavy loss. The Argive league is broken up.
417. — Athens and Argos renew alliance.
Athens finally breaks witli Perdiccas, and raids part of Macedonia.
416.— Athenians undertake the conquest of the island of Melus. Melians refuse to submit and are besieged ; but after a blockade of several months are constrained to surrender, when the men are put to death, and the women and children solil as slaves.
Note. — The text explanatory of the Inset is included in the text to Map. V.
Rpirh Aflas EmUquus
BELLUM PELOPONNESIACUM
IN SICILIA GESTUM 415-443 3.C. ModuliLS L 2.750000
Aih . A0ie7iier7Lse-e
Dfm,.. D^ThOSthtm^s-.Affienienns
Xur . SiayrnBeian .
Lam. = LtaniuiaLS,
OBSI D lO SYR ACU S AN A
4(5- 413 a C. AloduJus I: lOOftOO
He^ yonul gestae eudem Toaneris (iHSt etc. zn an/io qxtoque^ staO. siffnificatae,.
A \ = = = = = Casir-ay .^Oi. ante puanam. i^fJZJ
B B ==- = : - ~ po^ - , .
*" f" = = »•;= V • t puffnoje J3 IV^i'TTi
■ b ' ■ ■ JSiru^ Afh: post pugnam Jtll) aeeU/teatus
' '' ' ■ ' • • • mttrufn ^ff.l A. ^ i captum. tu^li^icatus
•- f fc-*^ • - - pitffTias Aimi tLtdifOxxtus
B B = =
C r «
' % « ■ ■* Secundits •
h^ * * ■ Tertins •
Castra Syr. oTite pugnam. M-dX' "- post - - ,
• » - pugnas I3 ITi * TTi
MitruA- ^rr. per luemern.js aedi/tcatict
^T/7nw murus J\-r. qui Jffi-. cl cirntntwnUando pmhi&enet, titter puffnas H^Jt et j4 fUTf a»dtficatus "-""'—'' - . , , * , , oMii^catus et eaptiffna^ts tirOHH
- • ■ •• • prohibuit , post pitgnant jA mi coufK'tus
London. Marinillaii A; Co Lul.
iraJBerA.IWb*s'Gw»^ KstaJ^Lo^of
BELLUM PELOPONNESIACUM IN SICILIA GESTUM
415=413 a.C.
Segesta and Selinus being at war, the people of the former appeal to Athens for aid, while the people of Selinus ally
themselves with Syracuse. Athens resolves to send a strong expedition. Nicias opposes the venture, but he is B.C. overruled by Alcibiades and the war party.
415. — The command of this expedition to Sicily is given to Nicias, Alcibiades, and Lamachus.
At this time occurs the mutilation of the Hermae, in which outrage Alcibia<Ies is, rightly or wrongly, supposed to be
implicated. He is, however, allowed to sail, and at midsummer the armament, consisting of 134 sail including
transports, besides other vessels, sets forth from the Piraeus to muster at Corcyra.
They cross the Ionian Oulf and on getting oft' Tarcnlum, coast along to Rhegium, where they are allowed to form a
camp outside the walls, though the Rhegians could not be induced to join them.
Alcibiades sails over to Mcssana hoping to gain that city over, but all he secures is the promise of a market.
Sixty ships then coast to Naxus, and meet with a favourable reception. They proceed thence to Catana, where they
are refused admission, and having passed the night in tlie river the ships continue their journey to the great harbour
of Syracuse to reconnoitre and to proclaim their intention of reinstating the Leontines. The rest of the fleet follows
but returns to Catana, where after a compromise the Syracu.san partj' leave the city, and the inhabitants invite the
whole armament to come over from Rhegium, a camp being formed.
Presently they coast along to Camarina but get no welcome, and after a slight skirmish on Syracusan soil return
again to Catana.
Here the Snlamiiu'" arrives to take Alcibiades home for trial in the matter of the Hermae Alcibiades sails in his own
ship guarded by the Salaminis, but at Thurii he goes ashore, and eluding his pursuers, makes his way to the
Peloponnese.
The Athenian force, now divided into two under Nicias and Lamachus, sails along the northern coast towards Segesta
and Selinus. They land at Himera, but meet with a rebuff, capture Hykkara and give it up to the Segesteans, and
then march overland to join the ships which had gone to Catana ; Nicias, however, goes on to Segesta and gets.
30 talents.
The entire force goes round to raise troops among the Sicel allies and attempts without success to take Hybla.
The Athenians, by a ruse, seize a position in Syracuse opposite the Olympieum. Here a pitched battle is fought ii»
which the Syracusans are ilefeated.
The Athenians sail off to winter at Catana and Naxus ; they make an attempt on Messana but are unsuccessful.
In the meantime Syracuse is fortified ; and Corinth and Lacedaemon receive the overtures for aid of the Syracusans
favourably.
414. — As soon as operations were possible Athenians sail to Jlegara and ravage the country. Returning to Catana, they proceed to Centuripae, a Sicel town, which they take.
The Athenians then bring all their forces secretly to Leon, the fleet anchoring at Thapsus, close to Syracuse ; and at. an opportune moment seize Epipolae on the side of Eurvalus, defeat the garrison, and build a fori at Labdalum. They are joined by cavalry reinforcements from Segesta, Naxus, and Sicel towns. They begin their circumvallationi and push their wall towards Trogilus.
Athenians succeed in destroj'ing two cross walls built by the Syracusans below the Athenian lines. In one of these- successfid manieuvres Lamachus is killed. Nicias succeeds in frustrating the attempt of SjTacusans to destroy the Athenian wall on Epipolae.
Meanwhile f^ylippus, the Spartan, arrives with ships from Corinth byway of Leucas, Tarcutuni, and Locri. He pushes on by way of Messana and Rhegium to Himera, which place joins him, as do Selinus and Gela. With contingents from tliese places and 1,000 Sicels he marches towards Syracuse. The Corinthians, too, arrive from Leucas under Gf)ngylus.
Oylippus, taking leta on tiie way, reaches Epipolae, and the Syracusans sally forth to join him.
Oylippus captures Lalidahim, and begins a counter-wall across Epipolae. Nicias occupies Plemm3'rium and builds three forts, sending also 20 ships to intercept the Corinthians.
At last Oylippus delivers his attack on Epipolae, and is defeated. He soon resumes the fight and drives th& Athenians within their lines.
The rest of the Corinthian fleet arrives, and the Syracusans prepare for naval operations. Nicias acts on the defensive and sends to Athens for reinforcements.
413. — Gylippus, having collected a force from the Sicilian allies, returns to Syracuse to prepare for naval operations. He thei> takes his troops over to Plemmyrium by night, whilst two squadrons of 35 ami 45 ships issue from the Greater and Lesser Harbours to attack the Athenian fleet. The garrison of Plemmyrium are surprised whilst watching the sea fight and the forts are taken ; but the Syracusan fleet is defeated by the Athenians with a loss of 1 1 vessels. Some fighting occurs about the Syracusan stockade in the Great Harbour. In a second naval engagement the Syracusans are successful.
Demosthenes and Eurymedon now arrive with 73 ships and a large Athenian force. Demosthenes resolves on instant, action with a view to capturing the Syracusan wall on Epipolae. He is successful, but Gylippus appears on the scene, attacks the victors and utterly routs them.
To face Map 4.
Deinoslhencs now counsels a retreat, but the counsel of Nicias to continue the war jirevails.
Reinforcements now arrive for (Jylippus from tlie Peloi)onnesc by way of Libya and Selinus.
Syraeusans make a successful attack iin the Atlunian walls. They aho defeat a superior licet of the Athenians, the
latter losing IH ships, crews and all, and Kuryniedon being killed.
Svracusan.s now block up the mouth of the Great Harbour with a chain of vessels. Athi;nians, very despondent,
get all their men on board their ships, except a small garrison in charge of stores, and ])icpare for a decisive
engagement.
The tiyht begins at the barrier but soon becomes general. At last the Syracusans get the best of it, and drive the
Atlicnians ashore with heavy loss of men and ships.
Dire attein])ts are made by the Athenian forces, 40,000 strong, to cut their way through to safety. On the third day,
forming a lioUow s(|uarc, they set out, crossing the Anapus, in the hopes of getting to the coast in the direction of
Canuirina and (Jela. After crossing the Cacyparis river, the rear under Demostlienes is overtaken by the Syracusans,
and after several hours' fighting surrenders. Similarly, Nicias surrenders at the Assinarus river, where he tinds his
passage barred. Nicias and Demosthenes were both put to death.
BELLUM PELOPONNESIACUM (III)
412-404 a.C.
The war now assumes a new phase bj- the Jefection of Athens' maritime allies ; anil the scene shifts to Asia Minor, the
B.C. Aegean islands and the Hellespont.
412. — A Pi'loponnesian fleet starts from Cenchreae for Chius ; is attacked b}' Athenians, who gain a victory near Piraeuin, between Corinth anil I'^piilaurus.
Alcibiades, now on the side of Sparta, sails from Laconia for Chius, to induce the place to revolt from Athens. Strombichides (Athenian), with eight ships, goes in pursuit from Piracum, but returns without success. Alcibiades reaches Corycus ; at the request of leading Chi;ins he sails for Chius, is admitted to the Council, induces a revolt against Athens. Erythrae and Clazomenae join.
Athenians, alarmed, send Strombichides to Ionia, with eight ships ; and soon after, Thrasycles, with twelve more .ships.
Alcibiades now makes an attempt on Miletus. He and Chaleideus leave Chius with twenty-five ships, pass Sainus unobserved, where Strombichides and Thrasycles had joined forces, arrives at Miletus and induces Milesians to join the revolt.
Stroniliiihides. arriving in pursuit, finds Miletus shut against him. and takes up station on the island of Lade. The Athenian blockading fleet at Pir aeum are surprised and defeated by Peloponnesians, who thus get to Cenchreae, retit, and send an expedition under Astyoclius to Ionia ; he proceeds first to Chius.
The Chians, in the meantime, have been active. In their attempt to procure the revolt of the coast they are partly successful, especially with Erae ; but are dispersed by a fresli Athenian expedition of sixteen ships under Diomedon. Chians also send an expedition to procure the revolt of Methymna and Mytilcne in Lesbus, a ('hian band force marching along the coast towards Cyme to co-operate. Diomedon, however, being reinforced, proceeds and seizes Mytilene.
Astyoclius, at Chius, sees the Athenian fleet sail up the channel, and proceeds at once to Pyrrha, and then to Eresus. He prevails on Eresus to revolt ; sends an armed force of Eresians to Methymua, and himself sails along the coast to that pl.ace. Athenians, however, recover all the places, and Astyochus returns to Chius.
Athenians, after recovery of Lesbus, retake Clazomenae, and Diomedon begins aggressive measures against Chius. He occupies the islets of Oeuoussrae, as well as the forts of Sidussa and Pteleus in Erythraean territory, from which he begins harassing operations against Chius. Disembarking at Cardamyle and Bolissus, the Athenians ravage the country and inflict on Chians a bloody defeat. Chians are again twice defeated at Phanae and Leuconium. At this time the Athenians send a fresh fleet of forty -eight ships under Phrynichus to Sanius. This armament sails at once for Miletus, and in conjunction with the Athenians who had been watching at Lade, gain a victory over the Peloponnesians.
On the very evening of the battle a fleet of fifty-five ships, Peloponnesian and Sicilian combined, come in sight as a reinforcement for Astj'ochus. Hearing of the Athenian victory, the fleet takes station in the gulf of lasus. During the night, the Athenians retire from Miletus to Sainus ; and the Peloponnesian fleet, sailing from Tiehiussa to Miletus, and finding the Athenitans gone, return and take lasus.
Athenians at Samus are reinforced by a fresh fleet of thirty-five ships under Strombichides ; their fleet from Chius is also recalled to Samus, where they muster altogether 104 ships. Thirty ships are made over to Strombicliides for operations against Chius, the other seventy-fuur are used for descents on Miletus to draw out the Peloponnesian fleet. Astyochus assumes command of the Peloponnesian fleet at Miletus. He makes a fruitless attempt on Pteleus, then sails to Clazomenae. Repulsed and driven by storm, he seeks shelter in Phocaea and Cyme, thence sails back to Chius. Pedaritus, with Peloponnesian land forces from Miletus, marches to Erythrae and crosses over to Chius ; but Astyochus, failing to obtain the aid of these troops and Chian ships, sails for Miletus.
He touches at Erythrae to investigate a plot, when Strombichides with his thirty ships was on the southern side of the headland, neither knowing of the presence of the other. Athenians, stonn-bound, find shelter at Phoenicus, then pursue their voyage to Lesbus, where they establish fortified posts for harassing Chius. Then transporting their land force, they occupy and fortify Delphinium in Chius.
Astyochus, reaching Miletus, finds the Peloponnesian force reinforced by twelve ships under Dorieus, wlio, crossing the Aegean from a southerly direction, had arrived at Cnidus. Half these ships were ordered to guard Cnidus, the other half to cruise off the Triopium promontory.
Athenians send a powerful squadron from Samus and capture the six ships ofif Cape Triopium ; but they are unsuc- cessful in their attempt on Cnidus, and return to Samus.
A fresh Peloponnesian squadron of twenty-seven ships, starting from Cape Malea, crosses to Melus, then by a long circuitous route by Crete, reaches Caunus. Astyochus, on hearing of the arrival of this fleet, at once proceeds to join it. .He captures Cos, then proceeds to Cnidus, where he finds that the Athenians, with twenty ships under Charminus, are at the island of Synie to attack the new fleet.
Charminus, from Syme, was cruising off Rhodes and the Lj'cian coast, watching the movements of the Peloponnesian fleet, when the fleet of Astyochus came in sight. Mistaking this for the smaller fleet from Caunus, he attacks it, and is defeated, losing six ships. He escapes to Teutlussa, then to Halicarnassus ; Peloponnesians return to Cnidus, and unite their fleets. 10
To fact Map 5.
Reich ,^AUas anliquus a
[ BELLUM PELOPONNESIACUM (IE
Athenians in Sanms, wlio luul been keepinj; no watcli on Peloponncsian movements, sail clown to Svme. take up the sails and rigging of Charminus' lleet wiiich had been deijosited there, and, after an attack on Lorynia, take their whole fleet back to Sanius.
The Peloponnesian fleet, invited by Rhodians, attacks Rhodes, which now revolts from Athens. The Athenian fleet arrives from fSamus too late to save Rhodes ; and soon returns to Samus, leaving detachments at Chalce and Cos. The Peloponnesians now adopt Rhodes as the headijiuirters of their fleet in place of Miletus. Here they remain inactive from January till March 411 B.C.
411. — Athenians make some fruitless descents on Rhodes from Chalce.
At Chius, the Athenians were making progress and constructing the fort of Delphinium. Pedaritus attacks them, but is defeated. Spartan aid was, however, brought to Chius by a fleet of twelve sliips from -Miletus. Envoys now come to Rhodes from Eretria and Oiopus, seeking Peloponnesian aid. As Oropus had been captured by Boeotians, the facilities for the revolt of Eulioea from Athens were thus incre ised.
The Peloponnesian fleet moves from Rhodes, ostensibly for the relief of Chius; but, being dogged by the Athenian si|uadron from Chalce, puts in at Miletus, and the Athenians at Samus. New Constitution at Athens of The Four Hundred.
A Peloponnesian fleet of forty-two ships under Agesandridas, starting from Las for Euboea, is induced to depart from its course and to hover near the Piraeus and Aegina. Phrynichus is now assassinated.
The Peloponnesian fleet, which has taken station at Epidaurus, and makes descents on Aegina, finding no promise of concert from the Piraeus, doubles Cape Sunium, and halting between Tiiorieus and Prasiae on the coast of Attica, passes on to Oropus.
The Athenians at once put to sea with an ineflicient armament of thirty-si-x; ships ; get to Eretria, in Euboea, wliere the Peloponnesians from Oropus compel them to fight. The Athenians are completely defeated. Euboea revolts from Athens.
Fall of the " Four Hundred," and restoration of Democracy at Athens.
A Peloponnesian land force is sent under Dercyllidas from Melitus to the Hellespont. Abydus and Lampsacus revolt from Athens.
Strombichiiles, at Chius, fights an indecisive naval battle against the Chians ; then, with twenty-four ships, goes to the relief of the Hellespont.
In the meantime, owing to dissensions in Samus, Astyochus goes there from Miletus, and attempts to draw the Athenians at Sanius and Mycale to battle. The latter refuse, and the contingent at Glance, on the mainland of Mycale, withdraw to Samus. At this juncture, Strombichides, having recovered Lampsacus, but failing at Abydus, and establishing a fortified post at Sestus, rejoins the fleet at Samus, whereupon the Peloponnesians return to Miletus. The Athenians then sail to Miletus, and the Peloponnesians in their turn refuse to fight. Clearchus is sent with forty Peloponnesian ships from Miletus to the Hellespont. He is forced b}' storm to seek shelter at Delus, returns to Miletus, and takes his force b}' land to its destination. Ten of the ships, however, passed on to the Hellespont, and to Byzantium, which place now joins the revolt against Athens ; this was followed by a further contingent of sixteen ships, to watch the Hellespont, Bosporus and Byzantium, and to ravage the Thracian Chersonese.
Mindanis is sent with seventy-three Peloponnesian ships from Miletus to the Hellespont, and reaches Chius. He eludes Thrasyllus, who was to the northward of Chius with fiftj--five Atlienian ships, passes east of Lesbus after touching at Carterii on the mainland : halts at Arginussae islands ; doubles Capo Lectum, and passing between Tenedus an<l the Troad, reaches the Hellespont, where he distributes his ships at Sigeuni, Rhoeteum, &c. The Athenian Hellespontine squadron escapes from Sestus to Elaeus, and, being chased by Mindarus, takes refuge at Imbrus. Mindarus, being then reinforced by a squadron from Abjdus, storms Elaeus, and, failing, retires to Abydus. Thra.syllus, with tlie Athenian squadron, now arrives at Elaeus from Eresus. He is met by the fleet of Mindarus from Abydus, opposite Cynossema, where a l)attle is fought. Tlie Peloponnesians are routed, ami seek shelter at .\bydus. Mindarus sends for the fleet of fifty ships from Euboea ; this is caught in a storm round Mount .\thos, and nearly destroyed.
Cyzicus revolts, and is retaken by the Athenians.
Alcibiades, who was at Aspendus with thirteen ships, returns to Samus in the cause of Athens, and, with nine fresh ships, goes to Cos and Halicarnassus, and, after levying money, returns to Sanius.
At the Hellespont, Mindarus and the Athenians were both reinforced and had a second battle, with slight advantage to the Peloponnesians, who were soon after tobe joined by Dorieus with fourteen ships from Rhodes. The Athenians, seeing him a|iproach, attack him, and he has to fly to Dardauus. The Athenians being, in turn, attacked, are forced to sail back to Madytus.
Mindarus then, with his entire fleet of 84 ships from Abydus, attacks the Athenians. The combat is doubtful, when Alcibiades, with '20 ships, appears from Sanius, The Peloponnesians are then routed, and driven back to Abydus. Theramenes, with 30 ships, is sent to join the main Athenian fleet in Thrace. He passes up the channel between Boeotia and Euboea, then by way of Pydna in Macedonia, he reaches his destination.
Towards the middle of winter, the fleet of Mindarus at Abydus was so superior to that of the Athenians at Sestns that the latter dared not maintain their position in the Hellesjiont, so they sailed round and took station at Cardia. 410. — At Cardia, in the spring, the Athenians were rejoined by -Vlciliiades ; and here also came Theramenes from Macedonia, and Thrasybulus from Thasus ; the Athenian fleet was now superior to that of Mindarus. Mindarus moves his fleet from the Hellespont to Cyzicus, and besieges that place.
Athenians, hearing this, resolve to attack him. So they pass from Cardia to Elaeus, then u]) the Hellespont to Proconnesus, evading the Peloponnesian guardsliips at -Abydus. A force is then landed in the territory of Cyzicus, and the fleet goes into action in three divisions imder Alcibiades, Theramenes and Thriisybulus. In the battle which ensufs, the Peloponnesians are completely defeated and Mindarus is slain. The Athenians capture Cyzicus. The Athenians now attack Chalcedon ; sail to Selymliria and Perinthus, the former of which resists, but pays a fine, the latter rejoins them. They take Chrysopolis, and Theramenes is left there with .'10 ships; the remainder of their fleet goes, partly to the Hellespont, and partly to Thasus, which admits the Athenians.
Thrasyllus is sent from Athens with 50 ships to act in Ionia. Having rested in Samus, he makes a descent on Pygela, and takes Colophon and Notium. He then threatens Ephesus, but here he suffers a reverse, sails to Xotiuni, then
on to tho Hellespont. While halting ut Methynina, he comes across the 4Syracusan oonlingciit of '25 ships from Ephesus to Aliydus. He captures four, and chases the rest back to Ephesus ; llien he takes his armament and joins Alcibiades at Sestus.
409. — Clearchus is sent with 15 ships from Laconia to By7.antiuni and C'halccdon. He reaches destination with the destruction
of :i ships.
Spartans despatch a land force and ships to attack Pyhis. Tlic .\llienians send 3J ships for its defence ; but the fleet
is prevented by a storm from doubling (Aipe Male.i, and so returns again.
Pvlus surrenders to the Spartans.
The Megarians recover Nisaea. 408. The .\thenians now muster for the siege of Chalcedon and Byzantium, and they capitulate.
Alcibiades captures Selynibria.
407 Lysander sails with a squadron from the Peloponnese for Rhodes, and then continues on to Cos and to Miletus ; he takes
up his final station at Ephesus.
Alcibiades brings the Athenian fleet to Samus, and unilertakes an expedition against the coast of Caria for levying
money.
Thrasybulus, with .30 ships, goes to attack Thrace, and rciluccs Abdera, Thasus and the towns which had revolted.
Thrasyllus conducts another division of tlie army to Athens.
Alcibiades sails from .Samus with 20 shii)S, stops at Parus, visits the coast of Laconia, looks in at G3thium, and then
goes on to the Piraeus and Atlicns, where he is well received anil endowed with special powers.
Agis attempts to .surprise Athens. Tliough the Athenians gain ailvantage in a cavalry engagement, they would not
come out to fight. Agis then withdraws.
Alcibiades sets out from the Piraeus with his fleet, proceeds to Andrus and besieges it without success. He then
proceeds to Samus, leaving Conon with 20 ships at Andrus for the siege.
Alcibiades, un.able to bring Ly.sander from Ephesus to battle, proceeds to Phoeaea. where, with a part of his
.squadron, he joins Thrasybulus, who had come from the Hellespont. From Phoeaea Aleibiailes pliitiders Cyme.
During the absence of Alcibiades, Antioehns, who was left in charge of the fleet at Samus, sails across to Notium,
thence to the month of the harbour of Ephesus, and gives battle to Ly.sander's fleet. The Athenians are defeated
and putsucd to Xotiiim ; thence they return to Samus.
Alcibiades hastens back, musters the fleet and proceeds to Ephesus to give battle again, but Lysander would not be
drawn out.
Peloponnesians capture Teos and Delphinium.
Alcibiades is dismissed, and retires to the Chersonese. Conon, with his 20 ships, is sent from Andrus to supersede
Aleil)iades.
Phanosthenes, who is sent with 4 ships from Athens to take Conon's place at Andrus, falls in with and captures
Dorieus 406 — Callicratidas is .sent from Sparta to replace Lysander. He sails with his fleet from Ephesus to Miletus, and raises the
number of his sliips to 140. From Miletus he sails for Lesbus ; makes himself master of Phoeaea and Cyme, then
goes and captures Methynina.
Conon, with his ships from Sanms, approaches Methynina, but finding it taken, retires to the Hecatonnesi Islands ;
being pursued by Callicratidas, he enters the harbour of Mytilciie. A battle ensues, the Athenians are <lefeated, and
Jlytilene is blockailcd.
Diomedon, with twelve Athenian ship=, proceeds from Samus to the relief of Conon, but he is defeated by
Callicratidas.
A fresh fleet of 110 sail is then despatched from Athens to Samus, and, taking up 40 more sliips there, proceeds to
the Arginussae Lslands.
Callicratidas, from Mytilene, goes with 120 ships to give the Athenians battle. The Athenians are victorious, their
adversaries, put lo flight, seeking refuge in Chins and Phoeaea. The blockading squadron at Mytilene also escapes to
Chius. The Athenian fleet goes from Arginussae to Mytilene, and after an unsuccessful attack on Chius, proceeds to
Samus. Six of the «lraleyi present at the battle of Arginussae are condemned and executed at Athens for failure to
save their disabled crews.
405. — L3'sander arrives at Ephesus from Sparta to command the Peloponnesians.
Conon, with ISO sliips from Samus, tries unsuccessfully to entice L3'sander to battle at Ephesus. He then proceeds
to plumler Chius and the .Asiatic coast.
Lysander sails with his fleet from Ephesus, to Rhode?, storming Cedriae on the way. He also makes an excursion
to the coast of Acgiua and Attica, meets Agis from Decelea, then appears at the Hellespont, goes to Abydus, and
attacks and captures Lampsacus.
Conon. with the Athenian fleet of ISO ships, follows and proceeds to Elaeus, then to Sesliis, and on to Aegospotanii.
Lysander, from Lampsacus, attacks him at Aegospotami. Athenians are utterly routed, and Conon escapes with
12 ships.
Sestu? surrenders to Lysander ; who also takes Byzantium and Chalcedon. He next goes to Lesbus and Thasus and
subdues them both. iSamus holds out.
Lysander, then, with 1.50 ships, comes to Aegina, ravages Salamis, and blocks up the Piraeus.
King Pausanias, with his forces, encamps at tlie gates of Athens.
404. — Athens surrenders to Lysander, who rases the Long Walls and the fortifications of the Piraeus. Appointment of the Thirty. Lysander eonciuers Samus. End of the Peloponnesian War. Supremacy of Sparta.
Note. — The operations of the jears 411 and 40.5 B.C. in the Hellespont are graphically' shown in detail
in the inset to Map IIL
BELLA A LACEDAEMONIIS CONTRA THEBANOS SOCIOSQUE
GESTA
404-371 a.C.
The years 404 and 403 were practically years of anarchy in Athens. The rule of the Thirty, the cxeciition of Theramenes, the invasion of Attica from Theljes b}' Thrasybulus and Athenian exiles, his seizure of Phyle, oecnpalion of the Piraeus, defeat of Critias and the forces of the Tliirty at Munychia, his agreement with Pausauias, and the restoration of the democracy at Athens, all follow each other in quick succession. Sparta engages in a war with Klis (401-399). The attention of Sparta is also directed to Asia against the Persians, who had attacked the (ireek cities, under Spartan protection. Moreover, the Persians were increasing their forces and forming a fleet, being assisted in the latter enter-
II. c. prise by Conon, the Athenian admiral.
396. — Agesilaus, the Spartan king, undertakes an expedition to Asia Minor. He proceeds from Laconia tirst to Aulis, in Theban territory, to perform a sacrifice in imitation of Agamemnon. As he did this without the permission of the Thebans, they exjjelled him by armed force. He proceeds thence direct to Ephesns.
Being ordered by Tissaphernes to quit Asia, Agesilaus makes a feint of attacking him in Caria, then suddenly strikes north into the satrapy of Pharnabazus, and ravages Phrygia, wintering in Ephesus.
395, — Agesilaus, with a strong force, marches on Sardes. Here, at the Pactolus river, he defeats a force of Tissaphernes, who is deposed and executed. Agesilaus is induced by his successor, Tithraustes, to move into the satrapy of Pharnabazus, and marches to Dascyliuni. A frank interchange of views between Pharnabazus and Agesilaus induces the latter to quit the satrapy towards Astyra and the plains of Thebe. From here he is suddenly recalled home. The hostility of the Greek States to Sparta, fomented by Persia, leads to a breach between Sparta and Thebes over a quarrel between the Opuntian Locrians and the Phocians.
Lysander, with a force, marclies from Heraclea through Thermopylae, Thronium, Elatea, Parapotamii, Chaeronea and Coronea to Haliartus. On entering Boeotia, Lysander is joined by the people of Orchomenus. Pausanias advances across the Isthmus as far as Plataea, when Lysander reaches Haliartus, but the latter commences operiitions without waiting for Pausanias. •. v-'
The defenders of Haliartus, seeing help coming from Thebes, surprise the Spartans by a sudden sally, and Lysander is slain.
Pausanias approaches when it is too late. An Athenian force also arrives under Thrasybulus to help the Thebans. Pausanias agrees to evacuate Boeotia.
394. — Corinthian War. — Alliance of Thebes, Athens, Corinth and Argos, joined by Euboea, Acarnania, Locris, Arabracia, Leucas, and Chalcidice of Thrace, against Sparta, with whom are most of the Peloponnesians.
Aristodemus sets out with an army of Spartans and their allies ; marches by way of Nemea to the coast of the Saronie gulf, to pick up his contingents of auxiliaries from Epidaurus, Troezen, Hermione and Halieis. When the junction is ertected, the Spartans advance towards Coiinth.
The Thebans and their confederates advance from Corinth as far as Nemea, but hearing that Aristodemus was near they retire to a defensive position near Corinth. Here a battle is fought, and the Spartans are victorious. Agesilaus, who was encamped at Astyra when recalled to Europe, marches by waj' of Abydus, Sestus and Thrace ta Amphipolis ; thence througli Macedonia into Thessaly. Here the towns of Larissa, Crannon, and others, allied with Thebes, endeavour to oppose his passage
Agesilaus disperses the detached bodies of Thes.salian cavalry, passes Mt. Othrys, and procee<Is, without further opposition, through Thermopylae to the frontier of Phoeis and Boeotia. At Chaeronea he receives news of the battle of Cnidus.
Conon, the Athenian admiral, who had been organising a fleet in conjunction with Pharnabazus, appears off Cnidus. and defeats the Spartan fleet under Peisander. The Spartan thalaisorrary of the Aegean is thus broken up. After the battle, Conon and Pharnabazus sail with their fleet from island to island, an<l port to port, till they reach the Hellespont, obtaining surrender of all Spartan posts, except Abydus.
The confederates determine to oppose tlie advance of Agesilaus by posting themselves at Coronea. In the battle which takes place, Agesilaus is victorious ; but his victor^' is so dearly bought and so indecisive that he evacuates Boeotia, eojiveying his troops to the Peloponnese from Delphi by sea, as the confederates commanded the land routes over the Isthmus.
393 — The Spartans are now shut up in the Peloponnese.
In the spring, Conon and Pharnabazus sail from the Hellespont, and, after visiting Melus and several of theCvclades,
direct their course to tlie Peloponnese. They ravage the coast of Laconia, take the island of Cythera, and sail to the
Isthmus of Corinth. As Pharnabazus is proceeding home, Conon employs the seamen of his fleet in rebuilding the
fortiflcations of the Piraeus and tlie Long Walls of Athens.
The Thebans and their confederates hold the cross line of the Corinthian isthmus from Lechaeuni to Ccnchreae, with.
Corinth as centre.
Iphicrates, the Athenian, and his light-armed peltasts are active as far south as Phlius.
To fact Map 6.
392. — Pasinic-liis, leader of the pliiloLaconian party in Corinth, admits tlie Lauedaenionians within the lonj; walls of Corinth The Lacedaemonians gain a victory within the walls, and destroy part of them between Corinth and Lei haeum. They then march through the hreaeh to Megara, capture Crommyon and iSidus ; and returning south, they occuj)y Kpiticia, on the frontier of Kpidanrus.
391. — Agesilaus, helped by his brother Teleutias with a fleet, captures Lechaeum.
390. — Agesilaus, after celebrating the Isthmian games, captures Peiraeum, on a promontory jutting into the Gulf of Corinth, thereby cutting otV Corinthian communications with Hoeotia. He returns to h-parta, leaving Lechaeum garrisoned. Iphicrates, with his peltasts, utterly defeats a body of heavy-armed Spartans who were on tlieir way between Lechaeum and Amydae, near Sparta Iphicrates also retakes Crommyon, Sidus and Peiraeum.
887.— Peace of Antalcidas. 384. — Spartans restore Plataea.
383. — Phoebidas, Spartan commander, seizes the Cadmea, the acropolis of Thebes, in time of peace.
379. —Liberation of Thebes by I'elopidas and fellow-conspirators, helped by an Athenian volunteer force, thougli Athens is at peace with Sparta.
378. — Agesilaus invades Boeotia, and leaves Spliodrias as harmost at Thespiae.
Sphodrias invades Attica in time of peace, attempting to seize the Piraeus. He is tried at Sparta for this unjusti- fiable raid, but is act|Uitted. Athens joins Thebes against Sparta. The second Athenian-Aegean league established.
377. — Agesilaus again invades Boeotia, but gains no decisive advantage.
376. — Cleombrotus, of Sparta, marches against Boeotia, but fails to get over the passes of Mt. Cithaeron.
Spartan fleet is defeated at Naxus bj' the Athenians under Chabrias, who is now supreme in the Aegean.
374. — Pelopidas defeats the Spartans who are holding Orchomenus. Spartans also make an expedition into Locria, but Pelopidas catches them at Tegyra, on their return, and defeats them, though they were superior in numbers. Thebans now expel Lacedaemonians out of all Boeotia, except Orchomenus. Thebans invade Phocis.
371. — Athens, alarmed at the power of Thebes, makes peace with Sparta— Aire of Calling.
Thebes refuses to sign the peace treaty, except in the name of all Boeotia. Sparta declares war on Thebes. Cleombrotus, who was in Phocis with a Spartan army, is ordered to march against Thebes and compel the Thebans to set free the Boeotian cities.
Thebans post their forjes near Coronea to bar his way.
Cleombrotus inarches from Chaeronea, jjast their left flank, by a difficult route round Mt. Helicon to Thisbe, defeating a Theban detachment on his way. From Thisbe he goes to Creusis, capturing the port and the 12 Theban ships there. Having thus secured his rear, and his connnunications with the Peloponnese, he advances north towards Thebes, but finds the Theban aimy, under Epaminondas, posted north of Leuctra, to bar his way. Battle of Leuctra ; Spartans defeated and Cleombrotus killed.
The Lacedaemonian army remained in entrenchntents on the hill of Leuctra. After the battle, Jason of Pherae, ally of Thebes, arrived at the Thel>an camp and induced the Thebans to grant a truce to the Lacedaemonians, and to allow lliem to retire unmolested.
The Spartans had sent reinforcements under Arehidamus, which were transported by sliip from Corinth to Creusis. Before arrival of these reinforcements, Spartans accept the conditions offered, and evacuate Boeotia. Eml of the period of Spartan supremacy.
THEBANORUM BELLA
371-362 a.C.
Period of Theban Supremacy. — Thebes at tlie head of a great coalition, including Phocis, Locris, Aetolia, Acarnania, Malis,
B.C. Oetaea, Eiiboea.
370. — First invasion of the PeIoponne.se by the Thebans. Epaniinondas, in command, marches to Mantinea and Tegea in
Arcadia ; and, witti Arcadian allies, proceeds against the town of Sparta itself. He enters Laconia in foui' divisions
by four routes converging on Sellasia. After burning Sellasia the united army descends into tlie plain on the left
bank of the Kurolas.
Being delayed by the Hooded state of river and the .Spartans holding the only bridge, Epaminondas marches south as
far as Aniyclae, where he finds a ford.
Meanwhile the allies of Sparta (Corinth, Sicyon, Pellene, Phlius, etc.) send help to Sparta by sea ; these auxiliaries
landing on the east coast of Laconia ((iyplianta) march over i\lt. Parnon, going liy way of Marius, Geronthrae, and
Selinus, till the}' reacli the Eurotas bridge, after Epaniinondas had moved to Aniyclae.
Epaminondas, after crossing the Eurotas at Aniyclae, marches up to the outskirts of Sparta, makes a demonstration
against the town, where Agesilaus was in charge of the defence ; fin<ling it too strong for attack he turns south,
ravages south Laconia, between the Eurotas and Mt. Taygetus, as far as Gythium, which he fails to take. He then
returns to Megalopolis in Arcadia. 359^ Epaniinondas now proceeds to Messenia, and founds a new city of Messene on the slopes of Mt. Ithoine.
On his return journey to Boeotia he is harassed by an Atlienian army under Ipliicrates, who had occupied Corinth
and Cenchreae
First e.xpedition of Pelopidas to Thessal}'. Larissa an<l other towns in north 'I'hessaly are brought under Theban
protectorate.
In the summer Epaminondas undertakes his second expedition into the Peloponnese.
The Spartans and Athenians liad occupied the line of Mt. Oneus across tlie Isthmus, which Epaminondas breaks
through and joins his Arcadian allies. He then wins over Sicyon and Pellene, lint fails to capture Phlius.
Sparta receives help from Dionj-sius of Syrai^usc, who sends 20 siiips and 2,000 men.
Epaminondas returns home and is deposed from his otKce of Boeotarch. 368. Lvoomcdes, the Arcadian, persuades tl.e Arcadians to attack Sparta on their own account. The Arcadians march from
Megalopolis to cut off the Syracusan mercenaries, who were on their waj' to tJythium, on their return journey to
Syracuse,
Archidamus marches to the rescue, and, falling in with the Arcadians, utterly defeats them in the " Tearless Battle,"
where no Spartan fell.
Second expedition of Pelopidas to Thessaly and Macedon. He compels Ptolemy, regent of Macedon, to enter into
an alliance with Thebes, and to give hostages, among wliom is the future Philip tlic Great of Macedon.
On his return Pelopidas visits the camp of Alexander, despot of Pherae, who detains his visitor as a prisoner.
A Theban army marches to the rescue of Pelopidas, but is forced to retreat. 367_ Epaminondas, re-elected Boeotarch, returns to Thessaly ot the head of another army, and obtains the release of
I'elopidas. 366. Epaminondas now undertakes his third expedition into the Peloponnese. With assistance from tlie Argives, he easily
passes Mt. Oneus, which is negligently defended by Sparta and her allies; he then advances into Achaea, and gains
adhesion of the Achaean cities. These, however, soon return to the Spartan alliance.
Thebans seize Oropus from Athens. 364. A fleet of 100 triremes is sent to the Propontis under the Boeotarch, Epaminondas, who induces Byzantium to revolt from
the second Athenian league. His fleet also threatens Cyzicus.
Pelopidas undertakes his third expedition into Thessaly. He marches against Pherae, and is met at Cynoscephalae
by Alexander of Pherae. Pelopidas gains a victory at this place, but is himself slain.
Orchonieiius in Boeotia is destro3'ed by Thebans. 363. Another Thel)an army marches into Thessaly, compels Alexander of Pherae to abandon all possessions except Pherae, and
to acknowledge the hegemony of Thebes. 362. Epaminondas undertakes his fourth and last invasion of the Peloponnese. He halts at Nemea, vainly hoping to inter- cept the Athenian forces coming to the help of Sparta ; he then advances to Tegea.
The Spartans and their allies are concentrated at Mantinea.
Epaminondas at Tegea, learning that Agesilaus has set out witli another army from Sparta, attempts to surprise
Sparta itself while it is undefended.
Agesilaus is warned just in time, and when Epaminondas reaches Sparta by a night march, ho finds it prepared for
defence.
Epaminondas then, knowing that the Spartan allies would move from Mantinea to help Sparta, and that his own
camp at Tegea commanded the direct road.to Sparta, rapidly moves back to Tegea, and sends his cavalry to surprise
Mantinea while the main body of allies was absent.
At that moment the Athenian cavalry reinforcement reaches Mantinea, and in the cavalry fight the Thebans were
repulsed .
Epaminondas then decides to attack the united allies at Mantinea. He advances obliquely from the south towards
the west, and falls upon the allied army three miles south of Mantinea. The victory of the Thebans is complete, but
Epaminondas himself is slain.
Peace is now made between Thebes and Sparta's allies ; Sparta refusing to join it on account of the recognition of the
independence of Messene, but her refusal is not countenanced by her allies.
The supremac}- of Thebes thus began and ended with Epaniinondas.
To face Afap 7.
V,'niiu-r*Drl>«»Ceo^'E»taV l.apan
I,ondon.Macmil]an4 Co. Ltd
Reich, Atlas antiquiis
vni.JX.X
vm
BELLA
PHILIPPI SECUNDl
REGIS MACEDONIAE
359 -336 a.C.
Modulus i;3.OOO.OO0
g ' Philippu/l . nx ifactiUmi'LC
Jr - ATaama.rirali^rhiiippi Jth. • Mliaii^isis C, - (Tuavs.duj: JOumtnits Di. -Iliapeitltea.ilm^ Mheniensis
m - mvrii
On. • Qnomarriuui.du^ Phocaramm
Flia. ■ Pfuzrllu^ ■ 3uje Thoctuoruni Tfio. ■ Phodan . duj Jffimi'mgiii ITIb - ThtboTii Tri- ■ Tribalh
London, Macmillazi & Co. Ltd
^«S&i
BELLA PHILIPPI SECUNDI
359-336 a.C.
BELLUM SACRUM
356-346 a.C.
B. C.
359. — Philip takes up the government of Macedonia. He defeats Aigaeus, a pretender to the throne, who is assisted with a
strong Athenian fleet. . The fleet conveys him to Methone ; Argaeus then marches inland to Aegae, and in his march
back is attacked and completely defeated by Philip.
Philip, an.xious to come to terms with Athens, renounces all claim to Amphipolis.
Being harassed by Paeonians and lUyrians, Philip sets to work to remodel his army. 358. — Having quieted the Athenians with Amphipolis, Philip sets out in the spring with a large force and subdues the
Paeonians in a single battle. He then turns against the lUyrians, who refuse to evacuate towns in Lyncestis,
and also defeats them in a battle.
Having thus quieted his foes in the north, Philip pushes eastward to Thrace, with the object of replenishing
his treasury with the gold of Mt. Pangaeus, and forms a settlement of Thasians for this purpose at Crenides. To
secure his position here it was necessary to become master of Amphipolis, so he attacks that town on the pretext of
handing it over to Athens. 357.— Philip captures Amphipolis, and holds to it as his own b}' right of war. He converts the Thasian settlement of Crenides
into the fortress of Philippi. He also abandons his old capital of Aegae, and makes Pella his capital. 356. — Philip captures Pydna and Polidaea, and hands over the latter and Anthemus to Olynthus, thereby setting Olynthus at
variance with Athens, which, with the exception of Methone, has now no foothold on the coasts of the Therraaic
Gulf.
Athens, forming an alliance with the Paeonians and lUyrians, and with the Thracians of the west, declares
war on Philip.
Philip, however, nullifies this alliance by compelling the Paeonians to become his vas.sals ; sends his general,
Parmenion, against the lUyrians, who suffer another severe defeat; and he buys over the Thracians to renounce
Mt. Pangaeus.
He now .sets about to consolidate his empire.
The Sacred War.
357.— This war was caused by the action of tlie Phucians, who resisted the decrees of the Amphictyonic League, wherebj' fines,
which they con.sidered unjust, were imposed on Phocian citizens for alleged sacrilege. 356.- -Philomelus, tlie Phocian general, seizes Delphi, after defeating the Locrians of Amphissa.
At the Amphictyonic Council held at Tliermopylae, it is decided that the Thebans and Locrians should wage
war against the Phocians, and rescue Delphi.
The Locrians march against Philomelus at Delphi, and are defeated at Phaedriades. 354.— After a period of indecisive actions, Philomelus incautiouslj' exposes himself to attack, is defeated by the Thebans and
their allies at Neon, north of Mt. Parnassus, and is killed.
Onomarchus succeeds Philomelus, and with the help of the Delphic treasures, continues the « ar with success. He
captures Amphissa, Thronium, and Orohomenus ; reduces Doris, and makes himself master of Thermopylae. Being
repulsed at Chaeronea, Onomarchus retires to Phocis. He purchases the alliance of Pherae, thus dividing Thessaly.
The Thessalian League thereupon turns to Philip of Macedon for help. 353. —Philip captures Methone, and enters Thessalj- as general of the Thessalians at their request.
Onomarchus, then master as far as Thermopylae, sends a force under Phayllus into Thessaly to assist Lycophron
of Pherae in arresting the progress of Philip. Phayllus is defeated t>y Philip and driven out of Thessaly.
Upon this Onomarchus advances with tlie whole Phocian army to the rescue of Lycophron, defeats Philip in two
battles, and forces him to withdraw the Macedonian army from Thessaly. Onomarchus then renews his invasion of
Boeotia, and captures Coronea. 52. — PhiliiJ, to retrieve his humiliation, advances again into Thessaly.
Onomarchus joins Lycophron with a large army near the Pagasaean gulf, where an Athenian fleet was also co-operating
under Chares.
A land battle is fought near the Pagasaean gulf, where Philip gains a complete victory over the Phocians, and
Onomarchus is killed ; this terminates Phocian power north of Thermopylae.
Philip then laj's siege to Pherae, which surrenders. Pagasae also surrenders after a siege, an Athenian armament
sent to its relief arriving too late. Philip thus becomes master of Thessaly.
Philip's ne.xt step was to march to Tlicrmo])ylae to rescue Delphi. The Athenians, alarmed at his near approach,
send a large force under Nausicles to defend the pass ; in this they are aided by Sparta and Achaea. Philip, seeing
opposition useless, retires and leaves Phocis alone for a time.
Philip's fleet is actively engaged in the Aegean. It makes descents on Lemnus, Imbrus, Eulioea, and once even
on the coast of Attica itself.
To face Maps 8 and 9. C
Philip hiniselt, on his return from Thi'rindpvlae, moves against Thriice. With tlie support of Hyzantiiim and
Pcrinthus, he advances to the Propontis and besieges Heraeon Teichos, the capital of (.'crso\)lci)tes, and forces
him to submit. An ilhicss at this juncture hastens the return of Philip to Macedon, tluis saving the Chersonese.
Soon after the retirement of Philip from 'J'hcrniopylac, war breaks out in the Pcloponnese, the Phocians sending
3000 men to assist Sparta against the Mcssenians, Arcadians, and Argives aided by Thebes. A series of engagements
take place, but they are indecisive. Ana.xandcr (Spartan) is worsted by Thebans at Thelpusa ; in tivo other
battles the Thebans are victorious, but in a third they are again vanquished. At length Sjiaita proposes and
concludes peace with Megalopolis, and the Thebans anil Phocians return home.
Olj'nthus makes peace with Athens and recogni.ses her right to Ainj)hipolis ; she thus sets Philip against her. 351. — The war between Hoeotians and Phocians still continues iu a series of actions on tlie river Ccphisus, at Coronea, at Abac,
and near the Locrian town of Naryx. For the most part the I'hocians are worsted. Phayllus is succeeded liy
Phalaecus, under the guardianship of Mnaseas. The latter is soon surprised, defeated, and slain ; while Phalaecus
is defeated in two battles near Chaeronea.
The Phocians, still masters of Orchomenus, Coronea, Corsiae, Thronium, Nicaea, and the pass of Thermopylae, now
fall into dissensions among themselves. Phalaecus is deposed by a party in Phocis, but he still holds his position at
Thermopylae with his mercenaries. 349> — Philip demands from Oljnthus the surrender of his half-brother, a pretender to the throne. This being refu.sed, Philip
(at the end of .S.'iO) marches against Chalcidice, when the cities open their gates to him. Tliose that resisted, such as
Stagira, Apollonia, etc., he captures and destroj's.
Olynthus forms an alliance with Athens. Athens sends a force under Chares and Charidcmus for the relief of
Olynthus. Here they gain some successes, but Philip's intrigues cause a revolt in Euboea, which renders necessary
the diversion there of Atlionian forces. 348. — Olynthus is hard pressed by Philip, wlio captures and destroys it. An Athenian contingent of 2000 soldiers, sent to
its aid by sea, arrives too late. Philip thus annexes Chalcidice. 347. — The Thebans, now exhausted by the Sacred War, invoke the aid of Philip to put down the Phocians. 346. — Peace of Philocrates between Philip anil the Athenians, whereby the latter tacitly abandon the Phocians.
In the meantime Philip is engaged in subduing Cersobleptes, in Thrace, and captures Doriacus.
On his return Philip gives his oath to the treatj', advances with the envoys into Thessaly, the Thessalians taking the
oath at Pherae.
After capturing Halus, Philip advances to Thermopylae, which Phalaecus capitulates. He then enters Phocis, where
all the towns surrender to him at discretion, thus bringing the Sacred War to an end.
An Amphict3'onic Council being then summoned, the Phocians are excluded from the assembly, and Philip is admitted
in their place.
Conlinned Ascendency of Macedonia.
343. — Philip espouses the cause of Alexander of Epirus, marches thither and places Alexander on the throne, capturing
Pandosia, Bucheta, and Elatria. He also attacks Ambracia and Leucas, but fails. 342. — Campaign of Philip in Thrace, when he dethrones Cersobleptes and annexes Thrace as a tributary province. He builds
Philippopolis on the Hebrus, and carries the Macedonian frontier to the neighbourhood of the Chersonese. 341. — Philip attacks the island of Peparethus, and takes severe revenge on it for having attacked and captureil his garrison of
Halonnesus.
Athens, uneasy at the growing power of Philip, sends a small fleet under Diopeithes to the Chersonese to protect her
interests. Diopeithes attacks Cardia, which had been recognised in the peace as an ally of Philip ; he also invades
some of Philip's Thracian possessions.
Philip remonstrates at Athens, but Demosthenes helps to keep up the outcry against Philip by his Third- Philippic.
Demosthenes himself proceeds to the Propontis, and detaches Byzantium and Perinthus from the Macedonian
alliance. 340. — Philip begins the siege of Perinthus by land and sea ; l)ut the Macedonian fleet is inetTective against the superior Athenian
squadrtm in the Hellespont.
Philip suddenly raises the siege of Perinthus and marches against Byzantium. Athenians send Chares with a fleet
to the aid of Byzantium ; a second fleet is soon afterwards despatched under Phocion ; Rhodes and Chius also send
aid. Philip, thus bafUed, withdraws into Thrace. This is the first triumph of Demosthenes.
Aeschines accuses the Amphissans of sacrilege, in respect to the fields of Crisa, at the Amphictyonic Council. 339. — Philip, after withdrawing from Byzantium, marches through Thrace, where he is attacked, defeateil, and wounded by the
Triballi.
The Amphictyons decide to proceed against Amphissa, and invite Philip to lead them in a sacred war.
Philip marches at once from Macedonia, through Thessaly, to Thermopylae ; seizes Nicaea, and replaces its Theban
garrison with Thessalians ; captures and fortifies Elatea ; and also takes Cytinium in Doris.
Thebes now forms an alliance with Athens against Philip. 338. — Philip continues his march, captures Amphis.sa and Naupactus, then turns back to carry the war into Boeotia.
On entering Boeotia from the west, Philip finds the army of the allies, close to Chaeronea, guarding the way
to Thebes and prepared to give him battle. The result of the battle is a signal victory for Philip.
Philip deals severely with Thebes ; the Cadmea is garrisoned, and the Boeotian League broken up. With Athens he
deals leniently, giving her Oropus ; but the Chersonese is surrendered to Macedonia.
Philip then proceeds to the Peloponnese to win the recognition of his supremacy. He meets with no resistance,
except from Sparta ; but he desists from attacking her, and contents himself by ravaging the country. 337- — A Federal Congress is summoned to meet at Corinth, where Philip is elected general to represent Greece for a war against
Persia.
Philip establishes Macedonian garrisons at Ambracia, Corinth, and Chalcis. 336. — Philip sends an advance force under Parmenion to the Hellespont to secure a passage and to win a footing in the Troad
and Bithynia, in anticipation of his own advance against Persia. He is soon afterwards murdered by Pausanias, a
captain of his bodyguard.
C 3
BELLUM SOCIALE
358—355 a.C.
At the time of the accession of Philip II. of Macedon, an ambitious monarcliy liad arisen in Caria, under Mausolus, who liail gradually brought Haliearnasaus, lasus, Cnidus, under his power, and also the neighbouring land of Lycia. To develop his power, it was desirable to win over the adjacent Aegean islands and to form a powerful navy. Halicarnassus was made tlie capital instead of Mylasa, and the adjacent island fortified.
The islands of Rhodes, Cos and Chins, which Mau.solus coveted, belonged to the Atlienian league, against whom they had a grievance arising from (i) the re-establishment of the cleruchies ; (ii) the extortions of the mercenaries serving under Athens.
B.O. The scheme of Mausolus was, first to detach these islands from Athens, then to bring them under his sway.
358. — Rhodes, Cos, and Chins revolt from Athens, and are joined by Byzantium. Mausolus appears to have occupied both Rhodes and Cos ; an oligarchy having been established in Rhodes, devoted to him.
The joint armament of all four places that revolted musters at C'liius, whither Mausolus also sends a reinforcement. Athenians send a fleet under Chabrias, with a land force under Chares, to attack Chins Ijy land and sea. In the attack by sea, the Athenian fleet makes no impression, and is defeated and Chaljrias killed. Chares attacks by land, but with no decisive result. The joint attack having completely failed, the land forces are taken on board, and the fleet retires.
357. — The Chians then, with 100 ships, proceed to devastate the Athenian islands of Leninus, Imbrus and others, and also
blockade Samus.
Chares, with 00 ships, could do nothing against the Chians ; so a fresh fleet of GO ships is hastily sent from Athens
under Timotheus and Iphicrates.
The three admirals direct their first cfTorts to the reduction of Byzantium. The Chians, to protect Byzantium, raise
the siege of fianius, and proceed to the Hellespont.
The two fleets meet in the Hellespont, but the Athenian plan of action is thrown out by a sudden storm. Iphicrates
and Timotheus think it rash to give battle, but Chares takes on himself to attack, is defeated and has to retire. 356.— The Athenian defeat leads to recriminations at Athens between the three admirals.
Chares is again entrusted with a powerful fleet, and starts from Athens against the revolted allies. Being short of
funds, he accepts on his own responsibility an offer from Artabazus, satrap of Dascylium and of the region south of
the I'ropontis. who was in revolt against the Persian king, to helj) him with his force.
Chares joins Artabazus, and with their condjined forces they give buttle to the king's army under Tithraustes ; and
gain a splendid victory over him, for which the Athenian army is well remunerated by Artabazus. 355. — On hearing that the Persian king was equipping a force to aid the allies against Athens for this gratuitous aggression
of Chares, the Athenians get alarmed, open negotiations and conclude a peace with Chius, Rhodes, Cos, and
Byzantium, under the terms of which their independence is secured.
To face Map 10. 20
BELLA ALEXANDRI MAGNI
B.C.
336. — On the accession of Alexander, the first step he takes is to conciliate Greece, where Athens and other Greek states were intriguing to throw off the Macedonian yoke ; Ambracia had expelled her garrison, and Thebes was inclined to do the same. He niarclius to the defile of Tenipe, but finds his passage barred by Thessalians. Instead of forcing his way through, lie takes a circuitous route to the plain of the Peneus, and so proceeds to Thermopylae. Gradually, all the Greek states, tlie Anipliictyony, and finally the Greek Confederacy at Corinth, recognise him as the leader of the Greeks against Persia.
335. — Before Alexander couM undertake the invasion of Asia, there were troubles nearer home to battle against. The Triballi, across Mt. Haemus, had to be subdued, and Alexander marches against them and compels them to surrender. He next proceeds against the lUyrii, marching to Pelium, where he puts them to flight.
Greece, for the second time, shows symptoms of throwing off the Macedonian j'oke, and the Thebans blockade the Cadmea. Alexander, from Pelium, marches against Thebes, the Cadmea is taken by assault, and Thebes is destroj-ed, with the exception of the liouse of Pindar. Alexander is now free for his work in Asia.
334. — Parmenion, Alexander's general, was in Asia, preparing the wa\' for the passage of Alexander's army, and successfully opposing Menmon of Rhodes, who was sent by the Persian king to thwart him.
The JIacedonian army crosses from Sestus to Abydus, while Alexander himself proceeds to Ilium to make propitiatory sacrifices, as tlie successor of Achilles.
The Persian army advances and posts itself on the banks of the river Granicus. The Macedonian army, under Alexander, marches from Ab3dus to Lampsacus, which receives him, and then to Priapus, near the mouth of the Granicus.
Here a battle is fought and the Persians routed, and Alexander's road is thus cleared for his advance. He next advances to Sardes, and Lydia submits to him ; he proceeds to Ephesus and establishes a democracy there ; he storms and takes Miletus. He now disbands his fleet.
The siege and capture of Halicarnassus was Alexander's next exploit. He then sends part of his army under Parmenion to winter in Lydia, and liimself advances, with the other part, into Lycia, Pamphylia, and Pisidia- Perge and Aspendus and other towns submit, and he proceeds, by way of Celaenae, to Gordium.
333. — At Gordium the army of Alexander again reunites, and Alexander fulfils the oracle by cutting the Gordian Knot. He marches through Cappadocia into Cilicia, and enters Tarsus without haWng to strike a blow. A short time is spent by him in securing western Cilicia, while Parmenion moves forward to ensure the passes into Syria. Alexander then moves to Issus. Darius, with a Persian force, was on the other side of Mt. Anianus. Alexander continues his march to M3riandrus. Darius, who had been vainly expecting Alexander to attack him, now crosses Mt. Amanus to Issus. Alexander, learning of this Persian move, at once returns to Issus. In the battle which ensues, tlie Persians are complete!}' routed, and Darius takes to flight, leaving his camp, his mother and his wife in the hands of Alexander, who treats them willi respect.
Alexander's next move was to advance to TjTe, while Parmenion secured the Persian treasures at Damascus ; buti Tyre, feeling safe in her island fastness, would not admit Alexander.
332. — Determined to capture Tyre, -nhich Alexander looked upon as the base of the Phoenician fleet in the pay of the Persians,, he set to work in earnest. The construction of a mole between the mainland and the island, and the opportune- assistance of a fleet from Cyprus, Aradus and Byblus, gave him sutiicient strength to accomplish his object, Tj're- being stormed and taken after a siege of seven moutlis. This meant the complete submission of S^'ria and Palestine. Alexander's next difficulty is at Gaza, which town he also takes by assault after a siege of two months. Egypt- submits to him, as far as Cj-rene ; he visits Memphis, and founds the city of Alexandria.
331. —After visiting Ammonium, to consult the oracle of Amnion, Alexander turns his steps again to Tj're. He then strikes' eastwards to Thapsacus on the Euphrates, which he crosses, and moves towards the Tigris. This river he crosses some distance north of Xinus, and marching south, learns that Darius, with a large force, is encamped near Gaugamela. Here ag.ain Alexander gains a complete victory over the Persians, and Darius takes to flight. He i* pursued as far as Arbela, but escapes into Media.
Alexander now marches to Bab\lon, which submits ; and thence to Susa, which was ready to receive him. He then marches towards Persepolis, but his road is barred by the Uxii, whom he brings under subjection. Then, storming the Persian (iates, Alexander's road lay open to Persepolis, the Persian city of palaces ; from whence he also visits Pasargadae. At Persepolis he remains four montlis.
330.— Alexander now marches to Ecbatana, expecting to find Darius there; but the latter had moved eastward to the Caspian Gates. Alexander hurries after him througli Rhagae, but beyond the Caspian Gates Darius is seized by Bessus, satrap. of Bactria, and is assassinated near Hecatonipylos.
Passing through Zadracarta in Hyrcania, Alexander moves to Susia in Aria, and after subduing the country- marches to Prophthasia in Drangiana.
Here Philotas, the son of Parmenion, is put to deatli for a conspiracy against Alexander. Parmenion, in Media, is: in consequence also put out of the waj'.
To face Map U.
829. — Pasaing part of tho wintci' among tlio Ariaspae in Ocdrosia, Alexander marches in the early spring through Arachosia, founding there an Alexandria (modern Candahar), and then pushes on to Parapamisadae (Hindu Kush), and through the dirticult passes to Drapsaea on the frontier of liactria. He then ])asses on to Aoriuis and Bactra, and crossing " the Oxus, pushes on to Marac-anda in Sogdiana, in pursuit of Bessus, whom he captures. His further move is to the banks of the Jaxartes, where he founds the citj' of Alexandria Kschata, as the limit of his Empire.
328. — This year was spent by Alexander in routing the Scythiaus across the Jaxartes, and in subjugating Sogdiana. He spends the winter at Zariaspa in western Bactria.
327. — In the beginning of the year Alexander returns again to Maracanda to put down some risings; and then turns .south into Bactria. He now marries Roxana, the daughter of Oxyartes.
Alexander now sets out on his Indian expedition, captures Massaga and Aornus on the right bank of the Indus, and waits until the spring to cross the Indus.
326. — Alexander crosses the Indus, and marches to Taxila, where Taxiles, the king, tendered his submission. He then proceeds south to the Hydaspes river ; Porus, the king of this country, being encamped on the opposite liank with his forces. Being unable to cross at this point, Alexander takes his forces, unknown to Porus, to a ford further up, and successfuUj' accomplishes the crossing.
In the battle which ensues. Alexander gains a signal victory ; Porus is treated well, and his kingdom given back to him under Macedonian protection.
Alexander founds Bucephala on the right bank, and Nica^a on the left bank of the Hydaspes.
Alexander now marches northward against certain liill trilies, and in his victorious career reaches the banks of the Hyphasis. Here his soldiers refuse to go further, and Alexander gives way and returns to the Hydaspes. In the meantime a tleet had been prepared to carry the army down the Hydaspes to the Indian Ocean, the fleet being under the command of Nearchus.
325. — In Alexander's progress south, the Malli and other tribes tender their submission ; new cities of Alexandria are founded ; and in the summer Alexander reaches Pattala, near the mouth of the Indus
During this march, news of a revolt in Arachosia reaches Alexander, who at once sends Craterus with a force to suppress it, and with instructions to meet him again near the coast at the entrance of the Persian Gulf. Alexander now begins his march from Pattala through Gedrosia and Carmania ; Nearchus is to take the fleet through the Indian Ocean and up the Persian Gulf. Alexander, Craterus and Nearchus meet again with their forces at the appointed place at the entrance to the Persian Gulf.
324. — Alexander, passing through I'asargadae and Persepolis, reaches Susa. Here he marries Statira, the daughter of Darius. Alexander then sails down the Pasitigris to the Persian Gulf, and up the Tigris to Opis. Here he quells a mutiny of his troops, and sends home 10,000 of them under Craterus and Polysperchon. He spends the next few months at Ecbatana.J
323. — Alexander proceeds to Babylon, punishing, on the way, the Cossaei.
The fleet of Nearchus sails up the Euphrates and meets him here. He prepares a fleet for an Arabian expedition. Alexander dies at Babylon of fever.
PARTITIO PRIMA REGNI ALEXANDRI
323 a.C.
RECTORES PROVINCIARUM
Antigonus— Great Phrygia (i e. East Phrjgia), Pamphylia and Lycia.
Antipatrus — Macedonia, Hellas, including Triballi and Agrianes.
Arcesilaus — Mesopotamia and Arbelitis.
Archon — Babylonia.
Asandrus — Caria.
Atropates — Media, west, bordering on Armenia.
Coenus — Susiana.
Eumenes — Cappadocia, Paphlagonia and Pontus coast as far as Trapezus to East.
Laomedon — Syria, i.e. lands between Euphrates, Egypt and Cilicia.
Leonnatus— Hellespontine Phrygia.
Lysimachus — Thracia, i.e. land east of the Ncstus as far as the Danuljc, including the sea coast.
Menandrus — Lydia.
Neoptolemus — Armenia.
Oxyartes — Parapaniisadae.
Peithon — Media, east.
Peithon (Agenoris filius) — New towns in India.
Peucestas — Persia.
Philippus — Bactriana and Sogdiana.
Philotas — Cilicia.
Phrataphernes — Hyrcania and Parthia.
Porus — King in India.
Ptolemaeus — Egjpt and adjoining parts of Arabia and Libya.
Sibyrtius — Arachosia and (Jedrosia.
Stasanor — Aria and Drangiana.
Taxiles — King in India.
Tlepolemus — Carmania.
To face Map 12.
BELLUM LAMIAE
323-322 a.C.
B.C. 323. — Alliens rebels against Macedon, and is joined by Aetolia, Locris, Phocis and tlieir neighbours.
Leosthenes, a mercenary captain, goes to Aetolia ; is joined by Aotolians, Locriaus, Phocians, etc., and takes a force
from Aetolia to Thermopylae.
A force of Athenians, marching to join Leosthenes at Thermopylae, is attacked at Plataea by a force of Boeotians,
who are pro- Macedonian. Leosthenes hastens with a detachment, the Boeotians are defeated, and the Athenian
force joins Leosthenes.
Antipater, with his army and a fleet of 110 warships, moves from Macedonia to Thessaly. The Thessalian cavalry,
under Menon of Pharsalus, goes over to the Athenians.
Antipater, on getting near Thermopylae, is defeated in a battle by the allied Greeks, driven into Lamia, and
blockaded there.
The Athenian rebellion is joined by Locris, Doris, Ootaea (except Heraclea), Aenianes, Dolopes, Thessalians (except
Pelinnaeum), Perrhaebi, Achaea Phthiotis (except Thebae), Malis (except Lamia), Alyzia, Ambracia, Lcucas, a party
among the Molossi, Argos, Sicyon, Troezen, Epidaurus, Plilius, Elis, Messene, Carystus in Euboea, some lUyrians
(probably the Taulantii), some Thracians, especially Seuthas, king of the Odrysae, from whom Lysimaclius had to
win his satrapy.
Boeotia remains pro-Macedonian ; while Lacedaemon, Arcadia, Achaea, Corinth, and Megara are neutral.
An indecisive battle is fought between Lysimaclius and Seuthas ; but Lysimachus is unable to bring help to
Antipater.
Aetolians retire home from Lamia in the winter ; perhaps owing to Aetolia being threatened by Acarnanians and
Epirotes.
Leosthenes is killed outside Lamia in the winter.
322. — Leonnatus crosses the Hellespont from Asia in the spring, reaches Macedonia, where he collects reinforcements, and enters Thessaly with a large force to join Antipater.
The (Jreeks are compelled to abandon the siege of Lamia ; they move to Melitaea, and then push on to prevent the junction of Leonnatus with Antipater.
The tirceks meet Leonnatus near Pharsalus, where a battle is fought. The Macedonians are defeated and Leonnatus is slain.
Antipater joins the defeated Macedonian army on the next day, and he retires with his forces probably to the left bank of the Peneus.
The Greeks now command the plains of Thessaly ; but Pelinnaeum remains Macedonian.
Meanwiiile, Athens is at war with Boeotia and Euboea, allies of Macedon. Styra, in Euboea, is destroyed by the Athenians under Phaedrus.
At sea the Macedonians held the superiority. Euetitm, the Athenian admiral, is twice defeated by eitus with his Macedonian fleet. One of the battles is at the island of Amorgus ; while in the battle at the Eehinades Islands the Athenians lose many ships. Apparently the Macedonian fleet was harassing the Aetolian coast, near the mouth of the Achelous, and the Athenian fleet was sent to help the Aetolians. Micion, with a Macedonian force and mercenaries, starts from Euboea and lands at Rhamnus. Phocion, with an Athenian force, meets him there and defeats him. Micion is slain.
Craterus now joins Antipater in Macedonia, and their combined armies advance into Thessaly, and encamp on the Peneus.
The Greek army retreats, avoiding battle until reinforcements should arrive. They are, however, compelled to fight at Crannon, and are defeated.
The Greeks now surrender city by city ; and the Athenians have to give up Samus.
Antipater and Craterus are now determined to completely crush the Aetolians who are still in arms. They march into Aetolia, where they winter, the Aetolians being driven into the mountains.
Antigonus, satrap of Phrygia, comes in flight to Antipater and Craterus regarding the ambitious designs of Perdiccas. The three join for war against Perdiccas. Truce is, therefore, made with the Aetolians, and the Macedonian army withdrawn. Aetolians, however, lose some frontier territory which Antipater gives to Acarnania. Agrinium was founded on this territory by the Acarnanians. The Aetolians recovered it again in 314 B.C.
To face. Map 13.
r
tLeich, Atlas aniiquiis
London, Macinillan X- Co. Hd
1
BELLA PER ASIAM ET IN AEGYPTO GESTA
323-321 a.C.
B.C.
323. — The Greek colonists in Bactria revolt and, with Philo at their head, march to force their return to Europe.
Perdiccas sends a force against tliein under Peithon, satrap of Media, who is reinforced by the neigliuouring satraps. Peithon meets the Greeks near tlie Caspian Gates (Pylae Caspiae), defeats them through treachery, and after some sham negotiations annihilates them. On the news of Ale.xander's death, Rhodes expels her Macedonian garrison and makes herself independent.
322. — Perdiccas, with King Philip and tlie royal army, subdues the satrapj' assigned to Kumenes, i.e., Cappadocia, defeating the Persian Ariarthes in two battles, capturing and executing him. The whole of Cappadocia is now given to Eumenes. Perdiccas tlien proceeds to subdue two Pisidian towns north of Mt. Taurus, Laranda and Isaura, which had rebelled before the deatli of Alexander. Laranda is taken first, then Isaura.
Olympias makes a close alliance with Perdiccas. Antigonus, who was called to account by Perdiccas for not helping Eumenes, flees to Macedonia.
War declared against Perdiccas by Antipater, Craterus, Antigonus, and Ptolemaeus.
Ptoleniaeus had in the nieautinie secured himself in P]gypt, and had been called in by Cyrene to help against Thibron, the Lacedaemonian who, with Harpalus' money and ships, had been figliting to make Cyrene a possession of his own. Cyrene was then added to Ptolemj's dominions and Ophelas made governor.
321. — Perdiccas starts from winter ijuarters in Pisidia for the south, leaving Eumenes as commander in Asia Minor to meet the attack cf Antipater and Craterus.
Perdiccas reaches Cilicia, deposes the satrap Philotas, a friend of Craterus, and puts Philoxenus in his place. He sends Docimus to Babylonia to depose the satrap Archon. The latter resists, but is wounded in battle and dies. Docimus becomes satrap of Babylon.
In Cyprus, Salamis, HoU, Paphus, and Amathus take the side of Ptolemy ; and forces from these towns besiege Marium by land and sea. Perdiccas orders a fleet to the rescue, and himself marches from Cilicia to Damascus. About the same time Antipater and Craterus cross the Thracian Chersonese into Asia ; while Antigonus, with a fleet, is welcomed on the Ionic coast, especiall}' at Ephesus.
Antigonus advances from Ephesus to Sardes ; Eumenes escapes from Sardes to Greater Phrygia.
Neoptolcmus, one of Eumenes' associates, goes over to the enemy and commences hostilities. Neoptolemus is defeated by Eumenes, and flies to Antipater and Craterus.
Neoptolemus and Craterus then march together against Eumenes, and Antipater marches towards Cilicia. In the battle which takes place between Eumenes on the one side and Neoptolemus and Craterus on tlie other, Eumenes gains a complete victory, and both Neoptolemus and Craterus are slain. The troops of Craterus now go and join Antipater in Cilicia.
Meanwhile Perdiccas continues his march from Damascus to the frontiers of Egypt, accompanied by a fleet under Atlalus.
Perdiccas fails to effect a crossing over the Nile at Pelusium. He then makes an abortive attack on a fort called Camtlon Teichos. He proceeds to Memphis, where his attempt to cross the Nile is again unsuccessful. He is now compelled to retreat with heavy loss. Perdiccas is put to death by his troops.
At this time Antigonus is with his fleet off Cyprus, fighting successfully against the forces of Perdiccas. And Antipater is still on his march from Cilicia.
Two days after the death of Perdiccas news of Eumenes' victories reaches Egypt. Eumenes is condenmed to death by the allies.
The Macedonian army leaves Egypt and marches back to Triparadisus in North Sj'ria. Meeting at Triparadisus of Antigonus and Antipater, where a new partition of provinces is made.
To face Map 14.
B^irh.AtlaB aJiUquUB
\ V PARTITIO PROVINCIARUM 1 /^APUD TRIPAR AOISUM FACTA 321 a.C.
London ,MaCTniUaiiiCo. Lid.
^Ap!m^^S*aGto^tti^L^!it
BELLA PER ASIAM GESTA
321-316 a.C.
B.C.
321. — ^On the death of Perdiceas, Attalus, the commander of Perdiccas' fleet, sails from Pelusium to Tyre, and thence to the coasts of Pamphj'lia, Lycia, and Caria. There Docimus from Babylon, and Alcetah with an army of 11,000, join him. They attempt to occupy Cnidus, Cauiius, and Rhodes, but are repulsed from Rhodes by the Rhodian Demaratus. Eumenes, with his army, marches as far as Aeolis, levying contributions from the cities. He then collects his forces at Sardes.
At this juncture Antipater arrives at Sardes on his return march from Triparadisus. Eumenes leaves Sardes and goes to Great Phrygia.
Antipater, from Sardes, sends Asandrus, satrap of Caria, against Attains and Alcetas. He is defeated by them. Antipater marches for Macedonia, crossing his troops over at Abydus.
Eumenes marches to South Phrygia and winters at Celaenae on the Upper Maeander. Attalus, Alcetas, and Docimus refuse to unite forces with Eumenes.
320. — Eumenes leaves Phrygian winter quarters and marches to Cappadocia.
A battle takes place between Eumenes and Antigonus (at (?) Orkynia) in Cappadocian territory. Eumenes is defeated, but retreats skilfully, marches and countermarches for a long time, and, on his men deserting him, attempts to get away to Armenia. His route is barred by Antigonus. Eumenes then throws himself into the fastness of Nora, on the frontiers of Cappadocia and Lycaonia, and is besieged there by Antigonus. Meanwhile Ptolemy from Egypt occupies Cyprus and Syria, himself with the fleet and Nioanor with the army.
319. — Antigonus, from Cappadocia, where he had been wintering, marches against Attalus, Alcetas, and Docimus, appears
suddenly at Cretopolis near the I'isidian frontier, where he defeats Alcetas in the mountain passes, then captures
Attalus and Docimus. Alcetas escapes to Termessus, but is put to death by his own troops.
Antigonus appears before Termessus, but marches away again. In the meantime the fleet of Attalus had submitted
to the fleet of Antigonus.
Arrhabaeus, satrap of Hellespontine Phrygia, endeavours to get possession of Cyzicus, a free citj', and besieges the
place. He is repulsed by the Cyziceni, who are helped by Byzantium.
Antigonus, who was at Celaenae, hears of the siege of Cyzicus, and marches to relieve it, hoping to get the city for
himself.
From Cyzicus Antigonus marches against Arrhabaeus, demanding his submission. Antigonus also demanded the
submission of Cleitus, satrap of Lydia.
Arrhabaeus garrisons the fortresses of his satrapy, and sends forces to relieve Eumenes, who was still shut up in Nora.
Antigonus sends troops into Hellespontine Phrygia, and himself proceeds to Lydia to drive out Cleitus.
Adherents of Antigonus in Ephesus enable him to capture and occupy the place. He likewise captures 600 talents
which Aeschylus of Rhodes was conveying with four warships to Macedonia. He then reduces the other towns of
Jjydia, and openly proclaims himself independent of the Macedonian royal family. Antigonus had, before this,
received news of the death of Antipater and the succession of Polysperchon.
Cleitus leaves his satrapy and goes to Macedonia to obtain help from Polysperchon. Hellespontine Phrygia also falls
into the hands of Antigonus, and Arrhabaeus is blockaded in Chius.
Meanwhile Eumenes, set free from the siege at Nora, collects troops in Cappadocia and goes into Cilicia.
Antigonus sends Menandrus with a large force against Eumenes, but he pursues him in vain.
After crossing Mt. Taurus into Cilicia, Eumenes receives a message from Polysperchon, appointing him xlrategii^ in
Asia for war against Antigonus. Polysperchon also courts favour of the Greeks, and restores Samus to Athens.
Antigonus is allied with Cassander, who had fled from Macedon, and with Lysimachus.
Ptolemy of Egypt goes with a fleet to Zephyrion, on the coast of Cilicia, to win over the ArgjTaspidae from
Eumenes, but fails. 318. — Eumenes goes to Phoenicia and begins to collect a fleet to send to the aid of Poli'sperchon.
Antigonus, after his victory at the Bosporus (see Map XVII), sets his forces in rapid motion towards Cilicia and his
fleet to the Phoenician coast.
Eumenes evacuates Phoenicia and goes to the northern provinces ; he is welcomed and assisted by Amphimachus,
satrap of Mesopotamia, and winters at Caron Comi in Babylonia.
Antigonus winters in Mesopotamia. Peithon of Media and Seleucus of Babylon take the side of Antigonus ; all the
other Eastern satrapies remain loyal to Macedonia. 317. — Eumenes names Susa as the rendezvous for the troops of the upper satrapies, and marches towards Susa himself in
the spring. He prepares to cross the Tigris 300 stades below Babylon. Seleucus appears there with many ships to
dispute the passage.
Failing to corrupt the troops of Eumenes, Seleucus floods Eumenes' camp b}' opening the canal. He finally agrees to
a truce, allowing Eumenes to pass if he will leave Seleucus' satrapy.
Eumenes reaches Susa, where he is joined by the loyal eastern satraps with their forces.
In the summer Antigonus sets out for Babylonia, receives reinforcements from Seleucus and Peithon, crosses the
Tigris, and marches towards Susa.
To face Map 15.
Eumenes evacuates Susa, except the citadel, and withdraws behind the deep river Fasitigris, keeping the bridge over
it in his command.
Antigonus enters Susa and besieges the citadel. Thence he advances to the Copratas, a tributary of the Fasitigris,
and sends half his troops across the Copratas.
Eunieues rapidly crosses the Fasitigris and surprises those troops of Antigonus that had crossed the Copratas, and
defeats them.
Antigonus abandons further advance and betake.s himself to Hadaca, on tlie Eulaeus river. Here he decides to march
to Ecbatana in Media, choosing a route through the cool mountain land of the C'ossaei. The Cossaei repulse his
vanguard, and after severe fighting Antigonus reaches Media in nine days.
Eumenes marches to PersepoTis.
Antigonus and Eumenes now march to meet one another. Their armies come into touch in Paraetacene, and encamp
opposite one another for some days, both intending to pass the winter in Gabiene.
An indecisive battle, foned on by Antigonus, takes place near Gabiene. Antigonus then retreats to Gadamarga in
Media, and Eumenes remains at (iabiene.
Antigonus resolves to surprise Eumenes, and takes a nine days' march for the purpose. His march is detected, and
he tinds Eumenes ready for battle.
The battle here lasts for two days and is indecisive, but Antigonus captures Eumenes' camp and baggage, and
Eumenes is put to death.
Antigonus returns to Media, takes Feithon by treachery and puts him to death.
316. — Antigonus, in the spring, goes to Ecbatana, and thence to Fersepolis. After making certain changes in the satrapies he marches to Susa and thence to Babylon.
Seleucus, alarmed for his own safety, flies to Ftolcmy in Egypt.
Antigonus continues his march from Babylon to Cilicia, halts at Mallus, and sends his troops into winter quarters. Antigonus is now master of all Asia except Syria, which belongs to Ptolemy.
Ptolemy, Cassander, and Lysimachus now combine against Antigonus. Seleucus intrigues with Ptolemy to get back Babj'lonia.
PARTITIO PROVINCIARUM APUD TRIPARADISUM FACTA
321 a.C.
Amphimachus — Mesopotamia and Arbelitis.
Antigenes — Susiana.
Antigonus — Great Phrygia {i.e. East Phrygia), Pamphylia and Lycia.
Antipater — Macedonia and Hellas.
Arrliabaeus — Hellespontine Phrygia.
Asandrus — Caria.
Atropates — Media, west, bordering on Armenia.
Cleitus — Lydia.
Laomedon — Syria.
Lysimachus — Thrace.
Neoptolemus — Armenia.
Nicanor — Cappadocia, Paphlagonia and the Pontus Coast as far as Trapezus to the East.
Oxjartes — Parapamisadae.
Peithon — Media, east.
Peithon (Ageuoris filius) — New towns in India.
Peucestas — Persia.
Philippus — Parthia.
Philoxenus — Cilicia.
Porus — King in India.
Ptolemaeus — Egypt and adjoining parts of Arabia and Libj'a.
Seleucus — Babylonia.
Sibyrtius — Arachosia and Gedrosia.
Slasandrus — Aria and Drangiana.
Stasanor — Bactriana and Sogdiana.
Taxiles— King in India.
Tlepolemus — Carmania.
To face Map 16.
POLYSPERCHON
319-316 a.C.
r..c.
318. — Eviiiieiies goes to Plioeiiicia iiiul begins to collect a Heel to send to Polysperclion. Nicanor is coniniandcr of the Macedonian garrison of Miinjchia. Athenians attempt to seize Nicanor by treachery at a conference. Nicanor collects troops and seizes the Piraeus
Polys])er(hon's son Alexander ariives in Attica with an army. Democracy is restored at Athens.
Polysperclion is at Phaiygac on the frmitiers of Phocis and Locris. Phocion meets him here, but is handed over to the Athenians, who put him to death with the oligarchic partisans.
Meanwhile, Cassander ]mts into the Piraeus with a fleet and troops from Antigonus, and takes possession of the harbour. Nicanor withdraws to Munychia.
Polysperclion advances from Phocis to Athens with all his forces, and commences to besiege Piraeus. Then, provisions failing, leaves part of his forces, under Alexander, before Piraeus, and liimself marches into the Peloponnese.
Cassander ca|)tures Aegina and besieges .Salamis. Polysperclion semis his fleet and army and relieves Salaniis. Poly.sperchon summons a congress from (ireek cities, ]iiobably at Corinth; and the oligarchies, set uji in <ireece by Antipater, are put down. Megalopolis resists, and is supporteil by Crt.ssan<lcr.
Polysperclion leads his army against Megalopolis, lays siege to it and, after failing in an assault, leaves a detachment before it and returns to Macedonia.
Polysperchon sends C'leitus with a strong fleet to the Hellespont to guard the crossing between Asia and Kuropc. Cleitus effects a junction with Arrhabaeus, who had been blockaded at Chins, and wins some towns in the Propontis. Cassander sends Nicanor from Piraeus by sea to the Hellespont. He joins the fleet of Antigonus probably at the Bosporus
A naval battle takes place oft' Byzantium. Cleitus gains a complete victory in the Bosporus over the fleet of Antigonus. which is driven into Clialiedon.
Antigonus hurries up, and, with the help of friendly Byzantines, sends light troops across to the European side of the Bosporus, and surprises Cleitus in cam]) at night ; while, at dawn, Nicanor's sliijis attack those of Cleitus. Cleitus is utterly defeateil and slain. Antigonus is now supreme in the Aegean. Nicanor returns in triumph to Piraeus. Cassander conquers Salaniis ; and also Pauaetum ou the Boeotian frontier.
317.- Athens returns to an alliance with Cassander. Demetrius of Phaleruni is made ruler of Athens in Cassanders interest. Cassander deposes Nicanor from the command at Munychia. and undertakes a carii|iaign in Macedonia, where, though unable to maintain the field, he wins many adherents. Central (ireece adheres to Polysperchon ; while Athens, Kuboca, Megalopolis, and appaiently part of Thes<.saly remain on Cassander's side. Cassander inarches to the Peloponnese ; Alexander, Pol^sperchon's son, opjjoses him at Corinth. Cassander threatens Sparta, w hich is fortified and on the side of Polysperchon ; he then besieges Tegea.
Meanwhile, in Macedonia, Poljspcrchon brings in Olympias from Kpirus ; I'hilip is put to death and his wife Eurydice kills herself ; but the revengeful tyranny of Olympias creates many enemies.
Cassander makes peace with Tegea, and leaves the Peloponnese for Macedonia. The Aetolians, allied with Olymjiias, bar the pass at Thermopylae against him.
Cassander convejs his forces by sea from Euboeaand Locris to Thessaly, and soon reaches the Macedonian frontier. As the pass of Teiiipe is held by Polysperchon's forces, Cassandar attempts to march by way of Perrhaebia. Polysperchon ami the troops of Olympias march to secure the pass of ^'ohlStana, but a detachment of Cassander's w-as beforehand. Cassander then sends a column against Polysperchon, and himself crosses the pass of Volustana into south Macedonia.
Olympias retreats to Pydna, where Cassander besieges her.
Cassander also sends a column to prevent help coming to Olynijiias from Epirus. Aeacides, King of Epinis, who was preparing to march, is deposed and driven out by the Molossians. The Epirotes recognise the rule of Cassander. Polysperchon's troops go over in numbers to Cassander ; he is therefore compelled to retreat to Azorus, and is besiegeil there.
316. — In the spring Olympias surrenders Pydna to Cassander ; Pella and Ampliipolis, which were held for her, also surrender. Olympias is put to death.
Polysperchon escapes from Azorus and, with the exiled King Aeacides of Epirus, goes to Aetolia. Cassander now marches to Boeotia, obtains its surrender to himself, and returns to Macedonia.
Cassander uiulertakes an expedition to drive out from the Peloponnese Alexander, Polysperchon's son. He marches through Thessaly, finds Theriiiopylae barred by the Aetolians. He forces the passage ; then restores Thebes in Boeotia, which had been destroyed by Alexander the Great.
He finds the Isthmus of Corinth strongly held by Alexander, so conveys his troops by sea from Megara to Epidanrus, marches to Argos and compels it to submit ; thence he proceeds to Messene, wins over all Messenian towns except the fortress of Ithome. JHermione also submits. Cassander then retires from the Peloponnese, leaving 2,00<) men behind at (ierania, north of the Isthmus.
To face Map 17.
London, MatnUUan s- Co. Ltd.
BELLA PER GRAECIAM ET ASIAM GESTA
312.301 a.C.
B.C.
312. — .Vntigomis sends his son Demetrius to oppose Ptolemy in Syria, ami he reaches (jaza.
Ptolemy and Seleucus set out from Pelusium, inarch through the desert, and meet Demetrius at (iaza. Here there
is a hattle, in which Uemetrius is completely defeated, and he retreats to Tripolis.
Ptolemy and Selcucus occupy fSyria ; Siilou ■surrenders ; Tyie also surrenders after a mutiny in the city.
Seleucus, with about 1,000 men, marches to Mesopotamia, where he is well received. At Carrhae, the Macedonians
join him : he is welcomed at Babylon, and Baliylonia goes o\er to him.
Nicanor, itlratcyitu set over Media and the eastern satrdpies, collects an army and marches, probably from Susa, against
Babylon.
.Seleucus marclies across the Tigris to meet him, surprises him at night, and defeats him. Nicanor's troops go over
to Seleucus, who thus wins Susiana, Media, the neighbouring parts, and probablj' Persia too.
311- — In Syria, Ptolemy sends Cilles, one of his generals, against Demetrius. Demetrius defeats and captures him with his
force.
Antigonus then sets out from Celaenao in South Phrygia, crosses Mt. Taurus, and joins Demetrius.
Ptolemy retreats into Egypt, destroying on his way the towns of Ace, loppa, Samaria and (iaza.
Antigonus recovers Sj-ria.
Antigonus, holding the Xabataei to blame for the successfid march of Seleucus to Babylon, sends his general
Athenaeus against them.
Athenaeus starts from Idumaea, reaches Petra, which he surprises anil plunders. On his return, he is caught by the
Nabataei, surprised and completely defeated by them.
Antigonus then sends Demetrius against the Nabataei, and he makes terms with them, returning by the Dead Sea
(L. Asphaltites).
In order to take the asphalt works out of the hands of the Nabataei, Antigonus sends Hieronymus, of Cardia, for
the purpose. The Nabataei assend)le an arm\' and drive him out.
Antigonus now sends Demetrius against Babylon, while Seleucus is away in the eastern provinces. Demetrius starts
from Damascus, crosses Me.sopotamia, aiul reaches Baljylon, where he finds only the two citadels defended. He
captures one, leaves a force against the other, and, after devastating the country, returns.
Seleucus returns from his tour, recovers Babylonia, and also defeats Nicanor in a second battle, in which Nicanor is
slain.
All provinces east of the Euphrates are lost to Antigonus. In the arrangement which ensues between Cassander,
Lysimaclius and Ptolemy, Cassander is to be ilrateijui in Europe, Lysimachus is to keep Thrace, and Ptolemy, Egypt
and neighbouring places in Libya and ■\rabia.
All Asia is to be under the rule of Antigonus, and all (ireek cities to be free.
Seleucus is not mentioned in the peace, but Antigonus would not recognise him as ruler of Babylon.
In this year Alexander, the son of Alexander the (Jreat, and Roxana, are put to death by Cassander at Amphipolis. 310. — Pt(demy of Egypt demands the freedom of (ireek cities, and sends an army and fleet under Lconidas to Cilicia Trachea
and occupies it. In the meantime there is trouble in Hellespontine Phrygia, where Antigonus' nephew deserts to
Cassander, and his commander Phoenix refuses to obey Antigonus.
Antigonus sends his younger son Philippus against Helle.spontine Phrygia, and Demetrius to Cilicia.
Demetrius defeats Ptolemy's othcer, Leonidas, and recovers Cilicia Tracliea.
Polysperchon, in the Peloponnese, invites Heracles, son of Alexander the Great and Barsine, from Asia to claim the
Macedonian thront. Aetolians promise help to Polysperchon. who marches through Aetolia and Epirus to Macedonia.
He meets Cassander at Tymphaea, and, instead of fighting, allows himself to be won over, and puts to death Heracles
and Baisine
Polysperchon now marches towards the Peloponnese, is opposed, and has to winter in Locris.
309. — Somewhere between 310-9, Ptolemy sends Argaeus and Callicrates with a fleet to I'aphus in Cyprus to put clown
Nicocles, the ruler, who was intriguing with .\ntigouus.
Ptolemy him.self. in this year, sets out with a "fleet from Egypt, captures Phasclis and .\anthus in Lycia. then
Caunus, and proceeds to lay siege to Halicarnassus, which is lelieveil by Demetrius. He then proceeds to Cos, where
he is met by Antigoinis' nephew who had revolted in Hellespontine Phrygia. They riuarrel, and Ptolemy puts
.\ntigonus' nephew to death, wliereupon Phoenix makes terjns with Antigonus. 308. - I'lolemy sets sail from Myiidus for tireece. On his wMy he liberates Andrus from the garrison of Antigonus, then
proceeds to the Isthnni.s, wliere he wins over Corinth and Sicyon, and occupies Megara. He then makes peace with
Cassander on the .italiu (jito, and, leaving garrisons at Corinth and Sicyon, rctin'us to Egypt.
Soon afterwards Ptolemy resigns Corinth to Cassander, who also receives Megara, and has his influence at Thebes
restored. 307.— Ill the spring Antigonus semis Demetrius with a fleet from Epliesus to Hellas. He goes to Attica, surprises the Piraeus,
and obtains surrender of Athens.
Demetrius then l)esieges Cassander's garrison at Munychia. He captures and plunders Megara, then returns to
Munychia, which surrenders after severe Hghting ; enters .Athens and restores the democracy.
Antigonus, after removing his garrison, gives Imbrus to Athens. 306.— In the spring Antigonus recalls Demetrius from .\thens, and himself takes up his headquarters at Antigonea on the
Orontes.
Demetrius sails to Caria and Cilicia, tl'.cnce he crosses to Cyjjrus, where he captures Carp:isia and Cerynia, and begins
To fare Mnp 18.
D -2
an attack liy land and sea on Salaniis. Ptolemy's governor with his forces meets Demetrius, is defeated and compelled
to retreat to Salaniis, which Deinttrius now besieges.
I'tolemy, with a large lleet, lands at I'aphus and marches to Citium. Demetrius was able to keep Salaniis besieced,
and also to offer battle by sea to I'tolemy. In the naval engagement Demetrius defeats Ptolemy. Ptolemy abandons
C^-prus, and Salaniis siirrcnders.
The contending leaders now assume the title of liaxiUux.
King Antigoiius with a great army sets out from Antigonea for Egypt, while Demetrius sails with his lleet from
Cyprus, the ])lacc of assembly being (Jaza. Thence, fleet and arm}' proceed to Pelusiuni. The fleet is <lri\en by a
storm, some ship.s being forced into Raphia, others back again to (iuza ; a few reach Casium on Lake Sirbonis.
Antigonus rejiches Casium just in time to .save his ships, and then proceeds to Pelusiuni, and the first biaiuh of the
Nile. There is a sturdy defence of both )ioiiils, when th<' rcuriiteil fleet of Antigonus attempts to land at i>iie of the
mouths of the Nile, luit is repulsed. Dt-nictrius then leads his ships to the Ostium Phatnilicuiii ; his fleet gets
scattered during the night, and Ptolemy, arriving in time, prevents a landing.
Antigonus abaiidims his attack <m Kgyjit, and returns to Syria.
Rhodes, which h.-id expelled the jlacedonian garrison on the death of Alexander the (ireat, ami had at first
assisted Antigonus, now repulses his ships .and acts in friendship with Kgypt. 305. — Antigonus sends Demetrius against Rhodes. He assembles his forces at Lorynia, on the mainliind, and hinds cm the
island, to the south of the city, and commences to besiege it
Ptolemy sends reinforcements to aid the Rhodians. Cassander and I^ysimachus also send supplies.
Demetrius succeeds in making terms with the Khodians, on the understanding that they are to help Antigonus against
Ptolemy, and takes hoslages. 304. — While Demetrius is at Rhodes, Cassander and Polysperchon win back Hoeotia, Euboea and Chalcis, and war successfully
against Athens. Cassander captures Phyle and Panactum.
Demetrius now, with a strong fleet and army, lands at Aulis, liberates Chalcis. pursues Cassander as far as
Thermopylae, receives surrender of Heraclea, and recovers Phyle and Panactum. Hocotians and Aelolians make an
alliance with him. 303. — Demetrius undertakes an expedition from Athens to the PLloponnese ; he conquers Sicyon, driving out Ptolemy's
garrison; wins over Corinth from Cassander's officer ; towns of the Argolid, such as Epidaurus, Argos. Heiinione,
Troezeii, go over to him. He captures Bura in Achaea and another Achaean town, then turns into .\rcadia.
Megalopolis goes over to him, l)ut Mantinea resists. He then returns to Achaea and captures Aegium, which was
held in Polyspcrchon's interest. Fe\c places i:i the Peloponnese except Mantinea and Messene remained on
Polysperchon's side. Elis, too, went over to Demetrius. 302. — I" the winter a new alliance of kings is formed, Cassander, Lysimachus, Ptolemy and Seleucus against .•Antigonus.
Ca.s.sander goes to Thessaly to defend it against Demetrius an<l the Hellenes, sending part of his forces to Lysimachus
under Prepelaus.
Lysimaclui.s crosses the Hellespont; Lampsacus and Pariuni go over to him; Sigeum he captures. From Sigeum
Prepelaus is sent south to win over Aeolis and Ionia ; while Lysiniaclius prepares to besiege Abydus.
Demetrius .sends reinforcements to the relief of Al>ydus ; Lysimachus raises the siege, subdues Hellespontine
Phrygia, and ailvances to Creater Phrygia, where he besieges Syunada, and the commander of it goes over to him.
Lysimachus then niarclics to South Phrygia. Lycia, Pamphylia, and Lycaonia.
Prepelaus captures Adianiyttiuin, Ephesus, Teos, and Colophon ; while Erythraeand Clazomenae resist him. He then
marches to Sardes, which is handed over to him liy Antigonus' commander, except the Acropolis, which held out.
Antigonus, who was at Antigonea (m the Orontes with his main forces, marches to Tarsus in Cilicia and to the treasury
at Cyiuda, then crosses Mt. Taurus into Cappadocia, Lycaonia, and South Phrygia.
Lysimachus, reuniting forces with Prepelaus, takes up a stroii" position north of Synnada. He, however, declines
battle with Antigonus, and, when his supplies were threatened, marches asvay to Dorylaeum, on the Thymbrius, a
tributary of the Sangariis ri\'er', ^\ here he fortifies his camp.
Antigonus conies up and commences an investment, hut Lysimachus eludes him by night. Antigonus, after useless
pursuit, goes into winter ijuarters. Lysimaclius winters his forces on the coast of the Euxinc sea, in the Salonian
Plain (Sahmius Campus)
Meanwhile Seleucus and Ptolemy were marching to attack .Antigonus, who recalls Demetrius from (Jreece.
Lysimachus captures Heraclea Pontica, and marries Amastris.
In the spring of this year Demetrius returns from the Peh)ponnese to Athens ; collects a fleet anil army at Chalcis,
lands at Laiis.sa Cremaste in Phtliiotis, and captures the town and neighbourhood ; he then surprises Ca.ssanders
garrison at Pherae. His summons from Antigonus now arrives, he makes truce with Cassander and leaves (Jreece.
Cassander recovers all Tliessalian towns, and sends his brother Pleistarehus with reinforcements to Lysimachus in
A.sia.
Demetrius lands at Ephesus and recovers the citj-. He then goes to the Hellespont, regains Lampsacus, Parium and
other places, and occupies Hicrum, in the territory of Chalcedon, to command the crossing of the Bosporus. He
then puts his trimps in winter (piarters in Hellespontine Plirygia, where he joins his father Antigonus.
Pleistarclius, unable to cross the Bosporus, has to march to Oilcssus and then cross the .sea to Heraclea to join
Lysimachus. He .sails in three divisions ; the first division gets acro.ss .safely ; the second is defeated by the fleet of
Demetrius ; the third is scattered by a storm, and Pleistarehus, who was himself shipwrecked, gets to Heraclea with
ditKculty.
Meanwhile Ptolemy ha<l occupied the towns of Syria and laid siege to Siilon, but he abandons his march and retreats
on the false news that Lysimachus and Seleucus had been defeated.
Seleucus reaches Cappadocia and winters there. 301. — In the spring Lysimachus and Seleucus effect a junction in Cappadocia ami march to Phrygia, probabl}' along the high
road to the south of Lake Tatta through Lj'caonia.
At Ipsus in Phr\gia they meet the united army of Antigonus and Demetrius.
Battle of Ipsus ; tlefeat of Antigonus, who is slain ; Demetrius escapes with a small force to Ephesus.
PARTITIO POST PUGNAM AD IPSUM FACTA
301 a.C.
Tlie following was the division of the provinces after the battle of Ipsus : —
Seleucuf took as his share of Antigonus' dominions, (Jreat I'hrygia, Syria west of the Euphrates, South Cappadooia.
Cassander was given Greece, and his brother Pleistarchus Cilioia.
Lymnachm obtained the West and North Coast provinees of Asia Minor, Hellcspontine Phrygia, Paphlagouia md
North Cappadocia.
Seleucus appeared iu Syria and made preparations to annex^Coele-Syria, to which Ptolemy of Egypt laid olaim.
Seloucus acceded for the moment, but the matter remained a bone of contention.
To face Mnj, 19.
DEMETRIUS POLIORCETES
301 285 a.C.
B.C.
301. — Deinetrins, in his flijjlit from Ipsus, proceeds to Eplie.siis, then sails towards (Irecce. He still possessed Ephesus, (Irecce,
some Aegean islands, some towns on the Asiatic coast and in the Hellespont, Tyre, .Sidon, and Cyprus ; and his fleet
eonnnanded the sea. He goes from Ephesus, by way of the C'yclades, to the Isthmus of Corinth. Most of the Greek
cities fall away from him, but he retains Corinth, Megara, and Chalcis.
From the Isthmus Demetrius goes to the Thracian Chersonese and makes war on Lysimachus. 300.— Seleuciis, in view of the close friendship between Ptolemy and Lysinuichus, allies himself with Demetrius.
Demetrius, with all his fleet, goes to Syria, landing on the way at many ])laces on the Asiatic Coast, especially in
Cilicia, where he secures the treasury at Cyinda, and meets iSeleucus in conference at Rhesus on the southern
boundary of Cilicia. Cilicia is given to Demetrius and I'leistarchus driven out.
296.— Demetrius returns to Greece from Asia, and loses a large part of his fleet in a storm otT the Attic coast.
295. — His attack on Attica meeting with little success, Demetrius goes to the Peloponnesc and besieges Messene. Failing to take the place he returns to Attica. His fleet captures Aegina and .Salamis, his army takes Eleusis and Rhamnus, Athens and Piraeus are besieged.
I'tolemy of Egyjit sends l.^iO shijjs to the aid of Athens, but Demetrius is so strongly reinforced from the Peloponnese and Cyprus that the Egyptian fleet has to retire Demetrius compels Athens to capitulate. Pyrrhus, lielped \>y Egvpt, recovers tlie Kingdom of Epirus.
Demetrius, meanwhile, invades Laconia, defeats the Spartans twice, and besieges Sparta.
While Demetrius is in Greece his Asiatic possessions are lost. Lysimachus captures Ephesus and other Asiatic coast towns ; Ptolemy of Egypt captures Cyprus, except Salamis, which he besieges ; Seleucus confjuers Cilicia.
294. — Demetrius goes to Macedonia, by way of Dium, and becomes King of Macedonia and of Thessaly.
293. — Demetrius founds the fortress of Demetrias in Magnesia ; marches to Boeotia, which submits to him. On Cleonymus the Spartan coming to their aid, the Boeotians again defy Demetrius, but he marches against Thebes, and they submit for the second time.
292. — Lysimachus, in a campaign against Droniichactes, prince of the Getae, is taken prisoner with his anjiy. On his making conce.s.sions to the (ietae he is relea-sed.
291. — Boeotia again revolts from Denietriu.s. Pyrrhus invades Tliessaly, and advances as far as Thermopylae. Demetrius marclies south, besieges and captures Thebes. Pyrrhus retreats to Epirus.
290. — Demetrius, with a fleet, goes to Corcyra to aid Lanas.sa, a wife of Pyrrhus, witli whom she liad quarrelled. Demetrius captures Corcyra and Leucas.
289. — Demetrius wages w'ar against Aetolia and Pyrrhus of Epirus. He marches to Aetolia, and then to Epirus.
Pyrrhus marches to Aetolia, misses Demetrius and his army, but meets Demetrius' otficer, Pantauchus, \\ hom he severely defeats.
288. — Pyrrhus now invades Macedon as far as Edessa, without meeting with opposition, Demetrius being ill at Pella. On the appearance of Demetrius and his army, Pyrrhus retires to Epirus.
Pyrrhus makes peace with Demetrius. While Demetrius is making preparations for war in Asia, Pyrrhus breaks off the peace and joins Ptolemy, Seleucus, and Lysimachus against Demetrius.
287. — While Demetrius goes north to defend Macedon against Lysimachus, Pyrrhus marches into Macedon and occf^iies Herrhoea, whence he subjugates the country.
Demetrius returns and encamps over against Pyrrhus ; but on his troops deserting to Pyrrhus, he takes to flight. Pyrrhus is proclaimed King of Macedon. Lysimachus arrives, and it is arranged between them that Lysimachus should have the smaller portion of Macedon, near Thrace, and that Pyrrhus should have tlie rest. Demetrius, in his flight, goes to Ca.ssandrea, tlience to Thessaly, where he assembles his forces, and inarches to Thebes, and then to Athens, which he besieges. Athens had liberated herself from Demetrius, who, however, still retained the Piraeus, Eleusis, and other fortified places in Attica.
Pyrrhus now marches to Athens, when Demetrius retires, making terms with Pyrrhus.
Demetrius, with a large fleet and army, sails across the Aegean to Miletus, and wins many places, including Sardes. .Agathocles, son of Lysimachus, arrives with an army in Ionia.
Demetrius marches into Phrygia, a province belonging to Seleucus. He is followed by Agathocles. Though his forces are in straits for ))rovisions, and he loses many men in crossing the Lycus, he has the advantage over Agathocles in several actions. He then marches over Mt. Taurus to Tarsus; and Agathocles in his rear bars the passes.
286. — Seleucus, with a large army, marches to Cilicia ; whereupon Demetrius retreats into Mt. Taurus. Seleucus occupies the passes leading into Syria. Demetrius wins some unimportant actions, but during his illness in the winter many of his troops go over to Seleucus.
285.— In the spring Demetrius, feigning a march into Cilicia, turns suddenly and crosses Mt. Amanus into Syria, ravaging the country as far as Cyrrhestica.
A battle is fought here between the forces of Seleucus and Demetrius. The troops of Demetrius go over to Seleucus, and Demetrius, who finds the passes of Mt. Amanus barred against him, surrenders. Demetrius was held as a prisoner in Apamea, where he <lied in 282.
To face Map 20.
^
Reich . Atlas anUquus
London .Macmillaii^ Co.Ltd.
Wk|T\eri.Deb««'GM>g' EsUb* Lopsic
n
LYSIMACHUS
289-281 a.C.
B.C.
289. — Somewhere about this year Lysimachus brings under liis power Heraclea in Bithynia, with its neighbours Tins and Amastris. He continues the planting of the city Antigonea, planned by Antigonus, but calls it Nicaea. He changes the name of Antigonea in the Troad to Alexandria ; and completes the designs of Antigonus by restoring Smyrna and Ephesus, the latter being removed nearer to the sea. He has a treasury on the Thracian coast near ApoUonia, and another at Perganium in Mysia. He also possesses the islands of Samothrace and Leninus.
Zipoctes, prince of Bithynia, who was in chronic rebellion, defeats and kills two of Lysimachus' generals. Lysimachus destroys Astacus, probably during the war with Zipoctes.
285. — Lysimachus makes war on Pyrrhus of Macedon, penetrates into the south of Maeedon and encamps over against Pyrrhus
at Edessa.
The Macedonian troops desert Pyrrhus, who, with his Eijirotc followers, retires to Epirus.
Lysimachus adds Macedonia and most of Thessaly to his dominions. He allies himself with the Aetolians.
Lysiniachia in Aetolia is founded and named after him. 281. — War between Lysimachus and Seleucus.
Lysimachus collects a fleet and army and crosses the Hellespont.
The two armies meet, and a decisive battle is fought at Corupedium in Hellespontine Phrygia. Lysimachus is
defeated and killed, and his army goes over to Seleucus.
Seleucus is now master of all Asia Minor except Heraclea, Bithynia, and North Cappadocia, where he was resisted by
Mithridates. \l was probably in a battle against Mithridates that Diodorus, a commander of Seleucus, was defeated
and lost with his forces.
Seleucus, with his army, crosses after the battle into the Thracian Chersonese ; and on the march to Lysiniachia is
treacherously assassinated by Ptolemy Ceraunus. Seleucus was the last survivor of the Diadochi marshals of
Alexander the Great.
Ptolemy Ceraunus becomes King of Macedon.
To face Mnp 21.
STATUS RERUM MORTUO SELEUCO SUB FINE ANNI
281 a.C.
B.C.
282. — Plolemy possessed Egypt, Cyreiie, Cyprus (since -iO.j^), ami pail of simtli Syria.
SeleicKx possesseil all the eastern satrapies, iiR-luiling .Armenia, further C'appadocia, I'hrygia, Cilicia, and northern
half of Syria.
Li Arnieiiia, after Drontes the friend of Eunienes, lulers were native and probably liereditary, wliose dependence
upon Seleuc\i9 was confined to speciHed services.
In south C'appadocia, Ariarthes, son of the Ariarthes executed by Eumenes in 32-2, made himself ruler, driving out
the Macedonian forces. He ohtaineil the satrapy for himself and heire by recognizing the suzerainty of Seleucus.
Atrcipatene, that is, thai part of Media bordering on Armenia, since it was named after the Persian Atropates, was
prol)ably in a .similar position. 298, aeg. — Patrocles, prae/ecliu c-ta.<.<('s of Seleucus and .\ntioclnis, sailed nnmil a great part of the Caspian Sea, collecting
material for his geography.
Demodamas, a general in the service of Seleucus and Antioilius, crossed the Jaxartes, probably to act against the
Massagetae.
In Margiana a town was planted by Alexander. Tliis was restored and called Antiochia.
Heraclea in E. Media, near Ragaeand the Caspian (iates, was restored by Antioehus and called Achais.
Seleucia, on the Tigris, was founded by Seleucus, and ])eopIed with (irecks and Babylonians.
ApoUonia, on the road from Babylon to Media, was founded.
Edcssa was founde<l by Seleucus, not far from Carrliae in Mesopotamia; and also a colony at Nisibis, which received
the name of Antiochia.
Ragae. near the Caspian (iates, was refounded by Seleucus, and renamed Europus. Close by it an Apamea and a
Liioilicca were founded.
HecatoTnpylus, the capital of Media, and Calliope were founded by Seleucus ; who also refounded Alexandria Eschata
on the Jaxartes and an Alexan<lropolis in India.
In Syria, on the Oronles, Seleucus founded Antiochia in 301-300 ; and Apamea, further up the Orontes ; Seleucia, on
the sea near the mouth of the Orontes : and Laodicea, further south.
On the Euplirates, Seleucus founiled Europus on the site of Tl\apsacus, and near it Amphipolis and Nicatorium : and
above them another Seleucia anil an Apamea ; the Seleucia in (.'ilicia, on the Calycadnus, was foun<led by him
after 29j.
For the position of Lysimachus at this period, 289-281, see text to Map xxi.
To face Map -22.
GALLORUM IRRUPTIO
281-276 a.C.
B.C.
280. — Three Celtic hordes overr\in northern < Jreece. The first, under Cerethrius, marches against Thrace and the Triballi ; the
second, under Brennus and Acichorus, against the Paeonians ; the third, under Belgius, against Macedonia and
Illyria.
Ptolemy Ceraunus marches to meet Belgius. Ptolemy is defeated, captured and slain. The Celts overrun and plunder
Macedon 279. — A fre.sh Celtic host under Brennus invades iIace<lonia ; while part of them, led by Leonnorius and Lutarius, march
east against the Thracians.
Brennus defeats Sosthenes in Macedonia, then inarches through Thessaly to the neighbourhood of Thermopylae, which
is held by (Ireeks (Opuntian Locrians, Phocians, Boeotians, Megarians, Athenians), and troops sent by Antiochus of
Syria and Antigonus of Macedon.
Brennus forces his passage over the Sperchius, but fails to pa.ss over Mt. Oeta by way of Heroclea, which is success- fully defended by the Oreeks. Brennus is repulsed from Thermopylae.
A strong division of Celts under Orestorius and Conibutis marches by way of Thessaly to the interior of Aetolia, and
captures Callium, but is driven out with great loss by the Aetolians.
Brennus at last gets round Thermopylae, using the same route as the Persians in 480, marches against Delphi, and
plunders its neighbourhood.
Help for Delphi arrives from Aetolia and Athens; the Celtic attack is repulsed. Brennus, who is wounded, kills
liimself. The Celtic army retreats to its camp at Heraclea, then passes north, with great loss, through Malis and
Thessaly to Danlania.
Meanwhile the horde led by Leonnorius and Lutarius plunder Thrace as far as Byzantium ; overrun the west coast
of the Propontis, conquer Lysiniachia, and occupy the Thracian Chersonese.
Celts at the same time establish tliemselves north of the Danube, driving back the lietae and Scythii, and appearing
near the (ircek cities of Pontus. Another section of them establishes itself in Illyria under the name of Scordisci,
mingling witli the older inhabitants. 278. — Fifteen thousand Celts defeat the Triballi and Cetae, threaten Macedonia, and demand trit)ute from Antigonus, King
of Majeilon.
Antigonus was with an army and fleet near Lysimachia. The Celts attack him there and are severely defeated.
The vanguard of the Celts soon crosses over to Asia. Another horde under Coniontorius goes back from the
Hellespont, establishes itself at Tylis, on Mt. Haemus, and forms there a permanent independent state. 278-7. — Tlie Celtic hordes of Leonnorius and Lutarius penetrate from the west as far as the Hellespont, burn Byzantium and
Propontis coast towns, cajilure Lysimachia and the Thracian Chersonese.
277. — Xicomedes of Bithynia takes tlie Celts into his pay. Three clans of the Cells, Tolistoboii, Tectosages, ami Trocmi, cross into Asia, serve for Xicomedes against Zipoctes, and enable him to secure all Bitliynia.
276. — The Celts now plunder the dominions of Antiochus in Asia Minor, dividing the land between them ; the Trocmi had the Hellespontine coasts a.s their prey ; the Tolistoboii had Aeolia and Ionia ; and the Tectosages had the interior. The Celts sulxlued all northern Phrygia, part of whicli was annexed l)y Xicomedes.
The rest of it was occupied by the Celts, who settletl themselves there and in the neighbouring parts of Cappadocia, uorth of the river Halys, forming the country called Calatia. The Tolistoboii made Pessinus their headcjuarters ; the Tectosages settled round .Ancyra ; the Trocmi located themselves round Taviuni Vjeyond the Halys.
To face Map IS.
J
c
o
AETOLIA SOCIIQUE AETOLORUM. MINORA BELLA AB AETOLIS GESTA
245-189 a.C.
B.C.
245. — The Aetolian army attacks Boeotia. Boeotians ofter battle on the frontier near Chaeronea, and are utterly defeateil. The Boeotians belong to the Aetolian league, not as inember.«, but as allies, with their own Boeotian constitution.
245, fiq. — The Aetolians, in league with Klis, carry on a long war against the Achaeans and Sparta.
Triphjlia is taken from Arcadia and given to Klis ; Lasion and I'sophis are also added to Elis. Saniicum in Triphylia becomes a fortress against Arcadia. The despot of Megalopolis gives Aliphera to Elis in return for con- cessions. Phigalia and Messene ally themselves with Aetolia. Mantitiea and proliably also Orchomenus go over to the Achaean league. Cynaetha in north Arcadia goes over to the side of Aetolia, though Aratus vainly tries to capture it bysurpri.se. The Achaeans capture Heraea liy treason. The Aetolians plunder the lands of C'litor and the temple of Artemis at Lusi ; they also raid as far as Mantinea.
241. — The Aetolian army asseml)lcs in Boeotia to attack the I'eloponnese. Aratus, slratujiis of the Achaeans, posts his forces at the Isthmus to defend it ; Agis IV. brings a Lacedaemonian contingent to help him Aratus shirks offering battle, and after the harvest is secured, dismisses his troops.
The Aetolians then enter the Pelopoiniese over Mt. Gerania, and one of their detachments surprises Pelleue. Aratus iiuickly collects his forces, returns, and recovers Pelleue and slays TOO Aetolians.
240-239. — The Aetolians make a great attack on Sparta, and, marching by way of Klis aiul Megalopolis, endeavour to capture Sparta itself. They plunder the lands of the periotci, and take a large number of men into captixity. They also plunder the temple of Poseidon at Taenarum. ^Iantinea and Orchomenus go over to the .\et0lian3 ; Tegea also allies itself with tlieni.
239-229. — There is war between the Aetolians and Demetrius of Macedon.
The Aetolians undertake an e.xpedition into Thessaly. They probalily at this period anne.v the Phthiotic towns to their league — Thauniaci and Melitaea first, and later the more distant I'hthiotian Thelics.
Demetrius, probably from Chalcis, enters Boeotia with an army. The Boeotians secede from the Aetolians and join .Macedon. Opus and its neighbourhood also desert the Aetolians and join Boeotia.
220-216. — The Aetolians and lUyrians invade Achaea. Cynaetha is taken by treachery ; they mardi against Lusi and C'litor. Meeting with resistance at the latter place tliey march back to Cynaetha. About this period the Aetolians sweep over the whole of Laconia.
189. — M. Fulvius Xobilior, the Ronum consul- is sent against Aetolia. He lands at ApoUonia, and has as allies the Epirotes, the Achaeans, Philip of Macedon, and Pleuratus the Illyrian.
Fulvius begins to surround the town of Ambracia, the Kpirote allies encamping on the right bank of the river, and Aratus near Auibnvcia, which is besiegeil.
The Aetolians a.ssemble at Stratus under Nicandrus ; from there they plunder Acarnania.
A Macedonian army under Perseus, son of I'hilip, comiuers the Dolopes and besieges a town of Amphilochia, probably Argos. Nicandrus hastens to its relief, when Peiseus retreats.
Pleuratus. the Illyrian, with si.\ty ships, sails to the Corinthian gulf, joins the Achaean fleet at Patrae, and ravages the Aetolian coast. Niiamlrus marches to its defence.
Fulvius reduces CephalUnia ; the town of Same only submits after a siege of four months. Peace is concluded between Rome and Aetolia.
To face Map 24.
ReicK, Atlas antiqiius
London. MarniiUau &: Co. Ltd.
^^^^4rr * Hvh f ■ ' Oo^' EstOi' Leipmm:
ANTIGONUS DOSON
224°222 a.C.
B.I-.
224. — Autigoiius, Ijy way of Kulioea, lands his armj near the Isthmus, while Cleonieiies was occupied with the siege of Sicyon.
Cleomenes raises the siege and pitches his camp near the Isthnuis, then hastens to defend Corinth.
No sooner is he engaged there than Aratus gains the assistance of a party in Argos to place the Lacednemonian
garrison there in a state of siege. Cleomenes hastens to Argos, leaving Corinth iii the hands of Antigonus.
The Achaeans, under Timoxenus their general, surprise and seize Argos. Cleomenes, arriving too late, retreats to
Mantinea, and theuce to Sparta.
Antigonus advances into the Pelopoiinese, and after ejecting the ganisons in the territories of Aegys and lielmina,
and putting them under Megalopolis, goes to Aegium to attend tlie meeting of the Achaean League, where he is
appointed general.
223. — Antigonus breaks up his camp and goes on the march. He invests anil captures Tegea, carries Orohomenus by storm, captures .Mantinea, and then, passing through Heraea and Thclpusa, which voluntarily surrender, proceeds to Aegium to attend a meeting of the League. His Macedonian soldiers he sends home to winter. Cleomenes takes Megalopolis. Antigonus spends the winter at Argos.
222. —Cleomenes leads his arm}' into Argive territory. Having terrified his enemies, and inspired courage in his own army, he returns home unmolested.
The summer having now come, the Macedonian and Achaean soldiers assemble from their winter iiuarters ; allies arrive from lioeotia, Acarnania, &c. , and take up position at Sellasia. Here Cleomenes meets them, is completelj- defeated, and escapes by .^^ea from Gytliium. Antigonus surprises and takes .Sparta ; and leaves for Macedonia in a few days, on hearing of an lUyrian invasion there.
To fact Map 26.
E 2
PHILOPOEMEN ADV. MACHANIDAM
207 a.C.
f..f.
207.— Maf'haiiidas, despot of Sparta, having got Tegea into his power, was threatening Achaean territory near Tegea, especially
Argos and Megalopolis.
Philopoemen drew up the Achaean forces about seven stadia from Mantinea.
Machanidas, from Tegea, attacked Ihem and was defeated after a severe fight, lieing slain by Philopoenicn.
Achaea thus obtained supremacy in the Peloponnese. She had no reason to fear Elis and Messene, and had cripple<l
Sparta.
T. Q. FLAMININUS ADV. NABIM
195 aC.
195. — Nabis was in occupation of Argos, given to him by Philip of Macedon. The Achaeans demand the cession of Argos, which Nabis refuses.
Rome decides in favour of the Achaeans. Nabis relies on the help of the Aetolians and of Antiochus of Syria. Titus Q. Flamininus leads his troops from Phocis to Corinth, aiul moves towards Argos. The Achaean contingent joins him at Cleonae, and the combined force marches to Argos.
As Argos would not surrender, Titus defeats the defenders and drives them within the walls. After remaining for some time outside, he decides not to besiege Argos, but to attack Nabis in Laconia.
Titus marches over Mt. Parthenius by way of Tegea to Caryae in Laconia, where he concentrates his land forces, including allies from Thessaly and Macedonia.
Meanwhile Lucius Quinctius with a fleet, and Rhcnlianand Pergamene fleets arrive on the Laconian coa.st. Titus then advances to Sellasia, and reaches the river Kurotas, north of Sparta, where he repels a sally of NabLs' troops. He then marches past Sfmrta towards the south, and, after repelling another attack, pitches camp at < iythium and plunders all Laconia as far as the sea.
Amyclae on the coast stood a siege of some duration, the Roman fleet taking part in the operations. On the approach of Titus himself with a strong force, Oythiuni capitulates.
Nabis at Sparta then offers to .suVjmit, giving up Argos, but negotiations fall through. Titus then attacks Sparta, and after .some days' lighting Nabis surrenders.
The coast towns of Laconia are made independent of Sparta, and placed under the protection of the Achaean League. Meanwhile the Argives had risen against their Spartan garrison and expelled them. Argos re-enters the Achaean League. Nabis is allowed to remain in possession of Sparta by the Roman Senate.
To fact Map 27
Reich . Atlas antigiius ^
X»in. 3ESIX
XX\'1H
BELLUM CUM ANTIOCHO ET NABIS FINIS
193 - 190 a.C.
Modulus 1:1.850.000
- Appius naatHuji
- nih'ppita, j-KX ifiuedorUae
• ^lilopotmgn.du^ Athatortan. Smnani Sojiin .dassLsAiiiattiruin. prof-
London. MacmiUan A CcLld.
1f&^ra-XI>Bbei'GKi^Biit«]>*Lopaic
1
BELLUM CUM ANTIOCHO ET NABIS FINIS
193-190 a.C.
D.C.
193. — Nal)is enters inlo alliance with Aetoli.ins and Antiochus of Syria against Rome. He conquers all the coast towns except
(ijthinni, which had been made independent of him in 195 (Eleutherolacones). Gythium he besieges.
The Achaean League declares war against Nabis, sends forces to help Gythium, and asks Rome for help.
192. — Achaeans determine not to wait for arrival of Roman troops, but send their fleet under Tei.son from Aegium to relieve Gythium.
Nabis sets out from Gythium with his own fleet, meets the Achaean sliips and defeats them. They fly to the harbour of Patrae.
Part of tlie Lacedaemonian army was posted on the east near Pleiae, between Acreae and Leucae, to protect Laconia. Philopoemen sets out secretly from Ai-gos b_v sea, lamls near the Laconian camp, captures and burns it. Philopoenien, soon after, sets out from Megalopolis, plunders Tripolis, and returns before Nabis could send help from G3'thiuni.
Meanwhile the Achaean army concentrates at Tegea and advances to Carj-ae. As Gj-thiiim had now surrendered, Nabis, with all his forces, marches to meet Philopoemen.
Pliilopoemen advances from Caryae to Mount Barnosthenes, and from thence towards Pyrrliii-f' camp, which he finds .already occupied by Nabis. He then, with his Achaeans, suddenly falls on the Laconians, and defeats them in two engagements.
Nabis flies to Sparta, and is shut in bj' the Achaeans, who now plunder Laconia. Truce is granted to Nabis through tlie interference of T. Q. Flamininus.
To induce Antiochus of S}'ria to cross over to Europe, Aetolians determine to attack Demctrias, Chalcis and Sparta. Alexamenus is sent with troops to get possession of Sparta He is welcomed theie, then treacherously puts Nabis to death, and his troops plunder the town. The Laconi.ans rise against them, kill most and drive the rest out of Laconia. Thoas is sent against (Jhalcis, which he fails to surprise. The commanders get wind of his scheme, put fortress in defence, and post troops on the opposite side of the Kuripus at Salganeus. Thoas has to retire. Diodes is sent iigain.st Demetrias, which he captures.
The Aetolians now assemljle at Lamia ; and Antiochus also arrives there from Ephesus, bj- waj- of the Hellespont, Inibriis and Sciathus. Antiochus landed at Pteleum, wliere he was met by the Magnetes, who escorted him the next day to Demetrias, thence he went to Lamia by way of Phalara.
Antiochus and the Aetolians proceed to Chalcis, but fail to induce its commander to come over to their side. Later, Anticcluis, with his own troops, Aetoli.ans, and his fleet, proceeds against Chalcis, which surrenders. A det.ichnient of .WU Romans are cut to pieces at Delium, though war was not j'et declared. Rome now declares war against Antiochus.
Antioclius marches into Thessaly to Pherae, meets Philip of Macedon, who declares himself on the side of Rome. Antiochus wins Phthiotian Thebes and otlier places of Phthiotis. Pherae and Scotussa surrender to him, he subdues Crannon, Cierium and Metropolis, then marches to Larissa, which was hostile to him.
Outside Larissa Antiochus is joined by Amj'nander, king of Athamania, who had allied himself with the Aetolivns; and als© by the Aetolians who had ad\anced into Perrhaebia, won Malloea and Cyretia, and ravaged Tripolis on the upper Europus.
Antiochus was on the point of going to attack Phar.salus, when 2,000 Romans under Appius Claudius appear on the heights above tionnus.
Antiochus raises the siege of Larissa and retreats to Demetrias ; the Aetolians return home.
Antiochus makes his winter quarters at Chalcis, where he marries a Eubocan lady. All Euboea becomes a strong supporter of his cause.
191. — Antiochus assendjlcs Ids forces at Chaeionea, marches through Phocis to Delphi, thence to Naupactus to a meeting of the Aetolian Council. He then goes past Calydon and Lysimachia to Stratus, where he is joine<l by his army which had taken a shorter route. He captures Medion, but Thyrreum successfully resists. Hearing that the Ronuans were landing their iirmj- at Apollonia, Antiochus returns to Chalcis.
M. Acilius (Jlabrio, the Roman general, lands at Apollonia, sends his infantry to L;irissa, while l>e himself hurries forsvard with c.avalrv and meets Philip of Macedon at Limnacum.
Acilius captures Pelinnaeum. then reaches Larissa, and marches through Crannon, Pharsalus, Scotussa and Pherae to Procina.
The Aetolians at Thaumaci occupy the wooded passes in front of their town to resist the Romans. The Romans, however, surround them, capture the town, and put most of the defenders to the sword.
The next day the Romans reach the banks of the Sperchius, and plunder the lands of Hypata, the capital of the Aenianes.
All this time Antiochus was trying in vain to get satisfactory reinforcements from Asia. At last, with what forces he could get, he goes to Lamia, and sunnnons the Aetolians, who respond fccl.^l\'. Antiochus himself then retires to the pass of Tliermopylae, and sends 2,000 Aetolians to Hypata, aiul 2,000 to Heraclea. Acilius arrives and pitches the Roman camp at the " Warm Baths" outside Thermopylae.
To face Map 28.
The Aelolians were given tlie task of guarding the paths over Mount Callidromus ; 2,000 of them remained at Heraclea, the rest distributed tliemselves in tlie three forts Callidromus, Rhoduntia and Tichius, commanding tlie mountain paths. Battle of Thermopylae.
In the night before the battle, Cato and Flaotus are sent to capture the routes over Mount Callidromus. Flacous fails to capture Rhoduntia and Tichius. Cato surprises the Aetolians on Callidromus in the early morning, and drives them down to Antiochus' camp. The appearance of Cato's troops on the rear of the forces of Antioehus leads to their utter defeat. The Romans pursue and slaughter them as far as .Scarphea. The next day tlie legions continue the pursuit alfmg the road to Elatea.
Antiochus reaches Chalcis with scarcely more than 500 men, then flies to Kphesus, leaving the Aetolians in the lurch. Heraclea holds out against the Romans for a month, and is then taken by storm.
All the Aclcilian forces colled at Naiipactus, which is now besieged by the Romans, who had advanced by way of Oeta over Mount Corax. On the approacli of winter, the siege of Naupactus is raised, and the Roman army winters in Phocis.
Demetrias and Magnesia fall into the hands of Philip of Macedon, wlio also gets all Athamania and recaptures main- towns taken by Aetolians in Perrhaebia and elsewhere. 190.— Romans give the command for war against the Aetolians and Antiochus to the consul Lucius C. Scipio. His brother Publius, the conqueror of Hannibal, goes with him. They land at ApoUonia.
Meanwhile Acilius marches from Elatea, across the Sperchius, and takes Lamia by storm. Then proceeding by way of Heraclea and Cytiiiium, he besieges .\uiphissa.
The Scipios inarch from Apollonia through Epiriis and Thessaly to Hypala, wliicli refuses to surrender. Tliey then pitch their camp not far from Aniphissa. A truce is made for six months between Home and Aetolia. Aeilius hands over the command of his troops to Lucius Scipio.
The Scipios march from .Amphissa through Thessaly, Macedonia and Thrace on their way to Asia Minor, helped all " the way by their ally, Philip of Macedon.
XXX
BCLLUM CUM
A NTI 0 CH O
IN ASIA GESTUM
191 - 190 A C
ModiUus 1:2.150.000
rejcSyritxe. K. • Hannibat S. * Seleux^ts^Jn, " I ffUits
A- • Z^Jardlius PoaiUus,
TUtfTum- £afTianaruni Sum ' Sum^rves L. • CatusZirius.duj:
BoTTutTturuTn. B. • £atanm \ Rh. • Bhodii Sc. ' P. Cornells ScipiOfiansuL Sjomamis
London, Mac millan t Co. Ltd.
ft'a&icrA'Deljes'Geog'Kstab' Leipair
BELLUM CUM ANTIOCHO IN ASIA GESTUM
191-190 a.C.
B.C.
191.— For war in A.sia again.st Antiochus, Rome had allies ready in Asia, viz., Eumenes, King of Pergamum, the Rhodians, Samiis, Chius, and Lesbus.
Cains Livius, with the Roman fleet, sails from Delus to Chius, and then appears offPhocaea, which opens its gates to him. Eumenes of Pergamum joins him here with 50 ships.
Antiochus, who had sailed to the Chersonese, (^uits the Hellespont and returns to Ephesus. His fleet puts out from Cyssus.
The Romans from Phocaea make for Coryeum promontory, and fall in with the fleet of Antiochus. The latter are routed, and retire to Ephesus.
The Romans enter Cyssus, thence sail to Chius, Phoenicus and Phocaea, and winter at Canae. Antiochus winters in Phrj'gia.
190. — A Roman expedition from Canae, where the fleet wintered, lays waste Thyatira.
Livius brings the Roman fleet into the "Achaean Harbour," thence to Iliuui, on his way to the Hellespont to transport Roman troops. He receives the surrender of Sestus and besieges Abj'dus.
The fleet of .\ntiochus sails from Ephesus, puts in at Pygela, crosses to Samus, and proceeds towards Panormus, where it falls in with the Rhodian fleet and shatters it.
Livius thereupon raises the siege of Abydus, sails with Eumenes to Phocaea, then held by a garrison of Antiochus, and then, by way of Erythrae and Coryeum, makes for Saiinis, eSecting a junction with the Rhodians. Antiochus' fleet attempts to intercept them by going to Jlyonnesus promontory and to the island of Maoris, but, failing, returns to Ephesus. The Romans on their junction with the Rhodians attempt, to entice the enemy out of Ephesus, but fail. They then retire to Samus.
L. Aemilins PauUus now arrives to take command at Samus. Part of the fleet is detached to lie outside Ephesus ; part sails past Jliletus, Myndus, Halicarnassus, Cnidus, and Cos to Rlio<les. From Rhodes the fleet sails towards Patara, which it is unable to attempt on account of the wind. A landing is made at Phoenicus harbour, where the Romans successfully engage tlie garrison. The fleet then proceeds to the gulf of Telmissus, where it is disbanded. Aemilins, with the other part of the fleet, is driven by a storm from Ephesus, .sails past Miletus, and enters the bay of Bargyllae ; he besieges lasus, but abandons it at the instance of the Rhodians, sails along the coast of Asia to Loryma, then sails back again to Samus.
Seleucus, the son of Antiochus, advances to Elaea, abandons design of a siege ; he besieges Pergamum. Antiocl-.us sets out from Apamea, and passing through Sardes, encamps at the head of the river Caicus, a short distance from his son.
Eumenes, hearing of war in his kingdom, leaves the Roman fleet at Sauius, sails to Elaea, and marches to Pergamum. The Roman fleet follows to Elaea.
Antiochus encamps opposite Elaea, and after vain attempts to negotiate, ravages Elaea and Pergamum, leaves his son there, and marches to Adramyttium, thence to the plain of Thebes, which he plunders. The Roman fleet sails round to Adramj'ltium.
A body of men from Achaia relieve the siege of Pergamum, when Seleucus retires to the sea coast. Antiochus abandons the attempt on Adramyttium, and, reducing certain towns on the road, returns through Thyatira to Sardes.
The Roman fleet retires to Mytilene, thence proceeds to Elaea, attempts to take Phocaea, which is relieved by Antiochus.
The fleet then returns to Sauuis. Eumenes returns to Elaea to prepare for the passage of troops at the Hellespont. The Rhodians. are detached to Rhodes, to await a fleet said to be coming from Syria. Thej' relieve the blockade of Daedala and other fortresses of Peraea on the coast, which had been besieged by Antiochus' t roops.
This Rhodian detachment takes up position at Phaselia, on the borders of Lycia and Pamphylia. They then put in to the river Eurymedon, and hear that the enemy are at Side.
A battle ensues, they defeat the enemy under Hannibal, and rejoin the Romans at Samus. A squadron is detache<l to Patara.
Antiochus goes from Sardes to Ephesus to review his fleet, marches to Notium, the harbour of Colophon, and besieges it.
The Roman fleet sails from Samus to Teos, mooring oft'Geraesticum.
Antiochus" fleet tioni Xutium puts in meanwhile into a retired harbour iu the island of Maoris.
Tlie Romans, hearing of tlie enemy's approach, put out, and, sighting them near Myonnesus, completely defeat Antiochus' fleet, which flies to Ephesus.
Antiochus raises the siege of Notium (Colophon), and retires to Sardes. He also withdraws his garrison from Lysimachia.
To face Map 30.
Tlie Roman fleet, under Aeniilius, follows to Epliesiis, extorts formal submission from the enemy, sails to Chius,
thence toPliocaea which it takes ; the fleet winters there.
The Scipios, who were marching past Maronea and Aeuus, hearing of the victory at Myonessus and the
evacuation of L\-siniachia, advance to Lysimachia, cross the Hellespont unopposed, march through Dardanus,
Rhoeteum and Ilium and encamp at the source of the river Caicus, where they are joined by Lumenes and
the Pergamene forces.
Antiochus, who was at Thyatira, marches across the river Phrygius, and jneamp.s near Magnesia by Mount
Sipylus.
Scipio, thinking Antiochus was at Thyatira, marches continuously to the Phrygius, brushing aside the light-
armed troops of Antiochus and the Gauls, and enters the Hyrcanian plains, pitching his camp four miles from the
enemj'.
Battle of Magnesia ; Antiochus defeated with great slaughter, he flies to Sardes. His fleet evacuates Ephesus and
puts in to Patara.
Scipio comes to Sardes, where overtures are made to him for peace.
Peace confirmed by the Senate ; Antiochus surrenders all Asia Minor north and west of tlie Taurus mountains.
CLEONYMUS ET AGATHOCLES
303-293 a.C.
B.C.
303. — War of Lucanians ami Romans against Taventiiin.
Cleonymus of iSparta, son of King Cleonienes, goes to help Tarentuni. He collects so large an army that the
Lucanians make peace.
Cleonymus, after punishing Metapontum, which was disobedient to him, goes on to Corcyra.
He again leturns to Italy, lands on the Messapian coast, conquers two townis, Uria and Triopium(?) ; and suCfering
severe loss from a night attack of natives, returns to Corcyra.
299. — Soon after .SOO B.C. Agathocle.'i, with an army, was carrying on war in Italy against Italian natives. From here he goes to Corcyra, whicli had got rid of Cleonymus, hut was threatened by Cassander.
298- — .-Vgathocles defeats the Macedonian fleet at Corcyra. lands on the island and takes possession of it. He tlien returns to Italy, is suddenly attacked by the Bruttii while he is besieging a town. He loses many men, and returns to Syracuse.
295- — Agathocles gives Corcyra to Pyrrhus of Epirus, who becomes his son-in-law.
On the way to Corcyra, Agathocles suddenly attacks, captures and plunders Croton, from whence he had previously been driven out, when in e.xile from S\ racuse. From Corcyra Agathocles goes soon after to Apulia.
293 — .\gathocIes undertakes a campaign against the Hruttii. Stilpon, with Agathocles' fleet, ravages the Bruttian coast, while .-Vgathocles captures Hipponium.
The Bruttii make peace ; but soon afterwards they recapture Hipponium. Agathocles dies 289 B.C.
To face Map 33.
Bjeich-.Aflaii antiqiius
XXSI. XXSILXXXin
.UM CONTRA SAMNITES PR I MUM 34-3 -3+1 a.C Modulus 1:2.300.000 " " ■" " '° imia
Lamlon.ilacmillan A Co. Ltd.
WafinfiT i Debes' Gwr? Kstab' Leipsif
AGATHOCLES IN SICILIA ET IN AFRICA
3 "7 304 a-C.
I'.. 1 ■.
317-16. — Agathooles becomes despot of Syracuse. Leontini, C'amarina, Catana, and Tauroincniuni are dependencies of his, also a large number of the Sicel states. Opposed to him are llessana, (iela, Acragas, which were allied with Carthage,
and with .Syracusan oligarch e.xiles.
315. — Agathodes proceeds against ilessana, which he fails to capture, though he captures Mj'lae, its dependency.
314. — Syracusan exiles in Acragas start war against Agathocles ; (iela and Messana join them.
Acrotatus, son of Cleomenes II. of Spaita, sails with a few ships by waj- of ApoUonia and Tarentum to Acragas. Acrotatus, however, incurs the hatred of the .Siceliots, and has to return to Sparta ; the Tarentines recall the ships they had sent to liclp the allies against Agathocles ; and the alliance thus breaks down.
313. — Peace is made by Carthaginian mediation.
312. — Messana gives refuge to Syracusan exiles. Agathocles sends Pasiphilus with an army against Messana, which surrenders, expels the exiles and admits Agathocles' troops.
Agathocles now threatens Acragas, but 60 Carthaginian ships arrive and compel him to abandon the siege. He then invades Carthaginian territory and captures many posts. Fifty Carthaginian ships (probably from Acragas) attempt to surprise Syracuse, but only capture two merchant ships.
311. — Deinocrates, leader of the Syracusan exiles, in league with Carthage, collects an army and sends Xymphodorus against Centuripae. which had a garrison of Agathocles. X3'mphodorus enters Centuripae by treachery, but is captured. Deinocrates himself marches against Galaria, and wins it by treachery.
Agathocles sends Pasiphilus aiul Demophilus against him. Thej' defeat Deinocrates and recover (ialaria. Carthaginians occupy a strong position on the coast near Ecnomus, in the territory of Gela, to protect Acragas. Agathocles marches against them, but as they could not be compelled to fight, he returns to Syracuse.
310. — In the spring Carthage sends a large fleet and army to Sicily under Hamilcar, son of Gisgo. After losses by storm, he arrives at Ecnomus.
Meanwhile 20 ships of Agathocles are captured by Carthaginians in the straits of Messana. Agathocles seizes (iela, leaves a garrison tliere, and encamps at Phalariuni over against the Carthaginians. In the battle which takes place, Agathocles is defeated and retreats, with great loss, to Gela, where Hamilcar commences to invest him.
Hamilcar, tinding investment unpromising, marches into Agathocles' territory and wins over Cainarina, Leontini, Catana, Tauromcnium, iles.<ana. ami Abacaenuni. Agathocles withdraws to Syracuse.
The Carthaginian fleet now blockades S^Tacuse, but Agathocles, with his fleet and armj', gets out. He is pursued by the Carthaginians, and lands in Africa near the Hermaeum promontory on the loth August. Here he pitches his camp an<l burns his ships.
Agathocles then marches into the interior, captures Megalopolis and White Tunes, and plunders the territory of Carthage.
Hanno and Bomilcar, with forces from Carthage, meet Agathocles, and are defeated, Hanno being slain. Agathocles advances to the vicinity of Carthage ; captures Tunes, then marches south, takes Neapolis and besieges Hadrumetum ; he also takes Thapsus.
While Agathocles is in the south, Carthaginians recover Tunes, but lose it again. They march against it for the second time, when Agathocles comes up, surprises and defeats them. Soon after, Agathocles defeats Elynuis, the Libyan King, and va.ssal of Carthage.
Meanwhile, in .Sicily, the Carthaginians contimie their attack on Syracuse. Hamilcar marches his land forces to the walls of Syracuse, and commences a siege, but on the news of Agathocles' victories reaching the Syracusans, Hamilcar retires and sends .5,000 of his men to Africa.
309. — Xear to his landing-place in Africa, south of Hermaeum promontory, Agathocles founds the town of Aspis, afterwards called Clupca. His head(iuarters were at Tunes.
In the spring Hamilcar marches through Syracusan territory up to Syracuse, which was still under blockade by the Carthaginian fleet. He makes a night attack on Syracuse, but is suddenly attacked by Syracusans from the side of Euryalus, is defeated, ca])tured and killed. Carthaginians now abandon tlie siege of Syracuse.
Acragas declares itself independent of Carthage and of the Syracusan exiles, and tries to construct an independent league of free (ireek cities.
Xenodicus, a "fraltijox of Acragas. liberates (iela by a surprise attack ; Camarina joins Acragas, also Enna and Herbessus, from which the allies drive out the Carthaginian forces.
Tliu .Syracusans garrison the fortress of Eclietla, and ravage the land from that base as far as Camarina and Neton (Xeetum). Xenodicus captures Echetla.
In .\frica, the Carthaginians establish a fortified post opposite Tunes. After a mutiny of his forces, Agathocles defeats the Carthaginians at Tunes and drives them to their camp.
To face Map 34.
808. — Carthage sends out an army to reduce rebel Numidians. Agatliocles pursues the Carthaginian army, defeats them, and
assaults their eanip Imt fails to take it, and has to retreat as the N'umidian allies of Carthage plunder his camp.
Ophelas, Macedcjiiiaii governor of Cyrene, makes an alliance with Agathocles, sets out in the summer from Cyrenc with
an army, and after two months" march joins Agathocles.
Agathocles suddenly attacks Ophelas, puts him to death, and incorporates his troops with his own. 307. — Utica falls away from Agathocles, and is conquered by him after a hard siege. He then attacks and captures
Hippuacra.
Leaving his son .•\rchagnthus as connnander in Africa, Agathocles now returns to .Sicily with a small fleet and 2,000
men.
Meanwhile Xenodicus of Acragas had marched against .Syracuse and been defeated by Leptines and Demophilus,
Sjracusan generals, and compelled to retreat to Acragas.
Agathocles lands in Carthaginian territory near Seliinis. captures Heraclea, and marches towards Thermae on the
north coast of Sicily, where he compels the Carthaginian garrison to evacuate the place. He next .subdues
Cephaloedium. and from that liase marches through the iidand parts of east .Sicily. He is repulsed at Centuripae,
captures Apollonia. and is met by Peinocrates, leader of the Syracusan exiles, with a large army. Finding himself
too weak, Agathocles retreats before Ueinocrates.
In Africa, Kumachus, geiieril of Archagathus, marches far into the interior of Libya, captures Tokae, Mtisehala, and
other places, and returns with booty. He is again sent out on a similar expedition.
Arehagathus divides his forces into three columns : one ho sends to the coast, the second ho keeps under his own
comnuind ami nn<Ier Aeschrio, the third was under Kumachus on the return march.
Against these Carthage sends out th.ee armies, one to coast towns, the other to the interior near the coast, the third
towards Numidia.
The second Carthaginian armj- uniler Hanno surprises and annihilates Aeschrio. The third Carthaginian armj- under
Hiniilco completely defeats Kumachus.
Arehagathus, witli the remiiins of his forces, retreats to Tunes, where he is besieged by two Carthaginian armies
under Himilco ami Adherbal.
In Sicily, Agathocles, assisted by 18 Etruscan ships, defeats the Carthaginian squadron blockailing Syracuse, and
thus puts an end to the blockade.
Agalhocles .igain sails for Africa and reaches Tunes, where he in vain offers battle to the Carthaginians. Owing to a
panic in their camp, Carthaginians fly to Carthage.
There is also a panic in the camp of Agathocles, when 4,000 men are mistaken for enemies and killed.
Agathocles returns to Syracuse in the beginning of the winter, leaving his forces and his son Arehagathus in the
lurch. The deserted army puts Arehagathus and another son of Agathocles to death, and surrenders to the
Carthaginians.
In Sicily, Agathocles sacks Kgesta. an allied town of his own, for not pajing war contrilnitions. 306-305. — Peiice between Carthage and Agathocles, Carthage retaining her Sicilian possession. 305. — Agathocles defeats Deinocrates and the Syr.icusan exiles at (iorgonion. Deiuocrates now comes over to the side of
Agathocles, who becomes ruler of all non-Carthaginian Sicily. 304. — The Liparaeae Islands are subdudl by Agathocles.
BELLUM CONTRA PYRRHUM
280-272 a.C.
11. «'
280. —In the winter Pyrrhus sends 30,000 men under Milo to defend Tarentuin against Rome. Pyrrhus himself follows with
his entire army, and makes Tarentum his headquarters for war against Rome.
Rhegium takes the side of Rome and asks for Roman lielp. Romans occupy Rhegium and Locri witli troops.
PjTrlius marches out from Tarentum against the Roman Consul, P. Valerius Lacvinus, who was approaching through
Lucania. He defeats Laevinus in the plain between Heraclea and Pandosia on the river Siris ; the Romans evacuate
Magna Graecia.
Pyrrlius marches tlirough Campania, finds Neapolis and Capua too strongly defended to capture ; he then advances
into Latium, captures Fregellae on the Liris ; approaches as near to Rome as Praeneste or Anagnia : then returns to
Tarentum.
279. — Pjrrhus captures several towns and forts from the Romans in Apulia.
At Ausculum he meets the two consuls, Puhlius Sulpicius and Puhlius Decius, and, after a liattle lasting two days, defeats the Romans and drives them to their camp.
278. — PiTrhiis, leaving his son Alexander in occupation of Tarentum, sets out with 60 warships to Locri ; half his forces march from Tarentum to Locri by land.
Pyrrhus crosses from Locri to Tauromenium in Sicily, thence he goes to Catana, where he lands his army. His fleet advances to Syracuse, jirepared for battle. The Carthaginian forces and fleet retire from Syracuse, where Pyrrhns establishes himself. All Agathocles' old dominions tome over to his side and he increases his fleet to 2(XI warships. Pyrrhus starts a new campaign against the Carthaginian dominions in Sicily.
277.— PiTrhus, starting from Acragas, wins Heraclea Minca, Seliniis, Halic3'ae, Segesta, and other places come over to him. He captures Eryx after a long siege, and letae surrenders ; he then captures Panormus and Hercte. All Carthaginian places fall into his hands except Lilybaeum.
276. — Pyrrhus fails to capture Lilvhaeum after a two months' siege. He loses favour with the Greeks of Sicily and with the Syracusans, and leaves Sicily.
275. — Pyrrhus's .Sicilian power collapses wlien he leaves .Sicily. He is defeated by the Carthaginians in a naval battle in the Straits of >Ies.sana. He recovers Locri, and from Locri vainly endeavours to capture Rhegium. Pyrrhus then marches to Tarentum and commences another campaign against Rome.
The Romans have two armies, one in Samnium under M. Curius Dentatus, the other under Lucius Cornelius in Lucania.
Dentatus takes up a strong position in the Arusinian plain near Maleventum. Pyrrhus holds Dentatus in check with part of his forces, while with the rest he attempts to collect allies in Apulia and Samnium. Battle of Maleventum. Pyrrhus is repulsed ; returns to Tarentum, and thence home to Epirus.
272. — Romans under L. Papirius take Tarentum.
To face Map 3.5.
^airih Atlaa antjipnis
Londan^Macmilian t Co.Ltd .
Va^neri nebea'Geo^BstaVI-enpalc,
BELLUM PUNICUM PRLMUM
264-242 a.C.
Fir-^t Period.
B.C.
264. — .Scarcely bad Pyrrhus left Italy when war between Rome and Carthage seemed inevitable. The naval ascendency of Carthage and her extended foothold in Sicily was a menace to the shores of Italy and to the commerce of Rome. An excuse for hostilities was furnished by the Mamertines of Mcssana, who were attacked by Hiero of iSyracuse. One party in Messana was for calling in Carthaginian aid to keep out the Syracusans ; the other party was for invoking the aid of tlie Romans. While the application to Rome was still pending, Hanno, with the Carthaginians, arrives at Messana, and having effected a compi'omise between Hiero and the Mamertines, occupies the acropolis. In the meantime the Romans decide to assi.st the Mamertines, ami one of the consuls, Appius Claudius Caudex, is appointed to lea<l the expedition. Appius despatclies a small sijuadron in advance under the military tribune, Gains Claudius, to Rhegium.
Hanno and his Carthaginian garrison are in occupation of Messana, and their fleet protects its harbour. Gaius, failing by negotiation to obtain the expulsion of the Carthaginians, attempts to force his way into the harbour, but is caught in a storm and his ships driven a.shore. He retires to Rhegium to repair the damage.
Subsequently, fiaius brings his fleet into the liarbour and enters the town of Messana. He is received with enthusiasm l>v the .Mamertines ; Hanno is .seized, and after a short confinement allowed to leave with his men. The Carthaginians, having put Hanno to death for losing Messana, form an alliance with Hiero to attack the town. Their fleet is ordered to anchor at Pelorum, while a land force co-operates with Hiero, who had taken up a position on the hills on the south.
.Suuli was the position when the consul .Appius arrives in the sunnner at Rhegium. He boldly crosses at night to avoid the Punic fleet, and throws liim.self into Messana. His attempt to induce Hiero and tlie Carthaginians to retire and to leave Messana under the care of the Romans is rejected. Appius thereupon resolves to fight. The next morning Appius leads his troops against Hiero, whom he defeats. Hiero abandons his camp and retires to Syracuse.
Appius then attacks the Carthaginians, whom he drives from their positions.
The siege of ilessana being thus raised, Appius scours the country towards Syracuse and begins to besiege that towii. Owing, however, to the unhealthiness of tlie district and tlic sliortncss of provisions, and finding, too, that Hiero was inclined to make terms, Appius leads off his army and returns to Rome, which he enters in triumph.
263. — In this year botli consuls are sent to Sicily, each with two legions ; 6.3 towns submit to them, Hiero himself entering into alliance with the Romans and throwing over the Carthaginians.
The Carthaginians make great efforts during the year to increase their forces in .Sicily, making Agrigentum their headquarters.
262. — Both consuls are again sent to Sicily ; their energies are directed against Agrigentum, and both Roman armies encamp within a mile of its walls.
Hannibal, the son of Gisgo, commanding in the town, inflicts several defeats on Roman foraging parties, and even makes an assault on their camp, which was only repulsed at great loss.
The Romans now fortify two camps, one on the soutli side between the city and the sea, the other on the west in the direction of Heradea, thus cutting the town off all succour by land and sea. Their own supplies the Romans obtain through Herbessus.
Hannibal, however, was able to keep up connnunication with Carthage, from whence a fresh army was sent to join Hanno at Heraclea tor the relief of Agrigentum, the siege of which had now lasted five months.
Thu< reinforced, Hanno seizes Herbessus, tlie source of the Roman supplies, and reduces them almost to the position of a besieged garrison. Hiero contrives to throw supplies into the Roman camp. Though the Romans continued to be harassed by Hanno for two months, the Agrigentines were in even worse plight.
Hanno now determines to risk a general engagement, and after a severe struggle tlie Carthaginians are routed. Tlie besieged Hannibal, taking advantage of the fatigue and negligent watch of the Romans after their struggle with Hanno, escapes with his garrison out of Agrigentum by night.
'J'he Romans discovering this at daybreak make no attempt at pursuit, but proceed to occupy and plunder the town. The fall of Agrigentum settles the superiority on land in favour of Rome.
Second Period.
261. — Hamilcar (not Barcas) is sent from Carthage to supersede Hanno. He sails along the coasts of Sicily and even makes
descents upon Italy. In spite of the defeat at Agrigentum, Carthaginians now besiege the Roman garrison
at .Segesta.
The Romans determine to build a fleet. 260. — In the spring the ships are launched and put under the command of (Jnaeus Cornelius Scipio, while the other consul,
Gaius Duilius, go«s to Sicily to relieve the besieged garrison of Segesta.
To face Map 3tJ.
Scipio starts for Messana with 17 ships a few days in atlvaiic-e of liis main fleet. At Messana an offer is made to put
the island of Lipara into his hands, and he s.iils thither with his 17 ships.
Hannibal, at Panonnns, getting to know of Scipio's movements, sends Boodes with 20 ships by night, and in tlif
morning Heipio finds himself blockaded in the harbovir of Lipara. The crews of the Roman ships are panic-stricken,
rnn their ships ashore and take to flight. Scipio is thus obliged to surrcmler him.self and his ships.
Hannibal then sets out himself with M ships to watch for the main Roman Heet. He falls in with them
unex])ectedly round a promontory on the Italian coast, is defeated with the loss of most of his ships, and barely
escajjcs witii his life.
The Roman licet arrives at Messana and, learning of Scipio's misfortiine, at once sends for the other consul, Duilius,
from Segesta ; making in the meantime preparations for fighting the Punic fleet.
Duilius determines at once to attack the Carthaginian fleet, which was now plundering the coast near Mylae.
Hannibil was read3' to meet tiiem, and with his i;?(( sliips comes down on the Romans. The latter, with the help of
their new tactics with the Corri, throw the Carthaginians into disorder, and inflict a crushing defeat. The remnants
of the fleet fly back to Panornnis, from whence Hannilial takes them back to Carthage.
The immediate effect of the victory was to enable Uuilius to relieve Segesta ; and on his way back to the fleet he
carries Macella by assault.
Haniilcar, from Panormus, surprises and kills some J,OUO Sicilian allies of the Roman army near Himera. 259. — Lucius Scipio, consul, is sent to Corsica, where he takes the chief town, Aleria, expels the Caithaginians and forces
tlie Corsicans to give hostages.
He then goes to Sardinia, and blockades the mouth of a harbour in which Hannibal, w ho had been sent there from
Carthage after his defeat at M\'lae, was lying at anchor. He inflicts such great loss on the Carthaginians that they
nuitiny and crucify Hannibal.
(iaius Aquillius Florns, the other consul, was in Sicily, besieging Mytistratus.
Haniilcar was strengthening Drepanum, to w Inch he transfers tlie inhabitants of Eryx. 258. — Mytistratus is taken by the consul, A. Atilius Calatimis, the Carthaginian garrison escaping by night. Hippana (site
uncertain), Camarina ami Enna also fall to the Romans ; but an attack on the i.sland of Lipara is repulsed.
Thn otlier consul, (iaius Sulpicius Patercuhis, after engaging in some successful operations in Sardinia, sails to the
African coast, destroys part of a fleet sent to oppose him, and makes several descents on the coast. He is finally
forced by Hanno to retire. 257. — This year the consul (Jaius Atilius Regulus starts with his fleet and has an engagement with the enemy off Tyndaris,
opposite Lipara, which was of an indecisive character. 256. — Unusual efforts are now made by both sides ; the Romans, to transfer the war to Africa, the Carthaginians, to
destroy the Roman fleet before it reaches their shores.
The Roman consuls, M. Atilius Regulus and L. M.'V'ulso, set sail from Messana with 330 ships ; while the
Carthaginians, with 350 sail, were at the jiort of Lil^'baeum.
The Romans sail along the eastern and southern coast to Ecnonnis ; the Carthaginians, under Haniilcar and Hanno,
move slowly forward to Heraclea .Minoa, in order to bar the way of the Romans.
The battle which follows, called that of Ecnomus, though it was fought nearer to Heraclea, is a decisive victory
for the Romans.
In a few days the Roman fleet sails straight for the Hermaeum promonlory in .\frica. Coasting along to the south- east, the Romans lay siege to Clupea, « hich soon siurenders, and is occupied by a Roman garri.son. From here
the consuls ravage the country towards (Jarthage.
The Carthaginians, waking to the fact that tlie invasion was not a mere raid, but that Regulus with his legions was
to remain behind while the other consul returned to Rome w-ith his legions and booty, now make efforts to save
themselves.
Hasdrubal and Bostarus are apiiointed their generals, while Haniilcar, with a force, is brought over from Heraclea.
But their combined efforts do not prevent Regulus from advancing, and they suffer a severe defeat.
Regulus marches on Tunes, wliicli he occupies, and makes it his headquarters for plundering up to the walls
of Carthage.
The Numidians at the same time harass the Carthaginians, who flock into the city, which is now threatened with
famine and pestilence. 255. — Negotiations are attempted, but the terms proposed by Regulus are so .severe that the Carthaginians reject them.
In despair the Carthaginians .ippoint .Xanthippus, a (iieek mercenary, to take command. A battle is forced on the
Romans in the plain, where Xanthippus, witli his cavalry and elephants, utterly routs the Romans and Regulus is Third taken prisoner. Only '2,000 Romans escape to Clupea, where they ha<l to stand a siege.
I'lrtod. The Romans now jjrepare a fleet to rescue the remains of their legions in .■\frica. The consuls of the year are 255 {con- sent to strengthen tlie places most open to attack on the Italian and Sicilian coasts, and then to sail to Clupea liniieil). and bring off' the survivors of liegulus' force.
On its way the fleet is driven by "stress of weather to the island of Cossyra. Here they leave a garrison and proceed
towarils HernKeum, where they come across the Carthaginian fleet. A severe battle takes jilace ; the Romans from
Clupea put out to sea anil fall on the rear of the Carthaginians, who are routed.
The Romans, then, taking their comrades of Regnlus' force and their 14 ships, sail off to Camarina in Sicily. Hero
they are overtaken liy a severe storm and their Heet practically annihilated.
The Carthaginians, taking heart at this disaster to the Romans, expel the Roman garrison from Cossyra, and land a
force under Hasdrubal at Lilybaeum.
The Romans set to work to build a new fleet. 254.— The new Roman fleet, under the consuls, sails straight to Panormus, in Sicily, whiih, after some trouble in assaulting,
falls to the Romans. Panormus thus becomes an important harbour for the Romans, from whence they hamper the
raids of Hasdrubal from Lilybaeum. 253. — In this year the Roman consuls make some descents on the African coast, but return without gaining any great success.
On their return tlie_\' are caught in a violent storm, when more than half their ships are lost. 252 —The Romans now cimcentrate their efforts on land in Sicily, whither the two consuls with their armies are sent. Himera and Thermae are both captured, and the island of Lipara is taken with the help of Hicro's ships.
F
251.— Hastlruljal. fidiii Lilyliaeuni, ravages the tountrv almost to the walls of Paiionmis. C'aecilius Metellus, in coniiiiaml here, awaiting his opportunity, strikes a blow which ends in a brilliant victory for the Romans, who now become masters of Sicily except for the strip of land between Drepanum and Lilybaeum.
The Carthaginians now propose terms of ))eace, which aie convcyeil from Carthage by M. Rcgulns, who had been taken prisoner five yeai-s pre\iously. The proposals, however, are rejectcil and the war continued.
Fourth Period.
250.— The consuls for the year, with their armies in 'ido ships, at once make for Lilybaeum, which they invest by laud and sea. Himilco, conmiauding at Lilybaeum, skilfully frustrates the Roman attempts, and holds out against the Roman blockade. Hannibal, with reinforcements from Carthage, eludes the blockade ; and again puts out for Urepanum, which he makes the headtpiarters of the Carthaginian navy.
249. Publius Clauilius, one of the consuls, determines to strike a blow at the Carth.iginian fleet at Drepanum, which was now under Adherbal. He sees nut from Lilyl)aeum, hoping to surprise the enemy under cover of darkness ; hie stratagem fails, he is utterly routed and escapes with 30 sliips to Lilybaeum.
The other consul, L. Junius RuUus, with fresh warships and a convoy of provisions for Lilybaeum, is sent out. He goes to Syracuse, and dividing his fleet, sends one portion ahead along the scmth cojist, and follows with the rest. Adherbal despatches Carthalo with 3(1 ships to waylay his fleet, ('arthalo first destroys the remains of the Roman fleet at Lilybaeum, then goes south to Heraclea to await the two detachments of .Junius" fleet. Kach <letachnicnt in turn refuses to give battle, and beach their ships, which are soon destroyed bj- a storm. Carthalo, in the meantime, escapes for safety from the storm.
The Romans now for a time abandon the sea. Junius proceeds to the camp at Lilybaeum, anil thence to Eryx, which he strongly garrisons.
248. — The year was spent by the Carthaginians in holding on to Lilybaeum and Drepaiunn, while the Romans were masters of the lest of Sicily, investing Lilybaeum and holding Eryx in the neighbourhood of Drepanum.
247-244. — Hamilcar Barcas is now sent to take command of the Carthaginian fleet. After making some ilesccnts on the southcni coast, he sails to Panormus, near which he boldly seizes the rock of Hercte, where he entrenches himself. Both at Hercte and at Eryx a desultory war is carried on between the Romans and Carthaginians, without any ilistinct advantage to either.
In 244 Hamilcar suddenly abandons Hercte and seizes the town of Eryx, which he holds under great disadvantage for two years, paralysing the Roman operations against Drepanum.
243. — The Romans now decide to build another fleet to finish the war.
242. — Oaius Lutatins Catulus, with the new fleet, arrives early in the jear and occujiies the harbours of Lilybaeum and
Drepanum without opposition, as the yearly contingent of ships from Carthage had not then arrived.
Hanuo, in command of a Carthaginian fleet, arrives, touches at 'the island of Hiera, of the Aegates, with the
intention of making straight for the coast at the foot of Eryx.
Lutatius brings his fleet to the island of Aegusa, so as to throw himself in Hanuo's way. An engagement is brought
on, ending in the total defeat of the Carthaginians, a remnairt of their fleet escaping to Carthage.
Hamilcar, seeing opposition useless, makes terms with Rome, whereby .Sicily becomes practically a Roman province.
BeicTi. Atlas anUqu'
London. MacmiUan * Co.Lld.
BELLUM PUNICUM SECUNDUM (I)
Hannibal in Italia, 218-216 a.C.
Res gestae in liispania, 220-206 a.C.
Hasdrubal et Mago in Italia, 207-203 a.C.
Res gestae in Africa et circa Insulas, 218-215 a-C.
li. I'.
220. — The cause of the inevitable outbreak between the Ron.ans am) the Carthaginians was not long in coming. The river Iberus had been tixed as dividing their spheres in Spain, but a violation of this understanding occurred by the Romans entering into an alliance with .Saguntuin, which was in the Carthaginian sphere.
Hannibal, who was in command of the Carthaginians, marches into the territory of the Olcades beyond the Iberus, plunders Carlcia and winters in New Carthage.
219. — In the .spring Hannibal makes war on the Vaccaei, and takes Hermandiea and Arbocala. The Olcades and the Hernian- ilieans attack liini on his return near the Tagus.
He next turns to Sagunlum, which he captures after a siege of eight months. During the siege Hannibal under- takes an expedition against the Oretani and the Carpetani.
The fall of ■Saguntum is followed by a demand from Rome for reparation. Tins is refused, and the Second Punic war ensues.
218. — Hannibal, who was wintering at New Carthage, resolves on invading Italy from the north. He marches past the Iberus to the coast, subdues tribes intervening between the Iberus and the Pyrenees, crosses the Pyrenees and camps at Illiberis, then marches through Ruscino.
P. Cornelius Scipio reaches Mas.silia bj' sea on his way to Spain, and finds to his surprise that Hannibal has already crossed the Pyrenees, and was on tlie point of forcing the pissage of the Rhone. Scipio encamps at the nearest mouth of the Rhone.
Hannibal crosses the Rhone with a flanking movement twenty-five miles further up stream ; marches up the Rhone to the junction of the Iser, with the Vocontii on the right and the Tricastini on the left ; then, passing through the territory of tlie Tricorii, he crosses the Diiientia. He then ciosses the Alps, takes the capital of the Taurini, and encamps at Victuniulae on the i-ight Inink of the Ticinus.
.Scipio from Massilia returns toCienua, and thence to Pisae. From here he hastens to the Padus river, crosses it and encamps on the Ticinus, Hannibal having the riglit bank, Scipio the left.
In the fight here the I-iomans are defeated, and they retreat to Placentia. Haimibal follows them, and Scipio falls back on the Tiebia. Hannibal in his pursuit takes Clastidium, which siurenders to him.
T. Sempronius (Jracchus, the other consul, who was carrying on war in .Sicily, was now ordered to join .Scipio. He sends his troops by sea through Ariminum, and joins Scipio on the Treiiia. Sempronius risks a battle here, and the Romans are utterly routed. The consuls, with the renniant of their armies, retreat to Placentia and thence to Cremona.
During the winter Hannibal sacks Victunmlae. He has another engagement with Sempronius near Placentia, which is indecisive. Hannibal tlien retires to the Ligurii ami Sempronius to Luca.
Sj/aiii. — Cnaeus Scipio reduces the coast from Emporiae to the Iberus, and defeats Hamio near Scissis. Hasdrubal crosses the Iberus on sundry excursions and winters in Nova Carthago. .Scipio takes Atanadrum and the capital of the Lacetani, and winters at Tarraco.
Siri/i/ ami /he Is/ami''. — Wliile Hannibal was still on his way to the Trebia a strong fleet is despatched from Carthage to devastate south Italy. Most of their ships reach the Liparaean islamls in safety, but a few are driven by a storm near to the Sicilian shoie and are captured by Hiero. Another large Carthaginian fleet is now seen appro;iching LilybaeuMi. Tlie Rom.ms hastily man their fleet, engage the Carthaginians, and gain a considerable victory. Shortly after tlie battle the consul, T. Sempronius, arrives at Lilybaeiun with a fleet. He immediately proceeds to the island of Mclita, which is surrendered to him by the Carthaginian garrison. Returning then to Lilybaeum, he takes measures for the security of the country and sails for the Liparae;in islands. He finds no Carthaginians there ; but, hearing that they liad made a descent on the territory of Vibo, he detaches Se.x. Ponipilius with twenty-five shii)s to protect the Italian coast, while he himself, with the rest of his fleet, hastens to Ariminum to help in checking Hannibal's advance into Italj'.
217. — C. Flainiiiius, the consul, takes command of the Roman troops at Placentia. The consuls then assemble their armies at Ariminum, and Flaminins mai'chcs to Arrctium.
Hannibal, from his winter quarters in Liguria, moves across the marshes of the Arnus towards Faesulae, and wastes the country between Cortona and Lake Trasimenus.
Flaminins follows him and gives battle at Lake Trasimenus, near the mountains of Cortona, when his army is prac- ticalh' amiiliilated. The cavalry of Servilius, the other consul, coming in support, are also surprised and defeated. Hannibal now marches through Umbria, is repulsed at Spoletium ; inarches to Anrona, in the territory of Picenum ; lays waste the country round Pictutia ami Hadiia, and also round Arpi and Luceria in Apulia.
Q Fabius Cunctator now takes command of the Romans, marches through Tibur in Sabine territory to Praeneste, and pushes on to .-Vrpi, where he comes upim the enemy.
Hannibal cros.ses over the Apennines intn Samnium : ravages Beneventum, takes Telesia ; marches through the territory of AUifae, Caiatia and Calcs to the rn//i/(H.s Stellatis, and cimps on the Volturnus. Fabius marches along the heights of .Mt. Ma.«sicus, and occupies Mt. Callicula and Casilinum. Hannibal makes his way to Allifae, above which Fabius takes up a strong position.
Hannibal now devastates the couiiliy as far as the Paeligni ; Fabius marches on the heights between Rome and the enemj- ; Hannibal then turns towarcls Apulia and icuclics (icruniuni, which he takes. Fabius forms a fortified camp in the territory of Larinuni. Both armies winter about Ccrnnium.
Sj/ain. — Hasdiubal arrives at New Carthage with a large force. Thence he proceeils along the coast iiorthwaiils, while his fleet coa.sts beside him. Cn. .Scii>io puts out with his fleet from Tarraco, meets the Carthaginian fleet off the Iberus, and inflicts on them a severe defeat. Scipio then proceeds down the coast, takes Onusa, ravages the country rouml New Caithage, captnrcs Longuntica ; then proceeds to tlie Pityus;ic Islaiuls, where he ravages
To /'tin .Vo/. :?7.
F -2
Ebiisus and returns to Spain. He tlaii \nulerliikes an expedition soutlnvards ns far as Ciistulo. Hasdrubal mean- while had retired into Lusitania.
A rising of the Ilergetii is now promptly quelled hy Scipio's troops, lait the disturbance brings Hnsdrubal back from
Lusitania to help the insiugents.
In the south, however, the C'eUiberians attack and devastate the Carthaginian province. Hasdrubal hastens south
and suffers a severe defeat at the hands of the Celtiberians.
I'ublius Scipio, with a large arnianient, now arrives at Tarraco. The two brothers innncdiately proceed to Saguntuni
and recover the Spanish hostages whom the Carthaginians kejit there.
Africa. — Passing along the coasts of Corsica anil Sardinia, the consul, Cn. Servilius Oeminus, makes for Africa.
After being bribed to leave Cercina in peace, he ravages Meninx and lands on the continent. While the tioops are
devastating the country, they fall into an ambush and are Ijadly defeateil by the Carthaginians. The remnants of the
army hastily reembark and proceed to Lilybaeum. 216. — HanniKil, from his winter quarters, marches towards Apulia. The Romans, wlm had made great preparations for the
campaign, follow under the leadership of the two consids, M. Tcrentius Varro and L. Aemiliua PauUus. The
two armies after a time find themselves opposite each other near Cannae, on the Autidus. Varro determines
to tiglit ; the llomans are nearly surroun<led and completely defeated. The remnants of their force, with Varro,
escape to ('anusiuni and N'cnusia.
Hannibal now removes into .Sanniium ; makes an attempt on Neapolis, withdraws to Capua, then marches to Nola.
Marcellus, with a Roman fcirce, marches from Casilinum to Caiatia, crossing the Volturnns and passing through the
territories of Trebula and Salicula, and passing along the mountains above Suessula, comes to Nola.
Hannibal retires towards Xeapolis, and turns to Nuceria, whi<;h he takes after a siege. He then goes to Nola, where
he is defeated by Marcellus, ami retires to Aeerrae, which is deserted.
Marcellus takes up position above Suessula ; while Hannibal, after an unsuccessful attempt on the garrison of
Casilinum, retires into winter i|uarters at Capua.
Casilinum, which had bc'n l>lockaded all the winter, ultimately surrenders to Hannibal. Marcellus remains in camp
and in wintei' fjuarters at Teanum.
In Ihiitlii, the Carthaginians take Petelia, Consentia, and Croton.
H/miii. — Campaign among the Tartcssians ; the Roman allies storm A.senia.
Reinforcements arrive at New Carthage from Africa ; Himilco now takes command in Spain, and Kasilrubal crosses
the Iberus, with the intention of going to Italy, but is cheeked on the river by the Scipios. 215. — Sardinia. — T. Manlius Tonnialus arrives at Carales to take up the connuand in Sardinia. He moves his camp up against
a Sardinian force, and utterly defeats them. At this moment a Carthaginian Meet under Hasdrubal arrives. These,
eonibining with the .Sardinians, march against the Romans, who advance from Carales to meet them. An obstinate
battle ensues, resulting in a decisive Roman victory.
Meanwhile the Carthaginian fleet, which had been sent from Cornus to Carthage, encounters on its waj' the praetor,
T. Otacilius, who was sailing for .Sardinia after ravaging Carthaginian territory. The engagement ends in the utter
defeat of thi^ Carthaginians.
Spain. — The Scipios defeat Hasdrubal, and raise the siege of Illiturgi. Hasdrubal then proceeds to lay siege
to Indibili. where he is again worsted by Scipio. 214. — S//iiiii. — The Romans cross the Iberus, and raise the sieges of Illiturgi and Bigerra. They fight the Carthaginians
at Munda, « here they gain an ailvantage ; they follow them to Auringis, where the Carthaginians are again defeated.
The Romans retake Saguntuni. 212. — Hasdrubal wa'* at Anitorgis, less than five days' journey from the Romans ; Mago was also about five daj'.s' journey from
them. Publius Scipio marches against Mago, and Cneius .Scipio marches to Anitorgis against Hasdrubal.
In his encounter with Mago, Publius is killc<l ami his troops annihilated. Ha.sdrubal then joins Mago, and together
they annihilate the army of Cneius, whose .Spanish aii.\iliaries desert, and Cneius himself is killed. Ma.ssini.ssa, the
Numidian ally cif llie Carthaginians, lends his aid in this en>ounter.
The remnants of the Romans withdraw beyond the Iberus ; they are followed bj- the Carthaginians, but the Romans
attack their camp with great slaughter. 2U. — P. Cornelius .Scipio junior is now appointed by the senate to the command in Spain. He lands at Emporiae, and marches
to Tarraco. The Carthaginians were in winter quarters at (iades ; in the eentr.al parts, above the forest of Castulo ;
and near Saguntuni.
The Romans assendjle at the mouth of the Iberus. Scipio himself crosses the river and marches with his land force
to New Carthage, his fleet being .sent on to meet him there.
New Carthage is attacked and taken from the sea side, the town being weakly garrisoned. 209. — Scipio advances from Tarraiu towards the south ; Hasdrubal is encam])ed near Baecula. They meet, when Scipio
thoroughly defeats Hasdrubal, who now retreats along the T.igus towards the Pyrenees.
Scipio returns to Tarraco, and sends troops to hold the passes of the Pyrenees. 207. — Hasdrubal marches through (iaul ; he besieges Placentia ; then retires from it.
Claudius Nero, consul, inarches towards Picenum through territory of Larinum, Krentana, Marrucia, and Pretutia to
reinforce Livius at Sena, against Hasdrubal.
Ha.sdrubal, deserted by his giddes, marches upwards along the banks of the Metaurns, to find a ford. He is
overtaken, ilefeated, and killed by the force of Claudius. 206. — Sjxtiii. — The Carthaginians as.?enible a great army in the south. Scipio proceeds from Tarraco to Ca-stulo, thence
to Baecula, where he defeats the Carthaginians under Ha.sdrubal, son of Cisgo.
Hasdrubal takes to flight ; Scipio pursues to the Baetis, but misses him. Hasdrubal, marching down the river, leaves
his army, and escapes by sea to (iades. His troops are dispersed.
Scipio's headquarters are at New Carthage. He crosses the Iberus, and punishes the Ilergetii for defection.
Mago sails from (iades; makes vain attempt on New Carthage ; winters in the Balearic Islands, (iades surrenders
to the Romans. 205. — Mago, from the Balearic Islands, lands at (ienua, which he takes. He then sails along the coast, establishes himself at
Savo, and enlists an arpny, with which he marches inland. 203. — The Romans defeat Mago among the Insubrii. Mago retreats to the coast among the Ingaunian Ligurians ; and
is summoned back to Carthage.
BELLUM PUNICUM SECUNDUM (II)
Res gestae in Italia, 215-213 a.C. Res gestae in Sicilia, 214 = 211 a.C.
B.C.
215. — One Roman aiiiiy bting still above Suessiila, T. Semproiiius (iracchiis assembles his men at SiiuiesMi aud, cros^ijig the
Volturnus, encamps near Liteiniim. He takes the tamp of the Canipaniaus, who were acting against (umao,
al Hamae ; and retires to Cumac.
Hannibal was encamped on Mount Tifata, aliove Capua. He descends on Hamae, but retires again to Tifata. Then
he besieges Cvunae vainly.
iSenipronius Longus comes across Hanno in Lucania, and defeats him at (irumentuni. Hanno retreats among
the iiruttii, while the Romans march back to Luceria.
FaViius, who was at C'ales, crosses the Volturnus and joins (iracchus. They take Saticula, Compulteria, and Trebula :
march between Hannibal and Capua, and encamp above Suessula.
Harniibal leaves a garrison at Tifata. and marches to Nola. where Hanno joins him from the Bruttii. Here a battle
takes pl.acc between tliem and MarccUus, and the Carthaginians are worsted.
Hanno returns to winter quarters among the Ihuttii ; Hannibal goes into winter quarters near Arpi in .Apulia;
Fabius pio\*isi(>ns the camp abo\"e Suessula ; (Jracchus winters at Luceria.
In Hruttium, Hanno makes a vain attempt on Rhcgium, and receives the surrender of Locri.
214. — Hannibal returns to Tifata ; then makes a vain atlemirt against I'uteoli.
Meanwhile Marccllus returns to Xola, and Fabius attempts Casilinum.
Hanno moves on llcncvcntum from the Bruttii, and .Sempronius Gracchus from Luceria. In the encoinitcr outside
Ucneventum, (Iracchus defeats Hanno.
Hannibal moves on Nola. Marcellus sends for reinforcements from Suessula and defeats Hannibal, who now retirts
towards Tarentum.
Marcellus then goes from Nola to support Fabius, and they take Casilinum. Marcellus returns to Nola, while Fabius
lays waste Sanniium, taking Compidteria, Telesia, Comi)sa, Aecae and other places.
Hannibal reaches Taientum, devastating the country as he goes. Not reeei\-ing the expected surrender of tlie city.
he retires, and prepares for winter quarters at Salapia.
.5i'ci7i/. — Marccllus undei takes a campaign ; he takes Leontini, blockades Syracuse, receives Helorus and Herbessns in
surrender, and storms Megara.
Himilco arrives with reinforcements from Carthage ; he retakes Heraclea and Agrigentum.
Marcellus encounters the ,Syracusans near Acrillae, an<l defeats them ; then returns to Syracuse.
The Carthaginians encamp on the Anapus, about 8 miles distant, they then retire and take Murgantia.
213. —Fabius marches from .Suessula and takes Arpi.
Hannibal spends the summer in Tarentine territory. A praetor engages Hanno in Brultian territory.
212. — Hannibal tinally secures Tarentum by treachery, the Romans retaining the citadel. He camjjs on the Galaesus. iSirili/. — Marcellus takes Syracuse. Carthaginians move out of Agrigentum and canijj at Himera. Marccllus i omes U2) and defeats theni.
211. — Romans receive Agrigentum )>y treachery ; and thus become masters of Sicily.
To face Map 38.
Reich, Atlas antiquum
BELLUM PUNICUM SECUN DUM (H)
RES GESTAE IN ITALIA 215-213 a. C. RES GESTAE IN SICILIA 2I4-2Ila.C.
Modulus 1 : 3.000.000
to to
Fab. - Q. Hahius (itnttntor
Fu. - Q. FtilrttLs Fli2ca/s
M. - M.Clauditix MarceOus
Jt- - Roniani
Sattp.-7\ .Seuipronius Graet^us
SemfxLortff-'Sempranius Jiongus
C. - CarOiaginifrtsas
B. - Eannibal
Sim.- Sifniico
Bo. - Banno
Sy. - Sfyramsani
London, Macmillan (fi Co. Ltd.
Warner lI>cbea'C«o§^ Estate Leip sir C
Rfich. Atlas antiquus
i: XSXK
BE LLUM PUNICUM SECUNDUM (ni)
HANNIBAL IN ITALIA 212-202 a.C.
ModxUus i: 2,000.000
(7, - ClaudkiS Mm l>-, 'T.QuintiujCHepimijs Pall.- (^uiittu^a fbbojs fit.-^. Kilruu Flaeou
M. - il f1n„/h,,m Virrr^Ii.ir B- -."
Si- -P.Sapi
rslfua t D«bcs CkXi^ Kat<t>t Ln^iAi;
BELLUM PUNICUM SECUNDUM (III)
Hannibal in Italia, 212 = 202 a.C. Res in Africa gestae, 208 = 202 a.C.
B.C.
212. — Hannibal tietaehe.s Hanno to take supplies to Capua ; Hanno camps at Beneventuni.
Tlie Roman consuls were encamped at Bovianum ; from here Fulvins marches to Beneventum and lakes Hanno's
camp. Hanno withdraws to Brultiuni ; the Romans march from Beneventum to Capua.
Hannibal come.s up to Capua, near which place he tiahts a drawn battle with the Roman.-;.
Fulvius now retires towards Ciunae ; and Claudius Nero to Lucania, followed by Hannibal.
Metapontum and Thurii .surrender to the Carthaginians.
Hannibal destroys about l.j.OOO men under a centurion in Lucania.
While the Romans return to besiege Capua, Hannibal marches into Apulia. Here he defeats the praetor Fulvius near
Herdoniae ; then marches to Tarenluni, but fails to take the citadel : he then proceeds against Bmndisium.
211. — Tlie blockade of Capua proceeds.
Hannibal leaves the Bruttii ; encamps in a vallej- behind Mount Tifata ; takes the fort at Calatia ; makes a
vain attempt to relieve Capua. He then ciosses the Volturnus, marching against Rome by the Latin Way, through
Cales, Sidicinian territory, AUifae, Casinum, Interamna, Aquinum, into the territory of Fregellae, and to the
river Liris.
Fulvius pursues along the Appian Way, through Setia, Cora and Lanuvium.
Hannibal continues his course through Frusino, Feientinum, Anagnia, past Mount Algidus, to Tusculum, Oabii, to
within 8 miles of Rome.
Fulvius enters by the Capuan gate, and camps outside between the Esquiline and CoUine gates.
Hannibal advances across the Anio river to the Tucia river, within (i miles from Rome. He marches back again to
Lucania, ami thence to Rhegium. Fulvius Flaccus then returns to Capua, which surrenders to the Romans. Atella
and Calatia also surrender to Rome ( and also Salapia, Hannibal losing his cavalry garrison.
210. — Marcellus takes Maronea and Meles (?) from the Samnites.
Cneius Fulvius was encamped near Herdoniae ; Hannibal, who had withdrawn into Bruttiuni, marches up and takes the Roman camp.
Marcellus leaves Samnium, and camps at Numistro, where he engages Hannibal. Hannibal withdraws into Apulia, being pursued by Marcellus to V'enusia. Hannibal coustantlj" moves off by night, Marcellus following by day.
209. — Marcellus leaves winter quarters early, and meets Hannibal at Canusium. Hannibal withdraws, followed by Marcellus. They, however, soon engage (place not benig named), and Hannibal, who is worsted, makes for Bruttium. Marcellus is prevented from following b\' the number of his wounded.
Quintus Fabius takes Manduria, a town in Sallentine territory ; marches to Tarentum, which he takes bj- stratagem. Hannibal raises the siege of Caulonia in Bruttiuu), and marches to as.sist Tarentum. Hearing it had already fallen, he retires to Metapontum
208. — Marcellus is in camp at Venusia.
Crispinus besieges Locri ; Hannibal raises the siege by marching to Laciuium. Crispiuus thereupon joins Marcellus
between Venusia and Bantia.
Hannil)al returns into that neighbourhood, and takes Marcellus and a small party in an ambush ; Crispinus withdraws
to the nearest mountains.
Ha:mil)al makes a vain attempt by stratagem on Salapia ; again raises the siege of Locri, now being besieged hy troops
from Sicily.
Part of the Roman army goes into camp at Venusia ; Crispinus leads his army to Capua.
In Africa. — Romans make a successful descent from Sicily on Clupea.
207. — Hannibal marches out along the extreme limits of Lariinim into the territorj- of the Sallentines, harassed by the Romans on the march.
Romans march out of winter quarters from various Sallentine towns. Hannibal then retires from the temtory of the Tarentines into Bruttium.
Claudius Xero musters his army at Venusia. Hannibal marches to Grumentum in Lucania. Claudius advances to meet him, and defciits him there. Hannibal then withdraws towards Apulia. Claudius follows, and successfully engages him at Venusia. Hannibal now withdraws to Metapontum, and, reinforced, returns to Venusia. Claudius, in the meantime, marches to reinforce Livius at Sena against Hasdrubal (see Map XXXVII). Hannibal, on receiving the news of Hasdrubal's defeat, withdraws into Bruttium.
In Afriai. — Romans lay waste the plains about Utica and Carthage ; and on their return to Sicily defeat a Carthaginian fleet.
206. — The Romans pillage in Consentia; their armies camx> in Lucania. No engagement with Hannibal.
To face Map 39.
205. Hannibal speiuls the summer in liiuttiinn, near the tcmiile iif .luni) Laeinia.
The Romans from Khef;Mim j;et possession of a citaiU-l in Loeri In treachery ; Hannibal marches up to its assistance ;
Scipio conies from Mcssnna witli a fleet anil secines possession of the place, returning to Messana.
In -l/riVd. — Cains Laelius lands at Hippo Regius and, after ravaging the country, returns to Sicily. 204. Tn Hruttium. Roiiiaus tij;lit an irregular battle with Hannibal, while on the march, in Crotonian territory, gaining
an advantage : llainiibal retires to C'roton,
In .4//<.T/.— Scipio assenililes his forces at Lilybaeum, lands his army near Pulcrum promontory, and gradually
advances to within ^ miles from Utica.
Hanno, the Carthaginian general, occupies Salera, about 1.) miles distant ; Scipio cuts his forces to pieces near that
town, makes Salcra his licad(|uarters, and besieges Utica.
Hasdrubal, with a force, maiches up from Carthage and relieves IJtiea. Scii]io encainiis on a promontory for
the winter. 203. During the winter Sci))io continues the siege of Utica; lie liunis the Carthaginian camp, only 2,000 e.scaping. Leaving
a small force to blockade Utica, Scipio defeats the (Jarthaginians in the " Great Plains" ; occupies Tunes.
Carthaginians dcspatdi a fleet against the Roman sliips at Utica. They are observed from Tunes ; they put in to
Ruscino. Scipio returns to Utica and repels them.
Sypliax, from Nuniidia, advances against tlie Ronians with a new arnjy, and is defeated.
The Romans and Massinissa invade Numidia, taking Cirta and other places.
Scipio returns to Tunes from Utica ; and concludes a truce on the entreaty of the Carthaginians.
In //«/i/.— Hannibal tiglits a battle in Crotonian territory. He is recalled to Carthage, and lands at Leptis.
The Carthaginians break the truce. 202. Hannibal reaches H.idrumetuni, and marches to Zama. Scipio marches to Xaragara, and then to Zama. Complete
defeat of Hainiibal at Zama, and eml of the Second Punic War.
it;L«-.
Reich , AUa^ ajiliguus
London, Mocmiiu,, ^ ^^ ,^^j
,|»wr*IVb*»'0»^I'iUli'I,Blpm(
•
BELLUM MACEDONICUM SECUNDUM
202-197 a.C.
202. — Pliilip, King of Mareiluii, attempts to streiigtlieu liiiiiself in view of probable war willi Home. He toni)iicrs Clmlcedon, Lysiiiiachia, anil other towns in the Hellespont. The Rhodians ami Attains, of I'ergamuni. oppose bini.
201. — Pliilip comiiiers Thasus, attacks Pergainum, takes Samus, and defeats the allies at Chins. He defeats the allies a second time at the island of Lade, ami cuncjuers part of Caria.
200. — Philip subdnes Maronea, Serrheus, Doriscus, Aenus, and Cypsehis in the sonth of Thrace ; he marches to the Chersonese and receives in snrrender Alopeconnesiis, Callipolis. -Madytus, and Elaens ; and takes Abydus. The Romans now declare war on Philip ; a Roman army crosses to ApoUonia, and the Heet to C'orc\'ra. The Romans tnke Chalcis bj' snrpri.se, by sea, then return to the Piraens.
Philip marches from Demctrias to Chalcis, crosses the Eiiripus by briilge, marches through Boeotia to Alliens, which he approaches on the side of Dipylus. The Roman garrison comes up from Piraeus.
I'hilip tliercupon marches to Megara and then to Coriiitli ; meanwhile some of his troops attack Eleusis, where Philip rejoins them.
On the advance of the Roman fleet Philip retires and divides his army to attack both Athens and Piraeus. Being repulsed, he ra\'ages --Yttioa and withdraws into Hoeotia.
P. JSnlpicius (jalba, Roman consul, wlio was encamped on tlie river Apsus, near ApoUonia, i-avages the frontiers of Macedonia, lakes Corragus, (ierrunius, Orgessus. ami Antipatria : receives surrender of C'odrion, and repels an attack by Macedonians on his rear as he returns to camp.
199. Pliilip assembles his fleet at Deinetrias, expecting the Roman fleet to move from Acgina.
15y land he occupies the pass at Pelagonia. The Roman consul marches through the country of the Dassaretae,
receiving the surrender of towns, and encamps at Lycus, near the river Bevus. Philip withdraws from Pelagonia,
thereby opening a passage into Macedonia for the Roman allies, the Aetolians and Dardanians, and encamps about
l.UdU paces f 10111 the Roman camp, on a forliKed hill. They engage here with advantage to the Romans.
Philip now witliilraws to Ortholophus, a distance of 8 miles, where he is defeated by the Romans : he then retires
secretly' towards the muuiitains.
8ulpiciiis, not knowing where Philip had gone, marches towards Stubera. Philip camps at Bryaniuiii, and marches up
suddenlj' against Sulpicius.
Sulpicius withdraws and encamps near the river O-sj^hagiis, Philip being a little distance away on the Erigonus.
Hearnig that Sulpicius intends marching to Kordaea, Philip precedes him to occup}' the defiles : but hiis to detach
his forces towards Macedonia against the Aetolians and ])arilanian.s.
.Meanwhile the Roinans force their way through, r.ivage Eoidaea, pass into Elimea, and then into Orestis ; they take
(,'eletruin, advoncc into Dassaretian territory and take Pcliuin, tlicn return towards ApoUonia.
.Simultaneously with the land operations the Roman fleet sails from Corcyra, pa.sses Malea I'r. , is joined by Attains
olf Scyllaeum Pr., near Herniione ; then sails to the-Piracus, thence to Andrus, where they take (iaureleos : the fleet
then vainly attacks Cythnus anil goes to Prasiae in Attica, where it is joined by Issaean ships. The fleet then passes
Scyrus, puts in to Icus, crosses to Sciatluis, and proceeds thence to Cassandrea, where he is repulsed. It then
passes over to Canastrum Pr., and going round Torone, storms Acanthus. From here the fleet returns to Sciathus,
and thence proceeds to Eulioea, where Oreus is besieged and taken. The fleet returns to winter at Piraeus.
Philip besieges Tliaunuici, but the siege is raised by the Aetolians,
I'hilip retires into winter c|iiarters ; he sends troops through Epirus to Chaonia to seize the pass at Antigonea,
between Mts. Asnaus and Aeropus, and to form a fortitied jiost to defend the approaches to Hellas.
198. r. l,Hiiiictius Flamininus crosses from Corcjra to Epirus and reaches the Roman camp. Philip was at Antigonea, where he had fortifled 1 imself on the river Aous. The Roman consul outflanks Philip, wlioin he utterly routs. Philip marches through the dcHles, pursueil by the Romans, to the "camp of Pyrrhus '' in Triphylia, a district of Melotis ; then to Mt. Lyncus, towards Thes.saly. Passing through Tricca, he ravages the towns of Phaciuin, Iresiae, Euhydrium, Palaepliarsalus, and Erelria ; and then crosses the mountains into Macedonia. The Aetolians, meanwhile, after the battle at the .-Vous, lay waste the tracts louiid Spcrchia, and passing into Thcssaly, take Cymine and Angeae, make an attempt on Callithera and Metropolis, take Theoma and another town, receive the surrender of Acharrae, plunder Xyniae, and capture Cvpliara, a fort on the borders of the Dolopcs.
The .Alhamanians, also Roman allies, had at the same time taken (lomplii in The.s.saly and other Thc.s.salian forts. The Roman consul, marching througli the country the enemy's flight had left open, camps on Mt. Cercelius in Epirus on the borders of Thes.saly. He attacks and takes Phaloria, aii'l passing Aeginium and Gomphi, enters the plains of Thcssaly. He marches thence to Atrax, 10 miles from Larissa, on the Pencus. Philip was encamped in the vale of Tempe.
Meanwhile the Roman fleet moves from Corcyra round Malea Pr. to the Piraeus, then joins the fleets of .Vttalusand the Rhodians at Krctria. They take Eretria and also Caryslus.
To face Mop 40.
Till.' icuishI Kliiiiiiiiiiius is iinsuect.ssfiil in tlie aifgc of AUux, wliiLh he itliiKiuiahes. He tliun pruceeils lo I'hoois,
wlicre lie takes Hyainpolis, Daiilis, Ainbrysus, Anticyra, etc., and besieges Elate-'.
The Aeh.ie:iii League joins the Koiuans.
The Roman fleet lying at Cenehreae iimlef Lucius Quinctius, liiothei- of Titus, takes the place; then, with the
help of tlie Achaeans, he attacks Corinth in vain. The fleet of Attains then retires to the Piraeus, the Romans
to t'orcyra.
Titus <,luinctius meanwhile takes Klatea, and retires into winter (juarters in I'hoeis and Locris.
197. — There are negotiations for peace.
Philip makes an alliance with Nabis, who, however, deserts liim for the Romans ; and T. <,>iunctius meets Xabis near
Corinth in tlie winter.
In the spring 'I", (^'uinclius and Attalus march from Khitca and encamp within ."> miles of liocotian Thebes, receive
the submission of the Hocotians, and return to IClatea.
Philip assenililes his army in a camp at Diuni. Al)Out tliis time T. Quinctius leaves Klatea, and comes by
Thronium and tScarphea to Thermopylae and Heraclca, then marches to Xyniae, encamping on the boundary between
the Acnianes ami Thessalians. Here he receives his .\etolian contingent and proceeds on his marcli through
Phthiotis, where he is also joined b\- other allies. Making a vain attempt on Phthiotian Tliebes, he marches to about
0 miles from Phcrae.
Philip, who was then near Larissa, advances towards the Romans, and encamps about 4 miles from Phcrae.
The country being unsuitable for lighting, both armies move towards Scotussa, the Romans encamping at Kretria in
Phthiotis, Pliilip on the river Onchestus ; the ne.\t move of the Romans was to Thetidinm in Pharsalia, and of Philip
to Melamliius, near Scotussa ; neither knowing wliere the other was.
Philip marches on over tlie liills of Cynoscephalae, where lie encamps. Here he is disastrously defeated by the Romans
under Titus Flannninus.
Philip retires iiito Macedonia, Titus Quinctius proceeds to Larissa; Pliilip is reiluced to sue for peace.
Disconnected successes were obtained by the Romans in this campaign on the river Neniea. between Sieyon and
Corinth ; and also in Peraca.
BELLUM MACEDONICUM TERTIUM
171-168 a.C.
Philip, discoiitentetl at his treatment by the Romans, was deteiinined to prepare for aiiothor struggle, which was destined to be taken in hand liy his son and sticcessoi-, Persens. Eunienes of Pergainum lironght matters to a head by preferring B.C. at Rome a series of charges against Persens, and the Romans declared war .igainst him late in 17"2.
171. — The Roman fleet assend)les at Cephalleuia ; P. Licinius Crassus sails with the army from Brundisiuni, and encamps at Nymphaeum in the territoiy of Apollonia.
Perseus concentrates his troops at C'ytium, marches towards Eordea and encamps at lake Begoiitis ; then advances into Elimea to the river Haliacmon, cro.sses the mountains through the Canibnnii defiles, receives surrender of Tripolis, consisting of the towns Azorus, Pythiuni and Doliche ; takes C'yretiae and Mylae, and encamps at Phalanna ; he then passes by (Jyrton, occupied by Romans and Thessalians, without attack ; receives submission of Klatea and tionniis, and fortiKes (ionnus, and proceeds to Sycuriura to await the Romans.
Crassus marches tlirough Epirus into Atharnania, and, passing through (iomphi, goes to Larissa ; pushes further north towards Tripolis, then encamps on the Peneus. Here he is joined by Attains from Chalcis. The Roman fleet advances from Ceph.illenia to Chalcis ; Romans invest Haliartus.
Perseus detaches troops from Sycurium against the Pheraeans to divert the Romans from his camp. He then advances against the Romans, ending in a small engagement. For the second time he advances, forming his troops round a hill called Callinicus, and gains advantage in the battle. Crassus then falls back to the other side of the Peneus.
Perseus removes and encamps at Mopsium, a hill midway between Tempe and Larissa After vain overtures of peace he returns to Sycurium.
Romans from the fleet take Haliartus and Tliebcs.
The Romans under Crassus had marched tcj Phalaiuia, while Perseus was at Mopsium. They bring up reinforcements, and gain an advantage over Perseus. Perseus leaves a garrison at (ioniuis, and returns to Macedon and Thessalonica to winter quarters.
170. — Ci-assus endeavours vainly to take Gonnus ; he takes JIalloea, reduces Tripolis and the rest of Perrhaebia, and returns to Larissa.
Crassxis then quarters part of his army in Thessaly, and with the rest marches into Achaean Phthiotis, rases Pteleum, receives the surrender of Antron and Larissa. and goes into winter quarters in Boeolia. Perseus makes a sudden descent on the Roman fleet at Oreum.
Aulus Hostilius, the new consul, receives the army in Thessaly. In his attempt to march through Elimea lie is beaten !>}• Perseus.
The Roman fleet plunders the city of Abdcra.
A Roman detachment occupies Lychnidus in Dassaretiari territory. They are decoye<l into an andnish at Useana, a town considered to be part of Perseus' dominions.
169. — Perseus, in midwinter, marches to f^tubera, receives surrender of the Roman garrison at Useana and of various forts in Illyria, returns to Jlacedonia by way of Stubera.
On his withdrawal the Romans in Illyria vainly endeavour to recover I'scana and return to Lychnidus. In Epirus the Romans attack the fortress of Phanote in vain.
Perseus marches to Elimea, crosses Mt. Citium. and, marching along the river Araethus, builds a bridge and crosses the river, encamps on the bordeis of Aetolia, and appears before Stratus. He camps near the river Achelous; in the meantime a Roman garrison had been received into the town.
Perseus then moves his camp to the other side of the river Petitarus, about five miles from Stratus, passes into Aperantia, receiving submissions there, then returns to Macedon.
Owing to Perseus" march to Stratus, Appius Claudius was compelled to raise the siege of Phanote and to retire ; the Macedonians from Phanote pass over the mciuiitains into Antigonea.
Q. Marcius Philippus, the new consul, marches with his army from Palaepharsalus into Perrhaebia, and posts himself between Azorns and Doliche. Meanwhile, Perseus, whose camp is at Dium, occupies all the passes. Philippus marches to within a mile of Perseus' troops who were guarding a pass, with Dium and Phila in sight : he obtains an advantage, and proceeds through a ])ass called Callipeuce, and camps between Heracleum and Libethrus. Perseus was holding the roads through Tempe into Thessaly and by Dium into Macedonia. Instead of securing himself here, I'erseus flics to I'ydna.
Philippus marches to Dium, ad\anees to the river Mytis, receives surrender of Agassae, encamps at the river Ascordus, and returns to Dium, where he is joined by the fleet. Detachments from his force take all the forts about Tempe and Phila.
Owing to dittieulties in provisioning, Philippus removes to Phila : Perseus then returns to Dium and encamps on the river Enipeus, with the river between himself and the Romans.
To fate Map 41.
Pliilippus attacks Henick'uni ami takes it. The Roman tloet sails from HcraL-leiim to Thfssaloiiica, ami after slight ilemonst ration pi'oceeiU to Aciiia, ravages the eomitry and reaches Aiitigonca ; pUinders the ilistrict nminl Cassandrea, liesieges Cassandrea, raises the siege, and, sailing round the promontory, attempts the siege of Torone : I lien sails past Denietrias, and brings to in lolcus. lMiili|)pus besieges Meliboea at the foot of Mt. Ossa. I'erseus raises the siege.
168. \- Aemiliiis I'auUus takes command of the Roman army in Macedonia ; the Roman fleet is at Oreum.
In Illyria, the Roman Heet at ApoUonia succcssfidly engages the lUyriaii ships. Perseus' llhiian allies give
trouble and laj' siege to Lissus and other towns. The Romans advance, receive surrenders, and continue their
marcii to Scodra, which they take.
Perseus sends troops to hold the passes at Petra and Pythiuni, west of Dium, and fortirics his posts on the
Knipeus.
Aemilius removes his camp from Pliila and encamps on the opposite bank of the Enipeiis. He orders the fleet to
Hcracleum, i\iu\ iletaclies troops to Pytliiiun, who dislodge the troops of I'erseus and open the pass.
Perseus retires to Pydna, where his position is somewhat protected by the rivers Oeson and Lcucus.
Aemilius follows him to Pydna, and ends the Third Macedonian War with a decisive battle and the surrender of
Perseus.
Reidi,At]a8 antiquus
BELLA A L. CORN. SULLA GESTA
XLD
BELLUM CONTRA MITHRIOATEM GESTUM
92a-C. et 88-83 a.C.
^^H
London , MaoniUan X. Co. Ltd.
BELLA A. L. CORN. SULLA GESTA. BELLUM CONTRA MITHRIDATEM GESTUM
92 a.C. et 88.83 a.C.
B.C.
92. — The action of Mitliridates, King i>i Pontus, in Asia Minor, especially witli regard to Cappadocia, whence he luul expelled the king, Ariobarzanes, led the senate of Rome to direct L. Corn. Sulla, the liovernor of Cilicia, to take all necessary action.
Mitliridates contented himself h it!i inducing his ally Tigranes, King of Armenia, to .send troops to Cappadocia. Sulla (juickly collected his forces, crossed the Taurus, and defeated and drove the governor fiordins and his Armenian auxiliaries out of Cappadocia. Ariobarzanes was again elected king. Mitliridates jielded on all points, and the earlier xfalia quo was restored.
91 89. — Xo sooner Sulla's hack was turned when matters drifted to their old state. Ariobarzanes was again expelled from
Cappadocia l>v Tigranes ; and a pretender was put forward in Bithynia against Nicomedes III., the senate's
nominee. Mithridates, thoiigli taking no active part, was really the author of these troubles. Rome sent Manius
Aciuillius in support of the governor, L. Cassius, and matters were again put on their former footing.
But Atiuillius desired war, and made use of Nicomedes, who closed the Bosporus to Pontic ships, and with a force
laid waste the region of Aniastris.
The complaints of Mithridates being unheeded, he .set about organising a general rising against the domination of
Rome. The position of Rome ami her allies was as follows : Nicomedes had taken up a position in the direction of
Amastris ; Roman divisions were in Bithynia, (lalatia. and Cappadocia under Aquillius, Cassius, and Quintus Oppius ;
while the Bithyno-Roman fleet c(mtinued to blockade the Bosporus. g8_ — In the spring Mithridates assumes the offensive. On the Amnias, a tributary of the Halys, Archelaus and Xeoptolemus,
generals of Mithridates, defeat the Bilhynian army, dispersing the Asiatic allies of Rome as they advance forward.
A Roman division is defeated in Ca]>padocia, and Cassius throws himself into the towns of the upper Maeander,
particularly into Apauiea ; he subsei|Ucnlly takes refuge in Rhodes.
Uppius evacuates Pamphylia and shuts himself up in Plirygian Laodicea.
Afiuillius is overtaken at the Sangarius river while retreating, and so completely defeated that he loses his camp and
seeks refuge at Pergamum. Mitliridates takes Pergamum, as well as the Bosporus and the ships that were there ;
anil issues an order from Ephcsus for the general massacre of all Italians resident in his dominions, which was duly
carrieil out.
Mithridates now organises the conquered provinces from Pergamum a< his capital. He is master of Asia Minor, ami
commands the Aegean with his fleet. Tlie citj' leagues of Caria and Lycia and Rhodes, however, resist him.
In Caria. Stratonicea is leiluced by force of arms by the Pontic forces; but Magnesia on Mt. Sipylus successfully
withstands a severe siege, in which .\rclielaus is defeated and wounded.
Rhodes, whither Cassius and his troops had escaped, was assailed by land and sea. The Rho<lian fleet defeats that
of Pontus ; and Mithridates, unable to make any progress by land, abandons the island, which remains in the hands
of the Romans.
Mithridates now decides to carry the war into (Jreece : and his son Ariarathes advances into Thrace and Macedonia.
Abdera and Philippi become the chief Pontic bases in Europe.
Uelus is occupied and all Italians mas.sacied ; Euboea is similarly dealt with. Though the Pontic arms are repelled
from Denietrias, the Piraeus is turneil into a Pontic harbour.
87. — In this critical state of the Roman position in Asia Minor and Greece, Sulla chooses the conduct of the Asiatic war, and lands in Epirus in the spring with an army of 30,()0<) men.
His peace propc^ials meeting witli no acceptance from Mithridates, Sulla advances from Epirus to Boeotia and defeats the generals Archelaus and Aristion at Mt. Tilphossiuui. The two latter throw themselves into Athens and the Piraeus ; Sulla is now master of the rest of tireece.
A Roman division occupies Thessaly and makes incursions into Macedonia ; another is stationed before Chalcis to watch the enemy's corps in Euboea. Sulla himself forms a camp at Eleusis and Megara, whence he commands Greece, and prosecutes the .siege of Atliensaud the Piraeus.
The Pontic army of Dromichaetes, coming to the relief of Athens, is defeated under the walls by the Romans after a severe struggle. The siege continues through the winter.
86. — When the season permitted, Sulla attempts to take the Piraeus by assault but fails ; he then blockades the place. Athens offers to capitulate, but Sulla demands unconditional surrender. When this is delayed, the Romans storm and capture the place.
Sulla's position is now desperate. He is without a fleet ; Piraeus still holds out ; he cannot reach Asia ; Mithridates completes the coiii|uest of Macedonia by the capture of Amphipolis : and lastly he is deposed at Rome and the Asiatic command given to L. Valerius Flaccus.
Mithridates now makes strenuous efforts. His general, Taxiles, starts from Macedonia with a large force, driving before him the Romans stationed in Thessaly. At Thermopylae he is joined by Dromichaetes ; .\rchilaus also evacuates the Piraeus and joins him in Boeotia.
To face Map 42.
Sulla destroys the fortifications of rinieu?, ami follows the Pontic army, so as to fight a pitclieil liattle before the
arrival of Flaccus.
The armies meet near Chaeronea, ending in a complete vietory for the Romans ; the remnants of the I'ontio army fly
to Chalcis.
In the meantime Flaccus lands with two legions in Epirns, and marches into Thessaly. Sulla goes in that direction,
and the two Konmn armies encamp against each other. Flaccus, linding that his troops were deserting over to
Sulla, marclies away through Macedonia and Thrace into Asia. Hy the end of the year he had reached Byzantium
and Chalcedon.
Sulla returns and winters at Athens.
85. -In the s])ring, .Mithridates sends a fresh army to Kuboea under Dorylaiis, who picks up the renniants of the army of Archelaus, and jjasses over to Boeotia.
Sulla meets Dorylaus near Orchonienus and after a severe struggle defeats him. The next day the camp of the Asiatics is surrounded and stormed, only a few, including .Vrchelaiis, reaching F.nboea.
There was no obstacle now to the advance of Sulla into Macedonia and Thrace. I'hilippi is ocrnpied by the Romans ; Abdera evacuated by the Pontic garrison, and Sidla, who takes uj) his winter ((uarters in Thcssaly, orders the construction of ships.
In Asia, a reaction sets in against Mithridates ; and he is, besides, hard pressed hy tlic Honuuis both by land and sea. L. Licinius Liicullus succeeds in collecting a fleet from the Syrian i)oits, Cyprus, I'amphylia and lihodes, ami occupies the peninsida of Cnidus, a.ssails Samus, and captures Coloplion and (.'hius. Then coasting along the Troas, he has two successful engagements with the Pontic fleet, one at the promontory of Lectum, the other at the island of Tenedus. He is joiiicd here b\' the ships built by Sulla in Thessaly ; and thus, by commanding the Hellespont, he secures for the Romans an easy passage into Asia ne.\t spring.
In the army of Valerius Flaccus a mutiny, instigated by C. Flavins Findjria, breaks out at Chalceilon, ending in tlie death of Flaccus at Nicomedia, and the succession of Find)ria to the command.
Find)ria <lefeats the son of Mithridates at Miletopolis on the Rhyndaciis, the latter having marched against him from the satrapy of Pontus. Fimbria then marches to Pergamum, whence he compels .Mithridates to fly to Pitane, and then to Jlytilene.
Mithridates attempts to negotiate with Sulla at Delium in Boeotia ihrough Archelaus, and an armistice is granted. Milliridates, however, not agreeing to the term.s, and implying that he could arrange more satisfactorily with Fimbria, Sulla breaks otf the negotiations.
In the meantime Sulla had been reorganising Macedonia, and bringing under control the Dardani, Macdi and Sinti. Having collected booty and drawn nearer to Asia, lie jiiits in motion his legions stationcil in Thrace and his fleet towards the Hellespont.
Archelaus, however, succeeds in obtaining from Mithridates a reluctant acquiescence to the peace terms, and Snlla obtains news of this at Cypsela. He continues his march to Asia, crosses the Hellespont, meets Mithridates at Dardanus, and orally ratifies the treaty. He then nuirehes to 'I'hyatira, where he pitches his camp not far from Fimbria's. Fimbria's troops desert to Sulla in large numbers, and Fimbria himself, seeing opposition was useless, flies to Pergamum and commits suicide.
84.— Sulla now settles the affairs of Asia Minor. He leaves the governorship in the hands of L. Licinius Murena, and the collection of the war indemnity in the hands of L. Lncullns ; he reinstates the kings of Bithynia and Cappadocia ; and Mithridates again becomes an ally cf Rome.
83. — In the spring Sulla starts with his force from Ephesus to the Piraeus, goes thence by laml to Patrae, wliere the vessels were ready to convey him and his force to Brundisiiim.
BELLA A. L. CORN. SULLA GESTA. BELLUM MARSICUM.
90 88 a.C.
BELLA IN ITALL\ GESTA.
83-80 a.C.
E.r.
89. — During the Siicial War Sulla holds certain suboi-iliiiate commands at the beginning, but in 89 B.C. he is in eoinmand of the southern Roman army, and penetrates into southern Campania.
Sulla takes Stabiae and destroys it ; Herculaneum is taken b}- T. Didius. Pompeii offers resistance, and the Sanniite general. Lucius Cluentius, comes to relieve the town, but is repulsed by Sulla. Reinforced by Celts, Cluentius renews his attempt, but is totally defeated, his camp taken, and he himself with many of his troops cut down on their flight to Nola.
Sulla now advances into the interior of Sauinium ; captures and punishes Aeelanuni ; turns the pass where the Samnite army under JIutilus awaited him, and attacks and defeats the Samnite army. He then marches to Boviannm, and compels it to suirender by a victor}' under its walls.
88. — In Campania Sulla takes the smaller towns still occupied by the Sauiniles ; and invests Xola.
At this time occur the riots due to the Sulpician proposals. Sulla is recalled, and the command in the East is trans- ferred to Jlarius.
Sulla is determined to resist, and marches with his troops from his camp before Xola on Rome. The Marian party within the city atiempts to resist, but after a few hours Sulla becomes master of Rome.
83. — When Sulla lands at Krundisium from the East, he is welcomed by all Apulia and Mcssapia, and the scattered adherents of the ojitimate party join his camp ; Quintus Metellus, who had escaped to Liguria, resuming, as Sidla's colleague, the proconsular command which had been committed to him in 87 and withdrawn by the revolution. The revolu- tionary army is at Ariniinum.
(inaeus Pompeius who had gone to Picenum, and led the optimate party at Auximum, also takes Sulla's side. Troops are sent from Rome to put down the Piceuian insurrection, but Pompey defeats them in detail and joins Sulla, apparently in Apulia.
Sulla and iletellus march from Apulia through Samnium towards Campania. The revolutionary army of Gains Xorbanus is at Capua, while the second consular army also advances along the Appiau Way. Before this latter arrives, Sulla throws liimself in front of Norbanu.s.
An attempt at mediation results in the arrest of Sulla"s envoys. Sulla then attacks the force of Xorbanus, whose armj' is broken !)}• the charge of Sulla's troops down Mount Tifata. Xorbanus' army takes refuge in Capua and Xeapolis. where they are blockaded.
Sulla, leaving these towns to be invested, pushes along the Appiau Way against Teanum, where Scipio, the other consul, is posted. Sulla makes to him fresh proposals of peace, and an armistice is concluded at a couference between Calcs and Teanum. Scipio afterwards repudiates the armistice, but his troops, who had mingled with those of Sulla, bodily go over to the latter.
Sulla and Metellus take up winter quarters in Campania, and maintain the blockade of Capua through the winter, after having failed a second time to come to terms with Xorbanus.
82. — Metellus, relying on the Picenian insurrection, advances to upper Italy, while Sulla marches from Campania against Rome. Carbo, the revolutionary consul, marches against Metellus ; the other consul, the younger Marius, having the task of meeting Sulla in Latium.
Marching along the Latin Way, Sulla falls in w ith Marius' force near Signia. Marius falls back to Sacriportus, between Signia and Praeneste, where he prepares for battle. The result is a signal \ictory for Sulla, a division of the enemy even going over to Sulla during the battle.
Marius now sends orders to the commander at Rome to put to death the noted men of the opposite party still there, and to evacuate the place : w liile the renniaiits of his force throw themselves into Xorba and Praeneste, Marius himself going to the latter place.
Sulla, leaving a force to blockaile Praeneste, advances on Rome, and occupies it without resistance. Then, having settled matters, he at once pushes on to Etruria to attack his antagcmists in upper Italy, in concert with Metellus. Meanwhile Metellus meets and defeats Carbo's legate Carrinas at the river Aesis on the borders of Picenum, but desists from further advance on the approach of Carlio with his superior force.
Carbo, on getting news of the battle of Sacripoitiis, retreats to the Flaminian road, intending to take up his head- quarters at Ariminum, and from Ihcncc to conmiand the Apennines and the Po valley. In this object, which on the whole he accomplished, Carbo sutlers sundry leverses ; Sena (iallica is stormed and Carbo's rearguard is broken in a brilliant cavalr}' engagement with Pompey.
To face Mdjt 4:!.
Xorlianus iio«- takes commaml in the I'd vnlleji wliile Cail)0 himself piocceila to Etrmia.
Three Siillan armies are iii>w ill the fiehl. .Metelhis, by s<a, goes past .Ariniiiiuiii to Kavenna, and at Faveiitia cuts
otl' coiiimuiiieation between Arimimmi and tin- I'o valley, intu which he sends a division along the road to I'lacentia
under Manns Lucullus. l'oni]iey aTid (..'rassiis penetrate from I'icenuni into Unihria, anil gain the Klaniinian road at
Spoletiuni, where they defeat ('arrinas and shut him up in the town. .Sulla himself marches into ICtriiria in two
divisions ; one of which, marching along the coast, defeats a corps opposed to it at Saturnia ; the other, under Sulla
himself, falls in with Carlio"s army in the valley of the Clanis. After a successful cavalry engagement, Sulla lights a
j)itchcd battle near t^'hisiiim which is indecisive.
Carbo now detaches a foice under Marcius for the relief of Praeneste. This force is attackeil and defeated by
oligarchic troops at Spoletiuni, one ))ortioii returning to Carbo, another to Ariminuin. The Saninites, however,
determine to aid I'raenestc, anil, joined by tlie l.ucanians who are reinforced in Campania by a division of the
garrison of Capua (which still held out), march on I'raenestc with a force of 70,0110 men.
Sulla, leaving a force against Carbo, returns to Lalium, and takes up a position in the defiles in front of I'raencste,
where vain attempts are made by the garrison to break through, and by tlie relieving army to dislodge Sulla.
Meanwhile matters were coming to a head in the Po valley. Korbanus, who had compelled Marcus Liicullus to retire
to Placentia, where he was shut up, now proceeds against MetcUus himself. He meets Metellus at l''aveiitia and
attacks him, and is completely defeated and his army broken u|). On news of this battle reaching Lucullus, he sallies
from I'lacentia and defeats at Fideiitia the division left there to oppo.se him.
Xorlianus tlics to Rhodes, while Metellus takes Ariminuni with all its stores ; and the country between the Alps and
the Apennines acknowledges the optimate government. Metellus now turns his attention to Ktruria, the last
]irovince where the revolutionists still kejjt tlie tiehl.
Carbo, on receiving at Clusium the news of the disaster to Norbanus' force, loses his self-command, and secretly
escapes and embarks for Africa ; his army too partly deserts, is partly destroyed by I'ompey, and a pai'l is led by
Carrinas to the aid of Praeneste.
Round Praeneste, Sulla's |)reparations were maturing for decisive action, when suddenly the Samnite army decides to
make an attack on Rome, and marches with that intent, camping about a mile from the Colljne gale.
Sulla hastens to tlie assistance of Rome, and draws up his army before the Ciilline gate. In spite of his troops
having just performed a long march, Sulla orders the attack. The battle, which lasts throughout the night and into
the ne.xt morning, results in a complete victory for Snila, and practically ends the war.
The garrison of Praeneste surrenders on hearing of tlie battle of the Colline gate ; Norba is betrayed into the hands
of Aeniilius Lepidus ; Neapolis is taken by assault ; Capua surrenders ; Nula resists, and is only evacuated by the
Saninites in 80 n.c.
80. — Sulla undertakes a raid into the Samnite country, captures Aesernia, and converts the country into a desert.
Tuder, in Umbria, is stormed by M. Crassus ; Populonia in Ktruria makes a longer resistance before it is captured ; Volaterrae stands a siege of two years, the garrison capitulating in 7!) n.c. on condition of free dejiarture. The provinces also were speedily subdued. Sardinia was taken from the democratic governor by Lucius Pliilippus in 82 r,.c'. From Spain, Sertorius Hed, leaving the province to SuUan m.agistrates in 81 n.o. Sicily and Africa were brouglit under SuUan government by Gnaeus Ponipey in 80 B.C.
BELLA GALLICA A CAESARE GESTA
58—51 a.C.
1:1 ■ Camp'xitjnt aijain^l the Iltlct.tii nnd Arhrislui.
58. Aliout tlic iiiiililk' of March news reaches Caesar that the Helvelii, joincil by the Rauraci, the Tuliiigi, the Latobiigi and also tlie Boii, liail begun to move towards (ienava, ready to cross the TUione.
Caesai- instantly leaves Konie, crosses the Alps ami reaches (ienava at the head of a legion in a week. He (lestroj's the bridge by which the Helvetii were to cross, and fortifies the south bank of the Rhone between Lake Leniannus and the Pas dc I'Ecluse.
In spite of refusal to pass through the Province, the Helvetii make an attempt to cross, but are prevented by Caesar's force. They then induce the Se(|uani to allow them to puss through their territory after crossing the Pas de I'Ecluse. Caesar, leaving Lalnenus to guard the lines on the Rhone, hastens to raise a new army in Cisaliiine Gaul, ami marches back with this along the valley of the Dora Riparia and over Mt. Gemivre, through the valley of the Durance, past Brigantio, Kpiprodunum and Vappincum. crosses the Isara and Rhone rivers, and encamps on the heights of Sathonay, where tlie Rhone ami Suonc rivers meet. Here Labienus joins Caesar.
The bulk of the Helvetii had already crossed the Saone and entered the country of the Aeilui, who ask for Caesar's aid. The rearguard of the Helvetii, about a fourth of their number, were gathered on the eastern side of the river, in the valley of the Formaus, eleven miles to the north of Cae.sar's car.ip.
Caesar, by a niidniglit niareh, surprises the latter force, composed of the Tigurini. defeats and disperses Iheni. He then bridges the river, and crosses his entire army to the right bank.
The Helvetii, attempting to negotiate and rejecting Caesar's terms, then niareh northwards, followed by Caesar's army.
After intermittent skirmishes extending over a fortnight, and a vain attempt to surprise the Helvetii, Caesar marches from Telonnum (Toulon-sur-Arrou.\) for Hibiacte, the capital of the .Acdni.
The Helvetii, who «ere far on their «ay i)ast Luzy, now tuvn and attack Caesar's rearguard three miles north of Toulon. Caesar, holding them in check with his cavalry, .strengthens ids position, and in a |)itehe<l battle utterly defeats the Helvetii near Ribracte. The Boii were allowed to settle in Aeduan territory, while the Helvetii were seut back to their own land. By this victory Caesar was looked upon as the conqueror of the invaders of (Jaul. The Celtican (!auls, headed by Divitiacus, then solicit Caesar's aid against Ariovistus, who had overthrown the Seipiani and the Aedui. Caesar's attem])t to negotiate with Ariovistus fails. Hearing in the meantime that the Suebi bad ap])eared on the east bank of the Rhine, anil that the Harudes were ravaging the lands of the Aedui, Caesar at once moves and seizes Vesontio. Thence, making a circuit of 5U miles to avoid the wooded country, he goes through the pass of Belfort into the |)lain of the Rhine, and along the east slopes of the 'Vosges till he reaches a point '22 miles from Ariovistus.
Ariovistus, failing in his attempt to negotiate, attempts to cut Caesar's connnunications by marching over the slopes of the Vosges to a point two miles .south of Caesar's camp.
On the next day Caesar vainK- otters battle; and then marches his legions back to a point 1,000 yards south of Ariovistus position. Here he again fails to draw .\riovistus ; and learns of the latter's superstitious dread of joining battle before the new moon. Caesar then attacks and utterly defeats Ariovistus and expels his following from Gaul. The 8uebi, who were on the point of crossing the Rhine, now lose heart and return home.
Cae.sar leaves his legions under Labienus in winter cjuarters at Vesontio, and returns to Cisalpine Gaul to conduct his civil <luties.
Campuiijn ar/niii"! Iht Jitlyae. 57 — Caesar, getting information that the Belgac were conspiring, at once raises two new legions in Cisalpine Gaul and sends them in early spring to join Labienus. He himself follows soon after and joins his army at Vesontio. Thence he niarches to the north bank of the Marne, taking the Belgae completely liy surprise. The Renii submit and promise to aid Caesar. Cae-sar also sends Divitiacus to rai.se a lev}- of Aeduans and to ravage the lands of the Bellovaci. The Belgae host were now moving down upon Caesar by a road leading past Laon to Reims (Durocortorum). Caesar accordingly crosses the Aisnc river ami encamps in a suitable position. Hearing that the Belgae were attacking Bibrax, a Roman stronghold, seven miles to the north-west, Caesar at once sends a rescuing force, and the Belgae abandon their attempt. The Belgae then attemjit to cut Cae.sar's communications by taking a ford on tlie Aisne, two miles below the bridge. Caesar hurries in this direction, crosses the bridge, and defeats the Belgae, who lose heart and disjierse to their territories ; Labienus, with cavalry and three legions, pursuing and cutting up a large number of the fugitives.
Caesar then marches to Noviodunum, fails in an as-sault on the town, which the Suessiones ultimately surrender on his preparing to lay siege. Cros.sing the Oise, he niarches to Bratuspantium, chief town of the Bellovaci, which surrenders ; he .also receives the surrender of the Ambiani at Samarobriva.
Caesar now learns that his further progress is to be disputed by the Nervii on the north-east ; and accordingly moves from Samarobriva to the Nervian frontier.
Hearing that the Nervii were encamped 9 miles away on the.further b.ank of the Sambre, with the Vironiandui and the Atrebates, and that the Aduatuci were marching to join them, Caesar was taking his army across the Sambre, to
To face Map 44.
Rftrli . Atlas ajitiquuB
London. Macmillan A CaLtd.
Ciuiip oil the heights of Ncnf-.Me.snil. The appeiirancc of Caesar's baggage train was the signal for an attack from the ainbushed (iaiils. Thus taken by surprise, Caesar hohls his own by is'>late<l combats ; the Atrebates are first disposed of, then the Viromandui." The Nervii then tlireaten to carry everything before them, when the 10th legion, sent by Lal)ienus, appears and hems them in, ending in the total defeat of the Cauls. The power of the Belgae is thus broken.
Caesar then marches against the Aduatuci, who liad concentrated on Mt. Falhize, and prepares to besiege it. The place soon surrenders. A treacherous attack, however, during the night on the Romans, induces the latter to storm and take the place, and to inflict puuisliuient for tlie treachery.
Tlie campaign so far brings great prestige to Caesar. There was, however, one relative faihn-e. On his way back to Italy, Caesar sends Servius (ialba to open up the road over the Great St. Bernard, in the neighbourhood of the Nantuatcs, the Veragri, and the .Seduni. After some trouble with the tribes, (ialba takes up his quarters at Octodurus. Here he suddenly finds tlie liciglits covered with the enemy, and being forced to fight against heavy odds the Komaiis, divided into four coUimiis, daslied out of the four gates, inHirting severe puni.shment on the (Jauls. Galba then goes into the c'ouutry of the Allobroges to winter.
After the defeat of the Nervii. "one legion is sent under Publius Crassus to receive submission of the maritime tribes of Normandy and Brittany. This legion, with the other six, are stationed along the valley of the Loire, from Angers to Orleans, so as to cut off communication between north and south Gaul.
Cnmpaiijn aijainsl the Maritimt Tribes and the Aquitaiii. 56.— \\'hilc Caesar is on a tour in lUyricum, the most distant part of his pi-ovince, Publius Crassus, who was stationed along the valley of the Loire, has ditlercnoes with the Vencti. These latter, joineil by the Ciuiosolites and the Esuvii, determine to resist the Romans.
Caesar, on receiving the news in lllyricum, directs the immediate construction of a fleet at the mouth of the Loire. He then proceeds to Ravenna, and to Luca, where, witli Ponipey and Crassus, he arranges for the extension of his term of office and the increase of his legions. From Luca he' joins his army in Gaul, and takes up his quarters near Nantes.
His first step is to distribute his legions. He sends Labienus to the country of the Treveri to keep an eye on the Belgae and prevent (iermans crossing the Rhine ; Sabinus is directed to disperse the allies of the Veneti in the Cotentin and the north ; Crassus is .sent to Aquitania.
The Veneti provision their fortresses and assemble their ships for resistance. Caesar's fleet under Decimus Brutus also assembles at the mouth of the Loire.
Caesar crosses the Vilaine river in order to besiege the forts of the Veneti, but on his approach the garrisons take to their ships and sail off to the nearest port. He accordingly- determines to wait for his fleet, and encamps on the heights of St. (Hildas ; the fleet of the Vencti being assembled close below him.
At length, weather being favourable, Brutus comes in sight with his Hect ; and the Veneti at once bring out their ships. In the battle which ensues, Brutus inflicts a crushing defeat on the Gauls, leading to the unconditional surrender of the tribes taking part in the war.
About the same time the allies of the Veneti, who had mustered in the Cotentin, are defeated by Sabinus and lay down their arms. • • rr
Meanwhile Crassus, calling in aid from Tolosa. Carcaso, and Narbo, is carrying all before liim in Aquitania. He defeats the Sotiates and captures their stronghold ; thence penetrates into the basin of the Adour. Here he assaults and takes the camp of the Aciuitanians. who weie reinforced by the Iberians of the Pyrenees. All, except the remoter tribes, now tender their submission to him.
After the defeat of tlie Veneti, Caesar himself, joined by Sabinus on the way. marches against the two Belgic tribes, the Morini and Menapii, who had refused to submit. Beyond obtaining tlieir cattle and ravaging their country, he eflects nothing. The legions then return to winter quarters between the Seine and the Loire.
The Massacre of the Usijictes and the Tcticleri, and First Inrasion of Britain.
55. Gaul being seemingly conquered, it w-as now necessary to guard against foreign invasion, one such being now imminent. A horde of U.sipetes and Tenctcri appear on the right bank of the Rhine near Eniinerich ; they cross over, surprise the Menapii and live in their territory through the winter; then move as far south as the Eburones and the Condrusi.
Caesar, on getting the news in Cisalpine (iaul, at once joins his legions on the lower Seine, summons the Gallic chiefs for their contingents of cavalry, and marches towards Coblenz. Refusing to treat with the Germans unless tliey ilecided to recross the Rhine. Caesar marches to within 1 1 miles of their camp.
Uuiiug a truce for further negotiations, the (iermaii cavalry attacks Caesar's cavalry. Caesar now decides to deal them a blow, and in spite of their apologies for the unwarranted attack, he puis under arrest the chiefs who had come to express regret, and attacks and piactically annihilates the entile force. Thenceforward the (iermans ceased to disturb (iaul.
Caesar now resolves on crossing the Rhine and punishing the Sug.-imbri, who had just given asylum to the cavalry of the defeated (iermans. He bridges the river and crosses near Coblenz, ravages the country of the Sugambri and, after recrossing, destrovs his bridge.
In this year Caesar undertakes an expedition into Britain. He orders his fleet to a.ssemble at Portus Itius— not iiiiprobablv Boulogne^whither he himself, liv steady marches from the Rhine, arrives with his forces. He sends ahcail Con'imius, a'"(iallic chief, to reassure the tribes"of Britain, who were apjirchensive, of his friendly intentions. Caesar sets sail towards the end of Augu.st, and in a few hours arrives oft' the clitTs of Dover (Portus Dnbris). Finding the landing difiicult, he moves seven miles further up and stops at Deal. Here his landing is disputed by the Ca'ntii, but he gains a footing and puts the enemy to flight. The Cantii then sue for peace, and Coniniius, Cae.sar's envoy, who had been imprisoned, is handed back.
In the nieant"iine Caesar's cavalrv, meeting with a storm ofi' the coast before landing, returns to(iaul. A further storm damages many of Caesar's ships, tlius giving the Britons an opportunity to make another attempt to expel the I'onians. ^
Not long after, the seventh legion, when out foraging, is attacked from an ambu.sh and surrounded, (.acsar,
G 2
perceiving from the cloiuls of dust that something was wrong, at once goes to their assistance, and l)y a vigorous
assault exlrirates tlie h^gion from its position.
After a few days the IJritons again make a demonstration against his camp, but are routed and pursued.
The Britons, for the second time, sue for peace, which is made.
After heing in Britain for less than three weeks, Caesar, being without cavalry, and the equinox being near, deems it
advisable to take hostages and to return to (Jaul.
The Dif'l■^^e)■ at Aduatiica and the Second Incaxion of Britain.
54.— During the winter the legions were distributed over a wide extent of country in Belgae. One legion under (iaius Fabius among the Morini, who had recentlv sul)mitteil to Labienus ; a second under Quintus Cicero among the Nervii ; a third under Labienus near the western frontier of the Treveri ; three under Trebonius, Crassus and I'lancus, not far from Samarobriva : one of recruits, witli live veteran eolii>rts, umler Sabinus and Cotta in the country of the Eburones. One legion only, under Roscius, was sent outside Belgic territory to tlic country of the Ksuvii. Caesar's own headquarters were at Sainarobriva.
Soon after Caesar's return from Britain, Tasgetius, Caesar's nominee as king of the Caruutes, is assassinated. Caesar sends Plancus with his legion to arrest the ringleaders and to terrorise the rebels.
Since the battle with the Xervii, the Treveri refuse to send their cavalry contingent to Caesar. Caesar enters their country with a strong force and strengthens the influence of Cingetorix against that of Indutiomarus. The latter, when the legions of Sabinus and Cotta ha<l taken up their quarters, incites Ambiorix and Catuvoleus, each of whom ruled one half of the lOburones, to attack the Roman camp.
The first attack is futile, bnt on the persuasion of Ambiorix, and against the advice of Cotta, Sabinus agrees to transfer his legion to one of the nearer camps for security against a large national movement.
At daybreak the Romans march out with a long baggage train and are soon surrounded by the Eburones and almost annihilated, a handful only escaping to the camp of Labienus.
Ambiorix then persuades the Ner\ii to join liirn iu attacking the camp of Cicero, wliieh they at once besiege. Caesar, hearing of tliis, at once sets out with the legion ol Treljonius, being joined by I'abius on the way. Passing through Xervjan territory, Caesar approaches a liver and finds the tjauls, who had left Cicero and come to intercept him, encamped on the opposite bank. He entices the (iauls to cross the river, when the Romans fall on them and utterly rout them. Tliat same ilay Caesar reaches Cicero's camp.
The state of affairs in (iaul being now alarming, Caesar orders Fabius to return to his eamp in the Morini, and near his own (juarters at Saniarobriva he stations the three camps of Cicero, Crassus, and Trebonius. The Senones now banish their king, the nominee of Caesar, and refuse to obey Caesar's command that their council shoulil appear before him.
Tnilutioujarus again collects all malcontents and attacks Labienus, bj' whom he is defeated and killc.l. Tlic Xervii and Kliurones then disperse, but peace does not last out the winter.
Caesar undertakes his .second expedition to J5ritain, setting sail from (Jessoriacuiu and Portus Itius with over 80lj craft, an<l making good his laniliug at a place probabh' near Hythe, below Folkestone.
Leaving a force in charge of the ships, Caesar advances twelve miles to a place where he heard the enemy were encamped. Throwing back this force, the Romans come on the main body of tlie enemy in an entrenched fort, which they storm and capture.
Compelled to visit the coast to repair the damage done to his ships by a storm, Caesar, on his return with his force to the same point, finds his road barred by the chief Cassivellaunus and a combination of several tribes. Harassed by the enemy he continues his march, and ultimately ptniishes them severely and puts them to (light. Caesar then crosses the Thames between Kingston and Brentford, brushes aside resistance, and marches on the stronghold of Cassivellaunus (Verulamium, modern St. Albans), which he attacks from two sides ami captures. The Trinobantes, Ccniniagni, Ancaliles, Bibroci, Cassii, and others now surrender to Caesar.
While Caesar is thus engaged, Cassivellaunus induces the Cantii to make a sudden attack on the Roman fleet and camp on the coast. The Romans, however, completely rout them and kill their chief, Lugotrix.
After his victories Caesar decides to withdraw from Britain. He concludes peace with Cassivellauinis, takes hostages, and returns to (!aul after an absence of about two months.
53. — The Treveri, in spile of the death of Inrlutiomanis, succeed in persuading the Xervii, Aduatuei, Menapii and Eburones to join them ; while the Senones and Caruutes are still defiant.
Caesar, leaving Saniarobriva with four legions, makes a sudden raid among the Xervii, ravages their lands and compels the chiefs to submit. A similar course ensures the submission of the Senones and the Canuites, from both of whom Caesar takes hostages.
He now turns his steps towards the Treveri and the Eburones, after ravaging the country and receiving the sub- mission of the Menapii. In the meantime Labienus marches out against the Treveri and forces them to submit after a defeat.
Caesar and Labienus now, witli their combined forces, again cross the Rhine a little above tlie former crossing, and, after threatening the German allies of Ambiorix, return to Caul.
Caesar then marches westward through the Ardennes forest to the deserted camp of Cotta's legion, wliere he leaves Cicero with a legion ; he sends Labienus to the north of the Eburones ; and Trebonius to the .south-west in the direction of Huy. The instructions to the last two were to harr^' the country, and to return in a week to concert measures with Caesar.
Caesar himself marches towards the Lower Schelde in the hope of catching Ambiorix, who was supposed to have retreated to the extremity of tlic Ardennes.
The Eburones carry on a guerilla warfare, and Caesar invites the neighbouring tribes to harry them. The Sugambri join in this plunder of the Eburones, but also attack the camp of Cicero, who holds his position with difKculty until relieved by Caesar. Caesar then ravages the country of the Eburones ; Ambiorix, however, eludes him.
For the winter, two legions were quartered on the west frontier of the Treveri ; two among the Lingones, and six at Agedincum, the chief town of the Senones. After holding a council of (Jallic chiefs at Durocortorum, Caesar starts for Italv.
SthtllioH of Vtrcingttorix.
52. — The Celts, still smarting under Caesar's coercion, now hear that Rome is a prey to sedition. The Gallic chiefs, therefore, conspire together to prevent Caesar joining his legions.
'I'he Carnutes strike the first blow by massacring the Romans at Cenabum and plundering their stores. The news reaches the Arvenii llie same evening, and V'ercingetorix, a man in Gergovia, rouses popular enthusiasm for rebellion. Most of the tribes between the Seine and the Garonne join him and elect him commander-in-chief. Vercingetorix sends Lucterius to deal with the Ruteni on the borders of the Roman Province, while he himself goes north and induces the Bituriges to throw in their lot with him.
On this news reacliing Caesar, he at once starts from Rome and, taking some recruits from Cisalpine Gaul, arrives in the Province to find his route to Agedincuin, where his legions were, threateued, as Lucterius had won over the Ruteni, Nitobriges, and the Galjali, and the Aedui were untrustwortliy.
So Caesar hastens to Narbo, secures that place and Tolosa, Albi, and Xcniausiis with detachments, and joins his levies in the country of the Helvii. He then crosses by the mountain track into the country of the Arvenii, and leaving Decimus Brutus liere to occup)' the attention of Veieingetorix, he reerosses the Cevennes mountaius, proceeds to Vienna, where lie picks up a bod}' of cavalry, thence up the valley of the Saonc, and rejoins his legions and con- centrates his army at Agedinoum.
Vercingetorix now prepares to besiege Gorgobina, a town of the Boii, Caesar's allies. Caesivr, leaving two legions at Agedincum, at once starts to its relief. His route lies through Vellaunodunum, a stronghold of the Senones, which surrenders after a siege : then Cenabum, which he captures, and punishes the town ; he then proceeds to Xoviodunum, M hich surrenders, though the cavalry of Vercingetorix hurries from Gorgobina and engages in battle. The}- are, however, defeated and scattered by Caesar's tierman scjuadron.
Caesiir then marches for Avaricum, the capital of the Bituriges, which he takes by assault after a desperate struggle, at the end of a siege of many days.
While \'ercingetorix is raising fresh levies, Caesar is occupied at Decetia in Aeduan territory, at the request of the Aedui, in deiiding between rival claimants for the othce of eliief magistrate.
Caesar now sends Labienus with four legions, including the two at Agedincum, to restore or>ler in the upper valley of the Seine ; while he himself marches with the remaining six to attack tiergovia, making Noviodunum (Nevers) his chief magazine.
Caesar and Vercingetorix march along opposite banks of the Allier, when Caesar crosses the river by a stratagem, and, appearing before (iergovia, captures a hill on the eastern side of the town, and encamps.
At this time the Aeduan contingent, coming to join him, is induced to declare for Vercingetorix. Caesar goes with four legions against them, overawes them and brings them in.
During his absence Vercingetorix attacks the Roman camp at Gergovia, and Caesar returns just in time to prevent the destruction of his legions.
Being uncertain of the loyalty of the Aeduan contingent, Caesar now decides to assault Gergovia, but he is repulsed with heavy loss. He then raises the siege and again marches down the Allier valle}-.
Before Caesar had gone far he learns of the treachery of the Aeduans, Eporedorix, and Viridoinarus, who had one in advance and had seize 1 and plunilered Xoviodunum, sending off all Caesars hostages to Bibracte ; and threatening Caesar's passage of tlie Loire.
(Caesar marches night and day till he reaches the river a few miles south of Xoviodunum. On his approach the Aedui take to diglit. Caesar then marches towards the valley of the Yonne to succour Labici.us, who was just then in great peril.
Labienus, leaving his heavy baggage in charge of recruits at Agedincum, had marched with his four legions do^vn the left bank of the Vonne and the Seine for Lutetia, the capital of the Parisii, in order to overawe the Senones and the Carnutes. He was opposed by a large force leil by Camulogeuus, 20 miles from Lutetia.
Labienus, finding it difficult to cross, marches back to iletiosedum, and, with the aid of barges, crosses the Seine and |)ushes on to Lutetia.
C'aniulogenus now orders Lutetia to be burnt do\iTi, and marches north to meet Labienus, the Romans being on the north bank of the Seine, the Gauls on the .south.
Labienus at this juncture hears of Caesar's retreat from Gergovia and of the Aeduan rebellic;n ; the Bellovaci too had risen in arms. Being thus threatened on all sides, he decides to cut his way to Agedincum, which ho effects by a stratagem and a victory over Camiilogenus. He tlien marches south to rejoin Caesar.
The position of affairs was now as follows. The rebellious Gauls, at an assembly at Bibracte, unanimously elect Vercingetorix as their general. The latter forms his plans and makes Alcsia a strongholil to retreat to in case of necessity ; he incites the tribes bordering on tlie Province to attack the Provincials ; and tries to win over the AUobroges. Caesar's object is to protect the Pro\ ince. The AUobroges guard the fords of the Rhone ; and Lucius Caesar is told off with 10,000 men to various points on the threatened frontier. Caesar also enlists German cavalry from across tlie Rhine.
The Helvii on the frontiers of the Province risk a battle, but are defeated by the Romans with heavy loss. Caesar rejoins Labienus to the south of Agedincum, and the united armies take up their quarters near Troyes (Augustobona), among the Lingones. Caesar then moves down the valley ol the Tille, intending to march through the country of the Sequani.
Vercingetorix. with his force, moves from Alesia to intercept him, and takes up a position not far from Dijon, about ten miles south of the Roman camp. The next morning Vercingetorix attacks Caesar, whose German horse helps him to gain a victory. Vercingetorix retires beaten to Alesia.
The next day Caesar marches to Alesia and invests the place with a ring of camps ten miles in circumference. While the siege was being carried on with vigour, strong reinforcements of Gauls arrive to relieve the place. After a desperate struggle between the Romans and (!auls, lioth those besieged and those come to the relief, Caesar is finally victorious, and Vercingetorix surrenders Alesia and himself. He is taken prisoner and sent to Rome, where he afterwards adorns Caesar's triumph, and is then put to death.
Caesar spends the winter in the Aeduan capital. The legions are quartered among the Remi, the Sequani, the Aedui, the Ambivareti, the Bituriges and the Ruteni, so as to safeguard the loyal, to overawe the disaffected, and to cover the Province.
Kiiii of the. Striiij.jh:.
52. — Sonif of tlic tiilies are still inclined to renew tlie .struggle. Toward.s tlie i lul (if .c' tlu- l;itnriges liegir. to stir, as the legion ijuartereil there was insuliieient to overawe them. Caesar at once sends another legion and suIkIucs them.
51. — The Biluriges then ask for aid against the Carnntes, and on the approach of two legions the Carnutes take to flight. These two legions are ijuarlereJ at Cenahiiin.
Tliere still remained the Bcllovaci to settle with ; and they had formed a confederacy consisting of the Atrebates, the Ambiani, the Vcliocasscs, the Caleti and the Kburoviccs under Correus and Coniniius.
On the approach of t'ae.sar the (iauls, who were established in the forest of C'onipeigne, retreat and encamp oil Mt. Ganelon. Correus awaits the Romans on the southern bank of the Aisne, where it flows into the Oise. Here Caesar defeats the Gauls, and Correus is slain. Connnius escapes, but later makes his peace with Caesar. Caesar then marches against the Eburones and ravages their count r)'.
In the west Duninacns besieges Lemonum with a force from Brittany and the neighbourlioo<l.
Caninins and Fabius, Caesar's generals, compel him to raise the siege ; aiul while he is hurrying acro.'js the Loire Fabius meets him and defeats him M'ith hea\*y los.s.
The fugitives, rallied by Drappes and Lucterius, start off to iilundcr the ]']<)\ iiice, but, being hotly pursued liy Caninius, they throw themselves into the fortress of Uxellodunum. Caniiiius arrives and invests the jilace. Drappes and Lucterius, leaving '2,000 men as a garrison, escape from the town and harass the Komajis from outsiile. They are ultimately defeated, Drappes' force being destroyed or made prisoners, Lucterius escaping. Fabius, after defeating Dumnacus, subdues the Carnutes and the maritime state of Brittany, and now joins Caninius in the siege of U.xellodumim.
Caesar, who was at Cenabum, marches with his cavalry for Uxelloduiunn, followed by two legions. On his arrival he detects the weak spot in the enemy's defence, anil cuts oflf their water supply. After some further resistance the garrison surrenders.
After taking Uxellodunum, Caesar enters Acjuitania with two legions. The comiucst of (laul was thus complete.
Beich.Aflas antjtpnis
BELLA CIVILIA
TEMPORE CAESARIS
50 -4S aC. MoriuluR l:l2O<inoO0
London, MaimiUimJi, Co.Ltd.
"^MT A i)ft--j'C«^ r«*i>* l,.Ij,^l.
BELLA CIVILLY TEMPORE CAESARIS
50-45 a.C.
B.C.
50. — After the breaking up of the triiuuvirate, Caesar and Pompey enter into competition for the sole eoutrol, Caesar
representing the deniocralic, Pomiiey the aristocratic part}'.
On tlie pretext that Caesar was ilisoljeying orders regarding the liiying down of liis olHce, Pompey obtains the
authority of the consuls to march against him.
Caesar sends an ultimatum to Rome, but at Pompey's dictation the Senate orders him to lay down liis arms. The
tribunes who vetoed this resolution had to Hy for their lives to Caesar's camp.
Caesar now decides on his course, lie crosses the Rubicon on the night of December lOth, and thus begins the
Civil War. He takes Ariminnm by surprise the next da}'. Here he is met by Pompey's messengers with proposals
which fall through.
From Ariminum Caesar sends Marc Antony to Arretium, which he seizes on December "iOth. Curio is sent to
Igiivinm, « Inch is abandoned by the praetor and occupied by Curio. Caesar's rear is thus secure.
49. — Antony and Curio then move out of Arretium and Iguvium, and join Caesar at Ancona on .January 4th.
Caesar then marclies on Auximum, whence Pompey's lieutenant retires, many of his soldiers joining Caesar.
At this juncture there is alarm at Rome, and the consuls abandon the capital and establish their tiovernment at
Capua. Pompey holds a conference witli his supporters at Teanum ■Sidieinuni anil decides to take his two legions to
Picenum, and there collect levies. He moves accordingly to Luceria to carry out his plans.
While Pompey is so occupieil Caesar moves down Picenum, where most of the town join him. He then marches
by way of Firmum and Truentum to Asculum. The Pompeian army stationed here takes to flight or deserts to
Caesar. Those taking to tliglit assemble at Corfinium, where Pompey's lieutenant, Domitius Ahenobarbus, was
in command.
Cae.sar at once marches on Corfinium by way of Interamnum and Pinna, saves the biidge over the Aternus,
and lays siege to Corfinium, which soon surrenders, the garrison coming over to Caesar. fSulmo also surrenders
to Marc Antony.
Pompey's headquarters were at Larinum, near Luceria. He marches all his cohorts to Brundisium, where he makes
preparations to leave Italy witli lii.s troops.
Caesar, from Corfinium, marches on Biundisium by way of Teanum, Arpi, Anxanum, Canusium, and Barium in
Apulia, in order to i^revent, if possible, Pompey's escape from Italy. On reaching Brundisium he finds that tlie
consuls had left for Dyrrhachium witli 'M cohorts, but Pompey was still there with "20, awaiting transport.
Caesar tries to blockade the town, but he fails in this, and Pompey, with Ids force, succeeds in leaving Italy.
Caesar, now in possession of Italy, returns to Rome, makes all arrangements, and marches to Transiilpine (jaul, and
over the Corniche, towanls JIassilia, which had as governor Pompey's lieutenant Domitius.
Intending to lay siege to the place, Caesar directs Fabius from Gaul to occupy the Pyrenees, and Antony to hurry on
with his legions which «-ere di\-erted to-wards Spain.
Fabius reaches Ilerda (about 20th April), and finds the camp of Afranius and Petreius about 800 yards on the south
of the town near the Sicoris. After some tiiue Afranius makes an unsuccessful attempt on Fabius' camp : and soon
after Caesar reaches Fabius and decides to attack Afranius. An indecisive action takes place. High tloofls then
setting in and carrying away Caesar's bridges, his communications with Gaul are cut off, though he manages to bring
in a convoy Irom Ciaul with some dithcult}'.
About this time an engagement takes place between the forces of Domitius anil Brutus, near an islan<l opposite
Ma.ssilia, and ends in a victory for Caesar's lieutenant Brutus, the Massilians losing 9 ships. The news of this victory
encourages the forces at Ilerda.
Caesar now, by an engineering feat, overcomes the difficulties of crossing the river, with tlie result that Afranius and
I'etreius decide to retire beyond the Iberus. Theyare, however, intercepted on their march and surrender, their men
mostly going over to Caesar.
About the end of .June another naval battle takes place outside Massilia, near Tauroentum, between Brutus and the
Massilians, joined Ijy Hi ships sent by Pompey. It cuds in a victory for Brutus and in Massilia being reduced to a
.state of siege.
Caesar, after counteracting Varro's inlluciice in the south of Spain, takes ship from liadcs to Tarraco, and thence he
marches by land to Ma.ssilia, which in the meantime had surrendered to Trebonius after a five months' siege. From
Massilia Caesar sets out for Rome and the troops proceed to Italy.
A disaster now befalls Caesar's side. His legate Curio, after regaining Sicily, is sent to reclaim Africa from the
Pompeians. At first he defeats Attius Vaius near Utica. Shortly afterwards King Juba, who was friendly to
Pompey, comes to the assistance of Varus with a large force ; Curio falls into .Juba's ambuscade and his army
is completely destroyed.
[u Illyricum, Caius Antonius (Caesaiian) was on the island of Curicta with two legions, and Dolabella, with -40
ships, was in the straits. Pompey's admirals, Octavius and Scribonius Libo, attack and defeat Dolabella, and isolate
Antonius' force on the island. These latter are ultimately captured, t.iken to Macedonia and incorporated in
'J'o face Map 45.
Pompeys army. Octavius is active in attempting to reduce Illyriciim ; and Issa joins liis canse. The Cacsarians,
Imwever, lioKl Lissus ; and at Salonae Octavius is severely defeated and retires to Dyirhachiiim.
Caesar, who liad been elccteil consul for the following year, now collects his legions and cavalry at Brundisium, and
on the '2Sth November sets sail with half his force to cross the Adiiatic after I'onipey, landin'' tlie next day at
Palaeste, on the coast of Epirus. Thirty of his ships, on their return journey to convey the remainder of his force, are
captured and burnt by Bibulus.
Caesar tries to open negotiations with Pompey, but thes; fall through. He maiches over the difficult mountain
])alhs from Palaeste to Oricum, which surrenders ; then, receiving the surrender of Apollonia, he pushes on
for Dyrrhachium.
Pompey, on hearing of Caesar's landing, hurries towards Apollonia, and by forced marches barely reaches
Dyrrhachium to save it from capture.
Caesar, Huding tliat Pompey was in possession of the place, agiln moves back towards Apollonia, and camps south of
the Apsus. Pompey follows and camps opposite Caesar on tlie other side of the river. Thus the two armies watch
each other for a time.
In the meantime Libo sails over from Oricum to Braudisinui, which lie blockades, inflicting some damage ou
Antony's men, who were waiting to cross over to Caesar. Antony compels him to raise the blockade and to retire.
48. —On the l.jth Feljruary, Antony, with the rest of Caesar's force, sets sail from Brundisium, is carried past Apollonia and Dyrrh icliium, chased by the enemy, and succeeds in i-eaching the harl>our of N'ymphocuni, above Lissus. Pompey marches secretly by way of Dyrrhachium to Tirana so as to cut otV Antony and to prevent his junction with Caesar, the latter having already crosse<l tlie Apsus for the purpose and reachcil iScampa. Antony remains in camp and apprises Caesar of the danger ; while Pompey, apprchensis'e of being caught between the two armies, retires. Metellus Soipio, Pompey "s lieutenant in Syria, is ordered to march to Alacedoiiia with his force, when Pompey hears of Caesar's landing in Epirus.
Caesar now distributes his force b^' sending L. Cassius Longinus with a legion ami 21)0 horse to Thessaly ; 5 cohorts and some cavalry to Aetolia to win over the provinces and for the supply of corn ; Domitius Calvinus, with two legions and 500 horse, by the Egnatiaii road to Macedonia, to head ofl' the corps of Scipio, which would approach from Thes.saIonica. At Oricum he leaves three cohorts, and the rest of the garrison he draws in to the main army. From Tirana, Pompey retires to Dyrrliachiiini ; thence he moves to Asparagium to defend the line of tlie flenusus. Caesar, after joining Antony, returns to Scampa, makes a raid up the (lenusus, and follows Pompey to Asparagium, camping opposite Pompey, and vainly ort'eriiig battle. He then determines to cut off Pompey from Dyrrhachium ; marches by way of Clodiana, across the niouiitains, and, before Pompey was aware of his intention, cuts off his approach to Dyrrhachium, and begins to hem in and blockade Ptmipey.
During an absence of Caesar from his camp, Pompey attacks his lines, which were umler the command of Publius iSuUa. After a severe struggle, the Caesaiiaiis gain a decided advantage. .Subseijuently Pompey, learning of the weakness of the left of Caesar's line, delivers an assault on this (juarter, which ends in a severe defeat for Caesar, with a loss of lOOO men. Pompey now imagines the war over.
While Caesar and Pompey are thus engaged before Dyrrliachinm, the opposing generals are active in the rest of (ireece. Domitius and Scipio <:onie to close quarters in Macedonia, where Scipio turns off to attack Longinus in Thessalv, leaving his baggage in charge of M. Favoniiis, south of the Haliacmon. Longinus retires before Scipio, while Domitius makes a ilemonstration against the camp of Favonius. Scipio returns just in time to save Favonius, but declines battle with Domitius, though the latter has the advantage in two cavalry combats.
At Oricum, Cn. Pompey. Pompeys son, with a fleet, enters the harbour, burns Caesar's fleet, and, leaving a detachment to blockaile the jiort, sails to Nymphoeuin and up the river to Lissus. where he also burns the 30 transports of Anton}-. He fails to Cil]>ture Lissus.
The force sent to Aetolia and that of Longinus reduce Aetolia, Aoarnania and -Amphilochis ; and an attempt is made to obtain a footing in Achaca in the Pelop(mnese, but this is frustrated by Pompey's lieutenant, who fortifies the Isthmus. Delphi, Thebes and Orchomenus voluntarily submit, and Caesar thus controls a large ])art of Greece. After his defeat at Dyrrhachiuni, Caesar sends forward at night his baggage and wounded to Apollonia, and before dajlight marches quietly off \iitli his legions ; he reaches the Cienusus jiursued by Pompey's cavalry. Caesar inflicts loss on his pursuers, crosses the river, and takes up his position opposite Asparagium. Pompey, too, crosses the river ami camps in his old defences at Asparagium. On the two following days Caesar steals a march, followed by Pompey, when the latter gives up the pursuit and returns to Asparagium.
Caesar, leaving small forces at Apollonia, Li.ssus and Oricum, determines to join Domitius in Macedonia. He marches with the river Aous on the south, and reaches Aeginium in Thessaly, where Domitius joins him. Pompey, on hearing of Caesar's movements, determines to join .Scipio and, leaving a force at Dyrrhachium, moves out of Asparagium, and takes the route along the Egnatian road. Scipio had then reached Larissa.
From Aeginium Caesar marches to Goniphi, which he storms and takes, he then goes to Metropolis, which surrenders to him, and also other towns in 'J'hessaly. He then crosses the Apidanus, and, moving a little further, camps on the north of Pharsalus, on the left bank of the Enipeus.
Pompey, finding Domitius had escaped him, jiursues his course south-east towards Larissa, where he joins Scipio on .lune 2l3t, and marches on towards Pharsalus to meet Caesar.
Though I'ompey had twice as large an army as Caesar, the latter's men were eager to retrieve their last defeat. They attack Pompey's force, and after a severe struggle the Pompeians give way. Caesar captures or disperses the entire force. Pompey takes to flight, going through Larissa to Asia Minor, and thence to Egypt, where he is assassinated. (For his precise route, see Map.)
During this time Brundisium had been blockaded by Becimus Laelius, a Pompeian admiral ; another, Cassius, had captured the harbour of Messana in .Sicily, and Vibo in Italy. On hearing of Pompey's defeat, they both retire with their fleets.
Caesar, leaving Calenus and Cornuficius to complete the conquest of Greece and lUyria, pursues Pompey to I>arissa, thence to Amphipolis, and to Asia Minor. Finding that Pompey had been at Cyprus, and had probably gone on to J'lgypt, Caesar sets out for Alexandria, where he hears of Pompey's death.
At Alexandria Caesar takes possession of the royal palace facing the great harbour and, as Roman consul, undertakes the settlement of the disputes between young Ptolemy and Cleopatra. Soon, however, intrigues ou the part of Ptolemy and his regent Pothiuus lead to the march of an Alexandrian army
under Achillas from Pelusinm. Achillas takes possession of Alexamlria, except the part held by Caesar, which the
latter places in a state of defence. Caesar also holds Ptolemy and Pothinus as hostages.
Caesar being now in an embarrassing position, secures his rear by taking possession of the tower on the island of
Pharos ; sets alxjut obtaining reinforcements in ships and troops ; and calls on Mithridales of Pergamura to march an
army to his aid b}' way of Syria.
Caesar not only holds his own amidst the intrigues against him in Alexandria, but also goes out himself with his
fleet and successfully brings in a convoy of reinforcements arriving from Rhodes. An attempt to intercept him in
this venture is frustrated by a naval victory gained by Caesar and the Rhodian admiral Euphranor over the
Alexaudiians.
The Alexandrians now prepare a fresh fleet in order to blockade Caesar. Eut seeing the danger, Caesar takes his
fleet to the Eunostos harbour, attacks tlie enemy and signally defeats them. He tlien captures the entire island of
Pharos, so as to command tlie mole (Heptastadiiim) and the entrance to both harbours.
The next day Caesar attacks the Alexandrian fort on the south end of t!ie mole ; and in a fight on the mole, between
the island and the city, Caesar is defeated and his troops put to liight, Caesar himself being saved bj- swimming to a
galley. His troops, however, soon recover their spirit. At this time Caesar, approached by the Alexandrians, bunds
over Ptolemy to them.
The Alexandrians, still in an unsettled state, now hear the true rumour that a force is marching overland to Caesar's
aid, and also a false rumour that a convoy of troops is approaching him by sea. They take steps to intercept the
latter, and Caesar sends out a fleet under Tiberius Nero to fall upon their ships. In this action Caesar's fleet is
defeated.
47. — In January, Mithridates of Pergannun arrives across Syria with reinforcements for Caesar. He assaults and captures Pelusium, then marches towards Memphis, and soon approaches the Delta.
Ptolemy despatclies a force from Alexandria to check Mithridates. This force meets Mithridates 30 miles below Memphis and is signally defeated.
On news of this reaching Alexandria, Caesar and Ptolemy both set out, one to aid the other to resist Mithridates. Caesar, leaving a garrison behind, is conveyed by his fleet along the coast ; he disembarks and marches along the south of lake Mareotis, and joins Mitluidates before Ptolemy is aware of his movements.
Ptolemy is encamped on a hill protected by the Nile on one side aiul a morass on the other. But Caesar so manoeuvres his force as to take Ptolemy in the front and rear, and signally defeats and routs the Alexandrians. Ptolemy himself perishes by drowning.
Caesar then advances with liis cavalry to Alexandria, which opens its gates and sues for pardon. He now settles matters bj- ])lacing Cleopatra and the jounger son on the throne, and, leaving a garrison, himself starts by sea for Syria with the sixth legion.
\Vlule Caesar was engaged in Egypt, there was trouble in Illyricum. A. Gabinius is sent fiom Italy to assist Cornuficius, but in a winter campaign is defeated by Pompey's lUyrian auxiliaries and retreats to ijalonae, where he is invested ; Pompey's lieutenant, Octavius, also overnnis half Illyricum.
P. Vatinius now collects ships at Brumlisiuiu and goes to the relief of Illyricum. He con)pels Octavius to raise the siege of Djrrhachium, and inflicts on him a severe defeat near the Island of Tauris. Octavius then retires to Africa, and Illyricum is saved to Caesar.
While the opposing Roman parties are engaged, trouble arises also in Asia Minor. Pharnaces, king of the Bosporus, thinking the occa.sion suitable, threiitens Armenia and Cappadocia, which appeal to Domitius Calvinus, Caesars representative in Asia. Domitius marches from Comaiia to the west of Nicopolis, and in the action with Pharnaces is defeated and compelled to retire into Roman Asia. Pharnaces now re-establishes his father's kingdom in Pontus.
Caesar, on his wa3' from Egypt, after visiting certain Sj'rian towns (see Map), sails to Cilicia ; and from Tarsus starts at once for Pontus by «ay of ilazaca in Cappadocia.
Doubting tlie good faith of Pharnaces, Caesar refuses to accept his submission and iletermines to punish him. Caesar seizes an unoccupied hill near Zela, where Pliarnaces is encamped, whereupon the latter attacks the Romans. A severe struggle ends in the defeat and flight of Pharnaces, and tlie destruction of his army. Leaving a garrison in Pontus, Caesar, on the next day, starts for Rome, where he had been made dictator, with Antony as his ma'ji-iter equiliim.
The Roman province of Africa was now in the hands of Pompey's adherents ; Metellus Scipio, Cato, Labieuus, the two sons of Pompey and others having collected there the remnants of the Pompeian army. Cato was the praetor at Utica. Ring Julia was allied to the Punipcians.
Caesar, determined to break up this coalition, collects transports and troops and starts for Africa. Taking Lilybaeuni on the way, he sets sail from Aponiana, passes Clupea ami Neapolis, and lands and encamps at Hadruiiietum with 3,000 men and loO cavalry, having parted company with the rest of his ships, which were blown by the wind, where he knew not. Not finding himself strong enough to attack the place, he retires to Ruspina, then to Leptis, and returns again to Ruspina, where he forms an entrenched camp. Here he is joineil by his missing ships and troops.
Socn after, Caesar with a small force goes into the interior for a foraging expetlition, wlien he is practically sur- rounded by an army of Pompeians under Labieuus, Petreius and others. By his tactical manoeuvres Caesar extricates himself, inflicts a defeat on the Pompeians, and regains his camp at Ruspina.
Scipio, leaving a strong garrison at Utica, marches to Hadrumetum, then joins Labienus and Petreius. They fortify a camp three miles south of Caesar's position at Ruspina and practically blockade him from the land-side.
At this time young Pompey is urged by Cato to invade Mauretania ; he is, however, driven away from the coast and sails for the Balearic islands. Owing to this attempt, Bogudes, king of Mauretania, anxious to assist Caesar, joins P. Sittius, a soldier of fortune, and they invade Numidia and capture Cirta, thus coin])elling the return of Juba to defend his country. Scipio thus loses at a critical time a valuable ally, to the great relief of Caesar. Scipio now garrisons Hadrumetum and Thapsus and attempts to shut Caes;ir in. He also holds Ucita in the plain south of Ruspina, but owing to dilKcultics in obtaining water, moves his camp to the hills west of Ucita. Caesar thereupon marches from Huspina along the coast and strikes to the west towards Ucita, where he throws uj) works on the slopes facing west. Scipio and Labienus attempt to intercept him, and Labienus leads his horse to the
attack. Caesar outmaiifKUvres anil defeats him, ami ficipio's legions retire in disorder. Caesar then returns to his
lines to complete his entrencliments, tlnis covering Ruspina and Leptis ; he also determines to capture Ucita. He
now receives some reinforcements from .Sicily ; ana Scipio is again joined by Juba and his Nuniidians. 46. — While engaged at Ucita, Caesar hears of a raid made by Varus on liis fleet at Leptis. Caesar at once rides to Leptis,
takes ship and orders his fleet to follow. He conies up with Varus near Hadrumetum, inflicts a defeat on him, ami
recovers his lost galley with 130 of the enemy on board.
While the fvo forces "are lying opi)osed to each other near Ucita, Labienus again tries, by stratagem, to intercept
Caesar, but is foiled in his attempt.
Caesar, now running short of provisions, iletermines to abandon liis camp. Leaving garrisons at Leptis and Ruspina,
he directs his fleet to blockade Hadrumetum and Thapsus ; sets lire to his camp near Ucita and camps at Agar, near
Leptis. From here he makes a raid on Zeta, 17 miles distant, where .Scipio's provisions were stored. He captures
Zeta, and, hearing that .Scipio was marching to its relief, retires with his booty.
Caesars next move from Agar was to march on Sarsura, south of Tegea, which he takes by storm. He then makes
an attempt on TTiysdrus, which, however, was too strongly held, and returns to -Agar on the fourtli day.
On the .'kd Feb. Caesar marches from Agar to Thapsus, a distance of 10 miles, and begins to invest the place, which
was already block.ided by his fleet.
The I'ompcians decide to follow Caesar, ami they entrench, in two camps, 8 miles south of Thapsus, one for Scipio
and the other for Juba. Scipio then, being altogether cut off from Thapsus, takes to constructing a camp between
the coast and the salt lake, not far from Caesar"s camp.
Caesar, seeing the enemy in such close pro.\iniity, determines to attack Scipio. Leaving two legions to guard the
trenches before Thapsus, Caesar marches on Scipio with the rest of his troops, and also directs a portion of his fleet
to make a demonstration on the rear of .Scipio.
Caesars eager legionaries precipitate a battle which ends in a signal victory for Caesar and tlie annihilation of
Scipio's force.
Leaving a force to continue the siege of Thapsus, Caesar sets out and captures Ucita and Hadrumetum. He then
marches on Ulica, where a number of .Scipio's lieutenants had sought refuge. Here Cato, unable to organise a
resistance, commits suicide.
From Utica Caesar marches on Zania, whither Juba and Petreius ha<l fled. These latter kill each other, and
Caesar confiscates ail .Juba's property ami makes his kingdom into a province.
Having thus cruslied all opposition in Africa, Caesar embarks in April for Sardinia, and reaches Rome towards the end
of May.
In November of this year he is called to Spain to suppress the Ponipeian insurrection tliere. The disafiection arising
from the misgovemnient of Q. Cassius Longinus, who w.is in command in Spain, threatened to place Spain in the
hands of tlie Pompeian party, and Cn. Pompey had already arrived and taken possession of Baetica. 45. — Caesar's first step is to take Corduba, which was held by Sex. Pompey. This draws Cn. Pompey away from Ulia, whioh
he was besieging. Cn. Pompey attacks Caesar, defeats him ancl gains the bridge and access to Corduba.
Caesar then besieges Attegua, and in spite of Cn. Pompey's attempts to thwart him Attegua surrenders to Caesar.
Caesar then moves to Soricaria {':) and crosses the Salsum, establishing a camp which results in cutting Pompey off
from his communications. Pompey ofl'ers battle, but is defeated ; and after an indecisive contest retires to Ucubis.
Caesar destroys the camp at Ucubis, and, taking other places, follows Pompey to Munda and camps over against
him. The battle here ends in a decisive victory for Caesar. Cn. I'ompey flies to his fleet at Carteia, but is overtaken
by the fleet under Didius and killed.
Leaving Munda invested, Caesar marches to Corduba, which is set on fire by Caesar's adherents within. Caesar
enters the town and massacres -22,000 men. Hispalis, Asta and Munda are reduced ; Urso also falls later to the
Caesarians.
Having thus completed his work of reducing Spain, Caesar starts for Rome at the end of .July.
Reicli .Atlaj ajiliquus
London , MacnUUan g, to. Ltd.
'^
Bgich..imHK anUq'
INDEX
TABULA SIGLORU.M
|
A. |
= |
Arcus. |
M. |
= |
Moiis. |
Pvect. |
= |
Rector inovinciae. |
|
Athen. |
— |
Atheniensis. |
Ma. |
= |
Mare. |
Reg. |
= |
Regio. |
|
Bas. |
= |
Basilica. |
Mactd. |
=^ |
Macedonicus. |
Rhod. |
= |
Rhodiensis. |
|
CI. |
= |
Clivus. |
Mon. |
= |
Monunientuni. |
S. |
= |
Sinus. |
|
Col. |
= |
CoUmma. |
P. |
= |
Pons. |
Sep. |
= |
Sepulcruni. |
|
F. |
r= |
Fluiiien. |
Penin. |
= |
Peninsula. |
Spart. |
= |
Spart iates. |
|
H. |
= |
Hortvis. |
P(.p. |
— |
Populi. |
T |
= |
Templum. |
|
I. |
r= |
Insula. |
Port. |
— |
Porticus. |
Th. |
= |
Thermae. |
|
•Tug. |
^ |
.Juguin inontis. |
Pr. |
^ |
Promontoriuin. |
Tlieat. |
= |
Tlieatruni. |
|
L. |
= |
Lacus. |
Piov. |
z= |
Provincia. |
Tx. |
= |
Contcxtus. |
|
Laceil. |
= |
Laceilaemonius. |
Pta. |
= |
Porta. |
Vi. |
= |
Vicus. |
Abacaenum, 34 a B 1 Abae, 8 C o Abdera, a \) 1 Abydiis, 5 1) 1 Acanthus, 3 B 1 Acarnania, reir. 28 A 1 Ace, 18 U ;i " Acerrae, 39 C 1 Achaea, reg. 24- AB 2 Achaea I'hthiotis reg. 13 C i Aehaeoruni Portus, 30 B 2 Achais, 22 1) 2 Acharnai;, 2 C 2 Achainita P'^', 46 D 2 Acharnie, 40 C 2 Anhelous F., 13 B 2 Aeliilles, 11 Tx Achradina, 4 a Acichorns, dux. Gall. 33 Tx Acilioruni H., 47 D I Acrae, 46 EF 4 Acragas, 34 « A 2 Acreae, 28 B .3 Acrillae, 33 B 1 Acropolis, 46 CI) 3 Acte, reg. 3 C 1 Acte (Athcnae), 46 h Aclium, 2 B 2 Adherbal, dux Carth. 36 Tx Adour, F. , 44 B .j Adraniyttiuni, 30 B 2 Adriaticum Ma., 45 F.F 1 Adnatuci, pop. 44 E 1 Aeacides, rex, 17 Jx Aecae, 39 C 1 Aeclanuni, 43 D 3 Aedes Flor:L'. 47 E 2 Aedes Hcrr\dis, 47 D 4
Aedes Quirini, 47 E 3
Aediculae lovis Melirhii et
Pliylii, 46 '. Aedui, pop. 44 DE 3 Aegae, 8 B 2 Aegaeuni Ma, 8 1) 3 .Vegaeus, 46 " Aegates I.. 36 B I Aegina, 5 B 3 Aegina I. , 5 B 3 Aeginiuui, 40 B 2 Aegira, 29 B 1 Aegitium, 2 C 2 Aegium. 28 A 2 Aegospotanii. 5 D 1 Aegospotaini F. , 3 a Aegusa I., 36 B 2 Aegyptus, reg. 11 BC 3 Aeiivs, 26 B 2 AeiTus P., 47 B 2 Aemilia, bas. 47 E -t Aemilius P., 47 D4 .\eiicum, 2 B 2 .\enia, 41 C 1 Aenianes, pop. 40 BC 2 Aenas, 1 D 1
Aeolis, reg. (Graec), 2 15 2 Aequi, pop. 35 A 1 Aeropus, M., 40 Bl Aeschines, Athen., 8 Tx Ae-schylus, Rhod. 15 T.x Aesculapii T. , 47 IJ 4 Aeseriiia, 43 1)3 Aesis F. , 43 C 2 Aetolia, reg. 28 A 2 Africa, pros-. 36 A 2 Agar, 45 ■■ Aga.ssae, 41 "
Agedincum, 44 D 2 Agesandridas, Spart. 5 Tx Agger Servii Tullii, 47 E 6 ;
E F2 Aglauriuni, 46 a Agora (Atlienae), 46 C 2 Agora Hippodanu. 46 h Agoracus, colonus, 46 C 2 Agri Decuinates, 48 B 2 Agrigentuni, 36 B 2 Agrinium, 13 B 2 Agrippae, campus, 47 V) 2, 3 Agrippae, P, 47 B 4 Agrippae .stagnum, 47 C 3 Agrippae statua, 46 a Agrippae, Tli. , 47 ('3 Agrip])ina colouia, 48 B 1 Agrippinae H., 47 A 2, 3 Aisne F., 44 E 2 Alvlio, 18 1) 3 Albania, reg., 48 F 2 Albi, 44 D o Albis F., 48 C 1 Alcinius pr. 46 h Aleria, 36 a A 1 Alesia, 44 E 3 Alexander, rex Epir. , 8 Tx Alexandria (Aegyp. ), 45 H 3 Alexandria (Ind.), 11 F 3 Alexandria (Ind.), 11 G 2 Alexandria (Inil-). H *' •'! Alexandria (Troas), 20 1> 3 Alexandria Arachosia, 11 F 2 Alexandria Aria, 11 F 2 Alexandria e.sehata, 11 G 2 Alexandrianae Th., 47 C 3 Alexandrina, aijua, 47 G 3 Alcxandropolis, 22 Tx Algidus M., 39 lU Aliphera, 24 A 3
AUierF., 44 1)4 Allifae, 37 F 2 Allobroges, pop. 44 E F4 Alope, 2 C 2 Alopeeonuesiis. 40 E 1 Alpes M., 44 F 4 Alpes Cottiae, 48 B 2 Alpes Maritimae, 48 B 2 Alpis Poenina, jug. 44 F 4 Alta Seinita, 47 E F 2 Alyzia, 13 B 2 Anianus M. , 20 K 4 Aniasea, 48 E 2 Aniastris, 21 C 1 Amastris, uxor Lysini., 18 Tx Amathus, 18 I) 3' Ambiani, ))op. 44 D 2 Andiiorix, <Iux (Jail.. 44 Tx Andjivareti, pofj. , 44 E 1 Ambracia, 8 B 3 Andnacieus .S. , 25 Andjrysus. 40 C 2 Anuens, 44 U 2 Amnion, oracvil. 11 Tx Annuonium, 11 B 3 Anmias F., 42 11 I Amorgus 1., 13 '( B 2 Anipelos pr. 1 C 2 Amphictyones, 8 Tx Amphiloi.hi. pop. 28 A 2 Amphilochis. reg. 45 <! 2 Ampliimailius, reot. 16 C 2 Amphipolis, 3 B I Ampliissa, 28 B 2 Amphitheatrum Castrense, 47
Ho Aniphitheatruui Flavinm. 47
E4 Amyche, 7 '( B 2 Amvnander, rex, 28 Tx
INDEX
Aniviitwiii. 46 C .'? Anai'toriuin, 2 I! 2 Anaea. 5 I) •'{ Anagiiia. 39 B 1 Anapiis F. (Ilr. \ 2 H .! Anapiis F. . (Sic.), 38 B 4 Anas F., 48 A .'t Anaxaiuler, S|);nt , 9 Tx Ancalitcs pop 44 B 1 Aiicona, 37 F 2 Aiicylf. 46 KF .') Ancyia. 23 K :{ AniU's, pup. 44 BC 3 Aiidnis, 5 C 3 Aiulnis I.. 5 C 3 Angeae, 40 B 2 Angers, 44 B 3 Anio F.. 39 B 1 Anio novus, 47 If 4 Anio vetus. 47 i;H 3, 4 Anitorgia. 37 B 3 Antalciclas, Sjkii t , 6 Tx Antandrii?, 1 1) 2 Antheinus, reg. 2 C 1 Anticyra. 4o\; 2 Antigenes, leet. 16 CD 2 Antigonea (Kpir. ). 40 A 1 Antigonea (Mac), 41 C 1 Antigonea (Syria \ 18 K 2 Antigonus, icct. 12 B 2 ; 16
B 2 ; 22 A 2 Antiochi rcgmini, 22 BCDE 2 Antiocliia (Marg.). 22 K 2 Antiochia (Syr.), 45 K 2 Antiocliia Nisibis, 22 C 2 Antipater, reet. 16 A 1 Anlipatria, 40 B 1 Antipatrus, iii t. 12 A 1, 2 Antissa, 2 I) 2 Antiuni, 31 A 2 Antonini (D.) T., 47 E 4 (18) Antonini, vallum, 48 A 1 Antonini Caracallae, Th. 47EG Antonini Pii, col. 47 U 2 Anloniniana, aijua, 47 F 7 Antoninorum ustrinuni, 47 C 2 Anlonius C. legatus. 45 Tx Antron, 41 C 2 Antrum ApoUinis, 46 a Antrum I'anis, 46 /( Anxanum, 45 F 1 Anxur, 31 A 2 Aonms(Bactr.l, 11 F2 Aornus (In.l.). 11 G 2 AoiisF., 40 AB 1 Apamea : Mtil. ), 22 I) 2 Apamea (Pliryg). 42 <i 2 Apamea (Syr.), 22 B 2 Aperautia, rcg. 41 B 2 Aphetae, 1 B 2 Aphrodisias, 3 B 3 Aphrodisium, 46 b Aphrodites Hegemones, ara,
46 B 2 Aphytia, 2 C 1 Apidanus F., 45 '■ C 2 Apolliuis, antnini, 46 ft ApoUinis T , 47 D 4 ( 15) ; E 4 ApoUonia (Babyl.), 22 C 2 AiJoUonia (Illyr. ), 40 A 1 ApoUonia (Mac), 8 C 2 ApoUonia (Sic ), 34 a B 1 Aponiana I., 45 E 2 Appenninus M., 43 BC 1, 2 Appia, a'lua, 47 (;.■); Do
Appia, ])ta. 47 F(; 7 Appia, via, 35 AB 2 Apsus R, 40 r. 1 Apulia, reg. 39 CL) 1 Aijua Alexandrina, 47 (i 3 Aiiua Antoniana, 47 F 7 Aijua Appia, 47 (! .5 ; I) 5 A(iua Claudia, 47 ( i "> ; H 4 A'jua Marcia Tcbula Julia, 47
(J 3 Aqua Xeronis. 47 C 4 Aqua Traiana. 47 .\ 4, ."> Acjita Virgo, 47 I) 1 A<iuaecluotus I'irati, 46 BC ."i Aquaeductus Tisislrati, 46 a Aquilcia, 48 (' 2 Aquinum, 39 I'. 1 Aijuitani, pop. 44 BC 4, ."> Ara .-Vphroilites Hegemones, 46
Ara Atlicnae, 46 a
Ara Ditis, 47 B 3
Ara Incendii Neronis, 47 E 3
Ara Martis, 47 I) 3
Ara Maxima. 47 I) 5 (1)
Ara Pacis, 47 1)2
Arabia, reg. 11 CI) 3
Aracliosia, reg. 16 E 2
Aracthus (Arattlnis) F., 24
A 2 .Aradns, 11 Tx Arar F., 44 E 3 Arbela, 11 I) 2 Arbofala, 37 A 2 Arcadia, reg. 7 « B 2 Arca<lii A., 47 B 2 Arcesilaus, re<t. 12 BC 2 Arihon, rect. 12 C 2 Ardeatina, pta., 47 E 7 Ardeatina, via, 47 E 6, 7 Ardettus, 46 F 4 Ardnenna Silva, 44 EF 1, 2 Areopagus, 46 C 3 Argentariorum A., 47 D 4 (2) Argiletum, 47 E 4 Argilus, 3 B 1 Arginussae I., 5 I) 2 ArgoIicHS S., 7 a BC 2 Argolis, reg. 7 a B 2 Argonautarum, port. 47 D 3 Argos (-Amphil.), 2 B 2 Argos (Argoli^i, 3 B 3 Aria, reg. 11 F 2 Arianes, pop. 11 B I Ariarthes, rex, 22 B 2 A riaspae, pop. 11 F 2 Aricia, 31 A 2 Ariminum, 43 C I Ariobarzanes, rex, 42 Tx Aristion, dux Pont. 42 Tx Armenia, reg. 11 1)2 Armenia Minor, reg. 48 E 2, 3 Arne, 3 B 1 Amissa, 3 A 1 Amus F., 37 E 2 Aroranoniiuni, 46 D 3 Arpi, 37 F 2 xVnetium, 37 E 2 Arrliabaeus, rect. 16 AB 1 Artaphernes, dux Pers. 1 Tx Artaxata, 48 r2 Artemis Brauronia, 46 a Artemisixmi, 1 B 2 Arverni, pop. 44 D 4 Arx (Piracil, 46 h
Arx (Roniae), 47 I) 4 Asandrus, reet. 12 A 2 ; 16 A2 Asclepieuni, 46 n Ascoiilus F, , 41 C 1 Ascuhun, 45 '( .\ 2 Asea, 26 B 2 Aaenia, 37 Tx
-^'''a 1 •„ 11./-. o
V • M • 1 prov. 42 FC. 2 Asia Mmor / '
Asinaria pta. , 47 C 5
Asine. 3 H 3
Asiniani 11., 47 F. 6
Asnaus M., 40 B 1
A.sopus F. , 2 r( B 1
Asparagium, 45 '< A 1
Aspendus, 11 C 2
Asphaltites L., 18 D 4
Aspis, 34 B 1
Assinarus F. ct pr. 4 D 3
As.syria, reg. 48 F 3
Asta, 45 A 2
Astacus (liraec'i, 2 B 2
Astacus (Bitliyn.), 18 C 1
Astigi, 45 A 2
Astyra, 6 'i D 2
Ata'lanta, 2 C 1
Atalinta I., 2 C 2
Atanadruni, 37 B 2
Atella, 39 C 1
Aternus F. , 45 E 1
Atliamania, reg 28 A 2.
Atliamanes, pf»jj. 40 B 2
Athena Promaclius, 46 a
Athenae, 2 C 3
Athen.ae Arehegetis pta. 46,
C3 Athenae, ara, 46 " Athenae Hygiae T. , 46 a Athenae Nicac T. , 46 a -■Vthenae Novae, 46 E 2 3 AthosM., 1 C 1 At rax, 40 C 2 Atreliates, pop. 44 1) 1 Atrium Vestac, 47 E 4 Atropatene, reg. 22 C 2 Atropates, rect. 12 C 2 ; 16
C2 Attali, stoa, 46 C 2 Attalia, 45 I 2 Attegua, 45 B 2 Attica, reg. 7 C 2, 3 Aturus, F., 44 B ."> Aufidus F , 39 C I Augusta (Trever. ) 48 B 2 Augusta Vindeliconmi, 48 C 2 Aiignstana, domus, 47 E 5 Augusti, -A 47 1) 4 Augusti (D.) T., 47 1) 4 (10) Augusti, forum, 47 E 4 Augusti, mausoleum, 47 C 2 Augusti, naumathia, 47 B C 5 Augusti, solarium, 47 C D 2 Augustolxjn.i, 44 E 2 Aiigiistodunum, 48 B 2 Aulcrei Cenomani, pop, 44
C2, 3 Aulerei Diablintes, pop. 44 B2 Aulis, 6 a A\ Anion, 3 B 1 Aurelia, via 47 AC 4, 5 Aurelii (M.), col., 47 D 2 Aurelii (M.), statua, 47 C 5 Aurelius P., 47 C 4 Auriugi.^, 37 B 3 Ausculum, 35 B 2
Ausetanii, )>op. 37 C 2 Auximum, 43 C 2 Avarieuni, 44 1) 3 Aventinus M., 47 DE 6 Axius F., 40 BC 1 Axona F. , 44 E 2 Azorus, 41 11 2
B
Babylon, 18 FCi 3
Babylonia, reg., IS F3, 4
)!ai tra, 11 F 2
Bactria 1 , , t.. t
„ , . reg. 11 r 2
JIactrianaj °
Badaca, 15 F 4
Baecula, 37 A 3
Baetiea, prov. 45 AB 2
Baelis F. , 37 A 3
Bagradas F. , 39 '< 1! 1
Balbi Thealnim, 47 C 4
Baleares I., 37 CD 2, 3
Balneum Komanum 46 D 4
Bantia, 39 D 1
Barathrum, 46 A 3
'^■■"■« ';/^ j 30 B 3 Bargyllue )
Barium 45 « C 3
Barnosthenes M., 28 B 3
Barsine, uxor Alex., 18 Ix
Bastamae, jiop. 48 D 2
Begoritis L., 41 B 1
Bel fort, 44 F 3
15elgae, pop. 44 DEF 1
Belgic.i, prov. 48 B I, 2
llellou.ie T. 47 (' 4
Bellovaei, jioj). 44 CD 2
Belmina, 26 l'> 2
]{eneventum, 39 C 1
Beroea, \„r,B> Bcrrhoea,]**"^- Bcsanoon, 44 E 3 Bessus, Bactr. 11 Tx. I'.cvus F , 40 B 1 Bibliotheca (Koma.), 47 E 5 Biljracte, 44 E 3 Bibrax, 44 D 2 Bibroci, pop. 44 B 1 Bibulus. legatus, 45 Tx Bigerra, 37 B 3 Bisanthe, 5 1) 1 Bithynia, reg. 42 F (; I Bituriges, pop. 44 CD 3 Boarium, forum, 47 D 5 Bootia, reg. 6 n .'\ I Bogudes, rex, 45 C 2 Boii. pop. 44 U 3 ; G 3 liolbe, T.., 3 B 1 Bolissus, 5 C 2 Bon.ae Deae i'. , 47 E 5 Boni Eventus, port. 47 C 3 Bononia, 37 E 1 Boodes, dux Carth. 36 Tx Bosporanum, Regnum, 48 E2 Bosporus, 5 FZ 1 Bostarus, dux Carth. 36 Tx Bottiaea, reg. 2 C 1 Bovianum, 43 1) 3 Bratuspanlium, 44 D 2 Brauronia, Artemis, 46 « Briancon, 44 F 4 Brigantio, 44 F 4 Britannia, prov. 44 AM 1 Britannia, sup. et. inf. 48 Al
INDEX
Bromiscus, 3 B 1 Bnictcri, pop, 48 1! 1 Brunclisium, A-3 K 'i Brattii, pop. 39 Di Br^anium, 4-0 1! 1 Brygi, pop. 1 C 1 Bucephalii, 11 (J 2 Bill beta, 8 B 3 Binlonmi, 2 « B "2 Bura. 29 B 1 Biitliiotiim, 42 B 2 Byblus, 11 T.\ Bvzautiiini, 5 K 1
C.
Cabillo, 44 E :! Cacyparis F. , 4 1) 3 Catliiiea, arx, 6 Tx Cadurci, pip. 44 C 4 Caelimontimn, 47 F ."> fl) Caeliiis M., 47 KFli .5 Caesar L., leijatus, 44 Tx Caesaraugiistii, 48 A 2 Caesarea (Capp. ), 48 E '.i Caesarea (Maiir. I, 48 B ."J CaesaiieusLs, reg 48 AB :i Caesaiis H., 47 BC .i, 0 Cacsainim, nemii^, 47 L* •"> Caiatia, 39 C 1 Caicus F., 30 B -2 Calabria, leg. 39 UE 1 Calalia, 391,' 1 Calatinus, A. Atiliiis, consul,
36 Tx Calenus, lesatus, 45 Tx Cales, 38 B 2 Caleti, pr>p. 44 C 2 Callatebiis, 1 E -> Callias, Atlieii. 6 Tx Callicula M., 37 Tx Calliilromiis M., 28 B 2 Calliiiicus M., 41 Tx Calliope, 22 IJ 2 Callipeuce, jug. 41 " Callipolis, 40 E 1 Callirrlioe, 46 E 4 CaMithera, 40 I! 2 Callium, 23 B .'i Calor F., 39 C 1 Calpurnioi'iim, sep. 47 F 1 Calycadiuus E. . 42 Tx Calyilon, 2 B 2 Canuuina, 36 C 2 Camlmnii. M., 41 B I, 2 Cainelon Teichos. aix, 43 Tx Camenarum Vi. 47 KF (J Campania, leg. 43 D 3 Campus Agrippae, 47 D 2, .'5 Campus Hyicaniu-i, 30 B 2 Campus Martiu.-i, 47 BC 2, 3 Campus Pynlii, 28 Tx Campus Saloniu.s, 18 C 1 Campus Stellatiis, 37 h Campus TIniasius, 2 " B 1 Campus Viminalis. 47 F<; 2 Camulogenus, dux ( iall. 44 Tx Canae, 30 B 2 Canattiaeum, 1 , i> t Cananrum. JP'' ^ ^^ " Candahar, 11 Tx Cane M., 30 B 2 Cannae, 37 I! 2
Canthaii, poitus, 46 b Cantii, pop 44 C 1 Canusium, 37 <1 2 Capena pta. 47 K 3 Caphyae, 24 B 3 Capitis CI. 47 F .> Capitolinus M. 47 D 4 Capitolium, 47 U 4 Capitolium veins, 47 E 2 Cappadocia, reg. 18 DE 2 Capua, 43 D 3 Carales, 37 E 3 Carcaso, 44 1) 5 Cardamvlc, 5 C 2 Cardia, 5 U 1 Caria, reg. 15 AB 2 Carinae, 47 E 4 Carmania, reg 11 E 2, 3 Carmentalis, pta. 47 D 4 Carnute.'!, pop. 44 C 2 Caron Comi. 15 F 3 Carpasia, 18 U 3 Carpatlius I., 5 D 4 Carpetani, pop. 37 AB 2, 3 Carrhae, 11 C 2 Carteia, 37 A 3 Carterii, 5 D 2 Carthaginiensium Pioviiicia,
34 ft A 2 Carthago, 34 B 1 Caithalo. dux Cartb. 36 Tx Carvae, 28 B 3 Carystus, 13 U 2 Casilinum, 39 C 1 Casinum, 39 B 1 Casium, 18 D 4 Caspiie pvUe, 11 E 2 CaspiumMa. 11 UE 1, 2 Cassander, rect. 19 Ca.ssandrea, 40 C 1 Cassii, pop. 44 B 1 Cassias, Icgatus, 45 Tx Cassivellaunus, dux Brit. 44
Tx CastorisT. 47 D4(16) Castra Equitum singularium,
47 Q 5 Castra Peregrina, 47 EF 5 Castra I'raetoria, 47 < J 2 Castra Urbana, 47 T) 2 Castrense, Ampliitlieatrum,
47 H .-> Castulo, 37 B 3 Catana, 36 C 2 Cato, legatus, 28 /< Catuvolcus, dux (Jail. 44 Tx Caulonia, 39 D 2 Caunus, 18 C 2 Cebenna M. 44 DE 4 Cedriae, 5 E 3 Celaenae, 15 B 2 Celetruin, 40 B 1 Cellae, pop. 44 BCDE 3 Celtiberia, reg. 37 B 2, 3 Cenabuni, 44 1) 3 Cenchreae, 5 B 3 Cenimagni, pop. 44 I! 1 Cenomani, Aulerci, pop. 44
C2, 3 Centuripae, 4 C 2 Cephallenia. 2 B 2 Cephallenia, I. 2 B 2 Cephaloedium, 34 « B 1 Cephisus F. 8 C 3 Cepi, 46 U 4
Ceramicus exterior, 46 Al! 1 Ceramicus interior, 46 B 2 Cercetius M. 40 B 2 Cercina I. 37 E 4 Cercine M. 2 C 1 Cerdylium M. 3 B 1 Cercris T. 47 U .5 Cersobleptes, rex, 9 Tx Ccrynea, 29 B 1 Cerynia, 18 D 3 Cestii, sep. 47 IJ 7 Cestius P. 47 C 4 Clneronea. 8 C 3 Chalce I. 5 1) 3 Clialcedon, 5 E 1 Clialeiileus, 8part. 5 1 "x Cbalcidiee, reg. 3 B 1 Chaleis, 40 C 2 Cliaonia, reg. 40 .\B 1, 2 Charidemus, Atlien. 8 Tx Charitum, Sacellum, 46 B 2 Chatti, pop. 48 1! 1 Chauci, pop. 48 B 1 Cliersonesus (Taur. ), 48 E 2 Chersoiiesus (Thrac), reg. 5
Dl Chersoiiesus pr. 2 a B 2 Cherusci, pup. 48 BC 1 Cliimeriuni, 2 B 2 Cliius. 5 D 2 Cliius I. 5 C 2 Clioregicani, mon. 46 D 3 ( 'lirysopoJi.s, 5 E 1 Cierium, 28 B 2 Cilicia, reg. 20 HI 4 Cilles, dux, 18 E 3 Cimonius, murus, 46 n Cingetorix, dux (jail. 44 Tx Circus riaininiu>5, 47 CD 4 Circus (iaii et Xeroiiis, 47
A 2 Circus Hadriani, 47 B 1, 2 Circus Maximus, 47 U E .5 Ciriadae, 46 A 3 Ciita, 45 1) 2 Cispius M. 47 F 3 Cithaeron M. 6 n A 1 Citiuni, 18 D 3 Citiuin M. 41 B 2 Clanis F. 43 C 2 Clastidium, 37 E 1 Claudia, iii|Ua, 47 ( I ."> : H 4 Claudii A. 47 D 2: 1)3 Claudii T. 47 1'^ ■'> Clazomenae, 5 1) 2 Clearcliu.<, Spart. 5 ( ' 3:1) 2. 3 Cleitus, rect. 16 A 2 Cleonae, 29 B 2 Cleone, 3 C 1 Clitor, 24 B 3 C'livus Capitis, 47 F .) Clivus Publieius, 47 I) o C'livus Salutis, 47 E 3 Clivus Scauii, 47 E "i Clivus Sulniraiuis, 47 F 3, 4 Cloaca (Athenae), 46 C 2 Cloaci Maxima, 47 1) 4 Clodiana, 45 '. A 1 Cluentius L. , ilux 8aimi. 43
Tx (;lupea, 45 E 2 Clusium, 43 B 2 Cnidus, 5 1) 3 (Joblen7, 44 (! 1 Codrion, 40 B 1
Cwle, 46 .\B 4 Coele Syria, reg. 18 E 3 Coenus, rect. 12 C 2 Colcliis, reg. 48 F 2 CoUiua pta; 47 F 2 Collis Hortoruio. 47 E 1 Collytns, 48 CD 3, 4 Colonia Agrippina. 48 B 1 Colonus, 46 AB 2 : Ct) 1 Colonus Agoiieu-i, 46 C 2 Colophon, 5 1)2 Colophon nova. 30 B 2 Colossae. I E 3 Commagene, reg. 48 E 3 Commius, dux (Jail. 44 Tx Compeigne. Syha, 44 Tx Compsa, 38 B 2 Conipulteria. 38 B 2 Coneordiae T. 47 D 4 (17) Condrusi, po]) 44 E 1 Coufluentes. 44 F 1 Cononis, muru<. 46 '< Consentia, 39 D 2 Constantiiii A. 47 K 4 Constanlini Th. 47 F. 3 Copais L. 6 n A 1 Cophus limen. 46 '■ Copratas F. 15 ( • 3 Cora. 39 B 1 Corax M. 28 B 2 Corey 1 a. 2 A 2 Corcyra I. 2 A 2 Corduba, 45 B 2 Corfinium. 43 C 2 Corinthiacus S. 3 1! 2 Corinth us. 5 B '■'• Cornelia port. 47 B 2 Cornelia, via. 47 AB2 Corniche. 45 D 1 Cornuficius ','. . legiti'-. 45 i"> Cornns. 37 E 2 Coronea. 8 C 3 Corragus, 40 -\ I Correus, dux (iall. 44 Tx Corsiae. 9 B 2 Corsica I. 37 E 2 Cortona. 37 F 2 Corupe<lium, 21 B 1 Cory cum pr. 30 B 2 Corvcus. 5 U 2 Cos"l. 5 D 3 Cossaei. pop. 15 I"l • 3 Cos.syra I. 36 B 2 C'otantin. leg. 44 B 2 Cottiae, Alpe~. 48 F, 2 Cotyrta, 3 B 3 Crannon. 28 I! 2 Cremona. 37 E I Creuae, 2 B 2 Crenides Philippi. 8 D 2 Crestonia, reg. 2 V 1 Creta I. 11 B 2 Cretopolis. 15 B 2 Creusi.*. 6 ■( A 1 Ciisa, 8 C 3 Crisaeus S 2 C 2 Ciitias, Athen. 6 Tx Crocyleum, 2 C 2 Cronunyon, 6 ■• A 2 Cropoea, 2" B 1 Croton. 39 1) 2 Crypta iRoma'. 47 < t Cuniae, 38 A 2 Curia (Roma). 47 D 4 Curicta I. 45 E 1
IND?:\
CiU'iosolites, pop, 44. A Cyclades I. 20 I > t Cvflaimis, 4-8 l'> '^ Cydatlienae, 46 CI) 3 Cyilonia, 2 D 4 Cyiiula, 15 C 2 Cyllene, 2 B 2 Cyme, 5 1)2 Cymine, 40 B 2 Cynaetha, 24 A 2 Cynoscephalac, 7 C 2 Cynossema, 5 I) 1 Cj-phaia, 40 C2 Cypiius. Vi. 47 K 4 Cyprus, I. 18 1) 3
Cypseliis, j *o J' ' Cyienaica, reg. 48 D 3 CjTene, 14 A 2
Cyretia, \ „- B •' Cyretiae, j s«" ^ - Cyrrliestica. 20 K 4 Cyssus, 30 I; 2 Cvtliera. 3 1! 3 Cytheia 1. 3 B :i Cythniis;. 40 1) 3 Cytiiiiiiiii, 8 C 3 Cytiuin, 41 C 1 Cv/;icii5, 5 D 1
1).
Dacia, rog. 48 H 2 DaeiUila, 30 C 3 Dalmatia, reg. 48 C 2 Daiiiaseiis, 18 K 3 Danubius F. 48 C 2 Dardani, pup. 42 B 1 Dardania, leg. 23 B 2 Daidamis, 5 I) I Uaria Minor F. 44 V 4 Darius, rex, 11 E 2 Dascyliuui. lO 1) 1 Dassarctae, ]irip. 40 I!I Daulis, 40 C 2
Deae Romae et Augusti T. 46 " Deal, 44 C 1 Decelca. 5 B 2 Deeetia, 44 1) .! Decuiuates, agri, 48 B 2 Deliuin, 3 B 2 Delplii, 8 C 3 Delpliiuiuui, 5 I) 2 Delta (Aegvptu.s), 4S 1 3 Delus I. 5 C 3 Denietrias, 40 C 2 Demetrius, Plialareiis, 17 'I'x Demi, Sacellum, 46 B 2 Deroyllidas, Spart. 5 Tx Diablintes, Aulerci. pop. 44
B2 Dianae T. 47 D ."> Didius, Ti., legatus. 43 Tx Diocliaris pla. 46 K 2 Diocletianao Tli. 47 F 2 Diodorus, legatus, 21 Tx Diogeniuni, 46 1) 3 Diomea, 46 !)."> : 1-; 2 Diomea pta. 46 1 ) 4 Diony.?i Theatrum, 46 1) 3 Dionysiastaruni, douius, 46 '' Dionysium, 46 C 3 Dionysius, Svrae. 7 Tx
Dionysus Kk-ntlitrcus. 46 " Diinlon, 46 B 2 Ditis, ata, 47 B 3 Dinm (Clialcidice), 3 B 1 Diuni (Macedonia), 40 C 1 Divitiatua, dux Gall. 44 Tx Doliora. 2C 1 Dolaliellae A., 47 F5 Doliclie, 41C 1 Dcilielicnum, 47 D ."> Dolopes. ])'>p. 40 B 2 Domitiac 11. 47 H 2 Doniitiani A. 47 D 3 Doniitioiiuii H. 47 II 1 Doniiis Augustana. 47 K .") Dcpiiius Aurea, 47 F 4 Honius Lateianoniiu. 47 (J o Donuis Li viae, 47 1) 4 (7) Doiims Soveri, 47 E 5 Donuis Tiberiana, 47 DE 4 Dora Kiparia, F. , 44 F 4 Doris, reg. 13 < ' 2 Doriseus, 40 D 1 Dorylivuni, 18 C 2 Dover, 44 C 1 Drangiana, reg. 11 F 2 Drappes, dux Gall., 44 Tx Drapsaca, 11 F 2 Drepanuni, 36 B 1 Druentia, F., 44 E 5 Dru.si, A., 47 F G Drusianus, ^'i., 47 F 6 Dulnis, I'ortiis, 44 C 1 Dinnnauiis. dux. Gall., 44 Tx Duraiiue, F., 44 E 5 Durius, F., 48 A 2 Darocortoruui, 44 E 2 Dynic. 26 A 1 Dyrrliacliiuni, 45 F 1
E
Eburonps, pop. 44 EF 1 EInirovices. pop. 44 C 2 Ebusus, 37 C 3 ICcbat.iiia. 11 D2 Kibetla. 34 a B 2 Eehinades, I., 13 B 2 Kcluse, Pas de 1', 44 F 3 EenonuLs pr. , 36 B 2 Edessa (Maced.), 20 B 2 Edcssa (.\lesop.). 22 B 2 Eetionea. 46 li Ege.sta, 34 >i A 2 Eguatia, via, 45 Tx lOion, 3 B 1 Elaea, 30 B 2 I'^laeus, 5 D 1 Elatea (Phocis), 28 B 2 Elatea iTliess.), 41 C 2 Elatria, 8 B 3 Elaver, F , 44 1) 4 Eleusininni, 46 D 3 Elcusis, 3 B 2 Eleutliene, 6 « A 1 I'^Ieutherolaconcs, pop. 29 B
2, 3 Elimea, reg., 40 B 1 Ells, 13 B 3 Elis, reg. 13 B 3 EUonienus, 2 B 2 Embatum, 2 E 2 Enibrun. 44 F 4
ICnnniricb, 44 F 1 Eiuiioriac, 37 C 2 Eniporiiini (I'iraei), 46 '- Emporium (Romae), 47 C 6 Enipous, F. (Maie(l.), 41 C 1 Enii)L-us, F. (Thess. ), 45 t C 2 Eima, 36 C 2 Enueaernnus, 46 B 3 Eordaea, reg. 40 B 1 Epeprodunum, 44 F 4 Epliesus, 15 .\ 2 Kpidanmus, 2 .\ 1 Epidaurus, 5 I! 3 E)ii(laurus Limera, 3 B 3 EpieiL-ia, 6 a A 2 Epipolae, 4 '( Epiiiis, reg., 40 P. I, 2 Epizepliyrii, Locri, 35 C 3 Eporedorix, dux. (jail. 44 Tx Erae, 5 D 2 Ereclitbeum, 46 a lOresus, 5 C 2 Eretria (Eidxea), 40 C 2 Eretria (Thess.), 40 C 2 Eriae Pylac, pta., 46 B 2 Eridauus, riviis, 46 A 2; E 2 Erigonus, F. , 40 B 1 Erythrac, (Asia M.), 5 1)2 ICrytluae, (Buot.), 2 « B 1 Eryx, 36 B 1 Esciuiliae, (Reg. Augusti), 47
G4(V) Esiiuilina, pta., 47 F 3 Esiiuilinum, forum, 47 G 3 EsquiUnus, M., 47 F 4 Esuvii, pop., 44 B 2 Etruria, reg., 43 B 2 Eiiliiea, I., 1 B2 Eiibulidis, num., 46 BC 2 Euetion, Atben., 13 Tx iMdiydrinm, 40 C 2 Eida'cus, F., 15 F4 Eumenes, rect , 12 B 2 Eumenis, stoa, 46 C 3 Eunosti, portus, 45 '' Eupalium, 2 B 2 Eu|)liianor, Khod., 45 Tx Euphrates, v.. 18 EFG 3, 4 Euripus, 28 1! 2 Eurupus, 2 C 1 Europus, F. , 28 B 2 Eurotas, F. . 28 B 3 Eiiryaliis, 34 a B 2 ; 4 a Eurydice, uxor Philippi, 17
Tx Euiymedon, F., 30 n l*]urytanes, pop., 25 Euxinus, Pont lis, 11 C 1 Evreiix, 44 C 2
Fabriciiis, P., 47 C 4 Faesiilae. 37 E 2 Fagutal, 47 EF 4 Falhizc, M., 44 E 1 Faustinae (D.I, T. 47 E 4
(IS) Faventia, 43 (.' 1 Favonins, M. legatus, 45 Tx Fella, 14 B 2 Ferenlimim, 39 B 1 Fidentia. 43 B 1
Firmiim, 45 K 1 Flaceus, legatus, 28 '' Fhiminia, |)ta. 47 C 1 Flaminius, eircus, 47 CD 4 Flavia t!ens, 47 E 2, 3 Flavium, Aniphithcatrum, 47
E4 Floriis, (i. Afiuillius, Consul,
36 Tx Folkestone 44 C 1 Fons Klepsydra, 46 a Fontinalis pta., 47 1) 3 Forinaiis F. 44 E 4 Formiae, 31 A 2 Fortnnae '1'. 47 1' I Forum (Atheuae), 46 (' 2, 3 Konim (Homa), 47 D 4 Forum Augusti, 47 E 4 Forum Boaiinm, 47 1)5 Forum Esfiuilinuni, 47 G 3 Forum Holitorium, 47 1) 4 F^orum Juliuin, 47 D 4 Forum Nervao, 47 E 4 Forum Romamnn 47 1) 4
(VUI) F'oruni Traiani, 47 D 3, 4 Forum Vespasiiini, 47 E 4 Fregellae, 39 B 1 Frenlana, reg. 37 F 2 FVisii, pop. 48 B 1 Frusinu, 39 B 1 FuiiiUuii Ir.ei, vi.i, 47 E 3 Fundi, 31 A 2
G.
Galjala. 45 K 2 Gabali, poji. 44 D 4 Gabiene. 15 G 3 (iabii, 39 B 1 Gadani.irga, 15 G 3 Gades, 37 A 3 Gaii, circus, 47 A 2 (ialaesus F. 39 D 1 Galaria, 34 (i B 2 (ialatia, reg. 23 E 2, 3 (ialliiana, Horrea, 47 C 6 Galepsus, 3 I,' 1 (iallaecia, reg. 48 A 2 Gallia, prov. 48 B 2 (iallia (jisalpina, prov. 43 B 1 Gallieni A. 47 F 3 (ianeion M, 44 D 2 Gap, 44 K 4 (iaronne F. 44 C o (jarumna F. 44 C 4 Gaugamela, 11 D 2 Gaureleos, 40 1) 3 Gaurus M. 31 A 2 Gaza (Sogdiana), 11 F 1 Gaza (Sj'ria), 18 1) 4 Gedrosia, reg, 11 F 3 Gela, 34 a B 2 Genava, 44 F 3 Genevre JI. 44 F 4 Gens Flavia, 47 E 2, 3 Genua, 37 E 1 Genusus F. 41 A I Geraesticuni, 30 B 2 Gerania M. 24 B2 Gergovia, 44 D 4 Germania, prov. 48 BC 1 Gerniania, sup. et inf. 48 B 1, 2
INDEX
GuroDthrae, 7 « 13 3 Geri'unius, 40 A 1 neiunimii, 37 F 2 Gessoriaciim, 44 C 1 Getae H. 47 AB 4 Gctao, ])op. 23 (J 1 Gigantuni, stua, 46 C 2 Glauec, S 1) .'{ Goniplii, 4-0 I! 2 Oonmis, 28 I! 2 Goicliaiii A. 4-7 G 2 Gorilium, 11 C 1 Gorgobiiia, 44 D 3 Gorgoiiioii, 34 a B 2 Goitj'iiia, 2 C 1 Graecia, prov. 16 A 2 Graniciis F. H 15 1 Gratiani A. 47 B 3 Gr. St. Bernliard, jug. 44 F 4 Grunieiitum, 39 C 1 Gj-gomis, 2 C 1 Gymiiasiiim (Athenae), 46 U 4 Gy])lianta, 7 n C 3 Gyrton, 41 C 2 Gythiiim, 5 B 3
H.
Haihia, 37 F 2 Hadiiaiii A. 47 D 2 Hadriani, circus, 47 B 1, 2 Hadriani, moles, 47 B 2 Hadiiani, miirus, 46 E 2 ; IC
F 3, 4 Hadriaiii pta. 46 D 3 Hadri.ini, stoa, 46 1) 2 Hadriani. vallum, 48 A 1 Hadrumetum, 34 B 1 Haemus M. 23 BC 2 Haliacmon F. 41 B I Haliae, a C 3 Haliartu.s, 41 C 2 Halicarna.ssus, 5 1)3 Halice, 7 a C 2 Halicyac, 35 A 4 Halicis, 6 'I A 2 Halniyris, 46 li Halouncsus I. 8 D 3 Halus, 1 B 2 Halycu.s F. 36 B 2 Halys F. 23 E 2, 3 Haniac, 38 a Hamaxitus, 46 A 2 ; h HaruKizia, 11 E 3 Harpalus, Maccd. 13 Tx Harudes, pop. 44 'J'x Hebrus F. 8 10 2 Hccatompedus, 46 " Hecatonipyhis, 11 K 2 Hccatoimesi I. 5 1)2 Hecato-stylum, 47 ( ' 3 Heleuac TIi. 47 H 4 Helicon M. 6 « A 1 Hellcspontus, 5 D 1 Heloi'iis, 36 C 2 Helos, 3 li 3 Helvciii, pop. 44 FG 3 Hclvii, ])op 44 K 4 Hepliacstium, 48 B 2 Heptastadium, 45 'I Heraclea (Italia), 35 C 2 Hei-aclea (Pontica), 18 (' 1 Heraclea (Trachinia), 3 B 2 Heraclea Minoa. 36 B 2
Heracles, fil. Alexandri, 18 Tx Heraclcuni, 41 C 1 Heraea, 24 A 3 Horaeou Teiclios, 8 E 2 Hcrbessus, 36 B 2 T^Tci-ljita, 4 (' 2 Hercte -M. 36 B 1 Herculaiieum, 43 1-) 3 Hereulis, aeiles!, 47 I) 4 HercuJi.s luvicti T. 47 L) 5 (21) Hereulis Pompeiana T. 47 U 5
(22) Herdoniac, 39 C 1 Herius F. 44 B 3 Herniaeum pr. 34 B 1 Hermaniliea, 37 A 2 Hcrnuonc, 2 C 3 Hermunduri, pop. 48 C 2 Hcrnuis F. 30 BC 2 Herodis, (.)deuni, 46 C 3 Hesbaye, rcg 44 E 1 Hilicrnia I. 48 A 1 Hibcrus F. 45 B 1 Hicra I. 36 A 2 Hiera Pyle, 46 B 3 Hiero.solyma, 11 C 2 Hierum,'l8 C 1 Himera. 36 B 2 Hindu Kusli M. 11 Tx Hippana, 36 Tx Hippodami, agora, 46 '■ Hippodromus, 47 E 5 Hipponium, 33 1! 2 Hippo Regius, 39 n A \ Hipiniacra, 34 A I Hirpini, pop. 37 '' Hispalis, 45 A 2 Hispania, prov. 48 A 2 Histiaea, 1 B 2 Holitorium, forum. 47 I' 4 Honorii A. 47 B 2 Honoris et Virtutis T. 47 F 5 Horologium. 46 D 3 Horrea, 47 C 0 Horrea lialliiana, 47 C (i Huy, 44 Tx Hyampolis, 40 C 2 Hybli, 4 C 2 Hyblaea, Megar.i, 38 B 4 Hydaspes F. 1 1 < : 2 Hydrea I. 29 C 2 Hykkara, 4 B 1 Hypata. 28 B 2 Hyphasis F. 11 i; 2 Hyrcania, reg. 14 D 2 Hyreanius, campu.^, 30 B 2 Hvsiae, 2 a B 1 Hytlic, 44 C 1
I. J.
laccctani, pop. 37 C 2 JaTnculum .M. 47 AB 3-6 Janus Quadril'on.<, 47 D 4 (S) lasicus S. 5 I) 3 I.asus, 5 D 3 Jaxartes F. 14 E 1 lazyges, pop. 48 C 2 Iberia, reg. 48 F 2 Ibericuni'Ma. 45 BC 2 Iberus F. (Hibeius), 37 B 2 I< aria (Icarus) 1. 1 CD 3 Icarium Ma. 1 CD 3 Icaunus! F. 44 1> 3
Iconium, 45 I 2
Icus I. 40 C 2
Idomene ((iraeo. ), 2 I! 2
Idomene (Paeon.), 2 C 1
Iduniaea, reg. 18 D 4
lelac, 35 A"4
Iguviuin, 45 " A 2
Ilerda, 45 C 1
Ilergetii, pop. 37 BC 2
Iliei, 37 B 3
Ilisus F. 46 B 5 ; F 4
Ilium, 1 D 2
lUlberis, 37 C 2
Illiturgi, 37 A 3
Illyria, reg. 41 AB i
Illvricum, reg. 45 F I
Ilva I. 37 E 2
Imbru.< I. 8 D 2
India, reg. 11 FG 2, 3
India Inferior, reg. 16 E 3
India .Superior, reg. 16 F 2
Indibili, 37 C 2
Indicus, Oceanus, 11 EF 3
In.lus F. 11 FG 2, 3
Indutiomarus, dux Gall. 44
Tx Ingauni, pop. 37 D 1 Insul)rii, pop. 37 E 1 Insula (Tiber.), 47 C 4 Interaujna, 39 B 1 Interamnum 45 a A 2 Internum Ma. 48 BCDE 3 lolcus, 41 C 2 Ionia, reg. 5 D 2. 3 Ionium Ma. 11 AB 2 loppa, 18 D 3 lovis T. 47 D 4 lovis Meliebii et Pliylii, aedi-
cula, 46 b Io^•i3 Keducis T. 47 F 5 lovis Statoris T. 47 E 4 (23) lovis Victoris T. 47 D 4, 5
(24) Ipsua, 18 C 2 Iresiae, 40 B 2 Isara F. (1), 44 D2 Isara F. (2), 44 E 4 Isaura, 14 B 2 Isere F. 44 E 4 Iseum, 47 D 3 Lsidis T. 47 F 4 Isis et .Serapis (Keg. Augusti).
47 F 4 III) Isniarus !M. 1 C 1 Issa I. 45 F 1 I.^sus, 11 C 2 I-ter F. 11 B 1 Istone, 2 B 2 Italia, prov. 48 C 2 Itliome M. 7 a A 2 Itius, portus. 44 C 1 Itonia pta. 46 I) 4 lugarius Vi. 47 D 4 lulia, bas. 47 D 3 : 1)4 lulia, saepta, 47 D 3 lulii, t.J).)T.. 47 1)E 4 (20) lulium, foruii), 47 D 4. lunonis Laciniae, T.. 39 D 2 luuoujs I.ucinae, T. , 47 F 3 lunonis Reginae, T., 47 D 5 Jura, JI., 44 F 3
Klepsydra, Fims, 46 «
Labdaluni, 4 n Labicana, via, 47 H 4 Lacedaemon, 25 Laches, Atlien. 3 Tx Laei Fundan., via, 47 E 3 Eaeinium, pr. 39 D 2 I.a,conia, reg. 3 B 3 Lacoiiieus, S. 29 15 3 Lade, I. 5 D 3 Laeetani, pop. 37 C 2 Laelius, Dec, legatus, 45 Tx Lami i, 23 B 2 Lamiani, H. 47 G 4 Lampsacus, 5 I) 1 Lanassa, uxor Pyrrbi, 20 Tx Lanuvium, 39 B 1 Laodicea (Media), 22 D 2 Laodicea (Phrygia), 42 F 3 Laodicea (Syria), 45 K 2 Laomcdon, ruet. 12 B2; 16
B2 Laon, 44 D 2 Lapatbus, 41 C 2 Lajiethus, 18 D 3 Laranda, 14 B 2 Larinum, 37 F 2 Larissa (Cremaste), 41 C 2 ;
18 A 2 Larissa (Tbess.). 40 C 2 Las. 5 B 3 Lasion, 26 A 2 Lata, via, 47 U 2, 3 Lateranorum. domus, 47 'J 5 Latina, pta. 47 • ' 6 Latina, via, 43 C 3 Latiuni, reg. 43 C 3 Latobrigi, pop. 44 (i 3 Laurium, M. 2 CD 3 Lautumiae. 46 h Lechaeuu), 26 B 2 Leetum, pr. 5 D 2 Lecythus, 3 B 2 Lemannus, L, 44 F 3 Leninus, I. 1 C 2 Lenionuni, 44 C 3 Ler,iovices, pop. 44 C 3, 4 Leon, 4 «
Leonnatus, rect., 12 B I Leontini, 4 C 2 . Lcoiitium, 29 A I Lepreum, 5 A 3 Leptis 4.5 •■ Leptis m.agua, 48 C 3 Lesbus, I., 5 1) 2 Leucac, 28 B 3 Leucas, 2 B 2 Leucas, I. 2 B 2 Leiiei, pop. 4 4 EF 2 Lcucinnue, 2 A 2 Leuconium, 5 1) 2 Leueopetra, 29 B I Leuctra (Boeot. ), 6 » A 1
Leuctra, ] (iv-u.,,.), 3 B 3 Lenetrum, ) ^ ' " Leucus, F. 41 '( Libetlirus, 41 ii Lilio, .Scriboiiius, legatus, 45
Tx Libva, prov. 48 D 3 Liger, F. 44 BDE 3, 4 Ligures, pop. 48 I> 2 Liguria, reg. 37 DE 1 Lilvbacum. 36 B 2
INDEX
Liinnaea, 2 B 2
Limnaeuiii, S8 A '2
Liiigones, jio]). A4 E 2. 3
Lipaia, 36 V 1
Lipannao. I., 36 C 1
Li lis, F. 39 r> I
Lissiis, 4-5 F I
Litermuii, 38 A 2
Liviae, doniiis, 47 1) 4 (7)
Liviae, maoelliiiii, 47 U 3
Liviae, port. 47 F 4
Locri (Kiiizepliyiii), 35 C 3
Lociis, itj;. 9 li 2
Loire. F. 44 I! .'?
Lolliaiii, H. 47 F 3
Loiulinium, 48 A 1
Longimi.s, L. C'a.-is. legatii!?, 4S
T.x longinus, Q Ca.ss. legatiis, 45
Tx Loiigunlica, 37 B 3 Ldiigus, \'i. 47 JO 2, 3 Loiigiis Munis, Meiiil. 46 A 4 LongiLS Mums, fSepteiitv. 46
A 3, 4 Lory 111 a, 5 E 3 Luca, 37 ]•: 2 Lucania, ici.'. 38 I!C 2 Lueeiia, 37 F 2 Lucleriu.>i. dux (iall. 44 T.x Luculli, H. 47 i> 2 Lugduiiensis, piov. 48 AB 2 Lugdunuin. 44 E 4 Lugotrix, dux Brit. 44 I'x Lunae. T., 47 \) ■'> Lusi, 24 B 3 Lusitaiiia, leg. 37 A 2, 3 Lutetia, 44 D 2 Luzy, 44 I) 3 Lycabcttus, M. 46 F 1 Lycaeus, M. 26 A 2 Lycaoiiia, rcg. 18 D 2 Lychnidiis, 41 B 1 Lycia, reg. 15 B 2 Lyeoplnoii. I'licraeus. 9 Tx Lycus, 40 ]'> I Lycus, F., 20 F 4 Lydia, reg. 15 AB 2 Lyncestis, reg 3 A 1 Lyncus, 3 A 1 Lyncus, M. 40 B 2 Lyon, 44 E 4 Lysicratis, mou. 46 \) 3 Lysiniacliia (Aetolia) 28 A 2 Lv.-^iniai.hia (Tliiac C'liers. ),
'40E 1 LvsiniacliHs, root. 12 .\ I ; 16
A 1 ; 19
M
JIaas, F. 44 F 1 Macedonia, prov. 8 BC 2 Macella, 36 B 2 Macelluui, niauiiuni, 47 F ."> Macra, stoa. 46 h Madytns, 5 IJ 1 Maeander, F. 15 .\B 2 Maecciiatis, H. 47 F4 Maedi, pop. 42 (,' 1 Magnae Matiis. T. 47 D 4 (2.")) Magnesia, 30 B 2 Magnesia, reg. 28 B 2
Mago, 37 1) 3
Maiaui, H. 47 (i 4
Malea pr. (Lacoiiia), 5 B 3
Malea pr. (Lesl)usi. 2 E 2
.MaleviiiUiMi. 35 II 2
.Maluuiis. S. 3 i; 2
Malis, le-. 13 C 2
.Malli, p.ip. in: 2
Malloea, 28 A 2
Mallus 15 C 2
Maiuertiiii, pop. 36 Tx
Maiidultii. pop. 44 K 3
.\Ianduiia, 39 D 1
.Maiitinea, 3 li 3
MaiaL-aiida, 11 F 2
Maiatlion, 1 I! 2
Maiielli, theatiinn, 47 D 4
Marci Auielii, eol. 47 D 2
Marui Aurelii, stalua, 47 <: o
.\lartia Tehula lulia, aijua,
47 ( i 3
Marcomauni, pop. 48 C 2
Mareotis, L. 45 'I
.Margiana, rei.'. 11 F 2
Maritiinae, Alpes, 48 B 2
Marium, 18 I) 3
.Marius, 7 « B2
.Mannarica, reg. 48 1) 3
Marne, F. 44 E 2
Maroiiea (Italia), 39 •' 1
Maroiiea (Tliracia). 40 1) 1
Marrueia, leg. 37 F 2
Manucini, poji. 35 AB I
Marsi. ])op. 35 A 2
Martis Ultoris, T. 47 E 4 (2(i)
Martins, campus, 47 BC 2, 3
Maseliala 1 _ • i , M 1 3* A I
Mascula )
Massaga, 11 G 2 Massagetae, pop. 22 EF 1 Massicns, M 37 '< Massilia, 45 1) 1 Matidiae, lias. 47 C 3 Matisco. 44 E 3 Matrona, F. 44 1)E 2 Matiuiia, M. 44 F 4 Mauretaiiia, pi'ov. 45 BC'2, 3 Mausoleum, Augusti, 47 C 2 Mausohis, rex. lO Tx Maximus, Ciieus, 47 DE 5 .Mazaca, 45 K 2 MeLvperna, 3 B 1 Mtil'eon, 2 i; 2 Media, prov. 15 FU 3 Media ail Anneniam, reg. 12
C2 Mediolanum (Evrcux), 44 C 2 Mediolaiium (Milan). 37 E 1 Mediomati ici. pop. 44 F 2 Medion, 28 .\ 2 Megaloi)olis (Africa) 34 Tx Megalopolis (Arcadia), 7 " B 2 Megara, 2 <« B 2 -Megaia Hyblaea, 38 B 4 Megaris. reg. 2 '( B 1 -Melamliiiis. 40 Tx. Melis, 39 Tx Meliboca, 41 '/ Melit.i I. 37 F4 Melilaea, 13 C 2 Melitc, 46 B 3 Melitis pia. 46 B 4 Melotis, leg. 40 B 1, 2 Melus, 3 C 3 Melus I. 3 C 3
Meninon, Kliod. 11 Tx. Mempliis, 45 1 4 Menandrus, rect. 12 A 2 .Menapii, pop. 44 FF 1 .Meiide 3 r. 2 Mcniiix L 37 E 4 Meuon, Tliess. 13 Tx. Merulana, via 47 F(j 4 Ale.sambria, 1 C 1 Mesopotamia, prov. 15 DE2, Messuiia, 36 C 1 Messapia, ley. 33 BC 1 Mes.sene, 7 BC 3 Messene, reg. 7 B 3 Mcsseniacus S. 29 B 3 Mctapontuni, 39 1) 1 Meta .Sudaiis. 47 K 4 (0) Metaurus F. 37 F 2 .Metelhis, Caecil. Consul, 36 Tx Met liana, 2« B 2 -Met hone (.Maceil.), 8 C 2 Metlioiie (iVlopoiin.), 2 15 3 Melliydrium, 3 I! 3 Metljynma, 5 0 2 Metio.seiluni, 44 D 2 .Metio|)olis, 28 A 2 .Metrouni, 46 E 4 Metrovia pt.i. 47 F 0 Meuse F., 44 K 2 Miletopolis, 42 I" 1
Miletus, 5 I) :;
.\Iilo, legatus I'yrrlii, 35 Tx .Minervae T. 47 E4 27j : D.) Miiiervae Captae '!'. 47 F ."> Minervae Medicae T. 47 F 4 MiiioaL. 2 a B2 Minoa, Heraclea, 38 A 4 Minucia port. 47 I) 4 (10) .Mithraeum, 47 U 2 Milhridatis Kegniiin, 22 B 1 Mnaseas, Phoe. 9 'J'x. Jloesia, sup. et inf. prov. 48
U2 Moguntiaeuin, 48 1". 1 Moles Hadriani. 47 B 2 Molinae, 47 11 .') Molossi, pop. 13 I! 2 Molyeriuni, 2 B 2 Moiieta, 47 F 4 Mopsinm, 41 '( Moriiii, jKip. 44 1) 1 Mosa F., 44 E 1, 2 Munda, 37 A 3 Municliia (I'iraeus), 46 h Municliia, poitiis, 46 h Munycliia, 18 A 2 Murena, L. Li.inius, IcL'atus,
42 Tx Murgantia, 38 B 4 Murus Ciinonius, 46 a Murus Conrjuis, 46 '< Murus Hadriani, 46 E 2 ; J"F
3, 4 Murus longus, 46 A 3,4 Murus I'lialericais, 46 b Murus 'J'liemistocleus, 46 C 1 ;
C 4 ; E, 2 3 Mu.scum, 46 BC 4 .Mutilus, dux .Samu. 43 Tx. .Mycalepr.5 IJ 3 .\lyconas L 2 U 3 Mvgdonia, reg. 2 C 1 -Mylae (Sieilia), 36 C 1 Mvlae vThessalia), 41 C 2 Mvlasa, lO C 3
.\1\ ndas, 30 1> 3 Myonuesus, 2 E 2 Myounesus ])r. 30 B 2 Mysia, reg. 20 EF 3 .M"ylilene,'5 I) 2 .\lytis F. 41 a Mytistralus, 36 C 2 Myus, 2 E 3
X
Xaliataci, ])o]). 18 I) 4 Naninetes, i>op. 44 B 3 Xaiunetum, |Mjrtus, 44 B 3 Xante.s, 44 l> 3 Xantuates, jiop. 44 F 3 Xaragaia, 39 " 11 1 Xarbo, 44 1) .'1 Xaibonensis, reg. 48 B 2 Xaryx, 8 C 3
Xaumaeliia Augusti, 47 BC o Xaupactus, 2 B 2 Xauplia, 7 'i li 2 Xausicles, Allien. !) Tx. Xautaca, 11 F 2 Xavalia (Fir.iei), 46 '< Xavalia (Roniae). 47 B 3 Xaxus (.Sieilia , 4 I) 2 Xaxus I. 1 C 3| Xeapolis (Africa), 34 B 1 Xeapolis (Italia), 39 C 1 Xeapolis (Tliracia), 5 C 1 Xeetiim, 34 a B 2 Xcmausus, 44 E .j Xcinea, 7 « li 2 Xeniea F. 40 C 3 Xeimis Caesarum, 47 C 5 Xeoii, 9 B 2 Xeoptoleinus, rcet. 12 C I ;
16 C 2 Xeosoeei, 46 /' Xeptuni, bas. 47 IJ 3 Xeptuni T. 47 C 4 Xero, Tib. legatus, 4.5 Tx. Xeronianae Tli. 47 C 3 Xeronianus 1*. 47 B 3 Xeronis, aqua, 47 U 4 Xeionis, circus, 47 A 2 Xeronis, Colossus, 47 F 4 (."1) Xeronis, inccndii ara, 47 E 3 Xervae, forum, 47 E 4 Xervii, ))op. 44 Ij 1 Xestus F. 13 0 I Xcton, riili Xeetuin Xeuf-Mesnil, 44 1) 1 Xevers, 44 I) 3 Xicaca (Bitliynia), 23 D 2 Xicaea (India), 11 (i 2 Xicaea ((iraeeia). 8 C 3 Xicanor, rect. 16 B 2 Xicatoriuni, 22 Tx Xiciae, mon. 46 a Xiooeles, Cx pr. IS Tx Xieomedia, 42 F 1 Xicopolis (Epiriis), 48 D 3 Xicopolis (.\sia M.), 45 K2 Xicostralns, Atlicn. 3 Tx Xiliis F. 18 C 4 Ximes, 44 E .5 Xinus, 11 U 2 Xisaea,3 B3
Xitiobriges, pop. 44 C ' Xola, 43 D 3 Xomentana pta. 47 (I 1
INDEX
Koineiitana, via, 47 (i 1
Noiiieiitiuu, 31 A 1
Nora, 15 C 2
Norl>a, 43 C 3
Xoiiuuin. prov. 48 C 2
Notimii, 5 D 3
Nova, via, 47 D 4 ; E 4 ; EF G
Nova Carthago, 37 B 3
Novae Athenae, 46 E 2, 3
NovioiUmuin ( Aeduorum), 44
D3 Noviodunuin (Biturigum), 44
C3 Novioduimm (Siiessionum), 44
D2 Novus A. 47 D 3 Nuceria, 37 F 2 Nuinidia, piov. 45 D 2, 3 Numistro, 39 C 1 Nymphaeuiii, 41 A 1 Nvmphaeum (Roiriael, 47 F 1 ;
\i 3 : H 4 Nymphoeuiii, 45 h A 1
0
Ubeliscus (Romae), 47 CD 2
Octaviae, port. 47 1) 4
Octoduriis, 44 F 3
Odessiis, 18 B 1
Odeum Herodis, 46 n
Odrysae, pop. 13 c B 1
Oeniailae. 2 B 2
Oenoe, 2 ft B 1
Oenoussat' I. 5 D 2
Oenu.s F. 28 B 3
Oeson F. 41 a
Oeta, 28 B 2
Oeta M. 28 B 2
Oetaea, reg. 13 C 2
Oise F. 44 1) 2
Olbia, 36 a A 1
Olcadc-s. pop. 37 B 3
Olopliv.Kus, 3 C 1
Olpae," 2 B 2
Olymi.ia, 2 B 3
Olvmpias, uxor Pliilippi, 13
Tx Olynipieuin (Atlienae), 46 E 4 Olympieum (.Syracus.), 4 a Olympus M. 1 B 1 Olynthus, 8 C 2 Onche.-tiis F. 40 T.x Oiieus M. 7 o B 2 Onu.sa, 37 B 3 Ophelas, Cvren. 13 T.x Opis, 11 1)' 2 Oppius, 47 F 4 Opus, 24 B 2
Orchomeini.s (Arcadia), 3 B 3 Orehoiiienus (Boeotia), 6« A 1 Ore.stlieum, 3 B 3 Orestis, reg. 40 B 1 Oretani, pop. 37 B 3 (Jreuni, 41 C2 Oreus, 40 C 2 Orges.sus, 40 B I Oricuui, 45 li A I Orkyuia, 15 T.\ Orontes F. IS E 3 Oronte.s, .Maced. 22 'I'x O-opus, 2 C 2 Ortliolopluus 40 B 1
Ortygia, 4 a Csismi, pop. 44 A 2 Ospliagus F. 40 B 1 Os.sa M. 1 B 2 Ostiensis pta. 47 I) . Ostiensis, via, 47 D 7 O.stium Pliatniticum, 18 D 4 Othrvs il. 6 '. B 2 0xus"F, 11 F(; 1, 2 Oxyartes, rect. 12 E 2 ; 16 E 2
Pachjnum pr. 36 C 2 Pacis, ara, 47 D 2 Pacis T. 47 E 4 ; F 3 (iv) Pactoliis F. 6 '- I) 2 Pactve, 5 I) 1 Padus F. 37 DE 1 Paeligni, pop. 37 F 2 Paeones, pop. 8 BC 2 Paeonia, reg. 2 BC 1 Pagasae, 8 C 3 Paga.saeus 8. 9 B 2 Palaepliar.saliis, 40 C 2 Palaeste, 45 h A 1 Palae.stina, reg. 48 E 3 Palatinus M. 47 DE 4 Palatium, 47 E .5 (x) Pallantiuui, 26 B 2 Pallene, reg. 3 B 1, 2 Palina, 37 C 3 Panipliylia, reg. 18 C 2 Panactum, 3 B 2 Pamlosia (Epirus), 8 B 3 Pandosia (Italia), 35 C 2 Pandro.?eum, 46 a Pangaeus M. 1 C 1 Panis, antrum, 46 a Pannonia, prov. 48 C 2 Panormus (Asia Minor), 30
B3 Panormus (Pelopon.), 2 B 2 Panormus (Sieilia), 36 B 1 Pantheon, 47 C 3 Papldagonia, reg. 42 H 1 Paphus. 18 D 3 Paraetacene, reg. 15 GH 3 Paralia, reg. 2 CD 3 Parapamisadae, reg. 16 E 2 Parapotamii. 6 ri A 1 Parisii, pop. 44 1) 2 Parium, 18 B 1 Parnassus >I. 9 B 2 Parnon M. 7 " B 2 Paro])«s, 36 B 2 Part hen i us M. 27 ¥> 3 Parthenon, 46 " Parthia, reg. 11 E 2 Parthoruni. Regnum, 48 F 3 Parus I. 5 C 3 Pasargadae. 11 E 3 Pas de TEcluse, 44 F 3 Pasinielus, Corinth. 6 Tx Pasitigris, F. 15 i: 3 Patara, 30 C 3 Patnuis. I. 2 E 3 Patrae. 2 B 2 Patricius, Vi.. 47 EF 3 Pattala, 11 F 3 Pausanias, Maced. 8 Tx Pedaritus, dux, 5 Tx Pedum. 31 A 2
Peiraeuni, 6 « A 1 Peithou, rect. 12 CI) 2; 16 02
Peithon, Agenoris tilius, rect.
12 E 2 ; 16 E 3 Pelagonia, reg. 40 B I Pelinnetuni, 28 B 2 Peliuni. 40 B 1 Pella, 8 C 2 Pellene, 26 IJ 1 Peloponnesus, reg. 1 AH 3 Pelorum, pr. 36 C 1 PeUisiuni, 18 D 4 Peneus F. 28 AB 2 Peparetlius, I. 8 C 3 Peraea, reg. 30 C 3 Pergamum. 30 B 2 Perge, 11 C 2 Perinthus, 5 I) 1 Perrhiebi, pop. 13 BC 2 Perrhwbia. reg. 28 AB 2 Persepolis, 11 E 2 Persieus, S. 11 DE 3 Pcrsis, reg. 11 E 2, 3 Pessinus, 23 D 3 Petelia, 39 D 2 Petitarus F. 41 B 2 Petra (Idumaea), 18 D 4 Petra (lUyria), 45 i A 1 Petra (Macedonia), 41 C 1 Peucestas, rect. 12 D 2 ; 16
D3 Phacium, 40 C 2 Phaedriades. 9 B 2 Phaedrus. Athen. 13 Tx Phalanna, 41 C 2 Phalara, 28 152 Phalariuni, 34 a A 2 Phalericus, Mums, 46 AB 5 Phalerum, 1 B 3 Phaloria, 40 B 2 Phanae. 5 C 2 Phanosthenes, Athen, 5 Tx Phanote, 41 B 1 Pharae. 24 A 2 Pharsalus, 28 B 2 Pharus. I et Tur. 43 (/ Pharygae, 17 B 2 Phas'elis, 18 C 2 Pliatniticum, Ostium, 18 D 4 Pheia, 2 B 3 Plierac. 40 C 2 Phigalia, 24 A 3 Phila,41 C 2 Philippi. 42 D 1 Philippi, Port. 47 CD 4 Pliilippopolis, 8 D 1 Philippus, rect., 12 E 2; 16
D2 Pliilippus, L. legatus, 43 Tx Pliilocrates, Athen , 8 Tx Philopappi, num. 46 B 4 Philotas, rect. 12 B 2 Philoxenus, rect. 16 B 2 Phlius, 3 B 3 Phocaea, 5 D 2 Pliocis. reg. 13 C 2 Phoebidas, Spart. 6 I'x Phoenice, reg 15 C 3 Plioenieus, 30 B 2 Phoenicus Port us, 30 C 3 Phoenix, leg. Antigoni, 18 Tx Phrataphernes, rect. 12 D 2 Phreattvs, 46 /• Phrvgia", reg.. 20 (JH 3
Plirvgia major I ,-i>t
Phryiiam.ignai'-^="^2 Phrygia ad Hellespontum,
reg. 20 EF 2, 3 Phrygius. F. 30 C 2 Pliryniehus, Athen. 5 'Ix PhlFiiotis, reg. 40 C 2 Phyle, 18 A 2 Phytia, 2 B 2 Picenum, reg. 45 a A 2 Pietones, ])op. 44 B 3 Pietatis A. 47 C 3 Pinacotheca. 46 « Pinciniana, pta. 47 E 1 Pinciniana, via, 47 K 1 Pincius, M., 47 D 1 Pinna, 45 a A 2 Piraea, pta. 46 B 2 Piraei, acjuaediictus, 46 BC 5 Piraeum, 5 B 3 Piraeus, 5 B 3 Pisae, 37 E 2 Piscina, 47 E 1 ; F 2 ; F 4 Piscina Publica, 47 E 6 (xii) Piscinae Publicae, vi. 47 D 6 Pisidia, reg. 15 B 2 Pisistrati, aouaeductus, 46 C
3; E3 Pitane, 42 E 2 Pityusae, lae. 37 C 3 Placentia, 37 E 1 Plataeae, 1 B 2 Pleiae, 28 B 3 Plemmyriuni, 4 n Pleuron, 2 B 2 Pnyx, 46 iJ 3 Pompeii, 43 D 3 Pompeii Theat, 47 C 3 Pompeium, 46 B 2 Pontus, reg. 45 K 1, 2 Pontus Euxinus, 42 ¥>'• 1 Populonia. 43 B 2 Portae Viminalis, Vi. 47 EF
2, 3 Portuensis pta. 47 B 6 Portuensi.s, via, 47 B 0, 7 Portuni T. 47 D.5 (28) Portns Aehaeorum. 30 B 2 Portus Canthari, 46 I' Portns Diibris, 44 C 1 Portus Ennosti, 45 (/ Portus Itius, 44 C 1 Portus Magnus (Alexand.),
45rf Portus Magnus (Syrac), 4 '( Portus Minor (Syrac), 4 'i Portus Muniehia, 46 '' Portus Xannietiun, 44 B 3 Portus Pliuenious, 30 C 3 Portus Zea. 46 '' Porus, rex, 12 F 2 : 16 F 2 Posidium pr 3 B 2 Pothinus, Alexandr. 45 Tx Potidaea, 3 B 1 Potidanea, 2 B 2 Praeneste, 43 C 3 Praenestina, via, 47 C 4 Praenestina, via nova, 47 H 4 Praetoria, castra, 47 O 2 Prasiac (Attica). 40 C 3 Prasiae (Pelup. ). 2 C 3 Pretutia. reg. 37 F 2 Priveinum, 31 A 2 I'robi P. 47 C ."> I'roconnesus I. 5 D 1 ,
H
8
INDEX
rrocrna, 28 U 2 Proplithasia, 11 F i Propoiitis, 8 KI'" '2 Propvliiea, 46 '( Proschiiini, 3 B 2 Piote I. 2 B 3 Pioviiioia, A4- DK 4, o Prjtaiioiiiii, 46 CD 3 Psu)>liis, 24- A 3 Pteleum, 28 B 2 Ptcleus, 5 D -2
Ptoleinaei legmim, 22 AH 2, 3 Ptolemaciis, icct. 12 AB 3 :
16 A 2. 3 : 19 I'toliiiiafiis C'lTauiuis. it'ct. 22
A I Publicius, CI. 47 D 5 Pukrum pr. 39 i< 0 1 PiiUus, L. .Junius, Consul, 36
'Jx I'ura, 11 V 3 J'uU'oli, 39 (' 1 Pydiia. 41 (' 1 Pygela, 5 1)3 Pylon astii lis, 46 '< Pylus, 2 B 3 Pyrenaei M. 44 BcD 5 Pynlia, 5 1)2 Pynlii, campus, 28 Tx Pyrrlius. ixx. 22 A 2 Pytliiuni, 41 C 1 Pytliiuni (Atlienae), 46 DE 4
Q
Quiiinalis M. 47 K 2, 3 Quiiinalis pta. 47 K 2 Quiiiiii, aedus, 47 K 3
R
Raetia, prov. 48 DC 2
Ragae Europii«, 22 U 2
Rapliia, 18 1> 1
Rauiaci, pup. 44 1" 3
Ravenna, 43 C 1
Regia (Roma), 47 K 4 (11)
Regnom Kuspoianuni, 48 K 2
Regnuni Parthorum. 48 F 3
Rcgmim Ptolemaui, 22 AB 2, 3
Regnuni .Samli-acuttae, 19
Reims, 44 K 2
Renii, pop. 44 E 2
Rhagae, 11 E 2
Rliannius, 13 D 2
Rliugium, 38 B 3
Rheili, 2 f( B 1
Rheitus F. 2 '< A 2
Rhenns F. 44 F 1, 2
Rhiuni pr. 2 1! 2
Rhodae, 48 B 2
Rliodanus F. 44 E 4
Rlioihintia, 28 '<
Rhoilus, 5 E 3
Rhuilu.s I. 5 IJE 3
Rlioeteum, 5 D 2
Rhone F. 44 E 4
Rhosus, 20 I 4
Rliyndatus F. 42 F 2
Roina, 43 C 3
Romana port. 46 I) 3
Roniana villa. 46 F 2
Romanae Th. 46 E 3 Roscius, legatns. 44 Tx Rostra (Roma) 47 1) 4 (12) Roxana, uxor Alexandri, 18Tx Roxolani, i><>p. 48 E 2 Ruliieo F. 45 E 1 Ruscino (Africa), 39 ■( C 1 Ruscino i<iall. Narb. ), 37 C 2 Ruspina, 45 '' Ruteni, pop. 44 CI) 4, .5
Saliiui, pop. 37 F 2
Sabis F. 44 I'; 1
Sacclhun Demi et Cliarituni,
46 B 2 Sa. ra, via (AlliunacI, 46 A 1 Sacra, via (Rniiia). 47 E 4 Sacrae Urljis T. ^^7 K 4 (29) Sacripoi tus, 43 (' ;{ Sae))ta lulia, 47 1) 3 Saguntum, 37 B 3 Salamiiiis, navis, 4 Tx Salamis, 1 B 3 Salamis I. 1 B 3 Salamis (Cyprus), 18 D 3 Salapia, 39 (' 1 Salaria pM. 47 F 1 Salariii. \ i:i, 47 1)2; F 1 Salera, 39 " 111 .Salganeus. 28 11 2 yallentini, pop. 39 DE 1 SalUistiani H. 47 E 2 Saloiiae, 45 F 1 .Salouius. campus, 18 1. I •Salsum F. 45 Tx Saltus 'rcut(]biirgicMsis, 48 B 1 Salutaris pta. 47 E 3 .Salulis CI. 47 E 3 Salutis T. 47 E 3 Samara F. 44 C 1 Samaria, 18 1)3 Samarobriia, 44 V> 2 Sambrc F. 44 E 1 Same, 24 A 2 Sajnicnm, 24 A 3 Saminthus, 3 B 3 Sanniium, rcg. 43 U 3 Samotlirace 1. 20 D 2 Samus. 5 D 3 Sanuis I. 5 D 3 Sanilracottae, regniim, 19 Sane, 3 B 1 Sangarius F. 18 C 1 San(|ualis pta. 47 E 3 Santones, ])op. 44 B 4 Saone F. 44 E 3 Sanies, 30 C 2 Sardinia 1. 37 E 2, 3 Sannatia, reg. 48 DEF 1 Saronicus S. 6 '( A 2 Sarpedoninm pr. 1 C 1 Sarsura, 45 <• Satlionav, 44 E 4 Saticula^ 39 C 1 Saturni T. 47 D 4 (.30) Saturnia, 43 1! 2 Sauconna K. 44 K 3 Savo. 37 E 1 Scaldis F. 44 I) I Scamander F. 1 D 2 Scanibonidac, 46 CD 2
Scampa, 45 li B 1 .Scandea. 3 B 3 .Scandiae. reg, 48 C 1 .'^carpllea, 28 1! 2 Scauri, CI. 47 E ■) Schelde F. 44 DE 1 Sciatlms I. 40 (' 2 Scione, 3 112 Scipionuni, sep. 47 F 7 Soiron, 46 .\ I .Sciron, rivu'-, 46 .\11 1 Sci.sxis, 37 C 2 Scordisci, j)op. 23 A 2 Scotussa, 40 (' 2 .Scyllaeuni pi-, 40 C 3 .Scyrus I. 5 (.' 2 .Srytliii, pop. 23 BC 1 Seduni, pop. 44 F 3 Segesta, 36 B 2 .Seine F. 44 D 2 Seleucia {BabyloMia\ 22 C 2 Seleucia (Ciliiial, 22 B 2 .Seleucia (.Syria), 45 K 2 Selcucus, rei-t. 16 < ' l> : 19 .Selinus (Cilicia), 45 I 2 Sellnus (Laconia), 7 « B 2 .Selinus (Siciliai, 36 B 2 .Sellasia, 28 B 3 Selynibri.i, 5 E 1 .Semproniorum, sep. 47 1) 3
(13) .Sena, 37 F 2 Sena (iallica, 43 <.' 2 SenouL'S, pop, 44 1) 2. 3 Sepias pr. 1 B 2 Si'ptem sedes, 46 B 4 ."-cptimia, via, 47 II 3, 4 Scplimiana pt.i, 47 I! 4 .Septizoniuni, 47 E '} Seipiana F, 44 ( 'D 2 Sequani, po]), 44 EF 3 Serangeuui, 46 '» Serapeuni, 47 D 3 Serapidis T. 47 DE 3 Serapis et Isis, 47 F 4 (III) Sermyle, 2 C I SerrhVus, 40 1 > 1 Sertorius, legal us, 43 Tx Setvii TuUii, A'jger, 47 E U :
EF 2 Ses.sorium. 47 H -j Sestiis, 5 1)1 Setia, 39 11 1 Severi A. 47 1)4 (3) Severi, donnis, 47 E ■") Sibyrtius, ren, 12 E 3; 16 E 3 Sicelia, 46 A ."> Sieilia 1. 36 BC 2 Sicoris F. 45 C 1 Siculi, pop. 34 I! 1, 2 Sievon, 26 B 2 SidV, 11 C2 .SidoM, 18 1)3 Sidus, 6 II A 2 Sidussa, 5 1 ) 2 Sigeum, 5 1)1 Signia, 43 C 3 Sinope, 48 K 2 Sinti, pop. 42 C 1 Sinuessa, 38 A 2 Siphae, 3 1! 2 Sipylus M. 30 11 2 Siraces, pop, 48 F 2 Sirbonis L, 18 D 4 Siris F. 35 C 2
Siruiiuni, 48 (' 2
.Sitlionia, )>enin, 3 B 1
Sitius, P. dux, 45 C2
Smyrna, 20 E 3
Sugdiana, reg. 11 F 2
.Solarium Augusti, 47 CD 2
Soli. 14 B 2
Soils T. 47 D2
Sollium, 2 B2
Solygea, 2 C 3
Somme F. 44 C 1
Soi)lienc, reg. 48 F 3
.Soriearia, 45 Tx
Sos, 44 C 4
.Soliates, pop. 44 BC 4
Sparta. 7 '( B 2
.Spartolus, 2 ( ' 1
Spi'i Veteiis T. 47 11 4
•Spercliiae, 40 C 2
Sperchius F. 28 AB 2
Sphaeteria 1. 2 B 3
Spoletium, 43 ( ' 2
St. Albans, 44 B 1
St. Beridiard, dr. jug. 44 F" 4
St. (iildas, 44 A .3
Stabiae, 43 1) 3
Stadium (Atbenae). 46 F 4
Stadium (Roma), 47 C 3
.Stagira Ujj,
Stagn-us /
Stagiumi Agrippae, 47 C 3
Stasandrus, reet. 16 E 2
St.isanor, reel, 12 E 2 ; 16 E2
Statio Marniorum, 47 B 2
Stellatis, campus, 37 '<
Stilpon, class, pracf. 33 Tx
Stoa (.Atlienae), 46 a
Stoa Attali, 46 C2
Sto.a Eumcnis, 46 o
Stoa (ligantuni, 46 t' 2
Stoa Hadriani, 46 D 2
Stoa Macra, 46 ''
Stratonicea, 42 F 3
Stratus, 28 A 2
Slrymim F, 3 111
Slu'bcra, 40 II 1
Stvia. 13 D 2
Subliiius 1", 47 1 > .')
Subura. 47 E 4
Suburanus. CI 47 F 3, 4
Suebi, po]), 48 C 1
Suessiones, ]iop, 44 1) 2
Snessula, 37 h
Sm.'ambri, pop. 44 F I
Sulla, Pub, Icgatus, 45 Tx
Sulmo. 45 (I A 2
Sunium pr. 1 B 3
Susa, 15 ( ; 3
Susia, 11 F 2
Susiana. reg. 18 C 3, 4
•Sybota I. 2 B 2
Syc urimn, 41 C 2
SyuLaetlius F. 4 C 2
Syme I. 5 D 3
Synnada, 18 (,' 2
•Syracusae, 4 1)2
Syria, reg. 15 D 2, 3
Tabularium. 47 D 4 (14) Taenaruni pr. 24 B .3 Tagus F. 37 A B 2, 3 Tamesis F. 44 ( ' 1
INDEX
Taiiagra, 3 B 2 Tarentuiii, 39 I) 1 TareuUim (Roma), 47 B 3 Tarraciiia, 31 A "2 Tan-aco, 37 C 2 TanacuTiLMisis, piov. 45 AB 1 Tarsus, 18 D 2 Tartessii, pop. 37 A 3 Tatua, 11 E 3 Tasgelius, rex, AATx Tatta L. 18 1) 2 Taiilaiitii. pop. 13 .\ 1 Taurasia, 37 1) 1 Taiirini. po]). 37 I> 1 Tauris I. AS F 1 Taiiroeiitiim. 45 D 1 Taiiroiiieninm, 36 C 2 Taurus M. 20 HI 4 Taviuni, 23 E 3 Taxila, 11 (J 2
Taxiles, rex, 12 F -2 ; 16 F 2 Taygetus M. 7 a B 2. 3 Teanuni. 45 a B 3 Teanuni Siilicinuni, 39 C 1 Tectosages, pop. 23 E 2. 3 Tegea (Arcadia). 3 B 3 Tegea (Africa), 45 c Tegyra, 6 '< A 1 Tclesia, 37 F 2 TeUuris T. 47 E 4 Telniissu.s, 30 C 3 Telounum, 44 D 3 Tcmpe. 41 C 2 Teniplum Aesculapii, 47 D 4 Tcinplum Antonini (D.), 47
E4(18) Templuni ApoUinis, 47 V 4
(1.1) :E4 Teniphuu Athenae Hygiae,
46 a
Templuni Athenae Nicae, 46 a Templuni August! (D. ), 47 D 4
(19) Templuni Bellonae. 47 C 4 Tcmjiluni Bonae Deae, 47 E 5 Templuni Castoris, 47 D 4
(16) Templuni Cereris, 47 D o Templuni Claudii, 47 E 5 Templuni C'oucordiae, 47 D 4
(H) Templuni Ueae Romae et Au-
gu.sti, 46 <^i Teniplum Dianae. 47 I) .j Templuni Faustiiiae (D. ). 47
E 4 (18) Templuni Fortunae. 47 F 1 Teniplum Herculis Invicti, 47
D.)(21) Temiiluni Herculis Ponipeiaiia,
47 l> .') (22)
Teniplum Honoris et Virtutis,
47 F ,) Templnm lovis, 47 1) 4 Teniphim lovis Rcducis, 47
F5 Templuni lovis .Statoris, 47
E 4 (23) Teniplum lovis Victoris, 47
!> 4, .-> (24) Temphim Isiilis, 47 F 4 Templuni lulii (1).), 47l)E4
(20) Teniplum Junonis Laciniae, 39
D2
Templuni luiioriis Lucinae, 47
F3 Templuni lunonis Begiiiae, 47
1)5 Teniplum Luiiae, 47 D 5 Templuni .\Iagiiae Matris, 47
U 4 (2.-)) Templuni Martis Ultoris, 47
E 4 (2(i) Templnm Miuervae, 47 D .5 ;
E 4 (27) Teniplum Minervae Medicae,
47 F 4 Templuni Neptuni, 47 C 4 Templuni Pacis, 47 E 4 ; F 3
, (IV) Teniplum Portiini, 47 1) 5 (28) Teniplum Sacrae Urbis, 47 E 4
(29) Templuni Salutis, 47 E 3 Teniplum Saturni, 47 D 4 (.30) Teniplum Serapiilis, 47 1)E 3 Templuni .Solis, 47 U 2 Templuni Spei Veteris, 47 H 4 Templuni Telluris, 47 E 4 Templuni 'i'raiani, 47 D 3 Templuni Tyches, 46 F 4 TempUim Veneris Genetricis,
47 1)4(31) Templuni Veneris \'ictricis, 47
C3 Teniplum ^'espasiani, 47 D 4
(32) Teniplum ^ estae, 47 DK 4
(33) Tencteri, pop. 44 FG 1 Tenedus I. 5 D 2 Tenus I. 1 C 3 Teos, 5 D 2 Termessus, 15 B 2 Testacens M. 47 C 7 Teutlussa I. 5 D 3 Teutoburgiensis Saltus, 48 B 1 Thacia, 34 A 1 Thap.sacus, 11 C 2 Thapsacus Europus, 22 B 2 Thapsus (Africa), 45 E 2 Thapsus (Sicilia), 4 a Thasus, 5 C 1 Thasus 1. 5 C 1 Thanmaci, 28 B 2 Tlieatruni Hallii, 47 C 4 Thealrum Dionysi, 46 ri Tlieatrum .\larcelli, 47 1) 4 Tlicatrum Punipei, 47 C 3 Thebae (.\cgvptus), 48 E 4 Thebao (Boeotia), 8 C 3 Thebae Plithiotides. 40 L' 2 Thebes Pedion, 30 B 2 Thelpusa, 26 A 2 Tbcmistdi leu.'*, niurus, 46 C 1 ;
C 4 ; K 2, 3
Theniistoclis sep. 46 />
Theodosii A. 47 B 2, 3
Theoma, 40 (' 2
Tiieranienes, Athen. 6 Tx
Thernia ) m , -,..*/. , f.,, : .Macedonia), 2 C 1
1 lierniae I
Thermae I Sicilia), 36 B 1
Thermae .Aijiippae, 47 C 3
Thermae .Alexandrianae, 47
0 3 Thermae Antonini Caracallae,
47 E ti Tliermae Coiistaiitiiii, 47 E 3
Thermae Dioclelianae, 47 F 2 Thermae Heleiiae, 47 H 4 'rhennae Xeronianae, 47 C 3 Thermae Till, 47 E 4 Thermae Traiani, 47 F 4 Therniaicus S. 8 C 2 Thermopylae, 28 B 2 Tlierniuni, 25 Theseuni, 46 B 2 Thespiae, 1 B 2 Thessalia, reg. 40 C 2 Thessaliotis, reg 25 Tliessalonica, 40 C 1 Thetidinm, 40 Tx 'J'hibron, Laced. 13 T.x Thisbe, 6 " .\ 1 Tlioricus, 5 C 3 Thracia, reg. 8 UE 2 Thracia Chersonesus, reg. 3 a Thrasycles, Athen. 5 Tx Thrasylli, men. 46 a Tlu'iasia pta. 46 B 1 Thiiasius, campus, 2 ci B 1 Throniuni, 40 Q 2 Thugga, 34 A 1 Thuril, 39 U 2 Thyamus M. 2 B 2 Thvatira, 30 B 2 Thvmbriiis F. 18 C 2 Tliyrea, 3 B 3 Th\rreum. 28 A 2 Thysdrus, 45 '■ Tliyssus, 3 C I Tiberiana, douius, 47 DE 4 Tiberii A. 47 C 4 Tiberis F. 43 C 2, 3 Tibur, 39 B 1 Tiburtiiia. pta. 47 H 3 Tiburtina, via, 47 H 3 Tichium, 2 C 2 Tichius, 28 h Ticliiussa, 5 1) 3 Ticinuni. 37 E 1 Ticinus F. 37 E 1 Tifata M. 43 D 3 Tigris F. 18 FG 2, 3, 4 Tigurini, jiop. 44 F 3 Tiile F. 44 E 3 Tilphossium .M 42 a AB 1 Tingis. 48 A 3 Tingitana, reg. 48 A 3 Tirana, 45 h A 1 Titi A. 47 E 4 (4) 'I'iti Til. 47 E 4 Tins, 21 C 1 Tlepolenius, reet. 12 D 2 ; 16
1)3 Tokae, 34 A 1 Tolistoboii, ])op. 23 DE 3 'I'olosa, 44 C 5 Toroue, 3 B 1 Tur.piatiani H. 47 (iH 4 Toulon-s-A, 44 I> 3 Tracliea, reg. 18 1) 2 Trachiniae, (lop. 2 0 2 Traiaiia, aijua, 47 A 4, 5 Traiani, col. 47 I) 3 (6) Traiani, forum, 47 U 3, 4 Traiani T. 47 1) 3 Traiani, Til. 47 F 4 Trans Tiberiin regioiies Au-
gnsti), 47 0 o (xiv) Trapezu.*, 14 B 1 Trasyincini* L. 37 E 2 Trebia F. 37 Tx
TrelMjnius, legatus, 44 Tx Trebula, 37 '< Treveri, pop. 44 EF 2 Triballi, pop. 23 0 2 Tricastini, pop. 37 I) 1 Tricca, 40 B 2 Tricorii, pop. 37 I) 1 Trifanuni, 31 A 2 Trigeniina pta. 47 I) ~> Trinobantts. )iop. 44 BC 1 Triopiuni (Italia i. 33 Tx Triopium pr. 5 I) 3 Triparailisus. 14 H2 Tripliylia vEpirus), reg. 40
B 1 Triphylia (Pelopon.^, reg. 29
A 2 Tripodcs, via, 46 1) 3 Tripodiscus, 3 B 2 Tripolis (.Syria), 18 1) 3 Tripohs (Laconia), reg. 28 B 3 Tripolis (The.«salia', reg. 41
C 1 Tripolitana, reg. 48 0 3 Tritia. 29 A 1 Triumphalis, pta. 47 D 3 Triumphalis, via, 47 E 5 ;
AB2 Troas, reg. 5 D 1,2 Trocmi, poji. 23 E 2 Troezen, 2 0 3 Trogilus, 4 a Troyes, 44 E 2 Trueiituni, 45 a A 2 Tuder, 43 C 2 Tuliiigi, pop. 44 G 2, 3 Tunes, 34 A 1 Tuscia Etruria, reg. 37 E 2 Tusculuni. 39 B 1 Tuscum Ma. 38 AB 2 Tuscus, Vi. 47 1) 4 Tutia F. 39 B 1 Tyches T. 46 F 4 Tylis. 23 0 2 Tymphaea, 18 A 2 Tj-ndaris, 36 0 1 T\Tas, 48 D 2 Tyrus, 18 D 3
U
Ubii, pop. 44 F(; 1 Ucita, 45 '■ Ucubis. 45 B2 Ulia, 45 B 2 Ulpia, has. 47 I) 3 L'mbria, reg. 43 0 2 Unelli, pop. 44 B 2 Urbaiia, castra, 47 D 2 Urbs vetus (Piraei), 46 h Ulia. 33 B 1 Urso, 45 A 2 Uscaiia. 41 B 1 Usipetes. po)). 44 F 1 Ustrinuni, 47 OU 2 Ustriiium Antoninorum, 47
02 Utica, 39 a C I UxellodunHm. 44 C 4 Uxii, jwip. 11 E 2
10
INDEX
V V V
Vaccaei, pop. 37 A 2 V
Valcntiniani A. 47 H ;? V
Valeiitiniamis P. 4-7 C 4 V
Valluni Antoiiiiii, 48 A 1 V
Vallum Hadrian i, 48 A 1 \'
Vappincuni, 44 K 4 ^'
Velabrium, 47 1) 4 \'
Velia, 47 K 4 V
Vcliocasses, poj). 44 C 1 V
Vi'llaunoduimin, 44 D "2 V Vi-neiis Genetiicis T. 47 D 4 V
(31) V
Veneris Victricis T. 47 C 3 \'
Vcneti, pop. 44 A 3 V
Venusia, 37 F - V
Veracri. pop. 44 F 3 V
\'eruTamiuni. 44 K 1 V
A'esontio, 44 K 3 V
Vespasiani, forum. 47 K 4 V
Vespasiani T. 47 D 4 (.3-2) V
Vestae T. 47 1)K4 (33) V Veslini, pop. 35 A 1
Vesuvius M. 32 B '2 V
Via Appia, 35 AB 2 V
Via Ardeatina, 47 E (i, 7 V
a Aurelia, 47 AC 4, 5
a Cornelia. 47 Al? 2
a Eguatia, 45 T.\
a Flaminia, 43 C 2
a Labiciina, 47 H 4
a Laci Fund^uii, 47 F. 3
a Lata, 47 1)2. 3
I Latina, 43 (' 3
a Alerulana, 47 F(J 4
a Nomcntana, 47 (1 1
a Nova, 47 D 4 : K 4 ; EF G
a Ostiensis, 47 D 7
a Pinciana, 47 E 1
a Portuensis, 47 1? II, 7
a Praenestina, 47 C 4
a Praenestina nova, 47 H 4
a Sacra (Athenae). 46 .\ I
a Sacra (Roma). 47 E 4
a Salaria, 47 1) 2 ; F 1
a Septimia, 47 B 3. 4
a Tiburtina, 47 H 3
a 'I'ripodes, 46 D 3
a Triuniplialis, 47 E ."i ;
AB2
ibo, 37 CI 3
ictunudae, 37 E 1
icus Canienarum, 47 EF 6
Vicus Cypriiis, 47 E 4 Vicus Dru.sianus, 47 F 6 Vicus lugarius, 47 D 4 A'icus Longus, 47 E 2, 3 Vicus Patricius, 47 EF 3 \'icus PLscinae Publicae,
D6 Vicus Portae Viminalis,
EF 2, 3 Vicus Tuscus, 47 1) 4 Vienna, 44 E 4 Vilaine F 44 B 3 Viminalis, campus, 47 FCJ 2 Viminalis M. 47 EF 3 Vindelicorum, Augusta,
C2
Vindobona, 48 C 2 \'ipsania Port. 47 1) 2, 3 ^'irgo. aqua, 47 1) I Viridomarus, dux, 44 T.\ A'ironiandui, pop. 44 D 2 Virtutis et Honoris T. 47 F Virununi, 48 C 2 Visurgis F. 48 B I Vocontii, pop. 44 E 4 Volatorrae, 43 B 2 Volturnus F. 39 BC 1
47
47
48
Volustana, jug. 17 A 1 Voscgus M. 44 F 2, 3
-Xantlius. 18 C 2 Xvniae, 40 C 2
Vonne F. 44 1) 3
Z
Zacynthus, 2 B 3 Zacynthus I. 2 B 3 Zadracarta, 11 E 2 Zania, 39 " B 2 Zea, port us, 46 li Zela, 45 K 1 Zephyrion, 15 C 2 Zeta, 45 <• Zipoctes, lex, 22 B 1
V
B. ft,.»v AND SOXS, LTD., BREAD STREET BILL, E.C., ASD BISOAV, SIFFOLK.
IJNIVERSm OF CALIFORNIA UBRARV
Los Angeles This booU is DUE on the last date stamped below.
..V #1 ii
?i#b
3 1 i58 00990 4102
UC SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY
I III III |lll||ll|l|ll|ll ll|l|lll|l III llllllll ~
D 000 928 122 1
*
I