UC-NRLF lililE C 3 037 mfl lllii! HE REGIONS OF OSTEOLOGY ^■Bi^^ WK HHHBE ^WB^^ SHM^W ^^Bi^^ ^m^w wm ARTHROLOGY TOLDT UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA SAN FRANCISCO MEDICAL CENTER LIBRARY St. Francis Hospital Medical Library j-a Crosse. Wise. MS ...iZDAL Digitized by tine Internet Arciiive in 2007 with funding from IVIicrosoft Corporation littp://www.arcliive.org/details/atlasofhumananatOOtoldricli AN ATLAS OF HUMAN ANATOMY FOR STUDENTS AND PHYSICIANS BY CARL TOLDT, M.D. ASSISTED BY PROFESSOR ALOIS DALLA ROSA, M.D. a&apteb to JEnoUsb an& Smerlcan aiiD 5nternational 'Clerminolog^ BY M. EDEN PAUL, M.D. Brux., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P. FIRST SECTION A. THE REGIONS OF THE HUMAN BODY B. OSTEOLOGY (figures I TO 377 AND INDEX) REVISED EDITION NEW YORK REBMAN COMPANY 141, 143 AND 145 WEST 36tii STREET ^08799 Copyright, 1919, by RERMAN COAIPANY "'^^f\J I ' I I TRANSLATOR'S PREFACE The science of human anatomy is purely descriptive in its methods, the field it covers is not very extensive, and its boundaries ara sharply limited ; it is, therefore, one of the few sciences in which something closely verging on finality and completeness has been attained. Even, however, if no new anatomical data are likely to be forthcoming, there is yet scope for originality in the method of presentation of those data of which the science now consists ; and originality of this kind Professor Toldt's "Atlas of Human Anatomy" exhibits in a high degree. In the many admirable manuals of human anatomy now extant in English, the illustrations, even when numerous, as they are often, and when good, as they are occasionally, form a mere supplement — usually a very imperfect supplement — to the text. Atlases of anatomy, and useful adases, also exist in English, but all are quite fragmentary. Some, like the well-known and valuable, but somewhat antiquated, " Illustrations of Dissections," consist of a series of pictures of selected regions carefully prepared on the cadaver: these are models for the imitation of the student in his own dissecting work, but are not of much value for private study. Others, like Bellamy's English edition of Braune's atlas of frozen sections of the human body, present a small number of anatomical facts from a striking and unfamiliar point of view. But among English works, an accurate pictorial representation of all the data of human anatomy, carefully drawn to scale from actual specimens, and arranged suitably for systematic study, has hitherto been lacking. Whilst a true knowledge of anatomy, a knowledge that will through life supply the needs of the physician and the surgeon in their practical work, can be obtained only in the dissecting-room, the student's labours with scalpel and forceps must be preceded and supplemented by systematic private study. Now, for this purpose, the textual descriptive treatise ii net alone sufficient ; or, if sufficient, it is so at an excessive expenditure of time and labour. Both in his work preparatory to dissection and in his revision of his anatomical knowledge subsequent to dissection, the energy of the student will be enormously economized if he has at hand a graphic representation of every structure named and described in his systematic treatise. An increased use of the visual or graphic method, both in the acquirement and in the revivification of knowledge, is a feature of the age in all educational departments ; but this English translation of Professor Toldt's work is, as far as the English-speaking races are concerned, the first adequate application of the method to the study of human anatomy. In speaking of the finality and completeness of anatomical science, one exception must be made, and this exception relates to anatomical terminology, which, though nearly completed, has not yet attained finality. Had there been a universal anatomical nomenclature — a nomenclature, that is, adopted by, or even fully intelligible to, anatomists of all nationalities — an English edition of this work would have been superfluous. Anatomy, however, like all other sciences, has suffered from the dispersion of tongues that ensued on the Renascence, when the good and the evil of mediaevalism became inextricably confounded, and were cast away together, and the inestimable gift of a language common to the learned of all lands was lost for ever. The German-speaking peoples have a fairly complete and fairly pure Latin anatomical nomenclature, needing, however, to be eked out here and there by the vernacular ; whilst in England, as in France, a strange and bastard dialect, half Latin and half vernacular, has come into use. Uncouth jargon as it is, being current and familiar, it is not likely in England and America ever to be replaced by the more consistent terminology in use in the anatomical schools of Germany and Austria ; I have, however, in this English edition of the "Atlas of Anatomy" retained the terminology of the original side by side with the English translation, distinguishing between the two by a difference of type. In some cases, in the nomenclature used by the author, terms are met with which have no counterpart in English anatomical terminology : either because the author regards as normal a structure which English anatomists regard as a variety ; or, and far more commonly, because the structure in question, though normal, is unimportant, and English anatomists have therefore neglected to name it. Sometimes, in such cases, I have given a literal English translation of the Latin name used by the author ; sometimes, however, a periphrasis has been required to explain what the structure is, or to account for the absence of an English name, and this periphrasis, when lengthy, has been printed as a foot-note. In all such cases, an asterisk is prefixed both to the Latin name and to its English equivalent, to indicate to the reader that there is something unusual in the terms employed. I must further point out that in a few instances the author's nomenclature actually conflicts with that commonly used in England, so that the literal translation of the author's name for a certain structure is applied in England to a structure totally different. For instance, what the author calls canalis pterygopalatinus is in England called xhe^ posterior palatine or palatoiiiaxillary canal, while the pterygopalatine canal of English anatomists is called by the author canalis pharyngeus. But for this warning, beginners might imagine such divergencies to be due to carelessness on the part of the translator or to errors of the press. A further difficulty has arisen from the fact that English anatomical nomenclature is itself not yet finally settled, nor even wholly consistent. Not merely is the same structure often known by several names ; but, which is worse, the same TRANSLATOR'S PREFACE name is sometimes applied to two different structures Reform is therefore needed, but it is not the part of a translator to undertake it, and I have perforce been content to follow the authorities. My leaainj; autnoruy has been the tenth edition of Quain's "Elements of Anatomy," but 1 have also had Macalister's "Text-booK ot Human Anatomy" in constant requisition, from these works I have, when more than one name is used to denote any structure, taken all those in common use, the order in which the alternative names have been printed showing most often the relative frequency of employment ; in a few cases, however, where a name less commonly used has appeared to me distinctly preferable for any reason to an alternative name more commonly used, 1 h ive given the less usual but preferable name the precedence. To this small extent only have I been influenced by my own views in the matter of anatomical terminology ; and, with the exception of those names which for the reason already furnished are preceded by an asterisk, all the terms in the English nomenclature are in use by one or more of the leading English authorities. As regards the terminology employed in the United States of America, the contributions of the scientific investigators of that country to anatomy have, owing to tiie early perfection of this branch of study, been far less extensive than in the case of the other sciences ancillary to medicine ; and the science of anatomy was for the most part taken bodily over, text-books, terminology, and all complete. A few differences, however, exist, and I have therefore collated my manuscript with that useful little work. Young's " Synopsis of Human Anatomy," and any divergent terms in use in America only have been inserted in my translation, and distinguished by the addition of the letters " U.S." A considerable number of the references to the figures will be found to be in the English nomenclature only. These are either cases in which the English and the International descriptive terms were identical, and the printing of both was therefore superfluous ; or else cases in which in the original the reference was wholly in German. Measurements given in the original in centimetres have in all cases been reduced to inches. In illustrations of foetal parts the age of the fcetus is given in months from the date of fertilization of the ovum. On the Continent, however, the period of utero-gestation is usually reckoned as ten "'months" of four weeks each; not, as with us, as nine calendar months. To avoid mistake, I have in all such cases after the word "month" or "months" added in parentheses the words " months of four weeks each." I cannot dismiss mention of the works of reference I have employed without alluding to the German-English " Dictionary of Medical Terms," by Treves and Lang — a book invaluable to all those engaged in the translation of German medical works. Since this Atlas is intended for the use of beginners, as well as for that of advanced students of human anatomy and of practitioners of medicine, I may fitly conclude this preface with a few words on the general principle s of anatomical nomenclature. For descriptive purposes the body is regarded as being in the upright posture, with the arms extended by the sides, and ihe hands fully supinated, so that the palms look forward. With this attitude kept in mind, the meaning of the lerms superior and inferior, anterior and posterior, external and internal, is obvious. Sometimes, however, descriptive terms of another kind are used, to remove the confusion liable to arise from the adoption by man of an attitude different from that of all the other vertebrata, and to homolog ze the nomenclature of human with that of comparative anatomy. Thus, cephalic and caudal in comparative anatomy correspond respectively with superior and /'w/i"/-/;)/- in human anatomy ; ventnil und dorsal, with anterior and posterior. Dividing the body into right and left halves by a vertical median plane, which cuts the surface of the body at the median line, medial or mesial and lateral correspond respectively with internal and external in denoting position respectively nearer to, or more remote from, the median pla e. Other lerms in frequent use are superficial a.ad deep, central ^.nd peripheral, proximal and distal; these are self-explanatory. In some cases descriptive terms applied to portions of certain structures denote the relation of these portions to other structures, as when we speak rf the vertebral and the sternal extremities of the ribs, or the acromial and the sternal extremities of the clavicle. Terms of similar import are radial and ulnar applied to structures of the forearm ; tibial and fibular (or peroneal) of the leg ; palmar and dorsal of the hand ; plantar and dorsal of the foot ; ficxor and extensor of any of the extremities. It is to be noted that internal and external are sometimes used in a sense different from that previously explained, being employed to denote the interior and exterior positions respectively, cither in relation to the general axis tf the body or to the axis of one of its cavities. In this sense, for instance, we may speak of the internal and the external tables of the cranial vault, or of the internal and the external obliciue muscles of the abdomen ; but it is, as a rule, better to use the words inner and outer to denote this relation, and to reserve internal and external for position in r spect to the median plane. Finally we have to explain the terms used to denote certain directions, more e-pecially the direction of certain sec ions : these are horizontal and vertical, requiring no definition ; sagit'al, denoting a dorso-ventral direction either in or parallel to ihe medi.m plane ; axid frontal or coronal, which are synonymous terms, deaoting direction in a transverse vertical plane. The definition of many of the terms used in descriptive anatomy, such as condyle and tuberosity, process ■Axid tubercle, sinus and cavity, ligament, tendon, and aponeurosis, would be superfluous, since the student w 11 best gain an accurate notion of their meaning by an examination of the structures to which they are respectively applied. M. EDEN PAUL. Alderney, August, 1903. ^flS. CHF REGIONES CORPORIS HUMANl THE REGIONS OF THE HUMAN BODY Palmar regions . of the fingers THE REGIONS OF THE HUMAN BODY Temporal region " Orbital region '^; R. cubiti posterior,--, ' R. olecrani / R. temporalis orbi talis R. colli anterior R. colli lateralis .Trig, deltoideo pectorale R. infraclavicularis ~R. deltoidea —R. sternalis -R. brachii lateralis R. cubiti anterior — R. cubiti lateralis R. antibrachii dorsalis rt. dorsalis manus Regiones unguiculares R. malleolaris medialis ' Regiones dorsales digitorum pedis Regiones unguiculares Fig. la. — Anterior Surface of the Body. Regiones Corporis Humani. THE REGIONS OF THE HUMAN BODY Ungual regions^;; — f^ Dorsal regions of the fingers -v^.. Temporal region Auricular region mastoid region Nuchal furrow Acromial region "^ Posterior region of the elbow - '■ External region of the elbow ~ Region of the olecranon External brachial region Internal brachial region External region of the elbow Beg^on of the olecranon Posterior region of the elbow Palmar region of the hand Palmar regions of the- 1:;:::^^ fingers Calcaneal rsfrion Fig. 2. — Posterior Surface of the Body. Regions of the Human Body. THE REGIONS OF THE HUMAN BODY 3a Regiones unguicularc s;;^- Regg. dorsales digitorum' R. temporalis R. auricularis R. mastoidea Fovea nuchse R. acroinialis ■■, R. cubiti posterior ■- R. cubit- lateralis R. olecrani R. brachii lateralis R. brachii medialis R. cubiti lateralis R. olecrani R. cubiti posterior— Regio volaris manus Regiones volares digitorum Fig. 2a. — Posterior Surface of the Body. Regiones Corporis Humani, la THE REGIONS OF THE HUMAN BODY Supraorbltul regiob Upper palpebral region '\ Lower palpebral region Zygomatic region v.. Infraorbital region ■ Tipper labial region Lower labial region; J"^ Submental region Hyoid region Subhyoid region Auricular region Mastoid region Suprasternal region Suprasternal ili Lesser supraclavicular foisa Laryngeal region —Greater supraclavicular fossa Deltoideo • pectoral triangle ^ Omoclaviculai' trianglfi > Known also ai the infraclavicular triangle or in/radavicular fossa, and .-oraetimes called Monrenheimer'i ,pace. Fig. 3. — Head and Neck. Regions of the Head and Neck. THE REGIONS OF THE HUMAN BODY R. supraorbitalis R. paloebralis superiorv \ R. palpebralis inferior's R. zygoraatica R. infraorbitalis R. labialis superior R. labialis inferior R. submentalis- R. hyoidea- R. subhyoidea- R. laryngea R. auricularis R. tnastoidea R. suprastemalis Fossa jugularis Fossa Eupraclavicularis minor Trigonum omoclavicular ; Fossa supraclavicularis major Trigonum deltoideo-pectorale Fig. 3a. — Head and Neck. Regiones Capitis et Colli. ifl — 2 THE REGIONS OF THE HUMAN BODY ..-'"' I Perineal region Fig. 4. — Male Perineal Region. Perineal region Fig. <;. — Female Perineal Region. Perineal Region. THE REGIONS OF THE HUMAN BODY 5a •OReg. perinealis Fig. 4a. — Male Perineal Region. . perinealis Fig. 5a. — Female Perineal Region. Regio Perinealis. OSTEOLOGIA OSTEOLOGY THE STRUCTURE OF THE BONES 10 THE STRUCTURE OF THE BONES Volkmann'B canal Sharpey's fibres Outer fundamental .Amellse Lacunse (" Osseous corpusoles ") Haversian system of lamellss Interstitial lamellas Haversian canal Fig. 6. — Portion of a Cross-Section through the Compact Tissue of a Long Bone. Volkmann's canal" Outer fundasnental lameUse' Lacunee (" Osseous corpuscles" Interstitial lamellss Interstitial lamellsa Haversian canal ' Haversian system of lamella PiG_ 7. — Portion of a Longitudinal Section through the Compact Tissue of a Long Bone. Microscopical Structure oi Bone. THE STRUCTURE OF THE BONES U Cancellous bone tissue Substantia spongiosa "~- MeduUary spaces of the cancellous tissue Surface of the cross-section Compact bone tissue Substantia compacta Haversian systems of lamellae Surface of the longitudinal section -Volkmann's canals Outer fundamental lamella Fig. 8. — Diagram of the Structure of Bone. Thickening of the periosteum, at the site of origin of a muscle Periosteum - Compact bone tissue Substantia compacta Bone-marrow Medulla ossis Exposed surface of the bone Periosteum Periosteum Fig. 9.— Part of the Middle Segment of the Femur from which the Periosteum HAS BEEN partially REMOVED. The medullary canal (cavum medullare) has been opened, and the bone-marrow (medulla ossis) is seen. Periosteum and Bone-Marrow (Medulla Ossium). 2 — 2 12 THE STRUCTURE OF THE BONES Great tuberosity - Tuberculum majus - Head of the humerus Caput humeri Trochlea of the humerus - Trochlea humeri Olecranon fossa Fossa olecrani Fig. io. — Proximal Portion in Frontal Section. Fig. II.— Distal Portion in Sagittal Section. Humerus — Arm-bone : Substantia compacta et substantia spongiosa ossium — Compact and cancellous tissue of the bones. Ossa longa — Long bones. THE STRUCTURE OF THE BONES 13 Olecranon Olecranon Tuberosity of the ulna Tuberositas ulnae Fig. 12. — Proximal Portion in Sagittal Section. Ulna. Head Capitulum Tuberosity of the radius Tuberositas radii Head Capitulum Styloid process Processus styloideus Fig. 13. — Distal Portion in Frontal Section. Nutrient canal - - MiB Styloid process Canahs nutricius ^^<^LJ i/^ Processus styloideus Fig. 14. — Proximal Portion. Fig. 15. — Distal Portion. Radius. Substantia compacta et substantia spongiosa ossium — Compact and cancellous tissue of the bones. Ossa longa — Long bones. 14 THE STRUCTURE OF THE BONES Great trochanter Trochanter major *^), - Head of the femur '^ Caput /emoris Fig. i6. — Proximal Portion in Frontal Section. Internal condyle Condylus medialis External condyle Condylus lateralis Pjq_ 17, — Distal Portion in Frontal Section. Femur-Thigh-bone : Substantia compacta et substantia spongiosa ossium-Compact and cancellous tissue of the bones. Ossa longa— Long bones. THE STRUCTURE OF THE BONES 15 External tubercle of the spine of the tibia Tuberciilum intercondyloideum laterale External tuberosity Condylus lateralis I Internal tubercle of the spine of the tibia JTuberculura intercondyloideum mediale Internal tuberosity Condylus medialis Internal malleolus i Malleolus medialis Fig. i8. — Proximal Portion in Frontal Section. Fig. ig. — Distal Portion in Frontal Section. Tibia— Shin-bone : Substantia compacta et substantia spongiosa ossium— Compact and cancellous tissue of the bones. Ossa longa — Long bones. 16 THE STRUCTURE OF THE BONES Fig. 20. — Third Lumbar Vertebra in Horizontal Section. Fig. 22. — Body of the Second Lumbar Vertebra in Frontal Section. Vertebrae : Substantia compacta et substantia spongiosa ossium — Compact and cancellous tissue of the bones. Ossa brevia — Short bones. THE STRUCTURE OF THE BONES 17 Anterior surface Facies anterior Front*l Section. Sagittal Section. 1*10. 23. — Os CUNEIFORME 111.. THE EXTERNAL CUNEIFORM BONE. Head of the astragalus Caput tali Superior articular surface of the astragalus Trochlea tali The posterior of the two facets articulating with the calcaneus! Facies articularis calcanea posterior Fig. 24. — Talus, the Astragalus, in Sagittal Section. t5 3; 5-1 — t p-i Posterior articular facet for the astragalus Facies articularis posterior Articular facet for the cuboid Facies articularis cuboidea ~ Tuberosity of the os calcis Tuber calcanei =3 FiG. 25. — Calcaneum, the Os Calcis, in Sagittal Section. O r- Ossa tarsi — Tarsal bones : Substantia compacta et substantia spongiosa ossium — Compact and cancellous tissue of the bones. Ossa brevia — Short bones. 18 THE STRUCTURE OF THE BONES Articular surface for the fibula Facies articularis fibul«e Oblique line Linea poplitea Nutrient foramen Foramen nutriciura Nutrient canal Canalis nutricius Medullary canal Cavum meduUare Fig. 26. — Nutrient Foramen and Nutrient Canal of the Right Tibia. Seen from Behind. by sawing away a portion of the snaft the whole length of the nutrient canal has been opened up. Nutrient Foramen and Nutrient Canal of a Long Bone. THE STRUCTURE OF THE BONES 19 Nutrient foramen Foramen nutricium Nutrient foramen Foramen nutricium Nutrient canals' Canales nutricii Inner cortical substance Substantia corticalis in- terna Nutrient canals Canales nutricii Cancellous tissue Substantia spongiosa Out«i' uurtical substance Substantia corticalis externa Fig. 27. — Outer Surface of Left Ilium. By the removal of the outer compact layer and the cancellous tissue of a portion of the bone, the nutrient canals have been displayed. The bristles projecting towards the right above and below show that the nutrient canals into which they have been inserted open on the inner surface of the bone — that turned away from the observer. AX\^X Inner table — -^ Lamina interna i_ % Canal of the diplo^ Canalis diploicus Outer table Lamina externa Diplog Diploe Diploe Diploe Outer table Lamina externa 7. Fig. 28.— Os Parietale, Parietal Bone, prepared to show the Diploe and the Compact Inner Table. Seen from without. Substantia compacta, substantia spongiosa, et canales nutricii — Compact tissue, cancellous tissue, and nutrient canals. Ossa plana — Flat bones. 3—2 20 THE STRUCTURE OF THE BONES Joint-cavity — Layers of the perichondrium Calcified cartilage (Centre of ossification of the dlaphysls) Cortex of bone formed be- neath the perichondrium Frimitive cartilage Capsule of the joint Primitive cartilage VMSM^' ^"'^^ °^ ossification - Endochondrally formed bone of the diaphysis - Nutrient artery Primary medullary space Cortical substance (Periosteal bone of the dlaphysls) --— Layers of the periosteum ^^^SiiS^ Perichondrium "/, Figs. 29 and 30. — Two Stages in the Intracartilaginous Ossification of Long Bones, AS shown by Longitudinal Sections of the Phalanges of a Human Fcetus. Articular cartilage Cartilage of the '- epiphysis Centre of ossification of the epiphysis Zone of ossification of the diaphysis Diaphysis Medullary canal Epiphysis Epiphysial disc Synchondrosis epiphyseos Zone of ossification of the diaphysis Diaphysis Cancellous tissue Substantia spongiosa Compact tissue Substantia compacta Periosteum Figs. 31 and 32. — Two Stages in the Intracartilaginous Ossification of the Epiphysis of a Long Bone, as shown by Longitudinal Sections of the Distal Portions of Metacarpal Bones. Development of the Bones. THE STRUCTURE OF THE BONES 21 Zone of altered cartilage Vascular canals of the < cartilage Endochondral centre of ossification - Primitive cartilage Fig. 33. — Intracartilaginous Ossification of a Short Bone. A section of the cuboid bone of a new-born child. Tissue of the primitive cranial membrane Eows of osteoblasts --.:": ^-,„, Osseous spicules Fig, 34. — Intramembranous Ossification of the Bones of the Cranial Vault. Upper half of the parietal bone of a human fuetus in the eleventh week of intra-uterine life. Development of the Bones. 22 THE STRUCTURE OF THE BONES Fig. 35. — Anterior Aspect. Ic^ Fig. 36. — ViEvvKu tkom the Left Side, THE Arm having been removed. Skeleton humanum — The human skeleton, SKELETON TRUNCI THE AXIAL SKELETON 24 THE AXIAL SKELETON Vertebra r -/ Carotid 1 tubercle [ Tuberculum j caroticum ) Cervica Vertebrae I.— VII. Vertebrae cervicales Spine of the seventh cervical vertebra (vertebra prominens) Vert. 13- -"'Intervertebral foramina Foramina intervertebralia Dorsal yertebrse I.— XII. Vertebrae thoracales , Inter /'Mtebral foramina Forsnii la in:f,r/ertebralia Lumbar vertebrae I.— V. Vertebra; lumbales Vert. 24- Sacral promontory ]' Promontorium | Vert. 25 Sacral yertebrse I.-V. Os sacrum Vert, sacrales Seen from the Front. The coccyx Coccygeal vertebrae I.-V. Os coccygis Seen from Behind. Fig. 37.— The Vertebral Column as a Whole. Classification and Nomenclature OF THE Vertebrae. Columna vertebralis— The spinal column. THE AXIAL SKELETON 25 Superior articular processes Processus articulares superiores; Pedicle Radix arcus Upper costal facet Fovea costalis superior \ Costo transverse facet Fovea costalis transversus Spinous process Processus spinosus Body Corpus vertebrae / j Lower costal facet ■' ; Fovea costalis inferior .' Inferior vertebral notch Incisura vertebralis inferior i Inferior articular facet Facies articularis inferior Lamina Arcus vertebrae Transverse process Processus transversus Spinal foramen Foramen vertebrale Body Corpus vertebrae Fig. 58. — Seen from the I^eft Side. Fig. 39. — Seen from Above. Superior articular process Processus articularis superior Body Corpus vertebrae-^ Spinous process Ptocessus spinosus Transverse process Processus transversus Superior articular facet • Facies articularis superior Spinous process Processus spinosus Fig. 40. — Seen from Before. Fig. 41. — Seen from Behind. Vertebrae: Vertebra thoracalis VI.— Sixth dorsal vertebra. 26 THE AXIAL SKELETON Posterior tubercle Tuberculum posterius Anterior tubercle Tuberculum anterius Groove for spinal nerve Sulcus nervi spinalis Body Corpus vertebrae Inferior vertebral notch Incisura vertebralis inferior y ( Superior articular processes \Prccessus articulares superiores Inferior articular facet Facies articularis inferior Spinous process Processus spinosus Vi Fig. 42. — Seen from the Left Side. Body Corpus vertebrae Transerve process Processus transversus Anterior tubercle Tuberculum anterius Posterior tubercle Tuberculum posterius Inferior articular facet Facies articularis inferior Fig. 43. — Seen from Before. Spinous process Processus spinosus Spinal foramen Foramen vertebrale ^Lamina ,- ''^Arcus vertebrae Inferior articular process Processus articularis inferior Transverse process Processus transversus Groove for spinal nerve Sulcus nervi spinalis Superior articular facet Facies articularis superior Posterior tubercle — . Tuberculum posterius Costo-trans verse foramen Foramen transversarium ^Anterior tubercle Tuberculum anterius Fig. 44. — Seen from Above. Spinous process ^.---"'Processus spinosus Lamina Arcus vertebrae Pedicle Radix arcus vertebrae Inferior articular facet F?cies articularis inferior Costo-transverse foramen Foramen transversarium Fig. 45. — Seen from Below. Vertebrae : Vertebra cervicalis V.— Fifth cervical vertebra. THE AXIAL SKELETON 27 Body Corpus vertebrae Superior vertebral notch Incisura vertebrahs superior Superior articular process Processus articulans superior Mamillary process Processus mamillaris Spinous process Processus spinosus Inferior vertebral notch Incisura vertebralis inferior Vi Inferior articular facet Fades articularis inferior Fig, 46. — Seen from the Left Side. Lamina Arcus vertebrae Spinous process Processus spinosus Superior articular process Processus articularis superior Mamillary process Processus mamillaris ..Accessory process Processus accessorius Costal process Processus costarius Pedicle Radix arcus Spinal foramen Foramen vertebrale ■Body /, Corpus vertebrae Fig. 47. — bEKx FROM Above. Mamillary process Processus mamillaris Accessory process Processus accessorius Body Corpus vertebrae Superior articular facek Facies articularis superior Costal process Processus costarius Spinous process Processus spinosus Inferior articular process Processus articularis inferior Fig. 48. — Seen from Behind. Vertebrae : Vertebra lumbalis II.— Second lumbar vertebra. 28 THE AXIAL SKELETON Fig. 49. — Vertebra Thoracalis I. — First Dorsal Vertebra. Seen from Before. Transverse process Processus transversus Fig. 50. — Vertebra Thoracalis XI. — Eleventh Dorsal Vertebra. Seen from the Left Side. _1 Transverse process Processus transversus Fig. 51. — Vertebra Thoracalis XII.— Twelfth Dorsal Vertebra. Seen from the Left Side. Fig. 52.— Vertebra Lumbalis V. — Fifth Lumbar Vertebra. Seen from the Left Side. Vertebrae : Transitional forms of the dorsal and lumbar vertebrae. THE AXIAL SKELETON Posterior tubercle Tuberculum posterius v Posterior arch Arcus posterior Vertebral groove Sulcus arteriae vertebralis ■• Superior articular facet Fovea articularis superior Articular facet for the odontoid process Fovea dentis Lateral mass Massa lateralis Anterior arch "Arcus anterior Anterior tubercle Tuberculum anterius Fig. 53. — The Atlas, or First Cervical Vertebra. Seen from Above. Anterior articular facet Facies articularis anterior Odontoid process Dens Superior articular process Processus articularis superior - Inferior articular process 7i Processus articularis inferior Fig, 54.— Epistropheus, the Axis, or Second Cervical Vertebra. Seen from Before. Spinous process - Processus spinosus Inferior articular process Processus articularis inferior Superior articular process Processus articularis superior Posterior tubercle Tuberculum posterius Spinal foramen Foramen vertebrale Costo-transyerse foramen Foramen transversarium Fig. 55.— Vertebra Cervicalis VII. — Seventh Cervical Vertebra. Seen from Above. Vertebrae : The atypical cervical vertebrae. 30 THE AXIAL SKELETON Sacral portion of the brim of the pelvis Pars sacralis lineae ter- minalis Transverse ridges- Lineae transversae Superior articular procesB Processus articularis superior Lateral mass Pars lateralis Anterior sacral foramina Foramina sacralia anteriora Apex of the sacrum Apex '^ssis sacri Fig. 56.— Male Sacrum (Facies Pelvina— Pelvic Surface). Seen from Before. Sacral portion of the brim . of the pelvis Pars sacralis linea; ter- minalis Superior articular process Processus articularis superior Lateral mass Pars lateralis Transverse ridges '"'Lineae transversae Anterior sacral foramina Foramina sacralia anteriora Apex of the sacrum Apex ossis sacri Fig. 57.— Female Sacrum (Facies Pelvina— Pelvic Surface). Seen from Before. Os sacrum — The sacrum. THE AXIAL SKELETON 31 Superior articular process Processus articularis superior 'External sacral crest •Crista sacralis lateralis 'Median sacral crest . •Crista sacralis media •Articular sacral crest •Crista sacralis articularis Sacral comu . Cornu sacrale •Tuberosity of the sacrum •Tuberositas sacralis Auricular surface Facies auricularis . Posterior eacral foramina Foiamina sacralia posteriora Hiatus of the sacrum Hiatus sacralis Apex of the sacrum Apex ossis sacri Fig. 58. — Male Sacrum fpAciEs Dorsalis — Dorsal Surface). Seen from Behind. Sacral canal Canalis sacralis Intervertebral foramen Foramen intervertebrale 'Median sacral crest /'•Crista sacralis media Posterior sacral foramen Foramen sacrale posteriu;; Anterior sacral foramen Foramen sacrale anterius 'Articular sacral crest 'Crista sacralis articularis ~ 'External sacral crest •Crista sacralis lateralis Lateral mass Pars lateralis Fig. 59. — Transverse Section through the Sacrum at the Level of the First Set of Sacral Foramina. Os sacrum — The sacrum. 32 THE AXIAL SKELETON Auricular surface Facies auricularis Sacral coma Cornu sacrale Coccygeal comu Cornu coccygeum Extremity of the coccyx Apex ossis coccygis Superior articular process Processus articularis superior First sacral vertebra Vertebra sacralis 1. Sacral canal Canalis sacralis Fig. 6o. — Sacrum and Coccyx. Seen from THE Left Sid^. Fifth sacral vertebra Vertebra sacralis V. Sacral comu Cornu sacrale Coccygeal comu Cornu coccygeum First coccygeal vertebra Vertebra coccygea I. Fig. 6i. — Sacrum and Coccyx in Sagittal Section THROUGH the MeDIAN LiNE. Coccygeal comu Cornu coccygeum First coccygeal vertebra Vertebra coccygea I. Fifth coccygeal vertebra Vertebra coccygea V. Fig. 62. — Coccyx seen from Before. Fig. 63. — Coccyx seen from Behind. Os sacrum et os coccygis — Sacrum and coccyx. THE AXIAL SKELETON 33 Epiphyses of the vertebral bodies. Costal process Processus costarius^ Fifth lumbar vertebra Vertebra lumbalis V. Anterior sacral foraniina-.iv;l' Foramina sacralia anterior Sutures, not yet fully closed, between the sacral vertebrae Costal process Processus costarius Intervertebral disc Lig. intervertebrale . First sacral vertebra Vertebra sacralis I. Secondary epiphyseal plates of the lateral mass Fifth sacral vertebra Vertebra sacralis V. Fig. 64. — Unilateral Assimilation and Commencing Ankylosis of the Fifth Lumbar Vertebra with the Sacrum. Seen from Before. From a boy seventeen years of age. Epiphyses on the bodies of the sacral vertebra, and along the lateral margins of the sacrum. Fourth sacral foramen Foramen sacrale IV. Ankylosis of the sacral comu with the coccygeal comu Body of the first coccygeal vertebra Corpus vertebrae coccygeae I. Hiatus of the sacrum Hiatus sacralis Body of the fifth sacral vertebra Corpus vertebrae sacralis V. Place of ankylosis of the lateral mass of the sacrum with the first coccygeal vertebra Fig. 65. — Ankylosis of the Sacrum with the Coccyx. Seen from Behind. From a man forty years of age. Anomalous Ankyloses of the Sacrum. 34 THE AXIAL SKELETON Protovertebral (intercostal) artery , Arteria protovertebralis (intercostalis) Aorta- First vertebra Vertebra I. Second vertebra Vertebra II. Third vertebra Vertebra III. Fourth vertebra Vertebra IV. First protovertebra Protovertebra i. Second protovertebra Protovertebra 2. Third protovertebra Protovertebra 3. Fourth protovertebra Protovertebra 4. Intervertebral disc Ligamentum interver- tebrale Primitive cartilages of the vertebral bodies Fifth protovertebra Protovertebra 5. Intervertebral ganglion Ganglion intervertebrale Fig. 66. — Diagram showing the Relations of the Proto- vertebra TO the Vertebra. (From von Ebner.) Notochord Chorda dorsalis Fig. 67. — Primitive Cartilages of THE Vertebral Bodies. From a sagittal section through the verte- bral column of a human fcetus in the tenth week. (Length of fcetus, 2j inches.) Centre of ossification of the body of the ver tebra Vascular canal of the cartilage Centre of ossifica tion of the arch of the vertebra Primitive cartilage of the second lumbar vertebra Intervertebral disc - Ligamentum intervertebrale Centre of ossification of the body of the vertebra Fig. 69. Primitive cartilage of the arch of the first lumbar vertebra -The Three Centres of Ossification OF A Vertebra. Horizontal section through the second and a portion of the first lumbar vertebras of a human fcetus in the beginning of the fifth month (months of four weeks each). (Length of fcetus, 5 J inches.) Notochord Chorda dorsalis Fig. 68. — Centres of Ossification OF THE Bodies of the Vertebra. From a sagittal section through the vertebral column of a human fcetus in the fourth month (months of four weeks each). (Length of foetus, 4I inches.) Development of the Vertebrae. Bony portion of. the body THE AXIAL SKELETON _,Bony portion of the arch ^ Epiphysis of the body Fig. 70— First Lumbar Vertebra OF A New-born Child. Rudiment of a cervical rib v, Fig. 72. — The Seventh Cervical Vertebra OF a New-born Child. Centre of ossification of the anterior arch 35 ^Epiphysis of the articular process Epiphysis of the costal process Epiphysis of the spinal process Fig. 71. — First Lumbar Vertebra in the Eighteenth Year. Cartilag^inous epiphysis of the odontoid process ,Upper centre of ossifica- tion of the body Lower centre of ossifica- Vi tion of the body Fig. j^. — The Atlas at the End OF the First Year. Fig. 74. — The Axis at the End OF the First Year. Centre of ossification of the epiphysis of .^, the odontoid process cj/f' Fig. 75. — The Atlas in the Fourth Year. Fig. 76. — The Axis in the Fourth Year. Centres of ossification -^"-: of the lateral mass First sacral vertebra Vertebra sacralis I. Primitive cartilage First coccygeal vertebra Vertebra coccygea I. Centres of ossi- fication of the vertebral arches - Centres of ossi- fication of the vertebral bodies Fig. 77. — Seen from Before. Fig. 78. — Seen from Behind. Development of the Vertebrae : The centres of ossification in the sacrum and coccyx of a child at the age of two months. s— 2 36 THE AXIAL SKELETON First dorsal vertebra Vertebra thoracalis I. Upper opening of the thorax Apertura thoracis superior Intercostal spaces ^- Spatia intercostalia Arch of the ribs Arcus costarum Anterior surface of the sternum Subcostal angle Angulus infrasternalis Irf)wer opening of the thorax (i 7j Costse verse, sternal or true ribs ; 8—12, Costae spuriae, asternal or false ribs ; 1 1 and 12, Costae fluctuantes, floating ribs.) Fig. 79. — The Thorax seen from Before. The Thorax. THE AXIAL SKELETON 37 Transverse processes ^-j-- Processus transversi "~ .,;~~-- First dorsal vertebra Vertebra thoracalis I. Angles of the ribs^;- Anguli costarum 'v Tubercles of the ribs Tubercula costarum Fig. 8o. — The Thorax seen from Behind. The Thorax. ■J8 IHE AXIAL SKELETON Fig. 8i.— The Twelve. Pairs of Ribs. Ossa costalia — The ribs. THE AXIAL SKELETON 39 Ribs ,.-- Ossa costalia •;>," ^ Costal cartilages Cartilagines costarum Fig. 82. — The Twelve Ribs of the Right Side in their Natural Position. Seen from the Right. Costae — The ribs. 40 THE AXIAL SKELETON Groove for subclaviaii . artery Sulcus subclaviae Scalene tubercle Tuberculum scaleni (Lisfranci) Costal cartilage Cartilago costalis Fig. 83. — First (Right) Rib. FROM Above. Seek Articular facets of the head Facies articularis capituli Articular facet cf the tubercle Facies articularis tubercuii Costal cartilage Cartilago costaiis Tubercle of the rib Tuberculum costae Angle of the rib Angulus costse Angle of the rib Angulus costae Eminence for the attachment of the serratus magnus Tuberositas costae II Tubercle of the rib 1 Tuberculum costae y Neck of the rib ,/ CoUura costae / Head of the rib Capitulum costae Body or shaft of the rib Corpus costse Fig. 84. — Second (Right) Rib. Seen from Above. Fig. 85. — Fourth (Right) Rib. FROM Behind. Seen Bidge of the neck of the rib Crista colli costae Body or shaft of the rib Corpus costae , Ridge for the interar- ■' ticular ligament Crista capituli Articular facets of the head Facies articularis capituli Fig. 86. — Seventh (Right) Rib. Seen from Within. Fig. 87.— Twelfth (Right) Rib. Seen from Within. Costae — The ribs. THE AXIAL SKELETON 41 Clavicular notch Incisura clavicularis. Interclavicular notch Incisura jugularis Oladiolo-ensifonu articulation The manubrium (presternum) Sternal synchondrosis (manu- ~ brio-gladiolal articulation) Synchondrosis sternalis Articular facet for a rib Incisura costalis The body of the sternum or gladiolus (mesoaternum) Articular facet for a rib Incisura costalis Ensiform or xiphoid process (metasternum, xiphistemum) Processus xiplioideus ^Clavicular notch Incisura clavicularis — Manubrium Manubrium sterni -Angle of the sternum^ Angulus sterni - Body of the sternum or gladiolus Corpus sterni Articular facets for the ribs Incisurae costales ...Ensiform or xiphoid process Processus xiphoideus Va becomes'less'ob^use°'anH'^Vr"f''"'°"' ""^ ^"^'" '^^'^^"" '^^ manubrium and the body of the sternum Se -T« therefore more promment. It is then known as angulus Ludovici. or Ludwig's Fig. 88. — The Sternum seen from Before. Fig. 89. — The Sternum seen FROM THE Left Side. ^'^/Suprasternal bones ' „--' Ossa suprasternalia -Clavicular notch Incisura clavicularis The manubrium Manubrium sterni — The body of the sternum ^1 Corpus sterni Fig. 90.— The Upper Portion of the Sternum with the Suprasternal Bones (a Rare Variety). Seen from Before. Sternum — The breast-bone. 42 THE AXIAL SKELETON Epiphysis of the bead Epiphysis capituli Epiphysis of the tubercle Epiphysis tuberculi V, Epiphysis of the head , lipiphysis capituli Fig. 91. — Posterior Portion of the Sixth Rib, in the Fifteenth Year. Epiphysis of the articular facet of / the tubercle Tubercle of the rib ^-' Tuberculum costse Fig. 92. — Posterior Portion of the Sixth Rib, in the Eighteenth Year. Fig. 93. — Divided Primi- tive Cartilage of the Sternum. From a human foetus of two months (months of four weeks each). Fig. 94. — Primitive Cartilage of the Sternum. From a human foetus of four months (months of four weeks eachV Fig. 95.— Primitive Cartilage OF the Sternum with the First Centre of Ossifica- tion in the Manubrium. From a human foetus in the second half of the sixth month (months of four weeks each). Fig. 96. — Centres of Ossification in the Sternum of a New-born Child. Fig. qy.— Sternum of a Boy at the Age of Eleven Years. Development of the Ribs and the Sternum. THE AXIAL SKELETON 48 Articular apophysis Apophysis articularis\ Muscular apophyses Apophyses musculares Neural arch Arcus vertebrae Vertebral body or centmm Corpus vertebrae Spinal canal Canalis vertebralis -Bib Costa Fig. 98. — Skeleton of a Thoracic Segment. Spinal canal Canalis vertebralis Neural arch Arcus vertebras Articular apophysis Apophysis articularis Costal apophysis Apophysis costalis Articular apophysis Apophysis articularis rUuscular apophyses lApophyses musculares Vertebral body or centrum ~ Corpus vertebrae Muscular apophysis Apophyses musculares Neural arch Arcus vertebrae - Costal apophysis Apophysis costalis Spinal canal Canalis vertebralis - Vertebral body or centrum Corpus vertebrae Fig. 99. — Skeleton of a Cervical Segment. Fig. 100. — Skeleton of a Lumbar Segment. Spinal canal Canalis vertebralis Articular apophysis Apophysis articularis ~ -._ Neural arch Arcus vertebrae Vertebral body or centrum Corpus vertebras Muscular apophyses ' Apophyses musculares Costal epiphysis Epiphysis costalis Fig. ioi. — Skeleton of a Sacral Segment. The Homologous Skeletal Parts of the Segments of the Body. 6—2 CRANIUM ET OSSA CRANII THE SKULL AND THE BONES OF THE SKULL 46 THE SKULL AND THE BONES OF THE SKULL FrontomaxiUary suture ^ Sutura frontomaxillaiis', The vertex e r t A- Coronal or frontoparietal suture Sutura coronalis Squamous suture Sutura squamosa Sphenoparietal suture Sutura sphenoparietalis Sphenosquamous suture Sutura sphenosquaraosa Frontomalar suture Sutura zygomaticofrontal Zygomatic arch Arcus zygomatics Temporomalar suture ' Sutura zygomaticotemporalis Malomaxillary suture Sutura zygomaticomaxillaris The maxilla, or upper jaw-bone (Superior maaEillary bone) Intermaxillary suture Sutura intermaxiUans The forehead Frontal eminence Tuber frontale Superciliary ridge Arcus superciliaris \ ^Temporal crest Linea temporalis Nasofrontal suture Sutura nasofrontalis ' ,7 Intemasal suture Sutura internasalis "Nasomaxillary suture Sutura nasomaxillaris Anterior nasal aperture \pertura pyriformis Bony septum of the nose "septum nasi osseura Anterior nasal spine Spma nasahb anterior The mandible, or lower jaw-bone (Inferior maxillary bone) Fig. I02.— The Skull seen from Before: Norma Frontalis. Cranium— The skull. THE SKULL AND THE BONES OF THE SKULL 47 The vertex Coronpi or frontoparietal suture Sutiira coronalis Sphenoparietal suture Sutura sphenoparietalis Sphenosquamous suture Sutura sphenosquamosa Sphenofrontal suture < C Sutura sphenofrontalis ^ Frontomalar suture Sutura zygomaticofrontalis- ^ The sinciput Squamous suture Sutura squamosa I Superior temporal line Linea temporalis superior Inferior temporal line a temporalis inferior The forehead l^ '^ ^ ti ,<, Nasomaxillary suture i ->. Sutura nasomaxilliins \/ i"\s, Sphenomalar suture —£- zygomatica Lachrymal fossa Fossa sacci lachrymalis Anterior nasal spine Spina nasalis anteuor' Malomaxillary suture Sutura zygomatico maxillaris The maxilla, or upper jaw-bone (Superior maxillarj bone) Lambdoid or occipito- parietal suture Sutura lambdoidea Temporal surface Temporal fossa \ External auditory meatus Meatus acusticus extern us ', External auditory aperture Porus acusticus externus ~ The occiput Parietomastoid suture Sutura parietomastoidea ^Occipitomastoid suture Sutura occipitomastoidea \ Zygomatic arch Arcus zygomaticus \ Temporomalar suture ■ Sutura zygomaticotemporalis The mandible, or lower jaw-bone ^Inferior maxillary bone) Fig. 103. — The Skull seen from the Left Side: Norma Lateralis. Cranium — The skull- 48 THE SKULL AND THE BONES OF THE SKULL Anterior nasal aperture Apertura pyriformis Superciliary ridge Arcus superciliaris Entrance to the orbit ^ Aditus orbita; Hard palate Palatum durum Posterior nares Choanae Premaxillary suture SutHra incisiva Supra-orbital margin /Margii supra-orbitalis ^' Row of teeth I.imbus dentalis Infratemporal crest _ Crista infratemporalis Zygomatic fossa Fossa infratemporalis Sphenosquamous suture _ Sutura sphenosquamosd" Groove for Eustachian tube Sulcus tubae auditivae Styloid process Processus styloideus External auditory aperture ,'- Porus acusticus externus Mastoid process ^ Processus raastoideus Occipitomastoid suture / Sutura occipitoraastoidea Foramen magnum / Foramen occipitale magnum Pterygoid process v'I'rocessus pterygoideus Pterygopalatine or pterygo- pharyngeal canal Canalis pharyngeus "Basipharyngeal canal "'Canalis basipharyngeus' . Foramen lacerum medium Foramen lacerum — Petrosphenoidal fissure Fissura sphenopetrosa Petrobasilar fissure Fissura petro-occipitalis Jugular foramen (foramen lacerum posterius) Foramen jugulare Occipital condyle Condylus occipitalis Inferior curved line Linea nuchac inferior External occipital protuberance H Protuberantia occipitalis externa Nuchal plane ^Planum nuchale N. External occipital crest Crista occipitalis externa ' *Canalis basipharyitgeus,' basipharyngeal canal : This term is not often used by English anatomists, nor even is the canal itself mentioned by Quain. Macalister, however, in his description of the vomer, writes (p. 233) : " In the region of its sphenoidal articulation there are thrfte canals transmitting small vessels in the young skull, which usually become obliterated with advancing age ; these are — one median vomerine canal between the vomer and the root of the rostrum, and a lateral on each side between the extremity of the ala vomeris and the vaginal process. These run parallel to. and may communicate with, the pterygopharyngeal [pterygo- palatine] canal in the vaginal process." The two lateral canals here mentioned are those called by Toldt 'canales basipharyngei. — Tr. Fig. 104. — External Aspect of the Base of the Skull : Basis Cranii Externa. Cranium — The skull. THE SKULL AND THE BONES OF THE SKULL 49 Frontal crest Crista frontalis C3rista gallic Crista galli ^• Spheno-ethmoidal suture Sutura spheno-ethmoidalis Impressionesdigi- , ^. tatse' '"^I^ Foramen csecum Foramen caecum Fronto-ethmoidal suture '' Sutura fronto-ethmoidalis Juga cerebralia' Anterior cranial fossa Fossa cranii anterior Middle cranial fossa Fossa cranii media Foramen lacerum medium . Foramen lacerum CliTus, or basilar groove Clivus Superior border of petrous bone Angulus superior pyramidis Jugular foramen - Foramen jugulare Sigmoid sulcus Sulcus sigmoideus Posterior cranial fossa Fossa cranii posterior Splienoidal plane, or jugum sphenoidale Planum sphenoidale Spheno-orbital suture 'Sutura spheno-orbitalis Sphenoidal limbus I^imbus sphenoidalis Coronal or frontoparietal suture Sutura coronalis Sphenosquamous suture Sutura sphenosquaraosa Petrosphenoidal suture Fissura sphenopetrosa Occipitosphenoidal synchon- drosis Synchondrosis spheno- occipitalis Fetrobasilar fissure Fissura petro-occipitalis Parietomastoid suture Sutura parietomastoidea Internal occipital crest /' Crista occipitalis interna Occipitomastoid suture Sutura occipitomastoidea Internal occipital protuberance Protuberantia occipitalis interna Lateral sulcus Sulcus transversus lobe'^Jf'Scfrebrim ''°'"' •'°''''^'P°"'^'"g ^''^ *« ^"I'^i and convolutions of the inferior surface of the frontal Fig. 105.— Internal Aspect of the Base of the Skull— Basis Cranii Interna: Foss^ Cranii Anterior, Media, et Posterior— The Anterior, Middle, and Posterior Cranial Foss^. Seen from Above. Cranium— The skull. 50 THE SKULL AXD THE BONES OF THE SKULL Longitudinal sulcus Sulcus venosus (sagittalis) Frontal crest Crista frontalis Pacchionian depressions Foveolae granulares (Pacchioni) - Sagittal or inter- parietal suture Sutura sagittalis Coronal or frontoparietal suture Sutura coronalis Meningeal grooves Sulci arteriosi Inner table Lamina interna Outer table Lamina externa Longitudinal sulcus Sulcus venosus (sagittalis) N Siploe Diploe V Lambdoid or occipitoparietal suture Sutura lambdoidea Fig. io6. — Calvaria — The Skullcap, or Roof of the Skull. Inner Aspect. Cranium — The skull. THE SKULL Alsu THE nUNES UF THE SKULL 51 Coronal or frontoparietal suture Sutura coronalis Vascular canals of the diploe of the . frontal bone CcUiales diploid ossis frontalis Diploe Diploe A Vascular canals of the diploe of the parietal bone . Canales diploici ossis parietalis Diploe ■J Diploe Outer table Lamina externa Fig. 107.— Vascular Canals of the Diploe of the Roof of the Skull, shown by Removal OF the Outer Table of Compact Boi.e from the Frontal Bone and the Parietal Bone : Canales Diploici (Brescheti). Seen from the Left Side. cranium — Tlie sru1\. 7—2 52 THE SKULL AND THE BONES OF THE SKULL Frontal bone Os frontale \ Ethmoid boue ' Os ethmoidale Sphenoid bone Os sohenoidale Parietal bone Os parietale ^Occipital bone Os occipitale Temporal bone Os temporale Fig. io8. — The Separate Bones of which the Cranium Cerebrale or Cranium Proper consists. Ossa cranii cerebralis — Bones of the cranium proper. THE SKULL AND THE BONES OF THE SKULL 53 Lachrymal bone Os lacriniale Nasal bone Os nasale Vomer' Vomer Inferior turbinate bone- Concha nasalis inferior Superior maxillary boce, or maxilla Maxilla ..^Malar bone Os zygomaticum -Palate bone Os palatinum Inferior maxillary bone, or mandible Mandibula Fig. 109. — The Separate Bones of which the Cranium Viscerale (Facies Ossea), or Facial Portion of the Skull, consists. Ossa faciei — Bones of the face. 54 THE SKULL AND THE BONES OF THE SKULL Iiongitudinal sulcus Sulcus sagittalis Lambdoid border Margo lambdoideus tabular portion, or- snpra-occipital Lateral sulcus Sulcus transversus 'Internal cruciform ■ ridges Mastoid border . Margo mastoideus _ Superior occipital fossa Jugular enunence Tuberculum jugulare' Jugular process Processus jugularis Occipital condyle Condylus occipitalis Internal occipital pro- tuberance Protuberantia occipi- talis interna Inferior occipital fossa Internal occipital crest Crista occipitalis interna Posterior condylar foramen Canalis condyloideus Condylar portion, or exoccipital Pars lateralis Anterior condylar foramen Canalis hypoglossi Foramen magnum Foramen occipitale magnum Basilar portion or process, or basi-occipital Pars basilaris Fig. iio.— Anterior (Internal) Aspect of the Occipital Bone. Os occioitale— The occioital bone. THE SKULL AND THE BONES OF THE SKULL 56 Occipital plane Tabular portion, or supra-occipital Squama occipitalis Highest curved line Linea nuchs suprema\ Nuchal plane /> f^ Superior onrved line Linea nuchce superior 'Sutura mendosa (var.)' Inferior curved line Linea nuchae inferior lAmMoid border Margo lambdoideus External occipital pro- tuberance Protuberantia occipi- talis externa — External occipital crest Crista occipitalis externa Mastoid border Margo mastoideus Posterior condylar foramen — Canalis condyloideus Posterior condylar fossa Fossa condyloidea Anterior condylar foramen Occipital condyle / i ; i/i Canalis hypoglossi Condylus occipitalis Basilar portion or process, or basi-occipital Foramen magnum Pars basilaris Foramen occipitale magnum ' See foot-note to p. 57. Fig. III.— Posterior (External) Aspect of the Occipital Bone. Os occipitale — The occipital bone. 56 THE SKULL AND THE BONES OF THE SKULL Tabular portion, or supra-occipital Squama occipitalis External occipital crest Crista occipitalis externa Crest for the rectus capitis posticus minor muscle Crista m. recti capitis minoris Crest for the rectus capitis posticus major muscle Crista m. recti capitis majoris , ^ Posterior condylar foramen ,/-',, ^ Canalis condyloideus External occipital protuberance ■'' Protuberantia occipitalis externa - — Superior curved line Linea nuchae superior Foramen magnum Foramen occipitale magnum Condylar portion,— or exoccipital Pars lateralis Occipital condyle Condylus occipitalis Posterior condylar foramen Canalis hypoglossi Inferior curved line Linea nuchae inferior Mastoid border Margo mastoideus Jugular process I'rocessus jugularis Jugular notch Incisura jugularis ^ Xntrajugular process (variety) Processus intrajugularis (var.) Basilar portion or process, or basi-occipital'' Pars basilaris \Pharyngeal tubercle' Tuberculum pharyngeum ' Pharyngeal spine. — U.S. Fig. 112.— The Occipital Bone seen from Below (External Basal Surface). Tabnlar portion, or supra-occipital e a^,^-'— "^ "^B^LZ / Internal occipital crest Crista occipitalis interna Foramen magnum Sigmoid sulcus Sulcus sigmoideus Jugular process Processus jugularis /•Lambdoid border y Margo lambdoideus Lateral sulcus Sulcus transversus ' Inferior occipital fossa Jugnilar notch / Incisura jugularis Intrajugular process (variety) Processus intrajugularis (var.) Jugular eminence Tuberculum jugulare Mastoid border Margo mastoideus Anterior condylar foramen Canalis condyloideus Posterior condylar foramen "Canalis hypoglossi Condylar portion, or ezoccipital Pars lateralis Basilar groove Clivus Inferior petrosal sulcus Sulcus petrosus inferior Basilar portion or process, or basi-occipital Pars basilaris Fig. 113. — The Occipital Bone seen from Above (Internal Basal Surface). Os occipitale — The occipital bone. THE SKULL AND THE BONES OF THE SKULL 57 Tabular portion ~^ •Sutura mendosa' Posterior condylar foramen Canalis hypoglossi Interparietal portion of the occipital bone' Squama occipitalis -Snpra-occipital portion .Condylar portion, or exoccipital Pars lateralis Anterior condylar foramen Canalis condyloideus Basilar portion, or basi-occipital— Pars basilaris Fig. 114.— The Portions of the Occipital Bone from a Human Fcetus at the End of the Sixth Month (Months of Four Weeks Each). Seen from Within. Body-length, 12 inches. Internal occipital protuberance Protuberantia occipitalis interna Tabular portion- Anterior condylar foramen Canalis condyloideus Posterior condylar foramen Canalis hypoglossi Interparietal portion of the occipital bone , Squama occipitalis 'Sutura mendosa' ..True snpra-occipital portion Posterior intra-occipital synchondrosis Synchondrosis intra-occipitalis posterior Condylar portion, or exoccipital Pars lateralis Anterior intra-occipital synchondrosis Synchondrosis intra-occipitalis anterior 'Basilar portion, or basi-occipital— Pars basilaris Fig. 115. — The Occipital Bone of a Child aged Fifteen Months. Seen from Within. ' The human occipital bone con'^ists uf four ek-m'-nts, which are stUl s-^parate at birih, being united by intervening cartilage ; these are, the basilar portion (basilar process), the two condylar portions, and the talmlar portion. In comparative anatomy these are known respectively as hasi- occipital, exoccip'tals^ and supra-occipiiaL The basi-occipital and the evoccipitals oji Spina angularis" " Posterior or petrous border Margo petrosus Ethmoidal spine Spina ethmoidalis Optic groove— Sulcus chiasmatis Optic foramen — Foramen opticum / Small wing ' / ^.v^''H'''\^^.-. Frontal border / x^^ i^*^ "t^^Sk Marge frontalis Sphenoidal fissure Fissura orbitalis superior Great wing External or squamous border Margo squamosus Foramen rotundum Foramen rotundum Foramen ovale Foramen ovale Foramen spinosum Foramen spinosum Body of the sphenoid bone \ Carotid groove Sulcus caroticus Vi Lingula of the sphenoid Lingula sphenoidalis Fig. ii8.— The Sphenoid Bone seen from Above (Cerebral Aspect). Sphenoidal foramen Apertura sinus sphenoidalis Orbital border (of the sphenoidal turbinate bone) { Margo orbitalis Sphenoidal fissure — Fissura orbitalis superior \ External or squamous border Margo squamosus Foramen rotundum — Foramen rotundum Vidian or pterygoid canal Canalis pterygoideus (Vidii Pterygoid notch Fissura pterygoidea' Foramen ovale Foramen ovale Foramen spinosum — Foramen spinosum Pterygoid process I , Processus pteryj^oideus j Vaginal process — Processus vaginalis Sphenoidal rostrum Rostrum sphenoidale , Sphenoidal turbinate bone (oomu sphenoidale, or bone of Bertln) ; Concha sphenoidalis Orbital surface of the great wing / /Facies orbitalis alae magnae '' Malar border — Margo zygomaticus / ■iC^xSsB^m Temporal surface of the great wing' Facies temporalis alse magnae 'Orbital crest' 'Crista orbitalis Infratemporal crest Crista infratemporalis Temporal surface of the great wing' Facies temporalis alae magnae ^ Spinous procesb Spina angularis Pterygopalatine canal— Canalis pharyngeus . •Basipharyngeal canal— "Canalis basipharyngeus^ Sphenoidal crest — Crista sphenoidalis ' The Continental nomenclature differs here from that of English anatomists. What is called by the author facies tmporalis aire magmr, the temporal surface of the great wing, is in England known as the ieinporozygomatic surface, being divided by the infratemporal crest into an upper temporal surface and a lower sphcnoma.riUary surface. As regards the term crista orbitalis, the crest, this is not used by Qiiain at all, while Macalister applies it to the Imvcr margin of the sphenoidal fissure, the free border separating the orbital from the cerebral surface of the great wing. Toldt. on the other hand, as an examin- tion of Fig. iio shows, means by crista orbitalis the posterior margin of the sphenomaxillary fissure, free border separating. the orbital from the zyg-omatic surface of the great wing. — Tr. 2 See note to p. 48. Fig. 115.— The Sphenoid Bone seen from Below (External Aspect). Os sphenoidale — The sphenoid bone. 8— a 60 THE SKULL AND THE BONES OF THE SKULL Parietal angle _ i^^^^^ Anterior clinoid process Angulus parietalis ' /H^gy'^i^.. -.frocessus clinoideus anterior Temporal surface of the great wing» .^HL #1 ^^ Body of the sphenoid bone ^henoidal rostrum ^.i.^g^^BI HB^\ Corrilis ossis spli^noidalis nostrum sphenoidale U.^3K^^^^BW ITnilWi 1^ /-T . -i. \. -^ ^ n ^ ^^^I^Mf\M^0SII^^ Occipitospbenoidal fissure '' ^^^f^F Mm^^K^^^^ "'"Fissura splieno-occipitalis Sphenoidal septum i i^^i^^^ Septum sinuum sphenoidalium j vf^P^ Basilar portion or process of the occipital hone > ^j i/^ Pars basilaris ossis occipitalis ^ Fig. 121.— The Sphenoidal Sinuses in Median Sagittal Section, the Greater Part of the Sphenoid.al Septum having been removed. Seen from the Left Side. Sphenoidal sinuses — Sinus sphenoidales jl Cancellous portion of the body of the sphenoid bone _ J^ x n^s'imi^seiljE Substantia spongiosa corporis ossis sphenoidalis Jj^^^SS^ Small winff Sphenoidal septum jS^'^yfiiiL ,/Ala parva Septum sinuum sphenoidalium-^ ^^^^^^ft /' ^Spinous process Spina angularis Foramen rotundum Foramen rotundum Vidian or pterygoid caual Canalis pterygoideus (Vidii) Orbital surface of the g^reat wing Facies orbi talis alas magnae \^ Pterygoid process Processus pterygoideus Sphenoidal foramina Aperturie sinuum sphenoidalium Fig. 122. — The Sphenoidal Sinuses, exposed from Above by the Removal of the Inner Lamella of Compact Bone. The right sinus is opened from above ; the left is unopened. Os sphenoidale— The sphenoid bone. THE SKULL AND THE BONES OF THE SKULL 61 Body of the sphenoid bone (presphenoid portion) -Corpus ossis sphenoidalis (pars anterior) Internal pterygoid plate -Lamina medialis processus pterygoidei Vaginal process —Processus vaginalis \ Foramen rotundum — Foramen rotundum. Cerebral surface of the great wing Facies cerebralis alae magna: Small wing (orbitosphenoid) Ala parva Olivary eminence — Tuberculum sellae Pituitary fossa Fossa hypophyseos Great wing (alisphenoid) Ala magna Foramen ovale Foramen ovale Spinous process— Spina angularis Intersphenoidal synchondrosis Synchondrosis intersphenoidalis \Dorsum sellss — Dorsum sellae ' Body of the sphenoid bone (postsphenoid portion, or basisphenoid) — Corpus ossis sphenoidalis (pars posterior) Fig. 123. — The Sphenoid Bone of a Boy born at Full Term, seen from Above. Body-length, 19 inches. Body of the sphenoid bone (presphenoid portion) .'Corpus ossis sphenoidalis (pars anterior) Optic foramen — Foramen opticum Small wing (orbitosphenoid) — Ala parva Oreat wing (alisphenoid) Ala magna Temporal surface of the great ving Facies temporalis ala; magna; 'see note on Pterygoid process Processus pterygoideus Body of the sphenoid bone (postsphenoid portion, or basisphenoid) — Corpus ossis sphenoidalis (pars posterior) Vidian or pterygoid canal s pterygoideus (Vidii) Foramen rotundum Foramen rotundum Orbital surface of the great wing Facies orbitalis ala; magna; Temporal surface of the great wing Facies temporalis alae magnae (see note on p. 59) External pterygoid plate / Lamina lateralis processus pterygoidei ' Internal pteijgoid plate Lamina medialis processus pterygoidei Fig. 124. — The Sphenoid Bone of a Boy born at Full Term, seen from Below. Body-length, 19 inches. Superior wall of the sphenoidal sinus A Sphenoidal sinus— Sinus sphenoidalis C Inferior wall of the sphenoidal sinus V, External wall of the sphenoidal sinus In the Second Year op Life. In the Sixth Year of Life. Sphenoidal foramen Apertura sinus sphenoidalis In the Eighth Year of Life. Fig. 125. — ConchjE Sphenoidales — The Sphenoidal Turbinate Bones. Seen from Above. Body of the sphenoid bone Corpus ossis sphenoidalis Sphenoidal turbinate bone (inferior surface) Concha sphenoidalis Pterygoid process Processus pterygoideus Great wing Ala magna Small wing Ala parva Primitive sphenoidal rostrum Rostrum sphenoidale primitivum Sphenoidal foramen Apertura sinus sphenoidalis Sphenoidal rostrum— Rostrum sphenoidale Fig. 126. — The Relation of the Sphenoidal Turbinate Bones to the Inferior Surface of the Sphenoid Bone in the Sixth Year of Life. Development of the Sphenoid Bone. 62f THE SKULL AND THE BONES OF THE SKULL Parietal bord Margo pariet Groove of the middle temporal artery Sulcus arteriae temporalis mediae Notch of Rivinus Incisura tympanica (Rivini) Sqaamoas portion of the temporal bone Squama temporalis Temporal surface Zygoma R-ocessus zygomaticus — Articular eminence ^. Tuberculum articulare Olenoid fossa Fovea articularis Suprameatal spine (var.) Spina supranieatum (var.) Supramastoid crest, or postauricular ridge ,Linea temporalis inferior 4 ,' Farietal notch — Incisura parietalis External auditory aperture Porus acusticus externus ^Mastoid portion ' Pars mastoidea Petrous portion Pars petrosa (pyramis) *Fossa mandibularis* Occipital border Margo occipitalis Squamosomastoid suture (var. ) Sutura squamosomastoidea (var.) Mastoid foramen Foramen mastoideum ^Tympanomastoid fissure Fissura tympanomastoidea . Digastric fossa — Incisura mastoidea Mastoid process — Processus mastoideus Glaserian fissure Fissura petrotympanica (Glaseri) 1 , Tympanic plate '' Pars tympanica Styloid process— Processus styloideus 1 What is called the mandibular fossa by Toldt is the posteror non-articular portion of the glenoid fossa (separated from the articular portion by the Glaserian fissure). Its floor is formed by the tympanic plate, and it lodges a portion of the parotid gland. — Tr. Fig. 127.— The Left Temporal Bone seen from the Outer Side (Temporal Surface). Squamous portion of the temporal bone Squama temporalis ' Sphenoidal border Margo sphenoidal Caroticotympanic canaliculi Canaliculi caroticotympanici ' Carotid canal Canalis caroticusf>, IJ^J-i^^^^^^H ^ Zygoma Processus zygomaticus Articular eminence Tuberculum articulare Glenoid fossa — Facies articularis Glaserian fissure Fissura petrotympanica (Glaseri) Tympanic plate— Pars tympanica Styloid process — Processus styloideus External auditory aperture Porus acusticus externus Stylomastoid foramen Foramen stylomastoideura Mastoid process Processus mastoideus Digastric fossa Incisura mastoidea - - Occipital groove Sulcus arteria:: occipitalis Mastoid portion Pars mastoidea Inferior petrosal sulcus Sulcus petrosus inferior Depression for the petrosal ganglion of the glossopha> yngeal nerve- I'o-sui.t petrosa Inferior orifice of tympanic canaliculus, canal for tympanic branch of glossopharsmgeal (Jacobaon's nerve)~.\p':rtura inf. c.inaliculi lympanicl External orifice of the aqueduct of the cochlea Apertura externa canaliculi cochlea: Groove for the auricular branch of the pneumo-; gastric (Arnold's nerve)— Sulcus canaliculi mastoidei Canaliculus for the auricular branch of the pneumogastric (Arnold's nerve) Canaliculus mastoideus Jugular fossa ' Fossa jugularis Occipital border Margo occipitalis Fig. 128.— The Left Temporal Bone seen from Below (External Basal Surface). Os temporale — The temporal bone. THE SKULL AND THE BONES OF THE SKULL 63 Squamous portion of the temporal bone , Squama temporalis >*i* Cerebral surface Parietal notch Incisura parietalis Mastoid portion ^. Pars mastoidea AJ Pars mastoidea — Slg:moid sulcus Sulcus sigmoideus Mastoid foramen Foramen mastoideum Occipital border Margo occipitalis-- External orifice of the aqueduct of the vestibule Apertura externa aquaeductus vestibuli , Jugular notch / Incisura jugularis Intrajugular process Processus intrajugularis Zygoma Processus zygomaticus Eminence of superior semicircular canal - Eminentia arcuata Superior petrosal sulcus Sulcus petrosus superior Flcccular fossa, or hiatus subarcuatus Fcssa Miliarcunta Internal auditory aperture Porus acuslicUN inlfrnus Apex of the petrous portion Apex pyramidis V, Inferior petrosal sulcus , Sulcus petrosus inferior External orifice of the aqueduct of the cochlea Apertura externa canaliculi cochleae ^ Petrous portion Pars petrosa (Pyramis) Fig. 129. — The Left Temporal Bone seen from Within (Cerebral Surface). Parietal notch Incisura parietalis Petrosquamous fissure Fissura petrosquamosa Eminence of the superior semicircular canal Eminentia arcuata Superior petrosal sulcus Sulcus petrosus superior Hiatus Fallopii — Hiatus canalis facialis Groove of the great superficial petrosal nerve Sulcus nervi petrosi supLTfiLiali^ m.ijoris Groove of the small superficial petrosal nerve Sulcus nervi petrosi superticialis minoris Fossa of the Gasserian ganglion Impressio trigemini Apex of the petrous portion. Apex pyramidis Carotid canal ' Canalis caroticus Eustachian canal and canal for the tensor tympaaii muscle Canalis musculotubarius Temporal surface of the squamous portion of the temporal bone Facies temporalis squamae temporalis . Zygoma Processus zygomaticus Fig. 130. — The Left Temporal Bone seen from Above (Internal Basal Surface). Os temporale — The temporal bone. 64 THE SKULL AND THE BONES OF THE SKULL Petrosquamous fissure Fissura petrosquamosa nCastoid nortiou Pars mastoidea \ Tegtaen tympani Tegmen tympani'~- Fetrons portion Pars petrosa (Pyramis)'"--., Hiatus Fallopii Hiatus canalis facialis Groove of great superficial petrosal nerve Sulcus h. petrosi siiperficialis majoris Groove of small superficial petrosal nerve Sulcus n. petrosi superficialis minoris Apex of the petrous portion ,, Apex pyramidis Carotid canal Canalis caroticus Sqnamons portion of the temporal bone Squama temporalis Cerebral surface Sphenoidal border MarRo sphenoidalis Zygoma Processus zygomaticus Canal for the tensor tympani muscle Semicanalis musculi tensoris tympani Bony septum fcochleariform process) "Septum canalis musculotubarii Eustachian canal Semicanalis tubae auditivae Tympanic plate Pars tympanica Mastoid process Processus mastoideus ^ Styloid process Processus styloideus Fig. 131. — The Left Temporal Bone seen from Before. Epitympanic recess, or aditus ad antrum Recessus epitympanicus *Fossa of the incus' *Fossa incudis Cupular portion of the epitympsmic recess Pars cupularis recessus epitympanici Tegmen tympani Tegmen tympani Petrosquamous fissure Fissura petrosquamosa Petrosquamous sulcus (var.) Sulcus petrosquamosus (var.) Mastoid antrum Antrum tympanicum Sigmoid sulcus Sulcus sigmoideus Mastoid cells Cellulae mastoideas. Aqueduct of Fallopius— Canalis facialis (Fallopii)/ ,, Inferior orifice of the canal for the chorda tsrmpani nerve/ (iter chordffi posterius) Canaliculus chordse tympani (Apertura inferior) Notch of Rivinus ,---^Incisura tympanica (Rivmi) Anterior tympanic spine Spina tympanica major Posterior tympanic spine Spina tympanica minor Tympanic sinus Sinus posterior Tympanic sulcus — Sulcus tympanicus fTymvaxdc orifice of canal for chorda tympani nerve \ Canaliculus chordae tympani (Apertura tympanica) Vaginal process — Vagina processus styloidei Styloid prominence — Prominentia styloidea ; Stylomastoid foramen -Foramen stylomastoideum Canaliculus for auricular branch of pneumogastric (Arnold's nerve) Canaliculus mastoideus * *J^ossa of the incns. — ' The shorter process {crus kreve) of the incus projects backwards. Its extremity is tipped with cartilage at d is . . . articulated by ligamentous fibres [ligament of the incus] with the posterior and partly with the outer wall_ of the t\mpanum near the entrance to the mastoid cells. The place where the ligamentous fibre* are attached to the wall of the tympanum is .somewhat depressed, and has a covering of cartilage.' — Quain s ' Anatomy,' tenth edition, vol. iii., part iii., p. m. Fossa 0/ the incus is a most suitable name for this depressed cartilage-covered area, and may well be atlopted by English anatomists. — Tr. Fig. 132. — The External Wall of the Tympanum and the Mastoid Cells displayed by A Sectioi^ through the Left Temporal Bone in a Plane parallel with the Squamous Portion of that Bone. The petrosquamous sulcus (along which a sound has been passed) is in this specimen partly bridged over by bone ; anteriorly it communicates with the outer surface of the bone by means of a spurious jugular foramen — foramen jugulare spurium (Variety). Os temporale — The temporal bone. THE SKULL AND THE BONES OF THE SKULL 65 , Anterior surface of the petrous portion — Facies anterior pyraraidis Oentculum of the aqueduct of Fallopius (the canal for the '-'^'^Sf facial nerve) / ^'i Geniculura canalis facialis Transverse crest, or crista falciformis Crista transversa Superior border of the petrous portion Angulus superior pyramidis Fundus of the internal auditory meatus, or reniform fossa Fundus meatus acustici interni Posterior suri ace of the petrous portion Facies posterior pyramidis Posterior border of the petrous portion Angulus posterior pyramidis Inferior surface of the petrous portion / Facies inferior pyramidis Tegmen tympani Tegmen tympani Petrosquamous fissure .Fissura petrosquamosa Boof of the tympanum •Paries tegmentalis cavi tympani Cochleariform process Processus cothleariformis Fissure of Glaser, or petrotympanic fissure Fissura petrotympanica (Glaseri) Inner wall of the tympanum Paries labyrintliicus cavi tympani Cochlea /' Cochlea "• -^^^ Tympanum, or tympanic cavity ■-,, ^^"-^ Cavum tympani ~N Tympanic plate Pars tympanica Anterior border of the petrous portion Angulus anterior pyramidis Carotid wall of the tympanum — Paries caroticus cavi tympani Fig. 133. — Vertical Section through the Petrous Portion of the Left Temporal Bone AND THROUGH THE ANTERIOR PaRT OF THE SQUAMOUS PORTION. (NOMENCLATURE OF THE Surface and Borders of the Petrous Portion.) Carotid canal Canalis caroticuj Hiatus Fallopii Hiatus canalis facialis' Cochlea Cochlea Aqueduct of Fallopius Canalis facialis Internal auditory aperture Porus acusticus internus — Internal auditory meatus Meatus acusticus internus .,--- Fundus of internal auditory meatus, or reniform fossa Fundus meatus acustici interni Vestibule of the labyrinth Vestibulum labyrinthi •- Tympanum Cavum tympani j Tympanic canaliculus (for Jacobson's nerve) Canaliculus tympanicus Depression for the petrosal ganglion of the glosso- pharyngeal nerve — Fossula petrosa / (}roove for the auricular branch of the / pneumogastric (Arnold's nerve) Sulcus canaliculi mastoidei ,-' Canaliculus for the auricular branch of the pneumogastric (Arnold's nerve) Canaliculus mastoideus Jugular fossa Fossa jugularis ■-. "Canaliculus mastoideus' \ Orifice of canal for chorda tympani nerve (iter chordae posterius) Canaliculus chorda; tympani Aqueduct of Fallopius — Canalis facialis Fig. 134. — Aqueductus Fallopii, or Canal for the F"acial Nerve, shown from Beneath BY THE Removal of a Wedge-shaped Piece from the Petrous Portion of the Left Temporal Bone. The canaliculus tympanicus, for the tympanic branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve (Jacobson's nerve), is also opened up throughout its whole length. A sound has been passed through the canaliculus for the auricular branch of the pneumogastric nerve (nerve of Arnold). In the Continental nomenclature this canaliculus is known as the canaliculus mastoideus. Os temporale — Temporal bone. 66 THE SKULL AND THE BONES OF THE SKULL Mastoid antrum Antrum tympani' Prominence of the external semicircular canal rrominentia canalis semicircularis lateralis Prominence of the aqueduct of Fallopius I'rominentia caualis facialis Fossula of the fenestra ovalis, orfossulaovalis Fossula fenestrae vestibuli Cochleariform process Processus cochleariformis Canal for the tensor tympani muscle Semicanalis m. tensoris tympani Septum of the musculotubal canal (cochleariform process) Septum canalis musculotubarii Osseous canal for the Eustachian tube Semicanalis tubae auditiva: Air-cells of the Eustachian tube Cellulae pneumaticae tubariac Tympanic orifice of the Eustachian tube Ostium tympanicum tub;E auditivae ' Promontory, or tuber cochleae Promontorinm Upper opening of the tympanic canaliculus (for Jacobson's Apertura superior canaliculi tympanici Pyramid, or eminentia papillaris Eminentia pyraraidalis Sinus posterior Sinus posterior External auditory meatus Meatus acusticus externus Tympanomastoid fissure Fissura tympanomastoidea External orifice of the canal for Arnold's nerve \ Apertura externa canaliculi mastoidei Tympanic sinus — Sinus tympani Tjrmpanic sulcus —Sulcus tympanicus Fossula of the fenestra rotunda, or fossula rotunda Fossula fenestrae cochleae Fig. 135.— Vertical Section through the Left Temporal Bone in a Plane parallel WITH THE Superior Border of the Petrous Portion, and passing through the Middle of the External Auditory Meatus, to demonstrate the Tympanic Cavity, Cavum Tympani, and the Adjoining Parts. Entrance to mastoid antrum Aditus ad antrum tympanicum Cochleariform process Processus cochleariformis Hiatus Fallopil Hiatus canalis facialis' Canal for the tensor tympani muscle Semicanalis m. tensoris tympani ~---,, Septum of the musculotubal canal— (cochleariform process) Septum canalis musculotubarii Osseous canal for the Eustachian tube' Semicanalis tubae auditivae Tympanic orifice of the Eustachian tube Ostium tympanicum tubae Carotid wall of tympanum Paries caroticus .Mastoid antrum Antrum tympanicum Mastoid wall of tympanum Paries mastoideus cavi tympani External auditory meatus Meatus acusticus externus '"•-Tympanic sulcus N Sulcus tympanicus Jugular wall of tympanum Paries jugularis cavi tympani Timer wall of tympanum Paries labyrinthicus Fig. 136. Vertical Section through the Left Temporal Bone in a Plane parallel WITH THE Superior Border of the Petrous Portion, the Section passing along the Posterior Wall of the External Auditory Meatus, to demonstrate the Tympanic Cavity, Cavum Tympani, and the Adjoining Parts. Os temporale — Temporal bone. THE SKULL AND THE BONES OF THE SKULL 67 Deficiency in the tympanic wall of the aqueduct of Fallopius (variety) Fenestra ovalis — Fenestra vestibuli Fenestra rotunda — Fenestra cochleae Promontory — Promontorium \ Hiatus Fallopii — Hiatus canalis facialis Canal for the tensor tympani muscle Semicaiialis m. tens, tympani ■ Septum of the musculotubal canal (cochleariform process) Septum canalis musculotubarii Groove for the Gasserian ganglion . Impressio trigemini Carotid canal —Canalis caroticus Osseous canal for the Eustachian tube Semicanalis tuba; auditiva; Caroticotympanic canalicull ,- ' y Canaliculi caroticotympanici Tympanic cells Cellulae tympanicae Canaliculus for the chorda tympani nerve (iter chordae posterius) „. .Canaliculus chordae tympani Prominence of the external semicircular canal Prominentia canalis semicircularis lateralis Entrance to mastoid antrum— Aditus ad antrum tj-mpanicum PonticuluB promontorii — Ponticulus promontorii Mastoid antrum — Antrum tympanicum Tympanic sinus — Smus tympani Sinus posterior Sinus posterior .Mastoid cells Cellula; mastoideae - Mastoid process Processus mastoideus Aqueduct of Fallopius Canalis facialis Stylomastoid foramen Foramen stylomastoideum Fig. 137. — Vertical Section through the Left Temporal Bone, crossing obliquely the Superior Border of the Petrous Portion, and passing through the Anterior Portion of the Mastoid Process, to demonstrate the Tympanic Cavity, Cavum Tympani, and THE Adjoining Parts (especially the Mastoid Antrum and the Mastoid Cells). Ponticulus promontorii Ponticulus promontorii 1 External semicircular canal Canalis semicircularis lateralis Geniculum of the aqueduct of FaUopjus ^.^^^ ,„ Pyramid, or eminentia papiUaria Geniculum canahs facialis \ ., Jt. V - Eminentia pyramidalis Hiatus Fallopii ^ -y^-m- & Hiatus canalis facialis' Apex of the petrous portion ■ Apex pyramidis Carotid canal Canalis caroticus Caroticotympanic canaliculi / Canaliculi caroticotympanici Grooves of the promontory (for the nerves of the tympanic plexus) Sulcus promontorii -Tympanic sinus Sinus tympani ;;^ Mastoid cells Cellulae mastoideae Aqueduct of Fallopius— Canalis facialis 'Subiculum promontorii— Subiculum promontorii Fenestra rotunda— Fenestra cochleae Upper aperture of the tympanic canaliculus (for the passage of Jacobson's nerve) Apertura superior canaliculi tympanic! Fig. 138.— Vertical Section through the Left Temporal Bone, crossing obliquely the Superior Border of the Petrous Portion, and passing through the Posterior Por- tion OF THE Mastoid Process, to demonstrate the Tympanic Cavity, Cavum Tympani, and the Adjoining Parts. A bristle has been passed through the canaliculus tympanicus (the canal for Jacobson's nerve— the tympanic branch of the glossopharyngeal, nerve) into the tympanum, and, after traversing this cavity, leaves it by the canaliculus that opens into the groove for the small superficial petrosal nerve. Os temporale — Temporal bone. 9—2 68 THE SKULL AND THE BONES OF THE SKULL Superior semicircular canal — Canalis semicircularis superior Anterior surface of petrous portion — Facies anterior pyramidis Vestibule of the labyrinth Vestibulum labyrintlii Geniculum of the aqueduct of Fallopius-- Geniculum canalis facialis Oochleariform process Processus cochleariformis Cochlea Cochlea Carotid canal Canalis caroticus External semicircular canal /Canalis semicircularis lateralis Superior border of the petrous bone ''Angulus superior pyramidis ^Posterior semicircular canal Canalis semicircularis posterior Posterior surface of the petrous bone Facies posterior pyramidis Promontory Promontorium ~- Aqueduct of Fallopius Canalis facialis ^^ Fossula of the fenestra rotunda, or fossula rotunda Fossula fenestra; cochlea: \ Fenestra ovalis Fenestra vestibuli Jugular fossa Fossa jugularis Fig. 139. — The Bony Labyrinth, Labyrinthus Osseus, shown in the Left Petrous Portion. Seen obliquely from in Front and Below. The Osseous Semicircular Canals and ALSO THE Canal of the Cochlea have been partly opened. The Relations between THE Aqueduct of Fallopius and the Osseous Labyrinth are clearly shown. Area cribrosa superior (transmits the filaments of the superior division of the auditory nerve) Area vestibularis superior Area cribrosa media (transmits the nerve to the saccule) Area vestibularis inferior *Area of the cochlea' . •Area cochleae* External orifice of the aqueduct of the vestibule Apertura externa aquaeductus vestibuli Foramen singulare (for the nerve to the posterior semicircular canal) Foramen singulare Aqueduct of Fallopius ''Canalis facialis *Area of the facial nerve' *Area n. faciali Transverse crest, or crista falciformis Crista transversa Tractus spiralis foraminulentus (the foramina of which transmit the fila- ments of the cochlear division of the auditory nerve)' Tractus spiralis foraminosus Internal auditory meatus Meatus acusticus internus Internal auditory aperature Porus acusticus internus ' The helicoid depression of the tractus spiralis foraminulentus corresponds with the l)ase of the cochlea, and at the centre of the helix is the foramen centrale cochleae, the orifice of the central canal of the modiolus. On the significance of this term Area of the Cochlea, see also note ■''•", p. 956)', in the Appendix to Part VI. ; and on the significance of the term Area of the Facial Nerve, see note *^ on the same page. Fig. 140. — The Internal Auditory Meatus, Meatus Acusticus Internus, exposed from Above by the Removal of a Right-angled Wedge from the Petrous Portion of the Left Temporal Bone, displaying the Fundus of the Internal Auditory Meatus, or Reniform Fossa, divided by the Transverse Crest, or Crista Falci- formis, into Superior and inferior t^oss^. seen from Behind and Above. Os temporale — Temporal bone. THE SKULL AND THE BONES OF THE SKULL 69 Ampulla of the superior semicircular canal Ampulla ossea superior Superior semicircular canal Canalis semicircularis superior Elliptical recess Recessus ellipticus Superior semicircular canal Canalis semicircularis superior j*Crus simplex') *Crus commune' Aqueduct of the vestibule Aqux'ductus vestibuli External semicircular canal Canalis semicircularis lateralis (•Crus simplex') Ampulla of the posterior semicircular canal '' , Ampulla ossea posterior / Fenestra rotunda Fenestra cochlear Ampulla of the external semicircular canal Ampulla ossea lateralis Petrosquamous fissure ' Fissura petrosquamosa ._Tegmen tympani Tegmen tympani _ Epitympanic recess, or aditus ad antrum Recessus epitympanicus -Aqueduct of Fallopius Canalis facialis - Fenestra ovalis Fenestra vestibuli External auditory meatus Meatus acusticus externus Tympanic sulcus Sulcus tympanicus ' Regarding the signification of the terms cyus simplex and crus commune, see Appendix to Part VI., p. gjey, note ^'^. Fig. 141. — Portions of the Osseous Labyrinth and the Tympanum, shown in the Left Temporal Bone by a Vertical Section through the Petrous Portion in the Plane of the Superior Semicircular Canal. Seen obliquely from in Front and Within. The fenestra ovalis is divided vertically. Posterior semicircular canal Canalis semicircularis posterior Superior semicircular canal — Canalis semicircularis superior Crest of the vestibule — Crista vestibuli Internal auditory meatus - ,. Meatus acusticus internus Cochlea Cochlea Carotid canal Canalis caroticus Osseous canal for the Eustachian tube Semicanalis tuba? auditiva' Internal orifice of the aqueduct of the cochlea Apertura interna canaliculi cochlea; External semicircular canal Canalis semicircularis lateralis Vestibule Vestibulum labyrinthi Pyramid, or eminentia papillaris Kminentia pyramidalis Tympanum Cavurii tympani .^ External auditory meatus \ ^ Meatus acusticus externus \Fenestra rotunda Fenestra cochleae Fig. 142. — Portions of the Osseous Labyrinth and the Tympanum, shown in the Left Temporal Bone by a Horuontal Section through the Petrous Portion along the Internal and the External Auditory Mea'^us. Seen from Above. Os temporale — Temporal bone 70 THE SKULL AND THE BONES OF THE SKULL Zygoma Processus zygomaticus" Articular portion of glenoid fossa - Facies articularis Zygoma Processus zygomaticus ^Epitympanic recess Recessus epitympanicus Squamous Portion of Temporal Bone— Squama Temporalis. •Posterior tympanic process •Processus tympanicus posterior •Anterior tympanic process •Processus tympanicus anterior Tegmen tympani Tegmen tympani Tympanic Ring— Annulus Tympanicus. Mastoid antrum Antrum tympanicum Apex of the petrous portion Apex pyramidis Canal for tensor tympani muscle Semicanalis m. tensoris tympani Tympanum Cavum tympani Vi V. *Posterior tympanic process •"Processus tympanicus posterior /Anterior tympanic process •Processus tympanicus anterior Sulcus mallei Sulcus mallei Tegmen tympani— Tegmen tympani Eminence of the superior seml- ^ClrCUlar canal- Emmentia arcuata Hiatus subarouatus (correspond- ing Witt the floccular fossa of lower vertebrata— Fossa subarcuata 'Apex of petrous portion— Apex pyramid!' Internal auditory aperture J'urus acu>ticus internus External orifice of the aqueduct of the vestibule Apertura externa aqua:ductus vestibuli Petrous Portion of Temporal Bone— Pars Petrosa (Pyramis). Fig. 143. — Seen from Without. Fig. 144. — Seen from Within. The Three Parts of the Left Temporal Bone from an Eight-Months Fcetus (Months of Four Weeks Each). Body-length, 15J inches. Notch of Bivinus Incisura tym- panica Post, tympanic spine Spina tympanica m. 'Posterior tympanic process 'Processus tympani- cus posterior Tympanic sulcus Sulcus tympanicus Sqnamons portion . of temporal bone Squama temporalis Epitympanic recess 'Recessus epitympani- 'Anterior tympanic process 'Processus tympanicus anterior Sulcus mallei Sulcus mallei ^ Tympanic rin^ Annulus tympanicus Articular portion of glenoid : fossa — Facies articularis ,' Zygoma Processus zygo-'- maticus \. Fissure of Glaser, or petrotym- panic fissure Fissura petro- tympanica fGlaseri) Tympanum Cavum tympani Tympanic ring Annulus tympanicus Carotid canal Canalis caroticus Inferior surface of petrous portion Facies inferior pyramidis Fig. 145. — The Squamous Portion of the Temporal Bone and the Tympanic Ring united. Seen from Within. From a foetus at term (body-length, 19 inches). Squamous portion of temporal bone Squama temporalis Notch of Rivinus 'Incisura tympanica (Rivini) Squamosomastoid suture Sutura squamoso- mastoidea Mastoid portion Pars mastoidea Stylomastoid foramen Foramen stylo- 1 Yj mastoideura Vaginal process Vagina processus styloidei Fig. 146.— The Three Portions of the Left Temporal Bone united. Seen from Without and Below. From a new-born male infant (body-length, 21 inches). Development of the Temporal Bones. THE SKULL AND THE BONES OF THE SKULL n Notch of Bivinus Incisura tympanica (Rivini Zygoma Processus zygomaticus . Articular portion of glenoid fossa — I'acies articularis Free margin of tegmen tympani Fissure of Glaser, or petrotympanic fissure Fissura petrotympanica (Glaseri) Tympanic plate. Pars tympanica Carotid canal— Canalis caroticus Petrous portion Pars petrosa Squamous portion of temporal bone ] Squama temporalis Squamosomastoid suture /Sutura squamosomastoidea Mastoid portion Pars mastoidea .Tympanomastoid fissure Fissura tympanomastoidea Mastoid process Jueular X Processus mastoideus fossa Stylomastoid foramen — Foramen stylomastoideum Fossa Vaginal process jugularis Vagina processus styloidei I'lG. 147. — Thk Left Temporal Bone of a Boy at the Age of Eight Months: Formation OF THE Tympanic Plate and of the External Auditory Meatus. Seen obliquely from Without and Below. Squamous portion of temporal bone Squama temporalis Anterior tjrmpanic process Processus tympanicus anterior Fissure of Glaser, or petrotympanic fisiiure Fissura petrotympanica margin of tegmen tjnnpani Petrous portion Pars petrosa Tympanic plate Pars tympanica Anterior t3mipanic spine Spina tympanica major Notch of Bivinus , Incisura tympanica (Rivini) Posterior tympanic spine - minor Vaginal .Vagina Spina tympanica Mastoid portion Pars mastoidea Squamosomastoid suture ""Sutura squamosomastoidea Tympanomastoid fissure Fissura tympanomastoidea — Mastoid process — Processus mastoideus - — Digastric fossa— Incisura mastoidea Occipital groove — Sulcus arteriae occipitalis Stylomastoid foramen — Foramen stylomastoideum process processus styloidei Fig. 148.— Tha Left Temporal Bone of a Girl at the Age of Three Years: Formation OF THE Tympanic Plate and of the External Auditory Meatus. Seen obliquely from Without and Below. Development of the Temporal Bones. 72 THE SKULL AND THE BONES OF THE SKULL Parietal eminence Frontal angle Angulus frontalis ^ ~s^ Superior or sagittal border Margo sagittalis Parietal foramen yForamen parietaie >.v Temporal surface W^'i Sphenoidal angle Angulus sphenoidalis ■ Occipital angle \'' ' Angulus occipitalis \ Superior temporal line Linea temporalis superior Inferior temporal line Linea temporalis inferior '/i I Mastoid angle Angulus mastoideus Fig. i49.^The Left Parietal Bone seen from Without. External Surface: Facies PariEtalis. Os parietaie — Parietal bone. I'HE SKULL AND THE BONES OF THE SKULL JS Frontal angle Angulus frontalis Pacchionian depressions Foveolae granulares (Facchioni) Meningeal grooves Sulci arteriosi Superior or sagittal border Margo sagittalis Longitudinal sulcus Sulcus sagittalis Parietal foramen I Foramen parietale Occipital angle Angulus occipitalis Lateral sulcus Sulcus transversus Sphenoidal angle Angulus sohenoidalis I Mastoid angle Angulus mastoideus Fig. 150.— The Right Parietal feoNE seen from Without. Internal Surface: Facies Cerebralis. Os parietale^Parietal bone. TO 74 THE SKULL AND THE BONES OF THE SKULL Anterior or frontal surface Facies frontalis Parietal border /Margo parietalis Frontal eminence Tuber frontale Temporal surface--' Facies temporalis Temporal crest Linea temporalis &->. Frontal sqnama Glabella Supra-orbital foramen ,/ Foramen supra-orbitale Supra-orbital notch Incisura frontalis -Orbital arch, or supra-orbital margin Margo supra-orbitali? Superciliary ridge Arcus 5uperciliaris I^asal portion Pars nasalis , Nasal spine Spina frontalis Fig. 151.— The Frontal Bone seen from Before. External Surface: Facies Frontalis. Os frontale — Frontal bone. THE SKULL AND THE BONES OF THE SKULL 75 Longitudinal sulcus Sulcus sagittalis i Internal table Lamina interna Parietal border Margo parietalis Frontal squama Posterior OTcerebral surface Frontal crest Crista frontalis External angular process Processus zygomaticus / / Sphenoidal border Margo sphenoidalis Orbital plate , Pars orbitalis Foramen cacum Foramen c;ccum *Impressiones digitatae* *Juga cerebralia' Nasal spine External orifice of the frontal sinus Spina frontalis Apertura sinu3 frontalis > Ridges (juga cerebralia) and sulci (impressiones digitata-) corresponding respectively to the sulci and convolutions of the superjacent portion of the frontal lobes of the cerebrum.— Tr. hiG. 152.— The Frontal Bone seen from Behind. Internal Surface: Facies Cerebralis. Os frontale — Frontal bone. 76 THE SKULL AND THE BONES OF THE SKULL Nasal spine Spina frontalis Trochlear spine (var. ) Spina trochlearis (var.) Supra-orbital notch Incisura frontalis Supra-orbital foramen Foramen supra-orbitale ^ Lachrymal fossa Fossa glandulaa lacrimalis External angular process .^ Processus zygomaticus ^"f"' Sphenoidal border Marge sphenoidalis. Parietal border Margo parietalis' Anterior internal orbital canal' ' Foramen ethmoidale anterius / Posterior internal orbital canal" Foramen ethmoidale posterius • U.S. : Anterior ethmoidal canal Nasal border Margo nasalis External orifice of the frontal sinus Apertura sinus frontalis Trochlear fossa Fovea trochlearis Supra-orbital foramen -Foramen frontale Orbital arch, or supra-orbital margin Margo supraorbitalis Frontal sqaama Squama frontalis Orbital surface Facies orbitalis Ethmoidal cells Foveols ethmoidales Ethmoidal notch Incisura ethmoidalis - U.S.: Posterior ethmoidal canal. Fig. 153. — The Frontal Bone seen from Below. Frontal sinus Sinus frontalis Supra-orbital foramen Foramen supra-orbitale Internal table Lamina (compacta) interna Frontal squama Squama frontalis Orbital arch, or supra-orbital margin- ^ Margo supra-orbitalis External angular pro'^eas Processus zygomaticus Orbital plate Pars orbil.ilis Septum between the frontal sinuses Septum sinuum frontalium Anterior internal orbital canal Foramen ethmoidale anterius External table Limma (compacta) externa Diplofc Diploe [^ Nasal border \Margo nasalis Nasal spine Spina frontalis ^^^_^ "xFrontal sinus — Sinus frontalis XEthmoidal cell Fo\ eola ethmoidalis \/ External orifices of the frontal sinuses Apertura sinuum frontalium ' U.S.: Anterior ethmoidal canal. Fig. 154.— The Frontal Sinuses, Sinus Frontales, shown by the Removal of the External Table and the Diploe, and partly opened up. Seen from Before and Below. Os frontale — Frontal bone. THE SKULL AND THE BONES OF THE SKULL 77 Frontal eminence Tuber frontale Lachrymal fossa Fossa glandulac lacrimalis^ External angular process Processus zygomaticus Ethmoidal notch Incisura ethmoidalis Frontal sqaama Squama frontalis Orbital arch, or supra-orbital ridge Margo supra-orbitalis Orbital plate Pars orbitalis Nasal portion Pars nasalis Fig. 155. — The Two Halves of the Frontal Bone fkom a Human Fcetus in the Eighth Month (Months of Four Weeks Each). Seen from Before. Body-length of foetus 15 inches. Frontal eminence Tuber frontale Temporal crest Linea temporalis Temporal surface Facias temporalis Orbital arch, or supra-orbital ridge Margo supra-orbitalis Frontal or metopic sutui'e (var.) Sutura frontalis (var.) Internal table i\ Lamina interna Diploe Diploe Frontal sinus Sinus frontalis' Nasal border ■ Margo nasalis . Nasal spine Spina frontalis Fig. 156. — The Frontal Bone of a Girl aged Seven Years in which the Frontal Sinuses have been exposed. Seen obliquely from Before and from the Right Side. Development of the Frontal Bones. 78 THE SKULL AND THE BONES OF THE SKULL Crista galli Crista galli i Alar process Processus alaris Ethmoidal cells Cellulae ethmoidales Vertical plate Lamina perpendiculari;; '' Uncinate process Processus uncinatus Vertical plate Lamina perpendiculari Crista galli Orbital plate, os planum, Crista galli •y or lamina papyracea \ Lamina papyracea Orbital plate, OS planum, or lamina papyracea Lamina papyracea ^ Ethmoidal cells • Cellulae ethmoidales Middle turbinate bone of the nose Concha nasalis media Alar process Processus alaris Cribriform plate Lamina cribrosa Fig. 157. — The Ethmoid Bone seen from THE Left Side Lateral mass or N labjrrinth of the -' ethmoid bone Labyrinthiis ethmoidalis Middle turbinate bone of the nose ■ Concha nasalis media Fig. 158. — The Ethmoid Bone seen from Above. Cribriform plate Lamina cribrosa Concha snprema the nose (var. ) Concha nasalis suprema (var.) Orifice of posterior ethmoidal cells Superior turbinate bone of the nose Concha nasalis superior '' Middle turbinate bone of the nose Concha nasalis media Concha suprema of the nose (vax.) Concha nasalis iuprema (var.) Superior turbinaoe bone of the nose Concha nasalis superior Cribriform plate Lamina cribrosa Agger nasi (rudiment of the nasoturbinalof m03t other mammals) Agger nasi Ethmoidal bulla Bulla ethmoidalis Hiatus semilunaris Hiatus semilunaris Uncinate process I'rocessus uncinatus V, Uncinate process Processus uncinatus Fig. 159. — The Left Half of the Ethmoid Bone seen from Within. Superior and Middle Turbinate Bones. Middle turbinate bone of the nose Concha nasalis media Fig. 160.— The Left Half of the Ethmoid Bone seen from Within. The amerio- portion of the middle turhinate bone of the nose has been removed. The free border of the removed portion i> indicated by a dotted line. Concha suprema of the nose (var.) Concha nasalis suprema (var.) Superior turbinate bone of the nose Concha nasalis superior Orifices of the ethmoidal cellS'sr; - \i^l Etliinold.il bulla— Hulla ethm'iidalis. Inrundibuliuu (leading to fi-ontal sinus) Infundibulum ethmoidale Uncinate process Processus uncinatus Middle turbinate bone of the nose'^ Concha nasalis media ,,_,.. , , . / Vertical plate Lamina per- pendicularis Cribriform plate Lamina cribrosa Alar process Processus alaris Ethmoidal cell Ceilnla ethmoidalis Crista galli Crista galli Vertical plate Lamina perpendicularis Ethmoidal cell Cellula ethmoidalis Superior turbinate bone of the nose Concha nasahs superior Middle turbinate bone of the nose Concha nasalis media Common meatus of nose Meatus nasi coramuni* Fig. 161. — The Ethmoid Bone seen from Behind and Below. Vertical Plate of the Ethmoid as Upper Part of the Bony Septum of the Nose. Fig. 162. — An Ethmoid Bone the Left Lateral Mass of which has been removed. The entire surface of the vertical plate is exposed. Os ethmoidale — Ethmoid bone. THE SKULL AND THE BONES OF THE SKULL 79 Lachrymal process Processus lacrimalis Etumoidal process Processus ethmoidali: Ethmoidal process Processus ethmoidalis 7, Haxillary process Processus maxillaris Fig. 163.— Inner Surface. Fig. 164.— Outer Surface. Concha Nasalis Inferior— The Inferior Turbinate Bone of the Left Side. Nasal foramen «? Foramen nasale o Laduymal crest Crista lacrimalis posterior Lachiymal groove Sulcus lacrimalis Hamuliir process Hamulus lacriraalia Fir,. 165. — External Surface. Fig. 166.— Internal Surface. Os Lacrimale: Lachrymal Bone OF Tiip Left Side. Groove of nasal nerve Sulcus ethmoidalis Fig. 167. — Anterior Fig. 168. — Posterior Surface. Surface. Os Nasale: Nasal Bone of the Left Side. ^ Alse of the vomer Ate vomeris ,fAl» of the vomer AJae vomeris Fig. 169.— Seen from the Left Side. Fig. 170.— Seen from Above. Vomer — The Vomer. Bones of the Nasal Region. 80 THE SKULL AND THE BONES OF THE SKULL Orbital ridge Lachrymal border Margo lacrimalis Infra-orbital border Margo infra-orbitalis -Crista lacrimalis anterior Nasal process Processus frontalis. InSra-orbital suture Sutura infra-orbitalis - Inira-orbital foramen Foramen infra-orbitale , Nasal notch Incisura nasalis Canine fossa— Fossa canina Anterior or facial surface- Facies anterior Anterior nasal spine Spina nasalis anterior •Juga alveolaria^.-- _ Alveolar process Processus alveolaris' Alveolar margin Limbus alveolaris ■ Lachrymal notch Incisura lacrimalis Orbital surface Facies orbitalis Infra-orbital canal Canalis infra-orbitalis Infra-orbital groove Sulcus infra-orbitalis Posterior dental canals Foramina alveolaria (posteriora) Tuberosity Tuber maxillare Malar process Processus zygomaticus Zygomatic surface Facies inlratemporalis Body Corpus maxillae • Eminences corresponding in position to the fangs of the teeth fiiG. 171.— Left Superior Maxillary Bone: External Surface. Maxillary sinus, or antrum of Highmore- Body Corpus maxillae Hiatus maxillaxiB Hiatus maxillaris Posterior palatine or palato- maxillary groove Sulcus pterygopalatinus Alveolar process Processus alveolaris' Alveolar margin Limbus alveolaris Lachrymal border Margo lacrimalis Frontal process 'iyXV Processus frontalis ' 'y^ Agger nasi, or ethmoidal crest fS\ Crista ethmoidalis >^3>j.fl Lachrymal groove Sulcus lacrimalis "' Inferior turbinate crest "" Crista conchalis Nasal sturface — Facies nasalis Anterior nasal spine ^^ —Spina nasalis anterior j?^ ' Palatine process Processus palatinus Anterior palatine groove Canalis incisivus Fig. 172.— Left Superior Maxillary Bone : Internal Surface. Maxillary Sinus, or Antrum of Highmore. View into the Maxilla— Superior maxilla. THE SKULL AND THE BONES OF THE SKULL 81 Nasal process Processus frontalis Infra-orbital foramen Foramen infra-orbitale Dental cantds Canales alveolares Infra-orbital canal iCanalis infra-orbitalis Anterior and middle dental foramina /Foramina alveolaria (anteriora) _^, Posterior dental foramina ^y Foramina alveolaria (posteriora) Dental canals Canales alveolares Alveolar margin Limbus alveolaris Body Corpus maxilte Fig. 173. — The Left Superior Maxillary Bone. External Surface. The dental canals are exposed by partial removal of the superficial plate of bone, and their rourse is shown by means of bristles passed through them. Uajdllary sinus, or antrum of Highmore j Tuberosity Tuber maxillare Dental canals Canales alveolares' A^er nasi, or ethmoidal crest Crista ethmoidalis ^ Nasal process Processus frontalis ,' Inferior turbinate creet , Crista conchalis ;-. Dental canals '" Canales alveolares Palatine process Processus palatinus Alveolar margin Limbus alveolaris Fig. 174.— The Left Superior Maxillary Bone. Internal Surface, The foremost and the hindmost of the dental canals have been exposed by the removal of the superficial plate of bone. By means of bristles passed through the canals the situation of the respective dental foramina is indicated. Most of the inner wall of the antrum of Highmore has been cut away. Maxilla— Superior maxillary bone. tl 82 THE SKULL AND THE BONES OF THE SKULL ?rem8Lxilla — Os incisivum _ Anterior palatine fossa (into which open the incisor foramina, or foramina of Stenson) Foramen incisivum Incisor fissure, also known as the anterior pala- " tine or premaxillary suture — Sutura incisiva Palatine process^ Processus palatinus 'Palatine spines •Spinae palatinEe" 'Palatine grooves^ 'Sulci palatini Alveoli, or sockets of the teeth Alveoli dentales >,,Alveoli, or sockets of the teeth ■'Alveoli dentales _.,Interalveolar septa (juga alveolt Crista ethmoici.iiU Vertical plate (Internal or nasal sanace) Pars perpendicularis (facies nasal is) Inferior turh nate crest Crista conc^ialis Pyramidal process, or tuberosity - Prtjce«sus pyratnidalis Posterior accessory palatine canal Foramen palalinum in. nils Sphenopalatine notch liicisura spbenopalatina Orbital process Processus orbitalis Maxillary process Processus nasalis iL-/ Pyramidal process, ' or tuberosity Processus pyraniidaiis Horisontal or palate platr,' Pars horizontalis Horizontal or palate {late Pars horizontalis Orbital process Pioccssus orbitalis Sphenoidal process I'locessus sphenoida'' Vertical plate Pars perpendicularis Sphenopalatine notch lucisura sphenopalatina Korlxontal or palate plate Pars horizontalis Sphenoidal process Processus sphenoidalis Vertical plate (external surface) Pars perpendicularis (facies maxillaris) Posterior palatine or palatomaxillary groove Sulcus pterygopalatinus -Pyramidal pro- cess, or tuberosity Processus pyramidalis V, Fig. i8o.— Inner Surface. Fig. i8i. — Seen from Behind. Fig. 182. — Outer Surface. Os Palatinum. — The Palate-Bone (of the Left Side). Sphenopalatine notch Incisura sphc-nupalatina Sphenoidal process^ Processus sphenoidalis Vertical plate (internal or nasal surface) Pars perpendicularis (facies nasalis) Pyramidal process, or tuberosity Processus pyramidalis Horizontal plate (Inferior surface) Pars horizontalis (iacies palatina) Orbital process. Processus orbitalis \^ Vertical plate Pars perpendicularis Sphenoidal process / Processus sphenoidalis Horizontal or / palate plate ■ Par* horizontalis Pyramidal process, or tuberosity Processus pyramidalis 'i' Vertical plate (external surface) ■if ' ^, Pars perpendicularis (facies maxillaris) Posterior palatine or palatomaxillary groove Sulcus ptt^rygopalalinus Pyramidal process, or w tuberosity /l Processus pyramidalis Fig. 183.— Inner Surface. Fig. 184. — Seen from Behind. Fig. 185.— Outer Surface. The Left Palate-Bone of a Boy born at Full Term. Frontal process Processus frontosphenoidalis Orbital orifice of the temporal canal Foramen zygomatico-orbitalc Orbital process (orbital surface) Lamina orbitalis (facies orbitaUs Oibltal orifice of the malar canal Foramen zygomatico- orbitale Orbital border Margo infra-orbilalis Malar orifice otth'< malar canal Foramen zygomaticofaciale Body- length, 21 inches. Marginal process (var.) Processus marginaiis (var.) Temporal orifice of the temporal canal Foramen zygoniaticotemporale Body of t^e malar bone (malar surface) Lamina malaris (facies malaris) Body of the malar bone (temporal surface) Lamina malaris (facies temporalis) ' Temporal process/ Processus temporalis Frontal process Processus frontosphenoidalis Orbital process (temporal surface) Lamina orbitalis (facies temporalis) \ '/' Accessory temporal ~~ orifice of the malar canal Foramen zygomaticotemporale Fig. 186. — Seen from Before. Fig. 187. — Seen from Behind. Qs Zygomaticum — Malar Bone (of the Left Side). Supplementary Bones of the Upper Jaw. II — 2 84 THE SKULL AND THE BONES OF THE SKULL Sigmoid notch Coronoid process Incisura mandibn'a>/ Processus coronoideus External oblique line Linea obliqua \ Alveolar border Limbus alveolaris Alveolar process- Body of the mandible- Mental protuberance - Protuberantia mentalis Head of the condyle / apitulum mandibular Condyle . cessus condyloideus Ramus of the mandible ^Masseteric tuberosity Tuberositas masseterica Angle of the jaw Angulus mandibula; Mental tubercle ^' Tuberculum mentale Fig. i88.— The Inferior Maxillary Bone seen from the Left Side. Mental protuberance Protuberantia mentalis > Interalveolar septa Septa interalveolaria \^--^ Mental tubercle Tuberculum mentale ,,-;7/ Alveoli, or sockets of the teeth ,--'' /'/ Alveoli dentales a m , ^ into two parts by the intra- \"'^^*? M'' jugular process (var) ^ iS?* ^V Foramen jugulare bipartitura ) ^£^>^SJ (var.) \ Sgifefr^''3f™f^i Sigmoid sulcus, or groove of the lateral sinus 'y^^ ■ ' Ji^Vi^ Sulcus sigmoideus ,, /^TT"^ -' Posterior condylar foramen Canalis condyloideus Anterior condylar foramen ' Canalis hypoglossi \ Atlas Atlas ClivuB, or basilar groove Clivus . Parietal eminence Tuber parietale Coronal or fronto- parietal suture Sutura coronalis Anterior cranial fossa Sphenoparietal suture Sutura sphenoparietalis Squamous suture Sutura squamosa // _ Sphenosquamous suture i j Sutura sphenosquamosa / / Middle cranial fossa ■' ' Inferior petrosal sulcus Sulcus petrosus inferior , Petrobasilar fissure I Fissura petro-occipitalis Jugular foramen Foramen jugulare Occipitomastoid suture Sutura occipitomastoidea Mastoid process I'rocessus mastoideus Posterior cranial fossa Faramastoid or paroccipital process (var.) Processus paramastoideus (var.) Fig. 20I. — Skull divided into an Anterior and a Posterior Portion by a Frontal Section PASSING THROUGH THE MASTOID PROCESSES. ThE FiRST CeRVICAL VeRTEBRA HAS ALSO BEEN divided by THE SECTION, AND LEFT ATTACHED TO THE SkULL. View of the Anterior Portion of the Cranial Cavity. The Anterior and Middle Cranial FossjE, as well as the Anterior Portion of the Posterior Cranial Fossa, seen from Behind. On the Right Side is a Paramastoid Process articulating with the atlas. Cavum cranii cerebralis— Cranial cavity. THE SKULL AND THE BONES OF THE SKULL Sagittal or interparietal suture Sutura sagittalis Longitudinal sulcus Sulcus sagittalis 'Eminentia cruciata v •Eminentia cruciata Lateral sulcus Sulcus transversus Mastoid foramen Foramen mastoideum Foramen magnum Sigmoid sulcus Sulcus sigraoideus' Lambdoid or occipitoparietal suture Sutura lambdoidea Internal occipital pro- tuberance Protuberantia occipitalis interna Foramen of occipital emissary vein Foramen emissarii occipitalis Vermian fossa (var.) 1 ossa vermiana (var.) Parietomastoid suture ■^u t u ra parietomastoidea Occipitomastoid suture Sutura occipitomastoidea Mastoid portion of the tem- poral bone I'ars mastoidea ossis tem- poralis Mastoid process Processus mastoideus Jugular process Processus jugularis Jugular notch Incisura jugularis Posterior condylar foramen Canalis condyloideus Occipital condyle I Condylus occipitalis Basilar portion of the occipital bone Pars basilaris ossis occipitalis Fig. 202. — Skull divided into an Anterior and a Posterior Portion by a Frontal Section PASSING through THE MASTOID PROCESSES AND THE BASILAR PORTION OF THE OCCIPITAL Bone. View of the Posterior Portion of the Cranial Cavity. The Division of THE Longitudinal Sulcus into Right Lateral and Left Lateral Sulcus is shown. The Lateral Sulcus passes on either Side into the Sigmoid Sulcus, which ter- minates in the Jugular Foramen. Cavum cranii cerebralis— Cranial cavitv. sa 90 IIIE SKULL AND THE BONES OF THE SKULL Anterior internal orbital canal' — Foramen ethmoidale anterius Cribriform plate — Lamina cribrosa Middle turbinate bone — Concha nasalis media Superior turbinate bone — Concha nasalis superior Superior meatus of the nose — Meatus nasi superior SpbenO-ethmOidal recess— Recessus spheno-ethmoidalis ^ Sphenoidal foramen ^^ \ Apertura sinus sphenoidalis Sphenoidal sinus — Sinus sphenoidalis Sphenopalatine foramen Foramen sphenopalitinum ^^ Basipharyngeal canal- Canalis basipharyngeus Vaginal process of sphenoid Processus vaginalis Pterygopalatine canal Canalis pharyngeus Nasopharyngeal meatus Meatus nasopharygeus Accessory palatine canals Foramina palatina minora (Canales palatmi) Posterior nasal spine Spina nasalis posterior Orifice of the posterior palatine canal Foramen palatinum majus ' U.S. : Anterior ethmoidal canal. Frontal sinus Sinus frontalis Nasofrontal suture Sutura nasofrontalis Nasal spine Spina frontalis ^ Agger nasi, or ethmoidal crest '' Agger nasi Nasal bone ,- Os nasale Middle meatus of the nose 'Meatus nasi medius Atrium of the middle meatus Atrium meatus medii Pjnriform or anterior nasal aperture Apertura piriformis Inferior turbinate bone of the nose Concha nasalis inferior Anterior nasal spine Spina nasalis anterior -'-Inferior meatus of the nose Meatus nasi inferior Transverse or posterior suture of the palate Sutura palatina transversa '^ See note to p. 48. Fig. 203.— The External Wall of the Nasal Cavity with the Turbinate Bones and THE Nasal Meatus: Median Sagittal Section. Left Side. Line of detachment of the middle turbinate bone of the nose Superior turbinate bone — Concha nasalis superior / Spheno-ethmoidal recess — Recessus spheno-ethmoidalis i Sphenopalatine foramen / Foramen sphenopalatinum ' Basipharyngeal canal' \ Canalis basipharyn;:;jus / Vaginal process of sphenoid ■ Processus vaginalis Pterygopalatine canal Canalis pharyngeus Sphenoidal process Processus sphenoidalis Orifice of the ethmoidal cells Frontal sinus Sinus frontalis Orbital process * Processus orbitalis Vertical plate of the palate bone Pars perpendiciilaris ossis palatini ' Orifice of the mamllary sinus, or antrum of Highmore < Apertura sinus maxillaris Horizontal plate of the palate bone I'ars horizontalis ossis palatini Sulcus olfactorius Sulcus olfactorius Agger nasi, or ethmoidal crest Agger nasi Orifice of the frontal sinus Apertura sinus frontalis Hiatus semilunaris ■~ Hiatus semilunaris infundib. li Ethmoidal bulla " ~ ' Bulla ethmoidalis - Lachrymal bone— Os lacriinale Uncinate process Processus uncinatus Lachrymoturbinal suture Sutura lacrinioconchalis Lachrymal process of the inferior tur- binate bone Processus lacrimalis concha; inferioris Inferior turbinate bone Concha nasalis inferior Inferior meatus of the nose Meatus nasi inferior Palatine process of superior maxillary bone Processus palatinus maxillae Ethmoidal process of the inferior turbinate bone Processus ethmoidalis conchas inferioris ' See note to p. 48. Fig. 204. — The External Wall of the Nasal Cavity: Median Sagittal Section. Left Side. The middle turbinate bone of the nose has been cut away. Cavum nasi — Nasal cavity. THE SKULL AND THE BONES OF THE SKULL 91 Anterior internal orbital canal- Foramen ethmoidale anterius Cribriform plate of the ethmoid Lamina cribrosa Orbital plate, os planum, or lamina papyracea, of the ethmoid bone -Lamina papjracea Posterior internal orbital canal' Foramen ethmoidale posterius Orbital process of the palate bone — Processus orbitahs / Orifice of the sphenoidal sinus Apertura sinus sphenoidalis Sphenopalatine foramen— Foramen sphenopalatinum Sphenoidal process of the palate bone Processus sphenoidalis Sphenoidal sinus Sinus sphenoidalis Pterygopalatine canal Canalis pharyngeus Vaginal process of sphenoid Processus vaginalis Spinous process of sphenoid bone -Spina angularis Pterygospinous foramen (var.) jr^ Foramen pterygospinosum (var.' Pterygospinous process, or process of Clvlnlni (var.) J'rocessus pterygospinosus (Civinini) (var.) Vertical plate of the palate bone Pars perpendicularis ossis palatini ^External pterygoid plate Lachrymo-ethmoidal suture Sutura lacrimo-ethmoidalis Frontolachrymal suture Sutura irontolacrimalis Nasofrontal suture Sutura nasofrontalis Nasal spine of frontal bone bpma frontalis Groove of the nasal nerve bulcus ethmoidalis Nasal bone Os nasale Lachrymal bone — Os lacrimale Nasal process of superior maxillary bone— Processus frontalis maxilla; Lachrymomaxillary suture Sutura lacrimomaxillaris Pterygoid process J Lamina lateralis Processus pterygoideus I Internal pterygoid plate V Lamina medialis Hamular process — Hamulus pterygoideus' Posterior nasal spine — Spina nasalis posterior' \ Horizontal plate of the palate bone — Pars horizontalis ossis palatini' ^ U.S.: Posterior ethmoidal canal. - U.S.: Lachrymal groove Sulcus lacrimalis Anterior nasal spine Spina nasalis anterior Vi Nasal surface of the superior maxillary bone Facies nasalis maxillae Anterior palatine groove Canalis incisivus Palate process of the superior maxillary bone Processes palatinus maxillae Orifice of the maxillary sinus, or antrum of Highmore Hiatus maxillaris Anterior ethmoidal canal. Fig. 205. — The External Wall of the Nasal Cavity after Removal of the Three Tur- binate Bones and the Lateral Mass of the Ethmoid : Median Sagittal Section. Leit Side. Frontal sinus Sinus frontalis Nasofrontal suture Sutura nasofrontalis I Foramen cecum — Foramen caecum Crista galli — Crista galli Cribriform plate Lamina cribrosa Nasal spine of the frontal bone Spina frontalis Bony septum of the nose Vertical plate of the ethmoid bone Lamina perpendicularis ossis ethmoidalis Rostrum of the sphenoid bone Rostrum sphenoidale .^•Sphenoidal sinus Sinus sphenoidalis Anterior nasal aperture, or apertura pyriformis Apertura piriformis Inferior turbinate bone ,- Concha nasalis inferior Anterior nasal spine Spina nasalis anterior Anterior palatine groove and Stenson's canal Canalis incisivus Body of the sphenoid bone Corpus ossis sphenoidalis Ala of the vomer Ala vomeris The vomer Vomer i:^V.';^£\2^i>-7 ^Posterior nasal spine— Spina nasalis posterior Horizontal or palate plate of the palate bone ! i \ Pars horizontalis ossis palatini i \ Transverse or posterior suture of the palate ,' Sutura palatina transversa ' Nasal crest of the superior maxillary bone— Crista nasalis Palate process of the superior maxillary bone I'rocessus palatinus maxilla; Fig. 206.— The Bony Septum of the Nose seen from the Left Side : Sagittal Section OF THE Facial Part of the Skull, a Little to the Left of the Median Plane. Cavum nasi — Nasal cavity. 92 THE SKULL AND THE BONES OF THE SKULL Intemaaal suture Sutura internasalis Superciliary ridge Arcus superciliaris Xiachrymal groove Sulcus lacrimalis Lachrymal bose Os lacrimale Nasofrontal suture Sutura nasofrontalis Bony septum of the nose Septum nasi osseum Frontomaxillary suture Sutura frontomaxillaris Orbital arch Margo supra-orbitalis Lachrymal fossa Fossa glandulae lacrimal! Superior wall, or roof, of the orbit Orbital plate, os planum, or lamina papyracea, of the ethmoid bone Lamina papyracea Orbital process of the palate bone Processus orbitalis ossis palatini Sphenomazillary fossa -^ Fossa pterygopalatina Foramen rotundum Foramen rotundum . Pterygopalatine canal Canalis pharyngeus Pterygoid process Processus pterygoideus Vidian or pterygoid canal Canalis pterygoideus (Vidii) Sphenoidal sinuses Sinus sphenoidales *Sphenoidal canaliculus' *Can;ilicuIiis spliL-iioidali- Ala of the vomer Ala vomeris I Ethmoidal cells I- Labyrinthus ethmoidalis Frontomalar suture Sutura zygomatico frontalis Sphenoidal fissure or foramen lacerum anteriu3 Fissura orbitalis superior V. Superior turbinate bone Concha nasalis superior Spheno-ethmoidal recess Recessus spheno- etlimoidalis Sphenoidal foramen Apertura sinus spbenoidalis 1 I am indebted to Professor Toldt for the following account of the * Sphenoidal canaliculus, which is accurately described neither by Quain nor by Macalister : "It begins in the scaphoid fossa and divides as it ascends into two branches, the inner of which opens into the Vidian canal, while the outer opens on the cerebral surface of the great wing of the sphenoid bone, between the lingula of the sphenoid bone and the foramen ovale." The outer branch is termed by English anatomists the foramen oj Vesalius, and transmits an emissary vein : the inner branch gives passage to the sphenoidal branch of the otic ganglion, by means of which this ganglion communicates with the Vidian nerve. — Tr. Fig. 207. — By Means of a nearly Horizontal Section passing through the Centre OF the Entrance to the Orbit, the Upper Parts of the Nasal Fossae and of the Orbits are displayed. Seen from Below. Posteriorly the sectjyMi passes through the body of the sphenoid bone and the root of the pterygoid process, opening up the Vidian canal through its whole length. A bristle has been passed into the *sphenoidal can.diculus' from the Vi.iian canal. The lateral masses of the ethmoid bone (ethmoidal la^yrinlhs) are divided in the horizontal plane. Cavum nasi et orbita — The nasal fossae and the orbits. THE SKULL AND THE BONES OF THE SKULL 93 Incisor foramen or foramen of Stenson Foramen incisivum Canal of the nasal duct Canalis nasolacrimalis Anterior nasai spine Spina nasalis anterior Anterior nasal aperture, or apertura pyriformis Apertura piriformis Inferior turbinate bone Concha nasalis inferior Inferior wall of the orbit Paries inferior orbita- Infra-orbital ^oove Sulcus infra-orbi talis Sphenomaxillary fissure Fissura orbitalis inferior Posterior nares Choana.' Foramen rotundum Foramen rotundum Foramen ovale Foramen ovale Bony septum of the nose Septum nasi osseum Lateral crest of the septum (var.) Crista lateralis septi (var.) „ - Maxillary sinus, or antrum of High- more Sinus maxillaris Sphenoidal foramen Apertura sinus sphenoidalis Septum of the sphenoidal sinuses Septum sinuum sphenoid- alium Foramen spinosum Foramen spinosum Spinous process of the sphenoid bone. Spina annularis ' ( i Canaliculus innominatus (var.) (transmitting \ Ih . small superficial petrosal nerve) i Lingula of the sphenoid bone Lingula sphenoidalis Sphenoidal sinuses Sinus sphenoidales ' See note to p. 92. \ 'Sphenoidal canaliculi' ■' "Canaliculi sphenoidales Vidian canal Canalis pterygoideus (Vidii) Fig. 208.— By Means of a nearly Horizontal Section in a Plane a Little above that OF THE Inferior Walls of the Orbits, the Lower Portions of the Nasal Foss^ and of the Orbits have been exposed. Seen from Above. Posteriorly the section passes through the sphenoidal sinuses, in this specimen exceptionally capacious. The upper orifices of the *sphenoidal canaliculus {see note to p. 92) are indicated by bristles. Cavum nasi et orbita— Nasal cavity and orbits. 94 THE SKULL AND THE BONES OF THE SKULL Cribriform plate Lamina cribrosa x3Tii'>i galli Crista galii iTontal sinus Sinus frontalis , Orbital plate of the frontal bone Pars orbitalis ossis frontalis Orbital plate, os planum, or lamina papyracea, of the ethmoid bone Lamina papyracea Vertical plate of the - ethmoid bone Lamina perpendicularis Infra-orbital groove Sulcus infra-orbitalis Uncinate process V^'^HB^ '^ Processus uncinatus I'^^^B^" ^ Malar bone VHb 1 Os zygomaticum N^^BHLhi' 1 H^l^ffiJ^H|. 1/' uSm^ Maxillary sinus, or antrum of Highmore Sinus maxillaris The vomer Vomer Hard palate Septum of the frontal sinuses Septum sinuum irontalium Foramen CEecum Foramen caecum Alar process of the etbmoidbone Processus alaris'ossis ethmoidali Lateral mass, or labyrinth, of the ethmoid bones Labyrintlius ethmoidalis Orbit Orbita Superior turbinate bone Concha nasalis superior Superior meatus of the nose Meatus nasi superior Middle turbinate bone Concha nasaUs media Middle meatus of the nose Meatus nasi media Inferior turbinate bo;ne Concha nasalis inferior "■ Inferior meatus of the nose Meatus nasi inferior Fig. 209.— By Means of a Section passing through the most Anterior Portions of Both Zygomatic Arches, the Nasal Cavity and the Orbits are divided towards their Posterior Extremities in the Frontal Plane. The anterior portion of the skull thus divided is figured from behind. The three turbinate bones of the nose and the three nasal meatus, as well as the bony septum of the nose, are seen m frontal section. The maxillary sinuses are also opened up, and the communication of these sinuses witli tne general cavity of the nose is to be seen above the uncinate process. Cavum nasi et orbita— Nasal cavity and orbits. THE SKULL AND THE BONES OF THE SKULL 95 Frontal sinuses Sinus frontales Middle turbinate bone Concha iiasalis media Anterior cranial fossa Uncinate process Processus uncinatus Crista galU Crista galli Infra-orbital canal Canalis infra-orbitalis Orifice of the canal of the nasal duct Maxillary sinus, or antrum of Highmore Sinus maxillaris ^Frontal sinus Sinus irontalis Orifice of the frontal sinus Apertura sinus frontalis .. Lachrymal bone Os lacrimale Vertical plate of the ethmoid bono Lamina perpendicularis Canal of the nasal duct Canalis nasolacrimalis --^Lachrymoturbinal suture Sutura lacrimoconchalis ^^Inferior turbinate bone Concha nasalis inferior The vomer , Vomer Fig. 210. — By Means of a Section passing vertically through the Posterior Portions OF Both Lachrymal Bones, the Anterior Portion of the Nasal Cavity and of the Orbits is displayed in Frontal Section. Seen from Behind. Frorn the right side of the anterior portion of the skull -thus divided, a layer of bone a quarter of an inch in thickness has been removed by a section in a plane parallel with the first section, so as to open up the canal of the nasal duct, canalis nasolacrimalis, in its entire length. The sounds passed into the two frontal sinuses indicate the orifices of these sinuses in the nasal fossfe. A third sound has been passed through the left canal of the nasal duct from the orbit into the nasal cavity. Cavum nasi et orbita — Nasal cavity and orbits. 96 THE SKULL AND THE BONES OF THE SKULL Internal auditory meatus Meatus acusticus internus\ Carotid canal Canalis caroticus Foramen ovale Foramen ovale 'Sphenoidal canaliculus' •Canaliculus sphenoidalis Sphenomaxillary fissure Fissura orbitalis inferior i-\ Common meatus of the nose Meatus nasi communis Posterior nares Choana Bony septum of the nose Septum nasi osseum Inferior orifice of the palato- maxillary or posterior palatine canal Foramen p^latinum majus Transverse or posterior palatine suture Sutura palatina transversa Middle or median palatine suture Sutura palatina mediana Superior border of the petrous bone Angiilus superior I pyramidis Vidian or pterygoid canal Canalis pterygoideus , (Vidii) Tegmen tjmipani Tegmen tympani . Tympanum /'Cavum tympani External auditory meatus /Meatus acusticus externus Condyle of the inferior maxillary bone Capitulum mandibulae Zygomatic or infratemporal fossa I-ossa inlratemporalis Zygomatic arch Arcus zygomaticus Pterygoid fossa Fossa pterygoidea Hamular process Hamulus pterygoideus - 'Palatine protuberance (var.) 'Torus palatinus (var.) ^-..Hard palate Palatum durum 'Anterior palatine fossa Foramen incisivum Mental spine Spina mentalis Mental tubercle Tuberculum mentale 1 See note to p. 92. Fig. 2X1. — Anterior Portion of the Skull, separated from the Posterior Portion by a Frontal Section passing through the Two External Auditory Meatus. The view from behind shows the posterior nares with the posterior border of the bony septum of the nose, the bony framework of the oral cavity, and the zygomatic fossae ; further, in frontal section, the tympanic cavities, with portions of the bony labyrinths and the internal auditory meatus. Cranium viscerale — Facial portion of the skull. THE SKULL AND THE BONES OF THE SKULL »•/ Anterior palatine or premaxillary suture Sutura incisiva Palate process of the superior maxillary bone Processus palatinus maxilK , Middle or median palatine suture^ /■ Anterior palatine fossa Foramen incisivum Premaxillary bone Os incisivum Sutura palatina mediana Posterior or transverse palatine suture- Sutura palatina transversa Horizontal or palate plate of the palate bone Pars horizontalis ossis palatini Pyramidal process, or tuberosity,— of the palate bone Processus pyramidalis External pterygoid plate ^ — Lamina lateralis proces- sus pterygoidei Alveolar border Limbus alveolaris "Palatine spine' 'Spina palatina *Palatine grooves'^ *Sulci palatini Internal pterygoid plate Inferior orifice of the posterior palatine canal Foramen palatinum majus ^^ Posterior and external accessory palatine i^anals Foramina palatina minora Eamular process -Hamulus pterygoideus Lamina medialis processus pterygoidei ' In the English nomenclature /•a/rt/iHf spine is an alternative name for ihe posterior nasal spine. — Tr. - The English nomenclature recognises one palatine groove only, that running forwards on the under surface of the hard palate from the inferior orifice of the posterior palatine canal, lodging the large palatine nerve and vessels. — Tr. Fig. 2X2. — The Hard Palate, Palatum Durum, with the Alveolar Process of the Superior Maxillary Bone, removed by a Section passing horizontally through BOTH Superior Maxillary Bones above the Floor of the Nasal Fossae. Seen from Below. Incisor foramina, or foramina of Stensen^. Foramen incisivum Anterior nasal spine ■'Spina nasalis anterior Prenasal focsa (var.) Fossa praenasalis (var.) Palate process of the superior maxillary bone Processus palatinus maxilla; Vertical plate of the palate bone Pars perpendicularis ossis palatini Pyramidal process, or tuberosity, of the palate bone Processus pyramidalis External pterygoid plate - Lamina lateralis processus pterygoidei Hamular process — Hamulus pterygoideus Nasal crest of the superior maziUaiy bone Crista nasalis Maxillary sinus, or antrum of Highmore Sinus maxillaris Malar process Processus zygomaticus Posterior or transverse palatine suture Sutura palatina transversa Posterior palatine or palato- maxillary canal Canalis pterygopalatinus Accessory palatine canal Canalis palatinus Internal pterygoid plate Lamina medialis processus pterygoidei Pterygoid fossa Fossa pterygoidea Fig. 213.— The Floor (Inferior Wall) of the Nasal Foss^ with the Maxillary Sinuses LYING ON Either Side, shown by Means of a Horizontal Section through the Superior Maxillary Bones. Seen from Above. Cranium viscerale— Facial portion of the skull. 98 THE SKULL AND THE BONES OF THE SKULL Superior wall of the orbit Orbital arch Margo supra-orbitalis\ Trochlear spine (var.) Spina trochlearis (var.) Frontomaxillary suture Sutura frontomaxillaris Nasofrontal suture Sutura nasofrontalis Lachrymo-ethmoidal suture Sutura lacrimo-ethmoidalis"^ Lachrymal crest of the lachrymal bone Crista lacrimalis posterior Orbital ridge of the superior mixillary bone Crista lacrimalis anterior / Internal wall of the orbit Lachrymal groove Fossa sacci lacrimalis ° Hamular process of the lachrymal bone Hamulus lacrimalis Inferior wall of the orbit Lachrymomaxillary suture' Sutura lacrimomaxiUaris Frontolacbrymal suture Sutura irontolacrimalis Anterior internal orbital canaU , Foramen ethraoiilale anterius Infra-orbital margin / Margo infra-orbitahs / I Infra-orbital foramen Foramen infra-orbitale ^ U.S.: Anterior ethmoidal canal. Fronto-ethmoidal suture — Sutura frontoethmoidalis i Posterior Internal orbital canal^ r toranieii ethmoidale posterius ' Orbital plate, os planum, or lamina papyracea of the ethmoid bone — Lamina papyracea ^Optic foramen *jV^ Foramen opticum Spheno-ethmoidal suture Sutura sptieno-ethmoidalis ^ Orbital process of the palate bone f'*^ I'rocessus orbitalis ossis palatini ^ Palatomaxillary suture Sutura palatomaxillaris - - Sphenomaxillary fossa l-'ossa pterygopalatina Infra-orbital groove Sulcus infra-orbitalis Ethmoidomaxillary suture Sutura ethmoideomaxillaris ' Malar bone Os zygomaticum 2 U.S.: Posterior ethmoidal canal. Fig. 214. — Internal Portion of the Left Orbit, shown by the Removal of the External Wall. Seen from the Left Side. Orbital plate of the frontal bone Pars orbitalis ossis frontalis Sphenoidal fissure Fissura orbitalis superior Sphenoidal foramen Apertura sinus sphenoidalis, Sphenoidal sinus Sinus sphenoidalis .^ Sphenopalatine foramen / Foramen sphenopalatinum Orifice of the maxillary sinus Hiatus maxillaris Superior wall of the orbit Orbital arch— Margo supraorbitalis Lachrymal fossa - Fossa glanduhe lacrimalis Spheno-orbital suture -Sutura spheno-orbitalis _ Orbital stirfaoe of the great wing Facies orbitalis ala; magnae _ External wall of the orbit .Entrance to the orbit — Aditus orbitae Sphenomalar suture "Siitur.-i spheno/ygoniatica .Orbital surface of the malar bone Lamina orbitalis ossis zygomalici -Sphenomaxillary fissure F'lssura orbitalis inferior --^Infra-orbital margin Margo infra-orbitalis Infra-orbital foramen Foramen infra-orbitale Inferior wall of the orbit ' Paries inferior orbitae Lachrymal groove Sulcus lacrimalis Fig. 215. — External Portion of the Left Orbit, shown by the Removal of the Internal Wall of the Orbit and of a Portion of the Superior Maxillary Bone i-j A longitudinally hemisected Skull. Orbita— The orbits. THE SKULL AND THE BONES OF THE SKULL 99 Uncinate process of the ethmoid bone Processus uncinatus ossis ethmoidalis j Inferior wall of the orbit Paries inferior orbitae ' ' Orifice of the maxillary sinus • Hiatus maxillaris Infra-orbital foramen Foramen infra-orbitale Maxillary process of the inferior turbinate bone -'' Processus maxillaris conchse nasalis Maxillary sinus, or antrum of Highmore Body of the superior maxillary bone Corpus maxillae Alveolar process Orbital process of the palate bone Processus orbitalis ossis palatini Sphenomaxillary fossa Fossa pterygopalatina Maxillary process of the palate bone Processus nasalis ossis palatini Tuberosity of the superior maxillary bone Tuber maxillare Fig. 2i6. — The Left Maxillary Sinus, or Antrum of Highmore, shown by the Removal OF THE External Wall of the Body of the Superior Maxillary Bone and the Malar Bone. Seen from the Left Side. Lesser wing — Ala parva Orbital plate of the frontal bone^ Pars orbitalis ossis frontalis Orbital plate, os planum, or lamina papyracea, of the ethmoid bone Lamina papyracea Palato-ethmoidal suture Sutura palato-ethmoidalis Orbital process of the palate bone Processus orbitalis ossis palatini "-■ Orbital surface of the superior maxillary bone — Facies orbitalis maxillae Sphenopalatine foramen Foramen sphenopalatinum Infra-orbital groove — Sulcus infra-orbitalis Sphenomaxillary fossa" Fossa pterygopalatina ,,- Vertical plate of the palate bone Pars perpendicularis ossis palatini Posterior palatine or palatomaxillary canal — Canalis pterygopaiatinus Posterior dental canal Foramen alveolare (posterius) Zygomatic surface of the superior maxillary bone/ Facies infratemporalis maxillae Optic foramen Foramen opticum Sphenoethmoidal suture 'Sutura spheno ethmoidalis Foramen rotundum Foramen rotundum 'Sphenoidal canaliculus' 'Canaliculus sphenoidalis ^ Lingula of the sphenoid bono 'Lmgula sphenoidalis Vidian or pterygoid canal Canalis pterygoideus (Vidii) —Sphenomaxillary surface Facies sphenomaxillaris - Pterygomaxillary fissure Fissura pterygomaxillaris External pterygoid plate Lamina lateralis processus pterygoidei Pyramidal process, or tuberosity, of the palate bone Processus pyramidalis ^ Hamular process Hamulus pterygoideus ' See note to p. 92. Fig. 217.— The Left Sphenomaxillary Fossa, shown by Removal of the Malar Bone, the Temporal Bone, and the Great Wing of the Sphenoid Bone. Seen from the Left Side. A sound has been passed through the Vidian canal, and another through the *sphenoidal canahculus' (exceptionally large in this specimen). Sinus maxillaris — Maxillary sinus, or antrum of Highmore. — Fossa pterygopalatina — Spheno- maxillary fossa. 13—2 100 THE SKULL AND THE BONES OF THE SKULL Coronal or frontoparietal suture Sutura coronalis Parietal eminence Tuber parietale Interparietal bone (var.)' Os interparietale (Os incae) [var.] Sagittal or interparietal suture Sutura sagittalis Parietal foramen " Foramen parietale Lambdoid or occipitopajietal suture Sutura lambdoidea Interpajrietal plane Planum occipitale Fig. 2x8. — A Large Wormian Bone in the Uppermost Part of the Lambdoid Suture. Sagittal or interparietal suture Sutura sagittalis Wormian bones Ossa suturarum (var.) "^»^^ -Parietal foramen . '"^ Foramen parietale Iiambdoid or occipitoparietal suture Sutura lambdoidea Transverse suture of the occipital bone (var.)' Sutura occipitalis transversa (var.) Parietomastoid suture Sutura parietomastoidea Occipitomastoid suture . Sutura occipitomastoidea -Upper portion of squama occipitalis' Torus occipitalis transversus (var. ) '" Torus occipitalis (var.) Nuchal plane I'ianum nucliale Fig. 2ig. — Transverse Subdivision of the Squama Occipitalis. Several Wormian Bones in the Lambdoid Suture. ' See note to p. 57. Ossa suturarum — 'Wormian bones. THE SKULL AND THE BONES OF THE SKULL 101 (Full) Height of uhe cranium (Ganze) Hohe des Hirnschadels "Profile-uue ". Profillinie " Ear-height " Ohrhohe ■' Nose height " Nasenhiihe Profile-angle Profilwinkel " Face-height '' Gesichtshohe Horizontal length of the cranium Gerade Liinge des Hirnschadels , Greatest length of the cranium •' Grosste Lange des Hirnschadels .....Oerman horizontal Deutsche Horizontale Fig. 220.— Side- View of the Skull: Norma Lateralis. Narrowest transverse measure ment of forehead Kleinste Stirnbreite \ Zygomatic widths Jochbreite \ Greatest width of the cranium Grosste Breite des Hirnschadels Vertical height of Horizontal width of the orbital orifice the orbital orifice \ Horizontale Breite des Augenhohleneinganges Senkrechte Hohe \ des Augenhohlen einganges / ■ Narrowest transverse measurement of forehead Kleinste Stirnbreite Greatest height of the orbital orifice Grosste Hohe des Augen- hohleneinganges Greatest width of the orbital orifice Grosste Breitedes Augen- hohleneinganges Zygomatic width Jochbreite Face-width according to Virchow Gesichtsbreite nach Virchow Fig. 221.— Skull seen from Above Norma Verticalis. -^ Greatest width of the \ anterior nasal aperture Grosste Breite der Nasen offnung Fig. 222. — Front View of the Skull: Norma Frontalis. Translator's Note.— The above measurements do not fully correspond with those used by English craniologists. For this reason a purely literal translation of the German terms has been given. The Principal Measurements of the Skull. 102 THE SKULL AND THE BONES OF THE SKULL Second visceral cleft Third or thyrohyoid visceral arch Uarflcal sinus Sinus cervicalis Upper extremity Kxtremitas superior Second or hyoid visceral arch Auditory pit First visceral cleft Mandibular process -i . , , ,.^ , . , u V of the first or mandibular visceral arch Maxillary process j Primary optic vesicle Olfactory pit ' .Rudiment of tho heart Lower extremity Extremitas inferior Umbilical duct Ductus omphalo-entericus Umbilical vesicle Vesicula umbilicalis Fig. 223. — Human Embryo, Four Weeks old. The umbilical vesicle has been opened. Parietal bone Os parietale Squamous portion of the temporal bone Squama temporalis Membranous portion of the primordial cranium Pars membranacea cranii primordialis intermembranous part of the supra-occipital portion of the occipital bone' Pars intermembranacea squamae occipitalis S i eiior semlolroular canal— Canalis semicircularis superior Cartilaginous portion of the primordial cranium Pars cartilaginea cranii primordialis Intercartilaginous part of the supra-occipital portion of the occipital bone' Pars intercartilaginea squamie occipitalis Primitive cartilage of the petrous portion of the temporal bone Centre of ossification for the lateral portion of the occipital bone (exoccipital)' Centre of ossification for the basilar portion of the occipital bone (basi-occipital)' ' See note to p. 57 Membranous portion of the primordial cranium Pars membranacea cranii primordialis Greater wing Ala magna Squamous portion of the frontal bone ' Squama frontalis ' Centre of ossification for the lesser wing Cartilaginous portion of the primordial cranium Pars cartilaginea cranii primordialis (Planum sphenoidale) Nasal bone Os nasale ~v Septum of the nose Septum nasi ^ Hard palate- The vomer Vomer -Palatum durum Fig. 224. — The Left Half of the Skull of a Human Fcetus at the End of the Fourth Month (Months of Four Weeks Each). Seen from Within. The Cartilaginous Portion of the Primordial Cranium (Chondrocranium) is coloured Blue. Body-length, 4J inches. Development of the Skull. THE SKULL AND THE BONES OF THE SKULL 103 Squamous portion of the temporal bone Squama temporalis Cartilaginous portion of the primordial cranium Pars cartilaginea cranii primordialis Cartilaginous bar of the byoid or second ' visceral arch (primitive cartilage of the styloid process) Cartilaginous bar of the mandibular or first visceral arch (Meckel's cartilage) Mandible Mandibula I The malleus \ Malleus \ \ \ Tympanic ring Annulus tyrapanicus Fig. 225. — The Squamous Portion of the Temporal Bone, the Tympanic Membrane with the Malleus, the Incus, and Meckel's Cartilage, from a Human Fcetus in the First Half of the Fifth Month (Months of Four Weeks Each)., Seen from Within. Body-length, ji inches. Squamous portion of the temporal bone Squama temporalis ( Membranous portion of the primordial cranium Pars merabranacea cranii primordialis V Greater wing Ala magna Squamous portion of the frontal bone , Squama frontalis Cartilaginous bar of the mandibular or first visceral arch (Meckel's cartilage) Cartilaginous bar of the hyoid or second visceral arch (styloid process, stylohyoid ligament, and small cornu of the hyoid bone) Maxilla ^ Maxilla Mandible Mandibula Primitive cartilage of the hyoid bone ' Knorpelanlage des Us hyoiaeiim Cartilaginous portion of the primordial cranium Pars cartilaginea cranii primordialis Parietal bone / Us parietale Tympanic ring /'Annulus tympanicus Intermembranous part of the supra-occipital portion ol ohe occipital bone' Pars intermembranacea squamae occipitalis Cartilaginous portion of the primordial cranium Pars cartilaginea cranii primordialis Intracartilaginous part of the supra-occipital portion of the occipital bone' Pars intracartilaginea squamae occipitalis ,__ Foramen magnum "Foramen occipitale magnum V, ^Lateral portion of theoccipital bone (excccipital)' Pars lateralis ossis occipitalis Basilar portion of the occipital bone (basi-occipital)' Pars basilaris ossis occipitalis Fig. 226. 'Primitive cartilage of the petrous portion of the temporal bone Knorpelanlage der Pars petrOFa ' See note to p. 57. The Skull of a Human Fcetus in the Middle of the Fifth Month (Months of Four Weeks Each). Seen from the Left Side and Below. Body length, 6i inches. The cartilaginous bars of the visceral arches are displayed, and these, together with the cartilaginous portion of tlic primordial cranium, are coloured blue. Part of the cartilage of the left side of the inferior niaxillu has been removed in oidcr to lay bare a 1 ortion of Meckel's cartilage which lies beneath it. Fig. 227. — The Dried Skull of a Human FoiTus IN the Middle of the Fourth Month (Months of Four Weeks Each). Body-length, 3* inches. Fig. 228. — The Dried Skull of a Human Fcetus at the End of the Sixth Month (Months of Four Weeks Each). Body-length, ii^ inches. Development ot the Skull. 104 IHE SKULL AND THE BONES OF THE SKULL Anterolateral fontanelle Fonticulus sphenoidalis Tympanic ring Annulus tympanicus Occipital plane, or interparietal - ' portion of the occipital bone Planum occipitale — Transverse suture of the occipital bone' Siitura mendosa Posterolateral fontanelle Fonticulus mastoideus Base of the petrous portion of the temporal bone I'yramis (l>asis) Lateral portion of the occipital bone (exoccipital)' Pars lateralis ossis occipitalis Fig. 229.— The Dried Skull of an Infant born at Full Term. Seen from the Left Side. Body-length, 2oi inches. In the anterolateral fontanelle there remains part of the membranous portion of the primordial cranium (membrane of the fontanelle) ; in the posterolateral fontanelle there remains part of the cartil iginous portion of the primordial cranium. Anterior fontanelle Fonticulus frontalis (major) ^,^ Posterior fontanelle Fonticulus occipitalis (minor) Frontal eminence .--Tuber frontale Parietal eminence Tuber parietale Supra-occipital portion of the occipital bone' Squama occipitalis Fig. 230. — The Dried Skull of an Infant born at Full Term. Seen from Above. Body-length, 2oi inches. In the anterior and in the posterior fontanelle there remain parts of the membranous portion of the primordial cranium. ' See note to p. 57. Develooment of the Skull, SKELETON EXTREMITATUM, SUPERIORIS ET INFERIORIS THE SKELETON OF THE UPPER AND LOWER EXTREMITIES (THE APPENDICULAR SKELETON) 106 THE APPENDICULAR SKELETON The clayicle, or collar-bone Clavicula ' The humerus, or arm bone - Humerus -.,The shoulder-girdle -'Cingulum extremitatis superioris The scapula, or shoulder-blade \ "Scapula The ulna Ulna The radius Radius The interosseous space of the foreanr. Spatium interosseum antibrachii The bones of the forearm 'Ossa antibrachii The first metacarpal bone (the metacarpiil- bone of the thumb) Os metacarpale primum (pollicis) The phalanges of the thumb^,^ Phalanges pollicis -■ The carpus "Carpus The metacarpus —Metacarpus The phalanges of the fingers • Phalanges digitorum Fig 231. — The Skeleton of the Upper Extremity. Skeleton extremitatis superioris— The skeleton of the upper extremity. THE APPENDICULAR SKELETON 107 The innominate or hip bone Os coxae «« XThe pelvic girdle Cingulum extremitatis inferioris The femur, or thigh-bone Femur The tibia, or shin-bone Tibia The fibula, or peroneal bone Fibula The interosseous space of the leg.. Spatium interosseum cruris The patella, rotula, knee-cap, or knee-pan Patella The bones of the l0|? "Ossa cruris The tarsus Tarsus The metatarsus Metatarsus The phalanges of the toes Phalangas digitorum pedis* '/5 The first metatarsal bone (the metatarsal bone of the great toe) Os metatarsale primum (hallucis) The phalanges of the great toe ' Phalanges hallucis Fig. 232. — The Skeleton of the Lower Extremity. Skeleton extremitatis inferioris^The skeleton of the lower extremity. 14- 108 THE SKELETON OF THE UPPER EXTREMITY The scapula Scapula The glenoid fossa Cavitas glenoidalis The acromion - Acromion The first rib Costa I. The acromioclaviculax joint Articulatio acromio- clavicularis The manubrium Manubrium sterni " -^ ..The clavicle Clavicula The sternoclavicular joint Articulatio sternoclavicularis Fig. 233.— The Shoulder-Girdle and its Relation to the Thorax. Seen from Above. The clavicle Clav'cula The first rib Costa I. The scapula (pos- terior surface, or dorsum) Scapula (facies dorsalis) The acromion Acromion The eighth intercostal space Spatium intercostale VIII. \The twelfth dorsal vertebra Vertebra thoracalis XII. Fig. 234. — The Shoulder-Girdle and its Relation to the Thorax. Seen from Behind. Cingulum extremitatis superioris— The shoulder-girdle. THE SKELETON OF THE UPPER EXTREMITY 109 Acromial or scapular-. extremity Extremitas acromialis Fig. 235.— The Right Clavicle seen from Above. sternal extremity Extremitas sternalis Acromial facet Facies articularis acromialis \ Trapezoid line (or ridge) Tuberositas coracoidea Nntrient foramen \ Foramen nutricium Costal tuberosity, or rhomboid impression Tuberositas costalis Conoid tubercle Fig. 23 .—The Right Clavicle seen from Below. 'Sternal facet Facies articularis ster- nalis Costal tuberosity, or rhomboid impression Tuberositas costalis Sternal facet Facies articularis sternalis Epiphysial disc Synchondrosis epiphyseos Epiphysis Epiphysis Fig. 237.— Sternai- Hxtpemity of the Right Clavicle of a Female aged Twenty Years, with a Sternal Epiphysis. Seen from Before. Clavicula— The clavicle. no THE SKELETON OF THE UPPER EXTREMITY eiayicular facet /Facies articularis acromii Saprascapular notcti /Incisura scapulae .Superior border— Margo superior Superior angle \ngulus medialis Coracoid process Processus cora- coideus Head Qlenoid fossa Cavitas glenoidalis" 'Oblique lines for the attachment of the tendinous intersections of the auhscapularis muscle •Lineae musculares Axillary border Margo axillaris Subscapular fossa 'J Vertebral border, or base Margo vertebralis Anterior surface, or venter Inferior angle Angulus inferior Acromial angle Infraspinous fossa' Fossa infraspinata Fig. 238. — The Right Scapula seen from Before. Spine of the scapula Spina scapulae Superior angle Angulus medialis Supraspinous fossa Fossa supra- spinata Posterior surface, or dorsum Vertebral border Margo vertebralis Acromion Acromion Acromial angle Neck of the scapula (" anatomical neck ") . Collum scapulae External angle Angulus lateralis Infraspinous fossa Fossa infraspinata Supraspinous fossa Coracoid process /Processus coracoideus ■- Supraglenoid tubercle Tuberositas supra- glenoidalis — Glenoid fossa Cavitas glenoidalis Infraglenoid tubercle Tuberositas infra- glenoidalis Axillary border Margo axillaris Axillary border Margo axillaris Inferior angle Angulus inferior Fig. 240.— The Right Scapula seen FROM THE Outer or Axillary Aspect. Inferior angle Angulus inferior Fig. 239.— The Right Scapula seen from Behind. Scapula — The shoulder-blade- THE SKELETON OF THE UPPER EXTREMITY 111 Centre of ossification for the coracoid process Centre of ossification for the uppermost portion of Myi:. glenoid fossa (Subooraooitl bone) Cartilaginous acromion. Primary osseous portion of the scapula Budimentaryj cartilage Cait laginous acromion Fig. 241. — In the Fifth Fig, 242. — In the Second Fig. 243. — In the Fifteenth Month of Intra-uterine Life (Months of Four Weeks Each). Secondary epiphysis at the tip of the coracoid process s. Year of Life. Subcoracoid bone Os infracoracoideum Year of Life. Acromial epiphysis Cartilage at the inferior angle and along the vertebral border , Osseous portions \ of the acromion Epiphysis of the lower portion of the glenoid fossa V. Fig, 244. — In the Seventeenth Year OF Life. Secondary epiphysis on the base of the coracoid process 'A Epiphysis at the inferior angle Fig. 245. — In the Nineteenth Year OF Life. Development of the Scapula. 112 THE SKELETON OF THE UPPER EXTREMITY Great tuberosity Tuberculum majus-- Bicipital groove Sulcus intertubercularis — Outer margin of bicipital groove (pectoral ridge) Crista tuberculi majoris Outer or antero-extemal surface Facies anterior lateralis Deltoid eminence Tuberositas deltoidea Nutrient foramen Foramen nutricium Inner or antero-intemal surface Facies anterior medialis Outer border Margo lateralis Head of the humerus , Caput humeri _ Head of the humerus Caput humeri ,, Anatomical neck Collum anatomicum — Small tuberosity Tuberculum minus Inner margin of the bicipital groove Crista tuberculi minoris Great tuberosity I Tuberculum majus -Head Caput Small tuberosity Tuberculum minus Fig. 248.— Proximal (Upper) Extremity of the Right Humerus seen from Above. Capitellum Capitulum Trochlea Trochlea humeri Olecranon fossa Fossa olecrani Internal condyle Epicondylus medialis Fig. 249.- Distal (Lower) Extremity of the Right Humerus seen from Below. \ Inner border Margo medialis Radial fossa Fossa radialis External condyle ^ Epicondylus lateralis Capitellum Capitulum humeri Coronoid fossa ' Fossa coronoidea Internal condyle ■ Epicondylus medialis J, Internal condyle '2 Epicondylus . Trochlea medialis Trochlea humeri Groove of the ulnar nerve Sulcus nervi ulnaris Fig. 246. — The Right Humerus seen from before. 'y/^i& 'i^'Ad / Anatomical neck •'' Collum anatomicum , Great tuberosity Tuberculum majus Surgical neck Collum chirurgicum . Posterior surface Facies posterior Nutrient foramen Foramen nutricium Deltoid eminence Tuberositas deltoidea Spiral groove Sulcus nervi radialis Olecranon fossa Fossa olecrani External condyle Epicondylus lateralis " Trochlea Trochlea humeri Fig. 247.— The Right Humerus seen from behind. Humerus — The humerus. THE SKELETON OF THE UPPER EXTREMITY 113 Centre of ossifica- tion in the head of the humerus Small tuberosity iTuberculum minus Centre of ossification in the head of the humerus Centre of ossification in the head of the humerus Centre of ossifi- cation in the grreat tuberosity Great tuberosity Tuberculum majiu Diaphysis Diaphysis Fig. 250. — From a Girl AGED Four Months. Fig. 251. — From a Boy AGED Two Years. Fig. 252. — From a Boy AGED Three Years (Horizontal Section.) The Centres of Ossification of the Proximal Extremity of the Humerus. Common epiphysis of the proximal extremity Epiphysis proximalis communis Epiphysial disc - Synchondrosis epiphyseos Diaphysisf . Diaphysis Common epiphysis of the proximal extremity Epiphysis proximalis communis Remnant of the epiphysial disc Diaphysis Diaphysis Fig. 253.— From a Boy aged Fig. 254.— From a Girl aged Thirteen Years. Nineteen Years. The Common Epiphysis of the Proximal Extremity of the Humerus. Centre of ossification , in the capitellum of the humerus Fig. 255. — From a Boy aged Two and a Half Years, Olecranon fossa Fossa olecrani Centre of ossification of the internal condyle Centre of ossification of the trochlea Epiphysis of the internal condyle .. Centre of ossification of the capitellum 74 Common epiphysis of the distal extremity Epiphysis distalis communis Fig. 256. — From a Boy aged Thirteen Years. Fig. 257. — From a Boy aged Seventeen Years. The Epiphyses of the Distal Extremity of the Humerus. Development of the Humerus. «S 114 THE SKELETON OF THE UPPER EXTREMITY Coronoid process Processus coronoideus Small sigmoid cavity Incisura radialis Tuberosity of the ulna Tuberositas ulnae f Nutrient foramen Foramen nutricium External or interosseous border Crista interossea Anterior surface Facias volaris \v/ /Great sigmoid cavity '' Incisura semilunaris U a 3 (/> 3 & O ^' Anterior I border "(S Marge fl volaris Olecranon ' Olecranon Internal surface Facies medialis Posterior border Margo dorsalis Posterior surface Facies dorsalis m Olecranon Olecranon Great sigmoid cavity Incisura semilunaris Coronoid process I'rocessus coronoideus Small sigmoid cavity Incisura radialis Tuberosity of the ulna Tuberositas ulnae Supinator ridge Crista m. supinatoris External or inter- osseous border Crista interossea Posterior surface F"'acies dorsalis Articular circumference Circumferentiaarticularis Styloid process Processus styloideus Fig. 258. — Anterior Aspect. I'u^ ; Head of the ulna Capitulum ulna^ Articular circumference Circumferentia articularis \ Styloid process f rocessus styloideus Fig. 259.— Posterior Aspect. Fig. 260.— External Aspect. The Ulna of the Right Side. Anterior border Margo volaris Internal surface Facies medialis Posterior border Margo dorsalis Posterior surface Facies dorsalis Interosseous borders Crista interossea Anterior surface Facies volaris , Ulna Vi Radius Anterior surface Facies volaris 1 Anterior border Margo volaris External surface Facies lateralis Posterior border Margo dorsalis Posterior surface Facies dorsalis Fig. 261.— Transverse (Horizontal) Section through the Middle of the Ulna and THE Radius, with the Interosseous Membrane, in Supination. Ossa antibrachii— The bones of the forearm. THE SKELETON OF THE UPPER EXTREMITY 115 Head of the radius . Capitulum radii Neck of the radius Collum radii m Articular circumference Circumferentia articula'-' Articular circumference Circumferentia articularis Neck of the radius Collum radii Tuberosity of the radius Tuberositas radii Anterior border Margo volaris Nutrient foramen Foramen nutricium Internal or interos- seous border Crista interossea Anterior surface Facies volaris Posterior surface Facies dorsalis ■m Posterior border Margo dorsalis Anterior surface ' Facies volaris Posterior surface Facies dorsalis Internal or interosseous border Crista interossea Styloid process Processus styloideus , 4i|^ ^v' V. Styloid process Processus sty- loideus Sigmoid cavity, or ulnar articular surface Incisura ulnaris Carpal articular surface Facies articularis carpea Fig. 262. — Anterior Aspect. Fig. 263. — Posterior Aspect. Fig. 264. — Internal Aspect. The Radius of the Right Side. Olecranon Olecranon Great sigmoid cavity Incisura semilunaris ulnae Articular surface for the capitellum of the humerus . Fovea capituli radii Articular circumference Circumferentia articularis Styloid process of the radius Processus styloideus radii Fig. 265. — The Proximal Extremities OF the Bones of the Right Fore- arm seen from Above. Carpal articular surface Facies articularis carpea Styloid process of the ulna Processus styloideus ulnae Fig. 266. — The Distal Extremities of the Bones of the Right Forearm seen from Below. Ossa antibrachii — The bones of the forearm. IS- 116 THE SKELETON OF THE UPPER EXTREMITY Tuberosity of the radius Tuberositas radii imtrlent toramina Foramina nutricia " Radius (anterior surface) Radius (facies volaris) Interosseous space of tha forearm Spatium interosseum antibrachii Ulna (anterior surface) Ulna (facies volaris) Ulna (anterior surface) Ulna (facies volaris) Radius (external surface) Radius (facies lateralis) Radius (posterior surface) Radius (facies dorsalis) Fig. 267. — The Bones of the Right Forearm, in Supination. Fig. 268. — The Bones of the Right Forearm, in Pronation. The Bones of the Forearm in Supination and Pronation. THE SKELETON OF THE UPPER EXTREMITY 117 Centres of ossification in the olecranon Tuberosity of the ulna Tuberositas ulnae Fig. 269.— From a Boy aged Fig. z70.~From a Boy aged Thirteen Years. Seventeen Years. The Development of the Epiphysis of the Proximal Extremity of the Ulna. Double epiphysis of the olecranon in the act of uniting with the shaft Centw of ossification in the head of the ulna Epiphysis of the head of the ulna in the act of uniting with the shaft Fig. 271.— From a Girl aged Fig. 272.— From a Young Man aged Six Years. Nineteen Years. The Development of the Epiphysis of the Distal Extremity of the Ulna. Centre of ossification in the head of the radius Epiphysis of the head of the radius in the act of imiting with the shaft Tuberosity of the radius Tuberositas radii Fig. 273.— From a Boy aged Five Years. Fig. 274.— From a Boy aged Seventeen Years. The Development of the Epiphysis of the Proximal Extremity of the Radius. Centre of ossification in the distal extremity of the radius Distal epiphysis of the radius in the act of uniting with the shaft Fig. 275. — From a Girl aged Fig. 276.— From a Young Man aged Two Years. Nineteen Years. The Development of the Epiphysis of the Distal Extremity of the Radius. Development of the Bones of the Forearm. 118 THE SKELETON OF THE UPPER EXTREMITY Concavity of the carpus Sulcus carpi o 00 o •d u o .a •d Tuberosity of the scaphoid bone Tuberculum ossis navicularis 'Radial ridge of the carpus *Eminentia carpi radialis v., Bidge or tuberosity of the trapezium Tuberculum ossis multanguli majoris^' The carpus Carpus Sesamoid bones Ossa sesamoidea >C;^- Phalanges of the thtimb ("first finger") Phalanges poUicis (digiti I.) Pisiform bone Os pisi forme ■^.^ *Ulnar ridge of the carpus *Eminentia carpi ulnaris Unciform process of the unciform bone Hamulus ossis hamati The metacarpus Metacarpus Sesamoid bone Os sesamoideum The fingers DiL'iti manus Phalanges of the little (fifth) finger Phalanges digiti minimi (V.) Phalanges of the index (second) finger (or forefinger) Phalanges indicis (digiti II ) Phalanges of the middle (third) finger Phalanges digiti medii (III.) Phalanges of the ring (fourth) finger I^halanges digiti annularis (IV.) (« e o to « •d h o u ■I 0 Fig. 277. — Palmar Aspect of the Skeleton of the Right Hand (Facies Volaris). / Skeleton manus — The skeleton of the hand. THE SKELETON OF THE UPPER EXTREMITY 119 Lunar (or Eemilunar) bone Os lunatum ', Pyramidal or cuneiform bone Os triquetrum \ Pisiform bone Os pisiforme . TTnciform bone Os hamatum Scaphoid bone ,-Os naviculare Os magnum, or capitate bone _,,.-Os capitatum Trapezoid bone .,.- " Os multangulum minus Trapezium Os multangulum majus Metacarpal bones (second tc fifth) Ossa metacarpalia II. — V ^'^Si;'. Proximal or first phalanges of the fingers (second to fifth) ■*••:;-<- Phalanx prima digitorum II.— V. Medial or second phalanges of the fingers (second to fifth) Phalanx secunda digi- torum II. — V Metacarpal bone of the thumb ("first finger") - Os metacarpale poUicis (digiti I.) Proximal or first phalanx of the thumb Phalanx prima pollicis Distal or second phalanx of the thumb Phalanx secunda pollicis Ungual, terminal, or third phalanges of the fingers (second to fifth) Phalanx tertia digitorum II. — V. Fig. 278. — Dorsal Aspect of the Bones of the Right Hand sern from the Dorsal Side (Facies Doijsalis). Skeleton manus — The skeleton of the hand. 120 THE SKELETON OF THE UPPER EXTREMITY Dorsal transverse ridge Articular facet for the os magnum Articular facet for the lunar bone Tuberosity of the scaphoid Tuberositas . Articular facet for the radius -Dorsal transverse ridge for ligaments Articular facet for the trapezoid bone - Articular facet for the trapeziiun Fig. 279. — Distal Aspect. Fig. 280. — Posterior Aspect. Os Naviculars Manus — The Right Scaphoid Bone. Posterior surface- Articular facet for the scaphoid bone Articular facet for the os magnum Articular facet for the radius Articular facet for- the pyramidal or cuneiform bone Articular facet for the os magnum Articular facet for the 1/ unciform bone Palmar surface Fig. 281. — Radial Aspect. Fig. 282. — Ulnar Aspect. Os LuNATUM — The Right Lunar (or Semilunar) Bone. Posterior surface Articular facet for the unciform bone Articular facet for the lunar bone ■ Articular facet for the pisiform bone Fig. 283. — Radial Aspect. Fig. 284. — Palmar Aspect. Os Triquetrum — The Right Pyramidal or Cuneiform Bone. Articular facet for the pyramidal or cuneiform bone Fig. 285. — Palmar Aspect. Fig. 286.— Posterior Aspect. Os PisiFORME — The Right Pisiform Bone. Lunar (or semilunar) bone Os lunatum Pyramidal or cuneiform bone Os triquetrum ~- , Pisiform bone .. Os pisiforme Unciform bone Os liamatum Os magnum, or capitate bone Os capitatum Scaphoid bone 'Os naviculare Central bone of the carpus (var.) Os centrale carpi (var.) Trapezoid bone Os multangulum minus Trapezium Us multangulum majus Fig. 287. The Posterior Aspect of the Right Carpus, containing an Os Centrale. Ossa carpi—The bones of the carpus : first, superior, or proximal row. THE SKELETON OF THE UPPER EXTREMITY 121 Articular facet for the second metacarpal bone Oroove for the tendon of the flexor carpi radialis muscle Posterior surface Saddle-shaped articular facet for the metacar- pal bone of the thumb Tuberosity or ridge Tuberculum Articular facet for the second metacarpal bone Articular facet for the trapezoid bone Articular facet for the scaphoid bone Fig. 288.— Distal Aspect. Fig. 289.— Ulnar Aspect. Os Multangulum Majus — The Right Trapezium. Articular facet for the ob magnum or capitate bone' Articular facet for the scaphoid bone Radial articular facet for the second metacarpal bone Ulnar articular facet for the second metacarpal bone li -Posterior surface Articular facet for the scaphoid bone Articular facet for trapezium Fig, 290. — Ulnar Aspect. Fig. 291. — Radial Aspect. Os Multangulum Minus — The Right Trapezoid Bone. Head Caput Posterior surface Articular facet for the trapezoid bone Anterior surface^ Articular facet for the second metacarpal bone Articular facet for the third metacarpal bone Head Caput Articular facet for the unciform bone Articular facet for the third metacarpal bone Fig. 292. — Radial Aspect. Fig. 293. — Ulnar Aspect. Os Capitatum — The Right Os Magnum or Capitate Bone. Posterior surface - Articular facet for the fourth metacarpal bone Articular facet for the fifth- metacarpal bone Articular facet for the os magnum . or capitate bone Unciform process Articular facet for the lunar (or semilunar) bone . Articular facet for the pyra- midal or cuneiform bone Unciform process Fig. 294.— Distal Aspect. Fig. 295.— Proximal Aspect. Os Hamatum — The Right Unciform Bone. Ossa- carpi — The bones of the carpus: second, inferior, or distal row. 122 THE SKELETON OF THE UPPER EXTREMITY Articular facets for the third metacarpal bone Articular facet for the fourth metacarpal bone Fifth metacarpal bone Os metacarpale V. Depressions for the attach ment of the lateral ligaments Articular facet for the second metacarpal bone Articular facet for the trapezium ,,--'' \Base, or carpal extremity / Basis Saddle-shaped articular facet for the trapezium Shaft, or body Corpus Metacarpal bone of the thumb Os metacarpale pollicis ^Head, or phalangeal extremity Capitulum IV ^%„g^/ y^^r I III II Fig. 296. — Radial Aspect of the Five Metacarpal Bones of the Right Hand. Articular facets for the fourth metacarpal bone Articular facet for the os magnum or capitate bone Articular facet for the third metacarpal bone Saddle-shaped articular facet for the trapezium '' Metacarpal bone of the thumb Os metacarpale pollicis Styloid process of the third metacarpal bone Processus stj-loideus , Base, or carpal extremity Articular facet for the ,•■ Basis fifth metacarpal bone ''' Tuberosity of the fifth metacarpal bone Tuberositas ossis metacarpalis V. Shaft, or body Corpus Depressions for the attach- ment of the lateral ligaments Head, or phalangeal extremity Capitulum Fig. 297. — Ulnar Aspect of the Five Metacarpal Bones of the Right Hand. Proximal extremity. Basis \ •Trochlea Proximal •Trochlea •Trochlea extremity .Trochlea Basis Shaft, or body / Corpus I Facies dorsalis Basis Ungual process Tuberositas unguicularis Proximal Posterior surface extremity Head, or phalangeal '^ ' ' """' extremity, of the metacarpal bone Capitulum ossis metacarpalis Fig. 298. — Radial Aspect of the Bones of the Right Index Finger (Margo Radialis DiGiTi Secundi). The Metacarpal Bones of the Hand and the Phalanges of the Fingers. THE SKELETON OF THE UPPER EXTREMITY 123 Unciform bone , Os hamatum , Os magnum, or capitate bone ■:,^ Os capitatum lunar (or semilunar) bone Os hinatum Pyramidal or cuneiform bone v Os triquetrum Unciform bone,- Os hamatum Os magnum, or capitate bone . Os capitatum Scaphoid bone Os naviculare Trapezium Os multangulum majus Fig. 299. — In the Second Year OF Life. Fig. 300. — In the Seventh Year OF Life. Centres of Ossification of the Carpus (Sections parallel to the Posterior Surface). Centre of ossification In the head of the meta- carpal bone Centres of ossification in the proximal extremities of the phalanges Fig. 301. — Middle, Finger in the Second Year of Life. Fig. Epiphysis of the head of the metacarpal bone Epiphyses of the ■y' proximal extremities of the phalanges Centre of ossification in the base of the meta- carpal bone of the thumb Centres of ossification in the proximal extremities of the phalanges 302. — Middle Finger in the Seventh Year of Life. - Epiphysis of the proximal extremity in the act of uniting with the shaft l^m S^y Epiphysis of the hsad of the metacarpal bone Epiphysis of the proxi- mal extremity of the metacarpal phalanx Epiphysis of the proxi- mal extremity of the medial phalanx Fig. 304. — Bones of the Thumb in the Fourth Year of Life. Fig. 305. — Metacarpal Bone of the Thumb in the Eighteenth Year of Life. -Epiphysis of the proximal extremity of the ungual phalanx V. ^iG- 303- — Epiphyses of the Bones OF the Middle Finger in the Act OF uniting with the Shafts : Seventeenth Year of Life. Development of the Bones of the Hand. 16- 124 THE SKELETON OF THE LOWER EXTREMITY Sacral promontory Promontorium rsfth lumbar vertetsr* jVertebra lumbalis V. Upper or false pelvis Pelvis major Brim or inlet Linea terminalis Lower or true pelvis Pelvis minor Sacro-iliac joint Articulatio sacro-iliaca Anterior superior spine of the ilium Spina iliaca anterior superior Great trochanter Trochanter major ' Pubic symphysis Symphysis ossium pubis Fig. 306. — Pelvis Muliebris — The Female Pelvis. Anterior Aspect. The formation of the pelvis out of the sacrum and coccyx and the two innominate bones. The iliac portions of the innominate bones with the base of the sacrum constitute the upper or false pelvis ; the pubic and ischiatic portions of the innominate bones with the sacrum and the coccyx con- stitute the lower or true pelvis ; the boundary between the false and the true pelvis corresponds with the upper aperture or entrance of the true pelvis, the line separating the two being known as the brim or inlet of the true pelvis. Regarded as the means of attachment of the lower limb to the trunk, the pelvis is the cingulum extremitatis inferioris, or pelvic girdle. Cingulum extremitatis inferioris— Pelvic girdle. THE SKELETON OF THE LOWER EXTREMITY 125 Sacmm (pelvic surface) Os sacrum (facies pelvina) Fifth luBibar vertebra /Vertebra luinbalis V. Ilium Os ilium The pelvic inlet Apertura pelvis (minoris) superior Ischium' Os ischii Sacral portion of the brim or inlet of the pelvis Pars sacralis lineae terminalis —Iliac portion of the brim or inlet of the pelvis Pars iliaca linea; terminalis Pubic portion of the brim or inlet of the pelvis Pars pubica lineae terminalis Pubis Os pubis Fig. 307. — Pelvis Virilis— The Male Pelvis. Anterior Aspect. The upper or false and the lower or true pelvis, pelvis major and pelvis minor. The brim of the true pelvis is divided into a sacral, an iliac, and a pubic portion. Cingulum extremitatis inferioris — Pelvic girdle. 126 THE SKELETON OF THE LOWER EXTREMITY Spinous process of the fifth lumbar vertebra Processus spinosus vertebrae lumbalis V. surface behind-. *Eough the posterior gluteal line for the attachment of the gluteus maximus •Tuberositas iliaca Posterior superior spine of the ilium Spina iliaca pos- terior superior Posterior inferior spine of the ilium Spina iliaca pos- terior inferior Spine of the ischium Spina ischiadica Great trochanter Trochanter major Ilium Os ilium Sacrum (posterior surface) Os sacrum (facies dorsalis^ Coccyx Os coccygis IscMum Os ischii Tuberosity of the ischium Tuber ischiadicum Fig. 308.— Pelvis Virilis— The Male Pelvis. Posterior Aspect. The pelvic outlet, apertura pelvis (minoris) inferior, in the bony pelvis appears to be bounded on either side by the lower borders of the pubis and the ischium and the greater and lesser sciatic notches incisure ischiadica: major et minor, and behind by the projecting part of the sacrum and by the coccyx. But masmuch as on either side there are two strong ligaments arising from the sacrum and coccyx, the great and the small sacrosciatic ligaments, ligamenta sacrotuberosum et sacrospmosum, which stretch across the two sciatic notches, and thus enlarge the posterior and lateral walls of the true pelvis, by this means the sciatic notches are filled in, and the outlet of the pelvis is notably diminished in she. Cinguium extremitatis inferiorJs—Pelvic girdle. THE SKELETON OF THE LOWER EXTREMITY \T7 Diagonal conjugate Conjugata diagonali True conjugate (conjugata vera), median-sagittal or antero-posterior"^ diameter of pelvic brim Inclination of the pelvis'' Inclinatio pelvis Median-sagittal or antero-posterior diameter of the pelvic cavity Axis of the pelvic canal Axis pelvis Median-sagittal or antero-posterior diameter of the pelvic outlet Horizontal plane Fig. 309.— The Median-Sagittal or Antero-Posterior Diameters of the True Pelvis. Transverse diameter Diameter transversa Oblique diameter, s Diameter obliqua"~""\., \ 7 J Antero-posterior diameter, or (f true conjugate -W~-. ■ — Conjugata (vera) \ ^ Fig. 310. — The Diameters of the Pelvic Inlet (Apertura Pelvis Superior). The Principal Diameters of the True Pelvis. 128 THK SKELETON OF THE LOWER EXTREMITY Iliac crest Crista iliaca Iliac fossa Fossa iliaca Intermediate ridge Linea intermedia Inner lip Labium internum Anterior superior iliac spine Spina iliaca anterior superior Iliac portion of the iliopectineal line Linea arcuata Anterior inferior iliac spine Spina iliaca anterior inferior Iliopectineal eminence Eminentia iliopectinea Pubic portion of the iliopectineal line Pecten ossis pubis Obturator groove Sulcus obturatorius ♦Anterior obturator tubercle "Tuberculum obturatorium anterius" Superior or ascending ramus of the pubis "' Ramus superior ossis pubis •Posterior obturator tubercle (var.) *Tuberculum obturatorium posterius (var ) Surface of the symphysis-' Facies symphyseos Inferior or descending ramus of the pubis ' Ramus inferior ossis pubis Thjrroid or obturator foramen Foramen obturatura •Pre-auricular groove •Sulcus paraglenoidalis (prx-auricularis) •Tuberosity of the ilium' •Tuberositas iliaca . Auricular surface Facies auricularis ... Posterior superior iliac spine Spina iliaca posterior superior Posterior inferior iliac spine Spina iliaca posterior inferior Great sciatic, or iliosciatic notch Incisura ischiadica major Body of the ischium Corpus ossis ischii Spine of the ischium Spina ischiadica Superior ramus of the iscnium Ramus superior ossis ischii Tuberosity of the ischium Tuber ischiadicum Inferior ramus of the ischium Ramus inferior ossis ischii ' This term, which is seldom used by English anatomists, denotes the posterior fifth of the crest ot the ilium and the rough surface of bone immediately below the crest on either side. — Tr. Fig. 311. — The Right Hip-Bone. Inner Aspect. The ilium forms the upper part of the os innominatum. The slightly concave inner surface of the upper and anterior part of the ilium, known as the iliac fossa, is directed towards the observer ; behind the fossa is the auricular surface for articulation with the sacrum ; and behind the auricular surface is the internal rough surface of the *tuberosity of the ilium'. The upper border of the ilium is the iliac crest, the anterior extremity of which forms the anterior superior i'.iac spine, the posterior extremity, the posterior superior iliac spine. From the anterior border of the ilium projects the anterior inferior iliac spine, from the posterior border, the posterior interior iliac spine. The superior or ascending and the inferior or descending ramus of the pubis and the superior and inferior ramus of the ischium, surrounding the obturator foramen, are all seen from the internal or pelvic aspect. The surface of the pubic symphysis, by means of which the two pubic bones articulate, forms the internal limiting surface of the os pubis. Os coxae— Hip-bone or innomm^ite pone. IHE SKELETON Ot THE LOWER EXT REM 11 Y 129 Crest of the ilium Crista iiiaca / Outer lip Labium externum " ' / Middle gluteal lind / ) U.S. : Middle curved line I.inea glutaea anterior f Posterior gluteal line \U.S. : Superior curved line.^ Linea glutsea posterior •Tuberosity of the ilium "Tuberositas iiiaca Posterior superior spine of the ilium Spina iiiaca posterior superior Posterior inferior spine of the ilium Spina iiiaca posterior inferior Iliosciatic or great sciatic notoh Incisura ischiadica major Spine of the ischium Spina iscliiadica Small sciatic notch Incisura ischiadica minor Tuberosity of the ischium Tuber ischiadicum Anterior superior spine or the ilium "Spina iiiaca anterior superior /Inferior gluteal line ( U.S. : Inferior curved line Linea glutaea inferior Anterior inferior spine of the iliiun Spina iiiaca anterior inferior Acetabulum, or cotyloid cavity Acetabulum Thyroid or obturator foramen Foramen obturatum Fig. 312.— The Right Hip-Bone, Outer Side. Posterior Aspect. tn;^Vcn"ur • tL^I ■eSu^rvieirobXVly St&n^ '--'^''^ ^^^'''^ ^^^^ Os coxae— Hip-bone. 17 130 THE SKELETON OF THE LOWER EXTREMITY Crest of the ilium Crista iliaca \ Outer Up -^Labium externum Iitennediate ridge Linea intermeuia Middle gluteal line ^ Linea glutica anterior Ala of the illuir^ Ala ossis ilium Body of the ilium Corpus ossis ilium Horseshoe-shaped articular surface of the acetabulum - Facies lunata Fossa of the acetabulum Fossa acetabuli Cotyloid notch Incisura acetabuli"' Body of the ischium Corpus ossis ischii Tuberosity ,of the ischium Tuber ischiadicum Anterior superior spine of the ilium Spina iliaca anterior superior niopeetineal eminence Eminentia iliopectinea •Body of the pubis" "Corpus ossis puDl? Spine of the pubi; Tubercuium pubicUBS Obturator groove Sulcus obturatorius Obturator crest Crista obturatoria Inferior or descending ramus of the pubis Ramus inferior ossis pubis ♦Posterior obturator tubercle (var.) *Tuberculum obturatorium posterius (var.) Thjrroid or obturator foramen/ Foramen obturatum Inferior ramus of the ischium Ivamus inferior ossis ischii " Body of the pubis : The use of this term by English anatomists is a variable one. Macalister, whose terminology here, as usual, is in conformity with that of Continental anatomists, writes : " The pubis consists of a body which forms a little less than one-fifth of the acetabulum . . . "; Quain, on tlie other hand, writes: " The flat portion between the rami [of the pubis] is the body": and Young, in his "Synopsis of Human Anatomy " (U.S.), follows Quain's usage. The Continental application of the term has, however, the advantage in the point of consistency, the body being then, in the case of each of the three elements of the hip-bone, the thickened portion taking part in the formation of the acetabulum, of which the body of tks pubis constitutes about one-fifth, the body of the ilium nearly two-fifths, and the body of the ischium th; remainder. — Tr. Fig. 313. — The Right Hip-Bone, Outer Side. Seen from the RiGHt. For this illustration the hip-bone has been so placed that a direct view of the interior of the acetabulum is obtained ; this consists of two portions, the rough, nearly circular fossa of the acetabulum, and the horse-shoe shaped articular surface (facies lunata — covered in the recent state with cartilage) ; opposite the fossa of the acetabulum, the rim bounding the depression is interrupted by the cotyloid notch (incisura acetabuli). The three bones which, separate at first, subsequently unite to form the hip-bone, all take part in the formation of the acetabulum (see tiote ' above). Os coxae — Hip-Done. THE SKELETON OF THE LOWER EXTREMITY 131 Cartilage of the crest of the ilium Centre of ossification of the ilium Primitive cartilage Cartilage of the crest of the ilium Centre of ossification of the ischium Vi Fig. 314. — In the Fifth Month of Fcetal Life (Months of Four Weeks Each). Ilium Os ilium Centre of ossification of the pubis Pubis Os pubis Ischium Os ischii Y-shaped cartilage Fig. 315. — In the Sixth Month of Fcetal Life (Months of Four Weeks Each). Fig. 316. — In the Fourth Year of Life. Cartilage of the crest of the ilium Ossification of the Y-shaped _.'^ cartilage Os acetabuli Epiphysis of the tuberosity of the ischium Anterior inferior spine of the ilium Spina iliaca anterior inferior , Ossification of the Y-shaped cartilage Pubis pubis Epiphysis of the crest of the ilium Une of union of the ischiopubic rami Epiphysis of the tuberosity of the ischium Fig. 317. — In the Fourteenth Year of Life. Fig. 318. — In the Seventeenth Year of Life. Development of the Hip-Bone, 17—2 132 THE SKELETON OF THE LOWER EXTREMITY Neck of the femur Collum femoris \ Qreat trochanter Trochanter major ' Head of the femur / Caput femoris Fossa of the interarticular ligament Fovsa capitis Anterior inter- trochanteric line' Linea inter- trochanterica Shaft or body of the femur (anterior surface). Corpus femoris (facies anterior) External tuberosity (or epicondyle) Epicondylus lateralis Patellar surface Facies patellaris External condyle Condylus lateralis Small trochanter Trochanter minor Head of the femur Caput femoris Fossa of the interarticular - ligament Fovea capitis Small trochanter Trochanter minor Inner lip of the linea aspera I-abium mediale lineae asperse Internal tuberosity (or epicondyle) Epicondylus medialis Internal condyle Condylus medialis Neck of the femur Collum femoris Great trochanter Trochanter major Digital or trochan- ■ teric fossa Fossa trochanterica Posterior inter- trochanteric ridge or line Crista imerlrochanterica . Gluteal ridge Tuberositas glutaea Pectineal line ■ Linea pectinea Nutrient foramen Foramen nutricium . Internal surface Facies medialis External surface Facies lateralis _. Linea aspera Linea aspera Outer lip of the linea aspera I^at)iiim lateraie Nutrient foramen Foramen nutricium Popliteal surface Planum popliteum Intercondylar line Linea intercondyloidea Intercondylar fossa [■ < issa intercondyloidea External condyle Condylus lateralis Fig. 319. — The Right Femur, Anterior Aspect. Fig. 320. — The Right Femur, Posterior Aspect. Femur — The femur, or thigh-bone. THE SKELETON OF THE LOWER EXTREMITY 133 Fossa of the inter articular ligament^ Fovea capitis Neck of the femur Collum femoris Anterior intertrochanteric line Linea intertrochanterica Inner lip of the linea aspera Labium mediate linese asperse ;>^ , Head of the femur Caput femoris Great trochanter -Troclianter major Digital or trochanteric fossa Fossa trochanterica . Small trochanter Trochanter minor Shaft or body of the femur- Corpus femoris Anterior surface, Facies anterior Internal surface _ Facies medialis ~ *J Patellar surface Facies patellaris Internal tuberosity, oreploondyle' Epicondylus medialis Affrfi* Internal condyle Condylus medialis Fig. 321. — The Right Femur, Internal Aspect. Small trochanter Trochanter minor' Pectineal line Linea pectinea Inner lip of the linea aspera Labium mediale lineje asperas Great trochanter Trochanter major Posterior intertro- chanteric ridge or line Crista intertro- chanterica Third trochanter (var.) Trochanter tertius (var.) Gluteal ridge Tuberositas glutaea Outer lip of the linea aspera Labium laterale lineae asperas Fig. 322. — The Upper Portion of the Right Femur: Third Trochanter (Var.). Seen FROM Behind. Internal surface Facies medialis Inner lip Labium mediale Anterior sunactt / Facies anterior External surface Facies lateralis .Outer lip Labium laterale i Linea aspem Linea aspera Fig. 323. — Transverse Section through THE Middle of the Shaft of the Right Femur. Jt^emur — The femui. 134 THE SKELETON OF THE LOWER EXTREMITY Strut of compact tissue-.. Neck of the femur. Collum femoris Head of the femur Caput femoris Calcar femorale, or Merkel's spur Great trochanter /' I'rochanter major Posterior intertrochanteric ridge or line Crista intertroclianterica Cancellous tissue Substantia spongiosa Fig. 324. — Horizontal Section through the Proximal Extremity of the Right Femur, ABOVE the Small Trochanter, to show the Calcar Femorale. External tuberosity, or epicondyle. Epicondylus lateralis Groove of the tendon of the - popliteus muscle External condyle Condylus lateralis Fig. H25. — Distal Extremity of the Right Femur. Seen from the Outer Side. Intercondylar fossa Fossa intercondyloidea External condyle Condylus lateralis ^Patellar surface Facies patellaris .Internal condyle Condylus medialis Fig. 326. — Distal Articular Extremity of the Right Femur. Seen from Below. Femur — The femur. THE SKELETON OF THE LOWER EXTREMITY 135 Cartilage of the proximal — , epiphysis I Diapbysis Centre of ossification for the epiphysis of the head of the femur Diaphysis Diaphysig Centre of ossification Cartilage of the distal epiphysis Fig. 327. — From a Boy still-born AT Full Term. Body-length, 21 inches. The Centres of Ossification of the Proximal and Distal Epiphyses Centre of ossification for the distal epiphysis Fig. 328. — F"rom a Boy aged Nine AND a Half Months. Epiphysis of the head of the femur Epiphysial cartilage of the small trochanter - Diaphysii Centre of ossifica- tion for the great trochanter Calcar femorale Epiphysis of the small trochanter Epiphysis of the head of the femur Epiphysis of the great trochanter Diaphysis Gluteal ridge Tuberositas glutaea Fig. 329.— From a Girl aged Seven Years. Fig. 330.— From a Girl aged Fifteen Years. The Epiphyses of the Proximal Extremity. Diaphysis Epiphysial disc Synchondrosis epiphyseo^— Distal epiphysis Epiphysis distalis Diaphysis Epiphysial disc Synchondrosis epiphyseos Distal epiphysis Epiphysis distalis Fig. 331.— In Frontal Section. Fig. 332.— In Sagittal Section. The Epiphysis of the Distal Extremity from a Girl aged Fifteen Years. Development of the Femur. 136 THE SKELETON OF THE LOWER EXTREMITY "Anterior border of proximal^ articular surface •Margo infraglenoidalis External tuberosity Condylus lateralis Tubercle of the tibia Tuberositas tibiae External border, or inter- osseous ridge Crista interossea Shaft or body of the tibia (external surface) Corpus tibiae (fades lateralis) Spine of the tibia Eminentia intercondyloidea Internal tuberosity Condylus medialis Anterior border Crista anterior Internal surface Facies medialis Internal tuberosity Condylus medialis Internal border Margo medialis Internal surface Facies medialis Qroove for tibialis posticus Sulcus malleolaris External tuberosity ,,-' Condylus lateralis ■ - Articular surface for the head of the fibula Facies articularis fibularis Popliteal or oblique line Linea poplitea Nutrient foramen Foramen nutricium - Shaft or body of the tibia (posterior surface) Corpus tibiae (facies posterior) External border, or inter- osseous ridge Crista interossea FiDuiar groove Incisura fibularis „ , Internal malleolus Internal malleolus Malleolus medialis -'' Malleolus medialis Fig. 333.— Anterior Aspect. Fig. 334.— Posterior aspect. The Right Tibia. Base of the patella Basis patellae Apex of the patella Apex patellae -Base of the patella Basis patellae \ „ .. Articular surface Facies articularis ■7.. Apex of the patella Apex patellae Fig. 335. — Anterior Surface. Fig. 336. — Posterior Surface. The Right Patella- Ossa cruris— The bones of the leg : the patella, rotula, or knee-pan. THE SKELETON OF THE LOWER EXTREMITY 137 Tubercle of the tibia — Tuberositas tibiae! ♦Anterior border of the proximal articular surface •Margo infraglenoidalis Internal tuberosity Condylus medialis Inner tubercle of the spine of the tibia Tuberculum intercondyloideum mediale •Posterior intercondylar fossa / Fossa intercondyloidea posterior •Anterior Intercondylar fossa /•Fossa intercondyloidea anterior Popliteal notch Ertemal tuberosity Condylus lateralis ■--Outer tubercle of the spine of the tibia Tuberculum intercondyloideum laterale Spine of the tibia Eminentia intercondyloidea Fig. 338.-FACIES Articularis Superior Tibi^— The Proximal Articular Surface of THE Right Tibia. Articular surface for the head of the fibula Facies articularis fibularis Note to Fig iiS.— Anterior and Posterior Intercondylar Fossa.— These terms are used neither by Quain nor by Macalister. The latter speaks of the hollows in question as depressions for the crucial ligaments. — Tk. Popliteal or oblique line Linea poplitea Nutrient foramen Foramen nutriciuni " Posterior surface _ Facies posterior Fibular groove Incisura fibularis" External border, or ~ interosseous ridge Crista interossea Shaft or body of the tibia (external surface) Corpus tibia; (facies lateralis) External malleolus Malleolus lateralis; Articular surface of the y' external malleolus Facies articularis liialleoH / (lateralis) / Fossa of the external lateral ligament of the ankle Inferior (distal) articular surface of the tibia Facies articularis inferior tibise Articular surface of the internal malleolus Facies articularis malleolaris Internal malleolus -"Malleolus medialis Fig. 339. — The Distal Articular Surfaces OF the Bones of the Right Leg. Fig. 337. — Right Tibia seen from the Outer Side. Ossa cruris — Bones of the leg. 18 138 THE SKELETON OF THE LOWER EXTREMITY Styloid process of ths fibula "" Apex capituli fibulp? -Head of the fibula Capitulum fibulae /2::s f-^ Articular surface of the head Facies articularis capituli External border Crista lateralis Shaft or body of the fibula (external surface) Corpus fibulae (facies lateralis) -Anterior border Crista anterior Interosseous ridge Crista interossea A]ii>erior border Crista anterior Internal surface Facies medialis Nutrient foramen Foramen nutricium Internal border Crista medialis Shaft or body of the fibula Corpus fibulae Posterior surface Facies posterior Groove for the tendons of the peroneus longus and peroneus brevis - muscles Fig. 340, External malleolus ' Malleolus lateralis Articular surface of the external malleolus I'acies articnlaris malleoli (lateralis) m Fossa of the external lateral ligament ot the ankle-joint -External Aspect. Fig. 341. — Internal Aspect. The Right Fibula or Peroneal Bone. Internal surface Facies medialis Internal border Mareo medialis' Posterior surface Facies posterior Anterior border Crista anterior External surface Facies lateralis Internal surface - Facies medialis The Tibia Internal border Crista medialis External border, or interosseous ridge Crista interossea Interosseous ridge ,- Crista interossea Anterior border Crista anterior External surface Facies lateralis External border Crista lateralis The Fibula Posterior surface Facies posterior Fig. 342. — Transverse Section through the Middle of the Bones of the Right Leg, WITH the Interosseous Membrane, Ossa cruris— Bones of the leg. J HE SKELETON OF THE LOWER EXTREMITY 139 Centre of ossification • for the proximal epiphysis of the tibia Fig. 343. — From a Boy still- born AT Full Term. Body length, 21 inches. Centre of ossifica- tion for the distal epiphysis of the tibia Fig. 344. — From a Boy aged Nine and a Half Months. Centre of ossification for the proximal epiphysis of the tibia Diaphysis ■ Diaphysis Interosseous space of the leg Spatium interosseum cruris Centres of ossifica- tionforthedistal epiphyses of the tibia and fibula Fig. 345. — From a Boy aged One and a Half Years. Centre of ossification— for the proximal epiphysis of the fibula Distal epiphysis of tl fibula Fig. 346.^ — Proximal and Distal Portions of the Fibula of a Girl aged Four and a Half Years. ,,. Proximal epiphysis of the tibia Tubercle of the tibia Tuberositas tibiae Fig. 347. — Proximal Portion of the Tibia of a Girl aged Fifteen Years. Sagittal Section. Distal _ epiphyses of -- the tibia and fibula F"iG. 348. — The Distal Portions OF the Bones of the Leg of a Girl aged Fifteen Years. Frontal Section. Development of the Bones ot the 1-eg. 18—2 140 THE SKELETON OF THE LOWER EXTREMITY Superior articular surface of the astragalus Trochlea tali The tarsns Tarsus The metatarsus Metatarsus The phalang^es of the toes Phalanges digitorum pedis Tuberosity of the ; , calcanemn Sinus of the tarsus ^ Tuberosity of the fifth metatarsal bone Tuber calcanei sinus tarsi Groove of the Tuberositas ossis metatarsahs V. peroneus longus tendon Sulcus m. peronasi longi Fig. 349.— Bones of the Right Foot seen from the Outer Side : Facies Dorsalis Pedis ET Margo Lateralis Pedis. The tarsus Tarsus , The phalanges of the toes Phalanges digitorum pedis The metatarsus Metatarsus Sesamoid bone Os sesamoideurn Tuberosity of the navicular bone Tuberositas ossis navicularis Sustentaculum tali Vu Sustentaculum tali Fig. 350.— The Bones of the Right Foot seen from the Inner Side ; Margo Medialis Pedis. Skeleton pedis— Bones of the foot. THE SKELETON OF THE LOWER EXTREMITY 141 Inner tubercle of the tuberosity of the calcaneum Processus medialis tuberis calcanei Posterior process of the astragalus (interual tubercle) Processus posterior tali Groove of tendon of flexor longus hallucis.,;:^: Sulcus m. flexoris hallucis longi Sustentaculum tali. .- Sustentaculum tali Tuberosity of the navicular bone... Tuberositas ossis navicularis Internal cuneiform bone Os cunei forme I. Tuberosity of the first metatarsal bone.- Tuberositas ossis metatarsalis I. Sesamoid bones Ossa sesamoidea '■"^' Ungual processes Tuberositas unguicularis ^,.— Tuberosity of the calcaneum Tuber calcanei Outer tubercle of the tuberosity of the calcaneum Processus lateralis tuberis calcanei 'Body of the calcaneum -'Corpus calcanei Tuberosity of the cuboid bone Tuberositas ossis cuboidei Groove of the peronaus longus tendon ■" Sulcus m. peronjei longi ..Tuberosity of the fifth metatarsal bone Tuberositas ossis metatarsalis V Heads of the metatarsal bones "Capitula ossium raetatarsalium ""XPhalaliges of the toes •'■^Phalanges digitorum pedis Fig. 351, — The Bones of the R'qht Foot seen fsom the Plantar Side: Facies Plantaris Pedis. Skeleton pedis— Bones of the toot. 14^ THE SKELETON OF THE LOWER EXTREMITY Calcaneum Calcaneus Cuboid bone Ob cuboideum Seoond to fifth metatarsal bones Proximal phalanx C=Si Medial phalanx Ungual phalanx - Astragalus, or taluB Talus fhalanx terti a" Navicular or scaphoid bone of foot Os naviculare pedis External, or third, cuneiform bone CTs cuneiforme III Middle, or second, cuneiform bone Os cuneiforme II. Internal, or first, cuneiform bone Os cuneiforme I. First metatarsal bone, or meta- tarsal bone of the great toe Os metatarsale I. {hallucis) Fig. 352. — The Bones of the Right Foot seen from the Dorsal Side (arranged in Two Longitudinal Rows). Skeleton pedis — Bones of the foot. THE SKELETON OF THE LOWER EXTREMITY 143 Posterior articular facet Facies articularis posterior Anterier articular facet , / Facies articularis anterior/ Interosseous groove Sulcus calcanei Articular facet for the cuboid bone Facies articularis cuboidea Groove of the tendon ot the flexor longus hallucis ' Sulcus m. fiexoris hallucis longi External tubercle of the tuberosity of the caloaneum Processus lateralis tuberi Internal articular facet / Facies articularis media /Sustentaculum tali- -Sustentaculum tali Tuberosity of the calcaneum Tube: calcanei 'Body of the calcaneum "Corpus calcanei Groove of the peroneus longus tendon • Sulcus m. peronasi longi Trochlear process, or peroneal spine (var.) Processus trochlearis % (var.) Internal tubercle of the tuberosity of the calcaneum Processus medialis tuberis ' External tubercle of the tuberosity of the calcaneum Processus lateralis tuberis F^*^- 353- — Seen obliquely from Within and Befoke. Fif^- 354- — Seen obliquely from Without and Behind. The Right Calcaneum or Os Calcis. Head of the astragalus (articular facet for the navicular bone) Caput tali (facies articularis naviculari-) Neck of the astragalus Collutn tali Interosseous groove. Sulcus tali Body of the astragalus Corpus tali Articular facet for the external malleolus Facies malleolaris lateralis Anterior articular facet for the calcaneum Facies articularis cal- canea anterior Internal articular facet - for the calcaneum Facies articularis calcanea, media Posterior articular facet for the calcaneum Facies articularis calcanea posterior Groove of the tendon of ths flexor longus hallucis Sulcus m. fiexoris hallucis longi Articular facet for the internal malleolus Facies malleolaris medialis Internal tubercle Tuberculum niediale Groove of the tendon of the flexor longus hallucis Sulcus m. Jlexoris hallucis longi Superior articular surface of the astragalus Trochlea tali (facies superior) Articular facet for the external malleolus . Facies malleolaris lateralis .'External process of the astragalus 'Processus lateralis tali Posterior process of the astragalus Processus posterior tali - External tubercle Tuberculum laterale Fig. 355. — Seen from Below. Fig. 356. — Seen from Be'hind. The Right Astragalus. anterior anterior Articular facet for the calcaneum ' . . Facies articularis calcanea internal ■ I media posterior ' posterior . Interosseous groove Sulcus tali - Internal tubercle Tuberculum mediate Groove of the tendon of the flexor longus hallucis Sulcus m. fiexoris hallucis longi ' Os trigonum (var. ) (external tubercle) Cs trigonum (var.) (tuberculum laterale) Fig. 357.— The Right Astragalus, with an Os Trigonum (Var.). Seen from Below. Qssa tarsi— Bones of the tarsus. (44 THE SKELETON OF THE LOWER EXTREMITY Articular facet for the middle cuneiform bone Articular facet for the external cuneiform bone '" Lower surface Articular facet for the internal cuneiform bone 73 Tuberosity of the navicular bone Tuberositas ossis navicularis Upper surface Articular facet for the head of the astragalus Tuberosity of the navicular bone — Tuberositas ossis navicularis Fig. 358.— Anterior Aspect. Fig. 359. — Posterior Aspect. Os Naviculare Pedis — The Right Navicular or Scaphoid Bone of the Foot. Articular facet for the second metatarsal bone 1 Upper sharp border Articular facet for the middle cuneiform bone Articular facet for the navicular bone 7., Articular facet for the first metatarsal bone Inner surface Fig. 360.— External Aspect. Fig. 361.— Anterior Aspect. Os Cuneiforme I. — The Right Internal Cuneiform Bone. Articular facet for the Articular facet internal cuneiform bone Articular for the external Upper surface facet for the ■ cuneiform bone Articular facet fi^^^l navicular bone ''-',^^^3 for the second WB^^tSa ^Kl^mSI metatarsal bone w/f^jEJ Odter Aspect. Inner Aspect. Fig. 362. — Os Cuneiforme II. — The Right Middle Cuneiform Bone. Articular facet for the second metatarsal bone ) Articular facet for the ; , middle cuneiform bone Articular facet for the navicular bone Upper surface Articular facet for the cuboid bone Inner Aspect. Outer Aspect. Fig. 363. — Os Cuneiforme III. — The Right External Cuneiform Bone. Articular facet for the external cuneiform bone / Upper surface ; Articular facet for the fourth metatarsal bone Articular facet far the ' calcaneum Fig. 364. — Inner Aspect Articular facet for the ; calcaneum Groove of the tendon of the peroneus lon^s Sulcus m. peronxi longi Tuberosity of the cuboid bone Tuberositas ossis cuboidei . Upper surface Articular facet for the fourth metatarsal bone Articular facet for the fifth metatarsal bone Groove of the tendon of the peroneus longus Sulcus m. peronxi longi Fig. 365. — Seen obliquely FROM Without and Behind. Os CuBoiDEUM — The Right Cuboid Bone. Fig. 366.— Outer Aspect. Ossa tarsi — Bones of the tarsus. THE SKELETON OF THE LOWER EXTREMITY 145 Tuberosity of the fifth metatarsal bone Tuberositas ossis metatarsalis V. Articular facet for the cuboid bone Articular facet for the fourth metatarsal bone Articular facet for the third metacarpal bone / Articular lace' for the cuboid bone Shaft _ Corpus Depressions for the attachment of the lateral ligaments .Articular facet for the external cuneiform bone ;ArticuIar facets for the second metatarsal bone Articular facet for the middle cuneiform bone Articular facet for the internal cuneiform bone Base ' Basis Shaft Corpus Head Capitulum III '^"^ I Fig. 367.— The Metatarsal Bones of the Right Foot seen from the Inner Side. Articular facet for the fifth metatarsal bone Articular facet for the fourth metatarsal bone Articular facet for the external cuneiform bone i Articular facets for the. third metatarsal bone Tuberosity of the first metatarsal bone Tuberositas ossis metatarsalis I. . Tuberosity of the fifth metatarsal bone Tuberositas ossis metatarsalis V. ^Depressions for the attachment of the lateral ligaments ,Head " Capitulum I ""^BS*^ III II Fig. 368. — The Metatarsal Bones of the Right Foot seen from the Outer Side. Head of the meta- Base tarsal bone Grooves for the sesamoid bones'. Ungual process Tuberositas unguicularis Trochlea Shaft Basis Capitulum ossis ?^Sa Corpus / metatarsalis Fig. 369. — Plantar Aspect of thp Head of the Metatarsal Bone of the Great Toe (Capitulum Ossis Metatarsalis Hallucis). Fig. 370. — THij Phalanges of the Second Toe seen from the Inner Side (Margo Medialis Digiti Secundi Pedis). Metatarsal Bones and Phalanges of the Toes. 19 14b THE SKELETON OF THE LOWER EXTREMI'IY Centre of ossification of the calcaueum Centre of ossifieation of the astragalus Centre of ossification' of the cuboid bone Formation of the shafts of the medial phalanges Fig. 371. — From a Human Fcetus in the Middle of the Ninth Month (Months OF Four Weeks Each). Body-length, i7i inches. Centre of ossification of the calcaneum _ Centre of ossification of the astragalus HI? ■% Fig. 372. y 1? -From a Boy still-born at Full Term. Body-length, 22 inches. Centre of ossification of the cuboid bone Centre of ossification of the cuboid bone Centre of ossification of the external cuneiform bone Centre of ossification of the external cuneiform bone Centre of ossification of the internal cuneiform bone Centre of ossification of the base of the first metatarsal bone Centres of ossidcation in the proximal extremities of the phalanges Fig. 373. — From a Boy aged Twelve Weeks. Fig. 374. — From a Boy aged Three Years. Development of the Bones of the Foot. THE SKELETON OF THE LOWER EXTREMITY 147 Calcaneum Calcaneus Cuboid ounc Os cuboideum Centre of ossification of the )zternal cuneiform bone Centres of ossification of the heads of the metatarsal bones Centres of ossification of the proximal extremities of the phalanges The astragalus Talus Centre of OB8iA«ation of the navicular bone Centre of ossification of the middle cuneiform bone Centre of ossification of the internal cimeiform bone Centre of ossification of the base of the metatarsal bone of the great toe Centres of ossification in the proximal extremities of the phalanges of / the great toe Fig. 375. — Ossification of the Bones of the Foot in a Girl aged Six Years. Epiphysis beginning to unite Centre of ossification of the epiphysis of the tubero6it> oi the calcaneum Outer tubercle of the tuberosity of the calcaneum ~^ Processus lateralis tuberis ■V4 Inner tubercle of the tuberosity of the calcaneum Processus medialis tuberis Fig. 376. — From a Girl aged Fig. 377. — From a Young Man aged Eighteen Eight Years. Years (Epiphysis beginning to unite). Epiphysis of the Tuberosity of the Calcaneum. Development of the Bones of the Foot. 19 — 2 INDEX TO ■! liE REGIONS OF THE HUMAN BODY AND TO THE OSTEOLOGY INDEX TO THE REGIONS OF THE HUMAN BODY. B. A. Abdomen, external region of the, 2, 3 regions of, 2, 3 Abdominal regions, 2, 3 Acromial region, 3, 4 Anal region, 5 Auricular region, 3, 4 Axillary region, 2 I Back, medial region of the, 3 regions of the, 3 Brachial region, anterior, 2, 3 external, 2, 3 internal, 2, 3 posterior, 3 Buccal region, 4 C. Calcaneal region, 2, 3 Calf, region of the, 3 Clavicular region, 4 Crural region, anterior, 2 external, 2, 3 internal, 2 posterior, 3 D. Deltoid region, 2, 3 Digital regions of the foot, dorsal, z E. Elbow, anterior region of the, 2 external region of the, 2, 3 internal region of the, 2 posterior region of the, 2, 3 Epigastric region, 2 Face, regions of the, 2, 4 Femoral region, anterior, 2 external, 2, 3 internal, 2, 3 posterior, 2 Fingers, palmar regions of the, 2, 3 dorsal regions of the, 3 Foot, dorsal region of the, 2 plantar region of the, 3 Forearm, dorsal region of the, 2 palmar region of the, 2, 3 radial region of the, 2 ulnar region of the, 2, 3 Fossa axillaris, ia carotica, 4iz jugularis, 4a poplitea, 3(1 retromandibularis, 4a supraclavicularis major, ^ minor, 4a Fossa, axillary, 2 infraclavicular, 2, note, 4, note retromandibular, 4 supraclavicular, greater, 4 lesser, 4 Fovea nuchse, 3a Frontal region, 2, 4 Furrow, carotid, 4 nuchal, 3 Gluteal region, 3, 5 H. Ham, the, 3 Hand, dorsal region of the, 2, 3 palmar region of the, 2, 3 Head, regions of the, 4 Hip, region of the, 2, 3 Hyoid region, 4 Hypochondriac region, 2, 3 Hypogastric region, 2 Infraclavicular region, 2, 4 Inframammary region, 2 Infra-orbital region, 4 Infrascapular region, 3 Inguinal region, 2 Interscapular region, 3 I. K. 2, 3 Knee, anterior region of the, 2 posterior region of the, 3 Labial region, lower, 4 upper, 4 Laryngeal region, 4 Lisfranc, tubercle of 40 Lower extremity, regions of the, Lumbar region, 3 M. Malleolar region, external, 3 internal, 2 Mammary region, 2 Mastoid region, 3, 4 Mental region, 4 Mesogastric region, 2 Mohrenheimer's space, 2, note, 4, note N. Nasal region, 2, 4 Neck, anterior region of the, 2 external region of the, 2 regions of the, 4 1 Nuchal region, 3, 4 Occipital region, 3, 4 Olecranon, region of the, 2, 3 Oral region. 2, 4 Orbital region, 2, 4 P Palpebral region, lower, 4 upper, 4 Parietal region, 2-4 Parotideomasseteric region, 4 Patellar region, 2 Pectoral regions, 2, 3 region, external, 2, 3 Perineal region, 3, 5 Pubic region, 2 Pudendal region, 2, 5 INDEX 151 Regions of the human body, 1^5 Regio Vt'l region es : abdominis, 2<7, 3a lateralis, 2a, 3a acromialis, T,a, 4a analis, 511 antibrachii dorsalis, 2a radialis, 2a ulnaris, 2a, 3a volaris, 2a, 3a auricularis, 3a, 4a axillaris, 23 brachii anterior, 2a, 3a lateralis, 2a, 3a medialis, 2a, 3a posterior, 3a buccalis, 43 calcanea, 23, 33 capitis, 4a clavicularis, 4a colli, 43 anterior, 23 lateralis, 23, 43 corporis huniani, la-sa coxEK, 23, 33 cruris anterior, 23 lateralis, 23, yi medialis, 23 posterior, 33 cubiti anterior, 23 lateralis, 23, ^a medialis, 23 posterior, 23, 33 deltoidea, 23, 33 digitoruni (nianus), 23, 33 pedis, 23 dorsales digitorum (manus), 3a pedis, 23 dorsalis maniis, 23, 33 pedis, 23 dorsi, 33 epigastrica, 23 extreniitatis inferioris, 23, 3a superioris, 23, 3a faciei, 23, 43 femoris anterior, 2a lateralis, 23, 33 medialis, 2a, 3a posterior, 33 frontalis, 23, 43 genu anterior, 23 posterior, ;^a gluttea, 3a, 5a hyoidea, 43 h3'pochon(lriaca, 2a, 33 liypogastrica, 23 intraclavicularis, 23, 43 infranianinialis, 23 iufra-orbilalis, 43 infrascapularis, 33 inguinalis, 23 interscapularis, 3:; labialis inferior, 4a superior, 43 laryngea, 4a lumbalis, ^ nialleolaris lateralis, 33 medialis, 2« mamnialis, 23 mastoidea, ;^ii, 43 mediana dorsi, 33 mentalis, 43 mesogastrica, 23 Regio vel regiones : nasalis, 23, 43 nucliie, 3a, 4a occipitalis, 33, 43 olecrani, 23, 3a oralis, 23, 43 orbitalis, 2a, 43 palpebrals inferior, 43 superior, 43 parietalis, 23, 2,a, 43 parotideomasseterica, 4a patellaris, 23 pectoris, 2a, 3a lateralis, 23, 3 perinealis, 2,a, 53 plantaris pedis, 3a pubica, 23 pudendalis, 23, 5a retromalleolaris lateralis, 33 medialis, 23 sacralis, 3a, 53 scapularis, ^a sternalis, 23 sternocleidomastoidea, 4a subhyoidea, 43 subinguinalis, 2a submaxillaris, 4a submentalis, 43 supra-orbitalis, 43 suprascapularis, 33 suprasternalis, 4a suralis, 3a teuiporalis, 23, ^a, 43 thyreoidea, 43 trochanterica, 23, 33 umbilicalis, 23 unguiculares, 23, 3a urogenitalis, 53 volares digitorum, 2a, 33 volaris manus, 2a, 33 zygomatica, 43 Relromalleolar region, external, 3 internal, 2 Sacral region, 3, 5 Scapular region, 3 Space, Mohrenheimer's, 2, note, 4, note popliteal, 3 Sternal region, 2 Sternocleidomastoid region, 4 Subhyoid region, 4 Subinguinal region, 2 Submaxillary region, 4 Submental region, 4 Supraorbital region, 4 Suprascapular region, 3 Suisrasternal region, 4 Temporal region, 2-4 Thyroid region, 4 Triangle, deltoideopectoral, 2, 4 infraclavicular, 2, note, 4, note omoclavicular, 4 Trigonum deltoideopectorale, 23, 4a omoclaviculare, 43 Trochanteric regfion, 2, 3 Tubercle of Lisfranc, 40 U. tfintjilical region, 2 Ungual regions, 2, 3 Upper extremity, regions of the, 2, 3 Urogenital region, 5 z. Zj'gomatic region, 4 INDEX TO THE OSTEOLOGY Certain names in thU Index hnve an asterisk (*) prefixed ; these, as more fully explained in the Translator's Preface, being terms that form part of the English nomenclature used in this work, but which are not commonly employed by Knglish anatomists. To other names a daggifry:') is prefixed ; these are Latin names used by the author in the original work, but not included in the uthcial nomenclature of the " Anatomische Gescllschaft.' Acetabulum, 129 Acromion, 108, no, in tAditus ad antrum tympanicum, 66, 67 orbitse, 48, 98 Agger nasi, 78, 90 Air-cells of the Eustachian tube, 66 Ala magna, 58-61 ossis ilii, 130 parva, 58-61 Alae vomeris, 79, 91, 92 Alisphenoid, 61 Alveolae dentales mandibulae (lower jaw-bone), 84 maxillae (upper jaw-bone), 82 Ampulla ossea lateralis, 69 posterior, 69 superior, 69 Ampulla, osseous, of the external semicircular canal, 69 of the posterior semicircular canal, 69 of the superior semicircular canal, 69 Angle, acromial, no of the jaw, 84, 85 of Ludwig, 41 of the parietal bone, frontal, 72, 73 mastoid, 72, 73 occipital, 72, 73 sphenoidal, 72, 73 of the pubis, 125 of the ribs, 37, 40 of the scapula, inferior, no internal, 1 10 superior, no of the sphenoid bone, parietal, 58-60 of the sternum, 41 subcostal, 36 Angulus anterior pyramidis, 65 costse, 37, 40 frontalis (ossis parietalis), 72, 73 inferior (scapulae), no infrasternalis, 36 lateralis (scapulae), no Ludovici, 41 mandibulae, 84, 85 mastoideus (ossis parietalis), 72, 73 medialis (scapula), r 10 occipitalis (ossis parietalis), 72, 73 parietalis (ossis sphenoidalis), 58-60 posterior pyramidis, 65 pubis, 125 sphenoidalis (ossis parietalis), 72, 73 steriii, 41 superior pyramidis, 49, 65 Annulus tympanicus, 70, 103, 104 Antrum of Highmore, 80-82, 93-95, 97, 99 orifice of>the, 90 mastoid, 64, 66, 67, 70 entrance to, 66, 67 tympanicum, 64, 66, 67, 70 Apertura vel aperturse : externa aquajductus vestibuli, 63, 68, 70 canaliculi cochleae, 62, 63 f mastoidei, 66 Apertura vel apertura; : t inferior canaliculi tympanici, 62 t interna canaliculi cochlea, 69 pelvis [minoris] inferior, 126, 127 superior, 124, 125, 127 piriformis, 46, 48, 90, 91, 93 t sinus niaxillaris, 90 sphenoidalis, 58-61, 90-93 '' sinuum frontalium, 75, 76, 90, 95 superior canaliculi tympanici, 65, 67 thoracis inferior, 36 superior, 36 tympanica canaliculi chordae, 64 Apex capituli fibulae, 138 t ossis coccjgis, 32 sacri, 30, 31 patellae, 136 pyramidis, 63, 64, 67, 70 Apophysis articularis (articular apophysis), 43 costalis (costal apophysis), 43 muscularis (muscular apophysis), 43 Aquaeductus vestibuli, 69 Aqueduct of the cochlea, external orifice, 62, 63 internal orifice, 69 of Fallopius, 64-69 deficiency in its tympanic wall, G] of the vestibule, 69 external orifice 63, 68, 70 Arch of the atlas, anterior, 29 posterior, 29 neural, or vertebral, 25, 26 orbital, 48, 74, 76, 77, 92, 98 pubic, 124 of the ribs, 36 zygomatic, 46-48, 96 Arcus anterior atlantis, 29 costaruiu, 36 posterior atlantis, 29 pubis, 124 superciliaris, 46, 48, 74 vertebrae, 25, 26 zygomaticus, 46-48, 96 •Area cochleie, 68 cribrosa media, 68 superior, 68 • of the facial nerve, 68 nervi facialis, 68 vestibularis inferior, 68 superior, 68 Arnold's nerve, canal for, 62, 64, 65 Arteria nutricia, 20 protovertebralis, 34 Artery, intercostal, primitive, 34 nutrient, 20 proto vertebral, 34 Articulation, manubrio-gladiolal, 41 Astragalus, 17, 142, 143 Atlas, 29 development of, 35 Atrium meatus iiiedii (atrium of the middle meatus). 90 Auditory aperture, external, 47, 48, 62 internal, 63, 65, 68, 70 INDEX 153 Axis of the pelvis, 127 Axis, the, 29 development of, 35 B. Base of the mandible, 85, 87 of the patella, 136 of the sacrum, 32 of the skull, external aspect, 48 internal aspect, 49 Bases of the metacarpal bones, 122 of the metatarsal bones, 145 of the phalanges of the fingers, 122 of the toes, 145 Basilar portion of the occipital bone, 54-57, 60 Basi-occipital portion of the occipital bone, 54-57, 60, and note, p. 57 Basis cranii externa, 48 interna, 49 mandibulae, 85, 87 ossis sacri, 32 ossiuni metacarpaliuni, 122 metatarsaliuni, 145 patellae, 136 phalangis manus, 122 pedis, 143 Basisphenoid, 58-61 Bertin, bones of, 58, 59, 61 Bodies of the metacarpal bones, 122 of the metatarsal bones, 145 of the phalanges of the fingers, 122 of the toes, 145 of the ribs, 40 of the vertebrae, 25-27 Body of the astragalus, 143 of the calcaneuni, 141, 143 of the femur, 132, 133 of the fibula, 138 of the humerus, 112 of the hyoid bone, 87 of the ilium, 130 of the inferior maxillary bone, S4-87 of the ischium, 128, 130 of the malar bone, 83 of the mandible, 84-87 of the maxilla, 80, 81, 87, 89 of the OS calcis, 141, 143 of the pubis, 130 of the radius, 115 of the sphenoid bone, 58-61 of the sternum, 41 of the superior maxillary bone, 80, 81, 87, 89 of the tibia, 136, 137 of the ulna, 114 Bone, capitate, 119-121 central, of the carpus, 120 cuboid, 142, 144 cuneiform, of foot, external, 17, 142, 144 first, 141, 142, 144 internal, 141, 142, 144 middle, 142, 144 second, 142, 144 third, 17, 142, 144 of hand, 119, 120 ethmoid, 52, 73 frontal, 52, 74-76 development of, 77 hip-, 107, 128-130 development of, 131 hyoid, 87 innominate, 107, 128-130 development of, 131 interparietal, 100, note to p. 57 lachrymal, 53, 79, 90-92, 95 lunar, 119, 120 malar, 53, 83 -marrow, 1 1 maxillary, inferior, 46, 47, 53, 84-86 development of, 86 Bone, maxillary, superior, 46, 47, 53, 80, 81 development of, S2 metacarpal, first, 106, 1 19 nasal, 53, 79, 90, 91 navicular, 142, 144 occipital, 52, 54-56 development of, 57, and note palate, 53, 83 parietal, 19, 52, 72, 73 development of, 21 pisiform, 1 18-120 premaxillary, 82, 97 pyramidal, 119, 120 scaphoid, 119, 120 sphenoid, 52, 58-60 development of, 61 ^sphenoidal spongy, 58, 59, 61 turbinate, 58, 59, 61 subcoracoid, iii temporal, 52, 62-69 development of, 70, 71 trapezoid, 119-121 turbinate of the nose, highest, 78 inferior, 53, 70, 90, 91, 93-95 middle, 78, 90, 94, 95 superior, 78, 90, 92, 94 unciform, 119- 121 Bones, general considerations, 9-21 development of, 20, 21 flat, 19 long, 12-15 minute structure, 10 short, 16, 17, 21 of Bertin, 58, 59, 61 of the carpus, 120, 121 development of, 123 of the cranium proper, 52 of the face, 53 of the forearm, 106, 114- 116 development of, 117 of the leg, 107, 136-138 development of, 139 metacarpal, 119, 122 development of, 123 metatarsal, 142, 145 development of, 146, 147 sesamoid, of foot, 140, 141 ofhand, 118 of the skull, 52-104 suprasternal, 41 of the tarsus, 17, 143, 144 development of, 146, 147 Wormian, 100 Border of the fibula, anterior, 138 external, 138 internal, 138 interosseous, 138 of the frontal bone, nasal, 76, 77 parietal, 74-76 sphenoidal, 75, 76 of the humerus, inner, 112 outer, 112 of the occipital bone, lambdoid, 54-26 mastoid, 54-56 of the parietal bone, anterior, 72, 73 frontal, 72, 73 inferior, 72, 73 occipital, 72, 73 posterior, 72, 73 sagittal, 72, 73 squamous, 72, 73 superior, 72, 73 of the petrous portion of temporal bone, anterior, 65 of the petrous portion of the temporal bone, pos- terior, 65 of the petrous portion of the temporal bone, superior, 49.65 of the radius, anterior, 114, 115 internal, 114, 115 posterior, 114, 115 154 INDEX Border of the scapula, axillary-, i lo , superior, i lo vertebral, i lo of the sphenoid, external, 58-60 frontal, 58, 59 malar, 58-60 orbital, 59 petrous, 59 posterior, 59 squamous, 58-60 of the superior maxillary bone, infra-orbital, 80, 83, 98 lachrymal, 80 of the temporal bone, occipital, 62, 63 parietal, 62, 63 sphenoidal, 62-64 of the tibia, anterior, 136, 138 external, 136-138 internal, 136, 138 of the ulna, anterior, 114 external, 114 posterior, 114 Breschet's canals, 19, 51, 88 Brim of the pelvis, 124, 125 iliac portion, 125 pubic portion, 125 sacral portion, 30, 125 Bulla, ethmoidal, 78, 90 Calcaneum, or os calcis (called by Toldt "Calcaneus"), 17, 142, 143 development of, 146, 147 Calcar femorale, 134, 135 Calvaria, 50 Canal or canals (see also " Canaliculus") : for Arnold's nerve, 62, 64, 65 external orifice of, 66 for the auricular branch of the pneumogastric nerve, 62, 64, 65 basipharyngeal (see note to p. 48), 48, 58-60 of Breschet, 19, 51, 88 carotid, 62-65, ^7, 70, 71, 76 for the chorda tympani nerve, 64, 65, 67 dental, 81 anterior and middle, 81 inferior, 86 posterior, 80, 81, 99 diploic, 19, 51, 88 ethmoidal, anterior, 76, 90, 91, 98 posterior, 76, 91, 98 of the Eustachian tube, 63, 64, 66, 67, 69 of the facial nerve, 64, 69 Haversian, 10 infra-orbital, 80, 81, 95 internal orbital, anterior, 76, 90, 91, 98 posterior, 76, 91, 98 for Jacobsou's nerve, 65-67 inferior orifice, 62 superior orifice, 66. 67 malar, 83 mandibular, 86 medullary, 11, 18-20 nutrient, 13, 18, 19 palatine, accessory, 83, 90, 91, 97 posterior, 97, 99 inferior orifice of, 90, 96, 97 palato-maxillary, p7, 99 mferior orifice of, 90, 96, 97 pterygoid (or Vidian), 58, 59, 61, 92, 93, 96, 99 pterygopalatine, 48, 58-60, 90-92 sacral, 31, 32 semicircular, external, 67-69 posterior, 68, 69 superior, 68, 69 spinal, 43 temporal, 83 of the tensor tympani muscle, 63, 64, 66, 67, 69 Vidian (or pterygoid), 58, 59, 61, 92, 93, 96, 99 Volkmann's, 10, 11 Canaliculus vel canaliculi (see also " Canal ") : caroticotympanici, 62, 67 chordae tympani, 64, 65, 67 cochleae (apertura externa), 62, 63 (apertura interna), 6g t innominatus, 93 niastoideus, 62, 64, 65 t sphenoidalis, 92, 93, 96, 99 tympanicus, 65 Canalis vel canal es : alveolares, 81 basipharyngeus, 48, 58, 59, 90 caroticus, 62-65, 67, 70, 71, 96 condyloideus, 54-57, 88, 89 diploici [Brescheti], 19, 51, 88 facialis [FallopiiJ, 64, 65, 67-69 hypoglossi, 54-57, 88 incisivus, 80, 91 infra-orbitalis, 80, 81, 95 mandibuUe, 86 musculotubarius, 63, 64 nasolacrinialis, 93, 95 nutricius, 13, 18, 19 palatini, 90, 97 pharyngeus, 48, 58, 59, 90-92 pterygoideus [Vidii], 58, 59, 61, 92, 93, 96, 99 pterj'gopalatinus, 97, 99 sacrahs, 31, 32 semicircularis lateralis, 67-69 posterior, 68, 6g superior, 68, 69 vertebralis, 43 Capitellum of the humerus, 112 Capitulum costae, 40 fibulae, 138 humeri, 112 mandibulae, 84-86, 96 ossium metacarpalium, 122 metatarsaliuui, 141, 145 radii, 1 15 uln;e, 114 Caput femoris, 152-134 humeri, 112 t ossis capitati, 121 tali, 143 Carpus, iq6, 118 Cartilage, Meckel's, 103 Cartilages, costal, 39, 40 Cartilage costalis, 39, 40 Cavitas glenoidalis, no, in Cavity, cranial, 88, 89 medullary, 11, 18-20 nasal, 90-95 sigmoid (of the radius), 115 (of the ulna), great, 114, lig small, 124 thoracic, 43 tympanic, 67 tCavum cranii cerebralis, 88, 89 medullare, 11, 18-20 nasi, 90-95 thoracis, 43 tj'mpani, 65-70, 96 Cells, ethmoidal, 76, 78, 90 of the Eustachian tube, 66 mastoid, 64, 67 tympanic, 67 Cellute ethmoidales, 78, 90 mastoideae, 64, 67 pneumaticiE tubariffi, 66 tympanicae, 67 Centra of the vertebrae, 25-27 Choanae, 48, 93, 96 Chorda dorsalis, 34 tympani nerve, canal for, 64, 65, 67 orifice of the canal for, 64 Cingulum extremitatis inferioris, 107, 124-126 superioris, 106, loiS Circumference, articular, of the radius, 115 of the ulna, 1 14 INDEX 155 Circumferentia articularis radii, 115 ulnae, 114 Clavicula (the clavicle), 106, 108, 109 Clivus, 49, 56, 88 Coccyx, the, 24, 32, 33, 125, 126 development of, 35 extremity of the, 32 Cochlea, 65, 68, 69 Collum anatomicum, 112 chirurgicum, 112 costae, 40 femoris, 132-134 mandibulEe, 84, 85 radii, 115 scapula;, no tail, 143 Column, spinal, 24 development of, 34, 35 vertebral, 24 development of, 34, 35 Concavity of the carpus, 1 18 Concha nasalis inferior, 53, 79, 90, 91, 93-95 media, 78, 90, 94, 95 superior, 78, 90, 92, 94 suprenia [Santorini], 78 Conchas sphenoidales, 58, 59, 61 Condylar portion of the occipital bone, 54, 56, 57, and note, P-57 Condyle of the femur, external, 132, 134 internal, 132-134 of the humerus, external, 112 internal, 112 of the inferior maxillary bone, 84-86, 96 of the mandible, 84-86, 96 Condyles of the occipital bone, 48, 54-56 Condylus lateralis femoris, 132, 134 tibiae, 136, 137 medialis femoris, 132-134 tibiae, 136, 137 occipitalis, 48, 54-56 tConjugata diagoualis, 127 vera, 127 Conjugate diameter, diagonal, 127 true, 127 Cornu, coccygeal, 32 of the hyoid bone, great, 87 small, 87 sacral, 31, 32 Cornua sphenoidalia, 58, 59, 61 Corpus calcanei, 141, 143 costEe, 40 femoris, 132, 133 fibulae, 138 humeri, 112 mandibulae, 84-87 maxillae, 80, 81, 87, 99 ossis hyoidei, 87 ilium, 130 ischii, 128, 130 pubis, 130 sphenoidalis, 58-61 ossium nietacarpalium, 122 metatarsalium, 145 phalangis manus, 122 pedis, 145 radii, 115 sterni, 41 tali, 143 tibiffi, 136, 137 uhiEe, 114 vertebrae, 25-27 Costae, 38 40 development of, 42 spurise, 36 verae, 36 Craniometry, loi Cranium, 45-T04 cavity of, 88, 89 development of, 102-104 facial portion (cranium viscerale), 53, 96, 97 Cranium, primordial (cranium primordiale), 102, 103 proper (cranium cerebrale), 52, 88, 89 •Crest, buccinator, 84, 85 ethmoidal, of the palate-bone, 83 of the superior maxillary bone, 80, 81 frontal, 49, 50, 75, 88 of the fundus of the internal auditory meatus, trans- verse, 65, 68 of the ilium, 128-130 inferior turbinate, of the superior maxillary bone, 80, 81 infratemporal, 48, 58-60, and note, p. 59 lachrymal, 79, 98 * anterior, see " Ridge, orbital " * posterior, see " Crest, lachrymal " nasal, of the superior maxillary bone, 91, 95, 97 obturator, 130 occipital, external, 48, 55, 56 internal, 49, 54, 56 of the occipital bone for the rectus capitis posticus major muscle, 56 of the occipital bone for the rectus capitis posticus minor muscle, 56 * orbital, 59 of the septum of the nose, lateral, 93 * sacral, articular, 31 * external, 31 * median, 31 sphenoidal, 58, 59 supramastoid, 62 ' temporal, 46, 74, 77 transverse, see "Crista falciformis" turbinate, inferior, of the palate-bone, 83 of the superior maxillary bone, 80,81 superior, of the palate-bone, 83 of the vestibule, 69 Crista anterior (fibulae), 138 (tibia), 136, 138 buccinatoria, 84, 85 capituli costae, 40 colli costae, 40 conchalis (maxillae), 80, 81 (ossis palatini), 83 ethmoidalis (maxillae), 80, 81 (ossis palatini), 83 falciformis, 65, 68 frontalis, 49, 50, 75, 88 galli, 49, 78, 88, 94, 95 iliaca, 128-130 infratemporalis, 48, 58-60 interossea (fibulae), 138 (radii), 114, 115 (tibiae), 136-138 (ulnae), 114 intertrochanterica, 132-134 lacrimalis anterior, 80, 98 posterior, 79, 98 lateralis (fibula), 138 septi (nasi), 93 medialis (fibulae), 138 musculi recti capitis majoris, 56 minoris, 56 supinatoris, 114 nasalis, 91, 95, 97 obturatoria, 130 occipitalis externa, 48, 55, 56 interna, 49, 54, 56 orbitalis (alae magnae), 59 sacralis articularis, 31 lateralis, 31 medialis, 31 sphenoidalis, 58, 59 transversa, 65, 68 tuberculi majoris, 112 minoris, 112 vestibuli, 69 Cms cotiimune and crus simplex of the semicircular canals, 69, and note, p. 69 Cupular portion of the epitympanic recess, 64 156 INDEX Dens epistrophei, 29 Depression, digital, 85 , , , ,■ ^ Depressions for the lateral metatarso-phalangeal ligaments, 145 Pacchionian, 50, 73 Diameter, conjugate, of the pelvis, diagonal, 127 true, 127 Diameters, oblique, of the pelvis, 127 transverse, of the pelvis, 127 Diaphysis, 20 Digiti (manus), 118 pedis, 140, 141 Diploe, 19, 50. 51 of the frontal bone, 76, 77 Disc, epiphysial, 20 Dorsum of the foot, 140 of the scapula, no selloe, 58-61, 96 Eminence, articular, 62 deltoid, 112 frontal, 46, 74, 77. io4 iliopectineal, 128, 130 jugular, 54, 56 olivary, 59-61 parietal, 72, 104 papillary, 66, 67, 69 of the second rib for the serratus magnus, 40 of the superior semicircular canal, 63, 70 Eminentia arcuata, 63, 70 carpi radialis, 118 ulnaris, 118 cruciata, 54, 89 iliopectinea, 128, 130 intercondyloidea, 136, 137 papillaris, 66, 67, 69 pyramidalis, 66, 67, 69 Entrance to the mastoid antrum, 66, 67 to the orbit, 48, 98 Epicondyle of the femur, external. 132, 134 '^ internal, 132, 133 Epicondylus lateralis (femoris), 132, 134 (humeri), T12 tnedialis (femoris), 132, 135 (humeri), 112 Epiphysis, 20 Epistropheus, 29 development of, 35 Epitympanic recess, 63, 69, 70 Eustachian canal, 63, 64, 66, 67, 69 Extremitas acromialis (clavicuUe), 109 sternalis (claviculte), 109 Extremity of the clavicle, acromial, 109 sternal, 109 Exoccipital, 54, 56, 57. a"d "ote, p. 57 F. Facet or facets, articular : of the acromion, clavicular, no of the atlas, superior, 29 of the astragalus — for the calcaneum, anterior, 143 middle, 143 posterior, 143 for the external malleolus, 143 for the internal malleolus, 143 for the navicular bone, 143 of the clavicle, acromial, 109 sternal, 109 of the heads of the ribs, 40 of the odontoid process, anlenor, 29 of the OS calcis, anterior, 143 cuboid, 143 internal, 143 posterior, 143 for the ribs (sternal), 41 of the tubercles of the ribs, 40 Facet or facets, articular : of the vertebrEE, inferior, 25-27 superior, 25-27 Facial portion of the skull, 53 tFacies, anterior femoris, 132, 133 lateralis humeri, 112 maxillce, 80 inedialis humeri, n2 pyramidis, 65 articulans acromialis (claviculse), 109 acroniii, no anterior calcanei, 143 epistrophei, 29 calcauea (tali) anterior, 143 media, 143 posterior, 145 capituli costce, 40 fibulae, 138 carpea, 115 cuboidea (calcanei), 143 fibularis, 136, 137 inferior tibiae, 137 vertebrarum, 25-27 malleolaris (tibiae), 137 malleoli (lateralis), 137, 138 media (calcanei), 143 navicularis (tali), 143 ossis temporalis, 62, 70, 71 patelUe, 136 posterior (calcanei), 143 sternalis (claviculae), log superior tibiae, 137 vertebrarum, 25-27 tuberculi costae, 40 auricularis ossis ilium, 128 sacri, 31, 32 cerebralis alae magnje, 58, 61 ossis frontalis, 75 parietalis, 73 squamae temporalis, 63, 64 costalis scapulae, 1 10 t dorsalis manus, ng ossis sacri, 31, 32, 126 t pedis, 140 radii, 114-116 scapulae, no ulna;, n4 frontalis (ossis frontalis), 74 inferior pyramidis, 65 infratemporalis (maxilUe), So, 99 t lateralis femoris, 132, 133 iibulae, 138 radii, 114-116 tibiae, 136- 138 lunata (acetabuli), 130 inalaris (ossis zygoniatici), 8^ malleolaris lateralis (tali), 143 inedialis (tali), 143 maxillaris ossis palatini, 83 t medialis femoris, 132, 133 fibulae, 138 tibiae, 136, 138 ulnae, 114 nasalis tnaxilUe, 80 ossis palatini, 83 orbitalis alae magiue, 5S-61, 98 maxilUe, 80 ossis frontalis, 76 zygoniatici, 83 ossea, 53 . ,. , parietalis (ossis panetalis), 72 patellaris, 132-134 pelvina (ossis sacri), 30, 32, 125 t plantaris pedis, 141 posterior fibulae, 138 humeri, 112 pyramidis, 65 tibia;, 136-138 sphenomaxillaris (ala; magnae), 58, 99 superior (tali), 143 INDEX 157 Facies syniphyseos, 12S temporalis alse magnae, 58-61 ossis frontalis, 74, 77 zygomatici, 83 squaiiiie temporalis, 62, 63 t volaris manus, 118 radii, 114- 116 ulnae, 114, 116 Fejnur, the, 14, 107, 132-134 development of, 135 Fenestra cochleie, 67, 69 ovalis, 67-69 rotunda, 67, 69 vestibuli, 67-69 Fibres, Sliarpey's, 10 Fibula, the, 107, 138 development of, 139 Fingers, skeleton of, 1 18 Fissura orbitalis inferior, 93, 96, 98 superior, 58, 59, 88, 92, 98 petro-occipitalis, 48, 49, 88 petrosquamosa, 63, 64, 69 petrotyinpanica [Glaseri], 62, 65, 70, 71 pteryg'oidea, 58, 59 . pterygoinaxillans, 99 spheno-occipitalis, 60 sphenopetrosa, 48, 49 tynipanomastoidea, 62, 66, 71 Fissure, Glaserian, 62, 65, 70, 71 incisor, 48, 82, 97 occipitosphenoidal, 60 orbital, 58, 59, 88, 92, 98 petrobasilar, 48, 49, 98 petrosquamous, 63, 64, 69 pterygomaxillary, 99 sphenomaxillary, 93, 96, 98 tympanomastoid, 62, 66, 71 Fontanelle, anterior, 104 anterolateral, 104 posterior, 104 posterolateral, 104 Fonticulus frontalis [niajorj, 104 mastoideus, 104 occipitalis [minor], 104 sphenoidalis, 104 Foramen or foramina: alveolar, anterior and middle, fit posterior, 80, 81, 99 caecum, 49, 75, 88, 91, 94 condylar, anterior, 54-57, 88 posterior, 54-57, 88, 89 costotransverse, 26, 29 t emissarii occipitalis, 89 emissary, mastoid, 62, 63, 89 occipital, 89 of Vesalius, see " Canaliculus sphe- noidalis," and note, p. 92 ethmoidale anterius, 76, 90, 91, 98 posterius, 76, 91, 98 frontale, 76 iucisivuni, 82, 93, 96, 97 inferior dental, 85 infra-orbital, 80, 81, 98, 99 intervertebral, 24 of the sacrum, 31 jugular, 48, 49, 88 bipartite, 88 divided by an iiitrajugular process, 88 lacerate, anterior, 58, 59, 88, 92, 98 middle, 48, 49 posterior, 48, 49, 88 mandibular, 85 magnum, 48, 54-56, 89 mastoid, 62, 63, 89 mental, 85, 86 nasal, 79 nutricium, 18, 19 claviculae, 109 femoris, 132 fibula, 138 Foramen or foramina : nutricium humeri, 112 ossis ilii, 19 radii, 115, 116 tibiaa, 18, 136, 137 ulnte, 134, Ii6 nutrient, 18, 19 of the clavicle, 109 of the femur, 132 of the fibula, 138 of the humerus, 112 of the ilium, 19 of the radius, 1 15, 1 16 of the tibia, 18, 136, 137 of the ulna, 114, 116 obturator, 128-130 optic, 59-61, 88, 98, 99 ovale (of the hip-bone), 128-130 (of the skull), 59, 61, 96 palatina minora, 83, 90, 97 palatinum majus, 90, 915, 97 * palatine, great, 90, 96, 97 parietal, 72, 73, 100 pterygospiuous, 91 rotundum, j8-6i, 88, 92, 93, 99 sacral, anterior, 30 posterior, 31 singulare, 68 sphenoidal, 58-6;, 90-93 sphenopalatine, 90, 91, 98, 99 spinal, 25-27 spinosum, 59 of Stenson, 82 * stylomastoid, 62; 64, 67, 70, 71 supra-orbital, 74, 76 thyroid, 128-130 transversarium, 26, 29 vertebrale, 25-27 for vertebral artery, 26, 29 of Vesalius, note to p. 92 (see also " Canaliculus, sphenoidal") zygomaticofaciale, 83 zygomatico-orbitale, 83 zygomaticotemporale, 130 « Fossa acetabuli, 130 canine, 80 condylar, posterior, 55 coronoid, 112 cranial, anterior, 49, 88, 95 middle, 49, 88 posterior, 49, 88 digastric (of the inferior maxillary bone), 85 (of the temporal bone), 62, 71 digital, 132, 133 of the external lateral ligament of the ankle-joint, 137. 138 floccular, 63, 70 glandulae lachrymalis, 76, 77, 92, 98 of the Gasserian ganglion, 63 glenoid, of the scapula, no, in of the temporal bone, 62, 70, 71 hypophyseos, 59-61, and note to p. 60 iliac, 128 * of the incus, 64 infraspinous, no infratemporal, 48, 96 intercondylar, of the femur, 132, 134 of the tibia, anterior, 137 intercondyloidea (femoris), 132, 134 anterior (tibia), 137 posterior (tibiae), 137 jugular, of the tem])oral bone, 62, 65 lachrymal, 76, 77, 92, 98 * mandibularis, 62 occipital, inferior, 54, 56 superior, 54 olecranon, 112 palatine, anterior, 82, 96, 97 pituitary, 59-51 prenasal, 97 158 INDEX Fossa, pterygoid, 58, 95 pterygopalatitia, 92, 98, 99 radial, 112 reuiforin, 65 sacci lacrimalis, 98 scaphoid, 58 spheiioiiiaxillary, 92, 98, 99 subarcuata, 63, 70 subscapular, no supraspinous, no temporal, 47 trocliauterica, 132, 133 trochlear, 76 • vermian, 89 zygomatic, 48, 96 Fossula fenestrEB cochlea:, 66, 68 vestibuli, 66 of the fenestra ovalis, 66 ^ rotunda, 66, 68 ovalis, 66 of the petrous ganglion, 62, 65 petrosa, 62, 65 rotunda, 66, 68 Fovea articularis ossis temporalis, 62 superior atlantis, 29 capitis fenions, 132, 133 capituli radii, 115 costalis, inferior, 25 superior, 25 transversalis, 25 dentis, 29 pterygoidea (processus condyloidei), 84, 85 sublingualis, 85 submaxillaris, 85 trochlearis, 76 tFoveolse ethmoidales, 76 granulares [Pacchioni], 50, 73 Frons, 46, 47 Fundus meatus acustici interni, 65 of the internal auditory meatus, 65 Geniculum of the aqueduct of Fallopius, 65, 67, 68 canalis facialis, 65, 67, 68 "German horizontal," loi Girdle, pelvic, 107, 124-126 shoulder, 106, 108 Glabella, 46, 74 Gladiolus, 41 Great wing of the sphenoid, 58-61 Groove or grooves : for Arnold's nerve, 62, 65 for the auricular branch nerve, 62, 65 basilar, 49, 56, 58 bicipital, H2 carotid, 58, 59 fibular, 136, 137 of the hamular process, 58 infra-orbital, 80, 93, 94, ^, 99 interosseous, of the astragalus, 143 of the calcaneum, 143 of the tarsus, 143 lachrymal, 98 of the lachrymal bone, 79, 92 of the superior maxillary bone, 80, 82, 91, 98 meningeal, 50, 73 of the middle temporal artery, 62 mylohyoid, 85 of the nasal nerve, 79, 91 obturator, 128 occipital, 62, 71 optic, 59 palatine, 82, 97 anterior, 80, 91 posterior, 80 of the palate-bone, 83 of the sphenoid bone, 58, and note to same of the pneumogastric Groove or grooves : palatomaxillary, 80 of the palate-bone, 83 of the sphenoid bone, 58, and note to same preauricular, 12S of the promontory, for the nerves of the tympanic plexus, 67 • pterygopalatine, note to p. 58 spiral, 112 for spinal nerve, 26 of the subclavian artery, 40 subcostal, 40 of the superficial petrosal nerve, great, 63, 64 small, 63, 64 of the tendon of— the flexor carpi radialis muscle, 121 the flexor longus hallucis muscle, 141, 143 the peroneus longus muscle, 140, 141, 143, 144 the popliteus muscle, 134 the tibialis posticus muscle, 136 of the tendons of the peroneal muscles, 13S of the ulnar nerve, 112 vertebral (for vertebral artery), 29 H. Hamulus lacrimalis, 79, 98 ossis hamati, 118, 121 pterygoideus, 58, 60, 95 Haversian canals, 10 system of lamellae, 10, 11 Head of the astragalus, 143 of the capitate bone, 121 of the femur, 132-134 of the fibula, 138 of the humerus, 112 of the inferior maxillary bone, 84-86, 96 of the mandible, 84-86, 96 of the OS magnum, 121 of the radius, 115 of the scapula, no of the ulna, 114 Heads of the metacarpal bones, 112 of the metatarsal bones, 141, 145 of the ribs, 40 Heart, rudimentary, 102 Hiatus canalis facialis, 63-67 Fallopii, 63-67 maxillaris, 80, 91, 99 of the sacrum, 31 semilunaris, 78, 90 subarcuatus, 63, 70 Hip-bone, the, 107, 128-130 development of, 131 Hook of the unciform bone, n8, 121 Horseshoe-shaped articular surface of the acetabulum, 130 Humerus, the, 12, 106, n2 development of, n3 I. Iliac portion of the iliopectineal line, 128 Ilium, the, 19, 124-126 •Impressiones digitate, 49, 75, and notes, pp. 49 and 75 Impression, rhomboid, 109 Impressio trigemini, 63 Incisura vel incisurse : acetabuli, 130 clavicularis, 41 costales, 41 ethmoidalis, 76, 77 fibularis, 136, 137 frontalis, 74, 76 ischiadica major, 128, 129 minor, 129 jugularis ossis occipitalis, 56, 89 temporalis, 63 sterni, 41 lacrimalis, 80 INDEX 159 Incisura vel incisurae : niandibulae, 84 iiiastoidea, 62, 71 nasalis, 80 parietalis, 62, 63 radialis (ulnse), 114 scapulae, 1 10 semilunaris, 114, 115 sphenopalatina, 83 supra-orbitalis, 74, 76 tyinpanica [Rivini], 62, 64, 70, 71 ulnaris (radii), 115 vertebralis inferior, 25, 27 superior, 27 Inclination of the pelvis, 127 Infundibuluni, 78 Interparietal bone, note, p. 57 Ischium, the, 124-126 Iter chordae posterius, 64, 65, 67 Jacobson's nerve, canal for, 65-67 Jaw-bone, lower, 46, 47, 53, 84-86 development of, 86 upper, 46, 47, 53, 80, 81 development of, 82 Jaws, senile atrophy of, 87 Juga alveolaria, 80, 85 cerebralia, 49, 75 L. Labium externum (cristae iliacae), 129, 130 internum (cristae iliacae), 128 laterale (lineae asperae), 132, 133 mediale (lineje asperae), 132, 133 Labyrinth, bony, 68, 69, 96 of the ethmoid bone, 78, 92, 94 osseous, 68, 69, 96 Labyrinthus ethmoidalis, 78, 92, 94 osseous, 68, 6g, 96 Lachr3'mal canal, 93, 95 Lacuna; of bone, 10 Lamina cribrosa, 78, go, 91, 94 externa of the cranial bones, 19, 50 interna of the cranial bones, 19, 50 lateralis processus pterygoidei, 58, 60, 61, 99 t malaris (ossis zygomati'ci), 83 medialis processus pterj'goidei, 5S, 6> t orbitalis (ossis zygomatic!), 83, 98 papyracea, 78, 91, 92, 94 perpendicularis, 78, 91, 94, 95 of the vertebrae, 25, 26 Limbus alveolaris mandibulse, 84, 86 maxillae, 80-82, 97 t dentalis, 48 Liuea vcl lineae : arcuata (ossis ilii), 128 aspera (fenioris), 132, 133 glutaea anterior, 129, 130 inferior, 129 posterior, 129 intercondyloidea (femoris), 132 intermedia (cristae iliacae), 128, 130 intertrochanterica, 132, 133 musculares (scapulae), no mylohyoidea, 85 nuchae inferior, 48, 55, 56 superior, 55, 56 suprema, 55 obliqua (mandibulae), 84, 85 pectinea (femoris), 132, 133 poplitea, 136, 137 temporalis inferior, 47, 62, 72 (ossis frontalis), 46, 74, 77 superior, 47, 72 terminalis (pelvis), 124, 125 pars iliaca, 125 pubica, 125 sacralis, 30, 125 transversse (ossis sacri), 30 Line or lines : curved, of the ilium, inferior, 129 middle, 129, 130 superior, 129 of the occipital bone, highest, 55 inferior, 48, 55, 56 superior, 55, 56 gluteal, inferior, 129 middle, 129, 130 posterior, 129 iliopectineal, iliac portion, 128 pubic portion, 12S intercondylar, 132 intertrochanteric, anterior, 132, 133 posterior, 132, 133 oblique, external (of the inferior maxillary bone), 84, 85 — - internal (of the inferior maxillary bone), 85 of the scapula, no of the tibia, 136, 137 pectineal, 132, 133 temporal, inferior, 47, 72 superior, 47, 72 trapezoid, log Lingula mandibulae, 84-86 sphenoidalis, 59, gg Lip of the crest of the ilium, inner, 128 outer, 129, 130 of the linea aspera, inner, 132, 133 outer, 132, 1.33 M. Malleolus, external, 137, 138 internal, 136, 137 lateralis, 137, 138 medialis, 136, 137 Mandibula, 46, 47, 53, 84-86 development, 86 Manubrium sterni, 41 Margin, alveolar, of the inferior maxillary bone, 84, 86 of the superior maxillary bone, 80-82, 97 of bicipital groove, inner, 112 outer, 112 supra-orbital, 48, 74, 76, 77, 92, 98 Marge axillaris (scapulae), no dorsalis radii, 114, 115 ulnae, 114 frontalis ossis parietalis, 72, 73 sphenoidalis, 58, 59 infraglenoidalis (tibiae), 136, 137 infra-orbitalis, 80, 83, 98 lacrimalis (maxillae), 80 lambdoideus, 54-56 lateralis humeri, 112 pedis, 140 mastoideus, 54-56 medialis humeri, 112 pedis, 140 tibiae, 136, 138 nasalis (ossis frontalis), 76, 77 occipitalis ossis parietalis, 72, 73 temporalis, 62, 63 '+ orbitalis (ossis sphenoidalis), 59 parietalis ossis frontalis, 74-76 temporalis, 62, 63 t petrosus (ossis sphenoidalis), 59 sagittalis (ossis parietalis), 72, 73 + sphenoidalis ossis frontalis, 75, 76 temporalis, 62-64 squamosus ossis parietalis, 72, 73 sphenoidalis, 58-60 superior (scapulae), no supra-orbitahs, 48, 74, 76, 77, 92, 98 vertebralis (scapulae), no volaris radii, 114, 115 ulnae, 114 zygomaticus (ossis sphenoidalis), 58-60 Massa lateralia (atlaiitis), 29 Masses, lateral (of the atlas), 29 160 INDEX Mass, lateral, of the ethmoid bone, 78, 92, 94 of the sacrum, 30, 31 Mastoid antrum, 64, 66, 67, 70 entrance to, 66, 67 portion of tlie temporal bone, 62-64, 70> 7' Maxilla, the, 46, 47, 53, 80, 81 development of, 82 Meatus acusticus externus, 47, 66, 69, 71, 96 internus, 65, 68, 69, 96 auditory, external, 47, 66, 69, 71, 96 internal, 65, 68, 69, 96 nasal, common, 78, 96 inferior, 90, 94 middle, go, 94 superior, 90, 94 nasi communis, 78, 96 inferior, 90, 94 medius, 90, 94 superior, 90, 94 nasophar3ngeal, 90 nasopharyngeus, 90 Medulla ossium, 11 Membrane of the anterior fontanelle, 104 Mesosternum, 41 Metacarpus, 106, 118 Metatarsus, 107, 140 Metasternum, 41 N. Nares, posterior, 48, 93, 96 Nasal aperture, anterior, 46, 48, 90, 91, 93 posterior, 48, 93, 96 Neck, anatomical, of the humerus, 112 of the astragalus, 143 of the femur, 132-134 of the inferior maxillary bone, 84, 85 of the mandible, 84, 85 of the radius, 115 of the scapula, no surgical, of the humerus, U2 Necks of the ribs, 40 tNorma frontalis, 46, loi t lateralis, 47, loi t verticalis, loi Notch, cotyloid, 130 clavicular, 41 ethmoidal, 76, 77 great sciatic, 128, 129 iliosciatic, 128, 129 interclavicular, 40 jugular, of the occipital bone, 56, 89 of the temporal bone, 63 lachrymal, 80 nasal, 80 parietal, 62, 63 popliteal, 137 pterygoid, 58, 89 of Rivinus, 62, 64, 70, 71 sciatic, 129 sigmoid, 84 small sciatic, 129 sphenopalatine, 83 supra-orbital, 74, 76 suprascapular, no vertebral, inferior, 25, 27 superior, 27 Notochord, 34 "Nutcracker face," 87 Nutrient artery, 20 o. Occiput, 47 Odontoid process, 29 Olecranon, 114, 115 Optic vesicle, primary, 102 Orbit, entrance to the, 48, 98 Orbital orifice, height, loi width, loi Orbitosphenoid, 61 Orbits, the, 92-95, 98 Orifice of the Eustachian tube, tympanic, 66 Os vel ossa : t acetabuli, 131 t antibrachii, 106, 114-110 development of, II7 brevia, 16, 17 development of, 21 capilatum, 119-121 calcis, 17, 142, 143 development of, 146, 147 carpi, 120, 121 development of, 123 centrale carpi, 120 coccygis, 24, 32, 33, 125, 120 development of, 35 costale, 38, 39 coxae, 107, 128-130 development of, 13; cranii, 52-104 cerebralis, 52 t cruris, 107, 136-138 development of, 139 cuboideum, 14^, 144 cuneiforme primuni, 141, 142, 14,/; secundum, 142, 144 tertium, 17, 142, 144 ethmoidale, 52, 78 faciei, 53 frontale, 52, 74-76 development of, 77 hamatum, 119-121 hj-oideum, 87 ilium, 19, 124-126 t incse, 100 incisivum, 82, 97 t infracoracoideum, in innominatum, 107, 128-130 development of, 13J interparietale, 100 ischii, 124-126 lacrimale, 53, 79, 90-92, 95 longa, 12-15 lunatuni, ng, 120 magnum, 119-121 metacarpale I., 106, 119 metacarpalia, 119, 122 development of, 123 nietatarsale I., 107, 142 metatarsalia, 142, 145 development of, 146, J47 multangulum niajus, 119-121 minus, 1 19-121 nasale, 53, 79, 90, 91 naviculare manus, ng, 120 pedis, 142, 144 occipitale, 52, 54-56 development of, 57 palatinum, 53, 83 parietale, 19, 52, 72, 73 development of, 21 pisiforme, n8-i2o planum, 78, 91, 92, 94 plana, 19 pubis, 124-126 sacrum, 24, 30-33, 125, 126 development of, 35 sesamoidea manus, 118 pedis, 140, 141 sphenoidale, 52, 58-60 development of, oi suprasternalia, 41 suturarum, ico tarsi, 17, 143, 144 temporale, 52, 62-69 development of, 70, 71 trigonum. 143 triquetrum, 119, 120 zygomaticum, 53, 83 " Osseous corpuscles," 10 Ossification, intracartilaginous, 20 intramembranous, 21 c •X. m zn INDEX 160rt Ossification of the Y-shaped cartilage of the acetabulum, 131 Osteologj, 7 et seg. Ostium tympanicum tubse auditiva, 66 P. Palate, hard, 48, 94, 96, 97 Palatum durum, 48, 94, 96, 97 Paries carotica cavi tympani, 65, 66 inferior orlrita, 93, 98, 99 jugularis cavi tympani, 66 labyrinthica cavi tympani, 65, 66 lateralis orbitoe, 98 mastoidea cavi tympani, 66 medialis orbitae, 98 superior orbitae, 92, 98 tegmentalis cavi tympani, 65 Pars alveolaris mandibulae, 84-86 basilaris ossis occipitalis, 54-57 cupularis recessus epitympanici, 64 horizontalis ossis palatini, 83, 90, 91, 97 lateralis ossis occipitalis, 54, 56, 57 sacn, 30, 31 mastoidea ossis temporalis, 62-64, 70, 71 nasalis ossis frontalis, 74, 77 orbitalis ossis frontalis, 75-77, 94, 98 perpendicularis ossis palatini, 83, 90, 91, 97, 99 petrosa ossis temporalis, 62-64, 7°. 71 tjmpanica ossis temporalis, 62, 64, 65, 71 Patella, 107, 136 Pecten ossis pubis, 128 Pedicle of the neural arch, 25, 26 Pelvic brim or inlet, 124, 125, 127 girdle, 107, 124-126 outlet, 126, 127 Pelvis, 124, 127 axis of, 127 diameters of, 127 false, 124, 125 female, 124 major, 124, 125 male, 125, 126 measurements of, 127 minor, 124, 125, 127 t muliebris, 124 true, 124, 125, 127 t virilis, 125, 126 Perichondrium, 20 Periosteum, 11, 20 Petrosal ganglion, depression for, 62, 65 Petrous portion of the temporal bone, 62-64, ^Ti 70> 7^ Phalanges digitorum manus, 106, 118, 119, 122 development of, 123 pedis, 107, 140-142, 145 development of, 146, 147 hallucis, 107 pollicis, 106 Phalanges of the fingers, 106, 118, 119, 122 development of, 123 of the great toe, 107 of the thumb, 106 of the toes, 107, 140-142, 145 development of, 146, 147 Pit, olfactory, 102 Plane, nuchal, 48, 55, loo occipital, 55, 100 Planum nuchale, 48, 55, 100 occipitale, 55, 100 popliteum, 132 t sternale, 36 temporale, 47, 72 Plate, cribriform, 78, 90, 91, 94 of the ethmoid bone, orbital, 78, 91, 92, 94 vertical, 78, 91, 94, 95 of the frontal bone, orbital, 75-77, 94, 98 of the palate bone, horizontal, S3, 90, 91, 97 palate, 83, 90, 91, 97 vertical, 83, 90, 91, 97, 99 pterj'goid, external, 58, 60, 61, 99 internal, 58, 61 tympanic, 62, 64, 65, 71 Ponticulus promontorii, 67 Portion, nasal, of the frontal bone, 74, 77 Poms acusticus externus, 47, 48, 62 internus, 63, 65, 68, 70 Postsphenoid, 61 Premaxilla, 82, 97 Presphenoid, 61 Presternum, 41 Process or processes : accessory, 27 alar, 78, 94 articular, of the sacrum, superior, 30-32 of the vertebrae, inferior, 25-27, 29 superior, 2527, 29 * of the astragalus, external, 143 posterior, 141, 143 trochlear, 143 _ basilar, of the occipital bone, 54-57, 60 cHnoid, anterior, 58-60 middle, 59, 60 posterior, 58, 59 cochleanform, 64-68 coracoid, no, in coronoid (of the mandible), 84, 86 (of the ulna), 114 costal, 27 ensifomi, 41 ethmoidal, 79, 90 of frontal bone, external angular, 75-77 humular, of the lachrymal bone, 79, 98 of the sphenoid bone, 58, 60, 95 intrajugular, of the occipital bone, 63 of the temporal bone, 56 jugular, 54, 56, 89 lachrymal, 79, go of the malar bone, frontal, 83 marginal, 83 orbital, 83, 98 temporal, 83 mamillary, 27 mastoid, 48, 62, 64, 67, 71, 88 maxillary, of the inferior turbinate bone, 79 99 nasal, of the palate bone, 83, 99 of the maxillary bone (inferior), alveolar, 84-86 coronoid, 84-86 (superior), alveolar, 80, 82, 99 malar, 80, 82 nasal, 80, 81, 91 palatine, 80-82, 90, 91.97 odontoid, 29 of the palate bone, orbital, 83, 90-92, 98, 99 pyramidal, 83, 97, 99 sphenoidal, 83, 90, 91 paramastoid, 88 paroccipital, 88 pterygoid, 48, 58-61, 91, 92 pterygospinous, 60, 91 spinous, of the sphenoid bone, 58-61, 93 (of vertebrae), 25-27 styloid, of the fibula, 138 of the radius, 115 of the temporal bone, 48, 62, 64 of the third metacarpal bone, 122 of the ulna, 114, 115 transverse, 25, 26, 28 tympanic, anterior, 70, 71 posterior, 70 unciform, of the unciform bone, 118, 121 uncinate, 78, 90, 94, 95, 99 ungual, of the phalanges of the fingers, 122 of the toes, 141, 145 vaginal, of the sphenoid bone, 58, 59, 61, 90, 91 of the temporal bone, 64, 70, 71 xiphoid, 41 Processus accessorius, 27 alaris, 78, 94 alveolaris (maxillae), 80, 82, 99 ■ articularis inferior vertebrarum, 25-27, 29 superior ossis sacri, 30-32 ! vertebrarum, 25-27, 29 I clinoideus, anterior, 58-60 aoa 1606 INDEX Processus clinoidcus, mediiis, 50, 60 posterior, 58, 59 cochleariformis, 65, 66, 68 condyloideus, 84, 85 coracoideiis, no, in coronoideus mandibulse, 84-86 ulnae, 114 costanus, 27 ethmoidalis, 79, 90 frontalis, 80, 81, 91 froiitosphenoidalis, 83 - intrajugularis ossis occipitalis, 56 temporalis, 63 jugularis, 54, 56, 89 lacriiiialis, 79, 90 lateralis tali, 143 tuberis calcanei, 141, 143 luaniillaris, 27 marginalis, S3 - mastoideus, 48, 62, 64, 67, 71, 88 maxillaris, 79, 99 medialis tuberis calcanei. 141, 143 nasalis ossis palati, 83, 99 orbitalis, 83, 90-92, 98, 99 palatinus, 80-82, 90, 91, 97 parpnjastoideus, 88 poReeitor tali, 141, 143 pterygoideus, 48, 58-61, 91, 92 pterygospinosus [Civinini], 60, 91 pyraniidalis, 83, 97, 99 sphenoidalis, 83, 90, 91 spinosus, 25-27 styloideus ossis nietacarpalis III., 122 temporalis, 48, 63,64 radii, 115 ulnte, 114, 115 temporalis, 83 transversus, 25, 26, 28 trochlearis, 143 t tympanicus, anterior, 70, 71 posterior, 70 t uncinatus, 78, 90, 94, 95, 99 vaginalis, 58, 59, 61, 90, 91 xiphoideus, 41 zygomaticus maxillte, 80, 82 ossis frontalis, 75-77 temporalis, 62-64, 70^ 7' Prominence of the aqueduct of Fallopius, 66 of the external semicircular canal, 66, 67 styloid, 64 Prominentia canalis facialis, 66 semicircularis lateralis, 66, 67 styloidea, 64 Promontorium (cavi tympani), 66-68 (columnse vertebralis), 24, 124 Promontory of the tympanum, 66-68 sacral, 24, 124 Protovertebrse, 34 Protuberance, mental, 84-86 occipital, external, 48, 55, 56 internal, 49, 54, 57, Protuberantia mentalis, 84-86 occipitalis externa, 48, 55, 56 interna, 49, 54, 57, .89 Pterygoid plate, external, 58, 60, 61, 99 internal, 58, 61 Pubis, the, 124-126 Pyramid of the tympanum, 66, 67, 69 Pj'ramis [pars petrosa] ossis temporalis, 62-64, 7o> 71 Radius, 13, 106, J15, 116 development of, 117 Radix arcus vertebrae, 25, 26 Ramus, inferior ossis ischii, 128, 130 pubis, 128, 130 of the ischium, inferior, 128, 130 superior, 128 mandibulse, 84-87 89 Ramus of the pubis, ascending, 128 descending, 128, 130 inferior, 128, 130 superior, 12S superior ossis ischii, 128 pubis, 128 Recess, elliptical, 69 epi tympanic, 64, 69, 70 spheno-ethmoidal, 90, 92 Recessus ellipticus, 69 epitympanicus, 64, 69, 70 spheno-ethmoidalis, 90, 92 Ribs, the, 36-40 asternal, 36, development of, 42 false, 36 floating, 36 sternal, 36 true, 36 Ridge or ridges : of the carpus, radial, 118 ulnar, 118 * cruciform, internal, 54 gluteal, 132 for the interarticular costocentral ligament, 40 intermediate, of the crest of the ilium, 128, 130 interosseous, of the fibula, 138 of the tibia, 136-1,18 intertrochanteric, 132, 133 mylohyoid, 85 of the neck of the rib, 40 orbital, 80, 98 pectoral, 112 postauricular, 62 superciliar}', 46, 48, 74 supinator (of the ulna), 114 transverse, of the sacrum, 30 of the trapezium, iiS, 121 trapezoid, 109 Ring, tympanic, 70, 103, 104 Roof of the skull, 50 of the tympanum, 65 Rostrum, sphenoidal, 58-61, 91 primitive, 61 Row of teeth, 48 s. Sacrum, the, 24, 30-33, 125, 126 development of, 35 apex of the, 30, 31 Scapula, the, 106, laS, no development of, ni Sella turcica, 60, and footnote Seniicanalis musculi tensoris tympani, 64, 66, 67, 70 tubae auditiva;, 64, 66, 67, 69 Septa, interalveolar, 82, 84 Septum between the canal for the tensor tympani muscle and the Eustachian canal, 64-68 canalis musculotubarii, 64, 66, 67 of the frontal sinuses, 76, 94 nasi osseum, 46, 91-93, 96 of the nose, bony, 46. 91-93, 96 sinuum frontalium, 76, 94 sphenoidalium, 60, 93 sphenoidal, 60, 93 Shaft of the femur, 132, 133 of the fibula, 138 of the humerus, 112 of the radius, n5 of the tibia, 136, 137 of the ulna, n4 Shafts of the metacarpal bones, 122 of the metatarsal bones, 145 of the phalanges of the fingers, 122 of the toes, 145 of the ribs, 40 Shoulder-girdle, 106, 108 Sinciput, 47 tSinus cervicalis, 102 frontalis, 76, 77, 90, 91, 94, 95 maxillaris, 80-82, 93-95, 97, 99 posterior (cavi tympani), 64, 66, 67 INDEX \&)c Sinus sphenoidalis, 60, 61, 9093 tarsi, 140 t3'mpani, 66, 67 Skeleton, appendicular, 105-147 axial, 23-104 extreniitatis inferioris, 105, 107, 124-147 superioris, 105, 106, 108-123 of the foot, 140-142 development of, 746, 147 of the hand, 118, 119 development of, 123 human, 22 of the lower limb, 105, 107, 124-127 t nianus, ir8, 119 development of, 123 + pedis, 140-142 development of, 146, 147 trunci, 23-43 of the trunk, 23-43 of the upper limb, 105, 106, 108-123 Skull (see also " Cranium ") : cap, 50 measurements of, loi views of: base, external, 48 internal, 49 front, 46, loi roof, inner, 50 side, 47, loi top, lOI Small wing of the sphenoid, 58-61 Space, interosseous, of the forearm, 106, 1 16 of the leg, 107 Spaces, intercostal, 36 Spatia intercostalia, 36 tSpatium interosseum antibrachii, 106, 116 t cruris, 107 Sphenoid bone, 58-60 development of, 61 Spina vel spins: angularis, 58-61, 93 t ethmoidalis, 59 frontalis, y4-TJ, 90, 91 iliaca anterior inferior, 128, 129 superior, 128-130 posterior inferior, 128, 129 superior, 128, 129 ischiadica, 128, 129 mentalis, 84, 85, 96 t musculi recti lateralis, 5S nasalis anterior, 46, 47, 80, 90, 91, 93, 97 posterior, 90, 91, 97 palatini, 82, 97 scapulae, no suprameatum, 62 trochlearis, 76, 98 t3nipanica major, 64, 71 minor, 64, 70, 71 Spine, ethmoidal, of the sphenoid bone, 59 iliac, anterior inferior, 128, 129 superior, 128-130 posterior inferior, 128, 129 superior, 128, 129 of the ischium, 128, 129 for the lower head of the external rectus muscle of the eyeball, 58 mental, 84, 85, 96 nasal, anterior, of the superior maxillary bone, 46, 47. 90. 91. 93. 97 of the frontal bone, 74-77, 90, 91 posterior, 90, 91, 97 palatine, 90, 91, 97 peroneal, of the astragalus, 143 pharjngeal, 56 pubic, 130 of the scapula, no of the sphenoid bone, 58-61, 93 suprameatal, 62 of the tibia, 136, 137 trochlear, 76, 98 Spine, tympanic, anterior, 64, 71 posterior, 64, 70, 71 •Spines, palatine, 82, 97 Spongy bone, sphenoidal, 58, 59, 6i Squama frontalis, 74-77 occipitalis, 54-57 temporalis, 62-64, 7°. 7i Squamous portion of the frontal bone, 74-77 of the occipital bone, 54-57 of the temporal bone, 62-64, 70, 71 Sternum, 41 development of, 42 Subiculum proniontorii, 67 Substance of bone, cortical, 19, 20 Substantia compacta, 11-17, 19 corticalis, 19, 20 spongiosa, 11- 17, 19 SuIcusT^;? sulci : arteriae occipitalis, 62, 71 temporalis mediae, 62 vertebralis, 29 arteriosi, 50, 73 calcanei, 143 canaliculi mastoidei, 62, 65 caroticus, 58, 59 carpi, 118 chiasmatis, 59 costse, 40 ethmoidalis, 79, 91 hamuli pterygoidei, 58 infra-orbitalis, 80, 93, 94, 98, 99 intertubercularis, 112 lacrimalis maxillae, 80, 82, 91, 98 ossis lacrimalis, 79, 92 • lateral, 45, 54, 56, 63, 64, 73, 88, 89 longitudinal, 54, 73, 75, 88, 89 mallei, 70 ' malleolaris (tibiae), 136 musculi flexoris hallucis longi (calcanei), 141, 143 (tali), 141, 143 peronaei longi (calcanei), 143 (ossis cuboidei), 140, 141, 144 mylohyoideus, 85 nervi petrosi superficialis majoris, 63, 64 minoris, 63, 64 radial is, 112 spinalis, 26 ulnaris, 112 obturatorius, 128 olfactorius, 90 palatini, 82, 97 paraglenoidalis, 128 petrosal, inferior, 56, 62, 63, 88 superior, 63 t petrosquamosus, 64 petrosus inferior, 88 ossis occfpitaiis, 56 temporalis, 62, 63 superior, 63 t praeauricularis, 128 promontorii, 67 f pterygopalatinus maxillae, 80 ossis palatini, 83 sphenoidalis, 58 sagittalis (ossis frontalis), 75, 88 (ossis occipitalis), 54, 89 (ossis parietalis), 73 sigmoideus, 49, 56, 63, 64, 88, 89 subclaviae, 40 tali, 143 transversus ossis occipitalis, 49, 54, 56, 89 parietalis, 73 tubae auditivae, 48 tympanicus, 64, 66, 69, 70 venosus, 50 Supra-occipital bone, note to p. 57 portion of the occipital bone, 54-57, and note, p. 57 Surface, articular, of the astragalus, superior, 143 of the external malleolus, 137, 138 I60d INDEX Surface, articular, of the head of the fibula, 138 of the internal malleolus, 137 of the patella, 136 of the radius, for the ulna, 115 of the tibia, for the head of the fibula, 136, 137 inferior or distal, 137 superior or proximal, 137 auricular, of the ilium, 128 of the sacrum, 31, 32 of the femur, anterior, 132, 133 patellar, 132-134 popliteal, 132 postero-external, 132, 133 postero-internal, 132, 133 of the fibula, anterior, external, 138 internal, 138 posterior, 138 of the foot, dorsal, 140 plantar, 141 of the frontal bone, anterior, 74 cerebral, 75 frontal, 74 orbital, 76 posterior, 75 temporal, 74, 77 of the great wing of the sphenoid bone, cerebral, 58, 61 of the great wing of the sphenoid bone, orbital, 58-61, 98 of the great wing of the sphenoid bone, spheno- maxillary, 58, 99 » of the great wing of the sphenoid bone, temporal, 58-61, and note, p. 59 of the hand, dorsal, 119 palmar, 118 of the humerus, antero-external, 112 antero-internal, 112 posterior, 112 of the malar bone, malar, 83 orbital, 83 outer, 83 temporozygomatic, 83 patellar (of the femur), 132-134 of the parietal bone, cerebral, 73 external, 72 internal, 73 parietal, 72 temporal, 47, 72 of the petrous portion of the temporal bone, anterior, 65 of the petrous portion of the temporal bone, inferior, 65 of the petrous portion of the temporal bone, posterior, 65 pophteai, 132 of the pubic symphisis, 128 of the radius, anterior, 114-116 external, 114-116 posterior, 114- 116 of the sacrum, dorsal, 31, 32 pelvic, 30, 32, 125 posterior, 126 of the scapular, anterior, no posterior, no of the squamous portion of the temporal bone, cerebral, 63, 64 of the squamous portion of the temporal bone, temporal, 62, 63 of the sternum, anterior, 36 of the superior maxillary bone, anterior, 80 facial, 80 nasal, 80 orbital, 80 zygomatic, 80, 99 temporozygomatic, 58-61, and note, p. 59 of the tibia, external, 136-138 internal, 136, 138 posterior, 136-138 Surface, of the ulna, anterior, 114, n6 internal, IT4 posterior, 1 14 of the vertical plate of the palate-bouC; external, 83 internal, 83 nasal, S3 zygomatic, 58-61, and note, p. 59 Sustentaculum tali, 140, 141, 143 Sutura coronalis, 46, 47, 49, 50, fvS, 100 ethnioideomaxillaris, 98 frontalis, 77 fronto-ethmoidalis, 49, 98 frontolacriuialis, 91, 98 frontomaxillaris, 46, 98 incisiva, 48, 82, 97 infra-orbitalis, 80 intermaxillaris, 46 internasalis, 46, 92 lacrimocouchalis, go, 95 t lacrimo-ethmoidalis, 91, 98 lacrimomaxillaris, 91, 98 ■ lambdoidea, 47, 50, 89, 100 t mendosa, 55, 57, 104 nasofrontalis, 46, 90-92, 98 nasomaxillaris, 46, 47 t occipitalis transversa, 100 occipitomastoidea, 47-49, 88, 89, 100 palatina mediana, 96, 97 transversa, 90, 91, 96, 97 palato-ethmoidalis, 99 palatomaxillaris, 98 parietomastoidea, 47, 49, 89, 100 sagittal is, 50, 88, 100 spteno-ethmoidalis, 49, 98, 99 sphenofrontalis, 47 spheno-orbitalis, 49, 98 sphenoparietalis, 46, 47, 88 sphenosquamosa, 46-49, 88 sphneozygomatica, 47, 98 squamosa, 46, 47, 88 squaniosomastoidea, 62, 70, 71 zygomaticofrontalis, 46, 47, 92 zygomaticomaxillaris, 46, 47 zygomaticotemporalis, 46, 47 Suture, coronal, 46, 47, 49, 50, 88, 100 ethmoidomaxillary, 98 frontal, 77 fronto-ethmoidal, 49, 98 frontolachrymal, 91, 98 frontomalar, 46, 47, 92 frontoniaxillary, 46, 98 frontoparietal, 46, 47, 49, 50, 88, joo infra-orbital, 80 intermaxillar}', 46 interparietal, 50, 88, 100 internasal, 46, 92 lachrymo-ethmoidal, 91, 98 lachryniomaxillary, 91, 98 lachrymoturbinal, 90, 95 lainbdoid, 47, 50, 89, 100 malomaxillary, 46, 47 • mendosa, 55, 57, 104, and note to p. 5? metopic, 77 nasofrontal, 46, 90-92, 98 nasomaxillary, 46, 67 occipital, transverse, 55, 57, 100, 104, and note to P-57 occipitomastoid, 47-49, 88, 89, 100 occipitoparietal, 47, 50, 89, 100 palatine, anterior, 48, 82, 97 median, 96, 97 middle, 96, 97 posterior, 90, 91, 96, 97 transverse, 90, 91, 96, 97 palato-ethnioidal, 99 palatomaxillary, 98 parietomastoid, 47, 49, 89, 100 petrosphenoidal, 48, 49 premaxillary, 48, 82, 97 sagittal, 50, 88, 100 INDEX \&Qe Suture, spheno-ethmoida], 49, 98, 99 sphenofrontal, 47 sphenomalar, 47, 98 splieno-orbital, 49, 98 sphenoparietal, 46, 47, 88 sphenosquamous, 46-49, 88 squamosomastoid, 62, 70, 71 squamous, 46-48 temporoniaiar, 46, 47 Symphysis ossium pubis, 125 pubic, 125 Synchondrosis epiphyseos, 20 intersphenoidalis, 61 intra-occipitalis, anterior, 57 posterior, 57 occipitosphenoidal, 49 spheno-occipitalis, 49 sternalis, 41 T. Table, inner, of the bones of the skull, 19, 50 of the frontal bone, 75-77 outer, of the bones of the skull, 19, 50 of the frontal bone, 75, 76 Tabular portion of the occipital bone, 54-57, and note, P-57 Talus, 17, 142, 143 Tarsus, 107, 140 Tegmen tympani, 64, 65, 69-71, 96 Thorax, 36, 37 Tibia, 15, 18, 107, 136, 137 development of, 139 Tissue of bone, cancellous, 11-17, 19 compact, 11-17, 19 Toes, skeleton of, 140, 141 Tooth-sockets of the lower jaw, 84 of the upper jaw, 82 •Torus occipitalis, 100 * palatinus, 96 1 Tiactus spiralis foraminulentus, 64i Trapezium, the, 119-121 Trochanter, great, 132-134 major, 132-134 minor, 132, 133 small, 132, 133 tertius, 133 third, 133 Trochlea humeri, 112 phalangis manus, lar pedis, 145 tali, 140, 143 Tuber calcanei, 140, 141, 143, 147 cochleae, 66-68 frontale, 46, 74, 77, 104 ischiadicum, 128-130 maxillare, 80-82, 99 parietale, 72, 104 Tubercle of the atlas, anterior, 29 posterior, 29 carotid, 24 of the cervical vertebrte, anterior, 26 posterior, 26, 29 conoid, 109 infraglenoid, no of the ischium, 128-130 of Lisfranc, 40 mental, 84, 85, 96 obturator, anterior, 128 posterior, 128, 130 pharj'ngeal, 56 of the posterior process of the astragalus, external, 143 of the posterior process of the astragalus, internal, 143 of the ribs, 37, 40 scalene, 40 of the spine of the tibia, inner, 137 outer, 137 supraglenoid, no Tubercle of the tibia, 136, 137 of the tuberosity of the calcaneuni, inner, 141, 143 outer, 141, 143 Tuberculum anterius atlantis, 29 vertebraruni cervicalium, 96 articulare, 62 caroticum, 24 costae, 37, 40 intereondyloideum laterale, 137 mediale, 137 jugulare, 54, 56 f laterale tali, 143 majus, 112 t mediale tali, 143 mentale, 84, 85, 96 minus, 112 obturatorium anterius, 128 posterius, 128, 130 ossis multanguli majoris, 118, 121 navicularis manus, 118, 120 pharyngeum, 56 posterius atlantis, 29 vertebraruni cervicalium, 26, 29 pubicum, 130 scaleni [Lisfranci], 40 sellse, 59-61 Tuberositas coracoidea, 109 costiE II., 40 costalis, 109 deltoidea, 112 glutsea, 132 iliaca, 128, 129 infraglenoidalis, no masseterica, 84, 86 ossis cuboidei, 141, 144 nietacarpalis V., 122 metatarsalis I., 141, 145 v., 140, 141, 145 navicularis pedis, 140, 141, 144 pterygoidea, 85 radii, 115, 116 sacralis, 31 supraglenoidalis, no tibiae, 136, 137 ulnae, 114 unguicularis phalangum digitorum (manus), 122 unguicularis phalangum digitorum pedis, 141, 145 Tuberosity, costal, 109 of the cuboid bone, 141, 144 of the femur, external, 132, 134 internal, 132, 133 of the fifth metacarpal bone, 122 of the first metatarsal bone, 141, 145 of the fifth metatarsal bone, 140, 141, 145 of the humerus, great, 112 small, 112 of the ilium, 128, 129 masseteric, 84, 86 of the navicular bone, 140, 141, 144 of the OS calcis, 140, 141, 143, 147 of the palate-bone, 83, 97, 99 pterygoid, internal, 85-. of the radius, 115, 116 of the sacrum, 31 of the scaphoid bone, 118, 120 of the superior maxillary bone, 80-84, 99 of the tibia, external, 136, 137 internal, 136, 137 of the trapezium, iiS, 121 of the ulna, 114 Turbinate bone, sphenoidal, 58, 59, 61 orbital border of the, 59 Tympanic plate, 62, 64, 65, 71 ring, 70, 103, 104 sinus, 66, 67 . spine, anterior, 64, 71 posterior, 64, 70, 71 sulcus, 64, 66, 69, 70 160/ INDEX Ulna, the, 13, 106, 114, 116 development of, 117 V. Vaginal process of the temporal bone, 64, 70, 71 of the sphenoid bone, 58, 59, 61, 90, 91 Vagina processus styloidei, 64, 70, 71 Venter of the scapula, 1 10 Vertebra or vertebrte : cervical, 24, 26, 29 seventh, 29 development of, 34, 55 dorsal, 24, 25, 28 first, 28 eleventh, 28 tvpelfth, 28 lumbar, 24, 27, 28 fifth, 28, 33 prominens, 24 sacral, 24, 30-32 structure, 16 thoracales, 24, 25, 28 thoracalis I., 28 XL, 28 XII., 28 Vertex, 46, 47 Vesicle, optic, primary, 102 umbilical, 102 Vestibulum labyri thi, 65, 68, 69 Vomer, 53, 79, 91, 94, 95 w. Wall of the orbit, external, 98 inferior, 93, 98 internal, 98 superior, 92, 98 of the tympanum, carotid, 65, 66 inner, 65, 66 jujjular, 66 labyrinthine, 65, 66 mastoid, 66 superior (roof), 65 Wing of the ilium, 130 of the sphenoid, great, 58-61 small, 58-61 Xiphisternum, 41 Z. Zygoma, 46 48, 62-64, 70, 71, 96 'Zygomatic width,' loi AN ATLAS OF HUMAN ANATOMY FOR STUDENTS AND PHYSICIANS BY CARL TOLDT, M.D. ASSISTED BV PROFESSOR ALOIS DALLA ROSA, M.D. a5apte& to Enolfsb an& American anJ> international UernUnoIogs BY M. EDEN PAUL, M.D. Brux., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P. SECOND SECTION C. ARTHROLOGY (FIGURES 378 TO 489 AND INDEX) REVISED EDITION NEW YORK REBMAN COMPANY 141, 143 AND 145 WEST 36th STREET Copyright, 1919, by REBMAN COMPANY SYNDESMOLOGIA ARTHROLOGY 21 THE ARTICULATIONS IN GENERAL »I 2 164 THE ARTICULATIONS IN GENERAL ^ Sutural substance Sagittal or interparietal • suture ^ Sutura sagittalis * _ Parietal bone ' Os parietale Anterior or frontal border 'Margo frontalis Fig. 378.— Sutura Serrata— Serrated or Dentated Suture. y^tf^- m» y^^-— Squamous or temporo- parietJil suture Sutura squamosa Parietomastoid suture — Sutura parietomastoidea External auditory aperture - Porus acusticus externus -Sutural substance Parietal bone (inferior or squamous border) Os parietale (margo squamosus) Squamous portion of the temporal bone Squama temporalis _ Zygoma ~ Processus zygomaticus Fig. 379- — Sutura Squamosa — Squamous or Scaly Suture. Frontonasal suture ^. Sutura nasofrontalis Prontomaxillary suture __ Sutura frontomaxillaris Nasal process of the superior maxillary bone Processus frontalis maxilla; Harmonia (Lachrymomaxillary suture),, Harmonia (Sutura lacrimomaxillaris) Nasal bone Os nasale Orbital plate of the frontal bone Os frontale (pars orbitalis) Frontolachrymal suture ] "Sutura frontolacrimalis [ Harmonic sutures Lachrjrmo-ethmoidal suture I Ilarmoniae "Sutura lacrimo-ethmoidalis) —Lachrymal bone Os lacrimale Fig. 380.— Harmonia— Harmonic Suture. Synarthrosis, or Continuous Articulation. THE ARTICULATIONS IN GENERAL 165 Cranial dura mater Dura mater encephali" Dorsum sellse _ _, „»^^„-„ . Dorsum sellae "" "/MJ^0ii^^'2^ Spheno-occipital synchondrosis M& ffiS»f=!.J'<'i«?AV> Synchondrosis spheno-occipitalis Basilar portion of the occipital bone - Pars basilaris ossis occipitalis Body of the sphenoid bone Corpus ossis sphenoidalis Ala of the vomer Ala vomeris ^Vertical plate of the ethmoid bone — Cartilage of the septum of the nose Septum nasi cartilagineum .The vomer Vomer .Nasal crest of superior maxillary bone Crista nasalis Fig. 381— Synchondrosis, (The Spheno-occipital "Synchondrosis of a Girl at the Age of Two Years; Median Sagittal Section.) Periosteum Periosteum "Sod OB pubis Superior pubic ligament Lig. pubicum superius Interpubic disc -Lamina fibrocartilaginea interpubica i The inferior pubic or subpubic ligament Lig. arcuatum pubis Fig. 382.— Symphysis. (The Pubic Symphysis ; Frontal Section, Posterior Portion, ) iUveolus or socket of the tooth. Alveolus dentis Interalveolar septum Septum interalveolare ,Boot of the tooth Radix dentis -^ Dental periosteum Periosteum alveolare -Interalveolar septum Septum interalveolare V^ Fig. 383.— Gomphosis. Synarthrosis, or Continuous Articulation. 166 THE ARTICULATIONS IN GENERAL Second metacarpal bone- Os metacarpale II. Point of intersection of the axes^ of adduction and abduction Axis of flexion of the metacarpo- phalangeal articulation Lateral ligament •-' Lig. coUaterale Proximal articular surface of/ the first phalanx ^-Jr.': \ Axis of flexion of the proximal . interphalangeal articulation Lateral ligament^ Lig. collaterale Second phalanx . Phalanx II. Axis of flexion of the distal inter- phalangeal articulation Third phalanx. Phalanx III. Centre of the head of the metacarpal bone (axis of flexion of the metacarpo-phalangeal articulation) Third phalanx Phalanx III. Distal interphalangeal articulation i Articulatio digiti distalis Axes of flexion of the inter- phalangeal articulations Vi Fig. 385. — Flexion. Lateral Aspect. Fig. 384. — Extension. Posterior Aspect. DiARTHROSis (Metacarpo-phalangeal Articulation). — Ginglymus, or Hinge Joint (Articulations of th-e Fingers). External malleolar surface Fades malleolaris lateralis Superior articular surface of the astragalus Facies superior trochleae tali Internal malleolar surface / Facies malleolaris medialis Line completing the edge of- the screw Axis of the superior articular surface of the astragalus (axis of the screw = axis of rotation of the ankle-joint) Fig. 386. — Articulatio Cochlearis, Cochleoid or Scre Ginglymus. (Superior Articular Surface of the Left Astragalus, seen from Behind, showing the Screw Form of the Ankle-Joint. Diarthrosis, or Discontinuous Articulation — Articulatio simplex, simple joint. THE ARTICULATIONS IN GENERAL 167 Lateral ligament Lig. coUaterale Capsule of the joint Capsula articularis \ Axis of adduction and abduction X Centre of the head (axis ,/ of flexion of the metacarpo- phalangeal articulation) ..Second metacarpal bone Os metacar ale II. Fig. 387. — CONDYLARTHROSIS, OR CONDYLOID JOINT. (ThE MeTACARPO-PHALANGEAL ARTICULATION OF THE Index-Finger; Lateral View.) Point of intersection of the frontal axes of the, occipital condyles (the axis of flexion and: exteuBion, or nodding movement, of the head) i ,y Sagittal axis of the occipito-atlantal articulation (axis of lateral flexion of the head) Basilar portion of the occipital bone Pars basilaris ossis occipitalis ,.Capsule of the joint Capsula articularis Occipital condyle Condylus occipitalis -—-_. Superior articular surface of the atlas Fovea articularis superior atlantis — Lateral mass of the atlas Massa lateralis atlantis Fig. 388. — CONDYLARTHROSlS, OR CONDYLOID JOINT. (RlGHT OCCIPITO-ATLANTAL ARTICULATION ; SEEN FROM THE OUTER SiDE.) Ttie outer half of the lateral mass of the atlas has been removed by a sagittal section passing through the joint. Anteroposterior axis (axis of adduction and abduction Badio-ulnar axis (axis of flexion and extension) Trapezium Os multangulum majus First metacarpal bone^ Os metacarpale I. 'A Fig. 389. — Articulatio Sellaris — Saddle Joint. (Articulatio Carpometacarpea Pollicis- Carpometacarpal Joint of the Thumb.) Diarthrosis, or Discontinuous Articulation — Articulatio simplex, simple joint. 168 THE ARTICULATIONS IN GENERAL Capsule of the joint Capsula articularis Froatal articular aziB (axis of flexion Sagittal articular axis (axis of adduction and abduction) ^Axis of rotation '^Glenoid ligament Axis of the neck of the humerua. The humerus. Humerus Axis of the neck of the htunerus Articular cartilage of the glenoid fossa Glenoid ligament' Labrum glenoidale Fig. 390. — Enarthrosis,^ or Arthrodia ; Ball-and-Socket Joint. (The Right Shoulder-Joint SEEN FROM BEFORE, THE ANTERIOR HaLF OF THE GLENOID FoSSA AND OF THE CAPSULE OF THE Joint having been removed.) Cotyloid ligament Labrum glenoidale Capsule of the joint Capsula articularis Great trochanter Trochanter major I^ntal articular axis (axis of flexion) Axis of the neck of the femur Articular cartilage of the horseshoe-shaped articular portion of the acetabulum Sagittal articular axis (axis *'*©&' V °^ adduction and abduction) 'i^viffy\ Interarticular or round imX^' ligament "JtS^T "'"'S' '^'^^'' femoris Fossa of the acetabulum Fossa acetabuli Transverse ligament "~ Lig. transversum acetabuli (Labrum glenoidale) TIbrous portion"! Pars fibrosa | of the capsule of the joint Synovial portion I capsula; articularis Lars synovialis -' The femur ||m Femur |i| I Axis of rotation Fig. 391. — Enarthrosis/ or Arthrodia; Ball-and-Socket Joint. (The Right Hip-Joint seen FROM Before, the Anterior Half of the Acetabulum and of the Capsule of the Joint having been removed.) * I have departed a little on this pa^e from the author's terminology, which differs slightly from that in use in England. Both the hip and the shoulder joint are classed by him as examples of Articulatio sfh.*;koidea, Kufi^et^eiettk — lit., "ball joint "; one of these, the shoulder-joint, in which the concave articular surface is considerably less than a hemisphere in extent, is called by him .4kthkod_ia, freies Gelenk—\\V, " free joint "; while the other, the hip-joint, in which the concave articular .surface is considerably moretban a hemisphere in extent, is called Enarthrosis, Nussgclenk — lit., " nut joint." English anatomists do not, as a rule, draw this distinction. The movements of the hip and the shoulder joint are identical in character, and the greater extent of the rigid portion of the enveloping surface in the one case than in the other has not been considered a difference sufficiently important to warrant a separation into two classes. Hence, in England the terms Enarthrosis and Arthrodia are applied indifferently to all ball-and-socket joints.— Tk. Diarthrosis, or Discontinuous Articulation — Articulatio simplex, simple joint ; articulatio sphaeroidea,! ball-and-socket joint. THE ARTICULATIONS IN GENERAL 169 The radius Radius ^ The ulna ' Ulna The bones of the carpus (proximal row) Axis of the transverse carpal articulation The bones of the carpus (distal row) Saddle joint (carpometacarpal , joint of the thumb) Articulatio sellaris (carpo- metacarpea pollicis) -jslntercarpal gliding joints ',-'' Amphiarthroses intercarpege Axis of flexion of the Band Axis of the wrist-joiat . Qliding joints Amphiarthroses Fig. 392. — Articulatio Composita, Compound Joints (Articulations of the Hand). — Amphiarthrosis = Arthrodia or Gliding Joint, as seen in the Intercarpal, Carpo- metacarpal, AND Intermetacarpal Joint. 1 he arrows show the dorsal emergence of the axes of the wrist joint and of the transverse carpal ' articulation respectively. The humerus Humerus Axis of the trochoid articulation or pivot-joint (radio-ulnar) Internal condyle Epicondylus medialis Internal lateral ligament / of the elbow-joint ' Lig. collaterale ulnare The ulna .. Ulna Centre of the capitellum of the humerus Axis of the trochlea of the humerug (axis of flexion of the elbow joint) Humeroradial articulation Articulatio humeroradialis Annular or orbicular ligament Lig. annulare radii -The radius Radius ^"iG. 393. — Articulatio Trochoidea, Trochoid or Pivot Joint. — Ginglymus, Hinge Joint, (Palmar Aspect of the Elbow-Joint.) The radial half of the capitellum of the humerus has been removed by a sagittal section passing through its centre of curvature. Diarthrosis. or Discontinuous Articulation. Amphiarthrosis, arthrodia or gliding joint— Articulatio composita, compound joint. 170 THE ARTICULATIONS IN GENERAL Interarticular flbrocartilage (interclSlTlJament) I°t«'-^rticular fibrocartilage Discus articularis Syndesmosis (lig. interclaviculare) The clavicle Clavicula Syndesmosis (costo- clavicular or rhomboid ligament) Syndesmosis (lig. costoclaviculare) First rib Costa I. Capsule of the joint Capsula articularis Discus articularis Sternal articular facet of the clavicle Facies articularis sternalis claviculae Clavicular notch of the sternum Incisura clavicularis sterni The two synovial cavities of the sternoclavicular joint The manubrium Manubrium sterni Fig. 394. — Syndesmosis. — Interarticular Fibrocartilage. (The Sternoclavicular Articulation, Anterior Aspect.) The right articulation is divided through the middle by a frontal secti n ; in the left, .ne front portion of the capsule has been removed, and the clavicle has bgjen drawn backwards. Syndesmosis (coraco-acromial ligament) Syndesmosis (lig. coraco-acromiale) The acromioTt Acromion Coracold process Processus coracoideus Syndesmosis (suprascapular ligament) Syndesmosis (lig. transversum scapulae superius) Neck of the scapula Collum scapulae — Supraspinous fossa Fossa supraspinata Fig. 395. — Syndesmoses Scapula, Proper Ligaments of the Scapula ; seen from Above, Syndesmosis, fibrous or gamentous union — Discus articularis, interarticular fibrocartilage. JUNCTURy^ OSSIUM TRUNCI THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE TRUNK S2 — a 172 THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE TRUNK Intenrertebrai disc Fibrocartilago intervertebralis Body of the fourth lumbar vertebra Corpus vertebrae lumbalis IV. Fig. 396. — FiBROCARTiLAGiNEs Intervertebrales, Intervertebral Discs. (Second, Third, AND Fourth Lumbar Vertebrae; seen from Before.) Ligamenta columnse vertebralis— The ligaments of the vertebral column. THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE TRUNK 173 Ssterior common ligament Ug. longitudinale anterius Nuclens pulposus, or central pulpy portion of the intervertebral disc Posterior common ligament Lig. longitudinale posterius- - Superior articular process of the third lumbar vertebra Capsule of the joint of the articular---'' processes Capsula articulationis intervertebralis Inferior articular process of the second lumbar vertebra Inferior articular process of the third lumbar vertebra Spinous process of the second lumbar vertebra Annulus fibrosus, or external fibrolaminar portion of the intervertebral disc -Joint of the articular pro- cesses Articulatio intervertebralis Ligamentum subflavum Lig. flavum Interspinous ligament Lig interspinale ^ Supraspinous ligament Lig. supraspinale Fig. 397. — Intervertebral Disc between the Second Lumbar Vertebra and the Third. (Lower Half of a Horizontal Section.) columnae vertebralis — The ligaments of the vertebral column. 174 THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE TRUNK InterspinouB ligament Lig. interspinale Spinous process of the twelfth dorsal vertebra Supraspinous ligament- Lig. supraspinale Epiphysis of the spinous pro- cess of the first lumbar vertebra Ligamenta 8ub&iVS Ligg. flava w Body of the twelfth dorsal vertebra I Corpus vertebras thoracalis XII. Joint of the articular processes -' Articulatio intervertebralis Intervertebral foramen Foramen intervertebrale Layer of hyaline cartilage Stratum cartilagineum -Epiphysis of the vertebral body Anterior common ligament Lig. longitudinale anterius -'- ; Nucleus > pulposus , ^, . . I *^ '^ ! of the mter- vertebral I » 1 I ^'^"^ -^ Annulus - ' fibrosus Posterior common ligament Lig. longitudinale posterius Intervertebral disc Fibrocartilago inter- vertebralis Fig. 398. — FiBROCARTiLAGiNEs Intervertebrales, Intervertebral Discs. Ligamenta Flava, OR SUBFLAVA. LiGAMENTA InTERSPINALIA, InTERSPINOUS LIGAMENTS. LiGAMENTUM SUPRA- spiNALE, Supraspinous Ligament. (Median Section through the Twelfth Dorsal AND the First Lumbar Vertebra, Left Half.) Ligamenta columnse vertebralis— The ligaments of the vertebral column. THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE TRUNK 175 Capsule of the joint of the articular processes Capsula articulationis intervertebralis Arch of the first dorsal vertebra Arcus vertebrae thoracalis I. Surface of the section through the pedicle Superior articular process Processus articularis superior Costotransverse facet ' Fovea costalis transversalis Ligamenta subflava Ligg. flava Capsule of the joint oi' the articular processes Capsula articulationis intervertebralis Fig. 399. — Ligamenta Flava, Ligamenta Subflava. Articulationes Intervertebrales, Intervertebral Articulations. Of these Latter the Right are unopened, the Left opened. (The Arches of the First Four Dorsal Vertebr-e, separated from THE Bodies by a Frontal Section, Seen fIiom Before.) Ligamenta columnae vertebralis — The ligaments of the vertebral column. 176 THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE TRUNK Pharyngeal tubercle' iTuberculum pharyngeum Anterior occipito-atlantal ligament Membrana atlanto -occipitalis anterior — First cervical vertebra Vertebra cervicalis I. First dorsal vertebra — Vertebra thoracalis I. Teadon of origin of the longus colli muscle Divided anterior costocentral } or stellate ligaments i Eleventla rib. Costa XI Posterior or internal intercostal^^ aponeurosis "~ Lig. intercostale internum Costal portion of the dlaphrag^m Pars costalis diaphragmatis Crura or pillars of the diaphragm _ Lumbar fascia Fascia lumbodorsalis"" Lumbar fascia . Fascia lumbalis Transversalis muscle Musculus transversus abdominis Iliolumbar ligament/ Lig. iliolumbale Qreat sacrosciatic foramen. Foramen ischiadicum majus Anterior or small sacrosciatic ligament Lig. sacrospinosum Small sacrosciatic foramen Foramen ischiadicum minus / Posterior or great sacrosciatic ligament Lig. sacrotuberosum r> ■30 CD c: 2; o m za s Anterior common ligament Lig. longitudinale anterius Anterior superior costotransverse ligameni Lig. costotransversarium anterius First Itunbar vertebr? Vertebra lumbalis I. s\ ' ■■" "■ -^ Lumbar fascia "Lig. lumbocostale Mliolumbar ligament Lig. iliolumbale \ Surface of the section through the innominate bone ' U.S. : Pharyngeal spine. Fig. 400. — LiGAMENTUM Longitudinale Anterius, the Anterior Common Ligament. Liga- MENTUM Lumbocostale, Lumbocostal Ligament. (The Ventral Aspect of the Vertebral Column, the Anterior Half of the Base of the Skull and the Anterior Half of the Pelvis having been removed.) Ligamenta columnae vertebralis— The ligaments of the vertebral column. THE ARTICULATIONS OF 'I HE IRUNK 177 Basi-occipital and basi- sphenoid Corpus ossis basilaris Anterior arch of the atlas Arcus anterior atlantis Odontoid process -'"' Dens epistrophei Spinal canal Canalis vertebralis- First dorsal vertebra Vertebra thoracalis I." -P^- First lumbar vertebra Vertebra lumbalis I. External occipital protuberance Protuberantia occipitalis externa Ligamentum nucha Spinous process of the seventh cervical vertebra Processus spinosus vertebras prominentis Supraspinous ligament j'Lig. supraspinale Occipital bone ' Os occipitale Posterior or long ocoipito-axial ligament- Membrana tectoria — First cervical vertebra Vertebra cervicalis I. First dorsal vertebra "Vertebra thoracalis I. Posterior common ligament "Lig. longitudinale posterius Sacral promontory_ Promontorium First sacral vertebra Vertebra sacrahs I. ^ FirsTi coccygeal verteb a Vertebra coccygea I. Vertical axis of the vertebral oolu nu (Intervertebral foramina i Foramina intervertebralia Interspinous ligaments 'Ligg. interspinalia — First lumbar vertebra Vertebra lumbalis I. Sacral canal Canalis sacralis Fig. 401. — Intervertebral Discs, Interspin- ous Ligaments, Supraspinous Ligament, Ligamentum Nuch^. Spinal Canal; Inter- vertebral Foramina. Vertical Axis of the Vertebrai, Column. (Median Section through the Vertebral Column.) .Sacral canal Canalis sacralis Lateral sacrococcygeal ligament Lig. sacrocnccygeuin laterab -Interartlcular sacrococcygeal ligament Lig. sacrococcygeum articulare 'Deep posterior sacrococcygeal ligament Lig. .sacrococcygeum posterius profundum Fig. 402. — Posterior Common Ligament and its Relation with the Posterior Occipito- axial and the Deep Posterior Sacro- coccygeal Ligaments. (The Vertebral Column with the Spinal Canal opened by the Removal of the Neural Arches; seen from Behind.) ' Macalister calls this ligament ligamenttim latum axiale, the broad axial ligament. — Tr. Ligamenta columnae vertebralis — The ligaments of the vertebral column. 23 17S THE ARTICULATIONS UF THE TRUNK Anterior costocentral or stellate ligaments '. Ligg. capitulonim radiata .interior common ligament Lig. longitudinale anterius Intervertebral disc Fibrocartilago intervertebrali: Fourth dorsal vertebra Vertebra thoracalis IV. Costotransverse facets Fovea: costales transversales ] Anterior costocentral or f stellate ligaments , -■] Ligg. capitiilorum radiata Tenth dorsal vertebra Vertebra thoracalis X. Fig. 403. LiGAMENTUM LONGITUDINALIi ANTEKIUS, THE ANTERIOR COMMON LiGAMENT OF THE Vertebral Column. (The Fourth to the Tenth Dorsal Vertebr-e ; SEEN from Before.) Ligamenta columnae vertebralis — The ligaments of the vertebral column. THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE TRUNK 179 Fifth lumbar vertebra V»rtebra lumbalis V. First sacral nerve Nervus sacralis I Spinal dura mater Dura mater spinalis" Fifth sacral nerve ^ Nervus sacralis V, Coccygeal nerve ... Nervus coccygeus Filiform radiations connecting the spinal dura mater with the lateral wall of the sacral canal Fourth posterior sacral foramen Foramen sacrale posterius IV. Filum terminale of the spinal dura mater or central ligament of the spinal cord Filum aura; matris spinalis Coccygeal comu Cornu coccygeum Posterior common ligament Lig. longitudinale posterius Divided connexions of the posterior common ligament with the spinal dura mater Broken sagittal fibrous membranes connecting the posterior common ligament with the spinal dura mater Filiform connexions of the spinal dura mater with the posterior common ligament Fibrous radiations connecting the spinal dura mater with the lateral wall of the sacral canal Lowermost filiform connexions of the spinal dura mater with the posterior common ligament Interarticular sacrococcygeal ligament Lig. sacrococcygeum articulare "^ ---. Lateral sacrococcygeal ligament Lig. sacrococcygeum laterale -,, Lateral coccygeal ligament Lig. coccygeum laterale Deep posterior sacrococcygeal ligament Lig. sacrococcygeum posterius profundum 7:. Fig. 404. — Lumbar and Sacral Portions of the Posterior Common Ligament, and the CONN-F.XIONS of this LiGAMENT WITH THE SPINAL DURA MATER AND WITH THE DeEP Posterior Sacrococcygeal Ligament. (The Sacrum and the Lumbar Portion of the Vertebral Column with the Spinal Canal laid open from Behind.) The sacral portion of the dura mater has been drawn to the left side. Ligamenta columnae vertebralis — The ligaments of the vertebral column. 23—2 180 THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE TRUNK Fourth sacral vertebra. Vertebra sacralis IV. Anterior or small sacrosciatic ligament Lig. sacrospinosum Fourth anterior sacral foramen Foramen sacrale anterius IV. Anterior sacrococcygeal ligament ! Lig. sacrococcygeum anterius Sacrococcygeal symphysis Sympliysis sacrococcygea Lateral coccygeal ligament Lig. coccygeum laterale Apertures in the posterior aponeurosis of the levatores ani muscle for the passage of the middle sacral vessels Prolongations of the anterior sacrococcygeal ligament into the tendons of the pubococcygeal portions of the levatores ani muscles Fig. 405. — The Ligaments connecting the Anterior Surfaces of the Sacrum and Coccyx ; THE Anterior and the Lateral Sacrococcygeal Ligaments. Articular sacral crests sacrales articulares ''Median sacral crest *Crista sacralis media ._. /\*Crista; / \ Fourth posterior sacral foramen Foramen sacrale posterius IV. Sacral comu Cornu sacrale Coccygeal comu Cornu coccygeum First coccygeal vertebra Vertebra coccygea I. Lateral sacrococcygeal ligament ._ Lig. srxcrococcygeum laterale Interarticular sacrococcygeal ligament Lig. sacrococcygeum articulare Superficial posterior sacrococcygeal ligament Lig. sacrococcygeum posterius superficiale Deep posterior sacrococcygeal ligament Lig. sacrococcygeum posterius profundum Fig. 406. — The Ligaments connixting the Posterior Surfaces of the Sacrum and Coccyx : the Superficial and Deep Posterior Sacrococcygeal Ligaments, and the Interarticular AND Lateral Sacrococcygeal Ligaments. The Coccyx with the Two Last Sacral Vertebr.e. Ligamenta columnse vertebralis— The ligaments of the vertebral column. THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE TRUNK 181 Parietal bone Capsule of the occipito-atlantal articulation ^ Capsula articulationis atlanto-occipitalis Squamous or interparietal portion of the occipital bone External occipital protuberance Protuberantia occipitalis externa Posterior occipito-atlantal ligament Membrana atlanto-occipitalis posterior Foramen for the passage of the verte- bral artery and the suboccipital nerve Posterior arch of the atlas Arcus posterior atlantis Spinous process of the seventh cervical vertebra Vertebra prominens Supraspinous ligament Lig. supraspinale .Temporal bone Anterior occipito atlantal ligament Membrana atlanto-occipitalis anterior Capsule of the atlanto-axial articulation Capsula articulationis atlanto- epistrophicae Capsules of the joints of the articular processes Capsulas articulationum intervertebralium Anterior common ligament Lig. longitudinale anterius Interspinous ligament/ Lig. interspinale Fig. 407.— I.igamentum Nuch^. (The Cervical Portion of the Vertebral Column and THE Posterior Portion of the Cranium ; seen from the Right Side.) Ligarrenta columnae vertebralis— The ligaments of the vertebral column. 1«2 THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE TRUNK Anterior common ligament , Lig. longitudinale anterius Anterior costocentral or stellate ligament Lig. capituli costa: radiatura Costocentral articulation Articulatio capitul Costotransverse articulation Articulatio costotransversaria Intervertebral disc I'lbroc^rtilago intervertebralis Anterior costocentral or stellate ligament Lig. capituli costae radiatiim Interarticular costocentral ligament -''' Lig. capituli costa; interarticulare Articular surface of the head of the seventh rib Facies articularis capituli costas VII. Ridge of the neck of the rib Crista colli costa; Superior articular process Pi ucessus articularis superior \\ Posterior costotransverse ligament \l Lig. tuberculi costae y Middle costotransverse ligament Lig. colli costae 'Posterior costotransverse ligament Lig. tuberculi costa; Transverse process Processus transversus iniddle costotransverse ligament Lig. colli costa; Fig. 408. — Akticulationes Capitulorum et Costotransversaria, the Costocentral and Costotransverse Articulations: Ligamentum Capituli Costa Interarticulare, the Interarticular Costocentral Ligament ; Ligamentum Colli Costa et Ligamentum Tuberculi Costa, the Middle and Posterior Costotransverse Ligaments. (The Seventh Dorsal Vertebra with the Vertebral Extremities of the Seventh Pair OF Ribs; seen from Above.) On the left side the costocentral and costotransverse articulations have been opened by a horizontal section through the rib and the vertebral body ; on the right side the section passes through the intervertebral disc on a plane just above the attachment of the interarticular costocentral liga- ment to the ridge between the two articular facets on the vertebral extremity of the rib. Articulationes costovertebrales— Costovertebral articulations. THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE TRUNK 183 Posterior or internal intercostal aponeurosis Lig. intercostale internum / Third rib Anterior superior costotransverse ligament Lig costotransversarium anterius Third dorsal vertebra Vertebra thoracalis III. Costotransverse foramen' Foramen costotrans versarium Anterior costocentral or stellate ligament Lig. capituli costa; radiatum Anterior common ligament Lig. longitudinale anterius Interartioular costocentral ligament Lig. capituli costae interarticulare Intervertebral disc Fibrocartilago intervertebralis Upper costal facet'^ Fovea costalis superior ..Lower costal facet^ Fovea costalis inferior „ Seventh dorsal vertebra Vertebra thoracalis VIL Head of the seventh nu Capitulum costae VIL ' This term, costotransverse foramen, is also used by English anatomists to denote the foramina in the transverse processes of the cervical vertebra; for the transmission of the vertebral artery. — Tr. - These are upper and lower costal facets respectively in relation to the articular surface of the head of the rib ; but, strictly speaking, what is here called " upper costal facet " is the lower costal facet of the sixth dorsal vertebra; while what is here called "lower costal facet" is the upper costal facet of the seventh dorsal vertebra. — Tr. Fig. 409. — Costocentral and Costotransverse Articulations: Anterior Costocentral or Stellate Ligament; Interarticular Costocentral Ligament; Anterior Superior Costotransverse Ligament; and Costotransverse Foramina. Posterior or Internal Intercostal Aponeuroses. (The Third to the Seventh Dorsal Vertebrae with the Vertebral Extremities of the Third to the Seventh Right Ribs ; seen from the Right and from Before.) The third, fourth, and fifth costocentral articulations are unopened ; the sixth and the seventh have been opened from before. In the sixth articulation, by the partial removal of the bodies of the fifth and sixth dorsal vertebrie, the upper and lower surfaces of the intervertebral disc have been exposed, and the attachment of the disc to the ridge between the two articular facets on the head of the rib has been demonstrated. Articulationes costovertebrales — Costovertebral articulations. 184 THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE TRUNK Posterior or internal intercostal aponeurosis Lig. intercostale internum Sixth rib Posterior costotrans- verse ligament i Lig. tuberculi costEe Superior articular processes of the sixth dorsal vertebra Intertransverse ligament Lig. intertrans- versarium Posterior superior costotransverse ligament Lig. costotransver- sarium posterius Supraspinous ligament Lig. supraspinale Capsule of the joint of the articular processes Capsula articulationis ./ intervertebralis Tenth rib C ° Posterior or internal intercostal i aponeurosis Lig. intercostale internum Intertransverse ligament *• Lig. intertrans- versarium Transverse process Processus transversub Spinous process of the tenth dorsal vertebra Inferior articular processes Processus articulares inferiores Fig. 410. — The Ligaments connecting the Dorsal Vertebra with the Ribs posteriorly: Posterior and Posterior Superior Costotransverse Ligaments ; Intertransverse Ligaments; Posterior or Internal Intercostal Aponeuroses; Supraspinous Liga- ment. (Sixth to Tenth Dorsal Vertebra with the Vertebral Extremities of the Sixth to Tenth Ribs.) Articulationes costovertebrales — Costovertebral articulations. IHE ARTICULA I lUNS Ot THE TRUNK 185 Third cervical vertebra Vertebra cervicalis III. Costotransverse facet Fovea costalis transversalis Capsule of the joint of the articular processes Capsula articulationis intervertebralis\ Third dorsal vertebra Vertebra tlioracalis II I. Posterior costotransverse ligament Lig. tuberculi costal Capsule of the joint of the articular pro3C3ses Capsula articulationis ;i tervertebralis Fig. 411. — Third, Fourth, and Fifth Cervical Verterr.;?; SEEN FROM THE RiGHT CiDE. ■ Inierarticular costocentral ligament Lig. Ciipjtuli costa; interarticiilare Capsule of the costocentral articulation Capsula articuI;itioni.s capituli Anterior superior costotransverse Ugament ^^P™'^ °^ *^* costotransverse articulation Lig. costotransversarium anterius ^ *="?'"'=' ^"'"lationis costo.ran.sversana: Fig. 412. — Third, Fourth, and Fifth Dorsal Vertebra SEEN from the RiGHT SIDE. Superior articular facet Facias articularis superior Mamillary process Processus mamillaris Accessory process Processus accessorius' Capsule of the joint of the articular processes Capsula articulationis intervertebralis Second lumbar vertebra Vertebra lumbalis II, Intervertebral disc Fibrocartilago intervertebralis Fig. 413. — Second, Third, and Fourth Lumbar Vertebrjj seen from the Right and from Behind. The Direction of the Articular Surfaces and the Connexions of the Capsules of the Joints of the Articular Processes in the Cervical, Dorjal, and Lumbar Vertebrae respectively. The Synovial Articulations of the Vertebral Column, 24 186 THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE TRUNK •Membrane of the sternum (U.S. : Anterior intersternal ligament) 'Membranci sterni Co»toclavicular or rhomboid ligament Lig. costoclaviculare \ Anterior sternoclavicular ligament LiR. sternoclaviculare Clavicle First rib External intercostal muscle M. intercostalis externus 1^ Internal intercostal muscle M. intercostalis internus Radiating fibres of the anterior chondrostemal ligaments Ligg. sternocostalia ladiata Anterior or external intercostal aponeuroses Ligg. intercostalia externa Seventh rib Anterior or external intercostal aponeuroses Ligg. intercostalia Interchondral articulations Articulationes interchondrales Fig. 414. — *Membrane of the Sternum. Anterior Chondrosternal Ligaments, Costo- xiPHOiD Ligaments, and Anterior or External Intercostal Aponeuroses. The Relation of these Latter to the External Intercostal Muscles and to the Pectoralis Minor Muscle. (Anterior Wall of the Thorax seen from Before.) Articulationes sternocostales— Chondrosternal articulations. THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE TRUNK 187 •Membrane of the atemum (U.S. ; Posterior interstemal ligament) *Membrana sterni Interclavicular ligament Lig. interclaviculare Posterior sternoclavicular ligament Lig. sternoclaviculare F:rEt rib Triangularis stemi muscle M. transversus thoracis Ensiform or U&tA' xiphoid process ^^ Processus xiphoideus Seventh rib Intcrcal intercostal muscles i" Mm. intercostales interni 1 Posterior or inter- nal intercostal aponeuroses Ligg. intercostalia interna Transversalis abdominis muscle M. transversus abdominis Fig. 415. — Posterior or Internal Intercostal Aponeuroses, and their Relation to the Triangularis Sterni and Transversalis Abdominis Muscles. Sternoclavicular Articulation. (Anterior Wall of the Thorax seen from Behind.) Articulationes sternocostales— Chondrosternal articulations. 24 — 2 188 THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE TRUNK Interclavicular ligament Costoclavicular or rhomboid ligament Lig. costoclaviculare First rib Costa I. Interarticular ligament of the second chondrostemal articulation -Xig. sternocostale inter- articulare »^„ The clavicle Clavicula Interarticular fibrocartilage of the sternoclavicular joint Superior sternal synchondrosis (manubrio-gladiolal joint) Synchondrosis sternalis superior X Chondrostemal articulations Articulationes sternocostales Cartilage of the seventh rib Cartilage costalis VII. Fig. 416. — Chondrosternal Articulations. Interchondral Articulations. Interst; rnal Synchondroses. Sternoclavicular Articulation. (Posterior Half of a Frontal Section through the Sternum, the Cartilages of the Ribs, and the Sternal Extremities of the Clavicles.) Articulationes sternocostales — Chondrosternal articulations. ARTICULATIONES ET LIGAMENTA CAPITIS THE ARTICULATIONS AND LIGAMENTS OF THE HEAD 190 THE ARTICULATIONS AND LIGAMENTS UF THE HEAD Basilar groove Clivus Cranial dura mater Dura mater encephali Anterior condylar foramen Canalis condyloideus Posterior or Icng ocoipito-axia'.._. ligament' Membrana tectoria Posterior com:aon ligament Lig. longitudin?l3 posterius .Capsule of the oocipito-atlantal synovial joint Capsula articulationis atlanto- occipitalis Capsule of the atlanto-axial synovial joint Capsula articulationis atlanto- epistrophicae Third cervical vertebra Vertebra cervicalis III. ' See note to p. 177. Fig. 417. — Posterior Occipito-axial Ligament. Occipito-atlantal and Atlanto-axial Synovial Joints. (The Three Uppermost Cervical Vertebra and the Occipital Bone seen from Behind.) By a frontal section behind the occipital condyles, the squamous portion (^ the occipital bone and the neural arches have been removed. The dura mater has been cut transversely in the basilar groove, and turned upwards Anterior tubercle Tuberculura anterius Articular facet for the odontoid process Fovea dentis SuDerior articular facet Fovea articularis superior Transverse ligament of the atlas Lig. transversum atlantis Fig. 418. — Transverse Ligament of the Atlas. (The Atl^^s seen from Above.) Articulationes atlanto-occipitaiis et atlanto-epistrophica— Occipito-atlantal and atlanto-axial articulations. THE ARTICULATIONS AND LIGAMENTS OF THE HEAD Basilar groove— Clivus I 191 Posterior condylar foramen Canalis hypoglossi \ Anterior condylar foramen Canalis condvloideus \ Lateral or alir odoutoiJ or check ligament Lig. alare Transverse ligament of the atlas (Horizontal portion of the cruci--] form ligament of the atlas) Lig. transversum atlantis Atlauto-axial synovial joint' Articulatio atlanto- epistrophica Cranial dura mater Dura mater encephali Posterior or long occipito-axial ligament' Membrana tectoria Upper vertical limb of the ■ cruciform ligament of the atlas Capsule of the occipito-atlantal articulation Accessory occipito-axial ligament^ Cruciform ligament of the atlas Lig. cruciatum atlantis Lower vertical limb of the cruci- form ligament of the atlas Fig. 419. — Cruciform Ligament of the Atlas ; Lateral or Alar Odontoid or Check Ligaments Occipito-atlantal and Atlanto-axial Synovial Joints, the Right closed, the Left open. The cranial dura mater and the posterior or long occipito-axial lig^ament' have been cut transversely in the basilar groove and turned upwards. ' See note tu p. 177.. ^ Accessory occipito-axinl I's^aitient, This ligament k not mentioned by the author, though it is well shown in Fig. 419. The accessory ligament is a bundle of fibres strengthening the capsule of the occipito-atlantal joint at its postero-internal angle. It rims downwards and inwards Irom the back of tlle occipital condyle to the body of the axis near the base of the txlontoid process. — Tk. Basilar groove — Clivus Posterior condylar foramen,, Canalis hypoglossi Occipito-atlantal synovial joint Articulatio atlanto-occipitalis Transverse ligament of the atlas Lig. transversum atlantis Atlantoaxial synovial joint Articulatio atlanto- epistrophica Jugular eminence .Tubercnhim jugulare Middle odontoid ligament or suspensory ligament of the axis Lig. apicis dentis Lateral or alar odontoid or check ligament Lig. alare — 3ut surface of the neural arch of the axis Posterior articular facet of the odontoid process (groove for th transverse ligament)— Facies articularis posterior dentis Fig. 420. — Lateral or Alar Odontoid or Check Ligaments. Middle Odontoid Ligament or Suspensory Ligament of the Axis. The transverse ligament of the atlas has been divided in the middle and the parts have been turned outwards ; the dura mater and the posterior or long occipito-a.xial ligament have been entirely removed. The Atlas and the Axis with the Anterior Portion of the Occipital Bone seen from Behind, A Section having been made similar to that in the Preparation shown in Fig. 414. Articulationes atlanto-occipitalis et atlanto-epistrophica- articulations. -Occipito-atlantal and atlanto-axial 192 THE ARTICULATIONS AND LIGAMLiNTS OF THE HEAD Jugular eminence Tuberculum jugulare^ Posterior condylar foramen Canal is hypoglussi \ Occipito-atlantal synovial joint Articulatio atlanto-occipitalis , Synovial cavity between the odon- toid process and the transverse . ligament of the atlas Atlanto-axial synovial joint Articulatio atlanto-epistrophica Basilar portion of the occipital bone I'ars basilaris ossis occipitalis Middle odontoid ligament or suspensory ligament of the axis l.if;. ap'cis dentis ,. Lateral or alar odontoid or check ligament Lig. alare Lateral mass of the atlas Massa lateralis atlantis -- — Transverse ligament of the atlas Lig. transversum atlantis Odontoid process — De^s ep.strophei Fig. 421. — OCCIPITO-ATLANTAL AND ^.TLANTO-AXIAL ARTICULATIONS IN FrONTAL SECTION. Lateral or Alar Odontoid or Check Ligaments and Middle Odontoid Ligament or Suspensory Ligament of the Axis. The section passes through the middle of the posterior condylar fo'T.niiiia, and divides the summit of the antero-posterior curve of the occipital condyles. Occipitosphenoidal synchondrosis— Synchondrosis spheno-occipitalis Cranial dura mater 3ura mater encephali Transverse or basilar sinus, or basilar plexus ; Plexus basilaris Superficial expansion of the lateral or alar odontoid or check ligaments I lEursa at the summit of the odontoid process — Bursa apicis dentis /Upper vertebral limb of the cruciform ligament of the axis 1' ! Posterior or long occipito-axial ligament' Membrana tectoria ! ; .Vertebral artery Middle odontoid ligament or sv pensory ligament of the axis Lig. apicis dentis Anterior occipito-atlantal ligament Membrana atlanto-occipitalis anterior .iVrteria verteliralis Boots of the suboccipital Venous plexus- Odonto-atlantal synovial joint Articulatio atlanto-epistrophica' Anterior arch of the atlas Arcus anterior atlantis Anterior articular facet of odontoid pro , cess — Facies articularis anterior dentis Posterior articular facet of the odontoid process (groove for the transverse ligament) y Facies articularis posterior dentis y^ Lower vertical limb of the cruciform ligament of the atlas / Insertion of the posterior or long occipito- axial ligament into the body of the axis Posterior common ligament Lig. longittiUinale posterius — i^ Squamous portion of the occipital bone Squama occipitalis Cranial dura mater Dura mater encephali Posterior occipito-atlantal ligament Membrana atlanto-occipitalis posterior Posterior arch of the atlas Arcus posterior atlantis Posterio- atlanto-axial ligament Membrana atlanto-epistrophica Transverse ligament of the atlas Lig. transversum atlantis Spinous process of the axis Processus spinosus epistrophei Lig. subfiavum -Lig. flavum Spinal dura mater Uura mater spinalis See note to p. 177. Fig. 422.— Articulations and Ligaments of the Odontoid Process. Stratiform Arrange- ment of the Cruciform Ligament of the Atlas, the Posterior or Long Occipito- axial Ligament, and the Dura Mater. Spheno-occipital SYNCHt)NDROsis. (Median Section through the Posterior Portion of the Base of the Cranium and the Three Uppermost Cervical Vertebra.) Articulationes atlanto-occipitalis et atlanto-epistrophica— Occipito-atlantal and atlanto-axial articulations. THE ARTICULATIONS AND LIGAMENTS OF THE HEAD 193 Petrous portion of the temporal bone Pars petrosa ossis temporalis Dorsum sellse Dorsum sellee Pharyngeal tubercle , Tuberculum pharyngeum Jugular foramen Foramen jugulare Spinous process of the sphenoid bone Spina angularis jiTf TjTnpanio plate 1 'ars tympanica 'styloid process Processus styloideus Mastoid process \ \- Processus mastoideus \sJi, Posterior condylar foramen Canalis hypo),lossi Capsule of the occipito atlantal synovial joint Capsula articulationis atlanto- occipitalis \J Anterior occipito-atlantal ligament Membrana atlanto-occipitalis anterior Fig. 423. — Antep or Occipito-atlantal Ligament and Petrobasilar Synchondrosis. (The Atlas with the Posterior Portion of the Base of the Skull, seen from Before.) External occipital protuberance Protuberantia occipitalis externa Posterior arch of the atlas , Arcus posterior atlantis Squamous portion of the occipital bone External occipital crest Crista occipitalis externa Capsule of the occipito-atlantal synovial joint Capsula articulationis atlanto- occipitalis Foramen for the passage of the vertebral artery and the suboccipital nerve \ Posterior occipito-atlantal ligament Membrana atlanto-occipitalis posterior Fig. 424.— Posterior Occipito-atlantal Ligament. (The Atlas with the Occipital Bone, seen from Behind.) Articulatio atlanto-occipitalis — Occipito-atlantal articulation. as 194 THE ARTICULATIONS AND LIGAMENTS OF THE HEAD Zygoma Processus zygomaticus ossis temporalis j External lateral ligament Lig. temporomandibulare\ j Capsule of the joint Capsula articularis ^ External auditory aperture Porus acusticiis etternus \ Mastoid process Proc. mastoideus A\>^^¥ Capsule of the joint - Capsula articularis ^ Coronoid process '^'^^""Wi Proc. coronoideus Eamus of the jaw Kamus mandibulae Tympanic plate I'ars tympanica Styloid process Proc. styloideus /' Stylohyoid ligament ' Lig. stylohyoideum / Stylomandibular or stylomaxillary ligament Lig. stylomandibulare Angle of the ja-wr - Angulus mandibulae V. Fig. 425. — Articulatio Mandibularis, Temporomandibular or Tkmporomaxillary Articulation: LiGAMENTA TeMPOROMANDIBULARE ET STYLOMANDIBULARE, EXTERNAL LATERAL AND STYLO- MANDIBULAR OR Stylomaxillary Ligaments. Ligamentum Stylohyoideum, Stylohyoid Ligament. (Right Temporomandibular or Temporomaxillary Articulation, seen from THE Outer Side.) Articulatio mandibularis — Temooromandibular or temporomaxillarv articulation. THE ARTICULATIONS AND LIGAMENTS OF THE HEAD 195 Pterygospinous foramen Foramen pterygospinosum, Sphenoidal sinus Sinus sphenoidalis Middle lacerate foramen : Foramen lacerum Pterygospinous ligament /Lig. pterygospinosum / , Spinous process of the sphenoid bone / / Spina angularis / ' ' Carotid canal— Canalis caroticus Internal auditory aperture Porus acusticus internus Pterygoid process Processus pterygoideus External pterygoid plate Lamina lateralis Internal pterygoid plate .Lamina medialis Lingulaof the inferior maxillary bone Lingula mandibulae Internal pterygoid muscle M. pterygoideus internus Styloglossus muscle M. styloglossus Internal oblique line, or mylohyoid ridge Linea mylohyoidea Body of the inferior maxillary bone Corpus mandibular ^' Styloid process— Proc. styloideus Sphenomandibular or internal lateral ligament Lig. sphenomandibulare Stylomandibular or stylomaxillary liga- ment—Lig. stylomandibulare Badiations of the stylomandibular or stylomaxillary ligament in the deep cervical fascia on the surface of the internal pterygoid muscle Angle of the jaw Angulus mandibulae Stylohyoid ligament Lig. stylohyoideura Great comu Cornu majus Body of the hyoid bone' Corpus ossis hyoidei Synchondrosis of the great comu with the body of the hyoid bone Small comu Cornu minus Sjmovial articulation between the small comu and the body of the hyoid bone Fig. 426.— Articulatio Mandibularis, Temporomandibular or Temporomaxillary Articulation : LiGAMENTA Sphenomandibulare et Stylomandibulare, Sphenomandibular or Internal Lateral and Stylomandibular or Stylomaxillary Ligament. Relations of the Stylo- mandibular OR Stylomaxillary Ligament to Styloglossus and Internal Pterygoid Muscles. Ligamentum Pterygospinosum, Pterygospinous Ligament. (The Posterior Part of the Facial Portion of the Skull with the Adjoining Portion of the Base of THE Skull, divided sagitally somewhat to the Left of the Median Plane.) The basilar and condylar portions of the occipital bone have been removed. Articulatio mandibularia— Temporomandibular or temporomaxillary articulation. 25—2 196 THE ARTICULATIONS AND LIGAMENTS OF THE HEAD Infratemporal crest — Crista infralemporalis Capsule of the joint Capsula articularis Articular eminence — Tuberculum articulare Articular portion of tbe glenoid fossa Fovea articularis fossa: manibularis Interartlcular disc or meniscus Discus articularis / External auditory meatus— Meatus acusticus£xtemus / Mastoid cells CelluljE mastoideae Superior head j of the external r pterygoid Inferior head J muscle Coronoid process Proc. corDnoideus __ Sigmoid notch Incisura mandibulse Tympanic plate ,' /' Pars tympanica Capsule of the joint/' Capsula articularis Condyle of the inferior maxillary bone/ / Capitulum mandibukr / Neck of the inferior maxillary bone,' CoUum mandibulse Styloid process y Processus styloideus Stylomandibular or stylomaxiUary ligament/ Lig. stylomandiliulare Ramus of the inferior maxillary bone '' Ramus mandibula" Angle of the jaw y Angulus mandibulse Body of the inferior maxillary bone Corpus mandibulae V. Fig. 427. — Articulatio Mandibularis, Temporomandibular or Temporomaxillary Articulatiok : Discus Articularis. Interarticular Disc or Meniscus, and Ligamentum Stylomandibulare, Stylomandibular or Stylomaxillary Ligament. Relations of the Superior Head of the External Pterygoid Muscle to the Anterior Wall of the Capsular Ligament and to THE Interarticular Disc or Meniscus. (Right Temporomandibular or Temporomaxillary Articulation, divided in a Plane nearly approaching the Sagittal; the Internal Portion being figured.) The section runs somewhat obliquely forwards and inwards. External pterygoid plate Lamina lateralis processus pterygoidei Pterygospinous ligament Lig. pteryL;o^pillu^uIu -^^ Fibrocartilage of the foramen lacerum medium Fibrocartilage basalis Petrosphenoidal synchondrosis Synchondrosis sphenoi etrosa Spinous process of the sphenoid bone Spina angularis Petrous portion of the temporal bone Pyramis Carotid canal Canalis caroticus Jugular or posterior lacerate foramen Foramen jugulare Jugular process Processus jugularis Middle lacerate foramen Foramen lacerum . Petrosphenoidal fissure ■'' Fissura sphenopetrosa Petrous portion of the temporal bone Pyramis Petrobasilar fissure .-'■ Fissura petro-occipitalis Occipitosphenoidal synchondrosis Synchondrosis spheno-occipitalis -~-^i^ Petrobasilar synchondrosis Synchondrosis petro-occipitalis Fig. 428. — Fibrocartilago Basalis ; Fibrocartilage of the Foramen Lacerum Medium : Synchondroses Sphenopetrosa, Petro-occipitalis. et Spheno-occipitalis; Petrosphenoidal, Petrobasilar, and Occipitosphenoidal Synchondroses: Ligamentum Pterygospinosum ; Pterygospinous Ligament. (The Middle Portion of the Base of the Skull, seen from Below.) Articulatio mandibularis, temporomandibular or temporomaxillary articulation — Synchondroses et ligamenta baseos cranii, synchondroses and ligaments of the base of the skull. JUNCTURE OSSIUM EXTREMITATUM, SUPERIORIS ET INFERIORlS THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE SUPERIOR AND INFERIOR EXTREMITIES 198 THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE UPPER LIMB Anterior sternoclaTicular ligameou Lig. sternoclaviculare Sternal articular facet of the clavicle Facies articularis sternalis claviculae Costoclavicular / or rhomboid ligament' Lig. costoclaviculare Capsule of the joint / Capsula articularis First rib Interarticular fibrocartilage Discus articularis First costal cartilage Cartilago costalis I. Manubrium, or presternum i Clavicular notch of the sternum Incisura clavicularis slerni Fig. 429. — Articulatio Sternoclaviculakis, Sternoclavicular Articulation : Capsula Articularis, Capsule of the Joint ; Discus Articularis, Interarticular Fibro- cartilage ; Ligamenta Interclaviculare et Costoclaviculare, Interclavicular and Costoclavicular or Rhomboid Ligaments. The left sternoclavicular articulation has been opened by the removal of the anterior wall of the capsular ligament. Interarticular fibrocartilage Discus articularis Interclavicular ligament Lig. interclaviculare Interarticular fibrocartilage 'Discus articularis The clavicle Clavicula Costoclavicul ar or rhomboid ligament Lig. costoclaviculare First rib Costa I Capsule of the joint Capsula articularis Sternal articular facet of the clavicle Facie6 articularis sternalis claviculae Clavicular notch of the sternum Incisura clavicularis sterni Synovial cavities' Cavum articulare Manubrium, or presternum Manubrium sterni ^ The interarticular fibrocartilage is occasionally defective in the centre, and in rare cases even entirely wanting ; there is then only one synovial cavity. — Tr. Fig. 430. — Articulatio Sternoclavicularis, Sternoclavicular Articulation : Discus et Capsula Articularis, Interarticular Fibrocartilage and Capsular Ligament; Cavum Articulare, Synovial Cavity or Cavities; Ligamenta Interclaviculare et Costoclaviculare, Interclavicular and Costoclavicular or Rhomboid Ligaments. The right sternoclavicular articulation has been divided by a frontal section ; in the left, the capsule has been removed and the clavicle has been drawn backwards. Sternoclavicular Articulation, seen from Before. Articulationes et ligamenta cinguli extremitatis superioris — Articulations and ligaments of the shoulder-girdle. THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE UPPER HUB 199 Coracohumeral ligament, Lig. coracohumerale 1 Coracoia process Acromial extremity of the clavicle Conoid ligament (Posterointernal portion \ of the coracoclavicular ligament) \ -Lig. conoideum \ '//- Coracoscapular or suprascapular ligament Lig. transversum scapulae superius Suprascapular notch Incisura scapulae Superior angle of the scapula Angulus tnedialis scapula: Crreat tuberosity Tuberculum inajus Capsular ligament of the shoulder-joint " Capsula articulationis humeri Superior acromio- clavicular ligament Lig. acromio- claviculare Capsular ligament of the shoulder joint Capsula articulationis humeri Surgical neck of the scapula CoUum scapulje Acromioa Supraspinous fossa Spine of the scapula Infraspinous fossa Fossa infraspinata Inferior angle of the scapula Angulus inferior scapulae Fig. 431. LiGAMENTA ACROMIOCLAVICULARE ET CORACOCLAVICULARE, SUPERIOR ACROMIOCLAVICULAR Ligament and Coracoclavicular Ligament (Conoid Portion); Ligamenta Coraco-acromiale ET Transversum Scapula Superius, Coraco-acromial and Suprascapular Ligaments. (The Right Scapula with the Acromial Half of the Clavicle and the Shoulder-Joint, seen from Above.) Artlculationes et ligamenta c'.nguli extremitatis superioris — Articulations and ligaments of the shoulder-girdle. 200 THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE UPPER LIMB Suprascapular notch Incisura scapul;E Supraspinous fossa Spine of the scapula Xnfraspinous fossa Coracoscapular or supra- Coracoid process scapular ligament ^ rocessus coraco: Lig. transversiim scapulae superius rocessus coracoideus Coraco-acromial ligament Lig. coraco-acromiale Coracohumeral ligament [Lig. coracohumerale Great tuberosity Tuberculum majus Shaft of the humerus ^ifZ. 432. — Articulatio Humeri, Shoulder-Joint: Capsula Articularis, Capsular Ligament; LiGAMENTUM CoRACOHUMERALE, CoRACOHUMERAL LiGAMENT; LiGAMENTUM TrANSVERSUM Scapula Superius et Ligamentum Transversum Scapulae Inferius, Coracoscapular or Suprascapular Ligament and Spinoglenoid Ligament. (The Right Shoulder-Joint, seen FROM Behind.) The acromion has been sawn off, and the coracoid extremity of the coraco-acromial ligament has been turned upwards. Articulatio humeri— Shouldcr-jointt THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE UPPER LIMB 201 Glenoid ligament I/abrum glenoidale Clavicular facet of the acromion Facies articularis acromii Capsular ligament Capsula articularis " Tendon of the long head of the biceps muscle Bead of the humerus Epiphysial disc ||i Synchondrosis epiphyseos Great tuberosity Tubercuhim majus Synovial sheath of the bicipital groove Vagina mucosa intertubercularis Long head of the biceps muscle Spine of the scapula 'i^4i'm I 're^a^mi'^-'^'' ' / " ^'«"°>d fossa of the scapula \«^!B ^RM»iiHfc%,V ■ ^ Cavitab glenoidalis scapulae _Glenoid ligament "Labrum glenoidale ,, ^ -' Fibrous portion "\ yi ^l Pars fibrosa I of the capsule of the joint t ^ « Synovial portion j Capsulas articularis Pars synovialis J ■ Shaft of the humerus Corpus humeri Fig. 433. — Articulatio Humeri, Shoulder-Joint : Labrum Glenoidale, Glenoid Ligament ; Relations of the Tendon of the Long Head of the Biceps Muscle and of the Epiphysial Disc to the Synovial Cavity of the Articulation. (The Right Shoulder- Joint IN Frontal Section ; Posterior Half.) Superior acromioclavicular ligament Lig. acromioclaviculare Acromial facet of the clavicle Facies articularis acromialis ,.- Acromial extremity of the clavicle -' Extremitas acromialis claviculse Acromion^ Acromion Cut surface of the acromion Interarticular fibrocartilage Discus articularis Capsule of the acromioclavicular joint Capsula articularis Fig. 434. — Articulatio Acromioclavicularis, Acromioclavicular Joint: Discus Articularis, Interarticular Fibrocartilage ; Ligamentum Acromioclaviculare, Superior Acromio- clavicular Ligament. (The Right Acromioclavicular Articulation in Frontal Section ; Posterior Portion.) Articulatio humeri — Shoulder-joint. Articulatio acromioclavicularis — Acromioclavicular articulation. 26 202 THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE UPPER LIMB The clavicle Clavicula i Conoid ligament (pOBtero-internal^portion) Trapezoid ligament (antero external portion) Li^ Iripc/ dt-uiii Coraco-acromial ligament— Lig toraco acron i k Acromioclavicular articulation /St?- Arliculatio acromiuclaviciiians > ^ ■^- Acromion < Acromion Subdeltoid or subacromial bursa Bursa subdeltoidea Synovial sheath of the bicipital groove Vagina mucosa intertubercularis Long head of the biceps muscle Coracoscapular or suprascapular ligament Lig. transversum scapulse superius _ Coracoid process Proc. coracoideus — Bursa of the subscapularis muscle Bursa m, subscapularis Subscapularis muscle M. subscapularis Capsular ligament of the shoulder-joint Capsula articularis Shaft of the humerus Corpus humeri ■1 y Fig. 435. — Articulationes Humeri et Acromioclavicularis, the Shoulder-Joint and the Sternoclavicular Articulation : Bursa Musculi Subscapularis et Bursa Sub- deltoidea, Bursa of the Subscapularis Muscle and Subdeltoid or Subacromial Bursa ; Vagina Muscosa Intertubercularis, Synovial Sheath of the Bicipital Groove ; Ligamenta Coracoclaviculare, Coraco-acromiale, et Transversum Scapula Superius ; the Coracoclavicular (Conoid and Trapezoid), Coraco-acromial, and Coracoscapular or Suprascapular Ligament. (Right Shoulder-Joint, injected with Tallow ; the Acromial Extremity of the Clavicle has been drawn upwards. Seen from Before.) Articulatio humeri— Shoulder-joint. THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE UPPER LIMB 203 Shaft of the humerus Subdeltoid or subacromial bursa Bursa subdeltoidea Tendon of the supraspinatus muscle Tendon of the infraspinatus muscle - Head 'of the humerus Tendon of the long head of the biceps muscle Coracoid process Proc. coracoideus Aperture by which the bursa of the subscapularis muscle communicates with the shoulder -joint Glenoid fossa of the scapula Cavitas glenoidalis scapulae Glenoid ligament " Labrum glenoidale Superior angle of the scapula Angulus medialis scapulae Capsular ligament Capsula articularis Synovial membrane Pars synovialis capsulae articularis Glenoid ligament Labrum glenoidaJe Infraglenoid tubercle Tuberositas infraglenoidalis Ijong head of the triceps muscle Teres minor musde Subscapularis muscle — Fig. 436. — Articulatio Humeri. Shoulder-Joint: Intracapsular Portion of the Tendon OF THE Long Head of the Biceps Muscle; Labrum Glenoidale, Glenoid Ligament; Aperture of Communication of the Bursa of the Subscapularis Muscle with the Shoulder-Joint; Relations of the Tendons of the Scapular Muscles with the Capsule of the Shoulder-Joint. (Right Shoulder-Joint from the Outer Side) After tallow had been injected into the joint and allowed to harden, the capsular ligament and the surrounding scapular muscles were divided by a circular incision midway between their attach- ments to the scapula and the humerus, a strip of the capsule, however, being left undivided, where the tendon of the long head of the biceps muscle passes through the joint. The humerus with the distal half of the capsule has been turned upwards. Articulatio humeri — Shoulder-joint. 26- 204 THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE UPPER LIMB The humerus Humerus Capsule of the elbow-joint ( anterior ligament) / Capsula articularis External condyle Kpicondylus lateralis Prominence of the capsule over the capitellum of the humerus iiy. External lateral ligament \^ Lig. coUaterale radiale Annular or orbicular ligament of the radius — Lig. annulare radii *Recessus sacciformis' Neck of the radius Collum radii Tuberosity of the radius Tuberositas radii _ Internal condyle Epicondylus medialis -Eegion of the trochlea Internal lateral ligament i.ig. collaterale ulnare Coronoid process Proc. coronoideus Tuberosity of the ulna Tuberositas ulna; ' Projection of the synovial membrane of the elbow-joint, which membrane, after passing downwards between the vertical articular surface of the head of the radius and the inner surface of the orbicular ligament, forms a circular pouch or sac below this ligament around the neck of the radius. — Tr. Fig. 437. — Articulatio Cubiti, Elbow-Joint: C.\psula Articularis, Capsule of the Joint; LiGAMENTA CoLLATERALIA, LATERAL LIGAMENTS ; LlGAMENTUM ANNULARE RaDII, AnNULAR OR Orbicular Ligament of the Radius; *Recessus Sacciformis {sec note, above). (Right Elbow-Joint, unopened; Anterior or Palmar Aspect.) The *recessus sacciformis has been injected with tallow. Articulatio cubiti — Elbow-joint. THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE UPPER LIMB 205 Humerus Humerus Capsule of the elbow-joint (anterior ligament, divided) Capoula articularis Radial fossa Fossa radialis External condyle Epicondylus lateralis ' Capitellum of the humerus,, Capitulum humeri External lateral ligament ... Ijg. coUaterale radia'e Annular or orbicular ligament of. the radius Lig. annulare radii Neck of the radius CoUum radii Tuberosity of the radius Tuberositas radii Coronoid fossa Fossa coronoidea Internal condyle Epicondylus medialis Trochlea Trochlea Internal lateral ligament Lig. coUaterale ulnare Coionoid process Proc. coronoideus Capsule of the joint (anterior ligament, divided) Capsula articularis _Tuberosity of the ulna Tuberositas aiaj; Fig. 438. — Articulatio Cubiti, Elbow-Joint ; Attachment of the Capsule to the Anterior Surfaces of the Humerus and the Ulna (Anterior Ligament); Ligamenta Collateralia, Lateral Ligaments; Ligamentum Annulare Radii, Annular or Orbicular Ligament OF THE Radius. (Right Elbow-Joint ; Anterior or Palmar Aspect.) The capsule has been' divided above and below, close to its attachment to the bones, and between the lateral ligaments (i.e., the greater portion of the anterior ligament has been removed) ; the cut ends of the anterior ligament have been folded back against the bones. The *recessus sacciforniis —see note on previous page— has bean removed. Articulatio cubiti— Elbow-ioint, 206 THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE UPPER LIMB The humerus Humerus The internal condyle Epicondylus medialis Capsule of the elbow-joint Capsula articularis Internal lateral ligament Lig. collaterale ulnare The radius Radius Olecranon fossa Fossa olecrani Capsule of the elbow-joint (posterior ligament) Capsula articularis External condyle Epicondylus lateralis Olecranon Olecranon Posterior border of the uloa Margo dorsalis iilnx Fig. 439.— Articulatio Cubiti, Elbow-Joint : Capsula Articularis, Capsule of the Joint; LiGAMENTUM CoLLATERALE UlNARE, INTERNAL LATERAL LiGAMENT. (RiGHT ElBOW- JOINT ; Postero-internal Aspect.) Articulatio cubiti — Elbow-ioint. THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE UPPER LIMB 207 The humerus Humerus Olecranon fossa Fossa olecrani Capsule of the elbow-joint (posterior ligament) Capsula articularis Internal condyle F.picondylus medialis Olecranon Olecranon Capsule of the elbow-joint (posterior ligament) Capsula articularis External condyle Epicondylus lateralis Capsule of the elbow-joint Capsula articularis External lateral ligament Lig. collaterale radiale Annular or orbicular ligament of the radius Lis. annulare radii •Recessus sacciformis' Neck of the radius Collum radii Tuberosity of the radius Tuberositas radii The ulna Ulna ' See note to p. 204. Fig. 440. — Articulatio Cubiti, Elbow-Joint: Capsula Articularis, Capsule of the Joint; LiGAMENTUM CoLLATERALE RaDIALE, EXTERNAL LATERAL LiGAMENT j LiGAMENTUM Annulare Radii, Annular or Orbicular Ligament of the Radius ; ♦Recessus Sacciformis. (Right Elbow-Joint; Postero-External Aspect.) The *recessus sacciformis has been injected with tallow. Articulatio cubiti — Elbow-joitiT. 208 THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE UPPER LIMB Shaft of the humerns Corpus humeri Small pad of fat between the anterior ligament and the synovial membrane, projecting into the coronoid fossa / Fibrous portion Capsule of the | Pars fibrosa elbow-joint i synovial portion Capsula articulans (p''^^^ synovialis Trochlea Trochlea Coronoid process Proc. coronoideus Annular or orbicular ligament of the radius ....__. Lig. annulare radii Neck of the radius CoUum radii The radius Radius Large pad of fat between the posterior ligament and the synovial membrane, projecting into the olecranon fossa _ Fibrous portion i of the capsule of Pars fibrosa I the elbow-joint _ Synovial portion f Capsulae Pars synovialis ) articularis Olecranon Olecranon Great sigmoid cavity of the ulna "Incisura semilunaris ulna; The ulna Ulna Fig. 441. — Articulatio Humero-ulnaris, Humero-ulnar Articulation. (Sagittal Section OF THE Right Elbow-Joint ; the Radial Half is figured.) The section passes through the trochlea and the great sigmoid cavity of the ulna, in a plane vertical to the axis of the trochlea. Articulatio cubiti— Elbow-joint. ThE ARTICULATIONS OF THE UPPER LImB 209 Coronoid process Proc. coronoideus. Head of the radius Capitulum radii Annular or orbicular ligament of the radius ^ Lig. annulare radii Olecranon "Olecranon Great sigmoid cavity "Incisura semilunaris Tuberosity of the radius ., Tuberositas radii Tuberosity of the ulna "Tuberositas ulnae _Oblique ligament Chorda obliqua Interosseous membrane or ligament of the forearm Membrana interossea antibrachii Styloid process of the radius. Proc. styloideus radii Capsule of the inferior radio-ulnar articulation "Capsula articulationis radio-ulnaris distalis Styloid process of the ulna Proc. styloideus ulnae Fig. 442. — Articulationes Radio-ulnakes, Proximalis et Distalis; Radio-ulnar Articulations, Superior and Inferior: Ligamentum Annulare Radii, Annular or Orbicular Ligament OF the Radius; Membrana Interossea Antibrachii, Interosseous Membrane or Ligament of the Forearm. (The Bones of the Right Forearm with the Radio-ulnar Ligaments; Anterior or Palmar Aspect.) Articulations of the Bones of the Forearm. 27 210 THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE UPPER LIMB Interosseous membrane or ligament of the forearm Membrana interossea antibrachii The ulna — Capsule of the inferior radio-ulnar articulation Capsula articulationis radio ulnaris cUstalis.__.~m* ^ Styloid process of the ulna imm M Proc. styloideus ulnae MS* n' Internal lateral ligament of the wrist-joint n^j Lig. collaterale carpi ulnare Pyramidal or cuneiform bone— Os triquetrum Posterior or dorsal ligament of the transverse carpal articulation — Lig. intercarpeum dorsale Unciform bone Os hamatum Posterior or dorsal carpometacarpal ligament / ^ Posterior or dorsal proximal intermetacarpal ligaments ' Ligg. basium dorsalia Capsule of the metacarpo-phalangeal articulation of the little finger Capsula articulationis metacarpo- phalangeae digiti V. Lateral ligaments of the metacarpo- phalangeal articulation of the middle finger — Ligamenta collateralia articulationis metacarpo-phalangeae digiti III. Capsule of the proximal interphalan- geal articulation of the little finger Capsula articulationis proximalis digiti V. Capsule of the distal interphalangeal articulation of the little finger Capsula articulationis distalis digiti V. Lateral ligaments of the interphalangeal C articulations of the middle finger J '' Ligg. collateralia articulationum | digiti III. \ The radius Posterior or dorsal ligament of the wrist-joint Lig. radiocarpeum dorsale Styloid process of the radius ■Proc. styloideus radii Scaphoid bone — Os na\ iculare External lateral ligament of the wrist-joint Lig. collaterale carpi radiale Trapezoid bone .- Os multangulum minus Capsule of the carpometacarpal joint of the thumb Capsula artitulatiniiis earponietacarpea; poUicis ~- Posterior or dorsal carpometacarpal ligament Lig. carpometacarpeum dorsale Lateral ligament— Lig collaterale Metacarpo-phalangeal articulation of the thumb Anlclilatio melacaipo-phalangea poilicis Sesamoid bone Os sesanioideum .Capsule of metacarpo-phalangeal articulation of the index finger Capsula articulationis metacarpo- phalangeae digiti II. Interphalangeal articulation of the thumb Articulatio poilicis Capsule of the proximal \ interphalangeal articulation Capsula articulationis proximalis Capsule of the distal interphalangeal articulation Capsula articulationis distalis of the index finger digiti II. Fig. 443.— The Posterior or Dorsal Ligaments or the Wrist and Hand : Ligamenta COLLAJERALIA CaRPI, LATERAL LIGAMENTS OV THE WrIST AND THE CaRPUS ; SUPERFICIAL Posterior or Dorsal Ligaments of Carpus and Met.JiCARPus. The Capsules and the Lateral Ligaments of the Metacarpo-phalangeal and Interphalangeal Articu- lations. In the articulations of the index finger the posterior wall of the capsule has been divided transversely across the middle of the joint, and the ends have been turned upwards and downwards ; in the articulations of the thumb and the iniddle finger the capsule has been divided only between the lateral ligaments, leaving these intact ; in the articulations of the ring and little fingers the capsule has not been opened. Articulationes manus et digitorum— Articulations of the hand and fingers. THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE UPPER LIMB 211 The radius Anterior or palmar ligament of the wrist-joint Lig. radiocarpeum volare Tendon of the flexor carpi radialis muscle Anterior annular ligament of the wrist Lig. carpi transversum Bidge or tuberosity of the trapezium Capsule of the carpometacarpal Joint of the thumb Capsula articulationis c:irpom :tacartjc;i; pulllcis Tendon of the flexor carpi radialis muscle Anterior or palmar proximal intermetacarpal ligament Lig. basium volare Sesamoid bones J Ossa sesamoidea( - Interphalangeal articulation of the thumb Articulatio polUcis Anterior or palmar metacarpo phalangeal ligaments' Ligg. accessoria volaria Proximal interphalangeal articulation of the index finger Articulatio pro.\imalis digiti II. V Lateral ligaments"! . Ligg. coUateralia /' Interosseous membrane or ligament of the forearm Membrana interossea antibrachii -The ulna Capsule of the inferior radio-ulnar articulation — Capsula articulationis radio-ulnaris distalis Tendon of the flexor carpi ulnaris muscle Internal lateral ligament of the wrist-joint Lig. collaterale carpi ulnare Pisiform bone Os pisiforme Plsi-uncinate ligament— L!g. pisohamatum Pisimetacarpal ligament Lig. pi>ometacarpeum Unciform bone- Os hamatum Anterior or palmar carpometacarpal ligament— I. ig. carpotnetacarpeum volare Anterior or palmar proximal intermeta- carpal ligament Lig. basium volare Capsule of themetacarpo-phalangeal articulation of the little finger Capsula articulationis metacarpo-phalangeEE digiti V. Sesamoid bone Os sesamoideum Transverse metacarpal ligament -:; (Anterior or palmar distal intermetacarpal ligaments) Ligg. capitulorum transversa I Internal lateral ligaments of the interphalangeal articulations of the little finger Ligg. coUateralia ulnaria articulationum digiti V. Distal interphalangeal articulation ' ' of the index finger Articulatio distalis digiti II. Capsule of the distal interphalangeal -' articulation of the middle finger Capsula articulationis distalis digiti III * These are fibrous plates rather than ligaments properly .so called, and, being thickened into fibrocartilage at each side along their attach- ments to the lateral metacarpo-phalangeal ligament.s, they are grooved on the palmar surfaces for the flexor tendon. Macalister calls them gU-noid ligaments. It is in the lateral fibrocartilaginous portions of these plates that the sesamoid bones of the metacarpo-phalaiigeal joint of the thumb, and occasionally uf some of the other fingers, are developed.— Tr. Fig. 444.— The Anterior or Pal.mar Ligaments of the Wrist and Hand : the Superficial Ligaments OF THE Carpus and the Metacarpus; the Capsules and Ligaments of the Metacarpo-fhalangeal and the Interphalangeal Articulations. Ligamentum Carpi Transversum, Anterior Annular Ligament of the Wrist ; Canalis Carpi, Canal of the Carpus beneath the Anterior Annular Ligament (for the Transmission of the Flexor Tendons). Relations of the Tendons of the Flexor Carpi Ulnaris and Flexor Carpi Radialis Muscle to the Anterior or Palmar Carpal AND Metacarpal Ligaments. Ligamenta Accessoria Volaria, Anterior or Palmar Metacarpo- phalangeal Ligaments ; Ligamrnta Capitulorum Transversa, Transverse Metacarpal Ligament (Anterior or Palmar Distal Intermetacarpal Ligaments). Ossa Sesamoidea, Sesamoid Bones. In the interphalangeal arliculalions of the index finger the anterior portions of the capsules between the lateral ligaments have been entirely cut away ; in those of the middle finger the capsules have been divided transversely across the middle of the joint and the divided halve? of the anterior ligament turned upwards and downwards ; in the interphalangeal arlicu- lation of the thum'' the anterior portion of the capsule has been divided along its attachment to the distal phalanx and the lateral lisaments, and, together with the sesamoid bones embedded in it on each side, has been turned upwards ; in the remaining joints the capsule has been left intact. Articulationes manus et digitorum — Articulations of the hand and fingers. 27- 212 THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE UPPER LIMB The radius - Anterior or palmar ligament of the wrist-joint vvv-vw Lig. radiocarpeum volare "~~-'-J^^S Tendon of the flexor carpi radialis muscle.. Radial attachment of the anterior annular .-^i^.^ ,^ ligament of the wrist "'""li^^^p^/^ Eldge or tuberosity of the trapezium z^^^^^^" Capsule of the carpometacarpal -fi/i^--- joint of the thumb Capsula articulationis carpo- metacarpeae poUicis Palmar or radiate ligament^- of the carpus Lig. carpi radiatum The ulna Capsule of the inferior radio- ulnar articulation Capsula articulationis radio-ulnaris distalis Lunar (or semilunar) bone Os lunatum Internal lateral ligament of the wrist- joint- I. ig. co!kucr;i!e carpi ulnare — Pisiform bone— Os pisifonne — Tendon of the flexor carpi ulnaris muscle Pisi-uncinate ligament --. Lig. pisohamaluni Pisimetacarpal ligament Lig. pisometacarpeum - Hook of the unciform bone Hamulus ossis hamati .. Os magnum or capitate bone Os capitatum % Radiations of the tendons of the flexor carpi ■\ radialis and the flexor carpi ulnaris muscles to the base of the third metacarpal bone Fig. 445. — The Anterior or Palmar Ligaments of the Right Carpus, shown hy the Removal of the Anterior Annular Ligament of the Wrist : Ligamentum Radiocarpeum Volare, Anierior or Palmar Ligament of the Wrist-Joint ; Ligamentum Carpi Radl\tum, Anterior or Radiate Ligament of the Carpus. The radius^ Sigmoid cavity of the radius. Incisura ulnaris Lunar (or semilunar) bone Os lunatum Anterior ligament of the wrist joint Lig. radiocarpeum volare Scaphoid bone — Os naviculare Tuberosity of the scaphoid bone Tuberculum ossis navirularis External lateral ligament of the transverse carpal articulation (i) Groove of the trapezium Capsule of carpometacarpal Joint of thumb (2) Os magnum, or capitate bone (3) - Palmar or radlata ligament of carpus (4) Carpometacarpal articulation of the thumb Articulatio carpometacarpea poUicis Anterior or palmar carpometacarpal ligaments Ligg. carpometacarpea %'olaria \ / ,'Anterior or palmar proximal intermetacarpal ligaments \ I // Ligg. basiuni volaria (t) Lig. intercarpetlm volare. [Connecting the tuljerositie.s of ihe scaphoid bone and the trapezinm.— Tr.) (2) Capsula articulationis carpo- (3) Os capitatum (4) Lig. carpi radiatum (6) Capsula articulationis ossis metacarpea: poUicis (5) Lig. collaterale carpi ulnare pisifornns Fig. 446.— The Anterior or Palmar Ligaments of the Intercarpal (Transver.se Carpal) and Carpo- metacarpal Articulations, after the Anterior Annular Ligamknt of the Wrist and the Tendons of the Flexor Carpi Radialis and Flexor Carpi Ulnaris h.we been entirely removed. Tho radiocarpal and distal radioulnar articulations have been opened, the trinngul^ir fibrocartilnge and the internal lateral ligament of the wrist-joint being left intact ; the bones of the forearm have been separated from one another and from the carpus ; the pisipyramidal articulation, the carpometacarpal articulations of the thumb and the ring finger, and the second intermetacarpal articulation, have been partially opened. Capsule of the inferior radio-ulnar articulation ,A Capsula articulationis radio-ulnaris distalis Head of the ulna \_,- Capitulum ulna; The ulna Triangular fibrocartilage - Discus articularis Styloid process of the ulna Proc. styloideus ulna: Internal lateral ligament of the wrist-joint (5) Communication belwepn the radiocarpal and \ the pisipyramidal articulation 1 , P3rramidal or cuneiform bone o> triquctrum I Capsule of the pisipyramidal articulation (6) Pisiform bone-0-- pisif.innc Plsi-uncinate ligament- Lig. pi.sohamatum Pisimetacarpal ligament— Lig- pisometacarpeum Hook of the unciform bone- Hamulus ossis hamati Anterior or palmar carpometacarpal ligament Lig. carpometacarpeum \'olare Second intermetacarpal articulation Articulatio intermetacarpea II. Articulatio manus — Articulations of the hand. THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE UPPER LIMB 213 The ulna Head of the ulna Capitulum ulna; \ Triangular fibrocartilage Discus articularis Styloid process of the ulna !■■> Proc. styloideus ulnae Lunar, or semilunar, bone Os hinatum y., FoBterloror dorsal intercarpal llgamenta _. sftP'^ Ligg. intercarpea dorsalia ^^W^y Pyramidal or cuneiform bone "* Os triquetruiii Os magnum or capitate bone i-\m> Os capitatuin fcv^ ,> Posterior or dorsal intercarpal ligaments »- HEi WV Ligg. inteicarpea dorsalia „ ,„ -~—-M^ * — Unciform bone - Os iKiinatuin Posterior or dorsal carpometacarpal— « ligaments Ligg. carponietacarpea dorsalia Fifth metacarpal bone Os metacarpale V. The radius Carpal articular surface Facies articularis carpea Scaphoid bone Os naviculare External lateral ligament of the wrist-joint Lig. collaterale carpi radiale Trapezoid bone . Os multangulum minus „, Trapezium— Os multangulum majus Posterior or dorsal intercarpal ligaments Ligg. intercarpea dorsalia Posterior or dorsal carpometacarpal ligaments — Ligg- carpomelacarpea dorsdlia Capsule of the carpometacarpal joint of the thumb Capsula articulationis carpo metacarpea^ poUicis First metacarpal bone Os metacarpale I. \\l/ Posterior or dorsal proximal intermetacarpal ligaments Ligg. basium dorsalia Fig. 447. — The Short Posterior or Dorsal Ligaments of the Transverse Carpal Articulation, anu of the Carpometacarpal and Intermetacarpal Articulations. (The Right Carpus with the Distal Extremities of the Bones of the Forearm AND THE Proximal Extremities of the Metacarpal Bones.) The distal radio-ulnar articulation and the radiocarpal and transverse carpal articulations have been opened by the removal of the posterior ligaments, and the bones of the forearm have been drawn a little upwards and away from the carpus. Pyramidal or cuneiform bone 0^ triquelrum Lunar, or semilunar, bone— Os luuatum Interosseous intercarpal ligament Lig. intt;rcari":um interossetiiti Scaphoid bone— Os na\ iculare Capsule of the radiocarpal articulation (anterior or palmar ligament of the wrist-Joint) Capsiila articii!atii>i)is radiotarpe* Canal of the carpus— Canal! Tendon of the flexor carpi radialis muscle Capsule of the carpometa carpal joint of the thumb Capsula articulationis carpometacarpcEE poUicis First metacarpal bone Ridge or tuberosity of the trapezium Tuberculum ossis multaoHuli majoris Anterior annular ligament of the wrist Fold of the synovial membrane — Plica synoviahs '■ Triangular flbrocartllage— Discus articularis Capsule of the radiocarpal articulation {posterior^ / or doraal ligament of the wriBt-Joint) / '-'.ipsulii arlical.uioiiis radiocariifi.i; Carpal articular surface ".ii:i(-s articularis carpea Communication between the radiocarpal and the pisipyramidal articulation The radius The ulna Pisiform bone j Os pisi forme Fifth metacarpal bone Fig. 448. — The Articular Surfaces anu the Attachments of the Capsule of the Radiocarpal Articulation or Wrist-Joint ; Canalis Carpi, the Canal of the Carpus. (The Right Carpus with the Metacarpal Bones ; Antero-superior Aspect.) The distal extremities of the bones of the forearm have been turned to the ulnar side, after division of the capsule of the wrist-joint with the e.xception of the internal lateral ligament. Articulatio manus — Articulations of the hand. 214 THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE UPPER LIMB The ulna Ulna Vertical pouch of the synovial membrane of the distal radioulnar articulation •Recessus sacciformis articulationis radio-ulnaris distalis Triangular fibrocartilage Discus articularis Lunar, or semilunar, bone— Os lunatum Interosseous Intercarpal ligament Lie;, iiuercarpeuiii iiuerosseum Internal lateral ligament of the wrist-joint Lig. collaterale carpi ulllare PjTamldal or cuneiform bone— Os triquetrum Capsule of the transverse carpal articulation Capsula aniculatioiils mantis Unciform bone— Os hamatum Os magnum or capitate bone -Os capitatum - Carpometacarpal articulations of the ring and little fingers (i) ' Interosseous carpometacarpal ligament (2) Intermetacarpal articulations Articulationes imermetacarpeae Interosseous intermetacarpal ligaments Ligg. basium interossea Metacarpo-phalangeal articulation of the little finger Articulatio metacarpo-phalangea digiti V. Lateral ligaments ,. Ligg. coUateralia -'- Proximal interphalangeal articula- tion of the little finger Articulatio proximaiis digiti V. ~' Lateral ligaments ^'J ( - ^\ Ligg. coUateralia Distal interphalangeal articulation of the little finger Articulatio distalis digiti V. Lateral ligajnenta -■ Ligg. coUateralia (i) Articulatio carpometacarpea digiti IV. et V. (z) Lig. carpometacarpeum interosseum The radius Radius The radiocarpal articulation or wrist-joint .Articulatio radiocarpea .. Interosseous Intercarpal ligament (3) Scaphoid bone~Os naviculare External lateral ligament of the wrist-joint (4) Transverse carpal articulation Aiticiilatio intercarpea Trapezium — Os multanguliim majus Carpometacarpal articulation of thumb (s) Interosseous intercarpal ligament (6) Carpometacarpal articulations of the index and middle fingers (7) Trapezoid bone ■ Os multangulum minus Interosseous intermetacarpal ligament Lig. basium interosseum Intermetacarpal articulation Articulatio intermetacarpea Metacarpo-phalangeal N^ articulation of the thumb Articulatio metacarpo- phalangea pollicis ^ Sesamoid bone Os sesamoideum Interphalangeal articulation of the thumb Articulatio pollicis (3) Lig. iritercarpeum interosseum (4) Lig. collaterale carpi radiale (5) Articulatio carpometacarpea pollicis (6) Lig. intercarpt'uni interosseum^ (7) Articulatio carpometacarpea digiti II. et III. Fig. 449. — Articulatio Radio-ulnaris Distalis, Distal Radio-ulnar Articulation. Articu- latio Manus, Articulations of the Hand: Articulationes Radiocarpea et Intercarpea, Radiocarpal Articulation or Wrist-Joint and Transverse Carpal Articulation. Articu- lationes CARPOMETACARPE.E, CARPOMETACARPAL ARTICULATIONS I ARTICULATIONES InTER- metacarpe.e, Intermetacarpal Articulations. Articulationes Metacarpo-phalangea, Metacarpo-phalangeal Articulations ; Articulationes Digitokum Manus, Interphalan- geal Articulations of the Fingers. (The Skeleton of the Right Hand with the Distal Extremities of the Bones of the Forearm ; Posterior or Dorsal Aspect.) The articulations are all opened by a section in the frontal plane : and whereas in the fingers this plane passes through the joints from side to side, dividmgthe lateral ligaments ; in the thumb, owing to the op )osition of this member, the plane of section passes through the joints in a dorsopalmar direction, and divides the dorsal and palmar ligaments. , Articulationes manus et digitorum — Articulations of the hand and fingers. THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE UPPER LIMB 215 Shaft of the radius Diaphysis radii Radiocarpal articulation Articulatio radiocarpea Lunar, or semilunar, bone Os lunatum Transverse carpal articulation Articulatio intercarpea Oarpometacarpal articulation Articulatio carpometacarpea Anterior or palmar metacarpo-phalangeal ligament' Lig. accessorium volare Metacarpo-phalangeal articulation Articulatio metacarpo-phalangea Ungual phalanx' Phalanx 111. Epiphysial disc Synchondrosis epiphyseos Distal epiphysis of the radius Epiphysis distalis radii Os magnum, or capitate bone Os capitatum Third metacar]>al bone Os metacarpale III. 1 Epiphysial discn / Synchondrosis epiphyssoTi Proximal phalanx Phalanx I. ' Interphalangeal articulationr. Articulationes digit! See note on p. 211. Fig. 450. — The Articulations of the Hand, seen in Sagittal ok Uoksopai mar section, SHOWING THEIR RELATIONS TO THE EPIPHYSIAL DiSCS. (ThE RaDIAL PORTION OF THE Divided Right Hand of a Youth aged Seventeen Years.) The section traverses the distal extremity of the radius, llie carpus, and the metacarpal bone an phalanges of the middle finger. Articulationes manus et digitorum — Articulations of the hand and fingers. 216 THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE LOWER LIMB Anterior common ligaments Lig. longitudinale anterius "- Middle layer of the lumbar fascia or ,, aponeurosis (lowermost fibres) Iliolumbar ligament Lig. iliolumbale Fourth lumbar vertebra Vertebra lumbalis IV. Iliolumbar ligament /Lig. iliolumbale ,/' "Preauricular groove / .' "Sulcus paraglenoidalis (prseauricularis) Great sacrosciatic foramen Foramen ischiadicum majus Small sacrosciatic foramen Foramen ischiadicum minus Sacral promontory Promontorium Sacro-iliac articulation Articulatio sacro-iliaca Anterior sacro-iliac ligament i'-N;';, Ligg. sacro-iliaca anteriora Anterior or small sacro- sciatic ligament Lig. sacrospinosum Spine of the ischium Spina ischiadica Posterior or great sacro- sciatic ligament Lig. sacrotuberosum Tuberosity of the ischium Tuber ischiadicum Sacrococcygeal symphysis' / Symphysis sacrococcygea Anterior sacrococcygeal ligament Lig. sacrococcygeum anterius ' Intervertebral disc of the sacrococcygeal articulation. — Tr. Fig. 451. — Articulatio Sacro-iliaca, Sacro-iliac Articulation : Ligamenta Sacro-iliaca Anteriora, Anterior Sacro-iliac Ligament ; Ligamentum Iliolumbale, Iliolumbar Ligament. Ligamenta Sacrospinosum et Sacrotuberosum, Small or Anterior and Great or Posterior Sacrosciatic Ligaments. Foramina Ischiadica Majus et Minus, Great and Small Sacrosciatic Foramina. (The Pelvis with the Fourth and Fifth Lumbar VERTEBRiE, in Frontal Section ; Posterior Half, seen from Before.) The ligaments of the right sacro-iliac articulation are intact ; those of the left articulation have been removed- Articulationes et ligamenta cinguli extremitatis interioris — Articulations and ligaments of the p? vie girdle, THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE LOWER LIMB 217 Fourth lumbar vertebra Vertebra lumbalis IV. Sacral promontory // Promontoriura Anterior sacro-iliao ligament Ligg. sacro-iliaca anteriora Brim of the pelvis Linea terminalis Obturator canal Canalis obturatorius Spine of the pubis Tuberculum pubicum Interpubio disc ^ Lamina fibrocartilaginea interpubica' Inferior pubic or subpubic ligament , Lig. arcuatum pubis Obturator membrane, or ligamen Merabrana obturatoria Intervertebral foramen Foramen intervertebrale Sacral canal -■''' Canalis sacralis Great sacrosciatic foramen Foramen ischiadicum majus Anterior or small sacro- sciatic ligament Lig. sacrospinosum Sacrococcygeal symphysis^ ■Symphysis sacrococcygea _ Small sacrosciatic ligament Foramen ischiadicum '- Posterior or great sacrosciatic ligament ^ Lig. sacrotuberosum Tuberosity of the ischium Tuber ischiadicum Falciform process of the great sacrosciatic ligament Proc. falciformis ligamenti sacrotuberosi See note on p. 216. Fig. 452. — LiGAMENTA Sacrotuberosum et Sacrospinosum, Posterior or Great and Anterior or Small Sacrosciatic Ligaments ; Foramina Ischiadica, Sacrosciatic Foramina. Membrana Obturatoria, Obturator Membrane or Ligament ; Canalis Obturatorius, Obturator Canal. Articulat 10 Sacro-iliaca, Sacro-iliac Articulation. (The Right Half of a Pelvis divided in the Median Plane ; seen from the Inner Side.) Articulationes et ligamenta cinguli extremitatis inferioris— Articulations and ligaments of the pelvic girdle. 28 218 THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE LOWER LIMB Supraspinous ligament Lig. bjupraspinalu Costal process of the fifth lumbar vertebra Middle layer of the lumbar fascia (lowermost fibres) Posterior or great sacro sciatic ligament Lig. sacrotubeiubum Iliolumbar ligament Lig. iliolumbale Long or oblique (pos terior) sacro-iliac. ligament Lig. sacro-iliacura posterius longum Posterior or great sacrosciatic ligament Lig. sacrotuberosum Tuberosity of the ischium _ Tuber ischiadicum Posterior sacro- iliac ligament' I.ii^K. sacro-iliinaitilerossea rcBteiior layer of the lumbar lascia or aponeurosis Fascia liimhodorsalis Qreat sacrosciatic foramen Kuramen iscliiadicum majus Coccygeal comu Cornu coccygeum Spine of the ischium Spina iscbiadica Small sacrosciatic foramen Foramen iscliiadicum minus Superficial posterior sacrococcygeal ligament / Lig. sacrococcygeum posterius siiperficiale ' / Pubic symphysis ^ Symphysis ossium pubis Obturator membrane, or ligament Membraiia <)l)tiiratoria Anterior or small sacrosciatic ligament Lit^. sacrospinosiim Inferior pubic or subpubic ligament Lig. arciiatum pubis * Macalister and some other EnEili-h amtomists acree with Toldt ir. naniitiK this ligament the inteross'ous sarro-iliac ligament. That name is. however, misapplied, s nee the fibres of the ligament do not connect two closely adiacent parallel articu'ar surfaces. True inter> osseous fine filjres are occasionally found connecting corresponding parts of the auricular surfaces of the sacrum and the ilium. —Tr. Fig, 453. — Posterior Ligaments of the Pelvic Girdle : Ligamentum Sacrotuberosum, Posterior or Great Sacrosciatic Ligament, and its Relation to the Posterior Layer of the Lumbar Aponeurosis. Foramina Ischiadica, Sacrosciatic Foramina. Ligamentum Sacro-iliacum Posterius Longum, Long or Ohlique (Posterior) Sacro- iliac Ligament; Ligamenta Sacro-iliac Interossea, Posterior Sacro-iliac Ligament {see note above); Ligamentum Iliolumbale, Iliolumbar Ligament. (The Pelvis with THE Fourth and Fifth Lumbar Vertebra ; seen from Behind.) On the right side, the posterior layer of the lumbar apotieurosis has been divided close to its continuation into tlie posterior or great sacrosciatic ligament, and turned outwards ; mi the left side, this superficial portion of the posterior or great sacrosciatic li anient has been cut across, and the divided ends have been turned upwards and downwards. The lowermost fibres of the middle layer of the lumbar aponeurosis have on the right side been left intact, but on the left side entirely removed. Articulationes et ligamenta cinguli extremitatis inferioris — Articulations and ligaments of the pelvic girdle. ~HE ARTICULATIONS OF THE LOWER LIMB 219 Fourth lumbar vertebra Vertebra lumbalis IV. Sacral promontory Promontorium Posterior (short) sacro-iliac ligament' Lig. sacro-iliacum posterius breve Posterior sacro-iliac ligament (superficial layer)^ Ligg. sacro-iliaca interossea Long or oblique (posterior) sacro-iliac ligament Lig. sacro-iliacum posterius longum Anterior or small sacrosciatic ligament Lig. sacrospinosum Posterior or great sacrosciatic ligament Lig. sacrotuberosum Fig. 454. — Deep Posterior Ligaments of the Sacro-iliac Articulation : Ligamenta Sacro- iliaca Interossea, Posterior Sacro-iliac Ligaments ; Ligamentum Sacro-iliacum Posterius Breve, Posterior (Short) Sacro-iliac Ligament. (The Right Half of a Pelvis divided in the Median Plane ; Postero-internal Aspect.) The upper portion of the posterior or great sacrosciatic ligament has been removed ; the long or oblique (posterior) sacroiliac hganient has been divided transversely in the middle, and the ends have been turned upwards and downwards. * External sacral crest Sacral canal *,Crista sacralis lateralis Canalis sacralis -. 'Median sacral crest "Crista sacralis Tuberosity of the ilium Tuberositas iliaca Auricular surface Facies auricularis"' Anterior sacro-iliac ligament ■ Ligg. sacro-iliaca anteriora First sacral vertebra— Vertebra sacralis I Sacro-iliac articulation ' Articulatio sacro-iliaca ; Deep layer \ of the posterior sacro-iliac Superficial layer J ligament- Fig. 455. — Horizontal Section through the Sacro-iliac Articulation ; Upper Surface of Lower Segment: Superficial and Deep Layers of the Posterior Sacro-iliac Ligament. The section was made in a plane at right angles to the long axis of the pelvis, and passes through the middle of the body of the first sacral vertebra. 1 This forms part of the posterior sacro-iliac ligament of English anatomists. See note on p. 218. — Tr. ^ See note on p. 218. Articulationes et ligamenta cinguli extremitatis inferioris — Articulations and ligaments of the pelvic girdle. 28—2 220 THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE LOWER LIMB Superior pubic ligament — Lig. pubicum superiu Ligament of Henle Falx inguinalis Spine of the pubis Tuberculum pubicum Superior or ascending ramus of the pubis Ramus superior ossis pubis Inferior pubic or subpubic ligament Lig. arcuatum pubis BecLus abdominis muscle _M rectus abdominis Interlacing of the fibres of the tendons of origin of the rectus abdominis muscles' Tendon of origin of the rectus abdomi- nis muscle attached to the inferior or descending ramus of the pubis Foramen for the passage of the dorsal artery and nerve of the penis Inferior or descending ramus of the pubis Ramus inferior ossis pubis Foramen for the passage of the dorsal vein of the penis Transverse ligament of the pelvis" — Lig. transversum pelvis Fig. 456. — Symphysis Ossium Pubis, Pubic Symphysis: Ligamentum Pubicus Superius, Superior Pubic Ligament; Ligamentum Arcuatum Pubis, Inferior Pubic or Subpubic Ligament; Ligamentum Transversum Pelvis, Transverse Ligament of the Pelvis. The Origin of THE Tendons of the Rectus Abdominis Muscles from the Pubis, and the Relation of THESE Tendons to the Pubic Symphysis. (The Anterior Aspect of the Pubic Symphysis.) The lower extremities of the rectus abdominis muscles have been pulled a little apart. Fissure of the interpubic disc Pubis Os pubis " Interpubic disc Lamina fibrocartilaginea interpubica Interlacing tendons' 1 The anterior pubic ligament is not mentioned by the author. It consists of two parts, a superficial and a deep. The ;, which is not shown in any of the figures, is made up of fibres pajising transver-ely from bone to bone in front of the interpubic dl.sc ; the fibres of the superficial part are oblique, interlace freely, and are mainly derived from the tendons of the external oblique and rectus muscles of the abdomen, as well as from those of the superficial adductors of the thish. These mterlacing tendinous fibres of the superficial part ol the anterior pubic ligament are shown in both the figures on this page. -Tk. 2 Thi.s ligament is a portion of the deep perineal fascia or triangular ligam»nt of the urethra. The name of transverse hgament ot the peMs, which is rarely used in England, was given to it by Henle. — Tr. .—Horizontal Section through the Pubic Symphysis of a Nulliparous Woman aged Lower Segment: Lamina Fibrocartilaginea Interpubic Disc. Re-inforcement of the Fig. 457 Twenty-One Years ; Upper Surface of Interpubica, Interpubic Disc ; Fissure in the Interpubic Articulation by the Interlacing of the Tendons of Origin of the Rectus Insertion of the External Oblique Muscles. The plane of section lies in the upper half of the symphysis Symphysis ossium pubis — Pubic symphysis. ON ITS Anterior Surface of the Fibres Abdominis Muscles and the Tendons of THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE LOWER LIMB Superior pubic Ugament~Lig. pubicum superiusl *ioaterlor prominence o' the interpubic disc' 'Torus pubiciis Foramen for the passage of the _ dorsal vein of the penis Inferior or descending ramus of the pubis Ramus inferior ossis pubis 221 Pubic ligament of Astle; Cooper, or Cooper's ligament Superior or ascending ramus of the pubis Ramus superior ossis pubis —Venous foramen Obturator fascia Fascia obturatoria * The slight posterior prominence of the interpubic disc has not received any name from Knglisli anatomists. A few transverse fibres connect the puljic l)ones ill (his region, forming xh^ pcsteriorpulfic ligament^ which is not mentioned by Toldt.— Tk. 2 See note ^ on p. 2/0. Fig. 458. — Symphysis Ossium Pubis, Pubic Symphysis : Torus Pubicus, Posterior Prominence OF THE Interpubic Disc; Ligamentum Transversum Pelvis, Transverse Ligament of the Pelvis {\eenote'^ above), v^\-x\i the Venous Foramina; Connexions of the Transverse Ligament OF the Pelvis with the Obturator Fascia. (The Pubic Symphysis seen from Behind.) Superior pubic ligament — Lig, pubicum superius Interpubic disc "Lamina fibrocartilaginea interpubica; The pubis Inferior pubic or subpubic ligament— Lig. arcuatnm pubis Fig. 459. — Symphysis Ossium Pubis, Pubic Symphysis : Lamina Fibrocartilaginea Interpubica, Intekpubic Disc; Ligamentum Pubicum Superius, Superior Pubic Ligament; Ligamentum Arcuatum Pubis, Inferior Pubic or Subpubic Ligament. (Thk Pubic Symphysis in Frontal Section; Anterior Surface of Posterior Segment.) Symphysis ossium pubis — Pubic symphysiii. 222 THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE LOWER LlMB Crest of the ilium Crista iliaca Anterior superior iliac spine Spina iliaca anterior superior Anterior inferior iliac spine Spina iliaca anterior inferior Capsular ligament Capsula articularis Iliofemoral ligament, or Y ligament of Bigelow Lig. iliofemorale Capsular ligament Capsula articularis Great trochanter — Trochanter major Anterior intertrochan- r teric line J Linea intertrochan- I tsrica Pubofemoral ligament Lig, pubocapsulare Spine of the pubis Tiiberculum pubicum Obturator canal "Canalis obturatorius Obturator membrane, or ligament Membrana obturatoria Tuberosity of the ischium Tuber ischiadicum Ischiocapsular ligament Lig. ischiocapsulare Shaft of the femur "Corpus femoris r'iG. 460.— Articulatio Cox^, the Hip-Joint: Ligamentum Iliofemorale, Iliofemoral Ligament, ok Y Ligament of Bigelow; Ligamentum Pubocapsulare, Pubofemoral Ligament, and its Relations to the Obturator Membrane. (The Right Hip-Joint, SEEN FROM BEFORE.) Articulatio cox;e— The hip-joint. THE ART/CUL/tTrON': QP THE LOWER LIMB 223 Cotyloid ligament— Labrum glenoidale Head of the femur Epiphysial disc — Synchondrosis epiphyseos Zona orbicularis — Zona orbicularis — Digital fossa Fossa trochanterica Spiphysis of the great trochanter Neck of the femur Hip-bone Fossa of the interarticular ligament --Fovea capitis lemoris Fad of fat in the fossa of tt)f* acatabulum Interarticular or round ligament Lig. teres femoris Cotyloid notch -Incisura acetabuli Transverse ligament of the acetabulum Lig. transversum acetabuli Tuberosity of the ischium Tuber ischiadicum small trochanter Shaft of the femur Corpus femoris Fig. 461. — Akticulatio Cox.k, the Hip-Joint : Capsula Articularis, Capsular Ligament; Zona Orbicularis, the Circularly Disposed Fibres of the Capsular Ligament, FORMING A Band round the Nfck of the Femur, which is most distinct Behind and Below. Relation of the Epiphysial Disc of the Head of the Femur to the Hip- joint. (The Right Hip-Joint in Frontal 'Section; Anterior Surface of Posterior Segment.) The section passes through the middle cf the cotyloid notch and of the fossa of the interarticular ligament. Articulatio coxae — The hip-joint. 'ri-i THE AKTICOLAUUN:^ Or I'Ht. LOWER LIMB Iliolumbar ligament Lig. iliolumbaie Fifth lumbar vertebra . Vertebra lumbalis V. Anterior sacro-iliac ligament .. ligg. sacro-iliaca anteriora Anterior inferior iliac spine Spina iliaca anterior inferior Facies lunata [Fibrous portion Capsular ligament J Pars fibrosa Capsula articularis I Synovial portion I Pars synovialis Zona orbicularis — Zona orbicularis . Vreat trochanter Irochanter major Cotyloid ligament Labrum glenoidale Fossa of the acetabulum— Fossa ajetabuli Interarticular or round ligament J-ig teres temoris Cotyloid notch— Incisura acetabali Obturator canal — Canalis obturatorius Pubic ligament of Astley Cooper, or Cooper's ligament Spine of the pubis Tuberculum pubicum ^^^^ ^^^^ Pubofemoral ligament Iliofemoral ligament, f " '^^^MKf^^M \ ^^Hf .^^.^^f^^ ^ 'h pubocapsulare or Y ligament / -, ^. s^BBmS^ \ '^■^ImSbj^*'^ Obturator membrane, or ligament Li iUofe^mOTale fj' '' //jTMl^^lr \ ^^^^^^ Menibrana obturatoria ' Zona orbicularis —Zona orbicularis ' Synovial membrane covering the neck of the femur Small trochanter Trochanter minor Fig. 462. — Articulatio Cox^, the Hip-Joint; Ligamentum Teres Femoris, Interarticular OR Round Ligament of the Hip-Joint^ ; Laurum Glenoidale, Cotyloid Ligament; Capsula Articularis, Capsular Ligament of the Hip-Joint; Reflection of the Synovial Membrane of the Hip-Toint from the Inner Surface of the Capsular Ligament on to the Neck of the Femur; zona Orbicularis, Circular Band of the Capsular Ligament round the Neck of the Femur.^ (The Right Hip-Joint seen from Before.) The anterior wall of the capsular ligament has been removed, except for a narrow band at its distal attachment, which has been turned outwards. The head of the ftmur has been slightly withdrawn from its socket in a downward and outward direction. 1 Perhaps most frequently known in England by its Latin name, Ufiamcntiim teres. ^ Also frequently known in England by its Latin name, zona orbicularis. Articuiatio coxae — The hip-joint. THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE LOWER LIMB 225 The ilium Cotyloid ligament Labrum glenoidale HoTseshoe-shaped articular surface of the acetabulum Anterior superior spine of the ilium Spina iliaca anterior superior Iliopectineal eminence Eminentia iliopectinea The pubis Fossa acetabuli Tuberosity of the ischium Tuber ischiadicum Transverse ligament of the acetabulum Lig. transversum acetabuli Cotyloid notch Incisura acetabuli Interarticular or round ligament Lig. teres femoris The ischium Fig. 463. — Articulatio Cox.?;, the Hip-Joint : the Acetabulum ; Labrum Glenoidale et LiGAMENTUM TrANSVERSUM AcETABULI, THE COTYLOID LiGAMENT AND THE TRANSVERSE Ligament of the Acetabulum. Ligamentum Teres Femoris, the Interarticular or Round Ligament. (View of the Interior of the Socket of the Right Hip-Joint.) The interarticular or round ligament has been divided close to its attachment to the head of the femur. Articulatio coxse — The hip-joint. 226 THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE LOWER LIMB Inferior ramus of the ischiuTi Ramus inferior ossis ischii Obturator membrane, or ligament Membrana obturatoria Thin portion of the capsule between the pubofemoral and the ischiocapsular ligament Inferior or descending ramus of the pubis Ramus inferior ossis pubis Obturator canal Canalis obturatorius Spine of the pubis Tuberculum pubicum Pubofemoral ligament ..-' Lig. piibocapsulare Iliopectineal eminence Eminentia iliopectinea Tuberosity of the ischium Tuber ischiadicum Ischiocapsula'- ligament Lig. iscliiocapsulare Thin portion of the capsule between the ischiocapsular and the iliofemoral ligament Zona orbicularis Zona orbicularis Thin portion of the capsule between the pubo- femoral and the iliofemoral ligament Distal attachment of the iliofemoral ligament '' Oreat trochanwr Trochanter major \ Posterior intertrochan- teric ridge or line Crista intertrochanterica \Neck of the femur Collum femoris \ Thin portion of the capsule external to the zona orbicularis Nimall trochanter Trochanter minor Fig. 464.— Articut.atio Coxje. the Hip-Joint: Capsula Articularis, the Capsular Liga- ment; Zona Orbicularis i§ec p. 223), and its Relations to the Pubofemoral and Ischiocapsular Ligaments. Membrana Obturatoria et Canalis Obturatorius, Obturator Membrane or Ligament and Obturator Canal. (The Postero-internal Side of the Right Hip-Joint seen from Below.) The articular cavity has been injected with tallow. Articulatio coxae— The hip-joint. THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE LOWER LIMB 227 i liinata Thin portion of the capsule between the pubo femoral and the ischiocapsular ligament Transverse ligament of the acetabulum Lig. transversum acetabuli Fossa acetabuli — Fossa acetabuli \ Interartlcular or round ligament— l.ig. teres femoris \ ' Horseshoe-shaped articular surface of the acetabulum— Kacii Spine of the ischium Spina ischiadica Sciatic, or small sciatic, notch Incisura ischiadica minor Tuberosity of the ischium Tuber ischiadicum Horseshoe-shaped articular surface of the acetabulum A Facies lunata ' \ Pubofemoral ligament— Lig. pubocapsulare Thin portion of the capsule Communication between the synovial cavity ^' and the bursa beneath the tendon of '^ the Iliopsoas muscle Iliofemoral ligament -Lig. ilio- feiiiorale Cotyloid ligament Labrum glenoidale Cotyloid ligament Labrum glenoidale Capsular ligament -' Capsular articularis Ischiocapsular ligament/ Lig. ischiocapsulare \_ Digital fossa Fossa trochanterica Thin portion of the capsule between the iliofemoral and the ischiocapsular ligament Zona orbicularis Zona orbicularis Capsular ligament Capsula articularis Great trochanter Trochanter major Great trochanter Trochanter major Cut surface of the neck of the femur Femoral attachment of the iliofemoral ligament Thin portion of the capsule external to the zona, orbicularis Fig. 465. — Articulatio Cox.e, the Hip-Joint : Zona Orbicularis (see p. 223), and its Relations to the Iliofemoral, Pubofemoral, and Ischiocapsular Ligaments ; the Thin Portions of the Capsule, and the Communication between the Synovial Cavity and the Bursa beneath the Tendon of the Iliopsoas Muscle; the Ack:tabulum, with the Transverse Ligament of the Acetabulum, and the Inter- articular or Round Ligament. After the capsule of the right hip-joint had been prepared from without, the joint was fully flexed; the capsule was then divided by a section in the direction of a line passing from the middle of the upper border of the great trochanter to the inner border of the iliopectineal eminence ; the ilium was cut away except for that portion of the bone which contributes to the formation of the acetabulum, and the neck of the femur was sawti across just internal to the distal attachment of the capsule ; the inlerarticular ligament was divided close to the head of the femur, and this latter, together with the intracapsular portion of the neck, was removed ; the acetabulum and the remaining proximal portion of the femur were divided in two by a continuation of the section already made through the upper wall of tlic capsule ; the two halves of the acetabulum and the head and neck of the femur were then opened out till the cut surfaces met at a very obtuse angle ; so that the capsule and the cotyloid ligament were fully exposed from within. The synovial membrane was dissected off, and the inner surface of the capsule cleaned from fat and cellular tissue. Articulatio coxae — The hip-joint. 29- 228 THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE LOWER LIMB The femur, Femur Subcrureus muscle M. articularis genu Bursa beneath the suprapatellar tendon- Bursa suprapatellaris Vastus extemus muscle M. vastus lateralis External lateral patellar ligament' Retinaculum patella; laterale Capsular ligament Capsula articularis External lateral ligament of the knee-joint Lig. collaterale fibulare Anterior superior tibiofibular ligament Ligg. capituli fibulae Tendon of the rectus femoris muscle Sehne des M. rectus femoris Vastus intemus muscle M. vastus medialis IKl Th8 patella Ml" Patella Internal lateral patellar ligament Retinaculum patellae mediale Internal lateral ligament of the knee-joint / Lig. collaterale tibiale ' Patellar ligament, or infrapatellar tendon Lig. patellae Tubercle of the tibia Tuberositas tibia3 Fig The fibula Fibula Interosseous membrane, or ligament, of the leg Membrana interossea cruris 466.— Articulatio Genu, the Knee-Joint: Ligamentum Patella, Patellar Ligament, OR Infrapatellar Tendon ; Retinacula Patell.e, Lateral Patellar Ligaments ; Ligamenta Collateralia, Lateral Ligaments of the Knee-Joint. Bursa Supra- patellaris, THE Bursa beneath the Suprapatellar Tendon; the Relation of the unusually Large Subcrureus Muscle to the Capsule of the Knee-Joint. Articulatio Tibiofibularis, Superior Tibiofibular Articulation: Ligamenta Capituli Fibula, Anterior Superior Tibiofibular Ligament. (The Right Knee-Joint from Before.) The synovial cavity has been injected with tallow. Articulatio genu — The knee-joint. THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE LOWER LIMB 229 External condyle Condylus lateralis External semilunar fibrocartilage Meniscus lateralis External lateral ligament of the knee-joint Lig. collaterale fibulare Anterior superior tibiofibular ligament Ligg. capituli fibulae The fibula Fibula Interosseous membrane, or ligament, of the leg Membrana interossea cruris The tibia. Tibia The femur Patellar surface Facias patellaris Posterior or internal crucial ligament Lig. cruciatum posterius Anterior or external crucial ligament Lig. cruciatum anterius Internal semilunar fibrocartilage Meniscus medialis Transverse ligament of the semilunai fibrocartilages Lig. transversum genu Internal lateral ligament of the knee-joint Lig. collaterale tibiale Patellar ligament, or infra- patellar tendon Lig. patelte Articular surface of the patella Facies articularis patellae Suprapatellar tendon, or common tendon of the quadriceps extensor cruris muscle Fig 467.— Articulatio Genu, the Knee-Joint: Ligamenta Collateralia, Lateral Liga- ments OF the Knee-Joint; Ligamenta Cruciata, Crucial Ligaments; Ligamentum Patella-:, Patellar Ligament, or Infrapatellar Tendon. Articulatio Tibiofibularis. Superior Tibiofibular Articulation : Ligamenta Capituli Fibula, Anterior Superior IIBIOFIBULAR LiGAMENT. (ThE RiGHT KnEE-JoINT SEEN FROM BEFORE AND WITHOUT.) The capsular ligament has been removed from the front of the joint between the two lateral ligaments, and the patellar ligament has been turned downwards. Articulatio genu — The knee-joint. 230 THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE LOWER LIMB Sttbcrureus muscle -- M. articularis genu The femur Femur Vastus intemuB muscle M. vastus medialis The patella Patella Capsular ligament Capsula articularis' Patellar ligament, or infra- patellar tendon Lig. patellae Bursa beneath the suprapatellar tendon Bursa suprapatellaris Distal epiphysial disc of the femur Synchondrosis epiphyseos _, Internal condyle Epicondylus medialis Inner head of the gastroc nemius muscle Caput mediale musculi gastrocnemii Internal lateral patellar ligament Retinaculum patellae mediale . Tendon of the semimem- branosus muscle Internal lateral ligament of the knee-joint Lig. collaterale tibiale Proximal epiphysial disc of the tibia Synchondrosis epiphyseos Tubercle of the tibia. Tuberositas tibiae Fig. 468. — Articulatio Genu, the Knee-Joint: Capsula Articularis, Capsular Ligament, AND THE Relations of the Subcrureus Muscle to this Ligament; Bursa Supra- patellaris, THE Bursa beneath the Suprapatellar Tendon. Ligamentum Collaterale TiBi^, Internal Lateral Ligament of the Knee-Joint ; Ligamentum Patell.e et Retinaculum Patella Mediale, Patellar Ligament, or Infrapatellar Tendon, and Internal Lateral Patellar Ligament. Relations of the Epiphysial Discs to the Articulation. The same preparation as that of Fig. 466, seen from within. Articulatio genu — The knee-joint. THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE LOWER LIMB 231 The femur. Femur Subcrureus muscle M. articularis genu Plantaxis muscle M. plantaris Outer head of the gastrocnemius muscle Caput laterale musculi gastrocnemius External condyle of the femur Condylus lateralis femoris External lateral ligament of the knee-joint Lij;. colhturak- fil.ular.; Short external lateral (Quain), or direct portion of posterior external lateral ligament (Macalister) (i) Popliteus muscle (2) Tendon of the biceps flexor cruris muscle Anterior superior tibiofibular liga ment— Ligg. capituli fibulas Proximal epiphysial discs of the tibia and the fibula \ Synchondrosis epiphyseos j (. p •''- Quadriceps extensor cruris muscle Bursa beneath the supra- patellar tendon Bursa suprapatellaris Capsular ligament i External latera. patellar J ligament "1 Retinaculum patellae laterale The patella "Patella Patellar ligament, or infrapatellar tendon Lig. patellae ~^ Bursa beneath the patellar ligament Bursa infrapatellaris profunda The tibia Tibia The fibula Fibula Interosseous membrane, or ligament, of the leg — Membranainterossea cruris ' (i) Retinaculum ligamenti arcuati (2) M. popliteus Fig. 469. — Articulatio Genu, the Knee-Joint: Capsula Articularis, Capsular Ligament; Bursa Suprapatellaris, and the Relations of the Quadriceps Extensor Cruris Muscle TO THE Same. Ligamentum Collaterale Fibulare, External Lateral Ligament of the Knee-Joint. Ligamentum Patella et Retinaculum Patella Laterale, Patellar Liga- ment, OR Infrapatellar Tendon, and External Lateral Patellar Ligament; the Relations of the Latter to the Plantaris Muscle and to the Outer Head of the Gastrocnemius Muscle. Bursa Infrapatellaris Profunda, Bursa beneath the Patellar Ligament. Articulatio Tibiofibularis, Superior Tibiofibular Articulation. Ligamenta Capituli Fibula, Anterior Superior Tibiofibular Ligament. Relations of the Epiphysial Discs to Both the Joints. The same preparation as that of Figs. 466 and 468, seen from the outer side. The synovial cavity of the knee-joint has been opened behind the external lateral ligament of the knee-joint, and the bursa beneath the patellar ligament has also been opened. Articulatio genu — The knee-joint. 232 THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE LOWER LIMB The femui Femur Capsular ligament Capsula articularis SemlmemoranoBUS musolj M. semimembranosus Bursa between the tendon of the semimembranosus muscle and the tendon of the inner head of the gastrocnemius muscle Bursa m. gastrocnemii medialls Tendon of the inner head of the gastrocnemius muscle Posterior ligament of the knee-joint Lig. popliteum obliquum Internal lateral ligament of — the knee-joint Lig. collaterale tibiale Divided edge of the aponeurosis covering the popliteus muscle The tendon of the outer head of the gastrocnemius muscle Sesamoid bone (var. ) ,,--' Os sesamoideum (var.) Arcuate portion of the pos- terior external ?a'eral — -_z:r ligament (Macalister) --"' Lig. popliteum arcuatum External lateral ligament of the knee-joint Lig. collaterale fibulare Short external lateral ligament " (Quain), or direct portion of the posterior external lateral ligament (Macalister) (i) - Synovial sheath of the tendon of the popliteus muscle Bursa m. poplitei Head of the fibula Capitulum fibulae Popliteus muscle M. popliteus Oblique line of the tibia Linea poplitea (tibiae) Interosseous membrane, or ligament, of the leg Membrana interossea cruris (i) Retinaculum ligamenti arcuati Fig. 470. — Articul.\tio Genu, the Knee-Joint : Capsula Articularis, Capsular Ligament ; Ligamentum Popli- teum Obliquum, Posterior Ligament of the Knee-Joint ; Relations of this Ligament to the Tendon OP THE Semimembranosus Muscle and to the Outer Head of the Gastrocnemius Muscle; Ligamentum Popliteum Arcuatum et Retinaculum Ligamenti Arcuati, Arcuate Portion of the Posterior External Lateral Ligament (Macalister), and Short External Lateral Ligament (Quain), or Direct Portion of THE Posterior External Lateral Ligament (Macalister). Bursa Musculi Gastrocnemii Medialis, Bursa between the Tendon ok the Semimembranosus Muscle and the Tendon of the Inner Head of the Gastrocnemius Muscle, communicating with the Knee-Joint and having a Common Cavity with the Bursa between the Tendon of the Semimembranosus Muscle and the Knee-Joint. Bursa Musculi Poplitei, Synovial She.\th of the Tendon of the Popliteus Muscle. (The Right Knee-Joint, seen from Behind.) Articulatio genu — The knee-joint. THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE LOWER LIMB 233 Popliteal surface of the femur Planum popliteum femoris Capsular ligament Capsula articularis Internal condyle of the femur Condylus medialis femoris -.^^ Posterior or ascending band of the external semilunar fibrocartilage (Ellis), or ligament of Wrisberg (Macalister) Lig. menisci lateralis (Robert!) Internal lateral ligament of the knee-joint Lifj. collaterale tibiale Internal semilunar fibrocartilage Meniscus medialis Posterior border of the superior articular surface of the tibia Margo infraglenoidalis tibia; Capsular ligament ~ Capsula articularis Posterior or internal crucial ligament ' Lig. cruciatum posterius Capsular ligament / Capsula articularis Anterior or external crucial ligament I^ig. cruciatum anterius External lateral ligament of the knee-joint Lig. collaterale fibulare — External semilunar fibrocartilage Meniscus lateralis S3moTial sheath of the tendon of the popliteus musclo Bursa m. poplitei .,_Popllteus muscle M. popliteus Communication between the synovial civity of the superior tibiofibular articulation and the synovial sheath of the tendon of the popliteus muscle Oblique line of the tibia Linea poplitea (tibiae) Interosseous membrane, or ligament, of the leg Membrana interossea cruris The fibula Fibula Fig. 471.— Articulatio Genu, the Knee-Joint: Ligamenta Cruciata, Crucial Ligaments, and Ligamentum Menisci Lateralis, Posterior or Ascending Band of the External Semilunar Fibrocartilage (Ellis) OR Ligament of Wrisherg (Macalister), (Variety'). Communication of the Synovial Sheath of the Tendon of the Popliteus Muscle with the Synovial Cavities of the Knee-Joint and of the Superior Tibiofibular Articulation. (The Right Knee-Joint, seen from Behind.) The posterior portion of the capsular ligament, between the external and internal latt-ral ligaments, has been removed, except for a strip left above close to the femoral attachment, which has been turned upwards; the synovial sheath of the tendon of the popliteus muscle has been opened at its inner side, and its posterior wall has tDeen turned out- wards with the tendon and the proximal portion of the popliteus muscle. ^ho"gh this band is called a variety by Toldt, it is, in fact, usually present, but its situation varies ; inasmuch as it passes, some- times behind (asher*"), and sometimes before, and sometimes as a double band behind and before, the posterior or internal crucial ligament. Its strength and thickness varies much, but it is .seldom entirely wanting.— Tk. Articulatio genu — ^The knee-joint. 30 234 THE ARl'ICULATIONS OF THE LOWER LIMB The femur Bursa beneath the suprapatellar tendon Bursa suprapatellaris Synovial membrane Pars synovialis capsulae articularis Tendon of the popliteus muscle External lateral ligament of the knee-joint Lig. coUaterale fibulare Anterior superior tibio- fibular ligament Ligg. capituli fibulas Synovial membrane Pars synovialis capsulae articularis Patellar surface Facies patellaris The fibula Fibula The tibia Tibia The interosseous membrane, or ligament, of the leg Merabrana interossea cruris Internal condyle of the femur Condylus medialis femoris Mucous ligament Plica synovialis patellaris i Alar ligaments I Plicse alares Articular surface of the patella Facies articularis patellae Bursa beneath the supra- patellar tendon Bursa suprapatellaris Quadriceps extensor cruris muscle ^^aaric^'S Fig. 472. — Articulatio Genu, the Knee-Joint: Pars Synovialis Capsule Articularis, Synovial Membrane OF THE Knee-Joint; Plica Synovialis Patellaris, Mucous Ligament; Plic^ Alares, Alar Ligaments; Bursa Suprapatellaris, Bursa beneath the Suprapatellar Tendon. (The Right Knee-Joint, seen from Before and Without.) The joint was first injected, and the injected material allowed to solidify ; the capsule of the joint was then prepared from without, the quadriceps extensor cruris muscle being; left intact; subsequently the joint was opened by a section passing through the quadriceps muscle and the upper part of the front of the capsule from one lateral ligament to the other close to the attachment of the capsule to the femur, and the anterior wall of the joint together with the distal portion of the quadriceps extensor muscle was turned down. The quadriceps was divided at a somewhat higher level than the capsule, and the bursa beneath the suprapatellar tendon divided is the frontal plane, to show the communication of this bursa with the joint. Articulatio genu — The knee-joint. THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE LOWER LIMB 235 Quadriceps extensor cruris muscle Kr,, „ ** o ^ cm o _{• J- Synovial membrane' ~'~ I Subcrureus muscle ( M. articularis genu Bursa beneath the suprapatellar tendon Bursa suprapatellaris ._ Synovial membrane Articular surface of the patella Fades articularis patella; Alar ligament Plica alaris Alar ligament Plica alaris Anterior or external crucial liga- ment— Lig. cruciatiini anterms Posterior or internal crucial ligament (') Internal lateral ligament of the knee-joint :•) Itttemal semilunar fibrocartllage [;) --- Synovial membrane — Ligament of Wriaberg (arising in this specimen from the ,. internal semilunar fibrooartilage) Tendon of the semimem- branosus muscle Posterior ligament of / the knee-joint Lig. popliteum obliquum Popliteus muscle (i) Lig. cruciatum po ttriiLS (2) L.ig. coUateraic; tibi.ilc (3) Meniscus medialis Fig. 473. — Articulatio Genu, the Knee-Joint : The Semilunar Fibrocartilages, the Alar Ligaments, AHD the Mucous Ligament; the Insertion into the Synovial Membrane of the Subcrureus Muscle; the Extension of the Synovial Membrane of the Knee-Joint to form the Synovial Sheath of the Tendon of the Popliteus Muscle and the Bursa between that Muscle and the Posterior Surface OF THE Outer Tuberosity of the Tibia, and the Relation of the Synovial Sheath of the Tendon TO THE External Lateral Ligament of the Knee-Joint. (The Proximal Extremities of the Bones OF the Leg with the Anterior Wall of the Capsule of the Knee-Joint seen from Behind.) After the joint had been injected, and tlie injected material allowed to solidify, the capsule of the joint was prepared from wiihout, the quadriceps extensor cruris muscle being left intact ; the lateral ligamenis and the tendon of the popliteus muscle were then divided, and the capsule whs opened behind and on either side at a higher level th^n the semilunar canilages, and was divided in front along the line of its reflection on to the anterior surface of the femur; after division of the crucial lijjam nts, the femur wis removed. Mucous ligament Piica synovialis patellaris Tendon of the popliteus muscle External lateral ligament of the knee-joint Lig. collaterale libulare X Synovial sheath of the tendon "^ of the popliteus muscle Bursa m. poplitei External semilunar fibrooartilage ^Meniscus lateralis Downward prolongation of the synovial sheathofthe tendon of the popliteus musc'e —between that muscle and the back of the outer tuberosity of the tibia Bursa m. poplitei — Head of the fibula Capitulum fibulae Articulatio genu — The knee-joint. 30—2 236 THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE LOWER LIMB Posterior or ascending band of the external semilunar fibro- cartilage (Ellis), or ligament of Wrisberg (Macalister) Lig. menisci lateralis (Robert!) External condyle of the femur Condylus lateralis' femoris Anterior or external crucial ligament Lig. cruciatum anterius Anterior attachment of the external semilunar fibrocartilage Capsular ligament Capsula articularis Patellar ligament, or infrapatellar tendon Lig. patellae The patella Patella Tendon of the quadriceps extensor cruris muscle ^Internal condyle of the femur Condylus medialis femoris Posterior or internal crucial ligament Lig. cruciatum posterius Internal semilunar fibrocartilage Meniscus medialis ~'- Bursa beneath the internal lateral ligament of the knee-joint Bursa ligamenti collateralis tibialis Internal lateral ligament of the knee-joint Lig. coUaterale tibiale The fibula Fibula The tibia Tibia Fig. 47^. Articulatio Genu, the Knee-Joint : Crucial Ligaments and Ligament of Wrisberg ; Bursa beneath the Internal Lateral Ligament of the Knee-Joint. (The Right Knee- Joint seen from the Inner Side.) The capsule was removed, the patellar ligament and the internal lateral ligament were turned down- wards : the femur was divided sagittally through the middle of the intercondylar fossa, and the external condvle placed in the position it occupies during exten-ion of the knee-joint, while the internal condyle was turned backwards and rotated on its median axis to the extent of 1 80°. Articulatio genu — The knee-joint. THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE LOWER LIMB 237 Transverse ligament of the semilunar fibrocartilages Lig. transversum genu Anterior attachment of the internal semilunar fibrocartilage External tubercle of the spine of the tibia Tuberculum intercondyloideum laterale Capsular ligameri Capsula articulans External semilunar fibrocartilage ' Meniscus lateralis Synovial sheath of the tendon of the popliteus muscle Bursa m. poplitei Anterior superior tibiofibular - ligament Ligg. capiluli fibula? Styloid process of the fibula Apex capituli fibula; Anterior or extemsd crucial ligament Lig. criiciatum anterius Internal semilunar fibrocartilage Meniscus medialis Communication between the synovial cavity of the superior tibiofibular articulation and the synovial sheath of the tendon of the popliteus muscle. \ Posterior or internal crucial ligament / Lig. cruciatum posterius Ligament of Wrisberg' Lig. menisci lateralis (Roberti) ' See note to p. 233. Fig. 475. — The Distal Articular Surfaces of the Knee-Joint: The Interarticular Semi- lunar Fibrocartilages, and the Extension of the Anterior Extremities of these in the Transverse Ligament of the Semilunar Fibrocartilages. The Communication between THE Superior Tibiofibular Articulation and the Synovial Sheath of the Tendon of THE Popliteus Muscle. (The Pkoxi.mal Extremity of the Left Tibia with the Semi- lunar Fibrocartilages and the Head of the Fibula, seen from Above.) The capsule was divided above (proximal to) the semilunar fibrocartilages, the crucial ligaments were cut across, and the femur was remove 1. Posterior or internal crucial ligament Lig. cruciatum posterius / Anterior or external crucial ligament Lig. cruciatum anterius External condyle Condylus lateralis Intercondylar fossa Fossa intercondyloidea External tuberosity Epicondylus lateralis Internal condyle Condylus medialis Internal tuberosity Epicondylus medialis Patellar surface — Facies patellaris Fig. 476. — The Proximal Articular Surfaces of the Knee-Joint, and the Femoral Attachments of the Crucial Ligaments. The distal extremity of the femur removed from the preparation shown in Fig. 475, seen from below. Articulatio genu — The knee-joint. 238 THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE LOWER LIMB Anterior superior tibiofibular ligament . Ligg. capituli fibulae External surface Facies lateralis Interosseous membrane, or ligament, of the leg — Membrana interossea cruris Anterior border Crista anterior Interosseous ridge Crista interossea Internal surface- Facias medialis Anterior inferior tibiofibular ligament Lig. malleoli lateralis anterius Tubercle of the tibia Tuberositas tibiae Internal malleolus Malleolus medialis Fig. 477. — Articulatio Tibiofibularis et Syndesmosis Tibiofibularis, the Tibiofibular Articu- lations. The Interosseous Membrane, or Ligament, of the Right Leg ; the Anterior Superior and Anterior Inferior Tibiofibular Ligaments. (Seen from Before.) The Tibiofibular Articulations. THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE LOWER LIMB 239 Shaft (diaphysisj of the tibia. Diaphysis tibiae Epiphysial disc Synchondrosis epiphyseos' The ankle-joint Arliculatio talocruralis Internal malleolus Malleolus medialis Body of the astragalus Trochlea tali Calcaneotibial portion of the internal lateral, or deltoid, ligament of the ankle-joint Lig. calcaneotibiale Interosseous astragalocalcaneal ligament Lig. talocalcaneum interosseum Sustentaculum tal' Sustentaculum tali Astragalocalcaneal articulation Articulatio talocalcanea Interosseous membrane, or ligament, of the leg Membrana interossea cruris Shaft (diaphysis) of the fibula Uiaphysis fibula; The inferior tibiofibular articulation, showing the interosseous ligament in frontal section Syndesmosis tibiofibularis Epiphysial disc Synchondrosis epiphyseos External malleolus Malleolus lateralis Posterior band, or posterior astragalo&bular portion, of the external lateral ligament • of the ankle-joint Lig. talofibuLirc postt.Tiu.'; Middle hand, or calcaneoflbular portion, of the external lateral ligament of the ankle-joint I.ig. t-.iIc.'iiieoUbular; Capsular ligament Capsula articularis Calcaneum, or os calcis Fig. 478. — Articulationes Talocruralis et Talocalcanea, the Ankle-Joint and the Astragalocalcaneal Articulation ; Syndesmosis Tibiofibularis, Inferior Tibiofibular Articulation, showing the Interosseous Ligament. The Relations of the Distal Epiphysial Discs of the Tibia and the Fibula to the Ankle-Joint. (The Ankle- Joint and the Astragalocalcaneal Articulation of the Right Leg, divided in a Vertical Plane closely approximating the Frontal Plane; Posterior Surface of THE Anterior Segment.) The plane of section passes through the lowermost parts of the lateral portions of the superior articular surface of the astragalus. Articulationes pedis— The articulations of the foot. i40 THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE LOWER LIMB Shaft or body of the tibia Epiphysial disc Synchondrosis epiphyseos .... Distal epiphysis of the tibia Epiphysis distahs tibiae Groove of the tendon of the tibialis posticus muscle (i) Internal malleolus ... Malleolus medialis Capsular ligament (posterior ligament of the ankle-joint) Posterior astragalotlblal portion of the . . internal lateral, or deltoid, ligament of the ankle-joint (2) Calcaneotibial portion of the internal lateral,-' or deltoid, ligament of the ankle-joint (3) Inner tubercle of the posterior process of - the astragalus (4) Groove of the tendon of the flexor longus..--'' hallucis muscle (,5) Sustentaculum tali Sustentaculum tali Capsular ligament of the astragalocalcane; articulation Capsula articulationis talocalcaneae (1) Sulcus malleolaris (2) Lig. talotibiale posterius (3) Lig. calcaneotiljiale (4) Tuberculum mediate processus posterioris tali (5) Sulcus m. flexoris hallucis longi (6) Lig. calcaneofibulare Shaft or body of the fibtUa ,.5 Interosseous membrane, or ligament, of the leg "" Membrana interossea cruris Posterior inferior tibiofibular ligament ^--^Lig. malleoli lateralis posterius Epiphysial disc .-''Synchondrosis epiphyseos Distal epiphysis of the fibula _.-- Epiphysis distalis fibula; Groove of the tendons of the peroneus longus and peroneus brevis muscles External malleolus— Malleolus lateralis Outer tubercle of the posterior process of the astragalus 'I'uberculum latera'e proces?u.s posterioris tali Middle band, or calcaneofibular portion, of the external lateral ligament of the ankle-joint (6) "—Posterior aatragalocalcaneal ligament Lig. talocalcaneum posterius . Epiphysial disc Synchondrosis epiphyseos Epiphysis of the posterior extremity of the OS calcis Epiphysis tuberis calcanei Fig. 479.— The Capsular Ligaments and the Superficial Posterior Ligaments of the Ankle-Joint and of the Astragalocalcaneal i^.sTicuLATioN. The Relations of the Distal Epiphysial Discs of the Tibia and Fibula to the Ankle-Joint. The Posterior Portions of the Lateral Ligaments of the Ankle-Joint : Ligamentum Talotibiale Posterius, the Posterior Astragalotibial Portion of the Internal Lateral, or Deltoid, Ligament of the Ankle-Joint; Ligamentum Calcaneotibiale, the Calcaneo- tibial Portion of the Internal Lateral, or Deltoid, Ligament of the Ankle-Joint; Ligamentum Calcaneofibulare, the Middle Band, or Calcaneofibular Portion, of the External Lateral Ligament of the Ankle-Joint. Ligamentum Talocalcaneum Posterius, the Posterior Astragalocalcaneal Ligament. — Syndesmosis Tibiofibularis: Ligamentum Malleoli Lateralis Posterius, the Posterior Inferior Tibiofibular Ligament. (The Ankle-Joint and the Astragalocalcaneal Articulation of the Right Leg, seen from Behind.) Articulationes pedis— The articulations of the foot. FHE ARTICULATIONS OF THE LOWER LIMB 241 ; The tibia Groove for the tendon of the tibialis posticus muscle Sulcus malleolaris Internal malleolus _ /y" ^ Malleolus medialis~~ I'. Superior articular surface of the astragalus — Facies superior trochleaE- tali Posterior astragalotlbial portion of the internal lateral, or deltoid, ligament of the aDkle-joint(i) Calcaneotibial portion of the Internal lateral, or deltoid, ligament of tho ankle-joint (2) " Inner tubercle of the posterior process — ■«$ of the astragalus (3) Groove cf the tendon of the flexor^- longus hallucis muscle Sulcus m. fiexoris hallucis longi Sustentaculum tali-" Sustentaculum tali Tuberosity of the os calcic Tuber calcanei (i) Lig. talotibiale posterius (2) Lig. calcaneotibiale (3) Tuberculum mediale processus posterioris tali Interosseous membrane, or ligament, of the leg Membrana interossea cruris Posterior inferior tibiofibular ligament Lig. malleoli lateralis posterius Posterior band, or astragalofibular portion, of the external lateral ,,,-,' ligament of the ankle joint Lig. talofibulare posterius Groove for the tendons of the peroneus ' longus and peroneus brevis muscles External malleolus — Malleolus lateralis Middle band, or calcaneofibular portion, of the external lateral ligament of the ankle-joint Lig. calcaneofibulare ~~~Astragalocalcaneal articulation Articulatio talocalcanea Capsular ligament Capsula articularis Fig. 480. — Articulationes Talocruralis et Talocalcanea, the Ankle-Joint and the Astraga- localcaneal articulation ; syndesmosis tibiofibularis, the inferior tibiofibular Articulation: Ligamentum Malleoli Lateralis Posterius, the Posterior Inferior Tibiofibular Ligament. The Posterior Portions of the Lateral Ligaments : Ligamentum Talotibiale Posterius, the Posterior Astragalotibial Portion of the Internal Lateral, or Deltoid, Ligament of the Ankle-Joint; Ligamentum Calcaneo- tibiale, THE Calcaneotibial Portion of the Internal Lateral, or Deltoid, Ligament OF THE Ankle-Joint; Ligamentum Talofibulare Posterius, the Posterior Band, ok Astragalofibular Portion, of the External ' L.^^teral Ligament of the Ankle-Joint; Ligamentum Calcaneofibulare, the Middle Band, or Calcaneofibular Portion, of the External Lateral Ligament of the Ankle-Joint. (The Ankle-Joint and the Astragalo- CALCANEAL ARTICULATION OF THE RiGHT LeG, SEEN FROM BeHIND.) The thin posterior portion of the capsule of the ankle-joint has been removed The posterior portion of the capsule of the astragalocalcaneal articulation has been separated from its attachment to the astragalus e.xternal to its attachment to the posterior process of that bone, and turned back- wards on to the os calcis. Articulationes pedis — The articulatiops of the foot. 31 242 THE ARTICULATIONS CF THE LOWER LIMB ; The shaft of the tibia Capsular ligament of the ankle-joint (anterior ligament) Capsula articulationis talocruralis Tibionavicular portion of the internal lateral, or deltoid, ligament of the ankle-joint Lig. tibionaviculare Neck of the astragalus — Collum tal Capsule of the astragalonavicular articulation s, Capsula articulationis talonavicularis \ Astragalonavicular ligament — Lig. talonaviculare (dorsale) Superior portion of the internal caloaneonavloular ligament — Li.t;. calcaneonavicnlarc (dorsale) * Dorsal naviculocuneiforni,N. ligaments \ ■ Ligg. navicularicunei formia dorsalia Dorsal tarsometatarsal ligament Lig. tarsometa tarseum oorsale Epiphysial disc Synchondrosis epiphyseos Internal malleolus Malleolus medialis Deltoid ligament, or internal /lateral ligament of ankle-joint Calcaneotibial portion of the internal lateral, or deltoid, liga- .-' ment of the ankle-joint (4) Outer tubercle of the posterior process of the astragalus (3) Inner tubercle of the posterior process of the astragalus (6) Groove of the tendon of the flexor longus hallucis (7) Posterior astragalo- calcaneal ligament (3) Calcaneum, or OS calcis Internal or first cuneiform / / ; bone — Os cuneiforme I. / ,' Tuberoiiity of the navicular bone (i) / Tuberosity of the cuboid bone (2) ; Superficial portion of the inferior calcaneo- cuboid ligament (long plantar ligament) (3) ' Sustentaculum tall— Sustentaculum tali 1 ' Groove of the tendon of the flexor ' longus hallucis muscle (9) Fibrocartilaginous middle portion of the internal calcaneonavicular ligament'— Fibrocartilaso navicularis Inferior portion of the internal calcaneonavicular ligament (10) (i) Tuberositas ossis navicularis (z) Tuberositas ossis cuboidei (3) Lig. calcaneocuboideum plantare (4) Lig. calcaneotibial^ (5) Tnberculuni laleralc processus posterioris tali (6) Tuberculum mediate processus posterioris tali ' See note ' to p. 248. (7) Sulcus III. fl'',\orls hailucis longi (a) Lig. ta'ocalcaneuni prtsieriiis (9) Sulcus m. flexoris hallucis longi (10) Lig. calcaneonaviculare plantare Fig. 481.— The Superficial Internal Ligaments of the Ankle-Joint and of the Astrag- ALOCALCANEAL ARTICULATION, AND THE RELATION OF THE DiSTAL EPIPHYSIAL DiSC OF THE Tibia to the Ankle-Joint. (The Right Tarsus, with the Adjoining Portions of the Tibia and Fibula and of the First Metatarsal Bone; seen from the Inner Side.) Articulationes pedis — The articulations of the foot. THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE LOWER LIMB 243 1*1111611131 malleolar surface. Superior articular surface | Facies malleolarismedialis of the astragalus Trochlea tali Neck of the astragalus CoUum tali Astragalonavicular ligament Lig. talonaviculare (dorsale)\ Head of the astragalus Caput tali Dorsal naviculocunei- form ligaments Ligg. navicularicunei- formia dorsalia Internal or first cuneiform bone (i) Tuberosity of the cuboid bone '' / Tuberositas ossis cuboidei / Tuberosity of the navicular bone / Tuberositas ossis navicularis Superficial portion of the inferior calcaneo- / cuboid li^ment (long plantar ligament) ' Lig. calcaneocuboideum plantare — The fibula Fibula Internal malleolus Malleolus medialis Deltoid ligament, or internal lateral / ligament of the ankle-joint / Lig, deltoideum Anterior astragalotibial portion of the internal lateral, or deltoid, ligament of the ankle-joint Lig. talotibiale anterius Superior articular surface of the y' astragalus — Trochlea tali Posterior astragalotibial portion of the internal lateral, or deltoid, ligament of the ankle-joint (2) Outer tubercle of the posterior process of the astragalus (3) .---Groove of the tendon of the flexor longus hallucls muscle (4) Inner tubercle of the posterior process of the astragalus (s) Astragalocalcaneal articulation Vrticulatio talocalcanea - Calcaneum, or os calcis Sinus tarsi, or canal Nfor the interosseous astragalocalcaneal ligament Sinus tarsi Internal astragalocal- caneal ligament Lig. talocalcaneum mediate \ Sustentaculum tali I \ Sustentaculum tali '; Fibrocartilaginous middle portion of the internal cal- caneonavicular ligament' — Fibrocartilago navicularis Deltoid ligament, or internal lateral ligament of the ankle-joint Lig. deltoideum Inferior portion of the internal calcaneonavicular ligament Lig. calcaneonaviculare plantare (i) Os cuneiforme I. (2) Lig. talotibiale posterius (3) Tuberculum laterale (4) Sulcus m. flexoris hallucis longi (5) Tuberculum mediale ' See note ' to p. 248. Fig. 482. — The Deep Internal Ligaments of the Ankle-Joint and of the Astragalo- calcaneal Articulation. (The Right Tarsus, with the Adjoining Portions of the Tibia and Fibula and of the First Metatarsal Bone ; seen from the Inner Side.) The deltoid ligament (internal lateral ligament of the ankle-joint) has been cut across the middle, and the divided ends have been turned up and down. The capsular ligaments of the ankle-joint and of the astragalocalcaneal articulation have been removed, except for the deeper special bands. Articulationes pedis — The articulations of the foot. 31- 244 THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE LOWER LIMB Shaft of the fibu.a Interosseous membrane, or ligament, of the leg Membrana interossea cruris ^ Shaft of the tibia Epiphysial disc ---'bynchondrosis epiphyseos Anterior inferior tibiofibular ligament Lig. malleoli lateralis anterius Epiphysial disc— Synchondrosis epiphyseos External malleolus — Malleolus lateralis Calcaneum, or os calcis\ Anterior band, or anterior aatragalofibu- "^ lar portion, of the external lateral -^ ligament of the ankle-joint (i) Middle band, or calcaneoflbular portion, of * ezteinal late.al ligament of ankle-joint (a)"""' 'Anterior astragalocalcaneal ligament * Lig. talocalcaneiim anterius "8 Dorsal or superior calcaneocuboid ligament Lig. calcaneocuboideum dorsale - Dorsal cubocuneiform ligament I^ig. cuneocuboideum dorsale _i2-. External or third cuneiform bone (3)- Cuboid bone — Os cuboideum Dorsal tarsometatarsal ligaments Lig. tarsometatarsea dorsal ia Dorsal proximal intermetatarsal ligaments ,' Ligg. basium dorsalia Internal malleolus " Malleolus medialis Capsular ligament (Anterior ligament) Tibionavicular portion of the internal lateral, or deltoid, ligament of the ankle-joint — Lig. tibionaviculare Neck of the astragalus — Collum tali Interosseous astragalocalcaneal liga- ment— I-ig. talocalcaneum iiiUTosseum Astragalonavicular ligament (4) Dorsal naviculocuboid ligament (5) Dorsal navioulocuneiform ligaments Ligg. iiaviculariciinciformia dorsalia Dorsal intercuneiform ligament (6) Middle or second cuneiform bone (7) Internal or first cuneiform bone (8) Dorsal tarsometatarsal liga- ments— I.igg. tarsometa- tarsea dorsalia Epiphysial disc Synchondrosis epiphyseos (1) Lig. talofibulare anterius (2) Lig. calcaneoHbuIare (3) Os cuneiforme III. (4) Lig. talonaviculare (dorsale) (5) Lig. ctiboideonaviculare dorsale (6) Lig. intercuneirorine dorsale (7) Os cuneiforme II. (8) Os cuneiforme I. Fig. 483. — Articulatio Talocruralis, the Ankle-Joint; Syndesmosis Tibiofibulakis, the Inferior Tibiofibular Articulation. The Relations of the Distal Epiphysial Discs OF the Tibia and Fibula to the Ankle-Joint. Articulationes Intertarse.?; et Tarso- METATARSE.E, THE InTERTARSAL AND TARSOMETATARSAL ARTICULATIONS; ArTICUL.AI lONES Intermetatarse^, the Intermetatarsal Articulations. Ligamenta Tarsi Dorsalia ET Tarsometatarsea Dorsalia et Ligamenta Basium Dorsalia; the Dorsal Ligaments of the Tarsus, the Dorsal Tarsomet.atarsal Ligaments, and the Dorsal Proximal Intermetatarsal Ligaments. (The Right Tarsus with the Adjoining Portions of THE Tibia and Fibula and of the Metatarsus ; Dorso-external Aspect.) The joints are unopened except for the astragalocali aneal, astragalonavicular, and naviculocuneiform articulations, which have been partly opened. Articulationes pedis— The articulations of the foot. THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE LOWER LIMB 245 The tibia The fibula, Interosseous membrane, or ligament, of the leg Membrana interossea Anterior inferior tibiofibular ligament Lig. malleoli lateralis anterius Anterior band, or anterior astragaloflbular portion, of the external lateral ligament of the anlEle-joint (i) External malleolus Malleolus lateralis External astragalocalcaneal ligament (2) Middle band, or calcaneoflbular portion, of the external lateral ligament of the ankle-joint (3) Tuberosity of. the OS calcis Tibionavicular portion of the internal lateral, or deltoid, ^ ligament of the ankle-joint — Lig. tibionaviculare ;/ - Neck of the astragalus — CoUum tali Interosseous astragalocalcaneal ligament {4) External or superior calcaneonavicular Iigament*> , Pars calcaneoiiavicularis Lig. bifurcati / Dorsal or superior calcaneocuboid ligament^ ^ Pars calcaneocuhoidea Lig. bifurcati Astragalonavicular ligament (5) Dorsal naviculocuboid ligament (C) '' Dorsal naviculocuneiform ligaments y Ligg. navicularicuneiformia dorsalia ,, External or third cuneiform bone (7) / _,. Middle or second cuneiform bone (8) Dorsal tarsometatarsal ligaments Ligg. tarsometatarsea dorsalia 'Anterior astragalocalcaneal ligament ' *Lig. talocalcaneum anterius Superficial portion of the inferior calcaneocuboid ligament (long plantar ligament) Lig. plantare longum Dorsal or superior calcaneocuboid ligament* Lig. calcaneocuboideum dorsale Dorsal proximal intermetatarsal ligaments Ligg. basium dorsalia Dorsal tarsometatarsal ligaments— Ligg. tarsometatarsea dorsalia Dorsal cubocuneiform ligament — Lig. cuneocuboideum dorsale Cuboid bone Os cuboideum (i) Lig. talofibulare anterius (2) Lig. talocalcaneum laterale (3) Lig. calcaneofibulare (4) Lig. talocalcaneum interosseum (5) Lig. talonaviculare (dorsale) (6) Lig. cuboideonaviculare dorsale (7) Os cuneiforme TH. (8) Os cuneiforme II. ' The sti;ongest part of this ligament is situate external, and not superior, to the calcaneocuboid articulation ; it would therefore be more appropriately named the external calcaneocul'oid ligament. — Tr. 2 In the English nomenclature these are regarded as two distinct ligaments, not, as by Toldt, as two parts of a single ligament. — Tr. Fig. 484. — Articulationes Talocruralis et Talocalcanea. the Ankle-Joint and the Astrag- alocalcaneal Articulation ; Ligamentum Malleoli Lateralis Anterius, Anterior Inferior Tibiofibular Ligament. The Anterior and Middle Bands of the External Lateral Ligament of the Ankle-Joint (Ligamentum Talofibulare Anterius et Liga- mentum Calcaneofibulare): Ligamenta Talocalcanea, Laterale. '''Anterius, et Inter- osseum: the External, ^Anterior, and Interosseous Astragalocalcaneal Ligaments. — Articulationes Intertarse^ et Tarsometatarsea, the Intertarsal and Tarsometatarsal Articulations; Articulationes Intermetatarsea, the Intermetatarsal Articulations: Ligamenta Tarsi Dorsalia, Ligamenta TarsometatarsEvE Dorsalia, et Ligamenta Basium Dorsalia, the Deeper Dorsal Tarsal and Tarsometatarsal Ligaments, and the Dorsal Proximal Intermetatarsal Ligaments. (The Right Tarsus, with the Adjoining Portions of the Tibia and F"ibula and of the Metatarsal Bones ; Dorso-external Aspect.) The anterior ligament of the ankle-joint and the lateral portion of the capsule of the astragalocalcaneal articulation have been removed. Articulationes pedis — The articulations of the foot. 246 THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE LOWER LIMB Inner tubercle of the posterior process of the astragalus Tuberculum mediale x processus posterioris tali N Sustentaculum tali Sustentaculum tali Tendon of the tibialis posticus muscle Groove of the tendon of the flexor longus hallucis muscle Sulcus m. flexoris hallucis longi - Groove of the tendon of the flexor longus digitorum pedis muscle Sulcus m. flexoris digitorum longi Inferior portion of the internal calcaneonavicular ligament ( ) Deep portion of the interior calcaneccu bold ligament (short plantar ligament) ( ) Plantar navlculocubold ligament ( ) Tendon of the tibialis posticus muscle Plantar cubocuneiform ligament {4)' External or third cuneiform bone (5 ) Tendon of the tibialis anticus muscle Plantar cubocuneiform ligament (6)- Internal or first cuneiform bone {7)" Plantar tarsometatarsal ligaments I . Ligg. tarsometatarsea plantaria | Digital processes of the_^ plantar fascia ^ Inferior metatarsophalangeal ligaments' Ligg. accessoria plantaria -Th- inner sesamoid bone Os sesamoideum mediale ^-, Internal lateral ligament of the metatarsophalangeal articula- tion of the great toe Lig. collaterale mediale Transverse metatarsal ligament (Plantar distal intermetatarsal ..-■ ligaments) Ligg. capitulorum transversa Vaginal ligament;-.-'-' '-- Lig. vaginale Capsule of the interphalangeal articulation of the great toe . Capsula articulationis hallucis Vaginal ligament:: Lig. vaginale (i) Lig. calcaneonaviculare plantare (2) Lig. calcaneocuboideum plantare (3) Lig. cuboideonavicuiare plantare Tuberosity of the os calciB Tuber calcanei Superficial portion of the inferior _ calcaneocuboid ligament (long plantar ligament) Lig. plantare longum Plantar tarsometatarsal ligaments Ligg. tarsometatar.sea plantaria ..--Tendon of the peroneus longus muscle Tuberosity of the fifth metatarsal bone 181 Distal radiations of the long plantar ligament, divided and turned forwards Plantar proximal intermetatarsal ----,- ligaments Ligg basium plantaria Digital processes of the plantar fascia Transverse metatarsal ligament (Plantar distal intermetatarsal : ligaments) Ligg. capitulorum transversa Inferior metatarsophalangeal ligaments' Ligg. accessoria plantaria Capsules of the interphalangeal articulations of the little toe V Capsula articulationum digiti V. (4) Lig. ciineocuboidc\im plantare <5) Os cuneiforme III. (6) Lig. cuneocuboldeum plantare (7) Os cuneiforme I. (8) Tuberositas ossis metatarsalis V. > Fibrous or sesamoid plale (Quain), m glenoid plate (Macalisler) — Tr. Fig. 485.— The Superficial Ligaments of the Plantar Surface of the Right Foot and the Relations OF the Tendons of the Tibialis Anticus and Posticus and of the Peroneus Longus Muscles TO these Ligaments. Ligamenta Tarsi et Tarsometatarse.«, the Tarsal and the Tarsometa- tarsal Ligaments: Ligamenta Basium Plantaria, Ligamenta Capitulorum Transversa, et Ligamenta Accessoria Plantaria; the Plantar Proximal Intermetatarsal Ligaments, the Transverse Meta- tarsal Ligament, and the Inferior Metatarsophalangeal Ligaments {see note above); the Relations OF these Ligaments to the Digital Processes of the Plantar Fascia. Articulationes pedis — The articulations of the foot. THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE LOWER LIMB 247 Inner tubercle of the posterior process of the astragalus Tuberculum raediale processus posterioris tali Sustentaculum tali Sustentaculum tali Groove of the tendon of the flexor longus hallucis Sulcus m. llexoris hallucis longi Groove of the tendon of the flexor longus digitonun pedis — Sulcus m, flexoris digiturum longi Middle fibrocartilaginous portion of the internal calcaneonavicular ligament (Groove of the tendon of the tibialis posticus muscle) (j) Inferior portion of the internal ... calcaneonavicular ligament Lig. calcaneonaviculare plantare Tuberosity of the navicular bone Tuberositas ossis navicularis Plantar naviculocuboid ligament Ligg. cuboideonavicularia plantaria " Plantar naviculocunelform ligaments _^...--'.'-' - Ligg. navicularicuneiformia plantaria Plantar cubocuneiform ligament ' Lig. cuneocuhoideuiii plantare External or third cuneiform bone — " Os cuneiforine 111, ^..- Internal or first cuneiform bone ' O.S cmieifonne 1. Capsule of the first tarsometatarsal-"' articulation [2) ^-■ Plantar tarsometatarsal ^ ligaments Ligg. tarsometatarsea plantaria Inferior metatarsophalangeal IJiLf ligaments' '^'■" ^'^^ ^^^ '^^ ''"'^°"= °f *^ ™"^'^'^^ '"^'^ ■•«"^°^'«d, also the long plantar dS^l nroresTs nf tl P°^''^"°': ^''.f'^'^'ty, and the transverse metatarsal ligament and the inte DhaTanlnlL^ the plantar fascia were cut away. Some of the metatarsophalangeal and mtei phalangeal articulations have been opened ; others have been left intact. Articulationes pedis— The articulations of the foot. 248 THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE LOWER LIMB Capsules of the interphalangeal articulations of the second toe Capsulae articulationum digiti II. Capsule of the interphalangeal - articulation of the great toe Capsula articulationis hallucis Capsule of the metatarsophalangeal articulation of the great toe Capsula articulationis metatarsophalangeae I. 'Dorsal distal intermetatarsal ligament •Lig. capitulorum dorsale Dorsal tarsometatarsal ligaments Ligg. tarsometatarsca dorsalia Dorsal IntercuneUorm ligament Lig. intercuneiforme dnrsale Middle or second cuneiform bone. Os cuiieiforme II. Internal or first cuneiform hone Os cuneiforme I. Dorsal naviculocuneiform ligaments Ligg. navicularicuneiformia dor.salia Posterior articular surface of the navicular bone Facies articularis posterior ossis navicularis Edge of the divided libionavlciilar portion of the internal lateral or deltoid, ligament of the ankle Joint Internal arinferlorcaloaneonavioalar ligamest(i) Middle flbrocartllaginons portion of the internal % > *^' calcaaeonavicalar ligament' -l-'ihmcartila^ na^iculans Facet of the Mtragalns for articulation with the fibrocartllaglnonx portion of the lutemal calcaneonavlcnlax ligament ' 'Anterior Anterior Middle Facets of the astragalus for articulation with the OS calcis Facies articulari.s calcanea Media Posterior , Posterior (i) Lig. calcaneonaviciilare plantare (2) Head of the astragalus (3) Body of the astragalus Lateral ligaments of the interphalangeal articulations of the fourth toe - I^igg. collateralia articulationum digiti IV. Capsule of the third metatarso- phalangeal articulation Capsula articulationis metatarsophalangeae III. Lateral ligaments of the fourth metatarsophalangeal articulation Ligg, collateralia articulationis metatarsophalangeae IV. Dorsal proximal intermetatarsal ligaments Ligg. basium dorsalia Dorsal tarsometatarsal ligament "Lig, tarsometatarseum dorsale External orthird cuneiform bone Os cuneiforme III. - Dorsal tarsometatarsal ligaments Ligg. tarsometatarsea dorsalia Dorsal cubocunelform ligament Lig. ctineocubnideuin dorsale Dorsal naviculocuboid ligament Lig cubf)ideonaviculare dorsale Dorsal calcaneocuboid ligament Liu. c.ilcaiieoculjoiiieum dorsale Dorsal or superior calcaneocuboid ligaments ■ Pars calcaneocuboidea Lig. bifurca'i External or superior calcaneo- navicular ligament'' Pars calcaneonavicularis Lig. bifurcati Anterior articular facet Facies articularis anterior Middle articular facet Facies articularis media Posterior articular facet Facies articularis posterior Calcaneum, or os calcis Internal astragalocalcaneal ligament '< Lig. talocalcaneum mediale ^ Fibrpcartilapo tutvicularis : This term, though a mo.st suitable one, is not employed by English anatomists. It is npphed by the author to the middle fibrocartilaginous portion of the internal calcaneonavicular ligament, the superior surface of which articulates with a special facet on the head of the astragalus, between the internal of the three facets for the os calcis (posteriorly) and the facet for the navicular bone (anteriorly). The internal articular 'acet of the os calcis, the facet on the superior surface of i\a JibrocartUa>:o Haz'icuiaris, and the posterior articular facet of the navicular hone, thus form a continuous articular surface for the head of the astragalus. The infertor surface of the cartilage navicularis, likewise cartilaginous in texture, forms, as shown in Fig. 487, the groove for the tendon of the tibialis posticus muscle. — Tr. 2 See note ' to p. 245. Fig. 487.— The Articular Surfaces of the Astragalocalcaneonavicular Articulation, thk Deep Ligaments OF the ijORSUM of THE FOOT, THE METATARSOPHALANGEAL AND INTERPHALANGEAL ARTICULATIONS OF THE Toes. (The Right Foot seen from the Dorsal Side.) The capsule of the astragalocalcaneal articulation was removed, with the e.\ception of the internal astragalocalcaneal ligament ; the capsule of the astragalonavicular articulation was also removed with the exception of its internal and plantar walls ; and. after removing the interosseous astragalocalcaneal ligament, the astragalus was rotated inwards (on the internal astragalocalcaneal ligament as a hinge), until its inferior surface looked directly upwards. Articulationes pedis — The articulations of the foot. THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE LOWER LIMB 249 Calcaneum. or os calcis Astragalocalcaneal articulation Articulatio talocalcanea Interosseous astragalocalcaneal ligaments Lig. talocalcaneum interosseum ( External or superior calcaneo- Lig. I navicular ligament' (I ) bifurcatumj Dorsal or superior calcaneo- 1. cuboid ligament' (2) The navicular bone The cuboid bone— Os cuboideum The three cuneiform bones Interosseous cubocuneiform ligament Lig. cuneocuboideum interosseum Interosseous intercuneiform ligament Lig. intercuneiforme intero3.seum Dorsal proximal intermetatarsal ligaments '■'■ Lig. basiiim dorsalia Metatarsophalangeal articulation . Articulatio metatarsophalangea Interphalangeal synchondrosis (var.) Synchondrosis interphalangea (var.) Interphalangeal articulations of the fourth toe Articulationes digiti IV. (i) Pars calcaneonavicularis (2) Pars calcaneocuboidea Interosseous astragalocalcaneal ligament Lig. talocalcaneum interosseum Sustentaculum tali Sustentaculum tali Deltoid ligament or internal lateral ligament of the ankle-joint Lig. deltoideum The astragalus Transverse tarsal articulation (3) I articulation'-' Calcaneocuboid (Articulatio tarsi trans- Astragalonavicular"! articulation (4) j versa (Choparti Navioulocuneiform articulation Articulatio cuneonavicularis Tarsometatarsal articulation' Articulatio tarsometatarsea (Lisfranci) Epiphysial disc Synchondrosis epiphyseoE Epiphysial disc Synchondrosis epipnyseos Epiphysial disc Synchondrosis epiphyseos (3) Articulatio talona\-icularis U) Antrulatio calcaneocuboidea * See note ' to p. 245. 2 Known also as the mcUnfarsat or tuid-tarsal joint. It is through this joint (the two parts of which are, however, entirely separate articulations) that the foot is divided in Chopart's amputation. 3 It is through the tarsometatarsal articulations that the foot is divided in Lisfranc's amputation. Fig. 488.— Articulationes Intertarse^ et Tarsometatarse/E, the Intertarsal and Tarsometatarsal Articulations, showing Chopart's (Mediotarsal) Line, and Lisfranc's or Hey's Tarsometatarsal LINE: LiGAMENTA TARSI I >JTER0SSRA ET LiGAMENTA CUNEOMETATARSEA INTEROSSEA, THE INTEROSSEOUS Ligaments of the Tarsus, and the Interosseous Metatarsocuneiform Ligaments. Articulationes Intermktatarsf/E, the Intermetatarsal Articulations. Articul.\tiones Metatarsophalange/I':, THE !SIet\tarsophm.angeal Articulations. Articulationes Digitorum Pedis, the Interphalangeal Articulations of THE Toes. The Relations of the Epiphysial Discs of the Met.vtarsal Bones and OF THE Phalanges of the Toes to the Respective Articulations. (Horizontal Section through the Articulations of the Right Foor of a Youth aged Seventeen Years. Superior Surface of the Lower Segment.) Articulationes pedis— The articulations of the foot. 3» 250 THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE LOWER LIMB Pad of fat The astragalus Epiphysial disc Synchondrosis epiphyseos Anterior ligament of the ankle-joint / Pars fibrosa capsuliE articulationis talocruralis Pad of fat / Astragalocalcaneonavicular articulation Articulatio talocalcaneonavicularis Navicular bone ;Os naviciilare Middle or second cuneiform bene Os cuneilorme II. , Tarsometatarsal articulation ; Articulatio tarsometatarsea Second metatarsal bone Os metatarsale II. Epiphysial disc Synchondrosis epiphyseos Astragalocalcaneal articulation Articulatio talocalcanea •Anterior astragalocalcaneal ligament ; Lig. talocalcaneum anterius ; Interosseous astragalocalcaneal ligar ment — Lig. talocalcaneum interosseum Deep portion of the inferior calcaneocuboid ligament (short plantar ligament) Lig. calcaneocuboideum plantare Cuboid bone — Os cuboideum Interosseous cubocuneiform ligament Lig. cuneocuboideura interosseum (2) Lig. accessorium plantare (3) Os sesamoideum laterale ' See note to p. 246. (l) Articulatio metatarsophalangea II. Second metatarso- phalangeal articulation (i) Inferior I ; metatarsophalangeal ,' :' ^ , , '■ ligament. (2? Interphalangeal I • " ^ articulations of 1 External sesamoid bone (3) the second toe (4) i First metatarsal bone— Os metatarsale I. Insertion of the tendon of the peroneus longus muscle Insertion of the tendon of the tibialis posticus muscle External or third otmeiform bone— Os cuneiforme III. (4) Articulationes digiti 11, Fig. 489.— The Articulations of the Right Foot of a Youth aged Seventeen Years, SEEN IN Sagittal Section, and showing the Relations of these Articulations to the Epiphysial Discs. The section passes through the distal extremity of the tibia, the astragalus, the os calcis, the middle cuneiform bone, the second metatarsal bone, and the phalanges of the second toe. Articulationes pedis— The articulations of the foot. 251 INDEX TO THE ARTHROLOGY Certain names in this Index have an asterisk (*) prefixeii ; these, as more fully explained in the Translator's Preface, being terms that form part of the English nomenclature used in this work, but which are not commonly employed by English anatomists. To other names a dagger (f) is prefixed ; these are Latin names used by the author in the original work, but not included in the official nomenclature of the '* Anatomische Gesellschaft. " A. Acetabulum, the, 225, 227 transverse ligament of the, 168, 223, 225, 2*7 tAmphiarthroses intercarpeae, 169 Amphiarthrosis, i6g Ankle-joint, the, 239, 241, 243, 245 Annulus filjrosus (fibrocartilaginis intervertebralis), 173, 174 Aponeurosis (see also " Fascia ") : intercostal, anterior or external, 186 posterior or internal, 176, 183, 184, 187 lumbar, see "Fascia, lumbar" plantar, 246 plantaris, 246 Arthrodia, 168 Articular facet of the clavicle, sternal, 198 surface of the carpus, radial, 213 Articulatio vel articulationes : acromioclavicularis, 201, 202 atlanto-epistrophica, igo-192 atlanto-occipitalis, 167, 190-193 calcaneocuboidea, 249 capitulorum (costarum), 182-184, 185 carpometacarpea, 167, 212-215 poUicis, 167, 212-214 Cochlearis, 166 composita, i6g costotransversarise, 182 costovertebrales, 182-184 coxae, i5S, 222-227 cubit!, 169, 204-208 cuneonavicularis, 244, 249 digitorum (manus), 166, 210, 211, 214, 215 pedis, 249, 250 ellipsoidea, 167 et ligamenta capitis, igo-196 cmguli extremitatis inferioris, 2i5- 219 cinguli extremitatis superioris, 198, 199 genu, 228-237 hallucis, 246-248 humeri, 16S, 200-203 humeroradialis, 169 humeroulnaris, 208 intercarpea, 169, 212-215 interchondrales, 186, 188 intermetacarpeae, 169, 212-214 internietatarsese, 244, 245, 249 intertarseie, 244, 245, 249 intervertebrales, 173-175, 185 niandibularis, 194-196 manus, 169, 210-214 metacarpophalangeoe, 166, 167, 210, 211, 214, 215 metacarpophalangea pollicis, 210, 214 metatarsophalangeae, 249, 250 ossis pisiforniis, 212 pedis, 239, 250 pollicis, 210, 211, 214 radiocarpea, 169, 212-215 radio-ulnaris distalis, 209-214 proxiraalis, 169, 209 AiTticulatio vel articulationes : sacro-iliaca, 216, 217, 219 sellaris, 167, 169 simplex, 166-168 sphaeroidea, 168 sternoclavicularis, 170, 185-187, 198 sternocostales, 186-188 talocalcanea, 239, 241, 244, 245, 249, 250 talocalcaneonavicularis, 250 ; articular surfaces of, 248 talocruralis, 239, 241, 243-245 talonavicularis, 244, 249 tarsi transversa (Clioparti), 249 tarsometatarsese, 244, 245, 249, 250 tibiofibularis, 228, 229, 231, 233, 238 trochoidea, 169 Articulation or articulations (see also "Joint "): acromioclavicular, 201, 202 and ligaments of the head, 190-196 of the pelvic girdle, 216-219 of the shoulder-girdle, 195-199 astragalocalcaneal, 239, 241, 244, 245, 249, 250 astragalocalcaneonavicular, 250 ; articular sur- faces of, 248 astragalonavicular, 244, 249 atlanto-axial, 190-192 calcaneocuboid, 249 carpal, transverse, 169, 212-215 carpometacarpal, 167, 212-215 of the thumb, 116, 212-214 chondrosternal, 186-188 continuous, 164, 165 costocentral, 182-185 costotransverse, 182 discontinuous, 166-169 of the fingers, 166, 210, 211, 214, 215 of the foot, 239, 250 of the great toe, 246-248 of the hand, 169, 210-214 of the hip, 168, 222-227 humeroradial, 169 humero-ulnar, 2cfe intercarpal, 169, 212-215 interchondral, 186, 188 intermetacarpal, 169, 212-114 intermetatarsal, 244, 245, 249 interphalangeal, of the fingers, 166, 210, 211, 2I4> 215 of the thumb, 210, 211, 214 of the toes, 249, 250 intertarsal, 244, 245, 249 intervertebral, 173-175, 185 of the knee, 228-237 of the lower extremity, 216-250 mediotarsal (Chopart's), 249 metacarpophalangeal, 166, 167, 210, 211, 214, 215 of the thumb, 210, 214 metatarsophalangeal, 249, 250 naviculocuneiform, 244, 249 occipito-atlantal, 167, 190-193 pisipyramidal, 212 32—2 252 INDEX Articulation or articulations : radiocarpal, 169, 212-215 radio-ulnar, distal, 209-214 proximal, 169, 209 sacrococcygeal, 180, 216, 217 sacro-iliac, 216, 217, 219 of the shoulder, 168, 200-203 sternoclavicular, 170, 185-187, 198 tarsometatarsal, 244, 245, 249, 250 temporomandibular, 194-196 temporomaxillary, 194-198 of the thumb, 216, 211, 214 tibiofibular, inferior, 238-241, 244, 245 superior, 228, 229, 231, 233, 238 of the trunk, 171- 187 of the upper extremity, 198-215 B. Bicipital groove, synovial sheath of the, 201, 202 Bigelow, Y ligament of, 222, 224, 226, 227 Bones, sesamoid, of the foot, 246, 247, 250 of the hand, 210, 211, 214 of the knee, 232, and note, p. 211 Bursa beneath the internal lateral ligament of the knee- joint, 236 beneath the patellar ligament, 231 beneath the suprapatellar tendon, 228, 230, 231, 234, 235 between the tendon of the semimembranosus muscle and the knee-joint, 232 between the tendon of the semimembranosus muscle and the tendon of the inner head of the gastroc- nemius muscle, 232 iliopectineal, 227 of the odontoid process, 192 of the subscapularis muscle, 202, 203 subacromial, 202, 203 subdeltoid, 202, 203 of the tendon of the popliteus muscle, 232, 233, 235, 237 tBursa apicis dentis (epistrophei), 192 iliopectinea, 227 infrapatellaris profunda, 231 t ligamenti collateralis tibialis, 236 musculi gastrocnemii medialis, 232 poplitci, 232, 233, 235, 237 semimembranosi, 232 subscapularis, 202, 203 subdeltoidea, 202, 203 suprapatellaris, 228, 230, 231, 234, 235 c. Canal of the carpus, 211, 213 neural, 177 obturator, 217, 222, 224, 226 Canalis carpi, 211, 213 obturatorius, 217, 222, 224, 226 vertebralis, 177 Capsula Vf:l capsulte : articularis, 166-168, 170 pars fibrosa, 168 synovialis, 168 articulationis acromioclavicularis, 201 atlanto-epistropliicse, 181, 190 atlanto-occipitalis, 167, 181, 190, 193 capituli, 185 carpometacarpeEE pollicis, 210-213 costotransversariae, 185 coxae, 168, 222, 223, 226, 227 pars fibrosa, 224 synovialis, 224 cubiti, 204-207 pars fibrosa, 208 synovialis, 208 genu, 228, 236-233, 236, 237 pars synovialis, 234, 235 hallucis, 246-248 Capsula v;! capsulse : articulationis humeri, 199, 200, 203 pars fibrosa, 201 synovialis, 201, 203 mandibularis, 194, 196 manus, 214 ossis pisiformis, 212 ralantar, 246 proximal, dorsal, 244, 245, 248, 249 plantar, 246, 247 interosseous, of the forearm, 209 of the leg, 228, 229, 231-235, 238-241 interspinous, 163, 174, 177, 181 intertransverse, 184 ischiocapsular, 222, 226, 227 of the knee-joint, 228-237 alar, 234, 235 capsular, 228, 230-233, 236, 237 crucial, anterior or external 229, 233, 235-237 internal or posterior, 229, 233, 235-237 lateral, external, 228, 229, 231-235 posterior, 231, 232 arcuate portion of the, 232 direct portion of the, 231, 232 short, 231, 232 internal, 228-230, 232, 233, 235, 236 mucous, 234, 235 patellar, 228-231, 236 lateral, external, 22?, 231 internal, 228, 230 posterior, 232, 235 semilunar fibrocartilages : external, 229, 233, 235-237 posterior or ascending band of the, 233, 235-237 internal, 229, 233, 235-237 transverse ligament of the, 229, 237 Wrisberg's, 233, 235-237 lateral, of tlie finger-joints, 166, 210, 211, 214 of the metacarpophalangeal articulation of the thumb, 210 of the metacarpophalangeal articulations, 166, 167, 210, 214 of the metatarsophalangeal articulations, 266-268 of the toe-joints, 247, 248 metacarpal, transverse, 211 metacarpophalangeal, anterior, 211, 215 glenoid, 211, 215 palmar, 211, 215 metatarsal, transverse, 246 metatarsocuneifonn, interosseous, 249 metatarsophalangeal, 246, 247 inferior, 250, and note, p. 246 mucous, 234, 235 naviculocuboid, dorsal, 244, 245, 248 plantar, 246, 247 naviculocuneiform, dorsal, 242-245, 248 plantar, 247 oblique radio-uliiar, 209 obturator, 117, 218, 222, 224, 226 INDEX 255 Ligament or ligaments : occipito-atlantal, anterior, 176, 181, 192, 193 posterior, 181, 192, 193 occipito-axial, posterior or long, J77, 190-192 odontoid, alar, 191, 192 check, 191, 102 lateral, 191, 192 middle, 191, 192 suspensory, 191, 192 orbicular, of the radius, 169, 204, 205, 207-209 patellar, 228-231, 236 lateral, external, 228, 231 internal, 228, 231 of the pelvis, transverse, 220, 221, and note, p. 221 pisiuietacarpal, 211, 212 pisi-uncinate, 211, 212 plantar, long, 242, 243, 245, 246, 247 short, 247, 250 pterygospinous, 195, 196 pubic, anterior, note, p. 220 of Astley Cooper, 221, 224 inferior, 217, 218, 220, 221 posterior, note, p. 221 subpubic, 217, 218, 220, 221 •superior, 220, 221 puDofenioral, 222, 224, 226, 227 rhomboid, 186, 188, 198 round, of the hip-joint, 169, 223-225, 227 sacrococcj'geal, anterior, 180, 216 interarticular, 177. 179, 180 lateral, 177, 179, 180 posterior, deep, 177, 179, 180 superficial, 180, 2 18 sacro-iliac, anterior, 216, 217, 219, 244 interosseous, note, p. 218 long, 21S oblique, 218 posterior, 218, 219 sactosciatic, anterior, 176, iSo, 216-219 great, 176, 216-219 posterior, 176, 216, 219 small, 176, i8 ischiocapsulare, 222, 226, 227 longitudinale anterius, 173, 174, 176, 178, 181-183, 216 posterius, 173, 174, 177, 179^ 190, 192 lumbocostale, 176, 216, 218 malleoli lateralis anterius, 238, 244, 245 posterius, 240, 241 f menisci lateralis (Roberti), 233, 235-237 navicularicuneiforinia dorsalia, 242-245, 24S plantaria, 247 nuchae, 177, 181 patellEB, 228-231, 236 pisohamatum, 211, 212 pisometacarpeuni, 211, 212 plantare longum, 245-247 popliteum arcuatuni, 232 obliquuni, 232, 235 pterygospinosuni, 195, 196 pubicum superius, 220, 221 pubocapsulare, 222, 224, 226, 227 radiocarpeum dorsale, 210 volare, 211, 212 sacrococcygeum anterius, i8o. 216 articulare, 177, 179, 180 laterale, 177, 179, 180 posterius profundum, 177, 179, 180 superficiale, 180, 181 sacro-iliaca anteriora, 216. 217, 219, 224 interossea, 218, 219 sacro-iliacum posterius breve, 219 longum, 218, 219 sacrospinosum, 176, 180, 216-219 sacrotuberosum, 176, 216-219 sphenomandibulare, 195 sternoclaviculare, 186, 187, 198 sternocostale interarticulare, 188 sternocostalia radiata, 186 stylohyoideum, 194, 195 stylomandibulare, 194-196 supraspinale, 173, 174, 177, 181, 184, 218 talocalcaneum anterius, 244, 245, 250 interosseuni, 239, 244, 245, 249, 250 laterale, 245 mediale, 243, 248 posterius, 240, 242 talofibulare anterius, 244, 245 posterius, 239, 241 talonaviculare (dorsale), 242245 tarsi dorsalia, 244, 245 interossea, 249 plantaria, 246 tarsonietatarsea dorsalia, 242, 244, 245, 24S interossea, 249 Ivigamentum ve/ ligamenta : tarsonietatarsea plantaria, 246, 247 teniporomandibiilare, 194 teres femoris, 169, 223-225, 227 tibionaviculare, 242, 244, 245, 248 transversuni acetabuli, 168, 223, 225, 22"' atlanlis, 190-192 genu, 229, 237 pelvis, 220, 221 scapula; inferius, 200 superius, 170, 199, 200, 202 trapezoideum, 202 tuberculi costje, 182, 1S4, 185 vaginalia (digitorum pedis), 246 Line, Chopart's, 249 He5''s, 249 Lisfranc's, 249 mediotarsal, 249 M. tMembrana atlanto-epistrophica, 192 atlanto-occipitalis anterior, 176, 181, 192, 193 posterior, 181, 192, 193 interossea antibrachii, 209 cruris, 238 obturatoria, 117, 218, 222, 224, 226 sterni, 186, 187 tecloria, 177, 190-192 Membrane, intercostal, see "Aponeurosis" interosseous, of the forearm, 209 of the leg, 228, 229, 231-235, 238- 241 obturator, 117, 218, 222, 224, 226 synovial, of the hip-joint, 223-225, 227; its reflec- tion on the neck of tne femur, 224 of the knee-joint, 234, 235 Meniscus lateralis, 229, 233, 235-237 medialis, 229, 233, 235-237 Musculus articularis genu, 228, 230, 231, 235 N. Notch, clavicular, of the sternum, 198 cotyloid, 223-225 suprascapular, 199, 200 Nucleus pulposus of tlie intervertebral discs, 173, 174 o. Obturator canal, 217, 222, 224, 226 fascia, 221 ligament, 117, 218, 222, 224, 226 membrane, 117, 218, 222, 224, 226 Ossa sesamoidea manus, 210, 211, 214 pedis, 246, 247, 250 Os sesamoideum articulationis genu (var.), 232 Pad of fat of the fossa acetabuli, 223 Periosteum, dental, 165 Plate, fibrous, 246, 247, 250, and notes, pp. 211 and 246 glenoid, 246, 247, 250, and notes, pp. 211 and 246 sesamoid, 246, 247, 250, and notes, pp. 211 and 246 Plicte alares, 234, 235 I'iica synovialis (articulationis radiocarpeae), 213 patellaris, 234, 235 Pouch of synovial membrane, circular, of the proximal radio- ulnar articulation, 204, 207, and note, p. 204 vertical, of the distal radio- ulnar articulation, 214 Process, falciform, of the great sacrosciatic ligament, 217 Processus falciformis, 217 Prominence of the pubic symphj'.sis, posterior, 221 Promontoriimi, 177, 216, 217, 219 Promontor)' of the sacrum, 177, 216, 217, 219 Pubic .symphysis, 21S, 220, 221 INDEX 256a •Recess, sacciform, of the distal railio-ulnar articulation. 214 of the proximal radio-ulnar articulation, 204, 207, and note, p. 204 Recessns saccifoniiis (articulationis radio-ulnaris distalis) 214 (articulationis radio-ulnaris proxi- inalis), 204, 207 Retinaculum ligamenti arcuati, 231, 232 patellie laterale, 228, 231 , .niediale, 22S, ?3o Sacral proniontorj-, 117, 216, 217, 219 Sesamoid bones, see "Bones, sesamoid" of the foot, 246, 247, 250 ,.,' ,, . . of tlie hand, 210, 211, 214, and note, p. 211 Shoulder-joint, 168, 200-203 Substance, sutural, 164 1 . , Sulcus paraglenoidalis (pr;eauricularis), 216 Surface, articular, of the acetabulunii 168, 224, 225, 227 of the acromion, 201 oftheastragalusforthe-oscalcis, anterior 248 of the astragalus for the os calcis, middle 248 of the astragalus for the os calcis, pos- terior, 24S of the atlas, superior, 167, igo of the centra for the ribs, 183 of the heads of the ribs, 182 of the navicular bone, posterior, 248 of the odontoid process, anterior, 192 posterior, 192 of the OS calcis, anterior, 248 ^ middle, 248 posterior, 2^n o! tne patella, 229, 234, 235 of the transverse processes for the ribs 175, I7«, 185 of the astran:alus, superior articular: external malleolar portion, 166 internal malleolar portion, 166, .41 tibial portion, i56, 241, 243 auricular, of the ilium. 219 patellar, of the femur, 220, 234, 2^7 SiUura, 164 • :» o^. J/ .serrata. 164 squamosa, 164 Sutural substance. 164 Suture, varieties of, 164 S\iiii)hy,si(ii.i65 ossiuiii pubis,- 2i,S, 220, 221 sacrocoecv.t,'ea, 180, 216, 217 Synarthrosis, 164, 165 Synchondrosis, 165 of the base of the skull, 196 Synchondrosis ve/ synchondroses; epiphysial, see "Disc, epiplnsial" epiphyseos capitis femoris, 223 humeri, 201 capituli ossis metacarpalis III., ,. 215 distalis femoris, 230 fibulas, 239, 240, 244 railii, 215 tibiae, 239, 240, 242, 244, ' ■ 250 proximalis fibulae, 231 tibiffi, 230, 231 tuberis calcanei, 240 ■ ■ - , •epiphysium ossium nietatarsalium, 249, 250 phalangum digiti 11. (manus), . .215 ... digitorum pedi.s, 249 et hgamenta baseos cranii, 196 r interphalangea pedis (van), 249 petro-occipitalis, 193, 196 splieno-occipitalLs, 165, 192. 196 splienopetrosa, 196 [■ sternalis, inferior, 188 f superior, 188 Sj'iidesniosi.s, 170 tibiofibulari.s, 238-241, 244, 245 Synovial membrane of the shoulder-joint, 202, 203 sheath of the bicipital groove, 201, 202 of the tendon of the popliteus muscle. 232, 233. 235. 237 ; its communication with the knee-joint and the superior tibio- fibular articulation, 233 Tendon of the long head of the biceps juuscle, 201, 202 203 i > , . tTorus pubicus, 221 Triangular fil)rocartilage, 212-214 li.gament of the urethra, 220, 221, and note p. 22: ' Trochlea tali, 166, 239, 241 facies malleolaris lateralis, 166 medialis, 166, 243 superior, 166, 24 T. 243 1 rochlear .surface of the astragalu.s, 166, 239. 241 V. \'agina mucosa intertubercularis, 201, 202 Wrist-joint, 169, 212-215 w. z. Zona orbicularis, 223, 224, 226, 227 ^z' iJRS. CHR; : SMEDAL THE LIBRA r? 208709