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AN —

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AUTHENTIC HISTORY

OF

LANCASTER COUNTY,

STATE OF PENNSYLYANIA.

J. I. MOMBERT, D. D.

MEMBER OF THE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF PENNSYLVANIA.

LANCASTER, PA.:

J. E. BARR & CO,

1869.

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AN

AUTHENTIC HISTORY

LANCASTER COUNTY,

STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA.

J. I. MOMBERT, D. D.

MEMBER OF THE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF PENNSYLVANIA.

LANCASTER, PA.:

J. E. BARR & CO

1869.

Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1869,
By ELIAS BAKU,

In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States,
for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania.

PEARSOL & GEIST, PRINTERS,
LANCASTER, PA.

<t> •'/!

PREFACE.

The historical part of this work really terminates with the Revolution, the events
subsequent to that period being embodied in the later Divisions.

The most diligent search has failed to bring to light the Military Record of the County
during the wars with Great Britain in 1812-1814, and with Mexico. In this connection
it is also proper to state that in the absence of comi^lete and aiotlientic lists of the sons of
Lancaster County in the Regular Service of the United States, it has been thought ex-
pedient to leave that part of the Military Record unnoticed. For want of authentic
information several of the lists of public officers begin at a comparatively late date. The
hope is indulged that after the lapse of several years, when a new edition of this work
shall be called foi", these and other deficencies may be supplied. Much valuable material,
now scattered and inaccessible, might be procured and rendered permanently available
by the formation of local historical societies in every section of the County affiliated to a
General Historical Society at Lancaster.

By far the larger portion of the material is new ; it might easily have been doubled,
but restricted to prescribed limits, I have been guided by the principle to select docu-
ments of the greatest interest to the largest number of people.

As the volume has been greatly enriched and my labors much lightened by valuable
contributions from numerous quarters, for which due credit has been attempted to be
given in every instance, I beg here thankfully to acknowledge all the favors and facilities
extended to me by individual friends named at the proper places, also by the officers of
the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, the Hon. Isaac B. Gara, late Assistant Secre-
tary of the Commonwealth, and Professor S. S. Haldeman, who has read the proofs of
those sections relating to the Natural History of the County, embraced within pages
528 to 544, and pages 580 to 604.

The labors of Mr. I. D. Rupp have been of great use to me, and I have tried, wherever
extracts from his work have been made, to give due credit.

I shall deem it a favor to receive from any quarter well authenticated statements
relating to the numerous topics of interest treated in this work which, with becoming
diffidence, is now submitted to the public in the hope that it may be kindly received as
a humble contribution to the local history of this Great Commonwealth.

J. I. MOMBERT.

Lancaster, Pa., May 37, 1809.

TABLE OF COKTEIS^TS.

Page.

PREFACE iii

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS viii

DIVISION L Historical 1

Chapter 1. The Aborigines 1

" 2. From the Earliest Settlement of Pennsylvania to the arrival of

William Penn 28

" 3. From the arrival of William Penn to the erection of Lancaster

County 48

" 4. From the organization of Lancaster County to the termination

of the Colonial Government 119

" 5. The State Government 260

Military Record of Lancaster County 312

During the Revolution 312

During the Rebellion 321

Patriot Daughters 345

DIVISION II. Topographical 346

Indian Localities 380

DIVISION IIL Biographical, etc 387

Early Settlers 413

DIVISION IV. Political 427

The Court House 427

List of Judges 429

" Attorneys .429

Members of Assembly 434

State Legislature 435

Gubernatorial Elections 438

Presidential " 438

List of Commissioners 439

" Sheriffs 440

" Coroners 440

' ' of Mayors and Recorders of Lancaster City 441

City Water Works 442

Poor House and Hospital 443

County Prison 444

Population of Lancaster County 445

Vote at General Election, 1868 446

Vote at Presidential Election, 1868 448

List of Post Offices 449

Fire Department 449

DIVISION V. Religious 450

Statistics 450

VI TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Page.

Baptists 450

" Mennonites Old 450

" " Reformed 450

" " Ornish 451

" Seventh Day 451

" Tunkers 451

" Winebrennarians 451

Episcopalians 451

Evangelical Association 452

Friends 452

German Reformed 453

Jews 455

Lutherans 455

Methodists 456

Moravians 457

Presbyterians. 458

Roman Catholics 459

New Jerusalem Church 460

United Brethren 461

DIVISION VI. Educational AND Literary 462

Tabular Statement 466

Litiz Schools 468

Franklin and Marshall College 469

State Normal School 472

Private Schools 474

Libraries -. 474

Linnsean Society , 475

Horticultural Society 477

Newspapers in Lancaster County 477

DIVISION VII. Agricultural and Industrial 485

Statistics of Agriculture 485

Valuation of Real Estate 486

Statistics of Manufacture 486

Internal Revenue 487

Manufacture of Iron 491

Iron Ores , 492

Paper Mills 493

Cotton Mills 494

Banks and Insurance. Appendix 169

DIVISION VIIL Philanthropic 495

Orphan Asylum 495

Bishop Bowman Church Home 495

Home for Friendless Children 495

Masons, Free and Accepted 496

Odd-Fellows, Independent Order of 497

Red Men, Improved Order of 498

United American Mechanics, Order of 498

Junior 498

Good Templars, Independent Order of 498

Roman Catholic Beneficiary Societies 499

Good Fellows, Ancient Order of. ,. 499

Druids, Independent Order of. 499

Seven Wise Men, Independent Order of. 499

TABLE OF CONTENTS. vii

Page.

Knights of Pythias 499

Sons of Malta, Independent Order of 499

Female Societies 499

DIVISION IX. Physical 500

Mammalia 500

Ornithology 502

Conchology 517

Arachnida 519

Crustacea ." 520

Entomology 521

Coleoptera 523

Orthoptera 546

Hemiptera 548

Neuroptera, 552

Hymenoptera 555

Lepidoptera 561

Diptera 568

Aphaniptera * 572

Myriapoda 573

Herpetology 574

Ichthyology 576

Botany 580

Geology 605

Mineralogy 606

Archaeology 610

List of at»breviations in Physical Division 615

DIVISION X. DocuMENTAKY. Appendix 1

1. Charter of Charles II 1

2. Conditions or Concessions 12

3. First Frame of Government 16

4. Second " " 30

5. Third " '' 38

6. Charter of Privileges 46

7. Indian Treaty at Lancaster 51

8. Constitution of 1776 90

9. " " 1790 109

10. Present Constitution. 122

11. Charter of Borough of Lancaster 141

12. Charter of City of Lancaster 147

13. Supplement to the same 166

14. Insurance 169

15. Banking 170

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIOISrS.

Map of the County to face the Title Page.

Old Map of the Country round Lancaster, in 1730 to face pat^e 119

Original Plan designed for the town of Lancaster .'. " " 369

The Court House " "■ 427

Poor House and Hospital " " 443

County Prison " " 444

Geological Map of Lancaster County '' '' 605

Hieroglyphics on Rocks at Safe Harbor " " 61?

AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY.

CHAPTEE I.
THE ABORIGINES.

1. The question "How was America peopled?'' has engaged the atten-
tion of many distinguished writers and engendered a veritable wilderness
of theories. Before stating these, a few observations on the discovery of
the New World ma}^ not be out of place, as different nations claim the
honor of having visited this continent prior to the arrival of Christopher
Columbus.

From a passage in Diodorus Siculus, [B. C. 100] stating that some
'•Phoenicians were cast upon a most fertile island opposite to Africa —
after having passed the islands which lie beyond the straits of Hercules,
we will speak of those which lie much farther into the ocean. Towards
Africa, and to the West of it, is an immense island in the broad sea,
many days" sail from Lybia. Its soil is very fertile, and its surface varie-
gated with mountains and valleys. Its coasts are indented with many
navigable rivers, and its fields are well cultivated; delicious gardens and
various kinds of plants and trees." This is supposed to refer to America.
But this is by no means the oldest tradition; for Hanno, flourishing
about B. C. 800, at the height of Carthaginian greatness, is said to have
explored the coast of Africa and starting from the straits of Hercules to
have sailed Westward 30 days. Hence it has been inferred that Hanno
visited America.

The account of Plato [B. C. 400] is generally regarded entitled to
respect. Speaking of the first discovery of the Atlantic, he says: "In
those first times, the Atlantic was a most broad island, and there were
extant most powerful kings in it, who, Avith joint forces, appointed to
occupy Asia and Europe: and so a most grievous war was carried on, in
which the Athenians, with the common consent of the Greeks, opposed
them.^ielves, and they became the conquerors. But that Atlantic island,
by a flood and earthquake, was indeed suddenly destroyed, and so that
warlike people were swallowed up.'' And elsewhere: "An island in the

2 ■ AUTHENTIC HISTORY

mouth of tlie sea, in tlie passage to those straits, called the pillars of
Hercules, did exist; and that island was greater and larger than Lybia
and Asia ; from which there was an easy passage over to other islands,
and from those islands to that continent, which is situated out of that
region." "Neptune settled in this island, from whose son, Atlas, its
name was derived, and divided it among his ten sons. To the youngest
Cell the extremity of the island, called Gadir^ which, in the language of
the country, signifies fertile or ahounding in sheep. The descendants of
Neptune reigned here, from father to son, for a great number of genera-
"tions in the order of primogeniture, during the space of 9,000 years.
They also possessed several other islands; and passing into Europe and
Africa, subdued all Lybia as far as Egypt, and all Europe to Asia Minor.
At length the island sunk under water ; and for a long time afterwards
the sea thereabouts was full of rocks and shelves." In a work ascribed
to Aristotle, [B. C. 38-i] the Carthaginians are said to have discovered a
great island beyond the Pillars of Hercules, very fertile, but uninhabited,
full of forests, navigable rivers and abounding in fruit. Seneca is sup-
posed [about A. 1). 1] to have uttered a prophecy concerning America:

" Venient anuis

Saecula seris, qiiibus oceanus

Viiicula rentm lazet, et ingens

Pnteat tellus, Typhisque novos ' ,- ' ' '

Detegat orbes; nee sit terris ,

Ultima Thvle:'

Medea, III, B7.j.

In English — "The time will come when the sea will loosen the
chains of nature and a mighty continent shall stand forth; Typhis
shall discover new worlds; nor shall Thule be any longer the extremity
of the known world."

Leaving these ancient and legendary notices, we pass to more recent
claims. "The Scandinavians, after having colonized Iceland in A. D,
875 and Greenland in 983, had by the year 1000 discovered America as
far down as -1:1° 30' N. L., a point near New Bedford in Massachusetts,
and if the account of a missing sailor, who, after some absence, returned
in a state of vinous excitement and flourishing bunches of grape, can be
believed, they must have come much further South. The chronicler
says that owing to this circumstance the captain of the ship called that
country Vinland. The next claimants to the discovery of America are
the "Welsh. In Cardoc's history of Cambria it is stated that Madoc, sou
of Owen Gwynnedd, Prince of Wales, set sail westward in A. D. 1170,
with a small fleet, and after a voyage of several weeks, landed in a region
totally different, both in its inhabitants and productions, from Europe,
He is supposed to have reached the coast of Virginia. Neither this.

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 3

however, nor the earlier Scandinavian expeditions, can be said even to
have formed a connecting link between the America of the red man and
the America of his white brother." ^

The Chinese are actually reported to have visited America in A. D..
1270, when China being overrun by the Tartars, a body of one hundred
thousand men, refusing obedience to the invaders, are supposed to have
set sail in a thousand ships to find a new country or perish in the enter-
prise, and to have ultimately settled in Mexico.^

The Normans and the Germans also have claimed the discovery of
America long before the voyages of Columbus, but it is needless to dis-
cuss claims which cannot be verified, and it is sufficient for our purpose
to state that no authentic account of actual discovery has been estab-
lished prior to the landing of Columbus at Gruanahani, or Cat Island, in
the Bahamas on the 11th of October, 14:92.

2. Eesuming the question, "How was America peopled?" we enter
a field in which speculation and theory have run riot. A brief survey
of it, without discussion, is all we propose to furnish.

Thomas Morton, author of "New Canaan," a book published in 1637,
argues for the Latin origin of the Indians, and the value of his reasoning-
may be inferred from the circumstance that because he fancied he heard
the Indians make use of the word Pasco-pan he concluded that their
ancestors were acquainted with the god Pan.

Williamson^ says : " It can hardly be questioned that the Indians of
North America are descended from a class of the Hindoos, in the south-
ern parts of Asia." He holds that they could not have come from the
North because the South American Indians are unlike those of the
North. The correctness of this conclusion may be determined by the
following testimony of Humboldt who states that "the Indians of New
Spain bear a general resemblance to those who inhabit Canada, Florida,
Peru and Brazil. Over a million and a half of square leagues, from Cape
Horn to the river St. Lawrence and Behring's Strait, we are struck at
the first glance with the general resemblance in the features. We think
we perceive them all descended from the same stock, notwithstanding
the prodigious diversity of their languages. In the portrait drawn by
Volney of the Canadian Indians Ave recognize the tribes scattered over
the savannahs of the Apure and the Carony. The same style of fea-
tures exists in both Americas."

Thorowgood [1652], Adair [1775] and Boudinot [1816], claim for the
Indians Hebrew descent and identify them with the lost tribes.

Cotton Mather gravely accounts for the origin of the Indians by the
craft and subtlety of the devil, "who decoyed those miserable savages

1 Chambers' Cycl. S. V. America. 2 Hist, of China and Univ. Hist., Vol. XX.

3 Hist, of N. Carolina, I, 216.

4 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

hitlier, in liopes that the Gospel of the Lord Jesus Christ would never
come here to destroy or disturb his absolute empire over them."

Swintou/ in a dissertation upon the peopling of America, after stating
the difi'erent opinions of various authors who have advocated in favor
of the "dispersed people," the Phoenicians and other Eastern nations,
observes, "that, therefore, the Americans in general were descended from
some people who inhabited a country not so far distant from them as
Egypt and Phoenicia, our readers will, as we apprehend, readily admit.
jS'ow, no country can be pitched upon so proper and convenient for this
purpose, as the north-eastern part of Asia, particularh" Great Tartary,
Siberia, and more especially the peninsula of Kamtschatka. That
probablv was the tract through which many Tartar colonies passed into
America, and peopled the most considerable part of the new world."^

Robertson-^ sums up an excellent sketch of this difficult question in
these words: "Though it be possible that America may have re-
ceived its first inhabitants from our continent, either hj the north-west
of Europe or the north-east of Asia, there seem to be good reasons for
supposing that the progenitors of all the American nations, from Cape
Horn to the southern confines of Labrador, migrated from the latter
rather than the former. The Esquimaux are the only people in Ameri-
ca who, in their aspect or character, bear any resemblance to the north-
ern Europeans. They are manifestly a race of men, distinct from all the
nations of the American continent, in language, in disposition, and in
habits of life. Their original, then, may warrantably be traced up to
that source Avhich I have pointed out. But, among all the other inhab-
itants of America, there is such a striking similitude in the form of their
bodies and the qualities of their minds, notwithstanding the diversities
occasioned by the influence of climate, or unequal progress in improve-
ment, Ave must pronounce them to be descended from one source. There
may be a variety in the shades, but we can everywhere trace the same
original color. Each tribe has something peculiar which distinguishes
it, but in all of them we discern certain features common to the whole
race. It is remarkable that in every jieculiarity, whether in their persons
or dispositions, which characterize the Americans, they have some re-
semblance to the rude tribes scattered over the north-east of Asia, but
almost none to the nations settled in the northern extremities of Europe.
We may, therefore, refer them to the former origin, and conclude that
their Asiatic progenitors, having settled in those parts of America where
the Russians have discovered the proximity of the two continents,
spread gradually over its various regions. This account of the progress
of population in America, coincides with the traditions of the Mexicans

1 Died 1774. 2 Univ. Hist., XX. Drake.

3 Hist, of America. I. 201. Published in 1788.

OF LANCASTER COUNTY, 5

concerning their own origin, which, imperfect as they are, were preserved
with more accuracy, and merit greater credit than those of any peo-
ple in the new world. According to them, their ancestors came from a
remote country, situated to the north-west of Mexico. The Mexicans
point out their various stations, as they advanced from this, into the in-
terior provinces, and it is precisely the same route which they must have
held, if they had been emigrants from Asia. The Mexicans, in describ-
ing the appearance of their progenitors, their manners and habits of life,
at that period, exactly delineate those of the rude Tartars, from Avhom I
suppose them to have sprung."

Barton^ bestowed much labor on the comparison of all known Indian
dialects with those of different Asiatic and North European nations on
the plan of selecting English words, such as God, Father, Mother, Son,
Daughter, etc., and then giving the equivalents in the various Indian,
European and Asiatic dialects. Without expressing an opinion on the
soundness of his reasoning, I give his conclusion, which is "that the
Americans and many Asiatic and European nations are the same people."
In this connection mention may be made of Jefferson's view that the
nations of America are of greater antiquity than those of Asia, and that
Asia was peopled from America, not America from Asia.

Schoolcraft,'-^ whose whole life has been devoted to Indian affairs and
whose volumes, published by authority of Congress, contain by far the
most authentic data of information on this interesting subject, reaches
the conclusion that the summary of traits of Indian manners, customs
and character appears to connect their origin with the oriental world.

Bancroft ^ concludes a masterly sketch on the Aborigines with the
following reflections : " The American and the Mongolian races of men,
on the two sides of the Pacific, have a near resemblance. Both are alike
strongly and definitely marked -by the more capacious palatine fossa, of
which the dimensions are so much larger, that a careful observer could,
out of a heap of skulls, readily separate the Mongolian and American
from the Caucasian, but could not distinguish them from each other.
Both have the orbit of the eye quadrangular, rather than oval; both,
especially the American, have comparatively a narrowness of the fore-
head; the facial angle in both, but especially in the American, is com-
paratively small ; in both, the bones of the nose are flatter and broader
than in the Caucasian, and in so equal a degree, and with apertures so
similar, that, on indiscriminate selections of specimens of the two, an
observer could not, from this feature, discriminate which of them be-

1 New Views of the Origin of the Tribes and Nations of America, by Benjamin Smith
Barton, M. D., Philadelphia, 1797.

2 Archives of Aboriginal Knowledge, Vol. V, Philad., 1865.

3 History of the United States, Vol. Ill, p. 317.

6 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

longed to the old continent; both, but especially the Americans, are
characterized by a prominence of the jaws; the elongated occiput is
common to the American and the Asiatic ; and there is to each the same
obliquity of the face. Between the Mongolian of Southern Asia and
Northern Asia there is a greater difference than between the Mongolian
Tatar and the North American. The Iroquois is more unlike the
Peruvian than he is unlike the wanderer on the steppes of Siberia.
Physiology has not succeeded in defining the qualities which belong to
every well-formed Mongolian, and which never belong to an indigenous
American ; still less can geographical science draw a boundary line be-
tween the races. The Athapascas cannot be distinguished from Algon-
quin Knisteneaux, on the one side, or from Mongolian Esquimaux, on
the other. The dwellers on the Aleutian Isles melt into resemblances
with the inhabitants of each continent, and at points of remotest distance,
the difference is still so inconsiderable, that the daring Ledyard, whose
ardent curiosity filled him with the passion to circumnavigate the globe
and cross its continents, as he stood in Siberia with men of the Mongolian
race before him, and compared them with the Indians who had been his
old play-fellows and school-mates at Dartmouth, writes deliberately, that
'universally and circumstantiall}^, they resemble the Aborigines of
America.' On the Connecticut and the Oby, he saw but one race.

" He that describes the Tuugusians of Asia seems also to, describe the
North American. That the Tschukchi of Northeastern Asia and the
Esquimaux of America are of the same origin, is proved by the afl&nity
of their languages — thus establishing a connection between the continents
previous to the discover}- of America by Europeans. The indigenous
population of America offers no new obstacle to fiiitli in the unity of
the human race."'

Having thus far attended exclusively .to theories and opinions origi-
nating with scholars and writers of Caucasian extraction, a brief sum-
mary of Aboriginal tradition on the subject under notice may prove
interesting and insti'uctive, although the reader will soon perceive that
not much light need be expected from that quarter.

Schoolcraft ^ states that Avhat may be regarded in the traditions of the
Indians, respecting the world, their origin and their opinions of man, as
entitled to attention, is that they believe in a Great Merciful Spirit, by
whom the earth, the animals and man were created, and in a great evil
spirit, able to disturb the benevolent purposes of the Great Good Spirit.
They state, generall}-, that there was a deluge at an ancient epoch, Avhich
covered the earth and drowned mankind, except a limited numbei'. They
speak most emphatically of a future state, and appear to have some con-
fused idea of I'cwards and punishments, which are allegorically repre-

1 Vol. I. 17—59.

OF LANCASTER COUM'T. 7

rented. They regard the earth as their cosmogonic mother, and declare
their origin to have been in caves, or in some other manner within its
depths. Tliey consider themselves, generally, as aborigines. By one
authority they climbed up the roots of a large vine from the interior to
the surface of the earth ; by another, they casually saw light, while
under ground, from the top of a cavern in the earth. Most of the tribes
plant themselves on traditions of local origin. Seeing many quadrupeds,
which burrow in the earth, they acknowledge a similar and mysterious
relation. Tecumseh affirmed, in accordance with this notion, that the
earth Avas his mother; and Michabon held that the birds and beasts were
his brothers. A few of the tribes, North and South, have something of
a traditional value to add to these notions, expressive of an opinion of
foreign origin.

Sir Alexander Mackenzie in his voyages among the Arctic tribes relates
of the Chepeweyans, that "they have a tradition that they originally
came from another country, inhabited hy very wicked people, and had
traversed a great lake, which was narrow and shallow, and full of islands,
where they had suffered great misery, it being always winter, with ice and
deep snow." " Their progress (the great Athapasca family) is easterly, and
according to tlieir own tradition, they came from Siberia ; agreeing in
dress and manners with the people now found upon the coasts of Asia."

John Johnston, for many years agent of the Shawanoes, an Algonquin
tribe, says: "The people of this nation have a tradition that their ances-
tors crossed the sea. They are the only tribe with Avhich I am acquainted,
who admit a foreign origin. Until lately they kept yearly sacrifices for
their safe arrival in this countr}^. From where they came, or at what
period they arrived in America, they do not know. It is a prevailing
opinion among them that Florida had been inhabited by white people,
who had the use of iron tools. Blackhoof (a celebrated chief) affirms
that he has often heard it spoken of by old people, that stumps of trees,
covered with earth, were frequently found, which had been cut down by
edged tools." "It is somewhat doubtful," says Johnston at a subsequent
page, " whether the deliverance which they celebrate has any other refe--
ence, than to the crossing of some great river, or an arm of the sea."

Montezuma^ told Cortez of a foreign connection between the Aztec
race and the nations of the Old World. His speech is as follows : " I
would have you to understand before you begin your discourse, that we
are not ignorant, or stand in need of 3'our persuasions, to believe that the
great prince you obey, is descended from our ancient Quetzalcoatl, Lord
of the Seven Caves of the Navatlaques, and lawful king of those seven
nations which gave beginning to our Mexican empire. By one of his
prophecies, which we receive as an infallible truth, and by a tradition of
1 History of the Conquest of Mexico. Book III. — p. 61.

8 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

many ages, preserved in our annals, we know that he departed from these
countries, to conquer new regions in the East, leaving a promise, that in
the process of time, his descendants should return, to model our laws,
and mend our government."

On this subject Mr. Schoolcraft^ writes thus: "The tradition of the
origin of the empire in bands of adventurers from the Seven Caves, rests
upon the best authority we have of the Toltec race, supported by the
oral opinion of the Aztecs in 1579. An examination of it by the lights
of modern geography, in connection with the nautical theory of oceanic
currents and the fixed courses of the winds in the Pacific, gives strong
testimony in favor of an early expressed opinion in support of a migra-
tion in high latitudes. It is now considered probable that those caves
were seated in the Aleutian Chain. This chain of islands connects the
continents of Asia and America at the most practicable points; and it
begins precisely opposite to the Asiatic coast north-east of the Chinese
empire, and quite above the Japanese group, where we should expect the
Mongolic and Tata hordes to have been precipitated upon those shores. On
the American side of the trajet, extending south of the peninsula of Ona-
laska, there is evidence, in the existing dialects of the tribes, of their
being of the same generic group with the Toltec stock."

"Thus we have traditionary gleams of a foreign origin of the race of
the North American Indians, from several stocks of nations, extending
at intervals from the Arctic circle to the valley of Mexico. Dim as these
traditions are, they shed some light on the thick historical darkness which
shrouds that period. They point decidedly to a foreign — to an Oriental,
if not a Shemitic, origin. Such an origin had from the first been inferred.
At whatever point the investigation has been made, the Eastern hemis-
phere has been found to contain the physical and mental prototypes of
the race. Language, mythology, religious dogmas — the very style of
architecture, and their calendar, as fixr as it is developed, point to that
fruitful and central source of human dispersion and nationality."^

3. Passing from this general consideration of the origin of the North
American Indians to the Indians of Pennsylvania, who will be repeat-
edly referred to in the course of this history, it seems proper that a sketch
of them should be inserted at this place, in order that the reader may be
placed in a position to form an independent judgment on questions
relating to that ill-fated race. The subjoined account is taken from
Gordon's History of Pennsylvania, who has drawn his information from
the writings of Heckewelder and other Moravian missionaries.

"Although divided into many tribes, the Indians inhabiting the vast
expanse between Canada and Virginia, traced their origin to two sources,
the Lenni Lenape and Mengive. The former, known among their deriva-
1 Vol. I.— p. 22. ' :' • 2Vol. 2— p. 36.

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 9

five nations also by the name of the WapanachJci^ corrupted by the
Europeans into Openahi^ 0;penaiji^ Ahenaquis, and Apenakis^ and among
the whites, by the name of Dehi wares, held their principal seats upon
the Delaware river, and were acknowledged by nearly forty tribes as
their 'grandfathers,' or parent stock. They relate, that many centurievS
past, their ancestors dwelt far in the western wilds of the American con-
tinent, but emigratin-g eastwardly, arrived after many years on the No-
msesi Stpu (the Mississippi), or river of fish, where they fell in with the
Mengwe, who had also emigrated from a distant country, and approached
this river somewhat nearer its source. The spies of the Lenape reported
the country on the east of the Mississippi to be inhabited by a powerful
jiation, dwelling in large towais, erected upon their principal rivers.

" This people, tall and stout, some of whom, as tradition reports, were
of gigantic mould, bore the name of AlUgeiui\ and from them were de-
rived the names of the Allegheny river and mountains. Their towns were
defended by regular fortifications or intrenchments of earth, vestiges of
which are yet shown in greater or less preservation. The Lenape re-
(juested permission to establish themselves in their vicinity. This was
refused, but leave was given them to pass the river, and seek a country
farther to the eastward. But, wliilst the Lenape were crossing the river,
the Alligewi, becoming alarmed at their number, assailed and destroyed
many of those who had reached the eastern shore, and threatened a like
fate to the others should they attempt the stream. Fired at the loss they
had sustained, the Lenape eagerly accepted a proposition from the Meng-
we, who had hitherto been spectators only of their enterprise, to conquer
and divide the country. A war of many years duration was waged by
the united nations, marked by great havoc on both sides, which eventu-
ated in the conquest and expulsion of the Alligewi, Avho fled by the Avay
of the Mississippi, never to return. Their devastated country was ap-
portioned among fhe conquerors; the Mengwe choosing their residence
in the neighborhood of the great lakes, and the Ijenape possessing them-
selves of the lands to the south.

"After many ages, during which the conquerors lived together in great
harmony, the enterprising hunters of the Lenape crossed the Alleghany
mountains, and discovered the great rivers Susquehannah and Delaware,
and their respective ba3^s. Exploring the Sheyichhi country, (New Jer-
sey,) they arrived on the Hudson, to which they subsequently gave the
name of the Mohicannittuck river. Eeturning to their nation, after a
long absence, they reported their discoveries; describing the country
they had visited as abounding in game and fruits, fish and fowl, and des-
titute of inhabitants. Concluding this to be the country destined for
them by the Great Spirit, the Lenape proceeded to establish themselves
upon the four great rivers, the Hudson, Delaware, Susquehannah and Po-

10 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

tomac, making the Delaware, to which they gave the name of Lenape-
loihittuch^ (the river or stream of the Lenape,).the centre of their posses-
sions.^

" They sa}^ however, that all of their nation who crossed the Mississippi
did not reach this country ; a part remaining behind to assist that portion
of their people who, frightened by the reception which the Alligewi had
given to their countrymen, fled far to the west of the Namsesi Sipu.
They were finally divided into three great bodies ; the larger, one-half
of the whole, settled on the Atlantic; the other half was separated into
two parts, the stronger continued beyond the Mississippi, the other
remained on its eastern bank.

" Those on the Atlantic were subdivided into three tribes ; the Turtle
or Unamis^ the Turkey or Unalachtgo^ and the Wolf or Minsi. The two
former inhabited the coast from the Hudson to the Potomac, settling in
small bodies in towns and villages upon the larger streams, under chiefs
•subordinate to the great council of the nation. The Minsi, called by the
English, Monceys, the most warlike of the three tribes, dwelt in the in-
terior, forming a barrier between their nation and the Mengwe. They
extended themselves from the Minisink, on the Delaware, where they
held their council seat, to the Hudson on the east, to the Susquehannah
on the southwest, to the head waters of the Delaware and Susquehannah
rivers on the north, and to that range of hills now known in New Jersey
by the name of the Muskenecun, and by those of Lehigh and Coghne-
waaro in Pennsvlvania.

" Man}^ subordinate tribes proceeded from these, who received names
from their places of residence, or from some accidental circumstance, at
the time of its occurrence remarkable, but now forgotten. Such were the
Shawanese, the Nanticokes, the Susquehannas, the Shackamaxons, the
Neshamines, the Mantas, and other tribes, resident in or near the pro-
vince of Pennsylvania at the time of its settlement.

"The Mengwe hovered for some time on the borders of the lakes, with
their canoes in readiness to fly should the Alligewi return. Having
grown Ijolder, and their numbers increasing, they stretched themselves
along the St. Lawrence, and became, on the north, near neighbors to the
Ijenape tribes.

"The Mengwe and the Lenape, in the progress of time, became enemies.
The latter represent the former as treacherous and cruel, pursuing per-
tinaciously an insidious and destructive policy towards their more gen-
erous neighbors. Dreading the power of the Lenape, the Mengwe
resolved, by involving them in war with their distant tribes, to reduce
their strength. They committed murders upon the members of one tribe,
and induced the injured party to believe they were perpetrated by
1 Hecke welder' .s account of the Indians.

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 11

another. They stole into the country of the Delawares, surprised them
in their hunting parties, slaughtered the hunters, and escaped with the
plunder.

*' Each nation or tribe had a particular mark upon its war clubs, whicb,
left beside a murdered person, denoted the aggressor. The Mengwe
perpetrated a murder in the Cherokee country, and left with the dead
body a war club bearing the insignia of the Lenape. The Cherokees, in
revenge, fell suddenly upon the latter, and commenced a long and bloody
war. The treachery of the Mengwe was at length discovered, and the
Delawares turned upon them with the determination utterly to extirpate
them. They were the more strongly induced to take this resolution, as
the cannibal propensities of the Mengwe had reduced them, in the esti-
mation of the Delawares, below the rank of human beings.^

"Hitherto each tribe of the Mengwe had acted under the direction of
its particular chiefs; and, although the nation could not control the
conduct of its members, it was made responsible for their outrages.
Pressed by the Lenape, they resolved to form a confederation which
might enable them better to concentrate their force in war, and to regu-
late their affairs in peace. Thannawage, an aged Mohawk, was the
projector of this alliance. Under his auspices, five nations, the Mohawks,
Oneidas, Onondagoes, Cayugas, andSenecas, formed a species of republic,
governed by the united counsels of their aged and experienced chiefs.
To these a sixth nation, the Tuscaroras, was added in 1712. This last
originally dwelt in the western parts of North Carolina, but having
formed a deep and general conspiracj^ to exterminate the whites, were
driven from their country, and adopted by the Iroquois confederacy."^
The beneficial effects of this system early displayed themselves. The
Lenape were checked, and the Mengwe, whose warlike disposition soon
familiarized them with fire arms procured from the Dutch, were enabled,
at the same time, to contend with them and to resist the French, who now
attempted the settlement of Canada, and to extend their conquests over
a large portion of the countrj- between the Atlantic and the Mississippi.

" But, being pressed hard by their new, they became desirous of recon-
ciliation with their old enemies ; and, for this purpose, if the tradition of
the Delawares be credited, they effected one of the most extraordinary
strokes of policy which history has recorded.

*' The mediators between the Lidian nations at war are the women. The
men, however weary of the contest, hold it cowardly and disgraceful to
seek reconciliation. They deem it inconsistent in a warrior to speak of
peace with bloody weapons in his hands. He must maintain a deter-

1 The Iroquois or Mengwe sometimes ate the bodies of their prisoners. Heekeweldev,
2 N. Y. Hist. Col. 55.

2 Smith's New York. Dougl. Siimm.

12 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

mined courage, and appear at all times as ready and willing to fight as
at the commencement of hostilities. With such dispositions, Indian
wars would be interminable, if the women did not interfere and persuade
the combatants to bury the hatchet and make peace with each other.
On these occasions, the women pleaded their cause with much eloquence.
'Not a warrior,' the}'" would sa}', 'biit laments the loss of a son, a
brother, or a friend. And mothers, Avho have borne with cheerfulness
the pangs of child-birth, and the anxieties that wait upon the infancy and
adolescence of their sons, behold their promised blessings crushed in the
field of battle, or perishing at the stake in unutterable torments. In the
depth of their grief, they curse their wretched existence, and shudder at
the idea of bearing children.' They conjured the warriors, therefore, by
their suffering wives, their helpless children, their homes, and tlieir
friends, to interchange forgiveness, to cast away their arms, and, smoking
together the pipe of amity and peace, to embrace as friends those whom
they had learned to esteem as enemies.

" Prayers thus urged seldom failed of their desired effect. 'J'he function
of the peace-maker was honorable and dignified, and its assumption by
a courageous and powerful nation could not be inglorious. This station
the Mengwe urged upon the Lenape. ' They had reflected.' they said,
'upon the state of the Indian race, and were convinced that no means
remained to preserve it unless some magnanimous nation would assume
the character of the woman. It could not be given to a weak and con-
temptible tribe; such would not be listened to: l)ut the Lenape and tlieir
allies would at once possess influence and conlmand respect.'

" The facts upon which these arguments were founded, were known to
the Delawares, and, in a moment of l)lind confidence in the sincerity of
the Iroquois, they acceded to the proposition, and assumed the petticoat.
The ceremony of the metamorphosis was performed with great rejoicings
at Albany, in 1617, in the presence of the Dutch, whom the Ijcnape
charge with having conspired with the Mengwe for their destruction.

"Having thus disarmed the Delawares, the Iroquois assumed over tlieni
the rights of protection and command. But still dreading their strength,
they artfully involved them again in war with the Cherokees, promised
to fight their battles, led them into an ambush of their foes, and deserted
them. The Delawares, at length, comprehended the treachery of their
arch enemy, and resolved to resume their arms, and, being still superior
in numbers, to crush them. But it was too late. The Europeans were
now making their way into the country in every direction, and gave
ample employment to the astonished Lenape.

" The Mengwe deny these machinations. They aver that they conquered
the Delawares by force of arms, and made them a subject people. And,
though it be said they are unable to detail the circumstances of this

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 13

conquest, it is more rational to suppose it true, than that a brave, nume-
rous, and Avarlike nation should have voluntarily suffered themselves to
be disarmed and enslaved b v a shallow artifice ; or that, discovering the
fraud practised upon them, they should unresistingly have submitted to
its consequences. This conquest was not an empty acquisition to the
Mengwe, They claimed dominion over all the lands occupied by the
Delawares, and, in many instances, their claims were distinctly acknowl-
edged. Parties of the Five Nations occasionally occupied the Lenape
country, and wandered over it at all times at their pleasure.

'' AVhatever credit may be due to the traditions of the Lenape, relative
to their migration from the west, there is strong evidence in support of
their pretensions to be considered as the source whence a great portion of
the Indians of North America was derived. They are acknowledged as
the ' grandfathers,' or the parent stock, of the tribes that inhabited the
extensive regions of Canada, from the coast of Labrador to the mouth of
the Albany river, which empties into the southernmost part of Hudson's
bay, and from thence to the Lake of the Woods, the northernmost
boundary of the United States; and also by those who dwelt in that
immense country, stretching from Nova Scotia to the Roanoke, on the
sea-coast, and bounded b}^ the Mississippi on the west. All these nations
spoke dialects of the Lenape language, affording the strongest presump-
tion of their derivation from that stock. The tribes of the Mengwe
interspersed throughout this vast region are, of course, excepted. Thev
were, however, comparatively few in number.

*' Their language is said to be rich, sonorous, plastic, and comprehensive
in the highest degree. It varies from the European idioms chiefly in the
conjugation of the verbs, with which not onl}^ the agent and patient mav
be compounded, in every possible case, but the adverbs are also blended;
and one word is made to express the agent, the action, with its accidents
of time, place, and quantity, and the object effected by them. And.
though greatly pliant, it is subjected to rules, from which there are few ex-
ceptions. It has the power of expressing every idea, even the most abstract.
' The Old and New Testaments have been translated into it, and the Christian
missionaries have no difficulty, as thej^ assert, of making themselves under-
stood on all subjects bv the Indians.^

1 As a sperimen. I sulijoin a translation of the Lord's Prayer, in tlie language of tlie
Six Nation Indians:

SonngwHiincha, ciiurounkyauga, tehseetaroiin, saulwu.neyoii.sta, es a, sawaneyuu,
vkettaiilisela, ehneauwoung, iia, ciiurounkyauga, nfigh, wonshauga, iieatteweluiesaladgfi.
taugwannautoronoantofighsick, toantangweleewheyoustaung, cheneeyeut, cliaquatau-
taleywheyuustiinnna, tofighsau, taiigwaussareneh, tawantottenaugalouglitoiiugga. na-
SAWiie, saeheai\taugT^-as.s, contehsalhaQnzaikri-vv.esa, sawOfmeyuu. esa. .sashautztii, esa,
sjoiingwasolng. clienneauliaunga, auwen.

14 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

"A cultivated language usually denotes great civilization. But our
aborigines seem to have confined their efforts to the improvement of their
speech. This Avas a consequence naturally flowing from their form of
government and political institutions, in which the most absolute liberty
Tjrevailed. The public welfare was confided to the aged and experienced
chiefs, whose resolutions were obeyed in full conviction of their Avisdom.
They have no law but public opinion, and the redress of injuries belongs
to the injured. Among such a people, particularly, eloquence is the
handmaid of ambition, and all power must depend upon the talent of
persuasion. To this cause we may ascribe the cultivation, and the many
beauties, which are said to mark the Indian tongues of North America.

"In other respects, these tribes had advanced little beyond the rudest
state of nature. They had no written language, unless rude drawings
may be thus considered. Their intercourse with each other was regu-
lated by a few simple rules of justice and courtesy. Their passions
generally preserved an even and moderate tenor; but, occasionally,
])ecoming intense, they produced enormous crimes, or deeds of heroism.
In the commerce of the sexes, love, as a sentiment, was almost unknown.
Marriage was a physical convenience, continued by the will of the parties,
either sex having the power to dissolve it at pleasure. The treatment of
the women, however, if not marked by tenderness, was not cruel. A
fall proportion of labor, it is true, was imposed upon the.m, but it was of
that kind which necessarily falls to their lot, Avhere the men are absent
from their homes in search of sustenance for their families : it consisted
of domestic and agricultural services. Children Avere educated Avith care
hi the knoAvledge of the duties and employments of their future life.
Their lessons Avere taught in a kind and familiar manner, their attention
uAvakened l)y the hope of distinction, and their efforts reAA'arded by
general praise. Threats nor stripes Avere ever used. Lands and agri-
(^ultural returns Avere common property; peltries and tlie other acquisi-
tions of the chase, belonged to individuals."

"^ It is AA'cU knoAvn they Avere very much averse to Europeuit religion
and customs, unless in such things as they could comprehend and clearly
understand Avere for their real benefit ; yet, in this, sometimes, their passions
prevailed over their better understanding; instance, their drunkenness, &c.
But though the lioped and desired success did not so fully attend the la-
bours bestoAved on them, and the means used, both by William Penu
himself, in person, and by divers others of the more pious and early
settlers, Avhose good example Avas very remarkable, Avith the later endea-
vors since continued, to inform the judgment of the Indians^ in these
provinces, in religious affairs, to acquaint them Avith the principles and
and advantage of Christianity^ to restrain them from some things, ac-
iPioud's Hist, of Pennsylvania, I, p. 310-sq.

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 15

knowledged by themselves to be manifestly pernicious, particularly frora
abusing themselves with strong liquor^ by law, as well as advice, &c., so
much as might reasonably have been wished, or expected; yet these
very labours and means were far from being useless, or entirely without
good effect; for the consequence declared that the Indians^ in general,
were sensible of the kind regard paid them, and of the good intended
thereby; which they shewed and proved by their future conduct, and
steady friendship; as appears in the preceding history,^ though they gen-
erally refused in a formal manner to embrace European tnanners^ religioa
and opinions: 'For, governed by their own customs, and not by laws,
creeds, &c., theygreatly revered those of their ancestors, and followed them
so implicitl}', that a new thought, or action, seldom took place among
them.'

"They are thought (says William Penn) to have believed in a God and
immortality ; and seemed to aim at a public worship : in performing this,
they sometimes sat in several circles, one within another: the action
consisted of singing, jumping, shouting and dancing; Avhich they are said
to have used mostly as a tradition from their ancestors, rather than from
any knowledge or enquiry of their own into the. serious parts of it.H
origin.

" They said the great King, w;ho made them, dwelt in a glorious country
to the southward ; and that the spirits of the best should go thither and
live again. Their most solemn worship was a sacrifice of the first fruito,
in which they burned the first and fattest buck, and feasted together
upon what else they had collected. In this sacrifice they broke no bonco •
of any creature which they ate ; but after they had done they gathered-
them together and burned them very carefull3^ They distinguished
between a good and evil Marietta, or Spirit; worshipping the former for
the good they hoped; and, it is said, some of them, the latter, that thev
might not be afflicted with the evil which they feared; so slavishly dark
are some of them represented to have been in their understandings ! But
whether this last be true, in a general sense, or peculiar only to some
parts, it was certainly not the case at all among the Indians within the
limits of these provinces, or, at least, very much concealed from the first
and early settlers of them.

" But in late years it is less to be admired that the Indians, in these
lirovinces and their vicinity, have shown so little regard to the Chris-
tian religion, but rather treated it, as well as its professors, with con-
tempt and abhorrence, when it is duly considered what kind of Christian^
those generally are, with whom they mostly deal and converse ; as, the
Indian traders, and most of the inhabitants of the back counties of this
and the neighboring provinces, who have chiefly represented the profee.-

1 S. Smith.

16 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

sors of Christianity among tliem, for many years !^ viz. sucli of the lowest
rank, and least informed, of mankind, who have flowed in from Germany,
Ireland., and ih.Q jails of Great Britain, and settled next tliem, as Avell as
those who flee from justice in the settled, or better inhabited parts of the
eountr}^, and retire among them, that they might be out of the reach of
the laws, &c., the least qualified to exhibit favorable ideas of this kind:
but it is most certain they have done the contrary; insomuch that, it
were to be wished the cause of the late unhappy Indian tear within the
limits of these provinces, did not take its rise, in no small degree, from
the want of common justice, in the conduct of too many of these people
towards them ; for notwithstanding the general ignorance of the Indians
in many things, especially of European arts and inventions, yet in things
of this kind they rely more on experience than theory ; and they mostly
formed their judgment of the English, or ^w/'opeaws, and of their religion
and customs, not from the words, but from the actions and manners oi'
those with Avhom they most conversed and transacted business.^

1 The trade between the English and the Indmns, in later years especially, has been
mc>stly carried on by the vilest, and most abandoned part of the connnunity : the Indiana
]i;tve long had Imt very little opportunity to converse with any other kind of Christians.
besides these, who go most among them: from the lives and conduct of these they judge
of Christianity, and European manners, &c. This is mentioned in a treatise, printetl
in London, in 1759, as one cause, among others, of the first war, that commenced with
them in Peiinsi/leania, about the year 1754; wherein is likewise expressed — "It would
he too shocking to describe the conduct and behaviour of the traders, when among the
litdians, and endless to enumerate the abuses the Indians liad received and borne iVom
them, for a series of years. Suffice it to say, that several of the tribes were, at last,
weary of l>earing. And as these traders were the persons, who were, in some part, the
representatives of the English among the Indians; and by whom they were to judge of
our manners and religion, they conceived such invincible prejudices against both, par-
ticularly against our lioly religion, that when Mr. Serjeant, a gentleman in New England.
took a journey, in 1741, to the Shawanese, and some other tribes living on Susquehanna.
and offered to instruct them in the Christian religion, they rejected his offer with
disdain. They reproached Christianity. They told him the traders w^ould lie, cheat,
and debauch their women, and even their wives, if their husbands were not at home.
They said ftirther, that the Senecas had given tliem their country, but charged them
withal, never to receive Christianity from the English,'' &c.

-The following has been printed in Pennsyloania, as a genuine speech of an Indian
Chief in that province: Imt whether it be really so, or not, it certainly contains argu-
ments, which have been used by some of these people, and, in this place, may serve, in
part, to give some idea of their sentiments on the subject: it is thus first introduced.
riz :

"In, or about the year of oitr Lord 1710, a Swedish Missiouary preached a .sermon
;it an Indian treaty, held at Conestogoe in Pennsylcania ; in which sermon he set forth
original sin, the necessity of a Mediator; and endeavored, by certain arguments, to
induce the Indians to embrace the Christian religion. After he had ended his discoui-se.
one of the Indian chiefs made a speech in reply to the sermon; and the discourses, on
both sides were made known by interpreters. The Missionary, upon his return to
S'Ceden. published his sum mon. and the 7/'f' />//,•< answer. Having written flicm in I^atin.

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 17

"For, however ignorant and averse to European refinement and ways
of thinking, on reUgious subjects, the Indians^ in general, miglit appear
to have been, yet, as in all other nations of mankind, it is most certani
there were some among them of a more exalted way of thinking, and
enlightened understandings, w^ho, notwithstanding the great absurdities
among the generality, were not without some degree of a just sense and
acknowledgment of the providential care and regard of the Ahnighty

he dedicated them to the university of Upsala, and requested them to furnish him witli
arguments, to confute such strong reasoning of the Indians. The Indian speech, trans-
lated from the Latin, is as follows," viz :

"A speech delivered by an Indian chief, in reply to a sermon, preached by a Swedish
Missionary, in order to convert the Indians to the Christian religion:

"Since the subject of his (the Missionary's) errand is to persuade us to embrace a
new doctrine, perhaps it may not be amiss, before we offer him the reasons why we
cannot comply with his request, to acquaint him with the grounds and principles of that
religion, which he would have us abandon.

"Our forefathers were under a strong persuasion, as we are, that those who act well,
in this life, shall be rewarded in the next, according to the degree of their virtue : and
on the other hand, that those who behave wickedly here, will undergo such punish-
ments hereafter as are proportionate to the crimes they were guilty of. This hath
been constantly and invariably received and acknowledged for a truth, through eveiy
successive generation of our ancestors. It could not have taken its rise from fable ; for
human fiction however artfully and plausibly contrived, can never gain credit long,
among any people, where free enquiry is allowed ; which was never denied by our
ancestors ; who, on the contrary, thought it the sacred, inviolable, natural right of
every man to examine and judge for himself. Therefore we think it evident that our
notion, concerning future rewards and punishments, was either revealed immediately
from heaven to some of our forefathers, and from them descended to us, or, that it was
implanted in each of us, at our creation, by the Creator of all things. Whatever the
methods might have been, whereby God hath been pleased to make known to us his
will, and give us a knowledge of our duty, it is still, in our sense, a divine revelation.

"Now we desire to propose to him some few questions: Does he believe that our
forefathers, men eminent for their piety, constant and wai-m in the pursuit of virtue,
hoping thereby to merit everlasting happiness, were all damned? Does he think that
we, who are their zealous imitators, in good works, and influenced by the same moti\-es
as they were, earnestly endeavoring, with the greatest circumspection, to tread the
paths of integrity, are in a state of damnation? If these be his sentiments, they are
surely as impious as they are bold and daring.

"In the next place, we beg that he would explain himself more particularly con-
cerning the revelation he talks of. If he admits no other than what is contained in hu;
written book, the contrary is evident from what has been shewn before: but, if he says
God has revealed himself to us, but not sufficient for our salvation; then, we ask, to
what purpose should he have revealed himself to us in any wise? It is clear that a
revelation insufficient to save, cannot put us in a better condition than we should be
in without any revelation at all. We cannot conceive that God should point out to us
the end we ought to aim at, without opening to us the way to arrive at that end. But,
supposing our understandings to be so far ilhuninated as to know it to be our duty to
please God, who yet hath left us under an incapacity of doing it, will this Missionary,
therefore, conclude that we shall be eternally damned? Will he take upon hun to
pronounce damnation against u.s, for not doing those things which he himself ackuowl-

3

18 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

Creator over tlie liuinan race, both in a general and particular capacity,,
and, even, of divine grace and influence on the human mind, and that
independent of foreign information, or instruction: of this their imme-
diate sense and understanding of mental objects, which it is most manifcvst
many of them possessed, even of the highest nature, are very demon-
strative; besides, part at least of their traditions, from their ancestors,
^Yhose prime original, so far as it is founded in truth, must necessarily

edges wore iiupossible l>y us to be done? It is our opinion tliat every man is possessed
of sufficient knowledge for his salvation. Tlie Alinighty, for any thing we know, may
liave communicated the knowledge of himself to a difterent race of people, in a diffei-eut
manner.

"Some say they have the will of God in icritiufj; be it so; the'wrecelatwnlm'a mo
advantage above ours, since both must be equally sufficient to save; otherwise the end
of the revelation would l)e frustrated. Besides, if they be both true they must be the
same in substance; and the difference can only lie in the mode of communication. He
tells us there are many precepts in his loritten revelation which we are entirely ignorant
of. But these written eommands can only be designed for those who have the irritings;
they cannot possibly regard us. Had the Altaighty thought so much knowledge neces-
sary to our salvation, his goodness would not long have defen-ed the communication of
it to us; and to say that, in a matter so necessary, he could not, at one and the same time,
equally reveal himself to all mankind, is nothing less than an absolute denial of his
omnipotence. Without doubt he can make his will manifest, without the help of any
hool\ or the assistance of any bookish /nan whatever.

"We shall, in the next place, consider the arguments which arise from a considera-
tion of Providence. If we are the work of God, (which I presume will not be denied, )
it follows from thence that we are under the care and protection of God, for it cannot
be supposed that the Deity should abandon his own creatures and be utterly regardless
of their welfare. Then, to say, that tlie Ahnighty hath pemiitted us to remain in a
fatal error, through so many ages, is to represent him as a tyrant ; how is it consistent
with his justice to force life upon a race of mortals, without their consent, and tlien
damn them eiernoUy, without ever opening to them a door of salvation? Our concep-
tions of the gracioiin God are more noble; and we think that those who teach otherwise
do little less than blafipheme. Again, it is through the care and goodness of the Almigftfy.
that from the beginning of time, through many generations to this day,^our name has
1)6611 preserved, unblotted out by enemies, unreduced to nothing. By the same care we
now enjoy our lives; are furnished with the necessary meams of preserving those live.-.
But all these things are trifling, compared with our salvation.

"Therefore, since God hath been so careful of us, in matters of little consequence, it
would be absurd to affirm that he has neglected us, in cases of the greatest impoiianee.
Admit that he hath forsaken us, yet it could not have been without a just cause. Let
us suppose that an heinous rrime was committed by one of our ancestors, like to that
which we are told happened among another race of people ; in such case. God would
certainly punish the criminal, but would never involve us, who are innocent, in his
guilt. Tho.se who think otherwise mu.st make the Almighty a very whinmcal, iU-
natured being. Once more, are the Christians more virtuous? or, rather, are they not
more vicious than we are? If so, how came it to pass that they are the objects of God's
beneficence, while we are neglected? Does the Deity confer his favors without reasc.n.
and with so much partiality? In a woi-d, we find the Christians much more depraved,
in their morals, tlian ourselves; and we judge of their doctrine by the badness of their

UT'CS.'"

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 19

have first arisen from the divine intelligence, though communicated in
different degree to different parts of the hiiman race, and though much
of such tradition may be mixed with imagination and absurdity.

" The following letter of Conrad Weiser'^ to a friend, respecting the In-
dians, on this subject, is informing. The author was born in Germany,
and was many years Indian interpreter for the province ; and consequently
was well acquainted Avith these people: he was highl}^ esteemed by both
the English and Indians, as a person of integrity, skill and ability, in the
discharge of divers important trusts which had been committed to him
by both parties, for a long series of years : the letter translated from the
German language, is thus expressed, vi?::

'"Esteemed Friend: I write this, in compliance with thy request, to
give thee an account of Avhat I have observed among the Indians, in re-
lation to their belief and confidence in a Divine Being, according to the
observations I have made, from 1714:, in the time of my youth, to this
day, (about the year 1746).

" ' If by the word religion people mean an assent to certain creeds, or
the observance of a set of religious duties; as, appointed prayers, singings,
preaching, baptism, &c., or even Heathenish ivorship, then it may be said
the Five Nations, and their neighbors, have no religion. But if by re-
ligion we mean an attraction of the soul to God, whence proceeds a confi-
dence in, and hunger after, the knowledge of him, then this people must
be allowed to have some religion among them, notwithstanding their
sometimes savage deportment. For we find among them some tracts of
a confidence in God alone; and, even, sometimes, though but seldom, a
vocal calling upon him: I shall give one or two instances of this, that
fell under my own observation.

'**In the year 1737, 1 was sent the first time to Onondago, at the desire
of the Governor of Virginia. I departed in the latter end of February,
very unexpectedly, for a journey of five hundred English miles, through
a wilderness where there was neither road nor path, and at such a time
of the year when creatures (animals) could not be met with for food.
There were with me a Dutchman and three Indians. After we had gone
one hundred and fifty miles on our journey, we came to a narrow valley,
about half a mile broad and thirty long; both sides of Avhich were
encompassed with high mountains, on which the snow lay about three
ieet deep : in it ran a stream of water also about three feet deep ; which
was so crooked that it kept a continued winding course from one side of
the valley to the other. In order to avoid wading so often through the
water, Ave endeavored to pass along on the slope of the mountain ; the
snow being three feet deep, and so hard frozen on the top that Ave could
walk upon it : but Ave Avere obliged to make holes in the snow Avith our
1 For his biography see Divis^ion III. s. v. Wemv.

20 , AUTHENTIC HISTOEY

liatcliets, that our feet miglit not slip down the mountain ; and thus we
crept on. It happened that the old Indian'' s foot slipt; and the root of a
tree by which he held, breaking, he slid down the mountain as from the
roof of a house ; but happily he was stopped in his fall, by the string
which fastened his pack hitching on the stump of a small tree. The
other two Indians could not go to his aid, but our i)?<fc/i fellow-traveller
did ; yet not without visible danger of his own life. I also could not put
a foot forward, till I was helped ; after this we took the first opportunity
to descend into the valley; which was not till after Ave had labored hard
for half an hour with hands and feet. Having observed a tree lying
directly oft' from where the Indian fell, when we were got into the valley
again we went back about one hundred paces, where we saw that if the
Indian had slipt four or five paces further, he would have fallen over a
rock one hundred feet perpendicular, upon craggy pieces of rocks below.
The Indian was astonished, and turned quite pale ; then with out-stretched
arms, and great earnestness he spoke these words: ^^ I thank the great
^ Lord and Governor of this world, in that he has had mercy upon me, and
has been willing that I should live longer^ Which words I, at that time,
put down in my journal: this happened on the 25tli of March, 1737,

'"In the 9th of April following, while we were yet on our journey, I
found myself extremely weak, through the fatigue of so long a journey,
with the cold and hunger, which I had suflered; there having fallen a
fresh snow about twenty inches deep, and we being yet three days journey
from Onondago, in a frightful wilderness; my spirit failed, my body
trembled and shook; I thought I should fall down and die; I stept aside,
and sat down under a tree, expecting there to die. My companions soon
missed me; the Indians came back, and found me sitting there. They
remained awhile silent ; at last the old /^icZmn said, 'My dear companion,
thou hast hitherto encouraged us, wilt thou now quite give up? remem-
ber that evil days are better than good days: for when we suffer much,
we do not sin; sin wall be driven out of us by suftering; but good days
cause men to sin ; and God cannot extend his mercy to them ; but con-
trarywise, when it goetli evil with us, God hath compassion upon us.'
These words made me ashamed; I rose up, and traveled as well as I
could.

" ' The next year I went another journey to Onondago, in company with
Joseph Spanhenberg and two others. It happened that an Indian came
to us in the evening, who had neither shoes, stockings, shirt, gun, knife,
nor hatchet; in a word, ho had nothing but an old torn blanket and some
rags. Upon enquiring whither he was going, he answered to Onondngo.
I knew him, and asked him how he could undertake a journey of three
hvmdred miles so naked and unprovided, having no provisions, nor any
arms to kill creatures for his sustenance? lie answered, he had been

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 21

among enemies, and bad been obliged to save himself by flight; and so
had lost all. This was true, in part ; lor ho had disposed of some of his
things among the Irish for strong liquors. Upon further talk, he told
me very cheerfully, ' that God fed every thing which had life, even the
rattle snake itself, though it was a bad creature; and that God would
also provide, in such a manner that he should get alive to Onondago ; he
knew for certain that he should go thither; that it was visible God was
with the Indians in the wilderness; because they always cast their care
upon him ; but that, contrary to this, the Europeans always carried bread
with them.' He was an Onondago Indian; his name was Onontagketa ;
the next day we traveled in company; and the day following I provided
him with a knife, hatchet, flint, and tinder, also shoes and stockings, and
sent him before me, to give notice to the council, at Onondago^ that I was
coming; which he truly performed, being got thither three days before us.

" ' Two years ago I was sent by the Governor to Shamokin^ on account
of the unhappy death of John Armstrong, the Indian trader, (about 1744).
After I had performed my errand, there was a feast prepared; to which-
the Governor's messengers were invited: there were about one hundred
persons present, to whom, after we had in great silence devoured a fat
bear, the eldest of the chiefs made a speech, in which he said, 'that, by
a great misfortune three of their brethren, the white men, had been killed
by an Indian; that nevertheless the sun was not set, (meaning there was
no war); it had only been somewhat darkened by a small cloud, which
was noAV done away; he that had done evil was like to be punished, and
the land to remain in peace : therefore he exhorted his people to thank-
fulness to God; and thereupon he began to sing with an awful solemnity,
but without expressing any Avords ; the others accompanied him with their
voices: after they had done, the same Indian, Avith great earnestness, or
fervor, spoke these words: '■Thanks, thanks, he to thee, thou great Lord of
the world, in that thou hast again caused the sun to shine, and hast dispersed
the dark cloud — the Indians are thine.'' "

"The strongest passion of an Indian's soul is revenge. To gratify it,
distance, danger, and toil are held as nothing. But there is no manliness
in his vengeance. He loves to steal upon his enemy in the silence of the
forest, or in his midnight slumbers, and to glut himself, like a ravenous
wolf, in undistinguished slaughter. In A\^ar, not even the captive was
spared, unless he were adopted to supply the place of a deceased member
of the captu.ring nation. If not thus preserved, he was destined to per-
ish, in protracted torture, under the hands of Avomen and children. On
the other hand, hospitality and respect for the property of others, Avere
their distinguishing virtues. Strangers Avere treated Avith great attention
and kindness, their wants liberally supplied, and their persons considered
sacred. To the needy and suftering of their own tribes they cheerfully

22 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

gave ; dividing witli tliem tlieir last morsel. Theft in tlieir communities
was rare, and is said to have been almost unknown before their acquain-
tance with the whites."

4. It is difficult to disentangle the web of conflicting evidence respect-
ing the nationality of the Indians, who from time to time occupied the
soil of Lancaster county. This subject has been investigated with com-
mendable research by R. Conyngham, whose valuable notes are preserved
in Hazard's Register, and by William Parker Foulke, in his "Notes re-
specting the Indians of Lancaster county, Pennsylvania,'' published in the
Memoirs of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, vol. iv. part 2, pp.
188 — 219. The following data are chiefly drawn from the latter.

The Iroquois had at the beginning of the seventeenth century pene-
trated from the North, as far as the bays of Delaware and Chesapeake,
and were pursuing, with varying success, hostile enterprises against the
tribes located near the head of the latter inlet, and upon the Susque-
hanna, Potomac, and other streams, whose waters are discharged by the
Chesapeake into the ocean. Captain Smith, in his explorations of the
bay, in 1608, found the western shore deserted from the Patapsco upward,
and opposite on the eastern shore, and cast of the Susquehanna, were set-

^tlements of the Nanticokes or Tockwoghs, fortified against the Iroquois
or Massawomeks, as they called them. At two days' journey up the
^ I Susquehanna, or about 21 miles in a right line from the mouth of the
fj \ river, were settled the Susquehannocks, numbering 600 'warriors, who
were palisaded in their towns to resist the incursions of their Northern
enemies. On Smith's map a village of Quadroques is marked about 5|
^'^W or 6 leagues (20 miles) higher up, and about 5 leagues (17 miles) above
1/ these dwelt the Tesinigh, distant from the embouchure of the Susque-
^cA^ hanna, in a straight line, about 50 or 57 miles. These three villages were
situated between the northern and southern boundaries of Lancaster
county. We have no data to determine the nationality of those Indians.
In 1681, Claiborne, so long a source of internal disquiet to the colony
of Lord Baltimore, obtained a license to trade with Indians in parts for
which no patent had been granted, and he established his chief trading
post in what is now Kent County, in the State of Maryland. He also lo-
cated a post at the mouth of the Susquehanna, A\'hence he trafficked Avith
the Susquehannocks and other Indians, at or near the head of the bay.
At the same period the Swedes planted settlements upon the Delaware
River and Bay; Fort Christina, in the same latitude, with the settlement
of the Susquehannocks mentioned by Captain Smith, and distant from it
less than 50 miles in a straight line, was surrounded by Maquas or Iro-
quois Indians who, according to Campanius, lorded it over the other In-
dians so that they scarcely dared to stir without the approbation of the
former. It appears from the treaty at Lancaster in 1744:, printed in full

/

)(f OF LANCASTER COUNT V. 23

Hi -A subsequent page, that almost all the land iVoni the Patuxent and
Choptank rivers was sold by the Susquehannocks to the government of
-Mafyiand, and it is evident from the speech of Canassatego, an Iroquois
chief, that the Iroquois had not yet subdued the Susquehannocks, in 1654,
for he said: "We have had your deeds interpreted to us, and we ac-
knowledge them to be good and valid, and that the Conestogoe or Sus-
quehannah Indians had a right to sell those lands to you, for they were
then theirs; but since that time we have conquered them and theii'
country now belongs to us."

Evans, in his Analysis (2d ed. A. D. 1755) says that Bell, in the service
of Maryland, at the fort, remains of which were still standing in 1755 on
the east side of the Susquehanna, about 3 miles below Wright's ferry,
(now Columbia) "by the defeat of many hundreds, gave them a blovf ^y (\
tha-t they (the Five Nations) never recovered of." v

In 1G64 the province of New Netherlands fell under the dominion of
the English and assumed its present title of New York ; and public in-
tercourse was then for the first time opened between the English and
the Five Nations. A firm alliance was contracted by these parties,
which, while it secured the rising power of the English, afforded to the
Confederacy a valuable ally against the French of Canada and their
Algonquin auxiliaries. Freely supplied with firearms and ammunition,
the Iroqiiois did not rest satisfied with their hostilities on the side of the
St. Lawrence, but resumed Avith rencAved vigor, their old enterprises X^

iigainst the Southern tribes. Notwithstanding a treaty of amity con- j \

eluded between Maryland and the Five Nations in 1677, some of the j

Oneidas, Onandagos and Senecas, who were not present at the time of
the negotiatio]!, fell upon the Susquehannocks, Avho Avere in league with
Maiyland, killed four of their number, took six prisoners, fiA'e of whom,
falling to the share of the Senecas, Avere in conformity Avith the treaty
sent back, but the sixth Avas detained by the Oneidas. Overtures and
remonstrances on the part of Maryland and Virginia proA'ed unavailing,
for after a fcAV years hostilities broke out Avith increased A'iolence, and
only ceased AAdth the final overthroAv of the Susquehannocks by the FiA'e
Nations.

It appears from a minute examination of imperfect and somcAvhat
contradictory data, exhibited at length by Foulke, that the Lancaster
lands fell into the power of the Five Nations at sometime betAveen 1677
ajad 1684. The evidence, on the whole, favors the assertion that the
Conestogo Indians and Susquehannocks Avere members of the same stock,
a;nd not of the Iroquois stock, by whom they Avere conquered, and
probably supplanted. The process of supplanting falls AA'ithin the last
two decades of the seventeenth century, for the minutes of the Provincial
Council, as far back as 1701, show that, on the 23d of the 2d month of

^

2-i AUTHENTIC HISTORY

that year, AVilliam Penn formed a solemn treaty Avitli Connodag"htoh,
liing of the Susquehannali Minquays or Conestogo Indians, Wopaththa
(alias Opessali), King of the Shawanese, AVeewhinjough, chief of the
Granawesc, inhabiting at the head of the Patowmeck; also, Ahoakassongh^
l^rother to the emperor or great king of the Onandagoes of the Five
Nations, and others. The Minqna3's and Shawanese had by that time
become residents of Lancaster County. Some Ganawese, in consequence
of the encroachments of the Virginians, found soon after this hospitable
shelter in tlic neighborhood of Conestogo. Secretary Logan visited
them at their settlement, some miles above Conestogo, at a place called
Connejaghera, above the fort.

In the spring of 1706 the Conestogos, Shawanos, and Ganawese Indians,
upon the Susquehanna, came to confer with the government at Philadel-
phia. The chief of the Conestogos exhibited a white belt with twenty-
one rows, with three hands wrought in it in black. He said that this was
a pledge of peace formerly delivered by the Onandagos to the Nanticokes,
when they made them tributaries ; that the Nanticokes were under some
apprehension of danger from the Five Nations, and had brought this
belt with them to Conestogo, with another like it, in order that, which-
ever route the Confederates should take, one of the belts might be exhi-
fjited to them before they ])assed through Pennsylvania, and that they
]night see that they had made peace and that the provincial government
Avas at peace with the neighboring Indians.

In 1707 Gov. Evans visited Conestogo and met there some Nanticokes
from Seven Towns who had Avaited ten da3^s to see him and were on their
way to Onandago Avhither they were carrying, as a tribute, twenty belts
of wampum. From the Governor's report it appears that he first arrived
at Pequehan, a Shawanese settlement, where he saw Opessah and some
other chiefs, at 9 miles from Pequehan, at a place called Dekanoagah,
on the Susquehanna, he met in conference some Senecas, Shawanese,
Canois and Nanticokes. He returned to Pequehan and stayed there until
the morrow. AVhile there some Shawanese arrived from Carolina to
settle.

In 1717 (iovernor Keith met chiefs of "the Conestogo or Mingo
Indians, the Delawares, Shawanese and Ganawese, all inhabitants upon
or near the river Susquehanna" in confert^nce at Conestogo.

At a council held at Conestogo in 1721-22, by Mr. Logan and CoL
French, there were present Conestogos, Shawanese, Ganawese, Cayugas
and DelaAvares.

The warrant for the survey of Springetsburg manor, issued in 1722,
recites that the tlirce nations of Indians on the north side of the Susque-
hanna, the Conestogos, Shawanese and Conoj's, Avere disturbed, etc.

At a conference held in 1723 WhiAvhingee, a GanaAA'ese chief, enumer-

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 25

ales four nations on the Susr|uclianna, viz.: Concstogos, SliaM^anos, (rana-
wese and Delawares.

In 1728 disturbances arose between tlic Conestogos and Shawanese,
and the latter reported the arrival of a hostile band ol' Flathead Indians.

In 1729 the county of Lancaster was marked off; and it should be
remembered that most of the foregoing notices have respect to the
district of country then known as Chester county and comprising within
its limits Lancaster county.

In 1734: the Ganawese are spoken of as settled between Pextang and
Conestogo.

In 17-42, at the treat}' of Philadelphia, there were some Shawanese;
f»ur Conestogos who spoke the Oneyiut (or Oneida) language; and four
"Canoyido" or Nanticokes of Conestogo.

In 17-14, Canassatego stated that the Conov Indians had resolved to
remove to Shamokin, and at a conference held in the same 3"car at Phila-
delphia with some Delawares from the UjDper Susquehanna, one of the
chiefs stated that the Conoys from beloAv had moved higher up, to be
near them.

The foregoing data are produced here for the sole purpose of deter-
mining the nationality of the Indians of Lancaster county: fuller
particulars and much matter relating to them, but having no direct
bearing on the question under consideration, are reserved for the next
chapter. Meanwhile the details given warrant the following general
statement :

"It appears that for some period before the year 1608,^ down to about
the year 1680, Lancaster County, or that portion of it which lies upon
the Susquehanna, was inhabited by a number of Indians known to the
Colonists as Susqueliannocks. These people were objects of attack to the
Five Nations. They were in possession of arms, obtained originally
from the Sfe»eh.; who were, therefore, indirectly at least, known to
them. About the year 1631, a regular traffic was opened with them
from Claiborne's trading post; and upon the settlement of Marjdand
under Lord Baltimore, wars, treaties and purchases were had with them
from that colony. They were sometimes in arms against their neighbors
of the aboriginal stock. They at length became dependent upon the
protection of the whites against the New York Confederacy ; and finally,
before the arrival of William Penn, they were overthrown and absorbed
by the Five Nations. A settlement was soon planted by the conquerors
at Conestogo, which subsequently became the chief post and place of
council of the Indians seated on the Susquehanna, below its fork. The
residents there were of the Five Nations ; chiefly of the Seneca tribe,
but comprising sometimes Oneidas, Cayugas and Tuscaroras. About

iFoulke, 1. c. p. 213, sq.

26 AUTHEXTIC HISTORY

the year 1698, some Shawancse from the southward applied to the Cou-
estogos, and through these to William Perm's government, for permission
to settle near Conestogo ; which being granted, they established them-
selves upon Pequea Creek, under Opessah, their principal chief. They
remained there during at least a quarter of a century, branching off,
however, above Conestogo, and westward of the river. Opessah retained
his position at their head until the year 1711, when he abdicated, and an
election took place, which resulted in the nominal elevation of Lakunda-
wanna to the successorship ; but the people being refractory, there was
an interregnum in effect, which lasted several years. As early as 1728,
a few of them emigrated to the Ohio, and these were gradually followed
by the remainder ; so that before the middle of the eighteenth century
they had wholly removed from the county of Lancaster.

"Soon after the arrival of the Shawanese, or about the year 1700, some
Ganawese, from the Potomac, were upon application to the Proprietor,
and upon the security of the Conestogos and Shawanese, permitted to re-
move within the province. They fixed their principal village between
Pextang and Conestogo, and kept it there for at least thirty years. The
Nanticokes of Maryland, made frequent visits to Conestogo, and at length
some of them settled near it, those called Conoys (who are sometimes
confounded with the Xanticokes, as in the reports of treaties, and some-
times distinguished from them, as by Mr. Heckewelder, who says they
were the same as the Ganawese,) subsequently appeared in the same vi-
cinity, as did also a body of Dela wares. The former began to shift their
ground before the year 1744; the latter, although occasionally mentioned
as present in conference with the provincial government, never occupied
a prominent post, and they soon retired to the Juniata. As early as 1711
there were Palatines settled near the Pequea, who were promptly admit-
ted to tlie friendship of the neighboring tribes. From first to last the
paramount authority of the Five Nations is manifested in the superin-
tendence of their organ, the Conestogo Council, and in the respect yielded
to this by the surrounding Indians. Peace and free intercourse were
manifested amongst all of them, imtil after their villages began to be
disturbed b}' the general movement of their brethern to the North and
West.

" It must be obvious that any traditions respecting the tribes above
mentioned, while they remained within the limits of Lanca.ster county,
had their origin prior to the year 1763 ; and if of much older date than
this, they must have been derived through persons who were living
whilst the Indian settlements presented that diversity of aspect which
has just been sketched. The first border settlers were not very compe-
tent judges of historical matters, nor very nice critics upon aboriginal
peculiarities; and whatever facts were within the sphere either of their

OF LANCASTER COb'XTV. 27

perception or their comprehension, come to us now over u tract of nearly
a century of time. While, therefore, we yield something to that proba-
bility of trutli which locality or integrity may create, we have little reason
to prefer any account orally transmitted, in circumstances and during an
interval of time such as have existed in the present case, if that account is
inconsistent with the general testimony of writers upon the subject. Per-
liaps, in this respect, no part of our State was more unfavorably situated
than Lancaster county, prior to the year 1750. Ten years before this,
the Indians had been embarrassed by the advance of the borderers; and
probably still earlier there were apparent symptoms of that antipathy,
which has generally marked the intercourse of front iermen and savages.
At least four or five considerable villages of different tribes were within
the county; smaller villages were scattered around these. Different
dialects, different customs, were in close proximity. That must be a sin-
gularly fortunate tradition which, faithful to its original, could convey to
us living at the middle of the nineteeenth century, accurate details of the
customs of one of those villages — uncorrupted specimens of one of those
dialects as they were in the first quarter of the eighteenth centur}^."

28 AUTHENTIC HISTOKY

CHAPTER II.

FROM THE EARLIEST SETTLEMENT OF PENNSYLVANIA TO THE
ARRIVAL OF WILLIAM PENN.

In an official report drawn up by a Dutch Chamber [A. D. 1598] from
{locuments and papers placed in their hands, December 15, 1644, it is said
that "New Netherland, situate in America, between PJnglish Virginia
and New England, extending from the South [Delaware) River, lying in
latitude 38^^, to Cape Malabar, in latitude 41|°, was first frequented by
the inhabitants of this country in the year 1598, and especially by those
of the Greenland Company, but without making any fixed settlements,
only as a shelter in the winter; for which purpose they erected there two
little forts on the South and North Rivers, against the incursions of the
Indians."^

Sir Walter Raleigh's discovery of the Delaware cannot be substanti-
ated by evidence.

Lord Delaware, on his passage to Virginia, is stiid to have touched at
Delaware Bay in 1010, and "from this circumstance the Bay j^'^'ohahhj
received his name, and may have given to him the credit of its discover}'',
as it was so called in a letter from Captain Argall, written from Vir-
ginia in 1612."- But, if this be true, it was a year after the well-known
visit of Henry Hudson, who is now almost universally regarded as the
discoverer of the Delaware. Henry Hudson, an Englishman by birth,
in the service of the Dutch East India Company, reached the Delaware
in the " Yagt Halve Maan" ( YacJd Half- Moon) on August 28, 1609. The
journals of Hudson and of Robert Juet, his mate, have been preserved
in the Transactions of the N. Y. Historical Society. The honor of the
discovery and the right to the land are claimed by the English on account
of Hudson's birth, and by the Dutch on account of his having been at
the time in their service and sailed under their flag.

The Delaware River and Bay have been known by different names.
The Indians called it Poutaxat, Mariskitton, and Makerisk-Kiskon,
Lenape-Wihittuck (jr the stream of the Lenape ; the Dutch called it Zuydt
or South River, Vassan River, Prince Hendrick's or Charles' River; the
Swedes denominated it New Swedeland Stream ; Heylin, in his Cosmo-
graphy, calls it Arasapha; and the English named it Delaware. Cam-
panius says it was so named after Mons. de la Warre, a captain under
Jacques Cartier, and that it was discovered in 1600. If this be true, it
1 O'Callaghan quoted by Hazard. 2^, Y. Histor. Collections, 1609.

OF LANCASTEli COUNTY. 29

is singular and curious that it should have received the same name from
two persons of difl'erent nations, each giving it his own; for Thomas
West, Lord Delaware, is also said to have discovered and given his
name to this river. The bay has also been known as New Port May
and Godyn's Bay.^

Captain Cornells Jacobsen Mey, [1(314] commanding the Fortune
owned by Hoorn, a merchant of Amsterdam, under authority of the
States General of Holland, in company with other vessels, proceeded on
an exploring expedition to the mouth of Manhattan river, whence his
companions sailed eastward, but Mey south and arrived at Delaware bay;
from him the eastern cape was called Cape May, and the western cape
Cornells, the principal cape being named Hinlopen, either after a town
in Friesland, or after Ilmer Hinlop.'^ The cape now called Henlopen was
then Cornells. On the return of the fleet. Captain Hendrickson, com-
manding the Onrust {Restless\ went to the- Delaware for a more minute
examination of the coast, and for information regarding the country, as
well as the native trade.

This year, [1618] Lord Delaware, died off the Western Isles, or as
some say, off the capes of Delaware, on a voyage from England to Vir-
ginia. There was some suspicion that he had been poisoned.-

The great West India Company was chartered this year, [1621] under
whose power and government the first settlements on the Delaware were
made. The charter may be seen in Hazard's Historical Collections, I. pp.
121—131, 149, 181.

Concurrent testimony, which may be seen in Hazard's Annals of Penn-
sylvania, fixes upon this year [1623] as the date of the first European
settlernent on the Delaware.

Captain Mey, (the same who is mentioned above) in virtue of an agree-
ment made between the managers and adventurers of the West India
Company, and sanctioned by the States Gene^l, was jointly with Adrian
Jorisz Tienpont placed at the head of a new expedition to America and
duly provided with the necessaries, safely reached the Delaware on board
of the ship "New Netherlands." Ascending the river about 15 leagues
from its mouth, he built Fort Nassau on the Eastern Shore, at a place
called Techaacho, upon or near Sassackon, now Timber Creek, which emp-
ties into the Delaware a few miles below Coaquenaku, now Philadelphia.
There are no data to determine the duration of Mey's stay, or the nature
of his operations.

Peter Minnewit, a native of Wesel, on the Ehine, was appointed di-
rector of New Netherland, and leaving the Texel January 9th, 1626,
landed at New Amsterdam on May 4th, of the same year. His first
official act consisted in purchasing the site of modern New York, the

1 Gordon. Hazard. 2 Hazard.

30 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

uneient New Amsterdam, from the Indians for the sum of (30 Dutch
guilders or 24 dollars gold, unquestionabl}'", as Kapp observes,^ the best
land speculation ever made in New York or in America. Minnewit, who
placed the new colony on a firm foundation, and greatly promoted its
growth by his judicious measures, continued in office until 1632, when
he returned to Holland.

During this year the charter of the Swedish West India Company,
upon the plan of the Dutch West India Company, was obtained [June
14th, 1626,] at the instance of William Usselinx, an Antwerp merchant
and original projector of the latter, from Gustavus Adolphus, King of
Sweden. Usselinx took this course in consequence of his disappointment
in the conduct of the managers of the Dutch Company. The Charter of
the Swedish Company is printed in the "Argonautica Gustaviana," (a
very rare work, the only copy known to be in this country, is in the
library of Harvard College) and a summary of it may be seen in Hazard's
Annals of Pennsylvania, p. 16-sq.

"In 1629, the West India company granted, by charter, special privi-
leges to all persons who should plant any colony in New Netherlands ; ^
giving to the patroon, or founder, exclusive property in large tracts of
land, with extensive manorial and seigniorial rights. Thus encouraged,
several of the directors, among whom Goodyn, Bloem?ert, Pauuw, and
Van Renselasr, were most distinguished, resolved to make large territo-
rial acquisitions, and sent out Wouter A^'an Twiller, of Niewer Kerck. a
clerk of the Amsterdam department of the company, to direct its public
affairs, and to make a selection of lands for the benefit of individual
directors.

"One of the three ships which came over in 1629, visited an Indian
village on the south-west corner of Delaware bay, and purchased from
the three chiefs of the resident tribe, in behalf of the Ileer Godyn, a tract
of land, extending from Ckpe Hinhop to the mouth of the river, being
in length thirty-two, and in breadth two, English miles. In the succeed-
ing year, several extensive purchases were made, for Godyn and Bloe-
mffirt, from nine Indian chiefs, of land at Cape May, in length sixteen
miles along the bay and sixteen miles in breadth ; for the director Pauuw,
Staten Island and a large tract on the Avestern side of the Hudson, in the
neighborhood of Hoboken ; and for Van Renseker, very extensive tracts
along the river, above and below Fort Orange. The impolicy of these
large and exclusive appropriations was subsequently felt and condemned,
and their ratification seems to have been obtained by admitting other
directors to participate in them. The territory of Godyn was denomi-
nated Swanwendael (Valley of Swans), that of Pauuw, Pavonia, and that
of Van Rensel»r, Rensekerwick.

1 Geschichte der deutschen Ein>Tanden.m»', etc. 3 Gordon.

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 31

"For the purpose of prosecuting their plans of colonization, the above
named and several other directors entered into an association, to which
they admitted, on equal terms, David Pieterson De Vries, an experienced
and enterprising navigator. Their immediate design was to colonize the
Delaware river ; to cultivate tobacco and grain, and to establish a whale
and seal fishery. The command of the vessels appointed to carry out
the colonists, was given to De Yries, who left the Texel on the 12th De-
cember, 1630, and arrived in the Delaware bay in the course of the win-
ter. He found the country deserted by Europeans. Fort Nassau was
abandoned, and in possession of the Indians. Captain Me}^ had departed,
])earing with him the affections and regrets of the natives, w^ho long
cherished his memory. De Vries and his companions selected a spot on
Lewis' creek, (called by the Dutch Hoerne Kill,) for their settlement, and
unimpeded by the season, which he reports as uncommonly mild, they
erected a house, surrounded with palisades, and called it Fort Oplandt,
serving as a fort, a house of commerce, and place of rendezvous. The
whole plantation, as included within the limits of Godyn's purchase, ex-
tended to the Little Tree corner, or Boompjes Iloeck, corrupted into
Bombay Hook.

"On the return of De Vries to Holland, the colony was left under the
command of Giles Osset, who set upon a post or pillar the arms of the
States General, painted on tin, in evidence of their claim and possession.
An Indian, ignorant of the object of this exhibition, and, perhaps, un-
conscious of the right of exclusive property, appropriated to his own use
this honored symbol. The folly of Osset considered this offence, not
only as a larceny, but as a national insult ; and he urged his complaints
and demands for redress, with so much vehemence and importunity, that
the harrassed and perplexed tribe brought him the head of the offender.
This was a punishment which Osset neither wished nor had foreseen, and
he ought justly to have dreaded its consequences. In vain he repre-
hended the severity of the Indians, and told them, had they brought the
delinquent to him, he would have been dismissed with a reprimand.
The love of vengeance, inseparable from the Indian character, sought a
dire gratification ; and, though the death of the culprit was doomed and
executed by his own tribe, still they beheld its cause in the exaction of
the strangers. Availing themselves of the season in which a greater part
of the Dutch were engaged in the cultivation of the fields, at a distance
from their house, the Indians entered it, under the amicable pretence of
trade, and murdered the unsuspicious Osset, with a single sentinel, who
attended him. Thence proceeding to the fields, they fell upon the labor-
ers, in the moment of exchanging friendly salutations, and massacred
every individual. This conduct of the Indians, with its extenuating cir-
cumstances, as related by themselves to De Vries, is sufficiently atro-

32 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

cious ; but it is neitlier improbable uor iuconsistent with the disposition
the aborigines had frequently displayed towards foreigners, that the
desire of possessing the white man's wealth was as powerful a stimulant
to violence as the thirst for vengeance.

"In December, 1632, Dc Vries again arrived from Holland. He found
no vestiges of his colonists, save the ashes of their dwelling, and their
unburied carcasses. Attracted by the firing of a cannon, the savages
approached his vessel Avith guilty hesitation. But having at length sum-
moned courage to venture on board, they gave a circumstantial narrative
of the destruction of his people. De Vries deemed it politic to pardon
/what he could not safely punish ; and was, moreover, induced, by the
pacific disposition of his employers, to seek reconciliation. He made a
new treaty with the Indians, and afterwards, with a view to obtain pro-
visions, ascended the river above Fort Nassau. He had nearly fallen a
victim here to the perfidy of the natives. Pretending to comply with his
request, they directed him to enter the Timmerkill creek (Cooper's,)
which furnished a convenient place for an attack, but warned by a female
of the tribe of their design, and that a crew of a vessel (supposed to be
from Virginia) had been there murdered, he returned to Fort Nassau,
which he found filled with savages. They attempted to surprise him,
more than forty entering his vessel ; but, aware of their intention, he
ordered. them ashore with threats, declaring that their Mannetto, or Great
Spirit, had revealed their wickedness. But subsequently, pursuing the
humane and pacific policy which had hitherto distinguished him, he con-
sented to the wishes they expressed, of forming a treaty of amity, which
was confirmed with the customary presents on their part; but they de-
clined his gifts, saying they did not now give presents that they might
receive others in return.

"Failing to procure the necessary provision, De Vries, leaving part of
his crew in the bay to prosecute the whale fishery, sailed to Virginia,
where, as the first visiter from New Netherlands, he was kindly received,
and his wants supplied. Upon his return to the Delaware, [April, 1633,]
finding the whale fishery unsuccessful, he hastened his departure, and
with the other colonists returned to Holland, visiting Fort Amsterdam
on his way. Thus, at the expiration of twenty-five years from the dis-
covery of the Delaware by Hudson, not a single European remained
upon its shores."

Director Minnewit, suspected to have favored the claims of the pa-
troons, having been recalled, left the now flourishing colony of New
Amsterdam in the spring of this year, [1632.]

The same year Lord Baltimore obtained a grant for Maryland, under
which he claimed the lands on the west side of Delaware River, the fruit-
ful source of continual controversies between him and the Dutch, and

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 49

journalists among the Friends incidentally speaks, of him as having
naturally an excess of levity of spirit for a grave minister." ^

Penn immediately after his arrival despatched two persons to Lord
Baltimore,^ to ask of his health, offer kind neighborhood, and agree upon
a time of meeting the better to establish it. AVhile they were gone on
this errand he went to New York to pay his duty to the Duke, in the
visit of his government and colony. lie returned from New York
towards the end of November.

To this period belongs the " Great Treaty^'' which took place at Shack-
amaxon, (now called Kensington), or more correctly Sachamexing,
derived from Sakima or Sachem^ the Delaware for a king or chief, and
ing^ the Indian termination indicating locality or the place where ; the ;/:
before ing is inserted for euphony's sake. Thus Sakimaxing or Sacha-
mexing signifies the meeting place of chiefs. It seems to have been a
place of resort for the Indians of different nations to consult together
and settle their mutual differences and on this account it was probably
selected by Markham and Penn^ after him as the place for holding their
successive treaties. There were at least three Indian tribes present : The
Lenni Lenape, living near the Delaware ; the Mingoes from Conestogo,
and the Shawnees from the Susquehanna. William Penn was accompa-
nied by a fev/ friends.

"It is near the close of November, [1682], the lofty forest trees on the
banks of the Delaware have shed their summer attire,* the ground is
strewed with leaves, and the Council fire burns brightly, fanned by the
autumnal breeze. Under the wide branching elm^ the Indian tribes are
assembled, but all unarmed, for no warlike weapon is allowed to disturb

iThe deponent referred to is the grandmother of Samuel Preston, Esq., formerly of
Bucks county. She died in 1774, at the age of 100 years, in full mind and memory.
William Penn and sundry Indians were present at her marriage. She described Penn
as of rather short stature, but the handsomest, best looking, most lively gentleman, she
had ever seen. There was nothing like pride about him, but affable and friendly -vvith
the humblest in life. — Watson's Annals, I. 55.

2 W. Penn's letter to the Lords of Plantations, &c.

3 Mem. Hist. Soc. Pa. III. pt. 2. p. 183.

4 Compiled by Janney.

5 This tree was long revered by the colonists and Indians. During the revolutionary
war the British general Sincoe, who was quartered at Kensington, so regarded it, that
whilst his soldiers were felling the trees of the vicinity for fuel, he placed a sentinel
under this, that not a branch of it might be touched. In 1810 it was blown down, and
cups, and workstands, and other articles of furniture, were made from it, to be pre-
served as memorials. It was then ascertained to be two hundred and eighty-three
years old, having been one hundred and fifty-five years old at the time of the confer-
ence.— Notice by Sir B. West, reported by B. Vaux, esq,, member of the Historical Society
of Pennsylvania, 1825 — p. 97 — Clarkson.

The Penn Society of Philadelphia, at the suggestion of R. Vaux, esq., have erected
a marble monument on the spot where the '■'■Treaty Elm''^ stood, on the bank of the
5

50 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

the scene. In front are the chiefs, with their counsellors and aged men
on either hand. Behind them, in the form of a half-moon, sit the young
men and some of the aged matrons ; while be^^ond, and disposed in still
widening circles, are seen the youth of both sexes. Among the assem-
bled chiefs there is one who holds a conspicuous rank : the Great Sachem
Taminend, one of nature's noblemen, revered for his wisdom and beloved
for his goodness. But see ! a barge is approaching, bearing at its mast-
head the broad pennant of the Governor; the oars are plied with meas-
ured strokes, and near the helm sits William Penn attended by his
Council — among them are Markham, his Secretary, Holme, Surveyor-
General, Simcox, Ilaigue, Taylor and Pearson. On the river bank, waiting
with others to join them, is Lacy Cock, the hospitable Swede, whose
dwelling is near the treaty-ground. They are plainly dressed, and the
])roprictary is only distinguished from the rest by a sky-blue sash of silk
network that encircles his waist. They land and advance toward the
Council lire: the Governor, having his cousin Markham on the right,
and his friend Pearson on the left, is preceded by some of his attendants,
liearing presents, which they spread upon the ground.

" They pause when they approach the Council lire — Taminend puts
on his chaplet, surmounted by a small horn, the emblem of kingly power,
and then through an interpreter, he announces to William Penn that the
nations are ready to hear him."

Penn, holding in his hand a roll of parchment, containing the confir-
mation of the treaty of purchase and amity, addressed them thus •} " The
Great Spirit who ruled the heavens and the earth, the Father of all men,
bore witness to the sincerity of his wishes to dwell with them in peace
and friendship, and to serve them with all his power. Himself and fol-
lowers had met them unarmed, because their religion forbade the use of
hostile weapons against their fellow creatures ; they came not to injure
others; that was offensive to the Great Spirit; but to do good, in which

DekiAvare, near the iiiterseotion of Hanover and Beach sti'eets, Kensington. The mon-
nment l)ears the following inscriptions :

On the North. On the West.

Treaty Grovind Placed by the Penn

of ■ , Society,

William Penn A. D. 1827,

and the To mark the site

Indian natives, of the

1682. ' Great Elm Tree.

On the South. On the East.

William Penn Pennsylvania,

Bom 1614. Founded

Died 1718. 1681.

By deeds of Peace." — Gordon.
1 Clarkson.

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 51

be tlelighted : liaviug met in the broad pathway of truth and benevo-
lence, they ought to disdain deception, and to regulate their conduct by
(andor, fraternity, and love." Unrolling the parchment, he explained
the articles of the treaty and terms of purchase. "By these," he con-
tinued, " they were protected in their lawful j^ursuits, even in the lands
they had alienated.^ Their right to improve their plantations and to
procure subsistence would be, in all respects, similar to that of the
English, Should disputes unfortunately arise between the two people,
they should be adjusted by a jury, composed of equal numbers of Indians
and Englishmen." From the merchandise before him, he then paid for
the land, and made them many presents. Laying the roll of parchment
upon the earth, he bade them observe it as a sign that the land should
be thenceforth common to both people. "lie would not," he added,
"like the people of Maryland, call them his children or his brethren; for
some parents chastised their children too severelj^, and brethren would
disagree; nor would he compare their friendship to a chain which the
rain might rust, or the fall of a tree destroy ; but that he would consider
them as of one flesh and blood with the Christians, and the same as if
one man's body were divided in two parts." Resuming the parchment,
he presented it to the chief sachem, and desired that it might "be care-
fully preserved for three generations, that their children might know
what had passed, as if he had remained to repeat it."-

"This treaty forms a brilliant ray of the halo which graces the head
of Penn. It has been honorably noticed by eminent authors. ' This,'
says Voltaire, 'was the only treaty between these people and the Chris-
tians that was not ratified by an oath, and which was never broken.' ^
•William Penn thought it just,' writes the Abbe Raynal, 'to obtain an
additional right, by a fair and open purchase from the aborigines; and
thus he signalized his arrival by an act of equity, which made his person
and his principles equally beloved. Here the mind rests with pleasure
upon modern history, and feels some indemnification for that disgust,
melancholy, and horror, which the whole of it, particularly that of the
European settlements in America, inspires.' It has been erroneously
supposed that this was the first instance of the purchase of lands from
the aboriginal Americans. But, in this particular, Penn followed the

1 Gordon quoting Clarkson.

2 In ratification of this treaty, the Indians, according to their national custom, deliv-
ered by their chief Sachem to William Penn'a broad belt of Wampum. It consists of
eighteen strings of white Wampum and has in its centi'e delineated in purple colored
beads two figures, that of an Indian grasping with the hand of friendship the hand of
a man in the European costume wearing a hat. The belt had been carefully preserved
in the Penn family, and was presented to the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, by
Granville John Penn on April 13, 18o7. The proceedings are published in Mem. Hist.
See. Pa. VI. p. 205— sq. 3 Gordon.

52 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

example of Massacliusetts, New York, Maryland, and New Jersey ; and
tlie Dutch, Swedes, and Fins of tlie Delaware. His merit consists in the
justice and kindness which characterized all his intercourse with the na-
tives. These have made an indelible impression. His memory is still
gratefully cherished by their descendants, amid the distant wilds to which
they have been driven by the tide of population. The great and good
Onas^ jjs they rendered the word Penn in their language, was an exem-
plar, which they frequently held up for imitation to his lieutenants and
successors: and by this name they continued to distinguish the future
Governors of Pennsylvania." ^

Penn on the fourth of December [1682] convened a General Assembly
at Chester, of which Nicholas Moore, president of the Society of Free
Traders, was chosen speaker. During a session of four days this assembly
enacted three laws : 1. An act for the union of the province and territories ;
2. An act of naturalization ; 3. The great law, or code of laws, consist-
ing of sixty-nine sections, and embracing most of the laws agreed upon
in England and several others afterward suggested.

"1. The inhabitants of the territories, anxious to participate in the
benefits of the provincial constitution, solicited to be incorporated with
the province on the third day of the session, and a bill, prepared by the
proprietary, was immediately offered and adopted.^ This act should rather
be considered as confirmatory than as the origin of the union. For the
freemen of the territories formed a part of the assembly, and acted with
those of the province on all measures, from the commencement to the
close of the session. As this measure strengthened the authority of
Penn, so, in some degree, it legitimated his conduct. Tracing political
power to its only true source, the will of the people, he was ready to
forget that no power to rule the territories was given to him by the deeds
of feoffment from the Duke of York; nor did he nicely scan the rights of
the royal prerogative, infringed by himself and the people, over whom
his power was thus established.

"2. The 'Act of Union,' alone, was not deemed sufficient to effect an
entire amalgamation of the inhabitants of the province and territories.
For, although, by the capitulation of the Dutch with Colonel Nichols, in
1664, and by the treaty between England and the States General, the
inhabitants of the Avcst border of the Delaware became English subjects,
they were considered by Penn so far a distinct people, as to require an
act of naturalization to make them citizens of his commonwealth. By
such an act, the Dutch, Swedes, and Fins of the territories entered into
full possession of provincial rights. And, with jealousy and fear, in-

1 William Penn was called by the Iroquois Onas, by the Delawares Miquon, both
-words signifying a quill or pen. Mem. Hist. Soc. Pa., in. pt. 2. p. 349.

2 Gordon.

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 53

spired by their weakness, the house resolved that the future naturaliza-
tion of foreigners should be made by special laws."

3. The " Great Law," as already characterized, was the work of Penn
and long formed the basis of jurisprudence in Pennsylvania. Its first
section, justly celebrated for its provision for "liberty of conscience," ran
as follows :

"Almighty God being only Lord of conscience, Father of lights and
spirits, and the Author as well as Object of all divine knowledge, faith
and worship, who only can enlighten the mind, and persuade and con-
vince the understanding of people in due reverence to His sovereignty
over the souls of mankind. It is enacted by the authority aforesaid, that
no person now or at any time hereafter living in this province, who shall
confess and acknowledge one Almighty God to be the Creator, Upholder
and Euler of the world, and that professeth him or herself obliged in
conscience to live peaceably and justly under the civil government, shall
in anywise be molested or prejudiced for his or her conscientious per-
suasion or practice, nor shall he or she at any time be compelled to
frequent or maintain any religious worship, place, or ministry whatever,
contrary to his or her mind, but shall freely and fully enjoy his or her
Christian liberty in that respect, without any interruption or reflection;
and if any person shall abuse or deride any other for his or her different
persuasion and practice in matter of religion, such shall be looked upon
as a disturber of the peace, and be punished accordingly. But to the
end that looseness, irreligion and atheism may not creep in under pre-
tence of conscience, in this province, be it further enacted by the au-
thority aforesaid, that according to the good example of the primitive
Christians, and for the ease of the creation, every first day of the week,
called the Lord's Day, people shall abstain from -their common toil and
labor, that whether masters, parents, children or servants, they may the
better dispose themselves to read the Scriptures of truth at home, or to
frequent such meetings of religious worship abroad as may best suit
their respective persuasions."^

On the 19th of December [1682] Penn by appointment met Lord Balti-
more at Westriver, but their interview led to no solution of the vexa-
tious question of boundary, as is evident from the subjoined extract from
Penn's letter to "the Lords of the Committee of Plantations" in London.

" The first thing I did was to present the King's letter, which consisted
of two parts; one that the Lord Baltimore has but two degrees; and the
other, that beginning at Watkins' Point, he should admeasure his said
degrees at sixty miles to a degree. This being read to him, first pri-
vately, then publicly, he told me the King was greatly mistaken and that
he would not leave his patent to follow the King's letter, nor could a

^Hazard's Annals, p. 620.

54 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

letter void his patent ; and bj that he would stand. This was the sub-
stance of what he said from first to last during the whole conference." ^

" This question of boundary was vexatious and of long continuance,
and was not treated by Lord Baltimore with that delicacy and forbear-
ance which characterized William Peun. For Baltimore would not
delay the exercise of the rights which he claimed, until inquiry should
be made into their legality ; but, by proclamation, offered lands in the
territories for sale, at half the price demanded for those unquestionably
within his own patent ; ^ and in the following year, he used force to dis-
possess several persons, Avho refused to acknowledge his title, and threat-
ened others who would not pay him quit-rent.^ The claims of Baltimore
were not without color. Maryland was granted to Cecilius Calvert, Lord
Baltimore, by patent, datftd June 20th, 1632, and was now held by his
son Charles. The charter, in the description of the northern boundaries,
had the following clause : ' unto that part of Delaware bay on the north,
which lie under the fortieth degree of northern latitude;' but it had also a
clause restricting the grantee to the occupation of such lands as had not
been previously settled by European nations. Penn's charter included
the country from the 'beginning of the fortieth degree of north latitude,'
and, of course, from the end of the thirty-ninth degree. The words
'under the fortieth degree,' gave to Baltimore, as he supposed, a right
to the lands up to the beginning of the forty-first degree. , To this con-
struction Penn opposed the restricting clause in the Marjdand charter,
and averred that the territories had been settled by Europeans in
1627, five years before the date of that grant. He also endeavored to
restrain the degree in Baltimore's grant to sixt}^ miles, alleging that to
be the mode of computation at the time it was given.^

"The proprietary had a deep interest in this contest. Should Balti-
more prevail, he would be deprived of one degree b}^ five, equal to
twenty-four thousand one hundred and sixteen square miles. But thirt
possible curtailment of his province did not affect him so deeply as the
prospective loss of ports and commercial advantages upon the Chesapeake,
which he supposed to be included in his charter.^ During his life, how-
ever, no effectual means were adopted for terminating the dispute. In
1732, his heirs and Lord Baltimore entered into an agreement, by which
nearly one-half of the Delaware peninsula, north and west of Cape Hen-
lopeu, was assigned to the former, and the southern boundary of the
province was fixed on that parallel of latitude which is fifteen miles south
of the most southern parts of the city of Philadelphia. But the perfor-
mance of this agreement was procrastinated by Baltimore, under various

1 Gordon.

-Bait. Prod. 15th May 1683. Ponu's Letter to Corn, of Plantation, 14th June 168.1.

■^ Proud.

OF LANCASTER COUN'TV. 55

pretexts, and the proprietaries were driven, in 1735, to tlie English eourt
of chancery for relief. In 1750, Lord Chancellor Ilardwicke decreed
specific performance, and determined several questions which had arisen
out of the agreement during the controversy.^ But the Maryland pro-
prietary contrived also to delay the execution of this decree. A supple-
mentary bill was filed, pending which Frederick, Lord Baltimore, in
1760, made a new agreement, explanatory of the last. The line, pursuant
to these agreements, was run, in 1761, the distance of two hundred and
thirty miles."

Penn about this time divided the province and territories, each into
three counties; those of the former were called Buds, Pluladelphia and
Chester; those of the latter, Neio Castle, Kent and Sussex. Sheriffs and
other officers having been duly appointed for the several counties, writs ^
for the election of Members of Council and Assembl}^ were issued con-
formable with the Constitution,^ and on the 10th day of the First month,
1683 (O. S.y Penn met the Council at Philadelphia, and the Assembly
two days later. The number of members for both the Council and As-
sembly was twelve for each county, viz. : three for the Council and nine
for the Assembly, making in all, seventy-two. Their names, with brief
notices of the more prominent, are here subjoined:

Names of the Council — William Markham, Christopher Taylor, Thomas
Holme, Lacy Cock, William Haige, John Moll, Ealph Withers, John Sim-
cock, Edward Cantwell, W^illiam Clayton, William Biles, James Harri-

1 Gordon.

-The following form of these writs is taken from the original, xiz:
[L. 8.] "William Penn, Proprietary and Governor of the pro\'ince of Pennsylvania,
"and the territories thereunto belonging :

•*I do hereby, in the King's name, empower and require thee to summon all the free-
holders in thy bailiwick, to meet on the 20th. day of the next month, at the falls upon
Delaware river; and that they then and there elect and chuse out of themselves, twelve
persons of most note for wisdom and integrity, to serve as their delegates in the pro-
vincial council, to be held at PMladelplda, the 10th. day of the first month next; and
that thou there declare to the said freemen, that they may all personally appear at an
Assembly, at the place aforesaid, according to the contents of my charter of liberties;
of which thou art to make me a tnio and faithful return.

" Oiven at Philadelphia, the day of the month, 1682.

WILLIAM PENN.
" To Richard Noble, High Sheriff of the county of Buckn; and
the other five Sheriffs likeieise for their several comities.''''

3 Proud.

■t The following extract from the acts of the first General Assembly of Pennsylvania,
l>assed Dec. 7, 1682 shows that the first settlers began ;the year on the first of March.

' ' And bee it enacted by the authority afores'l that ye days of ye week & ye month-s
of ye year, Shall be called as in Scripture, & not by Heathen names, (as are vulgarly
used), as ye first second and third dales of ye week, and first, second «fe third months of
ye year, beginning with ye day called Sunday, and ye montli called March.

56 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

son, William Clark, Francis Wliitewell, John Eichardson, John Hillyard.

The Memhers of Assemhly for each county were —

For Bucks — William Yardly, Samuel Darke, Eobert Lucas, Nicholas
Walne, John Wood, John Clowes, Thomas Fitzwater, Kobert Hall,
James Boyden.

For Pliiladel]iliia — John Songhurst, John Hart, Walter King, Andro^
Binkson, John Moon, Thomas Wynne, speaker, Griffith Jones, William
Warner, Swan Swanson.

For Chester — John Hoskins, Robert Wade, George Wood, John Blun-
ston, Dennis Rochford, Thomas Bracy, John Bezer, John Harding, Joseph
Phipps.

For ' Xeivcasile — John Cann, John Darby, Valentine Hollingsworth,
Gasparus Herman, John Dehoaef, James Williams, William Guest, Peter
Alrick, Henrick AVilliams.

For Kent — John Biggs, Simon Irons, Thomas Haffijld, John Curtis,
Robert Bedwell, William Windsmore, John Brinkloe, Daniel Brown,
Benony Bishop.

For Sussex— Ij\x\.q Watson, Alexander Draper, AVilliam Futcher,
Henry Bowman, Alexander Moleston, John Hill, Robert Bracy, John
Kipshaven, Cornelius A'erhoof.

Cajjtain William Markham, from London, was a relation of the pro-
prietor. He was afterwards sometimes his secretary, and sometimes his
deputy-governor. He appears to have been a useful person, of good
education, character and ability. He had the proprietor's confidence
and esteem till his death.

Christopher Taylor is said to have been a person of excellent character
and ability ; he was born in Yorkshire, had a good education, wrote well
in the Latin language. He was an eminent preacher among the Quakers,
and wrote several pieces in defence of their religious principles, in Eng-
land, as well as his brother, Thomas Taylor. He was one of the first
and principal settlers in the province, under William Penn; and is said
to have been of great service in it, in different respects. He died in
1696.

Captain Thomas Holmes came from Waterford, in Ireland. He was
one of the people called Quakers, and surveyor-general of the province,
appointed by commission from the proprietor, bearing date the 18th of
the second month, 1682.

Lacy (Lasse) Cock appears to have been one of the Swede settlers,
prior to William Penn's arrival.

John Simcock came from Ridley, in Cheshire, in England, where he
had suffered much for his religion, being a Quaker and a preacher in
that society. He had a good education, was one of the proprietor's first
commissioners of property, and one of his most trusty friends in the

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 57

government. Sometimes he was speaker of the assembly; and is said to
have been a very worthy and serviceable person in the province, both in
a religious and civil capacity. He lived in Chester county, and died on
the 27th of January, 1702.

William Biles was a preacher among the Quakers, among the first set-
tlers there ; where he appears to have taken up land under Governor
Andros, of New York, prior to William Penn's grant of the province.
He is said to have been a very useful person both in the civil and re-
ligious line ; being often in the Council and Assembly, &c.

James Harrison came from Boulton, in Lancashire, one of the proprie-
tor's first commissioners of property ; was divers years in great esteem
with him and his agent, at Pennsbury — being a man of good educa-
tion, and a preacher among the Quakers.

William Haige had been a merchant in London.

Kalph Withers, from Bishop's Canning, in Wiltshire.

Griifith Jones, from Surry.

Francis Whitewell was counsellor for Kent county. He is said to
have been a very serviceable person in the government, among the first
and early settlers; a preacher among the Quakers ; and every way a very
useful and worthy member of society. He died in the year 1684; and
William Larval was chosen counsellor in his stead.

Thomas Wynne was Speaker of the Assembly during the two first
years, and was at other times a member of it. He was one of the people
called Quakers, a preacher among them, and came from North Wales ; a
person of note and good character. He died in the latter part of the year
1692. He was author of some pieces written in defence of the Quakers,
in his native country.

John Moon was originally of Lancashire, in England : afterwards of Bris-
tol. He wrote some pieces in defence of the Quakers, in his native country.

John Songhurst came from Sussex, in England; was a writer and
preacher among the Quakers. He died in AVest Jersey, and was buried
in Philadelphia, in 1688. — 1 Proud, 235-6.

The most important business enacted at this session was the adoption
a new charter, framed by a joint committee [1683.] It is reprinted in
Division X. No. 4. This charter, with another enacted in 1696 were
only preparatory to the last Charter of Privileges, granted in 1701.

"The Governor and Council, among other regulations, established a
Seal, for each county, viz: for Philadelphia, an Anchor; for Bucks, a
Tree and Vine; for Chester, a Plow; for New Castle, a Cassia; for Kent,
three Ears of Indian Corn; and for Sussex, a Wheat Sheaf.

" The first sheriffs appointed for each county, were : for Philadelphia,
John Test; Chester, Thomas Usher; Bucks, Richard Noble; New Castle,
Edmund Cantwell; Kent, Peter Boiccomh ; Sussex, John Vines.

o8 AUTIIENTIO HISTORY

'•The first Grand Ji'/ry, in Pemisglvania, was summoned ou tlie second
of tlie third month, this ye^ir, [1683] upon some persons accused of
issuino; counterfeit silver monev.^ The Governor and Council sat as a
Court of Justice on the occasion. The names of those impannelled and
attested to serve on the Graad Jury were, Thomas Lloyd, Foreman,
Enoch Fhicer. Ricli.ard. Wood, John Harding, John Hill, Edioard Louff,
James Boyden, Nicholas Walae, John James, John Vanhorson, Bohert
Hall, Vcdcntiac HolUngsicortli, Alexander Draper, John Louff, John Wale,
Sarnud .Darl'e, John, Parsons, John Blunston, Thomas Fitzivater, William'
Guest, John Car lis, Rohert Lucas, Henry Jones and Caleh Pusey.

"A bill or Ijills, being found by the Grand Jury, a Petty Jury was
therefore impannelled and attested; whose names were: Jolin Glaypoole,
Foreman, Rohert Turner, Rohert Ewer, Andrew BinJcson, John Barnes,
Joseph Fisher, Dennis Rochford, William Howell, Walter King, Benjamin
Whitehead, Thomas Rouse and David Breintnalir

At this time Penn was probably renewing his negotiations with the
Indiaiis, as would appea]- from two deeds on record for land purchased.
The lirst dated June 23d, 1683, between "William Penn and Kings Tam-
anen and Metamequan, conveys their land near Neshemanah (Neeh-
aminy) creek, and thence to Pennapecka (Pennypack.)^ The second
dated July 14, 1683 is for lands lying between the Schuylkill and Chester
rivers.'^

''In one of the purchases of land made from the Indians, it was stipu-
lated that it should extend 'as far back as a man could walk in three
days.' Tradition relates that William Peun, himself, with several of his
friends and a number of Indian chiefs, 'began to walk- out this land at
the mouth of the Neshamin}- , and walked up the Delaware ; that in one
day and a half, they got to a spruce tree near the mouth of Baker's
ereek, Avhen William, concluding this would include as much land as he
w)uld want at present, a line was run and marked from the spruce tree
to Neshaminy, and the remainder left to be walked out when it should
be wanted for settlement.' 'It is said they walked leisurely, after the
Indian manner, sitting down sometimes to smoke their pipes, to eat bis-
cuit and cheese, and drink a bottle of wine. It is certain they arrived at the
spruce tree in a day and a half, the whole distance rather less than thirty
miles.' The remainder of the line was not run till the 20th of Septem-
ber 1733, when the Governor of Pennsylvania employed three of the
fastest Avalkers tliat could be found, one of whom, Edward Marshall,
walked in a day and a half the astounding distance of eighty six miles.
Tlie name of AVilliam Penn has by some persons been unjustly coupled
with this disgraceful transaction, which did not take place till many years
after his death. The Indians felt themselves much aggrieved by this.
1 Proud. '^ Watson. 3 Mem. Hist. Soc. Pa.

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 59

unfair admeasurement of their lands: it was tlie cause of the first diis-
satisfaction between them and the people of Pennsylvania ; and it is
remarkable, that the first murder committed by them in the province,
geventy-two years after the landing of Penn, was on this very ground,
which had been taken Ixom them by fraud." ^

The only instance of a prosecution for witchcraft found in the judicial
records of Pennsylvania belongs to this period. It seems to have origi-
nated among the Swedes.- The persons accused were Margaret Matson
and Yeshro Hendrickson. Lac}^ Cock acted as interpreter. A sample of
the evidence is here produced: •' Henry Drystreett, attested, saith he was
told 20 years ago, that the witness at the bar was a witch, and that several
cows were bewitched by her." " Annaky Coolin, attested, saith that her
husband took the heart of a calf that had died, as they thought, by
■witchcraft and boiled it, whereupon the prisoner at the bar came in and
asked them what they Avere doing; they said boiling of flesh; she said
they had better they had boiled the bones, with several other unseemly
expressions^ The Governor gave the jury their charge concerning the
case, of which, it is to be regretted, there is no record. " The jury went
forth, and upon their returning brought her in guilty of the common
fame of being a vjitcli, but not guilty in manner and form as she stands
indicted."

During the spring or summer of this year Penn visited the interior of
the province and embodied the result of what he saw, in a letter to the
Free Society of Traders in London, which, as an authentic description of
the country and an account of its actual status, is one of the most inter-
esting documents relating to the period, extant and is, therefore, given
in full :

".1 letter from William Penn, Proprietor and Governor of Pennsylvania,
in America, to the Committee of the Free Society of Traders of that pr,o-
vince, residing in London: containing a general descrij)tion of the said
province, its soil, air, ivater, seasons andj prodace , loth natural and artifi-
cial, and the good increase thereof. With an account of the natives, or
aborigines :
'' My kind Friends:

"The kindness of yours, by the ship 'Thomas and Ann, doth much
oblige me; for by it I perceive the interest you take in my health and
reputation, and the prosperous beginning of this province ; which, you
are so kind as to think, may much depend upon them. In return of
which I have sent 3^0 u a long letter, and yet containing as brief an
account of myself, and the affairs of this province, as I have been able
to make.

•'In the first place, I take notice of the news, you sent me ; whereby I
iJanney. Ilaz. Reg. of Penn'a. VI, 209. 1 Janney.— Col. Tvtc.

60 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

find, some persons have had so little wit, and so much malice, as to report
m.j death ; and, to mend the matter, dead a Jesuit too. One might have
reasonably hoped that this distance, like death, would have been a pro-
tection against spite and envy; and, indeed, absence being a kind of
death, ought alike to secure the name of the absent, as the dead ; because
they are equally unable, as such, to defend themselves: but they that
intend mischief do not use to follow good rules to effect it. However, to
the great sorrow and shame of the inventors, I am still alive, and no
Jesuit; and I thank God, very well. And, without injustice to the
authors of this, I may venture to infer that they that wilfully and falsely
report, would have been glad it had been so. But I perceive many frivo-
lous and idle stories have been invented since my departure from J^n>j-
land ; which, perhaps, at this time are no more alive than I am dead.

"But, if I have been unkindly used by some I left behind me, I found
love and respect enough where I came ; an universal kind welcome, every
sort in their way. For here are some of several nations, as well as divers
judgments: nor were the natives wanting in this; for their kings, queens,
and great men, both visited and presented me ; to whom I made suitable
returns, &c.

"For the Province, the general condition of it, take as folio weth:

I. "The country itself, its soil, air, water, seasons and produce, both
natural and artificial, is not to be despised. The land containeth divers
sorts of earth, as sand, yellow and black, poor and rich : also, gravel, both
loamy and dusty; and, in some places, a fast fixt earth like our best
vales in England; especially by inland brooks and rivers: Grod, in his
wisdom, having ordered it so, that the advantages of the country are
divided; the back lands being generally three to one richer than those
that lie by navigable rivers. We have much of another soil; and that is
a black hazel-mould upon a stony or rooky bottom.

II. "The air is sweet and clear, the heavens serene, like the south
parts of France^ rarely overcast; and as the woods come, by numbers of
people, to be more cleared, that itself will refine.

III. "The Avaters are generally good; for the rivers and brooks have
mostly gravel and stony bottoms; and in number hardly credible. We
have also mineral waters, that operate in the same manner with Barnet
and North Hall, not two miles from Philadeli^hi a.

IV. "For the seasons of the year having, by God's goodness, now
lived over the coldest and hottest that the oldest liver in the province
can remember, I can say something to an English, understanding:

"First, Of the Fall — for then I came in— I found it, from the 2-ith of
October to the beginning of December, as we have it usually in England,
in September, or rather like an English mild Spring. From December
to the beginning of the month called March, we had sharp, frosty weather;

OF LANCASTEK COUNTY. 61

not foul, thick, black weather, as our north-east winds bring with them
in England; but a sky as clear as in summer, and the air dry, cold,
piercing and hungry; yet I remember not that I wore more cloaths
than in England. The reason of this cold is given, from the great lakes,
that are fed by the fountains of Canada. The Winter before was as mild,
scarce any ice at all ; while this, for a few days, froze up our great river
Delaware. From that month to the month called June, we enjoyed a
sweet Spring; no gusts, but gentle showers, and a fine sky. Yet, this
I observe, that the winds here, as there, are more inconstant. Spring and
Fall, upon that turn of nature, than in Summer or Winter. From thence
to this present month, (August) which endeth the summer, (commonly
speaking) we have had extraordinary heats, yet mitigated sometimes by
cool breezes. The wind that ruleth the Summer season is the south-
west ; but Spring, Fall and Winter, it is rare to want the north-western
seven days together. And whatever mists, fogs or vapours foul the
heavens, by easterly or southerly winds, in two hours time are blown
away; the one is followed by the other: a remedy that seems to have a
peculiar providence in it, to the inhabitants ; the multitude of trees yet
standing, being liable to retain mists and vapours ; and yet not one-quarter
so thick as I expected.

V. " The natural produce of the country, of vegetables, is trees, fruits,
plants, flowers. The trees of most note, are the black walnut, cedar,
cypress, chesnut, poplar, gum-wood, hickory, sassafras, ash, beech, and
oak of divers sorts, as, red white and black; Spanish, chesnut, and
swamp, the most durable of all. Of all which there is plenty for the use
of man.

" The fruits, that I find in the woods, are the white and black mul-
berry, chesnut, walnut, plums, strawberries, cranberries, hurtleberries,
and grapes of divers sorts. The great red grape (now ripe) called by
ignorance, the/o« grape^ because of the relish it hath with unskilful pal-
ates, is in itself an extraordinary grape; and by art, doubtless, may be
cultivated to an excellent wine, if not so sweet, yet little inferior to the
Frontiniac, as it is not much unlike in taste, ruddiness set aside ; which,
in such things, as well as mankind, differs the case much. There is a
white kind of Muskadel, and alittle black grape, like the cluster grape of
England^ not yet so ripe as the other ; but they tell me, when ripe,
sweeter, and that they only want skilful Vinerons^ to make good use of
them. I intend to venture on it with my Frenchman^ this season, who
shews some knowledge in those things. Here are also peaches very
good, and in great quantities ; not an Indian plantation without them ;
but whether naturally here at first I know not. However, one may have
them, by bushels, for little: they make a pleasant drink; and I think,
not inferior to any peach you have in England^ except the true Newing-

02 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

ion. It is disputable with me, whether it be best to fall to fining the
fruits of the countr}', especially the grape, by the care and skill of art,
or send for foreign stems and sets, already good and approved. It seems
most reasonable to believe, that not only a thing groweth best, where it
naturally grows, but will hardly be equalled by another species of the
same kind, that doth not naturally grow there. But, to solve the doubt,
I intend, if God give me life, to try both, and hope the consequence
will be as good wine as any Euroj)ean countries of the same latitude,
do yield.

VI. "The artificial produce of the country is wheat, barley,^ oats, rye,
peas, beans, squashes, pumkins, water-melons, musk-melons, and all
herbs and roots, that our gardens in England usually bring forth.

VII. "Of living creatures, fish, fowl, and the beasts of the woods;
here are divers sorts, some for food and profit, and some for profit only :
for food, as well as profit, the elk, as big as a small ox ; deer, bigger than,
ours; beaver, raccoon, rabbits, squirrels; and some eat young bear, and
commend it. Of fowl of the land, there is the turkey, (forty and fifty
pounds Aveight) which is very great ; pheasants, heath-birds, pigeons and
partridges, in abundance. Of the water, the swan, goose, white and grey :
brands, ducks, teal, also the snipe and curloe, and that in great numbers;
but the duck and teal excel ; nor so good have I ever eat in other coun-
tries. Of fish, there is the sturgeon, herring, rock, shad, cats-head, sheeps-
head, eel, smelt, perch, roach; and in inland rivers, trout, some say salmon,
above the falls. Of shell-fish, we have oysters, crabs, coccles, conchs and
muscles; some oysters six inches long; and one sort of coccles as big as the
stewing oysters ; they make a rich broth. The creatures for profit only, by
skin or fur, and that are natural to these parts, are the wildcat, panther,
otter, wolf, fox, fisher, minx, muskrat; and of the water, the whale, for
oil ; of which we have good store ; and two companies of whalers, whose
boats are built, will soon begin their work; which hath the appearance
of a considerable improvement: to say nothing of our reasonable hope*;
of good cod, in the ba}^

VIII. "We have no want of horses; and some are very good and
shapely enough ; two ships have been freighted to Barhadoes with horses
and pipe-staves since my coming in. Here is also plenty of cow-cattle,
and some sheep ; the people plow mostly with oxen.

IX. "There are divers plants, that not only the Indians tell us, but
we have had occasion to prove, by swellings, burnings, cuts, &c., that
they are of great virtue, suddenly curing the patient ; and, for smell, I

1 Edicard Jones, Son-in-law to Thmnaa Wynne, living on the Sculkil, had, with ordi-
nary cultivation, for one grain of English barley, seventy stalks and eai-s of barley :
and it is common in this country, from one bushel sown, to reap forty, often fifty, and
sometimes sixty. And three pecks of wheat sow an acre here.

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. (y^

have observed several, especially one, the Avild myrtle; the other i
knoAv not what to call, but are most fragrant.

X. " The woods are adorned with lovely flowers, for color, greatnes.-,
figure and variety. I have seen the gardens of London best stored with
with that sort of beauty, but think they may be improved by our woods :
I have sent a few to a person of quality this year, for a trial.

** Thus much of the country ; next, of the natives^ or ahorigines.

XI. " The natives I shall consider, in their persons, language, manuerS;
religion and government, with my sense of their original. For their
persons, they are generally tall, straight, well-built, and of singular pro-
portion ; they tread strong and clever, and mostly walk with a lofty chin.
Of complexion, black, but by design ; as the Gypsies^ in England. They
grease themselves with bear's fat clarified; and using no defence against
sun or weather, their skins must needs be swarthy. Their eye is little
and black, not unlike a straight-looked Jeic. The thick lip, and fiat
nose, so frequent with the East Indians and blacJcs, are not common to
them: for I have seen as comely European-like faces among them, of
both, as on your side the sea ; and truly an Italian complexion hath not
much more of the white; and the noses of several of them have as much
of the Roman.

XII. "Their language is lofty, yet narrow; but, like the Hehreic^ irj
signification full; like short-hand, in writing, one word serveth in the
place of three, and the rest are supplied by the understanding of the
hearer: imperfect in their tenses, wanting in their moods, participles,
adverbs, conjunctions, interjections. I have made it my business to un-
derstand it, that I might not want an interpreter, on any occasion ; and
I must say, that I know not a language spoken in Europe, that hatk
words of more sweetness or greatness, in accent and emphasis, than theirs :
for instance, Octocockon, Rancocas, Oricton, ShaJc, Marian, Poquesien ; all
which are names of places, and have grandeur in them. Of words of
sweetness, Anna, is mother; Issimus, a brother; Netcap), friend; Usque-
eret, very good; Pane, bread; Metsa, eat; Matta, no; Ilaita, to have:
Payo, to come; Sepassin, Passijon, the names of places; Tamane, Secanc\
Menanse, Secatereus, are the names of persons ; if one ask them for any-
thing they have not, they will answer, Matta ne hatta : Avhich to translate
is, not I have; instead of I have not.

XIII. "Of their customs and manners there is much to be said; I Avill
begin with children; so soon as they are born the}' wash them in water :
and while very young, and in cold weather to chuse, they plunge them iu
the rivers, to harden and embolden them. Having wrapt them in a clout,
they lay them on a strait, thin board, a little more than the length and
breadth of the child, and swaddle it ftist, iqjon the board, to make it
straiofht; wherefore all Indians have flat heads; and thus they carrr

64 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

them at tlieir backs. The children will go, very young, at nine months
commonly; they wear only a small clout round their waist till they are
big; if boys, they go a fishing, till ripe for the woods; which is about
fifteen ; then they hunt ; and after having given some proofs of their
manhood, by a good return of skins, they may marry; else it is a shame
to think of a wife. The girls stay with their mothers, and help to hoe
the ground, plant corn and carry burdens ; and they do well to use them
to that young, which they must do when they are old ; for the wives are
the true servants of the husbands; otherwise the men are very affection-
ate to them.

XIV. " When the young women are fit for marriage, they wear some-
thing upon their heads, for an advertisement, but so, as their faces are
hardly to be seen, but when they please. The age, they marry at, if
women, is about thirteen, and fourteen ; if men, seventeen and eighteen ;
they are rarely elder.

XV. '"Their houses are mats, or barks of trees, set on poles, in the
fashion of an English barn, but out of the power of the winds; for they
are hardly higher than a man ; they lie on reeds, or grass. In travel they
lodge in the woods, about a great fire, with the mantle of dufiils they
wear by day wrapt about them, and a few boughs stuck round them.

XVI. "Their diet is maize, or Indian corn, divers ways prepared;
sometimes roasted in the ashes ; sometimes beaten and boiled with water;
which they call homine ; they also make cakes, not unpleasant to eat.
They have likewise several sorts of beans and pease, that are good nour-
ishment ; and the woods and rivers are their larder.

XVII. "If an European comes to see them, or calls for lodging at their
house, or iincjujam.^ they give him the best place and first cut. If they
come to visit us, they salute us with an Itah; which is as much as to say.
Good he to you^ and set them down ; which is mostly on the ground, close
to their heels, their legs upright ; it may be they speak not a word, but
observe all passages. If you give them any thing, to eat, or drink, well :
for they will not ask ; and be it little or much, if it be with kindness,
they are well pleased, else they go away sullen, but say nothing.

XVIII. "They are great concealers of their own resentments ; brought
to it, I believe, by the revenge that hath been practised among them.
In either of these they are not exceeded by the Italians A tragical
instance fell out since I came into the country : a king's daughter, think-
ing herself slighted by her husband, in suffering another woman to lie
down between them, rose up, went out, plucked a root out of the ground,
and ate it ; upon which she immediately died : and, for which, last week,
he made an offering to her kindred, for atonement, and liberty of mar-
riage ; as two others did to the kindred of their wives that died a natural
death. For, till widowers have done so, they must not marry again.

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 83

later with the Pennsylvania proprietaries, which were not settled for
more than one hundred and thirty years. After his death, the patent
was, in 1633, confirmed to his son. The extent of the grant will be seen
from the following proceedings and description •}

"By letters patent of this date, reciting the petition of Cecilius, Lord
Baltimore, for a certain country thereinafter described, not then cultivated
and planted^ though in some parts thereof inhahited. hy certain barbarous
'people^ having no hnowledge of Almighty God, his majesty granted to said
Lord Baltimore :

"All that part of a peninsula lying in the parts of America between
the ocean on the east, and the bay of Chesapeake on the west, and divided
from the other part thereof by a right line drawn from the promontory
or cape of land called Watkins's Point, (situate in the aforesaid bay, near
the River of Wigheo) on the west, unto the main ocean on the east ; and
between that bound on the south, unto that part of Delaware Bay on the
north wJiich lieth under the -iOth degree of north latitude from the equi-
noctial, where New England ends; and all that tract of land between the
bounds aforesaid; i. e., passing from the aforesaid bay called Delaware
Bay, in a right line by the degree aforesaid, unto the true meridian of
the first fountain of the River of Pattoumech, and from thfence trendins;
tOAvards the south unto the further bank of the aforesaid river, and fol-
lowing the west and south side thereof, unto a certain place called Cin-
quack, situate near the mouth of the said river, where it falls into the
Bay of Chesapeake, and from thence by a straight line unto the afore-
said promontory and j)lace called Watkins's Point."

It does not appear that actual steps towards the settling of the banks
of the DelaAvare were taken until 1638, and the authentic notices of trans-
actions belonging to the interval which have come down to us, are not
of sufficient moment to be chronicled in this place.

Peter Minnewit, after his return to Holland, went to Sweden and suc-
ceeded in reviving the plan of colonizing the Delaware, abandoned by
Usselinx, who is supposed to have died at the Hague in 1647. Towards
the close of 1637, Minnewit, at the head of an expedition consisting of
the ship of war "Key of Calmar" and the transport "Bird Grip," and
carrying a clergyman, an engineer, about fifty settlers, with the necessary
provisions, merchandise for trade and presents to the Indians, left Gotten-
burg, and after calling at Jamestown, in Virginia for wood and water,
reached the Delaware about May, 1638. Purchasing the soil on the
western shore from the Capes to the falls of Sankikans, opposite to the
present city of Trenton, from the Indians, he erected the fort and town
of Christina, on the north bank of the Minquaskill. The Rev. Reorus
Torkillus, Avho accompanied Minnewit, was the first Swedish clergyman

1 E. Hazard's Hist. Coll. I. 337.
4

84 . AUTHENTIC HISTORY

in America ; lie died in 1643, aged 35. The establisliment of tlie Swedes,
led to remonstrances on the part of Kieft, then director-general of New
Ketherlaud, which were unheeded by Minnewit, whose intercourse with
the Indians was of an amicable character. Minnewit died at Christina
several j^ears afterwards.

John Printz, appointed Governor, accompanied by John Campanius,
with another colony, on board the ship of war " Fame," and the trans-
port "Swan," arrived in the Delaware on February 15th, 1643, at Fort
Christina, after a passage of 150 days. Agreeably to his instructions, he
erected on the island of Tennekong or Tinnicum, a fort called New Got-
tenberg, a handsome residence which he named Printzhoflt" or Printz Hall,
and a church. The principal inhabitants had their dwellings and plan-
tations on this island. Ilis instructions acknowledged the right of soil
in the Indians, directed him to confirm the contract made by Minnewit,
to maintain a just, upright and amicable intercourse with them, and if
possible also with the Dutch: still, in case of hostile interference .on their
part, he was to "repel force by force." . : • .',.•. ■■

During the same year Printz is said to have erected on or near the
present Salem creek, another fort called Elftsborg or Elsingborg, for the
purpose of shutting up the river, a matter which greatly exasperated the
Dutch whose ships, when passing, had to lower their colors and were
boarded by the Swedes. Eeport says that the latter had,, however, soon
to vacate the fort on account of the mosquitoes, and that they called it
Moschettosburg.

Two years before this, in 1641, some sixty English from New Eng-
land had settled at Satem Creek and on the Schuylkill, whom the vigilant
Kieft speedily expelled.

Printz returned to Sweden in 1653, leaving his son-in-law, John Pappe-
goya, vice-governor, who in 1654 also returned to Sweden, and John
Kysingh, commissary and counsellor, assumed the government. The
Dutch, in addition to the forts at Nassau and Lewistown (Hoarkill,) had
erected Fort Casimir at Sandhocken, the present site of Newcastle. The
Swedes, not relishing its close proximity to Christina, Rysingh followed
up the remonstrances of his predecessor Printz, by demanding its sur-
render; but receiving a refusal, determined to take it by force or strata-
gem. Approaching the fort he fired two salutes, landed some twenty or
thirty soldiers, whom the commandant received as friends ; but perceiv-
ing the weakness of the garrison, they forthwith mastered it, seized the
eflects, and forced those who chose to remain to take the oath of allegi-
ance to the Queen of Sweden. The capture of the fort having taken
place on Trinity Sunday, they changed its name into Trefalldigheet or
Trinity.

When Stuyvesant, then Governor at Fort Amsterdam (New York,)

OF LANCASTER COUNTY, 35

heard this intelligence, he was involved in acrimonious controversy with
his troublesome neighbors of Connecticut, but resolved on direful ven-
geance.^ Having fitted out a fleet, Stuyvesant sailed for the Delaware
on Sept. 5, 1655, and after sundry stoppages arrived before Fort Casimer
on the 10th, landed his force and demanded the surrender of the place;
the commander, Sven Schute, asked leave to communicate with Eysingh
at Fort Christina ; this being refused, the fort Avas surrendered on arti-
cles of capitulation. Stuyvesant then proceeded to the latter fort, and
after a siege of fourteen days, it also was surrendered by Eysingh; articles
of capitulation were signed, according to which the Swedes were suffered
to vacate the fort with flying colors, and the Governor and as many
persons as might choose to accompany him, besides being allowed their
private property, were offered a free passage to Sweden, whither they
ultimately returned. Thus ended, on Sept. 25, 1655, the short career of
Governor Eysingh and with him fell the whole Swedish Colony.

Many improvements were made by the Swedes from Henlopen to the
Falls of Alumningh or Sankikans.^ They laid the foundation of Upland,
the present Chester; Korsholm Fort was built at Passaiung; Manaiung
Fort was placed at the mouth of the Schuylkill ; they marked the sites
of Nya Wasa and Gripsholm, somewhere near the confluence of the
Delaware and Schuylkill rivers; Straws Wijk, and Nieu Causeland (the
present New Castle); and forts were erected at Kinsessing, Wicacoa
(Southwark), Finlandt, Meulendael and Lapananel. On the Eastern
shore the Swedes had settlements at Swedesborough and other places.

In the list of Swedes residing in New Sweden in 1693, given by Cam-
panius, we find the name of Jacob Clemsson, supposed to be the ancestor
of the Clemsons of Lancaster County.

Trumbull, in his history of Connecticut, states "that in 16-10 some
persons at New Haven, by Captain Nathaniel Turner, their agent, pur-
chased for thirty pounds sterling a large tract of land, for a number of
plantations, on both sides of Delaware bay or river, with a view to trade,
and for the settlement of churches in gospel order and purity : that the
colony of New Haven erected trading houses upon the lands, and sent
nearly 50 families to make settlements upon them; and that settlements
were made under the jurisdiction of New Haven, and in close combina-
tion with that colony, in all their fundamental articles." It is difiicult to
determine the truth of these allegations, but it seems that Connecticut
traders did visit the Delaware for purposes of trade and were very uncer-
emoniously treated by the Swedes and the Dutch under Kieft in 1612,
who expelled them, seized their goods and imprisoned them. The re-
monstrances and claims of indemnity made by Governor Winthrop to
Kieft and Printz were disregarded.

1 Gordon. Hazard. 2 Gordon.

36 AUTHEIS^TIC HISTORr

In 1549 the subject was resumed in a correspondence between Gov-
ernor Eaton, of New Haven, and Governor Stuyvesant, which resulted
in the appointment of a joint commission, whose dehberations terminated
in leaving both parties at liberty to improve their interests on the Dela-
ware. On the strength of that decision the inhabitants of New Haven,
in the following year, fitted out a vessel carrying some 50 adventurers
to Delaware ; the vessel called at New York and Stuyvesant, apprized of
its destination, arrested and confined part of the crew, seized their com-
mission and papers and refused to deliver them "till they were forced to
engage under their hands, then to proceed on their voyage towards
Delaware, — but to return to New Haven, threatening that if he should
after find any of them in Delaware, he would seize their goods and send
them prisoners to Holland."^ The New Haven people, nothing daunted
by these menaces, re-asserted their claims in a letter to the Dutch Gov-
ernor, which proved however as ineffectual as their former letters on that
matter. An application for aid against the Dutch, addressed to the
sister colony of Plymouth, was unsuccessful and the New Haven people
were compelled to remain at peace. Soon after the country was granted
to the Duke of York and tlieir claims rested on grounds too feeble to be
arrayed against his title.

"The governor of New Netherlands had always found the New Eng-
land colonists troublesome neighbors.^ Their encroachments had given
him much uneasiness. In the year 1653, they formed the design of
driving the Hollanders from the continent, and applied to Oliver Crom-
Avell for assistance. Although favorably disposed to this measure, the
Protector, perhaps deterred by more important objects, did not make any
efforts to accomplish it. After his death, his son Eichard instructed his
naval commanders and the colonial governments to make the attempt ;
but the subversion of his ephemeral power prevented the execution of
his orders. Charles II., however, influenced by his enmity to the States
General, entered readily into the views of his trans-atlantic subjects. He
granted to James, duke of York, the territory possessed by the Dutch,
[March 20, 1664] and soon after, Colonel Eichard Nichols, associated
with George Cartwright, sir Eobert Carr, and Samuel Maverick, with
three ships having one hundred and thirty guns and six hundred men,
aided by forces from Massachusetts and Connecticut, summoned Stuy-
vesant to surrender New Amsterdam and his whole province.

" This formidable force, and the favorable terms ofi'ered to the inhabi-
tants, disposed them to capitulate, notwithstanding the eflbrts of the gov-
ernor to excite resistance. After a few days of fruitless negotiation,
during which Stuyvesant pleaded in vain the justice of the title of the
States General, and the peace existing between them and the English
1 Hazard. 2 Gordon.

. OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 37

nation, a capitulation was signed [August 27, 1664] and, immediately
afterwards, a force was despatched to reduce Fort Orange. In honor of
the duke of York, the city of New Amsterdam received the name of New
York, and Fort Orange that of Albany. The greater part of the inhabi-
tants submitted cheerfully to the new government, and Governor Stuy-
vesant retained his property and closed his life in New York."

Matters being thus arranged at New Amsterdam, the reduction of the
colony on the Delaware having been determined, Sir Eobert Carre v/ith
two frigates, the Guinea and the "William and Nicholas," and the troops
not needed at New York, sailed thither and accomplished his mission
with the expenditure of two barrels of powder and twenty shot. The
capitulation took place on October 1, 1664 and stipulated that "the bur-
gesses and magistrates submitting to his majesty should be protected in
their persons and estates ; that the present magistrates should be con-
tinued in office, that permission to leave the country within six months
should be given to any one desirous so to do ; that all persons should
enjoy liberty of conscience as formerly ; that any person taking the oath
of allegiance should become a free denizen and enjoy all the privileges of
trading into any of his majesty's dominions, as freely as any Englishman."

The whole country being thus reduced without bloodshed. Colonel
Nichols, by virtue of a commission of the duke of York,i assumed the
government of New York, and on November 3rd was commissioned by
his colleagues, Cartwright and Maverick, to proceed to Delaware^ "to
take special care for the good government of said place, and to depute
such officer or officers therein as he shall think fit, for the management
of his majesty's affairs, both civil and military, until his majesty's pleasure
be further known."

New Amstel was now called New Castle.^ " The capture of New York
and its dependencies led to an European war between Great Britain and
Holland,* ending in the treaty of Breda, at which the right of the former
to their newly acquired territories in America was acknowledged."

"Colonel Nichols governed the province for nearly three years with
justice and good sense. He settled the boundaries with the Connecticut
colony, which, yielding all claim to Long Island, obtained great advan-
tages on the main, pushing its line to Marmaroneck river, about thirty
miles from New York : he prescribed the mode of purchasing lands from
the Indians, making the consent of the governor requisite to the validity
of all contracts with them for the soil, and directing such contracts to be
entered in the public registry: he incorporated the city of New York,
under a mayor, five aldermen and a sheriff" [1665] and, although he re-
served to himself all judicial authority, his administration was so wise
and impartial, that it enforced universal praise.

1 Gordon. 2 Reg. Pemis.— I. 37. 3 Hazard. * July 31, 1667.

38 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

"Colonel Francis Lovelace succeeded Colonel Nichols, in May, 1667.
By proclamation he required that all patents granted by the Dutch, for
lands upon the Delaware, should be renewed, and that persons holding
lands, without patent, should take out titles under the English authority.
Power was given to the ofl&cers on the Delaware to grant lands, and the
commission of surveyor-general, of all the lands under the government
of the Duke of York, on the west side of the Delaware, was issued to
Walter Wharton. Governor Lovelace also renewed the duty of ten per
cent, imposed on goods imported by the Delaware, which had been estab-
lished by the Dutch, and repealed by his predecessor ; but it was found
so oppressive, that he also was compelled to revoke the order by which
it was established.

"A feeble attempt at rebellion against the English government, was
made by a Swedish adventurer, called the Long Finne^ whose name was
Marcus Jacobson, but who assuming to be son of Koningsmarke, a dis-
tinguished Swedish general, traversed the country, uttering seditious
speeches, and exciting the people to . insurrection. We are uninformed
of the true nature of this man's character and designs. It is probable
that he proposed, by the aid of the Indians, to overthrow the English
power on the Delaware, and to re-establish that of his own countrymen.
He succeeded in seducing many from their allegiance, among whom were
men of consideration and property. Henry Coleman, , a Finne, who
became his chief follower, was well versed in the English and Indian
tongues, and 'deserted his home, his cattle, and corn,' to promote the
enterprise ; and, from a letter of Gfovernor Lovelace, we are informed that
a Domine, or clergyman, was also concerned with the Long Finne. The
Governor issued a proclamation, commanding the arrest of Long Finne,
Coleman, and their associates ; but, as they kept much with the Indians,
their capture was difficult. At length the former was apprehended, tried,
and convicted, by a commission sent from New York, and sentenced to
death. But the council at New York changed his sentence, and doomed
him to be severely whipped, branded with the letter R (the initial of
Rehel) upon his breast, imprisoned for one year, and to be transported to
Barbadoes, and sold as a slave for four years. His principal associates
were required to give security for their future good conduct, and to pay
the value of half their goods and chattels to the king; others of less
note were fined in small sums, at the discretion of the commissioners.

"In the Spring of the year 1672, the town of Newcastle was, by the
government of Neio Yorlc^ made a corporation; to be governed by a
Bailiff and six Associates ; after the first year four old to go out and four
others to be chosen. The Bailiff was President, and had a double vote ;
the Constable was chosen by the bench.^ They had power to try causes,
1 Smith's History of New Jersey. " ' '

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 39

as far as ten pounds, without appeal. The English laws were established
in the town, and among the inhabitants, on both sides of JJelaware. The
office of Sellout was converted into that of Sheriff, for the Corporation
and river, annually chosen. And they were to have free trade, without
being obliged to make entry at New York, as before."^

" The fears of the Government of Maryland, lest the title of Lord Bal-
timore to the country on Delaware Bay should be weakened by non-
claim, produced occasional irruptions of a very hostile character."^ An
act of violence was committed at HoarkilP [1672] by a party of Mary-
landers led by one Jones, who seized the magistrates and other inhabi-
tants, plundered them and carried off the booty. They were joined by
one Daniel Brown, a planter of Hoarkill. Brown was soon taken, sent
to New York, and there tried and convicted ; but on promise of amend-
ment and security given for his good behavior in future, was dismissed.

Governor Lovelace wrote a letter to Governor Calvert of Maryland,
on this aggression, and instructed Captain Carr, his deputy at Delaware,
to resist future aggressions.

Charles II having declared war against the States General of Holland,
Dutch privateers soon infested the American coasts, and plundered the
inhabitants of New Castle and Hoarkill. With a'viewto repairing their
losses, permission was granted to them by the government to impose,
for one year, a duty of four guilders, payable in wampum, on each anker
of strong rum imported or sold there. Wampum being the chief cur-
rency of the country and scarce, the Governor and council of New York
issued a proclamation increasing its value, whereby "instead of eight
Vfhite and four black, six white and three black should pass for a stiver:
and three times so much the value in silver. This is the Indian money,
by them called Wamjnira; by the Dutch, Sewant. It is worked out of
shells, into the form of beads, and perforated to string on leather. Six
beads were formerly valued at a Stiver ; twenty Stivers made what they

1 Proud. 2 Gordon.

^Hoarkill, the settlement so called, from a small river, or creek, near Cape-Inlopen,
or Henlopen, at the mouth of Delaware bay, was a place of considerable importance to
the Swedes about that time, though since chiefly become a residence for pilots only,
and called Lewis-town; before which, at the entrance of the bay, is the road for ships.

This place (from an old MS.) is said to have been named Hoarkill by the Dutch,
from the Indians prostituting their young women to the Netherlanders : otherwise it is
by David Piertersz de JJries, who, about the year 1630, first endeavoured to settle there,
called Swanendale.

Other accounts affirm that the original of the name arose from the winding and
turning of the creek, much in the shape of a horn, whence the Dutch word, Hoernkill:
this is the tradition of the inhabitants there, &c. But soon after it came into the hands
of the English; it took the above name of Lewis-toion, and the creek appears to be much
diminished, &c. — Proud.

40 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

called a Guilder^ Avhicli was about sixpence currency, or fourpence ster-
ling. The white Wampum was worked out of the inside of the great
Conques. The black, or purple, was formed out of the inside of the
Mussle, or Clam-shell. These, being strung on leather, are sometimes
formed into belts, about four inches broad, aud thirty in length ; which
are commonly given and received, at treaties, as seals of friendship.
Wamjm?)! has been long made by certain poor Indian families at Albany ^
who support themselves by coining this cash for the traders."

A squadron of Dutch ships under command of Evertse and Benke
arrived on July 30, [1673] and recaptured New York without opposition.
The commander of the fort at the Narrows, John Manning, treacherously
made peace with the enemy and delivered up the fort without giving or
receiving a shot, and the major part of the magistrates and constables
swore allegiance to the States General and the Prince of Orange. Thus
New York and New Jersey came again under Dutch rule. Deputies
were also sent by the people inhabiting the country as far Avest as Dela-
ware who, in the name of their principals, made a declaration of their
submission, and Delaware again reverted to the Dutch [1673.] Anthony
Colve was appointed governor, and held that office until the country was
restored to England by the treaty of Westminister, concluded Feb. 19,
167-1.1

The duke of York on June 29, 167-4, obtained a new royal patent con-
firming the land granted him in 1664 and two days after appointed
Major, afterwards sir Edmund Andross, governor of his territories in
America, which Avere surrendered to him by the Dutch on October 31,
following.^ Andross authorized Captain Edmund Cantwell and William
Tomm to take possession of the forts and stores at Newcastle for the
king's use, and directed them to take measures for the establishment of
order and tranquility on the Delaware.

"On June 24, 1664, the Duke of York granted to John, lord Berkley,
and Sir George Carteret the province of New Jersey,^ bounded on the
east by the Atlantic ocean, on the west by Delaware bay and river, on
the north by a line drawn from the Delaware river at forty one degrees
forty minutes, to the Hudson river in forty-one degrees northern latitude."

"Lord Berkley, in 1675, sold his half of the Province of New Jersey to a
person named John Fenwicke, in trust for Edward Byllinge, and his as-
signs, in consequence of which the former, this year, arrived with a
number of passengers, in a ship, called the Griffith from London^ on a
visit to his new purchase. .lie landed at a place, in West Jersey^ situated
upon a creek, or small river, which runs into the river Delaivarc : to
which place he gave the name of Salem; a name which both the place and
creek still retain."''^ ' -

1 Gordon. Hazard. sproud. ^ Gordon. i.

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 41

Byllinge being pecuniarily involved, conveyed his interest in the
province to William Penn, Gawcn Lawrie and Nicholas Lucas, in trust,
for his creditors. The trustees sold proprietary rights to several other
persons and having made with sir George Carteret, a division of the
province, proceeded to frame a constitution for their moiety under the
title " concessions and agreements of the proprietors and free-holders of
West Jersey, in America." ^

"In June, 1677, Thomas Olive, Daniel Wills, John Kinsey, John Pen-
ford, Joseph Helmsley, Eobert Stacey, Benjamin Scott, Thomas Foulke,
and Eichard Guy, commissioners, appointed by the proprietaries to su-
perintend their interests in the province, arrived at New Castle, with two
hundred and thirty settlers, principally Quakers. Having explored the
country for many miles along the shores of the Delaware, they made
allotments of land among the adventurers at several miles distance from
each other.i But fear of the natives finally induced the emigrants to
settle together, in and about a town plot, laid out by the commissioners,
first called Beverly, then Budlington, and afterwards Burlington. ^ In
the same year two ships arrived, bearing many families of great respec-
tability. The quiet of the colonists was undisturbed, except by the duty
again levied upon their commerce at the Hoarkills, by the New York
government. This Avas vexatious as a tax, and insulting to the sover-
eignty of the proprietaries, who remonstrated for some time in vain
with the agents of the Duke of York ; but finally, after an investigation,
by commissioners appointed for the purpose, the duty was repealed.

"Dispensing with their executive of commissioners, the proprietaries
appointed Edward Byllinge governor, who, soon after his arrival in the
province, commissioned Samuel Jennings as his deputy. In November,
1681, Jennings called the first assembly, and, in conjunction with them,
adopted certain articles, defining and circumscribing the power of the
governor, and enacted such laws as the wants of the colony required."

Sir George Carteret, the proprietor of East Jersey, died in 1679, having
in his last will ordered the sale of that country to pay his debts. His
heirs sold it, by indenture of lease and release, bearing date February 1
and 2, 1681-82, to William Penn and eleven other persons. These twelve
proprietors added twelve more to their number, and to these the Duke
of York made a fresh grant of East Jersey under date March l-l, 1682.

William Penn, as one of the trustees of Byllinge, became thus inti-
mately connected with the colonization of West Jersey, and subsequentlv
as a purchaser with that of East Jersey. Under these circumstances he
became familiar with the affairs of the new world and conceived the
design of founding a commonwealth on principles of perfect equality,
and of universal toleration of religious faith on the west side of the Dela-

1 Gordon. 2 By tlie Indians, Chygoes island, from a chief who dwelt upon it.

42 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

ware.^ His father, Sir William Penn, renowned in English history by the
conquest of Jamaica and by his conduct, discretion and courage in the
signal battle against the Dutch in 1665, had left to him a claim against
the government for sixteen thousand pounds, consisting to a great extent
of money advanced by him in the sea service, and of arrearages in his
pay. In 1680 William Penn petitioned Charles II. to grant him in lieu
of said sum " letters-patent for a tract of land in America, lying north
of Maryland, on the east bounded with Delaware Eiver,^ on the west
limited as Maryland, and northward to extend as far as plantable." This
petition was referred to the "Committee of the Privy Council for the
Affairs of Trade and Plantations," Avho ordered copies to be sent to Sir
John Werden, the Duke of York's agent, and to the agents of Lord Bal-
timore, "to the end that they may report how far the pretensions of Mr.
Penn may consist with the boundaries of Maryland, or the Duke's pro-
priety of New York, and his possessions in those parts." The duke of
York desired to retain the three lower counties,'' that is the State of Dela-
ware, as an appendage to New York, but his objection was finally with-
drawn, being the result of an interview between him and Mr. Penn.
Lord Baltimore's agent wanted the grant, if made to Penn, to be
expressed as "land that shall be north of Susquehanna Fort, also north
of all lands in a direct line westward from said fort, for said fort is the
boundary of Maryland northward." After sundry conferences and dis-
cussions concerning the boundary lines and other matters of minor
importance, the Committee finally sent in a favorable report and pre-
sented the draft of a charter constituting William Penn, Esq. absolute
proprietary of a tract of land in America therein mentioned to the King
for his approbation and leaving to him also the naming of the province.
The king affixed his signature on March 4, 1681, naming the province
Pennsylvania for reasons explained in the subjoined extract from a letter
of William Penn to his friend Robert Turner, dated 5th of 1st mo. 1681 :
" This day my countr}'' was confirmed to me under the great seal of Eng-
land, with large powers and privileges, by the name of Pennsylvania;
a name the Icing ivould give it in honor of my father. I chose New Wales,
being, as this, a pretty hilly country, but Penn being Welsh for a liead^^
as Penmaumoire in Wales, and Penrith in Cumberland, and Penn in
Buckinghamshire, the highest land in England, called this Pennsylvania,
which is, the high or liead looodlands^ for I proposed, when the Secretary,
a AVelshman, refused to have it called New Wales, Sylvania^ and they
added Penn to it, and though I much opposed it, and went to the king to
have it struck out and altered, he said it was past, and would take it
upon him; nor could twenty guineas move the under Secretary to vary
the name, for I fear lest it should be looked on as vanity in me, and not
1 Gordon. . 2 Hazard. 3 Ibid.

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 43

as a respect in the king, as it truly was, to my father, whom he often
mentions Avith praise."^

The Charter, under date March 4, 1681, exists in the office of the Sec-
retary of the Commonwealth, and "is written on strong parchments, in
the old English handwriting, with each line underscored with lines of red
ink, that give it a curious appearance. The borders are gorgeously fur-
belowed with heraldic devices, and the top of the first page exhibits a
finely executed likeness of his majesty, in good preservation."'- It is now
hung up in a frame. As this document is of permanent interest to every
Pennsylvanian, the reader will find it reproduced in full in Division X,
No. 1.

Nearly a month after the signing of the Charter, the King on the
second day of April, issued a declaration informing the inhabitants
and planters of the province that William Penn, their absolute pro-
prietary, was clothed with all the powers and preeminences necessary
for the government. A few days later, on April 8, the proprietary ad-
dressed the following proclamation to the inhabitants of Pennsylvania:

" My Friends : I wish jou all happiness here and hereafter. These are
to let you know that it hath pleased God, in his providence, to cast you
within my lot and care. It is a business that, though I never undertook
before, yet God hath given me an understanding of my duty, and an ho-
nest mind to do it uprightl}^ I hope you will not be troubled at your
change, and the king's choice, for you are now fixed, at the mercy of no
governor that comes to make his fortune great. You shall be governed
by laws of your own making, and live a free, and, if you will, a sober
and industrious people. I shall not usurp the right of any, or oppress
his person. God has furnished me with a better resolution, and has given
me his grace to keep it. In short, whatever sober and free men can
reasonably desire for the security aud improvement of their happiness, I
shall heartily comply with, and in five months' resolve, if it please God,
to see you. In the meantime, pray submit to the commands of my dep-
uty, so far as they are consistent with the law, and pay him those dues
that formerly you paid to the order of the Governor of New York, for
my use and benefit ; and so I beseech God to direct you in the way of
righteousness, and therein prosper you and your children after jow.

I am your true friend,

William Penn,

London, 8th of the month called April, 1681.

Captain William Markham, a cousin of William Penn, was the deputy
referred to in the preceding proclamation, whose commission, bearing-
date April 10, 1681, contained the following directions:

1. To call a council, consisting of nine, he to preside.
1 Reg. Penns.— I. 397. i Dunlap in Mem. of Peim. Hist. Soc. I. 164.

44 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

2. To read his letter and the king's declaration to the inhabitants, and
to take their acknowledgment of his authority and propriety.

3. To settle boundaries between Penn and his neighbors, to survey,
set out, rent or sell lands according to instructions given.

4. To erect courts, appoint sheriffs, justices of the peace, etc.

5. To call to his aid any of the inhabitants, for the legal suppression
of tumult, etc.^

Markham carried also letters from Penn and the king to Lord Balti-
more, authorizing him to adjust boundaries. He arrived at New York
on Jvme 21, 1681, 0. S, and "Lord Baltimore, being in the province, had
an interview with ]\Iarkham at Upland (now called Chester) which re-
sulted in discovering, from actual observation, that LTpland itself was at
least 12 miles south of 40 degrees, and that boundaries (claimed by Lord
Baltimore) would extend to the Schuylkill. This discovery ended the
conference, and gave fresh incentives to Penn to obtain from the Duke of
York a grant of the Delaware settlements, as without such grant he had
now reason to fear the loss of the whole peninsula."-

Penn soon after published an account of his province with the royal
charter and other documents connected with it, offering easy terms of
sale for lands, viz. : forty shillings sterling for one hundred acres, subject
to a quit rent of one shilling per annum forever.

"Many persons from London, Liverpool, and Bristol, embarked in his
enterprise; and an association, called the 'Free Traders' Society of Penn-
sylvania,' purchased large tracts of land. Articles of agreement between
the proprietary and the adventurers were formed, under the title of ' Cer-
tain conditions or concessions, agreed upon by William Penn, proprie-
tar}^ and governor of the province of Pennsylvania, and those Avho arc
the adventurers and purchasers in the same province, the eleventh of
Jul}^, 1681.'"^ This document is reproduced in Division X, No. 2.

In the autumn of the same year [1681] Penn appointed three Com-
missioners, viz., Wm. Crispin, John Bezar and Nathaniel Allen, to pro-
ceed to the colony, arrange for a settlement, lay out a town and treat
with the Indians. His mind towards the latter may be seen from the
subjoined letter to them, which he sent to them by his deputy and com-
missioners:*

"LoxDOX, the 18th of the Eighth month, 1G81.
" 'My Friends: There is a great God and power, that hath made the
Avorld, and all things therein ; to whom you and I, and all people owe
their being, and Avell-being; and to whom you and I must one day give
an account for all that Ave do in the Avorld.

1 Hazard's Annals, p. •'304. '- Hazard <xnotiiig- from Chalmers.

3 Gordon. ' ■ ' . . 4Pi-oud. Clarksou. Hazard.

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 45

" This great God liath written his law in our hearts, by which we are
taught and commanded to love and help, and do good to one another.
Now this great God hath been pleased to make me concerned in your
part of the world ; and the King of the country where I live, hath given
me a great province therein ; but I desire to enjoy it loith your love and
consent; that we may always live together, as neighbors and friends;
else what would the great God do to us, who hath made us, not to devour
and destroy one another, but to live soberly and kindly together, in the
world? now I would have you well observe, that I am very sensible of
the unkindness and injustice that have been too much exercised towards
you, by the people of these parts of the world; who have sought them-
selves, and to make great advantages by you, rather than to be examples
of goodness and patience unto you; which I hear hath been a matter of
trouble to you, and caused great grudging and animosities, sometimes to
the shedding of blood ; which hath made the great God angry. But I
am not such a man ; as is well known in my own country. I have great
love and regard towards you ; and desire to win and gain j^our love and
friendship, by a kind, just and peaceable life ; and the people I send are
of the same mind, and shall, in all things, behave themselves accord-
ingly; and, if in anything any shall offend you, or your people, you
shall have a full and speedy satisfaction for the same, by an equal num-
ber of just men, on both sides; that by no means you inay have just
occasion of being offended against them.

"I shall shortly come to you myself; at which time we may more
largely and freely confer and discourse of these matters ; in the mean-
time I have sent my commissioners to treat with you about land, and a
firm league of peace'; let me desire you to be kind to them, and the
people, and receive these presents and tokens which I have sent you, as a
testimony of my good tviJl to you, and my resolution to live justly,
peaceably and friendly with you.

"I am your loving friend,

William Penn.

" In the beginning of the year 1682 William Penn published his frame
of government, and certain laws, agreed on in England by himself and
the purchasers under him, entitled .' The frame of the government of the
Province of Pennsylvania^ in America; together ivith certain laws, agreed
ujJOJi in England hy the Governor, and divers freemen of the aforesaid j^fo-
vince. To he further explained and confirmed there, hy the first Provincial
Council that shall he held, if they see meetr Which /rw/nc, &c. may be
seen in Division X, No. 3.

"South of the province lay the territories or counties on Delaware,
stretching one hundred and fifty miles along the bay, to the Atlantic
•ocean. The possessor of this country, commanding the entrance and

46 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

course of the river, would have power to harass the commerce, and in
other respects to aft'ect the Avelfare of the neighboring colony .^ Penn
was desirous to possess these territories, as well on account of the security
they afforded, as of the advantages to be derived from a hardy and labo-
rious population. The Duke of York held them as an appendage to his
government, and, though reluctant to cede them, he could not resist the
solicitations of the proprietary. He executed three deeds to Penn- in
August, 1682. The first, dated the twenty-first, releasing his right to the
province ; the others, dated the twenty-fourth, granting the town of New-
castle and the land lying within a circle of twelve miles about it; and
the tract of land beginning at twelve miles south of Newcastle, and en-
tending southward to Cape Ilenlopen. For the last tract, Penn cove-
nanted to pay the Duke and his heirs one-half of all the rents and profits
received from it. These grants conveyed to the proprietary a fee simple
estate in the soil, but no political right whatever. Holding in soccage as
of the Duke's castle at New York, he owed fealty to, and was a subject
of that government. Whether he ever obtained from the crown political
powers over this country is questionable. It is certain that, when the
right he assumed became the subject of controversy, among the inhabi-
tants of the province and territories, no grant of this nature was exhibi-
ted. These deeds were duly recorded in New York, and, by proclamation
of the commander there, twenty-first November, 1782, to the magistrates
on the west side of the DelaAvare, the rights of Penn under them were
publicly recognized."

Penn having completed all arrangements for his voyage to America,
after writing a beautiful letter to his wife and children, and another "to
all faithful friends in England," accompanied by about one hundred pas-
sengers, mostly friends from Sussex, after a passage of about two months
on board the ship Welcome, of three hundred tons burthen, came in
sight of the American coast about Egg-Harbour in New Jersey on the
24:th of October, and reached New Castle on the 27th. On the following
day he produced his deeds from the Duke of York and received posses-
sion by the solemn " delivery of turf and twig and water and soyle of the
River Delaware.^'' ^ lie was received with demonstrations of gladness by
the inhabitants, and at the Court House "made a speech to the old
magistrates, in which he explained to them the design of his coming,
the nature and end of government, and of that more particularly which
he came to establish.^

"To form some idea of the proportion of the different sorts of people,

on the west side of Delaware^ about this time, or prior to William Penn's

arrival, on the lands granted him, it may be noted, that the Dutch then had

a meeting place, for religious worship, at Newcastle; the Swedes, three —

1 Gordon. 2 Hazard. 3 Clarkson. •

OP LANCASTER COUNTY. 47

one at Christeeji, one at Tenecum, and one at Wicocoa, (now in the su-
burbs of Philadelphia.) The Quakers^ as before observed, in the intro-
duction, bad three, viz.: one at Ujiland, or Chester; one at Shackamaxon,
or about where Kensi7igto7i now stands, in the vicinity of Pliiladelphia^
and one near the lower falls of Delaware.'''''^

1 Proud. 1

48 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

CHAPTER III.

FROM THE ARRIVAL OF WILLIAM PENN TO THE ERECTION OF
LANCASTER COUNTY.

Penn went to Upland (Chester) on tLe 29th of October, [1682.] On
his arrival there he changed its name. "This was a memorable event
and to be distinguished by some marked circumstance. He determined,
therefore, to change the name of the place. Turning round to his friend
Pearson, one of his own society, who had accompanied him in the ship
Welcome, he said, ' Providence has brought us here safe. Thou hast been
the companion of my perils. What wilt thou that I should call this
place?' Pearson said, 'Chester,' in remembrance of the city from whence
he came. AVilliam Penn replied, that it should be called Chester, and
that when he divided the land into counties, one of them should be called
by the same name."^

From Chester Penn is said to have proceeded with some of his friends
in an open barge, in the earliest days oi' November, to a place about four
miles above the mouth of the Sciiuylkill, called Coaquanno^k, "where
there was a high, bold shore, covered with lofty pines. Here the site of
the infant city of Philadelphia had been established, and we may be as-
sured his approach was hailed with joy by the whole population: the old
inhabitants, Swedes and Dutch, eager to catch a glimpse of their future
governor; and the Friends, who had gone before him, anxiously await-
ing his arrival."-

The following tradition connected with his arrival is given by Watson :
"The Indians, as well as the whites, had severally prepared the best
entertainment the place and circumstances could admit, William Penn
made himself endeared to the Indians by his marked condescension and
acquiescence in their wishes [1682]. He walked with them, sat with
them on the ground, and ate with them of their roasted acorns and hominy.
At this they expressed their great delight, and soon began to show how
they could hop and jump; at which exhibition William Penn, to cap the
climax, sprang' up and beat them all ! We are not prepared to credit
such light gaiety in a sage Governor and religious chief; but we have
the positive assertion of a woman of truth, who says she saw it. There
may have been a very wise policy in the measure as an act of concilia-
tion, worth more than a regiment of sharpshooters. He was then suffici-
ently young for any agility, and we remember that one of the old
1 Clarkson. 2 Janney.

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 65

Some of the young women are said to take undue liberty before mar-
riage, for a portion ; but when married, chaste. When with child they
know their husbands no more, till delivered ; and during their month
they touch no meat they eat but with a stick, lest they should defile it ;
nor do their husbands frequent them till that time be expired.

XIX. "But in liberality they excel; nothing is too good for their
friend: give them a fine gun, coat, or other thing, it may pass twenty
hands before it sticks : light of heart, strong affections, but soon spent.
The most merry creatures that live, feast and dance perpetually ; they
never have much, nor want much : wealth circulateth like the blood ; all
parts partake ; and though none shall want what another hath, yet exact
observers of property. Some kings have sold, others presented me with
several parcels of land ; the pay or presents I made them were not
hoarded by the particular owners ; but the neighboring kings and their
clans being present, when the goods were brought out, the parties chiefly
concerned, consulted what, and to whom, they should give them. To
every king then, by the hands of a person for that work appointed, is a
proportion sent, so sorted and folded, and with that gravity that is
admirable. Then that king subdivideth it in like manner among his
dependants, they hardly leaving themselves an equal share with one of
their subjects ; and be it on such occasions as festivals, or at their common
meals, the kings distribute and to themselves last. They care for little ;
because they want but little; and the reason is, a little contents them.
In this they are sufficiently revenged on us ; if they are ignorant of our
pleasures, they are also free from our pains. They are not disquieted
with bills of lading and exchange, nor perplexed with chancery suits,
and exchequer reckonings. We sweat and toil to live; their pleasure
feeds them; I mean their hunting, fishing and fowling; and this table is
spread every where. They eat twice a day, morning and evening; their
seats and table are the ground. Since the Europeans came into these
parts they are grown great lovers of strong liquors^ rum especially; and
for it exchange the richest of their skins and furs. If they are heated
with liquors, they are restless till they have enough to sleep ; that is their
cry, Some more and I ivill go to sleej) ; but, when drunk, one of the most
wretched spectacles in the world!

XX. "In sickness, impatient to be cured; and for it, give any thino-^
especially for their children ; to whom they are extremely natural. They
drink, at those times, a teran, or decoction of some roots in spring water ;
and, if they eat any flesh, it must be of the female of any creature. If
they die, they bury them with their apparel, be they man or woman; and
the nearest of kin fling in something precious with them, as a token of
their love. Their mourning is blacking of their faces ; which they continue
for a year. They are choice of the graves of their dead; for, lest they

6

{]() AUTHENTIC HISTORY

.should be lost by time, and fall to common use, tliey pick off the gras&
that grows upon them, and heap up the fallen earth, Avith great care and
exactness.

XXI. "These poor people are under a dark night in things relating to
religion; to be sure the tradition of it: 3^et they believe a 6^oc/and immor-
tality^ without the help of metaphysics : for, they say, Tliere is a Great
King that made Ihem, tuho dwells in a glorious country to the soiUhivard of
them; and that the souls of the good shall go thither, ivhere they sJiall live
again. Their worshij) consists of two parts, sacrifice and cantico. Their
sacrifice is their first fruits ; the first and fattest buck they kill goeth to
the fire; where he is all burnt, with a mournful ditty of him that per-
formeth the ceremony; but with such marvellous fervency and labor of
body, that he will even sweat to a foam. The other part is their cantico^
performed by round dances, sometimes Avords, sometimes songs, then
shouts ; two being in the middle that begin ; and, by singing and drum-
ming on a board, direct the chorus. Their postures in the dance are
very antick and differing, but all keep measure. This is done with equal
earnestness and labor, but great appearance of joy. In the fall, when
the corn cometh in, they begin to feast one another. There have been
two great festivals already; to which all come that will. I was at one
inyself : their entertainment Avas a great seat by a spring, under some
shady trees, and twenty bucks, Avith hot cakes of new corn, both Avheat
and beans, Avhich they make up in a scpiare form, in tlie leaves of the
stem, and bake them in the ashes; and after that they fall to dance. But
they that go must carry a small present in their money; it may be six-
pence; Avhich is made of the bone of a fish: the Mack is Avith them as
gold; the lohite, silver ; they call it all wampum.

XXII. "Their government is by Kings, Avhicli they call Sach.ama;
and those by succession, but always of the mother's side. For instance,,
the children of him who is now king Avill not succed, but his brother by
the mother, or the children of his sister, whose sons (and after them the
children of her daughters) Avill reign ; for no Avoman inherits. The rea-
son they render for this Avay of descent, is, that their issue may not be
spurious.

XXIII. "Every King hath his Council; and that consists of all the
old and Avise men of his nation ; Avhich, perhaps, is two hundred people.
Nothing of moment is undertaken, be it Avar, peace, selling of land, or
traf&ck, Avithout advising Avith them : and, which is more, Avith the young-
men too. It is admirable to consider how poAverful the Kings are, and
yet hoAV they move by the breath of their people. I have had occasion to
be in council with them, upon treaties for land, and to adjust the terms
of trade. Their order is thus : The King sits in the middle of an half
moon, and hath his council, the old and Avise, on each hand ; behind

OF LANCASTEK COUNTY. 07

them, or at a little distance, sit the yo anger fry, in the same figure.
Having consulted and resolved their business, the King ordered one of
them to speak to me ; he stood up, came to me, and, in the name of his
King, saluted me; then took me by the hand, and told me, 'He was
ordered by his King to speak to me ; and that now it was not he, but the
King, that spoke; because what he should say was the King's mind.'
He first prayed me, 'to excuse them, that they had not complied with
me the last time, he feared there might be some fault in the Interpreter,
being neither Indian nor English; besides, it was the Indian custom to
deliberate, and take up much time in council before they resolve; and
that if the young people, and owners of the land had been as ready as
he, I had not met with so much delay.' Having thus introduced his
matter, he fell to the bounds of the land they had agreed to dispose of,
and the price; which now is little and dear; that which would have
bought twenty miles, not buying now two. During the time that this
person spoke, not a man of them was observed to whisper or smile; the
old, grave ; the young, reverent, in their deportment. They speak little,
but fervently, and with elegance. I have never seen more natural sa-
gacit}-, considering them without the help (I was going to say, the spoil)
of tradition ; and he will deserve the name of wise that outwits them in
any treaty, about a thing they understand. When the purchase was
agi'eed, great promises passed between us, 'of kindness and good neigh-
borhood, and that the Indians and English must live in love as long as
the sun gave light:' which done, another made a speech to the Indians^
in the name of all the Sachamakers^ or Kings ; first to tell them what
was done; next, to charge and command them, 'to love the Christians^
and particularly live in peace with me, and the people under my govern-
ment ; that many Governors had been in the river ; but that no Gov-
ernor had come himself to live and stay here before; and having now
such an one, that had treated them well, they should never do him, or
his, any wrong.' — at every sentence of which they shouted and said
Amen^ in their way.

XXIV. " The justice they have is pecuniary : In case of any wrong or
evil fact, be it murder itself, they atone by feasts, and presents of their
wampum; which is proportioned to the quality of the offence, or person
injured, or of the sex they are of. For, in case they kill a woman, they
pay double; and the reason they render, is, 'that she breedeth children;
which men cannot do.' It is rare that they fall out, if sober; and, if
drunk, they forgive it, saying, 'It was the drink, and not the man, that
abused them,'

XXY. " We have agreed that, in all differences between vls, six of
each side shall end the matter. Do not abuse them, but let them have
justice, and you win them. The worst is, that they are the worse for the

68 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

Christians ; who liave propagated tlieir vices, and yielded them tradition
for ill, and not for good things. But as low an ebb as these people are
at, and as inglorious as their own condition looks, the Cliristians have
not outlived their sight, with all their pretensions to an higher manifesta-
tion. What good, then, might not a good people graft, where there is so
distinct a knowledge left between good and evil? I beseech God to
incline the hearts of all that come into these parts, to outlive the
knowledge of the natives, by a fixed obedience to their greater knowledge
of the will of God ; for it were miserable, indeed, for us to fall under the
just censure of the poor Indian conscience, while we make profession of
things so far transcending.

"XXVI. "For their original, I am ready to believe them of the Jeivish
race; I mean, of the stock of the ten tribes; and that, for the following
reasons: First, they were to go to a ' land not planted, nor knoum;^ which
to be sure, Asia and Africa were, if not Europe ; and he that intended
that extraordinary judgment upon them, might make the j)assage not
uneasy to them, as it is not impossible in itself, from the eastermost parts
of Asia to the westermost of America. In the next place ; I find them of
the like countenance, and their children of so lively resemblance, that a
man would think himself in Duke's place, or Berry street, in London, when
he seetli them. But this is not all; they agree in rites; they reckon
by moons ; they offer their first fruits ; they have a kind of feast of taber-
nacles; they are said to lay their altar WTpon twelve stones; their mowrw-
ing a year ; customs of tcomen, with many other things that do not now
occur.

"So much for the natives ; next, the old planters will be considered in
this relation, before I come to our colony, and the concerns of it.

XXVII. "The first planters, in these parts, were the Dutch; and soon
after them, the Sivedes and Finns. The Dutch applied themselves to
traffic; the Sivedes and Finns to husbandry. There were some disputes
between them, some years, the Dutch looking upon them as intruders
upon their purchase and possession ; which was finally ended in the sur-
render made by John Rizeing, the Swedish Governor, to Peter Styvesant,
Governor for the States of Holland, anno 1655.

XXVIII. " The Dutch inhabit mostly those parts of the province that
lie upon, or near the hay ; and the Swedes, the freshes of the river Dela-
v:are. There is no need of giving any description of them, who are bet-
ter known there than here; but they are a plain, strong, industrious
people; yet have made no great progress 'in culture or propagation of
fruit trees ; as if they desired rather to have enough than plenty or trafiic.
But, I presume the Indians made them the more careless, by furnishing
them with the means of profit, to wit, skins and furs, for rum and such
strong liquors. They kindly received me, as well as the English who

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 69

were few, before the people concerned with me came among them. I
must needs commend their respect to authority, and kind behaviour to
ihe, English ; they do not degenerate from the old friendship between
both kingdoms. As they are people proper and strong of body, so they
have fine children, and almost every house full ; rare to find one of them
without three or four boys and as many girls ; some, six, seven and
eight sons. And I must do them that right ; I see few young men more
sober and laborious.

XXIX. "Thei?wte/i have a meeting-place for religious worship at
New-castle; and the Sivedes, three; one at Christina^ one at Tenecum^ and
one at Wicoco^ within half a mile of this town.

XXX. "There rests that I speak of the condition we are in, and what
settlement we have made : in which I will be as short as I can, for I fear,
and not without reason, that I have tried your patience with this long
story. The country lieth, bounded on the east by the river and bay of
Delaware and Eastern sea ; it hath the advantage of many creeks, or rivers
rather, that run into the main river or bay ; some navigable for great
ships, some for small craft. Those of most eminency are, Christina,
Brandyioine, Skilpot, and 'Sculldl; any one of which have room to lay
up the royal navy of England^ there being from four to eight fathom
water.

XXXI. " The lesser creeks, or rivers, yet convenient for sloops and
ketches of good burden, are Lewis, Mespilion, Cedar, Dover, CranbrooJc,
Feversham and Georges, below; and Chichester, Chester, Toacaiuny, Pam-
mapecTca, Portquessin, Neshimench and Pennherry, in the freshes; many
lesser, that admit boats and shallops. Our people are mostly settled
upon the upper rivers; which are pleasant and sweet, and generally
bounded with good land. Th© planted part of the province and terri-
tories is cast into six counties, Philadelphia, BucJdngham, Chester, New-
castle, Kent and Sussex, containing about four thousand souls. Two
General Assemblies have been held, and with such concord and dispatch
that they sat but three weeks ; and at least seventy laws were passed
without one dissent in any material thing. But of this, more hereafter,
being yet raw and new in our gear. However, I cannot forget their sin-
gular respect to me in this infancy of things ; who, by their own private
expenses, so early considered mine, for the public, as to present me with
an impost upon certain goods imported and exported — which, after my
acknowledgment of their affection, I did as freely remit to the province,
and the traders to it. And for the well government of the said counties,
courts of justice are established in every county, with proper officers, as
justices, sheriffs, clerks, constables, &c., which courts are held every two
months. But, to prevent law suits, there are three peace makers chosen
by every county court, in the nature of common ccrhitrators, to hear and

70 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

end differences betwixt man and man. And spring and fall tliere is aii
Orphans' Court in eacli county, to inspect and regulate the affairs o f
orj'thans and widoios.

XXXII. '■'■Philadelphia^ the expectation of those that are concerned in
this province, is at last laid out, to the great content of those here that
are anyways interested therein. The situation is a neck of land, and
lieth between two navigable rivers, Delavare and Sculkil^ whereby it
hath two fronts upon the water, each a mile, and two from river to river.
Delavxtre is ii glorious river; but Ike Sculkil being an hundred miles
boatable above the falls, and its course north-east^ towards the fountain
of Susquahanna (that tends to the heart of the province, and both sides
our own) it is like to be a great part of the settlement of this age. I say
little of the town itself, because a platform will be shewn you by my agent ;
in which those who are purchasers of me will find their names and in-
terests. But this I will say, for the good providence of God, that of all the
many places I have seen in the world, I remember not one better seated ; so
that it seems to me to have been appointed for a town, whether we re-
gard the rivers, or the convenienc}'' of the coves, docks, springs, the loft-
iness and soundness of the land, and the air, held by the people of these
parts to be very good. It is advanced, within less than a year, to about
four score houses and cottages, such as they are ; where merchants and
handicrafts are following their vocations as fast as they Qan ; while the
country men are close at their farms ; some of them got a little winter
corn in the ground last season ; and the generality have had an handsome
summer-crop, and are preparing for their winter corn. They reaped
their barley this year in the month called May; the wheat in the month
following; so that there is time, in these parts, for another crop of divers
things before the winter season. We are- daily in hopes of shipping to
add to our number ; for, blessed be Grod, here is both room and accom-
modation for them — the stories of our necessity being either the fear
of our friends, or the scare-crows of our enemies — -for the greatest hard-
ship we have suffered hath been salt meat ; which by fowl, in winter,
and fish, in summer, together with some poultry, lamb, mutton, veal, and
plent}'" of venison, the best part of the year, hath been made very pas-
sable. I bless God, I am fully satisfied with the country and entertain-
ment I got in it: for I find that particular content, which hath always
attended me, where God, in his providence, hath made it my place and
service to reside. You cannot imagine my station can be, at present,
free of more than ordinary business; and, as such I may say, it is a
troublesome work. But the method things are putting in will faciliate
the charge, and give an easier motion to the administration of affairs.
However, as it is some men's duty to plow, some to soav, some to water,
and some to reap : so it is the Avisdom, as well as the dutv. of a man to

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 71

yield to the mind of Providence, and cheerfully, as well as carefully, em-
brace and follow the guidance of it.

XXXIII. "For your particular concern, I might entirely refer yon to
the letters of the President of the Society; but this I will venture to say,
your provincial settlements, both within and without the town, for situa-
tion and soil are without exception. Your city lot is a whole street, and
one side of a street, from river to river, containing near one hundred
acres, not easily valued ; which is besides your four hundred acres, in the
city liberties, part of your twenty thousand acres in the country. Your
tannery hath such plenty of bark, the saw mill, for timber, and the
place of the glass house^ are so conveniently posted for water carriage, the
city lot, for a dock, and the lohalery, for a sound and fruitful bank, and the
town Leivis, by it to help your people, that, by God's blessing, the affairs
of the Society will naturally grow in their reputation and profit. I am
sure I have not turned my back upon any offer that tended to its pros-
perity ; and though I am ill at projects, I have sometimes put in for a
share with her ofllicers, to countenance and advance her interest. You
are already informed what is fit for you further to do : whatsoever tends
to the promotion of Avine, and to the manufacture of linen, in these parts,
I cannot but wish 3^ou to promote; and the French, people are most
likely, in both respects, to answer that design. To that end I would
advise you to send for some thousands of plants out of France, with some
able Vinerons, and people of the other vocation : But because, I believe,
you have been entertained with this, and some other profitable subjects
by your President,^ I shall add no more, but to assure you, that I am
heartily inclined to advance your just interest, and that you Avill ahvays
find me Your kind cordial friend,

William Penn."

'• Philadeljjhia, the IQth of the Sixth montlt, called August, 1(383."

The controversy with Lord Baltimore, concerning boundaries, was a
subject of great anxiety to Penn, who resisted the high-handed and
aggressive measures of the former with gentle and courteous firmness.

In the beginning of 1684 a number of people from Maryland made a
forcible entry on several plantations in the lower counties, whereupon the
Governor and Council at Philadelphia sent a written remonstrance to
Lord Baltimore's demand, with orders to William Welsh to use his in-
fluence to reinstate the persons Avho had been dispossessed, and in case
mild measures should prove unavailing, legally to prosecute the invaders ;
the remonstrances had, temporarily, the desired effect, but some inhabit-
ants were threatened the next month with similar outrages, if they should
persist in refusing to be under Lord Baltimore. The government issued

1 Nicholas Moore.

72 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

a declaration, showing Penn's title, and sucli other requisites as were
thought most likely to prevent such illegal proceedings in future.^

The important interests involved in this controversy and other weighty
matters requiring Penn's presence in England, he provided for the admin-
istration of the government. The executive power was lodged with the
Provincial Council, of which Thomas Lloyd, a Quaker from Wales, was
made president — to whom the charge of the great seal was specially com-
mitted. Markham was created secretary of the province and the territo-
ries; Thomas Holmes, suryeyor general; Thomas Lloyd, James Clay-
poole, and Eobert Turner, commissioners of the land office ; and Nicholas
Moore, William Welsh, William Wood, Eobert Turner, and John Eck-
ley, provincial judges for two years. The proprietary sailed for Europe
on the 12th of June.

At his departure, the province and territories were divided into twenty-
two townships, containing seven thousand inhabitants, of whom two thou-
sand five hundred resided in Philadelphia, which comprised already
three hundred houses.^

From Penn's farewell letter to his colony, written on board the Ketch
Endeavour, we make the following extract, which will be read not with-
out emotion:

^^ Dear Friends: My love and life is to you, and with you; and no
water can quench it, nor distance wear it out, or bring it to end : I
have been with you, cared over you, and served you with unfeigned love;
and you are beloved of me, and near to me, beyond utterance. I bless
you, in the name and power of the Lord ; and my God bless you with his
righteousness, peace and plenty, all the land over. Oh, that you would
eye him, in all, through all, and above all the works of your hands; and
let it be your first care how 3^ou may glorify God in your undertakings:
for to a blessed end are you brought hither ; and if you see and keep but
in the sense of that Providence, your coming, staying and improving will
be sanctified; hut if any forget Ood^ and call not upon his name, in truth,
he tbill jMur out his plagues upon them and they shall know tuho it is that
judgetli the cldldren of m.en And, thou, Philadel-
phia, the virgin settlement of this jDrovince, named before thou wert
born, what love, what care, what service, and what travail has there been
to bring thee forth, and preserve thee from such as would abuse and
defile thee!

"Oh, that thou mayst be kept from the evil that would overwhelm
thee ; that, faithful to the God of thy mercies, in the life of righteousness,
thou mayst be preserved to the end. My soul prays to God for thee,
that thou mayst stand in the day of tryal, that thy children may be
blessed of the Lord, and thy people saved by -his power; my love to
1 Proud. 2Pi-oud. Gordon.

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 73

thee has been great, and the remembrance of thee aftects mine heart and
mine eye! the God of eternal strength keep and preserve thee, to his
glory and thy peace."

After a passage of seven weeks Penn reached England,

Charles II died Dec. 6, 1684 (0. S.) and was succeeded by James, duke
of York, whose accession was greatly dreaded by the Protestants, who
apprehended a revival of the persecutions during the reign of Mary.
Penn might have taken advantage of these apprehensions to induce more
emigrants to settle in Pennsylvania, but he was disinterested and used his
influence with the King to grant liberty of conscience to all religionists
and more especially to the Quakers. Penn had stood high in the King's
favor long before he ascended the throne, for the friendship which James
entertained for the father, who had bravely fought under his flag, was
enjoyed in a still higher degree by the son, who by that means succeeded
in obtaining from the King's Council a favorable decree in his dispute
with Lord Baltimore.^

On the first day of the second month, 1685, the lines of separation
between the county of Philadelphia and those of Bucks and Chester, were
confirmed by the Council :^

" The county of Chester was to begin at the mouth, or entrance of
Bough Creeh^ upon Delaware river, being the upper end of Tenecum
island; and so up that creek, dividing the said island from the land of
Andrew Boone and company; from thence along the several courses
thereof, to a large creek called Mill-creeh; from thence, along the several
courses of the said creek, to a west-south-west line; which line divides
the liberty lands of Philadelphia from several tracts of land, belonging
to the Welsh and other inhabitants; and from thence east-north-east, by
a line of marked trees one hundred and twenty perches, more or less;
from thence north-north-west by Haverford township, one thousand
perches, more or less ; from thence east-north-east by the land belonging
to John Humphrey, one hundred and ten perches, more or less; from
thence north-north-west by the land of John Eckley, eight hundred and
eighty perches, more or less ; from thence continuing said course to the
bounds of Sculkil river; which said Sculkill river afterAvard to the
natural bounds."

The period of Penn's absence from the colony is marked chiefly by
unhappy differences between the legislature and the executive, and
between the members from the territories and those of the province. ^
The more important events and incidents are now presented in chrono-
logical order.

[1685.] Penn had appointed Nicholas Moore from London, a lawyer
■ and President of the Company of Free Traders and a member of the Assem-
] Ebeling. 2 Col. Rec. I.— 126. 3 Day.

V4 , AUTHENTIC HISTORY

bly, to. the office of Chief Justice. The Assembly, jealous of its preroga-
tives, disregarded the fundamental laws of the colony in enacting statutes
without previously publishing them as required by the Constitution.
Moore, by opposiiig some of the measures of the Assembly and more
particularly their attempt to alter the organization of the courts of justice,
had incurred tlio enmity of the House, which proceeded to impeach him.
" Pie was charged with violence, partiality and negligence, in a cause in
which the Society of Free Traders was interested.^ Ten articles were
preferred against him, which he refused to answer, though frequently
summoned l)y the Council, ;i,nd he was saved from conviction by some
technical obstacle in the form of proceeding. But this did not protect
him from punishment. He was expelled from the Assembly, and was
interdicted all places of trust by the Council, until he should be tried upon
the articles of impeachment, or should give satisfaction to the board.
His oft'ence was not of an heinous character, since he retained the confi-
dence of the proprietary: and, in noticing his punishment, we should
remark, that he had incurred the displeasure of the House by having
entered thrice in one day his single protest upon its minutes against the
passage of bills, which had been introduced without the publication
directed by the charter. The anger of the Assembly was extended to
Patrick Robinson, clerk of the provincial court, who had refused to pro-
duce before them the minutes of that court. They voted him to be a
public enemy and a violator of their privileges, and ordered him into the
custody of the sheriff. When brought before the House he complained
of arbitrary and illegal treatment, refused to answer the questions put to
liim, and, in a fit of sulleimess, cast himself at full length upon the floor.
An address was presented to the Council requesting that the prisoner
might be disqualified to hold any public office within the province or
territories ; but this punishment was not inflicted, as Robinson subse-
quently held the clerkship of the Council and other offices. Neither
Moore nor Robinson were Quakers ; the}^ were charged with enmity to
that sect, or, in the language of Penn, ' were esteemed the most unquiet
and cross t() Friends.' There were other disturbances at this time in the
province. A certain John Curtis, a justice of the peace, was charged
with uttering treasonable and dangerous words against the King. He
was ordered to be tried by commissioners from the Council, and, though
no l)ill was found against him, he was dismissed froin his office and com-
pelled to give surety of the peace, in the sum of three hundred pounds.
Charges were made against several officers of government for extortion;
and gross immoralities were practised among the lower class of people
inhabiting the caves on the banks of the Delaware. These things were
re]iorted Avitli great exaggeration in England, by the enemies of Penn
1 Gordon. Proiul. El^cliiiy. Votes.

OF LANCASTEPw COUNTY. 75

aud the Quakers ; they prevented emigration, and greatly aftected the
reputation of the society of Friends and the proprietary."

Penn changed the form of executive government to a board of five
commissioners, any three of wliom Avere empowered to act [1(>SG.] Thc
board consisted of Thomas Lloyd, Nicholas Moore, James Claypoole,
Eobert Turner and John Eckley.

The next session of the legislature [1688] was marked by the usual
want of unanimity and the objectionable acts of the Assembly laying on
its members a solemn injunction of secrecy. This measure was not
without an exhibition of undignified violence, resisted by the Council, and
the lack of harmony greatly obstructed legislation. Lloyd, in conse-
quence, requested to be released from the public affairs of government.
His request was reluctantly granted, and on his recommendation, the
proprietary changed the plural executive into a single deputy, making-
choice of Captain John Blackwell, formerly an officer of Cromwell, under
whom he had earned a distinguished reputation in England and Ireland.
He was in New England Avlien he received his commission dated July
25, 1688.1

^'' Blachivell met the Assembly in the third month, 1689; but, by rea-
son of some misunderstanding or dissension between him and some of
the Council, the public affairs were not managed with the desired har-
mony and satisfaction; and but little done during his administration,
which continued only till the twelfth-month this year, wdien he returned
to England and the government of the province, according to cliarter,
devolved again on the Council, Thomas Lloyd^ President.

" The appointment of Blachwe.ll, who was no Quaker, to be Deputy Gov-
ernor, appears, by the proprietary's letters to his friends, in the province,
to have been because no suitable person, who w^as of that society, would
undertake the office." ^

"By the revolution of 1688, which drove James from the throne, the
proprietary lost all influence in the English court. His intimacy with
that unhappy monarcli covered him with dark suspicion.^ His religious
and political principles were misrepresented; he was denounced as a
Catholic, a Jesuit of St. Omers, and a self-devoted slave to despotism, and
was charged with conspiring the restoration of James. It is now unne-
cessary to disprove these accusations ; for though his enemies caused him
to be thrice examined before the privy council, and to give bail for his
appearance in the king's bench, he was discharged by that court, no evi-
dence appearing against him. The ties wdiich bound him to Europe
having been thus broken, he prepared to revisit his province, accom-
panied by another colony of five hundred persons, which he had assem-
bled by publication of new proposals. A convoy was appointed by
1 Proud. Goidon. 2 Pvoud. s Gordon.

76 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

government for his protection, and he was on the eve of sailing, when
his enterprise was marred by another persecution. A wretch, named
Puller, subsequently declared infamous by parliament, and pilloried, ac-
cused him, on oath, with being engaged in a conspiracy of the papists in
Lancashire to raise a rebellion, and restore James to the crown. He
narrowly escaped arrest on his return from the funeral of George Fox,
the celebrated founder of the society of Friends. Hitherto he had met
his accusers with a courage worthy of his character and his innocence, yet
such was his dread of the profligacy of the witness who now appeared
against him, that he deemed it prudent to seek retirement and privacy.
His contemplated colony failed, and the expenses of its outfit were lost."

After Blackwell's departure the Council elected Thomas Lloyd, their
president, and according to the constitution, assumed executive functions
[1690.] But six counsellors from the lower counties, without the knowl-
edge of the president, formed themselves into a separate Council, [1691]
appointed judges for those counties and made ordinances.

The President and Council of Pennsylvania forthwith published a
proclamation declaring all the acts of the six seceding members illegal.
The latter made proposals towards an accommodation, in which they
principally required that the judges and all ofl&cers of the Government
should be appointed by the nine counsellors from the lower counties.
But this was not allowed them. On the other hand, Penn tried to restore
a good understanding between the two colonies, between whom the
breach was widening, by giving them the choice of three modes of execu-
tive government, viz: by a joint council, by live commissioners, or by a
lieutenant-governor. The majority favored the last mode, but seven of
the members for the lower counties protested against it, and declared for
the commissioners, which form of government, in case the members for
Pennsylvania should persist in favor of a lieutenant-governor, they
meant to introduce into their territories until the will of the proprietary
should be known. Their principal objections against a lieutenant-gov-
ernor were the expense of his support and the fear lest the officers should
be arbitrarily dismissed. The efforts on the part of the Council of Penn-
sylvania to effect a good understanding proving fruitless, the three upper
counties choose Lloyd for their Governor, while the lower counties
rejected him. Penn, therefore, perceiving it impossible to bring about a
union, confirmed the appointment of Lloyd, and conferred the govern-
ment of the lower counties on AVilliam Markham, tlie former Secretary
of the province, who had joined with the protesting members. This was
done by William Penn much against his will and had the consequence
he predicted, viz : that the King, as will presently appear, annexed the
two colonies to the Government of NeAV York.^

1 Ebeline,-. Proud.

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 77

The schism among the Quakers, occasioned by George Keith, deserves
to be briefly noticed. The first public school in the city of Philadelphia
was established in 1689, and placed under the direction of George Keith,
a Scotchman by birth and a surveyor in the colony of New Jersey, He
was much respected among the Quakers as a talented and scholarly man,
who had distinguished himself as a writer and as the companion of Wil-
liam Penn in his travels in Germany. But he had an overbearing dis-
position and irascible temper, and was fond of disputation. He held it
unlawful for the civil authority to use force in the execution of the law
and fell off from the principles of his sect, maintaining among other
things that the inivard light was not necessary to salvation. This was
very galling to the Quakers with whom he had been connected for eight
and twenty years. They arraigned him before the monthly meeting,
with the only result of increasing his exasperation, to which he gave
vent in bitter and disrespectful language. The cause was referred to the
yearly meeting at Burlington, and to the general meeting at London.
Keith, waxing more wrathful and vituperative, and gathering separate
meetings, he was at last formally disowned in 1692, while he succeeded
in forming a considerable party of adherents in Pennsylvania, and in
making his ecclesiastical difficulties a matter of civil concern.

In the preceding year [1692] a small sloop had been stolen by a pirate
from the wharf in Philadelphia, and a warrant of hue and cry had been
issued to take the criminal, who was seized and brought into the city.
Keith denounced this act of the magistracy as violating the principles of
the Quakers against carrying arms and the employment of force. He
actually indulged in insulting and menacing language against the Gov-
ernor, and sought in printed pamphlets to bring the magistrates and the
government into contempt. The printer (William Bradford, who had
set up the first printing press in Philadelphia) was brought into court,
and treating the court contemptuously, he was ordered to be imprisoned,
although the sentence was not carried into effect ; his printing press had
been some time before taken from him. Keith also, and one of his
friends, in consequence of a printed defence entitled "Plea of the Inno-
cent," in which they personally abused Samuel Jennings, one of the
judges, were brought into court, fined in the sum of five pounds each,
but the fines were never exacted.

Keith and his adherents now made a great outcry, complaining of re-
ligious persecution; but the numerous publications which appeared at
the time show it to have been unfounded; the judges, however, deemed
it necessary in August, 1692, to issue a declaration setting forth Keith's
illegal conduct in slandering and insulting the Governor and other au-
thorities, declaring him to have only been punished for those parts of
his writings which contained these offences, and not for any of his

78 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

expressed opinions, and that they had only in view to protect the magis-
tracy from insult and abuse.

Keith remained two years longer in the colony with his separate con-
gregation, and then went to England, where, unable to justify himself
before the Quakers, he took orders in the Church of England. In 1702
he was sent to America as a Missionary, by the Society for the Propa-
gation of the Gospel among the heathen, although he labored not among
the Indians, but sought to win converts to the Church of England among
the Quakers. He remained here two years, which he employed in
travelling through the colonies, but chiefly in Pennsylvania and New
Jersey, preaching with indefatigable zeal and denouncing his former co-
religionists with the unrelenting bitterness of a renegade. His mission
being ended, Keith returned to England, was settled in a living in Sussex,
continuing to fulminate in his pamphlets against the Quakers.-^

William Penn foresaw that these dissensions would furnish the crown
a pretext for depriving him of his province. His fears were soon verified.
William and Mary seized with avidity this opportunity to punish him
for his attachment to the late king ; and they were well pleased to clothe
an act of naked power with such justification as the disorders of the
province presented.

Their majesties' commission to Benjamin Fletcher, governor-general
of New York, constituting him governor of Pennsylvania and the terri-
tories, was notified to Thomas Lloyd on the 19th of April, [1693.] There
was no notice, in this commission, of William Penn, nor of the provincial
constitution. Fletcher was empowered to summon the General Assembly
elected by the freeholders, to require its members to take the oaths and
subscribe the tests prescribed by act of parliament, and to make laws in
conjunction with the assembly, he having a veto upon their acts; and
was directed to transmit copies of such laws, for the approbation of the
crown, within three months from their enactment. Ofiicial information
of this change was not given to the constituted authorities of the prov-
ince, either by the king or proprietary; yet on the arrival of Colonel
Fletcher at Philadelphia, the government was surrendered to him with-
out objection ; but most of the Quaker magistrates refused to accept from
him the renewal of their commissions. The proprietary condemned this
ready abandonment of his rights, and addressed a cautionary letter to
Fletcher, warning him of the illegality of his appointment; which might
have restrained the latter from exercising his authority, had it been
Timely received, as he was attached to Penn by personal fovors."

At the very beginning a misunderstanding arose between the Governor
and the Assembly who attempted the introduction of a mode of" sum-
moning and electing the representatives at variance with the fundamental
1 Ebeling. Proud. '- Gordon. Proud. Min. of Council.

OP LANCASTER COUXTY, 7C>

laws of the province, which he was bound to o])serve.^ The Assembly,
consisting of members from the upper and lower counties, but reduced to
about sixteen in number, on convening, took steps to maintain their own
aud the people's rights. The Governor, on the majority of the mcinber.s
refusing to take the oaths, honored their conscientious scruples in permit-
ting them simply to subscribe, but told them that this was an act of f/ror,:
and not of right which must not be used as a precedent.

In this Assembly two important subjects were considered: the confir-
mation of the old laws and a grant of aid in men or money to the King
for the then existing war with France. The Assembly used the latter in
order to secure the former, hoping that Fletcher would yield this point
for the sake of obtaining the other, as his province of ISTew York was
much exposed to the Indians who were supported by the French in Can-
ada. Fletcher maintained a firm attitude, insisting upon the rejection of
eight of the old laws, chiefly penal, as in conflict with and less rigorous
than the laws of England. Long negotiations ensued but lie finally con-
firmed them all (one concerning shipwrecks excepted) subject to the
King's pleasure. The Assembly, on their part, granted the required
subsidy, after considerable- delay, they insisting that their grievances
should first be redressed. Fletcher claimed the right of altering the
new laws, even without the deliberations of the Assembly. This was
strenuously resisted by a party in the Assembh^, which, though in the
minority, had their protest against Fletcher's pretensions entered upon
the journal of the House. The Governor threatened to annex the pro-
vince to New York, and then the moderate part}^, rather than submit to
this, preferred receiving the confirmation of their rights and liberties as
a favor at the hands of the Governor.^

Prior to his departure for New York, Fletcher appointed Williaiu
Markham, the proprietary's kinsman, Lieutenant-Governor, [169-1.]

Governor Fletcher, being engaged at New York, did not meet the
Assembly at its first session of this year.^ At the second he earnestly
solicited them to make further appropriations for the public defence.
He endeavored to excite their emulation by the example of New Jersey,
which had freely contributed troops and money, and tried to engage their
compassion, by describing the sufferings of the inhabitants about Albany,
from whence "fourscore families," he said, "had been driven, rather by
the negligence of their friends, than by the force of their enemies." Expe-
rience having taught him, that it was vain to ask men, whose religion
forbade the use of arms, to organize a military force, or appropriate funds
for its support, he sought to frame his demands in a less questionable
shape. Putting out of vicAV all warlike intentions, he solicited their

lEbeling. Proud. 2Ebeling. Proud. Votes.

3 Gordon. Clarkson. Penn's letter, Sept. 5, 1695.

80 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

charity ''to feed the hungry and clothe the naked," by supplying the
Indian nations with such necessaries as might influence them to continue
their friendship to the province. But even these instances proved pow-
erless. For, although another tax, similar to the last, was voted, no part
of it was appropriated to the war or relief of the Indians. As a con-
siderable sum had been given to Fletcher, justice demanded that the
services of the proprietary deputies should also be rewarded. The House,
therefore, directed two hundred pounds each should be given to Mark-
ham and Lloyd, and that the balance to be raised by the bill should
defray the general expenses of the government. Fletcher rejected their
bill, because the whole sum was not granted to their majesties, with a
request that the}^ would appropriate it to the use of the deputies, and to
the defence of ISTew York and Albany ; and the house, refusing to modify
it, and asserting their right to appropriate their money at their pleasure,
was dissolved. The proprietary, whose political views were rarely ob-
scured by his religious principles, reprehended strongly this resolute
refusal; nor was he blind to the effects which such opposition to the
wishes of the crown might have upon his particular interests."

"The clouds of suspicion, which had long enveloped William Penn,
were at length broken. He had many friends among the nobles who
surrounded the king, and his true character was at last made known to
William. He was heard before the privy council, and was honourably
acquitted; and was restored to his proprietary rights by patent, dated
August, 1694, in which the disorders in the province were ascribed
solely to his absence."

Shortly before his re-instatement, Penn lost his wife, Gulielma Maria,
in the twelfth month of the preceding year.

Penn appointed William Markham his Lieutenant Governor of Penn-
sylvania and territories, on Ninth-month 24th, 1694.

The restoration of the former government did not bring with it con-
tentment and a good understanding between the different branches of the
Legislature. Fletcher was disliked because he had innovated upon the
legislative forms, but the Assembly summoned by Markham, in Septem-
ber, 1695, was as much dissatisfied with him, although he had summoned
them according to forms prescribed by the charter. The great bone of
contention still being the subsidy to be granted to the King. Penn's
letter shows that he disapproved of their conduct. Markham presented
to the Assembly a new act of settlement, which was readily agreed to,
but not finally adopted until the following year, because the Governor,
no doubt on account of their obstinancy in refusing to pass the subsidy
act, unexpectedly dissolved the assembly. The next legislature was
more complying, perhaps because the Governor after the example of
Fletcher, and conformably to the new form of government, summoned a

w%»;

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 81

smaller number of members of both houses. After a long remonstrauce to
the Governor had been found without effect, the proposal of a joint com-
mittee of the ^wo branches of the Legislature was acceded to, by which it
was agreed to accept the new constitution, provided Penn should approve
of it, and immediately a new subsidy of £300, was granted for the sup-
port of the royal government and of the suffering Indians. This was
done by a tax of one penny on the pound on all assessed property.^

" The new Constitution^ was more democratic than the former one.
The Council, chosen biennially, consisted of two, and the Assembly,
elected annually, of four members from each county. The right of the
latter to originate bills, to sit on its own adjournments, and to be indis-
soluble during the term for which it was elected, was explicitly estab-
lished ; and the powers and duties of the several officers were accurately
defined. This instrument was never formally sanctioned by the proprie-
tary, and it continued in force only until his arrival in the province, in
1699 (or rather until 1701, when a new and more lasting one was sub-
stituted in its place.) Under it the people were content, and calmly and
industriously applied themselves to the improvement of the countrj-.
And their best eulogium is the paucity of material for history, which
their annals for several years afford. The Governor made another
attempt, unsuccessfully, to obtain money for military purposes; the
Assembly pleaded the poverty of their constituents, but professed their
readiness, in future, to obey the commands of the king, not incompatible
with their ability and religious persuasion."

The document will be found in full in Division X., No. 5.

On the fifth of the First month, 1695-6, he consummated his second
marriage, at Bristol, with Hannah, the daughter of Thomas Callowhill,
and grand daughter of Dennis Hollister, an eminent merchant of that
city.^ She was said to be a religious young woman, of excellent quali-
ties ; with whom he lived during the rest of his life ; and had issue by
her, four sons and one daughter.

In the Second month, 1696, his eldest son, by his former wife, named
Springett, died at Worminghurst, in Sussex, of a consumption, in the
twenty-first year of his age.

William Penn, accompanied by his second wife and children, sailed
from England in the ship Canterbury in September, and after a tedious
voyage of more than three months, arrived in the Delaware on the 1st
day of the 10th month (December, O. S. 1699). The length of the voyage
was providentially ordered, for had it been shorter, Penn and his family
would have been exposed to the perils of the yelloAv fever, which had
lately raged with great fury in Philadelphia. Thomas Story, in his jour-
nal, speaks of its effects as follows: "In this distemper had died, six
1 Ebeling. Proud. Votes. 2 Gordon. 3 Proud.

7

82 • AUTHENTIC HISTOEY

seven, and sometimes eight a da\^, for several Aveeks; there being le^v
houses, if any, free of the sickness. Great was the majesty and hand of
tlie Lord, great Avas the fear that fell upon all llesh ; I saw no lofty, or
airy countenance, nor heard any vain jesting, to move men to laughter;
nor Avitty repartee, to raise mirth; nor extra\\agant feasting, to excite
the lusts and desires of the flesh aboA'C measure: but ever}' face gather-
eth paleness, and many hearts Avcre humbled and countenances lallen and.
sunk, as such that Avaited CA^ery moment to be summoned tu the bar and
numbered to the grave;' ■ .

Penn Avas cordiall}^ Avelcomed, it being generally l)elieA'ed that he had
come resolved to spend the remainder of his life in the ju'ovince.^ Still
he did not encounter that Avarm affection and unbounded confidence
among the colonists, Avhich on his lirst visit liad enalded him to lead
them entirely according to his Avill.

The first Assembly, AA'hich met in -Tanitary, f 700. ]i;id prineijnilly in
vieAV to increase the seA^erity of the laws against ])iracy. and tlie vinlatio]^
of the British statutes concerning navigation.

The proprietary, believing CA'crything ready for the introduction of a
ncAV form of government, free from the defects of the former foi-nis, and
calculated to impart strength and unity to the ad^ninistration, called an
extraordinary meeting of the Assend^ly in May, 1700, Avliich consisted ol'
a larger number of members than those Avliich })i'eceded it, and held a
session of unusual length. The new Charter, although frecpiently dis-
cussed by the two houses jointly and separately, A\'as not carried through
at this and the next General Assembly AAdiich Avas held in October of the
same year, at NcAvcastle. The formation of a code of hiAvs securing the
titles to landed property and a grant for the support of the goA'ernment
in addition to the ncAV charter, Avere the chief objects of said Assembly-
Its enactment tailed to be accomplished chiefly on acccnuit of the exacting
and unreasonable conditions stipulated by the loAver counties. -

"The proprietary uoav procured a system regulating the treatment of
slaves, to be incorporated in the discipline of the society, tliereby allcA'i-
ating the situation of those A\diose masters Avei'c not yet con\unced of the
iniquity of slavery. Althougli these measures could not abolish the
horrid traffic, they discouraged the Avealthy and respectable inhabitants
from prosecuting it, and fostered a s})irit of humanity Avliich led to the
moral, religious and physical improA'cment of the slaAa\ To the dictates
of philanthropy Penn endeavored to give the force of laAv. lie proposed
to the Assembly two bills; one regulating the marriages of negroes;
rightly judging that connubial ties and domestic affections, promoted by
the inhibition of promiscuous sexual intercourse, were the most efficient
means to establish pure morals; the other, estabhshing a mode for the_
1 ElR'liu'^ -Goidoii. Proud. C'laikson. Votes.

OF lancastp:r couxty. b3

trial and punishment of the offences of slaves, substitutiiig the judgiuent
of the law for the Avill of their masters. The latter of these bills only
received the legislative sanction. It is difficult to assign reasons for the
rejection of the former. Its provisions could not reduce the value of
slaves as property, nor license insubordination. Perhaps the existing
laws against incontinence were deemed adequate to restrain tlie impro-
prieties tlie bill was designed to remedy.

"The proprietary also endeavored, though unsuccessfully, to obtain
additional legislative restrictions upon the intercourse with the Indians,
in order to protect them from the arts of the whites. Xor was he more
happy in his renewed exertions to instruct the aborigines in the doctrines
of Christianity ; their language, according to the report of the interpreter,
not affording terms to convey its mj^steries. This reason, however, was
not well -founded, and was the subterfuge of the agent to cover his own
ignorance or indolence. The success of the venerable Elliot, and of the
Moravian missionaries, has proven that the Indian language is compe-
tent for the communication of the most abstract ideas. But, resolute to
improve their temporal condition, Penn conferred frequently with the
several nations of the proviiice and its vicinity; visiting them familiarlv
in their forests, participating in their feasts and amusements, and enter-
taining them with much hospitality and state at his mansion at Penns-
bury. He formed a new treaty with the Susquehanna, the Shawanese, the
Ganawese, and tribes of the Five nations. This treaty provided for per-
petual peace and good offices between the parties, confirmed to the Indi-
ans the benefits and subjected them to the penalties of the English law,
in their intercourse with the whites. It stipulated that both parties should
refuse credence to unauthorized reports of hostility intended by either :
that the Indians should neither aid nor suffer strange tribes to settle in
any part of the province without permission from the governor ; that no
European should engage in the Indian trade without the license of the
government; and lastl}^, that the sale of the lands lately made to the pro-
prietary in the neighborhood of the Conestogo should be confirmed. In
the spirit of this treaty, the provincial council formed a company of traders
exclusively authorized to conduct the Indian trade, and instructed to
repress the inebriety of the natives, and to impress upon them a sense of
the Christian religion by examples of probity and candor." [1701.]

In the spring of this year William Penn took a journey into the inte-
rior of the province, as appears from a letter of Isaac jSTorris, who says :
" I am just come home from Susquehanna, where I have been to meet the
Governor. We had a roundabout journey, having pretty well traversed
the wilderness. We lived nohhj at the Kinr/''s palace at Conestogo^ from
thence crossed it to the Schoolkill."i

1 Janney.

84 AUTHEXTIC HISTORY

Peuii's situation now became uncomfortable in consequence of the news
lie received from England, which urged his preparations for a speedy
return.

"Since the revolution, it had been a favorite measure of the crown to
purchase the proprietary governments in America.^ Jealousy of the power
of these governments had grown with their growth ; and a bill was now^
before the lords to change them into regal ones. The friends of Penn,
and others interested in the province, had succeeded with difiiculty in
obtaining a postponement of the bill until his return, which they earn-
estly represented to him should be immediate."

Penn forthwith convened the legislature on September, 16, 1701. " The
completion of a new constitution, and the enactment of such laws as
required his special sanction, made the session important and laborious. ^
The address of the proprietary was most frank and conciliator3% He
apologized for having summoned them before the customary time,
expressed his regret at being so unseasonably called away, and assured
them of his unceasing love and regard. 'Think,' said he, 'therefore,
(since all men are mortal,) of some suitable expedient and provision for
your safety, as well in your privileges as property, and 3'ou will find me
ready to compl}^ w^th whatever may render us happy by a nearer union
of our interest.' Yet actuated by his duty to the crowm, he again drew
their attention to the king's demand for money, and nientioned a late
treaty of peace, concluded with the Indians by the governor of New York
in behalf of all the provinces, as w^orthy of their acknovv'-ledgments. The
House replied to the address with grateful thanks, but refused the war
contribution for the reasons already given."

While the Assembly was in session the Sachems of the Susquehanna
and Shawnese Indians and others came to take leave of Penn.^ He spoke
to them in Council, and told them, ''that the Assembly was then enact-
ing a law, according to their desire, to prevent their being abused by
selling of rum among them ; that he requested them to unite all their
endeavors, and their utmost exertion, in conjunction with those of the
government, to put the said law in execution."

At the same time he likewise informed them, "that now, this was like
to be his last interview wdth them, at least before his return ; that he
had always loved and been kind to them ; and ever should continue so
to be, not through any politic design, or on account of self-interest, but
from a most real affection:" "and he desired them, in his absence, to
cultivate friendship with those whom he should leave behind in author-
ity; as they would always, in some degree, continue to be so to them, as
himself had ever been. Lastly, that he had charged the members of
Council, and then also renewed the same charge, that they should, in all
iGoidoii. 2 Proud. Col. Rec.

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. «0

respects, be kind to them, and entertain tliem with all courtesy and de-
monstrations of good-will, as himself had ever done ; which the said mem-
bers promised faithfully to observe. Then, after making them some
presents, they v/ithdrew."

The Assembly prepared an address detailing their wants and wishes,
which related particularly to the appointment of a Lieutenant-Governor
in his absence, the security of their land-titles, and the allowance of ten
for every hundred acres connected with them, which they claimed by
virtue of the Governor's promise. They proposed the establishment of
a patent office and that the quit-rents should be made redeemable. The
lower counties in the twenty-one articles of which the address consisted,
had asked much for themselves in direct opposition to the proprietary's
interest ; yet he granted the most of what was asked, refusing only some
unjust demands and others of a private character, with which the Legis-
lature had no right to interfere. The Assembly, on the other hand,
pressed their demands, although Penn's complaisance went so far as to
invite them to nominate his Lieutenant, which however, they modestly
declined.!

While they were debating on a bill to confirm the laws at Newcastle
and the majority seemed to be in favor of its passage, the misunderstand-
ing between the representatives of the two colonies was again revived,
with more violence than ever, so that several of the members for the
lower counties left the House. It needed all of Penn's weight of char-
acter and earnest interposition to prevent an open rupture. He promised
to agree to the separation of the two colonies.^ " But then," continued the
proprietary, "it must be upon amicable terms, and a good understanding.
That they must first resolve to settle the laws ; and that, as the interest
of the Province, and that of those lower counties would be inseparably the
same, they should both use a conduct consistent with that relation." &c.

They appear to have remained obstinate, by the following letter of the
proprietary, written the next day, and directed to the Speaker, to be
communicated to the whole House, viz:

"Friends: Your union is what I desire; but your peace and ac-
commodating one another, is what I must expect from you. The repu-
tation of it is something ; the reality much more. And I desire 3^ou to
remember and observe what I say. Yield in circumstantials^ to preserve
essentials ; and, being safe in one another, you will always be so in esteem
with me. Make me not sad, now I am going to leave you; since it is for
you, as well as for,

^^Your Friend and Proj^rietary and Governor^

William Penn."

" October loth, 1701."

1 Votes. Proud. Ebelins-. 2Eberlinc:. Proud.

86 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

Matters were adjusted temporarily with the provision for a conditional
separation, if they chose it, within the space of three years.

'• The constitution, which had been under consideration for more than
eighteen months, was finally adopted on the twenty-eighth of October,
six }iarts in seven of the Assembly having formally surrendered the pre-
vious charter granted l3y Penn. The new charter was as comprehensive
on the subject of civil and religious liberty as the former ones. Whilst
it secured, by general provisions, the most important of human rights, it
left minor subjects to be detailed and enforced by the laws." . - .

The Charter itself, which remained in force until the final separation
of Pennsylvania from Great Britain, is given in full in Division X, No. 6.

Penn likewise, by letters-patent, under the great seal, established a Coun-
cil of State, composed of ten members, chiefly Quakers, and his intimate
friends, of Avhom four made a quorum ; who Avere empowered " to consult
and assist, with the best of their advice, the proprietary himself or his dep-
iities, in all pul)lic affairs and matters relating to the government." And,
in his absence, or on the death or incapacity of his deputy, they, or any five
of them, were authorized to execute all the proprietary powers in the
administration of the government. The members of the council were
removable at tlic will of the governor, who might increase their number
at ])leasure.^

Andrew Hamilton, one of the propritjtaries of East Jersey, and for-
merly (ioverm^r of East and West Jersey, having been appointed Deputy
Governo]', and James Logan, Provincial Secretary and Clerk of the
Council, AVilliam Penn sailed for England in the ship Dalmahoy, and
arrived at Portsmouth al)Out the middle of December. The bill for
reducing tlie proprietary into regal governments, pending in Parliament,
was entirely dropped. King William died on the ISth of the first month,
1701-2. and was succ-eeded by the Princess Anne, of Denmark, with
wlioni William Penn was in great favor.

(iovernor Hamilton's administration was very brief, for he died in the
twfllth month of this year [1702.] - His chief eftbrts had been unsuccess-
fully di]'eeted to the consummation of a union betAveen the proA'ince and
territories. Upon his death the gOA^ernment deA^oh'ed upon the Council,
Edwnrd Shi})|.)cn being President.

'•During this time of dispute, or endeavors for an union between the
representatiA^es of the province and territories, not much other public
business of importimce appears to have been transacted in the alfairs of
the government. Tlic latter persisted in an absolute refusal to joiuAvith
the former, in legislation, till it AA'as finally, in the A'ear 1703, agreed and
settled betAveen them, that they should compose dilYerent and distinct
AssemlJies, entirely independent of each other, pursuant to the liberty
1 Gordon. 2 Proud.

OF LANCASTER COUXTV. 87

'.illowccl by u clause in tlic charter for that jjiirpose; wliicli clause was
said to have been tliero inserted by the })articular and special means of
the Representatives of the territories, with previous full intention of the
.separation which ensued: and in this capacity they have ever acted since
that time."^

''The proprietary's choice of a successor to Governor Hamilton fell on
]\h\ John Evans, a young man of six and tAventy years of age, and of
Welsh extraction.'-^ lie was earnestly recommended to Secretary Logan,
under whose direction he had promised to pdace himself. lie arrived in
the province in February, and soon after increased the number of the
Council, calling to that board, with others, William Penn the younger,
who had accompanied him to the province. Pursuant to the instructions
of the proprietary, he earnestly applied himself to re-unite the province
and territories; and his want of success in this measure produced an
unfavorable disposition towards the forincr, which embittered his whole
administration.""

John Evans was a young man, uncommonly zealous and active in
whatever affected the proprietary's interests; deficient neither in wit nor
talents, he lacked experience, prudence and tact; his private life was
inoreover, highly offensive to the steady and quiet ways of the sober and
moral Quakers. He early attached himself to the interest of the lower
counties, and induced their Assembly to pass laws manifestly designed
to produce unpleasant effects in the province. England being then at
war with France and Spain, he had been ordered b}^ the Queen to raise
a ]jiilitia in Pennsylvania, but his eftbrt proved unsuccessful, [1706.] He
affected to treat the peaceful principles of the Quakers with contempt,
and unable to argue them out of their principles, endeavored to gain his
object by a stratagem, concerted with Pobert French, of Newcastle,
Thomas Clark, a lawyer of Philadelphia, and other associates.^

'•On the day on which the annual fair was held in Philadelphia, French
despatched a messenger, in great haste, and seeming consternation, to the
Governor, with news tliat the enemy's ships were in the Delaware, and
making for tlic city. This intelligence was instantly published, and
Evans, rjiounted on horseback, with his sword drawn, rode through the
streets in well-feigned alarm, commanding and entreating the people of
all ranks and opinions to arm for the public defence. A general panic
immediately prevailed. The 'shipping disappeared from the wharves, the
l:)oats and small craft crowding into the neighboring creeks, and the
larger vessels running up the river above Burlington. Plate and other
valuables were thrown into wells and privies, whilst the owners sought
secuj'ity in tlie nearest covert; and several pregnant women were uu-

1 Proud. 2 Gordon. Proud.

•3 Gordon. Votes. Proud. Los,-au MSB.

88 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

timely delivered by their fears. A few incredulous men preserved their
presence of mind, and laboured to restore order to the affrighted city.
The falsehood of the report was ascertained before night, and its authors
were compelled to seek in absence their own safety from the vengeance
of the people.

" This experiment on the principles of the Quakers was wholly unsuc-
cessful ; the greater part attending their religious meeting, as was their
custom on that day of the week, persisted in their religious exercises,
amid the general tumult, instead of flying to arms as the Governor had
anticipated. Four members only repaired with weapons to the rendez-
vous. The conduct of Secretary Logan on this occasion, as represented
by the Assembly, was extraordinary and indefensible. A Quaker of
high moral character, learned and enlightened, he submitted to play a
puerile and subordinate part in this shameful farce. Under pretence of
observing the enemy, he went upon the river, and communicated with
the Governor by concerted signals, and staying a sloop whose arrival
would have exposed the falsehood, he displayed from her masts simu-
lated French colours."

This action, Avhich made Evans odious to the people of Philadelphia,
occurred almost simultaneously with an unwise and unlawful measure,
which greatly offended the merchants of the province. He had author-
ized the Assembly at Newcastle to erect a fort near the town, where it
could be of little use to the safety of the two provinces. For the main-
tenance of this fort, inward bound ships, not owned by residents, were
obliged to deliver there half a pound of powder for each ton measure-
ment. The provincialists remonstrated against this abuse in vain. At
length Kichard Hill, AYilliam Fishbourne, and Samuel Preston, three
spirited Quakers, resolved to remove the nuisance by a method different
from any that had yet been attempted. Hill and his companions, on
board the Philadelphia, a vessel belonging to the former, dropped down
the river and anchored above the fort. Fishbourne (some say Isaac
Norris) and Preston went ashore and informed French, the commander,,
that their vessel was regularly cleared, demanding to pass uninter-
ruptedl3^ This being refused. Hill who had been bred to the sea, stood
to the helm and passed the fort with no other injury than a shot through
the mainsail. French pursued in an armed boat, was taken alone on
board, while his boat, cut from the vessel, fell astern, and was led pris-
oner to the cabin. Governor Evans, apprized of the ] natter, followed
their vessel by land to Newcastle, and after she had passed the fort, pur-
sued her in a boat to Salem, where he boarded her in great anger and
behaved with great intemperance. Lord Cornbury, Governor of New
Jersey, who claimed to be Vice- Admiral of the Delaware, being then at
Salem, the prisoners were taken before him, and having, together with

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 89

Governor Evans, been severely reprimanded, and giving promise of fu-
ture good behavior, was dismissed with the jeers of the captors. After
this spirited action the fort no longer impeded the navigation of the
Delaware.^

On the 27th of June, 1707, the Governor in company of several friends
and servants set out on a journey to the Indians, occasioned by a message
from the Conestogo and other Indians upon the Nantikokes' designed
journey to the five nations.- He visited in turn the following places: Pe-
quehan on the Pequea, Dekonoagah on the Susquehanna, about nine miles
distant from Pequehan, Conestogoe and Peixtan, had friendly intercourse
with them and seized one Nicole, a French Indian trader, against whom
heavy complaints had been made. His capture was attended with diffi-
culties, but he was finally secured and mounted upon a horse with his legs
tied under the belly I^ From the articles of remonstrance, addressed to
the proprietary by the Assembly, mentioned below, it seems, however,
that the Governor's conduct among the Indian^ was not free from censure,
it being described as "abominable and unwarrantable."

The unhappy misunderstanding between the Governor and his Secre-
tary Logan on the one hand,and the Assembly on the other, almost par-
alyzed legislative action and led to the most lamentable exhibition of ill
temper on the part of the Assembly, which first produced articles of
impeachment against Logan, and afterwards, determined to have Evans
removed, a remonstrance against both addressed to William Penn. The
language of that instrument was intemperate, many of its charges exag-
gerated, and some unfounded. "This remonstrance was not only unjust,
but also unwise and inconsiderate;* for it tended to produce the very
steps which they were desirous to guard against; by provoking the Gov-
ernor to relinquish a troublesome and ungrateful province to the crown
of England, which had long wished to repossess it."

In the beginning of this year, 1709, Governor Evans was removed and
Charles Gookin appointed his successor.^ Gookin was a native of Ireland
and somewhat advanced in years. He had been formerly in the army
and was, in the language of Penn, a man of pure morals, mild temper'
and moderate disposition. When he arrived, the legislature was in session.

The Assembly, instead of waiting for the propositions of the Governor,
hastened to present to him a statement of grievances in which they re-
peated the weightiest of their complaints against his predecessor, and
demanded immediate satisfaction. In vain Gookin endeavored to con-
vince them that he had no right to sit in judgment over the acts of his
predecessor. These beginnings were not promising. Lloyd was almost
always at the head of the Assembly and Logan had as much influence on

1 Proud. Gordon. 2 Col. Keo. II.— 393. 3 Col. Rec. II.— 390.

4Ebelino-. 5 Pvoiid. Ebeliup-.

90 AUTHENTIC HISTOllY

Gookiu as on his predecessor. The spirit of discontent which reigned in
the Assembly probably originated in the embarrassment of Penn, whose
means were now greatly curtailed by his generosity towards his province
and the cause of the Quakers. Already in 1707 he was involved in a
heavy lawsuit with the executors of his former steward, who preferred
large claims against him, the injustice of which he could not sufficiently
prove, since even the Court of Chancery could not liberate him from
imprisonment until he had satisfied the complainants. The income of his
European estate was inadequate to pay his other debts and he had to
borrow £6600 sterling, for which he mortgaged his province. The
knowledge of his situation may have prompted the Assembly to extort
more privileges from him and to limit his prerogative. On the other
hand, necessity compelled him to be attentive to the coUectiiin of his
revenue from the province and to increase it as much as possible. This
conduct of the Assembly, however, contributed not a little to disgust him
with the whole undertaking.^ Repeatedly urged to restore the province
to the croAvn, but Ion"" struo-oiiuo- against the ai)aiid(>Mmeiit of the
brilliant hopes he had cherished to found a religious nation and a model
•jf true freedom, his groAving necessities and the constant o[)position of the
legislature of Pennsylvania finally compelled liini to take that step.
Several circumstances which occurred during the administration ol'
Gookin, contributed to produce this resolution. ^I'he (.^ueen required the
aid of the province towards the conquest oT Canada, in' which the New
England colonies assisted her with zeal. Pennsylvania was recprired to
furnish and sup|)ort 150 men at an estimated expense of £4000. The
Assembly voted a free gift to the cpieen of £80(J. To tliis was added the
Governor's salary of £200, which, however, they W(_>uld not allow until
he should have passed the bills presented to him and redressed their
grievances, which bore chiefly on the retention of Logan. The latter
being about to visit England on the proprietary's business, ;it the next
sitting ot tlie Assembly, demanded a trial, instead of granting winch the
Assemljly ordered the slierili to take him into custodA': the Governor
prevented his arrest l>y issuing a, supersedeas. This ])ut tlie Assembly
ipiite (Hit of temper and arrested all business besides the entering on their
juinutes of a protest against the Governor's illegal and arbitrary measures.
Logan went to London, full}^ justified his conduct, and. returned to the
province confirmed in his office and enjoying more than ever the favor
of the govermnent.

Penn addressed a touching letter to the Assembly, in which he detailed
and described their unjust and illegal pretensions, taxed them with ingrati-
tude, took the part of Logan, and finally intbrmed them that, if they
should persist in their ojiposition to his government,- he inust seriously
1 Ebeling. 2 Ebelino-. Gunloii.

(M-' I.AXCASTJvli COL'NTV. 91

con.sidci' wJiiit he should (!(> -with j'(j,ij,ui'il t(^ his pi-(>vijii:<-' ami his determi-
nation should be governed hy tin? eondnet oi' tln^ i'utnre Asseiuljly.

This letter effected an instantaneous chan<ie in. tlie minds of tlic people;
a new Assembly A\'as chosen [1710;] harmony ol' ac^tion i^nsucd between
this Assembly and (iookiu : they completed l)y theii' Jaws the organization
of the courts of justice, and voted t<^ the Queen the sum of £2000, although
they were Avell informed of her detei'inination to go to war with France.

In the m<mth of June, 1711, the Governor visited (Jonestogo and as thi-
minutes of Ids Journey exluljit tlic lirst ofHcia] account ol' actual settlers
in Lancaster C(Tunty, tliey are given in full:

At Coxestogo, June Ls, 1711.

Pkkskxt : Idle lion. Charles (Jookin, Es({., Lieut. Grovern(n\ and Joseph
Growdon, liichard Ilill, Griffith Owen, Caleb Pusej^, Esqs.

A present of oO pounds of powder, 1 piece of StroudAvater, 1 piece ol"
DulTils, 100 pounds of sliot — being laid upon the lloor. tlie Governor, by
Indian Ilari'y, the Interprete]', thus spoke:

■'(io\'ernoL- Penn, upon all occasions, is willing to show hciwgreata
regard he bears to _you: he therefore has sent this snntll present (a
forerumie]' of a greater one tc^ come next spring) to you, and hath re-
C|uire<l me to accpiaint you that he is about to settle some people upon
the branches of the Potomac, and doubts not but the same mutual friend -
shi}) which has all along as brothers passed betwixt the inhabitants of
this Government and you, will also continue betwixt you and those he
is about to settle; he intends to present five belts of wampum to the Five
iSTations, and one to you of Conestogo, and retpiires your iVicndship to
the Palatines, settled near Perjxae."

To which they answer:

•• That they are extremely well pleased with the Governor's speech; but
as they are at presen^t in war Avith the Toscororoes and other Indians,
they think that place not safe for any Christians, and are afraid if any
damage should happen to these, the blame may be laid upon them, that
settlement being situated betwixt them and those at Avar Avith them. As
to th- Palatines, tltey are, la their 0])inion, safely seated, but earnestly
desire that the death of Le Tore ma}' be noAV adjusted, for that they shall
not thiidv themselves safe till it is.

July 18th, Tuesday about tAvelve.

The Senoquois and SluiAvuois met the Governor and Council. Opessah.
chief of the ShaAvnois, by ]\[artin Chartier, interpreter, thus spoke:

•■ AV ere it possible for us by presents, or an}' other Avay, to atone for
the lives of those men our young people unadAdsedly sleAV, we Avould be
partly Avilling to make satisfaction, and such a condescension Avould
forever be gratefully remembered and more eagerly engage us, and for
the future render us more careful. The uneasiness Ave had on that ac-

02 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

count was sucli that we could not sleep until the last time the Governor
and his people were up here, and which time we had some hopes given
us of adjusting the matter, since the murderers are all dead, save one,
who is gone to Messassippi."

To which the Governor answered:

That the laws of England were such that whosoever killed a man
must run the same fate ; yet considering the previous circumstances to
that murder, the length of the time since the account, the distance of
place where acted from the Government, and before my coming here,
and the persons all, save one, who is alDsconded since, are dead, I am
willing to forbear further prosecution on enquiring into it, but withal
caution ^^ou if any such tiling hereafter falls out, you may be assured I
shall as well know hoAV to do justice, as I have now showed you mercy.
For which they return the Governor their hearty thanks, and Opessah
assures that if hereafter any such thing should happen, he himself would
be executioner, and burn them that should dare do it. - • •

The Senequois acquaint:

" That Opessah beiug thereto solicited by John Hans Steelman, had sent
out some of his people, either to bring back or kill Francis De Le Tore
and his company. Opessah, he aftirms, was entirely innocent, for that
John Hans came to his cabin, where he and his young people (who were
there going a hunting,) were in council, told him that sOme of his slaves
and dogs (meaning Le Tore and company) were fled, therefore desired
him forthwith to send some of his people to bring them back or kill
them, and take goods for their trouble, at which motive Opessah being
surprised, told him that he ought, by no means, to discourse after that
manner before young people who were going to the woods, and might,
by accident, meet those people, and therefore ordered him to desist, utter-
ly denying his request."

The Senoquois also acquainted the Governor that Le Tore had taken
a boy from them, and had sold hi]n at New York, and requested the
Governor would enquire after him, that he might hear from him again.

" The expedition to Canada proved most disastrous.-^ Colonel Nichol-
son, under whom served Colonels Schuyler, AVhiting, and Ingoldsby, mus-
tered at All)any two thousand colonists, one thousand Germans, from the
palatinate, and one thousand of the Five Nation Indians, who commenced
their march tOAvards Canada on the twenty-eighth of August. The troops
from Boston, com})osed of seven veteran regiments, of the duke of Marl-
borough's army, one battallion of marines, and tAVO provincial regiments,
amounting to six thousand four hundred men, sailed on board of sixty-
eight vessels, tlie thirtieth of July, and arrived off the St, Lawrence on
the fourteenth of August. In ascending the river, the fleet, by the un-

1 Gordon.

OF LANCASTER COUNTV. 93

skilfulness of the pilots, or the obstinacy and distrust of the Admiral, was
entangled amid rocks and islands on the northern shore, and ran immi-
nent hazard of total destruction. Several transports, and near a thou-
sand men perished. Upon this disaster the remainder bore away for
Cape Breton, and the expedition, by the advice of a council of naval and
military officers, was abandoned on the ground of the want of provisions,
and the impossibility of procuring a seasonable supply. The admiral
sailed directly for England, and the colonists returned to Boston, whilst
Colonel Nicholson, thus deserted, was compelled to retreat from Fort
Greorge. The want of skill, fortitude, and perseverance are eminently
conspicuous in the British commanders of this enterprise."

In 1712, William Penn entered into an agreement with the Queen to
cede to her the province of Pennsylvania and the Lower Counties for the
sum of £12,000 sterling. But before the legal forms were completed an
apopletic stroke prostrated his vigorous mind and reduced him to the
feebleness of infancy.^

Queen Anne died on the first of August, 1714:, and was succeeded by
Greorge the First.

Governor Grookin [1716] arrayed against himself all the Quaker interest
in the province in consequence of construing a provision in the statute
of 7 and 8 William III., "that no Quaker, hy virtue thereof^ could be
qualified or permitted to give evidence in any criminal case, or serve on
juries, or hold any place or ofiice of profit in the Government." This
act had been made perpetual in Great Britain, and was extended to the
Colonies for five years by an act of Parliament of 1 George I. In the
opinion of Gookin, the extension of this act to the provinces repealed
the provincial law and disqualified the Quakers from giving testimony
in criminal cases, from sitting on juries, and from holding any office.
Notwithstanding the desertion of his Council and the remonstrances of the
Assembly, Gookin tenaciously adhered to his construction of the statute.
His good genius had now entirely abandoned him, for he now charged
Eichard Hill, speaker of the Assembly, Isaac Norris and James Logan
with disloyalty to the King and devotion to the pretender. These alle-
gations were utterly unfounded and the Assembly, whither the parties
charged had carried their complaint, completely exonerated them, [1717.]
Expostulation with Gookin having proved vain, his Council unanimously
joined in an address to William Penn, praying his recall.^ He met the
Assembly for the last time in March, 1717, and extorted from their com-
passion the sum of two hundred pounds, a valedictory donation.^

Sir William Keith, on the first of May, 1717, superseded Governor
Gookin. He was the son of Sir William Keith of the North of Scotland,
had held for some time the office of the King's surveyor of the customs
1 Gordon. - Logan MSS.

AUTHENTIC HISTORY

ibr tlie Soutbeni proviuces, and on his occasional visits to Pliilaclelpliia
manifested mncli interest in the political discussions of the province and
acquired the good A\'ill of Logan, Is orris and other prominent inhabitants.
He was strongly recommended for the position of lieutenant-governor by
the provincial Council and chief inhabitants,^ bv their friends in London,
by William Penn, jr., Mr. Logan and others. Keith was the first Governor
who ventured to espouse the side of the popular party and to support its
interests with the proprietary and the croAvn, on disputed subjects. He
arrived at riiiladelphia on the 31st day of May aud convened an Assem-
bly on June 10th.- Having thoroughly studied tlie errors of his prede-
cessor's, he sought to benefit by their experience.

"Keith displayed the policy he meant t<^ pui'sue in liis lirst address to
the assembly. 'His tender regard for their interest,' he said, ' they being
engaged in harvest at his arrival, had induced him to postpone the satis-
faction he proposed to himself in meeting the Assembly; and he should
always endeavor to maki- tlie time they must necessarily bestow im the
public service as easy and })leasant to tliem. ;is he hoped it would be
profitable and satisfactory to the country. If an alfectionate desire to
(jblige and serve the people (•<.>uld (|ualily liim Ibr his station, he might
expect that his and the country's interest Avould be eft'ectually united, as
those who sincerely desired to serve either, must necessarily serve both.
The warmth of his inclination towards them might be inferred from his
expensive application during the last year, to introduce to the prince
regent the humble address of the Assembl}^ to the king, Avhich had been
so graciously received by his exertions ; by the diligence and expense
with which he had obtained his commission, Avithout other prospect or
advantage than that of serving them; and by the fatigue he had already
undergone to i)romote their service. But these things were trifles, com-
pared Avith their indispensable obligation to support the dignity and au-
thority of the government, by such a reasonable and discreet establish-
ment as the nature of the thing and their own generosity Avould direct ;
and whatever they might be disposed to do of that kind, he hoped might
no longer bear th(> undeserved and reproacliful name of a burden on the
people; Init that tliey ■would rather enable him to relieve the country
Irom real l)nrdens, l)y empowering him to introduce a better economy
and more Frugal management in the collection of taxes, Avhicli were tlien
si|uandere(l by tlie oflicers appointed to assess and collect them.'

"L'he assembly testified their satisfaction with this speech, and his kind
and conciliatory manners, by an immediate grant of live hundred and
fifty pounds, payable from the fir.-t moneys received in the treasur}',
Avhich thev I'cplenislied by an additional bill of supply. In return, Keith
Iramed an address to tlie throne on the interesting subject of affirmation,
1 (Jmdon. 2 Proud.

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 95

Avhich liad the good Ibrtnnc to plcaso the House in all I'espccts, save tliat
the plural number was used instead of tlie singular." ^

"On the 30th day of the oth month, (July) 1718, at Eushcomb, near
Twyford, in Buckinghamshire, in England, died the truly honorable Pro-
prietary and Founder of the province of Pennsylvania, William Penn^
aged about seventy-four years. He had, in the year 1712, as before
mentioned, been seized with some fits of the apoplectic kind ; which, for
the last six years of his life had so aftected his mental faculties, especi-
ally his memory, as to render him, in great measure, incapable of public
business ; Avhich, wdth the gradual decline of his strength of bod}', con-
tinued to increase till the last period of his days: during w^hich time,
nevertheless, he is said to have been mostly sensible, intelligent, and, bv
his behavior and expressions at different times to those who were present
with him, manifested that he retained, till his death, the happy enjov-
ment of that divine and mental felicity, which resulted from the nature
of his religion and manner of life. "^

The following sketch of Penn, by (i(3rdoii, will doubtless prove inter-
esting to the reader :

William Penn, "as a leader of a Christian sect, has left no mean repu-
tation. His ability, courage, zeal, and perseverance have made him
conspicuous among religious reformers, but, as an apostle of civil lib-
erty, the world has an interest in him which can never fade, Avdiilst order
and freedom are dear to the human race.^

"From his father he inherited a disposition ardent and enthusiastic,
enterprising and courageous, reflecting and persevering. The energy of
mind w^hich advanced the one to the rank of rear-admiral at twenty-
three years of age, rendered the other conspicuous amid the founders of
a new religion, soon after he attained his majority. The father was dis-
tinguished by the love of glory and of arms ; the son was not insensible
to the value of fame, but sought it by diffusing the blessings of peace,
and of religioas and civil liberty. In this work he labored' with
the firmness and devotion of heroism, struggling to attain its object,
utterly regardless of himself. His voluntary abandonment of rank
and fortune, his spirited and manly opposition to the abuses of the
law, his patience under its inflictions, his learning, industry, and
perseverance in the maintenance of his principles, acquired for him in
early life the respect of the public, and the friendship of men of eminence
and w^orth who did not approve his religious peculiarities. His religion
made him obnoxious to the law^s, and induced him to examine the prin-
ciples on which, not only the laws, but the government that enacted
them, were founded: and he discovered and adored the great truths, that
the happiness of society is the true object of civil power, and that free-
1 Gordon. Votes. •- Proud. 3 Gordon,

96 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

dom exists only '■ivhere the laws rule, mid the i^eople are j^arties to the
laws.''

"On these foundations was his colony erected. His merit will be the
more justly appreciated by adverting to the state of the American colo-
nies planted antecedently to the year 1780. These were Massachusetts,
New Hampshire, Ehode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey,
Maryland, Virginia and South Carolina. The New England provinces
sprang from the natural and selfish desires of their founders to withdraw
themselves from power and oppression. Eeligious toleration and civil
liberty were not appreciated by them as rights essential to the happiness
of the human race. The rights of conscience the puritans of these pro-
vinces demanded were such as protected themselves from the gibbet and
lash, which they applied to force the consciences of others. Their civil
rights they regarded as exclusive property, acquired by purchase, the
evidence of which was in their charter. Whilst Penn was offering to
the world a communion of religious and civil freedom, the saints of Mas-
sachusetts excluded from the benefits of their government all who were
not members of their church, and piously flagellated or hanged those
who Vi'ere not convinced of its infallibility. Koger Williams, proscribed
and expelled for his own opinions, was the first to teach that the civil
magistrate might not interfere in religious matters, and that to punish men
for opinion was persecution. New York, without a charter or an assem-
bly, v/as subject to the caprice of its governors, in civil as in ecclesiasti-
cal matters. New Jersey had a free, a liberal, but an impracticable
constitution. The attempt to establish in that province the basis of a
free government, though unsuccessful, and throwing the administration
into the hands of the crown, was not useless. The people were intro-
duced to the knowledge of sound political principles, which were never
altogether abandoned. Maryland, possessing the most liberal and the
best digested constitution that has emanated from a British monarch,
and the most independent of the royal power,' had been involved in civil
war and religious persecutions during the revolution, and was now
reduced to order and good government, by the resumption of executive
power by the Calverts. But the Catholic faith of its governors and
principal inhabitants, rendered its policy suspected by Protestants. Caro-
lina was the subject of a most fanciful experiment of the renowned Locke,
who framed for it an aristocratical constitution, totally inconsistent with
the light of the age in which he lived; establishing an hereditary nobility,
with large and unalienable landed estates, and the church of England as
the religion of the state. Penn wisely modelled the royal charter for his
province, as closely as possible upon the Maryland grant ; and, though
at the first institution of the government, he was doubtful of the pro-
priety of giving the assembly the power to originate laws, experience

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 97

soon taught him the wisdom of this measure. Ilis government secured
the blessings of property and personal freedom alike to Christian and to
infidel; placed all persons on an equality before the laws, and admitted
Christians of every denomination to a full participation of political rights.
'The experience of a hundred and fifty years, during which polit-
ical science has been widely extended, has added nothing essential to
human happiness which his system had not provided; unless it be found
in those constitutions which make no discrimination in the religious faith
«of the citizens.

But the excellence of Penn's system is not confined to the provisions
'Of his charters. His laws were dictated by wisdom and humanity. The
•unequal and dangerous disposition of wealth, arising from the feudal
principles of primogeniture, was abolished ; the equal claims of children
to the property of their common parent were acknowledged, and by this
return to common sense and natural right the dangers of accumulated
wealth were avoided. But the philosophical mind of the Pennsylvania
lawgiver is, perhaps, most discernible in his criminal code. A scale
graduating the punishment to the offence, seemed in Europe to be unde-
sired by the legislator. Death impended alike over the purloiner of a
few grains of metal, and the murderer who robbed a family of its support
^nd the country of a citizen ; over the infraction of a revenue law, and
the attempt to subvert the State. Death was ever ready to offer himself
to the indolence of the law-giver, who found it less laborious to hang
than to reclaim the criminal; to apply a common punishment, than to
investigate its propriety. Eeason revolts at this indiscriminate punish-
ment, and the humanity of the Marquis Beccaria, Montesquieu, and others,
have contributed to convince the Avorld that its welfare is best promoted
by a due apportionment of the punishment to the crime, and its certain
application to the offender. Before these benevolent theorists gave their
labors to the public — before they were born — Penn had practically ex-
hibited the beneficial results of the principles which they have advocated.
He established a new code, in which the punishment of death was affixed
to murder only; injuries to individuals were punished by compelling the
criminal to make an adequate compensation to the party grieved, or bv
imprisonment at hard labor ; in all cases varying the punishment with
the enormity of the offence. In the classification of crimes, there are,
perhaps, some errors inseparable from enthusiasm; but humanity and
wisdom are eminently conspicuons in the legislator. The boldness and
originality of his genius will be more thoroughly understood by a glance
at the policy of the age and country in which he lived. \Yhen he com-
posed his plan of government, the despotic principles of the Stuarts were
prevailing over the nation, liberty of conscience was proscribed by the
laws, and almost every crime was punishable by death. In opposition to

98 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

all this, he dared to consult his own reason, and follow the dictates of his own
judgment, the soundness of which every revolving year has confirmed.

Penn was ambitious, and animated by the love of fame. He sacrificed
his time and his fortune in its pursuit ; at least so much of them as was
unnecessarily employed at the courts of James and Anne. The obscu-
rity of his province was unattractive ; and, in the height of his favor with
James, he w"as for a moment unregardful of the free principles on which
it was founded. Had he applied himself, unreservedly and exclusively,
to cultivate the scion he had planted, its growth would have been more
rapid ; and, under its shade, distant from the vexations and vicissitudes
of English politics, he would have enjoyed the reward of his labor, com-
petence, and the respect of the world. Pecuniary distress, at times, com-
pelled him to give utterance to undignified and unjust complaints. The
political benefits he had conferred upon his province, in his opinion, im-
posed on its inhabitants an obligation to be requited with money; his
proprietary character claimed to be recognized by the establishment of
some revenue. His people, on the contrary, felt these pretensions as a
double charge, and were unwilling to maintain a resident and non-resi-
dent Governor, the latter of whom had an estate in the soil of the prov-
ince, which increased in a great and indefinable ratio.

In his demeanor, William Penn was grave, but not austere; aftable,
but not familiar; and, whilst his intercourse wath his friends was marked
by the formality and peculiar phraseology in use with his sect, his cor-
respondence with men of the world showed him to have been perfectly
acquainted with polite manners. As a writer, he was much esteemed by
his church; as a minister, he was bold, industrious and successful; he
was belovect by his family and a wide circle of friends. He had been
twice married. His first wife was Gulielma Maria Springett, daughter of
Sir William Springett, of Darling, in Sussex. The fruit of this marriage
was two sons and one daughter ; Springett, William, and Letitia. Spring-
ett died in 1696, aged twenty-one years; William and Letitia, and three
grand-children, children of his son William, survived him. His second
wife was Hannah, daughter of Thomas Callowhill, of Bristol, by whom
he had five children ; John, Thomas, Margarette, Richard and Dennis,
who, with their mother, were living at their father's death.

At his decease, his province was encumbered by his mortgage of 1708,
and his contract with the crown for the sale of the government. His
will, dated 1712, was made antecedently to, but in contemplation of, this
contract. He provided for the issue of his first marriage by the devise
of his English and Irish estates ; which, producing fifteen hundred pounds
sterling per annum, were estimated of greater value than his American
possessions. From the latter he made provision for the payment of his
debts, and for his widow and her children. The government of the

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 99

province and territories he devised to tlie earls of Oxford, Mortimer and
Pawlet, in trust, to sell to the queen, or any other person. His estate in-
the soil he devised to other trustees, in trust, to sell so much as should
be necessary for the payment of his debts; to assign to his dauo-hter
Letitia, and the three children of his son William, ten thousand acres
each, and to convey the remainder, at the discretion of his Avidow, to her
children, subject to an annuity to herself of three hundred pounds ster-
ling per annum. He appointed her sole executrix and legatee of his
personal estate.

Three questions arose on his devise of the government: 1, Whether
it was valid against the heir-at-law, who claimed by descent? 2, Whether
the object of the trust had not been already effected, by the contract of
the proprietary with the queen? 3, Whether, by consequence, his in-
terest was not converted into personality? In which case it passed in
absolute property to the widow. From their doubts on these points, the
trustees refused to act, unless under a decree of the court of chancery,
whose interposition was also required by the commissioners of the
treasury, before payment of the balance due on the purchase, to the
executrix. A suit in this court was accordingly instituted, which kept
the family property in a state of great uncertainty for many years;
during which Mrs. Penn, as executrix and trustee, assumed the superin-
tendence of provincial affairs. In the year 1727, the family disputes, the
proprietary's will having been established in the exchequer, were compro-
mised ; and the crown lawyers and ministry concurring in opinion, that the
proprietary's agreement was void, from his inability to make a proper sur-
render of the government, it devolved, on the death of William Penn the
younger and his son Springett, to John, Thomas and Eichard Penn."

The almost unbounded confidence of the province in Keith enabled
him [1720] to establish two measures hitherto repugnant to the Assem-
bly;^ an equity court, dependent on the Governor's will, of which he Avas
chancellor, and a militia organized by like authority.

The great influx of foreigners alarmed the Assembly who dreaded their
settlement on the frontier.^ Attempts to naturalize them were treated
with coldness. Even the Germans, whose industry and utility were pro-
verbial, could not remove the prevailing jealousy. Many palatines, long
resident in the province, applied for naturalization in 1721, but not until
1 724: was leave granted to bring in a bill, provided they should individu-
ally obtain from a justice of the peace a certificate of the value of their
property and nature of their religious faith. A bill to that efiect pre-
sented to the Governor in the following year, was forthwith returned by
him on the ground that in a country where English liberty and law pre-
vailed, a scrutiny into the private conversation and faith of the citizens,

1 Gordon.

100 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

and particularly into tlieir estates, was unjust and dangerous in precedent. ^
The House yielded to the force of his reasons, and did not insist upon
their bill, but it was not until some time afterwards that the privileges of
subjects were granted to the palatines. Indeed, the timidity of the As-
sembly induced them to check the importation of foreigners by a duty on
all coming to reside in the province.

A disagreement relating to hunting-grounds, between the Southern
and Pennsylvania Indians, threatened to disturb the peace of the province.
To avert this,- Keith paid a visit to the Governor of Virginia, with whom
he framed a convention, confining the Indians on the north and south of
the Potomac to their respective sides of that river ; which the Pennsyl-
vania and Five Nation Indians, at a general conference, held at Conestogo
on the sixth of July, 1721, fully ratified. This visit was made with much
state. Keith was attended by a suite of seventy horsemen, many of them
well armed, and was welcomed on his return, at the upper ferry on the
Schuylkill, by the mayor and aldermen of the city, accompanied by two
hundred of the most respectable citizens.

The following extract from the Warrant for surveying the Manor of
Springetsbury, issued by Sir William Keith to Col. John French, Fran-
cis Worley and James Mitchell, Esqrs., bearing date Conestogo June 18,
1722, describes the boundaries of said Manor. The said persons assisted
by neighboring inhabitants were authorized, empowered a'nd commanded
"to cross the Eiver Susquahannah, and to survey or cause to be surveyed,
marked and located, the quantity of 70,000 acres or thereabouts, in the
name and for the use of the Honorable Springett Penn, Esq., which shall
bear the name and be called the Manner of Springettsbury, Beginning
your survey as near as you can upon the South West Bank of the Eiver
Susquahannah, over against the mouth of Conestogoe Creek ; from thence
by a line W. S. W. Distance Ten miles more or less; from thence by a
line K. W. b. N. Twelve miles more or less ; thence by a line E. N. B.
until you meet Y\'ith the uppermost Corner tree of my settlement called
Newberr}^; from thence S. E. b. S. along mj head Line until you come
at my Southern Corner tree in the woods; from thence down the Side
Line of my Land E. IST. E. until you come at the Eiver Susquahannah,
and from thence by the Said Elver's side unto the place where you first
began, which Line will be the fourth side of the said Survey, and when
it is done and finished, you are to make a Eeturn thereof upon the back
of this Warrant unto the Govr. and Council of Pensilvania ; For which
this shall be unto you, the sd. Colo. John French, Francis Worley,
every of you, a sufficient Warrant, Power and authority."

The Eeturn:

"In obedience to the within Warrant to us directed, We did, upon the
1 Votes. - Proud.

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 101

nineteenth and twentieth days of this instant, June, begin and compleatthe
survey of the Mannor of Springetsbury, upon the Eiver Susquahannah,
in manner following, viz : From a Ked Oak upon the said Kiver (by a
Eun's side called Penn's Eun) marked S. P. ; W. S. W. Ten Miles to a
Chesnut (by a Eun's side called French's Eun) mark S. P. ; from thence
N. W. and b. N. to a Black Oak mark'd S. P. twelve miles; from thence
E. N. E. to Sir'William Keith's western Corner Tree in the Woods, Eight
miles ; from thence along the S. E. and N. E. lines of the said Sir William
Keith Tract called Newberry unto the Eiver Susquahannah again, and
from thence along the Eiver Side to the place of beginning, The whole
containing Seventy Five Thousand five Hundred and Twenty acres,
according to the Plan thereof hereunto annexed, all which is humbly-
submitted by

Yr. Excellency's Most Humble & Obedient Servants,

John French,
Fran. Worley,
Ja. Mitchell.
At Kewberry, June 21st, 1722.

" The Governor of Maryland prepared at this time to make surveys on
the Susquehannah, within the bounds claimed by Pennsylvania, and
within the present county of York.^ Keith resolved -to resist this attempt
by force, and ordered out a militia company from Newcastle. His
Council, however, discouraged every resort to violence, even should the
Marylanders employ force to eflt'ect their object. The Indians became
alarmed at the proposed encroachment from Maryland, and after much
hesitation, consented to convey to Keith, that he might have a better
title to resist the Marylanders, a large tract of land for the use of
Springett Penn, the grandson of William Penn, afterwards known by the
name of Springettbury manor.

"The fears of the province were soon after again awakened by a
quarrel between two brothers named Cartledge, and an Indian near Con-
estogo, in which the latter was killed, with many circumstances of cru-
elty. The known principles of revenge professed by the Indians, gave
reason to apprehend severe retaliation. Policy and justice required a
rigid inquiry, and the infliction of exemplary punishment on the mur-
derers. The Assembly commanded a coroner's inquest to be holden on
the body, though two months buried in the interior of the country, and
the arrest of the accused. Messengers were despatched to the Five Na-
tions to deprecate hostilities, and, to prevent further irregularities, the
prohibition of the sale of spirituous liquors to the Indians was re-enacted
with additional penalties. The Indians invited Keith to meet them with
the Governors of Virginia, New York, and the New England Colonies,

1 Gordon.

102 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

in Council, at Albany wliere, with great magnanimity, tliey pardoned the
offence of the Cartledges, and requested they might be discharged without
further punishment. The address of the King merits a place here : ' The
great King of the Five Nations,' said the reporter, 'is sorry for the death
of the Indian that was killed, for he was of his own flesh and blood : he
believes the Governor is also sorry; but, now that it is done, there is no
help for it, and he desires that Cartledge may not be put to death, nor
that he should be spared for a time and afterwards executed; one life is
enough to be lost ; there should not two die. The King's heart is good
to the Governor, and all the English.' ^ The Governor Avas attended on
his journey to Albany by Messrs. Hill, Norris and Hamilton, of his
Council.

" A part of the emigration to the Colonies was composed of servants,
who were of two classes. The first and larger, poor and oppressed in
the land of their nativity, sometimes the victims of political changes, or
religious intolerance, submitted to a temporary servitude, as the price of
freedom, plenty, and peace. The second, vagrants and felons, the dregs
of the British populace, were cast by the mother country upon her colo-
nies, with the most selfish disregard of the feelings she outrg,ged. From
this moral pestilence the first settlers shrunk with horror. In 1682 the
Pennsylvania Council proposed to prohibit the introduction of convicts,
but the evil was then prospective to them only, and no laV was enacted.
But an act was now passed, which, though not prohibitory in terms, was
such in effect. A duty of five pounds was imposed upon every convicted
felon brought into the province, and the importer was required to give
surety for the good behaviour of the convict for one year ; and to render
these provisions effectual, the owner or master was bound under a pen-
2i\tj of twenty pounds, to render, on oath or affirmation, within twenty-
four hours after the arrival of the vessel, an account to the collector of
the names of the servants and passengers. But such account was not
required when bond was given conditioned for the re-exportation of such
servants within six months."

Commercial embarrassments now ensued, [1722] caused by various
circumstances, but chiefly by a deficiency in the circulating medium.^ This
difficulty Keith proposed to overcome by the introduction of paper-money.
The Assembly proceeded with the utmost caution and circumspection in
this important affair, for with full knowledge of the examples and mis-
takes of the other Colonies, they felt it chiefly incumbent upon them to
prevent the depreciation of their bills "which nothing could so much
effect as an over-quantity, defect of solid security, and of proper provis-
ion to recall and cancel them ; so in this, their first experiment of the
kind, they issued only £15,000, on such terms as appeared most likely
1 Gordon. - Proud.

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 103

to be effectual to keep up their credit, and gradually to reduce and sink
them. For which purjjose the act, among several others, was passed by
the Governor, on the second day of the first month [March] 1722-23.
But from the advantage which was soon experienced l^y this emission,
together with the insufficiency of the sum, the government was induced,
an the latter end of the same year, to emit £30,000 more on the same
terms."

Keith, in espousing the popular cause, secured the approbation and
•confidence of the Assembly, but unfortunately incurred the displeasure
of the proprietary party and its leader, Logan. Complications arose,
which eventuated in the triumph of the latter and the deposition of the
former, who was decidedly the best of the proprietary deputies. "Differ-
ing from the great body of the people whom he governed, in religion and
manners, he acquired their esteem and confidence. If he sought popu-
larity, he promoted the public happiness; and his courage in resisting the
-demands of the family, may be ascribed to a higher motive than private
interest. The conduct of the Assembly towards him was neither honor-
able nor politic ; for his sins against his principals were virtues to the
people, with whom he was deservedly a favorite; and the House should
have given him such substantial marks of their gratitude as would have
tempted his successors to walk in his steps. But fear of further offence
to the proprietary family, the influence of Logan, and a quarrel between
the Governor and Lloyd, turned their attention from him to his suc-
cessor."^

After his removal, Keith resided some time in the province, returned
to England and is said to have died poor, in London, about the year 1749.

Patrick Gordon was appointed successor of Keith by the family, and
formally proposed to the crown, by Springett Penn, their heir-at-law.
He seems to have first met the Assembly in the beginning of the 6th
month, 1726, though he arrived in the province, with his family, some
time before.'^

"As the colonists extended themselves through the interior of the
country, [1727,] they came more frequently and more closely in contact
with the natives, and, in despite of the efforts of the government, oppo-
sition of habits, interests, and dispositions, led to occasional violence, by
either party, and sometimes to bloodshed. A person named Wright had
been killed beyond Conestogo, at a place called Snaketown, by the Penn-
sylvania Indians. The course directed by the Assembly, on this occa-
sion, to obtain redress, was that established for the prosecution of Indian
offenders generally. The criminal was demanded of the town or nation
to which he belonged, with a threat that, unless he were surrendered
within a specified time, the proper officer would be empowered to appre-
1 Gordon. Franklin. Mod. Hist. 2 Proud.

10-i AUTHENTIC HISTORY

hend him ; and, wlien surrendered, lie was tried by an English jury. The
colonists were much annoyed by non-resident Indians, who frequently, in
small and armed parties, roved on the borders of the settlements, and,
stimulated by drink and cupidity, committed outrages upon the persons
and property of the inhabitants. A case of this kind had called forth
the inhabitants on the Mahanatany, [1728,] a creek emptying into the
Schuylkill thirty miles from Philadelphia, and, in the affray, several of
the whites, as well as Indians, were wounded. During the alarm and
irritation occasioned by this aftair, three unoffending Indians, of a friendly
provincial tribe, Avere inhumanly killed in the Avoods by four Avhites..
The Governor, who had, on the first disturbance by the strange Indians
proceeded to Mahanatany, ordered three of the murderers to be arrested ;,
the fourth escaped. The vengeance of the Indian chiefs, to whom the
deceased were related, was much dreaded; but it was averted by the
interposition of the Five Nations, and a new treaty."^

A few days before the last-mi»ntioned incident, the Governor received
intelligence in a letter from Mr. Wright, at Conestogo that in conse-
quence of an impending quarrel betAveeu the Conestogo and Shawanese
Indians, occasioned by the latter having killed two of the former, the
Avhite settlers Avere tilled Avith consternation and Avere leaving their houses,
and that his presence Avas required for the composition of the differences,
and the preservation of peace. The necessary arrangements being com-
pleted, the Governor, accompanied by some members of the Council and
other gentlemen, to the number of about thirty, left Philadelphia on the
22d of May, and the folloAving night came to the house of AndreAV Cor-
nish, about a mile distant from the Indian toAA^n. The 2-lth and 25th
days Avere spent in Avaiting for some other persons expected at the
Treaty and in mutual civilities, and on the 26th the Treaty began as fol-
loAvs : '■^

At a Council held at the Indian ToAvn of Conestogoe, May 26th, 1728'.

PRESENT :

The Ilon'ble Patrick Cordon, Esq., Lieut. Gov., some Members of
Council and divers other Gentlemen.

PRESENT ALSO:

Ganyataronga, "]

TaAvenna, , • Chiefs of the Conestogoe

Tanniatchiaro, { Indians.

Tacjuatarensaly, alias Capt. Civility. J

Oholykon, i

Peyeashickon, \- Chiefs of some of the DelaAA'are Indians on

Wikimikyona, J Brandywine.

1 Gordon. 2 Col. Rec. Ill, 310-314.

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 105

Howickyoma,

Skayanannego,

Onneygheat, \- Chiefs of the Ganawese Indians.

Nanamakamen, |

Peyhiohina.-', J

Weysow-walow, ^

Keyscykalvalow, y Chiefs of the Shawanese.

Nichtamskakow, J

Shakawtawlin, or Sam, Interpreter from the English into the Dela-
ware.

Captain Civility, Interpreter from the Delaware into the Sha^vanese
and Mingoe (alias Conestogoe.)

Pomapechtoa, Interpreter from the Delaware into the Ganawese Lan-
guage.

Mr. Nicholas Scull, ^

Mr. John Scull, \- Assistant Interpreters.

Mr. Peter Bizallion, J

The Governor spoke as follows :

"My Friends and Brethren: You are sensible that the Great Wil-
liam Penn, the Father of this Country, when he first brought his people
with him over the broad sea, took all the Indians and the old inhabitants
by the hand, and because he found them to be a sincere, honest people,
he took them to his heart and loved them as his own. He then made a
strong league and chain of Friendship with them, by which it was agreed
that the Indians and the English, with all the Christians, should be as
one people.

"Your Friend and Father, Wm. Penn, still retained a warm affection
for all the Indians, and strictly commanded those whom he sent to govern
this people to treat the Indians as his children, and continued in this kind
love for them until his death.

"His sons have now sent me over in their stead, and they gave me
strict charge to love all the Indians as their brethren, and as their Father
William Penn loved you. I would have seen 3^ou before this time, but
I fell sick soon- after I came over, and continued so till the next Spring. I
then waited to receive some of the Five Nations who came to see me at
Philadelphia, and last Fall I heard you were all gone out a hunting.

"I am now come to see you, and to renew the ancient Friendship
which has been between William Penn's people and you. I was in
hopes that Sassoonan and Opekasset, with their people, would have been
likewise here ; they have sent me kind messages and have a warm love
for the Christians. I believe they will come to me at Philadelphia, for
since they could not get hither I have desired them to meet me there.

"I am now to discourse with my brethren, the Conestogoes, Dela wares,

106 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

Ganawese and Shawanese Indians upon Susquehanna, and to speak in
love to them.

"My Brethren: You have been faithful to your Leagues with us, your
hearts have been clean, and you have preserved the chain from spots
or rust, or if there were any you have been careful to wipe them away;
your leagues with your Father William Penn and with his Governors,
are in writing on record, that our children and our children's children
may have them in everlasting remembrance. And we know that you
preserve the memory of those things amongst you by telling them to
your children, and they again to the next generation, so that they re-
main stamped on your minds never to be forgot.

"The chief heads or strongest links of this chain I find are these nine,
viz:

1st. "That all William Penn's people or Christians, and all the Indians
should be brethren, as the children of one father, joined together as with
one heart, one head and one body.

2d. "That all paths should be open and free to both Christians and
Indians.

8d. "That the doors of the Christians' houses should be open to the
Indians, and the houses of the Indians open to the Christians, and they
should make each other welcome as their friends.

4th. "That the Christians should not believe any false rumors or re-
ports of the Indians, nor the Indians believe any such rumors or reports
of the Christians, but should first come as brethren to enquire of each
other; and that both Christians and Indians, when they hear any such
false reports of their brethren, they should bury them in a bottom-
less pit.

5th. " That if the Christians hear any ill news that may be to the hurt
of the Indians, or if the Indians hear any such ill news that may be to
the injury of the Christians, they should acquaint each other with it
speedily as true friends and brethren.

6th. " That the Indians should do no manner of harm to the Christians
nor their creatures, nor the Christians do any hurt to any Indians, but
each treat the other as their brethren.

7th. " But as there are wicked people in all nations, if either Indians or
Christians should do any harm to each other, complaint should be made
of it by the persons suffering, that right may be done, and when satisfac-
tion is made, the injury or wrong should be forgot, and be buried as in
a bottomless pit.

8th. "That the Indians should in all things assist the Christians, and
the Christians assist the Indians against all wicked people that would
disturb them.

9th. "And lastly, that both Christians and Indians should acquaint

OF LAXCASTER COUNTY. 107

their children with this league and firm chain of friendship made between
them, and that it should always be made stronger and stronger and be
kept bright and clean, without rast or spot between our children and
children's children, while the creeks and rivers run, and while the sun,
moon and stars endure.

"And for a confirmation on our parts of all these several articles, we
bind them with these several parcels of goods, viz :

"20 Strowd Matchcoats, 20 Duffells, 20 Blankets, 20 Shirts, 1 cwt. of
Gunpowder, 2 cwt. of Lead, 500 Flints, 50 Knives."

After which the Governor proceeded and said :

" My Brethren : I have now spoke to the league and chain of friend-
ship, first made by your father, AVilliam Penn, with your fathers, which
is confirmed. I am now to acquaint you with an unhappy accident that
has afflicted me and all good people amongst us, and we lament and mourn
with you on the heavy misfortune.

"About forty days ago we heard that the Twechtweys were coming as
enemies against this country. I believe it is false, for we never hurt the
Twechtweys ; and about eighteen days since I received an express from
the Iron works at Mahanatawny, acquainting me that eleven foreign In-
dians, painted for war, and armed with guns, pistols and swords, were
come amongst our inhabitants, plundering them and taking away their
provisions by force, whereupon some of our people, to the number of
twenty men, with arms, went to speak to them civilly, but the Indians
fired upon them and wounded some of them; our men likewise fired on
the Indians and wounded some of them also; but the Indians fired first.
It was very ill done to fire.

"As soon as I had this account I took horse and went to Mahanatawny,
with several gentlemen of Philadelphia, but the Indians were gone ofi".
I found our people believed there were more coming, and therefore some
hundreds met together with their arms to defend themselves in case the
Indians should attack them.

"As I was returning home I heard news that grieved me exceedingly.
I was told that two or three furious men amongst us had killed three or
four Indian friends and hurt two girls. I went back mourning, and sent out
men to take the murderers, who were accordingly taken, and are now in
irons in a dungeon to be tried by the laws of the great King of all the
English, as if they had killed so many of his own subjects. I have like-
wise caused search to be made for the dead bodies, and two women were
found murdered, who by my order were laid in a grave and covered with
shirts and strowds. I hear likewise that the dead bod}- of an Indian man
has been found and is buried.

"You know there are wicked people among all nations; there are ill
people amongst you, and you are sometimes forced to put them to death.

108 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

The English are a great people, and there are likewise wicked men
amongst them. I mourn for this misfortune, and will do all I can to
comfort the relations of the dead when I see them, which I hope will be
at Philadelphia Avith Sassoonan and Opekasset.

"About eight months ago I received an account that an English man
Avas killed by some Indians, at the House of John Burt, in Snake town.
I heard John Burt was very abusive to the Indians, and I sent to appre-
hend him, but he fled; if he can be taken he will be punished. But
since there was a man killed, we expect the Indians will do us justice
by apprehending the murderers that they may be punished, for we must
be just and faithful to each other, tliat this spot may be wiped awaj^ and
the chain be kept bright and clean.

"You know, my brethren, that one link of the chain is, that when the
Indians are uneasy they should tell it to us, and when we are uneasy we
will tell it to them. I therefore desire your hearts may be open, that I
may know if you have any cause of grief which I will endeavor to
remove, for I am your brother.

" I have issued a Proclamation requiring all our people to use you well,
Avhicli shall be read unto joii before I go away. I will prevent any
hurt being done to our friends the Indians, because those who do not
behave themselves agreeable to what is therein commanded, will be
severely punished. ' ■ ■

At a Council held at the Indian Town of Conestogoe, May 27th, 1728.

PRESENT :

The Honble Patrick Gordon, Esqr., Lieut Governr.

And the same as before.

Tawenna, in the name and on the behalf of all the Indians present,
spoke to the Governor, which was rendered into English by John Scull,
interpreter, and is as follows :

" Give ear my brethren of Philadelphia^ — the Conestogoe Indians, the
Shawanese, the Ganawese and Delawares have somewhat to say, which
they will speak presently.

" They say they look upon the Governor as if AVilliam Penn himself
were present. They are four Nations and among them there are several
foolish people, as if they were just sprung from the earth; but that since
their first friendship with William Penn, they never have received any
wrong or injury from him or any of his people.

"That several foolish people among them committed follies and indis-
cretions, but they hope these will never interrupt the friendship which is
between their people and us, for that they and all William Penn's people
are as one people, that eat, as it were, Avith one mouth, and are one body
and one heart.

■* OF LANCASTER COUNTY, 109

" Then, presenting a belt of wampum of eiglit rows, they say : They
would not have the Governor grieve too much for the rash inconsiderate
actions that of late have been committed; they must be buried and forgot,
for that what has happened was done by their friends ; if it had been done
by their enemies they would have resented it, but that we and they are
one ; that they have always met with justice and kindness from William
Penn, and from all the Governors whom he has sent here, and thus do all
the Indians of Conestogoe, Delaware, the Shawanese and Ganawese say.

"That they are extremely glad and satisfied with what the Governor
said to them yesterday ; it greatly rejoiced their hearts; that they have had
no such speech made to them since the time that the great William Penn
was amongst them; all was good and nothing was amiss.

"Then, presenting four strings of wampum, they say: They will visit
the Governor at Philadelphia after the harvest is over, and then they v/ill
speak fully to him as their brother and friend, for the Conestogoes, Dela-
wares, Shawanese and GanaAvese will then come to him, and he may look
up the Conestogoe road and expect them; that what happened at John-
Burt's house was not done, by them; it was done by one of the Meny-
sincks, Avho are of another Nation, and therefore they can say nothing
to it."

After this Answer of the Indians some of the gentlemen present moved
the Governor, that seeing there was now a numerous company of our
inhabitants met together, he would be pleased to press the Indians to
declare to him if they suffered any grievance or hardship from this Gov-
ernment, because several reports had been industriously spread abroad
as if they had some just cause of complaint. And the Governor having
ordered the interpreters to acquaint them herewith; they all answered
that they had no cause of complaint, that William Penn and his people
had still treated them well, and they had no uneasiness.

The Governor then told them that he was well pleased with what they
had said unto him, and that since the Indian, who killed the Englishman
at Burt's house is not of their Nation, he would demand justice from that
Nation to which he belonged.

The Proclamation was then interpreted unto them, which seemed to
please them very much.

Then the Governor having ordered some rum, bread, tobacco and
pipes to be delivered to them, and likewise one strowd matchcoat and one
shirt to Civility, one strowd matchcoat and shirt to Shakatawlin or Sam,
and one shirt to Pomapechtya, the three Indian interpreters ; he took all
the Indian chiefs by the hand, and desired them that when they returned
home they should acquaint all their people Avith what had now passed
between them and us, that the remembrance thereof might endure for-
ever.

110 AUTHENTIC HISTORY "^

The proclamation referred to was as follows :

"By THE HoxouRABLE PATRICK GoRDON, Esqr., Lieutenant Governor
of the Province of Pennsylvania, and Counties of Newcastle, Kent and
Sussex, upon Delaware.

"A PROCLAMATION.

"Whereas, by the especial favour of Divine Providence and its bless-
ings on the endeavors of our late honorable Proprietor, and the first
adventurers with him in the settlement of this colony, the inhabitants
thereof have hitherto enjoyed a continued course of peace and tran-
quility, secured from all hostilities, either by invasion or insurrection:
to which nothing under the Divine hand has more effectually contributed
than the prudent care that was then taken by the Proprietor, to enter
into a firm alliance and sincere friendship with all the Indian natives, at
that time a numerous people. AxD Whereas, by the several treaties
then made, it was specially provided and agreed, that the said natives
should be considered in all dealings, and converse with them as our
friends and brethren without distinction; and by the like care in the
government, the same treaties have from time to time been continued
and confirmed, and by the sober and prudent conduct of the ancient
settlers and their successors, the first established friendship has been
hitherto without any interruption supported and maintained, to the great
benefit, as well as honor and reputation of this Government and its Euro-
pean inhabitants, as also of the said natives, who have not to this time
been guilty of any failure or breach on their parts of the said treaties.
But Whereas, by reason of some rude insults from a few strange In-
dians, who had rang;ed amonsfst our inhabitants, some actions tending to
hostilities ensued; whereupon the people assembled themselves in com-
panies, under an apprehension that those robbers might be followed by
much greater numbers. And since these motions, a most barbarous
murder has been committed by some furious men on the bodies of three
harmless and quiet natives, our friends; for which the malefactors have
been happily seized and are in safe custody, in order to be tried and
suffer condign punishment. Now, for prevention of all further other
breaches of the established friendship between us and the said natives, I
do, by virtue of the powers and authorities to me derived from the
King's sacred Majesty, and the Honble the Proprietors and Governors in
chief of this province and adjacent counties, hereby strictly charge and
command all and singular his Majesty's subjects, the Europeans of what-
soever nation they be, who reside in the said province or counties, that
on no pretence they abuse any Indian native of the Nations around
us, viz: the Delawares, Conestogoes, Ganawese, Shawanese, Mingoes
or those of tlie Five Nations, or any other coming and demean-
ing themselves peaceably amongst us, but that on all occasions they

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. Ill

treat all the said Indians with the same civil regard that they would
an English subject; and that by all means they avoid that unbe-
coming practice of expressing or shewing their weak unhandsome fears,
by which they greatly expose themselves to remarks that are dishonor-
able. But because, on the late alarms, apprehensions have been raised
of insults from foreign Indians: To the end, that the inhabitants may
not in any case (should it unfortunately happen) be unprovided, I do
hereby direct and require all His Majesty's liege subjects within the said
province and counties, that they be at all times duly furnished with
suitable arms and ammunition for their defence, to be used in case of
real necessity by the order and direction @f proper officers, who shall be
duly appointed for that purpose. And that they fail not to appear with
them in proper time and place, if there should be occasion to use them,
in defence of themselves, their families and country.

" Given in Council at Philadelphia, under my hand and the Great Seal
of the said Province, the sixteenth day of May, in the first 3^ear of the
reign of our sovereign Lord George, the Second by the grace of God,
over Great Britain, France, and Ireland, King, Defender of the faith, &c.,
Annoq Dom., 1728.

" God save the King."

Up to this period the present limits of Lancaster count}^, and indeed a
large section of Pennsylvania, formed part of Chester county. The
county seat was Upland or Chester on the Delaware, 15 miles S. W. from
Philadelphia. The inconveniences arising from this circumstance are
stated in the subjoined minutes relating to the erection of Lancaster
county.

At a Council held at Philadelphia, Feb. 6th, 1728-9.

PRESENT :

The Honorable Patrick Gordon, Esq., Lieut. Governor.
James Logan, William Fishbourn, ]

Eichard Hill, Clement Plumsted, •' „ ,^

Isaac Norris, Samuel Hazle, i

Samuel Preston, J

A petition of the inhabitants of the upper parts of Chester county was
laid before the Board and read, setting forth, that by reason of their great
distance from the county town, where Courts are held, ofiices are kept,
and annual elections made, they lie under very great inconveniences,
being obliged in the recovery of their just debts, to travel near one hun-
dred miles to obtain a writ ; that for want of a sufficient number of Jus-
tices, Constables and other officers, in those parts, no care is taken of the
high- ways; Townships are not laid out, nor bridges built, when there is
an apparent necessity for them ; and further that for want of a Goal

112 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

there, several vagabonds and other dissolute people liarbour among them,
thinking themselves safe from justice in so remote a place ; and therefore
praying that a Division Line be made between the upper and lower part
of the said county, and the upper part thereof erected into a county, with
all the immunities, rights and privileges which any other county of this
Province does now enjoy.

The Board taking the same into consideration, are of opinion that the
Governor is fully empowered by virtue of his commission, to grant the
prayer of the petition, if the same shall appear necessary ; but as it is a
matter of some moment and will require a mature deliberation, it was
moved and agreed that the further consideration thereof should be de-
ferred till to-morrow at nine o'clock, beforenoon, to which time the
Council is adjourned.

At a Council held at Philadelphia, February 7th, 1728-9.

PRESENT :

The honorable Patrick Gordon, Esq., Lieut. Governor.
James Logan, " Clement Plumsted, ]

Eichard Hill, ' Ealph Asheton, ■' , _^

Isaac Norris, • Samuel Hazle,- f i *•

Wm. Fishbouru, J

The Minutes of the three preceding Councils being read and approved,
the Board, according to order, entered into the consideration of the peti-
tion in the Minute of yesterday, touching the Division of Chester county,
and after the same had heen fully considered and debated, the Board
came to the following Eesolution : That, as well for the reasons set forth
in said petition, as the security, peace and good order of the whole Gov-
ernment, there doth appear a real neccessity that a new county should be
erected, according to the prayer of said petition ; and although the power
of erecting counties is wholly vested in the Proprietory, and therefore in
the Governor, as his Lieutenant, yet, inasmuch as this will require the
establishment of Courts of Judicature, with other alterations, for which
a due provision will best be made by a Law, it may be convenient that
the Governor should acquaint the House of Eepresentatives now sitting,
with the application made to him, that the same may be carried on with,
and strengthened by the joint and unanimous concurrence of the whole
Legislature.

At a Council held at Philadelphia, February 20th, 1728-9.

PRESENT:

The Honourable Patrick Gordon, Esq. Lieut. Governor.
Eichard Hill, Clement Plumsted, ■^

Isaac Norris, Thomas Laurence, \- Esq'rs.

Samuel Preston, Samuel Hazle. J

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 113

The minutes of the preceding Council being read and approved, the
Governor informed the Board that pursuant to the resolve of last Coun-
cil, he had acquainted the House of Representatives with his intention to
erect the upper part of the County of Chester into a separate county, in
which they had concurred, and desired that an equal number of the in-
habitants of the lower and upper part might run the division line ; and,
therefore, he was now to recommend to the Board to choose fit and well
qualified persons for that service, and to consider of proper directions
for their guidance therein. And after due consideration thereof —

It is ordered that Henry Hayes, Samuel Nutt, Samuel Hollingsworth,
Philip Taylor, Elisha Gatchel, James James, John Wright, Tobias Hen-
dricks, Samuel Blunston, Andrew Cornish, Thomas Edwards and John
Musgrave, or the major part of them, calling to their assistance John
Taylor, the Surveyor of Chester County, meet at some convenient place
near Octeraroe Creek or River, and cause a marked line to be run from
the most northerly or main branch of the said Creek northward, or to the
east or west thereof, as it shall be found most convenient, to the next
high ridge of barren or uninhabited hills that trend from thence to
Schuylkill River, keeping as near as may be to the ridge of the said hills,
and to proceed along the ridge thereof, yet with as few changes in the
course as their situation will admit, and fixing the same to the most con-
spicuous, natural and durable marks that may be the least subject to
uncertainty or variation : to be bounded southward by the southern
bounds of the province, and eastwardly the said Octeraroe creek; and
from thence the northern line to be by them run as aforesaid, to the said
hills, from thence the main northern or easterly branch thereof, above the
forks of the said river, to lie open to the westward and northward till
further order shall be given therein; and to make Report of their pro-
ceedings to this Board.

At a Council held at Philadelphia, May 2d, 1729.

PRESENT :

The Hon'ble Patrick Gordon, Esqr., Lieut. Governor.
Richard Hill, Thomas Laurence, ^

William Fishbourne, Samuel Hazle, \- Esq'rs.

Clement Plumsted, J

A Return being made by the Order dated the 20th day of February
last, for running a Division Line in the County of Chester, and settling
the boundaries of the county to be erected in the back parts of this
Province towards Sasquehannah, pursuant to the minute of Council of the
20th of said February, the same was read, approved and confirmed, and
is in these words:

" Pursuant to a Warrant from the Honorable Patrick Gordon, Esquire,
9

114 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

Lieutenant Governor of the Province of Pensilvania and counties of New-
castle, Kent and Sussex upon Delaware, bearing date the 22d day of Feb-
ruary last past, AYe whose names are hereunto subscribed, met together
on the 17th day of March, 1728-9, near the head of the Northern Branch
of Octeraroe Creek, and with the assistance of John Taylor, Surveyor of
the County of Chester, run a Line from the said Branch to the Eivcr
Schuylkill, according to the courses following, viz : Beginning on a
corner marked White Oak standing on the Eastern side of the said
Branch on the land of John Minshall, thence north-east by north five
hundred and eighty perches to a Chestnut Oak standing on the top of a
barren mountain at the head of the branches of the said Octeraroe creek,,
thence along the said mountain north-east by east three hundred and forty
perches to a Chestnut tree, thence north north-east four hundred and forty
perches to a AVhite Oak, by a branch of Pequea creek, thence continuing
the same course along the said mountain four hundred and eighty perches
to a Chestnut Oak, thence north by east seven hundred perches to a white
oak near a small branch of Brandywine creek, thence north by west six
hundred and sixteen perches to a Chestnut tree standing on the top of a
mountain at the head of the Western Branch of the said Brandywine
Creek, thence east north-east along the said mountain two thousand two
hundred and twenty perches to a Chestnut tree near the Western Branch
of the French Creek, thence north-east by east three hundred and fifty
perches to a red Oak, thence north-east one hundred and ninety perches
to a Chestnut Oak near another Branch of the said French Creek, thence
north-east by north two thousand one hundred perches to a corner
marked White Oak, standing by the said Eiver Schuylkill, about three
quarters of a mile below the house of John Burroughs."

Henry Hays, Tobias Hendricks,

Samuel Hollingsworth, Samuel Blunston,

Philip Taylor, Andrew Cornish,

Elisha Gatchel, Thomas Edwards,

James James, John Musgrave.

John Wright.
" And the upper parts of this Province described as aforesaid, are hereby
declared to be erected, and are accordingly erected into a County, by the
name of LANCASTER COUNTY. And 'Tis Ordered that the same be
signified to the House of Representatives, and the Return laid before them
for their direction in describing the boundaries thereof in the Bill now
before them for establishing Courts of Judicature, &c., within the them."
The County owes its name, according to tradition, to John Wright, a
native of Lancashire in England, who arrived in the province in 171-i,
settled at Chester and removed to Columbia in 1726. A sketch of his
life will be found in the Biographical Division of this work.

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 115

At a Council lield at Philadelphia, May 8th, 1729.

PRESENT :

The Hon'ble PATRICK GORDON, Esq., Lieut. Governor.

William Fishbourne, Ralph Asheton, -^

Clement Plumsted, Samuel Hazle. V Esq'rs.

Thomas Laurence, J

A Bill sent up from the House entitled an act for erecting the upper
parts of the Province of Pennsylvania, lying towards Sasquehannah, Con-
estogoe, Dunnegal, &c., into a county was read, to which it was proposed
and agreed that a clause should be drawn up and sent to the House, to
be inserted therein, for continuing all such suits and actions as are now
depending in the county of Chester, against any inhabitant of the county
of Lancaster, and that the same may be brought to issue in the said
county of Chester ; which, with some other small amendments, were or-
dered to be carried down with the Bill.

Then the Governor recommended to the Board to consider of proper
persons to be appointed Justices of Peace of the said county of Lancaster,
and be commissionated for the office of Sheriff and Coroner, and the fol-
lowing persons were named for Justices, viz : John AVright, Tobias Hen-
dricks, Samuel Blunston, Andrew Cornish, Thomas Edwards, Caleb
Peirce, Thomas Reid and Samuel Jones, Esquires.

Robert Barber was likewise appointed Sheriff" and Andrew Galbraith
Coroner, and Commissions were ordered to be prepared accordingly.

May 10th, 1729, the House of Representatives waited on the Governor,
and the Speaker presented among others the following Bill to be passed
into law, which was accordingly by the Governor passed into a Law of
this Province, and warrant was issued for af&xing the great seal thereto.

"An Act for erecting the Upper Parts of the Province of Pennsyl-
vania, lying towards Sasquehanna, Conestogoe, Dunnegal, etc. into a
county.

"Whereas, A great number of the inhabitants of the Upper Part of
Chester county have by their Petition humbly represented to the Gov-
ernor and Assembly of this Province, the great hardships they lie under
by being at so great a distance from the town of Chester, where the
Courts of Justice are held, and the Public offices kept ; and how hard and
difficult it is for the sober and quiet inhabitants of that part of the county
to secure themselves against the thefts and abuses almost daily committed
upon them by idle and dissolute persons, Avho resort to the remote parts
of the Province, and by reason of the great distance from a Court or
Prison, do frequently find means of making their escape; for the re-
moving Avhich inconveniency, and relief of the said inhabitants, Be it en-
acted by the Honourable Patrick Gordon, Esq., Governor of the Prov-
ince of Pennsylvania, etc., by and with the advice and consent of the

116 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

Freemen of the said Province, in General Assembly met, and by the Aii-
tliority of the same, That all and singular the lands within the Province
of Pennsylvania, lying to the Northward of Octoraro creek, and to the
Westward of a line of marked trees, running from the North Branch of
the said Octoraro creek, north-easterly to the river Schujdkill, be erected
into a county, and the same is hereby erected into a county named, and
from henceforth to be called Lancaster county; and the said Octoraro
creek, the line of marked trees, and the river Schuylkill, aforesaid, shall
be the Boundary Line or Division between the said county and the
counties of Chester and Philadelphia.

"II. And he it further enacted hy the authority aforesaid, That the said
County of Lancaster, shall have and enjoy all and singular the Jurisdic-
tions, Powers, Rights, Liberties, Privileges and Immunities whatsoever,
w^hich any other County within the Province of Pennsylvania doth, may
or ought to enjoy, by any Charter of Privileges, or the laws of this
Province, or by any other ways or means whatsoever, excepting only in
the number of Representatives to serve in the General Assembly of this
Province, in which case, it is hereby •provided and enacted hy the authority
aforesaid, that, until it shall be otherwise ordered by the Governor and
Assembly of this Province, the Freemen and Inhabitants of the said
county, qualified by the Laws of this Province to elect, shall annually
meet at or near the Court House of the said county, at the" same time the
other counties of this Province shall meet for such like purpose, or at
.such place where the Courts shall be held, until such Court House shall
be erected, and there proceed to choose Inspectors, and to elect four
Representatives or Delegates to serve them in Assembly, in the same
manner, as by the said Charter and Laws of this Province is directed:
which said four Representatives, when so chosen, shall be Members of
the General Assembly of Pennsylvania, and sit and act as such, as fully
and freely, as any of the Representatives for the other counties within
this Province do, may, can or ought to do.

"III. And he it furthar enacted hy the authority aforesaid, That all taxes
already laid within the bounds of the said County of Lancaster, by an
Act of General Assembly of this Province, which are not already paid,
shall be collected by the respective collectors within the bounds afore-
said, and paid into the hands of the Treasurer of Chester County ; and that
all persons concerned in the levying, receiving and paying of the said taxes,
shall have the same power and authority, and be under the same penal-
ties and restrictions, for the collecting and paying the same, as by the
said acts, by which the said Taxes were assessed, are expressed and
directed, until the whole be collected and paid as aforesaid.

" IV. And he it further enacted hy the authority aforesaid, That the several
Courts of General Quarter Sessions of the Peace and Goal Delivery, and

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 117

the Courts of Common Pleas for the said County of Lancaster, shall be
holden and kept on the first Tuesday in the months of February^ ^^^y^
August and November, in every year, at some proper place within the said
County, until a convenient Court House shall be built ; and when the
same is built and erected in the county aforesaid, the said several Courts
shall then be holden and kept at the said Court House on the days be-
forementioned : And the Election of Eepresentatives to serve in General
Assembly, Assessors and all other officers of the said County, who are
or shall be appointed to be annually elected, shall be made and elected
at or near the said Court House, at the same time and in the same man-
ner, as by the Charter of Privileges and Laws of the Province of Penn-
sylvania, is directed to be done in the other Counties of this Province.
And it shall be lawful for the Freemen of the said County for the first
year, to choose three persons for Commissioners, for raising County Eates
and Levies for the said County.

"V. And be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid, That it shall
and may be lawful to and for Caleb Pierce, John Wright, Thomas Ed-
wards and James Mitchell, or any three of them, to purchase and take
assurance to them and their Heirs, of a Piece of land, situate in some
convenient place in the said County, to be approved of by the Governor
in Trust and for the nse of the said County, and thereon to erect and
build, or cause to be erected and built, a Court House and Prison, suffi-
cient to accommodate the public service of the said County, for the ease
and conveniency of the Inhabitants.

"VI. And be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid, That for the
defraying the charges of purchasing the Land, building and erecting the
Court House and Prison aforesaid, it shall and may be lawful to and for
the Commissioners and Assessors of the said County, or a majority of
them, who are hereby required to assess and levy so much money as the
Trustees, or any three of them, shall judge necessary for purchasing the
Land and finishing the said Court House and Prison. Provided ahcays,
The sum of money so raised do not exceed Three Hundred Pounds, cur-
rent money of the Province.

" VII. Provided always, and be itfwiher enacted by the authority afore-
said. That no action or suit now commenced and depending in the county
of Chester, against any Person living within the bounds of the said
county of Lancaster, shall be stayed or discontinued by this Act, or by
anything herein contained, but the same actions alread}^ commenced or
depending, may be prosecuted, and judgment thereupon rendered, as if
this Act had not been made, and that it shall and may be lawful for the
Justices of Chester county to issue any judicial process, to be directed to
the Sheriff of Lancaster county, for carrying on and obtaining the eflect
of their suits; which Sheriff shall be obliged to yield obedience in exe-

118 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

cuting of the said writs, and make due return before the Justices of tlie
Court of the said county of Chester, as if the Parties had been living and
residing within the same."

At a Council held at Philadelphia, March 20th, 1728-29.

PRESENT:

The Hon'ble. Patrick Gordon, Esq., Lieut. Governor.

Eichard Hill, William Fishbourn, "l

Isaac Norris, Thomas Laurence, \- Esq'rs.

Samuel Preston, Samuel Hazle, J

The Governor laid before the Board a letter he had yesterday received
from the Governor of Maryland, touching the new County to be erected
in this Province, which being read, and it appearing that the same pro-
ceeds upon a misinformation, as if the persons who were to run the
Division Line were to begin at the mouth of Octoraroe Creek, which is
claimed as within the limits of Maryland, instead of the head of the said
Creek, as mentioned in the order for laying out the same, the Board are
of opinion that a copy of said order be sent to the Governor of Maryland,
accompanied with a letter from the Governor to show him what caution
has been used in directing the boundaries of the said County, so that no
umbrage might thereby be given to the Government of Maryland.

January 16th, 1729-30. — A Petition of several Germans praying to
be naturalized, having been presented to the Governor, His Honour after
a strict inquiry into their characters and advising thereon, thought fit to
send the following Message to the House :

"Gentlemen: Upon application made to me in behalf of several Ger-
mans, now inhabitants of the county of Lancaster, that they may enjoy
the rights and privileges of English subjects, and for that end praying to
be naturalized; I have made enquiry and find that those whose names
are subjoined to a Petition that will be laid before your House are princi-
pally such who many years since came into this Province under a parti-
cular agreement with our late Honourable Proprietor at London and have
regularly taken up lands under him. It likewise appears to me by good
information, that they have hitherto behaved themselves well, and have
generally so good a character for honesty and industry as deserves the
esteem of this Government, and a mark of its regard for them. I am
therefore inclined from these considerations to favor their request, and
hoj3e you will join with me in passing a Bill for their Naturalization.

" I have likewise received a favorable character of John Neagley, Ber-
nard Reser and John Wistre, of Philadelphia county, whose names may
be inserted in the said Bill with those now recommended.

"P. Gordon."

A^IEW OF THE COUNTRY

loimd LANCASTER in 1730.

From a Sketch in the Office oftlie Secretary
0 f the CoTmnonivecdtti .

OF LANCASTER COUNTY.

119

CHAPTER IV.

FROM THE ORGANIZATION OF LANCASTER COUNTY TO THE TER-
MINATION OF THE COLONIAL GOVERNMENT.

Opinion was divided respecting the most suitable place for a Court
House. Wright's Ferry, the residence of the first Sheriff of the county,
was strongly recommended, and the Sheriff felt so confident that the
Ferry would be selected as the site "that he had a strong wooden build-
ing put up near his residence, which was intended for the county Goal.
It is only a few years since this building was pulled down."^ [1729.]

The house of John Postlewhait, in the townshp of Conestogoe, now the
residence of Jacob Fehl, Esq., being an old settlement, the original site
of an Indian wigwam and close to the Indian town of Conestogoe, was
selected for the purpose, and a temporary Court House and Goal, built
of logs, were erected there.

The following extracts from the Sessions and Road Docket of the Court
of Quarter Sessions exhibit the state of things at that period.

At a Court of General Quarter Sessions of the Peace, held at the
house of John Postlewhait, in the township of Conestogoe, for the county
of Lancaster, the fifth day of August in the third year of the reign of our
Sovereign Lord George the Second, by the grace of God of Great Britain,
France and Ireland, King, Defender of the Faith, etc. Before John
Wright, Tobias Hendricks, Andrew Cornish, Thomas Read and Samuel
Jones, Esquires, Justices of our said Lord the King, the Peace of our
same Lord the King in the county aforesaid to keep, as also divers felo-
nies, trespasses and other misdemeanors, in the said county committed
to hear and determine assigned, etc.

The Court being opened, the Sheriff, to wit, Robert Barber, Esq. returns
the Writ of Yenire Facias to him directed, with the panel thereunto
annexed, and the following persons were sworn and affirmed on the
Grand Inquest, viz :

James Mitchell,
George Stewart,
Edward Smout,
Edmond Cartlidge,
James Pattison,
Andrew Gailbraith,
Thomas Baldwyn,

- Sworn.

John Hendricks,
James Hendricks,
Francis Jones,
Samuel Taylor,

1
I
y Afl&rmed.

J

iRev. D. Goheen.

120

AUTHENTIC HISTORY

y Sworn.

James Roddy,

Patrick Campbell,

William Hey,

John Gailbraith,

Matthew Attinson,

Ephraim Moor,

The following persons were by the Court appointed Constables, Over-
seers of the Poor, and Supervisors of the High Ways for the respective
Townships, viz.:

OVERSEERS OF THE

SUPERVISORS OF THE

TOWNSHIPS.

CONSTABLES.

POOR.

HIGHWAYS.

Hempfield

Joshua Low, for

Edward Smout

Joshua Lowe

John Brubaker

Henry Nieff

Conestogoe

Alb't Hendricks

David Joneg

John Linville

Martock

George Middleton

Dnimore

Patrick Ewiugs

Sadsbury

Robert Young

Laycock

Henry Jones, for

Israel Robinson

Hans Good

Daniel Feiry

Lampeter

John Wall, for

Stephen Atkinson

Edmond Cartlidge

Wendell Bo-mnan

Adam Brand

Manheim

Thomas Gale

Salisbury

James Gant

Warwick

Richard Carter

Cocalico

Eman'l C'arpenter

Earl

Martin Grove

-

Lebanon

John McCurry

Robinson

Francis Hughs

Tulpehocken

Michael Shaver

Carnarvon

George Hvidson

Peshtanck

Thomas Garner

Peter Allen

Donegall

Patrick Campbell

DOMINUS REX ^ And now at this day Morris Cannady being in-
vs. [• dieted by the Grand Inquest for this county for

MORRIS CANNADY. ; having feloniously taken, stolen, and carried
away fourteen pounds, seven shillings, the goods and chattels of Daniel
Cookson, w\as brought to the bar in custody of the sherifl", and being
asked how he would hereof acquit himself, pleaded thereunto instantly
not guilty, and for trial put himself upon the country, and Joseph Grow-
don, Jr., Esq., who, for our Sovereign Lord, the King in this behalf
prosecutes in like manner; and thereupon a jury being called, imme-
diately came, viz: John Lawrence, Robert Blackshaw, Thomas Gale,
John Mitchell, Joseph Burton, Edward Dougherty, Richard Hough,
Joshua Min shall, Richard Carter, Joseph Worke, David Jones, Lawrence
Bankson, who to say the truth of and upon the premises being duly
elected, tried, sworn or affirmed upon their oath and affirmation, respect-
ively do say, that the said Morris Cannady is guilty of the felony afore-
said in manner and form as he stands indicted ; and thereupon it is con-
sidered by the Court that the said Morris Cannady pay to the Governor^

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 121

for the support of this Government, (the money stolen having before
been restored unto the said Daniel Cookson, the right owner thereof) the
sum of fourteen pounds seven shillings, and that he further pay the costs
of this prosecution, together *\vith two pounds eighteen shillings, by the
court allowed the said Daniel Cookson, for his loss of time, charges and
disbursements in the apprehending and prosecuting the said Morris Can-
nady, and that the said Morris stand committed to the custody of the
sherifl' of this county, until he make satisfaction for the sums aforesaid
by the court in manner aforesaid adjudged, and moreover shall be pub-
licly whipped on his bare back with twenty-one stripes well

laid on.

Upon the petition of Morris Cannady, setting forth that he hath no
estate or effects whatsoever, to satisfy the fine to the Honorable, the
Governor of this Province, and to discharge the costs of prosecution
against him, and humbly praying the relief of this Court in the premises ;
it is therefore ordered per curiam., that the said Morris be sold by the said
sheriff' of this county, to the highest bidder for any term not exceeding
six years, and that the money thence arising be applied for or towards
payment of the fine and costs aforesaid; and that the sheriff make return
of his doings herein to next court.

1730, November 3. — At a court held at Lancaster — Eobert Barber,
late sheriff" of the county, reports to the Court, that pursuant to a former
order he had sold Morris Cannady for the time limited by said order to
one John Lawrence, of Peshtank, for sixteen pounds, of which sum he
had only received the value of fourteen pounds, five shillings, and the
said John being insolvent, the remainder could not be had ; he therefore
prays this court would order the Costs of suit and other charges against
the said Cannady to be settled and the state thereof represented to the
Governor, that the said sheriff" may be no farther liable than he hath
effects to answer.

Ordered, per curiam., that Tobias Hendricks and Andrew Galbraith,
Esqrs., settle the said accounts and certify their proceedings to the Gov-
ernor in behalf of the said sheriff", according to his prayer.

Petition presented to Court by the subscribers, "praying that they
may be recommended to the Governor as suitable persons to trade with
the Indians," was allowed per curiam.

James Pattison, Edmond Cartledge, Peter Chartiere, John Lawrence,
Jonas Davenport, Oliver Wallis, Patrick Boyd, Lazarus Lowry, William
Dunlap, William Beswick, John Wilkins, Thomas Perrin, John Harris.

At the same session petitions Avere presented to the Court praying to
be recommended to the Governor as proper persons to keep public houses
of entertainment, which were severally granted p>er curiam, in favor
of John Postlewhait, John Miller, Jacob Funk, Christian Stoneman,

122 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

Jacob Biere, Edward Dougherty, Samuel Taylor, Francis Jones, Mary
Denny.

Upon the petition of divers inhabitants of this county setting forth the
necessit}^ of a high-way through Hernpfield township, from the first un-
surveyed land near Sasquehannah to Christian Stoneman, his mill, and
from the said mill to Daniel Cookson's at the head of Pequea, and praying
that fit persons may be appointed to view and lay out the same accord-
ingl}^. It is ordered jjer curiam that Edmond Cartledge, William Hughes,
Charles Jones, Henry Neife, John Brubaker and James Pattison, do view
the said place, and if they, or any four of them are satisfied that there
is occasion for the said road, they lay out the same and make return by
course and distance under their hands to the next court.

Wheeeas, At a meeting of the magistrates and others at the house of
John Postlewhait, on the ninth of June past, (1729) it was agreed that for
the present supply of this county, the sheriif should erect a building
sufficient to hold prisoners and should be allowed towards the defraying
the expense, the sum of five pounds, public money, which building is
now near built. It is therefore agreed and ordered by this Court that the
said sheriff' shall with all expedition finish the said building, which when
finished shall thenceforth be reputed the common goal of the county of
Lancaster, till the public prison be built, and with this order the Sheriff"
agrees.

At a Court of General Quarter Sessions of the Peace held in Conesto-
goe, the fourth day of November:.

"Upon the petition of sundrj^ Germans, inhabitants of this county,
setting forth that they had taken the legal qualifications required of for-
eigners and praying this Court would please to recommend them to the
Hon'ble Governor in order to obtain his favor for Naturalization

"Ordered per curiam that a Kecommendation pursuant to the said Pe-
tition be drawn and signed by the Clerk of the County in behalf of the
Court to present to the Governor in favor of of the above petitioners for
the Intent abovesaid." "^

" Upon complaint of the Sheriff" to this Court that the County was un-
provided with Locks, Bolts and Irons necessary to secure felons, etc.. It
is ordered that the said Sheriff" procure two sufficient Locks and a Chain
suitable for the aforesaid use, to be paid by the County."

"At the request of the Sheriff of the County to this Court setting forth
that he had, according to a former ordec of this Court, finished the
Prison according to bargain, and that the Court would please to view the
same, that he may obtain an order on the Treasurer for pay for the same.
Ordered per ciLriam that Tobias Hendricks and Andrew Gailbraith view
the said Prison and make report to the Commissioners and Assessors
accordinglv."

OP LANCASTER COUNTY. 12o

At a Council held at Philadelphia, Febry. 19th, 1729-80.

PRESENT :

The Honble. Patrick Gordon, Esq., Lieut. Governor.

James Logan, Clement Plumsted, ^

Isaac Norris, Thomas Laurence, '[

Samuel Preston, Kalph Asheton, f Esq'rs.

William Fishbourn, J

The Governor acquainted the Board that whereas, by the Law for
erecting Lancaster County, John Wright, Caleb Pierce, Thomas Ed-
wards and James Mitchel, or any three of them, are empowered to pur-
chase for the use of the said County, a convenient piece of Land to be
approved of by the Governor, and thereon to build a Court House and
Prison, and that now the said John Wright, Caleb Pierce and James
Mitchel, have by a Certificate under their hands, signified that they have
agreed upon a Lot of Land for the uses aforesaid, lying on or near a
small run of water, between the plantations of Roody Mire, Michael
Shank and Jacob Imble, about ten miles from Sasquehannah Biver, and
prayed his approbation of the same. The Governor therefore referred
the matter to the consideration of the Board, whether the situation of the
place those gentlemen had pitched on for a town might be fit to be con-
firmed, and that a town should accordingly be fixed there. But the
question being asked to whom the land they had made choice of now
belongs, and who has the property of it, because it may be in such hands
as will not part with it, or at least on reasonable terms for that use, and
this not being known by any at the Board, it was deferred till such time
as that point could be ascertained. But as it is presumed for anything
that is yet known, to be unsurveyed land, and that the right is only in
the Proprietor, it is the opinion of the Board that it is more proper to
be granted by the Proprietor for such uses than by any other person.

Mem. — The Governor having understood that the right to the Land
pitched upon for the Townstead of Lancaster remains yet in the Proprie-
taries, was advised to approve of the place agreed on by Messrs. Wright,
Pierce and Mitchell, and the same was confirmed accordingly, by a v/riting
dated May 1st, 1780.1

At a Court of General Quarter Sessions of the Peace held at Lancaster,
the third day of November in. the fourth year of his Majesty's reign.
Anno 1730, before John Wright, Thomas Edwards, Tobias Hendricks,
Andrew Cornish, Andrew Galbraith and Caleb Pearce, Esqs., Justices of
our Lord the King, the Peace of our said Lord the King in the County
aforesaid to keep, as also divers felonies, trespasses and other misde-
meanors in the said County committed, to hear and determine assigned.

The Court being opened the Sheriff, with John Galbraith, Esq., returns

iCol. Records.

124 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

the writ of Venire facias to him directed, with the panel thereunto an-
nexed, and the following persons Avere sworn and affirmed on the Grand
Inquest.

Edward Smout, James Paterson, Eandel Chambers, Ephraim Moore,
Eichard Hough, George Stites, Christ. Vanlere, James Gait, James
Whiteal, Thomas Johnston, William Wilkins, William Eichardson,
Jur. John Kile, IlatAvell Vernon, Daniel Cookson, John Jones, John
Musgrove, Ajfkl.

The foregoing persons constituted the first Grand Jurj in Lancaster,
and here follows one of the cases tried at Lancaster at the Sessions opened
May 2d, 1732.1

DOMINUS EEX \ Sur. — Indictment for uttering and paying four
vs. |- several counterfeit Bills of the Tenor and in Imita-

EOBEET TEAS. ) tion of genuine bills of credit of the Province of
Pennsylvania, in value equal each to ten shillings, knowing the said bills
to be false and counterfeit, comes and saj^s that he is not guilty in man-
ner and form as by the said Indictment is supposed, and of this puts
himself upon the country. And Joseph Crowdon, Esq., who for our
Sovereign Lord the King in their behalf prosecutes in like manner, etc.
And now a Jur}^, who being called, viz : John Wall, Matthew Atkinson,
David A'ernor, George Sea, Eobert Ej^res, Edmund Cartlidge, jr., James
Mayes, Aron Price, Francis Neiff, jr., George Middleton, Christopher
Fransiscus and Samuel Eobinson, upon their oath and solemn affirmation
came and w^ho to say the truth of and upon the premises being chosen,
tried, sworn and affirmed upon their respective oaths and affirmations,
Do say that the aforesaid Eobert Teas is guilty in manner and form as
by the said indictment is supposed.

It is therefore considered by the Court here that the aforesaid Eobert
Teas shall be set upon the Pillory and have both his ears cut off and be
publicly whipped on his bare back with Thirty-one lashes well laid on;
and moreover shall forfeit and pay the sum of One Hundred Pounds
current money of America, one half tliereof to the use of the Govern-
ment and the other half to the discoverers, and shall pay the parties grieved
double the value of the said Bills, together with the costs and charges of
prosecution, and stand committed till the same be executed and paid.

The case being referred to the Governor, at the November Sessions of
the same year, was disposed of as follows :

It being certified to this Court by Letter from the Governor that he had
consented to suspend that part of the sentence passed against Eobert
Teas which directed the cutting off his ears and imposed a fine of One
Hundred Pounds upon condition he should depart the said province, and
was not found within any part of the same after a certain time appointed

1 Sessions and Road Docket.

OF LANCASTER COUNTY, 125

by this Court. Ordered per curiam, That the said Eobert Teas depart
out of this province by the tenth day of December next.

To the Hon. Patrick Gordon, Esq., Governor of the Province of
Pennsylvania.

Whereas, By an act of General Assembly of this Province for erect-
ing the Upper Part of the Province into a county, called the county of
Lancaster,^ It was enacted that it might and should be lawful to and for
Caleb Pearce, John Wright, Thomas Edwards and James Mitchell, or
any three of them, to purchase a piece of land, situate in some convenient
place, in the said county, to be approved of by the Governor, whereon
to build a Court House and Prison for the use of said county.

These may certify the Governor that we, the subscribers, after much
pains and diligent search for a proper place for the aforesaid use, for the
ease and accommodation of the majority of the inhabitants, have agreed
upon a certain lot of land lying on or near a small run of water, between
the Plantations of Eudy Mire, Michael Shank and Jacob Imble, and being
about ten miles from the Susquehannah river, which we conceive the
most convenient for the use aforesaid. And we pray the Governor would
please to approve and confirm the same, that we may proceed to pur-
chase and build as the said law directs.

Caleb Peirce,
John Wright,
James Mitchell.
Approved by the Governor on Feb. 17th, 1729-30.

The bodies of three Indians, two men and one woman, having been
found buried in a certain run,''^ covered with some logs and stone, the
Coroner's inquiries showed that they were the bodies of three Indians,
an old man, his son, a young man, and his daughter, a girl about 14 years
old, and had been murdered by the old man's squaw for the sole purpose
that she might marry another man.

A letter from Capt. Civility to the Governor:

May it Please ye Hon'ble Governor : Some time since I was at our
county town of Lancaster, when I heard much talk that both Dutch and
English was agoing to settle on ye other side of Susquehannah. Likewise
Mr. Wright and Mr. Blunston hath surveyed a great deal of land and de-
signs to dispose of it to others, which giveth me and my brethren a great
deal of trouble, it being in our road in our hunting, lest our young men
should break the chain of friendship which hath long existed between us.

We are grieved that Mr. Wright should not mind his word, for when
he first came to our parts he often said that no person should settle on
that side of the river without our consent, but now we find he to be ye
first and to encourage others.

iPenn'a. Archives. 2Penn'a. Archives, i. pp, 267-269.

126 AUTHENTIC HISTOKY

When your Honour was with us at Conestogoe your desire was that we
should not hurt any of your people, which we carefully have observed,
and likewise that Ed. Parnell who was settled there, should go ofl' which
he did, which now grieves our hearts to see how little our counsels is
minded. We hear that one of William Penn's family is coming in this
country, but the truth of it we know not ; we long to hear the truth of it
for we should be glad to see any of William Penn's family.

AVe are now agoing out to hunt, so desire you to suppress your peo-
ple from settling there until we return from our hunting and then some
of our chiefs will come down to you and have some further treaty about
ye matter.

From your Loving Brother, in behalf of ye rest of my Brethren,

Decattelees, alias Capt. Civility.

CoNESTOGO':, Sept. ye 28, 1730.

At aCoancil held at Philadelphia, January 29th, 1730-31. Present:
The Hon, Patrick Gordon, Esq., Lieutenant Governor, etc.

A petition of the Magistrates, Grand Jury, and other inhabitants of the
County of Lancaster, was presented to the Board and read, setting forth
that not having the conveniency of any navigable water, for bringing
the produce of their labors to Philadelphia, they are obliged at a great
expense to transport them by land carriage, which burthen becomes
heavier through the want of suitable roads for carriages to pass. That
there are no public roads leading to Philadelphia yet laid out through
their County, and those in Chester County, through which they now pass,
are in many places incommodious. And therefore praying that proper
persons may be appointed to view and lay out a Road for the publick
service, from the town of Lancaster till it falls in with the High Road in
the County of Chester, leading to the Ferry of Schuylkill at high street,
and that a Review may be had of the said Public Road in the County of
Chester: The prayer of which petition being granted:

It is okdered that Thomas Edwards, Edward Smout, Robert Barber,
Hans Graaf, Caleb Peirce, Samuel Jones and Andrew Cornish of the
County of Lancaster, or any five of them, view and lay out by course
and distance, a convenient high Road from the said town of Lancaster to
the Division Line between the Counties of Chester and Lancaster: And
that Thomas Green, George Ashton, William Paschal, Richard Buffing-
ton, William March, Samuel Miller and Robert Parke of the County of
Chester, or any five of them, do then join the above named persons of
Lancaster County, or any five of them, in continuing to la}^ out as afore-
said, the said Road from the Division Line aforesaid, till it falls in with
the King's high Road in the County of Chester, leading to Philadelphia,
and make Return thereof to this Board. And they the above named
persons of the County of Lancaster, or any five of them, together with

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 127

tte above named persons of tlie County of Chester, or any five of tliem,
are further impowered jointly to review the said high Road within the
last mentioned County, and to Report to this Board what alterations may
be necessary to be made therein, to suit the conveniency of carriages,
and for the better accommodation of the inhabitants of this Province.

The vexatious question of the boundary line [1732-33] between Penn-
sylvania and Maryland, at this period began to involve Lancaster county
in serious difficulties, the nature of which will be best understood from
the following documents :

At a Council held at Philadelphia, January 9th, 1732-33.

PRESENT :

The Honourable the Proprietary.

The Lieutenant Governor.

James Logan, Thomas Laurence, "]

Isaac Norris, Ralph Asheton, ■

Samuel Preston, Samuel Hazle, T ^

Henry Brooke, Clement Plumsted. J

The Governor acquainted the Board, that some days since he had re-
ceived a letter from the Lord Baltimore, complaining of a riot committed
within his lordship's Province of Maryland by people of Pennsylvania,
but the circumstances not being mentioned, or any information given
from whence the matter might be clearly understood, he had thought
proper in a few lines, to acknowledge the receipt of his lordship's letter,
and to defer giving a particular answer till a due enquiry should be made
into the affair.

That having gathered from the precept enclosed in his lordship's letter,
that the persons complained of were inhabitants of Lancaster County, he
had dispatched an express to the justices there, requiring them to furnish
him with an exact account of the whole ; that the messenger being now re-
turned, had brought a letter from the justices together with several affida-
vits, all of which he thought highly proper now to lay before the Board,
whom he had called together to advise with on the answer to be made to
Lord Baltimore.

The letter from his lordship being read in these words :

"Annapolis, Deer, ye loth, 1732.

"Sir: By the enclosed precept, founded upon informations given upon
oath to a magistrate here, you will see that a most outrageous riot hath
lately been committed in my Province by a great number of people call-
ing themselves Pennsylvanians.

"It appears, by the same information, that some of your magistrates,
instead of preventing or discouraging these violences, countenance and
abet the authors of them ; whether with or without the approbation of
your government, you best know.

128 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

"For my own part, I think myself in honor and justice obliged, and I
am determined to protect such of his Majesty's subjects who are my own
tenants, in all their rights; and therefore, to the end the persons com-
plained of may be punished, if upon a fair tryal they shall be found
guilty, I desire that they, or such of them as can be found in your Pro-
vince, may be sent without loss of time into this, as the only and proper
place, where the fact with which they are charged is cognizable, and
where my officers will be ready to receive them, particularly the sheriffs
and justices of my counties of Baltimore and Cecil.

"I also desire that such of your magistrates as shall appear to have en-
couraged the commission of these or any other violences in my province
by the people of Pennsylvania, may be punished for their abuse of
authority; and that you'l favor me with a categorical answer to these my
just demands by this bearer. Your humble servant,

Baltimore."

"Addressed thus:
"To His Excellency Patrick Gordon, Esq., at Philadelphia."

The Precept referred to in the foregoing Letter, follows in these words :

"Maryland, ss:

" AVhereas Charles Jones, James Patison, Alxr. McKey, John Capper,
John Hart, John Pattan, James Pattan, James Patison, jr., John Trotter
and William Macrnanac being, or pretending themselves to be, inhabi-
tants of Pennsylvania, together with several other persons unknown, are
charged upon the oath of John Lowe of Baltimore county, planter, taken
before me, Eobert Gordon, Esq., one of his Lordship's Justices of the
Provincial Court of Maryland, who having assembled themselves, armed
with weapons, offensive and defensive, in a riotous manner, on the plan-
tation of him the said John Lowe, in the said county, in the night of the
twenty-sixth of November last, and violently and riotously assaulting
and beating the said John Lowe, his wife and family, and imprisoning
the said John Lowe and his two sons, to the great terror and damage of
the said John Lowe and his family, against his Lordship's peace, good
rule and government :

"These are therefore in his Lordship's name, to will and require all
Sheriffs, Coroners, Constables, and other his Lordship's Officers, to make
diligent search and enquiry within their respective Counties and pre-
cincts, for the said Charles Jones, James Pattison, Alexander M'Key,
John Capper, John Hart, James Pattan, James Pattison, Jr., John Trot-
ter and William Macmanac, and all other persons concerned in the said
riot, and to apprehend them or any of them who shall be found within
this Province, and to carry them or any of them before some one of his
Lordship's Justices of the Provincial Court, or some one Justice of the
Peace of the County where they or any of them shall be found, in order

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 129

to be dealt with according to law; hereof the said officers are not to fail
•at their peril. Griven under my hand and Seal, at Annapolis, this Four-
teenth day of December, in the Eighteenth year of his Lordship's Do-
minion, Anno Domini, 1732."

The Governor's answer to his Lordship's said Letter, is as follows:

"Philadelphia, Decemr. 23d, 1732.

"My Lord: It gives me no small concern that the first letter I have
the honor to receive from your Lordship, should be on so disagreeable a
.subject as a complaint against any of his Majesty's subjects under my
Government, for disorders committed in the Province of Maryland ; and
I must assure your Lordship you have been exceedingly misinformed if
you can imagine it possible that I should countenance an outrage of such
a sort as your letter seems to represent it, for I believe I shall be fully
capable to satisfy your Lordship that my conduct in relation to your
Province, since I had the honor to serve the Proprietors of Pennsylvania
as their Lieutenant Governor, has demonstrated a very different disposi-
tion.

"To the matter of the complaint I am very much a stranger, and as
your Lordship was not pleased to transmit copies of the information, or
anything else that might sufficiently enable me to judge of it more clearly,
I shall therefore immediately, notwithstanding the distance and rigor of
the season, dispatch a message to the Magistrates of the County of Lan-
caster, requiring them without delay to make a full enquiry, and furnish
me with everything for the perfect understanding the state and cir-
cumstances of the whole affair; and I have no reason, from the past
conduct of those gentlemen, to believe but that it will be found much
different from what has been represented to your Lordship. These when
received shall be forthwith communicated, and then I may have occasion
to make some further observations on your Lordship's letter, and the
nature of these unhappy disputes which, notwithstanding all possible
caution to the contrary, may arise for want of the Division Lines being
actually run, whereby every inhabitant might distinctly know what Ju-
risdiction he lives under.

" This being all I am at present able to say on the subject till the re-
turn of my messenger, I am, My Lord,

"Your Lordship's

"Very humble Servant,

"P. Gordon."

Addressed thus, ,

"To the Eight Honourable

"The Lord Baltimore, Proprietor of Maryland."

Then was read the letter of John Wright and Samuel Blunston, Esqrs.,

to the Governor, in the following words:
10

130 AUTHENTIC HISTOEY

" May it please the Governor :

"Being informed by the Governor's letter to us, that the execution of
a warrant directed to Charles Jones, Constable of Hempfield, for appre-
hending two sons of John Lowe, of this county, pretending themselves
inhabitants of Maryland, hath been represented to Lord Baltimore as a
violent and riotous assault committed against his Lordship's Peace, good
Eule and Government.

"We have therefore, made strict inquiry into the manner of the exe-
cution thereof, which, together with the cause of issuing the said war-
rant, and all other things relating thereunto, are herewith faithfully
transmitted.

"In the year 1729, when the Governor was pleased to issue an Order
to divide this part of the Province from Chester County, and for erecting
the same into a distinct County, and appointed Magistrates and Officers
for the Conservation of the Peace, the more easy administration of Jus-
tice and better securing the sober and quiet inhabitants in those remote
parts of the Province, from the thefts and abuses committed by idle and
dissolute persons who resorted hither to keep out of the hands of Justice,
the Southern boundaries of the said County were by the said Order to
be, Octoraro Creek and the Province of Maryland, and including the in-
habitants, to lie open to the Westward. But as the line between the
two Provinces was not known, no authority was claimed over those
few families settled to the Northward of Octoraro, by or under pretence
of Maryland Rights, but they remained (by us) undisturbed, though
many inhabitants of Pennsylvania lived some miles to the Southward
of them.

"At that time there were no English inhabitants on the West side of
Sasquehannah River in these parts, for about two years before Edward
Parnel and several other families who were settled on the West side of
the River, near the same, at a place called (by the Indians) Coneohela,
(who for several years had paid uninterrupted acknowledgment to this
Province) were at the request of the Conestogoe Indians, removed by
the Governor's Order from the said place; the Indians insisting on the
same to lie vacant for their convenience, as their right by treaties with
this Government formerly made. But about two years since, Thomas
Cressop and some other people of loose morals and turbulent spirits,
came and disturbed the Indians, our friends and allies, who were peace-
ably settled on those lands from whence the said Parnel and others had
been removed, burnt their cabbins and destroyed their goods, and with
much threatening and ill usage drove them away, and by pretending to
be under Maryland Government. (As they were got far from their laws
sought to evade ours.) But as that land had been formerly settled by
the good people of this Province, and none till Cressop and his company

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 131

had settled by a Maryland Claim so far to the Northward by near thirty
miles, we concluded them to be men of desperate fortunes, who would
rather defend their actions by force than trust them to the law, and that
opinion hath since been corroborated by others following their example,
and settling on that side the river, who, when charged with offences or
debt, would screen themselves under the same pretence, yet those men
would fly to our laws for redress against their own party, and they who
had fled from their creditors and the Laws of Maryland into this Pro-
vince, when such creditors pursued them hither, have refused obedience
to our ofliicers and cried Maryland. Thus they proceeded to play booty,
disturbing the peace of the Government; carrying people out of the
Province by violence; taking away the guns from our friends, the In-
dians ; tying and making them prisoners without any offence given ; and
threatening all who should oppose them, and by underhand and unfair
practices, endeavoring to alienate the minds of the inhabitants of this
Province, and draw them from obedience to their party. Their insolence
increasing, they killed the horses of such of our people whose trade with
the Indians made it necessary to keep them on that side of the river,
for carrying their goods and skins; assaulted those who were sent to
look after them, and threatened them highly if they should come there
again.

" This usage obliged James Patterson to apply to us for a Warrant to
apprehend and bind to the Peace two young men, who had been the most
active. We, well knowing that according to the agreement lately made
between onr Proprietors and Lord Baltimore, and by the explanatory
Maps thereon struck, those settlements were above twenty miles to the
Northward of the place of the intended line, therefore believed it our
duty as conservators of the Peace to use legal authority for the security
of His Majesty's subjects, and curbing the insolence of lawless and unruly
offenders, and accordingly issued a Warrant to apprehend Daniel and
William Lowe. The manner of executing thereof will best appear by
the affidavits herewith sent.

" When they were brought before us they were used with all the lenity
the case would bear, and dismissed on the security of their own friends
for their future good behaviour and appearance at our next Court of
General Quarter Sessions.

"Could we have supposed such a procedure would have given the
least offence to Lord Baltimore, or that he would have looked upon
those persons as his subjects, and under his protecton, w^ho in his own
opinion (according to the testimony of Thomas Cressop) live beyond
the bound of this Dominion, we should not have acted herein, but have
represented the case to the Governor, and w^aited the direction of his

132 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

wiser judgment, to whose just censure we submit, and conclude with all
due regard.

The Governor's most assured friends,

" Jno. Wright,
" Sa. Blunston.

"Hempfield, 30th December, 1732."

Address thus :
" To the Hon'ble Patrick Gordon, Esq., Governor of Pennsylvania."

After which were read likewise, the affidavits of James Hendricks,
William McMannack, John Capper, John Brubaker, Charles Jones, John
Patten, Alexander McKey, Joshua Minshal, Frances Ward, Rebecca
Hendricks, Joshua Lowe and Tobias Hendricks, setting forth : That James
Patterson being informed one or more of his horses were killed near
John Lowe's plantation, and that his two sons, Daniel and William, had
been seen presenting a gun to fire at another, but were prevented by
being discovered, sent some persons thither to enquire into the truth of
the matter, who finding one of them lying dead near Lowe's house, made
some expostulations with his sons on that head, who were so far from
disowning the fact, that they said they would kill all the horses that came
upon that land, and having assaulted and grossly abused Patterson's mes-
sengers, threatened they would tie and whip all those he,should send over
thither; that upon complaint hereof made, a Warrant was issued for
apprehending the two persons who had been thus guilty of that Assault ;
that the Constable to whom the Precept was directed, having formerly
met with resistance from those people, and fearing new insults, (for
Thomas Cressop and his associates had threatened to shoot any ofiicer of
Pennsylvania who should come into those parts to do his duty,) though
he only took his staff himself, yet thought it necessary to have a suitable
strength with him, and being assisted by James Patterson, senior and
junior, William McMannack, Alexander McKey, John Capper, John Hart,
John Patten, James Patten and Matthew Bailey, and no others, amongst
whom were only three guns, and these not loaded, serving only as an
appearance of defence, went quietly to the house of Lowe the Father,
and the door being open, he then apprehended Daniel and William his
two sons; that no disturbance w\as made but what was occasioned by the
resistance of the prisoners, and those who came to their relief, and in
preventing Lowe's wife from going out to raise the neighborhood; that
in their return, Thomas Cressop, William Canon and Edward Evans
followed them to rescue the prisoners, and wounded John Hart, but were
obliged to desist ; that Lowe's house where his sons were taken, is several
miles more northerly than Philadelphia, (which appears by a well known
Line that had been run above forty years since, on a due West course

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 133

from this City to Sasquehannah, in order to a more certain discovery of
the country,) and that there are about four hundred people living more
Southerly than Lowe's house, who pay taxes in the County of Lancaster,
and have always acknowledged themselves inhabitants of Pennsylvania.

The Board having fully considered the said Letters and Affidavits, and
making some observations on the style and manner of the Lord Balti-
more's Letter, which they conceived too peremptory, were inclineable to
think that his Lordship had left room for no other Answer than barely
to acquaint him that the supposed riot was committed within the reputed
and known bounds of Pennsylvania, and consequently, not cognizable
by him. Yet, since his Lordship's interposition in this affair might proba-
bly be owing to some very wrong impressions, and that he might not
have had leisure since his arrival, so thoroughly to consider things of
this nature, The Board were of opinion that a Letter, stating the facts as
proved from the Affidavits, with some close, consequential reasoning
thereon, should be prepared and laid before the Board at their ne:&t
meeting.

The Governor then proceeded to inform the Board, that an unhappy
fray had arisen on the borders of Kent County, in this Government, and
those of Dorsett in Maryland, of which Mr. Shurmer, the Clerk of that
County, had given an account in a Letter to the Clerk of this Board, and
the same being read is in substance :

That one John Newton purchased some land of a person who told him
he held it under Maryland, on which Newton, as a tenant of that Province,
paid his Levies, at least for one year, to the officers of Dorsett County,
but that upon enquiry he found he had been imposed on, for that the
land he was possessed of had never been granted by Maryland to any
person whatsoever ; whereupon, believing himself to be entirely free, he
chose rather to belong to the County of Kent, and accordingly got the
Surveyor, but without any Warrant or other grant, to run out some lines,
of which notice was taken in the Surveyor's Books there, and from that
time for some years, had paid his Levies to Kent county ; that some of the
officers of Dorsett county lately demanding a levy of him, as one of their
inhabitants, he made his case known to some of the Justices of Kent, who
appointed a Constable in his neighborhood for the preservation of the
Peace ; that the under sheriff of Dorsett continuing to insist on the same
demand, at length carried him off by force; that the Constable taking a
sufficient number of assistants pursued them, and not without some vio-
lence, rescued the man and brought him back to his house.

The Board expressed their concern that occasions of difference should
arise between the two Provinces, especially at this juncture, when it is to
be expected the execution of that Agreement concluded between the Pro-
prietors, will soon terminate all contentions of this sort; and it being

134 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

moved that the Justices of Kent County should be wrote to for a more
particular account of this matter, and that they should be cautioned to
use their utmost endeavors to prevent all broils with our neighbors of
Maryland, it was recommended to the Governor to give the necessary
directions herein.

This correspondence is very volumnious, but hardly necessary to be
transferred to our columns, as it narrates only the beginning of troubles
which for a long time remained uncomposed.

At a Council held at Philadelphia, Oct. 4th, 1738.

PRESENT :

The Hon. Patrick Gordon, Esqr. Lieut. Governor, etc.

A return of the high road layed out from the town of Lancaster in the
county of Lancaster, pursuant to an order of this Board, bearing date
the 29th day of January, 1730-1, being this day read in these words:

" To the Honourable Patrick Gordon, Esqr., Lieut. Governor of the
Province of Pennsylvania, in Council.

"Whereas, upon the petition of the Magistrates, Grand Jury and
other Inhabitants of the county of Lancaster, presented to the Govern-
or in Council, praying that proper persons might be appointed to view
and lay out a road for the public service, from the town of Lancas-
ter, till it should fall in with ye high road leading to the Ferry of Schuyl-
kill, at High street, and that a review might be had of the said Public
Road in the county of Chester.

"The prayer of which petition being granted, it was ordered that
Thomas Edwards, Edward Smout, Robert Barber, Hance Graaff, Caleb
Pierce, Samuel Jones and Andrew Cornish, of the county aforesaid, or
any five of them, should view and lay out by course and distance, a con-
venient high road, from the town of Lancaster, to the Division Line be-
tween the said county, and the county of Chester, and that Thomas
Green, George Aston, William Paschall, Richard Buffington, William
Marsh, Samuel Miller, and Robert Parke, of the county of Chester, or
any five of them, should then join the above named persons of Lancaster
county, or any five of them, in continuing to lay out the said road from
the Division Line aforesaid, till it should fall in with the King's high
road, in the county of Chester, leading to Philadelphia, and make return
thereof to that Board.

"And the above named persons were also impowered jointly to review
the said high Road within the county of Chester, and report the altera-
tions necessary to be made therein.

" Now these may certify, that pursuant to the said petition and order,
Thomas Edwards, Edward Smout, Robert Barber, Hance Graaff and
Samuel Jones, of the said county of Lancaster, met at the town of Lan-

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 135

caster aforesaid, on the fourtli day of this instant, and from thence viewed
and laid out a road from the Court House in the said town, .along the
course of the street East 3 Degrees, Northerly 14-4 perches, thence East
8 Degrees, North 108 perches, thence East, 16 Degrees, South 282
perches, to the East side of Conestogoe creek, thence East 5 Degrees,
South 25 perches, thence East 10 Degrees, North 190 perches, thence
East 6 Degrees, South 1271 perches, thence East 4 Degrees, South 696
perches, thence East 10 Degrees, North 90 perches, thence East 74 per-
ches, thence East 6 Degrees, South 820 perches, thence East 13 Degrees,
North 80 perches, thence East 6 Degrees, South 406 perches, thence East
8 Degrees, South 94 perches, thence East 6 Degrees, South 80 perches,
thence East 32 Degrees, South 118 perches, thence East 13 Degrees,
South 160 perches, thence East 364 perches, thence East 19 Degrees,
South 490 perches, thence South 41 Degrees, East 40 perches, thence
East 27 Degrees, South 68 perches, to the aforesaid Division Line, near
the English Church, and then being joined by George Aston, Kichard
Bufiington, William Marsh, Samuel Miller and Eobert Parke, of Chester
county, continued the same through Chester county, East 27 Degrees,
South 50 perches, thence East 51 Degrees, South 54 perches, thence East
5 Degress, North 188 perches, thence East 25 Degrees, South 246 perches,
thence East 7 Degrees, North 80 perches, thence East 10 Degrees, South
60 perches, thence East 25 Degrees, South 74 perches, thence East 38
Degrees, South 48 perches, thence South 44 Degrees, East 42 perches,
thence East 25 Degrees, South 190 perches, thence East 35 Degrees,
South 48 perches, thence East 15 Degrees, South 32 perches, thence East
5 Degrees, North 216 perches, thence East 17 Degrees, South 60 perches,
thence East 13 Degrees, South 60 perches, thence East 10 Degrees, North
130 perches, thence East 26 Degrees, South 60 perches, thence South-
east 52 perches. South 26 Degrees, East 40 perches, thence East 35 De-
grees, South 56 perches, thence East 15 Degrees, South 36 perches, thence
East 5 Degrees, South 121 perches, to the West branch of Brandy wine
creek, thence East 26 Degrees, South 41 perches, thence East 8 Degrees,
South 32 perches, thence East 82 perches, thence East 17 Degrees, South
46 perches, thence East 8 Degrees, South 58 perches, thence East 20 De-
grees, North 72 perches, thence East 5 Degrees, South 54 perches, thence
East 15 Degrees, South 54 perches, thence East 30 Degrees, South 146
perches, thence East Southerly down the several Courses of a hill 210
perches, thence East 5 Degrees, North 288 perches, thence East 13 De-
grees, South 30 perches, thence East 11 Degrees, South 100 perches,
thence East 26 Degrees, South 56 perches, thence East 51 Degrees, South
20 perches, thence East 15 Degrees, South 66 perches, thence East 10
Degrees, South 42 perches, thence East 10 Degrees, North 194 perches,
thence East 15 Degrees, North 188 perches, thence East 40 Degrees,

136 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

North 100 perches, to the East Branch of Brandywine creek, near Thomas-
Moore's M-ill, thence East 17 Degrees, North 86 perches, thence East 43
Degrees, North 114 perches, thence East 35 Degrees, North 392 perches,
thence East 16 Degrees, North 216 perches to the aforesaid public
Eoad, near the house of John Spruce, containing in the whole thirty-two^
statute miles.

" And we conceive the same, as it is now laid out through the said
Counties, is done the nearest and most commodious way, and in the best
manner to answer the purposes intended thereby, which the situation of
the Land would admit of, and as little to the inconvenience of the inhab-
itants as possible, without damaging the said Road ; we therefore hum-
bly pray the same may be confirmed.

" And we further beg leave to say, that being unprovided with a copy
of the Records of the aforesaid Public Road, through Chester county,
and the Lands contiguous to the said Road being mostly improved, and
at present under Corn, we find ourselves uncapable to discover where the
same hath been altered from its true course, (to the damage thereof,) and
also conclude the present season of the year Improper for a Review.
Given under our hands the ninth day of June, Anno Dom. 1733.
" Tho. Edwards, Geo. Aston,

Edward Smout, Richard Buflfington,

Robert Barber, William Marsh,

Hans Graaff, Samuel Miller,

Samuel Jones, Robert Parke."

The Board, on due consideration had of the said return, together with
the draught accompanying it, doth approve and confirm the Road laid
out, as in the said return mentioned, which is hereby declared to be the
King's Highway or Public Road, and it is ordered that the same be
forthwith cleared, and rendered commodious for the Public Service.

And to the end that the said Road may be continued to the Ferry on
Schuylkill at High street : It is further ordered, that the Records of
the Public Road through the county of Chester, and till it falls in with
the Road of Philadelphia county, leading to the said Ferry be searched,
and that the same persons of Chester county, who have already laid out
the Road so far as in the above Return is mentioned, be continued on that
service, to bring the Road to the verge of Philadelphia county, and when
it falls in therewith, that Richard Harrison, Hugh Evans, Robert
Roberts, Samuel Humphreys, David George and John Warner, or any
four of them, continue the said Road to the Ferry aforesaid, at High
street, and make report of the same to this Board.

At a council, held at Philadelphia, May 14, 1734,^ the Proprietary
(Thomas Penn) informed the Board of some very unneighborly proceed-

1 Col. Rec. 3, p. 543.

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 137

ings of the province of Maryland in not only harassing some of the in-
habitants of this Province who live on the borders, but likewise in
extending their claims much farther than had ever heretofore been pre-
tended to by Maryland, and carrying off several persons and imprisoning
them ; that some time since they carried off John Hendricks and Joshua
Minshall from their settlements on Sasquehannah, and still detain them
in the Goal of Annapolis ; that of late two others have been taken from
the borders of Newcastle County, and carried likewise to Annapolis;
^ that as these men will probably be brought to a trial at the ensuing Pro-
vincial Court of Maryland, he had spoke to Andrew Hamilton, Esq., to
appear for them, but as these violent proceedings tend manifestly to the
breach of his Majesty's peace, and rendering all the borderers, insecure,
both in their persons and estates, he was now to advise with the Council
on such measures as are most fit to be proposed, for maintaining peace
between his Majesty's subjects of both Provinces.

Then was read a letter from the Lieutenant Governor of Maryland to
the Lieutenant Governor of this Province, dated the 2'ith of February
last, with an answer of the latter thereto, dated the 8th of March follow-
ing, on which some observations being made, the Proprietor said that he
intended to make use of the opportunity of Mr. Hamilton's going to
Annapolis, to press the Lieutenant Governor of Maryland to enter into
such measures as should be most advisable, for preventing such irregular
proceedings for the future, and as he designed that his Secretary, Mr.
Georges, should accompany Mr. Hamilton, he had drawn up instructions
for them, which being laid before the Board, were read, as was likewise
a draught of a Letter from the Lieutenant Governor of this Province to
the Lieutenant Governor of Maryland. On consideration thereof had,
the Board are of opinion that the proposed measures are absolutely neces-
sary at this time, for securing the peace of his Majesty's subjects, and the
said instructions, together with the foregoing Draught, being approved
and ordered to be entered on the Eecords of Council, the Governor is
desired to grant such credentials to the persons entrusted with the ne-
gotiations, as may show them fully authorized by this Government for
tlie purposes in the said instructions contained.

Messrs. Hamilton and Georges, the persons named in the preceding
paragraph, had been appointed Commissioners for the Proprietaries to
execute certain articles of agreement concluded between the said Propri-
etaries and Lord Baltimore, bearing date May 10, 1732, for the running,
marking and laying out the Lines, Limits and Boundaries between the
two Provinces, visited Annapolis, and on their return presented the
report of their negotiations, which was far from satisfactory. Thereupon
in consequence of a Representation addressed to him by the Assembly,
the Governor under date Aug. 19th, 1733, wrote letters to the Justices

138 AUTHEXTIC HISTORY

of the counties of Chester, Lancaster, and of New Castle, Kent, and Sus-
sex, on Delaware, as follows:

"Gextlemex: You are not, I believe, insensible how much the whole
country has been disappointed in the just hopes which had been enter-
tained of seeing a final period put to those long depending disputes be-
tween this Government and that of Maryland, touching their respective
boundaries, by the execution of the solemn agreement concluded between
the Proprietaries of each. It is however no small satisfaction to me, that
I can now acquaint you that this agreement, with the proceedings of the
Commissioners thereon, having been laid before his Majesty's Attorney
and Solicitor General, we have had the pleasure of lately receiving their
opinion, that the Agreement still remains valid and binding on both Pro-
prietaries, although their Commissioners, by reason of difference in sen-
timents, have not carried it into execution. Now as the Northern bounds,
formerly set by the Lord Baltimore to himself differ not much from those
lately agreed upon, I know not how we can judge better or with more
certainty, of any bounds by w^hich we can limit our present jurisdiction,
than near the place where it is known they will fall when the lines shall
be actually run.

"In the mean time that a stop may be put to any further insults on
the people of this Government, and to incroachments on Lands within
the bounds of the same, I am again to renew to you those pressing in-
stances I have repeatedly made, that agreeable to the duty of your sta-
tions, you exert your utmost endeavors for preserving peace through-
out your county, and protecting all the inhabitants in their just and right
possessions, in the legal and necessary defence of- which every person
ought to be encouraged to appear with boldness, and to be assured of
receiving all the countenance that lawful authority can give. And as
the late disturbances have been in a great measure owing to the unjust
attempts of those, who pretending right to, or claiming disputed Lands,
under that pretence have come many miles into this Province, and with
force possessed themselves of Lands for which they can have no lawful
grant from any other persons- but our Honourable Proprietors only, and
have likewise committed very great violences upon sundry of our inhab-
itants, you are to give strict orders for apprehending and securing all
such who have been principals or accessaries therein, as well as those
who hereafter shall presume to olYer any injury to the persons or pro-
fessions of his Majesty's 23eaceable subjects, or encroach on any lands
within the known and reputed limits of your county, that they may be
brought to condign punishment. But as in the year 1724, it w^as agreed
'that for avoiding all manner of contention or difference between the
inhabitants of the two Provinces, no person or Persons should be dis-
turbed or molested in their Possessions they then held on either side,'

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 139

you are desired still to have a particular regard to those entitled to the
benefit of that agreement, while they behave themselves peaceably.

"And to the end that these directions be punctually oVjserved and
complied with, you are to order the Sheriff of the county, with his offi-
cers, frequently to visit your Borders, and those parts where either late
disturbances have happened, or anything to the prejudice of the people
is like to be attempted, giving all needful assistance wherever it may be
requisite. I should likewise promise myself much good from some of
your number making a progress through these parts, when your conve-
niency would admit, or any exigency may require it, depending on your
prudence, that whatever measures you shall take for the defence of the
inhabitants, and for seizing and securing offenders, will be such as that
we may be at no loss whenever called upon to justify them.

"I am. Gentlemen, Your loving Friend, and humble Servt.,

"P. Gordon."

The intercourse with the Indians continued to be of an amicable nature,
notwithstanding occasional disturbances, almost uniformly caused by the
too liberal distribution of rum. A specimen of the kindliness with
which the children of the forest turned to the white man is furnished in
the following extract from a speech of Hetaquantagechty :

" That he comes hither from the Six Nations, on business relating to
the last Treaty held between them and this Government ; that on his road
hither he heard the melancholy news of the Governor's loss, by the death
of his Spouse; that he once resolved to turn back lest the Governor's
affliction should prevent him from attending to business, but thinking it
better to proceed forward, he is pleased to find the Governor present with
them ; that he takes part in his grief, and if he had a handkerchief good
and fine enough to present to the Governor, he would give it to wipe
away his tears ; then presenting some strings of Wampum to the Gov-
ernor, he desired that the Governor would lay aside his grief and turn
his thoughts to business, as he had done before."

The Governor receiving the Strings of Wampum, thanked him for the
kind concern he had expressed on his account.

We have again to chronicle a riot arising from the unsettled condition
of the boundary line between the two provinces, [1735,] as set forth in a
deposition of John Powell, undersheriff of Lancaster County made before
the Justices of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania in open court, where
Daniel Dulany, Esqr., Attorney General of Maryland was present, as
follows :

"John Powell, Undersheriff of the County of Lancaster, in the
Province of Pennsylvania, being solemnly Sworn on the Holy Evangel-
ists maketh oath, that on Tuesday morning, the twenty-third of this
instant, September, he accompanied Eobert Buchanan Esqr., High Sheriff

140 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

of the said County, and four others, to wit : Arthur Buchanan, Matthew
George, John Mitchel, and Alexander Mitchel, Avho the day before went
over Sasquehannah Eiver, in a peaceable manner, and without any arms
whatsoever, to execute His Majesty's Writs on some debtors living on the
West side of that River, inhabitants of the said County; that the said
Sheriff having served a Writ on one Andrew M'Gill, who not being able
to give bail to the action, was sent under custody of the two Mitchels to
Lancaster Goal, he, the said Sheriff, with the others, went the day follow-
ing to serve another Writ at the suit of William Branson, of the City of
Philadelphia, Merchant, on one Jacob Lochman, Blacksmith, living about
seven miles westerly from the house of John Hendricks, and about
twenty-three miles to the Northward of the Octararoe Line, which this
deponent is informed was run by the Grandfather of the present Lord
Baltimore, as the Northern boundary of Marjdand. That having served
the said Writ on Lochman, who being likewise unable to give bail to the
action, they were bringing him to Lancaster Goal, when within about
two or three miles west of John Hendrick's house, one Mark Evans,
planter, met them and asked the Sheriff where he was carrying Lochman ;
the Sheriff said he was carrying him to Goal unless he would give bail ;
to this Evans replied that he believed bail could be found, which he had
no sooner said, than about twenty or thirty men on horseback, armed
with cutlasses and clubs, appeared at a little distance advancing towards
them, and coming up fell upon the Sheriff and his assistants, in a most
furious and violent manner, and having beat and grievously wounded
them, and rescued Lochman, the said Sheriff and his company were forced
to betake themselves to flight; but the Sheriff's horse failing him he fell
again into their hands; upon which he, this deponent, with Arthur
Buchanan and Matthew George, stopped at some small distance, and saw
four men at once beating the said Sheriff with heavy clubs, who with his
hands lifted up was endeavoring to save his head; that being overpow-
ered by numbers and violently pulled off his horse, he was so cruelly
used that Arthur Buchanan with this deponent, were resolved to go back
and suffer with him ; but as they drew near the Sheriff' called out to his
Brother, the said Arthur, not to hazard more lives, his own he hoped
would be sufficient for them. And that hereupon some of those rioters
pursued him, this deponent, and with a very heavy cudgell struck him
so severe a blow across his back, that he has ever since been under very
great pain. And that the said Arthur Buchanan and Matthew George
were so extreamly beat and bruised likewise, that it was not without the
utmost difficulty that they were able to escape. And this deponent
further says, that when he left Sasquehannah there were no accounts of
the High Sheriff, nor was it known whether he was dead or alive, but this
deponent verily believes the said Sheriff' is mortally wounded, or at least

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 141

that he must be in a very languishing condition, having received many
wounds and blows. That most of the persons who thus attacked the said
Sheriff and his assistants are unknown to the deponent, except these seven
following, to wit : Mark Evans, above named, Michael Eysner, Francis
Clapsaddle, Christian Croll, Bernard Weyman, Nicholas Kens and Mar-
tin Schutz, who all live on the West side of Sasquehannah Eiver, not
above one mile to the Southward of the house of John Hendricks.

Jo'n. Powell."

The deponent aforesaid being asked under what Government these
people owned themselves,

"Answered that he knows they call themselves Marylanders, because
when he was some time ago over Susquehannah, he had taken a prisoner,
one Francis Clapsaddle, by virtue of a Writ for Debt from Lancaster
County, that one of the persons that rescued the prisoner in the deposi-
tion aforesaid mentioned, was one of the same persons who rescued the
said Francis Clapsaddle, and the same time presented a gun at the de-
ponent, and told him that they belonged to Maryland, and would not
suffer any Officer of Pennsylvania to come over the river; and that in
particular the man who presented the gun at the deponent when Clap-
saddle was rescued, calling himself a Marylander, and was one of the
persons who assaulted the Sheriff and this deponent, in the manner set
forth in the aforesaid deposition.

" The foregoing Deposition, and Interrogatory and Answer thereunto,
were taken in the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, held at Philadelphia
the 24th day of 7br, 1735, Daniel Dulany, Esq., Attorney General of the
Province of Maryland, being present, who being desired to cross-examine
the Deponent (if he thought fit,) declined the same.

Jos'a. Laurence, pton."

The Governor hereupon desired the advice of the Board, in what man-
ner it might be most proper to proceed in the present case, against the
rioters, most of whom though pretending to be inhabitants of Maryland,
are notwithstanding actually settled on lands lying far within the unques-
tionable bounds of this Province.

The Board expressed their just resentment on so heinous a provocation,
and observing that this procedure is of the same nature with many
others that of late have been countenanced and encouraged by the Gov-
ernment of Maryland, who seem inclined, notwithstanding all the strong
instances that have been made for preserving His Majesty's peace, to
continue in their violences, are of opinion that if the sheriff of Lan-
caster is detained by any officer of Maryland, within the limits of that
Province, a demand should be forthwith made, by letter to the Governor
of Maryland, for setting him at liberty, and that precepts be issued by
the Justices of the Supreme Court, before whom the examinations in

142 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

this affair have been taken, for apprehending such of the rioters whose
names are known, or can with certainty be discovered, and in case they
cannot be apprehended by virtue of such warrants, that a Proclamation
be issued by the Governor promising a reward of twenty pounds, to be
paid out of the Public Treasury of this Province, for apprehending every
person concerned in the said riot, so as that he be convicted thereof in any
Court of this Province, E.

On the death of Governor Gordon, the administration of the Govern-
ment, [1736,] legislation excepted, devolved on the Council, of which
James Logan, being the eldest Counsellor, was president. Mr, Logan
entered upon his functions on August 5th, 1736, and continued in office
until August, 1738, when he was superseded by the appointment of Mr.
Thomas. The only event to be chronicled is another disgraceful contest
between Pennsylvanians and Marylanders along the debated ground,^
" Many palatines had settled west of the Susquehannah (now York county)
under Pennsylvania titles, but in order to avoid the payment of taxes
imposed by the province, they accepted titles from Maryland and attorned
to Lord Baltimore; but, becoming satisfied that adhesion to him might
ultimately prejudice their interests, they formally renounced their alle-
giance, and sought protection from Pennsylvania. This tergiversation
irritated the Maryland authorities, and the sheriff of Baltimore county,
with three hundred men, marched to eject the palatines from their pos-
sessions. The sheriff of Lancaster county (Samuel Smith) drew out his
posse for their protection, and without violence succeeded in inducing the
Maryland party to return without attempting their purpose, on a pledge
of the Germans, that they would consult together, and give an answer to
Lord Baltimore's requisition, to acknowledge his authority. But, an as-
sociation was soon after formed, with the knowledge of Governor Ogle,
consisting of at least fifty persons, headed by a captain, Thomas Cressap,
expressly for driving out the Germans, and dividing their lands among
the associaters, two hundred acres being promised to each. In the pros-
ecution of their design, they killed one Knowles, who had resisted them.
Cressap was in his turn, assailed by the sheriff of Lancaster, and after a
sharp contest, in which one man was killed, and Cressap himself wounded,
was made prisoner, and conveyed to Philadelphia jail,

" Governor Ogle, on receipt of this intelligence, despatched Edmund
Jennings and Daniel Dulany to Philadelphia, to demand reparation, and
the release of Cressap. Both were refused by the President and Council,
who earnestly remonstrated against the encroachments of the people of
Maryland, encouraged and protected by their Governor.

" Governor Ogle immediately ordered reprisal. Four German settlers
were seized and carried to Baltimore, and a band of the associaters, under
I 1 Gordon, Col. Rec. • •

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 143

one Higginbotham, proceeded forcibly to expel the Germans. Again
the Council ordered out the Sheriff of Lancaster, and the power of his
county, with directions to dispose detachments in proper positions to
protect the people; and they despatched Messrs. Lawrence and Ashton,
members of the Board, to support him in the execution of their orders.
When the Sheriff entered the field the invaders retired, but returned as
soon as his force was withdrawn. Captures were made on both sides;
the German settlers were harassed perpetually ; in many instances driven
from their farms, and in others deterred from every attempt to plant or
improve.

"In May, 1737, the Council sent Samuel Preston and John Kinsey on
an embassy to Governor Ogle, to treat on some measure which might
preserve the quiet of the border, until the pleasure of the King should
be known, to whom both parties had appealed. But Governor Ogle re-
quiring some concessions incompatible with the rights of the proprie-
taries of Pennsylvania, the deputies returned without having made any
agreement. Li the succeeding October a party of Marylanders, to the
number of sixteen, under the direction of one Richard Lowder, broke
into the jail at Lancaster, and released the rioters who had been appre-
hended by the Sheriff, among whom was a brother of their leader. For-
tunately, when indignation was prompting the inhabitants on both sides
of the line to further breaches of the peace, an order of the King in
Council, on the subject of the boundary, induced both parties to refrain
from further violence, to drop all prosecutions, and to discharge their
respective prisoners on bail.

"This order was made on the report of the committee on plantations,
of the eighteenth of August, 1737, and required the Governors of the
respective Provinces effectually to check the disturbances on the borders,
and to refrain from granting lands in dispute, even in the territories,
until the king's pleasure should be further known."

George Thomas, Esqr., a planter of Antigua, was appointed Governor
of Pennsylvania and territories in 1737, but his assumption of ofl&ce was
delayed by the remonstrance of Lord Baltimore against the right of the
Proprietaries to the lower counties. He met the Assembly of the
province on the sixth of August, 1738.

The Royal order respecting the disturbances on the border, above re-
ferred to, and the action taken on it by the Provincial Council on August
29th, will be perused with interest :^

At the Court at Kensington the 25th day of May, 1738.

PRESENT :

The King's most Excellent Majesty.
Arch Bishop of Canterbury, Earl of Selkirk,

1 Col. Rec. IV.— p. 298, etc.

144 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

Lord President, Earl of Hay,

Lord Steward, Earl Fitz Walter,

Lord Chamberlain, Viscount Lonsdale,

Duke of Bolton, Viscount Tonington,

Duke of Devonskire, Lord Harrington,

Duke of Newcastle, Mr. Chancellor of the Exchequer,

Earl of Scarbrough, Sr. Charles Wills,

Earl of Granthum, Henry Pelham, Esq.

Earl of Cholmondeley, Sr. Charles Wager.

Upon reading at the Board a Eeport from the Eight Honorable the
Lords of the Committee of Council, for Plantation Affairs, dated the 4th
of this instant, in the words following, viz :

"Your Majesty having been pleased by your orders in Council of the
17th of March, 1736-7, and the 21st of July, 1737, to refer unto this
Committee several Petitions from the President, Council, and General
Assembly of the Province of Pennsylvania, and likewise from the Gov-
ernor and Council, and the Commissary and Clergy of the Province of
Maryland, which Petitions represent (among other things) that great dis-
orders and outrages have been committed upon the Borders of the said
respective Provinces, and humbly praying j'our Majesty's most gracious
interposition and commands, for the preservation of the peace on the
said Borders until the boundaries of the said Provinces shall be finally
settled and adjusted. The Lords of the Committee of Council did, on the
29th of the said month of July, take the rr^atter of the said complaints
into their consideration, and thereupon reported to your Majesty what they
thought most advisable for your Majesty to do, in order to prevent the
further continuance of the said disorders, and to preserve peace and tran-
quility on the said Borders until the boundaries should be finally settled.
And your Majesty having approved of what was proposed by the said
Eeport, was pleased, by your order in Council of the 8th of August, 1737,
to direct as follows, viz :

"That the Governors of the respective provinces of Maryland and
Pennsylvania, for the time being, do not, upon pain of incurring his
Majesty's highest displeasure, permit or suffer any tumults, riots or other
outrageous disorders to be committed on the borders of their respective
provinces, but that they do immediately put a stop thereto, and use their
utmost endeavors to preserve peace and good order amongst all his
majesty's subjects under their government inhabiting the said borders.
And as a means to preserve peace and tranquility on the said borders,
his Majesty doth hereby enjoin the said Governors that they do not make
grants of any part of the lands in contest between the proprietors res-
pectively, nor any part of the three lower counties, commonly called New-
castle, Kent and Sussex, nor permit any person to settle there, or even to

OF LANCASTER COUxVTY. 145

attempt to make a settlement thereon, till liis Majesty's pleasure shall be
further signified. And his Majesty is further pleased to direct that this or-
der, together with duplicates thereof, be delivered to the Proprietors of the
said Provinces, who are hereby required to transmit the same forthwith
to the Governors of the said respective Provinces accordingly.

" That since the issuing the said Order, your Majesty hath been pleased
to refer unto this Committee an Address of the Deputy Governor, and
of the upper and lower Houses of Assembly of the Province of Mary-
land, relating to a continuance of the said disorders, and also two Peti-
tions, the one in the name of John Thomas and Eichard Penn, Esq'rs,
proprietors of the Province of Pennsylvania, praying your majesty's
further pleasure may be signified, relating to your Majesty's afore-recited
order in Council of the 18th August, 1837, and the other in the name of
the agent of the said Province of Pennsylvania, complaining of fresh dis-
orders committed by the inhabitants of Maryland against those of Penn-
sylvania. Whereupon, the Lords of the Committee did, on the 23d of
February last, proceed to take all the papers relating to the complaints
made by each of the said- provinces into their consideration, and were
attended by counsel on both sides, and likewise by the proprietors of the
said provinces, and the counsel desiring that some reasonable time might
be allowed the proprietors to confer together, in order to come to some
agreement amongst themselves, that so the peace and tranquility of both
provinces may be preserved until such time as the boundaries can be
finally settled, the Lords of the Committee thought proper to comply with
such their request. And being again this day attended by all parties, the
counsel acquainted the Committee that the proprietors of each province
had accordingly met and agreed to the following propositions, viz :

"1st. That so much of his Majesty's order in Council of the 18th of
August, 1737, as orders the Governors of the respective Provinces of
Maryland and Pennsylvania for the time being, do not, upon pain of in-
curring his Majesty's highest displeasure, permit or suffer any tumult,
riots or other outrageous disorders, to be committed on the borders of
their respective provinces, but that they do immediately put a stop
thereto, and use their utmost endeavors to preserve peace and good
order among all his Majesty's subjects under their government inhabit-
ing the said borders, do stand in force and be observed.

"2d. That there being no riots that appear to have been committed
within the three lower counties of Newcastle, Kent and Sussex, on Del-
aware, it is therefore not thought necessary to continue the latter part of
the said order in Council as to the said three lower counties, but the same
former order in Council, so far as relates to the said three lower counties,
be discharged without prejudice to either of the proprietors, as if the
same had never been made.
11

146 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

" 3d. That all other lands in contest between the said proprietors now
possessed by or under either of them, shall remain in the possession as
they now are (although beyond the temporary limits hereafter men-
tioned); and also the jurisdiction of the respective proprietors shall
continue over such lands until the boundaries shall be finally settled;
and that the tenants of either side shall not attorn to the other, nor shall
either of the proprietors or their officers receive or accept of attornments
from the tenants of the other proprietor.

"4th. That as to all vacant lands in contest between the proprietors
not lying within either of the three lower counties, and not now possessed
by or under either of them, on the east side of the Eiver Sasquehannah,
down so far South as fifteen miles and one quarter of a mile south of the
latitude of the most southern part of the City of Philadelphia, and on the
West side of the said river Susquehannah, down so far South as
fourteen miles and three-quarters South of the latitude of the most
Southern part of the City of Philadelphia; the temporary jurisdic-
tion over the same is agreed to be exercised by the proprietors
of Pennsylvania, and their Governor, courts and officers. And as
to all such vacant lands in contest between the proprietors, and not now
possessed by or under either of them on both sides of the said Eiver
Sasquehannah, south of the respective southern limits in this paragraph,
before mentioned, the temporary jurisdiction over the same is agreed to
be exercised by the proprietor of Maryland, and his Governor, courts
and officers, without prejudice to either proprietor, and until the boun-
daries shall be finally settled.

"5th. That the respective proprietors shall be at free liberty to
grant out on the common and usual terms all or any vacant lands within
the said Provinces of Pennsylvania and Maryland in contest between the
said Proprietors (that is to say, within their own respective sides of the
said several limits mentioned in the last foregoing paragraph). For the
which lands and the profits of the same, also each proprietor shall account
to the other, who may be adjudged to be the proprietor thereof, upon
the final determination of the boundaries between the two Provinces.

"6th. That all prisoners on both sides on account of being con-
cerned in any riots or disturbances relating to the bounds, or for any act
or thing done thereat, or for any other act touching the right of either
of the said Provinces in relation to their bounds, be forthwith released
and discharged on entering into their own respective Recognizances in a
reasonable sum, to appear and submit to trial when called upon by
further order from his Majesty.

"7th. That this be declared to be a provisional and temporary order,
to continue until the boundaries shall be finally settled, and be declared
to be without prejudice to either party.

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 147

"8tli. That His Majesty be most humbly moved to discharge so much
of the order of the 18th of August, 1737, as varys from this agreement,
and that several other petitions of complaint now depending before His
Majesty in Council relating to any disturbances, may be withdrawn by
the respective petitioners.

" To which proposition the proprietors of each Province signified their
consent before the Committee, and declared their readiness to carry the
same into execution, if your Majesty shall be pleased to approve thereof;
and the Committee considering that the agreement may be a proper ex-
pedient for restoring peace and tranquility between the said Provinces,
and for preventing any of the like disturbances for the future, do there-
fore agree humbly to lay the same before your Majesty for 3^our Eoyal
Approbation.

"His Majesty this day took the said report into consideration, and in
order to preserve peace and tranquility between the said provinces, and
to prevent any the like disturbances for the future, is pleased with the
advice of His Privy Council, to approve of the said agreement entered
into between the proprietors of the said respective Provinces; and His
Majesty is hereby pleased to order that the Proprietors of the said re-
spective Provinces of Maryland and Pennsylvania do cause the said
agreement to be carried into execution; Whereof the said Proprietors,
and all others whom it may concern, are to take notice and govern them-
selves accordingly.

James Vernon,"

Ordered that a Proclamation be prepared reciting his Majesty's said
order, to be published to-morrow at the Court House of this city, and
that printed copies be made of it to be transmitted to the proper officers,
to be published in like manner in the several counties of this Province,
and the counties of Newcastle, Kent, and Sussex, on Delaware.

By the Honourable George Thomas, Esq., Lieutenant Governor and
Commander-in-Chief of the Province of Pennsylvania, and the Counties
of New castle, Kent and Sussex upon Delaware.

A PROCLAMATION.

Whereas, By the express Orders of the Hon. the Proprietaries, no
warrant or license has issued out of the Land-office for taking up or set-
tling any lands in the County of Lancaster, to the Westward of the Kit-
tochtinny Hills, otherwise called the Endless or Blue Mountains, so that
all such as have presumed to possess themselves of any lands there, are
manifest Intruders ; and, as such, liable by the laws to be removed, and
in case of refusal, to be committed to Prison and severely fined; And
Whereas, the Indians at the Treaty made with them in the month of
July last, did complain that they were greatly disturbed and injured by

148 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

the People's settling at Juniata and in other parts of the County of Lan-
caster to the Westward of those hills, and became earnest petitioners that
all such persons might be made to remove from thence ; I, favouring the
request of the said Indians, and to the end that all persons concerned
may have sufficient notice of the dangers they incur from their resent-
ment and the violation of the Laws, have thought fit to issue this my
Proclamation, hereby strictly requiring all persons who have presumed
to possess themselves of any lands situate in the places aforesaid, or in
any part of the said County of Lancaster to the Westward of the afore-
said ridge of mountains, or who have seated themselves on any tracts
appropriated to the use of the Indians on this side of those hills, forth-
with to leave their possessions and to remove off' them with their families
and effects, as they will answer the contrary at their highest Peril, And
as by reason of the approaching winter, some may not be able to provide
themselves with fit habitations or with the necessaries of life, if they
should be compelled immediately to leave their houses and plantations,
the removal of such as are in these circumstances is respited to the first
day of May next, the longest time that will be allowed any one to con-
tinue in the possession of any lands so situate as aforesaid; And I do
hereby require the Sheriff' of Lancaster County to publish this proclama-
tion at the Court House of the said county, and cause copies thereof to
be affixed at the most public places, and particularly at Juniata, and
from thence all along on the banks of the rivei' Sasquehanna to Wyomeu,
and at Licking Creek Hills near the Eiver Patowmeck, that none may
pretend ignorance thereof.

Given at PHILADELPHIA under my Hand and the Great Seal of the
said Province, the Fifth Day of October, 1742, in the Sixteenth Year
of the reign of our Sovereign Lord GEORGE the Second, by the grace
of God of Great Britain, France and Ireland, KING, Defender of the
Faith, etc. .

George Thomas.
God save the King.

Prior to the Act of 13 Geo. II, for the naturalization of persons set-
tling in the American Colonies, aliens were naturalized in Pennsylva-
nia by special bills. B}'- that act it was provided, that all persons
residing seven years in the colonies, taking an oath, or, if Quakers,
an affirmation, of allegiance and abjuration, and professing the Chris-
tian religion as prescribed by the act of the first of William and Mary,
should be considered as natural-born subjects. The Dunkards, Mora-
vians and Mennonites, now numerous in the Province, were excluded
from the benefits of this act, by their scruples in regard to oaths. For
remedy of this " An act for naturalizing such Protestants as are settled,
or shall settle within the province, who, not being of the people called

I ,

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 149

Quakers, do conscientiously refuse the taking of an oath," was passed
Feb. 8, 1742-43.

The relation between the Governor and the Assembly was unhappily
without cordiality and characterized by mutual distrust, [1712.] His
policy, at this stage, was the removal from office of persons opposed to
his views, and among the victims of his intolerance was John Wright, a
member of the Assembly, a Justice of the Peace and President of the
Common Pleas in Lancaster county. He was noted for common sense,
and amiability of character, blended with firmness. In his charge
to the grand jury, before the publication of the new commissions, he
said : ^

" I was always a friend to power, well knowing that good and whole-
some laws, duly executed, are so far from being a restraint upon true
liberty, that they are only as regulating springs to the passions, and pro-
ductive of it. And our worthy founder and first proprietary tells us,
that he composed his frame of government with a view to support power
in reverence with the people, and to secure the people from the abuse of
power ; and these two are generally seen to attend each other, as causes
and effects. And a noted professor of the law^ in this Province some
years ago, when he espoused the cause of liberty, and loaded with age
and infirmities, took a long journey in defence of it, has these words on
power: 'It may justly be compared to a great river, which, while kept
within due bounds, is both beautiful and useful ; but when it overflows
its banks, is then too impetuous to be stemmed, it bears down all before
it, and brings destruction and desolation where it comes.'

"If then, these are the ill efiects of lawless power, every wise man
ought to be on his guard to prevent them, by keeping up the banks of
liberty and common right, the only bulwark against it.

"It was in defence and support of this great bulwark, against the at-
tempts of power, under a pretence of serving his majesty, but done in
such a manner, as I apprehend, cannot be supposed ever intended or
expected by our most gracious sovereign, whose distinguishing character
is to protect, and not to oppress; and whatever burden the necessity of
the times requires to be laid upon the subjects under his immediate and
just administration, is laid equally and impartially. I say it was to the
opposition given by the House of Eepresentatives to the manner in which
these attempts were made, and the just concern and dislike showed
thereto, that we may impute the late changes made in the commissions
of the peace, throughout the province, whatever other pretences they
may be glossed with.

"For this cause, my friends and countrymen, for the cause of English
liberty, for the standing in the civil defence of right and property, are
1 Gordon 2 Andrew Hamilton, on the trial of Zengar, at New York,

150 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

we dismissed; and I rejoice, and am heartily glad, tliat I have been one
of those who are thought worthy of displeasure.

"And now to conclude, I take my leave in the words of a judge in
Israel. ' Here I am, witness against me ; whom have I defrauded ; whom
have I oppressed; or, of whose hands have I received any bribe to blind
my eyes withal ? and I will restore it.' "

During the war between France and Great Britain, declared by the
two powers respectively on the 20th and 21st of March, 1744, the public
mind was much agitated by the hostile disposition of the Indians, which
had been awakened by several unpleasant rencontres with the whites,
and affected alike Pennsylvania, Maryland and Yirginia. Governor
Thomas, through the instrumentality of Conrad Weiser, the provincial
interpreter, brought about a conference at Lancaster in the spring of
1744, which was attended by the Governor of Pennsylvania and agents
from Virginia and Maryland. It was very satisfactory to all parties;
differences were composed and the alliance of the Indians against the
French with the Indians in league with them was secured. The minutes
of this conference are very interesting, particularly from the circum-
stance that it was held at Lancaster, and are given in full in Division
X., No. 7.

James Webb complained to the General Assembly [1749] of the undue
election and return of a member from Lancaster County, stating that
recourse was had to violence and fraud, many persons voting iive to ten
times each, making 2300 votes out of 1000. The election was confirmed,
but the managing officers were brought to the house and reprimanded. ^

On August 19, 1749, an act was passed erecting all and singular the
lands lying within the Province of Pennsylvania, west of the River Sas-
quehanna and South and East of the South Mountain, into a County,
called YORK, bounded Northward and Westward by a line to be run
from the Sasquehanna, along the ridge of the said South Mountain, until
it shall intersect the Maryland line. Southward by the said Maryland line,
and Eastward by the said River Sasquehanna.

On January 27, 1749-50, an act was passed erecting all and singular
the lands lying within the Province of Pennsylvania to the Westward of
Sasquehanna, and Northward and Westward of the County of York, into
a county, called CUMBERLAND, bounded Northward and Westward
with the line of the Province ; Eastward partly with the River Sasque-
hanna, and partly with the said county of York, and partly by the line
dividing the said Province from that of Maryland.

Much destitution prevailed in the County during 1750 and 1751, and
led to the following action : "In pursuance of a resolution passed at a
large and respectable meeting of the freemen of Lancaster County, in the
• . - ■ iWatson. .. ' .... ,..,.,,./.,

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 151

Town of Lancaster, it was stated that a number of the settlers had severely
sujBFered both from the hardships of a new settlement and the hostilities
of the Indians, and therefore resolved. That a house of employment be
provided for the industrious, in indigent circumstances. The building
was accordingly erected by the benevolent spirit which disposed all sects
and all countries to contribute their aid for so excellent a purpose. A
farm was procured and farming implements provided; also, manufactur-
ing articles for the encouragement of honest but indigent industry. Lan-
caster became soon remarkable for the excellence of its stockings, made
in that establishment."^

On March 11, 1752, an act was passed erecting all and singular the
lands, lying within the Province of Pennsylvania, within the Metes and
Bounds as is hereinafter described, be erected into a County, called
BEEKS, bounded as follows : by a line, at the distance of Ten superficial
Miles, South-west from the "Western bank of the River Schuylkill, oppo-
site to the mouth of a creek, called Monacasy, to be run North-west to
the extremity of the Province, and South-east, until it shall intersect the
line of Chester County, then on one straight line, crossing the River
Schuylkill aforesaid, to the upper or North- westward Line of ArCalVs
Manor, then along the said Line to the extremity thereof, and continuing
the same course to the Line dividing Philadelphia and Bucks Counties,
then along the said Line, North-west, to the extent of the County afore-
said.

The cereal crops were very abundant in 1751 and 1752. An extract
translated from the German in the Chron. Ephrat,, 190, is quite a curi-
osity,

" The years 1751 and 1752 have been so fruitful in wheat and other
grain, that men in wanton carelessness sought to waste the supply; for
the precious wheat, which might have supported many poor, they used to
fatten hogs which afterwards they consumed in their sumptuousness.
Besides, distilleries were erected everywhere, and thus this great blessing
was turned into strong drink, which gave rise to much disorder."

These years of plenty were followed by a season of scarceness, cover-
ing the years 1753-1755, and on the heels of it came Indian hostilities.

News was received at Lancaster about October the 20th, that the In-
dians had massacred and scalped many of the inhabitants not more than
forty miles above Harris' Ferry, (Harrisburg). The condition of things
at this time will best appear from the subjoined documents :

A letter to Governor Morris from Conrad Weiser, Esquire, of Read-
ing:

" Honoured Sir : I take this opportunity to inform you I received
news from Shamokin that six families have been murdered on John
1 Rupp, quoting an unnamed authority.

152 ' AUTHENTIC HISTORY

Penn's creek on the west side of Sasquehannah, about four miles from
that river, several people have been found scalped and twenty-eight are
missing; the people are in a great consternation and are coming down,
leaving their plantations and corn behind them. Two of my Sons are
gone up to help one of their cousins with his family down. I hear of

none that will defend themselves but George Gabriel and . The

people down here seem to be senseless and say the Indians will never
come this side of the Sasquehannah river, but I fear they will since they
meet with no opposition nowhere. I don't doubt your Honor heard of
this melancholy affair before now by the way of Lancaster, perhaps more
particular, yet I thought it my duty to inform you of it, and when my
Sons come back I will write again if they bring anything particular. I
have heard nothing of the Indians that are gone out to fight against the
French on Ohio. Their going I fear has been the occasion of this
murder. I have nothing to add, but am,

"Honoured Sir, Your very humble Servant,

"Conrad Weiser.

"Eeading, October 22d, 1755."

A petition to Governor Morris from the inhabitants living on the west
side of the Sasquehannah :
" To the HonouraUe ROBERT HUNTER MORRIS, Esquire, Lieutenant

Oovernor of the Province of Pennsylvania, &c/

" The petition of we the Subscribers, living near the mouth of Penn's
creek on the west side of Sasquehannah, humbly sheweth :

"That on or about the sixteenth of this instant, (October,) the enemy

came down upon said creek and killed-, scalped and carried away

all the men, women and children, amounting to 25 persons in number,
and wounded one man who fortunately made his escape and brought ns
in the news; whereupon we, the subscribers, went out and buried the
dead, whom we found most barbarously murdered and scalped. We
found but 13 which were men and elderly women, and one child of two
weeks old, the rest being young women and children we suppose to be
carried away prisoners ; the House (where we suppose they finished their
murder,) we found burnt up, and the man of it named Jacob King, a
Swissar, lying just by it; he lay on his back barbarously burnt and two
Tomhawks sticking in his forehead; one of the Tomhawks marked
newly with AV. D. we have sent to your Honour. The terror of which
has drove away almost all these back inhabitants except us, the subscri-
bers, with a few more who are willing to stay and endeavor to defend
the land ; but as we are not able of ourselves to defend it for want of
guns and ammunition, and but few in number, so that without assistance
we must fly and leave the country to the mercy of the enemy. We,
therefore, humbly desire your Honour would take the same into your

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 153

great consideration, and order some speedy relief lor the safety of these
back settlements, and be pleased to give us speedy orders what to do,
and as in duty bound we will for ever pray, &c.,

"George Glewell,
"Ar. Gates Auchmuty,
"John McCahon,
"Abraham Soverhill,
"Edmund Mathews,
"Mark Curry,
"William Doran,
"Dennis Mucklehenny,
"John Young,
"Jacob Simmons,
"Conrad Craymer,
"George Fry,
"George Snobble,
"George Aberheart,
" Dan'l. Braugh,
"George Lyne,
"Cutfrith Fryar.
"October 20th, 1755.

"I and Thomas Forster, Esq., Mr. Harris, Mr. McKee, with upwards
of forty men, went up tke 23d instant to Captain McKee at New Provi-
denee, in order to bury the dead lately murdered on Mahonia creek, but
understanding that the corps were buried we determined then to return im-
mediately home. But being urged by John Sckalamy and the old Belt to
go up to see the Indians at Shamokin and know their minds, we went on
the 24:th and stayed there all night, and in the night I heard some Dela-
wares talking, about twelve in number, to this purpose : ' What are the
English come here for?' Says another, 'to kill us I suppose;' says
another, ' can't we then send off some of our nimble young men to give
our friends notice that can soon be here ?' Then soon after they sung
the War Song, and four Indians went off in two Canoes well armed; the
one Canoe went down the river and the other across ; on the morning of
the 25th we took our leave of the Indians and set off homewards, and
were advised to go down the east side of the river ; but fearing a snare
might be laid on that side, we marched off' peaceably down the west side,
having behaved in the most civil and friendly manner towards them
while with them, and when we came to the mouth of Mohonia creek, we
were fired on by a good number of Indians that lay among the bushes,
on which we were obliged to retreat with the loss of several men ; the
particular number I cannot exactly mention, but I am positive I saw
four fall, and one man struck on the head with a Tomahawk in his flight

154 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

across the river. As I understood the Delaware tongue, I heard several
of the Indians that were engaged against us speak a good many words in
that tongue during the action.

"Adam Terrence,
" The above Declaration was attested by the Author's voluntary quali-
fication, no Magistrate being present, at Paxton, this 26th October, 1755,
before us. "John Elder,

" Thos. McArthur,
;' .. . .; . "MiCHL. Grahams,

..,.-• ♦ ■ " Alex. McClure,

.; ■ : . • :■. :■:' ^ ' " MiCHAEL TeAFF,

, : . ' "William Harris,

• ,' , .•...; "Thomas Black,

.;.-,. . ■ "Saml. Lenes,

. •; . "Samuel Pearson,

"William McClure."

"N. B. — Of all our people that were in the action there are but nine that
are yet returned."

A Letter to James Eead, Esq., at Reading, from Conrad Weiser, Esq.,
at Heidleburg.

"IIeidleburg, October 26, at 11 o'clock at night.

"Mr. James Read — Loving Friend: This evening, about an hour ago,
I received the news of the enemy having crossed Susquehannah and
killed a great many people, from Thomas McKee down to Hunter's Mill.
Mr. Elder, the Minister of Paxton, wrote this to another Presbyterian
Minister in the neighborhood of Adam Read, Esq. The people were
then in meeting, and immediately desired to get themselves in readiness
to oppose the enemy, and to lend assistance to their neighbors. Mr.
Read sent down to Tulpahoccon, and two men, one that came from Mr.
Read, are just now gone, that brought in the melancholy news. I have
sent out to alarm the townships in this neighborhood, and to meet me
early in the morning at Peter Spicker, to consult together what to do,
and to make preparations to stand the enemy with the assistance of the
most High. I writ you this that you may have time to consult with
Mr. Seely and other well-wishers of the people, in order to defend your
lives and others; for God's sake let us stand together and do what we
can, and trust to the hand of Providence; perhaps we must in this neigh-
borhood come to Reading, but I will send armed men to Susquehannah,
or as far as they can go, for intelligence. Pray let Sammy have a copy
of this, or this draft for his Honor the Governor. I have sent him about
3 hours ago Express to Philadelphia, and he lodges at my son Peter's.
Dispatch him as early as you can. I pray beware of confusion, be calm,
you and Mr. Seely, and act the part as fathers of the people. I know

OF LAXCASTER COUNTY. 155

you are both able, but excuse me for giving this caution, time requires
it. I am, Dear Sir, your very good friend and humble servant,

Conrad Weiser."

A Letter to Governor Morris from James Read, Esq., wrote on the
same sheet of the foregoing letter from Mr. Weiser.

"Sir: I must not detain the bearer a moment ; I have sent the original
letter from Mr. Weiser, that no mistakes may arise by any doubts of the
justness of a copy.

" I shall raise our Town in an hour, and use all prudent measures for
our defence. I could wish your Honour could order us two or three
swivel Guns and Blunderbusses, with a few Muskets and some Powder,
Swan Shot. Nothing shall be wanting in me, who have the misfortune
of being Major of two associated Companies; but I know not how my peo-
ple will behave, as they are under an infatuation of an extraordinary sort.

"I am, may it please your Honour, your Honour's most obedient and
most humble Servant, James Read."

" Many wagons that are got thus far are bound back again immedi-
ately upon hearing the news.

Reading, October 27th, 1755, 6 A. M."

A Letter from Governor Morris to Conrad Weiser, Esquire.

"New Castle, October 29th, 1755.

"Sir: I have your two Letters of the 26th instant, that to Mr. Read
being sent forward to me with the other, and I am heartily concerned at
the melancholy situation of the inhabitants in the remoter parts of the
Province. If the Assembly had paid any the least regard to my recom-
mendations, as everything that has happened was reasonably to be ex-
pected, the people would not at this time have remained without protec-
tion or such a quantity of innocent blood have been spilt. However, I
have upon this occasion summoned them to meet on Monday next, and
hope they will now (though late) make some provision for the safety of
the Province, and in the meantime must commend your care and dili-
gence, and recommend it to you and the people in j^our neighborhood to
do everything for their defence that their circumstances and situation
will admit of. Let me know from time to time Avhat is done and the
motion of the enemy, and you may assure the people that whenever the
Assembly enables me to act vigorously in their defence I shall most
readily do it, and if they do not my best advice and assistance shall be
employed in their protection. I have neither Arms nor ammunition at
my disposal, or I should have sent you some of both before now.

"I shall set out for Philadelphia this day or to-morrow,
" And am, Sir, your friend and servant,

Robert Hunter Morris."

"Conrad Weiser, Esq."

156 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

At a Council held at Philadelphia, Friday 31st October, 1755, A. M.

PRESENT :

The Honorable Egbert Hunter Morris, Esquire, Lieutenant Gov-
ernor, &c.

Robert Strettel, \

Richard Peters, >• Esquires.

Lynford Lardner, )

The Minutes of Council held at Newcastle on Tuesday last were read,
together with the papers there entered.

The Governor laid before the Council a Letter from . Dr. Boude, of
Lancaster, containing a Letter sent by Express from Mr. Elder, Minister
at Paxton, giving an account of a large body of French and Indians were
coming against this Province and had already passed the Allegheny Hills,
which was read in these words:

A Letter from Dr. Boude, of Lancaster, forwarding one from the Rev
Mr. Elder, of Paxton, to William Allen, Esq.

"Lancaster, 26th October, 1755.

"Sir: As Mr. Shippen and his son are out of Town I thought it my
duty to transmit you a copy of a letter just came to town, is as follows:

"Paxton, 25 October, 1755.

" ' Mr. Shippen : Mr. John Harris and Thomas Forster, Esq., they went
up the River last Thursday with a company of men to bury the dead
murdered there lately, and sent a letter to Mr. Carson, the copy of which
is as follows : ' Mr. Carson : We have an account from our Indians that
there is a large body of French and Indians coming down against us on
this side of the Allegheny Mountains. We are going this day to Sha-
mokin, where there is a body of Indians assembled, to know their minds
and to send out Spies to view the enemy and know their numbers. The
running Indians that came down and saw them says that there is a great
number, and compares them to the Trees. I and our neighbors desire
you'll send our families word that we expect to be down, God willing, on
Sabbath night next, and it would be well done to send notice of this news
to Virginia and through this Province, that they might prepare them-
selves for the worst event. Sir, please to disperse copies of this through
the Province as soon as possible, and you'll oblige
"'Your humble Servant,

John Elder.' "

"'P. S.— The Letter to Carson is dated the 21st inst."
"I am, sir, your very humble servant,

Sam'l. Boude."

" To William Allen, Esq."

Sundry other Letters of the same import were likewise read, and the
followini^ ones ordered to be entered :

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 157

A Letter to the Governor from Mr. John Harris at Paxton :

"Paxton, Oct. 28th, 1755.

" May it please your Honor : This is to acquaint you that on the
24th day of October I arrived at Shamokin in order to protect our fron-
tiers up that way till they might make their escape from their cruel ene-
mies, and to learn the best intelligences I could. The Indians on the
West Branch of Sasquehannah certainly killed our inhabitants on Mr.
Penn's creek, and there is a hatchet and two English scalps sent by them
up the North Branch to desire them to strike with them if they are men.
The Indians are all assembling themselves at Shamokin to Council; a
large body of them was there four days ago. I can't learn their inten-
tions, but it seems Andrew Montour and Monacatootha is to bring down
news from them ; there is not a sufficient number of them to oppose the
enemy, and perhaps they will join the enemy against us ; there is no de-
pendence on Indians, and we are in imminent danger. I got certain
information from Andrew Montour and others that there is a body of
French with 1,500 Indians coming against us, Picks, Ottoways, Orandox,
Delawares, Shawonese, and a number of the Six Nations, and are now
not many days' march from this Province and Virginia, which is appoint-
ed to be attacked at the same time; some of the Shawmokin Indians
seemed friendly and others appeared like enemies. Montour knew many
days of the enemy's being on their march against us before he informed
me, for which I said as much to him as I thought prudent, considering
the place I was in. On the 25th of this instant, in my return, with about
forty men, at Mr. Penn's creek, we were attacked by about twenty or
thirty Indians, received their fire, and about fifteen of our men and
myself took to trees and attacked the villains, killed four of them on the
spot, and lost but three men retreating about half a mile through woods
and crossing Sasquehanna, one of which was shot from off an horse riding
behind myself through the river. My horse before was wounded, and
falling in the river, I was obliged to quit him and swim part of the way.
Four or five of our men were drowned crossing the river. I hope our
journey, though with fatigue and the loss of our substance, and some of
our lives, will be of service to our country by discovering our enemy,
who will be our ruin if not timely prevented. I just now received in-
formation that there was a French ofiicer, supposed a Captain, with a
party of Shawonese, Delawares, &c., within six miles of Shamokin, two
days ago, and no doubt intends to take possession of it, which will be of
dreadful consequence to us if suffered; therefore I thought proper to
dispatch this messenger to inform your honor. The Indians here I hope
your honor will be pleased to cause them to be removed to some place,
as I don't like their company; and as the men of those here was not
against us, yet did them no harm or else I would had them all cut off.

158 ' AUTHENTIC HISTORY

The old Belt of Wampum promised me at Shamokin to send out spies
to view the enemy, and upon his hearing of our skirmish was in a rage,
gathered up thirty Indians immediately and went in pursuit of the enemy,
I am this day informed. I expect Montour and Monocatootha down
here this week with the determination of their Skaraokin Council. The
inhabitants is abandoning their plantations, and we are in a dreadful
situation.

"I am your Honour's most obedient and humble Servant,

" John Haeris.

" P. S. — The night ensuing our attack the Indians burnt all Greo. Ga-
briel's House, danced round them, &c."

A letter to Edward Shippen, Esqr., of Lancaster, from Mr. John Harris,
of Paxton.

"Paxton, October 29th, 1755.

" Sir : We expect the enemy upon us every day, and the inhabitants
are abandoning their Plantations, being greatly discouraged at the ap-
proach of such a number of cruel savages, and no sign of assistance. The
Indians are cutting us oS" every day, and I had a certain account of about
1,500 Indians beside French being on their march against us and Vir-
ginia, and now close on our borders, their Scouts scalping our Families
on our Frontiers daily. Andrew Montour and others at Shamokin de-
sired me to take care that there was forty Indians out many days, ^nd
intended to burn my house and destroy myself and family. I have this
day cut holes in my house, and is determined to hold out to the last ex-
tremity if I can get some men to stand by me, few of which I yet can at
present, every one being in fear of their own families being cut off every
hour (such is our situation.) I am informed that a French of&cer was
expected at Shamokin this week with a party of Delawares and Shawo-
nese, no doubt to take possession of our river ; and as to the state of the
Sasquehannah Indians, a great part of them are actually in the French
interest; but if we should raise a number of men immediately as will be
able to take possession of some convenient place up Sasquehannah and
build a strong Fort in spite of French or Indians, perhaps some In-
dians may join us, but it is trusting to uncertainty to depend upon them
in my opinion. We ought to insist on the Indians declaring either for
or against us. As soon as we are prepared for them we must bid up for
scalps and keep the woods full of our people hunting them or they will
ruin our Province, for they are a dreadful enemy. We impatiently look
for assistance. I have sent out two Indian spies to Shamokin, they are
Mohawks, and I expect they will return in a day or two. Consider our
situation and rouse your people downwards and not let about 1,500 vil-
lains distress such a number of inhabitants as is in Pennsylvania, which
actually they will if they possess our provisions and frontiers long, as

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 159

they now have many thousands of bushels of our corn and wheat in pos-
session already, for the inhabitants goes off' and leaves all.
" I am, sir, your most humble servant,

"John Harris."

A Letter to Governor Morris from Conrad Weiser, Esqr,, at Eeading.

^^ May it please the Governor: Since the date of my last Letter, which
I sent Express by Sammy Weiser, dated last Sunday evening, 5 o'clock,
and about 11 the same Night I sent a Letter to Mr. Read in this Town,
who forwarded it to your Honor by the same opportunity. The following
account of what has happened since I thought was proper to lay before
your Honor to Avit : After I had received the news that Paxton people
above Hunter's Mill had been murdered, I immediately sent my servants
to alarm the neighborhood. The people came to my house by break of
day. I informed them of the melancholy news and how I came by it,
&c. They unanimously agreed to stand by one another and march to
meet the enemy if I would go with them. I told them not only myself
but my sons and servants should go. They put themselves under my
direction. I gave orders to them to go home and fetch their Arms,
whether Guns, Swords, pitchforks, axes, or whatsoever might be of use
against the enemy, and for three days provision in their Knapsacks, and
meet me at Benjamin Spicker's at three of the Clock that afternoon, about
six Miles above my House in Tulpohocon Township, where I had sent
word for Tulpohocon people also to meet. I immediately mounted my
Horse and went up to Benjamin Spicker's, where I found about one
hundred people who had met before I came there ; and after I had
informed them of the intelligence I had, and promised to go with them
as a common Soldier, and to be commanded by such officers and leading
men whatever they might call them as they should chuse, they unani-
mously agreed to join Heidleberg People, and accordingly they went
home to fetch their Arms and Provisions for three days, and came again
at 3 o'clock. All this was punctually performed, and about two hundred
men were at Benjamin Spicker's by two of the Clock. I made the ne-
cessary disposition, and the people were divided into Companys of thirty
men each Company ; they chosed their officers, that is a Captain over each
Company and three inferiors under him, each to take care of ten men
and lead them on or fire as the Captain should direct. I sent privately
for Mr. Kurtz, the Lutheran Minister, who lived about a Mile off", who
came and gave an Exhortation to the men, and made a Prayer suitable
to the time ; and then we marched towards Sasquehannah, having first
sent about fifty men to Tolkeo in order to possess themselves of the
Capes or Narrows of Swahatawro, where we expected the enemy would
come through, with a Letter to Mr. Parsons, who happened to be at his
plantation. We marched about ten Miles that evening; my Company

160 ' ■ AUTHENTIC HISTORY

was now increased to upwards of Three hundred men, and mostly well
armed, though about twenty men had nothing but axes and pitchforks.
All unanimously agreed to die together and engage the enemy wherever
they should meet with them — never to enquire the number but fight
them, and so obstruct their marching further into the inhabited parts till
others of our Brethren should come up and do the same, and so save the
Lives of our Wives and Children. This night the Powder and Lead
came up that I sent for early in the morning from Reading, and I ordered
it to the care of the Officers to divide it among those that wanted it most.
On the 28th by break of day we marched, our Companj^ increasing all
along. We arrived at Adam Read's Esqr., in Hanover Township, Lan-
caster County, about 10 o'clock ; there we stopped and rested till all came
up. Mr. Read had just then received intelligence from Sasquehannah by
Express, which was as follows, to wit : 'that Justice Forster, Capt. McKee,
John Harris, and others, to the number of forty-nine, went up to Sham-
okin to bury the Dead bodies of those that had been killed by the enemy
on John Penn's Creek, and coming up to George Gabriel's, about five
miles this side Shamokin and on the West side Sasquehannah, they heard
that the Head bodies had been buried already, and so they went along to
Shamokin, where they arrived last Friday evening, and were seemingly
well received, but found a great number of strange Indians, though Dela-
wares, all painted Black, which gave suspicion, and Thomas McKee told/
his companions that he did not like them, and the next morning, that is
last Saturday, they got up early in order to go back, but they did not see
any of the strangers ; they were gone before them. Andrew Montour was
there painted as the rest, advised our people not to go the same Road they
came, but to keep this side Sasquehannnah and go the old Road, but when
they came to the parting of the Roads a majority was for going the nighest
and best road, and so crossed Sasquehannah contrary to Andrew Montour's
counsel in order to go down on the west side of that river as far as Ma-
honioy; when they came to John Penn's creek, in going down the bank
they were fired upon from this side by Indians that had way-laid them ;
some dropped down dead, the rest fled and made towards Sasquehannah,
and came to this side, and so home as well as they could. Twenty-six
of them were missing and not heard of as yet last Monday evening. Upon
this we had a consultation, and as we did not come up to serve as guards
to Paxton people, but to fight the enemy if they were come so far as we
first heard, we thought best t® return and take care of our own Town-
ships. After I had given the necessary caution to the People to hold
themselves in readiness as the enemy was certainly in the Country, to
keep their Arms in good order, and so on, I discharged them, and so we
marched back with the approbation of Mr. Read ; by the way we were
alarmed with a report that above five hundred Indians had come over

*tW»

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 161

the mountain at Tolkeo to this side, and had already killed a number of
people. "We stopt and sent a few men to discover the enemy, but on
their return it proved to be a false alarm, occasioned by that Company
I had sent that way the day before, whose Guns getting wet they fired
them off, which was the case of my Company; on their returning they
fired off their Guns, n®t considering the ill consequence, and the whole
Township through which we marched were very much alarmed. In
going back I met several Messengers from other Townships about Con-
estogo, who came for intelligence and to ask me where their assistance
was necessary, promising that they would come to the place where I
should direct. I met also at Tulpehocon above one hundred men well
armed as to Fire arms, ready to follow me, so that there were in the
whole about 500 men in Arms that day all marching up towards Sasque-
hannah. I and Mr. Adam Eead counted those that were with me. We
found them 820.

"I cannot send any further account, being uncommonly fatigued. I
should not forget, however, to inform your Honor that Mr. Read has
engaged to keep proper persons riding between his house and Sasque-
hannah, and if anything material shall occur he will send me tidings at
Heidleburgh or here, which I shall take care to dispatch to you. I find
that great care has been taken at Eeading to get people together, and
near two hundred were here yesterday morning ; but upon hearing that
the people attending me were discharged, the people from the country
went off without consulting what should be done for the future, through
the indiscretion of a person who was with them and wanted to go home,
and near the Town they met a large Company coming up and gave such
accounts as occasioned their turning back. I think most of the inhabit-
ants would do their dut}', but without some Military Regulations we shall
never be able to defend the Province. I am sure we are in great danger,
and by an enemy that can travel as Indians do we may be surprised
when it would be impossible to collect any number of men together to
defend themselves, and then the country would be laid waste. I am quite
tired and cannot say more than that

"I am Your Honor's most Obedient Servant,

"Conrad Weiser.

"Reading, October 30th, 1755."

" This year an expedition was undertaken against the French posses-
sions in Nova Scotia.^ The territorial claims of the English extended
northward to the St. Lawrence ; but the French endeavored to restrict
them to the peninsula of Acadia. Whilst the two crowns were fruitlessly
discussing their several claims in Europe, the French occupied and pre-
pared to defend the disputed territory. Though the enterprise against

1 Gordon.

12

./

162 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

it was planned in Massachusetts, to be executed by the troops of that
colony, in conjunction with the regiments of Shirley and Peperell, the
command was given to Lieutenant-colonel Monckton, a British officer.
His second was Lieutenant-colonel Winslow, a major-general of the pro-
vincial militia. The provincial troops, amounting to near three thousand
men, embarked at Boston on the twentieth of May, and arrived in the
basin of Annapolis Royal, on the twenty-eighth of the same month.
They were afterwards joined by three hundred British soldiers with a
small train of artillery. In little more than a month, with the loss of
three men only, they obtained possession of the whole province of Nova
Scotia, according to their own definition of its boundaries. This easy
conquest elated the Colonies, and produced sanguine anticipations from
their future eftbrts.

"It would have been well for huraanitj^ and the honor of the British
name, had the victors enjoyed their triumph in mercy. But they dis-
graced their conquest by scenes of devastation and misery, scarce paral-
leled in modern history. The inhabitants of Nova Scotia were chiefly
descendants of French parentage. By the treaty of Utrecht, (1713) they
were permitted to retain their lands, taking the oath of allegiance to their
new sovereign, with the qualification that they should not be compelled
to bear arms against their Indian neighbors, or their countrymen; and this
immunity was, at subsequent periods, assured to their children. Such was
the notoriety of this compact, that, for near a half century, they had borne
the name, and, with few exceptions, maintained the character, of neutrals.
But, at length, excited by their ancient love of France, their religious
attachments, and their doubts of the English rights, some of these mild,
frugal, industrious, and pious people, were seduced to take arms. Three
hundred were found in Beau Sejour at its capture; but it was stipulated
that they should be left in the same situation as when the army arrived,
and should not be punished for any thing subsequently done. Yet a
Council was called by Lawrence, lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia, at
which the admirals Boscawen and Moyston assisted, to determine the fate
of these unfortunate people. Sound policy and military law demanded
the punishment of the leaders of the insurgents, but humanity forbade
the extension of this punishment wider than the offence— the involvement
of the innocent and the guilty. Of a population exceeding seven thousand,
not more than three hundred had taken arms; and, of these, some were
compelled to assume them by the enemy, from whom many had suffered
much in consequence of their refusal to resist the English. The Council
required the elders of the people to take the oath of allegiance to the
British monarch without the exemption which, during fifty years, had
been granted to them and their fathers. Upon their refusal, it was re-
solved to expel them from their country, to confiscate their property,

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 163

money and household goods excepted, to waste their estates, and burn
their dwellings. Their public records and muniments of title were
seized, and the elders treacherously made prisoners. In transporting
them to their several destinations, the charities of blood and affinity
were wantonly torn asunder ; parents were separated from their child-
ren, and husbands from their wives: among many instances of this
barbarity, was that of Eene La Blanc, who had been imprisoned four
years by the French for his English attachments. The family of this
venerable man, consisting of twenty children, and about one hundred
and fifty grand-children, were scattered in different colonies, and himself
with his wife and two children, only, were put on shore at New York.
On ship-board, the prisoners were without the necessaries of life, and so
crowded, that all could not lie down at once ; and many of the weak and
aged ended their miseries with their lives ; and such were the sufferings
of others, that of five hundred allotted to Pennsylvania, as her portion
of the burthen, more than one-half died soon after their arrival. So far
as it was possible, they were relieved by the kindness of the Pennsylva-
nians. They were landed- at the lazaretto on Province island, and placed
in the hospital, under the superintendence of Anthony Benezet, since well
known by his humane and ardent efibrts against the slave trade. Unjust
and severe as these measures were to the neutrals, the consequences did
not terminate in their sufferings. Governor Lawrence, with great pre-
sumption, and a total disregard of the rights of the neighboring provinces,
imposed a heavy and durable burthen upon them, in the maintainance of
this devoted race, for which they were never requited. In Philadelphia
"the neutrals" long remained a separate people. They petitioned the
Crown in vain for redress, refused for a long time to labor, but, finally,
settled in low huts, in a quarter of the town Avhere a vestige continued
until the year eighteen hundred."^

" In this county the citizens petitioned the Legislature for the passage
of an Act to disperse the inhabitants of Nova Scotia, thrown upon them.
An Act was passed March 5, 1756, by which Calvin Cooper, James Webb
and Samuel Le Fevre, were appointed to carry its several provisions into
execution. The Act empowered and required them, or a majority of
them, or their survivors, and enjoined it, that within twenty days after
the passage of the Act, to order and appoint the disposition of the inhab-
itants of Nova Scotia imported and permitted to be landed, in such
manner and proportions as to them appeared most equitable under certain
limitations, to have regard to such lands and plantations, or other em-
ployment as they might procure for them towards maintaining them-
selves and families, and thereby easing the Province of the heavy charge
of supporting them. The Act further provided in these words: And

1 Rupp.

164 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

for tlie more effectual settling and employing said inhabitants, it was
enacted that the overseers of the poor of the several townships of Lan-
caster county were required and enjoined to accept of, provide for, and
receive into their respective toAvnships such of the Nova Scotians as were
to be allotted, and sent into their townships, by an order under the hands
and seals of at least two of the above named persons ; provided, that not
more than one family was allotted to the care of the overseers of the
poor of any one township. They were to secure them employment, as
was most suitable to the circumstances of the families and persons allotted,
and appointed for their respective toAvnships, as directed. The overseers
Avere directed to keep just and true accounts of all such unavoidable
charges and expenses as might have accrued; which accounts were di-
rected to be transmitted under oath, or affirmed, to the persons nomi-
nated.

" Those who had been bred to farming, farms at a reasonable rate were
to be rented for them, and some small assistance was to be afforded them
toAA^ard settlement thereof The commissioners AA^ere authorized to pur-
chase or procure such stock or utensils of husbandry for making settle-
ments, provided the supplies allotted to any single family did not exceed
in the Avhole ten pounds. The expenses incurred were to be defrayed
and paid out of the money given to the King's use by an Act of Assembly.

"Their condition AA^as such as to make it necessary for the Assembly
to pass another Act, January 18, 1757 : Whereas, it has been found by
experience that the Act of March 1, 1756, has not ausAvered the good
intentions of the Legislature of uniting them with his Majesty's loyal
subjects by granting the said inhabitants of NoA^a Scotia equal privileges
and immunities Avith the inhabitants and settlers of the Province, and the
grievous burdens of maintaining them in the manner hitherto used is
greater than the good people of this province, under their present dis-
tressed circumstances, are Avell able to bear, and for as much as there
are numbers of children among them Avhose real advantage and interest
it Avould undoubtedly prove to be brought up in industry and frugality,
and bound out to learn husbandry, or some other profitable art, Avhereby
they might become reputable inhabitants, entitled to the rights of the
British subjects, and their parents thereby eased of the charge of their
maintenance as Avell as the public, Avhicli by proper care may be in a
good degree relicA^ed from the present heavy expenses."

The overseers of the poor Avere required to bind out the children of
indigent Nova Scotians to kind masters and mistresses, on condition that
they Avere taught to read and write the English language and such repu-
table and profitable occupations as would enable them at the expiration
of the term of their apprenticeship to support themselves ; males were
bound out till tAventy-one, females till eighteen.

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 165

It was also provided that those who by reason of age, impotence, or
any bodily infirmity, were unable to support themselves, should, like
other poor of the township, be supported, but at the charge of the Prov-
ince.

After the defeat of Braddock on the 9th of July, 1755, began the series
of atrocious and barbarous hostilities which has already been described
in authentic extracts. The Sieben Tager Baptists of Ephrata provided
hospitable shelter for the fugitives from Tulpehocken and Paxton,
although they were themselves in imminent peril; the enemy was only
thirteen miles distant, and the poor people were hourly apprehensive
of being surprised by the savage foe. The Government despatched a
company of infantry to Ephrata for the protection of the people.

In Lancaster the people erected a block-house early in December. The
subjoined letters from Edward Shippen to James Hamilton, supply inter-
esting particulars :

"HoNOEED SiE: I received the favor of yours of the 24th November,
and we are all much pleased by your willingness to contribute to the
building of a block-house. The savages who committed the murders in
Paxton are now believed to be very numerous, perhaps one hundred. A
number of families, but thirty-five miles from us, are entirely cut off.
Farmers are flying from their plantations to Beading. An alarm, last
night, about twelve o'clock; we assembled in the square, say, three hun-
dred, but with fifty guns; it was shocking to hear at such a moment,
when in expectation of the savages, that we had neither a sufiiciency of
guns nor ammunition. Thanks be to Grod, the alarm was false. The
block-house will be built on the north side of the north end of Queen
street. There will be a wide ditch around it, a small draw bridge; one
important use is to place our wives, girls and children Avithin, that they

may be in safety These are fearful times. God only knows

how they will end. I am yours,

Edward Shippen."

Another, dated Lancaster, December 5, 1755:

"Honored Sir: The fort we have agreed to build, is as follows: For
the stockade, the logs split in the middle, and set on end, three feet in
the ground, placed on the north side of the town, between Queen and
Duke street ; with curtains 100 feet. The planks of the bastions, 16 feet';
and the saws of said bastions, 30 feet each.

Yours, &G., Edward Shippen."

^'' James Hamilton^ Esq., Bush Hill.

The marauding parties of French and Indians hung on the frontiers
during the winter, and in the month of January [1756] attacked the set-
tlements on the Juniata river, murdering and scalping such of the in-
habitants as did not escape, or were not made prisoners. To guard

166 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

against these devastations, a chain of forts and block-houses were erected
at an expense of eighty-live thousand pounds, by the Province of Penn-
sylvania, along the Kittatiny hills, from the river Delaware to the Mary-
land line, commanding the principal passes of the mountains, garrisoned
Avith from twenty to seventy-five Provincials, as the situation and
importance of the places respectively required.

On April 13, [1756] the Governor informed the Council and the As-
sembly of intelligence received that a number of people from the back
counties had resolved to meet at Lancaster on the 16th inst., to march to
Philadelphia and make some demands of the Legislature. Benjamin
Chew, Alexander Stedman, Edward Shippen and William West were
sent to Lancaster to inquire into the causes of the proposed meeting, and
these gentlemen reporting their proceedings on the 21st, the Governor
convened the Assembly for May 10th next ensuing, to take measures for
putting the western part of the Province into a sufficient state of defence,
and thereby to meet the demands of the people.

And we have to regret another instance of the deliberate inhumanity
which has distinguished the belligerents on the North American conti-
nent, in regard to their employment of the Indians.^ The cruelty of the
savage was stimulated by the promise of reward; and, by proclamation,
a premium was offered for the prisoners and scalps taken from the Indian
enemy. This w^as rather an invitation to murder, than to take and pro-
tect prisoners. For as the scalp was worth the living body, no consid-
eration of religion or humanity induced the Indians to suffer the slightest
inconvenience from their prisoners.
The Proclamation ran thus:

" Memorandum. On the fourteenth instant, the Proclamation of War
against the Delawares was published at the Court House in the presence
of the Council, Supreme Judges, Magistrates, Officers, &c., and a large
concourse of people, and is as follows :

"% tJie HomnrdJjh ROBERT HUNTER MORRIS, Esquire, Lieuten-
ant Governor and Commcmder-in- Chief of the Province of Pennsylvania,
and Counties of New Castle, Kent and Sussex, iqwn Delaioare:

'•A PROCLAMATION.

"Whereas, the Delaware tribe of Indians, and others in confederacy
with them, have for some time past, without the least provocation and
contrary to their most solemn Treaties, fallen upon this Province, and in
a most cruel, savage and perfidious manner, killed and butchered great
numbers of the inhabitants, and carried others into barbarous captivity ;
burning and destroying their habitations and laying waste the country.
And Wliereas, notwithstanding the friendly remonstrances made to them

1 Gordon.

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 167

by this Government, and the interposition and positive orders of our
faithful friends and allies the Six Nations, to whom they owe obedience
and subjection, requiring and commanding them to desist from any
further acts of hostility against us, and to return to their allegiance, the
said Indians do still continue their cruel murders and ravages, sparing
neither age nor sex; I have, therefore, by and with the advice and con-
sent of the Council, thought fit to issue this Proclamation; and do hereby
declare the said Delaware Indians and all others who, in conjunction with
them, have committed hostilities against his Majesty's subjects within
this Province, to be enemies., rebels and traitors to his most sacred
Majesty; and I do hereby require all his Majesty's subjects of this Pro-
vince, and earnestly invite those of the neighboring Provinces, to embrace
all opportunities of pursuing, taking, killing, and destroying the said
Delaware Indians and all others confederated with them in committing
hostilities, incursions, murders, or ravages upon this Province. And
Whereas, sundry of our good friends and allies, the Six Nations and
other friendly Indians, are seated upon and do inhabit the country to the
northward of the mouth of a river falling into the Sasquehannah, called
Cayuga Branch, and those of the Six Nations now in town have desired
that our hostilities against the said enemy Indians might not therefore be
carried on more northerl}^ than a line extending from the mouth of the
said Cayuga Branch, at an Indian town called Diahoga or Tohiccon, to
the station point between the Provinces of New York and Jersey, at the
Indian town called Cashetunk, upon Delaware ; the said Indians promis-
ing us their hearty and best assistance. I do, therefore, hereby declare
that the Indians livins; and beino- to the northward of a line drawn from
the mouth of the said Cayuga Branch to the said Station Point are not
included in this Declaration of War.

^^And Whereas, many Delaware and other Indians, abhorring the un-
grateful, cruel and perfidious behavior of that part of the Delaware tribe
and others that have been concerned in the late inhuman ravaoes, have
removed into the settled and inhabited parts of the country, put them-
selves under the protection of this and the neighboring governments,
and live in a peaceable manner with the King's subjects; I do therefore
declare, that the said friendly Indians that have so separated themselves
from our said enemies, and all others who shall join or act with us in the
prosecution of this just and necessary war, are expressly excepted out of
this declaration, and it is recommended to all officers and others to afford
them protection and assistance. And Whereas, the Commissioners ap-
pointed with me to dispose of the Sixty Thousand Pounds lately granted
by Act of General Assembly for his Majesty's use have, by their letter
to me of the tenth instant, agreed to -pay out of the same the several
rewards for Prisoners and Scalps hereinafter specified; and, therefore.

168 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

as a further inducement and encouragement to all his Majesty's liege
people, and to all the several tribes of Indians who continue in friend-
ship and alliance with us, to exert and use their utmost endeavor to
pursue, attack, take and destroy our said enemy Indians, and to release,,
redeem and recover such of his Majesty's subjects as have been taken
and made prisoners by the same enemies; I do hereby declare and
promise that there shall be paid out of the said Sixty Thousand Pounds,
to all and every person and persons, as well Indians as Christians not in
the pay of the Province, tlie several and respective Premiums and Boun-
ties following, that is to say : For every male Indian enemy above twelve
years old who shall be taken prisoner and delivered at any forts garri-
soned by the troops in the pay of this Province, or at any of the county
towns to the keepers of the common jails there, the sum of One Hundred
and Fifty Spanish Dollars or Pieces of Eight ; for the scalp of every male
Indian enemy above the age of twelve years, produced as evidence of
their being killed, the sum of One Hundred and Thirty Pieces of Eight ;.
for every female Indian taken prisoner and brought in as aforesaid, and
for every male Indian prisoner under the age of twelve years taken and
brought in as aforesaid. One Hundred and Thirty Pieces of Eight; for
the scalp of every Indian woman, produced as evidence of their being
killed, the sum of Fifty Pieces of Eight; and for every .English subject
that has been taken and carried from this Province into captivit}^ that
shall be recovered and brought in and delivered at the City of Philadel-
phia to the Governor of this Province, the sum of one Hundred and Fifty
Pieces of Eight, but nothing for their scalps; and that there shall be paid
to every Officer or Soldier as are or shall be in the pay of this Province
who shall redeem and deliver any English subject carried into captivity
as aforesaid, or shall take, bring in, and produce any enemy prisoner, or
scalp as aforesaid, one-half of the said several and respective premiums-
and bounties.

" Given under my Hand and the Great Seal of the Province, at Philadel-
phia, the Fourteenth day of April, in the Twenty-Ninth year of His
Majestj^'s reign, and in the year of our Lord One Thousand Seven
Hundred and Fifty-Six.

"EoBT. II. Morris."
"By His Honor's Command, • ■ '

" KiciiARD Peters, Secretary.

"God Save the King."
The disposition which the Province thus displayed towards the Indians,,
alarmed even those who continued friendly. These had been gathered
in from the Susquehannah to the city, lest they should be mistaken for
enemies ; and now, without assigning any reason, they suddenly resolved
to join the Six Nations. Their departure relieved the city of a consider-

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 169

able burden, yet care was taken that they should depart in good humor,
and that their leaders, Scarroyady and Montour, should be amply re-
warded for their services. No opportunity was lost by the Assembly to
propitiate the Indians. Cayenquiloquoas, an influential chief among the
Six Nations, had placed two sons at Philadelphia to be educated, who
were hitherto supported at the joint expense of the Province and Propri-
etaries. But, the latter refusing further to contribute, the former assumed
the whole charge. The services of Montour and Scarroyady merited the
acknowledgments of the whites. At the risk of their lives, they had, in
December, visited the several tribes of Indians seated along the Susque-
hannah, with a view to persuade them from assuming arms ; and thence
proceeded, as the deputies of the Six Nation Indians residing in Pennsyl-
vania, to the great Council at Onondago, to represent the conduct of the
Delawares and Shawanese to the confederated nations. In consequence
of their remonstrances, the Council despatched a party of their warriors,
consisting of deputies from each of the Six Nations, to the Susquehannah,
to enjoin the Delawares and Shawanese to desist from hostilities ; and, in
case of their refusal, to declare war against them in the name of the Six
Nations.

Soon after the Governor received information that Sir William John-
son, through the mediation of the Six Nations, had succeeded in disposing
the Shawanese and Delawares to an accommodation;^ and that these
tribes had promised to refrain from further hostilities. On the part of the
Province, the Governor suspended the war against the Indians, by proc-
lamation, which he sent to the Indians at Diogo, on the Susquehannah,
and the Assembly cheerfully supplied the means for holding a treaty of
pacification; and earnestly pressed upon the Governor, for his sanction,
a bill for regulating the trade and intercourse with the Indians, by which
they expected to allay whatever resentment the Indians might still feel,
and to provide against future discontents.

The return of the Shawanese and Delawares to pacific dispositions was
greatly promoted by the conduct of the principal Quakers. Israel Pem-
berton and others invited some friendly Indians to their tables, and, in a
free and social converse with them, through the instrumentality of Conrad
Weiser, awakened their earnest wishes for peace. These Indians were
despatched with a message from Scarroyady to the hostile tribes, commu-
nicating the desires of the Quakers that they should return to their early
affections. This conference was held with the permission of the Governor ;
but, by the advice of his Council, the subject was left entirely to the
management of Friends.

The conference at Easton had hardly been concluded when new acts
of murder were committed on the south side of the Blue Mountain."-^ The
1 Gordon. Col. Records. 2 Heckewelder.

170 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

settlers on the frontier fled in consternation to the interior, and so great
was the panic that of 3,000 able-bodied men, who were in 1755 in the
country west of the Susquehannah, there remained in 1756 less than 100.

The necessity of a militia law was,^ in a great measure, obviated by
the forces raised by the Governor and Provincial Commissioners. They
consisted of twenty-five companies amounting to fourteen hundred men.
Eight companies under the command of Major James Burd, called the
Augusta regiment, were stationed at Fort Augusta; eight companies on
the west side of the Susquehannah, commanded by Lieutenant-colonel
Armstrong, called the second battalion of the Pennsylvania regiment,
were thus divided: two companies at Fort Lyttleton, on Aughwick
creek, which empties into the Juniata river ; two companies on Conoco-
cheague creek, which communicates with the Potomac; two companies
at Fort Morris, in Shippensburg, and two companies at Carlisle. Nine
companies, called the second battalion of the Pennsylvania regiment,
commanded by Lieutenant-colonel Conrad Weiser, were thus distributed :
one company at Fort Augusta; one at Hunter's mill, seven miles above
Harrisburg, on the Susquehannah; one half company on the Swatara, at
the foot of the North Mountain ; one company and a half at Fort Henry,
close to the gap of the mountain, called the Tothea gap; one company
at Fort William, near the forks of the Schuylkill river, sjx miles beyond
the mountain; one company at Fort Allen, at Gnadenhutten, on the
Lehigh; the other three companies were scattered between the rivers
Lehigh and Delaware, at the disposition of the captains, some at farm-
houses, others at mills, from three to twenty in a place.^

The negotiations for peace, which had been commenced with Teedy-
uscung, the chief of the Delaware and Shawanese tribes on the Susque-
hannah, had neutralized these, but the Province was still exposed to con-
tinued devastation, from the French and Western Indians, who roamed
in small parties over the country, avoiding or attacking the forts and
armed Provincialists as they judged most safe. The counties of Cumber-
land, Berks, Northampton, and Lancaster, were, during the spring and
summer months of 1757, kept in continual alarm, and some of the savage
scalping parties were pushed on to within thirty miles of Philadelphia.
Many of these wretches paid with their lives the just penalty of their
temerity. But their sufterings bore no comparison with those of the
unfortunate inhabitants. Incessant anxiety pervaded every family in
the counties we have mentioned; their slumbers were broken by the
yell of demons, or by the dread of an attack, scarce less horrid than their
actual presence. The ground was ploughed, the seed sown, and the
harvest gathered, under the fear of the tomahawk and rifle. Scarce any
outdoor labor was safely executed, unless protected by arms in the hands
1 Proud. 2 Gordon.

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 171

of the laborers, or by regular troops. Women visiting their sick neigh-
bors were shot or captured ; children driving home cattle from the field
were killed and scalped ; whilst the enemy, dastardly as cruel, shrunk
from every equality of force.^ Many of the richest neighborhoods were
deserted, and property of every kind given up to the foe. Many in-
stances of heroism were displayed by men, women, and children, in
the defence of themselves and their homes, and in pursuing and com-
batting the enemy.

In May [1757] a conference with the Indians was held at Lancaster.
It was attended by Governor Denny, six members of the Council, the
Speaker and five members of the House of Eepresentatives, the Magis-
trates of Lancaster, many other gentlemen, and on the part of the Indians
by deputies of the Mohawks, Oneidoes, Tuscaroroes, Onondagoes, Cayu-
gas, with some Senecas, Nanticokes and Delawares. Little Abraham, a
Mohawk Sachem, and Thomas King, an Oneida Sachem, were speakers
for the Indians. During the conference four persons, killed at Swatara
by hostile Indians, were brought to Lancaster, whereupon the chief
Sachems called a meeting with a number of their warriors at the Indian
camp, where they expressed their condolence, thus :

" Brethren : We have called this meeting, with tears in our eyes, on
account of seeing so many of our brethren killed by the evil spirit ; and
we take this opportunity, as we have a good deal of business yet to do,
to wipe the Tears from your Eyes, so that to-morrow, when we meet in
Council, we may see each other with the same Good Will we have hith-
erto done."

1 March 29, 1757, the Indians made a breach at Rocky Sprmgs, where one man was
killed and eleven taken prisoners. April 2d, 1757, William McKinnie and his son were
killed near Chambers' fort. April 17th, Jeremiah Jack, near Potomac, was taken cap-
tive, and two of his son's killed, and a man and a woman were drowned in the Poto-
mac, while endeavoring to escape. April 23d, Jolm Martin and William Blair were
killed, and Patrick McClelland wounded in the shoulder, who afterwards died of his
wound, near Maxwell's fort, on Conococheague creek. May 14th, Major Campbell and
one Tussey were killed or taken captive, with fourteen others, near Potomac. May
12th, John Martin and Andrew Paul, both old men, were taken from Conococheague.
May 13th, two men killed near McConnick's fort, Conodoguinet. May 16th, eleven
persons killed at Paxton, Lancaster county. June 9, James Holiday, and fourteen
men killed and taken ; James Long's son and another man killed in a quarry at Fort
Frederick. Nineteen men killed in a mill at Quitiphilla, Lancaster coiuity, and four
were killed in Shearman's valley; all done in one week. June 6th, two men were
killed, and five taken prisoners, near Shippensburg. July 18th, six men killed or taken
from a field, near Shippensburg. July 19th, nineteen men killed and taken while
reaping in a field near Shippensburg. August 17tli, William Waugh's barn was burnt,
in the Tract, York county, by Indians. September 9th, one boy and girl taken from
Donegal, Lancaster county. October 1st and 2d, a very great slaughter, near Opiken,
in Virginia, where more than sixty were killed and taken. November 9th, John
Woods, his wife and Mother-in-law, and John Archer's wife were killed, four children
taken, and nine men killed, neav McDowelVs fort.— Loudo?i's N(/7-rative, 11. 200-208.

17.2 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

Gave a String of Wampum.

" Brethren : Now we have wiped the Tears from your Eyes, agree-
able to the ancient Custom of our Fore-Fathers, we clean the blood off
your Council Seats, that you may sit with Comfort and hear what we
have to say to you.

" No doubt but the French King, who takes delight in Mischief, has
taken this opportunity to send his children down to commit these mur-
ders, with the expectation of breeding a difference between you, our Breth-
ren, and us ; l)ut we desire you will hold fast by the Chain of Friendship
subsisting between us, and disappoint him in his designs."

Gave a Belt of Wampum.

On the next day Little Abraham spake as follows:

"Brethren: Each of you made us a Speech yesterday on the same
subject, both which Speeches I now propose to answer at once.

" Brothers : Some years ago, in the Jerseys, one of the Head Men of
the Delawares had been out a hunting ; on his return he called to see a
gentleman, a great friend of his, one of your People, who he found in his
field. When the gentleman saw him he came to meet him ; it was rainy
weather, and the Delaware Chief had his gun under his arm. They met
at a Fence, and as they reached out their hands to each other the Dela-
ware's gun went off by accident and shot him dead. He was very much
grieved at the accident, and went to the house and told the gentleman's
wife what had happened, and said he was willing to die, and did not
choose to live after his friend. She immediately sent for a number of
the inhabitants; when they were gathered, some said it was an accident
and could not be helped ; but the greatest number were for hanging
him, and he was taken by the Sheriff and carried to Amboy, where he
was tried, and hanged.

"There was another misfortune that happened, A party of Shawa-
nese, who were going to war against their enemies, in their way through.
Carolina, called at a house, not suspecting any harm as they Avere among
their friends ; a number of the inhabitants rose and took them prisoners,
on account of some mischief that was done there about that time, sus-
pecting them to be the people that had done the mischief; and carried
them to Charles Town and put them in Prison, where the Chief Man,
called the Pride, died. The relations of these people were much exas-
perated against you our Brethren, the English, on account of the ill-
treatment you gave their friends, and have been continually spiriting up
their Nations to take revenge.

"Brothers: You desired us to open our hearts, and inform you of
everything we knew tliat might give rise to the quarrel between you
and our Nephews and Brothers.

"We must now inform you that, in former times, our Forefathers con-

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 173

quered the Delawares, and put Petticoats on them. A long time after
that, they lived among you our Brothers, but upon some difference be-
tween you and them, we thought proper to remove them, giving them
lands to plant and hunt on, at Wyoming and Juniata, on Sasquehannah.
But you, covetous of land, made Plantations there and spoiled their
Hunting Grounds; they then complained to us, and we looked over
those lands, and found their complaints to be true. At this time they
carried on a correspondence with the French, by which means the French
became acquainted with all the causes of complaint they had against
you ; and as your people were daily increasing their settlements, by this
means you drove them back into the arms of the French ; and they took
the advantage of spiriting them up against you, by telling them, ' Chil-
dren, you see, and we have often told you, how the English, your Breth-
ren, would serve you; they plant all the country, and drive you back; so
that in a little time you will have no land. It is not so with us ; though
we build Trading Houses on your land, we do not plant it ; we have our
Provisions from over the Great Waters.'

" We have opened our Hearts, and told you what complaints we have
heard they had against you, and our advice to you is, that you send for
the Senecas and them, treat them kindly, and rather give them some
part of their fields back again than differ with them. It is in your power
to settle all the differences with them, if you please."

Gave two Belts of Wampum, one for Sir Wm. Johnson, and the other
for the Governor.

Little Abraham spoke again as follows:

"Brothers: As to what passed between you and Teedyuscung last
Fall respecting the purchase of Lands, we know nothing of. They are
not here, and if we inquire, we can only hear Avhat you sa}^ on that head.
We should have been glad our Nephews, the Delawares, and Brothers,
the Shawanese, had been here at this time, that we might have heard the
complaints on both sides ; then we should have been able to judge who
Avas in the fault, and we are determined to see justice done to the party
aggrieved. As they are not here we can say nothing about it ; but you
yourselves, between whom the business was transacted, must be the best
judges."

Gave a string of Wampum.

"Brothers: You acquaint us there are certain persons empowered
by the King, to purchase Lands here from the Indians ; we are unac-
quainted with that. Neither do we know how our Father, the King of
England, has divided his Provinces. You say if you have done the
Indians any injustice you are willing to make them satisfaction. We
are glad to hear it, and as you have writings to refresh your memories
about every transaction that has happened between you and our Neph-

174 AUTHENTIC HISTOKY

ews and Brothers, the Delawares and Shawanese, we recommend it hear-
tily to you to do justice. AVe are much concerned to see how you are
used by them and the French, every day having your people killed, and
you sitting with your heads between your legs, and receiving the blow
without resenting it, as if you could not or would not fight to defend
yourselves.

"Brother Onas: We desire that you may not think of great expe-
ditions far off'. Use your best endeavors to defend your Frontiers and
protect the lives of your people. It is better for you to give up some
points to them than to contend, provided they should be in the wrong,
and settle all differences subsisting between you as soon as possible."

Gave a Belt.

He added :

"Brother Onas: Take pattern by Sir William Johnson; he always
keeps large parties patrolling across the Frontiers where he lives, and
you do not hear of any murders being committed there. That is the
way to defend yourselves. The enemy is afraid to enter the settlements
there and if you pursue the same measures they will be afraid to come
into your settlements."

Thomas King then spoke as follows :

"Brethren: We have considered what you said to us about our re-
questing the Delawares and Shawanese to bring down and deliver up all
the English prisoners they have, agreeable to their promises to Sir
William Johnson. We will do everything in our power that may in-
duce them to do it, but perhaps it will not be in our power to prevail on
them to give them up.

"Once more we would desire that you would send for the Senecas and
them, and endeavor to settle all those differences. It is in our power to
do it. When it is done you will certainly see some of your own flesh
and blood again."

Gave a belt of Wampum. - '

"Brethren: It is true, we were present when the Delawares and
Shawanese brightened the chain of friendship with Sir William Johnson,
and promised to turn the edge of their hatchet against the French. But
you must know that last Fall, though they went out to war with us, they
always turned back, and did not perform what they had promised, so that
we cannot account for Avhat they will do now. But for our parts, the
Six Nations, we have been engaged in the war with you, and are always
ready when we see an English Flag to join our Brothers, and go with
them and share the same fate."

Gave a belt of Wampvim. ■ • . •

On Friday the 20th of May, the Governor spoke as follows:

"Brethren of the Six United Nations: I return you my hearty

OF LANCASTER COUNTY, 175

thanks for the kind and open manner in which you have informed us of
the causes from whence the dissatisfaction of our brethren, the Dela wares
and Shawanese, iirst arose ; but as you have observed they are not pres-
ent, it must be deferred until we have the pleasure of seeing them. I
shall only assure you that I think your advice good, and shall with great
satisfaction conform to it, by sending for the people you have so earn-
estly recommended to be sent for.

"I think with you that our Frontiers should be carefully and strongl}'-
guarded, and it shall be my particular care to endeavor to have this
done, in which I shall take kindly any assistance you will give me."

Gave a belt of Wampum.

"Brethren: Soon after the present troubles first broke out between
us and the French, some of the Six Nation Indians requested of this
Government to build a strong house at Shamokin, and a storehouse, with
Indian Goods, and to give an invitation to Indians, as well of United
Nations as Delawares, to come and live there; I must now inform you
that in compliance with their request, this Government has built a strong
house wdiere goods will soon be sent, and sold as cheap as anywhere on
this continent; to this place I have appointed Mr. Thomas McKee to
conduct as many of you as shall choose to return that way, and shall
leave it to you to settle as many families as shall incline to live there,
promising you that care shall be taken by this Government that as many
as stay shall be furnished with such necessaries as they may want till
they can support themselves."

Gave a belt of Wampum.

"Brethren: I shall immediately report the whole that has passed
at these Conferences to Sir William Johnson, who is glad of all occasions
to show his attachment to our Friends, the Indians, and promote His
Majesty's service. It is that gentleman's peculiar province to treat and
finish all treaties with the Indians.

"Let me add, my brethren of the United Nations, that you shall find
no deceit in me, and I shall be happy if my conduct deserves your esteem
and approbation."

Gave a belt of Wampum.

"Brethren: I have ordered the Presents provided by the good People
of this Province to be carried to the Indian Camp, early in the morning,
and inform you that a part of these Presents is given by those who are the
descendants of the inhabitants that first came over to this Country with
your old friend William Penn, as a particular testimony of their regard
and affection for the Indians."

After the Governor had delivered his speech, Mr. Croghan spoke in
behalf of Sir William Johnson, as follows:

" Sachems and Warriors of the United Nations : You see

176 ' AUTHEXTIC HISTORY

liow the French, the enemies of mankind, set on their Children to
murder, in a barbarous manner, your Brethren that are settled on the
frontiers of this and the neighboring Provinces. Brethren, I must now
desire you, in the name of the Great King of England, your Father and
my Master, that, on your return to your own Country, you will be active,
and not suffer any of the French or their Children to pass over your lands
to murder your Brethren, and that you will let Teedyuscung and his
people know. I expect he will do the same. Tell them it is not nor will
not be their interest to carry on this War against their Brethren, the
English. Their Father, the French King, makes fools of them, and will,
in the end, make slaves of them; but you, Brethren, are convinced that
the English have always treated you as their Brethren, and I expect a
due regard and performance to this request on your side."

Gave a belt of Wampum.

Little Abraham made the following answer to the Governor :

"Brother Oxas: We return you our hearty thanks for accepting of
our advice in sending for the Delawares, Shawanese, and Senecas, and we
hope, when you meet them, you will be able to settle all differences to
3^our satisfaction.

"Brother Oxas : We likewise return you oar hearty thanks for your
kind invitation to us to settle at Genossa, and your promise to supply
those that will stay, or come and settle there, with Provisons and Goods.
We accept of the invitation, and will take it into consideration as we go
home, how many of us will stay there or come back from our Towns to
settle there; and we return you thanks for appointing our Brother,
Thomas McKee, to take care of us, as he is a person very agreeable
to us."

He then spoke to Mr. Croghan, in answer to Sir William Johnson's
speech, as follows:

"Brother Wariaighiyagey: We have all given attention to what
you have said to us by Anaquarunda, and you may depend upon our
being on the active, and doing every thing in our power to prevent the
French or their Children coming to murder our Brethren, and we will
recommend it strongly to Teedyuscung and his people to do the same.

"Brother: We must desire you will assist our Brother Onas in set-
tling the differences between him and our Nephews and Brothers, the
Delawares and Shawanese, which will be the only method to prevent
these cruel murders daily committed on our Brethren."

After the Message for Teedyuscung was delivered to the Messengers,
the Sachems of the several Tribes made the following speech:

"Brother: As we have finished the business for this time, and we
design to part to-morrow, you must be sensible that we have a long
journey and a hilly country to pass over, and several of our old men

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 177

very weak, we hope that you will not send us from your frontiers with-
out a walking Stick.^

In answer Mr. Croghan acquainted them that the good people of this
Province had provided some kegs for them on the frontiers, which
would be given them by the persons employed to conduct them through
the settlements.
Below are the
'■'■Instructions from the Honourable WILLIAM DENNY, Esquire, Lieu-
tenant Governor and Commander-in-Chief of the Province of Pennsyl-
vania and three Lower Counties, to Mr. Thomas McKee.
" You are to conduct such of the Indians as return by the way of the
Sasquehannah, as far as Shamokin. I understand there are several spots
of land near Fort Augusta, already cleared and fit for planting. I would
have you purchase a proper quantity of Indian Corn, and see that it be
planted as soon as you get there. I leave it to you to choose a proper
place for the Indians to settle at ; you know what will be at first wanted,
and are to provide it. You must not leave them till they be commodi-
ously settled to their satisfaction. You are to furnish Carriages and
Provisions for them in their Journey. You are to apply to Mr. Croston,
the Contractor for supplying the Garrison with Provisions, who is hereby
ordered to furnish Cattle and Flour for the use of the Indians, not only
in their journey, but after they are settled, in such quantities as you shall
demand. In case of his not being able to do this at first, you are to
apply to Major Burd, who is desired to deliver what is wanted for their
immediate use, till the other Provisions arrive that are to be furnished
by the Contractor. You are so well acquainted with the wants of In-
dians, that I must leave the whole to your management, in which I must
recommend it to you to be as frugal as possible. The more the Indians
hunt, the more it will conduce to their health. When their demands are
reasonable, and for things absolutely necessary, they are to be granted,
but not otherwise. Much depends upon their first setting out ; if their
Conduct be orderly, and their Expenses light and easy, the better the
Province can continue it, and others be encouraged to come and settle
there; but if they be too much indulged, and not laid under the Neces-
sity of hunting, they will quarrel with one another, and no other Indians
join them, or at least not such as will be of service to the cause. You
are to draw upon the Commissioners for such sums as you lay out, giving
them advice of your draughts, and a just and full account of the par-
ticulars, for which the Money has been laid out.

"All Officers, civil and military, are enjoined to be aiding and assist-
ing to you and the friendly Indians under your care, and to do you and
them, all the good Offices they shall stand in need of; particularly, it is

1 Meaning a keg of Rum,

178 , AUTHENTIC HISTORY

hereby required of all the Officers and Soldiers in the Garrison at Augusta,
to give you all the assistance possible in the Execution of these Orders,
and to be of good behaviour to the Indians, as they are on all occasions
to demean themselves towards His Majesty's Subjects with the utmost
care and kindness.

" Given under my Hand and Seal at Arms, at Lancaster, this Twenty-
first Day of May, 1757.

" William Denny."

The conference at Lancaster was followed by another held in July
[1757] at Easton, attended by Teedyuscung and about 300 Indians, with
the result that hostilities should cease and the Indians take up the
hatchet against the French. A solemn treaty was held the following
year at Easton. It lasted from Oct. 7 to Oct. 26, 1758, and was attended
on the part of the English by the Governors of Pennsylvania and New
Jersey, George Croghan, the agent of Sir William Johnson, six members
of the Governor's Council, six members of the House of Representatives,
Commissioners from New Jersey, and a large number of Magistrates and
citizens from Pennsylvania and the neighboring Provinces, and on the
part of the Indians by representatives of the Mohawks, Oneidoes, Onan-
dagoes, Senecas, Tuscaroras, Nanticokes and Conoys, Tuteloes, Chugnuts,
Dela wares and Unamies, Minosinks, Mohickons, Wapings or Pumptons,
and others, numbering men, women and children, all told 509. In con-
sequence of this treaty peace and friendship were restored between the
English and the Indians, and Thomas King at the final meeting in behalf
of the United Nations (now eight in number) said "that the Nations were
vastly pleased that all the ancient treaties made there, at Albany, and
elsewhere were renewed, as well as that the old Council Fire at Phila-
delphia was kindled again, and a good Eoad made to it, that might be
travelled without danger; these in particular, as well as every other
matter transacted at these conferences, we will make known to our own
Nations and to every other in Friendship and Alliance with us, and we
are sure they will be very well received."

After the capture of Fort Du Quesne by General Forbes, on Novem-
ber 25, it was garrisoned by 450 men, chiefly Provincial troops, from
Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia, under the command of Colonel
Mercer.^ The remainder of the army was marched into the interior, and
quartered at Lancaster, Reading, and Philadelphia. There being no
barracks at the former places, the soldiers were billetted upon the in-
habitants, who complained grievously of the irregularity of the men, and
the caprice, favour, and oppression of the officers. The Assembly, having
remonstrated in vain on these enormities, finally directed barracks to be
erected at Lancaster. ■ '

1 Gordon. Hazard's Reg.

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 179

Mr. Bausman was appointed Barrack-Master.

The following statistics of Lancaster county in 1760 will be read witli
interest.

436,346 acres of land; 5,635 Taxables; £1. 2s. Od, each taxed; amount
of Tax, £6178. 10s. Od.

In August 1762, Governor Hamilton held a Treaty with the Indians
at Lancaster, the purport of which appears from the subjoined Message
of the Governor to the Assembly :

A Message from the Governor to the Assembly.

"Gentlemen: In pursuance of sundry Invitations from this Govern-
ment to the Indians living to the Westward, on and near the Waters of
the Ohio, Deputies from several of those Nations (whom we have not
seen since the Commencement of the late War) met me at Lancaster on
the ninth of last month, where, in divers Conferences held for that pur-
pose, the peace and Friendship, which formerly subsisted betwixt us, but
which of late had unhappily been interrvipted, were fully renewed and
established.

"A very considerable number also of the Six Nation Indians, from the
Northward, and others residing on the river Susquehannah and its Branches,
attended at the same time and place, who likewise renewed with us the
ancient Chain of Friendship which had so long subsisted between them
and his Majesty's Subjects. And I have the pleasure to acquaint you
that, as a Testimony of the Sincerity of the professions both of the West-
ern and Northern Indians, sundry of our people who had been taken
Captive during the late War, have already been delivered up to me, and
solemn Engagements entered into, on the part of the Indians, to restore, in
a short time, all such others as still remain in their Towns and Countries.

"For further particulars I refer you to the Copy of the Treaty here-
with delivered to you.

"James Hamilton."

" September 21st, 1762."

Indian hostilities were general at this time [1763] and marked by every
species of cruelty; fire, the tomahawk and the scalping-knife were the
instruments of the savages. Scalping parties traversed the land, sur-
prised the people at night, at their meals or in the fields, put them to the
knife and set fire to houses, barns, corn, hay and to whatever was com-
bustible. Under these circumstances it need not occasion surprise that
even the neutral Indians, remnants of the Delaware and Six Nation
tribes and dwelling among the whites, for whom they professed attach-
ment, became objects of suspicion and hatred, especially when the neu-
trality of some of them, at least, was justly suspected.

The settlers at Paxton, goaded to desperation by repeated murders
perpetrated by Indians, resolved to punish the murderers. Scouts brought

180 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

in the intelligence that they had been traced to Conestogo, the settlement
of the professed friendly Indians, who harbored and, it was believed, en-
couraged and aided the hostile Indians. Thus was kindled the implacable
hatred of the Paxton men against all Indian blood and against the Mo-
ravians and Quakers, who were disposed to conciliate and protect the
Indians, and as the Paxton men thought, frequently at the expense of the
lives of the settlers.

The Conestoga Indians lived at Conestogo, in Manor township ; their
extirpation was the savage design of the Paxton men, more particularly
of the younger and more hot-blooded men of the Eev. Colonel Elder's'
corps of Eangers, led by Lazarus Stewart, a daring partisan and a man
of considerable influence in the Paxton settlement.

On the morning of Wednesday, December 1-lth, a number of armed
men attacked the village of Conestogo, massacred some women and
children and a few old men, among them the chief Sheehaj'-s. The ma-
jority of the Indians were abroad at the time of the attack. The magis-
trates of Lancaster sent for the survivors and placed them for safe keeping
in the newly erected workhouse.

Below is the official account of the afl'air communicated to the Gov-
ernor in a letter from Edward Shippen, Esq.:

"Lancaster, l-ith December, 1763, Evening.
• "Honoured Sir: One Robert Edgar, a hired man to Captain Thomas
M'Kee, living near the Borough, acquainted me to-day that a Company
of People from the Frontiers had killed and scalped most of the Indians
at the Conestogoe Town early this morning; he said he had his informa-
tion from an Indian boy who made his escape ; Mr. Slough has been to
the place and held a Coroner's Inquest on the Corpses, being six in
number ; Bill Sawk and some other Indians were gone towards Smith's
Iron Works to sell brooms; but where they are now we can't under-
stand ; and the Indians, John Smith, and Peggy, his wife, and their child,
and young Joe Hays, were abroad last night too, and lodged at one
Peter Swar's, about two miles from hence; these last came here this
afternoon, whom we acquainted with what had happened to their Friends
and Relations, and advised them to put themselves under our protection,
which they readily agreed to ; And they are now in our Work House by
themselves, where they are well provided for with every necessary.
Warrants are issued for the apprehending of the murderers, said to be
upwards of fifty men, well armed and mounted. I beg my kind Com-
plements to Mr. Richard Penn, and I am with with all due regards,
" Sir, Your Honour's Obliged

" Friend, and most humble Servant,

" Edw'd Shippen."
. " The Honorable John Penn, Esqr., Governor."

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 181

At the same meeting of the council in Philadelphia, Monday, Decem-
ber 19th, the Grovernor laid before the Board the following letter from
the Conestogo Indians :

" To the Honorable JOHN PENN^ Esquire^ Lieutenant Governor and
Commander-in- Chief of the Province of Pennsylvania^ &c., t&c.

"Brother: We (the Conestogoe Indians) take the present oppor-
tunity, by Capt. Montour, to welcome you into this Country by this
String of Wampum, and as we were settled at this place by an Agree-
ment of Peace and Amity established between your Grandfathers and ours,
we now promise ourselves your favour and protection, and as we have
always lived in peace and quietness with our brethren and neighbours
round us during the last and present Indian wars, we hope now, as we
are deprived from supporting our families by hunting, as we formerly
did, you will consider our distressed situation, and grant our women and
children some cloathing to cover them this winter. The Government
has always been kind enough to allow us some provisions, and did for-
merly appoint people to take care of us, but as there is no person to
take that upon him, and some of our Neighbours have encroach'd upon
the Tract of Land reserved here for our use, We would now beg our
Brother the Governor to appoint our Friend Captain Thomas M'Kee,
who lives near us and understands our Language, to take care and see
Justice done us.

" SoHAYS, ^ his Mark.
"Indian, ^ his Mark.

or CUYANGUERRYCOEA,

his
" Sag-uyasotha, ]^ or John."
Mark.
"Conestogoe, Nov. 80th, 1763."

Upon receiving intelligence of the outrage committed at Conestogo,
the Governor, on December 19th issued the following proclamation.

By the Honourable John Penn, Esquire, Lieutenant Governor and
Commander-in-Chief of the Province of Pennsylvania, and Counties of
New Castle, Kent and Sussex, upon Delaware.

"A PROCLAMATION.

"Whereas, I have received information, that on Wednesday the
fourteenth day of this month, a number of People, armed and mounted
on Horseback, unlawfully assembled together and went to the Indian
Town in the Conestogoe Manor, in Lancaster County, and without the
least Reason or Provocation, in cool blood barbarously killed Six of the
Indians settled there, and burnt and destroyed all their Houses and Ef-
fects. And whereas^ so cruel and inhuman an Act committed in the
Heart of this Province, on the said Indians, who have lived peaceably

182 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

and inoflfensively among us during all our late Troubles, and for many
years before, and were justly considered as under tbe protection of this
Government and its Laws, calls loudly for the vigorous Exertion of the
civil Authority to detect the Offenders and bring to condign Punishment,
I have therefore, by and with the ' advice and consent of the Council,
thought fit to issue this Proclamation, and do strictly charge and enjoin
all Judges, Justices, Sheriffs, Constables, Officers, Civil and Military, and
all other his Majesty's liege Subjects within this Province, to make dili-
gent Search and Enquiry after the Authors and Perpetrators of the said
Crime, their Abettors and Accomplices, and to use all possible means to
apprehend and secure them in some of the Public Gaols of this Province,
that they may be brought to their Tryals, and be proceeded against
according to Law.

^^And whereas^ a number of Indians who lately lived on or near the
Frontiers of this Province, being willing and desirous to preserve and
continue the ancient Friendship which heretofore subsisted between them
and the good People of this Province, have, at their earnest request, been
removed from their Habitations and brought into the County of Phila-
delphia, and seated for the present, for their better Security, on the
Province Island and in other places in the neighborhood of the City of
Philadelphia, where Provision is made for them at the Publick Expence.
I do therefore hereby strictly forbid all Persons whatsoever, to molest
or injure any of the said Indians, as they will answer the Contrary at
their Peril.

" Given under my hand and the Great Seal of the said Province, at Phil-
adelphia, the twenty-second day of December, Anno Domini, one thou-
sand seven hundred and sixty-three, And in the Fourth Year of His
Majesty's Eeign.

, "John Penn."
"By His Honour's Command. -

"Joseph Shippen, Junr., Secretary. '
"God save the King."

The proclamation proved waste paper, for the Paxton men assembled
in greater numbers, and breathing slaughter and vengeance, drew near
Lancaster on the evening of December 26th, and on the following morn-
ing, when the whole community was engaged in the solemnities of the
sanctuary, suddenly galloped into town, "seized the keeper of the Work
House, overpowered him, rushed into the prison and speedily accomplished
the work of death; the poor Indians, to the number of fourteen, were
butchered in cold blood, and the Paxton men, elated at their success, left
the town in the same haste with which they had entered it." Gordon says
that " it is not possible to exculpate the magistrates of the town from
the charge of criminal negligence, since it was in their power to have

OF LANCASTEB CX)UNTY. 183

prevented this assassination, or to have arrested the perpetrators. Captain
Eobinson, with a company of highlanders, on their way from Pittsburg,
being then at Lancaster, put himself in the way to receive the com-
mands of the civil authority, which made no effort to use the force thus
offered it."

The foregoing account, we believe, is substantially accurate, but in
order that the reader may be enabled to form an independent opinion, we
subjoin the documentary evidence.

Postscript to a letter from John Hay^ Esqr., Sheriff of Lancaster County,
to the Governor:

" December 27th, 1763, P. M.

" Honoured Sir : Since writing the above, the poor Indians whom we
imagined were placed in safety are destroyed, A number of Persons to
the amount (by their appearance), of fifty or sixty, armed with Eifles,
Tomahawks, &c., suddenly, about two o'clock, rushed into the Town and
immediately repaired to the Work House where the Indians were con-
fined, and notwithstanding all opposition of myself and the Coroner, with
many others, broke open the Work House, and have killed all the Indi-
ans there, being the fourteen mentioned in the List to have survived the
former affair at their Town. After which they in a body left the Town
without offering any insults to the inhabitants, and without putting it in
the power of any one to take or molest any of them without danger of life
to the Person attempting it; of which both myself and the Coroner by
our opposition were in great danger.

"I have since the above affair taken from Messrs. Miller & Beatty the
above mentioned Papers and Belts of Wampum, which I shall keep till
I have orders from your Honour, and any thing further that I can find
belonging to the Indians, shall be properly taken care of.

"As it is rumored that the people with a superior force intend an attack
on the Province Island, with a view to destroy the Indians there, I think
proper to mention it to your Honour, and shall do all in my power not
only to apprehend the offenders but to preserve the Peace of the County.

"I beg your Honours directions, which I shall endeavour punctually
to observe, being

"Your Honours Most Obed't Humble Serv't,

"John Hay.

"To the Hon'ble JOHN PENN, Esqr., Governor of the Province of
Pennsylvania, &c."

List of the Indians killed at the Indian Tqwu in Conestogoe Manor :
Their Indian Names :

Sheehays, Sheehays,

George, Wa-a-shen,

Harry, * Tee-Kau-ley,

184 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

A son of Sheehays, Ess-canesh,

Sally, an Old Woman, Tea-wonsha-i-ong,

A Woman, Kannenqiias.
List of the Indians belonging to the Conestogoe Town in the Work
House at Lancaster :

Captain John, Kyunqueagoah,

Betty, his Wife Koweenasee,

Bill Sack Tenseedaagua,

Molly, his Wife Kanianguas,

John Smith Sasquies-hat-tah,

Peggy, his Wife Chee-na-wan,

Little John, Capt. John's Son Quaachow,

Jacob, a Boy Shae-e-kah,

Young Sheehays, a Boy Ex-undas,

Chrisly, a Boy Tong-quas,

Little Peter, a Boy Hy-ye-naes,

Molly, a little Girl Ko-qoa-e-un-quas,

A Little Girl, Karen -do-uah,

Peggy, a little Girl Caun-kie-sung.

The names taken from Peggy, Wife of John Smith ) pme.

and Betty, Wife of Captain John. j JoH^^ Hay.
Lancaster, 27th December, 1763.

Letter from Edivard Shippen, Usqr., to the Governor:

"Lancaster, 27th December, 1768, P. M.
" noNOURED Sir : I am to acquaint your Honour that between two
and three of the clock this afternoon, upwards of a hundred armed men,
from the Westward, rode very fast into Town, turned their horses into
Mr. Slough's (an Inn-keeper) yard, and proceeded with the greatest pre-
cipitation to the Work House, stove open the door and killed all the
Indians, and then took to their horses and rode off, all their business was
done, and they were returning to their horses before I could get half
way down to the Work House ; the Sheriff and Coroner, however, and
several others, got down as soon as the rioters, but could not prevail
with them to stop their hands ; some people say they heard them declare
they would proceed to the Province Island, and destroy the Indians
there.

"I am with great Eespect, Sir,

"Your Honour's most Obedient humble Servant,

"Edw'd Shippen."
" The Honorable Jno. Penn, Esqr., Gov'r."

Statement of WiUiam Henry^ J^sqr., of Lancaster.
"There are few, if any murders to be compared with the cruel murder

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 185

committed on the Conestogo Indians in tlie jail of Lancaster, in 1763,
by the Paxton boys, as they were then called. From fifteen to twenty
Indians, as report stated, were placed there for protection. A regiment
of Highlanders were at that time quartered at the barracks in the town,
and yet these murderers were permitted to break open the doors of the
city jail and committed the horrid deed. The first notice I had of this
affair was, that while at my father's store, near the court house, I saw a
number of people running down street towards the jail, which enticed
me and other lads to follow them. At about six or eight yards from the
jail, we met from twenty-five to thirty men, well mounted on horses,
and with rifles, tomahawks, and scalping knives, equipped for murder.
I ran into the prison yard, and there, oh what a horrid sight presented
itself to my view ! Near the back door of the prison lay an old Indian
and his squaw, particularly well known and esteemed by the people of
the town on account of his placid and friendly conduct. His name was
Will Soc; across him and squaw lay two children, of about the age of
three years, whose heads were split with the tomahawk, and their scalps
taken ofi". Towards the middle of the jail yard, along the west side of
the wall, lay a stout Indian, whom I particularly noticed to have been
shot in his breast ; his legs were chopped with the tomahawk, his hands
cut off, and finally a rifle ball discharged in his mouth, so that his head
was blown to atoms, and the brains were splashed against and yet hang-
ing to the wall, for three or four feet around. This man's hands and
feet had also been chopped off with a tomahawk. In this manner lay
the whole of them, men, women and children spread about the prison
yard ; shot, scalped, hacked and cut to pieces."

Extract from an authentic publication^ printed at the time in Philadel-
phia, entitled, "^ NARRATIVE of the late massacres in LANCASTER
COUNTY, of a number of Indians, friends of THIS PROVINCE;' etc.

" The Magistrates of Lancaster sent out to collect the remaining Indi-
ans, brought them into the town, for their better security against any
further attempt ; and, it is said, condoled with them on the misfortune
that had happened, took them by the hand, and promised them protection.

" They were put into the Work House, a strong building, as the place
of greatest safety.

" These cruel men again assembled themselves, and hearing that the
remaining fourteen Indians were in the work house at Lancaster, they
suddenly appeared before that town on the twenty-seventh of December.
Fifty of them, armed as before, dismounting, went directly to the Work
House, and by violence broke open the door and entered with the utmost
fury in their countenances. When the poor wretches saw they had no
protection nigh, nor could possibly escape, and being without the least
weapon of defence, they divided their little families, the children cling-

186 AUTHENTIC HISTOBY

ing to their parents; they fell on their faces, protested their innocence,
declared their love to the English^ and that in their whole lives, they had
never done them injury ; and in this posture they all received the hatchet !
Men, women and children were every one inhumanly murdered in cold
blood!

" The barbarous men who committed the atrocious fact, in defiance of
government, of all laws human and divine, and to the eternal disgrace of
their country and color, then mounted their horses, huzzaed in triumph,
as if they had gained a victory, and rode off unmolested !

"The bodies of the murdered were then brought out and exposed in
the street, till a hole could be made in the earth to receive and cover them.
But the wickedness cannot be covered, and the guilt will lie on the whole
land till justice is done on the murderers. The hlood of the innocent laill
cry to heaven for vengeancey

Statement in the Lancaster Journal, seeking to exculpate the magis-
trates and to account for the unwillingness of the military to interfere.

"Mr. Reynolds, the writer of the above had been informed by some
of the aged and respectable inhabitants of Lancaster, that the outrage
had been perpetrated upon Sunday ; what gave rise to this opinion, was
the circumstance of the magistrates being in church when the alarm was
given. The 25th of December 1763, (Christmas day) was Sunday, but
at that period owing principally to the disturbed state of the Province
the Churches were frequently open for worship on other days of the
week. Tuesday the 27th of December, 1763, while the Rev. Mr. Barton
was of&ciating in the Episcopal Church, the doors were thrown open
with violence, and several voices were heard exclaiming, 'Paxton Boys,'
'Murder,' 'the prison is attacked,' 'They are murdering the Indians,'
&c., &c. Edward Shippen, Esq., then Chief Magistrate of the Borough,
immediately left the church, and hastened to the quarters of Captain
Robinson, and besought him to hasten to the rescue of the Indians, but
that officer replied, " D — n them I would not care if the whole race were
slain, for my company has suffered enough by them already, I will not
stir one step.'

"The magistrates of Lancaster did all that lay in their power, both to
prevent the murder and to apprehend the rioters. By a reference to
Loskiel's Indian Missions, page 216, it appears, that on November the
eleventh, when the Indians who were sent to Philadelphia to be lodged
in the Barracks, by the positive command of the Governor, that the
soldiers refused to admit them.

" On page 220 it is further stated, that the Indians were ordered to New
York for safety, and when they had left Philadelphia, that they met with
Captain Robertson and seventy Highlanders, who were ordered to escort
them ; that these soldiers behaved very wild and unfriendly.

of LANCASTER COUNTY. 187

"On page 222 it is stated that Captain Robertson's company was now
relieved by one hundred and seventy men from Gen. Gage's army, com-
manded by Captain Schlosser. ' These soldiers had suffered much from
the savages near Lake Erie, which rendered them averse to the Indiana.'

"These facts will show clearly that the military authority was unwil-
ling to attempt the avengeance of the Paxton Boys.

"It is a little remarkable that three of the persons who were most
deeply concerned in the murder of the Indians at Lancaster, William
Hays, the Sheriff, and two persons of the name of Smith and Howard,
met with an untimely fate ; Hays was killed in a Saw Mill, Smith drown-
ed himself, and Howard fell on a knife, which he had in his hand, by
accident, which caused his death.

" Wm. Hays, jr. the son of the Sheriff', and Donnelly the jailor, were
also suspected of being in the plot.

" The Paxton Boys, after the commission of the murder, gave three
cheers, and said ' We have presented the citizens of Lancaster with a
Christmas Box, and we shall present the Philadelphians with a New
Year's Gift.'"

Narrative of Smithy one of the Paxton Boys.

" I was an early settler in Paxton, a member of the Congregation of
the Rev. Mr. Elder. I was one of the chief actors in the destruction of
Conestogo and in storming the Work House at Lancaster. I have been
stigmatized as a murderer. No man, unless he were living at that time
in Paxton, could have an idea of the sufferings and anxieties of the
people. For years the Indians had been on the most friendly terms ;
but some of the traders were bought by the French ; these corrupted the
Indians. The savages unexpectedly destroyed our dwellings and mur-
dered the unsuspicious. When we visited the wigwams in the neighbor-
hood, we found the Indians occupied in harmless sports or domestic work.
There appeared no evidence that they were any way instrumental in the
bloody acts perpetrated on the frontiers.

" Well do I remember the evening when stopped at my door,

judge my surprise when I heard his tale: 'Tom followed the Indians to
the Big Island ; from thence they went to Conestogo ; as soon as we heard

it, five of us, , , , , , rode off for the village. I left

my horse under their care, and cautiously crawled where I could get a
view ; I saw Indians armed ; they were strangers ; they outnumbered us
by dozens. I returned without being discovered ; we meet to-night at

; we shall expect you with gun, knife and ammunition.' We met,

and our party, under the cover of the night, rode off for Conestogo. Our
plan was well laid ; the scout, who had traced the Indians, was with us ;
the village was stormed and reduced to ashes. The moment we were
perceived, an Indian fired at us and rushed forward, brandishing his

188 AUTHENTIC HISTORY^

tomahawk. Tom cried, * mark him,' and he fell by more than one ball ;

ran up and cried out, ' it is the villain who murdered my mother.'

This speech roused to vengeance and Conestogo lay harmless before us.
Our worst fears had been realized; these Indians, who had been housed
and fed as the pets of the Province, were now proved to be our secret
foes; necessity compelled us to do as we did,

"We mounted our horses and returned. Soon we were informed that

a number of Indians were at the Work House at Lancaster. was

sent to Lancaster to get all the news he could. He reported that one of
the Indians concerned in recent murders was there in safety. Also, that
they talked of rebuilding Conestogo, and placing these Indians in the
new buildings.

"A few of us met to deliberate; Stewart proposed to go to Lancaster,
storm their castle^ and carry off the assassin. It was agreed to ; the whole
plan was arranged. Our clergyman did not approve of our proceeding
further. He thought everything was accomplished by the destruction of
Conestogo, and advised us to try what we could do with the Governor and
Council. I with the rest was opposed to the measure proposed by our
good pastor. It was painful to us to act in opposition to his will, but
the Indian in Lancaster was known to have murdered the parents of
, one of our party.

" The plan was made. Three were chosen to break in the doors, five to
keep the keepers, etc., from meddling, Capt. Stewart to remain outside
with about twelve men, to protect those within, to prevent surprise, and
keep charge of the horses. The three were to secure the Indian, tie him
with strong cords and deliver him to Stewart. If the three were resisted,
a shot was to be fired as a signal. I was one of them who entered; you
know the rest ; we fired ; the Indians were left without life, and we rode
hastily from Lancaster. Two of the Indians killed in Lancaster were
recognized as murderers.

"This gave quiet to the frontiers, for no murder of our defenceless
inhabitants has since happened."

The foregoing account was communicated by a father to his son, in
Carlisle, and by the latter to Redmond Conyngham.

The Rev. Mr. Elder mentioned in the preceding statement was a Pres-
byterian minister and held the commission of a Colonel. In a letter on
this subject addressed by him to Governor Penn, dated January 27, 1764,
occurs this passage:

"The storm which has been so long gathering, has at length exploded.
Had government removed the Indians from Conestogo, which had
been frequently urged without success, this painful catastrophe might
have been avoided. What could I do with men heated to madness?
All that I could do, Avas done; I expostulated; but life and reason were

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 189

f

set at defiance, and yet the men in private life are virtuous, and respect-
able; not cruel, but mild and merciful. The time will arrive when each
palliating circumstance will be calmly weighed. This deed, magnified
into the blackest of crimes, shall be considered as one of those youthful
ebullitions of wrath caused by momentary excitement, to which human
infirmity is subjected."

A calm survey of all the facts of the case, as far as known, compels us
to reach a different conclusion. The twenty or thirty men engaged in
the bloody transactions at Conestogo and Lancaster, were lawless men,
and their lawless conduct cannot be justified any more than their indis-
criminate slaughter of suspected murderers and helpless old men, women
and innocent children. The transactions referred to are foul blots on
the page of our provincial history.

It should be stated that the Eev. Mr. Elder, in a letter to Col. Burd,
asserts that the Paxton Boys did not "cut the bodies of the Indians to
pieces, adding, "the inference is plain, that the bodies were thus mangled
after death by certain persons to excite a feeling against the Paxton
Boys. This fact, Stewart says he can and will establish in a fair trial at
Lancaster, York and Carlisle."

There is no doubt that Stewart imposed upon the amiable Mr. Elder,
to whose command of Eangers he and the other persons concerned in
the Lancaster murders belonged; but it is difl&cult to believe Stewart whose
record by no means redounds to his credit. He was emphatically a man
of violence and lawlessness; he joined the Connecticut men, was a prom-
inent actor in the civil wars of Wyoming and slain there, during the
Eevolution, in the disastrous battle of July 3, 1778.

The bodies of the murdered Indians were collected and buried in one
grave, at the corner of Chestnut and Duke streets, in Lancaster. Peter
Maurer told I. Daniel Rupp that he saiu them buried in the same place,
where the workmen, engaged in making excavations for the Railroad,
dug them up in May 1833.^

When the news of the second Indian massacre reached the Governor,
he issued another proclamation, as inef&cacious in iis results as the former,
in these words:

"_S^ the Honourahle JOHN PENN^ Esquire^ Lieutenant Governor and.
Cora'inander-in- Chief of the Province of Pennsylvania^ and Counties of
Newcastle^ Kent^ and Sussex, on Delaware.

"A PROCLAMATION:

" Whereas, on the twenty-second day of December last, I issued a Proc-
lamation for the apprehending and bringing to Justice a number of Persons
who, in violation of the Public Faith, and in defiance of all Law, had
1 Eupp's History of Lancaster County, p. 360.

190 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

inlmmanly killed Six of the Indians who had lived on Conestogoe Manor
for the Course of many Years, peaceably and inoffensively, under the
Protection of this Government, on Lands assigned to them for their
Habitation. Notwithstanding which, I have received Information that
on the Twenty-seventh of the same month, a large party of armed men
again assembled and met together in a riotous and tumultuous manner, in
the County of Lancaster and proceeded to the Town of Lancaster, where
they violently broke open the Work House, and butchered and put to
death fourteen of the said Conestogoe Indians, Men, Women, and Children,
who had been taken under the immediate Care and Protection of the
Magistrates of the said County, and lodged for their better Security in the
said Work House, till they should be more effectually provided for by
order of the Government : And luhereas, common Justice loudly demands,
and the Laws of the Land, (upon the preservation of which not only the
Liberty and Security of every Individual, but the being of the Govern-
ment itself depend), require that the above offenders should be brought
to condign Punishment ; I have, therefore, by and with the advice of the
Council, published this Proclamation, and do hereby strictly charge and
command all Judges, Justices, Sheriffs, Constables, Ofl&cers Civil and Mili-
tary, and all other his Majesty's faithful and liege Subjects within this
Province, to make diligent Search and enquiry after the Authors and Per-
petrators of the said last mentioned offence, their Abettors and Accom-
plices ; and that they use all possible means to apprehend and secure them
in some of the public Gaols of this Province, to be dealt with according
to Law. And I do hereby further promise and engage, that any Person
or Persons who shall apprehend and secure, or cause to be apprehended
and secured, any three of the Eingleaders of the said party, and prose-
cute them to conviction, shall have and receive for each the pub lick reward
of Two Hundred Pounds ; and any Accomplice, not concerned in the
immediate shedding the Blood of the said Indians, who shall make dis-
covery of any or either of the said Eingleaders and apprehend and prose-
cute them to conviction, shall, over and above the said reward, have all
the weight and influence of the government, for obtaining his Majesty's
pardon for his offence.

'* Given under my hand and the great seal of the province, at Philadel-
phia, January 2, in the 4th year of his Majesty's reign, A. D. 1764.

"John Penn."
"By his command.

"Joseph Shippen, Jr., Sec'y.
" God save the King."

With a view to prevent the repetition of similar outrages, the Mora-
vian Indians were removed to Province Island, near Philadelphia. The
insurgents threatened to march down to destroy them also ; the Assem-

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 191

bly resolved to resist them, and the Indians, frightened at the fury of
their enemies, petitioned the Legislature to send them, a hundred and
forty in number, with their two ministers, to England.^

But this being impracticable, the Governer furnished them an escort,
to proceed through New Jersey and New York, to sir William Johnson,
under whose protection they were desirous to place themselves. Wil-
liam Franklin, then Governor of New Jersey, granted them a passport;
but Governor Golden of New York, by advice of his council, refused to
admit them within his province. The council of New York were offended
by governor Penn sending so large a body of Indians into their colony
without their consent ; and professed themselves more disposed to punish
than to protect the Indians from the east side of the Susquehannah,
whom they considered as their worst enemies, composed of the rogues,
thieves, and runaways, from other Indian nations. They also condemn-
ed the policy which returned these men to strengthen their nation. The
progress of the Indians being thus obstructed. General Gage, who had
succeeded General Amherst in the chief command of the English forces
in America, directed two companies of the royal Americans to re-escort
them to Philadelphia, where they were secured in the barracks. Their
return, however, reanimated the ire of their enemies in Lancaster, who,
assembling in large numbers, marched for the city.^ The force of the
insurgents was very considerable; since six companies of foot, one of
artillery, and two troops of horse, were formed to oppose them; and
some thousands of the inhabitants, (including many Quakers) who did not
appear, were prepared to render assistance, in case an attempt should be
made upon the town. The barracks, also, where the Indians were lodged,
under the protection of the regular troops, were fortified ; several works
being thrown up about them, and eight pieces of cannon mounted. But
the Governor would not venture to command his forces to attack the
insurgents, until he obtained indemnity for himself and them, by the
extension to the province of the English riot act. The bill extending it
was passed very hastily through the House.^

The insurgents, finding the ferries over the Schuylkill guarded, pro-
ceeded to Germantown ; where, learning the amount of the force raised
to oppose them, they listened to the advice of some prudent persons who
visited them, and to the remonstrances of the agents of the Governor,
and promised to return peaceably to their habitations, leaving two only
of their number to represent their views to the government. The alarm
in the city was great. The Governor fled to the house of Dr. Franklin
for safety; and nothing but the spirited measures of the inhabitants of
the city, saved it from the fury of an exasperated armed multitude, who

1 Gordon. 2 January.

3 Heckewelder. Franklin's Life. Penn. Gaz. 1764. No. 1833.

192 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

would not have hesitated to extend their vengeance from the Indians to
their protectors.^

Matthew Smith and James Gibson were the two persons selected by
the insurgents to lay their grievances before the Governor and Assem-
bly, which they did in the following remonstrance :
"To the Honourable JOHN PENN^ Esquire^ Governor of the Province of

Pennsylvania, and of the Counties of Nev) Castle, Kent and Sussex, on

Delaiuare, and to the Representatives of the Freemen of the said Province,

in General Assembly met:

"We, Matthew Smith and James Gibson, in behalf of ourselves and
His Majesty's faithful and loyal Subjects, the inhabitants of the frontier
Counties of Lancaster, York, Cumberland, Berks, and Northampton,
humbly beg leave to remonstrate and lay before you the following griev-
ances, which we submit to your wisdom for redress.

"First. We apprehend that as Freemen and English Subjects, we have
an indisputable title to the same privileges and immunities with His
Majesty's other Subjects who reside in the interior Counties of Philadel-
phia, Chester and Bucks, and therefore ought not to be excluded from
an equal share with them in the very important privilege of Legislation ;
nevertheless, contrary to the Proprietor's Charter and the acknowledged
principles of common justice and equity, our five Counties are restrained
from electing more than ten Representatives, viz : four for Lancaster,
two for York, two for Cumberland, one for Berks, and one for North-
ampton, while the three Counties and City of Philadelphia, Chester and
Bucks, elect twenty-six. This we humbly conceive is oppressive, une-
qual and unjust, the cause of many of our grievances, and an infringe-
ment of our natural privileges of Freedom and equality; wherefore, we
humbly pray that we may be no longer deprived of an equal number
with the three aforesaid Counties, to represent us in Assembly.

"Secondly. We understand that a Bill is now before the House of
Assembly, wherein it is provided that such persons as shall be charged
with killing any Indians in Lancaster County, shall not be tried in the
County where the Fact was committed, but in the Counties of Phila-
delphia, Chester or Bucks. This is manifestly to deprive British Sub-
jects of their known Privileges, to cast an eternal Reproach upon whole
Counties, as if they were unfit to serve their Country in the quality of
Jurymen, and to contradict the well known Laws of the British Nation
in a point whereon Life, Liberty and Security essentially depend, namely,
that of being tried by their equals in the neighborhood where their own,
their Accusers, and the Witnesses' Character and Credit, with the Cir-
cumstances of the Fact, are best known, and instead thereof putting their
Lives in the hands of Strangers, who may as justly be suspected of par-

1 Franklin's Mem.

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 193

tiality to as the Frontier Counties can be of prejudices against Indians;
and this, too, in favour of Indians only, against His Majesty's faithful
and loyal Subjects. Besides, it is well known that the design of it is to
comprehend a Fact committed before such a Law was thought of. And
if such practices were tolerated, no man could be secure in his most
valuable Interest. We are also informed, to our great Surprize, that
this Bill has actually received the assent of a Majority of the House,
which we are persuaded could not have been the case, had our Frontier
Counties been equally represented in Assembly. However, we hope
that the Legislature of this Province will never enact a Law of so dan-
gerous a tendency, or take away from his Majesty's good Subjects a
privilege so long esteemed sacred by Englishmen.

"Thirdly. During the late and present Indian War, the Frontiers of
this Province have been repeatedly attacked and ravaged by Skulking
parties of the Indians, who have with the most Savage Cruelty murdered
Men, Women and Children, without distinction, and have reduced near
a thousand Families to the most extreme distress. It grieves us to the
very heart to see such of our Frontier Inhabitants as have escaped
Savage Fury with the loss of their Parents, their Children, their Wives
or Eelatives, left destitute by the public, and exposed to the most cruel
Poverty and Wretchedness, while upwards of an Hundred and twenty of
these Savages, who are with great reason suspected of being guilty of
these horrid Barbarities, under the Mask of Friendship, have procured
themselves to be taken under the protection of the Government, with a
view to elude the Fury of the brave Eelatives of the murdered, and are
now maintained at the public Expence. Some of these Indians now in
the Barracks of Philadelphia, are confessedly a part of the Wyalousing
Indians, which Tribe is now at War with us, and the others are the
Moravian Indians, who, living with us under the Cloak of Friendship,
carried on a Correspondence with our known Enemies on the Grreat Is-
land. We cannot but observe, with sorrow and indignation, that some
Persons in this Province are at pains to extenuate the barbarous Cru-
elties practised by these Savages on our murdered Brethren and Eela-
tives, which are shocking to human Nature, and must pierce every
Heart, but that of the hardened perpetrators or their Abettors ; Nor is
it less distressing to hear others pleading that, although the Wyalousing
Tribe is at War with us, yet that part of it which is under the Protec-
tion of the Government, may be friendly to the English, and innocent.
In what nation under the Sun was it ever the custom that when a neigh-
boring Nation took up Arms, not an individual should be touched but
only the Persons that ofiered Hostilities ? Who ever proclaimed War
with a part of a Nation, and not with the Whole ? Had these Indians
disapproved of the Perfidy of their Tribe, and been willing to cultivate
1-i

IM AUTHENTIC HISTORY

and preserve Friendship with us, "why did they not give notice of the
"War before it happened, as it is known to be the Eesult of long Deliber-
ations, and a preconcerted Combination among them ? Why did they
not leave their Tribe immediately, and come among us before there was
Ground to suspect them, or War was actually waged with their Tribe ?
No, they stayed amongst them, were privy to their murders and Ravages,
until we had destroyed their Provisions, and when they could no longer
subsist at home, they come, not as Deserters, but as Friends, to be main-
tained through the Winter, that they may be able to Scalp and butcher
us in the Spring.

"And as to the Moravian Indians, there are strong Grounds at least to
suspect their Friendship, as it isknown they carried on a Correspondence
with our Enemies on the Great Island. We killed three Indians going
from Bethlehem to the Great Island with Blankets, Ammunition, and
Provisions, which is an undeniable Proof that the Moravian Indians
were in confederacy with our open Enemies ; And we cannot but be
filled with Indignation to hear this action of ours painted in the most
odious and detestable Colors, as if we had inhumanly murdered our
Guides, who preserved us from perishing in the Woods, when we only
killed three of our known Enemies, who attempted to shoot us when we
surprised them. And besides all this, we understand that one of these
very Indians is proved by the oath of Stinton's Widow, to be the very
Person that murdered her Husband. How then comes it to pass, that he
alone, of all the Moravian Indians, should join wdth the enemy to mur-
der that family ? Or can it be supposed that any Enemy Indians, con-
trary to their known custom of making War, should penetrate into the
Heart of a settled Country, to burn, plunder, and murder the Inhabitants,
and not molest any Houses in their return, or ever be seen or heard of?
Or how can we account for it, that no ravages have been committed in
Northampton County, since the removal of the Moravian Indians, when
the Great Cove has been struck since ? These things put it beyond
doubt with us that the Indians now at Philadelphia are His Majesty's
Perfidious Enemies, and therefore to protect and maintan them at the
Public Expence, while our suffering Brethren on the Frontiers are
almost destitute of the necessaries of Life, and are neglected by the
Public, is sufficient to make us mad with rage, and tempt us to do what
nothing but the most violent necessity can vindicate. We humbly and
earnestly pray, therefore, that those Enemies of His Majesty may be re-
moved as soon as possible out of the Province.

"Fourthly. We humbly conceive that it is contrary to the maxims of
good Policy, and extremely dangerous to our Frontiers, to suffer any
Indians, of what tribe soever, to live within the Inhabited parts of this
Province, while we are engaged in an Indian War, as Experience has

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 195

taught us that they are all perfidious, and their Claim to Freedom and
Independency, puts it in their power to act as Spies, to entertain and give
intelligence to our Enemies, and to furnish them with Provisions and
Warlike Stores. To this fatal intercourse, between our pretended Friends
and open Enemies, we must ascribe the greatest of the Eavages and
Murders that have been committed in the course of this and the last In-
dian War. We, therefore, pray that this grievance be taken under con-
sideration and remedied.

"Fifthly. We cannot help lamenting that no Provision has been hith-
erto made, that such of our Frontier Inhabitants as have been wounded
in defence of the Province, their Lives and Liberties, may be taken care
of, and cured of their Wounds at the publick Expense. We, therefore,
pray that this grievance may be redressed.

"Sixthly. In the late Indian War this Province, with others of his
Majesty's Colonies, gave rewards for Indian Scalps, to encourage the
seeking them in their own Country, as the most likely means of destroy-
ing or reducing them to reason, but no such Encouragement has been
given in this War, which has damped the Spirits of many brave Men,
who are willing to venture their Lives in parties against the Enemy.
We, therefore, pray that public rewards may be proposed for Indian
Scalps, which may be adequate to the Dangers attending Enterprizes of
this nature.

" Seventhly. We daily lament that numbers of our nearest and dearest
relatives are still in Captivity among the Savage Heathen, to be trained
up in all their ignorance and barbarity, or to be tortured to death with
all the contrivances of Indian cruelty, for attempting to make their escape
from bondage ; we see they pay no regard to the many solemn Promises
which they have made to restore our Friends who are in Bondage amongst
them. We, therefore, earnestly pray that no trade may hereafter be per-
mitted to be carried on with them, until our Brethren and Relatives are
brought home to us.

"Eighthly. We complain that a certain Society of People in this
Province, in the late Indian War, and at several Treaties held by the
King's representatives, openly loaded the Indians with Presents, and that
J. P., a leader of the said Society, in defiance of all Government, not only
abetted our Indian Enemies, but kept up a private intelligence with them,
and publickly received from them a Belt of Wampum, as if he had been
our Governor, or authorized by the King to treat with his Enemies. By
this means the Indians have been taught to despise us as a weak and dis-
united people, and from this fatal Source have arose many of our Calami-
ties under which we groan. We humbly pray, therefore, that this
Grievance may be redressed, and that no private subject be hereafter per-
mitted to treat with, or carry on a Correspondence with our Enemies.

196 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

" Ninthly. We cannot but observe with sorrow, that Fort Augusta,
which has been verj expensive to this Province, has afforded us but little
assistance during this, or the last War. The men that were stationed
at that place neither helped our distressed Inhabitants to save their
Crops, nor did the}'- attack our Enemies in their Towns, or patrole on
our Frontiers. We humbly request that proper measures may be taken
to make that Garrison more serviceable to us in our Distress, if it can
be done.

"N. B. We are far from intending any Eeflection against the Com-
manding Of&cer stationed at Augusta, as we presume his Conduct was
alwaj^s directed by those from whom he received his Orders.

"Signed on behalf of ourselves, and by appointment of a great number
of the Frontier Inhabitants.

"Matthew Smith,
"James Gibson,"

"February 13th, 1764."

"The memorial of Gibson and Smith was sustained by another, having
fifteen hundred signatures.^ But the county of Berks, by its grand jury,
protested against it. The Assembly sent both memorial and protest to a
committee, which recommended a conference with the insurgents, in order
to convince them and the people that their complaints were unfounded.
The House invited the Governor to participate in this conference, but
he declined the measure, as incompatible with the dignity, and subver-
sive of the order, of the government. He recommended them to inves-
tigate the merits of the petitions, and should any bill grow out of the
investigation, h© promised to give it due attention. The Assembly took
no further steps. The bill directing persons charged with murdering an
Indian in Lancaster county, to be tried in Philadelphia, Bucks, or Ches-
ter, became a law, but no conviction for that offense was ever had, the
number and power of the guilty protecting them from punishment."

The friendly relations between England and the colonies would doubt-
less have continued, had the former not seen fit to pursue a new policy
towards the latter with respect to revenue and taxation. The colonies
until then had been permitted to tax themselves. The first act of Par-
liament aiming at the drawing of a revenue from the colonies, was passed
Sept. 29, 1764, the preamble running thus :

"Whereas, it is just and necessary that a revenue be raised in America
for defraying the expenses of defending, protecting and securing the
same, we the Commons," etc. This act imposed a duty on "clayed sugar,
indigo, coffee, etc., etc., being the produce of a colony not under the
dominion of his Majesty."

"On the subject of the right of the British parliament to tax the colo-

1 Gordon.

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 197

nies,^ it was asserted in the mother country *to be essential to the nnity,
and of course to the prosperity, of the empire, that the British parlia-
ment should have a right of taxation over every part of the royal do-
minions.' In the colonies it was contended, ' that taxation and representa-
tion were inseparable, and that they could not be safe, if their property
might be taken from them, without their consent." This claim of the
right of taxation on the one side, and the denial of it on the other, was
the very hinge on which the revolution turned.

" In accordance with the policy to be observed towards America, the
next year, 1765, the famous stamp act passed both houses of parliament.
This ordained that instruments of writing, such as deeds, bonds, notes,
&c. among the colonies, should be null and void, unless executed on
stamped paper, for which a duty should be paid to the crown."

" The efforts of the American colonies to stay the mad career of the
English ministry proved unavailing. The stamp act was passed with
slight opposition by the commons, and with unanimity by the lords.
Dr. Franklin laboured earnestly to avert a measure which his sagacity
and extensive acquaintance with the American people taught him was
pregnant with danger to the British empire ; but he entertained not the
idea that it would be forcibly resisted. He wrote to Mr. Charles Thomp-
son, ' The sun of liberty is set, you must light up the candles of industry
and economy.' To which Mr. Thompson replied, ' he was apprehensive
that other lights would be the consequence.' To Mr. Ingersol, the
doctor said, ' Go home and tell your people to get children as fast as they
can,' intimating that the period for successful opposition had not yet
arrived."^

The opposition to the stamp act in America was so decided and uni-
versal that Parliament had only the alternative to compel submission or
to repeal the act. It was repealed on February 22, 1766, but accom-
panying it was one known as the declaratory act, more hostile to American
rights than any of its predecessors. The act af&rmed "that Parliament
have, and of right ought to have, power to hind the colonies in all cases
lohatsoevery

In 1767 a Bill passed Parliament, imposing certain duties on tea, glass,
paper, and painters' colors, imported into the Colonies from Great Britain.
This act with several others rekindled the opposition of the Colonies.
Again associations were formed to prevent the importation of British
goods, and meetings called to resolve, petition and remonstrate. The
British ministers, [1769] deluded into the belief that a reduction of the tax
would restore tranquility, promised that five-sixths of the taxes imposed
in 1767 should be repealed; and in 1770 all were abolished, save three
pence a pound on tea.

1 Goodrich. 2 Gordon.

198 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

In 1769 botH houses of Parliament in an address to the King requested
him to order the Governor of Massachusetts to take notice of such as
might be guilty of treason that they might be sent to England and tried
there.

The recommendations of meetings and associations to suspend the
importation of tea, [1778] ^ had been so strictly complied with that but
little had been brought into the country. The consequence was, that
vast quantities, seventeen millions of pounds, had accumulated on the
hands of the East India Company. For their relief Parliament now au-
thorized them to export this tea to any part of the world, free of duty.
Confident of now finding a market for their tea in America, the East
India Company freighted several ships with that article for the different
Colonies and appointed agents to dispose of it [1774.] The colonists
resolved to obstruct the sale of that tea and to refuse the payment of
even three pence by way of duty.

" On the approach of the tea ships destined for Philadelphia, the pilots
in the river Delaware were warned not to conduct them into harbour ;
and their captains, apprized of the foregoing resolutions, deeming it
unsafe to land their cargoes, consented to return without making an entry
at the custom house; the owners of goods, ordered from England, on
board these vessels, cheerfully submitting to the inconvenience of having
their merchandise returned to Great Britain. The captains of vessels
addressed to New York wisely adopted the same resolution. The tea
sent to Charleston was landed and stored, but not offered for sale; and
having been placed in damp cellars, became rotten, and was entirely lost.
The ships designed for Boston entered that port, and the energy of
Governor Hutchinson prevented their return; but before the tea could
be lauded, a number of colonists, pursuant to a concerted plan, dressed
as Indians, entered the vessels, and, without doing other damage, broke
open three hundred and forty-two chests of tea, and emptied their con-
tents into the water. Such was the union of sentiment among the people,
and so systematic their opposition, that not a single chest of the cargoes
sent out by the East India company was sold for its benefit,"

These proceedings were communicated by the King to Parliament on
March 7th, 1774, and measures were speedily adopted contemplating the
submission of the rebellious colonists. An act was passed called the
" Boston Port Bill," by which the port of Boston was closed and the
custom house transferred to Salem; by another act the charter of Massa-
chusetts was subverted, the nomination of counsellors, magistrates and
other officers being vested in the crown during the royal pleasure ; by
a third act the Governor of that province was directed and authorized
to send persons indicted for murder or any other capital offence, to any

1 Goodrich. Gordon.

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 199

Other colony, or to Great Britain, for trial, A bill was also passed for
quartering soldiers upon the inhabitants.

" The inhabitants of Boston had foreseen the present crisis, and they
met it with undaunted spirit. Information of the passage of the port
act was received on the tenth of May, and on the thirteenth, the town
resolved, ' that, if the other colonies would unite with them to stop all
importations from Great Britain and the West Indies until that act
should be repealed, it would prove the salvation of North America and
her liberties; but should they continue their exports and imports, there
was reason to fear that fraud, power, and the most odious oppression would
triumph over justice, right, social happiness, and freedom,' A copy of
this resolution was transmitted to the other colonies, the inhabitants of
which, expressed deep sympathy in the sufierings of their brethren in
Boston, endured in the common cause; and concurring in opinion with
them on the propriety of convening a provincial congress, delegates for
that purpose were generally chosen.

" Throughout the continent, the first of June, the day on which the
Boston port act was to take effect, on the resolution of the Assembly of
Virginia, was adopted as a day of fasting, humiliation, and prayer, to
implore the divine interposition to avert the heavy calamity which
threatened destruction to their civil rights, and the evils of civil war,
and to give one heart and one mind to the people, firmly to oppose every
invasion of their liberties,"

The terms " Whigs'^ and " Tories'^ were introduced at this time, the
former to describe those in sympathy with the cause of Boston and
arrayed on the side of the colonies against Parliament, the latter to desig-
nate those whose sympathies were with Great Britain against the colonies.

Throughout the country the warmest interest and most cordial sym-
pathy were manifested for the Bostonians. The subjoined documents are
drawn from the minutes of the Committee of Safety deposited in the
Prothonotary's ofl&ce at Lancaster, and Hazard's Kegister of Pennsylvania,

Copy of a letter from the committee of correspondence for the city of
Philadelphia, directed to the freeholders and other inhabitants of this
place, dated about the 12th of June, 1774:

Philadelphia,

Gentlemen: We beg leave to refer you to the enclosed paper for the
steps we have taken on the present alarming occasion. The Governor
declining to call the Assembly, renders it necessary to take the sentiments
of the Inhabitants; and for that purpose it is agreed to call a Meeting of
the Inhabitants of this city and the county at the State House, on Wed-
nesday, the 15th instant. And as we would wish to have the sentiments
and concurrence of our brethren in the several counties, who are equally
interested with us in the General Cause, we earnestly desire you to caU

200 ' AUTHENTIC HISTORY

together the principal Inhabitants of your county and take their senti-
ments. We shall forward to you by every occasion, any matters of con-
sequence that come to our knowledge, and we should be glad jou. would
choose and appoint a Committee to Correspond with us.

Signed by order of the Committee of Correspondence, for the
; • ' ■ City of Philadelphia.

Charles Thompson, Clerk.

In pursuance of which, and also of another large letter written by Mr.
Charles Thompson, and sent to the inhabitants of this borough, directed
to the care of Mr. William Atlee, a meeting was held on the 15th day of
June, 1771:, and the following Eesolves were agreed on, viz: At a
meeting of the inhabitants of the borough of Lancaster, at the court
house in the said borough, on Wednesday, the loth day of June, 1774:
Agreed — that to preserve the Constitutional rights of the inhabitants of
America, it is incumbent on every colony, to unite and use the most
effectual means to procure a repeal of the late act of Parliament against
the town of Boston.

That the act of Parliament for blocking up the port and harbor of
B@ston, is an invasion of the rights of the inhabitants of the said town,
as subjects of the crown of Great Britain. That it is the opinion of the
inhabitants at this meeting that the proper and eftectual means to be used
to obtain a repeal of the said act, will be to put an immediate stop to all
imports and exports, to and from Great Britain, until the same act be
repealed.

That the traders and inhabitants of this town will join and concur with
the patriotic merchants, manufacturers, tradesmen, and freeholders, of the
city and county of Philadelphia, and other parts of this province, in an
association or solemn agreement to this purpose, if the same shall be by
them thought necessar3^

That Edward Shippen, Esq., George Ross, Esq., Jasper Yeates, Esq.,
Matthias Slough, Esq., James Webb, Esq., William Atlee, Esq., William
Henry, Esq., Mr. Ludwig Lauman, Mr. William Bausman and Mr. Charles
Hall, be a committee to correspond with the general committee of Phila-
delphia ; that these sentiments be immediately forwarded to the commit-
tee of correspondence at Philadelphia.

The gentlemen above named, after being chosen and appointed a com-
mittee of correspondence, resolved upon the following letter to be trans-
mitted to the committee of Philadelphia, directed to Mr. Charles Thompson,
and is as follows, viz :

Lancaster, the 15th June, 1774.

Sir: Agreeable to the request of the Committee of Correspondence for
the city of Philadelphia, signified to some of the Inhabitants here, by
your letter, we have this evening had a Meeting of the Inhabitants of

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 201

this Town, (at which a very great number attended) at the Court House,
and unanimously gave their assent to the Eesolves or Agreement inclosed.
As taking the sentiments of the county could not be so expeditiously
done by having a general Meeting of the Inhabitants, we thought best
to give you those of the Town, and have the pleasure now to assure you
that the Inhabitants of the county in general begin to entertain similar
opinions within as to this matter, and will no doubt heartily concur in them
at a Meeting which we shall endeavor as soon as possible to have with
them. We hope you will give us intelligence of any matters worthy of
notice, and be assured we shall do everything in our power to promote
the General Interest. We are, &c.

[Signed by Edward Shippen, James Webb, Matthias Slough, William
Atlee, William Henry, Esqrs., and Messrs. LudwigLauman, William Baus-
man, Charles Hall.]

Ordered that Eherhart Michael^ the clerk of this committee, do forward
a copy of this day's resolves to Mr. Charles Thompson, the clerk of the
committee at Philadelphia, with a copy of this letter, signed by him.

At a meeting of the committee of correspondence, appointed for
the borough of Lancaster, the 2d of July, 1774, Edward Shipen, Esq.
being chosen chairman: The committee taking into consideration the
resolves of the respectable inhabitants of the city and county of Phila-
delphia, on the 18th of June last ; as also, the circular letters signed
by the chairman of their said committee, the Honorable Thomas Will-
ing, Esq.

Eesolved, That they do most heartily concur with their brethren of
Philadelphia, in the mode proposed for taking the sentiments of the good
people of this province, on the present alarming and critical situation of
the American colonies; therefoi-e,

Eesolved, That notice be given to the freemen and inhabitants of this
county with the utmost expedition, to choose a committee to join with
the committees of. the other counties of this province to meet at Phila-
delphia, for the very great and useful purposes mentioned in the said
resolves and circular letters : and therefore,

Eesolved, That the freemen and inhabitants of this county be re-
quested to meet on Saturday, the ninth day of this instant, at 2 o'clock
in the afternoon, at the court house, in Lancaster, for the purpose afore-
said.

N. B. The said resolves of the committee at this meeting, being order-
ed to be printed, and the same after they were printed, signed by Edward
Shippen, Esq., the chairman, were sent and put up at all public places in
the county.

The following are the resolves and circular letter referred to in the
foregoing resolutions:

202 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

MEETING ON BOSTON PORT BILL.

Philadelphia^ June^ 1774.
At a very large and respectable meeting of the free-holders and freemen
of the city and county of Philadelphia, on Saturday, June 18, 1774,
Thomas Willing^ and John Dickinson, Esqrs., Chairmen.

I. Resolved, That the act of parliament, for shutting up the port of
Boston, is unconstitutional; oppressive to the inhabitants of that town;
dangerous to the liberties of the British colonies ; and that, therefore, we
consider our brethren, at Boston, as suffering in the common cause of
America.

II. That a congress of deputies from the several colonies in North
America, is the most probable and proper mode of procuring relief for
our suffering brethren, obtaining redress of American grievances, secur-
ing our rights and liberties, and re-establishing peace and harmony
between Great Britain and these colonies, on a constitutional foundation.

III. That a large and respectable committee be immediately appointed
for the city and county of Philadelphia, to correspond with the sister
colonies and with the several counties in this province, in order that all
may unite in promoting and endeavoring to attain the great and valuable
ends, mentioned in the foregoing resolution.

IV. That the committee nominated by this meeting shall consult
together, and on mature deliberation determine what is the most proper
mode of collecting the sense of this province, and appointing deputies
for the same, to attend a general congress; and having determined there-
upon, shall take such measures, as by them shall be judged most expe-
dient, for procuring this province to be represented at the said congress,
in the best manner that can be devised for promoting the public welfare.

V. That the committee be instructed immediately to set on foot a
subscription for the relief of such poor inhabitants of the town of Bos-
ton, as may be deprived of the means of subsistence by the operation of
the act of parliament, commonly styled the Boston Port Bill— the money
arising from such subscriptions to be laid out as the committee shall
think will best answer the ends proposed.

YI. That the committee consist of forty-three persons, viz, John Dick-
inson, Edward Pennington, John Nixon, Thomas Willing, George Cly-
mer, Samuel Howell, Joseph Eeed, John Koberts, (miller) Thomas Whar-
ton, junr., Charles Thompson, Jacob Barge, Thomas Barclay, William
Eush, Eobert Smith, (carpenter,) Thomas Fitzsimons, George Eoberts,
Samuel Ervin, Thomas Mifflin, John Cox, George Gray, Eobert Morris,
Samuel Miles, John M. Nesbit, Peter Chevalier, Wm. Moulder, Joseph
Moulder, Anthony Morris, junr., John Allen, Jeremiah Warder, junr.,
Eev. Dr. William Smith, Paul Engle, Thomas Penrose, James Mease,

OF LANCASTER COUNT V. 203

Benjamin Marshall, Eeuben Haines, John Bayard, Jonathan B. Smitb,
Thomas Wharton, Isaac Howell, Michael Hillegas, Adam Hub ley, George
Schlosser, and Christopher Ludwick. And after the first reading of the
propositions that had been prepared for the meeting on Saturday the
18th inst., and before they were put up separately, the Eev. Dr. Smith
made the following short address^ which is published at the desire of
many.

Gentlemen: The occasion of this meeting has been fully explained
to you, and sundry propositions read, which are now to be separately
offered for your approbation or disapprobation. But before you pro-
ceed to this business, it has been thought proper to submit a few things
to your good judgment, with respect to the order and decorum necessary
to be observed, in the discussion of every question.

It need not be repeated to you, that matters of the highest conse-
quence to the happiness of this province, nay of all British America,
depend upon your deliberations this day — perhaps nothing less than
whether the breach with the country from which we descended shall be
irreparably widened, or whether ways and means upon constitutional
grounds, may not yet be devised, for closing that breach ; and restoring
that harmony from which, in our better days. Great Britain and her
colonies derived mutual strength and glory, and were exalted into an
importance that, both in peace and war, made them the envy and terror
of the neighbouring nations?

While subjects such as these are agitated before us, everything that
may inflame and mislead the passions should be cast far behind us. A
cause of such importance and magnitude as that now under our delibera-
tion, is not to be conducted to its true issue by any heated or hasty
resolves, nor by any bitterness and animosities among ourselves, nor
even perhaps by too severe a recapitulation of past grievances; but re-
quire the temperate and enlightened zeal of the patriot^ the prudence
and experience of the aged^ the strength of mind and vigour of those
who are in their prime of life ; and, in short, the united wisdom and
efforts of all., both high and low, joining hand in hand, and setting foot
to foot, upon the firm ground of reason and the constitution.

Whenever party distinctions begin to operate, we shall give cause of
triumph to those who may be watchful as well as powerful to abridge
us of our native right. There ought to be no party, no contention here,
but who shall be firmest and foremost in the common cause of Ameriea.
Every man's sentiments should be freely heard, and without prejudice.
While we contend for liberty with others, let us not refuse liberty to
each other.

Whatever vote is known to be now passed, upon full deliberation, and
by the unanimous voice of this great city and county, will not only be

204 ' AUTHENTIC HISTORY

respected tlirough all America, but will have such a weight as the proudest
Minister in England may have reason to respect. But if it is known to
be a divided vote^ or adopted hastily on some angry day, it will only be
injurious to our own cause.

What I have in charge to request of yoa is this — that if, on any point,
we should have a difference of sentiments, every person may be allowed
to speak his mind freely, and to conclude what he has to ofi'er, without
any such outward marks of approbation or disapprobation, as clapping
or hissing ; and that if a division should be necessary (which it is hoped
may not be the case this day) such division may be made in the manner
desired by the chairmen, with all possible order and decorum.
The following is a copy of the Circular Letter sent by the Committee for

this city and county,^ to the different counties in this province.

Philadelphia, June 28, 1774,

Gentlemen : The Committee of Correspondence for this city and county,
beg leave to enclose you printed copies of the resolves, passed at a very
large and respectable meeting of the Freeholders and Freemen in the
State House Square, on Saturday the 18th inst. By the 4:th of those
resolves, you will observe that it was left for the Committee "To deter-
mine on the most proper mode of collecting the sense of this province in
the present critical situation of our affairs, and appointing Deputies to
attend the proposed CongressT In pursuance of this trust, we have, upon
the maturest deliberation, determined upon the mode contained in the
two following propositions, which we hope may meet with the approba-
tion and concurrence of your respectable county, viz :

"1. That the Speaker of the Honourable House of Representatives be
desired to write to the several members of Assembly in this province,
requesting them to meet in this city as soon as possible, but not later
than the 1st of August next, to take into their consideration our very
alarming situation.

"2. That letters be written to proper persons in each county, recom-
mending it to them to get Committees appointed for their respective
counties, and that the said Committees, or such number of them as may
be thought proper, may meet in Philadelphia at the time the Represen-
tatives are convened, in order to consult and advise on the most expedi-
ent mode of appointing Deputies for the general Congress, and to give
their weight to such as may be appointed."

The Speaker of the Assembly, in a very obliging and ready manner,
had agreed to comply with the request in the former of these proposi-
tions ; but we are now informed that, on account of the Indian disturb-
ances, the Governor has found it necessary to call the Assembly to meet
in their legislative capacity on Monday, July 18, being about the same

1 i. e. Philadelphia.

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 205

time the Speaker would probably have invited them to a conference or
convention in their private capacity.

What we have therefore to request is, that if you approve of the mode
expressed in the second proposition, the whole or part of the Committee
appointed, or to be appointed for your county, will meet the Committees
from the other counties at Philadelphia, on Friday the 15th of July, in
order to assist in framing instructions, and preparing such matters as may
be proper to recommend to our Eepresentatives at their meeting the
Monday following.

We trust no apology is necessary for the trouble we propose giving
your Committee, of attending at Philadelphia ; as we are persuaded you
are fully convinced of the necessity of the closest union among our-
selves both in sentiment and action ; nor can such union be obtained so
well by any other method, as by a meeting of the county Committees of
each particular province, in one place, preparatory to the general con-
gress.

We would not offer such an affront to the well known public spirit of
Pennsylvanians, as to question your zeal on the present occasion. Our
very existence in the rank of Freemen, and the security of all that ought
to be dear to us, evidently depend upon our conducting this great cause
to its proper issue by firmness, wisdom and unanimity. We cannot
therefore doubt your ready concurrence in every measure that may be
conducive to the public good ; and it is with pleasure we can assure you,
that all the colonies, from S. Carolina to N. Hampshire, seem animated
with one spirit in the common cause, and consider this as the proper
crisis for having our differences with the Mother Country brought to
some certain issue, and our liberties fixt upon a permanent foundation.
This desirable end can only be accomplished by a free communion
of sentiments, and a sincere fervent regard to the interests of our com-
mon country. We beg to be favoured with an answer to this and
whether the Committee for your county can attend at Phila., at the time
proposed.

Signed by order of the Committee,

Thomas Willing, Chairman.

Pursuant to the publication of the resolves of the Committee before
mentioned, there was held a meeting of a very respectable number of
the freemen and inhabitants of the county of Lancaster, on Saturday
the 9th of July, 1774. George Ross, Esq., in the chair.

This assembly, taking into their serious consideration the several late
acts of the British parliament relative to America, came unanimously to
the following Declarations and Resolves, viz :

1. We do sincerely profess and declare, that his most gracious Majesty
King George the Third, is our rightful and lawful sovereign, and that

20(3 ' AUTHENTIC HISTORY

we will at all times support and defend him to the utmost of our power,
with our lives and fortunes, against his enemies.

2. We do further declare, that no power is constitutionally lodged in
the hands of any body of men, to give and grant our money, save only
our representatives in assembly, who have at all times cheerfully grant-
ed aids to his Majesty, whenever he has made a requisition from them.

3. That the acts of the British parliament for divesting us of such
right, and assuming such power to themselves, are unconstitutional, un-
just and oppressive.

4. That it is an indispensable duty we owe to ourselves and posterity,
to oppose with decency and firmness, every measure tending to deprive
us of our just rights and privileges.

5. That a close union of the colonies, and their faithful adhering to
such measures as a general Congress shall judge proper, are the most
likely means to procure redress of American grievances, and settle the
I'ights of the colonies on a permanent basis.

6. That it is highly expedient to appoint a Committee, to meet the
Committee of the other counties of this province at Philadelphia, on the
15th instant, to confer with them on the important matters mentioned in
the letter from the chairman of the Committee of Philadelphia.

7. That we will sincerely and heartily agree to, and abide by the mea-
sures which shall be adopted by the members of the general congress of
the colonies.

8. That we do tenderly sympathize with our brethren of Boston, who
are suffering in the American cause by an unconstitutional and oppres-
sive act of the British parliament, called the Boston Port Bill.

9. That a subscription be opened for the relief of our suffering
brethren there.

10. That the subscription be put into the hands of the Committee of
this county, to be by them laid out in the purchase of provisions and
sent to Boston towards the relief of their distresses.

11. That the Committee for the borough of Lancaster already appoint-
ed, be a Committee of correspondence; and that George Eoss, James
Webb, Matthias Slough, Joseph Ferree, Emanual Carpenter, and Wil-
liam Atlee, Esquires, Mr, Alexander Lowry, and Mr. Moses Erwin, be
the Committee to meet and consult with the Committees of the other
counties of this province at Philadelphia, the loth instant, and also to
join with the Committee of correspondence in receiving subscriptions.

It was then moved, that the thanks of the Freemen and inhabitants
present should be rendered to the worthy chairman, for the very proper
and spirited address made by him to this assembly, replete with the
warmest expressions of loyalty to his Majesty, and fervent zeal for the
common interests of America, which motion was agreed to by a general

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 207

holding up of hands, and the thanks of the assembly were then presented
to Mr. Eoss for his patriotic conduct upon this occasion.

Eberhart Michael, Clk:

A subscription was then immediately opened by the Committee, for
the benefit of our suffering brethren of the town of Boston, and very
handsome sums subscribed by several of the persons present : And at
the request of numbers of the reputable inhabitants, papers are printed
and sending to the different townships to receive the subscriptions of
the inhabitants of this county, which it is expected will amount to a con-
siderable sum, and will be collected as expeditiously as possible by the
Committee, and laid out as shall be thought best to answer the good
purpose intended.

A paper was delivered by Mr. Elijah Weikersham, to the Chairman
at this meeting, and read by him, containing similar resolves (with the
above) of the freemen of the townships of Paxton and Derry, at their
meeting at the town of Middletown on the 8th last past, and signed
by James Bird, Esq., chairman.

Agreeably to the suggestions made in the circular letter from the Com-
mittee of correspondence for this city and county,^ a convention of Dele-
gates from the different counties assembled in this city on the 15th of
July, 1774. The following is an account of their proceedings:

Philadelphia, July 25.
At a Provincial Meeting of Deputies chosen hy the several Counties in Penn-
sylvania^ held at Philadelphia^ July 15th^ 1774, a7id continued hy

adjournments from day to day.

Present, For the city and county of Philadelphia : Thomas Willing,
John Dickinson, Peter Chevalier, Edward Penington, Thomas Whar-
ton, John Cox, Joseph Reed, Thomas Wharton, Jun., Samuel Erwin,
Thomas Fitzsimons, Doctor William Smith, Isaac Howell, Adam Hub-
ley, George Schlosser, Samuel Miles, Thomas Mifflin, Christopher Lud-
wic, Joseph Moulder, Anthony Morris, Jun,, George Gray, John Nixon,
Jacob Barge, Thomas Penrose, John M. Nesbit, Jonathan B. Smith,
James Mease, Thomas Barclay, Benjamin Marshall, Samuel Howell,
William Moulder, John Roberts, John Bayard, William Rush and
Charles Thompson.

Bucks — John Kidd, Henry Wynkoop, Joseph Kirkbride, John Wilk-
inson and James Wallace.

Chester — Francis Richardson, Elisha Price, John Hart, Anthony
Wayne, Hugh Loyd, John Sellers, Francis Johnson and Richard Reiley.

Lancaster — George Ross, James Webb, Joseph Ferree, Matthias Slough,
Emanuel Carpenter, William Atlee, Alexander Dowry and Moses Erwin.

York — James Smith, Joseph Donaldson and Thomas Hartley.

H. e. Philadelphia.

208 " AUTHENTIC HISTORY

Cumherland — James Wilson, Eobert Magaw and William Irvine.

Berks — Edward Biddle, Daniel Broadhead, Jonathan Potts, Thomas
Dundas and Christopher Schultz.

Xorthampton — William Edmunds, Peter Kechlein, John Okelej and
Jacob Arndt.

Northumberland — William Scull and Samuel Hunter,

Bedford — George Woods.

Westmoreland — Robert Hannah, James Cavett.

Thomas Willing was chosen Chairman.

Charles Thompson, Clerk.

Agreed that, in case of any difference in sentiment, the question be
determined by the Deputies voting by counties.

The letters from Boston of the 13th of May were then read, and a
short account given of the steps taken in consequence thereof, and the
measures now pursuing in this and the neighboring provinces ; after
which the following resolves were passed :

Unan. 1. That we acknowledge ourselves and the inhabitants of this
province, liege subjects of his Majesty King George the third, to whom
they and we owe and will bear true and faithful allegiance.

Unan. II. That as the idea of an unconstitutional independence on
the parent state is utterly abhorrent to our principles, we view the un-
happy differences between Great Britain and the Colonies with the deep-
est distress and anxiety of mind, as fruitless to her, grievous to us, and
destructive of the best interests of both.

Unan. III. That it is therefore our ardent desire, that our ancient har-
mony with the mother-country should be restored, and a perpetual love
and union subsist between us, on the principles of the constitution, and
an interchange of good offices, without the least infraction of our mutual
rights.

Unan. IV. That the inhabitants of these colonies are entitled to the
same rights and liberties within these colonies, that the subjects born
in England are entitled to within that realm.

Unan. Y. That the power assumed by the Parliament of Oreat Britain
to bind the people of these colonies, by statutes, "in all cases what-
soever," is unconstitutional ; and therefore the source of these unhappy
differences.

Unan. YI. That the act of Parliament for shutting up the port of Boston
is unconstitutional; oppressive to the inhabitants of that town; danger-
ous to the liberties of the British Colonies ; and therefore, that we con-
sider our brethren at Boston as stiffering in the common cause of these
colonies.

Unan. YII. That the bill for altering the administration of justice in
certain criminal cases within the province of Massachusetts Bay^ if passed

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 209

into an act of Parliament, will be as unconstitutional, oppressive and
dangerous as the act above mentioned.

Unan. VIII. That the bill for changing the constitution of the prov-
ince of Massachusetts Bay^ established by charter, and enjoyed since the
grant of that charter, if passed into an act of Parliament, will be uncon-
stitutional and dangerous in its consequences to the American Colonies.

Unan. IX. That there is an absolute necessity, that a congress of De-
puties from the several colonies be immediately assembled, to consult
together, and form a general plan of conduct to be observed by all the
colonies, for the purposes of procuring relief for our grievances, pre-
venting future dissensions, firmly establishing our rights, and restoring
harmony between Great Britain and her Colonies on a constitutional
foundation.

Unan. X. That, although a suspension of the commerce of this large
trading province, with Great Britain^ would greatly distress multitudes
of our industrious inhabitants, yet that sacrifice and a much greater we
are ready to offer fsr the preservation of our liberties; but, in tender-
ness to the people of Great Britain, as well as this country, and in hopes
that our just remonstrances will at length reach the ears of our gracious
Sovereign, and be no longer treated with contempt by any of our fellow
subjects in England, it is our earnest desire that the congress should first
try the gentler mode of stating our grievances, and making a firm and
decent claim of redress.

XI. Resolved, hy a great majority, That yet notwithstanding, as an un-
animity of councils and measures is indispensably necessary for the com-
mon welfare, if the congress shall judge agreements of non-importation
and non-exportation expedient, the people of this province will join with
the other principal and neighbouring colonies, in such an association of
non-importation from and non-exportation to Great Britain, as shall be
agreed on at the congress.

XII. Resolved, hy a majority, That if any proceedings of the Parlia-
ment, of which notice shall be received on this continent, before or at
the general Congress, shall render it necessary in the opinion of that
Congress, for the colonies to take farther steps than are mentioned in the
eleventh resolve; in such case, the inhabitants of this province shall
adopt such farther steps, and do all in their power to carry them into
execution.

Unan. XIII. That the venders of merchandize of every kind within
this province, ought not to take advantage of the resolves relating to
non-importation in this province or elsewhere; but that they ought to
sell their merchandize, which they now have or may hereafter import,
at the same rates they have been accustomed to do within three months
last past.

15

210 AUTHENTIC HISTOKY

Uiian. XIV. That the people of this province will break off all trade,
commerce or dealing of any kind with any colony on this continent, or
with any city or town in such colony, or with any individual in any
such colony, city or town, which shall refuse, decline or neglect to adopt
and carry into execution, such general plan as shall be agreed in the
Congress,

Unan. XV. That it is the duty of every member of this Committee to
promote, as much as he can, the subscription set on foot in the several
counties of this province, for the relief of the distressed inhabitants of
Boston.

Unan. XVI. That this Committee give instructions on the present
situation of public afi'airs to their representatives, who are to meet next
week in Assembly, and request them to appoint a proper number of
persons to attend a Congress of Deputies from the several colonies, at
such time and place as may be agreed on, to effect one general plan of
conduct, for attaining the ninth resolve.

That John Dickinson, Doctor William Smith, Joseph Reed, John Kidd,
Elisha Price, William Atlee, James Smith, James Wilson, Daniel Broad-
head, John Oakley, and William Scull, be appointed to prepare and bring
in a draught of instructions.
The COMMITTEE above named havi-ng brought in a draught of INjSTB UC-

TIONjS, the same was debated and amended, and being agreed to, were

ordered to be signed by the Chairman. On the 21st the COMMITTEE in

a body waited on the ASSEMBL Y, then sitting, and presented the same.

Gentlemen : The dissensions between Great Britain and her Colonies
on this continent, commencing about ten years ago, since continually
increasing, and at length grown to such an excess as to involve the latter
in deep distress and danger, have excited the good people of this pro-
vince to take into their serious consideration the present situation of
public affairs.

The inhabitants of the several counties qualified to vote at elections,
being assembled on due notice, have appointed us their Deputies ; and in
consequence thereof, we being in Provincial Committee met, esteem it
our indispensable duty, in pursuance of the trust reposed in us, to give
you such instruction, as, at this important period, appear to us to be
proper.

We, speaking in their names and our own, acknowledge ourselves
liege subjects to his Majesty King George the third, to whom "we will
be faithful and bear true allegiance."

Our judgments and affections attach us, with inviolable loyalty, to his
Majesty's person, family and government.

We acknowledge the prerogatives of the sovereign, among which are
included the great powers of making peace and war, treaties, leagues

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 211

and alliances hinding us — of appointing all officers, except in cases where
other provision is made, by grants from the Crown, or laws approved by
the Crown — of confirming or annulling every act of our Assembly
within the allowed time — and of hearing and determining finally, in
council, appeals from our courts of justice. " The prerogatives are
limited,"^ as a learned judge observes, "by bounds so certain and noto-
rious, that it is impossible to exceed them, without the consent of the
people on the one hand, or without, on the other, a violation of that
original contract^ which, in all states implicitly, and in ours most expressly,
subsists between the Prince and Subject — For these prerogatives are
vested in the Crown for the support of society, and do not intrench any
farther on our natural liberties, than is expedient for the maintenance of
our civiV

But it is our misfortune, that we are compelled loudly to call your
attention to the consideration of another power, totally different in kind
— limited, as it is alleged, by no "bounds,"^ and "wearing a most dread-
ful aspect" with regard to America. We mean the power claimed by
Parliament, of right to bind the people of these colonies by statutes, ' in
ALL CASES whatsoever' — a powcr, as we are not, and, from local cir-
cumstances, cannot be represented there, utterly subversive of our natu-
ral and civil liberties — past events and reason convincing us, that there
never existed, and never can exist, a state thus subordinate to another,
and yet retaining the slightest portion of freedom or happiness.

The import of the words above quoted needs no descant ; for the wit
of man, as we apprehend, cannot possibly form a more clear, concise,
and comprehensive definition and sentence of slavery, than these expres-
sions contain.

This power claimed by Great Britain, and the late attempts to exercise
it over these Colonies, present to our view two events, one of which must
inevitably take place, if she shall continue to insist on her pretensions.
Either, the Colonists will sink from the rank of freemen into the class of
slaves, overwhelmed with all the miseries and vices, proved by the his-
tory of mankind to be inseparably annexed to that dejjlorable condition :
Or, if they have sense and virtue enough to exert themselves in striving
to avoid this perdition, they must be involved in an opposition dreadful
even in contemplation.

Honor, justice and humanity call upon us to hold, and to transmit to
our posterity, that liberty, which we received from our ancestors. It is
not our duty to leave wealth to our children : But it is our duty to leave
liberty to them. No infamy, iniquity, or cruelty, can exceed our own, if
we, born and educated in a country of freedom, entitled to its blessings,
and knowing their value, pusillanimously deserting the post assigned us
1 Blackstone, 237. 2 ibid 270.

212 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

by divine Providence, surrender succeeding generations to a condition of
wretchedness, from which no human efforts, in all probability, will be
sufficient to extricate them ; the experience of all states mournfully de-
monstrating to us, that when arbitrary power has been established over
them, even the wisest and bravest nations, that ever flourished, have, in
a few years, degenerated into abject and wretched vassals.

So alarming are the measures already taken for laying the foundations
of a despotic authority of Great Britain over us, and with such artful
and incessant vigilance is the plan prosecuted, that unless the present
generation can interrupt the work, while it is going forward^ can it be
imagined, that our children, debilitated by our imprudence and supine-
ness, will be able to overthrow it, when completed? Populous and power-
ful as these Colonies may grow, they will still find arbitrary domination
not only strengthening with their strength, but exceeding, in the swift-
ness of its progression, as it ever has done, all the artless advantages,
that can accrue to the governed. These advance with a regularity, which
the divine author of our existence has impressed on the laudable pursuits
of his creatures : But despotism, unchecked and unbounded by any laias —
never satisfied with what has been done, while any thing remains to be
done for the accomplishment of its purposes — confiding, and capable of
confiding, only in the annihilation of all ojjpositioji — holds its course with
such unabating and destructive rapidity, that the world has become its
prey, and at this day, Great Britain and her dominions excepted, there is
scarce a spot on the globe inhabited by civilized nations, where the ves-
tiges of freedom are to be observed.

To us therefore it appears, at this alarming period, our duty to God,
to our country, to ourselves, and to our posterity, to exert our utmost
ability, in promoting and establishing harmony between Great Britain
and these Colonies, ON a constitutional foundation.

For attaining this great and desirable end, we request you to appoint
a proper number of persons to attend a Congress of Deputies from the
several Colonies, appointed, or to be appointed, by the Eepresentatives
of the people of the Colonies respectively in assembly, or convention, or
by Delegates chosen by the counties generally in the respective colonies
and met in Provincial Committee, at such time and place as shall be
generally agreed on : and that the Deputies from this province may be
induced and encouraged to concur in such measures, as may be devised
for the common welfare, we think it proper, particularly to inform, how
far, we apprehend, they will be supported in their conduct by their con-
stituents.

The assumed parliamentary power of internal legislation, and the
power of regulating trade, as of late exercised, and designed to be exer-
cised, we are thoroughly convinced, will prove unfailing and plentiful

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 213

sources of dissensions to the Mother Country and these Colonies, unless
some expedients can be adopted to render her secure of receiving from us
every emolument, that can in justice and reason be expected and us secure
in our lives, liberties, properties, and an equitable share of commerce.

Mournfully revolving in our minds the calamities, that, arising from
these dissensions, will most probably fall on us or our children, we will
now lay before you the particular points we request of you to procure,
if possible, to be finally decided : and the measures that appear to us
most likely to produce such a desirable period of our distresses and
dangers. We therefore desire of you —

First — that the Deputies you may appoint, may be instructed by you
strenuously to exert themselves, at the ensuing Congress, to obtain a re-
nunciation on the part of Great Britain^ of all powers under the statute
of the 35 Henry the 8th, chapter the 2d. Of all powers of internal legis-
lation— of imposing taxes or duties internal or external — and of regu-
lating trade, except with respect to any new articles of commerce, which
the Colonies may hereafter raise, as silk, wine, &c., reserving a right to
carry these from one colony to another — a repeal of all statutes for quar-
tering troops in the Colonies, or subjecting them to any expense on ac-
count of such troops — of all statutes imposing duties to be paid in the
Colonies, that were passed at the accession of his present Majesty, or
before this time ; which ever period shall be judged most advisable—
of the statutes giving the Courts of Admiralty in the Colonies greater
power than Courts of Admiralty have in England — of the statutes of
the 5th of George the 2d, chapter the 22d, and of the 23d of George the
2d, chapter the 29th — of the statute for shutting up the port of Boston
— and of every other statute particularly affecting the province of Mas-
sachusetts Bay, passed in the last session of Parliament.

In case of obtaining these terms, it is our opinion, that it will be rea-
sonable for the colonies to engage their obedience to the acts of Parlia-
ment declared to have force, at this time, in these Colonies, other than
those above-mentioned, and to confirm such statutes by acts of the
several assemblies. It is also our opinion, that taking example from
our Mother Country, in abolishing the " Courts of Wards and Liveries,
Tenures in capite, and by Knights service and purveyance," it will be
reasonable for the Colonies, in case of obtaining the terms before men-
tioned, to settle a certain annual revenue on his Majesty, his heirs and
successors, subject to the control of Parliament, and to satisfy all dama-
ges done to the East-India Company.

This our idea of settling a revenue, arises from a sense of duty to our
Sovereign, and of esteem for our Mother Country. We know and have
felt the benefits of a subordinate connexion with her. We neither are
so stupid as to be ignorant of them, nor so unjust as to deny them. We

214 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

have also experienced the pleasures of gratitude and love, as well as
advantages from that connexion. The impressions are not yet erased.
We consider her circumstances with tender concern. We have not been
wanting, when constitutionally called upon, to assist her to the utmost
of our abilities; insomuch that she has judged it reasonable to make us
recompenses for our overstrained exertions : And we now think we ought
to contribute more than we do, to the alleviation of her burthens.

Whatever may be said of these proposals on either side of the Atlantic^
this is not a time, either for timidity or rashness. We perfectly know,
that the great cause now agitated, is to be conducted to a happy conclu-
sion, only by that well tempered composition of Counsels, which firm-
ness, prudence, loyalty to our Sovereign, respect to our parent State,
and affection to our native country, united must form.

By such a compact. Or eat Britain will secure every benefit that the
Parliamentary wisdom of ages has thought proper to attach to her.
From her alone we shall continue to receive manufactures. To her alone
we shall continue to carry the vast multitude of enumerated articles of
commerce, the exportation of which her policy has thought fit to confine
to herself. With such parts of the ivorld only, as she has appointed us to
deal, we shall continue to deal; and such commodities only, as she has
permitted us to bring from them, we shall continue to bring. The
executive and controling powers of the Crown will retain their present full
force and operation. We shall contentedly labour for her as affectionate
friends, in time of tranquility ; and cheerfully spend for her, as dutiful
children, our treasure and our blood, in time of war. She will receive a
certain income from us, without the trouble or expense of collecting it —
without being constantly disturbed by complaints of grievances, which
she cannot justify and will not redress. In case of war, or any emer-
gency of distress to her, we shall also be ready and willing to contribute
all aids within our power : And we solemnly declare, that on such occa-
sions, if we or our posterity shall refuse, neglect, or decline thus to con-
tribute, it will be a mean and manifest violation of a plain duty, and a
weak and wicked desertion of the true interests of this province, which
ever have been and must be bound up in the prosperity of our Mother
Country. Our union, founded on mutual compacts and mutual benefits,
will be indissoluble, at least more firm than an union perpetually dis-
turbed by disputed rights, and retorted injuries. *

Secondly. If all the terms above-mentioned cannot be obtained, it is
our opinion, that the measures adopted by the Congress for our relief
should ■'^iiever be relinquislied or intermitted, until those relating to the
troops — internal legislation — imposition of taxes or duties hereafter, —
the 35th of Henry the 8th, Chapter the 2d. — the extension of Admiralty
Courts — the port of Boston and the province of Massachusetts- Bay are

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 215

obtained. Every modification or qualification of thesp. points, in our
judgment, should be inadmissible. To obtain them, we think it may be
prudent to settle some revenue as above-mentioned, and to satisfy the
East India Company.

Thirdly. If neither of these plans should be agreed to, in Congress,
but some other of a similar nature shall be framed, though on the terms
of a revenue, and satisfaction to, the East India Company, and though it
shall be agreed by the Congress to admit no modification or qualification
in the terms they shall insist on, we desire your Deputies may be in-
structed to concur with the other Deputies in it ; and we will accede to,
and carry it into execution as far as we can.

Fourthly. As to the regulation of trade — we are of opinion, that by
making some few amendments, the commerce of the colonies might be
settled on a firm establishment, advantageous to Great Britain and them,
requiring and subject to no future alterations, without mutual consent.
We desire to have this point considered by the Congress ; and such meas-
ures taken, as they may judge proper.

In order to obtain redress of our common grievances, we observe a
general inclination among the Colonies of entering into agreements of
non-importation and non-exportation. We are fully convinced that such
agreements would withhold very large supplies from Great Britain^ and
no words can describe our contempt and abhorrence of those Colonists,
if any such there are, who, from a sordid and ill-judged attachment to
their own immediate profit, would pursue that, to the injury of their
country, in this great struggle for all the blessings of liberty. It would
appear to us a most wasteful frugality, that would lose every important
possession by too strict an attention to small things, and lose also even
these at the last. For our part, we will cheerfully make any sacrifice,
when necessary, to preserve the freedom of our country. But other con-
siderations have weight with us. We wish every mark of respect to be
paid to his Majesty's administration. We have been taught from our
youth to entertain tender and brotherly aflfections for our fellow subjects
at home. The interruption of our commerce must distress great num-
bers of them. This we earnestly desire to avoid. We therefore request,
that the Deputies you shall appoint may be instructed to exert them-
selves, at the Congress, to induce the members of it, to consent to make
a full and precise state of grievances and a decent yet firm claim of
redress, and to wait the event, before any other step is taken. It is our
opinion, that persons should be appointed and sent home to present this
state and claim, at the court of Great Britain.

If the Congress shall choose to form agreements of non-importation
and non-exportation immediately, we desire the Deputies from this
province will endeavor to have them so formed as to be binding upon

216 - AUTHENTIC HISTORY

all, and that they may be permanent, should the public interest require
it. They cannot be efficacious^ unless they can be permanent; and it
appears to us that there will be a danger of their being infringed, if they
are not formed with great caution and deliberation. We have determined
in the present situation of public affairs to consent to a stoppage of our
commerce with Great Britain only ; but in case any proceedings of
the Parliament, of which notice shall be received on this continent, before
or at the Congress, shall render it necessary, in the opinion of the Con-
gress to take further steps, the inhabitants of this province will adopt
such steps, and do all in their power to carry them into execution.

This extensive power we commit to the Congress, for the sake of pre-
serving that unanimity of counsel and conduct, that alone can work out
the salvation of these Colonies, with a strong hope and trust that they
will not draw this province into an}^ measures judged by us, who must
be better acquainted with its state than strangers, highly inexpedient.
Of this kind, we know any other stoppage of trade, but of that with
Great Britain will be. Even this step we should be extremely afflicted
to see taken by the Congress, before the other mode above pointed out
is tried. But should it be taken, we apprehend that a plan of restric-
tions may be so framed, agreeable to the respective circumstances of the
several colonies, as to render Great Britain sensible of the imprudence
of her counsels, and yet leave them a necessary commerce. And here
it may not be improper to take notice, that if redress of our grievances
cannot be wholly obtained, the extent or continuance of our restrictions
may, in some sort, be proportioned to the rights we are contending for,
and the degree of relief afforded us. This mode will render our o^yjoosi-
tion iis, perpetual as our ojjpression, and will be A continual claim and
ASSERTION OF OUR RIGHTS. We cannot express the anxiety with which
we wish the consideration of these points to be recommended to you.
We are persuaded, that if these Colonies fiail of unanimity or prudence
in forming their resolutions, or of fidelity in observing them, the op-
position by non-importation and non-exportation agreements will be
ineffectual; and then we shall have only the alternative of a more dan-
gerous contention, or of a tame submission.

Upon the whole, we shall repose the highest confidence in the wisdom
and integrity of the ensuing Congress: And though we have, for the
satisfaction of the good people of this province, who have chosen us for
this express purpose, offered to you such instructions, as have appeared
expedient to us, yet it is not our meaning, that by these or by any you
may think proper to give them, the Deputies appointed by you should
be restrained from agreeing to any measures, that shall be approved by
the Congress. We should be glad the Deputies chosen by you could,
by their influence, procure our opinions hereby communicated to you

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 217

to be as nearly adhered to, as may be possible; but to avoid difficulties,
we desire that they may be instructed by you, to agree to any measures
that shall be approved by the Congress; the inhabitants of this province
having resolved to adopt and carry them into execution. Lastly — We
desire the deputies from this province, may endeavor to procure an ad-
journment of the Congress, to such a day as they shall judge proper, and
the appointment of a standing Committee.

Agreed, that John Dickinson, Joseph Bead, and Charles Thomson, be
a Committee to write to the neighboring Colonies, and communicate to
them the resolves and instructions.

Agreed, that the Committee for the city and county of Philadelphia,
or any fifteen of them, be a Committee of Correspondence for the general
Committee of this province.

Extract from the Minutes.

Charles Thomson, Clk. of the Com,

At^ a meeting of the Committee of the County of Lancaster, at Lan-
caster, on the 9th September, 177-i, Edward Shippen, Esq., in the chair.

The subscriptions received for the relief of the distresses of the poor
inhabitants of the town of Boston, were laid before the Committee, and
it appeareth that the sum of one hundred and fifty-three pounds, fifteen
shillings and two pence, has been collected in the Borough of Lancaster
for the purposes aforesaid, that it being put to the vote whether the said
sum should not be immediately remitted to Philadelphia to Mr. John
Nixon, the Treasurer of the city and county of Philadelphia, to be laid out
in such manner as the Committee for the said city and county should think
proper for the relief of our distressed poor brethren of the town of
Boston, the same was carried in the affirmative, and Edward Shippen,
Esq., the chairman, is requested to forward the said sum of money forth-
with to Philadelphia for the purpose aforesaid.

At this time no proper account could possibly be had of the subscrip-
tion papers of the several townships in this county.

The following letter was omitted entering in its proper place, and is as
follows, to wit:

Gentlemen : Enclosed you will receive a printed circular letter signed
by the chairman of our Committee, and the resolves therein referred to,
with some other printed papers. The use to be made of them, your own
prudence and good judgment will suggest ; we would be glad to hear as
soon as possible from the Committee for your county, and are

Your most humble servant,

William Smith.
Your assured friend,

Philadelphia, June 29, 1774. Isaac Howell.

1 Rupp, History of Lancaster County.

218 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

To Edward Shippen and George Eoss, Esq'rs., who are requested
to communicate the enclosed papers to the other gentlemen of the Com-
mittee.

Those gentlemen named and appointed at the meeting of the 9th of
July last, attended the provincial convention at Philadelphia, on Mon-
day the 15th then next. And the proceedings together with the resolves
of that provincial committee, hath been inserted in the public papers.

At a meeting of the Committee August 11th, they were informed that
Joshua and Robert Lockharts, of this borough, shopkeepers, had brought
to this town a quantity of tea, that have paid duty under the late act of
parliament. A note was therefore sent to them by the committee re-
quiring their immediate attendance. In consequence thereof one of the
partners called on the Committee, but denied their having received any
tea, but as this account by no means appeared satisfactory from several
matters which escaped the partner attending, the Committee did inspect
their shop, and with some difficulty learned of a chest of Bohea tea,
weight 349, neat weight, which they had bought from a certain merchant
in Philadelphia. The committee taking an account of all the marks of
the case in which it was packed, removed the tea, and wrote to the
committee of Philadelphia, who examined the matter, and it appeareth
that this tea never had paid any duty, but was part of a seizure made
by the Custom House and was afterwards purchased at a public sale
by the original owner of it, as by a letter from the committee of Phil-
adelphia, dated August 25th, wrote and signed by the Honorable
Thomas Willing, the chairman, directed to this Committee, appears;
upon which, the said teas were returned again, and the said Lockharts
were acquitted.

The Continental Congress held at Philadelphia, the 5th of September,
1774, continued to the 25th of October; the votes and proceedings of
which, have since been published in the public papers, and printed also
by a pamphlet containing the bill of rights, list of grievances, occasional
resolves, the association, an address to the people of Great Britain, a
memorial to the inhabitants of the British American Colonies, and peti-
tion to the King.

November 22d, 1774. The Committee of this borough met and the
following hand-bill by them ordered to be printed, and sent to, and put
up at all the public places in this county, viz :

" To the freeholders and electors of the county of Lancaster:

" The committee for the borough of Lancaster, taking in their considera-
tion the resolves and recommendations of the American Continental Con-
gress, request that the freeholders and others qualified to vote for Repre-
sentatives in Assembly for the county of Lancaster, would meet at the
Court house, in Lancaster, on Thursday the fifteenth day of December

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 21t!

next, to choose by ballot sixty proper persons for a committee, to observe
the conduct of all persons touching the general Association of the gen-
eral Congress ; which committee, it is proposed, when elected, shall divide
the county into different districts, and appoint members of the commit-
tee to superintend each district, and any six of the members so appointed
for a district to be a quorum for transacting business.

"It will be necessary, previous to the general election, that each, town-
ship shall elect a proper person to act as inspector, and receive the tickets
of the electors on that day."

On the said 15th day of December, in pursuance to the notice above
mentioned, a general election was held at the borough of Lancaster, for
this county, and the following persons were chosen as, and for, a commit-
tee, viz :

Lancaster borough — Edward Shippen, George Eoss, James Webb,
Adam Sim. Kuhn, Jasper Yeates, William Atlee, Adam Reigart, William
Bausman, Christian Voght, Eberhart Michael, Charles Hall, Casper Shaff-
ner. Conestoga — Martin Bare. Manor — John Killhafer, Jacob Wistler,
*James Jacks. Hempfield — ^Val. Breneman. Manheim — Samuel Bear,
Sebastian Graff. (As the first district.) Upper Paxton, Londonderry,
Berry, Hanover and Paxton, (the second district). Paxton — James Burd,
do. Joseph Sherer — Hanover, Timothy Green — Berry, Castle Byers, do.
*William Laird, do. *Robert McKee — Londonderry, John Campbell —
Paxton, John Bakestose— Upper Paxton, William Patterson — Hanover,
William Brown, do. James Crawford. Warwick, Rapho, Mountjoy and
Donegal, (the 3d district). Mountjoy, *James Cunningham, do. Abraham
Frederick — Rapho, Jacob Erisman, do. Patrick Hay — Donegal, *Bartram
Galbraith, do. Alexander Lowrey, do. Frederick Mumma — Warwick, Ja-
cob Erb, do. Peter Grubb. Bethel, Heidelberg, Elizabeth and Lebanon,
(the 4th district). Lebanon, Thomas Clark, do. Curtis Grubb, do. Henry
Light — Bethel, *Ludwig Shuy, do. ^Casper Corr, do. *John Bishon —
Heidleburg, John Weiser — Bethel, *Killian Long, do. Samuel Jones —
Elizabeth, Hans Frantz, Lebanon, Henry Bealor. Brecknock, Carnar-
von, Cocalico and Earl, (the 5th district). Earl, *Alexander Martin, do.
*Emanuel Carpenter, do. *Anthony Ellmaker, do. William Smith, do.
*Zacheus Davis, do. George Rein, do. John Brubaker — Cocalico, John
Jones — Brecknock, Benjamin Lessley — Carnarvon, David Jenkins. Lam-
peter, Strasburg, Leacock and Salisbury, (the 6th district). Salisbury,
■^James Clemson, do. *John Whitehill — Leacock, David Watson, do.
Nathaniel Lightner — Strasburg, Eberhart Grube, do. Michael Witter —
Lampeter, John Witmer, Jr. Martick, Bart, Sadsbury, Colerain, Little
Britain and Drumore, (the 7th district.) Sadsbury, Robert Bailey — Lit-
tle Britain, John Alton — Drumore, *Thomas Porter — Bart, Jacob Bare —
Colerain, Joshua Anderson — Martick, John Snodgrass — Drumore, *Wil-

220 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

liam McEntire — Little Britain, Thomas Wliitesides — Bart, Hieronimus
Hickman.

N. B. The names with Asterisks (*) before them, were elected in their
respective townships, and upon proper certificates by them produced of
their having been duly elected, their names were added to committee.

At a meeting of the Committee of the borough of Lancaster. Present,
Edward Shippen, Esq., Wm. Bausman, Charles Hall, Christian Voght,
Sebastian Graff, Adam Keigart, Casper Shaflfner, William Atlee, Peter
Grubb, and Eberhart Michael, Edward Shippen, Esq., in the chair.

Several of the reputable inhabitants of this borough of Lancaster,

having mentioned their dislike to Mr. Francis , having opened a

dancing school in this borough, (at the present time) and that in their
opinion the same was contrary to the eighth article of the Association of
the Continental Congress, and requesting a meeting of this Committee and
their sentiments on the occasion. Upon consideration of the matter, it

is the opinion of this Committee, that the said Mr. Francis , opening

and keeping a dancing school in the said borough, comes within the mean-
ing of the eighth article of the Association of the Continental Congress,
and that the same ought, at the present time, during the unhappy dis-
pute with the mother country, to be discontinued. And Mr. Francis

, being sent for, waited upon the Committee, and being informed of

the sentiments of this Committee, agreed and promised t'o break up and
discontinue his said school.

Signed by the members above named.

A letter received from the Committee of Correspondence of the city of
Philadelphia, dated the 22 December, 1774:, directed to the Committee
of this place, of which the following is a copy, viz :

Gentlemen : By order of the committee of the City and Liberties ot
Philadelphia, we have the pleasure to transmit you the following re-
solves, passed this day with great unanimity, viz:

"That this committee think it absolutely necessary that the commit-
tees of the counties of this province, or such deputies as they may ap-
point for this purpose, be requested to meet together in provincial con-
vention as soon as convenient.

"That it be recommended to the county committees to meet in said
convention, on Monday, the 23d day of January next, in the city of
Philadelphia."

From a view of the present situation of public affairs, the Committee
have been induced to propose this convention, that the sense of the prov-
ince may be obtained; and that the measures to be taken thereupon,
may be the result of the united wisdom of the colony.

The obvious necessity of giving an iminediate consideration to many
matters of the greatest importance to the general welfare, will, we hope,

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 221

sufficiently apologize to you for naming so early a day as the 23d of
January.

We are, gentlemen, respectfully,

Your humble servants, [Signed]

Jos. Reed, Charles Thomson, Geo. Clymer, John Nixon, John Benezet,
Sam'l. Meredith, Thos. Mifflin, Jona. B. Smith, Committee of Correspond-
ence.

The following letter from the Committee of Correspondence for the
county of Berks, was sent to the committee of this place, viz :

Reading, 2d January, 1775.

This day the Committee of this county met here. A letter from the
Committee of Correspondence of the City and Liberties of Philadelphia,
(meaning the same above,) was laid before them proposing a provincial
convention, to be held at Philadelphia, the 22d instant. The letter being
duly considered, the Committee unanimously agreed to the proposed
convention, and appointed Edward Biddle, Jonathan Potts, Mark Bird,
Christopher Shultz, John Patton, Sebastian Levan, and Balzer Gehr, a
committee to attend the said convention, in behalf of this county. The
Committee then proceeded to choose a Committee of Correspondence,
and Edward Biddle, William Reerer, Mark Bird, Jonathan Potts, and
Christopher Wittman, were duly elected a Committee of Correspondence
for this county.

Extract from the proceedings of the Committee.

Jonathan Potts, Clerk.

Another letter from the same Committee of Correspondence of the
county of Berks, to the committee of this place, viz :

Gentlemen: Enclosed is an extract from the proceedings of the
Committee of this county, by which ^^ou will see that deputies are
appointed to attend theproposed provincial convention.

When we consider that our disputes are drawing fast to a crisis, and
that the most cordial unanimity is absolutely necessary for our preser-
vation ; we cannot doubt but that your respectable committee will with-
out hesitation appoint deputies to attend the provincial Congress. The
neglect of any one county may have the most fatal consequences. And
we well know the pleasure it would give our enemies to see even the
appearance of a disunion at this very important time.

The great consequence of this subject will, we hope, apologize for this
freedom.

We are, gentlemen, with the greatest respect.

Your most obedient humble servants, [Signed]

Edward Biddle, Jonathan Potts, William Reerer, Christopher Wit-
man, Mark Bird, Committee of Correspondence.

Reading, 5th January, 1775.

222 AUTHENTIC HISTOEY

N. B. The above mentioned extracts, &c. are put among tlie files of
other papers relative to the Committee.

At a meeting of the Committee of Inspection of the county of Lan-
caster, at the Court House, in Lancaster, on Saturday, the 14th day of
January, 1775, Edward Shippen, Esq. was chosen chairman.

It was unanimously agreed that in case of any difference in sentiments,
the question proposed be determined by the members of the committee,
voting by townships,

A letter from the Committee of Correspondence of the City and
Liberties of Philadelphia, and another letter from the Committee of
Correspondence of Berks county, were then read; and it being put to
vote, whether this Committee would appoint deputies to meet the other
counties of this province in provincial convention, on Monday, the 23d
January instant, the same was carried in the affirmative :

Yeas; Borough of Lancaster, Hempfield township, Manheim township,
Paxton township, Hanover township, Londonderry township, Mountjoy
township, Rapho township, Donegal township, Warwick township, Leba-
non township, Bethel township, Elizabeth township. Earl township,
Brecknock township, Caernarvon township, Salisbury township, I^eacock
township, Lampeter township, Sadsbury township, Little Britain town-
ship, Drumore township, Colerain township.

Nays; Lancaster township, Derry township, Strawsburg township,
Bart township.

Absent; Conestoga township. Upper Paxton township, Heidleberg
township, Cocalico township, Martick township, Manor township.

The committee then proceeded to appoint deputies, and the following
gentlemen, to wit: Adam Simon Kuhn, James Burd, James Clemson,
Esq,, Peter Grubb, Sebastian Graff, David Jenkins and Bartram Gal-
braith, or any five of them, were nominated to attend the said provincial
convention, in behalf of the county of Lancaster.

Edward Shippen, Chairman.

The foregoing proceedings of the Committees and occurrences, are
recorded by E. M. (June 3d, 1775.)

At a meeting of the Committee of Inspection and Observation, of the
borough of Lancaster, the 27th of April, 1775, at the house of Adam
Reigart.

Present; Edward Shippen, Esq., William Atlee, William Bausman,
Charles Hall, William Patterson, Casper Shaffher, Eberhart Michael,
Adam Reigart.

Edward Shippen, Esq., was chosen president.

It appearing by intelligence from divers places and by the papers,
that General Gage hath at length attacked the inhabitants of Massachus-
etts Bay, and killed and wounded many of them, and the latest accounts

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 223

from England confirming the accounts that the Parliament of Great
Britain are determined by force of arms to compel the colonies to an
abject submission to the late acts of the British Parliament, calculated
to deprive the inhabitants of the colonies of their inestimable rights and
privileges; and that a formidable fleet and army are preparing to invade
the colonies or some of them ; it is therefore thought proper to request
a general meeting of the Committee for this county, to consult and de-
termine upon such measures as may be necessary to be pursued at this
alarming crisis; and it is unanimously agreed that handbills be immedi-
ately printed and distributed throughout the county, requesting the
members of the Committee to meet at the house of Adam Eeigart, in
the borough of Lancaster, on Monday, the first day of May next, at two
o'clock in the afternoon for those purposes ; and Mr. Bailey is requested
to print a sufficient number of handbills for this purpose, in the follow-
ing words, to wit:

The members of the Committee of Observation for the respective dis-
tricts and townships, are desired to meet at the borough of Lancaster,
at the house of Adam Eeigart, in the said borough, on Monday, the first
day of May next, at two o'clock in the afternoon, to consult and deter-
mine upon proper and necessary measures to be taken for the general
good in the present alarming situation of affairs.

At the request of the committe of observation, in the borough of Lan-
caster. (Signed.) Edward Shippen, Chairman.

Lancaster, the 27th April, 1775.

At a meeting of the Committee of Observaton, at the house of Adam
Reigart, the thirtieth day of March, in the year of our Lord one thou-
sand seven hundred and seventy-five.

Present, George Ross, Esq., Jasper Yeates, Esq., Wm. Atlee, Esq.,
Adam Reigart, William Bausman, Esq., Charles Hall, Casper Shafiher,
Samuel Bare, Eberhart Michael, James Cunningham, Alexander Martin,
Wm. Smith: — George Ross, Esq., chosen chairman; George Ross, jr.,
chosen clerk.

A complaint being made to the Committee, that Charles Hamilton had
sold tea contrary to the association of the Continental Congress. Or-
dered that notice be given to said Charles Hamilton. Thereupon a copy
of the following notice was sent to Mr. Charles Hamilton.

" Sir : You are charged before the Committee for this county of having
vended a quantity of tea since the first instant, contrary to the Associa-
tion of the Continental Congress. The committee are now sitting at Mr.
Adam Reigart's, and desire your attendance to answer to the charge."
(Signed) "Geo. Ross, jun., Clerk."

"To. Mr. Charles Hamilton, shopkeeper.

"March 30, 1775."

224 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

Mr. Hamilton having attended, and it appearing bj the oath of John
Taylor, the clerk, that the tea was sold in Mr. Hamilton's absence at
Philadelphia, contrarj to the express orders given by him in his store
since the first of March instant ; and Mr. Hamilton, upon knowing of the
said tea being sold, immediately disapproved of the sale thereof. And
Mr. Hamilton himself, upon oath, declaring that ever since the first of
March, instant, his orders in the store have been to his clerk, that they
should sell no tea whatsoever, and that the said sale was in his absence,
and that he disapproves thereof. Upon consideration of the premises by
the Committee, it is their unanimous opinion, that Mr, Hamilton stands
acquitted of the charge against him, and that he hath not counteracted
the association of the Continental Congress.

"I, Charles Hamilton, of the borough of Lancaster, shopkeeper, do
hereby declare and assert, that I utterly disapprove of the sales of any
tea in my store since the first day of March, instant, and it is and always
hath been my fixed intention and determination to adhere inviolably to
the association of the American Continental Congress, being fully con-
vinced that the measures proposed thereby are the only probable modes
of rescuing America from British Parliamentary despotism. Witness
my hand, the thirtieth day of March, A. D. one thousand seven hundred
and seventy-five. (Signed)

"Charles Hamilton."

Edward Shippen, Esq., George Eoss, Esq., Jasper Yeates, Esq., William
Atlee, Esq., Adam Simon Kuhn, Esq., and William Bausman, Esq., or
any four of them, are appointed a standing Committee of Correspondence
for the county of Lancaster.

The members of the Committee for the county of Lancaster, now
present, taking into consideration the conduct of George Eoss, Esq., in
the late interesting dispute in the House of Assembly of this province,
respecting the answer given to his honor, the Governor's message, re-
commending a separate petition to his Majesty from the said House of
Assembly, do unanimously approve of the active part taken by the said
Mr. Eoss in opposition to that measure, as the same would tend to intro-
duce disunion amongst the colonies ; and do return the thanks of the
committee to Mr. Eoss, and the other worthy members of the honorable
house, who have so steadily adhered to the true welfare of their constit-
uents in opposing a deep-laid plan to disunite us.

May 1st: The association of the freemen and inhabitants of the county
of Lancaster, the 1st May, 1775.

Whereas, the enemies of Great Britain and America have resolved by
force of arms to carry into execution the most unjust, tyrannical, and
cruel edicts of the British Parliament, and reduce the freeborn sons of
America to a state of vassalage, and have flattered themselves, from our

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 225

unacquaintance with military discipline, that we should become an easy
prey to them, or tamely submit and bend our necks to the yoke prepared
for us: We do most solemnly agree and associate under the deepest
sense of our duty to God, our country, ourselves and posterity, to de-
fend and protect the religious and civil rights of this and our sister colo-
nies, with our lives and fortunes, to the utmost of our abilities, against
any power whatsoever that shall attempt to deprive us of them.

And the better to enable us so to do, we will use our utmost diligence
to acquaint ourselves with military discipline and the art of war.

We do further agree to divide ourselves into companies not exceeding
one hundred men, each, so as to make it most convenient to our situation
and settlement, and to elect and choose such persons as the majority of
each company shall think proper for officers, viz : for each company a
captain, two lieutenants and one ensign, who shall have the power of
appointing the other officers under them, necessary for the companies.

That when the companies are formed and the officers chosen and ap-
pointed, an association shall be signed by the officers and soldiers of each
company, for the good order and government of the officers and soldiers.

May 3d : Eesolved, That the members of the Committee of the County
of Lancaster do, with the utmost expedition, take an account of the
number of whites — men, women and children — to the respective town-
ships of this county, and transmit the same to the members of the Com-
mittee, residing in Lancaster, to be forwarded to the members of the
general Congress for the province of Pennsylvania.

Resolved, That the members of the committee do examine the
quantity of powder and lead the storekeepers have in their hands, in the
respective townships, and that the storekeepers be required that they
sell no powder or lead before the first of June next, as they tender the
trade and custom of the inhabitants of the respective townships, provi-
ded that it be sold only by such storekeepers having a license from two
members of the Committee.

At a meeting of the Committee of Observation, on the 4:th day of
May, 1775, the Commissioners of the county being also present, Mr.
Charles Hamilton agrees, that the county shall have his powder, being
twenty-six casks, at the rate of £14 per cwt. and they paying the carriage ;
and that the county shall have his lead, being about eight hundred weight,
at 45 pence per cwt.^

Messrs. Josiah and Robert Lockhart agree that the county shall have

1 January 22, 1774, an act was passed by the General Assembly, that no person or
persons within the limits of Lancaster borough, shall keep in any house or shop, cel-
lar, store, or other place more than twenty-five pounds weight of gunpowder, and that
was to be kept in the highest story of the house, at any one time, unless it had been
fifty yards distant from any dwelling house, under the penalty of five pounds.

16

226 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

their powder, being five quarter casks, at £15 per cwt., they paying the
carriage; and their lead at 45 pence per cwt.

Mr. Matthias Slough agrees that the county shall have his powder,
being four quarter casks, at £15 per cwt., they paying the carriage; and
his lead at -±5 pence per cwt.

Mr. Simons, by Mr. Levy, Andrew Levy, agrees that the county shall
have his powder, being two quarter casks, at the rate of £15 per cwt.,
they paying the carriage; and his lead, being about 200 pounds, at 45
pence per cwt.

Mr. Christian Wirtz agrees that the county shall have his powder,
being five quarter casks and some pounds loose, at the rate of £15 per
cwt., they paying the carriage; and his lead, being about 150 pounds, at
45 pence per cwt.

Mr. John Hopson agrees that the county shall have his powder, being
two quarter casks, at the rate of £15 per cwt., they paying the carriage.

Mr. Crawford agrees that the county shall have his powder, being 10
or 12 pounds, at the rate of £15 per cwt. and carriage.

Mr. Bickham agrees that the county shall have his powder, being one
quarter cask and some loose powder, at the rate of £15 per cwt. and
carriage ; and his lead at 45 pence per cwt.

Mr. Graff agrees that the county shall have his powder, being about a
quarter cask, at the rate of £15 per cwt., paying carriage.

At a meeting of the Committee of Observation for the borough and
county of Lancaster, at the house of Adam Reigart, the 15th May, 1775..

PRESENT:

George Ross, Esq., chairman, Jasper Yeates, Esq., William Atlee, Esq.,,
Charles Hall, Eberhart Michael, Casper Shaflfner, Adam Reigart, Sebas-
tian Graff, Esq., Emanuel Carpenter, Esq., James Clemson, Esq., Alex-
ander Lowry, James Cunningham, Samuel Bare, James Burd, Esq.,,
Christian Yoght and Jacob Erb.

The question being put whether the powder, lead, and other military
stores, which can be collected in the county, * * - *
. • ■ [Here the connection is broken.]

Wednesday, November 8th, 1775.

A number of the members of Committee, chosen and appointed by the
several townships in Lancaster county, to serve as committee-men for the
ensuing year, assembled at the Court House, in Lancaster.

PRESENT:

For the borough of Lancaster — AYilliam Bausman, Jacob Clatz, Cas-
per Shaffner, Christian Yoght, Abraham Dehuff, Michael Musser. For
Lancaster — Andrew Graff, Michael Shank. For Manheim — Peter Bach-
man, Sebastian Graff, Jasper Yeates. For Manor — Leonard Rodfunk.
For Conestoga— William Atlee, Michael Haberstick, Abraham New-

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 227

comer. For Strasburg — Everhard Gruber, John Breckbill. For War-
wick— John Erb, Peter Kratzer. For Cocalico — Michael Witmer. For
Lampeter — John Whitman, jr., Henry Kendig. For Coernarvon — David
Jenkins, Joshua Evans, Henry Weaver. For Lebanon — John Philip de
Haas, Philip Greenwalt. For Bethel — Casper Kohr, John Beshore, Kil-
lian Long. For Hanover — John Eogers, John McKewn. For London-
derry— William Hays. For Donegal — Alexander Lowry, Eobert Craig.
For Mountjoy— James Cunningham, John Jamison, Abraham Scott..
For Upper Paxtang — Samuel Taylor, James Murray. For Brecknock-
Benjamin Leslie.

The members present proceeded to the choice of a chairman, when
Jasper Yeates, Esq., Avas elected and took his seat accordingly.

George Boss, junior, Esq., was chosen Secretary.

Peter Eiblet was appointed door-keeper and messenger to this Com-
mittee.

The returns of the elections in the several townships were produced,
and read, and approved of by this Committee ; the following gentlemen
thereby appearing to have been duly chosen in the respective townships
as members of Committee in the county of Lancaster, viz :

In the borough of Lancaster — Edward Shippen, George Ross, William.
Bausman, Jacob Clatz, Casper Shaffner, George Moore, Christian Voght,
Abraham Dehuff, Jacob Krug, Michael Musser, Adam Reigart. In Lan-
caster township — Matthias Slough, Andrew Graff, Michael Shank. In
Hemplield — Peter Brubaker, Robert Spear, John Hoover. In Manheim —
Peter Bachman, Sebastian Graff, Jasper Yeates. In Manor — Leonard
Rodfunk, Jacob Rupley, Henry Funk. In Conestogo — William Atlee,
Michael Ilaberstick, Abraham Newcomer. In Drumore — John Long,
William McEntire, John Smiley. In Strasburg — Samuel Lefevre, Ever-
hard Gruber, John Breckbill. In Lampeter — John Whitman, jr., Henry
Kendig, John Kirk. In Warwick — Valentine Griner, Jacob Erb, Peter
Kratzer. In Elizabeth — George Hoyle, Christian Staley, Christian Royer.
In Cocalico — Michael Witman, Adam Grill, George Elick. In Earl — ■
Gabriel Davis, George Rhine, Jonathan Roland. In Cajrnarvon — David
Jenkins, Joshua Evans, Henry Weaver. In Brecknock — Benjamin Les-
lie, Peter Good, Conrad Popp. In Ileidleberg — Henry Eckert, George
Hudson, Michael Ley. In Lebanon — John Philip de Haas, Philip Green-
wait, John Light. In Bethel — Casper Kohr, John Beshore, Killian Long.
In Hanover — John McKewn, John Rogers, William Cathcart. In Lon-
donderry— William Hays, Robert Clark, Jacob Cook. In Donegal —
Bartram Galbraith, Alexander Lowry, Robert Craig. In Mountjoy —
James Cunningham, Abraham Scott, John Jamison. In Rapho — James
Patterson, Jacob Haldeman, Joseph Lytle. In Upper Paxtang — Adam
Warts, James Murray, Samuel Taylor.

228 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

The return from tlie township of Paxtang being produced in these
words, to wit:

"At an election held at Mr, William Dickey's, in Paxton township,
the 17th October, 1775, the following six persons were elected as mem-
bers of the County Committee for the county of Lancaster, to wit :
James Burd, Joseph Sherer, William Brown, John Harris, James Crouch,
and Jacob Awl, or any three of these men to be admitted into the Com-
mittee from time to time."

Certified by James Burd and Joseph Sherer, The same was objected
to, and it being put to vote whether the same return should be received,
as it contained a return of six persons instead of three, it passed in the
negative unanimously.

Eesolved, That in determining a question in this Committee, the
borough of Lancaster and the several townships in this county shall
have each one vote, and the majority of the townships or borough and
townships so voting shall determine the question,

Eesolved, That no person shall speak more than twice on the same
point, without leave of the Committee,

The letters of the Committee of Safety of this province, to the Com-
mittee of this county, respecting J, Brooks and Doctor ' John Kearsley ,
(which were received at Lancaster, between the time of the election of
this Committee, and at this meeting,) were read; and the proceedings of
the gentlemen of the Committee who negotiated that business, and escorted
Doctor Kearsley to York, being taken into consideration, their conduct
is approved of by this Committee. And the following persons, to wit :
George Ross, Jasper Yeates, William Atlee, William Bausman, Matthias
Slough, Christian Voght, Jacob Glatz, Abraham Dehufif, Sebastian Graft,
Andrew Graff', John Whitman, jun., and Jacob Krug are appointed by
the members of the Committee now present, a sub-committee to see the
sentence and resolves of the Committee of Safety respecting J. Brooks,
a prisoner in the goal of this county, strictly carried into execution. And
it is ordered that no person be admitted into the company of the said J.
Brooks, but in the presence of one or more of the sub- committee afore-
said, of which the goaler is to have notice.

Adjourned until to-morrow morning, eleven o'clock.

Thursday, November 9th, 1775.

The Committee met according to adjournment.

PRESENT :

The same members who attended yesterday, and moreover George
Ross, Jacob Krug, George Moon and Adam Reigart, for the borough of
Lancaster: Henry Eckert and Michael Ley for Heidleberg township;
and Gabriel Davis for Bart township.

Anew return of members elected for Paxtang township being pro-

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 229

duced to the committee, certifying that Joseph Sherer, William Brown
and John Harris were duly chosen to serve as members of the Committee
for the said township, the said return is approved of, and they took
their seats accordingly.

A letter from the Committee of Safety to the late Committee of this
county, dated October 7th, 1775, respecting some provincial muskets
supposed to be in the hands of the military associators and others in this
county, being produced and read :

Kesolved, That William Atlee, Alexander Lowry and Sebastian Graff,
be a committee for preparing the draft of an answer to the said letter,
and that they report the same to this Committee in the afternoon'

Eesolved, Unanimously, that this committee will use their endeavors
to carry into immediate execution the resolves of the honourable House
of Assembly respecting the six hundred stand of arms and other military
accoutrements to be furnished by the county of Lancaster.

The question being put whether the gun-smiths residing in the bor-
ough of Lancaster should not be immediately sent for to give their rea-
sons to this Committee, why they have not set about making the arms
directed by the honourable House of Assembly to be made in the county
of Lancaster, agreeable to the application of the Commissioners and Asses-
sors of the said county, the same was unanimously carried in the affirma-
tive, and the gun-smiths were sent for accordingly.

A petition signed by Henry Zericher being presented to the Committee,
upon inquiry into the facts therein contained, it is ordered by this Com-
mittee, (three townships dissenting) that the said Henry Zericher be al-
lowed five pounds of powder, and no more, out of the public magazine,
for the purposes expressed in the petition, he paying for the same into
the county treasury at the rate of four shillings per pound.

The sub -committee appointed to essay the draft of an answer to the
letter of the Committee of Safety respecting the provincial muskets, do
now report to this Committee, the draft of the answer which they had
prepared, in these words, to wit :

Lancaster, November 9th, 1775.

Gentlemen : Your letter of the 7th day of October last, directed to
the Committee of Lancaster county respecting the provincial muskets,
in the hands of the military associators and others in this county, has
been laid before this Committee and taken into consideration.

We find that the gentlemen who were the Committee of Correspon-
dence, appointed by the late County Committee, had upon the receipt of
your letter, published and dispersed hand-bills throughout the county
requiring the persons possessed of such muskets to bring them in at this
time. As none are brought in, we beg leave to suggest to you some
facts, relative to those arms, and wait your further directions.

m

AUTHENTIC HISTORY

After the troops raised by the province in the late war were disbanded,
a number of muskets and military accoutrements were lodged at a Mr.
Carson's in Paxtang, where they remained without any notice or care
being taken of them, until the unhappy disputes between Great Britain
and the Colonies rendered it indispensably necessary for our safety to
associate and arm in defence of our rights. The then Committee of this
county, upon hearing of those arms, requested some of their members to
examine and send them down, intending an application to the Assembly
to have them repaired at the public expense, and put into the hands of
such associators as were unable to furnish themselves, and who were to
.give receipts for them to be returned, if not lost in actual service. At
this time arms were sought for with great assiduity by every one, who
wished to be instructed in the military discipline. The inhabitants of
Cumberland county, knowing also of the provincial muskets, were be-
forehand with us, and having the first choice, took between sixty and
seventy of the best of them (for which Mr. Carson has a receipt) leaving
d parcel of rubbish which were sent to this town, consisting of barrels
inostly without locks and stocks, and all of them so covered with rust
that they were thought almost unfit for use, and scarcely worth repair-
ing. Many of them were loaded and had probably been so for many
years. Some of the poor associators here took the barrels, and with
much labor had them cleaned. By the help of some old locks which
•about this time were found in a garret in this town (without an owner)
■jind were distributed amongst them, the}^ had them put into such repair,
as to serve them to exercise with. These persons have been at a con-
siderable expense in putting them in the order they noAV are ; and if they
are deprived of them, are not able to purchase others. There are a few
indeed of the best of the firelocks which we think could safely be trusted
to for real service. To take the arms from the poor people under such
circumstances would greatly damp their martial spirit.

We conceive it our duty to mention these things to the Committee of
Safety. If that honorable Board, nevertheless, shall be of opinion that
such firelocks will be of use and will direct in what manner the people
who have been at expense in repairing them are to be reimbursed, we
shall cheerfully exert ourselves to the utmost of our power in calling
them in, and forwarding them to Philadelphia.

This, gentlemen, is the first opportunity we have had of answering
your letter relative to the arms. Give us leave to assure you, it will aftbrd
us great pleasure to be instrumental in an}^ degree to the safety of the
city of Philadelphia. We feel very sensibh'- the situation of your citi-
zens; we deem ourselves most strongly bound to give every assistance
in our power to repel any attack which may be attempted against you,
and humbly trust we shall not be deficient in the day of danger.

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 231

Your letter of the 19th October, came to our hands. According to
your desire a proper guard frorti hence conducted Dr. Kearsley to York,
and took a receipt for his safe delivery to the Committee there. J.
Brooks remains confined in our goal. A sub-committee of twelve gen-
tlemen residing in and near this town, has been appointed to see that
your sentence and resolves respecting Brooks be carried into execution,
and no person is permitted to visit him but in the presence of one or
more of those gentlemen.

By order of the Committee of Lancaster county.

The foregoing answer read at the table, was unanimously approved
of, and it is ordered that the same be transmitted to the Committee of
Safety by the first conveyance.

Adjourned until to-morrow, eight o'clock,

Friday, November 10th, 1775.

The Committee met according to adjournment.

PRESENT :

The same members who attended yesterday, and moreover Joseph
Lytle for Eapho township.

Upon motion, Eesolved, That in case any of the gun-smiths, in the
county of Lancaster, upon application made to them by the members of
the Committees of the respective townships to which they belong, shall
refuse to go to work and make their proportion of the firelocks and bay-
onets required of this county, by the honorable House of Assembly,
within two weeks from such application agreeable to the patterns, at the
Philadelphia prices; such gun-smiths shall have their names inserted iu
the minutes of this Committee as enemies to their countrj^, and published
as such, and the tools of the said gun-smiths so refusing shall be taken
from them, and moreover the said gun-smiths shall not be permitted to
carry on their trades, until they shall engage to go to work as aforesaid,
nor shall leave their respective places of residence until the arms are
completed. And it is further

Eesolved, That the Committee of Correspondence and Observation do
take especial care that their resolves be carried into execution.

Christian Isch and Peter Eeigart appeared in Committee, and agreed
to set to work on Monday, the twentieth day of November instant, and
make muskets and bayonets for this county, (part of the number re-
quired from this county, by the honorable House of Assembly,) at the
Philadelphia prices ; and that they will confine themselves to that work
entirely from that time to the first day of March next, and furnish as
many as they can possibly complete in the time, and deliver the same to
the Commissioners of the county q>t this Committee.

Michael Withers appeared in Committee, and agreed to set to work as
soon as he hath completed a few guns which he hath now in hand, and

232 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

make muskets and bayonets for this county (part of the number required
from this county by the honorable House of Assembly,) at the Philadel-
phia prices; that he will confine himself and his workmen to that work and
carry on the same as expeditiously as he can, and that he will deliver in to
the Commissioners and Assessors of this county or to this Committee as
many muskets. — [If further proceedings were had, they cannot be found.]

As it does not lie within the compass of this work to narrate the stir-
ring events of the Eevolution, but simply to record matters connected
with the History of Lancaster County, which are of permanent interest,
we have to pass over the meeting of the Continental Congress which met
at Philadelphia, September 4, 1774, agreed upon a declaration of the
rights of the Colonies, recommended the non-importation of British goods
into the country and the non-exportation of American produce to Great
Britain, voted addresses to the King and the people of Great Britain and
to the French Canadians, and urged another Congress to be convened on
May 10, 1775, unless the redress of their grievances should be previously
obtained.^

On April 19, 1775, the bloody affair at Lexington opened the war of
the Eevolution and on June 17th following, the Battle of Bunker Hill
was fought, an account of which, as published on a folio sheet by Francis
Bailey, Printer, of Lancaster, is here reproduced :
By an Express arrived at Philadelphia on Saturday evening last, toe have

the following account of the battle at Charlestown, on Saturday the 18th of

June, Instant.

On Friday night, the 17th instant, fifteen hundred of the Provincials
went to Bimkers Hill, in order to intrench there, and continued intrench-
ing till Saturday ten o'clock, when 2,000 Regulars marched out of Bos-
ton, landed in Charlestown, and plundering it of all its valuable effects,
set fire to it in ten different places at once; then dividing their army,
part of it marched up in the front of the Provincial intrenchment, and
began to attack the Provincials at long shot; the other part of their
army marched round the town of Charlestown, under cover of the smoke
occasioned by the fire of the town. The Provincial sentries discovered
the Regulars marching upon their left wing. Upon notice of this given
by the sentry to the Connecticut forces posted upon that wing, Captain
Nolton, of Ashford, with 400 of said forces, immediately repaired to, and
pulled up a post and rail-fence, and carried the posts and rails to another
fence, put them together for a breast-work. Captain Nolton gave orders
to the men not to fire until the enemy were got within fifteen rods, and
then not till the word was given. At the words being given, the enemy
fell surprisingly ; it was thought by spectators who stood at a distance,
that our men did great execution.

1 Gordon.

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 238

The action continued about two hours, when the Regulars on the right
wing were put in confusion and gave way ; the Connecticut troops closely
pursued them, and were on the point of pushing their bayonets, when
orders were received from General Pomeroy, for those who had been in
action for two hours to fall back, and their places to be supplied by fresh
troops. These orders being mistaken for a direction to retreat, our troops
on the right wing began a general retreat, which was handed to the left,
the principal place of action, where Captains Nolton, Chester, Clark and
Putnam, had forced the enemy to give way, and were before them for
some considerable distance, and being warmly pursuing the enemy, were,
with difficulty, persuaded to retire; but the right wing, by mistaking the
orders, having already retreated, the left, to avoid being encircled, were
obliged to retreat also with the main body. They retreated with pre-
cipitation across the causeway to Winter's Hill, in which they were ex-
posed to the fire of the enemy, from their shipping and floating batteries.
We sustained our principal loss in passing the causeway. The enemy
pursued our troops to Winter's Hill, where the Provincials being rein-
forced by General Putnam, renewed the battle wdth great spirit, repulsed
the enemy with great slaughter, and pursued them until they got under
cover of their cannon from the shipping. When the enemy returned to
Bunker's Hill, and the Provincials to Winter's Hill, where after intrench-
ing and erecting batteries, they on Monday began to fire upon the Reg-
ulars on Bunker's Hill, and on the ships and floating batteries in the
harbour, when the Express came away. The number of Provincials
killed is between 40 and 70; 140 are wounded; of the Connecticut troops
16 were killed. No officer among them was either killed or wounded,
excepting Lieutenant Grovenor, who was wounded in the hand. A
Colonel, or Lieutenant Colonel of the New Hampshire forces, is among
the dead. It is also said that Doctor Warren is undoubtedly among the
slain.

The Provincials lost three iron six pounders, some intrenching tools,
and a few knapsacks.

The number of Regulars which at first attacked the Provincials on
Bunker'' s Hill was not less than two thousand ; the number of the Pro-
vincials was only fifteen hundred, who it is supposed would soon have
gained a complete victory, had it not been for the unhappy mistake
already mentioned. The regulars were afterwards reinforced with a
thousand men. It is uncertain how great a number of the regulars were
killed or wounded ; but it was supposed by the spectators, who saw the
whole action, that there could not be less than four or five hundred
killed. Mr. Gardner, who got out of Boston on Sunday evening, says,
that there were five hundred wounded men brought into that place the
morning before he came out.

234 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

This account was taken from Elijah Hide, of Lebanon, who was a spec-
tator on Winter's Hill, during the whole action,

"Congress at their session in May having resolved to raise a conti-
nental army, of which the Pennsylvania portion amounted to four thou-
sand three hundred men, the Assembly recommended to the Commissioners
of the several counties, as they regarded the freedom, welfare, and safety
of their country, to provide arms and accoutrements for this force: they
also directed the officers of the military association to select a number
of minute men, equal to the number of arms which could be procured,
who should hold themselves in readiness to march at the shortest notice
to any quarter, in case of emergency; they made further appropriations
for the defence of the city against attacks by vessels of war, and directed
the purchase of all the saltpetre that should be manufactured within the
next six months at a premium price. The House adopted also a most
important and effective measure, in the appointment of a Committee of
Public Safety, with power to call the associated troops into service, to
pay and support them, and generally to provide for the defence of the
province against invasion and insurrection; issuing for these purposes
bills of credit for thirty -five thousand pounds, redeemable by a tax on
real and personal estate."^

A company of militia had been raised at Lancaster by Captain Boss.
A sermon preached before that company by the Eev. John Carmichael,
A. M., in the Presbyterian Church at Lancaster, is here reproduced in
the expectation that it will be read with much interest as a document
which reflects the sentiments of the time.

- WAR, A:8ERM0N.

To all the brave Sons of Liberty in North America, but in particular, to the Com-
pany of Militia in the Borough of Lancaster, known by the name of ROSS'S COM-
PANY, Gentlemen, Officers and Soldiers, who appeared in their uniform in Church, to
hear this Semaon, and at whose request it is now published, it is hereby most respect-
fully dedicated, by their

Hearty Friend and very humble Servant,

The Author.

A Self- defensive War Lawful^ proved in a Sermon^ itreached at Lancaster^
hefore Ccfptain Ross's Company of Militia, in the Presbyterian Churchy
on Sabbath Morning, June 4:th, 1775, by the Rev. John Carmichael, A.
J/., 71010 published at the request of said Co7npa7iy.-

Then said he unto them, But now he that a hath purse, let him" take it, and like-
wise his scrip: And he that hath no sword, let him sell his garment and buy one.

Luke 22: 30.

— undique totis

Usque adeo turbatur agris.

Virgil.

1 Gordon.

2 Lancaster: Printed by Francis Bailey, for Captain Ross's company of militia.

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 235

A SERMON, AC.

Luke iii. 14. And the soldiers likewise demanded of him, saying, And what shall we
do? and he said unto them, Do violence to no man, and neither accuse any falsely, and be
content with your wages.

At a time, wlien the unjust storm of ministerial wrath is discharging
itself in a cruel and ignominious manner, on the noble, patriotic, brave
people of the ancient, loyal important colony of the Massachusetts-Bay,
in New Ens-land : at a time when all the other colonies in North America,
like the true children of a free-horn family^ are roused to some just re-
sentment of such insults, on their natural and legal rights, taking each
other as by the hand, and uniting by the invincible chains of love, friend-
ship, and interest, are determined to support this their elder sister colony,
now suffering so gloriously in the common cause, or sink together; at
a time, when the alarm is sounding from east to west, over this vast con-
tinent of North America, to arms! — to arms! — in short, at a time when
the minds of all are in such a ferment, that they can be scarce composed
to hear any subject, but what may have some reference to the present
times; it is but reasonable to suppose, that even the Minister of the
Prince of Peace, whose business for ordinary is, neither ivar ov politicks,
in such a situation, being member of civil society, and interested like
other men, would improve the times, by adapting their public instruc-
tions to the best service of the people, and not offensive or displeasing to
God; whose holy word is a blessed directory in every emergency.

It is also but reasonable to suppose, that every judicious, sober Ameri-
can, being now reduced to the dreadful alternative, either to take up
arms, apparently against that very government which he was wont to
revere, and under which he expected protection for both life and pro-
perty; or submit tamely to the galling yoke of perpetual slavery; I say,
it is supposable, that every such Christian American soldier will be all
ear to wholesome instructions, relative to his present duty.

"We own it is rare for soldiers to ask counsel of gospel Ministers ; and
the more pity — for they are men and sinners, as well as others ; but I am
not called to address Red- Coats, but Christian Provincials ; yet blessed
be God, it is not a case wholly unprecedented, for even regulars to apply
to a gospel Preacher for direction ; we have an instance in the words of
our text: And the soldiers demanded of him, saying, Andtvhat shall loe do?
and he said unto them, Do violence to no man, neither accuse any falsely,
and he content ivith your wages.

We here find a very important question proposed to a person, every
way qualified to solve it ; for the mouth of truth itself tells us, that of
all who were then born of woman, there was not a greater prophet than
John the Baptist: Also, the angel who predicted his birth, said, that he
should be filled with the Holy Ghost, from his mother's womb. He was

236 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

therefore deservedly very popular — was raised for the great purpose
of introducing the Jewish church to the Saviour of the world; and
hence much true gospel light shone round this great Preacher. The
answers he gave the question, may be depended on to be sufficient and
conclusive.

But let us hear, what does John say ? Does he tell them, to lay down
their arms, and throw them by, as there can be no sort of war lawful ? as
some would have us believe! No, no, this is not his answer; John
knew better; he knew the present state of our depraved world would
render war in many cases unavoidable, and even necessary. So that a
soldier might serve the end of his being in his place and calling, as well
as a plowman or preacher in theirs.

But then it must be a just war, conducted in a lawful, righteous man-
ner; for the legality of the action will never justify the illegality of the
manner of prosecution.

The soldier must do violence to no man — must not accuse any falsely
— and must be content with his wages ; leading vices these, for ordinary,
among regular troops; but the Christian soldier must guard against
them, from the genuine principles of true religion, in the heart; and
then may hope for heaven, as well from a field of battle, as expiring on
his couch in the midst of peace and tranquility.

I now deduce this doctrine from the text, thus explained Doctrine,

That although war is in itself a very great evil, and one of those sore
judgments, by which a holy God punishes the world for sin, therefore to
be deprecated, and avoided as much as possible ; yet is at times, by rea-
son of certain circumstances, so unavoidable, that it is our duty to enter
into it. The method I design to pursue, in opening up the doc-
trine, for improvement, is the following:

I. Humbly attempt to shew (with submission to better judgment)
when a war is so unavoidable and necessary, that it is our duty to enter
into it.

II. Shew how we should enter into, and prosecute even a just war.

III. Improve the subject, by the deduction of a few natural inferences
from the whole.

You are sensible, my hearers, that there are some Christian people in
the world, and some of them in these parts, who merit the regard of the
public, by their general character of industry, inoftensivenes, and so-
briety ; yet do maintain it, as a sacred conscientious tenet, not to be dis-
pensed with, not to (JO to ivar^ or to take iqo arms on any occasion ivhatso-
ever ; and charity, the leading grace of the Christian system, will lead us
to deal tenderly with such, as far as we have grounds to believe they are
sincere in their profession. We ought to pity such for their mistake,
and, if possible, to convince them ; but not by any means to urge them

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 237

against their avowed sentiments, lest we come under the odious appella-
tion of persecutors.

As far as these sober people make use of the Bible, to found their
principles on, they rely on such passages as these, Gen. ix. 6: He that
sheddeth man's blood, by man shall his blood be shed; and Exod. xx. 13.
Thou shalt not kill; and in the New Testament, Bzd I say unto you, love
your enemies ; if any smite thee on the one cheek, turn to him the other also ;
for all they that take the sword shall perish by the sivord, Matt. v. 39, 44;
and xxvi. 52 ; and hence conclude, though I think falsely, that all war is
unlawful, except the spiritual, with our own corruptions, by the sword
of the spirit, in Christ's spiritual kingdom, which is not of this world,
else would his children fight.

But if I mistake not, these people regard only such passages of holy
scripture, as seem to favour their favourite opinion, let the language of
other passages be what they will ; and hence their own imagination is
substituted instead of divine revelation, so that when people are deter-
mined to keep by a sentiment, be it right or wrong, there is an end to all
disputation.

We readily allow, that it would be happy for us all, if there was no
moral or natural evil in the world : But how plausible soever such opin-
ions may appear, to the weal of society, they are rather calculated to the
condition of innocent, than depraved nature ; which now is, and ever
has been such, since the fall of our first parents, that there is need of
some remedy to curb its evil tendencies, or mankind would scarce be
able to subsist in the world ; and this our indulgent, righteous Creator
knows ; and has therefore set up civil government to keep men from de-
stroying each other: But civil government has no power, if it has not

the sword, to be a terror to evil doers, and a praise to them that

do well. Hence it will follow, that men are under a necessity to part

with some of their natural rights, to secure the rest; they must give
part of their earnings to such as are chosen by themselves, to rule the
whole; and then again, they must help the rulers to execute the good
and wholesome laws of government, against their violators. Sup-
pose, for instance, a great banditti rise to rescue murderers ; if these are
not quelled, government is overthrown, if the people do not assist good
government, and here then arises a necessity to go to war.

And suppose again, on the other hand, which is very supposable,
That the rulers of the people should give way to the many temptations
their high stations will lead them to ; to indulge evil, the inclinations of
a lust for absolute dominion, independent of the people, so that all the
barrier of oaths and covenants are broke through, to effect the plan ;
and the people have no security, for either life or property, but the mere
sovereign pleasure of the absolute rulers; then the people are under a

238 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

disagreeable, but pressing necessity, rather than be crushed by an iron
rod, to re-ascertain their own just rights ; and stand forth all of them to
oppose such tyranny: Here then is another instance of self-defence — in
which a war is both unavoidable and necessary, and therefore lawful, if
self-preservation is lawful; which is the point I shall next, in order,
endeavour to prove indisputably, both from the light of nature, and
divine revelation ; and first from the light of nature.

It is certainly evident, wherever we turn our eyes, on any part of the
whole creation of God, that the principle of self-love or self-preservation,
or the desire of existence, is deeply engraved on the nature of every
creature. And when this great first principle is observed, it is, and must
be agreeable to God, as he will love his own work; and so also, the ne-.
gleet of the exercise of this principle, can not but displease him, as it is
unnatural and monstrous. Thus the generous vine will extend her arms,
to lay hold on the first neighbouring prop; and with her little tender
tendants, twine around it, to preserve her, clusters from perishing on the
cold ground.

The little industrious bee is furnished by her Creator, with a sting to
preserve for her own use, to herself, her sweet honey, the fruit of her
toil and industry.

The ox has his horns ; and the horse his teeth and hoofs. The deer
her feet for flight, and the fowls their wings to escape danger, and pre-
serve themselves. And shall man, the noblest creature in the lower
world, be destitute of this necessary principle ! which we see engraved by
instinct on the irrational creation ? Man is blest with reason to direct
his enquiries, in search of happiness. His maker God allows him to
seek, to be as happy as he possibly can, both in this life and the life to
come. But since man is a fallen, sinful creature, he has lost his true
road to happiness — and can never find it, until his maker point it out to
him in the Holy Bible. Here we are taught how to conduct both in the
civil and religious life : We are certain the Scriptures allow us to de-
fend ourselves in the best manner we can against an enemy.

Therefore, such passages, as would seem to speak a different language ;
such as those already quoted, must be understood, in a consistency with
this great law of nature ; as well as consistent with other parts of scrip-
ture. For Christ came not to make void, or destroy the law, but to
fulfil — when therefore we are forbid to shed blood, or to kill; it is inno
cent blood is meant — but this doth not forbid to execute a murderer. The
divine law requires, that a murderer should be executed, and forbids to
take a ransom for his life.

Also, when a body of wicked people join together, or a nation unite,
to call upon and destroy without any just cause an innocent people. The
insulted, or invaded people, are then to unite together, to oppose, expel

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 239

and punish the guilty invaders — as in Judges v. 23, — Curse ye Meroz ■
[said the angel of the Lord,) curse ye bitterly the iyihahitants thereof : Be-
cause they came not to the help of the Lord, against the raigltty : And Jere-
miah XLVIII. 10 — Cursed he he that doth the icorh of the Lord deceitfully ;
and cursed he heHhat heepeth hack his sword from blood: And in Luke
XXII. 36 — Jesus Christ told his Disciples to arm themselves against ap-
proaching danger. — And lie that hath no sword let him sell his garment and
buy one.

And since our Lord did not allow the Disciples then to defend them-
selves by their weapons, for when Peter cut off Malcus's ear he imme-
diately healed it, and bid Peter to put up his sword, to let them know,
and the enemy also know, that he was Lord of life and death — and that
the Disciples were safe with such a person as Jesus, while the age of
miracles continued; I say, since this was the case then, we must under-
stand the passage to intend, that it is both lawful and a duty, for the
followers of Jesus Christ, in a time and age when we are not to expect
miracles, to arm ourselves and use our arms for our own preservation
against any invading enemy.

Also, it must of course follow, that where our blessed Lord enjoins
us, when smote on the one cheek, to turn the other also, he does not
mean to forbid us to use lawful and proper means of self-preservation.
But the meaning must be as the phrase is proverbial, that we should at
no time discover a revengeful or unforgiving disposition ; but should be
ready to put up with a good deal of ill-usage, before we would create
disturbance, yea that we should do anything consistent with our own
safety. Again, where our Lord enjoins us to love our enemies — he can't
possibly mean that we should love them better than ourselves — that we
should put it in the enemy's power to kill us, when we had it in our
power to save our own life, by killing the enemy. I say, this cannot be
the meaning; for that exposition will thwart the original first great law
of self-preservation. The meaning therefore must be, that we do not
cherish a spirit of hatred tOAvards the enemies, and would be willing to
be reconciled again — and would be desirous, the enemy would be con-
vinced of his evil sentiment against us, that we might be again on
friendly terms, that we can be sincere in our prayer to God, to bring
such a desirable event to pass. Again,

That a self-defensive war is lawful, I will prove from the conduct of
Jesus Christ himself. If civil government is necessary to self-preserva-
tion, and war is necessary, at times, in government, as has been already
proved ; then it will follow, that those who support civil government, do
support war, and so of consequence approve of war. But Jesus Christ
did pay his tribute money, to the Emperor Tiberius, Matthew xvii. 27,
and those who are acquainted with the life of Tiberius Cassar, know that

240 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

he had frequent wars. Our Lord did here, as in several other places,
draw a line of distinction between church and state; the church was his
own kingdom, and spiritual in its nature and government, and was not
of this world ; but the state was a distinct constitution, was of this world,
was purely civil, and it was not essential to the being of an Emperor, of
what sort of religion he was of, or whether of any, as was the case of
Tiberius; but as the Jews were tributaries to the Eomans, and our Lord
was a Jew by birth; he paid his tax as a peaceable member of the com-
monwealth ; but had our Lord been a Mennonist he would have refused to
pay tribute, to support war, which shews the absurdity of these people's
conduct.

Had our Lord been a Covenanter of the church of Scotland, he would
refuse to pay tribute, because the Emperor was not a Covenanter. I
own, it is not essential to the very being of a King to be a Christian, yet it
is essential to the being of a good man, to be a Christian ; and certainly the
more pious and truly godly any Christian ruler is, if he is not a bigot to
a party, or certain denomination, but equally regardful of all, the regu-
lar, sober, and well behaving, in all his dominions^the happier for the
people. In Eomans xiii, from the beginning, to the 7tli verse, we are in-
structed at large the duty we owe to civil-government, but if it was
unlawful and anti-Christian, or anti-Scriptural to support war, it would
be unlawful to pay taxes ; if it is unlawful to go to war, it is unlawful
to pay another to do it, or to go to do it. What a foolish trick those
people put on their consciences, who, for the reasons already mentioned,
will not pay their taxes, and yet let others come and take their money,
where they can find it, and be sure they will leave it where they can find
it handily.

I think I have now proved, from the light of nature, from the reason
of things — from the Old and New Testament as well as from the exam-
ple of Christ and his Apostles, that a self-defensive war is lawful.

Now those who deny this doctrine ought, if they would be ingenuous,
candid and honest, to place their argument on this footing. Suppose
themselves capable of being by themselves, all on some part of our
Globe, and none else but themselves ; and suppose also, none else ever to
come to them, and without any connection with any people, but them-
selves, they had all the necessaries of life; in such a situation, if they
carry with them the common nature of the human species, as it has
discovered itself in the world in every age, since the fall of Adam;
these good, peaceable, inoffensive people, would soon find evil
dispositions and practices break out even among themselves, if
they would then make no resistance at all, to those evils, but on
their avowed principles, when smote on the one cheek, turn the
other ; there would soon be an end of their societv — the evil would soon

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 241

destroy the peaceable and good out of the world; then the judgments
of the Almighty would undoubtedly overtake and cut off the wicked,
when there would be none else in the world; and then there would be
an end to the being of mankind on the earth. Now this was the result
of things in the Antediluvian age, when there was no civil government
at all in the world, the wicked destroyed the righteous, till there was
none left but Noah; the Almighty saved him by a miracle, and cut off
the rest entirely from the globe. And though Noah was as good a man
as any of those people with whom I am now disputing, his posterity de-
generated, and the world needed government to keep it in being to this
day. It is also equally unfair, to say. Let us stand still and see the salva-
tion of God; for if this proves any thing, it proves too much, it proves
that we are to use no means at all, for why to use lawful means in our
power one time, and not another? we must therefore neither plow or
sow; build, raise stock, or do any thing in the use of means, hut stand-
still and see the salvation. of God! But our reason is given us to use
it in a proper manner, to preserve our own lives and the lives of
others, as God's servants, in a state of probation in this world ; and God
will reward every one finally, according to his works ; when we have
no means in our power, we honor God to trust him, as Israel at the
Eed-Sea, and in the wilderness ; but when means are in our power, and
we do not use them, we then tempt God, and rebel against his govern-
ment, which he exercises over the world, in the way of free and moral
agency.

Therefore, for these people to argue as they do now, when they are
among other societies, that they know will preserve the state from slaugh-
ter or slavery, in the use of lawful means, as has been now proved, is
vastly disingenuous, and will undoubtedly subject their opinions to this
censure, that it is a sanctuary of sloth — for greed — cowardice, &c, — for
it is easy to stay at home and earn money ^ to what it is to spend money and
expose life^ to protect and defend the ivorldliiig coward — it is easy to pay money ^
to ivhat it is to he shot, &c. But after all that has been said, I am myself
so warm an advocate for the sacred rights of conscience, that if these
people will not be convinced of their duty; can not get their eyes open;
they are to be pitied, but not persecuted. I beg of all, for God and con-
science sake, to let them alone; if they will not, in these terrible times,
draw the sword /or Liberty and their Country, surely they will not against
Liberty and their Country; and if we can do with them, we can without
them: 0 then, let there be no disturbance on that head!

I now proceed to the second thing proposed, in this discourse, to shew
how a lawful war is to be carried on:

1. Every one that draws the sword, should be well satisfied, in his
conscience, that he is called of God to do so ; that, with a good conscience
17

242 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

and courage, he may rely on God for strength and protection. Then
it is drawn for these reasons, or else it cannot be lawful ; either to oppose
a foreign enemy — or to assist the magistrates to suppress a riot, or wicked
faction and rebellion that may have broke out, by a lawless set of ruffians,
that will be under no restraint of law or to oppose the unjust, usurped,
anti-constitutional claims of mere tyranny — or the essential and unalien-
able rights of the people.

2d, Every soldier should see to it above all things, that his peace is
made with God, by believing in his Son Jesus Christ for salvation ; and
have some comfortable evidences of the truth of his faith, by his love to
Jesus Christ, in keeping his commandments ; else how can he expect a
blessing, or success, even in a just cause, if he is himself in a state of
enmity and rebellion against that God, in whose hand his life is, and
whose are all his ways? For no soldier is so undaunted and truly cour-
ageous, as he that on the principles of true religion, is above the fear
of death.

To rush forward on death, thoughtless of, and unprejDared for, a future
eternity, is rather a species of mere madness, than true heroism.

3dly. As the Christian soldier must set out in the fear of God, so he
must persevere, fully confiding in, and relying on, the justice and right-
eousness of the superintendency of Jehovah, over all the fates, and to us
unforeseen occurrences, that may or can happen in time ; and thus with
becoming boldness and Christian serenity, accompanied with true courage,
put his life in God's hands.

4thly. The soldier must observe strictly those directions in our text :
He must do violence to no man; as soldiers carry with them the instru-
ments of death, they are too prone to conduct themselves towards the
defenceless with pride and insolence ; something of this temper discov-
ered itself, at the time that these Regulars asked John in the manner of
their asking the question ; others treated John with respect and manners ;
the very Publicans called him Master ; but the Red- Coats came and de-
rnayided of him^ as if they were his superiors, and he must obey them.
As standing armies are too frequently made up of the scourings of
gaols, and the refuse and filth of the people, that make that the last shift
for a living — they are but too often found destitute of either good prin-
ciples or education, and sunk into every species of dissoluteness and de-
bauchery. We could wish the King's troops at Boston had not by their
cruelty and inhumanity of conduct, given the world too lively and
striking a proof of the truth of this observation ; hence the very name
of a Red- Coat (pardon the expression) stinks in our nostrils.

But blessed be the God of heaven, that the gentlemen who now form
our militia, in America, are the Americans themselves, whose characters
are known to be not such as but just now described; and who we hope,

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 24S

under God, will save this country, and of consequence the British empire
from apparent ruin,

5thly. Soldiers must not accuse any falsely ; this is a certain species of
wickedness too common to soldiers; those of them that watched the
sepulchre of our Lord, falsely accused his disciples, that they came and stole
his hody lahile they slept; they were hired to tell this lie by government,
and what will not poor ignorant, sottish, selfish, low-lived, ill-bred grace-
less creatures, that have no fear of God at all, do for money ? And I wish
we may not find that the soldiers at Boston, have sent lies home, or
false accusations of the brave Provincials — when they gave them such a
severe drubbing in the action of Lexington.

Lastly under this head, as the design of raising armies, is the defence
of the people, as soon as this is bravely ascertained, the Christian soldier
should lay by the sword, and disband the army, lest their existence, when
not necessary, should occasion the very miseries they were raised to
avert. A few inferences shall now conclude this discourse.

1. Our subject teaches us deeply to bewail the universal depravity
of human nature ; O Adam ! in what a deplorable condition is thy fami-
ly now ! — what hast thou done ! — how many evil passions and appetites
rage in the world! Envy, wrath, malice, dissimulation, covetousness,
pride, brutal lusts, &c., &c. whence arise those crushing woes and calami-
ties of wars, murder, rapine, slaughter and desolations among mankind.
How just it is for a holy God, as the moral Governor of the world, to
punish such sinful guilty creatures.

2. We learn hence the exceeding innate evil of sin; if the punish-
'ment is not inadequate to the offence, which we are not to suppose , then
the offence is very great, because of the great punishment inflicted.

3. We also learn from our subject, to admire the care of divine provi-
dence over the human race, to continue men on the earth amidst such
deluges of miseries or destruction on every hand. And as civil govern-
ment, in the hand of divine providence, is subservient here too, we ought
to bless God for the institution, and support it while government con-
tinues to observe its original design, viz.^ the protection of the lives and
properties of the people.

4. We may also acknowledge the goodness of God, in abridging the
life of man to 70 years, for that is long enough for the wicked to rage,
and the righteous to suffer — and be absent from that rest that God has
prepared for his people. How amazing that the Church of Christ has
not been swallowed up, by the united combinations of all the evil —
spirits of darkness, and the wicked in this world in every age ! this is the
mighty power of God indeed !

5. We learn from this subject, the special need our world stands in of
a Saviour, that by the grace of his holy covenant, according to the

244 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

great ric]i divine plan lie Lag revealed in tlie holy Bible, such sinful cfed-
lures as we are, may be sanctified and pardoned, and made fit for useful-
:ness in this life, and the enjoyment of God in heaven.

6. Our subject teaches us to be reconciled to the thoughts of death,
<)n the true principles of gospel holiness, whenever it shall please God to
■call us hence; as all in this sinning, teasing, mortifying disappointing-
world, as Solomon justly expresses it, is vanity mid vexation of spirit ; and
yet on the other hand, we must not repine at the hand of God, if we are
continued long even in a state of afiliction; but should say with that
old Testament saint, all the days of my appointed time luill I ivait^ till my
change come. It is our great wisdom and interest, to take heed, that we
have not with Dives our good things here, but would make the best of
this present life, as a wilderness passage, through which we would journey
to the better countrj^, the heavenly.

7. We hence learn how much it is our duty to be both frequent and
very fervent in prayer to God, for the spiritual kingdom of the Lord
Jesus Christ, which consists so much in peace and love, to come with
divine power and energy, to check and stop those evils that now rage in
the world, as it is well known, by long experience, that it is the holy
spirit accompanying a preached gospel, that is the only foreign remedy,
to cure the evils that are in the hearts of men, to qualify them to be
real blessings to each other, as members of society in this life, and to
put them in a capacity for communion with the holy Trinity and saints
and angels in heaven.

8thly. And lastly, Our subject teaches us, how much we should depre-
cate the calamities of war — especially those of a civil war; the most
awful of any, if it could be avoided. And 0 what an awful dark cloud,
pregnant with all the horrors of civil war, hangs now over this whole
continent of British America; and this terrifying thought leads me to
close this discourse in two addresses.

1st. To all my hearers in general— you are, in this town, now at ease,
in the lap of peace and' plenty; far from any scene of either blood or
slaughter — in the heart of a rich province, situated in the centre of the
whole American Continent — you hear of distress, but you do not yet
feel it; and God forbid you ever should, as some of your worthy brethren
now do in Boston. But know, my dear hearers, that if you abuse these
rich, temporal good things (with which the God of heaven has distin-
guished you) in luxury, profaneness, Sabbath-breaking, swearing, unclean-
ness, drunkenness, worldliness, pride and contempt of the sacred and
divine instructions of his holy word and ordinances, your sins will find
you out, and God will visit you with his chastising rod for your iniqui-
quities. Let all then be exhorted by a sincere, unfeigned repentance,
for past sins and reformation of life and manners, to fly to the Lord

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 245

Jesus Clirist by faith, as a hiding place from the storm, and a covert
from the tempest — be much in prayer to God, to over-rule these unhappy
disturbances for his own glory, and the best weal of Zion — pray that
they may be brought to a speedy and happy issue on the genuine prin-
ciples of liberty and true religion — pray that the just attempts of all
America, for these great ends, may prove successful — guard against
everything that has the least or remotest tendency to jar the blessed
unison of the whole American harpsicord, as now set to the tune of
liberty, by the honourable great artists the Continental Congress.
Let every denomination of Christians treat each other with love and re-
spect, as brethren engaged in, and struggling for the one and same com-
mon cause-^treat all the officers of civil government in this province
with becoming honor and respect — sympathize with your distressed
suffering brethren in Boston, both with your prayers and purses. Fi-
nally, dread nothing that can befall you, so ruinous to yourselves and
posterity in this life, as slavery. Therefore use every lawful means to
avert it : see then that you most heartily accord with whatever may be
the final determination of all America agreed to in the Continental
Congress.

I now turn myself to the Gentlemen of the Militia^ Officers and Sol-
diers that appear before me in Church in their Uniform.

By your present appearance you declare to the world, that you are
nobly willing to risk your lives and fortunes to save your country from
slavery ; you are accompanied with the sincere wishes of all good people,
for God Almighty to bless you, protect and succeed you in your brave
undertakings.

Your own improved understandings will lead you to apply the several
instructions suggested in this Sermon, relative to your duty as warriors ;
should we be all so unhappy, as that you should be ever called to action
on account of the present struggles for liberty. In the mean time allow
me to require of you, to do your utmost to preserve and maintain the
good order and peace of this province inviolate; for it is certain, that
nothing next to slavery is more to be dreaded, than the anarchy and con-
fusion that will ensue, if proper regard is not paid to the good and
wholesome laws of government. And should we be subjected to such
evils, we will, and must blame our Militia — for no men have it so much
in their power to keep the peace and good order of society as the gen-
tlemen of the sword.

You must still continue to revere royalty, and observe your allegiance
to the King, on the true principles of the constitution. Your drawing
the sword now must not be against the person of his Majesty; but the
mal-administration of his government, by designing, mischief-making
ministers. Your present appearances must then be not of choice, but

246 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

of necessity. While his Majesty George the third will observe his own
coronation oath, and the principles of the revolution, for the support of
which against all Jacobite factions, and Tory plots of popery, his ances-
tors of the illustrious line of Brunswick were placed on the throne of
Great Britain, do you observe your allegiance.

I am happy, that I can with a good conscience, congratulate you and
myself this day, on the certainty we have, for the justice and goodness
of our cause. The angry tools of power who mislead government, may
call us American "rebels, who would throw off all government, would be
independent and what not." But we can now, with great confidence,
appeal to God that that is false — we desire no such things — we desire to
be as we were in the beginning of the present unhappy reign— we have
tried every lawful, peaceable means in our power — but all in vain! — we
would love them if they would suffer us — we would be peaceable, obe-
dient, loving subjects if they would let us; but it woald seem as if the
present ministry were determined to cram disloyalty, and disobedience
down our throats — and then call us all rebels — then confiscate our
country and sell it, to pay their 140,000,000 of debt, or else we know
not what they would be at. We do in America all declare ourselves the
subjects of King George the third, but we never swore allegiance to
the Parliament of Great Britain — or else we would have above 500 Kings
— they are our fellow subjects, chosen by the freeholders of that island
to legislate for them, as our Assembly doth for Pennsylvania ; but if
their present claims are admitted, we may give up our Assemblies — and
our Charters are cyphers !

In the close of the last war, the King had not iu all his dominions so
man}' more affectionate subjects than the Americans — -and by their in-
dustry and trade with England, the nation rose to her present eminence ;
and now the very power they helped to give her is retorted on them
with redoubled vengeance and unheard of cruelty — but if they beat
down our trading cities and oppress us all they can, we will have our
woods and liberty, for as we are the descendants of Britons, loe scorn to
he slaves. We are now come to our 72e plus ultra — the sword, the last
argument must decide the controversy. Therefore, you can. Gentle-
men Soldiers, appeal to GOD, for the justice of your cause; he is the
judge of all the earth, and will do right ; the final determination of all
matters is in his righteous, holy, powerful hand. When England went to
war Avith France and Spain in the time of the last reign, they invoked
the aids of the God of heaven by fasting and prayer — and then govern-
ment discovered no leanings to Popery — but now, when they are going
to murder and butcher their own children in America, that have been so
obedient, useful and affectionate — we do not hear that they ask counsel
of God — but if they do not, let us ask counsel and assistance from the

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 247

God of heaven — he is on our side, we hope, and if God is on our side we
need not fear what man can do unto us.

We have all the true friends of virtue, of liberty and righteousness on
earth on our side — we have all the angels of heaven on our side — for we
have truth and justice on our side — therefore we have the God of truth
and justice on our side — although for wise purposes of divine provi-
dence, a good cause is permitted to be for a time under a cloud — to try
the patience and faith of God's people, that the deliverance may finally
appear, as it ever will be, God's own work ; God will never forsake his
own side of the question. Courage then! courage my brave American
soldiers, if Ood hefor^ tuho can be against you? Equip yourselves, and
to be equipt for this warfare — put on, gentlemen, the gospel armour —
have your feet shod with its preparation — for your heVmet^ salvation — for
your shield., faith — and be girt with truth — this. Sirs, is a gospel uniform,
that well becomes the Christian soldier — and thus go forth in the name
of the Lord of hosts ; and may he protect you, bless you, and succeed
your very laudable and grand undertaking, in connection with all the Mili-
tia of North America ; and may God grant that out of these present tumults,
disturbances and commotions, a great and mighty empire may rise up in
this western world, for King Jesus, as well as a protestant King, built on
the solid principles of liberty and true religion; and the glory shall be
given to his holy name, now and for ever more, Amenr

The military organization known as "J.550cmtors" had adopted the
subjoined "Articles of Association," which were read and approved by
the Council of Safety on August 19, 1775.

'■^Articles of Association of Pennsylvania.

" We, the officers and soldiers, engaged in the present association for
the defence of American Liberty, being fully sensible that the Strength
and Security of any Body of Men, acting together, consists in just regu-
larity, due subordination, and exact obedience to command, without
which no individual can have that confidence in the support ©f those
about him, that is so necessary to give firmness and resolution to the
whole. Do Voluntarily and Freely, after consideration of the following
articles, adopt the same as the Rules by which we agree and resolve to
be Governed in all our Military concerns and operations until the same,
or any of them, shall be changed or dissolved by the Assembly, or Pro-
vincial Convention, or in their recess by the Committee of Safety, or a
happy reconciliation shall take place between Great Britain and the
Colonies :

1st. "If any Officer make use of any profane Oath or execration, when
on duty, he shall forfeit and pay for each and every such Offence, the sum
of Five Shillings. And if a Non-Commission'd Officer or Soldier be thus

248 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

guilty of Cursing or Swearing, he shall forfeit and pay, for each and
every such offence, the Sum of One Shilling.

2nd. "Any Officer or Soldier who shall refuse to obey the Lawful
orders of his Superior Officer, may be suspended from doing duty on
that day, and shall upon being convicted thereof before a Eegimental
Court Martial, make such concessions as said Court Martial shall
direct.

3rd. "Any Officer or Soldier who shall begin, excite, cause, join in, or
promote any disturbance in the Battalion, Troop or Company, to which
he belongs, or in any other Battalion, Troop or Company, shall be cen-
sured according to the nature of the offence, by the judgment of a Regi-
mental Court Martial.

4th. "Any Officer or Soldier who shall strike his Superior Officer, or
draw or offer to draw, or shall lift up any Weapon, or offer any Vio-
lence against him, being in the execution of his office, shall, upon con-
viction before a Regimental Court Martial, be dismissed, and shall be
deemed to be thereby disgraced as unworthy the Company of Freemen.

5th. "Any Commanding or other Officer who shall strike any person
when on duty, shall, upon conviction before a General Court Martial, be
in like manner dismissed and disgraced.

6th. "Any Officer, non-Commissioned Officer or Soldier, who shall
make use of insolent, provoking or indecent language while on duty,
shall suffer censure or fine as shall be inflicted by a Regimental Court
Martial, according to the nature of the offence.

7th. "If any Officer or Soldier should think himself injured by his-
Colonel, or the Commanding Offiicer of the Battalion, and shall upon
due application made to him, be refused redress, he may complain to
the General of the Pennsylvania Associators, or to the Colonel of any
other Battalion, who is to summon a General Court Martial, and see
that justice be done.

8th. "If any inferior Officer or Soldier shall think himself injured by
his Captain, or other Superior Officer in the Battalion, Troop or Com-
pany to which he belongs, he may complain to the Commanding Officer
of the Regiment, who is to summon a Regimental Court Martial, for the
doing Justice according to the Nature of the case.

9th. "No Officer, Non-Commissioned Officer or Soldier shall fail of
repairing with their arms, ammunition and accoutrements upon any
regular alarm, or at the time fixed, to the place of parade or other ren-
devous appointed by the Commanding Officer, if not prevented by Sick-
ness or some other evident necessity, or shall go from the place of parade
without leave from the Commanding Officer before he shall be regularly
dismissed, on penalty of being fined or censured according to the nature
of the offence, by the sentence of a Regimental Court Martial. But no

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 249

officer or soldier shall be obliged to attend to learn the Military Exercise
more than once in a week.

10th. "Any Officer or Soldier found Drunk when under Arms, shall be
suspended from doing [duty in the Battalion, Company or Troop on that
day, and be fined or censured, at the discretion of a Eegimental Court
Martial.

11th. "Whatever Sentinel shall be found sleeping upon his post, or
shall leave it before he is regularly relieved, shall suffer such penalty or
digrace as shall be ordered by a Eegimental Court Martial.

12th. "Whatever Commissioned Officer shall be convicted before a
General Court Martial, of behaving in a scandalous or infamous manner
unbecoming the Character of an Officer and a Gentleman, shall be dis-
missed from the association with disgrace.

13th. "Every non-Commissioned Officer or Soldier who shall be con-
victed at a Eegimental Court Martial of having sold, carelessly lost,
wilfully spoiled or wasted,- or having offered for sale any ammunition,
arms or accoutrements belonging to this Province, shall be dismissed
such Battalion, Troop or Company, as an unworthy member and be
prosecuted as the law directs.

14th. "All disorders and neglects which Officers and Soldiers may be
guilty of, to the prejudice of the good order and Military discipline of
the Association of this Colony, are to be taken cognizance of by a
General or Eegimental Court Martial, according to the nature and degree
of the Offence, and be censured at their discretion.

loth. " That on the first Meeting of every Battalion, after subscribing
these articles of association, and from thence forward on the first
meeting of every Battalion after the third Monday in September an-
nually, there be chosen two Persons, such as are entitled to Vote for
Members of Assembly, ^out of each Company in the respective Bat-
talions, by the non-Commissioned officers and privates, whose duty and
office shall be for the year following, to set and join with the officers
in Court Martial, which persons so chosen shall be styled Court Martial
Men.

. 16th. "Every General Court Martial shall consist of thirteen Members,
Six of whom shall be Commission'd Officers under the Eank of a Field
Officer and Six Court Martial Men, who shall be drawn by lott out of
the whole number, and these twelve are to choose a president, who shall
be a field Officer and have a Casting Voice.

17th. "Every Eegimental Court Martial shall be composed of Seven
Members, three Officers, three Court Martial Men and a President, who
is to be a Captain, and to be chosen by the Six, and also to have a Cast-
ing Voice.

18th. "In all Courts Martial not less than two-thirds of the members

250 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

must agree in every sentence for inflicting penalties, or for disgracing
any Associator, otherwise he shall be acquitted.

19th. " The President of each and every Court Martial, whether Regi-
mental or General, shall require all witnesses in order to trial of offend-
ers to declare on their Honor, that what they give in as evidence is the
truth, and the Members of all Courts Martial shall make a declaration
to the President, and the President to the next rank, upon their Honor,
that they will give Judgment with impartiality.

20th. "All non-Commission'd Officers, Drummers, Fifers, or others, that
shall be employed and receive pay in any of the Battalions, Companies
or Troops, shall subscribe these rules and Regulations, and be subject
to such fines, to be deducted from their pay, and to such pentals as a
Regimental Court Martial shall think proper, upon being convicted of
having transgressed any of these regulations.

21st. "All Associators called as Witnesses in any case before a Court
Martial, who shall refuse to attend and give evidence, shall be censured
or fined, at the discretion of the Court Martial.

22nd. "No Officer or Soldier being charged with transgressing these
Rules, shall be suffered to do duty in the Regiment, Company or Troop
to which he belongs, until he has had his Trial by a Court Martial ; and
every person so charged, shall be tried as soon as a Court Martial can
be conveniently assembled.

23rd. "The Officers and soldiers of every Company of Artillery, or
other Company, Troop or Party, that is or shall be annexed to any Bat-
tallion, shall be subject to the command of the Colonel or Commanding-
Officer of said Battalion, and the Officers shall sit as members of Courts
Martial in the same manner as the officers of any other Company.

24th. "No Penalty shall be inflicted at the discretion of a Court Mar-
tial, other than degrading, cashiering or fining, the fines for the Officers
not to exceed three pounds, and the fine for a Non-Commissioned Officer
or Soldier, not to exceed twelve Shillings for one fault.

25th. "The Field Officers of each and every Battalion shall appoint a
Person to receive such fines as may arise within the same, for breach of
any of these articles, and shall direct those fines to be carefully and
properly applied to the relief of the Sick, wounded, or necessitous Sol-
diers belonging to that Battalion, and such person shall account with the
Field Officers for all fines received, and the application thereof.

26th. "The General or Commander-in-Chief of this Association, for the
time being, shall have full power of pardoning or mitigating any censures
or penalties ordered to be inflicted for the breach of any of these articles
by any General Court Martial; and every offender convicted as aforesaid,
by any Regimental Court Martial, may be pardoned, or have his penalties
mitigated by the Colonel or Commanding Officer of the Battalion, except-

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 26 1

ing only where suck censures or penalties are directed as satisfaction for
injuries received by one Officer or Soldier from another.

27th. "Any Officer, Non-Commissioned Officer, or other person, who
having subscribed these articles, shall refuse to make such concessions,
pay such fines, or in other matter refuse to comply with the judgment of
any Court Martial, shall be dismissed the service, and held up to the
publick as unfriendly to the liberties of America.

28th. " Upon the determination of any point by a Regimental Court
Martial, if the Of&cer or Soldier concerned on either side, thinks himself
still aggrieved, he may appeal to a General Court Martial; but, if upon
second hearing, the appeal appears groundless and vexatious, the person
so appealing shall be censured, at the discretion of the General Court
Martial.

29th. " Upon the death, resignation, promotion, or other removal of an
Officer from any Battalion, Troop, or Company, (except field Officers,),
or any Court Martial Men, such vacancy is to be filled by the Person or
persons such Troop or Company shall elect.

30th. "No Officer or soldier shall be tried a second time for the same
Offence, except in case of appeal.

31st. "All Officers and Soldiers of every Battalion, Troop, Company,
or party of Associators, who shall be called by the Assembly, or Com-
mittee of Safety in recess of Assembly, into actual servce, and be on pay,
shall, when acting by themselves, or in conjunction with the Continental
Forces, be subject to all the rules and articles made by the Honourable
Congress for the Government of the Continental Troops.

32nd. "No Commissioned, non-commissioned Officer or private, shall
withdraw himself from the company to which he belongs, without a
discharge from the Cou:!manding Officer of the Battalion, nor shall such
person be received into any other company without such discharge.

"In Testimony of our approbation and consent to be governed by the
above regulations, which have been deliberately read to, or carefully
perused by us, we have hereunto set our hands."

The Articles of Recommendation emanating from the Continental
Congress were, on August 26, 1776, adopted by the Council of Safety in
the following form :

^'' Rules for Establishing Rank or Precedence amongst tlte Pennsylvania

Associators.

" The Committee of Safety appointed by the Assembly of the Province
of Pennsylvania, being desirous of performing the important duties of
their station in the most satisfactory manner to the Public, beg leave to
lay before them certain resolves of the Honorable Continental Congress,
dated the 18th July, which have already been published, but it is appre-

252- AUTHENTIC HISTORY

hended have not come to the knowledge of many able-bodied effective
Men, aged from 16 to 50 years, that may be very desirous of serving
their Country in the present glorious struggle for Liberty, in the mode
pointed out by said resolves, which are in the following words :

"In Congress, 18th July, 1775.

^^ Besolved, That it be recommended to the Inhabitants of the united
English Colonies in North America, that all able-bodied effective Men,
between 16 and 50 years of age, in each Colony, immediately form them-
selyes into regular Companies of Militia, to consist of one Captain, two
Lieutenants, one Ensign, four Sergeants, four Corporals, one Clerk, one
Drummer, one Fifer, and about sixty-eight Privates.

"That the Officers of each Company be chosen by the respective Com-
panies.

"That each soldier be furnished with a good Musket that will carry
an ounce Ball, with h bayonet, steel ramrod, worm, priming wire, and
brush fitted thereto, a cutting sword or tomahawk, a Cartridge Box that
Avill contain twenty-three rounds of Cartridges, twelve flints, and a knap-
sack.

"That the Companies be formed into Eegiments or Battalions, Officered
with a Colonel, Lieutenant Colonel, two Majors, an Adjutant or Quarter
Master.

" That all Officers above the rank of a Captain be appointed by their
respective Provincial Assemblies or Conventions, or in their recess by
the Committees of Safety appointed by said Assemblies or Conventions.

"That all Officers be Commissioned by the Provincial Assemblies or
Conventions, or in their recess by the Committees of Safety appointed
by said Assemblies or Conventions.

" That all the Militia take proper care to acquire Military Skill, and
be well prepared for defence, by being each man provided with one pound
of good Gun Powder, and four pounds of Ball fitted to his Gun.

" That one-fourth part of the Militia in every Colony be selected for
Minute Men, of such persons as are willing to enter into this neces-
sary Service, formed into Companies and Battalions, and their Officers
chosen and Commissioned as aforesaid, to be ready at the shortest notice,
to march to any place where their assistance may be required for the
defence of their own or a neighbouring Colony, and as these Minute
Men may eventually be called to action before the whole Body of the
Militia are sufficiently trained, it is recommended that a more particular
and diligent attention be paid to their instruction in Military discipline.

" That such of the Minute Men as desire it, be relieved by new
draughts, as aforesaid, from the whole Body of the Militia, relieved once
in four Months.

"As there are some people who, from religious principles, cannot bear

J.

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 253

arms in any case, this Congress intend no violence to their consciences,
but earnestly recommend it to them to contribute liberally to the relief
of their distressed brethren, in their several colonies, and to do all other
services to their oppressed Country which they can consistently with
their religious principles.

"That it be recommended to the Assemblies or Conventions in the
respective Colonies to provide, as soon as possible, sufficient Stores of
ammunition for their Colonies; also, that they devise proper means for
furnishing with arms such effective men as are poor and unable to furnish
themselves.

" That it be recommended to each Colony to appoint a Committee of
Safety, to superintend and direct all matters necessary for the Security
and defence of their respective Colonies in the recess of their Assemblies
and Conventions.

"That each Colony, at their own expence, make such provision by
armed Yessels or otherwise, as their respective Assemblies, Conventions
or Committees of Safety shall judge expedient and suitable to their cir-
cumstances and situations, for the protection of their Harbours and
Navigation on their Sea Coasts, against all unlawful invasions, attacks
and depredations from Cutters and Ships of AVar.

" That it be recommended to the makers of Arms for the use of the
Militia, that they make good substantial Muskets, with Barrels three feet
and a half in length, that will carry an ounce Ball, and fitted with a good
Bayonet, and steel Eamrod, and that the making such arms be encour-
aged in these United Colonies.

"Where in any Colony, Militia is already formed under regulations
approved of by the Convention of such Colony, or by such Assemblies as
are annually elective, we refer to the discretion of such Convention or
Assembly either to adopt the foregoing Regulations in whole or in part,
or to continue their former, as they on consideration of all circumstances,
shall think best.

"A true Copy from the Minutes.

Charles Thomson, Sec'ty."

And in order that all persons of every Rank, degree and station may
be truly informed of the Premises, and none hereafter plead ignorance,
this Board do earnestly recommend to all Committees of Inspection and
Observation in this Province to cause this publication to be dispersed,
read and explained within their respective districts, in such manner that
every person capable of associating for mutual defence, may be made
sensible it is a duty they owe to themselves and Country, to do it without
further loss of time, and as it is necessary that this Board be speedily
informed of the Number of Associators in the Several Counties or
districts, the said Committees are requested to make returns as soon as

254 ■ AUTHENTIC HISTOEY

possible: First, of the several Battalions already formed: Secondly, of
the several new associators not yet formed into Battalions: Thirdly, of
all such Persons from Sixteen to Fifty, their names and places of abode,
as may refuse to associate, not having any conscientious objections, if any
such there be, and lastly of the number of men in their respective districts
who conscientiously decline bearing arms, with their names and places
of abode.

The several Committees of Inspection and Observation having been
desired to make returns to this Board as soon as conveniently could be,
of the several Battalions of Associators already formed in their districts,
are now informed that it will be necessary to mention in said returns the
Rank of every Battalion of a County, in regard to others in the same
County, and to prevent uncertainty among the Ofl&cers of the General
Association, respecting Eank or Command, and to ascertain the same
with precision.

This Committee, in forming the following plan (which they propose to
observe strictly in granting Commissions, and which they recommend to
the general acquiescence of all the associators) have had a regard to the
seniority or priority of establishment of the several Cou.nties, viz:

1st. All Officers already chosen or appointed in the City and districts
of Philadelphia, to take rank or precedence of all other officers of equal
dignity, chosen or appointed in any other part of the Province.

2d. All Officers already chosen or appointed in Philadelphia County,
to take rank of all Officers of equal dignity chosen or appointed in any
other County.

3d. All Officers already chosen or appointed in Bucks County, to take
Rank of all officers of equal dignity, chosen or appointed in any other
than the City and district and County of Philadelphia.

4th. All Officers already chosen or appointed in Chester county, to
take Rank of all Officers of equal dignity, chosen or appointed in any
other than Bucks, Philadelphia County and Philadelphia City and dis-
tricts.

5th. All Officers already chosen or appointed in Lancaster County, to
take Rank of all Officers of equal dignity, chosen or appointed in any
other than Chester, Bucks and Philadelphia county, and Philadelphia City
and districts.

6th. All Officers already chosen or appointed in York county, to Rank
before Officers of equal dignity in any other than Lancaster, Chester,
Bucks and Philadelphia County, Philadelphia City and districts.

7th. All Officers already chosen or appointed in Cumberland county,
to rank before officers of equal dignity in the junior Counties of Berks,
Northampton, Bedford, Northumberland or Westmoreland.

8th. All Officer? already chosen or appointed in Berks County, to rank

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 255

before Officers of equal dignity in the Counties of Northampton, Bedford,
Northumberland and Westmoreland.

9th. All Officers already chosen or appointed in Northampton County,
to rank before Officers of equal dignity in Bedford, Northumberland,
and Westmoreland Counties.

10th. All Officers already chosen or appointed in Bedford County, to
rank before Officers of equal dignity in Northumberland and Westmore-
land Counties.

11th. All Officers already chosen or appointed in Northumberland
County, to rank before Officers of equal dignity in Westmoreland
County.

12th. All Officers already chosen or appointed in Westmoreland, the
youngest or last made County in this province, yield up Eank or prece-
dence to all Officers of equal dignity already chosen or appointed in every
other County in this Province.

13th. Where Commissions of equal dignity in different Counties bear
the same date, precedency to be determined by Seniority of Counties, but
where they are in the same County by the Rank of the Battalion.

1-ith. The Colonels already chosen or appointed in the city and dis-
tricts, having determined their ranks, with respect to each other, by lot,
their and the other field officers' commissions will be dated according to
the Lot so drawn.

15th. The Colonels already chosen or appointed in every County,
are to determine their Rank, with respect to each other, by Lot, and
Commissions for them and their respective field Officers will be dated
accordingly.

16th. The Captains in every Battalion to determine their Rank in
Battalion by Lot, and their Commissions, with those of their Lieutenants
and Ensigns, will be dated accordingly.

17th. All Officers hereafter chosen or appointed, to have their Com-
missions dated at the time of such choice or appointment, and to take
Rank according to said dates.

18th. All Battalions now raised to be completed as soon as possible,
and to consist of eight Companies of about sixty-eight privates each, and
one company of Light Infantry, and to have for Officers a Colonel, Lieu-
tenant Colonel, two Majors, a Standard Bearer, Adjutant, Sergeant Major,
Drum and Fife Major; and the officers of each company to consist of a
Captain, two Lieutenants, one or two Ensigns, four Sergeants, four Cor-
porals, a Drummer and Fifer, except the Light Infantry Company, which,
instead of two Lieutenants and two Ensigns, are to have four Lieuten-
ants, the two youngest of which are to rank as Ensigns.

19th. The Standard Bearer of each Battalion to rank as eldest Lieu-
tenant of the Battalion.

256 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

20tli. All National distinctions in dress or name to be avoided, it being
proper that we should now be united in this general Association for
defending our liberties and properties under the sole denomination of
Americans.

21st. Companies to take post in their Battalions according to the date
of their Captains' Commissions, if the Captains be present, but if absent
such Companies to take post as youngest in the Battalion.

22nd. No Field Officers to have Companies.

23rd. For the better order and Government of Companies which may
be raised after the completion of the several Battalions already formed
in the City and Counties, such companies are not to be admitted as inde-
pendent, but are to be annexed to the most convenient battalion, until
nine Companies are raised to form a new Battalion, and no number of
associators are to be considered as a Company unless they consist of at
least Forty Men, but it is recommended that till that number be com-
pleted, the associators join the most convenient Battalion, exercise and
do duty with such Batalion.

2-ltli. All Battalions now formed, as well as those hereafter to be
formed, are desired to make the necessary returns of their numbers and
oflEicers, with their respective ranks, to the Committee of their County,
and the Committees are desired to certify such returns, with the respec-
tive rank of each Battalion in their County, to this Board, that Commis-
sions may be issued immediately for every officer, in conformity with
these rules.

25th. And as there may happen occasions wherein it may be neces-
sary to call out a part of the Associators to actual though temporary
service, and not the whole body, and it would be extremely inconven-
ient and burthensome if upon every alarm where the assistance of part
only may be wanted, the whole should come together, or any much
greater number than the occasion required, and it would be, therefore,
necessary to have such divisions made of the Associators, as that parts
smaller or greater, may be distinctly called for, and the service as equally
and fairly allotted, and divided as the nature thereof will admit, it is recom-
mended not only the Battalions of each County, but also that the Com-
panies of each Battalion be by lot number'd, 1, 2, 3, 4, &c., so that orders
may issue from the Commander-in-Chief to the Colonels, either to march
their whole Battalions, or to send to an appointed rendezvous the first,
or second, or any number of Companies that shall be wanted, each com-
pany serving ©n such calls in its turn, and for such proportion of time
as shall make the burthen nearly equal, and if the Associators who are
called forth, are not all yet provided with good arms, it is recommended
to those who have such, and are not called out, to lend the same for that
occasion, at the risk of the public.

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 257

Lastly. This Board having drawn up thirty-two articles of agreement
for the due regulation and government of all the Associators in the
Province, which is published herewith,^ they do recommend the same to
be adopted, Signed and agreed to by all the said Associators, in order that
one general system may prevail in Pennsylvania.

Resolved, That the Rules and Regulations for, and the Recommenda-
tions to the Associators, be published by William Bradford, and that he
print two thousand of each on good paper, for the use of the Associa-
tion. Mr. Andrew Allen is desired to give orders for the same being
done, and Colo. Roberdeau is desired to get five hundred of each printed
in the German Language, for the use as aforesaid."

A military convention, representing the fifty-three battalions of the
Associators of Pennsylvania, met at Lancaster on July 4th 1776, "to
choose two Brigadier Generals to command the battalions and forces of
Pennsylvania." Colonel George Ross was President ; and Colonel David
Clymer, Secretary.

The following officers and privates attended, as delegates to the con-
vention :

From Philadelphia City and Liberties : Colonels Chevalier, Rober-
deau and Clymer. Major Knox. Captains Copenwhait, Bradford, Dulancy,
Brewster and Bitting. Privates Nevil, Nelson, Montgomery, Pool, Cox,
Prior, Brower, Keck, Craig and Kitter.

From Philadelphia County : Major Hughs, and George Grey, stand-
ard bearer. Captains Hart and Edwards. Privates Roberts, Smith,
Whitten, Simpson, Hazelett and Hicks.

From Bucks County: Colonels Heckline and Erwin. Lieutenant
Colonels Bryan and Robinson. Captains Jarvis, Falwell and Jameson.
Adjutant Thompson. Privates Watts, Fenton, Hollis, Herr, Patterson,
Stoneback, Middleswarth and Titus.

From Chester County: Colonel Montgomery. Lieutenant Colonel
Gibson. Major Culbertson. Captains Wallace, Scott and Gardiner.
Privates Cunningham, Boyd, Denny, Culbertson, Mackey and Fulton.

From Lancaster County : Colonels George Ross, Curtis Grubb, Jame^
Crawford, M. Slough, John Ferree, Peter Grubb and Timothy Green.
Lieutenant Colonels Adam Reigart, R. Thompson, Lowry, Leonard Raut-
faung, Peter Hendricks, Christian Weyman and Andrew Little. Majors
Philip Marstaler, Thomas Smith, James Cunningham and Michael Fire.
Captains Joseph Sherrer, James Murray, James Mirur and Henry Wea-
ver. Privates Christian Werts, Francis Bailey, James Sullivan, Ludwick
Ziering, John Smiley, Isaac Erwin, Abraham Darr, William Leard,
Henry Slaymaker, John Whitehill, George Bealy, John Jameson, Chris-
tian Bough, Simon Snider, George Line, Joseph Whitehill, William Smith,

1 See above p. 347 sq.

18

258 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

George A¥ry, William Barnet, George Little, Michael Diffebaugh and
Anthony Debler.

From York County : Colonels Smith and Diel. Lieutenant Colonel
Donaldson. Majors Donwiddie, Jefferies, Andrew, Finley and Craft.
Captains Smiser and Campble. Privates W. Scott, Ewing, Clinghan,
Hamilton, Little, Shley, J. Scott, Nealor and Messerty.

From Cumberland County : Colonel J. Armstrong. Lieutenant Colo-
nels Blair, Clark and AVatts. Major J. M'Calmont. Captains J. Steel,
M'Clelland, Davison, M'Farland and Eobinson. Privates Hogge, E. Steel,
Smith, Pawling, Brown, Sterrett, Hamilton, Head, Finley and Vance.

From Berks County: Colonels Bird, Patton and Levan. Majors G.
Hiester, Jones, Lindimuth and Loeffler. Captains Keim and May. Adju-
tant S. Eby. Lieutenants Cremer, Lutz, Kice and Miller. Privates
Hartman, Filbert, Morgan, Tolbut, Spoon, Winrich, Moser, Seltzer, Win-
ter, Hill, Larke, Wister and Smack.

From Northampton County: Colonels Guigar and Stroud. Majors
Lebar and Siegfried. Captains Orndt, Snider, Kearn and Jayne. Privates
M'Farren, Upp, Barkhaus, Haas, Brown, Best, J. M'Dawd,jr. and D. Von
Flick.

From Northumberland County: Colonel B. Weiser. Lieutenant
Colonels M'Clay and Moodie. Major Brady. Captains Gillespie and
Grey. Lieutenants Calhoun and M'Kinzie. Privates Stone, M'Cartney,
Gattes, Culbertson, Matlock, Yokan, Starret and M'Clanahan.

From Westmoreland County: Colonel P. Mornly. Major James
Smith. Captains V. Orey and Thompson. Privates William Guthrey,
W. Perry, Carmichael and George Gray.

The question whether the officers and privates should vote by ballot,
singly, was adopted. It was also resolved that the two Brigadier Gene-
rals be voted for at the same time, and that the highest in votes be the
commanding officer. Colonel Mark Bird and Captain Sharp Dulancy, with
Colonel George Eoss, President of the Convention, were appointed judges
of the election of Brigadier Generals. The election took place, when it
appeared that Daniel Eoberdeau had received 160, James Ewing 85,
Samuel Miles 82, James Potter 24, Curtis Grubb 9, George Eoss 9,
Thomas McKean 8 and Mark Bird 7 votes. Eoberdeau was elected first
Brigadier General and Ewing second Brigadier General.

It was then resolved that the Brigadier Generals shall have full power
and authority to call out any number of the associators of this province
into action, and that power to continue until superseded by the conven-
tion, or by any authority under the appointment ; that the President of
the board shall have full power and authority to grant commissions to
the two Brigadier Generals until commissions issue from the convention,
or any authority they shall appoint to succeed them ; that we will march

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 259

under the direction and command of our Brigadier General, to the assist-
ance of all or any of the Free and Independent States of America; that
associators to be drafted out of each county, by the Brigadier Generals,
shall be in the same proportion as directed by the late Provincial Con-
ference held in Philadelphia.^

The DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE was passed by the
Continental Congress at Philadelphia on the same day when the Mili-
tary Convention met at Lancaster, to wit, on July ith, 1776. On that
day the thirteen Confederate Colonies dissolved their allegiance to|]the
British crown and declared themselves free and independent under the
name of the Thirteen United States of America.

The members from Pennsylvania who signed the declaration were :
Robert Morris, Benjamin Rush,

Benjamin Franklin, John Morton,

George Clymer, James Smith,

George Taylor, James Wilson,

George Ross.
By direction of the Council of Safety the Declaration of Independence
was published at Lancaster on Monday July 8, 1776.

1 Rupp, History of Lancaster County, pp. 405-407.

26Q .. AUTHENTIC HISTORY

CHAPTER V.

THE STATE GOVERNMENT.

On Monday July 15, 1776, the Convention for forming a Constitution
for th^ State of Pennsylvania met at Philadelphia, and elected Dr. Ben-
jamin Franklin, President, Colonel George Ross, Vice President, John
Morris, Secretary, and Jacob Garrigues, Assistant Secretary. The dele-
gates from Lancaster County were George Ross, Philip Marsteller,
Thomas Porter, Bartram Galbraith, Joseph Sheerer, John Hubley, Henry
Slaymaker and Alexander Lowry. By solemn resolution they directed
Divine Service to be performed before them by the Rev. William White,
afterwards first Bishop of Pennsylvania ; and, offering to Almighty God
their praises and thanksgivings for the manifold mercies, and the pecu-
liar interposition of his special providence, in behalf of the injured and
oppressed United States, they prayed for his divine grace and assistance
in the important and arduous task committed to them. '

From the instant of its organization, the convention assumed the whole
political power of the State. Among its first acts, was the appointment
of delegates to Congress,^ and the preparation of their instructions. They
were enjoined constant and punctual attendance in Congress — to culti-
vate and strengthen the union of the States, until a just, equal, and per-
petual confederation should be effected— to use their utmost power and
influence for the establishment of a navy, which was necessary to every
trading nation, and least dangerous and expensive to the liberties of
mankind. They were forbidden to enter into any treaty with Great
Britain or other foreign power, but as free and independent States— and
were permitted, when Great Britain should acknowldge the United
States free and independent, to treat with her, in conjunction with the
other States, concerning peace, amity, and commerce, on just and equal
terms.

The great labor of forming the Constitution was not completed until
Saturday, the twenty-eighth day of September. On that day it was read
in Convention for the last time, signed by the President and every mem-
ber, and committed to the charge of the Council of Safety, with direc-
tions to deliver it to the general Assembly of the State, at their first
meeting, immediately after they should have chosen their speaker.

In Committee of Safety. Philadelphia, 16th July, 1776.

By order of the Board, an order was drawn on Jno. Nixon, Esq'r, and

iGoidon.

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 261

Others, the Committee of Accounts, in favor of Adam Zantzinger, for
£163 15, which, with one other order on Rob't Towers, to deliver 200
lbs. Gunpowder, is in full for 855 lbs. of salt petre raanufactured at Lan-
caster^ and received by the Commissary for account of this Board.

In Council of Safety, Aug. 16, 1776. j

Resolved^ That the Committee of Inspection and Observation of Lan-
caster County, be requested to assist Capt. Matthew Smith in the pro-r
curing of 160 Eifles, and that they direct the Gun Smiths in their County
to make that Quantity of Eifles with all Convenient dispatch, so as not
to hinder them from repairing the arms of the Militia now on their march
to Head Quarters in Jersey.

In Council of Safety, Aug. 19, 1776. ' >

The following accounts were passed, and Mr. Nesbitt directed to pay

them, and charge the same to Congress, viz: ■ ;

Capt. Eob't M'Kee for Mileage of 2 men of his Comp'y, belonging . ' ■;

to Col. Ferree's Batallion, Lancaster County, 77 Miles each,

a Id, 12s 10

Valentine Vanhalt's account for meals :
Capt. Jno. Eowland's Comp'y of Col. Ferree's Battalion of

Lancaster County, - - - - - - - - £2 9 6

Capt. Jacob Carpenter's Comp'y of do. Battalion, - - 2 12 6

Capt. Bowman's Comp'y of do., - - - - - 3 4 6

Capt. Alexander Martin's Company, - - - - 2 4 3

Capt. Coppenhaven's Comp'y, Col. Green's Battalion, Lancas-
ter County, - - - - - - - - - 4 15

In Council of Safety. Dec. 2, 1776.

Wm. Parr, Esq'r, was directed to remove all the Eecords and Public
Papers in his possession to Lancaster immediately.
In Council of Safety, Dec. 9, 1776.

Resolved^ That our Treasury and thq books of that office be removed
to Lancaster, and that a wagon be provided to-morrow morning early
for that purpose.

In Council of Safety, Dec. 27, 1776.

Resolved^ That Colonel John Bull be directed to procure wagons to
remove the public stores from Norristown and French Creek to Lancas-
ter ; the powder to be laid in different places of security in the town and
country adjacent.

In Council of Safety, January 11,1777. ■

Resolved^ That John Hubley, Esq'r., be appointed Commissary of the
Continental Stores, and of the Stores of this State at Lancaster, with the
Eank and pay of a Major, and to have full powers to appoint such Dep-
uties as he may judge necessary.

In Council of Safety, January 14, 1777.

262 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

Resolved^ That Jolm Hubley, Esq'r., be authorized to employ all the
Shoemakers amongst the Hessian Prisoners at Lancaster, in making
Shoes for this State, for which purpose the sum of two thousand Pounds
shall be advanced to him or his order, for the purchase of leather and
other materials for working upon ; and he is to pay them a small allow-
ance for their labor, for which service Mr. Hubley is to have a reasona-
ble compensation.

Resolved, That the officers of the first Battalion of Lancaster County,
and the few men who remained with them when they were deserted by
the greater part of the Battalion on the 12th instant, deserve the warm-
est acknowledgments of this Board for their endeavors to prevail on
their Countrymen to stay, though those endeavors proved unsuccessful ;
and that the conduct of those who basely deserted, at that time, without
applying to this Council, and waiting for redress, if they thought them-
selves aggrieved, is highly reprehensible.

An order was drawn on Mr. Nesbitt in favor of John Hubley, Esq'r.,
for two Thousand Pounds, (agreeable to a Resolve of the 11th Inst.,) to
be charged to his account.

The Council met — Philadelphia, Friday March 7th, 1777.

PRESENT :

His Excellency THOMAS WHAETON, jun'r.. President. The
Hon'ble George Bryan, Esq., Vice President.

John Evans, Jonathan Lowdan, And "^

George Taylor, ..\.:. John Proctor, \- Esquires.

Jonathan Hoge, - J

The Eesolve of Congress of December 11, 1776, recommending in the
following words, viz :

" Whereas^ the just War into which the United States of America have
been forced by Great Britain, is likely to be still continued, by the same
violence and injustice which have hitherto animated the Enemies of
American Freedom ; And ivhereas, it becomes all Public Bodies, as well
as Private Persons, to reverence the Providence of God, and look up to
him as the Supreme Disposer of all events, and the Arbiter of the Fate
of Nations ; Therefore the Congress hereby Resolve,

" That it be recommended to all the States, as soon as possible, to ap-
point a day of Solemn fasting and humiliation, to implore of Almighty
God the forgiveness of the many Sins prevailing among all* Ranks, and
to beg the countenance and assistance of his Providence in the Prosecu-
tion of this just and necessary War. The Congress do also, in the most
earnest manner, recommend to all the members of the United States, and
particularly to the Officers, Civil and Military, under them, the Exercise
of Repentance and reformation ; and further do require of the said Offi-
cers of the Military Department, the strict observation of the Articles of

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 263

War in general, and particularly that of the said Articles, which forbids
Profane swearing and all other immoralities ; of which all such Ofi&cers
are desired to take Notice. It is left to each State to issue out Procla-
mations, fixing the day that appear most proper for their several bounds ;
^ being laid before the Council, and the same being considered;' there-
upon,

^'- Ordered^ That Thursday the third day of April, be appointed for the
said purpose. A Draft of a Proclamation thereof being laid before the
Council, was read and approved, and is in the words following, viz :
'•^By the Sujireme Executive Council of the CommonweaWi of Pennsylvania.

"A PROCLAMATION.

" Whereas^ the Hon'ble the Continental Congress, pointing out to Pub-
lic bodies, as well as private persons, the duty of reverencing the Prov-
idence of God, and looking up to him as the Supreme disposer of all
events, and the Arbiter of the fate of Nations; did, on the 11th day of
December last, resolve to recommend to the several States the appoint-
ment of a day of Solemn Fasting and Humiliation, to implore of Al-
mighty God the forgiveness of the many Sins prevailing among all
Banks, and by the Countenance and assistance of his Providence, in the
prosecution of the most just and necessary War into which the United
States have been forced by Great Britain, and which is still likely to be
continued by the same violence and injustice that has hitherto animated
the Enemies of American Freedom, and did, also, in the most earnest
manner, recommend to all the members of the United States, and par-
ticularly to the Officers, Civil and Military, under them, the exercise of
Eepentance and Reformation, leaving it to each State to fix on such day
for the same as may be most proper for its bounds :

"We, therefore, do hereby recommend to all the People. of this Com-
monwealth, to observe and keep Thursday the third day of April next,
as a day of Solemn Fasting, Humiliation, and Prayer, for the purposes
before mentioned, of which the inhabitants of this State are desired to
take notice.

" Given in Council, under my hand and the Seal of the State, at Phila-
delphia, this Seventh day of March, in the Year, &c., 1777.

"Tho's. Whaeton, jun'r.. President.

"Attest— T. Matlack, Sec'y.

"God Save the Commonwealth."

Whereupon, Ordered^ That the same be Published in all the Papers,
English and German, and that Five Hundred Copies be struck off and
forwarded by the earliest opportunity to the distant parts of the State,
Three Hundred English and Two Hundred German.

Adjourned to Monday next. Three O'Clock Afternoon.

In Council of Safety, June 3, 1777.

264 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

A Petition of a number of Freeholders and Inhabitants of the Bor-
ough of Lancaster, addressed to the General Assembly of Eepresentatives
of the Freemen of Pennsylvania, and to the Hon'ble the Executive
Council for said State, setting forth the great inconveniences which that
Borough labor under, for the want of Magistrates and Borough Ofl&cers,
and praying that the Honorable House of Assembly and Supreme Exec-
utive Council will provide a remedy, was read.

It appearing that John Henry, one of the Magistrates appointed for
the Borough of Lancaster is dead, and that Mr. Shafner, Magistrate elect,
declines serving in that Office ; thereupon.

Ordered^ That Michael Hubly and John Hobson be appointed Justices
of the Peace for the County of Lancaster, and that they be Commis-
sioned accordingly.

"Philad'a, Septem. 10, 1777.
"i?y the Supreme Executive Council of the CommonioeaUh of Pennsylvania.

"A PROCLAMATION.

"The time is at length come in which the fate of ourselves, our Wives,
Children and posterity must be speedily determined ; Gen'l Howe, at the
head of a British Army, the only hope, the last resource of our Enemies,
has invaded this State, dismissing his ships and discumbering himself of
his heavy Artillery and baggage, he appears to have risked all upon the
event of a movement which must either deliver up to plunder and devas-
tation this Capital of Pennsylvania and of America, or forever blast the
cruel designs of our implacable foes. Blessed be God, Providence seems
to have left it to ourselves to determine, whether we shall triumph in
victory and rest in freedom and peace, or by tamely submitting, or
weakly resisting, deliver ourselves up a prey to an enemy, than whom
none more cruel and perfidious was ever suffered to vex and destroy any
people. View then on the other hand the freedom and independence, the
glory and the happiness of our rising States, which are set before us as
the reward of our courage. Seriously consider on the other hand, the
wanton ravages, the Kapes, the Butcheries, which have been perpetrated
by these men in the State of New Jersey, and on the frontiers of New
York; above all consider the mournful prospect of seeing Americans,
like the wretched inhabitants of India, stripped of their freedom, robbed
of their property, degraded beneath the brutes, and left to starve amid
plenty, at the will of their lordly Masters, and let us determine once for
all that we will Die or he Free.

"The foe are manifestly aiming either by force to conquer, or by
Stratagem and Stolen marches to elude the vigilance of our brave Com-
mander; Declining a battle with our Countrymen, they have attempted
to steal upon us by surprise. They have been hitherto defeated, but num-
bers are absolutely necessary to watch them on every Quarter at once.

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 265

" The neighboring States are hurrying forward tlieir Militia, and we
hope by rising as one Man, and besetting the foe at a distance from his
Fleet, we shall speedily inclose him like a Lion in the toils.

The Council therefore most humbly beseech and entreat all persons
whatsoever, to exert themselves without delay, to seize this present
opportunity of crushing the foe, now in the bowels of our Country, by
marching forth instantly under their respective officers, to the assistance
of our great General, that he may be enabled to environ and demolish
the only British army that remains formidable in America, or in the
World. Animated with the hope that Heaven, as before it has done in
all times of difficulty and danger, will again crown our righteous offiarts
with success, we look forward to the prospect of seeing our insulting foe
cut ofi' from all means of escape, and by the goodness of the Almighty,
the Lord of Hosts and God of Battles, wholly delivered into our hands.

"Attest, Tho's Wharton, jun'r Presid't.

" Timothy Matlack, Secretary.

"God Save the People."

Kesolved, That the foregoing Proclamation be published.

Intelligence having been received by the President of Congress that
Philadelphia Vv^as unsafe, the members resolved to meet at Lancaster
where they arrived on September 27th, the very day on which Sir Wil-
liam Howe occupied Philadelphia. The archives, treasure and, it is said,
even the State House Bell were by a circuitous route sent to Lancaster.
The enemy were still in Chester county, and in order to evade him the
route pursued was by the way of Bristol and Reading.

Congress met at Lancaster, but deeming it unsafe, adjourned to York
where they opened their deliberations on Sept. 30, 1777, and remained
until June 27, 1778, when they returned to Philadelphia.

The Council of Safety and the Supreme Council met at Lancaster from
October 1, 1777, to June 20, 1778, both days included.

In Council of Safety, October 26, 1777.

Agreed, That the following Ordinance be passed and Published, viz :

^'' An Ordinance for appointing and authorizing an additional nmnher of
Suh- Lieutenants^ to act in the County of Lancaster.

'^Whereas, the Inhabitants of the County of Lancaster, from their
great numbers and the disposition of some to oppose or delay the Opera-
tion of the Militia laws of this State, have Rendered the duties of the
Lieutenant and sub-Lieutenants of the said county not only difficult, but
also very extensive and burdensome, whereby it hath become necessary
to appoint a greater number of sub -Lieutenants than is mentioned in the
Militia law. It is, therefore. Ordained by the Council of Safety of the
Commonwealth of Pennsylvania that Curtis Grubb, Esq'r, William Ross,

266 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

of the borough of Lancaster, and Simon Snyder of the said borough, be
appointed, and they are hereby appointed sub-Lieutenants of the said
County of Lancaster, and that they and each of them shall have, use,
and exercise all the powers and authorities which the sub-Lieutenants
appointed in the Militia Law of this State are authorized and empowered
to have, use or exercise, and shall be allowed the like pay for their ser-
vices as to the sub-Lieutenants appointed by virtue of the said Militia
law is or hath been allowed.

" By order of the Council of Safety.

" Thomas Wharton, jun'r, President.
The Council met, Lancaster, Wednesday, November 12, 1777.

PRESENT :

His Excellency Tho's Wharton, jun'r, Esq'r, President. Hon'ble
George Bryan, Esq'r, Vice President.

Jacob Morgan, John Hambright, and | ^

James Edgar, Jacob Arndt, j ^

The Hon'ble the Continental Congress, having recommended the setting
apart Thursday the Eighteenth day of December next for Solemn thanks-
giving and praise, and this Council having duly weighed the importance
of this duty, do in the following words, recommend it to the people of
this Commonwealth, viz:

" By the SujDreme Executive Cotmcil of the Go'mmonwealth of Pennsylvania:

"A PROCLAMATION:

" Whereas, The Hon'ble the Continental Congress have recommended
in the following words, to wit :

^'■Forasmuch as it is the indispensable duty of all Men to adore the
superintending Providence of Almighty God, to acknowledge with grati-
tude their obligations to Him for benefits received, and to implore such
further obligations as they stand in need of; and it having pleased Him
in his abundant Mercy, not only to continue to us the innumerable bless-
ings of His Common Providence, but also to smile upon us in the prose-
cution of a just and necessary War, for the defence and establishment of
our unalienable rights and liberties, particularly in that He hath been
pleased in so great a manner to prosper the means used for the support of
our Troops, and to Crown our Arms with most signal success; it is
therefore, recommended to the Legislative or Executive Powers of these
United States, to set apart Thursday the Eighteenth day of December
next, for Solemn thanksgiving and praise, that at one time and with one
voice, the good people may express the grateful feelings of their hearts,
and consecrate themselves to the service of their Divine Benefactor, and
that together with their sincere acknowledgments and offerings, they may
join the penitent confession of their manifold sins, whereby they had

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 267

forfeited every favor, and their humble and earnest suppUcation, that it
may please God, through the merits of Jesus Christ, mercifully to forgive
and blot them out of his remembrance ; that it may please Him gra-
ciously to afford His blessings on the Government of these States respect-
ively and prosper the Councils of the whole; to inspire our Commanders
both by land and sea, and all under them, with that wisdom and fortitude
which may render them fit instruments under the Providence of Almighty
God, to secure for these States the greatest of all human blessings, inde-
pendence and peace; that it may please Him to prosper the Trade and
manufactures of the people, and the labor of the husbandman, that our
land may yet yield its increase; to take Schools and Seminaries of Edu-
cution, so necessary for Cultivating the principles of true liberty, virtue
and piety, under His nurturing hand, and to prosper the means of Reli-
gion, for the promotion and enlargement of that Kingdom which con-
sisteth in righteousness, peace and joy, in the Holy Ghost. And it is
further recommended, that. Servile labor, and such recreations as, though
at other times innocent, may be unbecoming the purpose of this appoint-
ment, may be omitted on so solemn an occasion. We therefore, do hereby
call upon the good people of this Commonwealth, to set apart Thursday
the Eighteenth day of December next, for the purpose of Solemn thanks-
giving and praise.

"By order of Council.

" Thomas Wharton, jun'r. President.
"Attest — Timothy Matlack, Secretary.

"God Save the Commonwealth."

" By the Supreme Executive Council of the Gonimonwealth of Pennsylvania.

"A PROCLAMATION

"Whereas, by an Act of the General Assembly of the Common-
wealth of Pennsylvania, made and passed at Lancaster, the 13th Octo-
ber, 1777, entitled 'An Act for Constituting a Council of Safety, and
vesting the same with the powers therein mentioned,' It is Enacted that
the Members of the Supreme Executive Council of this State, together
with John Bayard, &c., should be constituted a Council of Safety, with
the powers and for the purposes in and by the said Act particularly
mentioned and declared : And luhereas, in and by the same Act of As-
sembly it is further enacted, that the Supreme Executive Council of
this State might at any time during the powers and Authorities thereby
granted by Proclamation or other publick Act, Eenounce, determine
and extinguish the same, and every part thereof; And that, thereupon,
the said powers, and every of them, should cease and become void, and
be no longer exercised or enforced : And whereas, by the blessing of
Heaven, the progress of the Enemy hath been Restrained, in so much

268 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

that the Elections for Members of Assembly have in most parts of the
Commonwealth been Kegnlarly held, and the Ordinary powers of Gov-
ernment are at full and free liberty to proceed in their usual course,
whereby the designs of the Legislature in framing the said Act are now
at an end: We, therefore, the said Executive Council, do hereby make
known to all persons whatsoever, that all and every the powers and
Authorities by the said Act granted to the said Council of Safety, are
extinguished and determined, and that the same and every part thereof,
shall from henceforth cease and become void, and be no longer exercised
or enforced.

"Given at Lancaster this 6th day of December, 1777.
"By Order of Council.

"Tho's Wharton, Presid't.

" Attest— Tim'y Matlack, Sec'y."

T. Matlach to Board of Way- 1778.

Lancaster, 13th January, 1778.

Sir: Col. Curtis Grubb, of Lebanon, sub -lieutenant of L. County, has
for some time past, taken care to provide Guards of Militia for the safety
of the Warlike stores which are lodged there, and also for the due res-
traint of the Hessian prisoners, who were not removed. He represents
to Council the difficulty of drawing out sufficient numbers, and the need-
less expense of pay and rations, when the duty might be with greater
confidence assigned to a party of the Continental Troops, now quartered
here. At his request, and as Council join with him in sentiment, I am
directed to lay this matter, thro' you, before the board of War.

The Colonel also suggests, that it is worthy consideration, whether the
prisoners ought to be kept at a place where stores of such value and
consequence are lodged.

I am. Sir, T. M.

Regulations for the Main Guard^ at Lancaster^ 1778.
Which are Strictly to be attended to.

Article 1st. The Officer of the Guard is constantly to attend at the
Guard House, and give particular attention that no strong Liquor be
permitted in among the Guard.

2d. There is at no time more than five Men allowed to be Abseat from
the Guard, and in no case, but when they go for their Victuals.

3d. No Soldier to Absent himself from the Guard without leave from
the Officer, on pain of being confined.

4th. A non-commissioned Officer and four Privates to Patrole the Streets
every two hours, and apprehend all Stragglers and Suspicious persons
who can give no good Account of themselves, but great care is to be
observ'd that none of the Inhabitants are Insulted.

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 269

5tli. Any Soldier who shall be found Sleeping or intoxicated with
Liquor on his Post, shall be confined and dealt with according as a Court
Martial shall direct.

6th. The Sentinels that are to be placed in the Town are not to ob-
struct or prevent any of the Inhabitants from passing or repassing to
their Homes, upon their answering when Challenged,

7th. The Ofiicer of the Guard is to Visit the Sentries after the Coun-
tersign is given, as often as circumstances may require, and See that the
Sentinels are Alert, particularly at the Magazine and Storehouses.

8th. The Officer of the Guard is to make a Eeport every morning to
the Town Major.

The Compliance of these Orders is expected both from Officer and
Soldiers, and will be inspected into.

Christ'n Wirtz, T. Major.

Directed,

Timothy Matlack, Sec'ry, Pres't.

Indorsement, ,

From Major Wirtz, Jan'y 20, 1778.

Council to Wagon Masters, 1778.

In Council, Lancaster, January 29, 1778.

Sir: Application has been made to Council for a large number of
Waggons for Service at the Camp, where they are greatly wanted. You
are therefore hereby ordered immediately to procure and Send to Head
Quarters — Waggons, with four horses, and a driver to each Waggon,
directed to the care of Colonel Lutterloh, Deputy Quarter Master General.

It is ordered that these Waggons go to Camp loaded with forage.
You are therefore to apply to Commissioners

of Provisions and forage of your county, and obtain a load of forage
accordingly. If money is wanted by the Commissioners for this purpose,
they are to draw on Colonel Biddle for it. But if any of the Waggons
can procure a load of forage near home, it is to be paid for by the Com-
missioners.

You may assure the people of your county, that the Waggons now
called into Service will be relieved in due time, and for this and other
purposes, you are hereby directed to make out and forward immediately
the list of Waggons of your County, agreeable to the Act of Assembly.

Lancaster Waggons to call on Col'l Ross for the forage.

Berks, do on Col'l Mark Bird.

Northampton do on Col'l Hooper.

In these there is added directions to apply to these Gent, for the for-
age; But if, &;c., as above, then the Commissioners are to draw on Col'l
Biddle.

270 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

Letter from Mr. Atlee to his Brother, 1778.
Pray, my dear Brother, how comes it that Congress, by their resolve,
relating to the two emissions of May, 1777, and April, 1778, have set
the Country in such a ferment, and given room for a set of speculating
People who are Enemies to the real good of their Country, to take occa-
sion from it to depreciate the value of those two Emissions in the man-
ner they have done, and are now daily doing. Mr. Henry just now tells
me that there are a set of them here very busy in this matter ; that by
their management within this day or two it is rendered twenty-fltve per
Ct. worse than the other Emissions, Avhich God knows were sunk low
enough before. The principal hands here who busy themselves, he says,
are Jno. Musser, Jno. Witmer, Balser Hertzer, and (to my surprise)
Wirtz & Lowman; that they exchange it at twenty-five per Ct. discount,
and wont take it in payment for any Articles without that allowance,
and our Butchers, Bakers and Farmers begin to refuse it entirely, owing
to the stories propagated about it. Must people, who have this Money,
either lose a fourth of it or starve? and when the time comes for ex-
changing it, must they spend half the value of the little they have in
taking it to Philada to place it in the oflEice? and after that wait sixty
Days and attend a second time for payment? Indeed, I think the re-
solve is not one of the wisest, and wish to see these Evils speedily reme-
died. Mr. Henry tells me that Billy Wirtz returned here yesterday from
Philada, and reports that the Merchants, or rather Hucksters, of Philada,
are playing the same Game there. Surely, Congress can call in these or
any other Emissions in a* manner less injurious to the Country. I am so
angry at this affair that I hardly know what I write, and so vexed at the
daily schemes for depreciating of our Currency, that I sometimes think
we don't deserve the liberty we have been contending for, while such
miscreants are suffered to breathe among us ; and indeed, I cant help
thinking that the Congress's own Servants, such as Quarter Masters,
Commissaries of purchase, &c., do as much injury to it as any other
speculators — for, the more they lay out or charge for articles which
themselves have ingrossed, the more are their Commissions.

Council to Magistrates of Lancaster and Chester, 1778.

In Council, Lancaster, Feb. 14, 1778.
Gentlemen : Council has this Day received information that an affray
has happened at the sign of the Compass on the Great Eoad leading to
Philadelphia between some officers in the Continental service and others,
Inhabitants of this State, in which one person, Lieut. Hammon, has been
unhappily killed, and several others dangerously wounded. Wm. Atlee,
Esq., one of the Judges of the Supreme Court, writes to you by this
messenger, to request your particular attention to this unhappy Quarrel,

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 271

to take the proper depositions and order an Inquest on the body of the
unfortunate man, in order that those who have been concerned may be
brought to justice. I hope no resistance will be made to this inquiry,
or to such Lawful steps as the nature of the case requires, if there should
you are to call upon the Lieutenants or sub-Lieutenants of the County
to furnish you with a sufficient guard of the Militia, to keep the peace
and enable you to proceed on the business with safety. Directed^
To the Magistrates of Lancaster and Chester Counties.

Council to Board of War^ 1778.

In Council, Lancaster, Feb. 16, 1778.

Sir: Agreeable to the request of the Hn'ble board of war of the 31st
ult., the facts relating to the fiagg have been collected and would have
been forwarded before now, but that it was hoped some further circum-
stances would have transpired in the examination of the horse thieves
sent out of the City by General Howe, and some of the papers .were
wanted by the Court Martial on their trial — but no further evidence
appears.

On the arrival of the flagg in this borough, Capt. Wilson and Lieut.
Patterson, the officers appointed by General Washington, to attend the
Flagg, waited on the Council for instructions respecting the price to be
paid by the enemy officers for provisions on their journey, and produced
a list of prices which, they said, had been given them by a superior offi-
cer; but it was not signed. As the Council was not authorized by law
to limit the prices of articles of any kind, they did not choose to interfere,
or give any directions in the matter, further than to inform the Gentle-
men, that there was a law of the State forbidding the asking a higher
price for anything whatever in continental money than in gold or silver.
Lieutenant Patterson afterwards complained that Mr. Herbert, a tavern
keeper in this borough, had made out the bill against the enemy's offi-
cers much lower than his bill for like articles. Mr. Herbert was sent for
and the matter examined. It appeared that the articles though high
were charged at the rates then commonly paid by travellers, and there-
fore Council declined to order any abatement in the bill ; or to give a
list of prices to be paid on the road. Soon after this Council were in-
formed that the enemy officers were determined to return unless some-
thing further was done in their favor, to which it was replied, that the
Gentlemen were perfectly at liberty to do as they pleased in that respect,
and that they might depend no law of the State would be violated in
order to induce them to go forward. What passed between our officers
and those of the Flag, or between either of them and the Gentlemen who
signed and sent the paper to Council, which has been sent forward to
the Delegates of Pennsylvania in Congress, we do not [pretend to know.

272 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

The Flagg however went forward. After the bills were paid the Coun-
cil requested William Henry, Esq., to take Mr. Herbert's deposition on
the facts, with intention to forward it to Congress; but upon reading it,
they thought it might probably induce some unfavorable suspicions of
the conduct of Lieut. Patterson with respect to the said money, and being
desirous to avoid this, as it might be injurious to that young gentleman,
they declined sending it at that time. They now enclose it without
further comment.

The deposition of Mr. John Miller will shew the indecency of the di-
rection upon several packages sent by the Flag. The representation of
Wm. Henry, Esqr., will give you the facts relating to the Counterfeit
money found on the Serjeants and others attending the Flagg. You
will judge what connexion Captain Christie's deposition may have with
this affair.

The depositions of Lieut. Colonel Stewart, Eliza Brisben, and Margaret
Patton contain the best intelligence we have received of the conduct on
the return of the flag.

Many circumstances have occurred which induce a Suspicion that very
improper sentiments have been thrown out by the enemy officers on
their way and in this borough, but, upon inquiry, no direct evidence of
the facts have been obtained.

The examination of Joseph Eode and Henry Mansin are also enclosed ;
that of Wendel Myer, it is probable, will be wanted on his trial before
a Civil Court, and as it is to the same purpose with the other two is not
sent. V ' '

Lancaster, March 18, 1778.

" By the Supreme Executive Council of the Commonwralth of Pennsylvania.

"A PROCLAMATION:

" Whereas, The Congress of the United States of America, by their
Resolve of the Seventh day of March instant, have recommended in the
following words, viz :

"Whereas, Almighty God, in the righteous dispensation of His Provi-
dence, hath permitted the continuation of a cruel and desolating war in
our land; and it being at all times the duty of a people to acknowledge
God in all his ways, and more especially to humble themselves before
Him when evident tokens of His displeasure are manifested, to acknow-
ledge his righteous government, confess and forsake their evil ways and
implore His Mercy:

'■''Resolved^ That it be recommended to the United States of America
to set apart Wednesday, the Twenty-second day of April next, to be ob-
served as a day of Fasting, Humiliation and Prayer; that at one time and
with one voice, the inhabitants may acknowledge the righteous dispen-

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 273

sation of divine Providence, and confess their iniquities and transgres-
sions, for whicli the land mournetk; that they may implore the mercy
and forgiveness of God, and beseech Him that vice, profaneness, extor-
tion, and every evil, may be done away, and that we may be a reformed
and happy people ; that they may unite in humble and earnest Supplica-
tion, that it may please Almighty God to guard and defend us against
our enemies and give vigour and success to our military operations by
sea and land ; that it may please Him to bless the civil rulers and people,
strengthen and perpetuate our Union, and in his own good time establish
in the peaceable enjoyment of our rights and liberties ; that it may please
Him to bless our Schools and Seminaries of learning, and to make them
nurseries of true piety, virtue and useful knowledge; that it may please
Him to cause the earth to yield its increase, and to crown the year with
His goodness. And it is recommended to the inhabitants of the United
States, to abstain on that day from labor and recreation.'

" And Whereas^ it hath pleased God to suffer the enemy to take posses-
sion of our Capital, and the distresses attending on War have fallen
heavy on the State, whereby it is become peculiarly necessary for the
inhabitants to humble themselves before Him who governs the Universe
and turneth the hearts of men as he pleaseth. And therefore, as well as
in due respect to the said recommendation of Congress, We do hereby
most earnestly recommend to the good people of this Commonwealth to
set apart Wednesday, the Twenty-second day of April next, for the pious
purposes mentioned in the said resolve, and that they abstain on that day
from labor and recreation.
" Given at Lancaster this thirteenth day of March, in the Year of our

Lord One thousand Seven hundred and Seventy-eight.
"By order of Council.

"Thomas Wharton, jun'r. President.

"Attest — Timothy Matlack, Secretary.

Council to Genl. Lacey, 1778.

In Council, Lancaster, March 12th, 1778.
Sir: I rec'd your letter of the 4th Inst., which I laid before Council.
It is greatly to be lamented that there are any amongst us so lost to every
sentiment of Virtue as in any manner to aid those who are Enemies to
the just cause we are engaged in. Your neighborhood seems to abound
with such, and therefore every means should be exerted to bring the
traitors to justice. Those you have taken should be safely secured, iu
order for trial, as the Treason Law of this State will reach the crime
you mention if proper proof be exhibited, which I beg you to attend to.
However, as the Chief Justice is in this borough, I will consult him upon
it, and let you know his opinion by the next opportunitv.
19

274 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

The Militia law will not justify the Lieutenant of the County to per-
mit two Men to serve as one, and to be discharged at the expiration of
one Month, and I am not a little surprised that any Gentleman in that
line would give it the least countenance.

Both Philad. and Bucks Counties have for a long time been greatly
exposed to the insults and ravages of the enemy. Council, therefore,
relying that you will do your utmost, not only to Protect the inhabitants,
but to annoy the Enemy, have no doubt they will soon hear that a total
stop is put to the insults of the Tories by your alacrity and good conduct.

I am. Sir,

Directed^ Your very hum. Servt.

To B. Gen. Lacey.

Thomas Whiteside^ etc., to Council^ 1778. •

We, the Judges of the Several district Elections for the County of
Lancaster, do Humbly beg leave to represent to your Honorable Body
that from the Information of Sundry the respectable freemen of the
borough of Lancaster, that the Election held in said borough was con-
trary to any Act of General Assembly of this State made and Provided ;
insomuch that few certificates Avere demanded by the Inspectors from the
Electors, and that Eeaders and Clerks were admitted without being sworn
according to Law. There is found on Examination to be a Considerable
number of Yotes more than Voters marked at said Election, which we
conceive our duty to represent to you, the only Body we can look up to
for the execution ol our Laws.

Sufficient proof can be made of the Facts above mentioned when
called for.

Thomas Whiteside,
John Logan,
Martin Bowman,
William Brown.

Lancaster, 20th October, 1778.

In Supreme Council, December 29, 1778.

The Council taking into consideration the case of Joshua Bennett,
School-master, now confined in the Goal ©f the County of Lancaster, he
having been convicted of keeping a School, not having taken the Oath
of Allegiance according to Law, and fined by the Court of Quarter Ses-
sions of the Peace for the County of Lancaster, in the sum of One hundred
Pounds.

Ordered^ That the fine of One hundred Pounds, adjudged by the Court
of Quarter Sessions of the Peace for the County of Lancaster, to be paid
by Joshua Bennett, (he having been Convicted in the said Court of
having kept a School, not having taken the Oath or Affirmation of Alle-
giance to the State, according to Law,) be remitted.

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 275

Board of War to President Reed^ 1779.

War Office, Marcli 9th, 1779.

Sir : The Board have been honoured with your letter of yesterday, and
in answer to that part relative to the Militia and the Stores at Lebanon we
beg leave to inform you. That the Board desirous of placing those stores
in a situation more secure, to ease the militia, as much as possible, from
the burthen of military service, and save expense to the States, long since
ordered enquiry to be made of the practicability of removing them to
Lancaster. But at that time the quantity was so great as to render their
removal exceedingly difficult and expensive. Besides, the magazine at
Lancaster was not sufficient for their reception, and another building
suitable for them was occupied by the Clothier General; since then the
supplies have been drawn from thence rather than from other magazines,
-with a view to render their removal more easy, and on the 26th ult., the
Board directed Col. Flower to prepare them for removal as soon as the
roads would admit, having Lancaster in view. as the place of deposit,
orders for their actual removal will be given accordingly. Until then
we request the guard of militia may be continued.

Enquiry will be made immediately of the condition of the light dra-
goons at Lancaster; and if they are adequate to the duties of the post,
the militia may soon be relieved. But we are apprehensive of some
difficulty on this head. The Board were not inattentive to the public
interest in this regard, having long ago endeavored to get the duty of
guards at Lancaster performed by the horse. But Lieut. Col. White,
who then commanded them, gave such reasons against the measure as
induced the suspension of orders for that purpose. Perhaps most of the
objections are by this time removed.

Of that part of your Excellency's letter relative to General Pulaski's
corps, a copy has been taken and inclosed to him this day in a letter
from the Board on the subject, a copy whereof we have the honor to
send you herewith. The Count some time since received orders to march
to South Carolina, in consequence of which he has collected his corps
at York Town, from whence he will in a few days proceed on that
route. The Board have an equal abhorrence with your Excellency and
the honorable Council of the abuse of military power complained of
as exercised by that corps, and will on all occasions, to the utmost of
their power, discourage and prevent such irregular and oppressive
practices.

Your Excellency's other letter respecting the sounding the river has
also been received. You and the honorable Council will permit us to
express our regret at the intervention of any obstacles in the execution
of a business so highly interesting to the United States in general and to
this State in particular. But you say you will consider farther. We

276 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

impatiently wait the result of your deliberations, as Gen. dii Portail will
soon return to camp.

As to the map lent to this Board, we perfectly remember its being
soon returned to us by Col. Laumoy, the engineer who used it, as not
answering (or but in a small degree) the purpose for which it was bor-
rowed; and we are also well satisfied from our recollection, that it was
sent back to the Council, or their secretary. Nevertheless, we shall very
readily communicate to your honorable board General du Portail's map
as soon as we are furnished with it, as we will with every other matter
in our power which we think will be useful to the State, or which you
may request.

We have the honour

to be, with great respect
your Excellency's

most obedient Servants.

By order of the Board,

Tim. Pickering.
Indorsed^

From Colonel Timothy Pickering, by order of the Board of War, with
a copy of a letter to Gen. Pulaski.
Directed^

His Excellency Joseph Keed, Esq., President of the Supreme Execu-
tive Council of Pennsylvania.
' AVar Oflace. ■ . -

Board of War to Brig. Gen. Count P^ilaski, 1779.

War Oflace, March 9, 1779.
Sir : We have the honor to inclose you a copy of our letter, and an
extract of another, relative to the conduct of your corps in your absence.
We hoped that all such grounds of complaint, had long since ceased.
But as those mentioned correspond with former reports we cannot avoid
giving some credit to them. The complaints are of such a nature as to
demand a strict enquiry, at the same time they should lead you and your
oflScers to maintain a stricter discipline in the Corps. This the peac-e
and quiet of the Citizens of these States as well as the honor of the Corps
indispensably demand. You will suffer us. Sir, to suggest the necessity
of European officers divesting themselves of European Ideas, while they
serve in America. The Inhabitants of these States are unused to the
severe exactions of Military power ; they expect protection, and not vio-
lence and oppression from troops raised and supported at their own ex-
pense. It must give you pain, as it does us, to find the Legion followed
with the execrations of the People among whom they have been sta-
tioned.

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 277

We are sensible that some irregularities happen among all troops, but
no charges are so pointed as those against the Legion, from whence we
cannot but conclude their conduct to be more reprehensible. We regret,
Sir, that there should be occasion of mentioning matters that must una-
voidably give you uneasiness, but the duty we owe the People, and the
respect we bear to you. Oblige us to do it.

We do not mean however to delay the Legion on these accounts. Its
services are wanted at the Southward, whither we desire it may be
marched with all possible dispatch. But we wish past complaints may
engage the Corps to more cautious and regular behaviour in future. This
we conceive necessary if the Legion would recover and preserve its
honor, or even wish to remain in existence.
We have the honor

to be very respectfully

your most Obedient Servants,

By order of the Board,
(Copy.) Tim. Pickerixg.

Directed,

Brig. Gen. Count Pulaski.

The following letter specifies the price of cereals in this county in 1779 :

Sir: Your Excellency's Favor of the 10th Instant requesting me to
procure 600 Barrels of Flour in the County of Lancaster came to hand
yesterday, and as other Business required my sending Express to Phila-
delphia, I thought it my duty to give your Excellency the earliest In-
formation of my willingness to procure the same and make no doubt but
in a reasonable time- shall have that number complete, as I have now
upwards of 2000 Bushels of good Wheat purchased (which I intended
for the Commissary's Department, keeping the Offal for Horse food) but
as I have not engaged it to any Person, nor drawn or Eeceived Money
from any Person on Account thereof I intend now to keep it towards
making up the Flour demanded. The Wheat I have on hand I pur-
chased at different Prices viz., £9, £8 10, £8, £7 10, and hope to procure
the remainder for £7 per Bushel, which will reduce Flour to £20 per
Cwt., and under, after keeping the Offal for Public Horse food at the
Price I gladly pay to other Persons. It is true a Committee of Lancas-
ter Townsmen have regulated the prices of some few Articles, among
others Wheat at £5, and Flour at £15, but all Public purchasers with
myself found it an impossibility to procure the necessary supplies, at the
regulated prices. Therefore were obliged to Deviate from their rule, or
starve the army. We made a Eule among ourselves to lower the Prices
of Wheat and Eye 10s. per Bushel weekly and inferior Grain in propor-
tion, which had the desired Effect as it reduced the prices of Wheat and
Eye from £10 to £7 10 per Bushl. You may rest assured, sir, that I

278 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

shall do my utmost endeavours to procure tlie Flour dem.anded upon as
good Terms as possibly may be, Tendering you a Just and true Account
"witli sufficient Youcliers for all expenditures thereon, and flatter myself
that my Conduct in this affair will convince your Excellency, that I do
not mean to be a mere Agent upon mercenary Principles, but from a
desire to have it in my power to serve my Bleeding and distress'd Country.
You will be pleased to send me by the Bearer hereof, Mr. Gloninger,
(my Assistant,) twenty thousand Pounds to enable me to prosecute this
Business expeditiously, for I wish to purchase as much old Wheat .as
possible, it being much superior to the new, by reason of the heavy
mildcAvs.

I am Your Excellency's
most Obedient and

very humble Servant,

Philip Marsteller.
P. S. If the advance money for the two militia Companies is not yet
sent, the Bearer may bring it.
Directed^

Public Service.
V His Excellency Joseph Eeed, Esqr., Philada.

William Henry to President Heed, 1779.

Lancaster, November 27, 1779.

Sir : I am informed one John Musser of this Town has lately purchased
a Tract of land of about 500 Acres, commonly known by the Name of
the Conestoga Mannor, of John Penn, late Governor of Pennsylvania,
for nine Pounds the Acre hard Money. At the Time the Lands in this
part of the province was purchased of the Delaware Indians this was
Reserved and a Deed was made to them and their Heirs, &c. The Indians
who resided on it were killed by a Number of People in a former war
and the Deed fell into the hands of John Hay, then Sheriff of Lancaster
County, who delivered the same to Mr. John Penn. This piece of Land
was afterwards claimed by Sir William Johnston in behalf of the Heirs,
in Consequence of which the use of the Land was given to Mr. Thomas
Barton who is gone over to the Enemj^ Mrs. Susana Wright could give
I believe a more satisfactory Account of this Affair than I can. It may
be proper perhaps to enquire into this Affair. I have therefore thought
it my Duty to give all the Information I have been able to collect.
I am with due Respect, Sir, your obed't. humble Servant,

William Hexry.

Directed — His Excellency Joseph Reed, Esq.

President Peed to Judge Atlee, 1779.
Dear Sir: The Letter of which the other side is a Copy, we received

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 279

from a Gentleman of Character, in the County of Lancaster ; as it seems
to be a Matter of some Consequence, the Council request you to take the
Trouble of making Inquiry, and in Case the Facts are as stated, to fore-
warn Musser proceeding, as the Lands are unqestionably the Property of
the State, having been reserved, not for Proprietary Use, but that of some
Indians, who appear to have forsaken them. Mr. Hall, the Agent for
confiscated Estates, will follow such Directions as you may please to give
in the Matter.

I had promised myself the Pleasure of seeing you before you left Town,
as I wish'd to have had your Opinion and Advice on some Matters of a
public Nature — but your close Attendance upon Court deprives your
Friends of the Pleasure of seeing you so often as they wish.

This Opportunity going immediately, I must beg if you see your
Brother soon, to present him my Eegard, and acquaint him that I have
received his Letter, which I shall answer in a short Time, and am, with
Compliments to Mrs. At.lee and Family, with much Esteem,

Dear Sir, Your most obed't and very humble Servant.

Joseph Eeed, President.

The Hon. Wm. Atlee, Esq'r, One of the Justices of the Supreme Court.

Charles Hall to President Eeed, 1780.

Lancaster, February 26th, 1780.

Sir : Yesterday I made Seizure of the tract of Land in Mannor Town-
ship known by the Name of the Indian Town, said to contain about five
hundred Acres; the Roads having been very bad prevented my doing it
sooner. This Morning Mr. John Musser of this Town came to me seem-
ingly much displeased that private Property should be Struck at, and
drew a paper out of his pocket, which he said was an Abstract from the
Original Deed from the Chief Sachims to Mr. Penn for the Lands pur-
chased from them at the treaty at Fort Stanwix, Avherein this tract is
particularly Described and Conveyed to Mr. Penn. He said he was much
Amazed I had not Received orders not to Proceed, as he had shewn the
aforesaid paper to your Excellency and the Honourable Council, who,
he said, was satisfied. The Land is now in the Hands of tenants who
have worked it on Shares and have lived there since the Year 1771, and
say they have made Sundry improvements in Buildings and fences,
which they hope they will be Allowed for. As the season is now ap-
proaching that the Land should be prepared for Spring Grain, I shall be
glad if Council will send me instructions, if Possible by the Bearer of
this, how I am to proceed with the tenants; but if the Land is to be
Rented at a Certain Rent I shall be exceedingly obliged to Council to
Name the Rent and Let me have the first Offer.

I have Settled my Accompt with the Commissioners Appointed by

280 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

Law to Settle the Accompts of the Commissioner for Confiscated Property,
and have their Certificate that I am in Debt one Hundred and four Pounds,
seven shillings, to the State. I have Paid to the State Treasurer Eighty-
eight thousand four Hundred and forty-nine Pounds, one shilling, and
three pence.

I am your Excellency's very humble Servant,

Charles Hall.
Directed — To His Excellency Joseph Eeed, President, Philadelphia.
Per favour Col. Crawford.

At this place and in this connection it seems proper to reprint the
following transactions belonging to an earlier period :

At a Council held at Philadelphia, on Tuesday 16th May, 1775.

present:
The Honourable JOHN PENN, Esquire, Governor.
James Tilghman,

James iilghman, ) •
Andrew Allen, f Esquires.

The Governor acquainted the Board that eight Cayuga Indians came
to Town on Saturday last from Canasadego, on the Cayuga Branch of
Susquehanna, on some Business with this Government, and that he now
proposed to hear what they had to say. Whereupon the Board agreed
that they should be immediately sent for, and they were accordingly
introduced. Their names are as follows. Viz :

[The names are not here inserted.]

The Governor then acquainting them that he was ready to hear
them, addressing himself to the Governor, first went through some
short usual Ceremonies of clearing the Throat and Heart, and open-
ing the Ears, &c., and then producing a Belt of Wampum, spoke as
follows. Viz: That three of their Company, who were present as the
nearest surviving Relations of the old Seneca Sohaes, who lived for
many Years with his Family and Connections on a Tract of Land within
the Manor of Conestogo, in Lancaster County; that the old Man with
his Family and Belations were several Years ago Murdered there by
some wicked Men belonging to this Government; and that the said
Tract of Land, containing about 500 Acres, now became the Property
of his three Relations present, one of whom is Sohaes' Brother; that'
they had come down at this time to see their Brother Onas, and to make
Sale of the said Land to him ; That the Land is very rich, and worth a
great deal of Money, but as their Brother Onas was himself well ac-
quainted with its value, they desired he would purchase it from them for
such a price as he thought reasonable, and they would be entirely satis-
fied. He then delivered the Belt of Wampum to the Governor, and told
him that he had finished what he had to say.

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. . 281

The Governor thereupon acquainted. the Indians that he and his Coun-
cil would take their Speech into Consideration, and give thern an answer
on Thursday morning.

At a Council held at Philadelphia, on Thursday, 18th May, 1775.

PRESENT :

TheHonorable JOHN PENN, Esquire, Governor.
William Logan, Andrew Allen, )

Benjamin Chew, Edward Shippen, Junr., j squires.

The eight Cayuga Indians being sent for, attended at the Board in
order to receive the Governor's Answer to their Speech on Tuesday last,
which the Governor in part delivered to them ; but as it appeared to the
Board that the Indians did not clearly and fully comprehend his mean-
ing, the Person who undertook to interpret to them not being sufficiently
acquainted with their Language, and the Indians expressing great Dis-
satisfaction on being informed that this Land had already been purchased
and paid for, it was agreed that Isaac Still, a Delaware Indian Interpreter,
should be immediately sent for, to interpret the Governor's answer to
the Indians in Council, on Saturday morning next.

At a Council held at Philadelphia, on Saturday 20th May, 1775.

present:

The Honourable JOHN PENN, Esquire, Governor.
William Logan, Andrew Allen, ) t?

James Tilghman, Edward Shippen, Junr., f ^

The eight Cayuga Indians, by desire of the Governor, again attended
the Board, with the Indian Interpreter Isaac Still, and having taken
their seats, the Speaker repeated over the speech he had delivered to
the Governor on Tuesday last, which was the same in substance as
entered on the minutes of that Day, and the Governor returned them
his Answer, which was fully explained to them by Isaac Still, and is as
follows, Viz:

"Brethren: The Tract of Land you mention, consisting of 500
Acres, part of the Conestogo Manor, where old Sohaes dwelt, was in-
cluded in a purchase long since made from the Indians, notwithstanding
which, I agree that Sohaes and his Family had the Proprietaries' permis-
sion to live thereon as long as they chose to remain in the inhabited
part of the Country. Some time after the Death of Sohaes, and all his
Family that resided there in the year 1768, there was a Treaty held at
Fort Stanwix, to which I was invited by Sir William Johnson, in order
to treat with the Indians, concerning the Purchase of a large Tract of
Land, part of which lay in the King's Governments and part in the
Province of Pennsylvania; At this Treaty the last great Indian purchase

282 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

was made, for which I then paid the Indians ten thousand Dollars. But
before the Treaty was finished, Sir William Johnson informed me that
the Indians expected to be paid for the 500 acres of Land, part of the
Conestogo Manor, where Sohaes dwelt; I accordingly agreed to pay
them for it. The Price agreed on was two hundred Pounds, York
Money, or five hundred dollars, the Yalue of which was then delivered
in Goods to Togaiaio, the Cayuga Chief, to be distributed as he thought
proper, and the Deed I now show you, for the land I bought of the In-
dians at that Treaty, signed by the Chiefs of the Six Nations, expressly
includes this five hundred acres of Land.

"Having, therefore, already purchased the Land twice, it cannot rea-
sonably be expected that I should pay for it again. However, as you
have come from a great Distance, under an Expectation of selling this
Land, and perhaps did not receive so great a Proportion of the Goods I
delivered at Fort Stanwix, as should have been paid to the Relations of
Sohaes, and to show you the Desire I have to preserve Peace and Friend-
ship with the Indians, and that when they pay me a visit they should
not go away dissatisfied; I am willing to make you a Present, which I
hope you will think a generous one; I, therefore, desire you will accept
of these three hundred Dollars.

A Belt.

The Indians, accordingly, very gladly accepted the three hundred
Dollars, and signed a Receipt for the same on the back of the Deed exe-
cuted at Fort Stanwix, expressing it to be in full Satisfaction of all
claims of Sohaes' Family to the said five hunded Acres of Land.

William Henry to President Reed, 1780.

• Lancaster, July the 3d, 1780.

Sir : In a Letter from Col. Atlee, of the 1st inst., I have the following
Paragraph from your Excellency's of the 22d ult.:

" The Deficiencies of Lancaster County in the Taxes is become a most
serious Consideration. The Treasurer informs us that only Three Town-
ships have paid off their Fifteen Million Taxes, while the Counties here
which have been invaded, distressed and plundered, have paid oft' their
Fifteen Million, their Forty-five, and Three of their Monthly Taxes. Is
not this melancholy?" I am sorry Mr. Rittenhouse has not understood
my last Letter to him on that Subject, though perhaps the Fault may be
my own ; be that as it may, the Fact is, that the whole of the First Tax
for 1779, except a Balance in the Hands of Three of the Collectors (who
are sued) is paid into my Hands ; and I have paid at Sundry Times about
£163,000 to the Treasurer, and by his Order, &c.; and have Orders of
Congress for more than the Amount of the First Tax; at the Time I
wrote so the State Treasurer there were but Three Townships who had

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 288

made their first Payments on the second Tax for 1779, since which Three
others have'made each a small Payment ; but there lays an order of the
Treasurer in favour of Col. Blaine for 150,000, in the hands of Mr. Slough,
30,000 of which I have discharged. I was obliged to lend Col. Atlee
£1,500 to forward the Pennsylvania Volunteers, except which I have not
lent or laid out any Monies, either in Trade or otherways, belonging to
the publick. I beg leave to observe, that there seems to be more ex-
pected from Lancaster County than was in our Power to perform. The
Act Levying the second Tax for 1779, was made in November last, and
the Laws were not sent up till January. To my knowledge the Commis-
sioners began to lay the Tax by the Act published in the Newspaper, and
as they received Instruction from Council which differed from the Method
they had pursued, were obliged to Order the Returns to be made over
again. The Aveather then set in so severe that there was no Travelling
till April. The Taxes were laid as soon as the Returns could be got in ;
and the Appeals were held in May and Collectors appointed.

That Philadelphia City and County Taxes are so far forward is no
Merit in their Board of Commissioners, as the Snow was not a fourth
Part of the Depth there that it was here; besides, there is little difficulty
in procuring Assessors, Appraisers and Collectors in Philadelphia City
and County, &c., to what there is here where there are few people in
many of the Townships but such as are disaffected. I hope. Sir, you will
do me the Justice to believe that I have done, and am doing, all that is
in my Power to forward the Collecting the Taxes. The large Sums owing
by the Quarter Masters and Commissaries of Purchases, &c., will very
much lessen the sum of Money expected from the Taxes of this County.
I am, with due Respect, Sir, your most humble Servant,

William Henry, C. T.

His Excellency Joseph Reed, Esq'r.

On February 1, 1781, Council fixed the rate of Continental money at
$75 for one dollar specie, and on May 15, ordered that after June 1
next following only specie or its equivalent should be received for taxes.

William Henry to Pres. Reed^ 1781.

Lancaster, Mar. 3d, 1781.
Sir: I think it my Duty to inform you that the Recruiting Service
goes on but slowly; the Officers are very indifferent about the Matter
and do not receive the Two Dollars allowed them for each Recruit, but
give it to the Sergeants. There is none of them have beat up in Town
yet; the Reason is obvious, they want to have large Suras of Monej-
advanced and to be allowed to account for Recruiting Expenses, &c. I
have sworn no more than 12 and for several Days not One has been
brought notwithstanding the Recruiting; for the Classes is over.

284 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

Mr. W has been bound over for asking a greater Sum in State

Money than in Specie for an Article he offered for Sale, and yet he is
every Day crying down the State Money, saying it is good for nothing
and will depreciate, &c., that the price he gives for Wheat is too little,
that it will be dearer, &c., &c. Wheat is now bought from 4s. 6d. to 5s.
6d. specie per Bushel, and he gives Eight Shillings ; he has nearly got the
Amount of the last Order for £2000. If Slough or Eeigart would act

in W 's Office they could certainly serve the public much better.

Some time after I wrote you, at the Request of Col. Temple, concerning
the Difficulty of procuring Forage, the Forage Master of the Corps
went to the most disaffected part of this County and got 22 Tuns of
hay by a voluntary Subscription in Two Days and one half Riding,
although a Stranger without Credit and Money, and this in the Winter.

Mr. W , who was here at Hay Making, could get none, or at least

said so.

Your Choice of a County Lieutenant is much approved here. I have
not received One Shilling from the Sub -Lieutenants of the Militia Fines,
except from Adam Orth and Mr. Kucher, and that has been paid Mr.
Marsteller as Pay Master of the Militia.
I am with Respect, Sir,

your most obedient
- r hum. Servant,

William Henry.
Directed^

His Excellency Joseph Reed, Esqr., President of the Supreme Execu-
tive Council, Philadelphia.

Per favour of )
Mr. Jos. Myers, f

Lt. Col. Adam Huhlej to Pres. Reed, 1781.

Lancaster, March od, 1781.

Sir: Since my arrival here, a considerable number of the Pennsylva-
nia Volunteers, who were last year raised, to serve for seven Months,
called on me and demanded pay for their services. They inform me they
were directed to call on the Lieutenants, for that purpose.

As I have no instructions on that head, I could not comply with their
demands, but promised to represent their case to your Excellency, and
receive your directions. I have appeased them for the present — I shall
wait your Excellency's advice in the matter.

I have written circular letters to the Sub-Lieutenants, and amongst
other matters desired they would settle their accounts, agreeable to a late
resolution of the Honorable Council, (a printed one of which I inclosed
to each,) several of them have been with and informed me, they were

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 285

ready for a settlement, as soon as Colonel Atlee came to this place; that
without him they could do nothing.

As I am not possessed of a single paper of any former transactions
relative to the Office I now hold, it will be out of my power to do any-
thing with those Gentlemen. Your Excellency's advise on this head also
will be highly necessary.

From the many and frequent applications I conceive it my duty to
represent to your Excellency the situation of this place. The powder
Magazine in which is deposited between twenty and thirty Tun of Pow-
der, is and has been for some considerable time past without Guard.
The Militia of this place are unarmed, nor are there any for them in this
place — so that little or nothing would be done to oppose any attempt
against the magazine, or other public property.

In consideration of the singular situation of this place, application for
a guard, from the Corporation, was made some time since, to the Board
of War — who in consequence thereof ordered Colo. Mayland's Regt.
(stationed here) to do that duty ; but the peculiar state of those Troops
I fear they were not acquainted with — I am informed by the Command-
ant, they have so few men as scarcely to enable them to furnish a sufii-
cient guard for the stables (which is absolutely necessary) and those are
destitute of clothing, and some of them sickly.

The number of disaffected (which is too notorious) in this Country,
and the many strangers who daily pass thro' this place, make it abso-
lutely necessary for the security of the publick property a guard should
be ordered for that purpose. Two Sentinels will be sufficient — which
will require eight men daily, including Non-Com'd Officers — so that
twenty-four men (allowing three relievesj will answer the purpose. It
will be necessary for your Excellency to give some directions in this
matter.

I am informed a number of Boxes with arms are in the stores at or
near Cox's town. If your Excellency thinks proper, I will order them
to this place, have them repaired, and kept in readiness in case of Emer-
gency.

I have the Honor to be

with great respect and esteem

your Excellency's most Obdt and very Huml Servt,

Ad'm Hubley, Jr., Lieut C. Lr.

Directed^

His Excellency Joseph Reed, Esquire, Philadelphia.

In Supreme Council, May 15, 1779.

An order was drawn on the Treasurer in favor of the Honorable Mat-
thew Smith, Esq., or his order, for the Sum of Forty Thousand Dollars,
of which said sum Twenty Thousand Dollars are to be by him sent to

286 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

Col. Locliry, of the County of Westmoreland, to be applied in raising
Men in that County ; Ten Thousand Dollars to be sent to the Captain of
the Company to be raised in the County of Cumberland ; and Ten Thou-
sand Dollars to be applied in raising the Companies in Lancaster and in
Northumberland Counties.

A transcript of the Eecord of conviction of Thomas Taylor, Esq., late
of Cocalico Township, in the County of Lancaster, before the Judges of
the Supreme Court, held at Lancaster, on the fifth day of May inst., of
Felony and Eobbery, and the sentence of the Court thereupon: "That
the said Thomas Taylor be hanged by the Neck 'til he be dead ;" being
read:

On consideration,

Ordered., That Saturday the fifth day of June next, be appointed for
the execution of the said sentence, between the hours of Ten of the Clock
and Two of the Clock of the same day, at the usual place of Execution ;
and that a Warrant, under the less Seal of the State, signed by the Pres-
ident, and attested by the Secretary, be accordingly issued.

A transcript of the record of conviction of Catherine Fisher, late of
the County of Lancaster, before the Judges of the Supreme Court, held
at Lancaster, on the fourth day of May instant, of Murder, and the sen-
tence of the Court thereupon : " That the said Catherine Fisher be hanged
by the Neck 'til she be dead;" being read;
On consideration,

Ordered^ That Saturday the fifth day of June next, be appointed for
the execution of the said sentence, between the hours of ten of the Clock
in the forenoon and two of the Clock in the afternoon of the same day,
at the usual place of execution ; and that a Warrant, under the less seal
of the State, signed by the President, and attested by the Secretary, be
accordingly issued.

Colonel Adam Huhley to President Jieed, 1781.

From Lancaster, May 21st, 1781.

Sir: I received the favour of your letter of the 10th Instant, a few
days since, inclosing a resolution from Council confirming the call of ye
2nd Class of the 8th Battalion of Lancaster County militia. The whole
of the 2nd Class of the three Battalions, including non-Commissioned
ofi&cers, &c., amount to a few more men than the number required; how-
ever, I find we have use for them as our situation is by no means the most
desirable. The Bayonets, sent under the care of Mr. Hays, also came
safe to hand.

A daring plot was discovered on the night of the 16th instant at the
barracks, in which are confined the British Prisoners, which however by
the early intelligence we received was happily frustrated. About 11

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 287

o'clock at night I was called upon by the officer of the Guard who in-
formed me a soldier of the 71st regiment had come to the guard house
(one of ye Block-houses,) desiring admittance; that he had a matter of
importance to communicate ; he was accordingly admitted and gave the
following intelligence. That the sergeants of the Prisoners had a private
and unanimous meeting that day and form'd a plan to effect the escape
of the whole, viz : They, after their meeting broke up inform'd the Prison-
ers of their resolution and gave directions for the whole to be in readiness
on the proceeding day to avail themselves of the opportunity when the
Gates opened for the delivery of their wood — the whole to rush out,
surprize the Guard and disarm them ; they then would proceed to town
where a certain Inhabitant (his name we cannot find out,) would conduct
them to a Magazine of arms and ammunition; these they were also to
take, then to fight their way thro' the Country and effect their escape.

I immediately on receiving the information, after making some neces-
sary dispositions of the Guard, entered the Barrack yard, and ordered the
whole of the sergeants (upward of forty in number,) to parade, which
after some time was effected ; I then gave them in charge of the Guard
and had them conducted to the Jail where they are now safely lodg'd.
We have 800 Prisoners here; the number of disaffected people thro' this
Country is very considerable, so that our situation is truly alarming when
I consider the state in which I find the militia ; should the Prisoners once
clear themselves of the barracks the few men on Guard who no doubt
would do their duty would not be able to stop them. The well disposed
Inhabitants who would be willing to lend their aid and assistance for
want of arms can only be idle spectators and perhaps see their own and
neighbours' property destroyed without being able to give the least oppo-
sition.

If some ways and means could be fallen on to arm the militia of this
Town, I should consider it safe from any attempt of the prisoners or their
Emissaries.

By the particular desire of the most reputable Inhabitants of this place
I am to solicit Council that they do arm and relief after the expiration
of their Tour the present Guard by an equal number of men from the
8th Battalion (town militia,) only and this Battalion to be reserv'd (so
long we have the prisoners with us,) for that duty. It will answer vari-
ous good purposes. The farmer will now be wanted in the field to gather
his Harvest and the expenses of quartering Country militia when call'd
upon to perform a tour of duty can be saved as the Town people have
their own houses to go to, besides should there be a call for mdlitia to
march this summer this town must in a manner be left naked as the
Guards merely would not be sufficient to secure 800 Prisoners exclusive
of their Emissaries which I believe are not inconsiderable.

288 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

Other reasons could be advanced but Council will from what has
already been said be able to determine on the matter.

I could wish in the present critical moment of afiairs to conclude and
give Council as little trouble as possible. But necessity as well as duty
obliges me to demand a further indulgence and give Council a short
narrative of an unhappy affair which happened on the 19th instant be-
tween the Guards and Colonel Moylar's Dragoons. It appears one of
the Dragoons for some offence which he had committed was put into the
Goal- house; a rescue by the Dragoons was agreed on; they accordingly
assembled armed with Pistols and swords, marched to the Barracks and
one more daring than the rest stepped up to the sentinel who previously
desired him not to advance or he would put him to death ; this however
had no effect, he (the Dragoon) first cocking and presenting his loaded
Pistol attempted to seize the sentinel's arms who instantly fired and
killed him ; the deceased's Pistol in his falling went off" also and wounded
one of the militia men in tlie thigh.

This gave alarm to the Town and the Horse finding their situation
rather precarious made off" to their respective quarters. Ever since this
affair the Inhabitants have been kept in continual alarm on account
of the threats and behaviour of the dragoons who swear vengeance
against the militia and particularly the sentinel who like a good soldier
did his duty on his post (an inquest was held on the body of the de-
ceased). He, for his security, has kept in the Guard-house ever since;
they have threatned to force the Guards and seize him, indeed last
evening (12 o'clock,) some attempts were made but the activity of the
out-Sentinel, after Hailing some men who were coming towards him,
and receiving impertinent language, fired, and this day, though it is
not yet clearly found out we are informed one of the Horsemen was
shot thro' the arm. I have called on the Commanding officer of the
Horse and requested he with his officers should exert themselves in
putting a stop to this affair, every step by them is taken I believe to
find out the leaders and have them punished; the magistrates meet
this afternoon for the same purpose ; my aid and assistance shall not be
wanting, but the insult offered Government and the continual alarm
the Inhabitants are kept in has determined me to give the most pointed
orders to the Guard, and I have no reason to doubt but they will do
their duty.

I have in consequence of the resolution of Council stopping the Collect-
ing of fines unless from those people who chos^e to pay State money at
the rate of 75 for one, stopped the Collectors from collecting the late fines
until your further orders which should be glad to hear of as soon as
possible. We meet with difficulty in Drawing candles, paper, &c., for
the Guards which they cannot possibly do without, from quartermaster ;

OF LANCASTER COUNTY, 289

he thinks it necessary an order from Council or Board of War for that
purpose should be sent.

I am with greatest respect

your Excell'y's most obt. Serv't,
V Adm. Hubley, Jr., Lt. Lr. Cy.

Hon. Wm. Atlee to Pres. Reed^ 1781.

Lancaster the 25th, May, 1781.
Sir: This will be handed to you by Capt. Hamb right, our Barrack
Master, by whose care and industry the Barracks here are placed in
pretty good order, and I am confident he has gone the cheapest way to
work in executing the business, having employed the Prisoners them-
selves in doing several parts of the work; his knowledge of the Farmers,
and influence with them, has been a means of our having supplies of wood
and other necessaries hitherto, but they now begin to look for their pay,
which obliges him to undertake this Journey in hopes Council will fur-
nish him with Cash not only to discharge those Debts and the Moneys
due to Carpenters and other workmen, but to procure supplies in future.
We have had some disputes between the Light Horse who are sta-
tioned here and the Militia Guards ; one of the Dragoons, in attempting
to force his way into the Guard House at the Barracks, was the other
day killed by the Sentry on duty there, and as they seem to speak of
revenge, the Inhabitants seem apprehensive of some further mischief.
I have no doubt but their ofiicers will do everything in their power to
keep them in order, and am persuaded the Militia will be watchful, but
should a party of those people attack the Guard in the night (which was
apprehended and believed to have been their intention a few nights since,)
the Prisoners would probably take that opportunity to force their way
from the Barracks, and the consequences would be bad. This considera-
tion has induced me to order the Block Houses at the four Corners of the
Stockade to be put in order, so that the whole of the militia, ordered for
Guards as well those on as those off duty, may live in them, and not
be scattered thro' the Town by Billets ; they will then be ready at their
Posts in case of any alarm, and will have a better eye on the conduct of
the Prisoners.

A fall from my Horse which hurt my Leg badly has detained me from
York Court, but I intend, (though contrary to the advice of my Physi-
cian) to set off for Carlisle, lest I should be charged with neglect of duty.
I am, Dear Sir,

with great esteem your most obedt. Servt.,

Will. Atlee,
Directed^

His Excellency Joseph Reed, Esquire, President of the State of
Pennsylvania.
20

290 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

William Henry to President lieed, 1781.

Lancaster, May the 26th, 1781.

Dear Sir: It is paying me a greater Compliment than my poor abili-
ties have any Claim to, to ask my opinion on the present intricate state
of our affairs. I will however give it without further apology. The
principal Eeasons why our paper Money is in so little Repute with the
people seems to be the following: Government has not Specie to circu-
late with the Paper, nor can they at any Time exchange a considerable
part of it for Specie. The natural Basis of all paper Credit is Specie,
and the value we put on paper is in proportion to the Quantity of Specie
it will purchase. Therefore some Method should be taken to procure at
least part of the Revenue in Specie; this is not impracticable. Why
cannot Tavern Licences, Marriage Licences, and Licences for distilling
Grain be paid in Specie. The petitioner has one whole Year to provide
the Money and his private Interest will stimulate him to it. It is true
as the Laws now stand no Man is obliged to take a Licence for Distilling
Grain, bnt would it not be good policy to enact such a Law and thereby
oblige the owners of Stills above a certain Size, to have them registered
in the Counties where they live? This would enable Government to form
an Estimation of the Amount of this part of the Revenue, which I am
persuaded they cannot at present. Under the late Government the Excise
on Spirituous Liquors was said to be worth £6000 per Annum. If Li-
cences aforesaid were raised 50 per cent, this would bring in a handsome
Revenue without distressing the Subjects and would be attended with
good Consequences to the people at large in preventing a number of
Dram Shops being kept, which at present are a Nuisance, and would be
ample Security to any Gentleman at home or abroad for the payment of
a sum of Money to answer the present Exigencies of Government.
Might not all Fines and Forfeitures in Courts of Justice be paid in Specie ;
and the Duties on foreign Imports might be paid in Specie, or Merchan-
dize suitable for the Support of the Army.

The Government have put paper into the hands of people and ought
to receive it from them again in Taxes, though not at a depreciated value.
To prevent this, the Taxes ought to be laid in Specie made payable in
Wheat at a certain value in proportion to the Distance from the Market,
or the value in paper to be ascertained by Council weekly ; and to prevent
Fraud in Collectors, &c., they ought to give printed Receipts to the people
and deliver in to the Commissioners of the Tax an Account of all Monies
by them received and the Time when, which would enable the Commis-
sioners often to detect the Collectors, and the same Method would bo of
use in Collecting Militia Fines and prevent numerous abuses which have
happened. Collectors of Taxes and Militia Monies ought to be punisha-
ble by Fine or Imprisonment, or both, for extorting more Money from the

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 291

people than the Law requires, which there is every Reason to believe is
practised, especially amongst the Germans. When I wrote in favour of
the Tender Law, as it is called, I meant such a one as would in some
degree have been adequate to the purpose, which the present is not ; it is
too tedious in its operation to be of any use. At present, the best calcu-
lated would not answer any good purpose. Therefore it ought to be
repealed, for it is big with a number of Evils, the Money being so much
depreciated. The Fees of Commissioners of the Taxes, Collectors, Tow^n-
ship Assessors, Appraisers, &c., should be set by the Assembly in Specie
value for they are all again disarranged by the Depreciation. If the
Tender Act is repealed Government may then receive the Monies out-
standing for unpatented Lands at Specie value which they ought, and it
will not be necessary to leave these Monies as a Fund for the £500,000,
for that will depreciate to ver}^ little before it can be collected in Taxes.
But I have perhaps said more than enough.
I have the Honour to be.

Sir, your real Friend

and very hum. Servant,

William Heney.

P. S. ^Ir. Wirtz gives Certificates to the Collectors of the Taxes for
the AVheat delivered by the people. I offered to pay his Draughts in
favour of the Collectors, but he declines. This, with some other Circum-
stances, occasions me to think he intends to keep the Grain for his private
use ; this prevents the Collectors from Settling their Accounts with the
Board and gives them much unnecessary Trouble and Expence.

Directed — To His Excellency Joseph Reed, Esquire.

Paul Zantzinger to Pres. Reed^ 1781.

Lancaster, July 1-lth, 1781.
Sir : I have the Honor of Inclosing to your Excellency a Petition of
the Corporation of the Borough of Lancaster, at the request of the* In-
habitants, who are very desirous of having the Convention Troops re-
moved ; your Excellency will at the same time receive Doctor Houston's
Certificate shewing the necessity of the Removal of those Troops. I
hope the Honble Council will take it into their serious Consideration,
and if possible remove them from this place.
I have the Honor to be,

your Excellency's most obdt. Hble. Servt.

Paul Zantzinger.
Directed^

His Excellency Joseph Reed, Esquire, President of the State of Penn-
sylvania.

292 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

Dr. J, Houston to Paul Zantzinger^ 1781.

Lancaster, July 14, 1781.
Sir: My opinion being desired concerning the State of the Fever of
the Prisoners in the Barracks in this Borough, I think it my Duty to
assure you that the Jail Fever attended with the most malignant symptoms
prevails very generally among them, that it will be extremely difficult
to eradicate it from those already there without some additional Quarters
or Buildings, and morally impossible if those of the Convention be
added, and that the Inhabitants of the Borough, especially those any
way concerned in the Care of them, are in the most imminent Danger of
contracting the Contagion.

I am. Sir,

your most obedient Servant,

J. HOUSTOX.

Paul Zantzinger, Esquire.

Board of War to Pres. Reed, 1781.

. War Office, July 17, 1781.
Sir : The Board are embarrassed in their Calculations of the Numbers
of Eations necessary to be delivered at Lancaster, apd in forming a
judgment whether any Contract or to what Amount should be made for
York Town under an Uncertainty whether any and what Prisoners are
to be stationed at that place. As the Board left the Determination of
this Matter to Council so as to make the stationing the prisoners most
convenient to the State, we request the Favour of your Excellency and
the Ilonble Council to inform whether any Alteration is to be made in
the Cantonment of the Prisoners from that understood by the Board to
be the one fixed upon, viz., that the German Prisoners of the Conven-
tion should be stationed at Reading, the British Convention troops at
York Town, and the unconditional Prisoners at Lancaster. We are led
to give you this Trouble for the sake of precision, and that no unneces-
,sai;y Contracts may be made at any place or larger Provision made any-
where than is absolutely necessary.
We have the Honor to be,
with great Respect,

your very obed. Servants,

Richard Peters,
Directed, By order.

His Excellency, President Reed,

William Atke to Pres. Reed, 1781.

Lancaster, the 6th Attgust, 1781.
Sir: Having just now some conversation with Col. Hubley respect-
ing the militia on duty at this Post, as Guards over the Prisoners of War

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 293

and Stores, and finding their tour of duty will expire in about two
weeks, I beg leave to trouble your Excellency, to express my wishes
that the duty here could be performed by the militia of the Town only,
or that we might at least have one Company of the Town militia always
on duty; they seem to me to be much better officered than the militia
from the Country and being more accustomed to duty, are better quali-
fied for keeping in order a set of artful fellows who frequently persuade
some of those from the Country, as well officers as privates when on duty
to let them pass from the Barracks on various pretences; by which
means they get opportunities of straggling into the Country and with
the assistance of the disaffected make their escape.

We have been fortunate these two last Guards in having Gentlemen
at the head of the Guard who have seen service, and have taken a great
deal of trouble in instructing the militia, and with those from the Coun-
try are Capt. Scott and a few more good officers ; but as there seems a
prospect of the next Guards coming chiefly from the Country and but
few of the Gentlemen who 'tis expected will command them have had
opportunities of knowing service, I fear the business will be done in
rather a careless and unsoldierlike manner unless Council shall be of
opinion that a considerable part of the Guard may be of the militia of
the Town and shall be pleased to order accordingly.

Mr. Hall being in Philadelphia we can do nothing towards fitting up a
part of the Store-house for a Hospital until he returns, as there are pub-
lic Stores there under his charge.

Capt. Hambright being in my office begs me to mention that he lately
wrote your Excellency giving a state of affiiirs in his department, and
wishes the honour of a Line from you, as he is apprehensive that he will
be under the necessity of giving up his bargain with Mr. Ross for 500
Cords of Wood purchased from him, unless he can comply with his con-
tract with him which requires the wood to be cut and taken from the
Lands in a certain time.

I am, Sir, with the greatest esteem

your most obedt. Servt.,

Will. Atlee.
Directed^

His Excellency, Joseph Reed, Esquire, President of the State of
Pennsylvania.

Pres. Reed to John Hariibright^ 1781.

Sir: Your letter of the 25th ult. came safely to hand, and we are
obliged to you for your Care in forwarding the Ammunition and Cloth-
ing to Northumberland. We shall be glad you would inform yourself
whether it has gone forward from Middleton.

With Respect to the Hospital wx are quite of opinion that such a

294 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

Building is necessary, but having had the Brick Store on the Hill recom-
mended to us for this purpose, before your Letter came to hand, we had
wrote to Col. Hubley to apply it accordingly. We are sorry to find the
Quarter Master's Department in such a feeble Condition as to be unable
to bear the slightest Expences, such as necessary Eepairs and Wood.
We must entreat you to apply to Col. Miles in the most earnest manner
for some assistance, as it is absolutely out of our Power to give any hard
money, as none has come in for Taxes, and the Inhabitants of this City
have been frequently called upon heretofore. We cannot but think that
such a Representation from Mr. Atlee and yourself, stating at the same
time that the Government is not in a Condition to supply you, will bring
round a Grant of at least a small Part of the £300,000 given lately by
the King of France to Congress. We think your mode of getting Wood
the cheapest and best, but we have never yet either here or elsewhere
taken upon us the Payment of the Bills or Direction of the Quarter
Master's Afi:'airs in any part of the State; should we begin we do not
knov^ where it Avould end.

So far as the Repair of the Barracks which belong to the State, and
have been usually repaired by the Government formerly, we should not
hesitate to do it if we had the money. We do assure you that Persons in
office are obliged to live as well as they can till the new Taxes are levied.
We hope every one will see the necessity of collecting them speedily,
and that Lancaster County especially (which is so able,) will exert her-
self to recruit the Treasury. Such an exertion would be very reasonable
and do great credit to the Commissioners and the County in general.

There have been many Subscriptions, Loans, &c., in this City; we
have never understood that our Friends in the Country have been called
upon in this way. Such a flourishing Town as Lancaster we should
hope might, and they will in a Case where Humanity and their own Com-
fort is concerned, advance a small Sura of monej^ when the Repayment is
now become so certain and expeditious. In addition to all former Loans
and Subscriptions we have now a very considerable one for the distressed
Inhabitants of South Carolina Avho are comino- over in larsre numbers.
These Contributions arc much heavier upon us than all the Taxes.
Surely it is reasonable to expect that those of our Friends Avho have
never been disturbed by the Enemy and are of Ability will help a little
at such a Time. If no such temporary supply can be had we can only
advise the Application I have mentioned in the same Part of this Letter
and that without Loss of Time. It is not with us a Question of AVill
but of Ability, as Ave should be glad to relieve you from your difficulty
as well as ease the People of Lancaster in any Matter in our Power.

I am, Sir,

your obed. Hble. Ser.

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 295

Pres. Reed to Lieutenants of Lancaster and Yoi-k, 1781.

Sir: By authentick Advices Congress have received from Virginia
this Bay, it seems almost certain, that a large Detachment of Cornwallis's
Army have moved up the Bay, having Baltimore for their present ap-
parent Object, We cannot, on this Occasion, but have ApjDrehensions
on Account of the Prisoners, and therefore, have not only thought proper
to give you the earliest Intelligence, but to request you will take all
proper Precautions for their Security — and in case of a forward Move-
ment by the Enemy, that everything should be in Keadiness to remove
them to a place of greater Safety. We would also recommend to you
the falling immediately upon suitable Measures to have the best and
earliest Intelligence of the Operations of the Enemy at the Head of the
Bay. The Distance does not admit of a Surprise if proper Vigilance is
used; and the Consequences are of so alarming a Nature, that nothing
ought to be omitted to guard against it. Should the enemy not make
any Movement in the County, it is probable that the Prisoners will desert
largely if great Care is not taken. This, therefore, though a secondary,
is an important Consideration.

I am, &c.
Indorsed — August 6, 1781.

In Council.

Philadelphia, Thursday, June 27, 1782.

PRESENT :

His Excellency the President.

The Honourable the Vice President.
■ Mr. Gardner, Mr. Van Campen, and

Mr. Levan, Mr. Byers.

Mr. Ewing,

"Whereas, It hath been represented to this Board that, under pretence
of supplying British prisoners with clothing, a store of British merchan-
dize is opened in or near the borough of Lancaster, within this State,
whereby a clandestine traffic is carried on between the inhabitants of
this county and those who reside within the garrisons and places therein,
now in the possession of the enemy ; a market is provided for British
merchandize, the circulating specie is exported from the United States,
the j3ayment of taxes rendered more difficult and burthensome to the
people at large, and great discouragement occasioned to honest and
lawful commerce.

Ordered, That William Henry, Esquire, of the said borough, taking to
his assistance a Justice of the Peace of Lancaster, do enquire concerning,
and inspect the store in the said borough which has been opened on the
pretence aforesaid, and if it shall appear that any goods, wares, and mer-
chandizes, shall be found therein other than made up uniforms for the

296 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

said prisoners, to take possession of the said stores with all merchandize
therein contained, and report to this Board; placing a sufficient guard to
secure the same until further orders from this Board. And if any goods
wares, and merchandize, other than made up uniforms, shall hereafter be
brought into the said borough or county, under the pretence aforesaid,
to seize and secure the same in like manner and report to this Board.

Ordered^ That all Judges, Justices, Sheriff's, and other peace officers of
the State, be required to arrest all persons found hawking or peddling
contrary to law, and more especially all British prisoners, whether
natives of that country or foreigners; and the wives or agents of such
British prisoners who shall be found selling or offering to sell or barter
any goods, wares, or merchandizes, of any kind, under any pretence
whatsoever, in order that they may be dealt with according to law."

The subjoined documents speak well for the intelligent patriotism of
the citizens of Lancaster County. The first is a circular of this tenor:

Dear Sir : The officers and representatives of the ninth battalion of
Lancaster county Militia, upon consultation have concluded, from the
complexion of the present House of Assembly, that the Constitution and
Liberty of the State are at stake in some measure; and sensible of the
importance of what has cost us so much blood and treasure, we have
thought it incumbent upon us to exert ourselves for their preservation
as far as our influence extends, and to warn all who would wish to be free
from the dangers that seem to impend, not doubting at the same time,
but you are ready to take the alarm, as you must be sensible of the same
danger. We do not think it necessary to multiply words, tending to
inspire your spirit, for we are of opinion that you possess the same, and
have been only waiting to know the sentiments of your fellow friends to
Liberty. Let us not then coolly and simply suffer any of our rights to
be taken from us by any men, especially as our Constitution invests us
with full power to oppose any such attempt. Perhaps our fears are
groundless; but in case of apparent danger, which undoubtedly is our
present case, a wise man will be on his guard ; and therefore let such a
number of persons as you will please to appoint meet us at Manheim, on
the 15th day of January next, in order that we may mutually contrive
such measures as may have a tendency to preserve our good and ines-
timable Constitution and our dear Independence and sweet Liberty. Be
active and do not fail to fulfil our request.

By order of the whole. John Rodgers, Colonel.

Hanover, November 28th, 1782.

To the Colonels of the Lancaster County Militia.
MILITIA MEETING.

Present — Colonel Thomas Edwards.

Colonel Ziegler, Colonel Lowry.

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 297

Majors Cook, Kellej, Hays and Hare.

Colonel Eoss.

Mr. Chambers, Captain Ewing, Captain J. Hubley.

Colonel Eodgers.

Mr. Clark, Captain Laird.

Colonel Elder.
On motion. Colonel Eodgers was unanimously chosen Chairman, and
Captain Joseph Hubley, Secretary.

Colonel Eodgers made a neat and appropriate speech explaining the
objects of the meeting, that a rumor was in circulation calculated to do
much injury, "that the President of the State of Pennsylvania was hostile
to the Independence of America,"

On motion, this question was put to each battalion:
Is it the opinion of the members present that they approve of the
appointment of John Dickinson, Esq., as President of the State of Penn-
sylvania, or not?

Answer. The members of the Second Battalion are unanimously of
opinion that a better choice of a President could not be made.
Colonel Ziegler — Same opinion.
Seventh Battalion — Same.
Eighth Battalion — Same.
Ninth Battalion — We hope the Assembly have made a good

choice, and if they have we thank them.
Colonel Elder agrees in opinion with the Ninth,
Eesolved, unanimously, That the People have a right to assemble
together for their common good, to instruct our Eepresentatives, and to
apply to the Legislature for redress of grievances, by address, petition,
or remonstrance.

Eesolved, unanimously, That in the opinion of the deputies from the
different battalions now met, that the complexion of the present House
of Assembly is such that we have no reason to doubt that the Independ-
ence and Constitution of this State are safe, and that we highly approve
of the appointment of his Excellency John Dickinson, Esq. as President.
Eesolved, unanimously. That we approve of Colonel Eodgers' calling
this meeting, as it has tended to remove doubts and unjust charges that
were in circulation to the disadvantage of his Excellency the President
of this State, and two of our Members of Congress, James Wilson and
John Montgomery, Esquires; and we conceive such meetings have a
tendency to suppress false and malicious reports, and that thereby virtue
may meet with its just reward and vice be depicted in its true deformity.
Signed, John Eodgers, Chairman.

J. Hubley, Secretary.
Manhei'in, Jan. loth, 1783.

298 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

Jo]i7i Huhleij to Pres. I)ickinso7i. Court House Burned, 1784.

Lancaster, June llth, 1784.

Honored Sir: It is likely before now you have heard that the Court
House in this place has been entirely consumed by Fire. I received
this disagreeable account on my way to Lancaster from your City, and
from anything that I can collect here, I find that all is guess-work how
this aiiair happened.

The House underwent some repairs this summer, and the Plaisterers
were at work; a quantity of Lime was put up in the inside for that pur-
pose, to secure it from the weather — -some suppose the Lime set it on
Fire — others suppose that a Clock-maker, who was conducting the weights
of the Clock in a different channel from that they formerly run in, used
some Fire and was negligent. The Clock-maker denies he used any Fire
in his work — and many conjectured that it was wickedly set Fire to by
some unknown villain, so that the affair remains as yet in the dark.
Happy it is for this place that the mischief has ended with the loss of the
Court House only, as a strong south-west wind was blowing, and carried
the Fire in great quantities over great part of the North-East part of the
Town; and though the Calvinist Meeting House, which stands at a con-
siderable distance from the Court House, and several other buildings,
took Fire, yet it was happily extinguished without much damage. I
thought that this affair might be confusedly Reported in the City, there-
fore have given you such information as I could collect in the few hours
I have arrived here.

I am, sir, with the utmost respect,

Your very hble. servant,

John Hubley.
Directed,

His Excellency John Dickinson, Esq., President of the State of Penn'a.,
Philadelphia.

Many prisoners of war were confined at Lancaster; the following nar-
rative furnishes a graphic account of prison life, and, as an interesting
fragment of the history of Lancaster during the Revolution, will prove
acceptable to the reader :

" The American authorities found much difficulty in disposing of their
prisoners. They had no posts regularly fitted for the purpose, and they
could suggest no better means for securing them than to place them
under guard in a thickly settled part of the country, where the inhabi-
tants were most decidedly hostile to the English. The town of Lancas-
ter in Pennsylvania, was of those selected for this purpose. The prisoners
were confined in barracks, enclosed with a stockade and vigilantly guarded.
But, in spite of all precaution, they often disappeared in an unaccount-
able manner, and nothing was heard of them till they had resumed their

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 290

places iu the British army. Many and various were the conjectures as
to the means of their escape; the officers inquired and investigated in
vain; the country was explored to no purpose; the soldiers shook their
heads and told of fortune-tellers, peddlers, and such characters, who had
been seen at intervals; and sundry of the more credulous could think
of nothing but supernatural agenc}^; but whether man or spirit was the
conspirator, the myster}^ remained unbroken.

" When this became known to Washington, he sent Gen. Hazen to
take this responsible charge. This energetic officer, after exhausting all
resources, resorted to stratagem. He was convinced that, as the nearest
post was more than a hundred miles distant, the prisoners must be aided
by Americans ; but where the suspicion should fall, he could not even
conjecture — the reproach of toryism being almost unknown in that re-
gion. Having been trained to meet exigencies of this kind in a distin-
guished career, as colonel in the British army, his plan was formed at
once, and communicated to an officer of his own, upon whose talent he
relied for its successful execution. This was Capt. Lee, whose courage
and ability fully justified the selection.

"The secret plan concerted between them was this; It was to be given
out that Lee was absent on furlough or command. He, meantime, was
to assume the dress of a British prisoner, and having provided himself
with information and a story of his capture, was to be thrown into the
barracks, where he might gain the confidence of the soldiers, and join
them in a plan of escape. How well Capt. Lee sustained his part may
be inferred from the fact, that when he had disappeared and placed him-
self among the prisoners, his own officers and soldiers saw him every
day without the least suspicion. The person to whom I am indebted for
most of these particulars, was the Intendant of the prisoners, and familiar
with Lee ; but though compelled to see him often in the discharge of his
duty, he never penetrated the disguise. Well it was for Lee that his
disguise Avas s@ complete. Had his associates suspected his purpose to
betray them, his history would have been embraced in the proverb,
'dead men tell no tales.'

"For many days he remained in this situation, making no discoveries
whatever. He thought he perceived at times signs of intelligence be-
tween the prisoners and an old woman who was alloAved to bring fruit
for sale within the enclosure. She was known to be deaf and half-
witted, and was therefore no object of suspicion. It was known that her
son had been disgraced and punished in the American army, but she
had never betrayed any malice on that account, and no one dreamed
that she could have the power to do injury if she possessed the will. Lee
watched her closely, but saw nothing to confirm his suspicions. Her
dwelling was about a mile distant, in a wild retreat. Avhere she shared

300 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

her miserable quarters with a dog and cat, the former of which mounted
guard over the mansion, while the latter occasioned superstitious fears,
which were equally effectual in keeping visitors away.

" One dark stormy night in autumn, Lee was lying awake at midnight,
meditating on the enterprise he had undertaken, which though in the
beginning it had recommended itself to his romantic disposition, had
now lost all its charms. It was one of those tempests which in our cli-
mate so often hang upon the path of the departing year. His com-
panions slept soundly, but the wind which shook the building to its
foundation, and threw heavy splashes of rain against the window, con-
spired with the state of his mind to keep him wakeful. All at once the
door was gently opened, and a figure moved silently into the room. It
was too dark to observe its motions narrowly, but he could see that it
stooped towards one of the sleepers, who immediately rose; next it ap-
proached and touched him on the shoulder. Lee immediately started
up; the figure then allowed a slight gleam from a dark lantern to pass
over his face, and as it did so, whispered, impatiently, 'not the man —
but come !' It then occurred to I^ee that it was the opportunity he
desired. The unknown whispered to him to keep his place till another
man was called; but just at that moment something disturbed him, and
making a signal to Lee to follow, he moved silently out of the room.

"They found the door of the house unbarred, and a small part of the
fence removed, where they passed out without molestation; the sentry
had retired to a shelter where he thought he could guard his post with-
out suffering from the rain; but Lee saw his conductors put themselves
in preparation to silence him if he should happen to address them. Just
without the fence appeared a stooping figure, wrapped in a red cloak,
and supporting itself with a large stick, which Lee at once perceived
could be no other than the old fruit woman. But the most profound
silence was ol)served; a man came out from a thicket at a little distance
and joined them, and the whole party moved onward by the guidance of
the old woman. At first they frequently stopped to listen, but having
heard the sentinel cry 'all's well,' they seemed re-assured, and moved
with more confidence than before.

" They soon came near to her cottage under an overhanging bank, where
a bright light was shining out from a little window upon the wet and
drooping boughs that hung near it. The dog received them graciously,
and they entered. A table was spread with some coarse provisions upon
it and a large jug, which one of the soldiers was about to seize, when
the man who conducted them withheld him. 'No,' said he, 'we must
first proceed to business.' lie then went to a small closet, from which
he returned with what seemed to have been originally a Bible, though
now it was worn to a mahogany color and a spherical form. While they

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 301

were doing this, Lee had time to examine his companions; one of them
was a large quiet looking soldier, the other a short stout man with much
of the aspect of a villain. They examined him in turn, and as Lee had
been obliged formerly to punish the shorter soldier severely, he felt some
misgivings when the fellow's eyes rested upon him. The conductor was
a middle aged harsh looking man, whom Lee had never seen before.

"As no time was to be lost, their guide explained to them in few words,
that before he should undertake his dangerous enterprise, he should
require of them to swear upon the Scriptures not to make the least at-
tempt to escape, and never to reveal the circumstances or agents in the
proceeding, whatever might befall them. The soldiers however insisted
on deferring this measure till they had formed some slight acquaintance
with the contents of the jug, and expressed their sentiments on the
subject rather by actions than words. In this they were joined by Lee,
who by this time hati begun to contemplate the danger of his enterprise
in a new and unpleasant point of view. If he were to be compelled to
accompany his party to New York, his disguise would at once be de-
tected, and it was certain he would be hanged as a spy. He had sup-
posed beforehand, that he should find no difficulty in escaping at any
moment; but he saw that their conductor had prepared arms for them,
which they were to use in taking the life of any one who should attempt
to leave them — and then the oath. He might possibly have released
himself from its obligations, when it became necessary for the interests
of his country, but no honorable man could well bear to be driven to
an emergency, in which he must violate an oath, however reluctantly it
was taken. He felt that there was no retreating, when there came a
heavy shock as of something falling against the sides of the house;
their practiced ears at once detected the sound of the alarm gun, and
their conductor, throwing down the old Bible which he had held all
the while impatiently in his hand, directed the party to follow him in
close order, and immediately quitted the house, taking with him his
dark lantern.

"They went on with great despatch, but not without difficulty. Some-
times their footing would give way on some sandy bank or slippery
field; and when their path led through the woods, the wet boughs
dashed heavily in their faces. Lee felt that he might have deserted his
precious companions while they were in this hurry and alarm ; but he
felt that as yet he had made no discoveries, and however dangerous his
situation was he could not bear to confess that he had not nerve to carry
him through. On he went, therefore, for two or tljree hours, and was
beginning to sink with fatigue, when the barking of a dog brought the
party to a stand. Their conductor gave a low whistle, which was an-
swered at no great distance, and a figure came forward in the darkness,

302 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

wlio wliispered to their guide and then led the way up to a building
which seemed by the shadowy outline to be a large stone barn. They
entered it and were severally placed in small nooks where they could
feel that the hay was all around them except on the side of the wall.
Shortly after some provisions were brought to them with the same
silence, and it was signified to them that they were to remain concealed
the whole of the coming day. Through a crevice in the wall, Lee could
discover as the day came on, that the barn was attached to a small farm
house. He was so near the house that he could overhear the conversa-
tion which was carried on about the door. The morning rose clear, and
it was evident from the inquiries of horsemen, who occasionally galloped
up to the door, that the country was alarmed. The farmer gave short
and surly replies, as if unwilling to be taken off from his labor, but the
other inmates of the house were eager in their questions, and from the
answers, Lee gathered that the means by which he and his companions
had escaped were as mysterious as ever,

" The next night, when all was quiet, they resumed their march, and
explained to Lee that, as he was not with them in their conspiracy, and
was accidentally associated with them in their escape, they should take
the precaution to keep him before them, just behind the-guide. He sub-
mitted without opposition, though the arrangement considerably lessened
his chances of escape. He observed, from the direction of the stars, that
they did not move in a direct line towards the Delaware, but they
changed their courses so often that he could not conjecture at what point
they intended to strike the river. He endeavored, whenever any pecu-
liar object appeared, to fix it in his memory as well as the darkness would
permit, and succeeded better than could have been expected, considering
the agitated state in which he traveled.

" For several nights they went on in this manner, being delivered over
to different persons, from time to time ; and as Lee could gather from
their whispering conversations, they were regularly employed on occa-
sions like the present, and well rewarded by the British for their services.
Their employment was full of danger ; and though they seemed like des-
perate men, he could observe that they never remitted their precautions.
They were concealed days in barns — cellars—caves made for the purpose,
and similar retreats, and one day was passed in a tomb, the dimensions
of which had been enlarged, and the inmates, if there had been any, ban-
ished to make room for the living. The burying grounds were a favor-
ite retreat, and on more occasions than one they were obliged to resort
to superstitious alarms to remove intruders upon their path : their success
fally justified the experiment, and, unpleasantly situated as he was, in
the prospect of soon being a ghost himself, he could not avoid laughing
at the expedition with which old and young fled from the fancied appari-

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 803

tions under clouds of night, wishing to meet such enemies, like Ajax, in
the face of day.

" Though the distance to the Delaware was not great, they had now
been twelve days on the road, and such was the vigilance and suspicion
prevailing throughout the country, that they almost despaired of effecting
their object. The conductor grew impatient, and Lee's companions, at
least one of them, became ferocious. There was, as we have said, some-
thing unpleasant to him in the glances of this fellow towards him, which
became more and more fierce as they went on; but it did not appear
whether it was owing to circumstances or actual suspicion. It so hap-
pened that on the twelfth night, Lee was placed in a barn, while the rest
of the party sheltered themselves in the cellar of a little stone church,
where they could talk and act with more freedom, both because the soli-
tude of the church was not often disturbed even on the Sabbath — and
because even the proprietors did not know that illegal hands had added
a cellar to the conveniences of the building.

" The party was seated ' here as the day broke, and the light, which
struggled in through the crevices, opened for the purpose, showed a low
room about twelve feet square, with a damp floor and large patches of
white mould upon the walls. Finding, probably, that the pavement
affording no accommodations for sleeping, the worthies were seated each
upon a little cask, which seemed like those used for gunpowder. Here
they were smoking pipes with great diligence, and, at intervals not distant,
applying a huge canteen to their mouths, from which they drank with
upturned faces, expressive of solemn satisfaction. While they were thus
engaged, the short soldier asked them in a careless way, if they knew
whom they had in their party ? The others started, and took their pipes
from their mouths to ask him what he meant. ' I mean,' said he, ' that
we are honored with the company of Captain Lee, of the rebel army.
The rascal once punished me, and I never mistook my man when I had
a debt of that kind to pay. Now, I shall have my revenge.'

" The others hastened to express their disgust at his ferocity, saying,
that if, as he said, their companion was an American officer, all they had
to do was to watch him closely. They said that, as he had come among
them uninvited, he must go with them to New York, and take the con-
sequences; but meantime, it was their interest not to seem to suspect him,
otherwise he might give an alarm, whereas it was evidently his intention
to go with them till they were ready to embark for New York. The
other person persisted in saying that he would have his revenge with his
own hand, upon which the conductor, drawing a pistol, declared to him
that if he saw the least attempt to injure Captain Lee, or any conduct
which Avould lead him to suspect that his disguise was discovered, he
would that moment shoot him through the head. The soldier put his

304 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

hand upon bis knife, with an ominous scowl upon his conductor, but
seeing that he had to do with one who was likely to be as good as his
word, he restrained himself, and began to. arrange some rubbish to serve
him for a bed. The other soldier followed his example, and their guide
withdrew, locking the door after him.

"The next night they went on as usual, but the manner of their con-
ductor showed that there was more danger than before ; in fact, he ex-
plained to the party that they were now not far from the Delaware, and
hoped to reach it before midnight. They occasionally heard the report
of a musket, which seemed to indicate that some movement was going
on in the country. Thus w^arned, they quickened their steps, and it was
not long before they saw a gleam of broad clear light before them, such
as is reflected from calm waters, even in the darkest night. They moved
up to it in deep silence ; there were various emotions in their breasts ; Lee
was hoping for an opportunity to escape from an enterprise which was
growing too serious, and the principal objects of which were already
answered; the others were anxious lest some accident might have hap-
pened to the boat on which they depended for crossing the stream.

" When they came to the bank there were no traces of a boat on the
waters. Their conductor stood still for a moment in dismay; but recol-
lecting himself, he said it was possible it might have been secured lower
down the stream, and, forgetting everything else, he directed the larger
soldier to accompany him, and giving a pistol to the other, he whisper-
ed, 'if the rebel officer attempts to betray us, shoot him; if not, you Avill
not, for your own sake, make any noise to show where we are.' In the
same instant they departed, and Lee was left alone with the ruffian.

"He had before suspected that the fellow knew him, and now doubts
were changed to certainty at once. Dark as it was, it seemed as if iire
flashed from his eye, now he felt that revenge was within his power.
Lee was as brave as any officer in the army ; but he was unarmed, and
though he was strong, his adversary was still more powerful. While he
stood, uncertain what to do, the fellow seemed enjoying the prospect of
revenge, as he looked on him with a steady eye. Though the officer
stood to appearance unmoved, the sweat rolled in heavy drops from his
brow. He soon took his resolution, and sprang upon his adversary with
the intention of wresting the pistol from his hand ; but the other was
upon his guard, and aimed with such precision, that had the pistol been
charged with a bullet, that moment would have been his last. But it
seemed that the conductor had trusted to the sight of his weapons to
render them unnecessary, and had therefore only loaded them with pow-
der; as it was, the shock threw Lee to the ground; but, fortunately as
the fellow dropped the pistol, it fell where Lee could reach it, and as his
adversary stooped and drew his knife from his bosom, Lee was able

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 305

to give him a stunning blow. He immediately threw himself upon the
assassin, and a long and bloody struggle began; they were so nearly
matched in strength and advantage, that neither dared unclench his hold
for the sake of grasping the knife ; the blood gushed from their mouths,
and the combat would have probably ended in favor of the assassin,
when steps and voices were heard advancing, and they found themselves
in the hands of a party of countrymen, who were armed for the occa-
sion, and were scouring the banks of the river. They were forcibly torn
apart, but so exhausted and breathless, that neither could make any ex-
planation, and they submitted quietly to their captors.

" The party of armed countrymen, though they had succeeded in
their attempt, and were sufficiently triumphant on the occasion, were
sorely perplexed how to dispose of their prisoners. After some dis-
cussion, one of them proposed to throw the decision upon the wisdom
of the nearest magistrate. They accordingly proceeded with their pri-
soners to his mansion, about two miles distant, and called upon him to
arise and attend to business. A window was hastily thrown up, and the
justice put forth his night-.capped head, and with more wrath than be-
came his dignity, ordered them off; and, in requital for their calling
him out of bed in the cold, generously wished them in the warmest place.
However, resistance was vain ; he was compelled to rise ; and, as soon
as the prisoners were brought before him, he ordered them to be taken
in irons to the prison at Philadelphia. Lee improved the opportunity
to take the old gentleman aside, and told him who he was, and why he
was. thus disguised; the justice only interrupted him with the occasional
inquiry, 'Most done?' When he had finished, the magistrate told him
that his story was very well made, and told in a manner very creditable
to his address, and that he should give it all the weight it seemed to re-
quire. And Lee's remonstrances were unavailing.

"As soon as they were fairly lodged in prison, Lee prevailed on the
jailor to carry a note to Gen. Lincoln, informing him of his condition.
The General received it as he was dressing in the morning, and immedi-
ately sent one of his aids to the jail. That officer could not believe his
eyes that he saw Capt. Lee. His uniform, worn out when he assumed it,
was now hanging in rags about him, and he had not been shaved for a
fortnight ; he wished, very naturally, to improve his appearance before
presenting himself before the Secretary of "War ; but the orders were
peremptory to bring him as he was. The General loved a joke full
well ; his laughter was hardly exceeded by the report of his own cannon ;
and long and loud did he laugh that day.

" When Capt. Lee returned to Lancaster, he immediately attempted to
retrace the ground; and so accurate, under all the unfavorable circum-
stances, had been his investigation, that he brought to justice fifteen
21

306 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

persons, who had aided in the escape of British prisoners. It is hardly
necessary to say to those who know the fate of revolutionary officers,
that he received for his hazardous and effectual service, no reward what-
ever."— From the Neiu England Magazine.

General Washington died at Mount Vernon, December 14, 1799. A
funeral procession in his honor took place at Lancaster, January 7, 1800,
the particulars of which were as follows :

Yesterday, in conformity to the Orders of Major-General Edward
Hand, a militarv Procession was formed, in honor of the manes of the
late Lieutenant-General GEORGE WASHINGTON. It was joined by a
number of the Members of our State Legislature, some Clergymen from
the neighbourhood, the Brethren of the lodge of Freemasons, and a
number of private Citizens; and proceeded from the Court House in this
Borough, through several of the principal streets, until they arrived at
the Episcopal English Church, where a sermon, suitable to the occasion,
was delivered by the Rev. Mr. Clarkson: After which, the Infantry
lired three rounds, drawn up on the out-side of the Church-yard. The
Coffin, which had been carried in procession, was left in the Church, as a
monument of the respect and and esteem in which he was held by the
citizens of Lancaster.

The procession was conducted in the following order :

Trumpeter.
18 dragoon Horse, two and two, ^Montgomery's.
Cornet with Standard in crape, I
22 dragoon Horse, two and two, J

Captain.
12 Infantry, two and two, ^

Ensign, Colours in crape, \ Barton's

12 Infantry, two and two, J

Captain.

MUSIC.
30 Militia Officers, two and two.

5 Clergymen.
Undertakers, with their Wands.

I-

3 Pall-bearers. -l^VZ Pall-bearers.

Lo J

4 Officers of our Revolutionary Army.

The Lodge in mourning.

■ . Serjeant-at-arms of the Senate.

Clerk and Assistant.

of lancaster county. 307

Speaker.

16 Senators, two and two.

Clerk of the House.

Speaker.

32 Members, two and two.

40 Citizens.

The State Lesiislature met at Lancaster from 1799 to 1812.

The subjoined account of an election jubilee held Jan. 1, 1801, char-
acteristic of the manners and spirit of the times, will be perused with
much interest :

On New Year's day, the Democratic Eepublicans of this State, at the
Seat of Government, celebrated the success of the Eepublican Cause, in
the election, by a Majority of the People^ of Thomas Jefferson and Aaron
Burr, to be President and Vice President of the United States.

They assembled in Franklin College'' where an entertainment was
provided, under the direction of Mr. Slaymaker, of the Borough of
Lancaster, undoubtedly superior to anything of the kind ever before
exhibited in the Borough.'^

There were present the Governor of the Commonwealth ; the Speaker
of the Plouse of Representatives; a majority of the members of the
House, and the minority of the Senate ; most of the principal officers of
the Government; Major General Irwin; officers of the militia; the offi-
cers and corps of the Lancaster Light Infantry,^ and citizens of the
vicinity. Over the chair, at the head of the table, was placed the por-
trait of Jefferson, and the wall very handsomely decorated with ever-
green.

1 This building stands on high ground, on the north side of the Boi'ough of Lancas-
ter, and is 100 feet in length, by 36 feet in breadth. It is divided into three rooms,
having large folding doors, 'wliich were thrown open, so as to have the centre table
extend the whole lengtli of the building. The side tables were each 30 feet in length.
The whole number which dined together amounted to 250 persons. The Trustees of
Franklin College are incorporated, by law, on the most liberal plan. The building
and lots were given by the State, and the Institution endowed with 10,000 acres of
land for its support.

2 Near the head of the table, among other decorations, there was placed a pyramid
covered with sugar-plums. On three sides of its base were, respectively, inscribed
Monarchy, Hierarchy, Aristocracy; and on the fourth side was written, 200,000, in
large characters. The base rested upon round and irregular pieces of sugai'-cake. called
jumbles. It seemed to have been designed to produce a scramble ; and was soon de-
molished, pyramid, base, foundation and all.

3 The Company paraded at the State House, in complete uniform, about 12 o'clock.
After paying their respects to the Governor, they marched to the College, near which
they fired sixteen vollies in honor of the day. They were then dismissed ; and, soon
after, joined their fellow-citizens at the festive Board.

308 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

The Company being seated at the table, the gentlemen appointed to
officiate as President and Vice President, on the fourth of July last, were
placed in their chairs, precisely at 2 o'clock. After dinner the following
toasts were drank, in the true spirit of Liberty, and with a display of
that enthusiasm, tempered with moderation, which marks the character
of real Republicans^ to wit:

1. The People, and the Constitution which tliey have ordained.

2. The Patriots, in and out of Congress, who have honestly laboured
to maintain the Constitution.

3. The President, and the true men in trust under him. Three
Cheers.

4. The third of December, A. D. 1800; and the star which rose bril-
liantly in the South on that day. Eight Cheers, and Ca Ira.

5. Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr; placed, by the People, on the
pillars of the Constitution. A manly attitude and a firm support to
them. Sixteen Cheers, and the President's March,

6. Eeligious Liberty ; the Eights of Conscience; their great Founder;
and their living Defender, to wit: William Penn, and Thomas Jefferson.

7. Freedom and Equality in our Elections. Political Perdition to all
who shall attempt to destroy or pervert them. Six Cheei's.

8. The Militia. Skill in their Officers, and a firm front to their Men.
Six Cheers, and the Grenadier's March.

9. The Artillery Corps. May they, like Ben. Bobbins, be able to
teach the Art of Gunnery to the Mercenaries of Europe.^ Cheers, and
the French Grenadier's March.

10. The old Congress, which raised and fed our Eevolutionary Army;
and the brave Army they raised. They both deserved well of their
Country. Thirteen Cheers, and Yankee Doodle.

11. The Memory of Gen. George Washington; the Pattern of due
subordination to Civil Authority. Nine Cheers; and, after a solemn
pause — Eoslin Castle.

12. America and France: As cliaste Sisters, may they guard each other
against the intrigues and treachery of Princes. Nine Cheers, and the
Marseilles Hymn.

13. The People of England. Bread and Peace to them. The Eoast
Beef of Old England.

14. Agriculture; the first and best employment of Men.

15. The Home-manufacture of Men; and Happiness to our fair Manu-
facturers. Nine Cheers.

1 Benjamin Robbins, Author of the best Essay on Gunnery ever published in in any
Country, is said to have been a Tailor in Portsmouth (England) ; and, by his talents
and application alone, rose to the most distinguished pre-eminence in that branch of
Science.

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 309

16. Peace for a thousand Years, according to tTie Prophecies: To
commence on the Fourth of March next. Nine Cheers.

VOLUNTEERS.

By the Governor. Franklin College. May her Sons emulate the Vir-
tue and useful Knowledge of the Great Man whose name she bears.

The Governor having retired, the Company drank —

Thomas M'Kean, the Patriot ; Governor of the Commonwealth. Six-
teen Cheers, and Music, Buckskin.

By the President. Our State House Bell. May she forever obey the
command of our Ancestors, and "proclaim Liberty throughout all the
Land, unto all the Inhabitants thereof." (Inscription on our State-bell,
taken from the Proclamation of the Jubilee. Leviticus, chapt. 25. ver. 10.)

By the Vice-President. Our true and good Men in the Pennsylvania
Delegation to Congress.

By the Speaker of the House of Representatives. The Majority in
Congress. May they learn wisdom, even at the 11th hour ; obey the
Voice of the People: and modestly acquiesce in the Presidency of
Thomas Jefferson.

By Major General Irwin. May Aristocracy never again raise its head
in the United States of America.

By the Secretary of the Commonwealth. The Liberty of the Press,
and the Sovereignty of Law.

By Mr. Findley. May the Friends of Monarchy, never hereafter be
mistaken for Federalists.

By Mr. Kean. Intrigue and Corruption. To both, perpetual confine-
ment within the Courts of Princes.

By the Secretary of the Land-office. Our military Citizens. May they
and their Commanders remember, that Liberty was never subverted,
without an Army.

By the Surveyor-General. The Memory of the illustrious Democrats,
Franklin and Rittenhouse. The one emblazoned with his own light-
ning ; the other, resplendent in his solar system ; look down on the di-
minished heads of Courtly Stars. Six Cheers.

By a Citizen. May virtuous Aliens feel themselves, here, "among
their Father's Children;" and may "onr Father's Children" no longer
feel themselves as among "Aliens." Three Cheers.

By Mr. Reichenbach. The Memory of the 18th Century. May this
and every future be, like it, an age of Liberty.

By Mr. Kisler. Alexander Hamilton; and St. Paul's prayer for the
Coppersmith.

By Major Light. May those who sacrifice the Rights of the People,
meet the Fate of Tityus.

310 AUTHENTIC HISTOEY

By the Vice-President. The land we live in ; and further success to
the Cause of Republicanism.

At the south end of the Building, a Lanthorn, on which was shown,
in large transparent letters, the words ^'■Liberty and the Constitution,^^ was
erected 80 feet high, and lighted in the evening. The Citizens retired
at 6 o'clock, preceded by Music, and an octagon Lanthorn 5 feet 4 inches
in diameter, and 7 J feet high; representing the Temple of Liberty,
founded on the Cardinal Virtues, and supported on the shoulders of four
Citizens. At a small distance from the Temple was seen the Southern
Star, in full brilliancy, rising and shining on the Temple.^

After j)arading the principal Streets, and complimenting the Governor
and some leading Democrats in the Borough, as they passed their dwel-
lings, every one departed to his own home. Throughout the whole, the
utmost decorum was observed. No accident of any kind happened
and, before 8 o'clock in the evening, all was perfectly quiet, as if noth-
ing unusual had happened.

In 1822 the city and county of Lancaster were erected into the Second
School District of Pennsylvania.

The Conestoga Navigation, began in 1825, was completed in 1829.

In 1831, May 1, the Common School System was established in Penn-
sylvania.

In the same year was completed the Philadelphia and Columbia Rail
Road, begun in 1829. The Harrisburg and Lancaster Road was com-
pleted in 1838.

The Chkistiana Riot took place in Sept. 1851, in consequence of
armed resistance to the attempted capture of two fugitive slaves. In the
conflict Edward Gorsuch, of Baltimore, Md., master of the fugitives, was
shot dead. The negroes were countenanced in their resistance by several
white men. The matter created intense excitement ; two white men,
Elijah Lewis and Castner Hanway, and a number of colored men were
arrested and sent to Philadelphia to be tried for treason. The trial took
place, but they were acquitted.

The History of Lancaster County reallj'- terminates with the Revolu-
tion. The internal improvements, the development of natural resources,
the increase of population, the growth and multiplication of branches of
industr}^, the spread of education and religion, the establishment of
philanthropic institutions — all these and kindred subjects are recorded
in the divisions of this work to which the}- respectively belong.

There is however a part of the history of this County which ilium i-

iTlie eftect of this little Temple was really elegant; and did honor to the Gentlemen
■who^designed it: The Star, rising in the Sonth, added to the effect, and excited great
attention.

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 311

nates its pages and furnislies a proud record of the patriotic devotion of
its citizens, which appropriately closes the strictly historical part of this
work. It is the military record of Lancaster County. From the papers
on file in the office of the Secretary of the Commonwealth, which have
been kindly placed at my disposal through the courtesy of Mr. Gara,
have been prepared the subjoined lists relating to the Revolution ; those
relating to the Rebellion are drawn from the Adjutant General's Report
for 1866. It is matter of regret that in spite of the most diligent
search at Harrisburg and elsewhere, similar lists of the officers from
Lancaster County who served in the war against Great Britain in 1812-
1814, and in the war against Mexico, could not be obtained. They may
yet be forthcoming and, in that event, will be printed in a subsequent
edition of this History. The noble work done with unwearied energy,
perseverance, and self-sacrificing devotion by the " PATRIOT DAUGH-
TERS," concludes the Military History of the County in the modest
report, prepared by the. excellent ladies on whom the management of
the organization devolved, and is perhaps its brightest page.

We now begin the Military Record of Lancaster County, is detailed
in the following pages.

312

AUTHENTIC HISTORY

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318

AUTHENTIC HISTORY

1780.

ROLL OF THE PENNSYLVANIA VOLUNTEERS FOR LANCASTER COUNTY
WITH THE DATE OF ENLISTMENT.

No.

1

2
3
4
.5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54

Names.

William* Williams, . ...

Adam Carpenter,

Gilbert Samuel,

Tobias Kuster,

Joseph Geddis,

Frederick Reish,

Stephen Davis,

James Freney,

George Foltz,

Robert Mitchell,

George Kishler,

Henry Benitheisel, . ...
George Hucketswiller,

William Hunt,

David Myer,

Samuel Grove,

Andrew Ream_,

David Ream,

Andrew Hudler,

David Stule,

Matthew Neeley,

James Young,

John Stewart,

John Heiser,

Henry Nagle

Alexander Ford

Alexander Bramon, ...
Andrew McGinnis, . ...

Philip Arnold,

Philip Buttenstein, ...

Jacob Hassinger,

Peter Harder

.John Carmichael,

Barnard Gustrell,

Godfrey Everhart,

John Young,

John Aleman,

Jacob Offenbaugh,

Abraham Soober,

Ludw'k Road,

Henry Rewalt,

George Simmons,

John ModeriH,

John Segar,

Charles Drummin, . ..

John Anderson,

Christ'n Ginder,

James Turner,

Abr. Bronson,

Andreas Wagner,

Martin Mohler,

Conrad Philip,

Patrick Rudy,

Bennett Heard,

Peter Riblett

Enlisted.

June 10.

do.

do.

do.
June 11.
•Tune 12.

do.

do.

do.

do.

do.

do.

do.

do.

do.
June 13.

do.

do.

do.

do.

do.

do.

do.

do.

do.

do.

do.

do.

do.

do.

do.
June 14.

do.

do.

do.

do.

do.

do.

do.

do.

do.
June 15.

do.

do.

do.

do.

do

do.

do.

do.

do.

do.

do.

do.

do.

OF LANCASTER COUNTY.

319

ENLISTED.

Rob't Hannah,

Peter Keplinger,

Samuel Logan,

James "Waters,

Leonard Wyer,

John Colp,

Matthias Hager,

Philip Fernsley,

Rob't Boyd,

Rob't McHenry,

George Young,

Fred'k Siegmiller,

David Davis,

John Hamilton,

Thomas Mackey,

James Osburne,

Oliver White,

Henry Reading,

Joshua Napp,

Alex'r Leighton,

Simon Lough,

John Slotterbeck,

Thorn's Carmichael,

Alex'r Hastings,

Rob't Care,

Christian Weidley,

Barnabas Allen,

Henry Narmire,

Lawrence Smith,

Charles McCoy,

Henry Yaflfe,

John Shuster,

Mathew Montgomery, .,

John McCush,

Jacob Towinhauer,

Will'm Allcorn,

John Staft'er,

Nicholas Anspach,

Daniel Hains, ,

Jacob Rowland,

Will'm Willson,

Casper Dribble,

James McMillen, ,

John Campbell,

John Spence,

William Cashidy,

Jacob Graff,

Lud'kKook,

John Mohrer,

Edw'd Stridle,

Patrick McLoney,

W illiam Strahan,

Christ'n Ziegenhain, .. .

John Field,

Henry Sheib,

Mathias Cook,

Francis Fleuiy,

Christian Frickhefter, . ,

John Allison,

William Watt,

John Gatege,

John Hunley,

Joseph Sinkel,

June 15.

do.

do.

do.

do.

do.

do.

do.

do.

do.

do.
June 16.

do.

do.

do.

do.

do.
June 17.

do.

do.
June 18.

do.

do.
June 19.

do.

do.

do.
June 20.

do.

do.

do.
June 21.

do.

do.

do.

do.

do.

do.

do.

do.
June 22.

do.

do.

do.

do.
June 23.

do.

do.

do.
Jinie 24.

do.

do.

do.

do.
June 25.

do.
June 26.

do.
June 27.

do.
July 2.

do.
July 4.

320

AUTHENTIC HISTORY

119

120
131
132
123
124
125
126
137
128
129
130
131
133
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
153
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160

George Nuss,

John Cooke,

Andreas Baltzbach, .

John Hogart,

Andrew Sinclair,

John Ewings,

Hugh Donally,

Christ' n Lindenroad,

John Klingle,

Patrick Molholm, ....

Philip Lawman,

John Ward,

John Downhower, . . .

Alex'r Marrs,

Jolm McGachen,

John Frederick,

Peter Long,

John Shartell,

John McGregor,

William Weise,

Nathan Levy,

Jacob Fetter,

Jacob Hoffman

Isaac Davis,

John Davis,

Peter Grumline, ,

John Ernst,

John Morrison,

Aubrey Jones,

John Schriver,

James Fisher,

William Moffett, ,

Jonathan Klingle,. . ..

Thomas Gordon,

Anthonj Furnace, . ..
Phineas Coleman, . . .

David Wittezell,

Samuel Saligley,

Thomas Hassin,

Casper Peter,

Ludwig Steigley,

Matthew Newland, ...

ENLISTED.

July 4.
July 5.
July 7,
July 30.

do.

do.
July 27
July 38.
July 29.
July 31,
August 3.

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do.

do.

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August 4.

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August 5.

do.

do.

do.

do.

do.
August 6.
Aiigust 8.

do.

do.

do.

do.
August

do.
August 13
August 16

do.

do.

do.

do.

do.

do.

do.
June 24.

9.

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OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 345

REPORT OF THP] PATRIOT DAUGHTERS.

To those interested in the operations of tliis Society, a sliglit sketch of its efforts,
during the four years of its existence, may not be uninteresting. It was organized
under the direction of Rev. J. I. Mombert, April 22, 1861, nine days after the fall of
Fort Sumpter, and has the honor of having been one of the very first societies organ-
ized for the aid of oiu' Union Soldiers. They began witli only $100 in tlieir treasury.
Their first efforts Avere directed to the relief of the Ohio volunteers, who were, for a
time, quartered near this city. These jjoor fellows had left home at a moment's warn-
ing, and not finding the government prepared to give them clothing, were sadly in need.
They were supplied with overcoats and blankets. After they left, their places were
filled by the 14th and 15th Pennsylvania volunteers. The Society supplied the hospital
connected with that camp, with shirts, bedding, and many luxuries the men could not
command. They also gave a dinner to the men, 2,000 in number, which elicited from
them their warmest thanks. Havelocks and prayer-books were also distril)uted, the
latter being obtained through the agency of their friend, Mr. Mombert. To the vol-
unteers leaving our own city the Society was not neglectful. They furnished four
companies with rations, one entire company with blankets and haversacks and a whole
regiment with flannel shirts. During their four years' labor they forwarded to different
hospitals 1,061 boxes, barrels, etc. Among these stores were the following items: Hos-
pital shirts, 5,219; flannel shirts, including those given at home, 2,187; drawers, 2,612;
shippers, 94 pairs; socks, 5,709 pairs; sheets, 129; comforts, 28; quilts, 30; mittens,
2,600; wrappers, 296; pillows, 1003; pillowcases, 891; half worn shirts, 9,080; towels,
4,256; handkerchiefs, 1,700; blankets, 120; gum blankets, 12; fans, 20 dozen; farina,
972 papers; oranges and lemons, 872 dozen; preserves and pickles, 1,401 cans; apple
butter, 1,801 gallons; wines, 43 dozen; apples, 15 barrels; vegetables, 43 barrels; dried
fruit, 63 bushels; bread and rusk, 62 boxes; tea,, 18 pounds; sugar 245 pounds; beef
and hams, 9 barrels; soap, 415 pounds; castile soap, 59 pounds; cheese, 5 boxes; tur-
kies, 89; chickens, 301 pairs; crutches, 158; bandages, 66 pieces of muslin; eggs, 41
barrels; brandy, 6 dozen; Madeira wine, 7 dozen; whisky, 3 barrels; pickled slaw, 5
barrels; cologne, 16 gallons; stationery, $72.00; buckets, 6 dozens; basins, 18; but-
ter, 1,020 pounds; donated to Children's Home, one piece of muslin, one piece of
calico, one piece of de Laine, 24 pillows and cases; to West Philadelphia Hospital, 36
rocking chairs; to Fair for Soldiers' Home, $300; groceries for soldiers' families aud
others in need, $790.92; coal for soldiers' families, $107.80; shoes for soldiers, $67.55:
clothing for soldiers and families, $381.4); meat for soldiers' families, $87.61; room
rent for one year. $85; sewing and knitting, $105.10; to disabled soldiers' funeral ex-
penses, etc., $363.04; total amount of expenses in making the hosi^ital clothing and
other stores, in paying their freight, in buying provisions, and in paying the expenses
of nurses, etc., $12,193.88; total amount of receipts of the society, $14,500.60; total
amount of exj)enses, including the above bills, $14,482.30; Balance on hand, $18.30.

ROSINA HUBLEY, President.

M. M. KENDIG, Treasurer.
A. C. Slaymaker. Secretary.

— From Daily Evening Express, May 5, 1866.

346 ' AUTHENTIC HISTORY

T

DIVISION II.

TOPOGKAPIIICAL.

At the time of its separation from Chester county, the boundaries of Lancaster county
comprised "all the province hdng to the Noi-thward of Octoraro Creek and "Westward
of a line of marked trees running from the North branch of the said Octoraro Creek,
Northeasterly to the river Schuylkill." Having been gradually reduced to its present
limits by the erection into separate counties of York, Cumbeiiand, Berks, Northum-
berland, Dauphin and Lebanon, it is now bounded North by the counties of Dauphin,
Lebanon and Berks, East by Chester county. South by Cecil county in Maryland, and
Southwest by the Susquehanna River. Length 33 miles, breadth 28; area 928 miles;
central lat. 40^ 3' N. ; long 0^ 40' E. from W. C.

It is, perhaps, the wealthiest county of the State, in natural advantages, having a
fine navigable river, which washes its western shore for more than 40 miles, a great
diversity of surface and soil, abundantly watered by mill streams ; many and excellent
roads, the principal of which are paved with stone ; a large city, and many fine towns
and villages, and a population alike enterprising, patient and industrious, and conse-
ciuently all powerful in compelling the earth to yield her most precious fruits. The
great geological feature of the county is its division between the secondary and transi-
tion formations ; a broad vein of secondary limestone, underlying the southern half,
whilst a nearly e(|ual belt of transition red sandstone covers the northern. The fonner
aSbrds abundant supplies for building and manure, and superior marble for architectu-
ral ornament. This portion of the country also prodvices large quantities of the oxide
of chrome, or chromate of iron, and abundance of magnesite, from which a Baltimore
firm have taken several hmich-ed tons per annum, and from which they manirfacture
1.500,000 lbs. of sulphate of magnesia (epsom salts) annually, supplying the country
with these two articles, at a price far less than they can be imported. Iron ore is also
abundant in this region, and is found in the hills on the northern boundary. Good
roofing slate is quarried on both sides of the Susquehanna near Peach Bottom ferry.
Anthracite coal is said to have been discovered near Reamstown, but neither in quality
nor quantity worthy of attention.

Three ranges of liills run through the county from S. E. to N. W., the southernmost,
chiefly in Martie, Bart and Sadsbury townships, includes Mine Ridge, and is notable
for iron and copper ore, and other valuable minerals. The second range, more broken
and less continuous, and of small elevation, commences at and about Columbia, and
includes the Ephrata ridge ; and the third, the highest and most connected, is the Con-
ewago or South mountain.

Crossing the county from E. to W., S. of the parallel of Lancaster, we have Octoraro
creek, which separates it from Chester, the N. and W. branches of that stream, the
Conewingo creek. Fishing creek, jMuddy creek, Tucquean creek, the Pequea, which
runs S. W. over the county, receiving Beaver creek, and Little Beaver creek, and many
smaller streams. The Conestoga creek, which, rising in Berks county, flows by a
western course into Warwick tovvnshii^, and thence S. W. by the city of Lancaster to
the Susquehanna river, being the recipient of many excellent streams wluch increase its

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 347

waters from either hand, the chief of which are the East Branch, Cocalico, Trout, Mid-
dle and Hammer creeks, and the Little Conestoga creek; a slack water navigation has
been made on tne Conestoga creek. The Great and Little Chiques and the Conewago
creek, which separates Lancaster from Dauphin county. All these streams afford
advantageous mill sites, and are generally and usefully improved, i

The State Canal follows the Susquehanna on the western border from Columbia
northward.

The Philadelijhia and Lancaster tiu'upike road, is notable as the first made in the
United States. Its length is 62 miles; it was commenced in the year 1792, and finished
in 1794, at an expense of $465,000. Other turnpikes have been connected with it, ex-
tending from Trenton, on the Delaware, to Steubenville, on the Ohio, a continuous line
of 343 miles. From the city of Lancaster this road is continued westward through the
county, about 11 miles to the Susquehannah river at Columbia, which it crosses by a
bridge of more than 5,000 feet in length. Another turnpike road leads from Lancaster
city N. W. to Harrisburg, from which are laterals connecting with the thriving towns
of Marietta and Falmouth, on the Susquehanna river. Another turnpike road, com-
mencing at Downingtown, Chester county, traverses the N. E. part of this county for
25 miles, passing through the town of Ephrata, to Harrisburg. The Lancaster and
Reading turnpike road j^roceeds N. E. from the city of Lancaster, through the county,
25 miles; and the Lancaster and Wilmington turnpike road, entering the county
through Mine Hill gap, unites' with the Philadelphia road, at Slaymaker's tavern,
about 14 miles E. from the city of Lancaster. Country roads, kept in very good order,
are made in every direction. 2

Good bridges, almost universally of stone, have been made over the principal streams
where crossed by the great roads; generally at the expense of the county or of the tiu-n-
pike comijanies; but in some cases by companies specially incorporated for the purpose,
and by individuals authorized by the State. Those most worthy of note are over the
Susquehanna river and the Conestoga creek.

The chief towns of the county are Lancaster city, the boroughs of Columbia, Marietta,
Washington and Strasburg, Falmouth, Bainbridge, Maytown, Elizabethtown, Mount
Joy, Manheim, Petersburg, Neffsville, New Market, Fairview, Millerstown, Souders-
burg. Paradise, Intercourse, New Holland, Churchtown, Swopetowu, Hinkletown,
Ephrata, Litiz, Reamstown and Adamstown, &c., for notice of which see their titles
I'espectively. *

The Pennsylvania Bail Boad traverses the county from East to West; the chief stations
in the county are the following: Christiana, Gap, Kinzer's, Leaman Place, Concord, Bird-
in-Hand, (Enterprise,) Lancaster, Dillerville, Landisville, Mount Joy, Elizabethtown.
A second route leaves the main line at Dillerville, and from Columbia runs along the
Susquehanna. The stations in the county are : Dillerville, Rolirerstown, Mount^^Ile,
Columbia, Chiques, Marietta, Bainbridge and Falmouth.

The Beading and Columbia Rail Road, with a branch from Lancaster to the junction,
2 miles S. of Manheim, is in successful operation, and traverses the county in the
direction S. W. to N. Stations on the hue of this road are: Reinholds\alle, Union,
Reamstown, Ephrata, New Berlin, Millway, Rothville, Litiz, Keller's, Manheim,

1. In the limestone region of this county, the phenomenon is by no means rare that small streams
after flowing some distance, suddenly disappear, and after running sometimes several miles under
ground, reappear with increased strength. As a specimen we name the Indian Run, which divides
the townships of Clay and West Cocalico, and has considerable depth. After running some distance,
it suddenly disappears among limestone rocks, pursues its subterranean course for a mile and a half,
and on reappearing is known as Trout Creek, on account of the many trout which abound in it.

2 The oldest roads in the county are '"The Old Continental Road" from Philadelphia through Lan-
caster to the Susquehanna, and "The Old King's Highway," laid out in 1733, passing from Philadel-
phia through West Chester, Strasburg, Postlethwaite's to the mouth of the Conestoga. Postlethwaite's
was the first county seat, selected doubtless on accout of its contiguity to Conestogo, the famous Indian
settlement.

348 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

Junction, Landisville, Silver Spring, Chestnut Hill, Kauffman's. Columbia, and in the
direction of Lancaster from the Junction, Mechanicsville, Petersburg, Dillerville,
Lancaster.

The Conestoga Navigation, completed in 1834, connects Lancaster with the Susque-
hanna at Safe Harbor, where the Slackwater joins the Tidewater canal, and thus
affords uninterrupted communication with Chesapeake Bay. Water communication
with the interior of the State is maintained by means of the Pennsylvania canal, the
Eastern division of which terminates at Columbia.

From this general description of the county, we pass to the particular account of
the respective localities, which are given in al])habetical order, and to Avhich is prefixed a
copy of the

^'■Boundaries of the Townsldps in Lancaster County, as they loere settled and agreed iqwn
by the Magistrates and Inhahitmits of the said covnty on the Wi day of June, and con-
firmed hy the Court of Quarter Sessions the First of August ensuing, Anno Domini
1729:

1. Drumore. — The township of Drumore. beginning at the south line of Sadsbury
by Octoraro, thence down tlie said creek to the province line towards Maryland, thence
up the Sasquehanah to the mouth of Muddy Run, thence by the said run to Richard
Beeson's land, and from thence on a direct course to the southwest corner of John
Keyl's land on Sadsbury line, and by the said line to the place of beginning.

2. Sadsbury. — The township of Sadsbury beginning by the county line at the moun-
tain which divides Octoraro and Pequea, thence westerly along the said mountain to the
northwest corner of John Keyl's land, thence by said land to the southwest corner, and
from thence south 200 perches, thence east to Octoraro, thence up the said county line,
and along the said line to said place of beginning.

3. Martock. — The township of Martock, beginning at the mouth of Muddy run,
thence up Sasquehanah to Petpiea, thence up Peijuea to the mouth of Great Beaver
creek, thence up tlie said creek to Sadsbury line, then by the said line to John Keyl's
corner aforesaid, thence by Drumore township to the place of beginning.

4. CoNESTOGCE. — The township of Conestogo), beginning at the moutli of Pequea,
thence up Sasquehanah, thence to said mouth of Conestogoe creek, then up the said creek
to the mouth of Mill creek, then by a direct line to Pequea at the mouth of Beaver
creek, thence down Pequea to the place of beginning. ^

5. Hemppield. — Tlie township of Hempfield, beginning at the mouth of Conestogoe,
thence up Sasquehanah to Chickasalunge, thence up the said creek to Peters' Road by
the Log Cabins, thence to Little Conestogoe, and down the same to the Manor line, and
thence down the said line to Great Conestogffi, and down the same to the place of be-
ginning.

6. Donegal. — The township of Donegal, beginning at the mouth of tlic Chickasa-
lunge, thence up the East Branch to Peters' Road, thence (taking in the present in-
habitants) on a northerly course to Conewago, thence by the same and the said river to
the place of beginning.

7. Derry. — The t(nvnshii) of Derry, beginning at the mouth of Conewago. thence up
Sasquehanah to the mouth of Suataaro, thence up Suataaro to the mouth of Quetopo-
hello, thence south on a direct line to Conewago, and dow]i the same to the place of
beginning. 1

8. Peshtank. — The township of Peshtank,2 beginning at the mouth of Suataaro,
thence up the river to Kehtohtoning hill above Peter Aliens, thence eastward by the
south side of said hill to the meridian of Quetopohcllo mouth, thence on a south course
to the mouth of the same at Suataaro, and down Suataaro to the beginning.

9. Lebanon. — LebanonS township, beginning under the aforesaid hill at the north-
east corner of Peshtank, thence by the said hill easterly to the meridian of the west line

1 Now in Dauphin county. 2 Now in Dauphin county. S Now in Lebanon county.

OF LANCASTER COUNTY, 349

of Tolpehockan manor, thence southerly and by the said line to the hills boundiu"-
Warwick township, thei^e by the said hills and township westerly to the comer of
Derry on Conewago, thence northerly by Derry and Peshtank to the place of beginning.

10. Earl. — Earl township, beginning at Peters' Road by Conestogoe creek, being a
corner of Leacock township, thence up Conestogoe creek and up Muddy creek to the
Indian Path, thence along the southern branch of said ci-eek to the brow of Turkey hill,
thence southerly in a direct course to the noi'theast corner of Thomas Edwards' land,
and by the said land southerly over Conestogoe creek to another corner of said land,
thence on a direct course to the corner of the west line of Nathan Evan's land, then by
the said land and along southerly to the top of the mountain, thence westerly along the
said mountain by Salisbury line to David Coweu's west corner, thence to Peters Road
and along the same to the place of beginning.

11. Warwick. — Warwick townshii), beginning by Conestogoe creek at a corner of
Manlieim township by Peters' Road, thence up by the west side of Conestogoe to Hans
Graff's mill, thence up a northei'ly branch to David Priess's mill, thence westerly along
the hills by Lebanon township to Derry, thence southerly by Donegal to the aforesaid
road, thence along the said road easterly to the place of beginning.

12. Manheim. — Manheim township, beginning by Peters Road at a corner of Donegal
and Warwick townships near the head of Little Conestogoe, thence along the said road
by Wai-wick township to Conestogoe creek, thence down the said creek to the Old Doc-
iofs Ford, thence westerly by Lancaster township on a direct line to Little Conestogoe
at the upper side of Peter Bomgarner's land, thence up the said creek to the place of
beginning.

13. Lancaster. — Lancaster township, beginning at the Old Doctor's Ford, thence
down the west side of Conestogoe to the Manor line, thence by the said line to Little
Conestogoe, thence up the said creek by Hempfield township to Manheim township,
thence by the said township to the place of beginning.

14. Leacock. — Leacock township, beginning at the mouth of Beaver creek, thence up
the east side of Pequea to Philip Feire's lower corner, thence west by Lampeter town-
ship to Conestogoe creek at the upper corner of George Baud's land, thence up the said
creek to Peters' Road, thence easterly along the said road by Earl townshij) to David
Cowin's land, thence southerly and westerly by Salsbury, Sadsbury and Martock town-
ships to the place of beginning.

15. Lampeter. — Lami^eter township, beginning at the nrouth of Mill creek at a corner
of Conestogoe township, thence up the east side of Conestogoe creek to Leacock town-
shii5, thence easterly by the said township to Pequea, thence down Pequea by the said
township to Beaver creek, thence by Conestogoe townshij) to the j^lace of beginning.

16. Salsbury. — Salsbury township, beginnmg at the county line at the northeasterly
corner of Sadsbury township, thence northerly along the said line to the mountain at
Brandy^vine head, thence westerly by Caernarvon township along the said mountain to
a corner of Leacock township by David Cowin, thence by the said township southerly
to the east line of Thomas Story's land, thence continuing by the said township along
another mountain to Sadsbury line, thence by the said line easterly to the place of be-
ginning.

17. Caernarvon. — Caernarvon township, beginning at the county line at a corner of
Salisbury on the mountain, thence northerly along the said line to the northeast corner

of Cadwaleder Elis's land, thence westerly by township along a ridge of mouu-

tains to Eai-1 township at the northeast corner of Thomas Edward's land, thence south-
erly by the said townshiii to the corner of Leacock and Salsbury township, thence
easterly by Salsbury and along the said mountain to the place of beginning.

Adamstown, Borough. — Adamstown, post tovra and village, Cocalico township, Lan-
caster county, on the road from Lancaster to Reading, 20 miles from the former and
10 from the latter, and 46 miles S. E. from Harrisburg. Population in 1860, 432 ; Tax-

850 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

ables, 103; value of Real and Personal Property, $50,305; Gristmill, 1; Sawmill, 1;
Distillery, 1; Hotels, 3; Stores, 3; Common Schools, 2. •

Bart. — Bart township, hounded N. by Paradise, E. by Sadsbury, S. by Coleraine and
W. by Eden. Centrally distant from Lancaster city about 14 ms. S. E. Length 7,
breadth 5^ ms. Area, 19,027 acres. Mine Ridge, a lofty chain of hills, encircles the
township on the W. and N. in which copper has been discovered, but the mines are not
wrought. Surface, rolling; soil, limestone and clay; taxables, 338. Population in 1860,
1,532. Real and Personal Property, |284,636. 4 Gristmills, 5 Saw Mills, 4 Hotels, 3
Stores, 6 Common Schools.

The Meeting House Run and Copper Mine Run traverse the county and at their con-
fluence form the West Branch of Octorara creek. This township has 3 Post Offices,
Bart, Bartville and jSTine Points. The most important place is the village of George-
town.

"The citizens of Sadsbury having petitioned for a division of the township, the
court, at the November Session of 1743, appointed Calvin Cooper, George Leonard, sen.,
James Wilson, Samuel Ramsay, Robert Wilson and James Miller, to divide the same —
'they met the 20th of March, and considered the most proper place. The line is to
begin in a road called Aaron Musgrove's road, near the copper mines, at Strasburg
township line, where it divides from Sadsbury, and down the several courses thereof to
the east side of said road to a new road branching therefrom, leading to John Taylor's
mill, commonly known by the name of Buckley's mill, on the east side of said road,
the several courses thereof, to a road branching therefrom commonly known by the
name of Rustan's Road, and on the east side thereof, by the line that divides Colerain
and Sadsbuiy; all which we allow and conclude to be the division. -The eastern part
thereof retaining the name of Sadsbury, and the western part to be called Bart. ' ' '

Brecknock. — Brecknock township, bounded N. E. by Berks county, S. E. by Caernar-
von township, S. W. W. by East Cocalico. Centrally distant from the city of Lancaster,
N. E. 20 miles. Greatest length 7, breadth 5 miles. It is drained by the three branches
of j\Iuddy creek, one of which runs on the N. the other on the S. boundary, and the
third intersects the township centrally. All of which are mill streams and have mills
upon them. Ai-ea, 17,300 acres; surface, hilly; soil, i-ed shale. Population in 1860,
1488; Taxables, 469. It contains 5 Grist Mills, 5 Saw Mills, 1 Distillery, 2 Hotels, 3
Stores, 7 Common Schools. Value of Real and Personal Paoperty, |239,587. P. O:
Bowmansville and Muddy creek.

Caerkarvon. — Caernarvon township, bounded E. by Berks county, S. by Chester
county and Salisbury township, Lancaster county, W. by East Earl township, and N.
W. by Brecknock township. Centrally distant from Lancaster city, aboiit 20 miles.
Greatest length, 6^ miles, greatest breadth 5, area 15,437 acres. The Conestoga creek
flows through it from E. to W. The Downingtown and Harrisburg turni^ike crosses the
southern angle, and the Morgantown turnpike, centrally, from E. to W. on which, near
the middle of the township, is the post village of Churchtown, 55 miles from Harrisburg,
20 from Lancaster and 5 from Morgantown; surface, hilly; soil, red shale. Population,
1860, 1592; Taxables, 466; value of Real and Personal Property, $465,758; 2 Forges, 5
Grist and 2 Saw Mills; 4 Hotels; 4 Stores and 9 Common Schools. Post offices are at
Churchtown and Beartown.

Clay. — Bounded N. by Lebanon county, E. by W. Cocalico, S. by Ephrata, S. W. by
Warwick, W. by Elizabeth. Area, included in Elizabeth. Population in 1860, 1438; Tax-
ables, 414; value of Real and Personal Property, $524,201. It has 5 Gi-ist and 2 Saw
Mills, 1 Hotel, 3 stores and 9 common schools.

Middle Creek traverses the township in a S. W. direction, and after receiving Fur-
nace Run, forms its Western boundary. The Indian Run flows in a southerly direc-
tion near the Eastei-n boundary, and on it are a Grist Mill and a Saw Mill and a large
mill dam of great depth. The Indian Run flows here about a mile below the mill,

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 851

when it suddenly vanishes among the limestone rocks, nearly opposite to the residence
of William Paul, pursues its subteiTanean coui'se for a mile and a half, then reappears
and forms Trout Creek, so called from the many trout abounding in it. Soil, lime-
stone and red shale. The Furnace Hills along the Lebanon line furnish a fine red
sandstone; the columns of the Lancaster Court House are built of it. Mr. Adam
Konigmacher has made of it some 130 millstones and sent them to many parts of the
U. S. Durlach is the P. O.

CocALico, East. — This township is bounded N. E. by Berks county, E. by Brecknock,
S. by Earl, S. W. by Ephrata, and N. W. by W. Cocalico. Area, 13,080 acres. Popu-
lation in 18G0, 1893; Taxables, 561; value of Real and Personal Property, $409,094. It
has 5 Grist and 4 Saw Mills, 5 Hotels, 6 Stores and 9 Common Schools. The Cocalico
creek crosses the township in a S. E. direction. The most important places are the
borough of Adamstown, (see Adamstown) Reamstown, Swartzville, at all of which are
Post offices, Napierville and Vera Cruz. Surface, hilly; soil, clay and red shale.

Cocalico, West. — Bounded N. E. by Berks county, E. by E. Cocalico, S. by Ephrata,
W. by Clay. Area, 17,224 acres; Popvxlation in 1860, 2,057; Taxables, 584. Value of
Real and Personal Property, $629,923. It has 4 Grist and 6 Saw JVIills, 6 Hotels, 7
Stores, 9 Common Schools. The Reading and Columbia R. R. passes through its S. E.
section. The Cocalico creek and its tributaries traverse the township. The P. O. are
Cocalico, Reinholdsville, Schoeneck, Stevens, and Reinhold's Station. Surface, hillj^;
soil, clay and red shale. The neighborhood of Reinholdsville was settled between 1735
and 1740 by Germans, among whom Hans Beelman, Hans Zimmerman and Peter Schu-
macher Avere large land-holders.

CoLERAiN. — Bounded N. by Bart and Sadsbury, E. by Chester county, S. by Little
Britain, W. by Drumore, N. W. by Eden, centrally distant from the city of Lancas-
ter 17 miles S. E. The main branch of the Octoraro creek bounds it on the East, and
the west branch of the same stream on the W. Surface, rolling; soil, gravel and clay.
Area, 19,497 acres. Population in 1860, 1740. Taxables, 431; value of Real and
Personal Property, $302,889. It has 7 Grist and 7 Saw Mills, 6 Hotels, 7 stores and 9
common schools. P. O. at Clommell, Colerain, Kirkwood and Octoraro.

Columbia Borough. See West Hempfield.

CoNESTOGA. — Conestoga township, bounded N. by Lancaster township, N. E. bj' Pe-
quea, S. by Martick, S. W. by the Susquehannah river, W. by Manor; centrally distant
from Lancaster 5 miles S. ; area, 19,601 acres; surface, rolling; soil, clay and gravel, of
excellent quality, and well cultivated. Population in 1860, 3,093; Taxables, 767. The
Conestoga creek flows along the W. boundary, and the Peqxiea creek along the E.
Upon both there are several mills. It has 4 Grist and 5 Saw Mills, 1 Furnace, 1 Forge, 8
Hotels, 5 Stores and 8 Common Schools. Value of Personal and Real Property, $625,487.

The most important place is Safe Harbor at the confluence of the Conestoga and
the Susquehanna River. There the Conestoga is connected with the Tide Water Canal
on the opposite bank of the River. Splendid rolling mills and furnaces, unfortunately
not worked at present, are located here. They were ei-ected at a cost of $200,000. Most
of the iron used on the Central Rail Road (in 1852) was manufactured here. The scenery
here is very fine and picturesquely grand. A short distance below Safe Harbor are
several rocks with Indian picture-writing, a facsimile of which is given in another part
of this volume. The fishing trade of Safe Harbor is quite important. Large quanti-
ties of shad are caught with the seine, which is mostly about 100 yards long and from
4 to 6 feet wide varying according to the depth of the water. One edge of the seine is
heavily loaded with lead while the other has numerous corks or wooden buoys, so that
it floats in the water in an upright position. The seine is carried 200 or 300 yards above
the flshing battery, when one end is taken in a boat, which is rowed out from the shoi'e
in a circular course, and hauled in at the battery, the other end meanwhile ari'iving at
the same place. Shad generally move in shoals, and in clear weather their approach

352 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

may be descried from the battery. Hence the havds are irregular, but when a shoal is
effectually surrounded with the seine, an immense number is sure to be caught, as few
are able to escape its delicate network. (Bowen's Pictorial Sketch Book of Pennsylvania).

The other places in this township are Conestoga Centre, Colemanville, Rockville and
Petersville. P. O. are at Colemanville, Conestoga, Safe Harbor and Slackwater.

CoNOY. — Bounded N. by Dauphin county, N. E. by W. Donegal, E. by E. Donegal,
S. and AV. by the Susquehanna River. Area, 8,866 acres; Popidation in 1860, 1,877;
Taxables 477; Value of Real and Personal Property $416,920. It has 4 Grist and 4
Saw Mills, 1 Distillery, 6 Hotels, 4 Stores and 10 Common Schools.

This is the westernmost township in the county. Its most important place is Bain-
bridge, a village with a population of upwards of 1,200, situated at the mouth of Cony
Creek, on the site, it is supposed, of the ancient Dekawoaga?i, a Conoy or Genawese set-
tlement. John Harris, the founder of Harrisburg settled first in this neighborhood.
John Haldeman, an early pioneer, built one of the first mills in the county at Locust
Grove near Bainbridge.

Falmoutli, at the mouth of Conewago Creek, which is here crossed by a canal aque-
duct. The famous Conewago falls are in the neighborhood. ' ' The descent of the river,
within a distance of little more than a mile, is probably not less than 70 feet; forming
rapids, whirlpools, snags and every conceivable obstruction to the passage of a raft.
The passage of this watery ordeal is a terror to the universal rafting community. Their
frail platforms, creeping like snakes over tlie rocks, plunge, creep and bend in every
direction — the high waves rolling and splashing frightfully, renders the adventure at
once exciting, novel and perilous. Many old river-men make a livelihood, chietly by
piloting rafts through these terrible falls."' (Bowen.)

" The Funkin-vine Turnpike. — At an early day the Conewago Falls limited the boat
navigation of the Susquehanna, so that the keel-boats unloaded at Falmouth, whence
their cargoes (chietly of grain) were transferred to wagons and distributed. This caused
the construction of a turnpike road from Falmouth to Elizabethtown, which was super-
seded by Hopkins's Canal, a disastrous speculation which was a continual drain on the
resources of Mr. Hopkins, a distinguished lawyer. The turnpike being thus rendered
useless, grass grew upon it, and sometimes the stalk of a pumpkin would wander over
it from an adjoining field, which caused it to be named The Punkin-vine Turnpike.

After being a constant expense to Mr. Hopkins, his Canal was in turn superseded by
the Pennsylvania Canal, about the year 1828, when he might have recovered a part of
his losses by selling out to the State, but he asked too high a price, and the State Canal
was located independently. " (S. S. Haldeman.)

The P. O. are at Bainbridge and Falmouth. The Conestogo Creek' is the western
boundai-y of the township, and the Conoy Creek entering near its Eastern boundary,
flows into the Susquehanna at Bainbridge. "The workmen on section No. 18 of the
Canal, about two miles east of Bainbridge came upon one end of an old Indian burial
ground. The bones had so completely gone to dust, that they could only be distin-
guished from the natural soil by a difterence in color. A great many articles of use and
ornament were discovered; there were crocks, hatchets, tomahawks, arrow heads, bul-
lets, buck shot, thimbles, beads, pipes, A:c. The pipes are made of clay, and are spoken
of as being very perfect and beautiful, with the head of a fox engraved on the bowl; so
. highly is one of them valued by the finder, that he has refused to take less than five
dollars for it : all the thimbles had a small hole in the top — they were probably strung
together as ornaments : the beads were of different kinds, and unlike any we had before
seen. It is thought that a short distance from where the excavation was made towards
the rivei', the earth would be found to be filled with these curiosities. — Columbia Spy.
Donegal East. — Bounded N. by Mount Joy, N. E. by Raplio, E. by W. Hempfield,
S. by the Susquehanna River, W. by Conoy and W. Donegal. It is bounded East by
Little Chiques Creek and Share's run. Area, 14,123 acres; Population in 1B60, 2,783i Tax-

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 353

ables, 772; value of Real and Personal Property, |1, 224,985. It contains 7 Grist and
2 Saw Mills, 4 Furnaces, 1 Distillery, 4 Hotels, 3 stores and 13 common schools.

The most important places are the borough of Marietta, and the villages of Chicques
and Maytown. P. O. at all three places. See Marietta.

Chicques, abridged from Chicquesalunga, the name of the creek, which receives a
short distance N. of this place the Little Chicquesalunga, and fonns the S. E. bound-
ary of the township. Chicques is a romantic spot with a magnificent river view. It
is the residence of Professor S. S. Haldeman, a distinguished naturalist and philologist,
whose attainments in philology place him in the front of American scholars.

Donegal was organized in 1722, and David Jones appointed constable.

Donegal, West, bounded N. by Dauphin county, N. E. and E. by Mountjoy, S. E.
and S. by East Donegal, W. by Conoy, Area, 9,702 acres; Population in 1860, 1,180;
Taxables, 293; value of Real and Personal Property, $363,167. It contains 3 Grist and
2 Saw Mills, 1 Hotel and 6 Common Schools.

The village of Newville is near the Northwestern extremity of the township.

DiiUMORE. — Bounded N. by Providence, N. E. by Eden, E. by Colerain, S. E. by
Little Britain, S. by Fulton, W. by the Susquehanna river, and N. W. by Martic. The
W. branch of the Octoraro cr. fomis the N. E. boundary, and Muddy creek makes part
of the N. W. line. Conowingo creek crosses it from N. W. to S. E., and upon this
stream there is a forge, and Fishing and Fairfield creeks flow from it into the Susque-
hannah river. Area, 29,301 acres. Population in 1860, 3,098; taxables, 711; value of
Real and Personal Property, f 561, 498. It contains 5 Grist and 8 Saw Mills, 1 Fui-nace,
1 Forge, 8 Hotels, 9 Stores, and 15 Common Schools. Surface rolling, soil clay. P. O.
at Buck, Chestnut Level, Greene, Liberty Square, ^lechanic's Grove and Quarryville.

Eael.— Bounded N. by East Cocahco, N. E. by Brecknock, E. by E. Earl, S. E. by
Salisbury, S. by Leacock, S. W. by Upper Leacock, W. by W. Earl, and N. W. by
Ephrata. Area, including East Earl, 31,317 acres. Population in 1860, 2,876; Taxa-
bles, 703; Value of Real and Personal Property, $1,273,930. It contains 5 Grist and 4
Saw Mills, 8 Hotels, 6 Stores and 15 Common Schools. This township contains the vil-
lages of New Holland, Vogansville, Laurel Hill, Hiiikletown and Amsterdam. P. O.
at New Holland, Hinkletown and Voganville. The Welsh Mountain protrudes into the
Southeastern extremity of the township. It is traversed by the Conestoga Creek at the
Nortliern boundary in a Westerly direction, and by Mill Creek in the same direction
near the Southern boundary.

Earl, East. — Bounded N. by Brecknock, E. by Caernarvon, S. E. and S. by Salis-
bury, and W. by Earl. Area included in Earl. Population in 1860, 2.803; Taxables,
649; value of Real and Personal Property, $837,074. It contains 6 Grist and 6 Saw
Mills, 1 Forge, 4 Hotels, 7 stores and 11 Common schools. The Conestoga creek
traverses tlie township centrally in a Westerly direction; Muddy Creek is its Northern
boundaiy, and Mill creek waters its Southern extremity, which is hilly. P. O. at Blue
Ball, Goodville, Greenbank and Terre Hill. Fairville and Toledo are villages.

Earl, West, bounded N. by Ephrata, E. by East Earl, S. by Upper Leacock, S. W.
by Manheim, W. and N. W. by Warwick. Area, 12,669 acres; Population in 1860,
1900; Taxables, 494; value of Real and Personal Property, $1,003,031. It contains 5
Grist and 5 Saw Mills, 1 Distillery, 6 Hotels, 5 Stores and 10 Common Schools. The
Conestoga creek traverses the township centrally in a S. W. direction and receives at
its Western boundary the Cocalico creek. P. O. at W. Earl and Fannersville.

Brownstown, Earlville and Fairmount are villages.

Eden. — Bounded N. by Strasburg, N. E. by Paradise, E. by Bart, S. E. by Cole-
rain, S. and S. W. by Drumore, W. by Providence. Area, included in Bart. Popu-
lation in 1860, 1,072; Taxables, 253; value of Real and Personal Property, $192,024. It
contains 3 Grist and 2 Saw Mills, 2 Hotels, 4 Stores and 4 Common Schools. P. O. at
Camargo, May and Quarryville.

24

3o4 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

Elizabeth. — Bounded N. by Lebanon county, N. E. and E. by Clay, S. by Warwick,
S. W. and W. by Penn. Area, 25,521 acres; Population in 1860, 1,005; Taxables, 222;
value of Real and Personal Property, |316,187. It contains 5 Grist and 4 Saw Mills, 3
Hotels and 5 Common Schools.

This townshi}} was formerly included in Warwick townshij). Eobert Old, one of the
earliest iron masters in this part of the county, and great grandfather of G. Dawson
Coleman of Lebanon, is said to have named this township in honor of Queen Elizaljeth.
Surface, hilly; soil, lime-stone, gravel and red shale at the northern boundary. Ham-
mer creek traverses the township in a south-easterly direction, and derives its name
from the forge hammers erected on it at an early date. This township is divided from
Clay by Middle creek, so called from its course which is midway between the Cocalico
and Hammer creeks. Hopewell and Speedwell Forges and Elizabeth Furnace are in
this township. The P. O. is at Brickersville.

Elizabethtown, Borough. — Area, 1,500 acres. Population in 1860, 700; Taxables,
310. Value of Real and Personal Property, $112,790.

Ephkata. — Bounded N. by Clay and W. Cocalico, N. E. by East Cocalico, E. and
S. E. by Earl, S. by W. Earl, W. by AVarwick. Area, 10,740 acres. Population in
1800, 2,237; Taxables, 092; Value of Real and Personal Property, $899,027. It con-
tains 8 Grist and 7 Saw Mills, 7 Hotels, 7 Stores and 11 Common Schools. The most
important places are Ephrata, New Ephrata, Hahnstown, Hiukletown, New Berlin and
Schnadersville. P. O. at Ephrata, Lincoln and Millway. Trout Creek enters the
township at the N. boundary, soon flows into Cocalico creek, which traverses the town-
ship from N. E. to S. W., and is a tributary of Hammer creek, which forms the
western boundary of the township. A small section of its Eastern extremity is watered
by ]Muddy creek, on which is located the village of Hinkletown. The central portion
of the township is hilly, Ephrata Ridge being a prominent point where, at an altitude
of 1250 feet above tide-water, from an observatory over GO feet high, a very extensive
and beautiful view may be enjoyed. The observatory forms part of the Ephrata Moun-
tain Springs, a celebrated and much frequented watering-place, established about 1848,
by Joseph Konigmacher, but at the present date (1868) closed. The water, sandstone
and slate, is very pure and soft, and varies in temperature from 49^ to 52° Fahrenheit.

The most interesting feature of Ephrata is its early history, which is given in the
subjoined abridged sketch by William M. Fahnestock, ^l. D., in the Register of Penn-
sylvania, Vol. XV, No. 11.

Ephrata, proper, is an irregular enclosed village, lying in a triangle formed by the
turnpike, the ujiper, or old Reading road, and the Cocalico creek, and belongs entirely
to the Seventh Day Baptist Society. It contains a Monastery and several other build-
ings for the accommodation of the Society; to M'liich is attached and belonging to the
same, about one hundred and forty acres of land, and a grist mill and saw mill. The
post-office which bears this name, is a half mile from the original village. Ephrata, in
former times, was known better among the German population, by the name of
Kloster, (Cloister) or Dunkerstown — a nick-name, from the word Dunker or Tunker,
corruptions of Taueffer, Baptist. The Society of Ephrata, however, are a distinct
sect from the denomination that now bears the name of Dunkers, with whom they
have always been confounded. Originally they descended from that division of Chris-
tians. About the year 1694, a controversy arose in the protestant churches of Ger-
many and Holland, in which vigorous attempts were made to reform some of the errors
of the church, and with the design of promoting a more practical, vital religion. This
party, at the head of which was the pious Spenek, ecclesiastical superintendent of the
Court of Saxony, was opposed, violently, and after having bestowed upon them, in
ridicule, the epithet of Pietists, they were suppressed in their piiblic ministrations and
lectures, by the Consistory of Wittemberg. Notwithstanding they were prohibited
from promulgating, publicly, their views and principles, it led to inquiry among the jieo-

OP LANCASTER COUNTY. 355

pie. This state of things continuing, many learned men of the different Universities left
Euroiie, and emigrated'^to America, whilst others remained and persevered in the pro-
secution of the Avork they had commenced vpith so much diligence. In the year 1708,
Alexander Mack, of Schriesheira, and seven others in Schwartzenau, Germany, met
together, regularly, to examine, carefully and impartially, the doctrines of the New
Testament, and to ascertain, what are the obligations it imposes on professing Chris-
tians; determining to lay aside all preconceived opinions and traditional observances.
The result of their inquiries terminated in the formation of the Society now called the
Dunkers, or First Day Gennan Baptists. Jleeting with much persecution as they
grew into some importance, as all did who had independence enough to differ from the
popular church, some were driven into Holland, some to Creyfeld in the Duchy of
Cleves, and the mother church voluntarily removed to Serustervin, in Friesland; and
from thence emigrated to America in 1719, and dispersed to different parts — to Ger-
mantown, Skippeck, Oley, Conestoga, and elsewhere. They formed a church at Ger-
mantown in 1723, under the charge of Peter Becker. The church grew rapidly in this
country, receiving members from the banks of the Wissahickon and from Lancaster
county; and soon after a church was established at jMuehlbach, (Mill Creek) in this
county. Of this community was one Conrad Beissel, a native of Germany. He had
been a Presbyterian, and fled from the persecutions of that pei-iod. Wholly intent
upon seeking out the true obligations of the word of God, and the proper observance
of the rites and ceremonies it imposes, stripped of human authority, he conceived that
there was an error among the Dunkers, in the observance of the day for the Sabbath —
that the Sedentli day was the command of the Lord God, and that that day being estab-
lished and sanctified, by the Great Jehovah, forever! and no change, nor authority for
change ever having been announced to man, by any power suiificieut to set aside the
solemn decree of the Almighty — a decree which he declared that he had sanctified for-
ever!— he felt it to be his duty to contend for the observance of that day. About the
year 1725, he published a tract entering into a discussion of this point, which created
some excitement and^disturbance in the Society at Mill Creek, upon which he retired
from the settlement, and went, secretly, to a cell on the banks of the Cocalico, which
had _ i)reviously been occupied by one Elimelich, an hermit. His place of retirement
was unknown for a long time to the people he had left, and Avhen discovered, many of
the Society at Mill Creek, who had become convinced of the truth of his proposition
for the observance of the Sabbath, settled around him, in solitary cottages. They
adopted the original Sabbath — the Seventh day — for public worship, in the year 1728;
which has ever since been observed by their descendants, even unto the present day.

In the year 1732, the solitary life was changed into a conventicle one, and a Monastic
Society was established as soon as the first buildings erected for that purpose were
finished — May 1733. The habit of the Capuchins, or White Friars, was adopted by
both the brethren and sisters; which consisted of a shirt, trowsers and vest, with a
long white gown and cowl, of woolen web in winter, and linen in summer. That of
the sisters diftered only in the substitution of petticoats for trowsers, and some little
peculiarity in the shape of the cowl. Monastic names were given to all who entered
the cloister. Onesimus (Israel Eckerlin) was constituted Prior, who was succeeded by
Jaebez, (Peter Miller;) and the title of Father — spiritual father — was bestowed by the
Society, upon Beissel, whose monastic name was Friedsam: to which the brethern
afterwards added, Gottrecht — implying, together, Peaceable, God-right. In the year
1740, there were thirty-six single brethren in the cloister, and thirty-five sisters ; and at one
time, the Society, including the members living in the neighborhood, numbered nearly
three hundred.

The first buildings of the Society, of any consequence, were Kedar and Zion — a
meeting house and convent, which were erected on the hill called jSIount Zion. They
afterwards built larger accommodations, in the meadow below, comprising a Sister's

356 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

House called Saron, to which is attached a large Chapel, and "Saal," for the purpose
of holding the Agapas or Love Feasts. A Brother's House, called Bethania, with
which is connected the large meeting room, with galleries, in which the whole Society
assembled, for public worship, in the days of their prosperity, and which are stiU
standing, surrounded by smaller buildings, which were occupied as printing office,
bake house, school house, almonry, and others for different purposes; on one of which,
a one-story house, the town clock is erected.

The buildings are singular, and of very ancient architecture — all the outside walls
being covered with shingles. The two houses for the brethren and sisters are very
large, being three and four stories high: each has a cliapel for their night meetings, and
the main buildings are divided into sinall apartments, (each containing between fifty
and sixty,) so that six dormitories, which are barely large enough to contain a cx)t, (in
early days a bench and billet of wood for the head, ) a closet and an hour-glass suiTOund
a common room, in Avhich each sub-division pursued tlieir respective avocations. On
entering these silent cells and traversing the long narrow passages, visitors can scarcely
divest themselves of the feeling of walking the tortuous windings of some old castle,
and breathing in tlie hidden recesses of romance. The ceilings have an elevation of but
seven feet; the passages leading to the cells, or " Kammei'n,'^ as they are styled, and
through the different parts of both convents, are barely wide enough to admit one
person, for when meeting a second, one has always to retreat; the doors of the Kam-
mern are hut five feet high, and twenty inches wide, and tlie window, for each has but
one, is only eighteen by twenty-four inches; the largest windows aftbrding light to the
meeting rooms, are but thirty by thirty-four inches. The walls of all the rooms, in-
cluding the meeting room, the chapels, the saals. and even the kammern or dormitories,
are hung and nearly covered, with large sheets of elegant penmanship, or ink-paintings —
many of which are texts from the scriptures — done in very handsome manner, in orna-
mented gothic letters, called in the German Fractur-scJiriften. They are done on large
sheets of i^aper manvifactured for the purpose at their own mill, some of which are put
into frames, and wliich admonish the resident, as well as the casual visitor, which ever
way they may turn the head. There are some very curious ones: two of which still remain
in the cliapel attached to Saron. One represents the narrow and crooked way, done on
a sheet of about three feet square, which it would be difficult to describe — it is very
curious and ingenious: the whole of the road is filled up with texts of scripture, adver-
tising the disciples of their duties, and the obligations their profession imposes upon
them. Another represents the three heavens. In the first, Ciiiusx, the Shepherd, is
represented gathering his flock together; in the second, which occupies one foot in
height, and is three feet wide, three hundred figures, in tlie Capuchin dress, can be
counted, with harps in their hands, and the heads of an innumerable host; and in the
third is seen the throne surroiuided by two hundred arch-angels. Many of these Frac-
tur-scJiriften express their own enthusiastic sentiments on the subject of celibacy, and
the virtue of a recluse life, whilst others are devotional pieces.

In the rooms which any si.ster has occupied, and is departed, a piece, which is framed
in imitation of a tablet, is put up, expressive of the character and vh-tues of the de-
ceased, or some feeling memorial of love is inscribed. The following is one I found in
the Kammcr, wliich liad been occupied by Zenobia — a very beautiful, lovely, and devout
sister:

ZENOBIA:

Wird Gruenen luid Ge-
deyen, ihre Arbeit wird nicht vergeb-
i lich, noch auch ihre Hofi'nuug

verlohren seyn, ihr Erbe bluehen
mitten unter den Heiligen.

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 357

A room was set apart for such purposes, called the writing room, and several sisters
devoted their whole attention to tliis labor, as well as to transcribing the writings of the
Founder of the Society; thus multiplying copies for the wants of the community, before
they had a printing press. Two sisters named Anastasia and Iphigenia, were the
principal ornamental writers. They left a large folio volume of sample aljiTiabeis, of
various sizes and style; which are both elegant and curious, exhibiting the most patient
application. The letters of the first alphabet are twelve inches long, sunounded by a
deep border, in imitation of copper plate engraving — each one of which is different in
the filling up. It was finished in the year 1750, and is still preserved in the hands of
the trustees. There was another transcribing room appropriated exclusively to copying
music — hundreds of volumes, each containing five or six hundred pieces, were trans-
ferred from book to book, with as much accuracy, and almost as much neatness as if
done with a graver.

It was in contemplation, at one time, by the Eckerlins, three brothers, one of whom
was Prior, and had the superintendence of the secular concerns, to make it a place of
more importance than a mere religious refuge. They were from Germany, and had
been brought up Catholics. They conceived a project of erecting extensive buildings,
aud connecting trade with it; and had some preparations under way — the timber all
hewn, as all the buildings are of wood, even the chimneys which remain in use at this
day — and in readiness to erect a. tower, and had sent to Europe, where they had exten-
sive connections, and got a chime of bells cast, unknown to the Society, until they
arrived at Philadelphia, and the bill for payment was forwarded to them. The Society
resolved not to receive them, but had them sold and paid the loss. One of these bells
having upon it, Ephrata — Israel Eckerlin, Prior, was purchased, and is now on
one of the churches in Lancaster. This transaction led to the discovery of a conspiracy
of the EcKERLiNS to possess themselves of the title of the property, which was much
more extensive and valuable than now, and which terminated in his expulsion (Israel)
from the office of Prior. They afterwards removed to Virginia, where they obtained
some notoriety in connection with the Indian affairs. The Society was wedded to Apos-
tolic simplicity — they desired no tower — no hells. They refused to have a bell to call
them to meeting, even the midnight meeting, which was regularly held at twelve o'clock:
Friedsam contending that the spirit of devotion ought to be sufficient to make them
punctual to the hour, which generally proved to be adequate.

The community was a republic, in which all stood upon perfect equality and freedom.
No monastic voids were taken, neither had they any written covenant, as is common in
the Baptist churches. The New Testament was their confession of faith, their code of
laws, and their church discipline. The property which belonged to the Society, by
donation, and the labor of the single brethren and sisters, was common stock, but none
were obliged to throw in their own property or give up any of their possessions. The
Society was supported by the income of the farm, grist mill, paper mill, oil mill, fulling
mill, and the labor of tlie brethren and sisters in the Cloister.

The principles of the Seventh Day Baptist Society of Ephrata, which no writer that
we have encountered seems to understand, though they have been published in the
German language, with full explanations and commentaries, seventy or eighty years
ago, may be summed up in a few words, viz :

1. They receive the Bible as the only rule of Faith, covenant, and code of laws for
ehurch government. They do not admit the least license with the letter and spirit of
the scriptures, and especially the New Testament — do dot allow one jot or tittle to be
added or rejected in the administration of the ordinances, but practice them precisely
as they are instituted and made an example by Jesus Christ in his Word.

2. They believe in the Divinity of our Lord Jesus Christ, and the Trinity of the
Godhead; having unfurled this distinctive banner on the first page of a hjnnn book
which they had printed for the Society as early as 1739, viz: '■'There are three that hear

358 " AUTHENTIC HISTOEY

record in Heaven, the Father, the Word, and the Holy Ghost: and these three are one.
And there are three that hear witness in earth, the Spirit, and the water, and the blood;
and these three agree in one.''''

3. They believe that salvation is of Grace, and not of works; and they rely solely on
the merits and atonement of Christ. They believe, also, that that atonement is snffi-
cient for every creatnre — that Christ died for all who will call ujjon his name, and offer
fruits meet for repentance; and that all who come unto Christ are dra^vn of the Father.

4. They contend for the observance of the original Sabbath, believing that it requires
an authority equal to the Great Institutor, to change any of his decrees. They main-
tain that as he blessed and sanctified that d^.y forever, which has never been abrogated
in his Word, nor any scriptu^re to be found to warrant that construction, that it is still
as binding as it was when it was announced amid the thunders of Mount Sinai. To
alter so positive and hallowed a commandment of the Almighty, they consider would
require an explicit edict from the Great Jehovah. It was not foretold by any of the
Prophets, that with the New Dispensation there would be any change in the Sabbath,
or any of the commandments. Christ who declared himself the Lord of the Sabbath,
observed the Seventh day, and made it the day of his especial ministrations; nor did he
authorize any change. The Apostles have not assumed to do away the original Sab-
bath, or give any command to substitute the first for the Seventh day. The circum-
stance of the disciples meeting together to break bread on the first day, which is some-
times used as a pretext for observing that day, is simply what the Seventh day people
do at this day. The sacrament was not administered by Christ, nor by the Apostles on
the Sabbath, but on the first day, counting as the people of Ephrata still do, the even-
ing and the morning to make the day.

5. They hold to the Apostolic Baptism — believei's" Baptism — and administer trine im-
mersion, with the laying on of hands and prayer, while the recipient yet remains
kneeling in the water.

6. They celebrate the Lord's supper at night, in imitation of our Saviour — washing
at the same time each others' feet, agreeably to his command and example, as is ex-
pressly stated in the 13th chapter of the evangelist John, 14th and 15th verses. This is
attended to on the evening after the close of the Sabbath — the Sabbath terminating at
sunset of the Seventh day, thus making the supper an imitation of that instituted by
Christ, and resembling also the meeting of the Apostles on the first day to break bread,
which has produced much confusion in some minds in regard to the proper day to be
observed.

Celibacy they consider a virtue, but never require it, nor do they take any vows in
referen(;e to it. They never prohibited marriage and lawful intercourse, between the
sexes, as is stated by some writers, but when two concluded to be joined in wedlock,
they were aided by the Society. It (celibacy) was ui-ged as l)eing more conducive to a
holy life, for Paul saith: " They that are after the flesh, do mind the things of the flesh:
but they that are after tlie Spirit, the tilings of the Spirit.^'

They do not approve of paying their ministers a salaiy. They think that the Gospel
was sent without money and without price, and that every one called to preach the
Avord, should do it from the love of the cause, and in this matter to follow the advice
and example of Paul. However, they never had any scruples in aftbrding their minis-
ters such supplies of life as they possess themselves, and gave them the same support
the other brethren enjoyed. Individual members may give, as presents, what to them
seemeth fit, in money, goods, &c. ; and whenever he travels for religious pur^wses, if
needy, is supplied with money out of the treasury to bear his expenses.

These are the great and leading tenets, and principles of the Seventh day Baptists
of Pennsylvania. There are many other minor points of not sufficient impoi'tance to
enumerate in detail, and may better be adverted to in replying to some errors which
writers have saddled upon them, and which cannot, properly, be considered as tenets

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 359

and principles, but only as peculiarities. I cannot, here, go into an exposition of the
peculiar views of this people, nor enter into the minutiae of the manner of performing
all the ceremonies and ordinances. I would merely remark in regard to their regular
worship, that they commence with a hymn, then prayers, (kneeling) and after a second
hymn, the minister requests one of the brethren (any one) to read a chapter out of the
Scriptures, which they are at liberty to choose from any part of the Bible — he then
expounds the chapter; tracing its bearings and historical connection with the prophets
and the New Testament; after which the Exhorters enforce the duties it inculcates, and
should any member, brother or single sister be able to improve the subject still farther,
or have any remarks relative to the topic, to make, is at perfect freedom to express
them. Prayer and singing, wath the reading of a psalm, instead of a benediction, con-
cludes the service. At another time, and in another place, I may enter into a full ex-
position of the Principles and Ordinances of this Society, and exhibit at leng-th their
doctrines, and the grounds on which they are predicated.

It is not one of their customs to wear long beards, as is frequently said of them: this
is more the case with the Dunkers and Mennonites. They are often represented as liv-
ing on vegetables, the rules of the Society forbidding meats, for the pui'pose of mortify-
ing the natural appetite, and also as lying on Avooden benches, Avith billets of wood for
pillows, as an act of penance. The true reason and explanation of this matter is, that
both were done from considerations of economy. Their circumstances were very
restricted, and their undertaking great. They studied the strictest simj)licity and
economy in all their arrangements : wooden flagons, wooden goblets, turned wooden
trays, were used in administering the communion; and the same goblets are still in use,
though they have heQw presented with more costly ones. Even the plates off which they
ate, were octangidar pieces of thin poplar boards; their forks and candlesticks were of
wood, and also every other article that could be made of that material, was used by the
whole community. After they were relieved from the pressure of their exi^ensive en-
terprise in i^roviding such extensive acconnnodations, they enjoyed the cot for repose,
and many other of the good things of life; tliough temperance in eating and drinking
was scrupulously regarded. And it may be well to remark, that there was not any
ardent spirits used in the building of the whole village; the timber of which was
hewn, and all the boards sawed by hand during the winter months. The society was a
social community, and not a cold, repulsive, bigoted compact; being sometimes repre-
sented as reserved and distant, and even not giving an answer when addressed on the
road. Morgan Edwards, in his '■'■Materials Towards a History of the American Bap-
tists,^' (published in 1770), bears a different testimony; he says "From the uncouth
dress, the recluse and ascetic life of these j^eople, sour aspects and rough manners
might be expected; but on the contrary, a smiling innocence and meekness grace their
countenances, and a softness of tone and accent adorn their conversation, and make
their deportment gentle and obliging. Their singing is channing; partly owing to the
pleasan! ness of their voices, the varietj"^ of i^arts they carry on together, and the devout
manner of performance." And of Beissel he gives the following character, which he
says he had from one w^ho knew him well. ' ' He was very strict in his morals, and
practised self-denial to an uncominon degree. Enthusiastic and whimsical he certainly
was, but an aj^parent devoutness and sincerity ran through all his oddities. He was not
an adept in any of the liberal arts and sciences, except music, in which he excelled. He
composed and set to music (in three, four, six and eight parts) a folio volume of hymns,
and another of anthems. He published a dissertation on the fall of man, in the mys-
terious strain; also a volume of letters. He left behind him several books in manu-
script, curiously written and embellished." One writer has made a remark as in\-idious
as it is unfounded on the sisterhood in stating that, ' ' the sisters it would seem, took
little delight in their state of single blessedness, and two only (aged and ill-favored ones,
we may suppose) continued steadfast in renunciation of marriages." They never had

360 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

to renounce matrimony on entering the Convent, and but four or five of the whole
nuniber that have been in the cloister, in the period of one hundred and three years,
left and were married. One of these married a gentleman in the city of Philadelpbiaj
and afterwards much regretted her change, as did all others who left the "stille einsam-
keit.'" The rest continued steadfast in their state of single blessedness, and now, save
those remaining in the Convent, lie beside each other in the beavitiful cemetery in the
fore ground of the village.

Though they considered contention with arms and at law unchristian and unbe-
coming professions, yet they were decided whigs in the Revolution, and have, unfortu-
nately, had to defend themselves too frequently in courts of justice. To set an example
of forbearance and Christian meekness they suffered for a long time to be wronged and
plundered until forbearance was no longer a virtue. In the French war (the war of
1756) the doors of the Cloister, including the chapels, meeting room, and every other
building, were opened as a refuge for the inhabitants of Tudpehocken and Paxton set-
tlements, then the frontiers, from the incursions of the hostile Indians, all of whom
were received and kept by the Society during the period of alarm and danger — upon
hearing of which a company of infantry was dispatched by the Royal government from
Philadelphia to pi'otect Ephrata; and on representation of the character of the Society,
by the Commissioners who were sent to visit the place, the Government made them a
present of a pair of very large glass communion goblets, which was the only recompense
they would receive. At an earlier period they attracted the attention of the Penn
family, and one of the young ladies, in England, commenced a correspondence with the
Society. Governor Penn visited them frequently, and desirous of giving them a solid
evidence of his regard, had a tract of five thousand acres of land surrounding Ephrata
surveyed and conveyed to them, as the Seventh Day Baptist Manor^ but they refused
to accept it — believing that large possessions were calculated to engender strife, and it
is more becoming to Christian pilgrims and sojourners not to be absorbed in the gains of
this world and the accumulation of property. After the battle of Brandywine the
whole establishment was opened to receive the wounded Americans, great numbers of
whom were brought here in wagons, a distance of more than forty miles; and one hun-
dred and fifty of whom died, and are buried on Mount Zion. Their doors were ever
open to the weary traveller, and all visitors were cordially received and entertained,
while they tarried, as is done in the Hospices of Europe. All supplies were given to
the needy, even their own beds, and to stripping their own backs to aftord some shelter
from the ' ' peltings of the pitiless stomi, ' ' to those who were exposed to the weather in
inclement seasons.

Many of the brethren being men of education, they established, at a very early period,
a school, which soon gained for itself an honorable reputation, many young men from
Philadelphia and Baltimore being sent here to be educated. A Sabbath School was
also instituted for religious instruction, which flourished many years, and was attended
with some remarkable consequences. It produced an anxious inquiry among the juven-
ile population, who attended the school, which increased and grew into what is now
termed a revival of religion. The scholars of the Sabbath School met together every
day before and after common school hours, to pray and exhort one another, under the
superintendence of one of the brethren. The excitement ran into excess, and betrayed
a zeal not according to knowledge; which induced Friedsam to discourage an enterprisCf
which had been commenced, and was partly under way, namely, to erect a house for
their especial use, to bo called Succoth. Ludwig Hacker, or Brother Obed, as he was
designated, who was the teacher of the common school, projected the plan of holding
a school in the afternoons of the Sabbath, and who in connection with some of the
other brethren commenced it, to give instruction to the indigent children who were kept
from regular school by employnnents which their necessities obliged them to be engaged
at during the week, as well as to give religious instruction to those of better circum-

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 361

stances. It is not known in what year, exactly, the Sabbath School was com-
menced. Hacker came to Ephrata in the year 1739, and it is presumed that he began
soon after he took up his residence amongst them. The materials for the building were
furnished, as is recorded in the minutes of the Society, in the year 1749. After the
battle of Brandywine, the Sabbath School room, with others, was given up for a hos-
pital, which was occupied as such some time; and the school was never afterwards
i^esumed. Hacker at that period was sixty years of age.

By this time (1777) the society began to decline, not from causes alleged by some
writers — want of vigor of mind in the successor of Beissel, who died 1768, for his suc-
cessor, Peter Miller, was a man of much greater powers of mind, and had the manage-
ment of the establishment during Beissel' s time; and to whose energy and perseverance
is mainly attributable the great prosperity of the institution in its early days. The in-
stitution was one of the seventeenth century, and in accordance with European feelings,
most of the members being natives of Germany. The state of public opinion at Beis-
sel's death was widely different from what it was during the first fifty years after it was
established, in relation to politics and government, and with this march of intellect dif-
ferent sentiments were entertained in regard to religious institutions. It was com-
menced as a social community in the midst of a wilderness — the hand of improvement
made the desert bloom as the rose, and at that time (1768) were surrounded by a dense
population. These circumstances — connected with incessant persecution — the turmoil
and contention into which they were thrown and constantly kept by some of their en-
vious neighbors, were the principal causes of its decline ; which continued in the wane
until within a few years, since which it is reviving and growing in numbers.

At an early period they established a printing office, one of the first German presses
in the State, (the second I believe;) which enabled them to distribute tracts and hymns,
and afterwards to print several large works, in which the views of the founder are fully
explained. Many of these books have been lost and destroyed. In the revolutionary
war, just before the battle of Germantown, three wagon loads of books, in sheets, were
seized and taken away for cartridges. They came to the paper mill to get paper, and
not finding any there, they pressed the books in sheets.

Music was much cultivated; Beissel was a first rate musician and composer. In
composing sacred music he took his style from the music of nature, and the whole com-
prising several large volumes are founded on the tones of the ^olian harp — the singing-
is the ^olian harp harmonized. It is very peculiar in its style and concords, and in its
execution. The tones issuing from the choir imitate very soft instrumental nmsic; con-
veying a softness and devotion almost superhuman to the auditor. Their music is set
in four, six, and eight parts. All the parts save the bass are led and sung exclusively
by females, the men being confined to the bass, which is set in two parts, the high and
low bass — the latter resembling the deep tones of the organ, and the first, in combina-
tion with one of the female parts, is an excellent imitation of the concert horn. The
whole is sung on the falsetto voice, the singers scarcely opening their mouths, or moving
their lips, which throws the voice up to the ceiling, which is not high, and the tones,
which seem to be more than human, at least so far from common church singing, appear to
be entering from above, and hovering over the heads of the assembly. Their singing
so charmed the Commissioners who were sent"rto visit the Society by the English Gov-
ernment, after the French war, that they requested a copy to be sent to the Royal
family in England; which was cheerfully complied with, and which I understand is still
preserved in the National Library. About twelve months afterwards a box was re-
ceived of three or four feet long, and two or two and an half wide, containing a present
in return. What the present was is not now certainly known — none having seen it but
Friedsam and Jaebez, who was then Prior, and into whose care it was consigned. It
was buried secretly by him, with the advice of Beissel. It is supposed, by a hint given
by -Jaebez, that it was images of the King and Queen, in full costume, or images of the

362 ^ AUTHENTIC HISTORY

Saviour on the Cross, and the Virgin Mary; supposing, as many in this country have
erroneously thought, that the people of Ephrata possess many of the Catholic principles
and feelings. The King, at ^Yhose instance they were sent, was a Gennan, and we may
presume that he considered that they retained the same views as the monastic institu-
tions of Europe. They have nearly a thousand pieces of music, a piece being composed
for every hymn. This music is lost, entirely now, at Ephrata — not the music books,
but the style of singing: they never attempt it any more.

The house in which the Sabbath School referred to in the foregoing sketch was
held was used during the Revolution as a Hospital. "A few days after the battle of
Brandywine had been fought, September 11, 1777, foiir or five hundred of the wounded
soldiers were taken to Ephrata, and placed in the Hospital. Doctors Yerkel, Scott and
Harrison, were the attending surgeons and physicians. The wounds and camp fever
baffled their skill: one hundred and fifty of the soldiers died here; they were principally
from the Eastern States, and Pennsylvania, and a few British, who had deserted and
joined the American Army. 'The first of those who died here, were buried with
honors of war; a funeral sermon, preached by one of their own number, appointed for
that purpose. This practice was continued for some time, till they began to drop off
too rapidly to allow time for the performance of the ceremony, when everything of the
kind was dispensed with."

' ' The place where they rest, is enclosed ; and for many years, a board, with this in-
scription :

'■Ilier Buhen die Gebeine meler Soldaten,^
was placed over the gate of tlie enclosure. The board, with the inscription, is no
more." (Rupp.)

At the instance of Joseph Konigmacher and others, a company chartered by the Leg-
islature and known as the "Ephrata Monument Association, " succeeded in substituting
a monument for the board, the cornerstone of which was laid Sept. 11, 1845. The Hon.
J. R. Chandler, of Philadelphia, was the orator of the day. The officers of the Associ-
ciation were Joseph Konigmacher, President, Col. Richard R. Heitler, Jeremiah Moh-
ler, Wm. Spera, Col. John Bauman, and Ed. Konigmacher, Directors, Jeremiah Bau-
man, Treasui'er and Secretary.

When Congress left Philadelphia and for safety met at Lancaster and York, the
Continental money was printed at Ephrata.

FuLTOX. — Bounded K. by Drumore, E. by Little Britain, S. E. by Octoraro creek,
S. by Maryland, W. by the Susquehanna river. Area, 15,557 acres. Popul. in 18G0,
2,026; Tajcables, 421; value of Real and Personal Property, $368,433. It contains 8
Grist and 6 Saw Mills, 5 Hotels, 6 Stores, and 9 Common Schools. The Conowingo
creek crosses the township centrally in a Southerly direction. P. O. are at Fulton
House, Goshen, Lyles, Peter's creek, Pleasant Grove and Wakefield.

Hemppield, East. — Bounded N. by Penn, E. by Manlieim, S. by Manor, W. by W.
Hempfield, and N. W. by Rapho townships. Centrally distant from the city of Lan-
caster about 5 ms. ; length 5^- ms., breadth 5 ms., area, 14,145 acres; surface, partly
hilly, partly level. Population in 1860, 2,613; Taxables, 697; value of Real and Per-
sonal Property, $1,272,402. It contains 6 Grist Mills, 1 Saw Mill, 1 Distillery, 14 Ho-
tels, 5 Stores and 12 Common Schools. Little Conestoga creek flows on the Eastern
and Chicquesalunga creek on the N. W. boundaries of the township. The Pennsyl-
vania Railroad crosses its southern section, the Harrisburg and Lancaster Railroad in-
tersects it centrally, and the Reading and Columbia Railroad skirts its Weste]-n ex-
tremity, intersecting at Landisville with the Harrisburg and Lancaster Railroad. P.
0. at Hempfield, East Hempfield, Landisville and Salunga.

Hempfield, West. — Bounded N. by Rapho, S. by Manor, E. by E. Hempfield
townships, and W. by the Susquehanna liver. Centrally distant W. from Lancaster 8
miles; greatest length 8, greatest breadth 5 miles; area 13,880 acres; surface, hilly;

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 363

soil, limestone. Pop. in 18G0, 3,108; Taxables, 880; value of Real and Personal
Property, |1, 184,123. It contains 7 Grist and 2 Saw Mills, 3 Furnaces, 0 Hotels, 6
Stores and 13 Common Schools. Tlie Big Chiquesalunga is the Northwestern l)ound-
ary of the township, and flows into the Susquehanna at the N. W. extremity. P. O.
at Columbia, Mountvllle and Silver Spring. The most important place is Coi.ttmbia,
an incorporated borough, (in 1814) with an area of 820 acres, a population (in 18G0) of
5,007; Taxables, 1,144; assessed value of Real and Personal Property, $762,813. The
subjoined two independent accounts of the early history of Columbia are extracted
from Hazard's Register:

A brief statement of facts relating to the first settlement of Columbia, Lancaster
county, Pennsylvania, by Arthur B. Bradford, who says, in his letter accompanying the
communication, that ''the facts were gathered chielly from a manuscript journal, be-
longing to the great grand-daughter of Robert Barber, the first settler."

Recollections of the First Settlement of Columbia, Lancaster County, Pa. : About the
year 1726-7, Robert Barber of Chester, came to this place, and took up (as it was then
called) 1,000 acres of land on the river Susquehanna, (pvu'chased I think from Jere-
miah Langhorne, the agent of the proprietor,) bounded north by Chiques hill, S. E. by
what was afterwards called Patton's hill. The journey from Chester in those days
was thought a very great undertaking, the country being uninhabited by any except
Indians, whose wigwams were scattered promiscuously. In the following year, (1728),
three farmers, actuated by a laudable spirit of adventure, ^came from Chester to make
their homes in the wilderness. Samuel Blunston, the richest of the three, purchased
500 acres of the land taken up by R. Barber, next the North Hill: he built on the rising
ground occupied at present by Samuel Heise. The house was torn down a few years
since, to make room for the building which now stands on the spot. John Wright
took the middle part (about 200 acres;) he built where Misses E. and A. Wright now
reside, (2d st. opposite the Catholic chapel.) The house has been much altered and
repaired, but the greater part of it is still the same he built. He came from Manches-
ter, England, among the early settlers in 1714; was a preacher in the Friends' Society;
and was judge of the county coui't for many years. Robert Barber retained the re-
maining 300 acres next the lower hill — he came from Yorkshire, England — he followed
the sea for many years, and had been a prisoner in France. He built the brick house
now occupied by John Hinkle — he was sheriff of the county, and it was intended the
seat of justice should have been here, in consequence of which he built a prison near
his house — a strong log building, which was pulled down not many years since. James,
afterwards Sir James Annesley, was once confined there, having run away from his
master, (his story is well known. ) R. Barber had a son bearing his own name, who built a
house which has gone. There were no pine boards for architecture as at the present day,
the joists, and window and door frames were made of oak ; wh at little pine Avas in it, was ob-
tained from logs found in the river, and sawed at a mill on Strickler's Run, owned by Na-
thaniel Barber. There was also a fulling-mill on the same stream owned by S. Barber.
The land back from the river was settled principally by Germans: Forry's, Strickler's,
Sherrick's, Guber's, &c. Their first purchase was from an old woman named Mary
Ditcher, who used to go through the country making what was then called improve-
ments — a few sticks piled together, a fire kindled, and a pot hung over it, constituted a
first right. Those who could pay for the land had first choice, btit these improvements
were generally bought for a trifle by those able to pay for the lands. This old 3Iary
Ditcher seems to have been rather a singular personage. She is described as wander-
ing through the woods, leading an old horse, her only property, with her knitting in
her hand, and clad in a garment chiefly of sheepskin. This was called Hempfield town-
ship, from the great quantity of hemp raised there. The township below was called
Manor, from lands reserved by the proprietors, and called in imitation of the English
custom, the Proprietor's Manor. The settlers adjoining were Irish families named

36-i ' AUTHENTIC HISTORY

Pattoii, who gave name to the hill and the current l>elo\v, called Patten's current. It
lias been said there was once a great slaughter of the Indians at that place, by a party
of cruel men headed by a person named Bill. In the neighborhood, were many places
said to be the gTaves of the Indians, and it was believed |_that a piece of cannon lay
sunk in the cuiTent. Below this the settlers were Germans — Stineman's, Kauflfman's,
Hare's, Kupley's, &c. The township above was called Donegal by the Irish settlers,
Anderson's, Cook's, Tate's, Hay's. Anderson's ferry, where Marietta now stands, is
well known. Many changes have taken place since the first selling of the lands. Where
Robert Barber first built, there was an island opposite the land, with large trees grow-
ing on it, but since torn away by the ice. The winters being very severe the ice was
very thick, and in the general breaking up those trees were gradually torn up, and
carried off. At such times tlie water rose to a great height above where the row of
storehouses now stands. The old Indians said they remembered the river rising to
the second bank with a break of ice ; and Mr. Barber has ploughed up muscle shells,
at that distance from the river. Near the point of Turkey hill, were what was called
the shad rocks ! where shad were caught with dip nets, every one paying a set price for
a dip. The first shad caught with a seine, was between 1760 and 1765, on the east side
of the river below the old ferry course. A sturgeon was once caught in a fish basket
in the lower falls.

The ferry across the Susquehanna was very early established. Two large canoes
lashed together were used at first to take a wagon across, which had to be unloaded.
In 1750, it was much improved and rented for £100 per annum, with the ground at-
tached to it.

John Wright's stone house was built between 1740-50, also the little stone mill at the
mouth of Shawnee run, (still standing,) this latter was built by James Wright. There
was flour made at this mill, for the use of Braddock's army. It was packed in small
casks for the purpose, and carried on pack-horses, a cask on each side. It was taken to
what was then called Ilaystown and Fort Duquesne, (now Pittsburg.)

The ijeople who had hired a time with the owners of the lands, or had been much
employed by them, seemed to claim a kind of patronage from their masters, and usually
contrived to get a small house with a garden and potatoe patch. Their rent was so
many days' work in harvest, or other farmer's work: many of them were tradesmen —
weavers, shoemakers; and were paid for their work in grain, &c. Harvest wages were
lialf a bushel of Avheat; raising grain was not the principal object with the fanners, for
there was no market for it: hops and hemp were the sources of proiit. Many of these
persons were Gennans (redemptioners.) The first Friends' meeting-house was built in
the upper part of the town, (Union street.) Catharine Peyton and Mary Peasley, min-
isters from Ireland, held meetings there — they travelled on horseback.

In the fall of 1755, the inhabitants were greatly alarmed on account of the Indians.
Braddock's army had been defeated and dispersed the preceding summer, and it was
reported that the Indians were collecting a large number of bark canoes at the head of
the Susquehanna, and were coming in great force to destroy all before them. The in-
habitants were struck with fear at the slightest noise during the night, as they hourly
expected the Indians coming down upon them. At last they agreed to take the women
and children to Philadeli)hia. They rented a large house to accommodate all, and late
in the autumn live families and their attendants, in all about thirty, left their homes
through fear of the Indians. The men remained however, some of them going occa-
sionally during the winter to visit their families. The few Indians who were on friendly
terms Avith the whites, were also struck with fear at the expected invasion, and in con-
sequence lied to Philadelphia, where one of the lobbies of the old state house was allowed
them for a place of residence. The whites who remained, fortified the stone house
belonging to John Wright, which was the strongest in the place. The winter passing
without an assault from the hostile Indians, the families, together with the peaceable

OF LANCASTER COUNTY, 365

Indians, returned in the spring to their homes. The town has never heen disturbed by
hostile Indians since its first settlement.

In the year 1757 or '58, a physician (Dr. Moore,) came from Philadelphia to inoculate
the children who never had had the small-pox; being all connected, they were taken to
one house, to make it convenient for the Doctor. He had forty patients — one or two
that did not take the small-pox, by inoculation, died; the rest all did well. It was the
opinion then, that it would be wrong to inoculate the second time, lest the subject
should take the disease the natural way, and have a double portion.

Shortly after this date, the tranquillity of the town was disturbed by the revolution-
ary movements; great excitement was felt here, as the inhabitants were moved by a
patriotic spirit; having no, or few arms of any kind, their trainings, in particular for
war, were performed with sticks, &c.

From this date, the history of the place is on record.

Second account.

We are indebted for the information contained below to a highly respectable lady of
the Society of Friends, whose opportunities for gathering facts relative to the early
history of the place, have been numerous:

About the year 1736 or '27, Robert Barber of Chester, came to the eastern banks of
the Susquehanna and took up 1000 acres of land, bounded on the north-west by the
Chicques hills, and to the south-west by what was afterwards called Patton's hill. About
500 acres of this land is embraced in what is now Columbia. At that time, the noble
river, pursuing its undisturbed course in solitude, or ruffled only by the light canoe of
the Indian — the shore covered with lofty trees — must have presented a grand and im-
posing sight. The land was purchased of Jeremiah Langhorne, the agent of the pro-
prietors.

After the purchase, Mr. Barber returned to Chester, and in 1738, he, with Samuel
Blunston and John Wright, together with their families, left their homes in that place,
and came to settle on the land which had been taken up the year before. These persons
were members of the Society of Friends. This journey was thought a very great under-
taking; the country was uninhabited except by the Indians, who had their cabins in
many places.

Samuel Blunston, was the most wealthy of the three; he took 500 acres of the land
next to the upper liills, and built where S. B. Heise now lives. The old house was
pulled down some years since, to make room for the building which is now standing;
the brick part, of the building was afterwards built by him. His wife was a widow of
the name of Bilton; her first husband kept a ferry over the Schuylkill. S. Blunston
had no children; his estate went to two nieces, and is now held by the Bethels, their
descendants.

John Wright took 250 acres of the land, and built his house Miiere E. Wright and
sisters now live; the house has been much repaired and altered, but a part of it remains
as originally constructed. He came from Manchester in England, among the early
settlers of the province — was a preacher of the Society of Friends, and for many yeai-s
judge of the court. His .speech to the grand jury may be seen in Proud' s History of
Pennsylvania; he kept a store in Chester. He had two sons and three daughters. John,
the eldest, kept the ferry on the west side of the Susquehanna, and built the ferry-house
there. Susanna, the eldest of the daughters, did not leave England till some time after
her father. She was a person of great note in this place; her education was superior
to most of her day: she was consulted in all difficult matters— did all the writings
necessary in the place — was charitable to the poor, and gave medicine gratis to all the
neighborhood. Samuel Blunston left all his estate to her dui'ing her life, and at his
death she and all the family removed to his house. She lived to a great age; and died
as she had lived, in the principles of the Friends. Patience, another daughter of John
Wright, was married to Richard Lowden — the present John L. Wright is their descend-

366 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

ant by his mother. Elizabeth, daughter of John Wright, married Samuel Taylor, who
was the owner of a large tract of land near where Strasburg now stands; he sold his
property there, and once owned what is now called WrightSville. The Wrights in this
place at the present time are the descendants of James Wright, youngest son of John.

Robert Barber kept the 200 acres next the lower hills; he came from Yorkshire in
England. He had followed the sea for some years, and had been a prisoner in France.
He married Hannah Tidmarsh, in C-hester or Philadelphia; she also came from England.
Her father came to America sometime before the rest of the family, and was accident-
ally shot by an Indian before her arrival. R. Barber settled farther from the river than
the others. He built the brick hovise now occupied by J. Hinkle. He was sheriff of
the county, and in consequence of the intention to make this place the seat of justice,
a prison was built near his house. It was a strong looking log building, and was pulled
down not many years since. In this prison, .Tames, afterwards Lord Altham, was con-
fined, having run away from his master. R. Barber had several children; the eldest sou,
,Iohn, was killed by the Indians, near where Pittsburg now stands; he had gone thither
to trade in fiu-, or what was then called trapping. His other sons settled on the land,
but it is now owned by the Stricklers, except about 60 acres, which was the share of the
second son Robert. He married Sarah, daughter of Samuel Taylor, and had ten children;
but at this time they are all gone except one son and two daughters; the daughters live
on the place, in the house wliich their father built 67 years ago. The old house was a
few steps below the present mansion. In those days pine boards were little used; the
joists, window and door frames were of oak. What little pine there is in the building,
was got out of logs picked up in the river, and sawed at a mill of Nathaniel Barber's,
on what was called Barber's run, the same stream which Strickler's large mill is on.
Samuel Barl^er, another brother, had a fidling-mill on this stream.

The land back from the river was mostly settled by the Germans — the Foriy's, Strick-
ler's, Shirk's, Garber's, &e. Their first purchases were from an old woman of the name
of Mary Ditcher, who used to go through the country making what was then called
improvements. These improvements consisted in piling a few sticks together, setting
them on fire, and hanging a pot over; this was considered a first right; if they could
then pay for the land they had the privilege of keeping it. This Mary Ditcher appears
to have been a singular person. She used to wander through the woods in a sheep-skin
dress, leading an old horse, her only property, with her knitting in her hand. The
township in which Columbia is situated, was called Hempfield, from the great quanti-
ties of hemp which were raised in it. Manor township, below this, was so called from
the circumstance that the land in it was reserved for the proprietor.

Some Irish families, of the name of Patton, settled on lands adjoining the lower part
of Columbia. They gave the name to the hill, and to the current below the mouth of
the run, which is well known by the name of Patton' s current. Tradition says, that
there was a great slaughter of the Indians at that place in the early settlement of the
country, by a party of whites, led on by a person of the name of Bell. Our informant
remembers seeing many places there, said to be the graves of the Indians who were
killed in the battle; it was believed that a piece of cannon Ifiy sunk in the current. To
thi'ir last days, the Indians in this vicinity had a great dread of the name of Bell.

Below this, the settlers were principally Germans — the Stehman's, Kauftman's, Rup-
ley's, Herr's, &c., were among the first. The township above, called Donegal, was
settled by the Irish — the Anderson's, Cook's, Tate's, Kay's, &c. Anderson's ferry, is
well known where Marrietta now stands.

Sixty years ago, where the gravel appears in low water, opposite the Miss Barbers', there
was an island with large trees. Large buttonwood and other trees grew at the water's
edge; many of them were torn away by the ice. The largest trees have been seen to
go down with the weight and force of the ice, seemingly as easy as a child would have
broken a twig. The lower falls, as they were called, was a great place for hunting

• OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 367

wild fowls — geese and ducks were in abundance, and sometimes swans. The first shad
caught here with a seine was somewhere between 1760 and '05, at the east end of tlie
river, just below the old ferry course. At the lower falls a sturgeon was once caught
in a tish basket.

The ferry across the Susquehanna at this place, appears to have been early set up.
At first it was necessarily very imperfect. Two large canoes lashed together were used
to take over a wagon, which first had to be unloaded. In 1750, it rented for £100 per
annum, with the ground allotted to it. The ferry course was a little below the bridge;
there was a tolerable road from the old ferry-house to the landing — above that, it was
wild and uufi'eqviented — the "point rock" first, and then the well known " Chicques
rock," rising in solitary grandeur. There was scarcely a foot-path between the rock
and the river, and a hunter or fisher might be seen climbing his way along the side of
the hill. Strangers used to visit this rock as a great natural curiosity, but they gene-
rally went over the hill, as the path at the shore was nearly impassable. Pine and
spruce bushes grew in the crevices of the rock and on the lull. It was a great place for
fox hunting.

The old ferry-house now occupied by Peter Epley, in Locust street, was built in the
early settlement of the jalace; the large room at the upper end was built long after the
other part of the. house, by J. Lowden, who kept the ferry for many years. There W"as
a stone kitchen at the lower end, which was pulled away a few years ago, to make room
for the brick buildings now there. The barn was across the road, Avhere Haldeman's
store is. It was burnt by lightning the last day of 8th month, 17(39 or '70.

Sixty years ago the idea of a bridge across the Susquehanna was laughed at.

The main road up the river went by the door of the Miss Barbers, over the breast
of the dam, and into what is now called Second street, continuing over the Chicques
hills.

Where the row of houses now stands on Water street, below the turnpike, was what
was called the bank, where the young people used to congregate for play. On it was
a thicket of bushes, wild plum and mulberry trees, grape vines, strawberries and wild
flowers. The school house was where E. Wright and sisters now live. In those days
there was no regular school. Strangers were employed without any recommendation,
and retained or not, according to their behaviour.

The main road to Lancaster was to the south of where the turnpike now is. The
first-mile stone was about 40 yards north of Friends' meeting-house. The mark was
76 miles to Philadelphia; 10 to Lancaster. Up the Shawnee run, as far back as Wm.
Todd's tan-yard, was a thicket of trees, wild fruit and flowers. The well known
ground-hog spring, coming out of the bank at the south side of the run, was a beautiful
shady and sequestered spot, where the children used to have their little parties. It
took its name from its being said that the hole in the bank was made by a ground-hog.

The stone house now occupied by John L. Wright, was biiilt sometime between 1740
and '50; also, the little stone mill on Shawnee run. They were built by James Wright,
father of the present James and Wm. Wright. There was flour made at this mill for
the use of Braddock's army: it was packed in small casks made for the purpose,
and carried on pack-horses. It was taken to what was then called Raystowu. There
were a few small buildings scattered through the neighborhood, built mostly by per-
sons who had served a time with the first settlers, as a compensation to them for paying
their passage over to this country, they being themselves unable to pay. Many of them
had come from Germany. One of the first of this kind of buildings now stands in the
upper end of the town, and is occupied by Peter Mays. Adjoining this building, at
the end towards the river, stood the first place for public worship in the town. It was
a small squared log building ; the logs are now in an outbuilding of Wm. Wright.
Robert Barber, now in his 82d year, remembers attending meeting there. Catharine
Peyton and Mary Pearley, public [Friends from Ireland, held meetings there ; they

368 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

ta-avelled the country on horseback. Before this building was erected, tlie meetings
were held in private houses. At length, on account of the discipline not being properly
attended to, it was altogether put down by the monthly meeting of Sadsbury. Some
years since, however, they request.ed and obtained permission to hold meetings here
again ; they then built the present brick meeting house.

There used to be a small shop on the corner where Dr. Houston's house now stands ;
and on the opposite north corner there was a house, sometimes occupied by a tenant or
tradesman.

There were cherry trees on each side of the lane from S. B. Heise's to below E.
Wright and sisters, and down to the ferry house. Cherries were very scarce in the
neighborhood, and being in a great variety here, the people came from all quai-ters for
them. As they were ripe about harvest, when all were busy, first-day was fixed upon
to come for them. It got the name of cherry fair — hucksters came from Lancaster
with their baskets, and liundreds of people were collected at the old ferry-house, the
only public house then in town. These fairs were continued many years — until theii-
impropriety became so glaring that they were abolished.

About half a mile from Columbia, on the road leading to the Chicques, among the
hills, was the i)lace called Smoke-town. Many now living may remember it. A little
stream wound along amongst the hills; three or four little cabins were built near to-
gether, and a few spots of level ground were sometimes cultivated by the inhabitants.
It was the rendezvous for strolling beggars and such kind of people : many a midnight
brawl has been witnessed here. All vestiges of this settlement are now gone, and the
land belongs to the Hogendoblers.

In olden times, the place being more thinly settled than it is now, the people seemed
more affectionate to each other. When a death occurred in tlie neigliborhood, it cast a
gloom over all the inhal)itants, even if it was from among tlie low(!st class, and some of
every family attended the funeral. The neighboi'S for many miles round were known
to each other; if a stranger was seen in the place, great curiosity arose to know who he
was and from whence he came. The first proprietors being all related or connected with
each other, the greatest hannony and friendship existed between them. In those days
tea was looked upon as too effeminate for men. There were no stores nearer than Lan-
caster, and luxuries which all partake of now, were little known then. There was great
difficulty in getting shoes, especially for children.

The defeat of Braddock's army, in 1755, produced great excitement here. All the
females and children of the place, to the number of about 30, went to Philadelphia and
spent the winter. They occupied the house on Chestnut street, which stood on a part
of the ground where the Arcade now is. The men who remained, fortified the store-
house of J. L. Wright.

In the year 1757 or '58, there was no physician in the place, and there being a number
of children who had never had the small pox. Dr. Moore of Philadelphia, a friend of
Susannah Wright, was engaged to come and inoculate them. One or two of the children,
on whom the inoculation did not take, died. It was the oi>inion then, that it would not
do to inoculate the second time, as there would be danger of taking the small pox the
natural way, and thus the person would have a double portion.

When the revolutionary war broke out there was a great excitement in all ranks of
society; the peaceable and quiet state of the place seemed entirely changed — all was
military. There were meetings in every corner, preparing for war — some exercising
with old brooms or sticks, there being few arms amongst them.

Columbia occupies the slope of a hill, the business part of the town extending along
the river bank. The Susquehanna and Tidewater Canal navigation extends from here
to the Maryland State line, a distance of 36 miles, and thence to Chesai)eake Bay at
Havre-de-Grace. It is the Southern terminus of the Pennsylvania Canal. It has
Railroad communication by the Pennsylvania R. R. East and West; by the Reading

APlaf Designed for the

Town of LANCx\STER,March1730,

reduced fi'oni ike Original in the Office of the Secretary^ offli e Common-
wealth atEarrisl)iircf.

I SquarelOp.
165 feet.

Si.

X J B W.

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 369

and Columbia R. R. North; and by the branch line of the Northern Central R. R,
from Wrightsville on the opposite bank of the Susquehanna, South. The splendid
bridge which spans the river, is more than a mile and a quarter long, was burnt
during the Rebellion, but has been rebuilt and is ready for traffic at the present
time (December 1868.) The principal trade of the borough is in lumber from the upper
parts of the Susquehanna; much caj^ital is invested in this trade. One of the most
prolific deposits of iron ore occurs in the neighborhood of Columbia, and supplies the
numerous furnaces here and in the vicinity. The coal-trade of Columbia is also con-
siderable. It has 9 churches, and its fine High School building is deservedly admired.

Lampeter, East. — Bounded N. by Manheim, N. E. by Uijper Leacock, E. by Leacock,
S. E. by Paradise, S. by Strasburg, S. W. by West Lampetei-, W. by Lancaster township.
Area, 12,791 acres. Population in 1860, 2,305; Taxables, 647; value of Real and Personal
Property, $1,376, 598. It contains 5 Grist and 2 Saw Mills, 7 Hotels, 4 Stores and 10 Com-
mon Schools. The Conestoga creek bounds the township N. W. , the Pequea S. E. and ]Mill
creek traverses it centrally, the course of all three being S. W. The Pennsylvania Rail
Road crosses the township centrally with a station at Bird-in-hand, or Enterprise. The
former name is said to have originated in the sign of an inn, displaying a man with a
bird in his hand and pointing to two other birds on a tree, and pictorially illustrating
the proverb that "a bird in the hand is worth two in the bush." P. 0. at Enterprise,
Fertility, Greenland and Soudersburg.

Lampeter, West. — Bounded N. and W. by Lancaster, E. by East Lampeter, S. E.
by Strasburg, S. by Providence and S. W. by Pequea. Area, 11,437 acres; Population
in 1860, 1,771; Taxables, 446; Value of Real and Personal Property, $1,104,391. It
contains 5 Grist and 3 Saw Mills; 6 Hotels, 2 Stores and 8 Common Schools. The
Pequea is the S. E. boundary and the Conestoga the N. W. receiving at the Western-
most extremity of the township Mill creek, which crosses the Northern section. P.
O. at Lampeter, Wheatland Mills at the Eastern extremity of the township on the
Pequea, and Willow Street.

Lancaster. — Bounded N. by Manheim and Lancaster city, E. by E. and W. Lam-
peter, S. by Pequea, and W. by Manor. Surface, hilly; soil, limestone. The Conesto-
ga Creek Hows in a very serpentine course along its Southeastern boundary. Area,
4,045 acres; popul. in 1860, 924; taxables, 170; value of Real and Personal Property,
$558,164. It contains 3 Grist and 2 Saw Mills, 1 Distillery, 2 Hotels, and 3 Common
Schools.

Lancaster, City. — Area, 2,560 acres; Population in 1860, 17,603; Taxables 4,699;
value of Real and Personal Property, $3,644,231.

Lancaster was laid out by Governor Hamilton as a Town in 1730, after the annexed
plan, which I found amon^' some loose papers in a closet in the office of the Secretary
of the Commonwealth at Harrisburg.

At that time George Gibson kept a tavern here, with the sign of the hickory tree, ou
tlie public road, by the side of a tine spring. "A swamp lay in front of Gibson's, and
another of some extent lay to the North." Near the spring there once stood a high
hickory tree, which tradition says was the centre of a s)nall hamlet of a tribe called the
Hickory Indians. The swamp North of Gibson's is supposed to have extended from the
centre of the square bounded by. Duke, Queen, Chestnut and Orange streets, to the
swamp along the run, now Water Street. Gibson's pasture, afterwards Sanderson's
pasture, was leased at an early period by Mr. Hamilton to Adam Reigart. An old letter
mentions "the log-cabin of the widow Buchanan," who was probably only a tenant, as
her name is not among the purchasers. Gibson's original tavern is said to have occu-
pied the site of Slaymaker's hotel, the spring nearly opposite. At that time it con-
tained about 200 inliabitants. ' ' This year Stephen Atkinson built a lulling mill at great
expense; but the inhabitants of the upper part of the creek assembled and pulled down
the dam on the Conestoga, as it prevented them from rafting and getting their usual

25

370 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

supply of fish. Atkinson altered his dam -with a tAventy feet passage for boats and
fish." — Etipp.

In 1732 a violent contest for a member of Assembly took place between Andrew Gal-
braith and John Wright. On that occasion Mrs. Gall^raith rode through the town at
the head of a numerous band of horsemen, friends of her husband. In consequence of
lier activity, her husband was elected.

In 1734 an Episcopal Church was built in Conestoga, fifteen miles from Lancaster,
{locality unknown), and a Liitheran Church in Lancaster. The seat of justice was re-
moved this year from Postlethwaite's to Lancaster. The hottest summer exj^erienced
in the county.

In 1736 the first German Reformed Church, a log-building, nearly opposite the present
church, was dedicated; after the completion of the new church in 1771, it was converted
into a private dwelling and occupied as such until January 14. 1836, when it was de-
stroyed by fire. Rev. John Jacob Hook, or Hock, V. D. M., Avas German Reformed
Pastor in 1736. — B'upx>-

Augusts, 1736, at a court of General Quarter Sessions: Doctor William Smith, a vaga-
bond and beggar, being convicted before the court of being an im'postor, it is the judg-
ment of the court that he receive, in the toAvn of Lancaster, ten lashes, and be conducted
from Constable to Constable, and be whipi^ed with ten lashes, in the most public place,
till he comes to the bounds of the county, at Octoraro, and there be dismissed. — Ru^rp.

In 1738, the number of taxables, in Lancaster county, was 3,560. About the year
1738, many emigrants from the Palatinate, Germany, settled in Brecknock township;
among these Avere Jacob Guth, Christian Guth. avIio erected the first grist mill in the
township; John Mussleman, Francis Diller, avIio erected the first distillery in Breck-
nock; Jacob Schneder, Francis Fckert, Herman Deis, Christopher Waldhauer, William
Morris, Englishman, and some others. — 8. Bowman's Letter, in Bvpj).

In 1739, the Scotch Presbyterians AA^ere at their request excused from "kissing the
Book," Avhen giving evidence under oath.

In 1742 Lancaster Avas incorporated as a borough l)y George Thomas. A copy of the
charter is given in Division X.

In 1743 a German Reformed Congregation Avas organized, near AdamstoAA'n, called
' ' Modecrick Church . ' '

Oct. 3, 1744 a meeting to organize St. James' Episcopal Church Avas held at Lancas-
ter. The Rev. Richard Locke, an itinerant Missionary, was the first officiating Min-
ister. The project of erecting a small stone church, initiated April 15, 1745, AA'as not
consummated until 1753.

This year, Murhancellin, an Indian chief, murdered John Armstrong and his tAvo
men on Juniata; he Avas apprehended by Captain Jack's party, but released after a
confinement of several months in Lancaster prison.

John Musser, [1744] complained to the GoA-ernor that the Indians barked his Avalnut
trees, in the toAvn, designing the bark as coA^ers to their cabins; he asked £6 for dam-
ages and was granted £3.

In 1745, the Roman Catholics procured a lot, from Hamilton's estate, on Avhich a fcAV
years later they built a small log church, Avliich Avas consumed l)y fire in 17G0; the
building now used as a School House, Avas founded in 1762.

In 1745, the German pastor of the Lutheran Church united part of his congregation
with the Moravians, an act Avhich created much excitement among the Lutherans Avho
alleged that they Avere compelled to hear a doctrine Avhich they did not api>rove, or else
to resign their church. This year the "dark SAvamji," once in the centre of Lancaster,
Avas attempted to be cleared of Avood, and a drain made to carry oft" the Avater.

In 1746, the Rev. Mr. Locke, an Episcopal Missionary of the Society for the Propa-
gation of the Gospel, reports the toAvn of Lancaster to contain 300 houses. .

In 1 749, James Webb complained to the General Assembly of the undue election and

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 371

return of a member from Lancaster county, stating that violence in-evailed, that many
persons voted from 5 to 10 times, making 2,300 out of 1,000 votes. The election was
confirmed, but the officers were brought to the House and reprimanded.

In 1751 a large meeting was held at Lancaster which resolved upon the erection of a
house of employment for the special use of settlers who had greatly suffered from want
of employment and the hostilities of the Indians. A farm was procured and imple-
ments of manufacture purchased. Stockings were made here, for the manufacture of
which Lancaster became soon noted.

Lancaster in 1754. Extract from Gov. Pownall's journal:

"To Lancaster one mile. Lancaster a growing town and making money — a manufac-
tory here of saddles and packsaddles, also of guns — it is a stage town — five hundred
houses — two thousand inhabitants.

Between Lancaster and Wright's ferry, I saw the finest farm one can possibly con-
ceive, in the highest culture; it belongs to a Switzer. Here it was I saw the method of
watering meadows by cutting troughs in the side of the hill for the springs to run in —
the water would run over the sides and water the whole of the ground. If the plan
be used in England I never saw it.

A town called Ephrata, near Lancaster, settled by people called Donkers, Doopers,
Dimplers, they are I think, a queer set of protestant regulars.

In speaking of Alexandria, he says, there is one good house in it; it is Lord Fair-
fax's and perhaps seventy others."

I copied part of Governor Pownall's Journal for you. In the Book was the follow-
ing note in manuscript:

" When Governor Pownall visited Lancaster there was not one good house in the
town. The houses were chiefly of frame, filled in with stone — of logs — and a few of
stone. When Lancaster was laid out it was the desire of the proprietor to raise an
annual revenue from the lots; no lots were therefore sold of any large amount; but
settlers were encouraged to build and receive a lot, paying an annual sum as ground
rent — hence the large number of poor or persons in indigent circumstances who were
induced to settle in Lancaster. The Lancaster town was therefore too large at an early
period in proportion to the population of the surrounding country, and its inhabitants
suffered as much from a want of emplojanent as from its local situation remote from
water, it was not nor could it ever possibly become a place of business. The proprietor
was therefore wrong in forcing the building and settlement of Lancaster. The town
outgrew its strength, and looks dull and gloomy in consequence.

Two Governors were bui'ied in Lancaster, Governor Wharton and Governor Mifflin.

"Lancastee, May 27th, 1778.
"On Sunday last the remains of his Excellency Thomas Wharton, junior, Esquire,
President of the Supreme Executive Council of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania,
Captain General and Commander-in-chief in and over the same, was interred in the
Evangelical Trinity Church in this borough (the elders and vestry of that church having
politely requested that the body might there be interred). The attention paid by Col.
Geo. Gibson, Lt. Col. Stephen Bayard, and Captains Brown and Huston, in conduct-
ing the military on the occasion of his Excellency's funeral, did them honour; and the
gentlemen of the borough in their military character made a very handsome appearance.
"The affection which the House of Assembly had for his Excellency would not permit
his body to be carried by any other persons than members, twelve of whom bore his
remains to the grave. ' '

" When the British came to Philadelphia, Robert Morris, J. M. Nesbitt and several
others came to Lancaster for safety.

" George Bartram, a merchant of Philadelphia, a native of Scotland, was compelled
also to come to Lancaster. He dined out with a party of Whigs and took cold, which
caused his death in his 43d year on the 24tli of April, 1777, and was buried in front of

372 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

the Episcopal church. A neat marble slab on the pavement marks tlie spot where his
remains were deposited."

Peter Schaub, of Lancaster county, setting forth to the Assembly, that when the
forces under Col. Dunbar were at Lancaster, on their way to Philadelphia, a consider-
able number of horses and cattle belonging to them were put into his meadow, and
kept there for two days, whereby the greatest part of the grass was destroyed, required
compensation for damages sustained; Jacob Myers and others valued the damages at
cGll.Ts. The Assembly considered the petition, September 19th 1755. John Brubaker
presented a similar petition; his damages were £8. 6s.

Col. Dunbar was an officer under Edward Braddock, who met with a fatal reproof,
.Tvily 9th, 1755, near Pittsburgh, for his overweening confidence and reckless temerity.
— Bupp.

Li 1758, the freemen of the county, by reason of the badness of the roads to Phila-
delphia, in spring and fall, pray to be excused from attendance there in the Su^jreme
Court, and request a county court in lieu thereof.

In 1759, owing to the distracted state of the country by Indian cruelties and French
hostilities, a barrack was erected in Lancaster, containing 500 men, for the security of
the country, Mr. Bausman, barrack-master.

In 1760, statistics of Lancaster county — 436,346 aci-es of land, 5,635 taxables, each
taxed £1.2s. Total tax £6,178.10s.

In 1763, a petition by settlers on the Conestoga, complains of its dams, as destroying
the former fishery of shad, salmon and rock-fish, which were before in abundance,
while the tributary streams had plenty of trout.

In 1763 the house of correction was erected. The famous massacre of Indians by
the Paxton Boys, which took place tliis year, is fully described in a former part of this
volume, pages 179 sq.

In 1764, the Rev. Mr. Barton, Rector of St. James' Church, describes Lancaster as a
very respectable and wealthy place, containing 600 houses. He reports also that a
German surgeon married then about 300 couples a year, worth to him £150.

In 1765 the Presbyterians erected a large meeting house. Building Committee:
William IMontgomery, John Craig, James Davis.

In 1783-1784 Johann David Schopf, who had been Commissioner of the Margrave of
Brandenburg during the Revolution, undertook a journey through the Middle and
Southern States and the Bahamas, and published an account of his travels at Erlangeu
in 1788. From that rare and able book I have translated the following account of
Lancaster, which Avill doubtless be perused with great interest :

"Among the interior cities of all North America, Lancaster is the most important.
Although hardly eighty years old, it has already 900 houses. Its rapid growth caimot
be ascribed to the nearness of a river, for the Susquehanna flows 10 miles to the South,
and the small Conestoga 2 miles to the East. This town was originally designed to
have been located on the Susquehanna, and a wooden Court House and jail had actu-
ally been erected near Wriglit's Ferry, but Hamilton, a distinguished lawyer, used his
influence to have the town located on land belonging to him. His family still retain
the proprietory rights, and draw an annual income of at least £1,000 sterling from
ground-rents. These ground-rents are unecjual, according as the respective lots were
taken up at an earlier or later period, or are situated in different parts of the town; for
the lots taken up at the first beginning of tlie place pay least; but with the gradual
growth of the town the price of the lots was raised. The town is laid out with regu-
larity; the Court House liere, also, is in the centre at the intersection of two of the
main streets, wliich detracts considerably from its appearance. It is said that not more
than fifty English families dwell here; all the rest are Germans; but the English lan-
guage, though not dominant, is the language of the courts. The inhabitants follow
agricultural, industrial and commercial pursuits. The commerce, however, is not very

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 373

considerable, because the town is still too near to Philadelphia. It has a handsome
Lutheran Church and a Latin School. i

"But the greatest attraction which Lancaster presented to me, was the pleasure I de-
rived from the acquaintance with the Rev. Henry Muhlenberg, pastor of the Lutheran
Church, and now Principal of the College there.

' ' This excellent man, by his own diligence, has made considerable attainments in na-
tural science and is indefatigable in his investigations of the animals, plants and min-
erals of his neighborhood. I have great reason to regret the circumstance that I made
his acquaintance so late and for too short a time ; but it was the more precious and I
shall cherish my recollection of him the more, because he is the only native American
with whom I became acquainted, who is a lover of science and of whom I was able to
make scientific inquiries. If his exemplary diligence and search of knowledge were
more generally found among his countrymen, America would soon become better
acquainted with her own products, and natural science become greatly enriched. His
cabinet of home minerals, though small, is nevei'theless remarkable, because a better
one is not found elsewhere."

" The same author furnishes some curious specimens of the peculiar idiom, known as
Pennsylvania Dutch, which seems to have been eighty years ago as richly developed as
it is at this day; the reader, familiar with this indigenous dialect, will have no difficulty
to understand the following extracts from conversations had by Schopf, with Pennsyl-
vania farmers in 1783:

Ich hab' wollen mit my nachbar tshinen and a shtick geclart land purchasen. Wir
hatten no doubt a goote bargain gmaclit und liatten kenne goot drauf ausmache. Ich
war aber net capable so'ne summe Geld aufzumache, und konnt nicht liinger expecten.
Das that my nachbar net gleiche, und fing an micli eebel zu usen; so dacht ich 's ist
besser du toost mitaus. ' '

" Mine stallion iss ivverde Fens getshumpt and hat dem Nachbar sei wheat abscheu-
lich gedamatsht. "

Subjoined is an interesting account of Lancaster in 1833, originally written for the
Commercial Herald, and preserved in Hazard's Register of Pennsylvania, vol. 12:

"From Paradise, where our last sketch was made, we resume our journey on the
Pennsylvania Railroad, and in about nine miles enter the. city of Lancaster. In this
distance we cross Mill creek by a viaduct 550 feet long and 40 feet high, and Conestoga
creek by a viaduct 1,413 feet long, and 60 feet high. The latter is among the noblest
structures in the State, perhaps on the Continent. Its great length is occasioned by
the width of the Conestoga valley, at this point requiring a large proportion of land
bridge. It is built upon the Towai j)atent or Lattice plan, differing in this respect from
the other bridges upon the road, in which Burr's model has been pursued. The con-
tractor was Amos Campbell, of New Jersey, who constructed the present bridge at the
falls of Schuylkill, several on the Germantown Railroad; and who is engaged to build
all the important bridges on the Philadelphia and Trenton Railroad. The Pennsylvania
Railroad crosses the Conestoga about half a mile above the turnpike bridge, which lat-

1 Lancaster has now also a College. " In the Interest of theGermans, who, from various prejudices,
have hitherto failed to unite with their English fellow citizens in the establishment of an educational
institution, the Assembly granted in the fall of 1786, a charter and 10,000 acres of land, for the erec-
tion of a College at Lancaster. This College is to bear the name of Dr. Franklin, who has made
munificent donations to it. TheGermans are greatly rejoiced with this undertaking. The zeal and
liberality with which they enter into every good work which contemplates the prosperity of their
religion and nation, warrants the hope that this College will speedily equal in wealth and reputation
the oldest (Alleges in America." (Extract from a letter from Philadelphia, 1787.) The Eev. Mr.
Muhlenberg states in a letter, dated June 6, 1787, that this College has gone into operation with five
tutors. Kev. Mr. Muhlenberg is President ; Rev. Mr. Hendel, Vice-Principal ; the Eev. Mr. Melz-
haimer. Professor of German, Latin and Greek; Mr. Reiehenbach, Professor of Mathematics, and
the English minister, the Rev. Mr. Hutchins, teaches English and the Belles-Lettres.

374 AUTHEXTIC HISTORY

ter is a substantial stone structure of some four or five arclies. It was erected about
tlie year 1789, by Abraham "Witmer, a patriarch of tlie numerous and respectable tribe
of that name. By an act of the Legislature, passed in 1787, this intelligent and enter-
prising German obtained authority to construct the bridge, and to charge a reasonable
toll. It continued to be his private property until five or six years ago, when it was
purchased by the county of Lancaster, and made free to all comers and goers. The
preamble of the law referred to is curious and interesting, on accoiint of the contrast
which it exhibits between the i-esources and enterprise of the Commonwealth at that
time, and at the present. A safe crossing of the Conestoga was then essential to the
whole communication between Philadelphia and the interior — it was often impassable
for many days together — and yet the State of Pennsylvania had not the nreans to con-
struct a bridge which a single county now would readily undertake.

The public spirited enterprise of a Pennsylvania farmer supplied the deficiency, and
entitled him to honorable mention in every history of internal improvement in this State.!
His was the second bridge constructed under State authority, probably the second of
any magnitude in the State. The first was built in 1787, under a similar grant from
the Legislature over Neshamony creek on the Bristol road, by Charles Bessonett and
Gershom Johnson, "proprietors of the stages from Philadelphia to Trenton on the
New Y.ork road." The Philadelphia and Lancaster Tui-npike Company — the first in
the state or country — was not chartered until 1792, five years after the grant to Abraham
Witmer.

What a host of reflections spring from the recollection of these simple facts. Only
forty-five years ago, the two great communications from Philadelphia, one leading to
New York, and the other to our interior, were rendered precarious by the want of
bridges over such streams as the Conestoga and the Neshamony. In 'that short period
what changes have enterprise and industry, the genuine growth of free institutions,
produced? More than forty millions of dollars have been expended in the construction
of I'oads, bridges and canals.

The Rail Road, after crossing the Conestoga, passes through the beautiful farm of
the late Mr. Coleman, and enters the corporate limits of the city of Lancaster, on its
northern edge. The elevation of the ground on which the city is chiefiy built, induced
the Engineer, (Major Wilson) on the first location, to carry his line around half a mile
north of the principal street, along a small valley sloping to the Conestoga. He con-
sidered that the city would be as well accommodated by a short branch of inconsidera-
ble expense, and which would not interfere with his choice of ground for the main line.
After the routes chosen by him had been graded, the people of Lancaster induced the
Legislature to carry a line nearer the main street, involving a heavy deep cut, and an
additional expenditure of one hundred thousand dollars. It is doubtful whether they
will derive advantage from the change. In the deep cutting, which occitrs nearly all
the distance through the city, no useful communication can be had with the road, and
it must i^rove inconvenient in many other resjiects. If they are satisfied, however, far
be it from us to complain.

Lancaster is one of the three towns in Pennsylvania upon which the Legislature have

1 The above statement requii-es correction. Binkley's Bridge, vih.\bh. seems really to be the oldest
stone arched bridge in the county, if not in the State, was built at the charge of Christian Binkley in
17S9. His expenditure having- straightened his circumstances, his neighbors proposed that he should
transfer the bridge to the public "in consideration of £1,U00 in gold and silver coin, current lawful
money in the State of Pennsylvania ;" acceding to said proposal, the amount was raised by volun-
tary subscription in the vicinity. This bridge stood as originally erected until the summer of 1867,
when one of the piers gave way, necessitating the rebuilding of the same, which was completed late
in the fall of 1808. The old flour and gri?t mill, adjoining the Bridge and built by Christian Binivley,
was converted in 1866 into a ftrst-class paper mill, known as •' Tlie Printers' Paper Mill." Christian
IJinkley is certainly entitled to great praise for the disinterested zeal and public spirit, which prompt-
ed him for the benefit of the public at large, to erect this substantial bridge at his own expense.

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 375

conferred the dignified title of city. Of these it is third in magnitude — its population
in 1830 being 7,700. It has a Mayor, Recorder, Aldennan and Common Council, with
a charter modeled after that of Philadelphia. The streets are laid out with reasonable
regularity, are of convenient width, and the principal ones are well paved. A style of
building prevails there, not the most picturesque, and as we should imagine neither econ-
omical or convenient. About two-thirds of the houses have but a single very low
story — with heavy eaves, and highly sloped roofs, aftbrding the least possible accom-
modation in proportion to the ground occupied, and to the expenditure for roofing —
always an important item. We wish those who build hereafter would reform this
fashion altogether. As an additional motive for so doing we would mention the opinion
of many eminent physicians, that Cholera is most apt to seize those who sleep on ground
floors. If this theory be true, Lancaster may lay her account for a severe visitation,
should the pestilence enter her borders.

Lancaster contains, nevertheless, many excellent houses, much good society, and a
large share of wealth, and of productive industry. It owes its prosperity and impor-
tance, mainly, to the fertile and admirably cultivated country which surrounds it — a
district surpassed by none on the Continent, for capacity to furnish what man requires
for comfort and convenience. Several branches of manufactures and mechanic arts, are
extensively followed here — especially the making of stage coaches, and of the peculiar
vehicles (hence called, Conestoga wagons,) and harness used on the great turnpikes,
which lead to the west and north. It is not long since a post-coach built in Lancaster,
took a premium over many competitors in New York and New Jersey.

Lancaster was the seat of Government of the State from 1799 to 1812, when Harris-
burg succeeded to that dignity. The Legislature sat in the x)resent Court House, situ-
ated in the middle of the main street, according to a practice fomierly in vogue, and
which is only defendable on the ground that it enables the Judges to refresh themselves
by occasional peeps through the window, at the passing world, when the lawyers grow
tedious, or the evidence is unentertaining. It has certainly great inconveniences, es-
pecially if the street be paved with pebbles, and travelled with Conestoga wagons. In
such a Court House many a poor felloAV may have been tried, and condemned by a
tribunal who heard but little of what the witnesses testified.

For the information of those who are curio us in wine, we would remark, that they
may always procure the article of excellent qiiality at the principal hotels in Lancaster.
Let them only inquire for ^^Reigarf s particular,'''' and they will surely be satisfied, how-
ever fastidious their taste; or if it would amuse them to know all the particulars of St.
Clair's defeat, let them seek out Captain Slough, who once kept the tavern at the cor-
ner of the Court House Square, and who played a conspicuous part on that disastrous
occasion.

At Lancaster is the head of the Conestoga navigation, an improvement of that stream
by locks and dams, down to its junction with the Susquehanna, a distance of about
fourteen miles. Its cost was about eighty thousand dollars, principally subscribed in
Lancaster county, but it has not realized the expectation of the proprietors. The locks
(constructed entirely of timber) have proved too feeble to resist the pressure of water
upon them, and there is not trade to justify the expense of rebuilding, or repairing.
The project, in truth, was not founded in a wise calculation of the coiu'se of trade, and
perhaps wordd not have been attempted, but for a certain feeling of preference for
Baltimore over Philadelphia, which once prevailed in Lancaster, and which we hope to
see removed by a more free communication with Philadelphia, and a frank interchange
of kind ofitices.

Lancaster suffers, (in the estimation of strangers, at least, ) for want of good water.
That in common use, derived from wells, is so strongly impregnated with lime, as to
be disagreeable to the taste, and unfit for many domestic purposes. We woidd recom-
mend this subject to the serious attention of the friends of Temperance in that city.

876 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

When they urge water as the best beverage, they should be prepared to supply it of
good and Avholesome quality. For our part, we never drink the article in Lancaster,
except in the form of tea or coffee, and even these are rendered unpalatable by the
properties of the water. We do not know whether any plan of supplying the city
with pure water is practicable. If it be so, we would hold up the example of Easton,
Reading and Columbia, all situated, like Lancaster, on a limestone rock, and yet all sup-
plied with excellent water from the surrounding hills.

From Lancaster we proceed westward on the Rail Road through the great limestone
range which we have heretofoi'C described, and through farms of the best quality, to
its tennination at Columbia on the Susquehanna, a distance of twelve miles. One
mile beyond Lancaster we cross the turnpike leading to Harrisburgh, the great mail
route from Philadelphia to Pittsburg. Two miles further we cross the Little Conestoga
by a viaduct 804 feet long, and 47 feet high. At the upper end of the borough
of Columbia the Rail Road descends to the level of the Susquehanna by an inclined
jilane 1,720 feet long, with a perpendicular height of 90 feet. From the foot of the
plane it is conducted immediately on the bank of the river along the whole front of
the toMii, to the Basin at the upper extremity, which terminates the Pennsylvania
Canal. Near the same spot is a noble bridge across the Susquehannah, a mile in
length. This coming together of three such works, promises to make Columbia a most
important position. ' '

The Avater- works, supplying the City with Conestoga Water, were erected in 1 837-' 38,
at an original cost of about .|106,000. Subseqent alterations and enlargements have,
perhaps, doubled the original cost.

Gas was introduced into the City, February 21, 1850. The Gas company was char-
tered April 7, 1849. The works were erected at an original cost of' $28, 555. 00. The
first Gas was manufactured from rosin, but the works were adapted to the manufactuie
of Gas from coal in 1852.

Lancaster City has 9 Banking establishments, 16 places of Worship, 57 Common
Schools, 2 daily, 1 semi-weekly and 6 weekly Newspapers.

More particulars concerning the public buildings will be found in Division IV, con-
cerning Churches in Division V, concerning Education in Division VI, concerning Phi-
lanthropic institutions and beneficiary Societies, in Division VIII.

Leacocic— Bounded N. by Earl, E. by Salisbury, S. by Paradise, W. by E. Lampe-
ter and N. W. by Upper Leacock. Area, 11,272 acres; Population in 1860, 2,051; Tax-
ables, 483; value of real and personal property, $1,018,158. It contains 2 Grist, and 2
Saw mills, 3 Hotels, 3 Stores and 10 Common Schools. Mill creek flows along the North-
ern and Pequea creek along the Southern boundary of the township; the Pennsylvania
R. R. traverses its S. W. extremity; station at Gordonville, where as well as at Inter-
course are P. O.

Leacock, Upper.— Bounded N. by W. Earl, E. by Earl, S. E. by Leacock, S. by E.
Lampeter, N. W.;by Manheim. Area, 11,272 acres; Population in 1860, 2, 112; Taxables,
547; value of Real and Personal Propertj^ $1,062,882. It contains 3 Grist, and 3 Saw-
mills, 6 Hotels, 5 Stores and 12 Common Schools. This township is extremely well wat-
ered, the Conestoga flowing along the N. W. and the S. lioundaries. P. O. atBareville,
Groff 's Store and Leacock.

Little Britain.— Bounded N. E. by Colerain, S. E. by Chester co., S. by the
State of Maryland, W. by Fulton township, and N. W. by Drumore township. Centrally
distant from the city of Lancaster 20 ms. S. E. Greatest length 10^ ms., breadth 6 ms.
Area, 18,900 acres; surface, rolling; soil, clay. Pop. in 1860, 1,822; taxables, 412.
The Octoraro creek and its W. branch flows on the N. E. and S. E. boundary, and the
Racoon Run crosses it centrally from N. to S. ; near the nfiddle of the township is situated
Little Britain church. Little Britain P. 0. is near the S. W. boundary, 81 miles
from W. C. and 58 from Harrisburg. There are in this township 2 Forges, 5 Tan-

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 377

ueries, 3 Fulling mills, 11 Grist mills, 11 Saw mills, 3 Clover mills and a small Woollen
Factory.

Real and Personal Estate, $444,590; Common Schools, 7. The P. O. are: Kirk's
Mills, Little Britain, Oak Hill, Oak Shade and Wrightsdale. The villages are: Ash-
ville. Bethel, Eastland, Elim, Kinseyville, Pike's Peak, Pine Grove and Spring Hill.
The following minerals are ascertained to be found in this township:

Octahedral magnetic oxide of iron, on the Serpentine ridge, on Joel Jackson's
farm.

Massive and crystalized ferruginous oxide of chrome, or chromate of iron, occurs on
a minor ridge of Serpentine, about a mile north of the main Serpentine ridge, being
about two miles west of the southern western point of Chester county, on the property
of McKim, Sims & Co., of Baltimore, adjoining Joel Jackson's farm. The disin-
tegrated crystals of chromate of iron, are found coating the cavities of all the ravines
made in the sides of the hill, and indicate the existence of this valuable material in
quantity.

Magnesite. An extensive locality of this valuable mineral occurs, forming veins in
the Serpentine of considerable thickness, same locality, and is extensively quarried and
manufactured by Messrs. McKim, Sims & Co., of Baltimore, into sulphate of magne-
sia, (epsom salts.) These gentlemen have succeeded in making a purer salt at a much
less price than it can be imported, which has entirely excluded importation ; and the
United States are now almost entirely supplied from this establishment. Four hundred
or five hundred tons of magnesite, have been obtained from this locality, and Messrs.
McK. & S. manufacture 1,500,000 lbs. of Epsom salts annually.

Actynolite, in green compressed crystals, in talc, Serpentine ridge, on Joel Jackson's
farm.

Noble Serpentine, with delicate veins of amianthus, Serpentine ridge, on Joel Jack-
son's fa nil.

Chalcedony. An interesting locality of this mineral occurs near the magnesite above
described, about one and a half miles distant from the celebrated locality at Rock
Springs, and near the locality of magnesite and chromate of iron.

Manheim. — Bounded N. by Warwick, E. by Upper Leacock and E. Lampeter, S. by
Lancaster city and township, W. by East Hempfield. Surface, roUing; soil, limestone and
clay. Area, 16,666 acres; Population in 1860, 2510; Taxables, 627; value of Real and
Personal Property, $1,656,679. It contains 5 Grist and 5 Saw Mills, 3 Distilleries, 11
Hotels, 4 Stores and 13 Common Schools. The Little Conestoga flows in a Southerly
course along the Western, and the Conestoga in a S. W. direction along the Eastern
boundaries of the township. The Pennsylvania R. R. crosses the Southernmost ex-
tremity, and after passing through Lancaster city, traverses the S. W. part of the town-
ship, foniiing a bifurcation at Dillerville. P. 0. at Binkley's Bridge, Landis Valley,
Manheim, Neffsville and Oregon.

Mamor. — Bounded N. by East and West Hempfield, E. by Lancaster and Conestoga,
W. and S. W. by the Susquehaunah river; centrally distant from the city of Lancaster
6 miles S. W. ; greatest length and greatest breadth, about 8 miles. The Conestoga
river forms the S. E. boundary, receiving from the township, the Little Conestoga, and
its W. branch. Surface, hilly and rolling; soil, limestone; Area, 25,700 acres; Popula-
tion in 1860, 4,619; Taxables, 1,187; value of Real and Personal Property. $2,020,769.
It contains 14 Grist and 4 Saw Mills, 3 Distilleries, 8 Hotels, 5 Stores and 21 Common
Schools. This township contains the borough of AVashington on the Susquehanna
River, the village of Millersville, where is located the State Normal School, and the
most interesting historical locality in the County, the famous Indian town of Conestoga,
about 7 miles distant from Lancaster City. Not a vestige of its Indian character re-
mains, but the early annals of the county, preserved in this volume, assign to it a
prominence altogether unique. The first massacre of the Conestogo Indians took place

378 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

here. It is generally kno^vn as Indian Town. P. O. at Higiiville, Manor and ]\Iiners-
ville. Tlie whole of its river scenery is picturesque and grand.

Manheim, Borough. — Population in 1860, 856; Taxables, 274; Value of Real and
Personal Property, .$157,944.

About 1760 or 1761, Wilhelm Heinrich Steigel, an eccentric German, who for many
years had managed the Elizabeth Iron Works, laid out this town. He bought 200
acres of laud from Messrs. Stedman of Philadelphia, built a large brick house, which the
simplicity of the times described as a great castle, remaining to this day, with Dutch
tiles in the fire-places, and a coarse kind of German canvas tapestry hanging on tho
walls. It was built of imported brick and contained a pulpit in the salon.

Steigel was, in turn, iron-master, glass-manufacturer, a preacher and teacher, and
died in the latter capacity very poor, a special act for his relief having been passed
Dec. 24, 1774.

In 1762 Manheim contained 3 houses. Andrew Bartruflf erected the third house.

Marietta Borough. — Population in 1860, 2,186; taxables, 462; value of Eeal and
Personal Property, |308,434. It was incorporated in 1812, and the adjoining villages
of Waterford and Ncav Haven were included in the borough. The original name of
the place was Anderson's Ferry, so called after Anderson, whose farm then covered
about one half of the town plot; he was a man of much enterprise and public spirit.
He cut the road through the hills towards York and built extensive fei-ry accommoda-
tions on the opposite bank of the river; when they were finished, the bridge, projected
to have been built at Marietta, was erected at Columbia, and Anderson was ruined.
Marietta has a considerable trade in lumber and coal. Eagle and Donegal Furnaces
are in operation close by. The principal street of the borough runs along the river and
is a mile and a half long. The borough contains several churches, and has within its
limits 12 Hotels and 8 Common Schools.

During the British war, Jacob Grosh, in response to Governor Snyder's appeal,
formed a volunteer company of 107 men. The women of Marietta assembled in a
school house and nrade garments and knapsacks for the volunteers who thus left fully
equipped for Marcus Hook.

Martic. — Bounded N. by Peciuea, N. E. by Providence, E. and S. E. by Drumore,
S. and W. by the Susquehanna River, N. W. by Conestoga. Area, 31,542 acres; Popu-
lation in 1860, 1780; Taxables, 482; value of Real and Personal Property, $276,506.
It contains 3 Grist and 5 Saw Mills, 1 Forge, 4 Hotels, 5 Stores and 8 Common Schools.
The Pequea creek flows in a S. W. course along the Northern boundary. Muddy creek
on the S. E. and the Tucquan creek crosses it centrally. This township is very hilly,
with fine river scenery, especially near McCall's Ferry. P. O. at Bethesda, Marticville,
Mount Nebo and Rawlinsville.

MouKT Joy.- — Bounded N. by Dauphin county, N. E. by Lebanon county, E. by
Rapho, S. by E. Donegal, W. by W. Donegal. Area, 16,373 acres; Population in 1860,
2,760; Taxables, 566; value of Real and Personal Property, |788,186. It contains 6 Grist
Mills and 1 Saw Mill, 2 Hotels, 2 Stores and 12 Common Schools. The Conewago creek
flows along the IST. W. border, and the little Chiquesalunga on the Eastern boundary.
The Harrisburg and Lancaster R. R. skirts the tAvp. on the South. It contains the bor-
oughs of Mount Joy and Elizabethtown.

Mount Joy, Borough. — Area 400 acres; Population in 1860, 1,739; Taxables, 405;
value of Real and Personal Property, $215,360. This place was laid out in 1812 by Jacob
Rohrer and disposed of by lottery; the adjoining village of Richland, now part of the
borough, was laid out a year or two later by several persons. Mount Joy is a thriving
place, contains several churches, a female seminary and a boys' school.

Paradise.— Bounded K by Leacock, E. by Salisbury, S. E. by Sadsbury, S. by
Bart and Eden, W. by Strasburg, N. W. by E. Lampeter. Area, 11,986 acres; Popu-
lation in 1860, 2,081; Taxables, 470; value of Real and Personal Property, $823,968. It

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 379

contains 8 Grist and 4 SaAV Mills, 1 Distillery, 6 Hotels, 5 Stores and 9 Common Schools.
The Pequea creek, running in a Westerly direction, is the Northern boundary of this
township. P. O. at Bellemonte, Kinzer's, Leaman Place and Paradise, a thriving village,
originally settled by Mr. Abraham Witmer, who built a mill there; when in 1804 it was
made a post-town and needed a name, Mr. Witmer remarked that to him it was a para-
dise, and thus it obtained its pleasant name. It contains several churches, and at
present, a Soldiers' Orphan School.

Pei^n. — Bounded N. by Lebanon county, N. E. by Elizabeth, E. by Warwick, S. E.
by Manheim, S. by E. Hempfield, W. by Rapho. Area, 25,342 acres; Population in
1860, 1,771 ; Taxables, 507; value of Real and Personal Property $911,556. It contains 5
Grist and 2 Saw Mills, 1 Distillery, 4 Hotels, 5 Stores and 9 Common Schools. The big
Chiquesalunga creek skirts the Western boundary. The Reading and Columbia R. R.
enters the tp. at the S. W., and crosses the Southern section; stations at Seller's and
Keller's; P. O. at Penn and White Oak,

Pequea. — Bounded N. by Lancaster tp., E. by W. Lampeter, S. E. by Providence,
S. by Martic, W. by Conestoga. Area, included in Conestoga township. Population
in 1860, 1,168; Taxables, 273; value of Real and Personal Property, $539,337. It con-
tains 3 Grist and 3 Saw Mills, 2 Distilleries, 4 Hotels, 2 Stores and 6 Common Schools.
The Conestoga flows along the Northern and the Pequea along the Southern bounda-
ries.

Pkovidence. — Bounded N. by W. Lampeter, N. E. by Strasburg, E. by Eden, S.
by Drumore, W. by Martic and N. W. by Pequea. Area, included in Martic town-
ship. Population in 1860, 1,810; Taxables, 608; value of Real and Personal Property,
$358,922. It contains 3 Grist and 3 Saw Mills, 6 Hotels, 4 Stores and 8 Common
Schools. Big Beaver Creek, flowing along the Northeastern boundary, unites with
the Pequea, which forms the N. W. boundary. P. O. at New Providence and
Smithville.

Rapho. — Bounded N. by Lebanon county, E. by Penn, S. E. by E. Hempfield, S. by
W. Hempfield, S. W. by E. Donegal, W. by Mount .Toy. Area, 26,367 acres; Popula-
tion in 1860, 3,528; Taxables, 917; value of Real and Personal Property; $1,225,301. It
contains 9 Grist and 2 Saw Mills, 1 Furnace, 2 Distilleries, 4 Hotels, 3 Stores and 17
Connnon Schools. The little Chiquesalunga creek flows along the Western boundary in a
Southerly direction and joins the big Chiquesalunga, which runs along the Eastern and
Southern boundaries of the tp., near Musselman's mill at its S. W. extremity. P. 0.
at Mastersonville, Mount Hope, Old Line and Sporting Hill. In May, 1741, the inhab-
itants of the North-east part of Donegal township jietitioned for the erection of a new
township to be called Rapho.

Sadsbury. — Bounded N. by Salisbury township, E. by Chester co., S. by Colerain
township, and W. by Bart. Centrally distant S. W. from the city of Lancaster, 16 ms.
Greatest length 5^, greatest breadth 5 ms.; area, 12,111 acres; surface, hilly and rolling;
soil, limestone and clay. Pop. in 1860, 1,739; Taxables, 905. The Octoraro creek
rises near and flows along the Eastern boundary, and gives motion to three forges with-
in the township, and one immediately below its Southern line. Mine ridge runs along the
N. boundary, at the foot of which on the Wilmington and Lancaster turnpike road is
a post ofiice called the "Gap," estabhshed at the " Gap tavern.''''

Value of Real and Personal Property, $346,289. It contains 5 Grist and 7 Saw MiUs,
3 Forges, 3 Hotels, 4 Stores and 8 Common Schools. P. O. at Christiana and Smyrna.

Salisbury. — Bounded N. by Caernarvon, E. by Chester county, S. by Sadsbury
township, and W. by Paradise, Leacock and Earl townships. Centrally distant E. from
Lancaster about 16 miles; greatest length 8, greatest breadth 6 miles; Area, 26,300
acres. Surface, rolling; soil, limestone; Population in 1860, 3725; Taxables, 345. It
is drained by the Pequear creek, upon the branches of which are several Mills and one
Forge. The Welsh mountain runs along the North, and Mine ridge upon its South

880 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

boundary. Value of Real and Personal Property, $1,190,015. It contains 9 Grist and
8 Saw-Mills, 1 Forge, 10 Hotels, 13 Stores and 17 Common Schools. P. O. at Cain's,
Cambridge, Gap, Pequea, Salisbury and South Hermitage.

Strasburg. — Bounded N. by E. Lampeter, E. by Paradise, S. E. by Eden, S. by Prov-
idence, W. by W. Lampeter. Area, 13,098 acres; surface, hilly and rolling; soil, lime-
stone. Population in 1860, 1,858; Taxables, 511; value of Real and Personal Property,
11,000,986. It contains 9 Grist and 4 Saw Mills, 2 Distilleries, 3 Hotels, and 8 Common
Schools. The Pequea flows in a Southwesterly course along the Northern and Western,
and big Beaver creek along the Southern boundaries. P. O. at Martinville and Stras-
burg.

Strashuvg, Borough. — Area, 880 acres. Population in 1860, 931; Taxables, 270;
value of Real and Personal Property, $192,313. An old German settlement; a Mr.
Sample, ancestor of an old Lancaster County ftimily, was the first and only English
settler at the time of the Revolution. The place was formerly known as Betielhausen,
Beggarstown. The logs for the first house were hauled by a Mr. Hoft'man. The first
house in Strasburg was erected in 1733. The ancient Road from Lancaster to Philadel-
phia ran through this place, and from it was called the Strasburg Road. The old King's
Highway ran through Strasburg to the mouth of the Conestoga. It contains several
churches and a branch Rail Road connects with the Pennsylvania Central R. R. at Lea-
man Place.

Warwick. — Bounded N. by Elizabeth, N. E. by Clay, E. by Ephrata and W. Earl;
S. E. by Upper Leacock, S. l)y Manheim and West by Penn. Area, 11,670 acres; sur-
face, rolling; soil, limestone, clay and gravel. Population in 1860, 3,057; Taxables,
806. Value of Real and Personal Property, .$1,084,944. It contains 7 Grist and 5 Saw
Mills, 2 Distilleries, 8 Hotels, 7 Stores and 10 Common Schools.

The Cocalico Creek flows in a Southerly direction along the Eastern boundary. P.
O. at Brunnersville, Litiz, Millway and Rothsville.

The tp. received its name from Richard Carter, one of the first settlers, and first
constable appointed in 1739. On the farm of Simon Hostetter, i>art of the old Carter
tract, is a lake 200 feet in circumference, of great depth, which at one time was errone-
ously supposed to be bottomless. Rocks come up to the water's edge on one side, and
if large stones- are rolled over the rocks into the water, they may be heard for several
seconds to bound from rock to rock in their descent.

Litiz. — During Count Zinzendorf 's visit to Lancaster county in 1743, he stayed with
Mr. Jacob Iluber, of Warwick townshi]). The same evening after his arrival, he ad-
dressed the assembled neighbors. Many more would have attended, had they not been
in-evented Ijy Mr. George Kline, Mr. Huber's neighbor, who made eftbrts to dissuade
others from hearing him, and endeavored to excite unkind feelings against him; how-
ever, during the succeeding night, he became very uneasy, touching his course ; his con-
science told him loudly, he had not acted rightly. The following day, Count Zinzen-
dorf went to Lancaster, where he had permission to preach in the court house. Kline
followed him thither to hear liim preach, and was one of his most attentive hearers.
The Count's address removed all his prejudice, and made such an impression on his
mind, that he, as well as some of his neighbors, requested him to visit them again, or
to send them a minister who preached like him; this the Count promised to do, and
immediately on his return to Bethlehem, sent the Rev. Jacob Lischy to them, with
orders also to visit other pious persons, who resided in various parts of Lancaster county,
whoni the Count had visited i>reviously. After that they were for a number of years
visited by others from Bethlehem. Their nieetings were partly held in private houses,
and partly in a Lutheran church, which was built in 1741, on Mr. George Kline's land,
and known as St. Jacob's church. The Reverend Theophilus Neyberg, who was then
the Lutheran minister at Lancaster, preached every four weeks in this church iintil
1746, when he left the Lancaster congregation, and devoted his whole attention to the

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 381

Lutheran congregation in Warwick townslaip, and finally united himself with the
greater part of his flock with the Moravian Society.

In 1747, they concluded to apply to the conference at Bethlehem, for an ordained
minister, who would live among them, and who could attend to the spiritual affairs of
their small congregation; this request was readily granted, on condition that they would
provide a suitable dwelling for him and his family. As soon as Mr. George Kline heard
this, he offered three and three quarter acres of land, at the lower part of his farm, for
this puri^ose, and it was determined to build a suitable house, which might serve for a
dwelling, church and school house. On the 9th of February, 1748, this house was con-
secrated, and on the 22d of July, following, the Rev. Leonhard Schnell moved into it,
as their minister and school teacher. On the thirteenth of May following, he opened
the school with four boys and three girls. This house was then known as the ' ' War-
%vick Church and School House, ' ' and stood East of the present site of Litiz.

In 1754 it was determined to establish a similar congregation like that at Bethlehem.
Mr. George Kline being one of the most zealous members of the then but small flock,
and having no heirs, oftered them to accept his farm of more than six hundred acres
for that i^urpose. This kind offer was gratefully accepted, and the title thereof trans-
ferred to the society according to law. In the spring of that year, Mr. George Kline
had built a large two story stone house for a residence, which, however, he occui)ied
-but a short period, as he moved to Bethlehem, where he ended his life. This house
stood until 1867, when it was taken down.

In 1757, the village was laid out by the Rev. Nathaniel Seidel, and Mr. John Renter,
who were sent from Bethlehem for that purpose, and the name of Litiz was given to it,
in memory of a village in Bohemia, from which the forefathers of the United Brethi-en
had emigrated.

In 1761, the present Parsonage was built, and the greater part of the upper story was
dedicated as a place of worship. It was provided with a small organ, and the walls
were adorned with a number of beautiful oil paintings; the works of the celebrated
Hayd, representing all the most remarkable scenes of our Savioiu-'s life. In this Hall,
the congregation worshipped until the 13tli of August, 1787, when the present chiu-ch
was consecrated.

In 1762, the Warwick church and school house, was removed into the village, to serve
as a dwelling and school house for the teacher, who had the charge of the school for
such children as did not belong to the Society. In those days, schools were not as nu-
merous as in our day, and there was not another school within four miles of Litiz, con-
sequently, the children, from the adjacent country, were all sent to this school. The
children of the Society had then a separate school. Among those who resided in this
house, and served as teachers, the Rev. Bernliard A. Grube, deserves particular notice.
It was not only the object of this good man to teach the children to read, ^Tite and
cypher, but also to impress good morals on their minds, and to acquaint them with their
Saviour. Various were the methods wdiicli he adopted, but one in particular we would
mention: being an excellent ornamental writer, he wi'ote in his pupils' books, their
names, adding some wish or prayer, and from time to time, he presented them with
hymns of his own composition, or passages from Scripture, beautifully ^Aiitten. Many
of these trifling presents, proved seeds sown into good ground, which grew, and have
brought fruit unto salvation. To this day, there are Bibles and spelling books to be
found in Warwick township, in which is found his writing, and many, who are grand,
and great-grand children, of those, who, as children received his trifling presents in
those long by-gone days, hold them as dear as their forefathers did.

In 1771, the St. Jacob's church was taken down, and removed to the fulUug mill below
the village, and converted into a dwelling house, for the miller; this house stands to this
day, and is at present the property of Mr. John Keller.

The grave yard, which belonged to this church, is yet in existence, and is known by

882 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

the name of "Warwick Grave Yard;" it is located a short distance southwardly from
the village, near the Lancaster road. To persons who are fond of reading epitaphs on
old tombstones, this place offers a fine opportunity.

Having given the reader some account of the early settlement of this interesting
village, we shall now attempt to describe it, as we find it in our day.

It is not saying too much, if we state, that it is probably the neatest and cleanest,
village in Lancaster county. Its location is nearly East and West, extending in that
direction, about three-fourths of a mile. There is not only pavement Ijefore all the
houses through the whole village, but the different paths leading to the church, schools,
&c., are well paved, with bricks or limestone slabs. The square, around which are
located the institutions, church and ])arsonage, is, perhaps, not surpassed in beauty by
any other spot in the county; such is its splendor in the summer season, that it fre-
quently occurs, that travellers stop in their journey to give it a closer examination
than a mere transient notice.

It is enclosed with a white fence, and tastefully laid out in gravel walks; around it is
an avenue of locust and cedar trees, and the interior is adorned with Linden Cedar
and Balm of Gilead trees, and a very great variety of shruljbery.

The church is 66 feet in length, and 50 feet in depth; it is built of limestone, and
has a very fine appearance, and the mason work in its front is generally considered a
master-piece of workmanship; it is ornamented with a neat spire, and has a town
clock, which is remarkable, because it strikes the quarters. It has two galleries, and
is provided with an excellent organ. Originally, there was no pulpit in the church,
but merely a table, covered with black cloth, at which the minister officiated. It being-
fifty years in 1837, since the chi\rcli had been consecrated, various alterations were
undertaken in that year, and among others, also, that of placing a'pulpit in the place
of the table. After all the repairs were comiileted, the congregation celebrated the
fiftieth anniversary of their church on Sunday the l^th of August, 1837. A brief
account of such a celebration among the IMoravians may perhaps be interesting to the
reader; we shall, therefore, attempt to give some description of this church festival.
The church was previously beautifviUy adorned Avith various inscriptions, and most
tastefully decorated with flowers and evei'greens, and the musicians selected and i)rac-
tised their best sacred music; and to render it still more harmonious, invited a number
of the best vocal and instrumental performers from Bethlehem and Nazareth, to assist
them on the occasion. On the evening of the 12th, the congregation met for the purpose
of solemnly closing the remarkable period of fifty years, during which the Lord had
pennitted them to Avorshii) in this sanctuary. Early on the morning of the 18th, all
the inhabitantss were awakened by solemn music, announcing to them the approach of
the happy day, for which old and young had been looking with such joyful anticipation.
At [eight o'clock, the congregation met for the first time, in the new period of their
church's existence, and dedicated the church, as well as themselves anew to the Lord.
At ten o'clock, they met again, when an excellent address, suitable to the occasion, was
delivered, and an account read of the first consecration, August 13th, 1787, and also
the names of all those who served as ministers within the transpired period. At two
o'clock, there was a Love Feast, a church ceremony which is customary at all festival
occasions among the Lloravians — in token of fellowship and brotherly union, and is in
imitation of a custom in the primitive churches; during which the congregation and
tlie choir, accompanied with instrumental music, alternately, sang anthems, which had
been expressly printed for the occasion; after that, the communicants met for the first
time at the Lord's table in this new era of their church. In the evening, the beautiful
square, which we have attempted to describe, was tastefully illuminated with upwards
of 800 lights, and the whole congregation, together with numbers from the adjacent
country, met in it for the purpose of solemnly closing this joyful festival. Anthems,
which had Ijeen expressly printed for the occasion, were handed to all present, when

OF LANCASTER COUNTY, 383

in the solemn evening hour of that blessed Sabbath, surrounded by thousands of beau-
tiful dowers, and accompanied with instrumental music, all united in singing the
praises of the Lord, for all the blessings conferred on them as a congregation; the scene
was a heavenly one, and will long be remembered by all who witnessed it.

In 1857, the church, after having stood 70 years, underwent a thorough repair and
many alterations were made, so that its internal and external appearance became more
modern.

The follo.wing ministers labored in succession, in the congregation at Litiz :

1742, Count Nicolas Louis de Zinzendorf; 1743, Jacob Lischy; 1745, Daniel Xeuberts;
1747, Leonard Schnell; 1749, Christian H. Ranch; 1748 to 1753, Abraham Reinke,
Senior; 1754, Michael Zahm and Christian Bader; 1755, Christian Krogstrupp and
Abraham Reinke, Senior; 1755 to 1787, MathewHehl; 175G, Francis Christian Lembke;
1750, David Nitshmann, Daniel Bishop and Daniel Neubert; 1757, George "Weiser;
1759, Jacob Till; 1760, Abraham Rusmyer and Godfrey Roesler; 1762, Christian Krog-
strupp; 1763, Bernhard Adam Grube; 1765, Nicholas Eberhaxxl; 1774, Godfrey Roesler;
1784, John Klingsohr; 1790, Andrew Huebner and Abraham Reinke, Junior; 1801,
John Herbst, John Meder and John F. Freeauf; 1811, Jacob Van Vleck and Constan-
tine Miller; 1812, Andrew Benade, John M. Beck and Abraham Reinke, Junior; 1822,
Thomas Longballe; 1823, John Christian Beckler; 1829, Andrew Benade and John F.
Loeffler; 1836, William Eberman and Charles F. Kluge; 1843, Peter Wolle and Charles
W. Senft; 1857, Samuel Reinke;' 1860, Edmund de Schweinitz; 1866, Lewis F. Kamp-
man; 1868, Edward T. Kluge.

The Brotliers' House. — In 1759, the Brothers'' House at Litiz was built — which, however,
is not used for its original intent at present. It is built of limestone, is three stories high,
60 feet in length and 37 feet in depth. The basement story was occupied as a kitchen and
dining room; the first story was divided into four rooms, in each of which nine or ten
brethren resided ; part of the second story consisted of a large hall or chapel, for spiritual
purposes, which was provided with a very excellent organ. The remaining part was
divided into dwelling rooms, in one of which resided the elder and steward; the duty of
the former was to care for the spiritual welfare of those in the house, and those of the latter
for the temporal concerns thereof. One of the rooms in the second story was set apart for
the boys between the ages of twelve and eighteen. The greater i)art of the third story
was occupied as a dormitory, where they all slept; aside of it, was a room set apart for
such as might get sick, and one of the brethren, who had the office of waiting on them,
resided in this room. In each room where the brethren resided, there was one who was
called the overseer, whose duty it was to correct any disorders that might arise, care
for fuel, repairs and cleanliness of the room. In the room in which the boys resided,
there were generally three overseers, whose duty it was to guard their morals, and
to guide them in the path of virtue and religion, go with them to church, and during
the winter season, to devote three evenings in the week for instructing them in useful
knowledge. These boys were partly emjiloyed in the town, and partly in the Brother
House, in learning various mechanical trades. In the rear of the building, there are
several houses, which were formerly occupied as shops for cabinet makers, chau- makers,
weavers, &c. The shoemakers and tailors had their shops in the house. There also
belonged a very extensive farm to it, on which a number were employed. ]Much atten-
tion was paid to fattening cattle, and it was nothing unusual to buy whole droves for
that purjwse, which when fat were sold to the Lancaster and Philadeli)hia butchers.
In the year 1817 it was found proper to discontinue the Brother House at Litiz, and
after that period, it was for a time occupied by several families, and at present is used
for school purposes. During the Revolutionary war, it was for a short period iised as
a hospital for invalid soldiers, a number of whom died there, and were buried a short
distance eastwardly from the village. Although this system did not suit all who resided
in this house, yet it must be admitted, that there are numbers, who will ever ascribe

884 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

their welfare to Laving been in tlieir younger years inmates, and under the care and
admonition of such who from experience could guide and instruct them.

" The Sisters'' House.'''' This was built A. D., 1758. It is likewise built of limestone,
three stories high, 90 feet in length and 37 in depth; the internal arrangement is the
same as that described of the Brother House. At this time it is not occupied for its
original purpose, but it is in connection with Linden Hall and is used for school
purposes.

There was never any kind of vow of celibacy connected with these Institutions ; any
of the sisters can leave the house if she has any desire to change her situation.

In larger Moravian communities, similar houses are established for such widows as
desire to live retired, and are called widows' houses. The individuals residing in these
establishments pay a small rent, by which, and by the sums paid for their board, the
expenses thereof are defrayed, assisted occasionally by the profits on the sale of orna-
mental needlework, confectioneries, &c., on which some of the inmates subsist. We
hope our account of these Institutions will prove satisfactory to our readers, and par-
ticularly to such as have hitherto entertained different opinions. They are in their
character nothing more than the different asylums for widows, homes for working
women and young men, which are found in Philadelphia and other cities, and we are
inclined to think, the idea for establishing those in the cities, has been borrowed from
the Moravian Institutions.

The Grave Tard.^ — This beautiful spot is located on a rising ground to the South of
the village, of Avhich we will give the reader some account, there being perhaps not
another similar arrangement to be found in Lancaster county:

After entering the gate, the visitor finds himself in a beautiful avenue of cedar trees,
which separates the graves of the males from those of the females, the former being on
the right and the latter on the left as he passes on. We have before stated that the
congregation is divided into classes; in the same order then as it is divided, so they are
laid on the grave yard; here the visitors find the rows containing nothing but the mar-
ried men ; and on the opposite side, married women ; as he passes on, those of the single
classes; and further, those of little boys and girls under the age of twelve. The graves
are all of two sizes, being without distinction of an oblong shape, and flat on the top,
to which shape they are brought by two moulds, expressly kept for that purpose, one
for adults and the other for children. The sides are planted with sod, and the tops are
overrun with tlie Virginia mountain pink, which in the month of May is in full bloom,
and renders the appearance of the graves one of the most beautiful imaginable. On
each grave there is a marble tombstone whicli, without distinction, lies flat on the grave,
verifying the old adage "Death levels all, both great and small."

The epitaphs contain the name, birth and departure; to some, a few more lines have
been added, a number of which are truly edifying, and very striking. Each tombstone
is numbered and the highest number in February, 1869, is 727. The first person was
buried there in 1758.

The Litiz Spring. — Tliis spring, which is visited by so many persons, is situated on
the land of the Society, about one-half mile westwardly from the village, and is proba-
bly one of the largest springs in Pennsylvania. There are two fountains from which
all the water, which forms a considerable stream, is discharged, and has water sufficient
for some of the largest merchant mills in the county. From its head to the Conestoga,

1 November 8, 1758, a lad of three years, named John Baumgartner, was buried in this Grave Yard;
being the first interment; the occasion was improved by solemnly consecrating this parcel of ground
as a resting place for the remains of the departed. On the arrival of the funeral procession, an appro-
priate address was delivered by the i?ev. Matthew Hehl; then, the usual funeral service while the
corpse was let in the grave, was read; after which, the assembled congregation knelt down, and with
solemn prayer consecrated the spot, for all who in future would be interred here, to rest in hope till
that important moment when Ciirist shall call those who died in the Lord, from their graves to a glo-
rious resurrection.

■ OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 385

into which the stream, denommated on the map of Lancaster county, "Carter's Creek,"
empties, it is six miles, and in that distance, tliere are seven mills. The water is the pure
limestone, and very fresh. In former times, it formed a large pond, around which In-
dians resided, of which the number of Indian arrow heads, hatchets, and stones, used
for throwing in their slings, give ample proof. Could these Indians retvirn and see the
great change which has taken place at their spring, they would probably not beheve it
to be the same, from which they had formerly drunk. About the year 1780, some of
the inhabitants of Litiz began to improve it by enclosing it with a circular wall and
filling up part of the pond, and in later years the remaining part was filled up,
and where was formerly a considerable body of water, there is at this time a
beautiful park of trees. Various improvements were undertaken from time to time;
but at no period was it found in such an improved state as at this time. Around it are
a number of seats, and on the hill, from under which it has its source, are hand-
somely laid out gardens, arbors and ornamental shrubbery. From the spring to the
village is an avenue of Linden and Maple trees, winding along the stream, the path of
which is partly covered with gravel, and partly with tan, which renders access to it easy
in wet, as well as dry weather. Along this avenue there are various seats under shade
trees for the accommodation of visitors, and also several neat bridges, in case they wish
to cross the stream.

The population of Litiz is about 500; the number of houses 113. Formerly there
was an extensive chip hat and bonnet manufactory carried on by Mr. Matthias Tschudy,
which gave employment to many. He was the only person in the United States that
understood the art of manufacturing them, and supplied nearly all the cities and coiin-
try with his hats. The palm leaf and straw hats, coming into fashion, they were pre-
ferred, and consequently the factory was discontinued.

Organs were also built in Litiz in former times, which for tone and excellent work-
manship, are very celebrated. A number of the best organs in Philadelphia, Baltimore
and Lancaster, are specimens thereof ; and among others, the large and beautiful organ
in the Lutheran church, at Lancaster, is one of them.i

In former times, the augurs which were sent from England had no screw, serving as
a point, as we have them in our day. The invention of this screw was first made at
Litiz, by ]Mr. John H. Kauch, Senior, during the last century; the pattern was then
sent to England by Judge Henry, after which the screw point was generally introduced.
The original augur, made at Litiz, by John Henry Ranch, in 1776, is now the propei-ty
of his grand-son, E. H. Ranch, of Lancaster. It was among the relics exhibited at the
Great Sanitary Fair held at Philadelphia in 1864.

For an account of the Schools, see Division VI.

Washington, Borough. — Population in 1860, 560; Taxables, 199; Value of Real
and Personal Property, $67,823.

1 Abridged from Mr. John Beck's revision of the article on Litiz in Rupp's History of Lancaster
County.

26

386

AUTHENTIC HISTORY

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OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 387

DiyisiOK III.

BIOGEAPHICAL,

EARLY SETTLERS.

Atlee, Samuel, a colonel of tlie first regiment of troops raised on the borders of
Lancaster and Chester counties in the Revolution. He covered the retreat from Long
Island, and being wounded v^as taken prisoner by the British, and kept confined in
New York. After his release he left the army, and was elected to offices of trust by
the people. Died suddenly in Philadelphia.

Atlee, William Augustus, born at Philadelphia, July 1, 1735. He moved to Lan-
caster at a very early age, was a prominent citizen and an active and leading Whig
during the Revolution. He was commissioned a Judge of the Supreme Court of
Pennsylvania, August 16, 1777, and held his place until his death in 1793, from yellow
fever contracted in Philadelphia, while attending court.

Barton, Benjamin S., M. D., professor in the University of Pennsylvania, was born at
Lancaster, Pennsylvania, in 1 766. His mother was the sister of the celebrated Rittenliouse.
In 1786 he went to Great Britain and pursued his medical studies at Edinburgh and
London. He afterwards visited Gottingen, and there obtained the degree of Doctor in
Medicine. On his return from Europe in 1789, he established himself as a physician in
Philadelphia, and soon obtained an extensive practice. In the same year he was ap-
pointed professor of natural history and botany in the college of Philadelphia. On the
resignation of Dr. Grifliths he was appointed professor of materia medica; and succeeded
Dr. Rush in the department of the theory ^and practice of medicine. He died in 1815.
His chief publication is Elements of Zoology and Botany.

Barton, Thomas, i was born in Ireland, in the year 1730. He received his education
at Trinity College, Dublin. Shortly after he graduated, he came to this country, and
engaged as an assistant tutor in the Academy of Philadelphia, where he remained for
two years. In January, 1755, he went to England with letters testimonial from the
Professors of the College, and the Clergy of the Province of Pennsylvania, and with
an earnest petition from the inhabitants of Huntingdon, Pa., that he might be appointed
their Missionary. After the necessary preliminaries had been attended to, he was or-
dained, and came back to this country as itinerant Missionary for the counties of York
and Cumberland.

Having reached Philadelphia about the 10th of April, 1755, he immediately wrote to
the people of Huntingdon, apprising them of his arrival; whereupon they sent a nmn-
ber of wagons to remove his effects. He reached the field of his labors about the close
of May, and his first business was to make himself acquainted with the condition and
the numbers of the three congregations of York, Hu.ntingdon and Carlisle; and, after
he had settled Wardens and Vestrymen in each, they all met, and according to their
numbers, agreed mutually that he should officiate three Svuidays in six at Huntingdon,
two at Carlisle and one at York; and, having ascertained that there were within the
1 From Sprague's Annals of the American Pulpit.

388 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

limits of his Mission large numbers of the communion of the Church of England in
Shijipensburg, and some four or five other settlements in that region, he determined to
visit each of those places four times a year, to prepare them for the Sacrament of the
Lord's Supper, and to baptize their children.

Scarcely had Mr. Barton commenced his labors, before his attention was drawn to the
wretched condition of the poor Indians, some of whom resided at no great distance from
him; and, having heard that a number of them had come down from the Oliio to Carlisle
to dispose of their fur and deer-skins, he took occasion to go among them, and to en-
deavor to secure their good will, in the hope of making himself useful to them. He
invited them to church, and such of them as had any knowledge of English, came, and
seemed very attentive. These, subsequently, brought their brethren to shake hands with
him; and the result of the interview was that he had great hope of being able to bring
them under the influence of Christianity. But, just at that time, the tidings came that
the forces under the command of General Braddock had been defeated, as they were
inarching to take Du Quesne, a French fort upon ihe Ohio; and this was soon succeeded
by an alienation of the Indians, which put an end to all hope of prosecuting successfully
any missionary efforts among them.

Mr. Barton, now finding himself exposed to the incursions of the French and the In-
dians, was compelled to organize his own people for defence against their enemies; and
such were his zeal and activity, that he even put himself at the head of his congrega-
tions, and marched, either by night or by day, whenever there was an alarm. In 1758,
the young men Avithin his Mission oflered to join the army if Mr. Barton would accom-
pany them; whereupon he proposed himself to General Forbes as Chaplain of the troops,
and his services were thankfully accei^ted. He was, however, absent from his ordinary
duties but a short time, though it was long enough to give him the opportunity of making
the acquaintance of Washington, Mercer and other distinguished officers in the army.

For nearly twenty years, Mr. Barton resided at Lancaster, and was Rector of St. James'
church there; but he divided his Sunday labors between that church and two other
churches — one at Carnarvon, about twenty miles from Lancaster, the other at Pequea,
nearly the same distance in a different direction. In addition to these stated duties, he
officiated occasionally at the churches of New London and White Claj'- Creek — the one
distant thirty-five, the other sixty miles from his residence. So great was the amount
of labor that he performed, and such the fatigue and exposure to which he was sub-
jected in his missionary excursions, that he became sensible that his constitution was
greatly imi^aired; but he still kept on laboring to the extent of liis ability; and the
letters which, from time to time, he wrote to the Venerable Society, show that he was
resolved to persevere in his labors until his health should entirely fail, or Providence
should, in some other way, hedge up his path.

Mr. Barton had never lost, in any degree, his interest in the Indians; and was ac-
tually planning an excursion of a few months among them, in or about the year 1764,
when his hopes were again blasted by the breaking out of the Indian War, which ren-
dered any approach to them utterly hopeless.

In 1770, Mr. Barton received the Honorary degree of Master of Arts, from King's
College, New York.

As the War of the Revolution came on, Mr. Barton found himself not a little impeded
in the discharge of his ministerial duties, and was ultimately obliged to retire from his
field of labor altogether. In a letter dated November 25, 1776, he thus describes his
situation:

' ' I have been obhged to shut up my churches, to avoid the fury of the poiiulace, who
would not suffer the Liturgy to be used, unless the Collects and Prayer for the King
and Royal Family were omitted, which neither my conscience nor the declai-ation I
made and subscribed, when ordained would allow me to comply with; and, although I
used every prudent step to give no offence even to those who usurped authority and

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 389

rule, and exercised the severest tyranny over us, yet my life and property liave been
threatened, upon mere suspicion of being unfriendly to what is called the 'American
cause.' Indeed, every clergyman of the Church of England, who dared to act upon
proper principles, was marked out for infamy and insult, in consequence of which, the
Missionaries in particular have suffered greatly. Some of them have been dragged from
their horses, assaulted with stones and dirt, ducked in water, obliged to flee for their
lives, driven from their habitations and families, laid under arrests and imprisoned. I
believe they were all (or at least most of them) reduced to the same necessity with me
of shutting up their churches. It is, however, a great pleasure to me to assure the
Venerable Society that, though I have been deprived of the satisfaction of discharging
my public duties to my congregations, I have endeavored (I trust not unsuccessfidly)
to be beneficial to them in another way.

" I have visited them from house to house regularly, instructed their families, bap-
tized and catechized their children, and performed such other duties in private as atoned
for my susjjension from public preaching. ' '

Mr. Barton, refusing to take the oath of allegiance to the Commonwealth, was per-
mitted to sell his property, leave the Colony, and pass within the British lines. He
arrived at New York in November, 1778. Having, before leaving Lancaster, first been
placed on the limits of his county, and afterwards, for a long time, confined to his
house, his health, which had been reduced by his severe labors, now became much
more impaired by his confinement. A dropsy ensiied, under which he languished until
the 25th of May, 1780, when he died at the age of fifty years.

Mr. Barton was married, in 1753, to a sister of the celebrated David Rittenhouse, at
Philadelphia. He left a widow and eight children, one of whom, Benjaviin Smith, was
a distinguished Professor in the University of Pennsylvania, and died in 1815. The
eldest son, William, was the author of the Life of Rittenhouse. Mrs. Barton, the
widow, passed her last years in the house of her nephew and niece, Dr. Samuel Bard
and his wife. Within a few days of their decease, she also died, at the age of ninety.

Mr. Barton published a Sermon on Braddock's Defeat, in 1755.

John Penn, the Proprietary of Pennsylvania, speaking in a letter of the important
services that Mr. Barton rendered in resisting the attacks of the French and Indians,
says:

"Mr. Barton deserves the commendation of all lovers of their country. * * * *
Had others imitated his example Cumberland woidd not have wanted men enough to
defend it; nor has he done anything in the military way but what hath increased his
character for piety, and that of a sincerely religious man and zealous minister. In
short, he is a most worthy, active and serviceable Pastor and Missionary, and as such,
jjlease to mention him to the Society. ' '

Baker, John Christopher, Rev., D. D., was born in Philadelphia, May 7, 1792;
had 5 years' education at Nazareth Hall, and pursued a course of Theological studies
under Rev. Dr. Lochman, a Lutheran minister, at Lebanon. Licensed in 1811 by the
Synod of Pennsylvania, he successively acted as Assistant Minister in the German con-
gregation at Philadelphia, Pastor of the church at Germautown in 1812, and Pastor
of Trinity Lutheran church of Lancaster in 1828. In the latter capacity he served
faithfully and acceptably until January 30, 1853. After severing his connection with
Trinity church he returned to Philadelphia in charge of St. Luke's Lutheran church,
and died there. May 26, 1859. His mortal remains were taken to Woodward Hill Cem-
etery. He was an earnest, laborious and faithful minister, and is held in loving re-
membrance.

Bowman, Samuel, Rt. Rev., D. D., was the fourth child of Captain Samuel Bow-
man, an officer in the Revolutionary army, who took an active part in the battle of
Lexington, and at the close of the war settled at Wilkesbarre, Wyoming Valley, Lu-
zerne county, Pennsylvania. Bishop Bowman was born there May 21st, 1800. The

390 AUTHENTIC HISTOKY

judicious and enligliteued views of his father, husbanded by tlie refined tastes and
Christian virtues of his mother, born and nurtured in tlie Gliurch, were tlie influences
that surrounded the earliest years of his life. At the chartered Academy of Wilkes-
barre, an institution equal to any of its contemi^oraries, he received his education. He
was destined for the bar and i^ursued his legal studies for a time under the late Charles
Chauncy, Esq., of Philadelphia. Soon after commencing the practice of the law, he
felt an invincible desire to enter the Church. He applied for holy orders, and was ad-
mitted by Bishop White to the Diaconate in 18231 and to the Priesthood in 1824. He
began his ministry at St. John's Church, Pequea, Lancaster county, in 1823, where he
remained about two years. After a brief residence at Easton, Pa., where he had charge
of Trinity Church, he returned to his first cure, which he held until 1827, when he was.
invited to take charge of St. James', Lancaster. After the death of Rev. Mr. Clark-
son, the Rector with whom he was associated, he was elected in his place and filled that
position until his death; for on his elevation to the Episcopate, his parishioners, dread-
ing to sever the relations so long and so happily sustained, prevailed upon him to con-
tinue them. Iij 1845, the clergy elected him Bishop of the Diocese of Pennsylvania,
but the Laity refusing to concur, he cordially supported the nomination of Rev. Dr. A.
Potter, who was eventually chosen. In 1848 he was elected Bishop of the Diocese of
Indiana, but his strong attachment to Lancaster controlled his decision to decline. In
May, 1858, he was chosen, and in August of the same year, consecrated Assistant
Bishop of Pennsylvania.

His death took place on Saturday, August 3, 1861, between 8 and 9 A. M. He had
left Pittsburgh at G A. M., by the Allegheny Valley Railroad on a visitation to the
spiritually destitute "Oil District." After the train had proceeded about nineteen
miles, an injury to the road caused by a late freshet and a land-slide 'nearly two miles
beyond, induced some of the passengers to walk the distance; the Bishop was among
the number. Unable .to keep up with the others, he was missed when the train was on
the point of starting, and was subsequently found lying by the road-side, his face
buried in his hat, stretched out at full length, " a corpse, without signs of bruise or
struggle; his watch, purse and papers untouched." The majority of ])hysicians con-
sulted, ascribe his death to apoplexy, but his family physician to disease of the heart.

The remains were at once taken to Lancaster, where they arrived on Sunday morning,
August 4th. The funeral obsequies took place at St. James', Lancaster, on Tuesday,
August 6th, at 5 o'clock, P. M. Two Bishops, some seventy Clergymen, all the resident
ministers of other communions, and a vast concourse of citizens were present.

Bishop Bowman was twice married. His first wife, Susan, daughter of the late
Samuel Sitgreaves, Esq., of Easton, Pa., bore him three children, one of whom, a
daughter, survives. His second wife, Harriet R., daughter of the late Rev. Joseph
Clarkson, Rector of St. James', died some years ago.

The Bishop's body lies in the churchyard of St. James', by the side of his departed
friends.

BucHANAN,2 James, THE HoK. Was born in Franklin county on the 23d day of
April, 1791. His birth-place was a wild and romantic spot in a gorge of the Cove, or
North IMountain, about 4 miles west of Mercers])urg, and bearing the peculiar, but not
inappropriate name of "Stony-batter." His father, James Buchanan, senior, was a
native of Ireland, and one of the most enterprising, intelligent and influential citizens
of that part of the State. His mother, Elizabeth Speer, remarkable for her superior
intellect and genuine piety, was born in the Southern part of Lancaster county.

Five years after his birth his parents removed into the town of Mercersburg, then
recently laid out, where he was brought up and fitted for college. He entered Dickinson
College, Carlisle, then under the Presidency of the Rev. Dr. Davidson, in the year

lAugust 25th, 1823; on the same day of the month he was conseerated Bishop in 1S58.
2 Written by the Rev. E. Y. Buchanan, D. D., brother of the deceased.

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 391

1805, being at the time in his loth year. In 1809, he graduated with distinction; and
in the same year, commenced tlie study of law in Lancaster, in tlie office of James
Hopkins, Esq. Three years after, or in 1812, he was admitted to the bar. He at once
opened an offlce in Lancaster, and was ahnost immediately successful in obtaining
business; his studious habits, his fine abilities, his agreeable manners and correct de-
portment, all combining to attract clients to him. He, in a very short time, took his
place among the foremost at the bar, and had the command of as much business as he
could attend to. There were soon very few imjDortant cases, either in Lancaster, or
the neighboring counties, in which he was not employed ; or at least, in which there
was not an effort made to secure his services. Li a very few years, besides deservedly
acquiring the reputation of being one of the ablest and best lawyers in the State, or in
the country, he had, from being the possessor of very little, amassed what he considered
a competence, and withdrew almost entirely from practice. His fu'st public employ-
ment of any kind was that of prosecutor for Lebanon county, a position to which he
was appointed in 1813, by Jared Ingersoll, Esq., then Attorney General of the State,
under Governor Snyder. This office he probably retained but a short time. In the
next year, at the early age of 23, and only two years after his admission to the bar, he
was nominated by his friends for the State Legislature, and elected. In the following
year, or 1815, he was again nominated and elected. In both the sessions of the Legis-
lature in which he sat, he was one of the most prominent members; by the sensibleness
and justness of his views, and the force of his high character and eminent abiUties,
exerting, though so young a man, not a little influence. He was always, as on a more
extended arena, in after life, at his post, and took an interest in everything that was
done. His mode of expressing his views, was then, as afterwards, clear and convincing.
In the same year in which he was fii'st elected to the Legislature, he went as a private
in a company of volunteer's to Baltimore, to aid in defending it against an anticipated
attack from the British; and thus he early, by a voluntary exposure of himself to
danger, gave evidence of that fire of sincere and true patriotism, which, till the last
day of his life, glowed fervidly in his bosom. In the year 1820, his fellow citizens of
the Congressional District in which he lived, (composed of the counties of Lancaster,
Chester and Delaware,) and without solicitation from him, conferred on him the further
honor of electing him to the National House of Representatives. They elected him
again in 1822, 1824, 1826 and 1828; when he declined further re-election. His tenn of
service in the House expired on the 3d of Mai'ch, 1831. During nearly all the time
that he was a member of the House, he was a member of the Judiciary Committee;
and in the last Congress to which he was elected, he succeeded Daniel Webster as
cliairman of that Committee. Moreover, he was, from almost his first entrance into
the House, one of its most prominent and leading members, taking rank with such
men as Randolph, 3IcDuffie, P. Barbour and others, and expressing his -saews in a
clear and forcible manner on all the important questions that came before it. His
speeches then, as since, were models of lucidness, chasteness and force. One of the
most remarkable of them was that delivered at the Bar of the Senate, at the conclusion
of the trial of Judge Peck; he being chairman of the able committee appointed to
conduct the case before the Senate. This speech has rarely been excelled in ability
and eloquence.

In the same year in which he ceased to be a member of the House, he was sent by
President Jackson as Minister Plenipotentiary to the Court of St. Petersburg; where he
made a most favorable impression, both for himself and his country, and where he nego-
tiated the first Commercial Treaty, which this government ever had with that of Rus-
sia. In 1833, he returned from Russia; and in this same year he was elected by the
Legislature of Pennsylvania to fill a vacancy in the Senate of the United States, occa-
sioned by the resignation of "William Wilkins, who had been appointed to succeed him
at the Court of the Czar. He was afterwards twice elected for the full terms of six

392 ■ ■ - AUTHENTIC HISTORY

years; tliougli soou after liis secoud election, lie resigned to take a place in tlie Cabinet
of President Polk. His wliole time of service in the Senate, was the same as it had
been in the House; viz, 10 years.

In the body of which he was now a member, he took a similarly high rank to that
which he had occupied in the House. He frequently measured arms with Clay, Web-
ster and others, and without discredit or disadvantage to himself. He was, during
most of the time, the principal leader of the Administration party, and expressed him-
self at large, and very ably, on all the important questions under discussion. During
most of the time, he was chairman of the important Committee on Foreign Relations.

In 1845, he was tendered by the then recently inaugurated President, James K. Polk,
the position in his C'abinet of Secretary of State. Tliis position he occupied with great
honor to himself and advantage to the country. While in the State Department, the
Oregon Boundary Question was finally settled, the war with Mexico was carried on
and successfully terminated, and California acquired.

In 1849, on the expiration of Mr. Polk's Presidential term, ]\Ir. Buchanan retired to
his home at Wheatland, where he remained till 1853, when President Pierce tendei'ed
him, of his own accord, the Mission to the Court of St. James. This JMission he was
averse to accepting, but, on its being pressed upon him, he at length accepted it. He
remained in England till the Spring of 1856. While there he was treated with marked
respect by all classes, from the Queen down. Lord Clarendon had reason to respect his
abilities; for he found him more than a match in his diplomatic correspondence with
him. His dispatches while Secretary of State and Minister to England, have not been
excelled by those of any other Cabinet or other Minister.

In June of the year he returned from England, he was nominated, (again, without
any effort on his part) by the Democratic National Convention, which met at Cincin-
nati, as their candidate for the Presidency, and in the following November, he was
elected. And, thus, from an humble beginning, after having previously occupied an
unusual number of distinguished and honorable positions connected with the Govern-
ment, he found himself, at the age of 65, exalted to what is perhaps really the highest
political position on earth. The duties of this high office he discharged with ability;
and, though much blamed for his course during the last few months of his adminis-
tration (a period, when the affairs of the country had come to the fearful crisis to which
they had long been tending) yet, in all he did, and in all he abstained from doing, he
was actuated by the highest and purest motives of patriotism. He did that, and that
only, which he believed he was authorized to do, and which he thought it best and his duty
to do. He himself feared not tlie verdict of future times, as to his course, and as to his
policy; and on more than one occasion, within only a year or two of his death, he had
been heard to say, that, had he to pass through the same state of things again, he
could not, before his God, see, that he could act otherwise than as he did. In sincere
and cordial love for the Union he was second to no one. The principal respect in which
he dift"ered from many others was as to what were the best and most legitimate means
of preserving or restoring the Union. At the expiration of his Presidential term, in
March 1861, he returned to his home at Wheatland, where he spent the remainder
of his life, enjoying the society of his neighbours and friends, and employing himself
with his books and his pen. One of the books most frequently perused by him was the
Bible; in the teachings of which he was a firm believer, and on the promises of which
he cheerfully relied. He had always been a believe? in the Holy Scriptures, and in the
truth of the Christian religion; and, besides being always strictly moral in his conduct,
had been, in many respects, a devout and religious, as well as a kind and charitable
man. But he had never made an open profession of being a disciple of Christ, until
within the last few years, when he became a communicant of the Presb}i;erian Church.
He died calmly and peacefully on Monday, the first day of June, 1868. On the Thurs-
day following, his remains were followed to the grave, by such numbers of his fellow-

OF LANCASTER COUXTY. 393

citizens, (including a large number of jjersons from abroad) as indicated, that, how-
ever lie may have been censured by jiersons of opposite political opinions, while living,
he was yet one, who, in jjublic estimation, was both a great and a good man; one, de-
serving for his acknowledged strict integrity and his well known benevolence, esteem
and regard; as, for his learning, satesmanship, elo<pience and talents, lie commanded
deference and respect.

On opening his Will, it was found that he had remembered the poor of Lancaster, as
well as the Church of which he was a member; and had arranged that a handsome ad-
dition should be made to the Fund which he had appropriated for their benefit, years
before. It may be added, that in person he was large; in manners courteous and
polished; and that his stores of knowledge and his powers of conversation were such,
that no one could be long in his company without being deeply interested, and without
receiving valuable infonnation.

Carmiciiael, JohnI was born in the town of Tarbert, in Argyleshire, Scotland, Oc-
tober 17, 1728. His i)areiits, Donald and Elizabeth (Alexander) Carmiciiael, were both
exemplary members of the Presbyterian church, and migrated to this country in the year
1737. As they drew near the American coast, after a long voyage, a sudden gust well
nigh overturned the vessel; and their son John, then, a little boy eight years old, was
precipitated overboard; but, happily, the waves bore him Avithin reach of the Captain,
and his life was saved. After remaining a short time at New York, they removed to
Hackensack, a Dutch settlement in New Jersey, v/here they exijerienced much kind-
ness from the people; but the irreligion, especially the profanation of the Lord's day,
that prevailed there, led the pious father to seek, particularly on account of his children,
a more congenial residence. Such a place he found in what was then called AVard
Session, a few miles from Newark, N. J. Here the family attended the ministry of the
Rev. Aaron Burr, whose pi'eaching made a deep impression on the mind of this son,
and whose addresses at the Communion table he always remembered as having been
characterized with great pathos and power.

In the year 1745, death deprived him of his father; he entered the College of New
Jersey in the year 1755, and was admitted to the degree of Bachelor of Arts, in August,
1759. In November following, he was summoned to the death-bed of his mother, where
he witnessed a scene of remarkable Christian triumph.

After studying Theology at Princeton, under the direction of the Rev. Samuel Davies,
who had succeeded to the Presidency of the College the year he graduated, he was
licensed to preach by the Presbyi;ery of New Brunswick, on the 8th of May, 1760.

Some time in the year 1760, he received a call from the church of the Forks of Bran-
dy wine, Chester county. Pa., to become their Pastor. This call he accepted; and the
Presbytery of Newcastle, then lately constituted from a part of the Donegal Presby-
tery, met at the Forks of Brandywine, April 21, 1761, and ordained him to the work of
the ministry, and installed him Pastor of that Congregation. This connection con-
tinued until it was teiminated by his death.

When the war of the Revolution came on, Mr. Carmiciiael showed himself an earnest
and uncompromising friend to the liberties of his country. In the summer of 1775,
the militia of the town of Lancaster requested him to preach a miUtary sermon, printed
above, pp. 234. sq.

The Rev. Dr. J. N. C. Grier, in a discourse which he preached in 1849, containing
the History of the Church of the Forks of Brandywine, pays the following tribute to
Mr. Carmiciiael:

"The Rev. John Caniiichael was an eloquent man, in his day, and 'mighty in the
Scriptm-es. ' He was a man of ardent feelings, and what he did, he did with his might.
He was the Pastor of this congregation during the whole of the great American Revo-
lution; and, like most of the Presbyterian clergymen of that day, he espoused the cause
1 Abridged from Spragiie's Annals of the American Pulpit.

394: AUTHENTIC HISTOKY

of his country, like one who would rather perish, battling for freedom, than live a slave.
He was long spai-ed to the affections and the prayers of his people, going in and out
before them, as a burning and a shining light, breaking to thein the bread of life ; and
being an example to the flock over which the Holy Ghost had made him an overseer,
ever calling upon them ' to be followers of him, even as he also was of Christ. '

"The congregation increased under his ministry, which lasted about twenty-four
years. He died greatly respected, and deeply lamented by his people — and having in all
the churches of his Presbytery the reputation of a man thoroughly furnished for his
work — one who needed not to be ashamed, because he rightly divided the word of
truth."

Clark, John, General, a native of this county, Avas born in 1751. At twenty-five he
entered the public services of his country. Congress appointed him, February G, 1778,
■ as one of the auditors for the army under General Washington. He was also aide-de-
camp to Gen. Green. The following letter from Washington, to Congress, speaks of
Clark's character:

Head Quarters, Valley Forge, Jan. 2, 1778.

I take the liberty of introducing Gen. John Clark, the bearer of this, to your notice.
He entered the service at the commencement of the war, and has for some time past
acted as aide-de-camp to Major General Green. He is active, sensible, and enterprising,
and has rendered me great services since the enemy has been in Pennsylvania, by pro-
curing me constant, and certain intelligence of the motives and intentions of the enemy.
It is somewhat uncertain whether the state of his health will admit of his remaining in
the military line; if it should, I shall perhaps have occasion to recommend him in a more
particular manner to the favor of Congress at a future time. At present, I can assure,
that if you should, while he remains at York, have any occasion for his services, you
will find him not only willing, but very capable of executing any of your conunands.
Respectfully, Geo. Washington.

At the close of the Revolution, Clark resumed the practice of law at York. He died
December 27, 1819.

Ebekly, John, M. D., was born in Manor township, in 1789, and died at Lexington,
Ky., in 1838. He was distinguished as a practitioner, medical wi'iter and lingifist. His
works arc the following: Notes of Lectures on the Theory and Practice of Medicine;
Philadelphia, 1844. Treatise on the Diseases and Physical Education of Children.
Treatise of the Materia Medica and Therapeutics, 1847.

Elder, John,1 was born in the County of Antrim, Ireland, in the year 170G. His
father, Robert Elder, migrated to America about the year 1730, and settled a few miles
North of what is now Harrisburg, Pa. He brought all his family with him, except his
son John, the eldest of his children, who was left with his uncle, the Rev. John Elder,
of Edinburgh, to complete his studies for the ministry. He (the sou) was licensed to
preach in the year 1732; and, some time after, (probably in 1736,) agreeably to previous
arrangements, followed his father and family to America. In August, 1737, the churches
in Pennsboro' and Paxton, Pa., applied to the Newcastle Presbytery for a candidate,
and Mr. Elder was sent in answer to the request. On the 12th of April, 1738, the people
of Paxton and Derry invited him to become their pastor; and, about the same time, he
was called to one or two other places. He accepted the call from Paxton and Derry,
and was ordained and installed on the 22d of November following.

As Mr. Elder resided on the frontier of the Pi-ovince, the members of his congrega-
tion were generally trained as "Rangers" in defence against the Indians. Many a
family mourned fur its head, shot down by a concealed foe, or carried away captive.
The men were accustomed to carry their rifles with them, not only to their work in the
field, but to their worship in the sanctuary; and their worthy minister kept his beside
him in the pulpit. It was no uncommon occurrence for death to overtake them, as they
1 Abridged from Sprague's Annals of the American Pulpit.

, OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 395

returned from the public services of the Sabbath to their scattered plantation. In 1750,
the meeting-house was surrounded with Indians, while Mr. Elder was preaching; but
the spies having noticed the large number of rifles that the hearers had brought for their
defence, the party silently withdrew from their ambush, without making an attack. In
1757, an attack was actually made, as the people were leaving the church, and two or
three were killed. During the summer, they had some secm-ity by means of the visits
of friendly Indians; but, at other seasons of the year, murders frequently occuixed, and
they found it impossible to discover the criminals. Mr. Elder himself superintended the
military discipline of his peoj^le, and became Captain of the mounted men, widely
known as the " Paxton boys." He aftei-wards held a Colonel's commission in the pro-
vincial service, and had the command of the block-houses and stockades from the Sus-
quehanna to Easton. His apology for this extraordinary course, lies in the extraordi-
nary state of things which led to it. It is not easy to overestimate the suspense and
terror in which the inhabitants of that frontier region lived from 1754 to 1763. Elder
besought the Governor to remove the Conestoga Indians, because they harbored mur-
derers; and he engaged, if this were done, to secure the frontier without expense to the
Province. This being refused, a party of his Rangers determined to destroy the tribe;
and they called on Elder to take the lead in the enterprise. He was then in his fifty-
seventh year. Mounting his horse, he commanded them to desist, and reminded them
that the execution of their purpose would inevitably involve the destruction of the inno-
cent with the guilty; but their promj^t reply was — "Can they be innocent who harbor
murderers?" — at the same time, pointing indignantly to instances in which their wives
and mothers had been massacred, and the criminals traced to the homes of the Conesto-
gas. He still earnestly opposed the measure, and at last placed himself in the road, that
they might see that they could advance only by cutting him down. When he saw that
they were preparing to kill his horse, and that all his entreaties were entirely unavail-
ing, he withdrew and left them to take their own course. The persons engaged in this
desperate enterprise, were cliiefly Presbyterians, who resided in that neighborhood, and
not a few of them were men far advanced in life. They j)erformed their work thor-
oughly and mercilessly, destroying in Lancaster and Conestoga, every Indian they coidd
find. On the 27th of January, 1764, Elder wrote to Governor Penn, as follows:

" The storm which had been so long gathering, has, at length, exploded. Had Gov-
ernment removed the Indians, which had been frequently, but without efiect, urged,
this painful catastrophe might have been avoided. What could I do with men heated
to madness? All that I could do was done. I expostulated; but life and reason were
set at defiance. Yet the men in private life are virtuous and respectable ; not cruel,
but mild and merciful. The time will arrive when each palliating circumstance will be
weighed. This deed, magnified into the blackest of crimes, shall be considered as one
of those ebidlitions of wrath, caused by momentary excitement, to which human in-
firmity is subjected."

The Indians were at length removed by the Governor, from every exposed place, to
Philadelphia; and many apprehended that the " Paxton boys, " in the overflowing of
their Avrath, would pursue them thither. The Governor issued a proclamation, setting
a reward on the head of one Stewart, supposed to be the ringleader, and some of his
associates. Elder wrote to the Governor in their defence, stating the true chai-acter
of the men, and the palliating, if not justifying, circumstances under which they acted.
Several pamphlets were published, commenting on the case with great severity, and
some of them representing the Irish Presbyterians as ignorant bigots or lawless ma-
raiiders. But, amidst all the violent attacks and retorts. Elder is never stigmatized as
abetting or conniving at the massacre; nor is his authority pleaded by the actors in
their defence.

The union of the Synods brought Mr. Elder and the other members of Donegal Pres-
bytery into the same body with the leading members of the " New Side " Presbytery

896 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

of Newcastle. For a while, they Maintained, ostensibly, union of action; but, at length,
the "Old Side "men withdrew from the Synod, on account of dissatisfaction in respect
to certain cases of discipline, and formed themselves into a separate Presbytery. They,
however, finally returned, and were scattered, with their own consent, in Donegal,
jSTewcastle, and Second Philadelphia Presbji;eries.

Mr. Elder joined the Second Presbytery of Pliiladelphia, May 19, 1768. In the foi--
mation of the General Assembly, he became a member of the Presbytery of Carlisle.
He died in the year 1792, at the age of eighty-six; having been a minister of the Gospel
sixty years, and the minister of the Congregations in Paxton and Derry, fifty-six.

Mr. Elder Avas married, about the year 1740, to Mary, daughter of Joshua Baker,
who was armourer under King George the Second; and, by this marriage, he had four
children — two sons and two daughters. After her death, he was married to Mary,
daughter of Thomas Simpson, and sister of General Michael Simpson, of Revolution-
aiy memory, who was a Captain under General Montgomery, at Quebec. By his sec-
ond marriage he had eleven children. The last of the whole number (fifteen) died in
April, 1853, at Harrisburg, in his eighty-seventh year.

FRANKLiisr, Walter, was born in the city of New York in February, 1773. His
father having during his ininority removed to Philadelphia, he there studied law, and
was admitted to the bar in April, 1794. He was apj)ointed Attorney General of Penn-
sylvania in January, 1809, which office he held until January, 1811, when he was
appointed President Judge of the Courts of Common Pleas of the second judicial
district of Pennsylvania, Avhich then comprised the counties of Lancaster, York and
Dauphin, to which were afterwards added Cumberland and Lebanon. He continued
in this office till his death, which took place in February, 1838. He was distinguished
for his eminent integrity and his superior attainments as a jurist, for the clearness of
lijs conception and the strength and vigor of his mind. His dignity of manner and
uniform correctness of deportment sprang from religious principle, and he was em-
phatically, in the highest sense, a Christian gentleman. (By Hon. T. E. FrankUn.)

FTJLTOisr, Robert, was born in Little Britain, Lancaster county, Pennsylvania, in
1765. At a suitable age he was apprenticed to a jeweller in Lancaster, where he acci-
dentally caught a taste for painting — in the cultivation and practice "of which he was
subsequently quite successful. His passion for the art induced him to relinqriish his
trade and make a voyage to London, where he was cordially received by Benjamin
West, then President of the Royal Academy, and with whom he maintained a constant
friendship till death separated them. In painting, Fulton's success did not equal his
expectations ; and he therefore gradually withdrcAV his attention from it, and devoted
it to the Mechanic Arts. As early as 1793 we find tliat he had conceived the project of
propelling vessels by the power of steam; as he addressed a series of letters at that
time to Earl Stanhope, on that subject, and on the more general one of Internal Im-
provement; these letters were favorably received and duly acknowledged by Stanhope.

During his residence in England the British Government granted him patents for
many useful inventions in the mechanic arts. He then crossed over to France and
spent several years at Paris, where he devoted himself to the study of several of the
modern languages, to philosophy, and the higher branches of mathematics. While in
Paris he lived on terms of great intimacy with Joel Barlow, the author of our national
poem, the Columbiad; and in 1797, in conjunction with Barlow, he made his first ex-
periment in submarine explosion. In 1806 he returned to this country, and prosecuted
at New York his investigations relating to steam navigation and submarine explosion.
A full explanation of the latter subject was published in 1810, under the title of "Tor-
pedo War." The country was then on the eve of the war with England; and in 1813
the government placed in his hands an appropriation for the steam ship, ' ' Fulton the
First," which was built under his superintendence, and excited universal admiration
for its tremendous iDOwer as an engine of war.

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 397

His first experiment in steam navigation was made on the Hudson river in 1807.
With the aid of Robert R. Livingston, he constructed a boat in which he made a trip
to Albany. Speaking of this experiment he said; "Tire morning I left New York,
there were not perliaps tliirty persons in the city who believed that the boat would move
one mile an hour, or be of the least utility. And when we were putting off from the
wharf, which was crowded with spectators, I heard a number of sarcastic remarks.
This is the way, you know, in which ignorant men compliment what they call philoso-
phers and projectors." But the multitude was disappointed, even his most sanguine
anticipations were exceeded. His vessel "walked the waters like a thing of life." He
made the trip from New York to Albany, in 32 hours, and back again in 30 hours.

The following account of this first steamboat was published at the time, and was
undoubtedly a reality, although it was tinged with the marvellous. "Passing up the
river she excited the astonishment of the inhabitants on the shore, many of whom had
not heard of an engine, much less of a steamboat. She was described by some who
indistinctly saw her pass in the night, as a monster moving on the waters, defying the
tide, and breathing flames and smoke. Her volumes of fire and smoke by night at-
tracted the attention of the crews of other vessels. Notwithstanding the wind and tide
were adverse to its progress, they saw with astonishment that it was rapidly approach-
ing them; and when it came so near that the noise of the machinery and paddles was
heard, the creAVS in some instances sunk beneath their decks from the terrific sight, and
left their vessels to go on shore, while others prostrated themselves and besought Prov-
idence to protect them from the approaches of the horrible monster, which was march-
ing on the tide, and lighting its path by the fire it vomited. ' '

Fulton died on the 24th of February, 1815, in the 50th year of his age, and in the
midst of his usefulness — but almost in penury. Sixty years only have elapsed since
he made his first voyage on the Hudson in the steamboat Clermont, and the same trip
is now made in less than one-third of the time in which he made it : and instead of a
solitary boat on that river, hundreds of them, like floating palaces, are daily traversing
our rivers, lakes, coasts and seas of the eastern world — almost annihilating time and
space by the celerity of their movements. The memory of such a man should be cher-
ished by his coimtrymen — it is the only patrimony which he bequeathed his children.

Gibson, John, General, a brave soldier of the French and Revolutionary wars, was
born at Lancaster in 1740, and died in the western country in 1822. It was to him
that Logan delivered his celebrated speech, the translation of which by Gen'l Gibson
has been spread over America and Europe.

Grosh, Jacob, a native of Lancaster county, was born January 25th, 1777, of Ger-
man Moravian parents. He was a member of the Legislatiire during eleven years,
and subsequently was twice appointed Associate Judge of Lancaster. He died at his
residence, in Marietta, November, 1860.

Hand, Edward, was born December 31st, 1744, at Clydaff, King's County, Province
of Leinster, Ireland. He died at his farm, "Rockford," near Lancaster, September 3d,
1802.

In 1767, he received the appointment of Surgeon's Mate, or Surgeon, to the 18th
Royal Irish Regiment of foot, and sailed with that regiment from the Cove of Cork,
May 20th, 1767, and arrived at Philadelphia, July 11th. He was Ensign in the same
regiment, and the commission being dated 1772, it would seem that he purchased it in
this country.

He went with the 18th to Fort Pitt, and returning to Philadelphia in 1774, he resigned
his commission, and received a regular discharge from Ireland. In the same year he
came to Lancaster, with recommendations, in order to practise his profession of Physic
and Surgery. In 1775 he married. His first American commission bears date June 25th,
1775. He was on Prospect Hill, 20tli August following. He left Lancaster, Lieutenant
Colonel of the First Battalion of Pennsylvania Riflemen, famous for its exploits during

398 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

the war. He rose to the rank of Adjutant General, still retaining that of Brigadier
General.

He was the Adjutant General at the battle of Yorktown, and marched with the troops
back to Philadelphia, where the Anny was disbanded. After the war he resumed the
practice of medicine.

In 1798 he was appointed INIajor General in the Provisional Army.

He assisted in accomplishing the independence of his adopted Country, with zeal,
ability and fidelity, high in public esteem. As a physician venerated, in private life
respected and beloved, he died lamented by all who knew him, especially by the poor,
to whom he gave professional aid gratuitously; and when successive generations shall
have passed away, his name and his fame shall survive in the history of his country's
glory.

The subjoined letter from General Washington, the original of which is in the hands
of General Hand's grand-daughter, accords the highest meed of praise to the gallant
subject of this notice:

Mount Vernon, January 14:th, 1784.

Dear Sir: When I left Philadelphia, I hoped to have had the pleasure of seeing you
at Annapolis, before my departure from thence, and to have had an opportunity (previ-
ous to my resignation) of expressing to you personally, amongst the last acts of my
official life, my entire approbation of your public conduct, particularly in the execution
of the important duties of Adjutant General.

Notwithstanding I have been disappointed in that expectation, and have it now in my
power — only as a private character — to make known my sentiments and feelings respect-
ing my military friends; yet, I cannot decline making use of the first occasion, after my
retirement of informing you, my dear sir, how much reason I have had to be satisfied
with the great zeal, attention and ability manifested by you, in conducting the business
of your Department; and how happy I should be in opportunities of demonstrating my
sincere regard and esteem for you. It it unnecessary, I hope, to add with what pleasure
I should see you at this place, being with great truth, my dear sir.

Your real friend and most ob't serv't,

G. Washington.

The Hon'ble Gen'l Hand.

Keagy, John M., M. D.l the distinguished educator, was born in in Martic
township about the year 1795, of German descent, on the paternal and maternal side,
the name of his mother's family being Litzenberg. He died in Philadelphia, in the
winter of 1836-7, and is buried in Laurel Hill Cemetery. In 1819 he published a series
of articles in the Baltimore Chronicle, which he reprinted at Ilariisburg in 1824, in an
octavo pamphlet of 38 pages. In 1837 hei^ublished his Pestallozzian Primer, at Harris-
biu-g, a Ijook made up largely of the more modern object lessons, but under the name
of ' ' Thinking Lessons, and Lessons in Generalization. ' ' As soon as the child knows
a vowel and a consonant, he is taught to spell and read the syllables which they form.
In the Introduction, the author advocates the teaching of a child to read words " as if
they were Chinese symbols,'''' and without a previous knowledge of the letters, a prac-
ticable mode which avoids the absurdity of telling a child that see-a-tea (which should
spell sate) spells cat !

In 1827, Dr. Keagy opened a Classical Academy in Ilarrisburg, where new studies
and modes of instruction were introduced, such as the Natural Sciences taught orally
in an excellent conversational style, for there were no proper books at that period. Be-
sides being a classical scholar, the Doctor knew Hebrew, German, and French; he
knew the principles of mechanics, and insisted that steam boilers should have moi-e fire
surface. Had he been brought up as a machinist, he would have invented tubular boil-
ers, having constructed a copper model composed partly of tubes.
IThe first syllable rhymes with plague.

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 399

After some years of instructing at Harrisburg, the Doctor went to Pliiladelpliia to
take charge of the Friends' High Scliool, and whilst there he was elected Classical
Professor at Dickinson College, but did not live to act. Doctor Keagy was deeply and
practically religious — a Methodist, but entirely free from the demonstrative and noisy
characteristics of his denomination at that day. He had charitable feelings toward
other denominations, and several times went with a few of his boarding pupils to the
Catholic church, where he conformed to the acts of the congregation, and taught his
pupils that politeness required such conformity when visiting the churches of various
denominations. (By Prof. 8. 8. Haldeman. )

Maxwell, Hugh, was born at Port, a Ferry, Ireland, December 7, 1777. His
father's family were Scotch; his mother's, English. When about twelve years of age
he came to Philadelphia as ward and heir of a rich maternal uncle named Bingham.
At the age of nineteen he entered into the book publishing business in partnership
with Matthew Carey, and in connexion with him published one of the first literary
magazines in Philadelphia. He afterwards edited a magazine called the Port-Folio.

While engaged in book publishing, he cast his own type and made his own wood
cuts.

In the financial crisis, which occurred soon after the war of 1812, he lost hea\'ily in
business, and retired to his fann near the city. The activity of his mind would not
suffer him to remain long in retirement; he removed to Youngmanstow^l and afterwards
to Bellefonte, in both of which places he published newspapers.

In 1817 he removed to Lancaster and established The Lancaster Gazette, which he
edited and published for a number of years. He then purchased The Lancaster Jotir-
nal, one of the oldest Democratic papers in the State, which he published until 1839.

While a citizen of Lancaster he was ever an ardent and effective advocate of a State
system of public improvements. He was one of the most active members of a com-
pany organized in 1820 for the improvement of the navigation of the Conestoga, and
called the first meeting (held at Columbia) for the purpose of interesting the people
in one of his cherished projects, the uniting of the city of Philadelphia with the Sus-
quehanna, at that point, by rail. He had the satisfaction of seeing this work carried
to completion, amid much opposition and ridicule. He was, if not the founder, one of
the originators of the "Mechanic's Literary Association" of Lancaster, and its first Pre-
sident; the author of several useful inventions, among which the "Printers' Roller," for
which he obtained letters patent, in 1817, was the most important. He was one of the
first to call attention to the causes of boiler explosions, for which he received much
commendation in the newspapers at that early day. He discovered the Lyken's Valley
and Short Mountain coal fields, and with William White, ex-Sherift' of Lancaster, sent
the first coal to market from those mines. As a writer, Mr. Maxwell was remarkable
for facility and vigor, was an industrious reader, a profound thinker and a bold leader
in public aftairs. He died at the residence of his son. Dr. Thomas Maxwell, Jackson
Hall, Frankhn county, Nov. 1st, 1860.

Among the young men in his printing offices who rose to positions of influence, John
W. Forney, of Philadelphia, and John H. Pearsol, founder and still one of the publishers
of the Lancaster Express newspaper are worthy examples. (By 3Irs. J. B. Sypher.)

Mifflin, Thomas, was born in Philadelphia, 1744. He took an active part in the
struggle against British oppression, was a member of the Continental Congress in 1774,
and, though a Quaker, joined the patriot army in 1775, and by his great abilities soon
rose to the rank of Major General. In 1787, he was a member of the convention that
framed the Constitution of the United States. The following year he was elected
President of the Executive Council, and afterward, first Governor of Pennsylvania
under the Constitution of 1790. He died in 1800, in the city of Lancaster.

Miller, Henry, Gen., was an active and gallant officer in the Revolutionary army,
who took part in most of the important battles fought in this and the neighboring

400 • AUTHENTIC HISTORY

States. He was also a General in the war of 1812. lie was born at Lancaster in 1741,
and died at Carlisle, in 1824.

Muhlenberg, Fred'k Augustus, M. D., was born on the 14th of March, 1795.
He was the youngest son of Eev. Dr. Henry Ernest Muhlenberg, who was distinguish-
ed as an eminent Botanist, and was pastor of Trinity Lutheran Church from 1780 to
his decease in 1815. His son, Frederick A., the subject of this notice, studied medicine
with the celebrated Dr. Benjamin Rush, of Philadelphia, and graduated with high
honors at the University of Pennsylvania on the 9th day of April, 1814. He com-
menced the practice of medicine when only nineteen years of age, having his office in
his father's residence, then the parsonage, now occupied as a law office by Newton
Lightner, esq. He followed his profession with success and distinction for a period of
over fifty years, and it is the testimony of all who witnessed his professional ministra-
tions that no pliysician better understood and exercised the duties of a physician and
friend in the sick room than he. When compelled by failing health to relinquish prac-
tice, many old families whom he had attended for years could hardly be prevailed upon
to give him up.

Dr. Muhlenberg was always more or less prominently identified with the public in-
terests, though never allowing these duties to interfere with the i^ractice of his pro-
fession. In 1831 he was appointed Prothonotary by Gov. Hiester, and in 1827 Gov.
Shulze appointed him Register of Wills. When Prothonotary, Judge Long, then a
mere lad, served as his clei'k in that office, to whose memory we are indebted for most
of the data for this brief sketch. He served as Trustee and Treasurer of old Franklin
College for many years, and subsequently was one of the most active members of the
School Board. He was elected President of the Lancaster Bank, at a time when that
institution was on the decline, and to his excellent judgment, with the aid of the late
James Evans, as Cashier, the subsequent popularity of that old institution was due.
He resigned, and was succeeded by Mr. Bachman. He was appointed a Trustee of the
State Lunatic Asylum, when that institution was founded at Harrisburg, which jDosition
he held until relieved at his own request. He also held many minor trusts, being one
of those men never seeking office, but always sought for to serve his fellow-citizens.
In 18 — he was nominated by the Democratic party as a candidate for Congress, against
Mr. Stevens, but popular as he was he could not overcome the strong majority of the
opposition.

Dr. Muhlenberg was a patriot of the old school. He served as a volunteer in the war
of 1812, and so long as the Democratic party was the war pai'ty cf the country, he held
its principles and enjoyed its confidence. But when that party arrayed itself against
the Administration of the Government, in its life-and-death struggle to crush the late
gigantic rebellion, he cut loose from his party organization, and stood shoulder to
shoulder with the thousands of patriotic war Democrats who preferred their country
to party. He took an active interest in the organization of the Union League, and
was its first President. Throughout the war he was firm and unyielding in his attach-
ment to the cause of Liberty and Union, and felt a deep interest in the reconstruction
of the Government on the basis of loyalty and equal rights — holding that in this he was
adhering to the true principles of the old Democratic party in which he had been schooled.

But the most pleasant word to us remains to be said, because we know that in saying
it we do not flatter the dead. Dr. Muhlenberg was a good man — nay, more, he was a
Christian, which, as Dr. Young has so tersely expressed it, is "the highest style of
man." During his long and eventful life he was wai-mly interested in the prosperity
of Trinity Lutheran Church, of which he was a faithful member and officer, and he
never failed to use his influence to promote the cause of Religion and Education among
the citizens of his native place:

A good man never dies;

His life on Earth is but the inf;incy, .

The opening bud, of an Immortal life!

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 401

Dr. Muhlenberg died at Lancaster, after a protracted illness, attended with gi-eat
physical sufferings, borne with Christian fortitude and resignation, July o, 1867, in the
73d year of his age.

Muhlenberg, Henry Ernst, D.D.,i was the youngest son of Hem-yMelchior Mulilen-
berg, D. D., and was born at the Trappe, Montgomery county. Pa., in the year 1753.
The rudiments of his education he received in his native place, and, after the removal
of his father to Philadelphia, he attended the public schools in that city. In the Spring
of 1763, when in the tenth year of his age, with his brothers Peter and Fredenck, he
was sent to Europe, to finish his Academic studies, and to lay the foundation of his
theological course. After a voyage of seven weeks, they reached England, and soon
after they sailed for Holland. The brothers proceeded directly to Halle, and youn^
Henry, having been placed under the care of an attendant, went by way of Oldenburg^
Bremen and Hanover, with the intention of visiting Eiubeck, his father's native place,
and in Avhich many of his relatives still resided. On the journey an incident occurred,,
which showed the resolute purpose, which even at that early period of his life he pos-
sessed. Having been basely deserted by the man to whose protection he had been
confided, in a land in which he was an entire stranger, he commenced the long journey
on foot, without money or friends, in no way depressed or disposed to despond. As he
approached the end of his dark and dreary journey, when almost exhausted by the
fatigue, he was met by a stranger,, whose benevolent heart Avas touched, when he heard
the sad tale of the inexperienced youth, and pitying his helpless condition, he gener-
ously carried him on his back to Einbeck, and cheered him by the way with the recital
of pleasant stories. He never ascertained the name of this kind friend who relieved
him in his lonely situation, but at the time he confidently believed that it was some
good angel, commissioned by Providence to afford aid to him in this hour of need. He
was soon after sent by his friends at Einbeck to Halle, where he at once commenced
his studies, to use his own language, "among the orphan children at the Orphan
House." In this school he continued for some years, spending a larger time in the
highest classes than was necessary, as he had not yet reached the age requii'ed for ad-
mission into the University. This he entered in the year 1769, and remained a mem-
ber about one year. After an absence from his home of seven years, it was natural
that he should wish to return. He thought it desirable, also, to take advantage of Dr.
Kunze's company, who was about to sail for the United States, a trip across the ocean,
in those days, being a much more formidable undertaking than at the present. During
his residence abroad, he had made good use of his time and opportunities, storing his
mind with useful knowledge, and disciplining it for future effort. He also secured the
acquaintance of some of the most learned theologians of Germany, with whom he, in
after life, maintained a correspondence, and whose friendship he found of great value
to him.

Dr. Muhlenberg arrived in this country in 1770, and was the same year ordained by
the Synod of Pennsylvania, then in session at Reading. He immediately commenced
the work of the ministry, and was associated in his, labors, for many years, with his
father, who was still preaching in Philadelphia, and had charge of several congrega-
tions in the vicinity. He occupied this field till 1776, when, in consequence of his
attachment to his country, and his devotion to the principles of the American Revolu-
tion, he was obliged, with his family, to flee from the city on the approach of the Brit-
ish. Although he afterwards returned for a season, he was again forced to retire,
during the occupancy of the city by the enemy. Disguised under a blanket, and with
a rifle on his shoulder, narrowly escaping by the way with his life, he withdrew to the
country, where, relieved for a time from professional duties, he engaged with great zeal
in the study of Botany. Here, no doubt, was awakened that ardent and enthusiastic
love for this favorite pursuit, which afterwards so strongly manifested itself. On the
1 Abridged from a sketch in the Evangelical Review for April, 1854.

27

402 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

departme of the British troops he resvimed his clerical duties in Philadelphia, and con-
tinued to labor there, till the year 1779, when he resigned, in order to take charge of
congregations in Montgomery county. Pa. In the following year, however, having
been invited to Lancaster, and believing that it would afford a sphere of wider influence,
and more extended usefulness, he consented to accept the appointment. In the Spring
of 1780, he i-emoved to the scene of his new home, and at once entered upon his work
here, to which he assiduously and faithfully devoted himself, during a period of thirty-
five years, till the end of his life. In the midst of his usefulness, the shaft of death
was sped, and his earthly career terminated. On the 23d of May, 1815, he died of apo-
plexy, in the sixty-second year of his age. Conscious of his aj^proaching dissolution,
he committed his congregation and the interests of the church at large to the Great
Bishop and Shepherd of souls ; clasping to his heart the Bible, as his dearest treasure,
and firmly clinging to the Rock of Ages, he calmly and peacefully fell asleep in Jesus,
and entered upon his eternal rest. His remains were followed to the grave by an im-
mense concourse of wee]:>ing friends, and an appropriate discourse was delivered by Rev.
Dr. Helmuth, of Philadelphia, from the text — Bememher them toMcli have the rule over
yov., who have spoken unto you the word of God; xchose faith follow, considering the end
of their conversation.
The death of Dr. Muhlenberg was irniversally lamented.

Multis tile bonis flebilis occidit.

He had enjoyed the uninterrupted regard, not only of his own congregation, but his
virtues were eiishrined in the hearts of the whole community. He was highly esteemed
in all the walks of life, and everywhere produced the impression that Jie was an upright
and sincere christian. He possessed those excellencies of character, which always win
the aftections, and secure for an individual warm and devoted friends. He was ever
ready to furnish relief to the needy, and to minister comfort to the afflicted. His heart
overflowed with sympathy for the suffering, and all who came within his reach expe-
rienced his kindness and liberality. The young he regarded with the most tender in-
terest, and zealously labored to promote their good. His influence over them was un-
bounded. They entertained for him feelings of the most profound respect, which thej^
on all occasions evinced. When the Doctor met them on the street, engaged with their
sports, they would immediately suspend operations, and quietly, M'ith their hats raised,
wait until he had passed them. His manners were easy and affable, but dignified.
There was nothing in his comijosition austere and repulsive, yet there was that which
repelled rudeness or undue familiarity. At times he was quite humorous and playful,

Neque semper arcum
Tendit A2)ollo —

his conversation abounding with pleasantry, and dift'using a genial charm over all who
came within the circle of his influence. His eye was expressive of a kind heart, and
his whole countenance reflected the warmest benevolence. He was extremely fond of
music, and on several instruments performed with much skill.

In person, Dr. Muhlenberg was of medium stature, of a florid complexion and a
robust frame. In the city, in which he spent more than half his life, there are given
many traditional accounts of his extraordinary physical strength. On a certain occa-
sion a beggar visited his study, and behaving rather insolently in his presence, it is said
the Doctor, without any ceremony, picked the fellow up, and carried hiin out of the
parsonage, with the greatest facility lifting him over the front porch, very much to the
surprise of the stranger, and the amusement of the spectators. At another time he
observed some men, as he was i>assing, laboring to remove from a wagon a large plank ;
he stopped and told them if they would desist from their profanity, he would help them,
and apparently without any difficulty, he alone accomplished the work, in which they

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 403

had unitedly failed. He was a great ijedestrian, frequently starting on foot from Lan-
caster to Philadelphia, a distance of 60 miles, and regarding the walk as a trifling feat.

Dr. Muhlenberg possessed a vigorous intellect and extensive acquirements. The
University of Pennsylvania, in 1780, conferred upon him the degree of A. M., and at a
later period, honored him with the Doctorate of Divinity. He was regarded as a sound
Theologian, a good linguist, and a fine oriental scholar. His attainments in medicine,
chemistry and mineralogy were considerable. In the natural sciences, generally, he
took a deep interest. Botany was his favorite pursuit. Finding that this study dis-
played in North America a vast field of inquiry, he very soon engaged in it with ardor
and perseverance, in which he Avas assisted by his European friends, Hedwig, Schreber
and others. In this department, at that time, he was probably unsurpassed by any one
in the United States. Dr. Baldwini pronounces him the American Limimus, and says,
to this appellation he is jvistly entitled. He was often quoted in Europe as authority.
He carried on a large transatlantic correspondence with the most distinguished natural-
ists then living, and by his conamunications to learned societies, contributed much to
the advancement of natural science. He was connected with numerous scientific asso-
ciations, and was Aasited at his home in Lancaster by Humboldt, Schoepf, and other
savans of Europe, on their tour through this country.

Dr. Muhlenberg frequently wrote for the press. Numerous articles on scientific ques-
tions, from his pen, appeared in the newspapers of the day. His Gatalogus Plantarum
and Descriptio Uberior Oraminum are well known. His Flora Lancastriensis remains
still in manuscript. 2 He has also left valuable materials on Theology and Ethics, the
preparation of which for publication, we hope will yet engage the attention of one of
his surviving relatives.

Ramsay, David, M. D., was born in Drumore township, Lancaster county, Pa., on
the 2d day of April, 1749. The house is still standing in which he was born, and is on
the farm now owned, I believe, by Mr. Joseph Showalter, of the Borough of Oxford, Pa.
His studies preparatory to entering college, were directed by the Rev. Sampson Smith,
the pastor of the Presbyterian Chui-ch at Chestnut Level. He graduated at Princeton,
N. J., in 1765, and received a diploma of Bachelor of Physic from the Medical College of
Philadelphia in 1773, which College subsequently became the University of Pennsylva-
nia. He removed to Charleston, South Carolina, in 1773. At the commencement of
the revolution and during its progress he took a decided and active part in the cause
of freedom, at which time he was a member of the Legislature of South Carolina, in
which he continued during the war. He was also a member of the Privy Council, and
was banished by Cornwallis to St. Augustine. In 1782 he was elected a member of
Congress, and was again elected, and chosen President pro tempore, during the illness
of Hancock, in 1785. He resumed the practice of his profession and was much distin-
guished for his attention to its duties, in 1786. On the 23d of January, 1787, he mar-
ried Martha, daughter of Henry Laurens, Governor of South Carolina, by whom he
had eleven children; of these eight survived. His father, James Ramsay, married
Jane Montgomery, a cousin of Gen. Richard Montgomery of Quebec notoriety. This
relationship is, at the present time, insusceptible of direct proof, but the circumstances
favoring the assumption are numerous and quite strong. If this relationship were
established by family records, her family could be traced ' ' from the present, through
an unbroken succession of ten centuries to the first known of the name, Roger de
Montgomerie, who was 'Count of Montgomery, before the coming of RoUo' in 912."

Dr. Ramsay wrote a "History of the revolution in South Carolina," which he gave
to the public in 1785. He published his " History of the American Revolution," in

IReliquia Baldwinianae. By William Darlington, M. D., 1843, p. 188.

2He also published " An English and G-erman Lexicon and Grammar," 2 vols. " Rede bei der Ein-
weihung des Franklin CoUegiums," Lancaster, 1788. "A Companion to the Catechism, or a course
of Instruction in the Christian Religion, for the benefit of the young."

404 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

1790; the "Life of Washington" in 1801; and a "History of Sonth Carolina" in 1808..
He also wrote a ' ' Universal History' ' and a ' ' History of the United States' ' up to the
year 1808. He died of a wound received from a maniac on the 7th of May, 1815. —
From the " Oxford Press,'' June 13, 1868.

Reynolds, John Fulton, Major General, was born in Lancaster, Pa., on the 21st
of September, 1820. He was educated in the schools of his native city, and in 1837 was
appointed a Cadet at West Point. He graduated from the Military Academy in 1841;
in July of the same year he was appointed brevet Second lieutenant in the Third Artil-
lery, and was ordered to Fort McHenry, Baltimore; three months later he was promoted
to a Second lieutenancy; early in 1843, he was ordered to St. Augustine, and at the
close of the year was transferred to Fort Moultrie. In 1845 he was sent to Cor])us
Christi, and afterwards to Fort Brown. In June, 1846, he was promoted to first lieu-
tenant, and marched with his battery, accompanying General Taylor's army into IMexico;
was engaged at the battle of IMonterey, and two days thereafter was brevetted captain
for gallant conduct. On the 21st of February, 1847, he was in the battle of Buena
Vista, and received the brevet of major for meritorious services. At the close of the
Mexican war he was sent to the forts on the coast of New England, where he remained
four years, when he was appointed a staff officer to General Twiggs, and in 1853 went to
New Orleans, biit in the following year returned to the east and was stationed at Fort
Lafayette, until ha was attached to an expedition which was sent across the jjlaius to-
Utah. He reached Salt Lake City in August, 1854; in ]\Iarch, 1855, he was promoted
to a captaincy, and sent across the mountains to California. During the year he re-
mained on the Pacific coast he engaged in expeditions against the Indians, commanded
posts, and at one time was on a board to examine candidates for admission into the
army from civil life. In December, 1856, he arrived at Fortress Monroe, and in the
summer of 1858 was placed in command of battery C, of the Third regiment, and was
ordered to cross the jolains with his command, to Utah. The battery was one of the
most efficient in the service, and hence Secretary Floyd sought to destroy it by mountiug^
it and sending it across the Rocky mountains. The company, however, arrived in safety
at Fort Van Couver in December, 1859.

In September, 1860, Major Reynolds was appointed commander of cadets at West
Point; in May, 1861, he was appointed lieutenant-colonel of the Fourteenth infantry,
and sent to New London, Connecticut, to recruit his regiment to its maximiim strength.
In August he was promoted to the rank of brigadier-general of volunteers, and was
ordered to command Fort Hatteras; but, at the request of Governor Curtin, General
Reynolds was assigned to the command of the First brigade of the Pennsylvania Resei-ve
Corps. He marched and fought with his brigade on the peninsula, and in Pope's cam-
paign. General Pope says in his report;

" Bi-igadier-General John F. Reynolds, commanding the Pennsylvania Reserves,
merits the highest commendation at my hands. Prompt, active and energetic, he com-
manded his division with distinguished ability throughout the operations, and perform-
ed his duties in all situations with zeal and fidelity."

After the retreat of Gen. Pope to the defences around Washington, it became ap-
parent that the enemy contemplated an invasion of Maryland and probably of Penn-
sylvania. Governor Curtin, therefore, on the 4tli of September, 1862, issued a pro-
clamation calling out 75,000 of the State militia, and on the 12th Gen. Reynolds was
relieved from the command of the Reserve Corps, and ordered to proceed to Harrisbiu'g,
at the request of the Governor, to organize and command these foi'ces. He received
the men Avho were pouring in incessant streams to the Capital, organized them into
brigades, and marched them up Cumberland Valley to protect the borders of the State.
After the battle of Antietam the militia was disbanded, and General Reynolds rejoined
the Army of the Potomac, and assumed command of the First corjjs; he rendered dis-
tinguished service at the battle of Fredericksburg, and carried the enemy's works on

OF. LANCASTER COUNTY. 405

the left. He was appointed militaiy governor of that city, and his administration of
affairs so was vigorous and equitable that the loyal citizens rejoiced in the establish-
ment of the authority of the United States in their midst. His troops were present,
liut were not called into action at the battle of Chancellorsville. iWhen General
Meade moved the army from Frederick into Pennsylvania, expecting each hour to
encounter the rebel force, he selected General Reynolds, his bosom friend, and the man
of all others in whom he reposed the most implicit confidence, to lead tlie advance
wing, composed of three corps, the First, Third and Eleventh. Morning and
evening, freqiiently during the day, and in the still hours of night, these two
distinguished soldiers, Pennsylvania's noblest contributions to the anny, could be
seen in close consultation and earnest discussion. The commanding general communi-
cated fully all his plans and intended movements to his companion, and heard with
deep interest the comments of the great soldier. . Reynolds in turn, with the whole
ardor of his noble nature, entered into the work assigned hinr; he led forth his troops,
marching at the head of the great army as a patriot going out to battle for the honor of
his country and the liberty of his race.

When, on the morning of the 1st of July, he rose to the summit of the hills in front
of Gettysburg, he saw at a glance, as his practised eye viewed the country around him,
that there, on those rocky hills, must be fought the great battle, which was to decide
whether the honor of the Northern people should be preserved inviolate, or whether
their cities, and country, and villages should be sacked and destroyed by the invading
foe.

Arriving nearer the town, at eleven o'clock in the forenoon, he found General Buford's
cavalry division already skirmishing with the Confederate troo^js, who appeared two
miles to the westward. Reynolds, with his accustomed boldness to attack, did not hes-
itate as to his duty, or wait for instructions ; he was an accomplished soldier, and know-
ing that it was Meade's detei-mination to fight the enemy on the first advantageous
ground in his front, immediately advanced to the support of Buford's cavaliy, and en-
gaged the enemy. The First corps jnished forward through the town to occupy a hill
on the west side, near Pennsylvania College, where it encountered Heath's division of
Hill's corps of Confederate troops. The battle opened with artillery, in w^hich the
enemy at first had the advantage. Reynolds rode forward to change the position of the
batteries; the rebel infantry immediately advanced, pushing forward a heavy skirmish
line, and charged upon the guns, expecting to capture them. General Reynolds ordered
up Wadsworth's division to resist the charge, and rode at the head of the column to
direct and encourage the troops; but his gallantry made him a conspicuous mark for
the deadly bullets of rebel skirmishers, and he was shot through the neck, and fell
mortally wounded, dying before he could be removed from the field. The loss of their
brave leader, personally the most popular olficer of his rank in the army, might well have
seriously affected the behaviour of the men; but the spirit with which his presence had
inspired them did not perish at his death; his corps, led by the senior ofiicer. General
Doubleday, repulsed the enemy in a gallant charge, while the fighting, for a tune,
became a hand-to-hand struggle, during which the rebel General Archer and his whole
brigade were captured and sent to the rear.

General Reynolds was charged by some military critics with rashness in prematurely
bringing on the battle of Gettysburg; but it would, perhaps, be more just to say that
he had but little direct agency in bringing it on; that it was unavoidable; that it was
forced upon us by the rebels; that if they had not been held in check that day, they
would have pressed on, and obtained the impregnable position which our troops were
enabled to hold; and that, most of all, the hand of Providence, who gave us at last
a signal victory, guided the arrangements of that memorable day."-

1 Sypher's History of the Pennsylvania Eeserves.

2 Prof. Jacobs' Notes on the battle of Gettysburg.

■i06 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

General Reynolds was one of America's greatest soldiers; the men lie commanded
loved him dearly; he shared with them the hardships, toil, and danger of the camp, the
march, and the field; devoted to his profession, he was guidetlby those great principles
which alone can prepare a soldier to become the defender of the liberties of a free
people. He nobly laid down his life a sacrifice on his country's altar, at the head of his
brave corps, that victory might crown the efforts of those who followed him to fight the
great battle of the Nation. He fell, valiantly fighting for his countiy. Still more, he
died in the defence of the homes of his neighbors and kinsmen. No treason-breeding
soil drank his blood, but all of him that was mortal is buried in the bosom of his own
native State. His body was carried to Lancaster and was buried in the family enclo-
sure in the Lancaster cemetery, on the 4th of July, 1863.

Over his remains the family have erected a handsome and substantial marble monu-
ment, commemorative of the patriotic services of the deceased. On the south side, sur-
mounted by the military emblem of the sword and belt, is the inscription — "John
Fulton Reynolds, Colonel of the Fifth Infantry United States Army and Major General
of Volunteers. Born Sept. 21, 1820. Killed at the Battle of Gettysburg, while com-
manding the Left Wing of the Army of the Potomac, July 1, 1863." On raised panels
immediately below are the words " Chancellorsville, " "Gettysburg." On the north,
under the national coat-of-arms, are the words "Rogue River" and "Mechanicsville."
On the west, the American flags crossed over "Gaines Mills," "Second Bull Run" and
"Fredericksburg." And on the east, the military emblem of the cannon, with the
Mexican battle-fields on which the deceased won promotion, ' ' Fort Brown, " " Monte-
rey" and "Buena Vista. "i

Ross, George, one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence, was the sou
of a clergyman by the same name, who presided over the Episcopal Church at New
Castle, in the State of Delaware, in which town he was born in the year 1730.

At an early age, he gave indications of possessing talents of a superior order. These
indications induced his father to give him the advantage of a good education. At the
age of eighteen he entered upon the study of law, under the superintendence of an
elder brother, who was at that time in the practice of the profession, in the city of
Philadelphia.

Soon after being admitted to the bar, he established himself at Lancaster, at that
time near the western limits of civilization. He soon became connected in marriage
with a lady of a respectable family. For several years he continued to devote himself,
with great zeal, to the duties of his profession, in which, at length, he attained a high
reputation, both as a counsellor and an advocate.

Mr. Ross commenced his political career in 1768, in which year he was first returned
as a representative to the Assembly of Pennsylvania. Of this body he continued to be
re-elected a member, until the year 1774, when he was chosen in connection with several
other gentlemen, a delegate to the celebrated Congress which met at Philadelphia. At
the time he was appointed to a seat in this Congress, he was also appointed to
report to the Assembly of the province, a set of instructions, by which the conduct of
himself and colleagues were to be directed. The instructions thus drafted and reported,
were accepted by the Assembly. In concluding these instructions, the Assembly ob-
served: "that the trust reposed in you is of such a nature, and the modes of executing
it may be so diversified in the course of your deliberations, that it is scarcely possible
to give you particular instructions respecting it. We shall, therefore, only in general
direct, that you are to meet in Congress the committees of the several British colonies,
at such time and place as shall be generally agreed on, to consult together on the
present critical and alarming situation and state of the colonies, and that you, with
them, exert your utmost endeavors to form and adopt a plan, which shall afford the
best prospect of obtaining a redress of American grievances, ascertaining American
1 Contributed by J. M. W. Oeist, Esq.

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 407

rights, and establishing that union and harmony, which is most essential to the welfare
and happiness of both countries. And in doing this, you are strictly charged to avoid
everything indecent or disrespectful to the mother state."

Mr. Ross continued to represent the State of Pennsylvania in the national Legisla-
ture, until January, 1777, when, on account of indisposition, he was obliged to I'etire.
During his congressional career, his conduct met the wannest approbation of his con-
stituents. He was a statesman of enlarged views, and under the influence of a general
patriotism, he cheerfully sacrificed his private interests for the public good. The high
sense entertained by the inhabitants of the county of Lancaster, of his zeal for the good
of his country, and of his constituents in particular, was expressed in the following
resolutions: "Resolved, that the sum of one hundred and fifty pounds, out of the county
stock, be forthwith transmitted to George Ross, one of the members of Assembly for
this county, and one of the delegates for this colony in the Continental Congress; and
that he be requested to accept the same, as a testimony from tliis comity, of their sense
of his attendance on the public business, to his great private loss, and of their appro-
bation of his conduct. Resolved, that if it be more agreeable, Mr. Ross purchase with
part of the said money, a genteel piece of plate, ornamented as he thinks proper, to
remain with him, as a testimony of the esteem this county has for him, by reason of
his patriotic conduct, in the great struggle of American liberty." Such a testnuony
of respect and aftection, on the part of his constituents, must have been not a little
gratifying to the feelings of Mr. Ross. He felt it his duty, however, to decline accept-
ing the present, oft'ering as an apology for so doing, that he considered it as the duty
of every man, and. especially of every representative of the people, to contribute, by
every means within his power, to the welfare of his country, without expecting pecu-
niary rewards.

The attendance of Mr. Ross in Congress did not prevent him from meeting with the
provincial Legislature. Of this latter body he was an active, energetic, and influential
member. In the summer of 1775, it was foirud by the general Assembly, that the cir-
cumstances of the State required the adoption of some decisive measures, especially in
respect to putting the city of Philadelphia, and the province, in a state of defence. A
committee was accordingly appointed, of which Mr. Ross was one, to report what meas-
xires were expedient. In a few days that committee did report, recommending to the
people to associate for the protection of their lives, and liberty, and property, and
urging upon the several counties of the province the importance of collecting stoi-es of
ammunition and arms. A resolution was also offered, providing for the payment of all
such associations as should be called out to repel any attacks made by the British
troops. To carry these plans into eff"ect, a general committee of public safety was ap-
pointed, and clothed with the necessary authority. To this committee Mr. Ross was
attached, and was one of its most active and efficient members. He also belonged to
another important committee, viz., that of grievances.

On the dissolution of the proprietary government in Pennsylvania, a general conven-
tion was assembled, in which Mr. Ross represented the county of Lancaster. Here,
again, he Avas called to the discharge of most important duties, being appointed to as-
sist in preparing a declaration of rights on behalf of the State, for fonning rules of
order for the Convention, and for defining and settling what should be considered high
treason and misprision of treason against the State, and the x^unishment which should
be inflicted for those offences.

In the year 1779, Mr. Ross was appointed a judge of the court of admiralty for the
State of Pennsylvania. This was on the 14th of April. He was permitted to enjoy,
however, the honourable station which he now filled but a short time. In the month
of July following, he was suddenly and violently attacked by the gout, which terminated
his useful life, in the fiftieth year of his age.

In respect to the character of Judge Ross, we have little to add to the preceding ac-

408 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

count. As a lawyer, even before the revolution, lie vv'as among the first of his profes-
sion, a rank which he continued to hold, while he practised at the bar. As a politician,
he was zealous, patriotic, and consistent. As a judge, he was learned and upright,
and uncommonly skilful in the despatch of business. He comprehended with ease
causes of the greatest intricacy, and formed his decisions, which often displayed much
legal knowledge, with great promptness. It is to be added to his honor, that while he
was thus distinguished abroad, he was characterized in the fulfilment of his do-
mestic duties, by an uncommonly kind and affectionate disposition.

Scott, Joshua, an Englishman, surveyor and engineer, lived for many years in Lan-
caster. His large map of the County, on a scale of an inch to a mile, was published
January 1, 1834. For science, accuracy and finish it compares favorably with the best
government maps of the period and the current mai>s of the Coast Sui-vey, though
published forty years later, are not superior to it.

Smith, Samuel Stanhope, D.D., LL.D., was born March IG, 1750, at Pequea, this
county, where his father, the Rev. Robert Smith, kept an academy. In his 16th year
he entered the Junior Class at Princeton College, and took his degree before the com-
pletion of his 18th year. He accepted a call of Tutor in the Department of Classics
and Belles Lettres, at Princeton, Avliich he filled from 1770 to 1773. About that time he
•was licensed to preach, and after a useful residence in Virginia, in the double capacity
of Pastor of a Congregation and Principal of a Seminary, he was, in 1779, elected to the
Chair of JMoral Philosophy in Princeton College, and succeeding Dr. Witherspoon, who
died in 1794, in the Presidency, he held that office until 1812, when he resigned, and died
in 1819. In 1783 he received the degree of D.D. from Yale College, and in 1810 that of
LL.D. from Harvard College. He published several volumes of sermons and essays.

Sntdek, Simon, was born in Lancaster, November, 1759. He was'a member of the
Constitutional Convention of 1790. In 1797, he was elected to the Legislature, where,
by successive re-elections, he served eleven years; and in 1802, was chosen Speaker of
the House of Representatives. In 1808, he was elected Governor of the Commonwealth,
which office he held nine years, having been twice re-elected. He died in 1820.

Stevens, Thaddeus,i was born at Danville, Caledonia county, Vermont, on the 4th
day of April, 1792, and died at his • residence in this city, at midnight, on the 11th day
of August, 1888. His parents were poor, in a community where poverty was the rule
and wealth the exception. Of his father I know but little, save that he enlisted in the
war of 1812, and died in the service. Upon his mother chiefiy fell the burden of rearing
their four sons. She was a woman of great energy, strong Avill, and deep piety. Early
seeing the ambition and fully sympathizing with the aspirations of her crippled boy,
she devotedly seconded his efforts for the acquisition of knowledge, and by her industry,
energy and frugality, largely aided him in procuring a collegiate education. He returned
her affection with the full strength of his strong nature; and for many years after he
had acquired fame and fortune in his adopted State, had the pleasure of making an
annual pilgrimage to the home which he had provided for her comfort, and where she
dispensed, Avith means he furnished, a liberal charity.

In the last year of his life, in writing his will with his own hand, while making no
provision for the care of his own grave, he did not forget that of his mother, but set
apart an ample sum for that purpose, directing yearly payments, upon the condition
''that the sexton keep the grave in good order, and plant roses and other cheerful flow-
ers at each of the four corners of said grave each spring." In the same instrument,
devising one thousand dollars in aid of the establishment at his home of a Baptist
Church, of which society his mother was an earnest member, he says; "I do this out
of respect to the memory of my raother,:to whom I owe whatever little of prosperity I
have had on earth, which, small as it is, I desire emphatically to acknowledge."

irrom the Enlogy of Hon. O. .T. Dickey, pronounced in the House of Kepreseiitatives at Washing
ton. D. C, December 17, 18oS.

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 409

After attending the common schools of the neighborhood, he fitted fur college at the
Peacham Academy, in his native county, entered the University of Vermont, and re-
mained there about two years. The college suspending operations on account of the
Avar, he proceeded to Dartmouth, and graduated at that institution in 1814. After read-
ing law at Peacham in the office of Judge Mattocks for some months, he left his native
State and settled in Pennsylvania in 1815, first in the town of York, where he taught an
academy and pursued his legal studies. The rules of court in that district having
required students to read one year in the office of an attorney, he went to Bel Air, Har-
ford county, Md., and was there examined and admitted to practice in August, 1816.
He at once returned to Pennsylvania and opened a law office at Gettysburg, in the
county of Adams, and entered upon the practice of his iirofession in that and adjoining
counties. He was soon in the possession of an extensive and lucrative business, to
which he gave his entire attention for some sixteen years.

Mr. Stevens first engaged actively in politics with the anti-masonic party of 1828-'29,
which he joined in their opposition to secret societies. He was elected to the popular
branch of the Legislature of his State in 1833, as a representative from the county of
Adams, and continued to serve in that body almost without interruption until 1840,
during which entire period he was the leader of the party in the Legislature, if not the
State. During this service he championed many measures of improvement; among
others the Common School system of Pennsylvania, which, at a critical moment, he
saved from overthrow by a speech which he always asserted to have, in his ojiiuion, been
the most effective he ever made.

By that single effort he established the principle, never since seriously questioned in
Pennsylvania, that it is the duty of the State to provide the facilities of education to all
the children of the Commonwealth. In behalf of this measure he joined hand with his
bitterest personal and political enemies. He highly eulogized for his course upon this
question, the chief of the opposing political party. Governor George Wolf, and denounced
with all his power of invective the time-servers of his own party. Himself the child of
poverty, he plead the cause of the poor, and by the force of his will, intellect and elo-
quence, broke down the barriers erected by wealth, caste and ignorance, and earned a
name that wiU endure as long as a child of Pennsylvania gratefully remembers the
blessings conferred by light and knowledge.

In 1837-'38 Mr. Stevens was a member of the Convention called to revise the Consti-
tution of Pennsylvania, an assemblage which numbered as members many of the strongest
men of the State, among whom Mr. Stevens stood in the front rank. This Convention,
notwithstanding the able and strenuous opposition of a strong minority, led by Mr.
Stevens, inserted the word "white" as a qualification of suffrage, thus disfranchising a
race. On this account he refused to append his name to the completed instrument, and
stood alone in such refusal. For the same cause he opposed, but unsuccessfully, the
ratification by the people.

In 1842 Mr. Stevens, finding himself deejily in debt by reason of losses in the iron
business, and liabilities incurred in numerous indorsements made for friends, removed
to Lancaster county, one of the largest, richest, and most populous counties in the
State, and resumed the practice of his profession. His reputation as a lawyer had
preceded him, and his income almost at once became, the largest at the bar. In a few
years he paid his debts and saved the bulk of his estate. In 1848 and 1850, he was
elected to Congress from Lancaster county, when, declining to be a candidate, he re-
turned to his profession until 1858, when he was again elected and continued to hold
the seat without interruption until his death. His course upon this floor has passed
into and forms no unimportant part in the history of a mighty people in a great crisis
of their existence. But I have promised to leave to others to say what may be proper
in illustration of his gi-eat achievements in his latter days.

To those here who judged of the personal appearance of the deceased only as they

410 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

looked on him bearing tlie burden of years, and stricken with disease, though he still
stood with eye undimnied and will undaunted, I may say that in his prime he was a
man physically well proportioned, muscular and strong, of clear and ruddy complexion,
with face and feature of great nobility and under perfect command and control. In
his youth and early manhood, notwithstanding his lameness, he entered with zest into
almost all of the athletic games and sports of the times. He was an expert swimmer
and an excellent horseman. When residing at Gettysburg he followed the chase, and
kept his hunters and hounds.

On a recent visit to his iron works, I found the old mountain men gairiilous with
stories of the risks and dangers of the bold rider, as with horse and hound he followed
the deer along the slopes and through the gaps of the South Mountain.

In private life, among his friends, Mr. Stevens was ever genial, kind and considerate.
To them he was linked with hooks of steel. For them he would labor and saci-ifice
without stint, complaint or regret. In his hours of relaxation there could be no more
genial companion. His rare conversational powers, fund of anecdote, brilliant sallies
of wit, and wise sayings upon the topics of the hour, made his company miich sought,
and many of these are the current coin of the circles in which he moved.

Mr. Stevens was an honest and truthful man in public and pirivate life. His word
was sacred in letter and spirit, and was never paltered in a double sense. In money
matters he was liberal to a fault, and out of his immense professional income he left
but a meagre estate. In his private charity he was lavish. He was incapable of say-
ing no in the presence of want or misery. His charity, like his political convictions,
regarded neither creed, race nor color. He was a good classical scholar, and was well
read in ancient and modern literature, especially on subjects of philosophy and law.
In his old age he read but few books. Shakspeare, Dante, Homer, Milton and the
Bible would, however, generally be found upon his table in his sleeping room, where
he was accustomed to read in bed. He was simple and temperate in his habits. He
dishked the use of tobacco, and for forty years never used or admitted in his house
intoxicating drinks, and only then by direction of his physician.

Mr. Stevens was dee^jly loved and fully trusted by his constituents. He was often in
advance of their views; sometimes he ran counter to their prejudices or passions; yet
such was his popularity with them, so strong their faith in liis wisdom, in the integrity
of his actions and the purity of his purpose, that they never failed to sustain hmi.

Popular with men of all parties, with also his own supporters, his name was a house-
hold word. To them and among themselves, "Old Thad" was a name of endearment,
while even his foes spoke of him with pride as the " Great Commoner." ISTo man ever
died more deeply mourned by a constituency than Thaddeus Stevens.

Having briefly selected some of the incidents that marked the history of my friend,
I will in conclusion say a few words of him on the subject in connection with which he
is probably more widely known than any other — slavery. Mr. Stevens was always an
anti-slavery man. From the time he left his native mountains, to the moment of his
death he was always not only anti-slavery in the common acceptation of the term, but
a bold, fearless, determined and uncompromising foe of oppression in any and every
form. He was an abolitionist before there was such a party name. His opposition to
American slavery never altered with his party connection, and was never based upon
mere questions of exijediency or political economy. He always viewed it as a great
wrong, at war with the fundamental principles of this and all good governments, as a
sin ill the sight of God, and a crime against man. For many years, long before it be-
came popular to do so, he denounced this institution as the great crime of the nation,
on the stump, in the forum, in party conventions, in deliberative assemblies. On this
question he was always in advance of his party, his State, and his constituents.

Always resident in a border county, he defended the fugitive on all occasions, asserted
the right of free speech, and stood between the abolitionist and the mob, often with

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 411

peril to himself. This was one great cause of his having been so long in a minority,
and of his entrance late in life into the councils of the nation; but for this, he was
fully compensated by living to see the destruction of an institution wliich he loathed,
and by receiving for his reward, and as the crowning glory of his life, the blessings of
millions he had so largely aided to make free.

The remains of Mr. Stevens lie in Lancaster, in a private cemetery, established by
an old friend, in a lot selected by himself, for reasons as stated in the touching and
beautiful epitaph prepared by himself for inscription on his tomb: " I repose in this
quiet, secluded spot, not from any natural preference for solitude, but finding other
cemeteries limited by charter rules as to race, I have chosen it that I might be enabled
to illustrate in my death the principles which I have advocated through a long life —
equality of man before his Creator. ' '

Weiser, Conrad,! an active, enterprising man, conspicuous in the annals of this
county from its organization till 1760, was born in Germany, 1696. At the age of 13,
in 1709, he left his Vaterland, accompanied by his father and seven brothers and sisters;
with three or four thousand other Germans, they went to England; thence they sailed
for New York, where they arrived the 13th of June, 1710. In the fall of the same
year, the father of the subject of this notice, and hundreds of German families, were
transferred at Queen Anne's expense to Livingston District, where many of them
remained till 1713; that year about one hundred and fifty families moved to Schoharie
to occupy lands presented to Queen Anne by a Mohawk chief, for the benefit of these
Germans. While residing here, Conrad Weiser' s father, in 1714, became acquainted
with Quagnant, a chief of Maqua or Mohawk nation. Quagnant proposed to the father
to take Conrad with him into his country, and to teach him the language spoken by
his nation; the father consented, and Conrad accompanied the chief to his house in the
autumn of 1714. Here his sufferings, according to Weiser's own journal, were almost
intolerable. He was exposed to to the inclemencies of a severe winter, '■'■finclied'by
hunger and frosV'' menaced with death by the inebriated Indians, to escape which, he
had often to flee and conceal himself till reason was restored, and "« second sober
thought,'''' restrained their threats. Having spent eight months among them, and
acquired the principal part of the Mohawk language, he returned to the German colony,
where, as interpreter, he acquired a competent knowledge of the language, in a very
short time.

Owing to a defect in the titles to their lands which involved them in difficulties, tliis
German colony was dispersed; some remained at Schoharie; among these was Weiser,
the interpreter, others left, in search of a new home ; these wended their course in a
south-westerly direction till they struck the Susquehanna, where they made canoes,
freighted these with families and goods; floated down the river to the mouth of Swatara
creek thence they worked their way up till they reached a fertile spot in Tulpehocken,
where they settled amidst the Indians, in 1723.

Weiser, as stated, remained at Schoharie, till 1729, when he, his wife and four child-
ren left, and followed his relations and friends to Tulpehocken, where they were aU
cordially received. Here he took vip a tract of land within a few miles of the site of
Womelsdorf.

He, as occasion demanded it, acted as interpreter between the Indians and Genuau
settlers. Though he had determined to spend his remaining days in private, his talents
soon attracted the attention of the Government, and his services, as interpreter, were
required, by the Hon. Patrick Gordon, Lieut. Governor of Pennsylvania, as early as
1731; for that purpose, Weiser accompanied Shekellany and Cehachquey, Indians, who
had returned from the Six Nations, to Philadelphia. He was called on repeatedly to
• act as interpreter while pursuing the improvement of his fann.

He was a man of unbounded benevolence, and disposed "to hope all tilings.''^ It was
IFrom Kupp's History of Lancaster County, p. 256 sq.

412 AUTHEXTIC HISTORY

through him the Moravian brethren were made attentive to Indian natives, especially
the Iroquois, or Six Nations. Mr. Spangenberg received the first account of them from
Conrad Weiser, a justice of the peace, and interpreter to the Government in Pennsyl-
vania. The Governor and Proprietor of Pennsylvania had sent him in the winter of
1736, to treat with the Iroquois, concerning a war ready to break out between them
and the Indians of Virginia, and to endeavor to settle the dispute amicably. On this
journey of nearly five hundred miles, he suffered great hardships. The weather was
uncommonly severe, and he had to force his way, mostly on foot, through deep snow,
thick forests, brooks and rivers, carrying provisions for several weeks on his back.

Count Ziuzendorf visited him August 14, 1752, where he met, at Tulpehocken, a
numerous embassy of sachems or heads of the Six Nations, returning from Philadelphia.
The count was desired to preach the Gospel to the Indians; Weiser was interpreter on
this occasion, adding in conclusion of the discourse : " This is the man whom God hath
sent, both to the Indians and to the white people, to make known his will unto them,"
confirming his words, after the Indian custom, by a present of a piece of red cloth.

Sometime in the month of September, Conrad Weiser visited Shamokin, a populous
Indian town, where he interpreted between Shikellimus and the Count.

He attended all the jwincipal Indian treaties held for a period of more than twenty-
five years. About the year 1752, Conrad Weiser, in connection with the Governor of
Pennsylvania, Chief Justice Allen, Mr. Peters, Secretary of the Land Ofiice, Messrs.
Turner and B. Franklin, was appointed a trustee and manager of the Public Schools,
which were established through the efforts of the Rev. Michael Schlatter. By virtue
of their commission, the ti'ustees established schools at Lancaster, York, Reading, New
Hanover, Skippack, and Goshenhopen.

During the French and Indian hostilities, as Lieutenant Colonel, he' commanded the
second battalion of the Pennsylvania regiment, consisting of nine companies. "They
were thus distributed — one company at Fort Augusta, one at Hunter's mill, seven
miles above Harrisburg, on the Susquehanna, one half company on the Swatara, at the
foot of the North mountain, one company and a half at Fort Henry, close to the Gap
of the mountain, called the Tothea Gap, one company at Fort Williams, near the forks
of the Schuylkill river, six miles beyond the mountains, one company at Fort Allen, at
Gnadenhtltten, on the Lehigh; the other three companies were scattered between the
rivers Lehigh and Delaware, at the disposition of the captains, at farm-houses, others
at mills, from three to twenty in a place."

The duties of the numerous positions he filled were always discliarged with fidelity
and ability; he was both capable and honest. He closed his eventful life, July 13,
1760. His remains were interred July 15, near Womelsdorf, Berks county. He left
seven children and many relatives to lament his death. Weiser was a man of strong-
mind — cultivated in the never failing school of experience. His poetical efl'usions only
remain, a few of which are said to be well written. The following is the concluding
verse of a hymn furnished by him at a church dedication:

Fuer Feuer, Krieg und AVassers-Noth
"NVollst du dies Haus bewahren !
Damit nach unserm sel'i^en Tod
Die Nachkommen erfahren,
Dass wir dich, wahren Gott, geliebt
TJnd uns in deinem Wort geubt,
Um deines Nam ens willen.

Yeates, Jasper, born at Philadelphia, in 1745, settled at Lancaster in 1764, was
appointed Judge of the Supreme Court of the State in 1791 and died at Lancaster
in 1817.

Twenty-five years of his life were spent upon the bench, the greater portion of which
he was in the different cii'cuits of the State. His mind was vigorous and his opinions

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 413

bold, Pennsylvania found in him a "good and faithful servant." His Reports, the
second of the Pennsylvania series, immediately succeeding Mr. Dallas', confer gi-eat
honor upon him, both as an author and a lawyer.

EARLY SETTLERS.i

Many foreigners had, prior to the issuing of Anne's proclamation, detennined to
seek refuge in America. The Canton of Bern, in Switzerland, had employed
Christopher de Graffenried and Lewis Mitchel or Michelle, as pioneers, with iustiiic-
tious to search for vacant lands in Pennsylvania, Virginia or Carolina. One of
these, Michelle, a Swiss miner, had been in America, prior to 1704 or 1705, traversing
the country to seek out " a convenint tract to settle a colony of their people on." He
was among the Indians in and about Conestogo during 1706 and 1707, "in search of
some mineral or ore;" and, " it is believed, he and his associates built a fort not far
from Connejaghera, many miles above Conestogo."

In the year 1707 a few Quaker pioneers settled in Kennet, Chester county. Among
others were Vincent Caldwell, Thomas Wickersham, Joel Bailey, Thomas Hope and
Guyan Miller.

No actual settlements had been made prior to 1708 or 1709 in Lancaster county;
but a few wliites had abodes among the Indians on the Susquehanna. These were
Indians traders, and all Frenchmen. Their names — Bezalion, Chartier, Jessop and Le
Tort. Chartier had, prior to 1704, lived long among the Shawanah Indians, and upon
the Susquehanna.

Of the above Indian traders, Bezalion was the only one licensed.

About the year 1706 or 1707, a number of the persecuted Swiss Memionites went to
England, and made a particular agreement with the Honorable Proprietor, Wilham
Penn, at London, for lands to be taken \ip. Several families, from the Palatinate, de-
scendants of the distressed Swiss, emigrated to America and settled in Lancaster county
in the year 1709.

The traditions, respecting the first visit to the place of subsequent settlement, are
discrepant. From public documents and some private papers in the possession of Abra-
ham Meylin, and others, residing in West Lampeter township, we may confidently state
that the Mennonites commenced a settlement in 1709 or 1710, at the -place where the
Herrs and Meylins now reside, near Willow Street.

A Swiss company, to emigrate to America, and settle in the wilderness, had been
organized, but who the projector of it was, we cannot state. The pioneers were Hans
Meylin, his son Martin, and John Hans Herr, John Rudolph Bundely, IMartin Kendig,
.Tacob Miller, Martin Oborholtz, Hans Funk, Michael Oborholtz, Wendel Bowman and
others, who came to Conestogo in 1709, selected a tract of ten thousand acres of land
on the north side of Pequea creek, and shortly afterwards, procured a warrant for the
same. It is dated October 10, 1710 — the warrant was recorded, and the land surveyed,
the 23d of the same month. The 27th of April, 1711, the Surveyor General, at the
request of the first purchasers, subdivided the said ten thousand acres, "into so many
parts as they had previously agreed upon."

It appears from tradition and other corroborating testimony, that in virtue of the
agreement with William Penn, and by permission of the Deputy Governor, Hon. Charles
Gookin, they commenced making improvements before a warrant had been issued, and
that while some were felling trees, removing underbrush, building cabins, others went
to Philadelphia to obtain a warrant for their choice tract of woods. The following-
documents strengthen the tradition to be correct in the main facts:

1 Most of the particulars given are taken from Mr. Kupp's History of Lancaster county and his
Collection of Thirty Thousand Names.

414 AUTHEXTIC HISTORY

' ' By the commissioners of i^roperty — Whereas we have agreed with Johii Rudolph
Bundely, Martin Kendig, Jacob Miller, Hans Herr, Martin Oberholtz, Hans Funk,
Michael Oberholtz and one Wendel Bowman, Swissers, lately arrived in this province,
for ten thousand acres of land, situate on the northwesterly side of a hill, about twenty
miles easterly from Connystogoe, near the head of Pecquin creek, for which said land,
they are to pay the sum of five hundred pounds, sterling money of Great Britain, in
manner following: that is to say, the sum of one hundred pounds, part thereof in
hands, at ye issuing of these jsresents, the sum of one hundred pounds more thereof
(together with forty-eight pounds like money, being the interest of four hundred pounds
for two years) at the end of two years and six months, from the time of the survey of
the said lands, (one-half year's interest of the whole being abated), one hundred and
eighteen pounds further, part thereof with interest, included within one year, then next
after one hundred and twelve pounds (the interest being included) further part thereof,
within one year, then next after, the sum of one hundred and six pounds full residue
thereof, that of all interest for the same, within one year, that next following, so that
the said five hundred pounds and interest, as aforesaid, is to be paid in six years next
after the time of survey. And also that the said purchasers, their heirs and assigns,
shall pay unto the proprietary and Governor, William^ Penn, his heirs and assigns, the
siun of one shilling sterling aforesaid, quit-rent yearly forever, for every hundred acres
of the said ten thousand acres of land, and that said purchasers shall have said lands
free of quit-rent for the two first years next after the survey thereof, and the said pur-
chasers requesting of us a warrant for the location and survey of the said land aforesaid.
These are, therefore, to authorize and require thee to survey or cause to be surveyed,
unto the said purchasers, the full quantity of ten thousand acres of land (with reasona-
ble allowance for roads and highways) in one entire tract, at or near the place aforesaid,
and subdivide the same (if they request it) into so many small tracts or parts as they
shall agree or appoint to each of them his respective share to be holden by the pur-
chasers, their heirs and assigns, under the rents, payments and agreements aforesaid,
subject to distress for the said rent in case of non-payment; and of thy transactions and
doings in the premises, by virtue of these presents thou art to make such returns into
the Secretary's office, with all reasonable expedition. Given under our hands and seals
of the province, the tenth day of the eighth month at Philadelphia, A. D. 1710.

Edward Shipped,
Griffeth Owen,
Thos. Story."
"To Jacob Taylor, Surveyor General.
"Warrant Book, 1700—1714, p. 229.

On the 23d of October, the land was sui-veyed and divided among the Meylins, Herrs,
Kendigs, and others of the company.

By warrant, dated July 5, 1712, there were surveyed, November 1, 1712, Pequea, now
Strasburg township, for Amos Strettle, 3380 acres, who afterwards sold it in smaller
tracts; the principal persons to whom he sold, prior to 1734, were Henry Shank, UMch
Brackbill, Augustine Widower, Alexander Fridley, Martin Miller, George Suavely,
Christian Musser, Andrew Shultz, John Fouts, Jacob Stein, John Hickman, John
Bowman, Valentine Miller, Jacob Hain, John Herr, Henry Carpenter, Daniel Ferree,
Isaac Lefevre, Christian Stoner, John Beiers, Hans Lein, Abraham Smith, John Jacob
Hoover, Septimus Robinson, Samuel Hess, Samuel Boyer, John Musgrove.

The Mennonite settlers having determined to send for their friends in Europe, a
council of the whole society was called, at which their venerable minister and pastor,
Hans Herr, presided, and after fraternal and free interchange of sentiment, much con-
sultation and serious reflection, lots, in conformity to the custom of the Mennonites,
were cast, to decide who should return to Europe for the families left behind and others.
The lot fell upon Hans Hen-, who had left five sons, Christian, Emanuel, John, Abra-

OF LANCASTER COUNTy. 415

liam and one whose name we have not learned, i This decision was atrrceable to his
own mind; but to his friends and charge it was unacceptable; to be separated t)on
ilirem prediger, from their preacher, could be borne with reluctance and heaviness of
heart only. They wei-e all too ardently attached to him to cheerfully acquiesce in this
determination. Reluctantly they consented to his departure — after much anxiety mani-
fested on account of this unexpected call of their pastor from them. Their soitows
Avere alleviated by a proposal made on the part of Martin Kendig, that, if approved,
he would take Hans Herr's place — this was cordially assented to by all. Without un-
necessary delay, Martin, the devoted friend of the colony, made ready — went to Phila-
delphia, and there embarked for Europe; after a prosperous voyage of five or six weeks,
he reached the home of his friends, where he was received with apostolic greetings and
salutations of joy. Having spent some time in preliminary arrangements, he and a
company of Swiss and some Germans, bade a lasting adieu to their old homes, and
dissolved the tender ties of friendship with those whom they left. With his company,
consisting of the residue of some of those in America, and of Peter Yordea, Jacob
Miller, Hans Tschantz, Henry Funk, John Houser, John Bachman, Jacob Weber,
Schlegel, Venerick, Guldin, and others, he returned to the new home, where they were
all cordially embraced by their fathers and friends.

"At a meeting of the commissioners, Sept. 10, 1712 — the late commissioners having
granted 10,000 acres of land to the Palatines, by their warrant dated 6th, 8th, 1710, in
pursuance thereof thei-e was laid out to Martin Kendig, besides the 2, 000 acres already
confirmed and paid for, the like quantity of 2,000 acres, towards Susquehanna, of which
the General Surveyor has made a retui-n. The said Martin Kendig now appearing de-
sirous that the said land may be granted and confii-med to Maria Warenbuer, for whom
the same was taken up, or intended, and who is to pay the consideration of it. But
upon fiu'ther consideration of the matter, it is agreed among themselves that the said
land shall be confirmed to Daniel Fierre and Issac Lefevre, two of the said widow's
sous, and the consideration money, viz: £140 at £7 per 100 acres, by agreement having
been for some time due, but is now to be paid down in one sum. 'Tis agreed that they
shall only pay £10 for interest, that is £150 for the whole."

''The said Martin Kendig now (Sept. 10, 1712) appearing desirous that the said (2000
acres) land may be granted and confirmed to Maria Warenbuer, for lohom the same was
taken up or intended, ^-c."

This tract was then in Chester county, Conestoga township, now East Strasburg, in
this county. It composed the farms now (1844) owned by Henry A. Carpenter, Ferre
Brinton, John C. Lefevere, Joseph L. Lefevere, Jacob Hershey, Christian Leman,
Henry and Jacob Brackbill, Theo. Sherts, Isaac B. Burrowes, Jacob Eshleman, Chris-
tian Hershey, Messrs. Witmer, R. Conyngham, Esq., R. Taggart, Philip Foster,
Heiu-y Shertz, John Shertz, F. S. Burrowes, D. Lefevre.

In 1713, Christopher Schlegel, late of Saxony, took up with a view to settle, though
he afterwards transferred his interest in his tract of one thousand acres, to others —
this laud is on a stream flowing into the Conestoga, "not far from the land granted to
the Palatines." It was afterwards the place where the Cartlidges, Indian agents, re-
sided. Another person, Benedictus Veuerick, late of Germany, took up two hundred
acres, near the Palatines, in 1715.2 Between the Pequea and Conestoga creeks, near
the Susquehanna, Richard Carter, an Englishman, a wheel-wright, located and im-
proved two hundred acres, in 1716. The same year, Alexander Bews, took up four
hundred acres on the south side of the Conestoga; Anthony Pretter, of East Jersey,

1 Three of Hans Herr's sons settled in what is now called West Lampeter township, and two in
Manor township; from these sprang a numerous connexion of Herrs; more than one hundred and fifty
of that name, descendants of Hans Herr, are taxables, residing within the present limits of the county.

2. In and about Smoketown, in 1715, Peter Bellas, Daniel Harman, William Evans, James Smith,
settled.

416 AUTHENTIC HISTOEY

three hundred acres, near Pequea, on south side of Conestoga; and John Gardiner, Jr.,
from Philadelphia county, two hundred acres, on the same side of Conestoga. About
this time, Jacob Greider, or Kreider, Jacob Hostater, Hans Frantz, Schenk, and others,
settled on the banks of Conestoga; Joseph Cloud, in 1717, took ui) 500 acres near
Pequea creek. The same year, settlements were begun on the banks of Octoraro.
"William Grimson, constable of Sadsbury township, in 1717, was among the first settlers
on the Octoraro; his neighbors were the Cooksons, Mayes, Jervis, Irwins, and some
years afterwards, the Pattersons, Darbys, Mafckrels, Leonards, Jones, Steels, Mat-
thews, Cowens, Murrays, Millers, Allisons, Mitchels, and others, all of whom settled
on or near Octoraro.

The Swiss settlement received an augmentation in 1715-16 and 17; besides those
already named, were Hans Mayer, Hans Kaigy, Christian Hearsey, Hans Graaf, (who
afterwards settled Graaf's Thai) Hans Pupather, Michael Shank, Henry Pare, Peter
Leman, Melchior Breneman, Benedictus Witmer, Henry Funk, Jacob Landis, Ulrich
Houry, Hans Faber, Isaac Cofiman, Melchior Erisman, Michael Miller, Jacob Kreutzer,
Jacob Boehm, Theodoras Eby, Michael Donegar, and others.

Down the Conestoga, towards Susquehanna, settlements were made between 1716
and 1719. Among those who took up lands and settled thereon, were David Jones,
Edmimd Cartlidge and John Cartlidge. Edmund Cartlidge resided in Darby town-
ship, Chester county, as early as 1698, and in 1711, in Philadelphia county,i John, his
brother, for many years an Indian agent, was at one time held in high estimation by
the proprietary's agents; but like many others, the day of trouble came upon him
'•'■andlie, wen not rememieredy'^ A warrant "for land" was issued, dated "October
1st, 1718, for him to take up on the north side of Conestoga creek, at some convenient
place, three hundred acres, and to make an addition thereunto of two hundred acres,
to be by him enclosed and held for the conveniency of pasturage for the term of four-
teen years, in consideration of his services among the new settlers."

It was at the house of this gentleman a number of councils were held with the In-
dians. We have been in the house, built 1719, in which the councils were held. It is
now owned by Benjamin Wright, of Manor township.

It ai:)pears from the Public Records at West Chester, that John Cartlidge sold liquor
hy the small, prior to 1718, among the neighbors on the banks of the Conestoga. It
was so reported by his vigilant ' ' fellow inhabitant, ' ' to the court. Christian and
Joseph Stoneman, Sigismund Landart, all late of Germany, took up lands on the Cone-
stoga, prior to 1719, and Francis Neiff on the west branch of Little Conestoga, prior to
1715.

The following persons located lands in 1719: Jenkin Davis, late of Wales, near or on
the branch of Conestoga ci-eek, George Steward, near the Susquehanna, James Le
Toi-t, on or near Susquehanna, where he had his station as Indian trader, and received
a warrant for one hundred acres. Le Tort, Bizaillon and Chartier had resided some
years previous to the commencement of Swiss settlements among the Indians; Chartier
was among them before 1704,3 and in 1717, upon his request, he received a warrant for
three hundred acres, where he " had seated himself on the Susquehanna river, above
Conestoga creek, including within the survey the improvement then made by him, for
which he agreed, on behalf of his son, Peter Chartier, in whose name he desired the sur-
vey to be made, to pay for the same."

In 1714, Peter Bizaillon, who had license to trade, prior to 1703,4 received a warrant
from the commissioners of property: "We do hereby authorize and allow, Peter Be-
zaillon, Indian trader, to seat himself at Pashtang, or any other Indian town or place

1 Public Rec, West Chester, Vol. A. p. 291.

2 John Cartlidge was one of His Majesty's Justices of the Peace, appointed in 1718, July 4th.— CoZ.
Rec. III., 40.

3 Col. Kec. II. 1.33.

4 Col. Kec. II. 100.

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 417

on Susquehanna, in this province, and to erect sucli buildings as are necessaiy for his
trade, and to enclose and improve such quantities of land as he shall think lit, for the
accommodation of his family there, until further order shall l^e given by the proprietor
or his commissioners: Provided, always, That the said Peter shall not act or proceed in
anything under color hereof, but by the free leave and approbation of the Indians
amongst vs^hom he dwells ox resides."

In various parts of the county surveys were made, from 1714 to 1718. A. Dubrie,
Esq., of Drumore township, kindly furnished us accounts of surveys made in Little
Britain and other southern townships.

A survey was made in Little Britain for Alexander Ross — warrant dated Nov. 5,
1714 — land situated near the middle of the township, on Little Conowingo creek, now
held by Christian King, and others. Another survey in part of seven hundred acres
was made for Edward Sleadwell, granted to him by warrant dated May 5, 1717, situated
in the south-west corner of the county, nearly surrounded by Octoraro creek, and con-
tained two hundred acres, and after his decease was divided between his son and son-
in-law, John Priest; and has since passed by the name of "Priesi^s Neclc.'''' There were
other svxrveys made between 1715 and 1720 in the south-west part of the township.

" Teague's Endeavor.'''' — A Maryland patent was granted to Mary Graham, June 6,
1715, for one hundred acres, now held by Robert Maxwell.

" Cormriall.'''' — A Maryland patent, granted to Emanuel Grubb, for one hundred acres,
in 1716, and another, 1720, for two hundred acres; now held by Jeremiah B. Haines,
Levi Brown, and others. Tliree Partners. — Another Maryland patent, granted to
Thomas Jacobs, September 16, 1720, a large tract now held by James Porter and others.
From the foregoing, it is evident, that the 8wiss Settlement, wdth their fine coiintrj,
attracted considerable attention, while it was yet in its infancy.

Not to weary the reader with general details of individual settlers, we shall present a
public document possessing more than ordinary interest to the numerous descendants of
those whose names are recorded in it. They had all come to this country previous to
1718, and had purchased and held lands before 1729. We are indebted to Abraham
Meylin, of West Lampeter township, for a copy of it. This document has been upwards
of one hundred and fourteen years in the possession of the Meylin family. It is an act
passed Anno Begni Georgii II. Regis Magna Britannia, FrandmetHibernia, tertio, Oc-
tober 14, 1729.

Whereas, By encouragement given by the Honorable William Penn, Esq., late Pro-
prietary and Governor of the province of Pennsylvania, and by permission of his
Majesty, King George the First, of blessed memory, and his predecessors. Kings and
Queens of England, &c., divers Protestants, who were subjects to the Eemperor of
Germany, a Prince in amity with the Crown of Great Britain, transported themselves
and estates into the province of Pennsylvania, between the years one tTiousand seven
hundred, and one tJiousa^id seven hundred and eighteen ; and since they came hither have
contributed very mirch to the enlargement of the British Empire, and to the raising and
improving sundry commodities fit for the markets of Europe, and have always behaved
themselves religiously and peaceably, and have paid a due regard and obedience to the
laws and government of this province; And whereas, Many of said persons, to wit,
Martin Meylin, Hans Graaf, and others, all of Lancaster county, in the said province,
in demonstration of their affection and zeal for his present Majesty's person and Gov-
ernment, qualified themselves by taking the qualification, and subscribing the declara-
tion directed to be taken and subscribed by the several acts of parliament, made for the
security of his Majesty's person and Government, and for preventing the dangers which
may happen by Popish Recusants, &c., and thereupon, have humbly signified to the
Governor and Representatives of the freemen of this province, in General Assembly,
that they have purchased and do hold lands of the proprietary, and others, his Majesty's
subjects within this province, and have likewise represented their great desire of being

28

-il'S AUTHENTIC HISTOKY

made partakers of those privileges Avhicli the natural born sulijects of Great Britain do
enjoy within this province; and it being just and reasonable, that those persons who
ha\-e bona fii^e purchased lands, and Avho have given such testimony of their aftection
and obedience to the Crown of Great Britain should as well be secured in the enjoy-
ment of their estates, as encouraged in their laudable affection and zeal for the English
constitution ;

Be it enacted by the Hon. Patrick Gordon, Esq., Lieut. Governor of the province of
Pennsylvania, etc., by and with the advice and consent of the freemen of the said pro-
vince, in General Assembly met, and by the authority of the same. That Martin Meylin,
Hans Graaf, Christian Stoneman, Jacob Funk, Francis jSTeiff, Francis Neiff, Jr., George
Kindeck, John Burkh older, John Burkholder, Jr., Abraham Burkholder, ]\Iichael
Bowman, John Hess, John Frederick, Christopher Preniman, Martin Harnist, Joseph
Buckwalter, Felix Landes, Jr., Adam Preniman, John Funk, John Bohman, John
Taylor, Henry Neiff, Michael Mire, Henry Bare, Peter Bumgarner, Melcor Hufford,
Melcor Erisman, John Brubaker, Jacob Nisley, Hans Snevely, Jacob Goot, John Wool-
slegle, Jacob Mire, Christopher Sowers, Joseph Stoneman, Daniel Ashleman, Christian
Peelmau, John Henry Neift', John Henry Neiff, Jr., Abraham Hare, John Ferie, Jacob
Biere, Peter Yordea, Peter Leamon, Hans Jacob Snevely, Isaac Coffman, Andrew Coft-
man, Woolrich Bodte, Henry Funk, Roody Mire, John Mylin, .Jacob Bheme, John
Coffman, Michael Doneder, Charles Christopher, Andrew Shultz, John Houser, Chris-
tian Preniman, Jacob Miller, black, Henry Carpenter,! Emanuel Carpenter, 2 Gabriel
Carpenter, Daniel Herman, Christian Herman, Philip Fiere, Mathias Slaremaker, 3 Big
John Shank, Jacob Churts, Jacob Snevely, Jr., John Woolrich Hover, John Croyder,
John Leeghte, John Stampher, Martin Graaf, Peter Newcomat, Jacob Bare, Jr., Joliir
Henry Bare, Jacob Weaver, Henry Weaver, John Weaver, David Longanicker, George
Weaver, Abraham Mire, Woolrick Houser, John Mire, Henry Musselman, IMichael
Shank, Jacob Miller, Jacob Miller, Jr., Martin Miller, Peter Abye, Hans Goot, Chris-
tian Staner, John Jacob Light, Adam Brand, Cliristopher Franciscus, Cafeper Lough-
man, Frederick Stay, John Line, John Swope, Bastian Royer, Jonas Lerow, Simeon
King, John Abye, Everhard Ream, all of Lancaster county, be, and shall be to all
intents and purposes deemed, taken, and esteemed, His Majesty's natural born subjects
of this province of Pennsylvania, as if they and each of them had been born within the
said province; and shall and may, and every one of them shall and may, within this
province, take, receive, enjoy, and be entitled to all rights, privileges and advantages
of natural born subjects, as fully, to all intents, and constructions anci purposes
whatsoever, as any of his Majesty's natural born subjects of this province can, do or
onght to enjoy, by virtue of their being His Majesty's natural, born subjects of His
Majesty's said province of Pennsylvania.

London Lands. — In 1690, a company, called the London Company, owned 65,000
acres of land in Pennsylvania, usually known by the name of London Lands; of this,
there were 47,800, in Lancaster and Berks. Part of these lands were rented at the
rate of £2 per 100 acres, with exception of some thousands of acres sold from 1718 to
1720, by the company to difterent persons. The rest remained in possession of the
company until 1762. At this time the heirs of those who originally constituted the
company had been considerably scattered, and many entirely unknown. An Act of
Parliament was therefore procured authorizing the sale of the land, and Dr. Fother-

'' IHenry Zimmerman or Carpenter arrived in Pennsylvania in tlie year 169S, and returned afterwards
to Europe for liis family, whom he brouji;ht out in 1706, and settled first in Qermantown, and removed
■within the present bounds of Lancaster county, (then Chester) in 1717." His descendants are very
numerous and respectable.

2. Emanuel Zimmerman or Carpenter, son of Henry Carpenter, was born in Switzerland, in the year
1702 and died 1780. His influence was salutary and great in the county. He had the unbounded con-
fidence of his fellow-citizens.

3. The name was originally in German Schleiermacher.

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 419

gill, Daniel Zacliary, Thomas IIow, DeLoreaux Bowly, Luke Ilinde, Richard How,
Jacob Hagen, Sylvanus Grove and William Heron, were tlie agents appointed to super-
intend the business. Their attorneys in this country were Samuel Shoemaker, Jacob
Cooper and Joshua Howell. In 17G2, sales were accordingly effected to the great
satisfaction of the occupants of the land, who had generally made considerable im-
provements, cleared away the wood, and erected comfortable farm-houses, and out-
buildings, many of them not being altogether aware of titles; but supposing that they
were possessed of a fee simple estate in soil— the prices, however, at which they were
held, were not unreasonable; each settler, it is believed, with few exceptions, pur-
chased the tract upon which he was seated. There were a few squatters who were not
willing to comply.

The case of HorraMne is still remembered by some of the descendants of the first
settlers on the London Lands. One Richard Brazier had squatted in the vicinity of
the Slaymakers. Brazier died, left a widow and some money— Horrabine made suit
to, and married* the widow. He forged a deed for a London tract. The misdating of
three days exposed the forgery, and he was tried, convicted, cropped and sent to Hon-
duras Bay to chop logwood. His family was left pennyless.

Conestoga 3£anor ^Yi\.s surveyed for the use of the Proprietary in 1717-1718, as ap-
pears from the folloAving order to Jacob Taylor, Surveyor General.

' ' These are to authorize and require thee without any delay to survey or cause to h6
surveyed all that tract of land lying between Sasquehannah river and Conestogo creek'j
from the mouth of said creek as far up the river as the land already granted to Peter
Chai'tier, and then by a line running from the said river to Conestogo creek, all which
tract of land for the proper use and behoof of 'William Penn, Esq., Proprietary and
Governor-in-Chief of the said Province, his heirs and assigns forever. Given under our
hands, March 1, 1717-1718." The Manor was afterwards divided and sold to purchasers.

This survey included more than 16,000 acres. It was afterwards sold in small tracts
and patented. The following were the principal patentees: Israel Pemberton held 300
acres, date of his patent, October 1st, 1723. The Messrs. Wrights own 1,500 acres —
date of patent, December 13, 1735 — sold afterwards in smaller parcels to John Herr,
Andrew Stineman, Daniel Lintner, Jacob KilEiaver, Rudy Herr, Jacob Frantz, Godfrey
Klugh, Matthew Oberholtzer, Rudy Herr, Jr., John Killhaver, Christian Hershey, An-
drew Kaufifman. James Pattison, 107 acres, November 21, 1734. James Logan, 700
acres, patent dated July 15, 1737, afterwards held by George Brenner, Philip Brenner,
Christian Stouffer, Casper Souter, Adam Fisher, Valentine Rummel, Lawrence Clifter,
Christian Stake. Michael Baiighman, 489, Michael Mayer, 131 acres, both same date,
February 20, 1738. Michael Mayer, sen., 217 acres patent dated October 16, 1737. Abra-
ham Steiner, 63 acres. May 3, 1740. John Wistler, 167 acres, July 3, 1741. Jacob Kuntz,
166; Anna Ottila Betty Koffer, 166: Jacob Hostetter, 475; John Shank, 197 acres, patent
dated July 30, 1741. Edward Smout, 113 acres, June 21, 1743. Michael Baughman, 339,
May 28, 1752. Abraham Hare, 424, April 22, 1751. Jacob Wistler, 125; Valentine Miller,
140, both May 25, 1756. Martin Funk, 237, December 18, 1758. Jacob Wistler, 202, Ja-
cob Shuck, 185, August 18, 1759. Abraham and John Miller, 89; Valentine Haith, 29;
Robert Beatty, 226, February, 1760. Samuel Herr, 247; John Keagy, 188; Hemy Funk,
150; Jacob Wistler, 173; Ludwich and Frederick Ziegler, 209, June, 1760. John Witmer,
77; Abraham Miller, 204; Rudolph Herr, 176; Jacob Witmer, 77, November, 1761. James
McMaster, 247, April, 1761. John Keagy, 150; Henry Funk, 177; David Hare, 195; John
Miller, 150; George Adam Dustier, 112; John Correll, 209; Christian Stoner, 244, all
dated 1761. Michael Kauffinan, 116; John Kauffman, 118; Jacob Kauffman, 167; Chris-
tian Kauffman, 163; Michael Kauffman, 118; Abraham Steiner, 200; John Wormely,
115; Jacob Whistler, 19; John Kreemer, 184; Bartholomew Butt, 40; John Graff, 136,
all dated 1762. Philip Ulweiler, 39; Benjamin Miller, 220; David Hare, Jr., 94; Peter
Snyder, 86; Henry Atkinson and Adam Bigging, 49; Peter Witmer, 132, dated 1763.

4:20 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

Jolm Miller, 60, January 19, 176-4. John Newcomer, 109; Joseph Nelson, 109; Jacob
Wisler, 178; Mary Wright, 119, dated 1767. John Kendrick, 558; James Pratt, 232,
1768; Henry Buckley, 150, 1769. William Wright, 257, 1770. Ulrich Rebur, 232; John
Manning, 165, 1772. Jacob Ashleman, 340, 1774. Indian Town, 414; Blue Rock, 800
.acres. We omitted fractions of acres.

"Thomas Penn estimated the value of Conestogo Manor, being 65 miles from the
city of Philadelphia, 13,400, at £40 per hundred acres, £5,360, Pennsylvania cur-
rency. There is no date to the paper from which we made the extract." — Sparks"
Franklin, III. 553.

"The settlement of the Ferrees and Lefevres, received a considerable augmentation
^about this time. The promising fruitfulness of the country, beside other advantages,
attracted settlers; among them are the names of Slaymaker, Witmer, Lightner, Eschel-
iiian, Herr, Hershey, Espenshade, Baer, Groff, Graaf, Zimmerman, Koenig, Keneagy,
Denlinger, Beck, Soudor, Becker, Ream, and many others.

A settlement was also commenced in the interior of the county; Hans Graaf located
at the head of a small stream, known by the name of Grove's Run, in West Earl town-
ship.i He was joined next year by Mr. Wenger, one of whose grand-sons, Joseph
Wenger, occupies the Homestead.

From and after 1718, settlements, in their incipient stages, had been pretty general
throughout the greater part of the county. The JNIill Creek settlement, and others,
were commenced about the year 1719, or 20.

About the year 1708, Alexander Mack, of Shriesheim, and seven others in Schwarze-
nau, Germany, met in a religious capacity; from which society, arose, what is well
known, the Tunkers, or First Day German Baptists; and who, though apparently inof-
fensive, were made subjects of persecution, and were driven by force of oppression into
Holland, some to Creyfels, and the mother church voluntarily removed to Serustervin,
in Friesland, and thence emigrated to America, in 1719, and dispersed to dift'erent parts

l''Hans G-raaf fled from Switzerland to Alsace, witli one of his brothers, about the year 16y5 or 96; he
came to Germantown, where he remained for a short time; alterwards settled on Grove's Run, in Earl
township, both of which were named in honor of him. The following circumstance, as related to us
by one of his lineal descendants, will show the reader how Graaf was led to settle in Graaf s Thai; for
this is the name by which the settlement is known to this day :

His horses having strayed from I'equea; while in pursuit of them in a northern direction from the
inhabited parts, he discovered a tine spring in a heavily timbered spot; the head of Grove's Kun. In
this elysian dale, said he, will I fix my permanent abode. He nevertheless pursued his horses till he
found them, and returned to Pequea. A short time afterwards he made a disposition of his eftects.
Now he returned to the spring, and about one-half mile down, on the north side, he erected a cabin
under a large White Oak tree, in which he, his wife and an only child, stayed all winter. In the spring
of the year, having secured by a warrant, dated November 22, 1717, a large tract of land, he erected a
house near the cabin. The spot where he erected the house in the spring of 1718, is still pointed out by
his progenitors. At this time, as was common with the aborigines in all the new settlements, the In-
dians called frequently at his house to sell baskets and Hickory brooms. Mr. Graaf had six sons; as
soon as some of them were grown up, he turned his attention to dealing in blankets, and other articles
of merchandise, which he procured at Philadelphia, and took them to Harris's Ferry, on the Susque-
hanna, and exchanged them for skins, furs and the like-
He spoke, it is said, the Indian language fluently. V/hen one of the sons drove, the old gentleman
accompanied him, riding a fine steed, for he kept none but fine horses. On one occasion, as his team
was returning to Philadelphia, Peter, the oldest, was driving; in crossing the Brandywine, which was
very flush at the time, he was in danger of a watery grave; the father on a lolty steed, rode in, took the
young fellow on his own horse behind him, and seizing the lines, drove safely through the rushing
stream.

He had six sons, Peter, David, the grandfather of John Graaf our informant, .John, Daniel, Marcus
and Samuel, who was known as Graf der Jaeger, the huntsman.

Hans Graaf, alter having served his day and generation, the public also on several occasions, and
having divided his land among his sons, died, leaving a large family connection. Perhaps there is no
family in the county, more numerous, respectable and useful citizens than the Graafs. So, without
doubt, the magistrates and inabitants of Lancaster county thought, when they met to settle upon the
bounds and give names to lownships, June9, 1729: they had regard to the worth of this family in calling
one of the townships, after the first settlers Graaf, i. e. Earl township."— iZitpp.

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 421

in Pennsylvania, some to Conestoga, some to Mill Creek, some to Oley, some to Skip-
pack, some remained at Germantown, where they formed a churcli in 1723, under the
charge of Peter Becker.

Among the early settlers on Mill Creek, were Conrad Beissel, a man of some noto-
riety in the religious history of the county, Joseph Shaeffer, Hans Meyer, Ileniy Hoehn,
and several Landises.

The settlement near and around Lancaster, began to increase. Francis Neff, Hans
Henry Neflf, Doctor of Physic, who, and his descendants, are well known, Roody Mire,
Michael Shank, Jacob Imble, and others, having settled here for some time. Lancaster
was commenced about the year 1721, or 1722. " The settlements about the Indian vil-
lages of Conestoga were considerably advanced in improvements at this time; the laud
thereabouts being exceedingly rich; it is now (1721) surrounded with divers fine plan-
tations, or farms, where they raise quantities of wheat, barley, flax and hemp, without
the help of any dung."

Andreas, Benjamin and Christian Hershey, were early settlers in this County.
They were natives of Switzerland and went with their father to Friedensheim, in the
Palatinate, who, with his two sons, Andreas and Benjamin, emigrated to America and
settled in Lancaster County in 1719; Christian, the third brother, had to stay on the
farm in the Palatinate imtil 1739, when he also came hither. These three brothers were
preachers among the Mennonites. Andrew, born in 1702, died in 1792, leaving twelve
children, Christian, Andreas, Johannes, Benjamin, Jacob, Abraham, Isaac, Heinrich,
Peter, Catliarina, Maria and Odti.

John Brubacher, a Swiss, and founder of the numerous Brubacher family, was one
of the earliest settlers, and is said to have located in Hempfield To^vnship, on the Little
Conestoga, and to have built the first mill in Lancaster County. The family register,
from which this notice is drawn, mentions neither the date of his arrival, nor the exact
locality where he built the mill.

About the year 1723 a number of Germans, who had been living for ten years at Scho-
harie in New York, settled on the Swatara and Tulpehocken creeks. Among these was
• Conrad Weiser, whose descendants are numerous, and include the Midilenberg family.

Donegal was organized in 1722; David Jones was appointed constable. The first
settlers were chiefly Irish; among them occur the names of Temple, Patterson, flitch-
ell, Hendricks, Speer, Galbraith, Anderson, Scott, Lowrey, Pedau, Porter, Sterrit, Kerr,
Work, Litle, Whitehill, Campbell 'and others.

In 1726 Robert Barber, John Wright and Samuel Blunston commenced a settlement
on the Susquehanna; they were Quakers Barber took up and bought 1000 acres,
bounded north by Chicques Hill and extending down the river to the present site of
Columbia. He and his friends actually settled on their lands in 1727.

For an account of early settlers on the land back of the river see page 363.

In the northeastern part of the county, a settlement was commenced about tlie year
1723 or 24, by Eberhart Ream, whose descendants still reside in the village called after
the first settler and proprietor. This place, like many others, was occupied solely by
the Indians, at the time Mr. Ream located here. He ventured with his wagon and
horse into the woods, where he unloaded his "fixtures and furnitiu-e," under a large
oak tree that spread its extended boughs over him and his small family till he had put
up a rude log cabin, which he built upon what is now Lesher's farm. His nearest miU
was on the Brandywine, and his nearest neighbors, the Miilbachers, then living on Mill
creek. After clearing a small spot, he procured a warrant and located about four hun-
dred acres; in 1725 he received a patent for the same.

Some of his first or early neighbors, who had been attracted by the improved sj^ot
and fine water, were Bucher, Huber, Walter, Keller, Schwarzwalder, Leader, Schneider,
Killion, Dock, Forney, Rupp, Balmer, May, Mayer, Hahn, Resler, Beyer, Leet, Sclilott,
Graf, Wolf, Feierstein, Weidman and others.

422 AUTHEXTIC HISTORY

111 tlie very infancy of the Pennsylvania colony, a number of Welsh, of Sterling
•worth and excellent character, arrived in the province in 1682. They had early pur-
chased of the Proprietary, in England, forty thousand acres of land, and settled west
of the Schuylkill. A few years later their number was so much augmented, that they
had settled, before 1692, six townships in the lower counties.

The Welsh custom agreed in many respects with that of the Swiss and Palatines.
At first they would send persons across the Atlantic, to take up land for them, and
make some preijarations for the reception of their families. Among the Welsh, who
acted as pioneer, was the well known Rowland Ellis, who sent over Thomas Owen and
family to make a settlement, and as soon as Owen had made some improvements, on
which he spent a few years, Ellis, and one hundred other Welsh passengers, an-ived in
1686.

In 1898, other Welsh families arrived; among them were William Jones, Thomas
Evans, Robert Evans, Owen Evans, Cadwallader Evans, Hugh Griflith, Edward Foulke,
John Humphrey, Robert Jones, and others, who imrchased ten thousand acres of land
of Robert Turner, in Gwinedd township, Chester county.

Another settlement was commenced, about the year 1722 or 1723, by the Welsh, ex-
tending to the present site of Churchtown. Among the principal settlers were: Torbert,
Douglas, E. Davis, A. Billing, Z. Davis, Spenger, Henderson, Evans, Ford, Lardner,
Morgan, Robinet, Edwards and Jenkins.

While the Welsh were making improvements, a fcAv miles south of Allegany, a region
on the Tulpeliocken, some Swiss and Germans settled in Weber Thai, south of Cones-
toga creek, so called from the Webers, or Weavers, who took np between two and three
thousand acres of land, in 1723 or 1724.» George Weber and Hans Guth, brothers-in-
law, .Jacob Weber and Henry Weber, all Swiss, were the first settlers contiguous to the
Welsh. Guth located north-east from the Webers. The valley, or tJial, was timbeiiess
when the first settlers commenced. Guth or Good settled in Brecknock township,
where a nmnerous connection of them reside.

The Webers and Guths had, previous to taking up land here, lived some twelve or
fifteen years near Lancaster. They were a young family, seeking a place of permanent
abode, where they have since become both wealthy and numerous. 1 George, the oldest
of the three brothers, had three sons and two daughters; Hans, Henry, Samuel, Maria
and ]Magdalena. The present generation of Weavers still possess the lands of their
ancestors. Some of them have moved West, others to Canada. The Webers were soon
joined liy Martin, Sclineder, Miller, Zimmerman, Ruth, and many others, principally
Mennonites.

During the year 1727, more than a thousand Palatines arrived in Pennsylvania; among
among these wei'e the names of Diffenderfer, Ekman, INIeyer, Bowman, Eberlee, Zug,
Shultze, Funk, Frantz, and others. Two brothers, Alexander and John Diffenderfer, sail-
from Rotterdam,- arrived at Pliiladelphia in the month of September; Alexander settled
in Oley, now Berks county, and John at Silue Schwamm, now New Holland, in the woods.

SWISS AND GERMAN SETTLERS IN LANCASTER COUNTY, 1710—1725.

1710. Johann Rudolph Bundeli, Martin Kendig, Jacob Miiller, Hans Graft", Haiines

1. The tollowing, 'which we copieil at the hou=e of s-amuol Weaver, in 18-12, may give the reader some
idea of the numeroal strength of the family. Christian Weaver's father was a native of Switzerland.
Christian Weaver was born in Earl township, Lancaster county, Pa., Dec. 25, 1731 — married Sept. 30,
1749, to 3liss 3Iagdalen Ruth— lived 55 years in a state of matrimony, and 16 years as a widower. He
■was a member of the Mennonite church. Died of a lingering disease, Feb. 13, 1S20, aged 88 years, 1
month, 1 week and 2 days. Had eight sons and five daughters. Of the seven sons and five daughters
■were born, before C. "\Vs. death, and living at the time, 99 grand-ehildren, 88 grand children's children,
and 55 great grand children's children. His lineal descendants were 309. Henry Blartin preached his
tuneral disco^arse. Text, .Tohn, 14: 12, 13. (Rupp.)

2 They sailed in the >-hip "William and Sarah, William Hill, master. There were ninety Palatine
families, making in all about 400 persons, in this ship.— CoL Hec. III. 390.

OF LANCASTER COUXTY. 423

HeiT, Martin Oberlioltz, Haniies Funk, Michael Oberlioltz, Wendel Bauman, Hans
Meylin, sen'r, Hans Meylin, jr., Martin Meylin, Samuel Gulden, Johann Rudolf Yan-
der Werff, Daniel Hermann, Christian Brennemann, Johann Georg Trellinger, Hans
Meyer, Hans Haigy, Christian Herschi, Hans Pupather, Heinrich Bar, Peter Lehman,
Melchior Brennemann, Benedictus Witmer, Heinrich Funk, Christopher Franciscus,
Michael Schenck, Johannes Landes, Ulrich Hanerich, Emanuel Herr, Abraham HeiT,
Hans Huber, Isaac Kauffniann, Melchior Erismann, Michael Mueller, Christopher
Schlegel.

1715. Hans Georg Schutz, Martin Ringer, Michael Bachmann, Jacob Hochstetter,
Jacob Kreider, Benedictus Venerich, Jacob Kreutzer, Jacob Bohm, Hans Faber, Mar-
tin Urner, Theodoras Eby, Johannes Lein, Heinrich Zimmermann, Gabriel Zimmer-
mann, Johannes Shenk, Michael Danegar, Marcus Oberlioltz, Christian Stein, Edwai'd
Riehm, Joseph Steinman, Siegismund Landtart.

1720. Ulrich Brechbiihl, Christian Mosser, Andreas Schu.ltz, Samuel Hess, Peter
Yorde, Hans Schantz, Johannes Hauser, Franz Neff, sen'r, Franz Neff, jr., Georg
Kendig, Johannes BiU'chhalter, sen'r, Johannes Burchhalter, jr., Abraham Burch-
halter, Michael Baumann, Johannes Hess, Johann Friederich, Christopher Brennemann,
Martin Harniscli, Joseph Buchwalter, Felix Landes, Heinrich iseft) ]Michael Meyer.
Peter Baumgardtner, Melchior Hoflfarth, Johannes Brubacher, Jacob Niissli, Hans
Schnebele, Jacob Guth, Johannes WoUschlegel, Jacob Meyer, Christopher Saner, Joseph
Steinniann, Daniel Eshelmann, Christian Biihhnann, Johann Heinrich Neff, jun'r,
Abraham Herr, Jacob Beyer, Hans Jacob Schnebele, Ulrich Roth, Rudolph Meyer,
Carl Christopher, Heinrich Musselmann, Matthias Schleiermacher, Jacob Kurtz,
Johann Ulrich Huber, Johannes Lichty, Johannes Stampfer, Peter JSTeucomer, Johann
Heinrich Bar, Jacob "Weber, Heinrich Weber, Johannes Weber, George Weber, David
Longenecker, Abraham Meyer, Ulrich Hauser, Johannes Meyer, Heinrich Musselmann,
Michael Shenck, Peter Eby, Johannes Guth, Christian Steiner, Adam Brandt, Johann
Jacob Lichty, Casper Laiunann. Friederich Stein, Johannes Schwaab, Bastian Rayer,
Jonas La Rue, Simeon Konig, Eberhardt Riehm, Hans Graff, Johannes Rupp. Philip
Dock.

1735. Johannes Weidman.

LIST OF SETTLERS PRIOR TO 1735.

Among these, in -^ arious parts of the county, were the names of Roddye, Craighead,
Towstenberier, Cookson, Maye, Jervis, McCawly, Story, Green, Whitehill, Her-
man, Irwin, Wolf, Bezoar, Yenerick, Ritter, Millsep, Royer, Woolrick, Housleman.
Byerly, Simon, Palmer, Poutch, Kitch, Travenger, Linder, Yerdree, Wise, Bar-
nett, Ringer, Stoner, Albert, Beard, Pendall, Kore, Owen, Eave, Thornbury.
Marshall, Bricker, Lerty, Jackson, Beeson, Nessley, Swoop, Bear, Emmet, Her-
sey, Aston, Steer, McNabb, Smith, Becker, Forney, Rowland, Weidler, Elrood, Stump,
Snevely, Eberle, Oikelberger, Wypreight, Fink, Long, Lindsey, King, Read, Well.
Blyth, Fullerton, Moore. Francis, McKane, Dehoof, Goughnoin-, Line, Dyer. Hiett,
Stambach, Bumgarner, Hoff, Noacre, Lytle, Darby, Douglas, Sturm, Echnian. Guy.
Philips, Easier, Shinover, Scroop, Yarner, ^lackrell, Shilly, Turner, Hoftman, Knowl.
Whitmer, Kinrigh, Burkhard, Leephart, Pleystow, Wcightman, Burkhunter, Ander-
son, Piggot, Wiesenant, Black, Leonard, Steel, Ramsay, Sype, Lynck, Lowdon, 3Ius-
selman, Matthews, McClanahan, Staigy, Braden, Burton, Gale, Cowen, Robinson, ]Mur-
ray, Benson, Shannon, Brown, Kelly, Allison, Eddy, Fulton, ]\Iitchell of Sadsbury.
Foster, Graypeel, Shryer, Clinehaws, Harnist, Webb, Reiff. Watson, ]\Iontgomery,
McCardy, Le Rue, Adlumn, Clemson, Conode, Plumb, Shieffer, Warder, Denning.
Reist, Slemman, Armor, Templeman. McConnel, Sensiuey, Tiller, Huston, 3Ieixell.
Geer, Wolfspanier, Baughman, Ters, Henning, Andrew, MciSTealy. Rudenegiee, Kitz-
miller, Le Chaar, Bushan, Roode, Birshing, Jack, Flemming. 3IcClelland. Howard,

4:24: AUTHENTIC HISTORY

Ellniaker, Adams, Haines, Haltziuger, Tettenliauer, Hokenbrack, Davison, Bishair,
Seldenridge, Sannders, Slierrard, Moler, Stinson, Ranck, Keyser, Slierk, David, Paxton
of Sadsbniy, Robertson, Cox, Heistand, Pence, Painter, Ponts, Livistone, Keller,
Winger, Liglitner, Bomberger, Kreil, JMcGarry, Shallyberger, Higgenbotliem, Evalt,
AYalter, Middleton, Hanrick, Hey, Baldv\^yn, Campbell, Vanlere, Stile, Musgrove, Ball,
]McKimm, Philips, Pegelli, Brittan, Dyer, Dieifenbach, Gilmore, Boyd, Over, Geoi'ge,
Lamb, Bishop, Stritch, Krebs, Hasting, Alexander, McNealy, Kahoon, Hndson, Wen-
del, Feezer, Westhaver, Cnfi'root, Weitman, Lloyd, Lynck, Hewston, Berrier, Buchanan,
Saudter, Slierrick, Perry, Cumpton, Reynolds, Moffat, ]\Ioody, AUinson, McClenn, Lit-
tle, Shennon, Classprinnei-, Kling, Griffith, Shizler, Henderson, McChire, Hughes,
Thomes, Walter, Duflfield, Stetter, Kate, Crall, Holler, Crawford, Denny, Scott, Balten,
Bracken, McPherson, Pennock, Rippy, Daws, Walker, Rohrer, Richardson, Linville,
Wall, Gaille, Ross, Postlewhait, Pugh, Beckott, Enck, Lnble, Booson, Kyle, Baud, Elis,
Blackshaw, Dougherty.

Further details subsequent to the organization of the County, have already been
given in the topographical part, under the diflerent townships and localities.

Copy of an Act of Naturalization.

ANNO REGNI GEORGII II. REGIS MAGN^ BRITANNIA, FRANCIS AND
HIBERNI^ DUODECIMO.

At a GENERAL ASSEMBLY of the Province of PENNSYLVAlSriA, begun and
holden at PJiiladelpMa the Foui-teenth Day of October, Anno. Dom. 1738. In the
Twelfth Year of the Reign of our Sovereign Lord GEORGE II. by tiie Grace of God,
of Great Britain, France and Ireland, KING, Defender of the Faith, &c. And from
thence continued by Adjournments to the First Day of May, 1739.

ANNO DUODECIMO GEOKGI 11. REGIS.

An ACT for the better enahUng divers InTiaMtants of the Province of Pennsylvania, to

trade and hold Land tcithin the said Province.

Whereas, by the Royal Charter of the late King Charles the Second, to William
Penn, Esq; late Proprietary and Governour of the Province of Pennsylvania, Licence
is granted to all Persons not specially forbidden, to transport themselves and Families
into the said Province, in such Shipping as by the Laws of the Kingdom of England
they ought to use, paying the Customs tlierefore due, and here to settle themselves,
dwell and inherit, and plant for the 23ublick and their own private Advantage; with
License to purchase and hold Lands in Fee-simple, or otherwise, of the said Proprietary
and his Heirs, with full License to all Persons who shall from time to time repair hither
with a purpose to inhabit, or trade with the Natives of this Country, to load, freight,
and transport, all and singular their Goods, Wares and Merchandizes, not prohibted by
the Laws and Statutes of England, into any Ports whatsoever of the said late King,
his Heu-s and Successors, according to the Laws made or to be made within the said
Kingdom of England, saving always to the said late King, his Heirs and Successors,
the legal Impositions, Customs, or other Duties, due or to become due by any Law or
Statute for the said Wares or Merchandizes, as by the said Royal Charter, among other
tilings, may more fully appear.

And whereas, Michael Albert, William Albert, Leonhard Bender, George Miller,
.lohn Bushung, Nicholas Candle, John Hagey, Charles Keller, Stephen Renisberger,
Ludovick Dettenburn, Jacob Bare, jr., John Leiberger, Michael Becker, John Peter
Coolier, Christian Lawer, John Libough, Bartholomew Shaver, Caspar Stump, Jacob
Becker, Tobias Pickle, Peter Rutt, George Klein, Paul Tittenhoffer, Matthias Tise,
George Ludovick Hor.st, Sebastian Graflf, Johan Henry Basseler, Matthias Jung, Jacob

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 425

Sclaloug, Henry ]\Iicliael Immel, Felix Miller, Martin Weyljrecht, Fredrick Eighelberger,
Sebastian Fink, Hans Adam Schreiner, Christian Lang, Caspar Tiller, Anthony Bret-
ter, Leouhard EUniaker, Andreas Bersinger, Hans Graff, Jacob Hartman, Theophilus
Hartman, Theophilus Hartman, jr., Benjamin Witmer, Abraham Witmer, Johannes
Pinkley, Turst Buckwalter, Henry Neaf, jr., Valentine Hergelrat, ilenry Basseler,
Johan Stetler, Leonhard Romler, Leonhard Heyer, Peter Schell, Johan Nohaker, Nich-
olas Miller, Johan Hock, Thomas Knoppenheffer, Michael Knoppenheffer, Christian
Leman, George Unrook, Jacob Scheffer, Valentine Kefter, Jacob Etshberger, Hennan
"Walburn, Caspar Reed, Christian Manusmith, Nicholas Kutts, George Weyi-ick, Chris-
topher Ley, Jacob Lower, Hans Moor, Johannes Blum, George Steitz, Erasmus Buck-
enmeyer, and George Graff", inhabitants of the county of Lancaster; being of the Pro-
testant or Refonned Religion, and subjects of the Emperor of Germany, and other
Princes, now in amity with the King of Great Britain, having transported themselves
with their families and effects into this province, and being desirous to be made par-
takers of the immunities, belonging to the natural born subjects of this pi-ovince; and
to be more effectually secured of those privileges and advantages granted by his said
late Majesty King Charles the Second, to persons coming into this Province to settle
and inhabit, they having (as a testimony of their fidelity and affection to his present
Majesty King George the Second and the Crown of Great Britain) taken the qualifica-
tions to his Majesty and his govermnent by law appointed and enjoined to be taken,
obtained leave to bring in this bill to the i^resent Assembly.

Therefore may it please the Governor that it may be enacted. And be it enacted by
George Thomas, Esq., Lieutenant Governor with the Royal approbation, under the
honourable John Penn, Thomas Penn, and Richard Penn, Esqs., true and absolute
Proprietaries and Governors of the Province of Pennsylvania, that they the said Mi-
chael Albert, William Albert, Leonhard Bender, George Miller, John Bushung, Nicholas
Candle, John Hagey, Charles Keller, Stephen Remsberger, Ludovick Dettenbu^rn, Jacob
Bare, junior, John Leiberger, Michael Becker, .John Peter Cooher, Christian Lawer,
John Libough, Bartholomew Shaver, Caspar Stump, Jacob Becker, Tobias Pickle, Peter
Rutt, George Klein, Paul Tittenhoffer, Matthias Tise, George Ludovick Horst, Sebas-
tian Graft', Johan Henry Basseler, Matthias Jung, Jacob Schloug, Henry Michael Immel,
Felix Miller, Martin "VVeybrecht, Friedrick Eighelberger, Sebastian Fink, Hans Adam
Schreiner, Christian Lang, Caspar Tiller, Anthony Bretter, Leonliard Ellmaker, An-
dreas Bersinger, Hans Graff, Jacob Hartman, Theophilus Hartman, Theojihilus Hart-
man, junior, Benjamin AVitmer, Abraham Witmer, Johamies Pinkley, Turst Buck-
waiter, Henry Neaf, junior, Valentine Hergelrat, Henry Basseler, Johan Stetler, Leon-
hard Romler, Leonhard Heyer, Peter Schell, Johan Nohaker, Nicholas Miller, Johan
Hock, Thomas Knoppenheffer, Michael Knoppenheffer, Christian Leman, George L'n-
rook, Jacob Scheffer, Valentine Keffer, Jacob Etshberger, Herman Walburn, Caspar
Reed, Christian Manusmith, Nicholas Kutts, George Weyrick, Christopher Ley, Jacob
Lower, Hans Moor, Johannes Blum, George Steitz, Erasmus Buckenmeyer, and George
Graff, inhabitants of the county of Lancaster; and every of them, are hereby declared,
and shall at all times hereafter be esteemed and taken, to all intents and purposes, to
be and to have been, since their first ai-rival in this Province, free and fully able, and
capable to trade, trffick, load, freight, and transport all and all manner of Goods, Wares
and Merchandizes, not by law prohibited to be imported or exported, as if they and
every of them had been the natural liege people and subjects of the king of Great
Britain, born in this Province of Pennsylvania; and also they and each of them shall
and are hereby enabled, and adjudged able to all intents, constructions and purposes
whatsoever, as well to demand, take, have and enjoy any privileges and immunities
belonging to his Majesty's Liege People, and Natural Subjects of this Province, as also
to have and enjoy all lands and tenements, and all other hereditaments, by way of pur-
chase or gift, of any person or persons whatsoever; and also to prosecute, pursue,

426 AUTHENTIC HISTOEY

tg..-jc---i.i«va'r5l

maintain, avow end jnstify all and all manner of actions, suits and causes, and all other
tilings to do, as lawfully, freely and fully, as if they and every of them had been and
Avere horn Natural Subjects of this Province, or as any other Person or Persons bom
within this Province may lawfully in any wise do, any Law, Custom or Usage to the
contrary thereof in any wise notwithstanding.

Indorsed,

Philadel'y, the 18 of September.
Then recived of Abraham Witmer the sum of one povnd and two shillings (and one
pound before) which is in full for his Naturalization. I say recived by me,

CHRISTIAN GHASSOLD, Collector.

The following item was received too late for classification:

"Caleb Cope, the elder, was Burgess of Lancaster, Pa., under the British Govern-
ment, immediately prior to the Revolution. He had five sons — John, William, Thomas
P., Israel and ? Jasx^er, and also two daughters. Mr. Herman Cope, just deceased,
(1869) was a son of John Cope, the eldest of the brothers, and, consequently, a nephew
of Thomas P. Cope. Our respected fellow-townsman, (Philadelphia) Caleb Cope, esq.,
is a son of the second brother, William. There is an interesting historical reminiscence
connected with the Cope family, in Lancaster, which is worthy of note. Major Andre
was caxjtured by General Montgomery, in Up^jer Canada, while on his way to Quebec,
November 8, 1775, and taken, with other officers, to Lancaster, where he became an
imnate of Caleb Cope's house. There, the eldest brother, John, then 13 years of age,
received lessons in drawing from Major Andre; and the three brothers, John, William
and Thomas had, in after life, vivid recollections of their games of marbles and other
juvenile sports with the lively young English officer, who was destined to figure so
terribly in the after history of this country. ' '

-^ Saii4JQ Ziti

THE COURT HOUSE AT LANCASTER

OF LANCASTER COUXTY. 427

DiyiSIOJN^ lY.

POLITICAL.

THE COURT HOUSE.

On Monday, August 23, 1852, the cornerstone of the present Court House was laid by
S. Sloan, Architect, and James Crawford, Superintendent, in the presence of tlie Com-
missioners of the county, the Judges of the Court, the members of the Bar, and a large
concourse of citizens from the city and county.

From an address delivered on the occasion by David G. Eshleman, Esq., we gather
the following data for pennane,nt record.

"Immediately after the erection of Lancaster county, (in 1729) a violent contention
arose as to the most suitable place for the seat of justice. Wright's Ferry (now Col-
umbia,) Lancaster and Postlethwaite's — an old settlement and the site of an Indian
wigwam in Conestoga township, about 7 miles south of Lancaster were the three places
most strongly recommended. Postlethwaite's was thought to possess superior advan-
tages and was tlierefore selected. A log Court House, for which Postlethwaite was
allowed tlie sum of seven shilHngs, and a log jail of equal pretensions were immediately
erected, and the Courts held there till August term, 1780, when the increasing influ-
ence of the Lancaster party enabled them to procure the removal of the seat of justice
to this place.

' * A Court House was then erected in the centre of Lancaster, where the present old
Covu-t House stands (1852.) That was built of brick, but it was a small and uncom-
fortable structure. The floor was brick pavement, and the interior arrangements gen-
erally were of proportionate grandeur. On the top of the house was a small spire with
a clock of two faces, one for the south and the other for the north. In that house the
justice of Lancaster county was judicially administered luitil about 1781, when it took
fire and was burnt down. The courts were then held in the house of Michael Hubley
until the present old Court House was finished.

"The existing Coiu-t House (in 1853) was commenced in 1783, and finished in 1785.
That house, so far beneath the ideas of comfort and convenience of the present age,
was at that time considered a magnificent structure. It was sufficient in size and con-
veniences, not only to acconuuodate the County Court and the Supreme Court of the
Commonwealth, but was for many years the Capitol of Pennsylvania, and the sessions
of the Legislature were held therein from 1799 until 1812. But times change and we
change with them. Our wants keep pace with oiu- means, and a Court House that was
sufficiently large and commodious in 1785, when the population of the county was less
than 25, 000, and the whole assessed value of property was only a few hundred thousand
dollars, and which could even accommodate the Legislature of Pennsylvania to 1810.
is now found to be entirely deficient in size and comfort in 1852, when we exceed two
of the States of the Union in population, one State in assessed value of property, and
equal the fourteenth part of the whole assessed valuation of Pennsylvania. A number
of Grand Juries, representing the honest and industrious farmers and mechanics, who
are justly proud of the wealth and prosperity of their county, conscious of the total

428 AUTHENTIC HISTOKY

unfitness of the old county buildings and of the necessity of a new Court House, made
presentments to that effect to the Court, and the Commissioners of the county, appre-
ciating the Avants of the people, and imbued with a commendable spirit of enterprise,
immediately made arrangements to carry out the views of their constituents as expressed
by the grand juries. This day's ceremony indicates the progress of the design, and
when this building shall have lieen finished, with the elegance which its own impor-
tance and the condition of the county seem to demand, it will stand for ages as a proud
monument of the skill of the Architect Avho designed it, and of the public spirit of the
Commissioners who caused it to be erected."

The present Court House stands on the northwest corner of East King and Duke
streets. It is a massive, solid structure, 164 feet in length, 72 feet in breadth and two
stories in height. The basement is built of plain sandstone and the super-structure of
brick, the surface of which is covered with mastic. The building is strengthened and
ornamented in the front, rear and middle portion of the east wall, and the roof liar-
tially supported by pillars resting upon buttresses. From the central portion of the
roof rises a cupola, in which is a clock with four faces. A statue of Justice is placed
upon the summit of the cupola.

The building is entered from East King street by a flight of stone steps. The first
floor is divided longitudinally and transversely by wide arched passages, paved with
colored tiles, along which are ari'anged the various ofiices of the officers of the county.
The second floor is occupied principally by the Court room — 83 feet in length, 66 feet
in breadth and 25 feet in height, with frescoed walls and ceiling. The Judges' bench
is placed at the north end. In front of the bench, a portion of the room is raised and
enclosed for the use of juries and officers of the court. The remainder of the room is
filled with seats for witnesses and spectators. Adjoining the Court Room is the room
occupied by the Law Libraiy. The Library consists of a large collection of standard
professional text-books and books of reports of cases determined by the superior courts
of the different States, and is sustained by members of the bar, composing an associa-
tion for that purjDOse.

The original cost of the Court House, in its completed condition, including furni-
ture and the price of the ground on which it is erected, was $166,000. It was fully
occupied by the county officers with the records of their offices on September 7, 1854,
and the first regular term of Court — being a Court of Qiiarter Sessions — was opened No-
vember 20, 1854.

The Prothonotary, Register, Treasurer, Sheriff, Recorder, Clerks of the Court of
Quarter Sessions and Orphans' Court, and Commissioners are required, by law, to keep
their respective offices at the seat of justice of the County. All the said officers are
elected by the qualified voters of the County — the Treasurer biennially and the remain-
der of them triennially. With the exception of the Commissioners, they must give
bonds to the Commonwealth, with adequate surety, for the faithful perfomiance of
the duties of their several offices. The Prothonotary, Register, Recorder, Sheriff and
Clerks of the Quarter Sessions and Orphans' Court, are compensated by fees fixed
by law. The Treasurer receives a salary. The Commissioners are allowed com-
pensation for each day and mileage, while engaged in the performance of the duties of
their office.

The Prothonotary is the Clerk of the Court of Common Pleas and has the custody of
its records and seal. He keeps a docket for the entry of Judgments, records election
returns and transmits copies of the same to the Secretary of the Commonwealth.

The Register records and files all wills produced under the provisions of the Act of
Assembly. He has jurisdiction of the i^robate of wills and testaments, of the granting
of letters testamentary and administration, and of the passing and filing of the accounts
of executors and administrators.

The Recorder provides books of record and records therein all deeds of conveyance

OF LANCASTER COUNTY, 429

and release, mortgages, powers of attorney, and commissions and bonds of public officers
and Justices of the Peace.

The Clerks of the Court of Quarter Sessions and Orphans' Court have the custody of
the records and seal of their respective Courts.

The Treasurer receives all moneys due or accruing to the County, and pays the same
on proper warrants.

The Sheriff is the executive officer of the Courts. His general duties are: To keep
the peace within the County; he may apprehend and commit to prison all persons who
bi'eak the peace or attempt to break it; he is required, by virtue of his office, to pursue
and take all murderers, felons and rioters; he has the keeping of the County jail, and
is bound to defend it against all attacks; he executes within the County, all process
issuing from the Courts of the Commonwealth; and, in case of resistance, has authority
to call upon any individual to assist in its execution. He also gives notice of the time
and place of holding general elections.

The Commissioners exercise the corporate j)owers of the County, and have the
custody of its seal.l

LIST OF JUDGES IN LANCASTER COUNTY FROM 1813.

Date of Ai-
Name. ■ OfiRce. pointment or

Election.

Thomas Clark, Associate, 1813.

Samuel Dale, Associate, 1819.

Whitehill, Associate, 1820.

Charles Smith, President, 1820.

John Lightner, Associate, 1822.

Alexander L. Hayes, District, 1S33.

Alexander L. Hayes, Associate, 1854,

Alexander L. Hayes, Associate Law, 18G4.

Oristus Collins, President, 1836.

Benjamin Champneys, President, 1840.

Emanuel Schaeffer, Associate, 1842.

Ellis Lewis, President, 1843.

Emanuel Schaeffer, Associate, 1848.

Jacob Grosh, Associate, 1842,

Jacob Grosh, Associate, 1847.

Jeremiah Brown, Associate, 1851.

D. B. Vondersmith, Associate, 1851.

H. G, Long, President, 1851.

H, G. Long President, 1861.

Ferree Brinton, Associate, 1856.

Peter Martin, xissociate, 1866.

John Jay Libhart, Associate, 1868.

LIST OF ATTORNEYS OF LANCASTER COUNTY.

Year of Admission. Names. Year of Admission. Names,

1729. Joseph Growden. 1732, Francis Shen-ard,

" Ralph Asketon, 1734, Joshua Hopkinson,

" John Emerson, " AVilliam Peters,

1731. Edward Harris. 1735. John Ross.

" John Moland, " Edmund Ackworth,

1 Tlie account of the present Court House has been kindly furnished by William Leaman, Esj.

430

AUTHENTIC HISTOKY

Year of Admission . Xames.

Year of Admission. Names.

1735.

William Harper.

1765.

.James Sayre.

173G.

James Calder.

a

Henry Elwes.

1737.

Walker Growden.

a

George Campbell

li

James Keating.

li

Isaac Hunt.

a

Alexander Percy.

a

William Swainey.

"

Thomas Cookson.

1766.

Elisha Price, Esq.

"

Kinny.

1766.

Coates.

1740.

William Peters.

1767.

James Wilson, Pliila.

a

Benjamin Piice.

a

James Allen.

1741.

Keper.

1769.

Casper Weitzel.

1742.

Lap.

u

Jacob Rush.

• a

Benjamin Cliew.

u

Christian Hook.

1743.

George Smith.

ii

John Hubley.

1744.

James Reed.

ii

Thomas Hartley.

a

Tench Francis.

1770.

Daniel Clymer.

1746.

David Stout.

1771.

Ashton Humiihreys.

"

John Lawrence.

"

George Noarth.

1747.

Thomas Cross.

1774.

Jasper Ewing.

1749.

John Renshaw.

1777.

William Lawrence Blair.

1750.

George Ross.

li

Peter Hoofnagle, Esq.

"

Joseph Rose.

. . ((

Wm. Aug. xltlee, Esq.

"

Ranch.

((

John Hubley, Esq.

1751.

Edward Shij^pen, jr.

u

Jonathan D. Sargeant, Esq.

u

John Mather.

((

William Lewis, "Esq.

ti

James Morris.

a

Jacob Ruth, Esq. y

1752.

James Smith.

1778.

George Stevenson, Esq.

u

J. Read.

u

Edward Burd.

il

William Parr.

1779.

Coloson Reed.

1753.

Thomas Otway.

u

James Wilson.

a

James Biddle.

((

William Barton.

1754.

Andrew Colhoun.

li

Robert Galbreath.

1756.

Charles Morse.

li

Col. Thomas Hartley.

((

Samuel Johnston.

1780.

Stephen Chambers.

it

David Henderson.

1781.

John Potts.

"

Hugh Bay.

11

Joseph Hubley.

''

James Whitehead.

li

James Hamilton.

a

John Armand.

li

Thomas Duncan.

1757.

George Read.

1782.

Stephen Porter, Esq.

1758.

William Atlee.

11

John F. Mifflin.

1759.

John Morris, jr.

(<

George Ross, Esq.

1762.

Wm. Smyth.

<(

John Wilkes Kittera.

u

Robert Magaw.

li

George Thompson.

1763.

Nicholas Wain.

1783.

Matthew McAllister.

1764.

John Currie.

a

John Vannost, Esq.

a

Hughs.

1784.

James Riddle.

"

Edw. Biddle.

11

William 3Iontgomery.

1765.

Alexander Wilcox.

1785.

Jacob Hubley.

a

Jasper Yeates.

• ii

John Joseph Henry.

"

Richard Peters.

a

Andrew Hanna, Esq., Phila.

u

Stephen Porter.

11

John Reily.

**

Andrew Allen.

(I

Andrew Dunlap.

ii

Alexander Porter.

1787.

James Hopkins, Phila.

OF LANCASTER COUNTY.

431

1789
1790,

1791

Year of Admission. Names.

1787. Charles Smith, Esq.
" Galbreath Patterson,
" John Todd.

" Sampson Levy.

" Mr. Robert Hudson.

1788. James Campbell, Esq.
" Mr. Matthias Barton.

" Alexander Dallas, Esq.

" John Smith.

John Moore.

Joseph Burd.

Daniel Smith, Esq.

David Moore.

Samuel Roberts, Esq.

James Kelley, Esq.

Thomas Dulf, Esq.

" Samuel Riddle, Esq.

" Robert Henry Duncan,

" Thomas Ross, Esq.

" Charles Hall, Esq.

" Wilham Smith, Esq.

" Jacob Cai'penter.

" George Smith.

" James Gibson, Phil' a.

" Mr. Anthony Morris.

" Mr. John Ross, Jr.

1792. Richard Smith, Phil' a.
" Robert Porter, Esq.

" Henry Wickoff, Esq., Phil' a.

" William Wallace.

" Robert Frazer, Esq.

" George Duffield, Esq.

" Michael Kepple, Esq.

1793. Marks John Biddle, Esq.
" William Ross.

" Jonathan Henderson.

" William Barber, Esq.

" Evan Rice Evans, Esq.

" John Shippen, Esq.

1794. Aquilla M. Bolten, Esq.
" William Foster, Esq.

" Matthew Henry.

" Josiah McEhvaiue.

" John Montgomery.

" Samuel Scott Galbreath.

" Ralph Bowie.

1795. Jonathan Harvey Hunt, Esq.
" Thomas D. Dick, Esq.

" Samuel Bethel, Esq.

" James Latimer, Esq.

" George Henry Kepple, Esq.

" Thomas Elder, Esq.

Year of
1796.

1797

1799,

((

1800

u

1801

ii

1803

1804
1805
1806.
1808,

a

1809

1810,

a

1811

u
((

((

1813,

a
ii
ii

1813

II

a
li

1814

ii
ii

1815

admission. Names.

James Montgomery.

Joseph Hemphill, Esq.

Tred'k Smith, Esq.

George Fisher, Esq.

George Thompson Ross.

Andrew Graff, Jr.

Robert Hays, Esq.

Thos. Barton Zantzinger.

John Passmore.

Robert Hazelhurst, Esq.

Patton Ross.

Charles Evans, Esq.
. .John Hubley, Esq.

William Maxwell.
, Jonathan T. Haight.

William Clark Frazer.

Andrew Buchanan, Esq.
, Edward Godwin, Esq.

Joseph Vickroy,

William Jenkins.

Patrick Farrelly.

David C. Cunningham.
, John S. Bell.
. John Hand.

David Snively.

Isaac Dfirlington, Esq.

James McCoUough.
, William Barton, Esq.

Samuel Baird, Jr.

Amos Ellmaker, Esq.

Ziba Pyle, Esq.

Henry Wilson.

W"m. S. Biddle, Esq.
, Thomas Montgomery.

Hem-y Shii^pen.

Molton C. Rogers, Esq.

John B. Gibson.

Jasper SlajTuaker.

James Buchanan.

Henry BuUard.

John Stroman, Esq.

Jasper Yeates Smith.

Joseph Simon Cohen.

Edward Coleman.

George B. Porter.
, Thomas F. Pleasants.

Ebenezer Wright.

Clement A. Buckley.

James M. Porter.

Bushnell Carter.

William W. Smith.

George R. Hopkins.

432

AUTHENTIC HISTORY

Year of Admission. Names.

Year of

1816.

Collin Cooke.

1826.

a

Lewis M. Lane.

(1

((

John Hallowell, Esq.

((

a

Thomas M. Read, Esq.

(1

1817.

.Jacob B. Weidman, Esq.

1827.

a

Edwin A. White, Esq.

u

a

Charles Herbst.

u

1818.

Michael W. Ash.

1829.

a

Charles A. Barnitz, Esq.

i(

Benjamin Champneys, Esq.
Eliphalet L. Benedict.

1830.

a

Daniel Fuller.

1831.

a

Thomas R. Davis, Esq.

li

a

John Duer, Esq.

i(

1819.

George Heckert.

1832.

a

James W. McClung.

((

a

John Wright, Esq.

1834.

a

Moses Cannon, Esq.

(I

1820.

Nathan L. Boulden,

1835.

"

Samuel Parke.

1836.

"

Michael Gallagher, Esq.

u

((

Walter S. Franklin, Esq.

(1

1821.

Geo. W. Jacobs.

(t

"

Archibald I. Findlay.

1837.

a

Thomas B. McElwee,

1838.

William Norris, Esq.
George W. Kline.

(i

Henry H. Van Amringe.
William J. Christy.

1838.

li

John R. ]\Iontgomery.

1839,

a

William N. Henry.

11

1822.

George B. Withers.

1840,

a

Washington Hopkins.

li

((

Emanuel C. Reigart.

(I

a

John Adams Fisher, Esq.

u

a

Zepheniah McLenegau.

u

1823.

Thomas Kelley.

1841,

<(

Calvin Mason.

i(

(I

Julien Henry.

K

a

Nathaniel Hall Loring.

(1

ii

Evan Rice Evans.

U

li

Robert M. Brooke.

u

1824.

Richard Porter.

1842,

<(

Robert M. Barr.

a

a

Kinsey J. Vandyke.

'(

n

Alexander L. Hayes.

(1

u

John B. Mayer.

((

1825.

Reah Frazer.

i(

u

Henry Rogers.

1843

((

Morris Wilson, Esq.

a

('

Willet C. Ogilby.

n

1826.

Hugh Wallace.

(.

Admission. Names.

Anson V. Parsons.

Wm. C. Carter.

William Whiteside.

Alexander Reynolds.
, Henry G. Long.

Henry M. Leonard.

John Reigart.
. Wm. B. Fordney.

Thomas H. Burrowes.
. And. Thomas Smith, Esq.

George W. Barton.
, Thomas E. Franklin.

John K. Findlay.

Alexander W. Leybiirn.
. Edward Purcell.

Ashbel Green, jun'r, Esq.
, James Cameron.

William F. Boone, Esq.
, William Ayres, Esq.
. I. Newton Lightner.

George Ford.

Wm. F. Bryan.

James Anderson.

Christ' n H. Ijefever.
. J. L. Thompson.

N. EUmaker.

Wm. O. Jenkins.
. Washing-ton Hall.

Henry S. Magraw.
. Jacob B. Amwake.

Daniel B. Vondersmith.
. George W. Harris.

Samuel Hmnes Porter.

William R. Morris

James H. Bull.

James H. Van Horn.
. Amos Slaymaker.

William Mathiot.

Abraham D. Ditmars.

William P. Steele.

Joseph C. Passmore.

Peter A. Hawk.
. David W. Patterson.

William Houston.

Thaddeus Stevens, Esq.

Geo. M. Kline.

A. Herr Smith.

David G. Eshleman.
. Junius B. Kaufman.

Horace Hopkins.

Francis Bacon, Esq.

Francis Keenan.

OF LANCASTER COUNTY.

Year of Admission . Names.

1843. Jesse Landis.

" Samuel Carpenter.

1844. William E. Barber, Esq.
" Abraham A. Groff.

" J. Graeflf Barton.

" John Potter, jr., Esq.

" Elliott D. Stewart, Esq.

" Alex. H. Hood.

" Davis E. Bruner.

" James L. Reynolds.

" John F. Houston, Esq.

1845. Charles Denues.

" Charles W. Penrose, Esq.

" Frederick S. Gossler.

" La Fayette Hiener.

" Isaac E. Hiester.

" Charles A. Tomlinson.

1846. Wm. L. Campbell, Esq.
" James Black.

" Franklin Pennington.

" J. F. Osborne.

" O. J. Dickey.

" George W. McElroy.

'• Benjamin Herr.

" Zuriel Swope.

" Horace Hopkins.

1847. William S. Amweg.
" David G. McGown.
" Richai'd R. Bryan.
" Philip Gossler.

" Geo. W. Andrews, Esq.

" Hiram B. Swarr.

" Patrick Donnelly.

" Bartram A. Sheaffer.

" W. W. Brown.

" Geo. W. Baker.

1848. A. Jordan Schwartz, Esq.
" Simon Stevens.

Geo. W. Hunter.

" John B. Livingston.

" Daniel G. Baker.

" John J. Eshleman.

1848. Edward Champneys.

" Edward M. Kauffman.

" James L. Gross.

" James P. Sterrett, Esq.

" John Williamson, Esq.

1849. John A. Hiestand.
" John S. Walker.

" Jonas D. Bachman.

♦' John J. Shuler.

" Wm. R. Wilson.

Year of Admission. Names.

1849. Samuel E. Hench.
H. M. North.

" John G. Thompson, Esq.

1850. Henry A. Wade.

" John B. Gest, Esq.

" John M. Amwake.

" Henry S. Myers.

" Emlen Franklin.

" Edward Shippen, Esq.

" James McCormick, Esq.

" John W. Meckley.

" James H. Reigart.

" John S. Detweiler.

1851. Isaac N. EUmaker.

" James L. Jones, Esq.

" W. H. Elder, Esq.

" Charles B. Weaver, Esq.

" Charles Leib, Esq.

1852. J. Ellis Bonham, Esq.
" John S. Walker, Esq.

" J. E. Hackenberg, Esq.

" Samuel Forrey.

" Samuel H. Price.

1853. William T. McPhail.
" Henry A. Wind.

" Aldus J. Neflf.

" Kersey Coates.

" Charles B. Wallace, Esq.

" George F. Breneman.

" Peter Martin Heitler.

1854. Charles A. Hill.
" Simon P. Eby.

" Reuben H. Long.

" Wm. Augustus Atlee.

" George Brubaker, Esq.

■ 1855. John C. Kunkel, Esq.

" David Bl:iir, Esq.

" W. F. S. Warren.

" James K. Alexander.

" Samuel H. Reynolds.

" William Whitehill. ♦

1856. Joseph W. Fisher.
" Edward O. Reilly.
" Benj. F. Baer.

" P. L. Hackenberg.

" Edw. McGovern.

1857. W. J. McElroy, Phila.
" Alexander Hai-ris.

" F. S. Pyfer.

1858. John F. Brinton.

" Thomas E. Cochran, Esq.

'* Robert Lamberton.

29

434

AUTHENTIC HISTORY

Year of Admission. Xames.

1858. Hamilton Alricks.
" David Mumma.

1859. Roland Kinzer.

" Thaddeus Stevens, Jr.

•' George W. Matcliin, Esq.

" Abram Shank.

" A. J. Hughes.

" F. S. Stumbach.

" Thos. Hall Foreman.

" WilUam C. Hays.

" AVilbei'force Nevin.

" A. J. Steinman.
R. W. Shenk.

1860. James A. Congden, Esq.
" Washington W. Hopkins.
" William L. Scott, Esq.

" James B. Tredwell.

" William Leaman.

" James D. Dougherty.

1861. George M. Franklin.

'' Franklin B. GoAven, Esq.

Thomas H. Pollock.

" Gardner Fiirniss, Esq.

" Edwin Henry Ynndt.

'• AndreAV M. Frantz.

John W. Bittinger, Esq.

1862. John M. Heyberger, Esq.
'' J. R. Sypher.

" James Boyd.

David Wills, Esq.

" George Nauman.

" Hiram B. Essick, Esq.

" John W. Johnson.

1863. Smith Patterson Gait.
" Benjamin C. Kready.
" Thomas M. Coulson.

1864. John B. Good.

" Adam J. Eberly, Esq.

" .J. Duncan Cotrell.

Year of admission. Names.

1864. Wm. E. McLaughlin.
" Amos H. Mylin.

1865. Henry G. Smith, Esq.
" J. Glancy Jones, Esq.
*' Andrew J. Sanderson.
" J. W. F. Swift.

'•' Cassius E. Stubbs, Esq.

" Archibald T. Patterson,

" Wra. A. Wilson.

" William K. Seltzer.

" Peter D. Wanner.

" H. Clay Brubaker.

1866. Peter B. Urich.

" Octavus J. Norris.

" D. J. M. Loop.

" Andrew J. Kauffman.

" Adam C. Reinoehl.

" Cyi-us P. Miller.

" A. Frank Seltzer, Esq.

" Chas. K. Robeson, Esq.

" Edgar C. Reed.

1867. Aljoert E. Carpenter.
" John 0. Byrne, Esq.

" Charles P. Muhlenberg,

" John K. Rutter.

' ' Robert A. Townsend.

" Chas. A. Mayer, Esq.

" Chas. S. Keyser, Esq.

" John B. Warfel, Esq.
Wm. D. Seltzer.

1868. Philip D. Baker.
" Marriott Brosius.

" Hon. Samuel Hepburn.

" D. P. Rosenmiller.

" Capt. John P. Rea.

Martin M. Rutt.

" Major J. F, Frueauft'.

" Nathaniel E. Slaymaker

" J. Porter, Esq.

Esq.

Esq.

MEMBERS OF ASSEMBLY FROM LANCASTER COUNTY.

1727— Thomas Edwards, John Wright, James Mitchell and Thomas Reed. 1730 —
John Musgrove, Thonias Edwards, John Wright and George Stuart. 1731 — John
Koyle, Andrew Galbraith, John IMusgrove, Thomas Edwards. 1732 — George Stuart,
Thomas Edwards, Samuel Bhmston, Andrew Galbraith. 1733 — Andrew Galbraith,
Thomas Edwards, John Wright, John Koyle. 1734 — James Hamilton, John Emerson,
Andrew Galbraith, John Wright. 1735 and 1736 — James Hamilton, Thomas Edwards,
Andrew Galbraith, Thomas Armstrong. 1737 — James Hamilton, John Wright, An-
drew Galbraith, Samuel Smith. 1738 — James Hamilton, John Wright, Andrew Gal-
bi'aith, Samuel Smith. 1739 — John Wright, Thomas Ewing, Thomas Lindley, Thomas
Edwards. 1740 — Anthony ShaAv, and the same as before, except Thomas Edwards.

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 435

1741 and 1742 — Samuel Blunston, and the same as before, except Thomas Edwards.
1743 — Anthony Shaw, . Ai-thur Patterson, Thomas Lindly, John Wright. 1744 — James
Mitchell, John Wright, Arthur Patterson, Samuel Blunston. 1745 and 1746 — John
Wright, James Mitchell, Arthur Patterson, James Wright. 1747 and 1748 — John
Wright, Arthur Patterson, James Webb, Peter Worrall. 1749 — James Wright, Arthur
Patterson, Calvin Cooper, Peter Won-all. 1750 — Arthur Patterson, Calvin Cooper,
James Wright, James Webb. 1751 — Peter Worrall, James Wright, Calvin Cooper,
Arthur Patterson. Those of 1751, were all re-elected for 1752, 1753 and 1754. 1755—
No return made, but James Wright and James Webb, appeared. 1756 — Emanual
Carpenter, James Wright, James Webb, John Douglass. 1757 — Isaac Saunders,
Emanuel Cai'penter, James Webb, James Wright. Those of 1757, were re-elected for
1758, 1759 and 1760. 1761 and 1762— Emanuel Carpenter, James Wright, James
Webb, John Douglass. 1763 — Isaac Saunders and those before named, except James
Webb. 1764 — James Webb, and those of 1763 except John Douglass. 1765 — Emanuel
Carpenter, James Wright, James Webb, Jacob Carpenter. Those of 1765 were re-
elected for 1766 and 1767. 1768 — Emanuel Carpenter, James Wright, James Webb,
George Ross. 1769 — Emanuel Carpenter, Jacob Carpenter, James Webb, George
Eoss. 1770 — Emanuel Cai'penter, James Wright, Joseph Ferree, George Ross. 1771 —
Emanuel Carpenter, George Ross, Joseph Fei-ree, William Downing. 1772 — Joseph
Ferree, Jacob Carpenter, Isaac Whitelock, James Webb. 1773 and 1774 — Joseph
Ferree, James Webb, George Ross, Matthias Slough. 1775 — Curtis Grubb, Matthias
Slough, George Ross, James Webb, Thomas Porter, Bartram Galbraith. 1776 — Wil-
liam Brown,, John McMillan, Philip Marsteller, James Anderson, Alex'r Lowrey, Lud-
wig Lauman. 1777 — Curtis Grubb, ]\Iatthias Slough, George Ross and James AVebb.
1778 — John Gillchrist, Curtis Grubb, Alexander Lowi'ey, John Smiley, James Ander-
son, William Brown. 1779 — James Anderson, John Smiley, John Gillchrist, Christopher
Kucher, James Cunningham, William Brown, sen., Emanuel Carpenter, jr., William
Porter. 1780 — John Whitehill, Emanuel Carpenter, Jacob Cook, Christopher Kucher,
James Anderson, Adam Reigart, James Cowden, Alexander Lowrey, Matthias Slough,
James Jacks. 1781 — John Whitehill, Christopher Kucher, Jacob Cook, Jacob Carpen-
ter, Abraham Scott, James Jacks, Matthias Slough, William Brown, Jacob Krug,
James Mercer, James Porter. 1782 — Joseph Montgomery, Cln'istopher Kucher, John
Whitehill, Samuel John Atlee, Abraham Scott, James Jacks, John Craig, Mattliias
Slough, Curtis Grubb, William Bro-\vn, James Mercer. 1783 — Abraham Scott, William
Brown, James IMercer, John Craig, Matthias Slough, Joseph Work, Adam Orth, Adam
Hubley, Jacob Cook, William Parr, Robert Coleman.

STATE LEGISLATURE.

Senator. Assembly.

William Hiester, 1840. Benjamin Pennell.

Joseph McClure.
Philip Yon Neida.
Christian Kieffer.
Jacob Foreman.
. ■ Hugh Andrews.

1841. (The same.)

Benjamin Chamx^neys, 1842. Daniel Balraer.

Alexander H. Hood.
Charles Carpenter.
Andrew Thompson.
Jacob Foreman.
• JohnWarfel.

436

Senator.

AUTHENTIC HISTORY
1843.

1844.

A. Herr Smith,

1845.

1846.

1847.

Joseph Kouigmacher,

1848.

1849.

Dr. E. Kinzer,
E. C. Darlington.

1851.

1852.

Afsembly.
A. Herr Smith.
Lewis Urban.
Charles Cari^enter.
Benjamin Herr.
Abraham Kauifmau.

A. Herr Smith,
John G. Shuman.
Theodore D. Cochran
Benjamin Herr.
Joseph Paxson.

Jacob G. Shuman.
Theodore D. Cochran.
Thomas B. Jacobs.
George Morrison.
Christian Bentz.

David W. Patterson.
Abraham Shelley.
Joseph C. Dickenson.
Christian Bentz.
George Morrison.

Abraham Shelley.
Jeremiah B. Stubbs.
Joseph C. Dickenson.
Thomas B. Jacobs.
David G. Eshleman.

Jeremiah B. Stubbs.
David G. Eshleman.
.Toseph W. Fisher.
Joseph B. Hower.
Daniel W. Witmer.

Andrew Wade.
Lewis Hurford.
Robert Baldwin.
Jacob Neissly.

A. Scott Ewing.

Moses Pownall.
C. L. Hunsecker.
John C. Walton.

B. F. Martin.
B. A. Shaeffer.

Moses Pownall.
John C. Walton.
John A. Hiestand.
Daniel Herr.
Henry Gray.

Senator.

OF LANCASTER COUNTY.
1853.

Jacob G. Shuman,

1854.

1855.

1856.

Bartram A. Shaeffer,
Robert Baldwin,

William Hamilton,
Jobn A. Hiestand,

1857

1858.

1859

1860.

1861.

1863.

437

Assembly.
John A. Hiestand.
Daniel Herr.
Henry Gray.
C. L. Hunsecker.
John Rawlins.

Daniel W. Witmer.
Hugh M. North.
Emlen Franklin.
Jacob L. Gross.
John F. Herr.

George G. Brush.
Jesse Reinhold.
P. W. Housekeeper.
"William Hamilton.
C. L. Hunsecker.

William Hamilton.
John A. Hiestand.
P. W. Housekeeper.
Christ' n S. Kauffman.
Joseph D. Pownall.

Emanuel D. Roath.
Samuel H. Price.
Jonathan H. Roland.
Joseph D. Pownall.

Nathan'l EUmaker, jr.
Samuel H. Price.
Amos S. Green.
Samuel Keneagy.

Nathan' 1 Ellmaker, jr.
Samuel Keneagy.
Jacob E. Cassel.
Amos S. Green.

Joseph Hood.
John M. Stehman.
Michael Ober.
Henry M. White.

Henry C. Lelnnan.
James Myers.
Nathan Worley.
Abraham Peters.

Benjamin Champneys.
Henry C. Lehman.
Nathaniel Mayer.
Dr. H. B. Bowman.

438

AUTHENTIC HISTORY

Senator.
Benjamin Champneys,
J, M. Dunlap,

1863.

Assembly.
E. K. Smith.
Esaias Billingfelt.
Nathaniel Mayer.
Dr. H. B. Bowman.

1864.

Esaias Billingfelt.
R. W. Shenk.
Day Wood.
Charles Denues.

1865.

Day Wood.i
Charles Denues.
R. W. Shenk.
J. M. Stehman.

Esaias Billingfelt,
Joseph W. Fisher,

1866.

David G. Steacy.
Andrew Annstrong.
Emanuel D. Roath.
John M. Stehman.

1867.

Abraham Godshalk.
Adam C. Reinoehl.
Andrew Armstrong.
David G. Steacy.

1868.

Aaron H. Summy.
W. W. Hopkins.
Jacob G. Peters.
J. C. Gatchell.

GUBERNATORIAL ELECTIONS,

OFFICIAL VOTE.

Date. Governor. Whole Vote.

1841. David R. Porter, 12,999.

1844. Francis R. Slmnk, 15,053.

1847. Francis R. Shunk, 14,026.

1848. William F.Johnston, 15,241.

1851. William Bigler, 17,290.

Date. Governor. Whole Vote.

1854. James Pollock, 15,661.

1857. WilUam F. Packer, 15,421.

1860. Andrew G. Curtin, 20,165.

1863. Andrew G. Curtin, 20,991.

1866. John W. Geary, 23,184.

PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS.

OFFICIAL VOTE.

Date. President. Whole Vote.

1840. W. n. Harrison, 15,148.

1844. James K. Polk, 16,237.

1848. Zachary Taylor, 17,470.

1853. Franklin Pierce,

Date. President. Whole Vote

1856. James Buchanan, 19,931.

1860. Abraham Lincoln, 19,657.

1864. Abraham Lincoln, 21,453.

1868. Ulysses S. Grant, 24,305.

1 Day Wood died before taking his seat the second term and John H. Shirk was chosen at a special
election to fill his place.

OF LANCASTER COUNTY.

439

CONGRESSIONAL ELECTIONS.

Date.

Congressmen.

Date.

Congressmen.

1840.

Jeremiah Brown.

1856.

Anthony E. Roberts.

1842.

Jeremiah Brown.

1858.

Thaddeus Stevens.

1844.

John Strohm.

1860.

Thaddeus Stevens.

1846.

John Strohm.

1863.

Thaddeus Stevens.

1848.

Thaddeus Stevens.

1864.

Thaddeus Stevens.

1850.

Thaddeus Stevens.

1866.

Thaddeus Stevens.

1852.

Isaac E. Hiester.

1868.

Oliver J. Dickey.

1854.

Anthony E. Roberts.

LIST OF COMMISSIONERS FROM 1794 TO 1868.

1797.

John Meilin.

1833.

John Erb.

1798.

Robert Maxwell.

1834.

Adam Bare.

1799.

Adam Reigart.

1835.

John Long.

1800.

Amos Slaymaker.

1836.

Christian Hershey.

1801.

John Whitehill, Jr.

1837.

Joseph Hartman.

1802.

Michael Musser.

1838.

Joseph Patton.

1803.

Andrew Caldwell.

1838.

John Landis.

1804.

Michael Schenk.

1839.

John Miller.

1805.

Conrad Schwartz.

1840.

Joseph Paxton.

1806.

James M'Sparren.

1841.

Benj. Brackbill, Esq.

1807.

George Weidman.

1842.

Frederick Hippie, Esq.

1808.

Benjamin Scliaum.

1843.

Martin Miller.

1809.

James Patterson, Jr.

1844.

John Yarns.

1810.

Henry Shirk.

1845.

Thomas Patterson.

1811.

John Bomberger.

1846.

John Landis.

1812.

Christian Herr, Jr.

1847.

John "Witmer.

1813.

Christian Stoufter, Jr.

1848.

Henry Musselman.

1814.

George Musser.

1849.

David Styer.

1815.

Jacob Rohrer.

1850.

Samuel Frey.

1816.

Phineas Ash.

1851.

Christian Hess.

1817.

W. B. Ross.

1852.

John M. Hiestand.

1818.

Peter HoU.

1853.

Phihp Geist.

1819.

Henry Shirk.

1854.

William C. Worth.

1820.

Jacob Duchman.

1855.

Daniel Brandt.

1821.

Henry Roland.

1856.

Jacob F. Frey.

1821.

John Buchanan.

1857.

Daniel Good.

1822.

Henry M. Reigart.

1858.

Joseph Boyer.

1823.

Henry Cai-penter.

1859.

Levi S. Reist.

1824.

Abraham Gibbons.

1860.

John Doner.

1825.

Samuel Keller.

1861.

William Spencer.

1826.

Emanuel Reigart.

1862.

David Kemper.

1827.

John Slaymaker, Jr.

1863.

Thos. C. Collins.

1828.

George Haverstick.

1864.

Jacob B. Shuman.

1829.

Jacob Kurtz.

1865.

Samuel Slokom.

1830.

Michael Musselman.

1866.

Clmstian H. Nissley.

1831.

Ch. L. Groh.

1867.

John Strohm, Jr.

1832.

Jacob M'Callister.

1868.

J. C. Kreadv.

440

AUTHENTIC HISTORY

SHERIFFS OF LANCASTER COUNTY.

1729.

Robert Barber.

1773.

John Ferree.

1731.

John Galbraith.

1774.

John Ferree.

1733.

Robert Buchannan.

1775.

John Ferree.

1733.

Robert Buchannan.

1777.

William Kelly.

1734.

Robert Buchannan.

1778.

William Kelly.

1735.

Samuel Smith.

1779.

Joseph Work.

1736.

Samuel Smith.

1780.

Joseph Work.

1737.

Samuel Smith. ' ■ ' '

' 1781.

Joseph Work.

1738.

Robert Buchannan.

1782.

Thomas Edwards.

1739.

Robert Buchannan.

1783.

Thomas Edwards.

1740.

Robert Buchannan.

1784.

Thomas Edwards.

1742.

James Galbraith.

1785.

John Miller.

1743.

James Galbraith.

1786.

John Miller.

1744.

John Sterrat.

■ 1787.

John Miller.

1745.

James Sterrat.

1788.

James Ross.

1846.

James Sterrat. " ' , .

1789.

James Ross.

1747.

James Sterrat.

1790.

James Ross.

1748.

[No name.]

* « *

1749.

Andrew Worriek.

1797.

Christian Carpenter.

1750.

Andrew Work. (Same as preceding?) 1800.

Michael Rhine.

1751.

Robert Stuart.

1803.

John Reitzel.

1753.

Thomas Smith.

1806.

Emanuel Reigart.

1753.

Thomas Smith. ""

"'1809.

James Humes.

1754.

Thomas Smith. . ^

1812.

Henry Reigart.

1755.

Joseph Pugh.

1815.

George Hambright.

1756.

Josei^h Pugh.

1818.

John Mathiot.

1757.

[No name.]

1831.

Frederick Hambright

1758.

a

1824.

William White.

1759.

William Smith.

1827.

Adam Diller.

1760.

William Smith.

1830.

Adam Bare.

1761.

[No name.]

1833.

David Miller.

1763.

John Hay.

1836.

Peter Reed, Jr.

1763.

John Hay.

1839.

Anthony E. Roberts.

1764.

John Barr.

, 1842.

John Ehler.

1765.

John Barr.

1845.

David Hartman.

1766.

John Barr.

1848.

Jacob Huber.

1767.

James Webb, Jr.

1851.

Elias Eby.

1768.

James Webb, Jr.

1854.

George Martin.

1769.

James Webb, Jr.

1857.

B. F. Rowe.

1770.

Frederick Stone.

1860.

S. W. P. Boyd.

1771.

Frederick Stone.

1863.

F. Smith.

1773.

Frederick Stone.

1866.

Jacob F. Frey.

CC

RONERS.

1729.

Andrew Galbraith.

1735.

James Armstrong.

1731.

Joshua Lowe.

1736.

Joshua Lowe.

1732.

Joshua Lowe.

■ 1737.

Michael McLare.

1738.

Joshua Lowe.

1738.

Joshua Lowe.

1734.

Joshua Lowe.

1739.

Joshua Lowe.

1^

OF LANCASTER COUNTY.

441

1740.

Joshua Lowe.

1742.

James Clark.

1743.

John Morris.

1744.

Robert Thompson.

1745.

William Hamilton.

1746.

Robert Wallace.

1747.

Edward Dougherty

1748.

(No name.)

1749.

Robert Stewart.

1750.

Robert Stewart.

1751.

Joseph Howard.

1752.

John Dougherty.

1753.

John Dougherty.

1754.

John Dougherty.

1755.

Matthias Slough.

1756.

Matthias Slough.

1757.

(No name.)

1758.

(No name.)

1759.

Matthias Slough.

1760.

Matthias Slough.

1761.

1762.

Matthias Slough.

1763.

Matthias Slough.

1764.

Matthias Slough.

1765.

Matthias Slough.

1766.

Matthias Slough

1767.

Matthias Slough.

1768.

Matthias Slovigh.

1769.

Adam Reigart.

1770.

Samuel Boyd.

1771.

Samuel Boyd.

1772.

Samuel Boyd.

1773.

Samuel Boyd.

1774.

Samuel Boyd.

1775.

Samuel Boyd.

1777.

Francis Bayley.

1778.

Jacob Bayley.

1779.

Jacob Bayley.

1780.

Jacob Bayley.

1781.

.John OfFner.

1782.

John Offner.

1783.

John Offner.

1784.

John Oftner.

1785.

John Offner.

1786.

John Offner.

1787.

John Offner.

1788.

Michael App.

1789.

George Graff.

1790.

George Graff".

*

* * *

1812.

Jeremiah Mosher.

1814.

George Hambright

1815.

William Ferree.

1818.

Thomas Wentz.

1824.

John Upperman.

1830.

Peter Reed, Jr,

1833.

Anthony McGlinn.

1836.

Jacob Eshleman.

1839.

George Daly.

1842.

Daniel Werntz.

1845.

Jacob Weitzel.

1848.

John Wright,

1851.

Frederick Dern.

1854.

Jacob Hebble.

1857.

Levi Summy.

1860.

Daniel Balmer.

1863.

A. B. Bixler.

1866.

George Leonard.

A LIST

OP THE MAYORS AND RECORDEES, FROM THE FIRST INCORPORATION OF THE CITY OF
LANCASTER, AND THE YEARS FOR WHICH THEY SERVED:

Mayors.
1818]

1819 ^ John Passmore.

1820 j

1821 T

1822 \ Sam'l. Carpenter.

1823 J
18241
1825
1826

1827 \ Nathaniel Lightner.
1828
1829
1830

Recorders.

18181

1819 1-Mol. C. Rogers.

1820 J
18211

1822
1823
1824
1825
1826
1827
1828
1829
1830

Patton Ross.

442

AUTHENTIC HISTORY

1831

1833

1833

1834

1835

1836

1837

1838

1839

1840

1841

1842 J

1843

1844

1845

1846

1847

1848

1849

1850

1851 J

1852 T

1853 [

1854 J

1855 [•

1856 )
1857)
1858 [
1859 1
X860
1861
1862
1863
1864
1865
1866
1867
1868 j

John Mathiot.

M. Carpenter.

Christian Kieffer.

Jacob Albright.
John Zimmennan.
Thomas H. Burrowes.

George Sanderson.

Patton Ross.

S Jno* K. Findlay.

William Jenkins.

1831

1832

1833

1834

1835

1836

1837

1838

1839

1840 J

18411

1842

1843

1844 J

1845

1646

1847

1848

1849

1850

1851

1852

1853

1854 }■ Vacancy.

18551

1856

1857

1858

1859

1860J

1861

1862

1863

1864

1865

1866

1867

1868 J

> J. F. Reiffart.

Williani Carpenter.

CITY WATER WORKS.

The city of Lancaster is supplied with water from Conestoga creek. The project of
its introduction was started in 1836. In that year, a Reservoir, of the capacity of
2,700,000 gallons, was erected at the eastern extremity of East King street, distributing
pipes laid in the streets from the Reservoir, and a pipe of 8 inches calibre for supply-
ing the Reservoir laid from the works on the creek. From the Water House on the
Conestoga, the water was pumped, by means of an undershot wheel, a distance of 3,800
feet. Water was first received into the Reservoir on the 27th day of February, 1837.
The entire cost of the works was about |106,000.

In the year 1851, a second basin, of the capacity of 4,475,000 gallons, was erected,
adjoining the one described on its East side and on the same level. Water was first
pumped into it on the ] 1th day of June, 1851. It was constructed at a cost of f 13,700.

Both basins have an equal depth of 10 feet, and their united capacity may be stated
in round numbers at 7,000,000 gallons.

Since the completion of the original works, an additional wheel and i^ump have
been erected, ond a main, of 12 inches calibre, laid from the Water House to the Res-
ervoirs.

About the year 1856, a high pressure stationary .steam engine was put up at the
Water House to propel the pumps during low stages of water in the Conestoga, at

^

M:

OF LANCASTER COUNTY, 443

which times the water-wheels were insufficient for the i>urpose. The expense of pump-
ing by this means being very great, in tlie years 1864 and '65, the old undershot water-
wheels were removed, and two of Kraat's turbine wheels substituted, with the exp)ec-
tation that the use of the steam engine might be dispensed with. These wheels, al-
though using considerably less water, and being more effective than undershot wheels,
yet have not at all times accomplished what was anticii)ated, and the engine is kept on
hand as a resource in such periods.

The east basin receives the water from the creek. By means of a pipe, acting on a
movable joint and attached to a buoy in order that it may rise and fall with the vary-
ing depth, the water is conveyed, from a point two feet below the surface, and above
all sediment, into the wes1i,basin from which the city is supplied.

The sum of $16,903, the proceeds of 171 acres of land sold, forming part of the prop-
erty acquired for the water works, should be deducted from the cost of said works.l

THE POOR HOUSE AND HOSPITAL.

The buildings of the county for charitable purposes are situated in Lancaster town-
ship, just without the eastern boundary of the city. A house of employment and
SUPPORT FOR THE POOR was established by legislative enactment February 27, 1798.
Under that authority a large stone building, 150 feet in length, 43 feet in breadth and
two stories in height, was erected and continues to be used in accordance with its
original design. Internally, it is conveniently arranged for the boai-ding and lodging of
the inmates and for their appropriate distribution according to sex, age and physical
condition. Provision is made for such poor and impotent persons as have gained a
legal settlement in the county, and for strangers, who are suddenly taken ill, or other-
wise become indigent and must be relieved, until they can be removed to their proper
place of settlement. Wandering paupers are also temporarily accommodated.

The erection of the present Hospital and Insane Asylum was authorized by acts
of Legislature of March 9, 1865, and April 4, 1866. The building is an extensive brick
structui-e, its main portion 135 feet in length, 33 feet in breadth and three stories in
height; and an adjoining wing — the old Hospital building refitted — 100 feet in length,
40 feet in breadth, and two stories in height. It was fully completed in the fall of
1868, at a cost of $55,000. The interior of the principal part — exclusive of apartments
occupied by the Superintendent — is divided into six wards for the reception of sick and
infirm and mild lunatics, properly assorted and classified according to sex and physical
and mental condition. In the wing are the male and female wards for the hopelessly
and violently insane. Each ward is furnished with a bath room and other conveniences
for the comfort and cleanliness of the occupants. The buildings are heated by fur-
naces and supplied with water from the city resei'voir.

In the year 1868, orders were paid for the current expenses amounting to $31,318.56.
The average number of inmates in that year was 265. 8,210 were admitted as way-
farers and furnished with supper, lodging and breakfast.

The county is also the proprietor of a tract of land containing 197 acres, on which
the buildings described are erected. The land is of excellent quality, and is farmed by
the inmates of the Poor House, under the supervision of a manager employed for the
purpose. The farm has a barn and other suitable buildings on it, and is fully stocked.

The Hospital is under the immediate control of a Superintendent, and the Poor

Hou.se under that of- a Steward. The general government of the Institutions is vested

by law in six men, known as " Directors of the Poor," who are elected by the qualified

voters of the county. They have power to appoint all inferior officers, and, with the

1. Contributed by M'illiam Leaman, Esq.

444 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

approval of the Coiirt of Common Pleas, to make all rules and regulations tliey may-
think necessary and proper for the government and direction of the Institutions and
the revenues belonging thereto. They serve for three years, and are divided into three
classes, in order that the terms of two of them may expire each year.l

THE COUNTY PRISON.

The Lancaster County Prison is located in the eastern extremity of the city of Lancaster,
between East King and East Orange streets, on a lot containing about 4 acres. The
wall, fronting towards East King street, is built of sandstone, having large towers on
either side of the entrance, and smaller ones at its extremities. A massive tower, rising
to the height of 110 feet, constitutes the principal portion of the structure. From the
base of this tower, proceeds a single long wing containing the cells, which are distri-
buted in two tiers on either side of a passage dividing it throughout its entire length.
The cells, eighty in number, are of the uniform size of 15 feet by 7^ feet. Adjoining each
of the cells in the lower tiers, are small enclosures, in which the prisoners are i>ermitted
to exercise at i^rescribed hours. A portion of ground surrouiading the building and
forming the prison- j'ard proper, is enclosed by a wall 18 feet in height. The Prison
was finished and fitted for occujiation in the fall of 1851, and prisoners were first re-
ceived on the 12th day of September of that year. Its original cost Avas $110,000.

The Prison is under the management of a Board of Inspectors, consisting of six men
elected by the qualified voters of the Count^^, which appoints a Keeper and subordinate
officers, and makes such rules for its internal regulation and contz'ol as shall not be in-
consistent with the Constitution and laws of the Commonw^ealth. The government of
the Prison is conducted in accordance with the principles of what is known as the
"Pennsylvania System." The convict is consigned to separate and solitary confine-
ment in a cell numerically designated, and by which lie or she is known during his
or her imprisonment, and is required to labor from sunrise to sunset, with the excep-
tion of the necessary time for meals, or perform as much labor as would be done by a
person in ordinary circumstances in that time. In case of misconduct, the prisoner is
disciplined by a reduction of food, and in very refractory instances, confinement in a
dark cell, and a ration of eight ounces of bread may be resorted to. Each convict
receives one pound of rye or wheat bread daily; one pint of coff"ee in the morning; half
a pound of beef made into a soup, and four potatoes at noon; mush in the evening; and
half a gallon of molasses per month.

From the report of the Board of Inspectors for the year ending November 30, 18G8,
it appears that the entire number of prisoners confined since the opening of the Prison
to that date was 10,674 — white males, 8,097; white females, 1,420; colored males, 866
and colored females, 291. The number committed during the year, excepting those
convicted, was 1,052, of which 898 were for vagrancy, drunkenness, and disorderly
conduct resulting from drunkenness. There were sentenced during the same period,
62, of whom 32 were born in Lancaster county, 10 could not read, 16 could not write,
and 46 w^ere of intemperate habits. They were occupied as follows: 9 weaving carpets,
3 weaving bagging, 5 basket making, 6 cigar making, 6 shoe making, and 5 making
gannents, etc. The manufacturing operations during the year produced as follows-
6,481 yards of carpet for sale, 3,021:^ yards of carpet for customers, 6,195 yards of bag-
ging, 1,436 pairs of boots and shoes made and mended, 366,150 cigars, 942 baskets, 120
dozen grain bags, 322 nets, and 26,400 skewers. The profits of the labor of the prison-
ers were 13,813.32.

The whole number of days prisoners were boarded dui-ing the yeai-, was 35,805;
34,596 at 30 cents jjer day, and 1,209 at 15 cents per day, amounting to $10,560.15,
1 Contributed by William Leaman, Esq.

OF LANCASTER COUNTY.

445

of which $5,057.55 were paid for tlie maintenance of vagrants. Tlie actual cost of the
Prison to the County, during the year, in excess of casli received and assets of the man-
ufacturing department, was $1 6, 014. 53. ^

POPULATION OF LANCASTER COUNTY.
From the Eighth Census op the United States, Taken in 1860.

L Population— White 112,854

Free Colored 3,459

Indian 1

Total 116,314

Number of Families 21,743

II. Population of cities, towns, etc., etc.

Adamstown 432

Bart 1,532

Brecknock 1,488

Caernarvon 1,592

Clay 1,438

Colerain 1,740

Columbia 5,007

Conestoga 2,247

Conoy 1,877

Drmnore 3,098

Earl 2,876

EastCocalico 1,893

East Donegal 2,183

East Earl 2,303

East Hempfield 2,613

East Lampeter 2,205

Eden 1,072

Elizabeth 1,005

Elizabethtown 700

Ephrata 2,437

Fulton 2,026

Lancaster City 17,603

Lancaster-twp 924

Little Britain 1,822

Leacock 2,051

Manheim-twp 2,510

Manheim 856

Manor 3,672

Marietta 2,186

Martic 1,780

Maytown 660

Mountville 325

Millersville 947

Mount Joy 1,729

Mount Joy-twp 2,150

Newville 183

Paradise 2,081

Penn 1,771

Pequea 1,168

Providence 1,810

Rapho 3,328

Sadsbury 1,739

Safe Harbor 920

Salisbury 3,725

Springville 212

Strasburg 1,858

Upper Leacock 2,091

Warwick 3,056

Washington 639

West Cocalico 2,057

West Donegal 997

West Earl 1,900

West Hempfield, 3,108

West Lampeter 1,771

1 Ccntriluted by William Leanian, Esq.

446

AUTHENTIC HISTORY

OFFICIAL EETURN OF VOTES POLLED IN

Oi

Auditor

Surveyor

Congress

Congress

<
H 1 M

Gent

ral.

General.

Long T.

Short T.

►J

1^

Q 2 -^

PS

■<

o

P

>

(L

a.

K
H

W
0
H

1

CAN

BLlCA

cnioci

<)
U

s

0

P

03
if

CO

0

U

p-
0

H

Ph

6

n

0

6

0

»-3

s p

a

c3

d

I-5*

w

1-i

.Q

W

i?

0
0

0

g

o

•4

^

i d

W

d

0

<

^

i-s

^Ist Ward

2S9

239:

289

2.39

287

238!

287

23.)

280

282

283

281

247

2d Ward....

245

209

245

209

240

211

242

211

244

238

237

242

216

3d Ward....

242

2071

242

207

240

207

241

207

239

237

237

238

218

4tli Ward

3J0

145

310

145

263

185

262

185 1

262

265

263

265

189

]. Lancaster..;

5th Ward

12U

134

120

134

117

138

115

139

121

121

121

120

137

6tbWard....

182

203

182

203

133

203

177

205

178

183

178

182

203

7tbWard.,..

137

253

136

2.53

, 179

255

134

253,

1.34

132

1,34

1,33

255

Ptb Ward....

126

3.53!

126

3.53

1 127

854,

127

355)

123

123

122

124

361

L9tb Ward....

191

1842
305
95
466
127
144

1966:

285
98

127
51 i

85!

192

1842
304
95
466
127
144

223

1966

285

98

127

51

85

193

223

2018

286

97

140.

51:
86 1

200

223

2017!

286
97
140 !

■51I

85

186

185

1766
296
90
429
126
144

186

1761
304
90
429
126
144

185

1770
299
90
429
126
144

223

City Total.

i 1779

1 303

88

445

126

139

1785
304
89
444
127
137

1767
301
90
428
127
144

?049

?86

3. Elfzabetbto

4. Earl

96

140

51

6. Stmsbnrg bor

84

7. Manheim b(

3V5
559
252
171

209'
206!
140
129!

375
559
252
171

209
206
140
129

369
550
251
171

207
206
140
131

369
547

251
i 171

210
206'
140
lol

372

543
245
171

375

546

240

L 172

375
550
243
172

374
549
242
172

vos

"06

9. East Cocaii(
10. E. Donegal-

146

-May town —

131

202
248
152
.135
213
432
416
211

157
119
158
225
146
2121
247
1.56

202
248
152
135
211
432
416
211

157
119
158
225
146
212
247
156

197
236
149
130
207
430
397
200

1.56
119
1.57
223
144
211
259
165,

i 197
1 240
150
131
207
430
397
198

1.56
119
157
222^
144
212;
2591
167 i

197
249
152
133
209
425
391
202

197
249
153
131
209
425
400
203

197
247
152
133

208
426
398
203

197
247
144
128
207
425
396
203

1,56

12. Martic

190

13. Bart

157

222

15 Fulton

144

16 Warwick

"11

996

(1st Ward

165

IS. Columbia. { id Ward

270

190

270

190

264

191

259

195

264

264

265

266

191

(3d Ward

156

190,

156

190

153

191

153

192

155

1.55

155

155

191

19 Sadsbury

217

106

217

106

219

104

218

104

213

214

218

214

104

20, Leacock

288
143
297

101:
185

81

288
143
29G

101
185

8-'

286

1 141

291

92
183

88

286
140
290

92

183
89

286
142

285

286
142

289

286
142
291

286
140
291

99

21. r.recknock.

183

mr

90

23. Petersburg

?36

fill

235

61

1 228

63

'^31

61 1

291

930

231

231

61

303

28

303

28

303

28

303

28

304

303

302

304

98

329
187
342

257

59

196
187!
144

329
186
342
257

59 1
196'
187'
144

327

188
337
250

60
194
184
145

326
185
334

248

62'

198
189
115

329

188
335
'^57

329

188
336
2.57

331
188
334
256

324
188
336
256

61

2 J. Wasbingtor

194

187

145

29. Manbeim t^

30. Millersville

350
334

1671
10'?, 1

350
334

167
10>

350
328

166
107:

349
329

167
107

333
331

341
33-^

342
3'9

340
332

ir,8

107

31. AVest Earl

285
481

52:
247

285
481

52
247

286
474

52
"45

286
473

52:
247

281
472

382
474

284
471

2b'2
474

,59

32 West Hempfleld

"45

33. Strasbuig- twD

•''97

,58

297

58

291

.59

293

59

296

296

296

"95

.59

34. Indiantown

35. West Coca]

36. East Earl..

296
205
358

61
178!
115

296
205
358

61
178
115

294
203
356

62
176
116

294
203
355

62

177'
117

294
200
354

295
201
355

294
200
355

295
201
355

69

ico

178

117

37. Paradise

'^67

168

268

168

262

189

263

l6<t

262

262

262

262

li;s

.38. Robrerstow

n

184

144

731
37

183

1 143

74
37

179 *<l

179
141

81
38

181
141

177
143

171
144

178
141

79

140

39

38

40. Lampeter East

392

52

i 391

.52:

386

.52

386

53

38t

387

384

387

53

41. Little Britain

208

149

1 208

149

199

150

■'00

I50

204

207

204

198

149

279

1.30 1

1 279

130

279

130

279

130

274

"74

270

270

130

43. Peiin

251

138

251

138

249

1.39

249

I39

249

249

249

249

1H9

44. Adamstown

68

26

68

26

61

31

61

31

59

59

57

57

31

4.. Clay

'^37

4-'!

237

4-7

234

43

2.35

43

231

231

231

"31

43

214

23

214

23

198

''3

''04

•JIS

215

212

"11

23

47. Providence

259

121

259

121

249

122,

249

121

258

2.58

25S

258

121

48. Eden A

49. Mount J^, (T'pper)

120

118,

120

118,

117

120

117

120

118

118

118

115

120

148

.52

148

.52 1

147

.52

147

.52

148

148

148

148

52

■50. West Donegal

136

115

136

115!

136

115

136

115

136

136

136

136

115

51. Mount Joy, (Lower)

101

39

101

391

104

39

103

39

104

104

104

104

39

52. Kapbo, (S. S. H.)

144

22

143

22:

140

25

140

25'

138

140

140

141

25

5-i. E. Donegal— Springville..

74

35

74

35'

72

.36

72

.36!

74

73

73

73

36

54. Rapbo, (i\ewtown)

111

6

1

111

6

110

*

110

6|

111

111

110

111

6

Total

15313

8570 [

15304

8572

11993

8674

15000

86

89:

150

33

150

69

15065

15036

8761

OF LANCASTER COUNTY.

447

LANCASTER COUNTY, OCTOBER 13, 1868.

Assembly,

Associate
Judge.

District

Attorney.

County
Oomm''r.

Prison Inspectors.

Directors of the
Poor.

Auditor.

R

M
m

u
o

a

-t-i

<
w
n

•A

n

a
c
c
a.

V.

■(

<

«
■ a

«
0

a

<

d

(4
0
0

i

u

6

0

■<
0

M
W

m

W
Hi

H
<
V,
0

CO

U

a;

w

•iH

i

c

K
C

E-

<

c
<
P

■

0

1
c

I

<

K
0

1

W

240

240

0

243

a
0

242

1-5

0

a

239

^

240

240

0

0
U

4)

239

239

a
0

0

240

282

260

284

282

284

284

287

287

240

210

208

209

243

201

229

209

245

209

246

244

211

209

245

245

209

209

246

209

208

208

208

241

207

237

2061

241

209

242

241

208

208

241

242

209

208

240

208

184

185

185!

271

183

257

183 j

264

185

265

265

185

185

2C4

265

186

185

264 > 186

137

137

137

118

136

126

1311

121

137

122

122

136

130

121

113

145

137

121! 137

203

204

203

180

204

176

202

1§3

203

182

182

2u3

203

182

183

203

203

1831 203

255

256

255

135

256

135

255,

137

254

136

136

255

255

136

135

255

255

1371 254

358

358

358

121

358

123

356

124

353

124

124

357

357

121

123

361

357

124 357

223

223

223

184

226 ;

j

178

223

187

223

186

1S7

223

223

187

189

223

222

187 223

2018

2019

2018

1775

2014'

1721

2007

1786

2017

1785

1785

2018

2016

1781

1782

2030

2015

1789 2017

287

287

284

299

285

293

288

304

288

305

305

287

287

305

305

287

287

305 1 286

96

96

96

95

98

93

94

90

96

90

90

96

96

90

90

96

96

90 96

140

140

140

451

142

411

139

431

140

429

429

140

140

430

432

140

140

4321 140

51

51

51

127

51

125

51

127

51

127

126

51

51

126

127

51

51

127

51

S3

84

84

144

86

130

84

144

84

144

■"44

84

86

143

144

84

84

144

84

208

208

208

375

209

367

208

375

208

375

374

208

203

374

375

208

208

375

208

212

206

206

556

205

523

206

553

206

552

551

206

206

552

552

206

206

551

206

140

141

140

249

143

247

130

246

140

245

245

139

137

232

246

139

138

247

140

131

131

131

178

131

172

131

172

131

172

172

131

131!

172

172

131

131

i 172

131

156

154

156

199

.154

196

15o

197

156

197

197

156

156

197

197

156

156

197 1 153

120

119

120

252

116

245

120

247

121

249

249

120

120

249

248

121

120

249, 120

161

157

157

147

160

147

158

155

157

162

15o

157

156

156

156

157

157

156 1 157

222

222

222

133

227;

127

222

133

222

132

133

222

222

133

133

222

222

133! 222

144

144

144

207

145

196

147

209

144

209

209

144

144

209

209

144

144

1 2091 144

211

211

212

430

211

414

212

425

212

425

425

211

212

425

425

212

211

425 212

259

259

259

406

2521

399

259

401

259

400

400

2n9

259

400

400

259

259

402 257

165

165

165i

203

165

195

165

203

165

203

203

165

165

203

203

165

165

203 165

191

191

191

265

195

261

191

265

191

265

266

191

191

266

266

191

191

266: 191

191

191

1911

154

192

155

191

155

191

155

155

191

191

155

155

191

191

155 191

112

104

1041

215

108!

209

106

216

105

216

216

105

105

216

216

105

105

216 1 105

92

92

921

284

92

281

92

287

92

286

286

92

92

286

286

92

92

287

92

183

183

183

141

186

143

185

143

185

143

143

185

185

143

143

185

185

143

185

87

84

87 1

287

90

289

89

292

89

293

293

88

88

292

293

88

89

293

88

61

61

61

236

61

222

61

232

61

232

232

61

61

232

231

61

61

232

61

28

28

28

304

28

298

28

302

28

304

302

28

28

304

303

28

28

. 304

28

57

61

61

324

60

324

61

329

61

329

329

61

61'

329

329

61

61

329

61

195

195

195

186

195

188

195

190

192

188

. 188

195

195

188

188

195

195

188

195

188

188

188!

330

183

328

187

336

188

336

333

186

188

334

337

18S

188

337 i 188

145

145

145

257

145

256

145

256

145

257

256

145

145

257

257

145

145

256 145

168

168

168

329

176

327

168

346

168

347

345

167

168

347

850

168

167

348 168

107

107

102

336

106;

319

108

330

103

332

332

107

107

331

332

108

107

332' 107

52

54

52 i

286

50

259

54

284

52

284

282

52

54

284

284

52

52

284 52

245

245

245!

477

248

468

245

473

245

474

474

245

245

474

474

245

245

474 245

59

59

09;

293

58.

295

59

296

59

295

294

59

59

295

296

59

59

290 59

62

62

62 1

293

62;

295

62

294

62

295

295

62

62

295

295

62

62

295 62

178

178

178

200

174

200

178

201

178

202

199

174

173

201

201

187

177

201 178

117

117

117

357

117,

347

116

354

117

354

354

117

117

354

354

117

117

354 117

168

168

168

269

172!

249

168

263

168

261

261

168

168

263

2(i3

168

168

262 168

81

80

79

ISl

78:

175

79

179

81

178

178

81

81

179

180

81

81

178 81

38

38

37

144

37

139

38

143

38

143

143

38

38

143

143

38

38

1 143 38

53

53

53

391

52

368

53

388

53

388

388

53

53

387

386

53

53

; 38S 53

liO

150

149

207

149

203

160

206

150

206

206

150

150

206

206

150

150

206 150

130

130

130

279

130

257

131

274

130

274

273

130

130

274

275

130

130

274 130

139

139

139

252

133

246

139

249

139

249

249

139

lo9

249

■249

139

139

249 139

31

33

31

64

30

54

31

58

31

59

55

31

31

57

60

31

31

60 31

43

43

43

236

43

229

43

232

43

232

231

43

43

?33

232

43

43

1 232 43

23

23

23

214

23-

212

23

215

23

215

214

23

23

214

215

24

23

: 215 23

121

121

120

258

120

252

120

258

121

25S

26S

121

121

258

258

121

121

1 258 121

120

120

120

115

120

107

120

118

120

117

118

120

120

118

118

120

120

118 120

52

52

52

148

52'

148

52

148

52

148

148

52

52

148

148

52

52

1 148 52

115

115

115

136

115

136

115

136

115

136

136

115

115

136

136

115

115

136 115

39

39

39

104

39 i

104

39

104

39

101

104

39

39

104

104

39

39

103 39

25

25

25

139

26'

134

26

140

26

140

140

25

25

141

141

25

25

141 25

35

34

35

73

36 1

73

33

73

36

73

73

36

36

73

73

36

36

73 35

6

6

6

110

7i

110

6

110

1,

6

11]

111

6

6

111

1

111

6

6

111 6

8755

8760

8749

115100

86

88!

■14744

8760

! 15074

8680

1507!

15043

8o75

8677

115054

15084

8648

8677

15091

8679

448

AUTHENTIC HISTORY

PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION, NOVEMBER 3, 1868.

OFFICIAL VOTE OF LANCASTER COUNTY.

The following table shows the number of votes cast in each district:

DISTRICTS.

Lancaster — 1st Ward.

Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

2d Ward .
3d Ward.
4th Ward.
5th Ward
6th Ward.
7th Ward .
8th Ward .
9th Ward.

City, total

Adamsto wn

Bart

Brecknock

Carnarvon

Clay

Cocalico, East

Cocalico, West

Colerain

Columbia, 1st Ward

Do. 2d Ward ,

1)0. 3d Ward

Conestoga

Conoy

Donet^al, E. — May town ,

Do. Springvllle

Donegal, West

Drumore

Earl

Earl, East

Earl, West

Eden

Elizabeth

Elizabethtown

Ephrata

Fulton

Hempfleld, AVest

Indianto wn

Lancaster township

Lampeter, East

Lampeter, West

Leacock

Lea cock. Upper

Little Britain

Manheim borough

Manlieim township,

Marietta

Martic

Millers ville

Mount Joy borough

Mount Joy township — Upoer.

Mount Joy township— Lower.

Paradise

Penn

Pequea

Petersburg

Providence

Raphe, (S. S. H.)

Rapho, (Newtown)

Rohrerstown

Sadsbury

Salisbury

Strasburg borough

Strasburg township

Warwick

Washington

Whole Vote.

Total ,

Republican Majority.

296
262
249
298
121
195
138
133
200

1892

61
171
156
211
243
2u9
223
137
203
274
169
334
258
174

79
137
318
476
366
295
1-23
139

98
362
214
495
296
151
409
305
293
287
215
400
369
437
254
358
300
154
110
276
250
223
247
267
147
112

181
226
558

144

294
468

187

15,798
8,509

7,289

231
204
204
166
145
211
254
377
221

2013

26

139

184

146

42

146

179

228

172

184

197

59

130

131

36

114

277

138

106

47

122

52

97

190

138

246

56

41

52

27

104

114

152

209

154

232

118

96

91

48

40

171

140

15

60

117

25

4

81

102

193

87

57

191

193

8,509

Majorities.

65
58
45
132

35
32

65
201
123

47

31

90

275
128
43
43
23
41
338
260
248

1
87

1
172
76
249
240
110
357
278
189
173
63
191
215
205
136
262
209
106
70
105
110
208
187
150
122
108
100
124
365

57
237
277

7,563
274

OF LANCASTER COUNTY,

449

POST OFFICES IN LANCASTER COUNTY.

Aclamstowu.

Akron.

Bainbridge.

Bareville.

Bart.

Bartville.

Beartown.

Bellemonte.

Bethesda.

Binkley's Bridge.

Blue Ball.

Bowmansville.

Brickerville.

Brunnei-\'ille.

Buck.

Buyerstown.

Caius.

Camargo.

Cambridge.

Chestnut Level.

Christiana.

Churchtown.

Clonmell.

Cocalico.

Colemanville.

Colerain.

Columbia.

Conestoga.

Durlach.

East Hempfield.

Elizabeth.

Enterprise.

Ephrata.

Falmouth.

Farmersville.

Fertility.

Fulton House.

Gap.

Goodville.

Gordonville .

Goshen.

Green Bank.

Greene.

Greenland.

Groff's Store.

Hempfield.

Highville.

Hinkletown.

Intercourse.

Kinzer's.

Kirk's Mills.

Kirkwood.

Lampeter.

Lancaster.

Landis Valley.

Landisville.

Leacock.

Leaman Place.

Liberty Square.

Lincoln.

Litiz.

Little Britain.

Lyles.

Manheim.

Manor.

Marietta.

Marticville.

Martinsville.

Mastersonville.

May.

Maytowu.

Mechanic's Grove.

Millersville.

Millway.

Mount Hope.

Mount Joy.

Mount Nebo.

Mountville.

Muddy Creek.

Neftsville.

New Danville.

New Holland.

New Providence.

Nine Points.

Oak Hill.

Oak Shade.

Octoraro.

Old Line.

Oregon.

Paradise.

Penn.

Pequea.

Peters' Creek.

Pleasant GrOve.

Quarryville.
Rawlinsville .
Reamstown.
Reidenbach's Store.
Reinhold's Station.
Reinholdsville.
Rothsville .
Safe Harbor.
Salisbury.
Salunga.
Schoeneck.
Silver Spring.
Slackwater.
Smith ville.
Smyrna.
Soudersburg.
South Hermitage.
Sporting HiU.
Spring Garden.
Stevens.
Strasburg.
Swartzville.
Terre Hill.
Turkey Hill.
Vogans ville.
Wakefield.
West Earl.
Wheatland Mills.
White Oak.
Willow Street.
Wrightsdale.

FIRE DEPARTMENT OF THE CITY OF LANCASTER.

Union Steam Fire Engine and Forcing Hose Company, No. 1 — organized August
IS, 1760.
Sun Steam Fire Engine Company, No. 1 — organized December 10, 1763.
Friendship Steam Fire Engine Company, No. 2 — organized December 10, 1763.
Washington Steam Fire Engine Company, No. 4 — organized March 4, 1820.
American Engine and Hose Company, No. 5 — organized July 2, 1836.

Humane Steam Fire Engine Company, No. 6 — organized , 1839.

Shiilier Fire Engine and Hose Company, No. 7 — organized July 14, 1852.
Empire Hook and Ladder Company, No. 1 — organized June 9, 1856.

There are also Fire Companies at the following places: Columbia — (Columbia and
Vigilant;) Marietta — (Pioneer;) Litiz, Manheim, and Mountjoy.

30

450

AUTHENTIC HISTORY

DIYISIO]^^ Y.

EELIGIOUS.

RELIGIOUS STATISTICS OF LANCASTER COUNTY, ACCORDING TO THE
EIGHTH CENSUS, TAKEN IN 1800.

Adventist

Baptist

Do. (Mennonito)

Do. (Seventh Day),.

Do. (Tunker)

Do. (Winebrenner)

Episcopal

Friends

German Reformed ,

Lutheran

Methodist

Moravian

Presbyterian

Do. (United)...

Roman Catholic

Swedenborgian

Union

Total , 220

>

<^

r^

o >

MS

r'K.

-"CO

^ :i

B^4

>§o

o ^

(0 '->

go

S'^

"1

1

350

§ 120

8

2,500

9,100

85

11.105

42,300

1

1,000

10,000

7

2,-400

6,050

0

2,500

17,800

8

3,125

49,800

11

2,650

17,150

lo

7,600

71,350

24

12.250

110,750

60

21,535

133,375

o

600

9,700

19

8,100

81,600

3

950

4,000

4

3,400

55,000

1

250

1,000

15

5,725

38,300

220

86,040

$657,395

BAPTISTS.
I. Mennonites.

a. Old. "In 1709, several families from the Palatinate, descendants of the distressed
Swiss ]\Iennonites settled on Pequea creek. With this colony came Hans Herr, a Menno-
nite minister, who dispensed to tliem the word of life. The Mennonites were of course the
first regularly organized denomination in the county. Among their first ministers in
this county, before 1725, were Hans Herr, Uh-ich Breckbill, Hans Tschantz, Hans
Burkholter, Christian Herr, Benedict Hirschi, Martin Bear, Johannes Bauman. They
had been very numerous till about the year 1791, or '92, when a certain Martin Boehm
and others made inroads upon them, and a considerable number seceded and united
themselves with the United Brethren or Vereinigte Brueder. They have about foi'ty-
five ministers in the county. These are divided into bishops and ordinary ministers. ' ' —
Rupp.

The Mennonites had in 1830 thirty-five meeting houses in the county.
h. Reformed.

A branch of the former which seceded under the leadership of John Herr on the

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 451

groi^nd of alleged departure from the purity of former times. The s3cession or refor-

matiou began in 1811 (John Herr, in Rupp's He Pasa Ekklesia, p. 503 sq.) They have

bishops and ordinary ministers, 8 meeting houses and 8 or 10 other stated places in the

county.

c. Ornish or Amish.

They are sometimes called Hooker Mennonites, because they use hooks on their
clothes instead of buttons, and are thus distinguished from another class called Button
Mennonites. They settled in this county at an early date, and though quite numerous
in 1735, are now only feebly represented. They have 5 or 6 ministers. In doctrine,
they accept the Mennonite faith, but are more exclusive, and maintain greater simplicity
of dress than other branches of the Mennonites. The name Amish or Ornish is derived
from Jacob Amen, of Amenthal, Switzerland, a rigid Mennonite preacher of the seven-^
teenth century, (Shem Zook, in Rupp'siZe Pasa Ekklesia, p. 561.) They meet in private
houses.

II. Seventh Day Baptists.

The history of this denomination has already been given in Division II. s. v. Ephrata, .
p. 354 sq.

III. TUNKERS OR DUNKERS.

They are German Baptists and call themselves "Brethren." Prior to 1731 they
settled in this county, formed a congregation ministered by Peter Becker. They have
7 places for meeting in the county.

IV. WiNEBRENNARIANS.

"This denomination is of comparatively recent origin. The name of ''^Glmrch of
God,'''' was assumed by it about the year 1827 or '28. The church in the city was
tirst gathered about the year 1820, under the ministry of the late Rev. John Elliott,
who preached the gospel many years faithfully and v.'ith success, to an indeiiendent
congregation in the city. After he left, the church declined, till about the year 1841,
when the Rev. John Winebrenner, V. D. M., of Harrisburg, Rev'ds. Jacob Flake and Jo-
seph Ross and others of the Eldership of the Church of God, held protracted meetings,
when a number were revived and others awakened, and a deep interest manifested, and
soon a congregation of one or two hundred was organized." — Riipp.

This denomination has Church edifices at the foUomng places: Lancaster City,
Washington Borough, Mount Joy, Maytown, Bainbridge, Landisville, Smithville and
Elizabethtown, and an aggregate membership of 900. It publislies an organ, called the
Church Advocate and a Sunday School paper called the Sunday School Gem, published
by the Rev. E. H. Thomas, at Lancaster.

EPISCOPALIANS.

Missionaries of the Church of England visited this county as early as 1717 or 1719. '

Rev. Mr. Backhouse, of Chester, Pennsylvania, in a letter to the Society for the Pro-
pagation of the Gospel in London, reports a visit in 1729 to the people of Conestoga, 70
miles back in the country (from Philadelphia.)

The Rev. Mr. Lindsay visited Lancaster County about 1735.

St. James's Church, Lancaster, was organized Oct. 3, 1744. Thomas Cookson and
John Postlethwaite, Church Wardens, and Edward Smout, Daniel SjTig, William
Bristow, John Folke, Morgan Morgan and John Connelly, Vestrymen.

At a meeting of the Vestry on April 15th, 1745, steps were taken for the erection of
a stone church. James Hamilton, Esq'r, granted a lot of ground; subscriptions
amounting to £1G6 9s. enabled the people to erect and roof the church, 44 feet in length
and 34 feet in breadth, about 1750. From 1744 to 1750 the Rev. Mr. Locke officiated
at Lancaster. He was succeeded in 1751 by the Rev. George Craig, during whose rec-
torship the church was finished in 1753, at an additional cost of £102 5s. At this time

452 AUTHEXTIC HISTORY

congregations existed at Pequea, Carnarvon, Huntingdon and Carlisle, In 1755 the
sum of £28 2s. 6d. wes expended ou furniture of the church at Lancaster.

The Rev. Thomas Barton began his ministry in 1759. He reports in that year 50
communicants at Lancaster. In 1761 the people, by way of lottery, raised a consider-
able sum of money, with which they afterwards built a steeple, erected galleries, bought
bells, and finished a stone wall ro;ind the church yard. The improvements were com-
pleted in 1704. In 1765 the Vestry resolved that the minister should be entitled to a
siu'plice fee of five shillings for every grave dug in the church yard.

For particulars concerning Mr. Barton, who left Lancaster in 1778, see page 387 sq.

The ministry of Rev. Joseph Hut chins at St. James', Lancaster, covers the period of
1783 — 1790. In 1791 the Rev. Elisha Rigg became minister, and continued his labors
until 1799, when he was succeeded by the Rev. Joseph Clarkson, whose connection with
tlie Parish continued until January 25, 1830, when he departed this life.

In 1820 an arrangement was entered into by the congregations of St. James's, Lan-
<caster, St. John's, Pequea, and Christ Church, Leacock, for the joint service of two
Clergjanen in said three churches.

On October 15, 1820, the present edifice of St. James's Church, Lancaster, was conse-
crated by the Rt. Rev. William White, D. D., Bishop of Pennsylvania. He preached
the consecration sermon from Ps. 96, 9 : "0 worship the Lord in the beauty of holiness."

On Dec. 1, 1820, the Rev, William Muhlenberg entered upon his office of Co-Rector
of St. James" Church, agreeing to officiate three Sundays in every month at Lancaster,
and on one Sunday at St. John's, Pequea. This connection continued until June 1826,
when he resigned.

The Rev. L. S. Ives was Co-Rector of St. James's Church from October 1826 to Sept.
25, 1837. In his place was elected, on Sept. 27, 1827, the Rev. Samuel Bowman, for
particidars of whose ministry, which terminated after his elevation to the Episcopate
and with his death, on Aug. 3, 1860, see page 389, sq.

The present Rector, Rev. J. I. Mombert, D. D., was elected Associate Rector, May
23, 1859, and Rector Aug. 20, 1861.

During Bishop Bowman's pastorate, St. John's Free Church, the Orphan Asylum,
Sunday School House and Parsonage were erected; and under that of the present, the
Parsonage and Orphans' Asylum were enlarged, the present edifice for the Church
Home secured, and St. James Chapel built, the latter at an expenditure of upwards of
16,000, all paid for.

EPISCOPAL CHURCHES IN LANCASTER COUNTY.

Lancaster City, St. James' Church, St. John's Church, St. James' Chapel; Church-
town, Bangor Church; Leacock, Christ Church; Paradise, All Saints"; Columbia, St.
Paul's Church; Marietta, St. John's Church; Mount Hope, Hope Church; Cap Mines,
Grace Church. A new Church enterprise has been started at ]\Ianheim. Aggregate
number of communicants reported in 1868, 517. Estimated number of worshippers,
2,500.

EVANGELICAL ASSOCIATION.

This sect, sometimes called "Albrechtsleute," originated in this county about 1800,
and was founded by Jacob Albrecht, a native of Berks County, who settled in Earl
township prior to 1800. They have several places of worship in the county.

FRIENDS OR QUAKERS.

They were numerous in the county as early as 1725-1730. In 1729 they numbered
not less than 1000 families; at present they have only 11 meetinghouses, with an aggre-
gate accommodation for 2650 person?.

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 453

GERMAN REFORMED. 1

The German Reformed congregation in Lancaster, organized in 178^), had ah-eady
attained considerable strength at the time when Schlatter [arrived; for here, in 1747,
he administered the Holy Supper to 225 persons, the majority of whom, it is fair to
suppose, were members of the Reformed Church. There was a small congregation also
at Seltem-eich's, two miles south of New Holland; another at Modencreek, (1743),
another at Cocalico, (1730); and still another at Donegal. Besides these, it is probable
that there existed in other parts the nuclei of congregations not yet organized. Such
was the condition of the German Reformed Church in Lancaster County, in 1740, when
Schlatter arrived in America.

The Rev. Michael Schlatter, of St. Gall, Switzerland, was sent to Pennsylvania,
charged to visit the destitute Germans, of the Reformed faith, preach the Gospel and
administer the Sacraments, organize the people at suitable points into congregations,
settle ministers and consummate the work by the organization of the Coetus. Reach-
ing Philadelphia September 6, 1746, he immediately entered upon his work. Akeady,
on the 23d of the same month, we find him in Lancaster; and from that time he made
frequent and often laborious journeys through this county. Wherever he went, he
preached with great acceptance to the people, baptized their children and administered
the Holy Communion. He formed neighboring congregations into pastoral charges,
and united them more closely with one another and with the mother Church in the
Fatherland, so that by mutual co-operation, the infant Church might be more firmly
established and more readily supplied with such aid as it needed in its weak, scattered
and destitute condition. It is to Schlatter, that the German Reformed Church in Lan-
caster county owes, not indeed its existence, but its regular organization.

The mother congregation in the city was organized in 1736, and its fii-st stated pastor
was the Rec. John Jacob Hock. Prior to that time there was no church edifice, but on
Whitsuntide of this year a new log-church was consecrated, amid the rejoicings of the
people. Mr. Hock served the congregation sixteen months; but whether his ministry
terminated by death or removal, is unknown. The second pastor was the Bev. Casper
Lewis Sclinarr, whose ministry extends from November, 1744 to ]March, 1746. He
appears to have been luiworthy of his calling; for, having been charged with several
misdemeanors while at Lancaster, he was tried, found guilty and punished. His later
history is unknown. During the vacancy thus created, the Rev. Jolm Reiger, preached
as a supply. He was a native of the Palatinate; but, emigrating to America in 1731,
he settled in Lancaster. His field of labor lay rather in the country than in the town;
but, at the time of Schlatter's first visit, he was preaching for the congregation in Lan-
caster. Certain difficulties liaving sprung up between him and the Church, Schlatter
used his best endeavors to heal them. The people were unanimous in securing a stated
minister; and Mr. Reiger, himself deeming this best, withdrew. He continued to reside
in Lancaster, where he died March 11, 1709, and was buried near the south-west corner
of the First German Reformed Church. The vacant congregation urged Schlatter to
obtain a minister for them from Holland. In answer to this call, the Synod of Holland
sent two ministers in 1748, one of whom, the Rev. John Jacob Hochreutner, a native of
St. Gall, Switzerland, preached at Lancaster with great acceptance and was immedi-
ately called by the congregation to become its pastor. He accepted the call, and it was
approved and confirmed by tlie Synod; but, by a mysterious Providence, he never en-
tered upon his field of labor. When all the arrangements for his journey from Phila-
delphia to Lancaster were made, and his horse stood in readiness for him at the door,
he was suddenly prostrated in death by the explosion of a gun from which he was endea-
voring to extract the load. The whole Church, as well as the congregation at Lancas-
ter, was deeply affected by this sad event.

1 Contributea bv Kev. F. A. Gast.

454 AUTHENTIC HISTOKY

Thus disappointed in its hopes, the Church continued vacant till January, 1750, when
the Bev. Ludwig Ferdinand Vock, became the pastor. His niinistr;jS(, however, was short.
Owing to some dissatisfaction, the relation between him and the congregation was dis-
solved at the end of the year.

He was succeeded by the Bev. William Otterbein, a native of Dillenburg, in Nassau,
Germany, who was induced by Schlatter to become a missionaiy to the destitute Gei-man
Chvirches in America. Full of vigor and holy zeal, he entered upon his pastoral dtities
in August, 1 753. ' ' Under his ministry, the old small wooden church, which stood in the
back part of the graveyard, was superseded by a massive stone church, at the street,
which was built in 1753 and only taken down in 1852, having stood almost a century.
Internally, the congregation greatly prosi)ered. Evidences of his order and zeal look
out upon us from the records in many ways; and enterprises, started in his time, have
extended their results, in the permanent features of the congregation, down to this
day." He resigned his charge at the close of 1758, with the intention of visiting his
native land.l The congregation then extended a call to the Bev. Dr. William Stay,
who was one of the six ministers brought by Schlatter to this country in 1752. He
began his ministry at Lancaster in October, 1758, and continued his labors with consid-
ei'able vigor and enterprise till January, 1763. In January, 1765, the Bev. William
Mendel, D, D., became pastor of the congregation, and served it with zeal, piety and
faithfulness till September, 1769. He was followed by the Bev. Charles Lewis BoeJime,
whose ministry at Lancaster ended July, 1775. After a vacancy of six months, the
Bev. John Albert Helfenstein became the pastor. Mr. Helfenstein Sin-ang from a family
in which the ministry has had an uninterrupted succession from the Eeformation to the
present time. He was born in the Palatinate, Germany, 1748. Having finished his
studies at the University of Heidelberg, and resolved to devote himself as a missionary
among his brethren in the New World, he came to America in 1772, under the care of
the Synod of Holland, anxl settled as pastor of the Germantown charge, near Philadel-
phia. After laboring here with marked success for about three years, he received a call
from the congregation at Lancaster, which, after due consideration, he resolved to accept.
In January, 1776, he entered upon the duties of his new charge, in which he continued
till July, 1779. "During his ministry at Lancaster, the captive Hessians of Trenton
were barracked in that town, and it became his duty frequently to preach to them."

After iSIr. Helfenstein resigned, the Bev. John Theobald Faber was called to the
charge, in which he continued from September 1779 to September 1782. It appears
that his ministry was successful, and the records of baptisms and confirmations show
that he performed a large amount of ministerial duty. In September 1782, the same
month in which Mr. Faber left. Dr. Hendel, in answer to a second call, removed again
to Lancastei-, returning with his former learning, eloquence, zeal and piety. The
second term of his ministry in the congregation continued twelve years, and they were
years of unusual spiritual prosperity to the Church. Dr. Hendel was succeeded by
the Bev. Dr. Chrititinn Becker, who entered upon his pastoral duties in i\Iarch 1795 and
continued in the discharge of them till June 1806, when he removed to Baltimore. He
was a man of extensive learning and great dignity of character, and connnanded the
universal respect of the connnunity. The Bed. John Henry Hoffmeier, born at x\nhalt-
Koethen, Germany, and educated at Halle, came to America in 1793 and became the
pastor of the Lancaster congregation in 1806. His ministry extended through a quarter
of a century. It was during this period that the question of English ]>reaching was
first agitated. Previously the Church ministrations were all conducted in the German
language; but the congregation, rapidly becoming English, denianded tliat part of the

1 William Otterbein, in conjunction with Martin Boehm, is said to have founded the sect called the
United Brethren in Christ, or Yereinigte Brueder, but I am assured by the present pastor of the First
Reformed Church that he never seceded, but died in the communion of the German Reformed Church.

J. I. MOMBERT.

OF LANCASTER COUNTY, 455

services should be held in English. Mr. Hoffmeier, in consequence of dissatisftiction,
resigned his charge. He died March 18, 1838, and lies buried at the Cliurch which he
so long and faithfully served. A handsome marble slab, adorning the intenor of the
Church, perpetuates his memory. The Bev. Martin Bruner v?as called in 1832, and
labored in the congregation till 1838. At the commencement of his ministry the Sunday
School was organized. Bev. George W. Glessner became pastor in 1840. After a suc-
cessful ministry of seven years, he resigned, and was succeeded in 1847 by the Bev.
NatJianiel A. Keyes. Difficulties springing from the German question, embaiTassed
the ministry of this faithful and pious pastor, in consequence of which, he with a mi-
nority of his congregation, went out and organized St. FauVs German Beformed
Church. In the spring of 1850, the Bev. Br. Henry Harbaugh became pastor of the
Mother Church. His ministry of ten years and a half was attended with signal success.
In 1852, the old Church was removed and the present handsome edifice erected. Besides
the great amount of literary labor perfonned by Dr. Harbaugh, the records bear testi-
mony to his fidelity to his pastoral duties. During his ministry at Lancaster he bap-
tized 420 infants and added 251 to the Church by the rite of Confirmation. Dr. Har-
baugh was succeeded by the present pastor of the congregation, the Bev. Amos H.
Kremer, who, after a ministry of fifteen years and a half at Carlisle, accepted a call
from the Lancaster Church and was installed April 21, 1861. During these eight years
he has received into the Church by Baptism 307, and by Confirmation 263. The Sab-
bath School numbers 366 scholars, and the congregation, through his efficient services,
is in a prosperous condition.

St. Paul's German Reformed Church, as already stated, was organized during the
ministry of the Bev. Nathaniel A. Keyes. In January 1850, after a long struggle grow-
ing out of the German question, more than 100 members of the mother congregation
withdrew, requesting certificates of dismission, which the Church was directed by the
Lebanon Classis, under whose jurisdiction it stood, to grant to all Avho might desire
them with a view to organizing themselves into an English German Reformed Church.
A division of the Church property was effected and the new organization completed.
For a time worship was held in the old Franklin College building; but vigorous meas-
ures were at once taken for the erection of a new Church edifice. A lot was purchased,
and in Nov. 1851, the Church at the South-west corner of Orange and Duke streets
was consecrated to God. Mr. Keyes was pastor of the congregation till October, 1855.
He was succeeded by the Bev. Isaac 8. Demund, whose ministry in the congregation
extended from April 1856 to April 1864. After a vacancy of half a year, a call was
given to the Bev. Henry Mosser, who accepted it and retained his connection with the
congregation as pastor till March, 1886. The present pastor, the Bev. Edwin H. Kevin,
after preaching as a supply for six months, entered upon his pastoral duties in April
1868. The congregation having at the time of its organization about 110 members,
now numbers more than 200.

This denomination has churches at the following places: Lancaster 8, (First, St.
Paul's and College Chapel), Millersville, Roherstown, Conestoga Centre, Columbia,
Elizabethtown, Maytown, Bainbridge, New Providence, Quarryville, New Holland,
Seltenreich's, Heller's, Manheim, Rapho, Petersburg, New Haven, Bethany, Ephrata.
White Oak, Brickerville, Reamstown, Swamp, Vogansville, Centre and Modencreek; it
has 13 ministers, and 2,362 Church members.

JEWS.
The Jews have a handsome synagogue at Lancaster, which was consecrated Septem-
ber 13, 1867.

LUTHERANS.
Among the German immigrants to this county prior to 1730 were many Lutherans.
Simultaneously with the building of Lancaster is the planting of the parent congrega-

456 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

tion, Trinity church. As early as 1730 the Rev. John Christian Shultze did missionary-
work here. An organized congregation existed iii 1733. The Rev. John Casper
Stoever was pastor from 1736 to 1739; the hrst church, situate between the present edifice
and the parsonage, was consecrated Oct. 28, 1738. It had a steeple and bells and was
furnished with an organ in 1744. From 1739 to 1748 the congregation was served by
several ministers, and sorely tried during the pastorate of the Rev. Mr. Nyberg, a
SAvedish Lutheran, from 1744 to 1748. In that year the Rev. I. F. Handschuh took
charge of Trinity church and remained its pastor until 1751. A Lutheran congregation
existed at Earltown (New Holland) in 1748. The Rev. Messrs. Wagner, Engeland and
Wortmann served Trinity church from 1751 to 1753, when the Rev. John Siegfried
Gerok entered upon a long and useful pastorate which lasted until March 29, 1767.
During his connection with the congregation the jjresent edifice was erected, the cor-
ner stone was laid May 18, 1761, and the building was dedicated May 4, 1766. Rev.
Dr. ]\Iuhlenberg, ]\Ir. Schultz and others rendered occasional service until the arrival in
1769 of Rev. Dr. Hehnuth, whose earnest and faithful pastorate continued until 1779.
He was succeeded by the Rev. Dr. G. H. E. Muhlenberg, (whose memoir will be found
in Div. III.) whose indefatigable and noble work of twenty-five years' faithful minis-
trations is a bright page in the annals of the church he sei'ved. During his ministry,
the handsome steeple which crowns the present edifice, was erected. It was begun in
the autmnn of 1785, and after sundry interraptions, comj)leted December 8, 1794. Its
height is 195 feet.

President Wharton was interred in Trinity church with military honors in 1778, and
Governor MifHin in front of the church, January 22, 1800, immediately under the mural
tablet with the inscription :

"In perpetviation of the memory of Thomas Mifflin, Esci'r, Major General of the
Revolutionary Army of the United States and Governor of the State of Pennsylvania.
A distinguished Patriot and zealous Friend of Liberty. Died January, 1800."

Rev. Dr. Endress succeeded Dr. Muhlenberg and terminated his ministry of thirty
years, after a faithful pastorate of twelve years at Lancaster. The new German Zion's
church was erected during his pastorate, and preaching in the English language was
introduced by him. After Dr. Endress' decease in 1827, the pastorate devolved on the
Rev. Dr. Baker (commemorated in Division III,) who from 1828 to 1853 went in and out
among his jjeople, and to his energy tlie church is indebted for the Sunday School. The
beginning of St. John's Lutheran church also was made in his ministry by the estab-
lishment of a branch Sunday School in 1852. In 1853 the Rev. G F. Krotel was elected
pastor and continued his relations to the church until 1861. During his ministry the
renovation and rededication (May 21, 1854,) of Trinity church took place, St. John's
Lutheran church was built, and a branch Sunday School was opened in James street.
The centenary jubilee took place May 19, 1861. Rev. Dr. Conrad was pastor from 1862
to 1864, Rev. Samuel Laird from 1864 to 1867, and was succeeded by the present pastor.
Rev. Dr. Greenwald, May 1, 1867, through whose instrumentality a new Sunday School
building has been erected in West King street.

LUTHERAN CHURCHES IN LANCASTER COUNTY.

Lancaster City, Trinity, Zion's and St. John's; Strashurg, St. Michael's; also at the
following places: MiUersnlle, Elizabethtown, Mount Joy, Mechanicsburg, New Holland,
Columbia (two congregations), Conestoga Centre, Ilinkletown (four churches at and near
this place), Ephrata (four churches at and near this place), Bainbridge, Maytoicn, Brick-
ersviUe, Manheim and Petersburg. Aggregate membership about 6,000.

METHODISTS.

In 1781 Methodist ministers first visited the county. The Lancaster Circuit was
formed in 1782 and the Rev. AVilliam Partridge appointed minister. About 1805 or

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 457

1806 the llev. Isaac Gruber preached occasionally at Lancaster. The first regular sei-vice
was conducted in 1807 by the Rev. Henry Boehm, in the house of Philip Benedict.
Lancaster was made a regular charge in 1829, since which period regular ministers have
been stationed here.

The Methodists have places of worship in the following localities: Lancaster (two —
respectively known as the First Methodist Church and St. Paul's M. E. Church), Safe
Harbor and Manor, Columbia, Marietta and Maytown, Mount Joy, Bainbridge and Fal-
mouth, Fulton, Mount Nebo, Strasburg, Enterprise and Conestoga. Aggregate num-
ber of members in 1869, 2132.

"Henry Beam or Boehm was born in 1775. His grandfather emigrated from the
Palatinate in 1715. His father, Martin Boehm, was a minister of the Mennonite Society
and elected a full minister or Bishop in 1755. He used to complain of the absence of
vital godliness in his society. He happened to visit the Shenandoah valley, which was
then called New Virginia. There he met with people called ' ' New Lights, ' ' supposed
to be remnants of the followers of Wickliffe. Their preachers proclaimed the Gospel
with much spirit and power. When his father returned honre he brought some of their
fire with him. Some complaints were made against him by his old bretheru, and com-
mittee after committee was appointed to investigate his case and at last he was deposed
because he 'mixed with people of a strange tongue.' He, however, still continued to
preach the Gospel, and soon after the Methodists came into the neighborhood, with
whom he joined.

" Boehm' s Chapel, the first Methodist Church in Lancaster county, was built in 1790.
He himself went to where Columbia now stands to fetch lumber to build it. There was
then no town there. The place was called Wright's Ferry.

"In 1807 he organized the first Methodist Society in Lancaster, in the house of Philip
Benedict. At that time Lancaster did not extend further north than where the Metho-
dist Church now stands, south to Yine street, and on the west to the intersection of
Columbia and Manor turnpikes. In going from Lancaster to Columbia there was much
ground lying common and not feftced in. ' '

MORAVIANS.

The Moravians, or United Brethern, have congregations at Lancaster and Litiz. For
an account of their establishment in the county see page 380 sq.

In 1742 Count Zinzendorf visited Lancaster. In 1746 a Moravian Provincial Coun-
cil was held at Lancaster.

"In the first quarter of the eighteenth century (in the year 1722), the Moravian Church
was renewed in Saxony, by the descendants of the ancient "Unitas Fratum," who im-
migrated to that country from Moravia — hence the present name of the church, and
found an asylum on the estate of Count Zinzendorf.

They introduced the discipline of their fathers and received the ancient episcopate,
which had been carefully preserved in the event of the renewal of the church.

In the year 1735 the first colony came to America. They formed permanent settle-
ments at Nazareth and Bethlehem, Northampton county. Pa.

In 1745 a congregation was organized in Lancaster by Bishop Spangenberg. In 1746 a
church and school house were built on the corner of Orange street, and what i s now called
Market street, between North Queen and Prince streets. The school house, which,
also formed the parsonage till 1849, Avhen a new one was built, ' still stands. The
church, which stood for nearly three quarters of a century, was taken down in 1820
and the present edifice was erected.

In 1868 extensive alterations were made. The galleries were removed, the building-
was enlarged, a central refiector for lighting was introduced, and many other improve-
ments were made. The present nvnnber of communicants is 221 and the total member-
ship under pastoral care 351.

458 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

The following pastors have served the congregation: 1747, Rev. Leonard Schnell;
1748, Rev. Abraham Reinke; 1751, Rev. George Neisser; 1753, Rev. Christian Ranch;
1754, Rev. Otto Krogstrnp; 1755, Rev. Christian Bader; 1756, Rev. Christian Rns-
myer; 1757, Rev. Charles G Rundt; 1759, Rev. Christian Bader; 1762, Rev. Christian
Rusmyer; 1766, Rev. Andrew Langgaard; 1778, Rev. Otto Krogstrap; 1785, Rev. Lud-
wig F. Boehler; 1786, Rev. John Herbst; 1791, Rev. Abraham Reinke; 1795, Rev Lud-
wig Huebner; 1800, Rev. John Martin Beck; 1803, Rev. Abraham Reinke; 1810, Rev.
Constantine Miller; 1819, Rev. Samuel Reinke;* 1823, Rev. Peter Wolle;* 1826, Rev.
John G. Herman;* 1829, Rev. Rev. Charles F. Reichel; 1834, Rev. Charles A. Van-
vleck; 1835, Rev. Samuel Reinke;* 1839, Rev. George F. Bahnson;* 1849, Rev. Robert
de Schweinitz; 1853, Rev. Henry A. Shultz;* 1855, Rev. Lewis F. Kampman; 1858,
Rev. Joseph H. Kummer; 1862, Rev. Edwin T. Senseman; 1864, Rev. David Bigler,*
Epis. Frat.l
*This mark denotes that the clergymen to whose names it is attached have become Bishops.

PRESBYTERIANS.2

The Presbyterian Church of Lancaster was founded in 1763. The names of the orig-
inators, as far as can now be ascertained, were Edward Shippen, Esq., Dr. Robert Boyd,
William White, Henry Helm, Charles Hall, Samuel Boyd, William Montgomery, Wil-
liam Ross and Judge Yeates.

William White and Henry Helm were the tirst Ruling Elders. The congregation
worshipped first in the Court House, then situated in Centre Square.

The first Pastor of the Church was the Rev. John Woodhull, called in 1769. Only
one-third of the time of the Pastor was given to Lancaster, the remainder being-
devoted to the neighboring Chui'ch of Leacock, at that tune much more flourishing
than its sister Church of Lancaster.

The first Church edifice was finished in 1770 or '71. In 1770 the Church obtained
leave of Synod to place itself under the New Castle Presbytery.

The Pastorate of Mr. Woodhull continued about ten years.

In 1780, the three Presbyterian Churches of Leacock, Lancaster and Middle Octoraro
united in calling Mr. Nathiiniel W. Sample. The call was accepted in August of next
year, and Mr. Sample was ordained and installed in December, 1781. This pastoral
relation continued unchanged for 40 years, the Lancaster Church as before having but
one-third of the time of the Sabbath ministrations, and probably not so large a pro-
portion of the pastoral labors, as the Pastor lived all this time within the bounds of
the other churches.

Mr. Sample demitted his charge in Se]>tember 1821. During his ministry the Church
seems to have made considerable advancement. In 1804 the Church was incorporated
through the enterprise of a very efficient Board of Trustees. In 1820 the Church edifice
was somewhat enlarged and improved.

The Rev. Wm. Ashmead succeeded Mr. Sample in the pastoral charge of the Cluivch
at Lancaster in 1821. At that date the Church w^as sufficiently large to demand the
entire services and sufficiently wealthy to be able to pay a salary of $1,000 a year. A
very liberal salary for that time.

Mr. Ashmead was ordained and installed by the Presbytery of New Castle on the
evening of September 26, 1821. His connection with the Church was dissolved on the
7th of April, 1829, owing to continued ill-health.

The Rev. Richard W. Dickinson was installed as the successor of Mr. Ashmead on
Monday evening, October 26, 1829.

Rev. John T. Marshall Davie was installed as the next Pastor of the Church, Janu-

1 Communicated by Rt. Kev. David Bigler.

2 Drawn up by Rev. George Robinson, chiefly from a MS. Sermon by the late Rev. W. Powell.

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 459

ary 21, 1834, and remained about six years. In 1841, the Rev. Jolni McNair wa.s
called to the pastorate and on the 1st of June installed by the Presbyteiy of Xew
Castle. Under Dr. McNair's ministry the edifice now standing was built and dedi-
cated to the worship of God on May 11, 1851. In the followni<,f October, after ten
years' service, and against strong solicitation, the pastoral relation was dissolved —
not by the New Castle Presbytei'y, but by the Donegal, which had again come
into existence, and within whose limits the Church of Lancaster then was and con-
tinues to be.

Soon after the completion of the house of worship, there was unhappily a division of
the church, and the formation of what was called the Second Presbji:erian Church of
Lancaster. This branch called the Eev. Alfred Kevin whose pastorate continued about
four and a half years.

The First Church, as the old society came to be called after the division, called the
Eev. J. Abeel Baldwin, who was installed over it on Tuesday evening, October 28, 1852,
and continued his ministry until April 8, 1856.

On the 9th of July, 1857, Mr. "Walter Powell was ordained and installed as pastor of
the First Church. During the earlj' part of his ministry the breach between the two
branches was. healed, and the striiggle to maintain separate existence was happily
brought to an end in 1858. The pecuniary embarrassments which had greatly hampered
the churches in their separate existences were gradually removed. The debt on the
churcli edifice was paid. In 1864 a comfortable house was purchased for the free use
of the pastor and family, and the church edifice, chiefly through the exertions of the
ladies of the church, was ])ut into a better state of repair.

During the summer of 1867, the health of Mr. Powell, which for some time had been
impaired, became so much reduced as to render it impossible for him to perform the
arduous duties which were incumbent upon him. The congregation with commendable
liberality granted him a six months' leave of absence, but the respite came too late.
His disease, which was of an insidious character, gradually sapped his strength until,
on .Jan. 23, 1868, his Master, whom he had so faithfully served, released him from all
earthly labors.

After a vacancy of several months a call was extended to Mr. George Robinson, and
by him accepted. On the evening of Sept. 8, 1868, Mr. Robinson was ordained and in-
stalled over this church. Present membership, 255.

PRESBYTERIAN CHURCHES IK LANCASTER COUKTY WITH DATES OF THEIR ORGANIZATION.

Donegal, 1722; Pequea, 1724; Middle Octoraro (Bart), about 1727; Chestnut Level,
unknown; Leacock, about 1741; Little Britain, unknown; Lancaster, 1763; Columbia,
1807; Coleraine, 1816; Marietta, 1822; Bellevue, 1832; Strasburg, 1832; Mount Joy,

1839; Cedar Grove, 1839; Mount Nebo, 1858; Carnarvon, ; Free Presbyterian

Church of Colerain (Octoraro), .

THE ROMAN CATHOLICS.i

The Catliolics of Lancaster County, were first organized in 1740. The first Church.
St. Mary's, was built in 1745, destroyed by fire in 1760, and rebuilt in 1762. The Ger-
man and English speaking Catholics worshipped together until 1850; when the congre-
gation had been so largely increased, that it became necessary to build a larger Church;
the Gennan portion withdrew, and selected a site in the south-western part of the City,
and erected a fine building, under the patronage of St. Joseph; that church, owing to the
increase of the congregation, now requires enlargement. Those who still worshipped
in the old church, soon found it necessary to erect a larger building also, the foun-
dation of the present edifice was laid in 1852, and the church dedicated in 1856. In
January, 1867, a fire in the basement, supposed to have been occasioned, owing to some
1 Coutributed by Mr. Peter McConomy.

460 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

defect in the flues of the heater, damaged the church considerably, and owing to the
defective framing of the roof, it became necessary to remodel the entire church which
was re-dedicated on Sunday, May 3d, 18G8. The archives of St. Mary's Church, ex-
hibit the names of the following Clergymen, who served as Pastors: Fathers Moliueau^x,
Fanner, Schnider, Pellentz, Ailing, Brosius, Hellron, Rosseller, Stafford, Geisler, Homm,
Mongrand' Fitzsimmons, Lewermond, Janin and Entzen, from 1740 to 1803; in the
latter year, the Rev. Dr. Egan, and the Very Reverend Louis De Barth were stationed
at Lancaster. The former was transferred to St. Mary's Church, Philadelphia, in 1806;
and in 1808, the Diocese of Philadelphia was formed, which then comprised the States
of Pennsylvania, New Jersey and Delaware. The Rev. Dr. Egan was appointed the
first Bishop of Philadelphia. He died the 22d of Julj', 1814. His former associate in
Lancaster, the Very Reverend De Barth, was appointed Administrator of the Diocese,
after the Bishop's decease.

Their successors in the Pastorate of St. IMary's Church, Lancaster, were the Rev. I.
Beschter, S. J., Rev. Mr. Byrn, the Rev. Schenfelder, Rev. J. J. Holland, succeeded by
the Rev. B. Keenan, who still survives, and although time has made its marks, he still
possesses considerable elasticity of spirits, and regularly officiates at the Altar. He is
the oldest priest in the Diocese, and ministered to the spiritual wants of the Catholics
of Lancaster for nearly half a century, having assumed the duties of his charge in 1823.
The Pastors of Lancaster attended, in fonner times, to the Missions of Milton, Sun-
bury, Harrisburg, Lebanon, Colebrook, Elizabethtown and Columbia. The old stone
church, built in 17G2, is still in excellent preservation, though wearing the vinmistaka-
ble mark of old Father Time. It was used for divine service in 1867, after the lire had
occurred, until the repairs on the new church were finished.

It is interesting to look back over the early history of the Catholic Church in Lan-
caster, to recall the zeal and devotion of its forefathers in the cause of Religion. It is
recorded that during the building of the old stone church, the women of the congrega-
tion came daily to mix the mortar, w^hile the men gathered the stone from the adjoin-
ing farmers, and carried them to the site of the building, where they assisted in the
erection of the edifice, considered, at that period, a very fine and commodious church.

The Catholic churches in the County, exclusive of those in the City, are St. Peter's
and Holy Trinity, of Columbia; St. Peter's, of Elizabethtown, and St. Catherine's, of
Drumore township.

NEW JERUSALEM CHURCH, i

Universally styled, by the members thereof, the "iVe;o Church," as contradistin-
guislied from all other christian denominations, which they collectively regard as the
''Old Church;" biit by the woi-ld in genei-al better known perhaps as Swedenborgians.
There has not been a period since the year. 1765 when there has not resided Avithin the
limits of Lancaster city and county one or more receivers of the doctrines of this church,
as revealed through the writings of Swedenborg; yet ov/ing to their paucity of num-
bers, during the long interval between the above date and the present time, and the
absence of all attempts at proselytism, their very existence has almost been unknown
to the mass of the population.

Baron Henry Von Buelow, a German nobleman, and a native of Prussia, who in his
early years had adopted the military profession, visited America in 1765, and spent
some time in Lancaster. He had some time previously embraced the peculiar views of
Emanuel Swedenborg, and with a view to the dissemination of those doctrines, had
brought with him fi-om Europe a number of works, containing them, for gratuitous dis-
tribution and for sale .

Aliout the same period, William Reichenbach, a native of Saxony, and a man of

1 Contributed by Mr. S. S. Rathvon.

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 461

classical attainments, left his native country, and immediately on his arrival in Lan-
caster was appointed professor of mathematics and Gei-man literature in Franklin
College. This college was located on North Queen street near James, and the building
during the Revolutionary War had been used as "Barracks" for the accommodation of
soldiers. Afterwards it was known as the "Old Store House," and more recently as
"Franklin Row;" it is now occupied by five or six families of some of our most worthy
fellow citizens as their private residence.

Through the teaching of Von Buelow, Reiehenbach became a receiver of the Doc-
trines of the New Church and avowed them openly. He afterwards wrote and pub-
lished several works on the doctrines, one of which was entitled Agathon — puljlished
both in English and German — and was favorably received, but has become so rare
that it is doubtful whether more than a single copy exists in the county now.

Von Buelow afterwards returned to Europe, but from his efforts, before he left Lan-
caster, there arose a small band of "receivers," about the year 1788, which has con-
tinued with alternately increased and diminished numbers, down to the present day.
Among the first, besides Von Buelow and Reiehenbach, in this county, who became
receivers of the doctrines of the New Church, were Francis Bailey and family, Jacob
Carpenter, the intimate friend of Buelow, Frederic Damish, a Saxon, a teacher of music,
and a Mr. Eckstein. Subsequently, Joseph Ehrenfried, John Funk, Henry Kefter,
intimate friends of Damish — William Girling, formerly a Methodist minister, John
Henry Young, Henry Baer, Henry A. Carpenter and wife, Louis C. Jungerich, Charles
Frederic Nauman and wife, Frederic J. Kramph, John Robertson, the intimate friend
of Girling, Henry Pinkerton and son, Christian Fi-itz and wife, William H. Benade,
previously a Moravian minister, Alexander Officer, L. J. Demuth and others, became
receivers of these doctrines, and were members of the Lancaster Society. Of those who
became receivers elsewhere and afterwards settled here, either permanently or for a time,
were Joseph C. Boai-dman, David Pancoast and family, Mrs. Ann Kramph, Mrs. Mary
Kramph, William Toelle and others.

The Lancaster New Jerusalem Society was organized February 14th, 1836, and
although small in number, and unaided by any one outside of their own organization,
they purchased a property in East Vine Street, Lancaster city, and erected a small
Temple in 1837, since which time, religious services have been held therein, almost
every Sunday, down to the present time. This Society was regularly instituted by Rev.
Manning B. Roche, of Philadelphia, on the 17th of April, 1836, and was incorporated
by the Legislature of Pennsylvania, June 8th, 1841. No resident Pastor, regularly
elected, has been employed by the Lancaster New Jerusalem Society, except Rev.
Isaac Worrell, from October 1839, to April 1840, and Rev. N. C. Burnham, from July
1866, to October 1868; but the ordinances of the Church have been administered semi-
annually or quarterly, and occasional preaching had, by New Church Pastors and
Ministers, ever since the Society was first instituted. The Sunday School was organ-
ized in 1840, and has been in operation from that time to the present, under the direction
of a Superintendent. In the absence of a Pastor the services are conducted by a Leader.

UNITED BRETHREN IN CHRIST, OR VEREINIGTE BRUEDER.

The founders of this sect were William Otterbein, a German Reformed Minister in
charge of the congregation at Lancaster (see German Reformed) and Martin Boehm,
a Mennonite. The origin of the name of this sect is said to have been as follows:
About 1758 a large meeting attended by Christians of many denominations took place
at Lancaster. Boehm, a man of small stature wearing the Mennonite costume, at the
close of a discourse was folded in the anns of Otterbein, a man of liberal dimensions,
who exclaimed, '■'■Wir sind Brueder,''' " We are brethren ;" to this incident is ascribed
the denominational title of this sect, which exists in Lancster county, but whose statis-
tics I have not been able to secure.

462 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

diyisio:n^ yi.

EDUCATIONAL.

The first school seems to have been established by the Seventh Day Baptists, at
Ephrata, as early as 1733. They employed a master who taught the primary branches
and the classics in German. See Ephrata in Division II. p. 354 sq.

Within a few years from that period, we read of Lutheran and German Reformed
Schools, in connection with the respective congregations at Lancaster ; they were sup-
plied with teachers, books and bibles by the generosity of European friends, and the
zeal of the church authorities at home. The Eev. Michael Schlatter, a German Re-
formed minister, and an accomplished teacher, sent out at the expense of the Refornred
Synod of Amsterdam, in 1746, had an excellent school in operation at that early period.

In 1749 the Rev. Leonard Schnell, a Moravian, opened a school at Warwick, which,
was afterwards transferred to Litiz, and ably conducted by the Rev. B. A. Grube.

The first Sunday School in America was opened by Ludwig Hacker, at Ephrata,
in 1740.

The Governor of Pennsylvania, Chief Justice Allen, Messrs. Peters, Turner, Benja-
min Franklin and Conrad Weiser, were appointed Trustees and Managers of the Pub-
lic Schools to be established in the i)rovince.

An account of the Moravian Schools at Litiz, and the Latin School which ultimately
developed into Franklin and Marshall College, is given below. See also Div. II. p. 880 sc[.

Towards the close of last century private schools and academies were founded in the
Borough and County of Lancaster. Under the operation of the Act of Assembly of
April 4, 1809, entitled "an act for the education of the poor, gratis," numerous poor
children were taught the elementary branches, but the system introduced by said act
failing to lead to satisfactory results, another act was passed by the Legislature, April
1, 1832, entitled "an act to provide for the education of children at tlie public expense
within the City and incorporated Boroughs of the County of Lancaster, " which pro-
vided, that the City and incorporated Boroughs of the Countj'- were erected into the
"Second School District of the State of Pennsylvania," and that 12 Directors should
be annually appointed by the Court of Quarter Sessions of the county. It prescribed
the duties and powers of the Dii'ectors, regulated the admission of children, ordered
the adoption of the Lancasterian System and provided the expenses, described the sub-
division of the District into sections whenever required, and the mode of its accom-
plishment. The first and only section of the District was the City of Lancaster.

The Directors ai:)pointed by the Court forthwith bought a lot of ground, erected a
large and convenient school house, employed teachers of both sexes, adopted the Lan-
casterian System and were so successful in their conduct of the school that the City
of Lancaster forbore for a long time to accept the General School Law of June 13,
1836. But the partiality of the system rendered it very unpopular and at last under
the provisions of an act of the Legislature, passed April 14, 1838, the county by a pop-
ular vote accepted, with certain modifications, the Common School System.

A brief account of this system, the chief promoters of which are intimately con-
nected with the county, is given in the following extract from Mr. J. R. Sypher's

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 463

interesting and useful "School History of Pennsylvania, " published at Philadelphia
in 1868.

"The Constitution of 1776 provided that 'a school or schools shall be established in
every county;' and the Constitution of 1790 provided that 'the arts and sciences shall
be promoted in one or more seminaries of learning.' Comparatively, a large number
of academies and public schools were opened under these requirements. In 1833, fifty-
live institutions of this class had been regularly incorporated by the legislature. There
were also, at that time, two universities and eight colleges in the State. The charters
of many of these required that a specified number of poor children ' should be taught
gratis. '

"A law was passed in 1809, which improved on that of 1804, but did not fully accom-
plish the object for which it had been enacted, it was several times amended, and,
finally, in 1827, all the amendments were repealed; yet still, in its operation it came far
short of the great results the friends of education aimed to attain. The people had
labored earnestly, during thirty years, to devise a system of public schools that would
fulfil the constitutional requirement, by providing education for all the youth of the
Commonwealth; yet, in 1833, less than 24,000 children attended school at public expense,
and most of these were taught by very incompetent teachers. The schools were called
'pauper schools,' and were despised by the rich and shunned by the poor; the children
were classified as 'pay' and 'pauper scholars;' thus the law, practically, separated the
poor from the rich, and hence failed; for in a republic, no system of education, which
makes a distinction on account of wealth or birth, can have the support of the people.

"Numerous efforts were put forth to improve the Public Schools in all parts of the
State; a remarkable instance of wise legislation, in response to the petitions of the
people, is seen in the act passed in 1831, which provided for the appointment of trus-
tees of the public schoolhouse in the town of Landisburg, Perry county, and gave
them power to examine teachers for said school, to visit the same once a month, and to
dismiss the teachers for misconduct, want of capacity, and negligence.

"In 1827, a society was formed in Philadelphia for the j)romotion of education in the
State ; a committee, appointed for that purpose, opened correspondence with the lead-
ing men in every county, collected statistics, and secured a union of eflfort in favor of
free schools, that, in 1834, culminated in the enactment of a law which rejected the old
idea that only 'pauper children' should be educated at public expense, and provided for
the establishment of schools that would be free to all. This was the beginning of the
Common School System.

"The act of 1834 inaugurated a new era in education in this State. From that time
forward steady iirogress has been made. At tmies it was slow, and to many imper-
ceptible; but public sentiment was never stagnant, and legislation never went back-
ward. "With this law the foundation of the system of Common Schools now in use was
laid. It provided that a tax should be levied on all the taxable property and inhabitants,
that townships, boi'oughs, and wards should be school districts, and that schools should
be maintained at public expense. The establishment and supervision of schools in
each district were intrusted to a Board of six Directors, to be chosen by the legal voters.
The people in each township were allowed to determine by an election, whether the
new School system should be adopted or rejected, and an election upon this question
might be held once in three years. The Secretary of the Commonwealth was made
Superintendent of Schools, and the Legislature was authorized to appropriate funds,
annually, from the State Treasury in aid of the work of education.

" In 1835, a powerful eftbrt was made to repeal this law; but through the exertions of
Thaddeus Stevens, then a member of the Legislature, aided by Governor Wolf, who
promised to use the veto power if necessary, the new system was successfully defended,
and free schools were permanently established in Pennsylvania.

"No special efforts were made during the first year to put the system in operation.

46i AUTHENTIC HISTORY

The law was, in some respects, imperfect, and was not understood by the officers whose
duty it was to enforce it. In 1836, the act of 1834 was revised so as to adapt it to the
wants and condition' of the people.

"Joseph Ritnerl was at that time Governor of the Commonwealth. He was a true
type of the Pennsylvania Germans — firm, and even obstinate in the right ; an earnest
advocate of free education, he resolved that the school law should be enforced, and it
icas enforced. He appointed Thomas H. Burrowes Secretarj^ of the Commonwealth,
and intrusted to him the execution of the law.

"The secretary entered earnestly upon the work of organizing the school system.
He issued instructions to the school officers throughout the State; he traveled into
the several counties and addressed the iieople, answering their objections and re-
moving their prejudices; he directed the public officers of every county in the per-
formance of their duties; and presented full and instructive reports to the legislature,
wherein he indicated what amendments and alterations were necessary to perfect
the law.

"In his report, made to the Legislature in 1838, Mr. Burrowes said: 'It is true, the
system is neither in full oiieration, nor is its machinery perfect; but the momentous
question, can education be made as general and unbought as liberty? has been answer-
ed in the affirmative in Pennsylvania.'

' ' In many districts the law was not accepted. The State had been settled by an intel-
ligent, liberty-loving i)eople, who had fled from Europe to escape the freedom of govern-
ments, wherein arbitrary laws destroyed liberty of conscience, and oppi-essed indepen-
dent Christians. They valued free education as highly as they valued free worship and
free speech. All denominations of Christians, whether Protestant or Catholic, came to
Pennsylvania, bringing their preachers and school-teachers, and by the side of the log
church they built the log school-house in every county and in every settlement. The
work of educating all the children Avas made the sacred duty of the church; and because
our ancestors feared that the State would not do this work as well as the church did it,
they opposed the Common School System. They loved education, they favored free
schools, but they distrusted State supervision.

' ' The German people believed that all schools should be under the care of Christian
denominations, and therefore regarded the State system as one that would defraud the
church of its most powerful auxiliary; they feared also that the interests of the Germans
would suffer by the gradual exclusion of the German language from the public schools.
Therefore, notwithstanding their zeal in the work of providing free education under
church x^atronage, they were hostile to what they called ' political schools. '

"The progress of events, however, so far removed these prejudices, that in 1849 the
section of the act of 1836, which left the adoption of the system to the option of each
district was repealed, and the provisions of the law were extended to every township
throughout the State.

" The school system was, however, not successfully administered until after the passage
of the act of 1854, when, for the first time, its officers were clothed with adequate
powers to enforce the law. Though the general plan of the system remained un-
changed, new and important features were introduced.

" Subdivisions of school districts and sub-committees were abolished; ample power
was given to enforce the collection of school taxes; the School Department was directed

1 ".Joseph Ritner Is a native of Berks county, of German parentage ; lie received a very limited edu-
cation in Lancaster, and is truly a " self-made man," rising from ignorance and obscurity by the force
of his own high qualities. He removed to Washington county, where he was a practical and hard-
working farmer ; was a member of the legislature and speaker of the House of Kepresentatives. In
1835 he was elected Governor of the State, and won imperishable honor as the steadfast supporter of
the Common School System. Governor Ritner retired to private life on a farm in Cumberland
c juLty."

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 465

to publish a manual of School Architecture,! and Directors were authorized to levy a
'building tax' and to locate schoolhouses. The law provided that geography and
grammar, together with such higher branches as the Directors might prescribe, should
be added to the list of studies taught in every school; the Directors were empowered
to establish graded schools, and to assign pupils to the proper grades. The office of
County Superintendent was established, and the law prescribed the qualifications and
duties of that office.

"The appointment of a Deputy Superintendent of schools was authorized, whose duty
it was to administer the system, under the supervision of the Secretary of the Common-
wealth, who still remained ex officio Chief Superintendent, and finally, the School term
was increased to four months for each year. The old law required only three months.

" The county superintendency soon proved itself worthy to be called the 'right arm'
of the system. Under the guidance of the Department, it organized the educational
forces in every part of the State, and infused greater energy into the work. The Dep-
uty State Superintendent and the County Superintendents aroused and educated public
sentiment, and the Directors, clothed with ample powers, carried oiit with considerable
zeal the much needed reforms.

"To these stimulating influences were added the efforts of teachers, struggling, by
means of Institutes, County and State Associations, and annual conventions, not yet
authorized by law, to improve themselves and to elevate their calling to the dignity of
a learned profession.

"The act of 1857, which separated the school superintendency from the office of the
Secretary of the Commonwealth, and made it an independent department, and which
placed the system in all its parts above and beyond the arena of party politics, greatly
increased its power for good. But the Normal School Law, passed by the legislature
in the same year, was the crowning work of school legislation in Pennsylvania. It set-
tled the public policy on the subject of education, set a high standard for future gen-
erations to work up to, and substantially completed the organic structure of the Com-
mon School System.

"The State is divided into twelve normal districts, and each district is authorized to
erect a State Normal School. The first institution established under this law was the
Nomial School for the Second District, at Millersville, in Lancaster county, recognized
by State authority in 1859. The Normal School for the Twelfth District, at Edinboro',
in Erie county, was recognized in 1 861 ; for the Fifth District, at Mansfield, Tioga
county, in 1862, and for the Third District, named 'Keystone Normal School,' at
Kutztown, in Berks county, in 1866."

An account of the State Normal School, at Millersville, is given below.

The actual condition of popular education in the county is exhibited in the following
tabular statement from the official report of the State Superintendent, the Hon. J. P.
Wickersham, for the year ending Jund 1, 1868.

1. This manual, prepared by Dr. Thomas H. Burrowes, was published by the State Department, and
contained numerous cuts, and illustrations giving plans, accompanied by explanations, for the erection
of schoolhouses suitable for every grade.

31

466

AUTHENTIC HISTORY

TABULAR STATEMENT FOR THE

DISTRICTS

Schools

1. Adainstown 2

2. Bart 7

3. Brecknock 7

4. Caernarvon

5. Clay ,

6. Cocalico, East

7. Cocalico, West ,

8. Coleraiu ,

9. Columbia

10. Conestoga

11. Conoy

12. Donegal, East

13. Donegal, West

14. Drumore

15. Earl Township.. .'

16. Earl, East

17. Earl, West

18. Eden

19. Elizabeth

20. Elizabethtown

21. Epbrata

22. Fulton

23. Hempfleld, East

24. Hempfleld, West

25. Lampeter, East

26. Lampeter, West

27. Lancaster City

28. Lancaster Township..

29. Leacock

30. Leacock, Upper

31. Litiz

32. Little Britain

33. Manheim Borough

34. Manheim Towiiship..

35. Manor

36. Marietta I 9

37. Mt. Joy Borough 5

38. Mt. Joy Township 12

39. Martic | 9

40. New Milltown

41. Paradise

43. Penn

43. Pequea

44. Providence

45. Rapho

46. Sadsbury

47. Sate Harbor

48. Strasburg

49. Strasburg Borough

50. Salisbury

51. Warwick

52. Washington

p C
eg

Teachers.

8
8
10
8
8

r^

6
7

r-

5
6
9

8
5

7
6
5

7

^X.

!2!

25

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e

g

3

^

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o

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o

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«>

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'^

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a

CD

p

01

to

OK

0
6
1
1
0
0

1

12
11

0
3
2
1

5! 10

837 50

30 00

I 30 00

I 30 00

30 00

! 30 91

30 00

25 00

64 00

, 35 00

; 36 43

I 45 40

i 36 40;

37 00

36 231

34 00

33 50'

35 00
30 00

34 17

35 00
32 50,

39 31

37 73

40 001
40 00
63 00
40 00
35 00
37 00

28 00!
36 50!
32 00
38 201
60 00
47 50

34 25

35 00

36 00
36 00
35 79
35 00
40 00
35 93

29 00J
40 00
40 001
43 50
32 25
32 00
45 00

J29 33
30 00
iSOO

30 00
25 00
3165

30" 00
32 50
30 00
35 70
32 72
30 00
32 00
35 00

30 00

3566

31 42'
40 00
30 00
40 00
40 00
30 27
40 00

35 00
37 00^
37 50
28 00'

32 00
30 00

36 05
27 44
27 50
36 25
32 50

36*66

35 35
29 00

Scholars.

35 00
30 33
32 00
30 00

72
ISO
225
229
205
309
292
210
395
299
273
455
179
401
461
315
246
186
178

86
358
247
399
443
325
242
1,128
102
272
362

42
240
117
389
530
277
165
345
307

32
240
221
171
235
414;
248'

40
256

94
5461
3641

961

58
163
1'39
186
151
232
246
165
406
253
266
370
141
336
437
282
202
148
118

84
275
236
308
397
252
205
1,432

88
229
291

53
200
104
260
480
314
195
252
271

26
210
192
150
207
325
203

35
202

82
498
301

79

5 <^

a d
s-ti
o i.

88
240
194
257
210
371
339
19j
581
276
433
561
203
420
524
369
295
171
225
144
425
267
484
573
333
2o5
2,261
108
280
433

69
276
147
407
654
355
290
407
389

31
316
298
204
320
491 i
198!

50,
281 !
160
650!
408:
142

Tax and

5? •Z
TO C I ce
i g.s ! g_g
5 c ? c
o re I Bre

H !r-v

$ 67
75
63
81
76
73
62
75
S3
72'
87,
85
92
89
71

76:

P7
85
71
80
79
72
91
71
95
84
92
79
81
88
93
55
64
76

109
55
64
98
66
77
92

112
80
84
96
74
56
77
87
85'
63
77 i

9. 0.

5. 0.

5. iO.

3. 1.25
2.50 1.66

4. 0.
2. 1.

5.

8. ;o.

5. !o.

6. ,2.

:2. !l.

3.33 3.12

7. 10.
3. 10.
3. 10.
2.501.50
6.25 5.
2.50 2.

8. |0.

2. !o.
4.75 0.

3. 0.
2.50 2.50

2.50

3.

6.

1.50

2.25 0.

3.30!o.

5.50:0.

3.50!0.

7.10

0.

2.

2.

4.

2!50
0.

1.

4.30

12.

4.

4.

6.

2,

7.' 50

3.

3.

1.50 1.25

1.30 2.90!

6. 2. '
2.25 0.

7. 0.

6. 0. I
3. 0. !
3.50 0.
5. 1.
1.75 0.
11. 18. I

; 458 92
1,606 00
1,130 48
1,566 44
1,379 12
1,583 11
1,155 48
1,843 54
7,128 94
2,734 42
3,000 00
2,218 06
1,. 325 00
4,2'J4 46
4,738 47
2,880 40
2,174 05
1,724 04
1,277 92

850 00
1,903 40
2,017 43
4,036 52
2,745 02
3je00 50
3,536 64
21,246 30

936 22
2 406 39
3,ti90 04

766 06
1,892 83

582 55
2,122 82
10,000 00
1.870 00
l',056 00
1,504 89
2,357 00

348 00
2,647 05
1,163 00

834 00
2,136 50
2,002 42
2,074 00

■.;23 00
3,. 387 21

773 53
6,325 50
1,839 41

650 37

513'6.94 296 223 *37 09 *32 63i 14,473 12,768:18,007 $ SOJ i4.36:2.55 !}!739,523 ^2

OF LAXCASTER COUNTY.

467

SCHOOL YEAR ENDING JUNE 1, 1868.

Rate Per Cent.

n
%.%

K'c+

rt CD
o

$ 665 8L
1,044 79

1,127 00
1,435 04
1, -250 00

600 00 j
770 27!
87122,

96 00 8
'238 00'
340 001
GOO 00 1
314 00'
454 001
497 00;

•2100
349 00;
414 00

652 00 1

'53606

"97 00:
2G0 00
212 00
180 00

2,745 02

100 00

4,50066
935 00
825 00

1,504 89
89167

550 00
400 00
616 00
616 00
500 00
256 00
697 84
145 00
420 00
468 00
50 00
260 00
21100
53100

882 35
1,300 00
1,400 00

710 00

1,485 10
520 '24

200 00
463 00
318 00

37 00
420 00
237 00
270 00
350 00
602 00
335 00

18 00
349 00
215 00
800 00
50100
16100

454 92
1,894 00
1,470 48
2,832 35

2.737 91
2,037 11
2,262 48
1,864 54
7,478 11
3,148 42
4,1'27 00
4,305 10
2,575 00
4,760 46

4.738 47
2,977 40
2,974 05
2,706 31
2,329 14

850 00
2,453 40
2,417 43

4.652 52
6,106 04
3,700 50
3.792 64

21,94414
1,081 22
'2,826 39
4,158 04

816 0i3
2,152 83

893 55

2.653 82
14,500 00

2,805 00
2,071 00
3,477 78
3,066 67

385 00
3,949 40!
2,700 00
2,504 001
3,196 50 1
3,264 46
3,009 go'

24100
3,736 21 1

988 63!
8,610 60
2,340 41 '
1,331 61 1

Receipts.

•^

22

rom

Sch
seat
otlie

« 0 b

Hector
1 Tax,
Lands
ources.

0
p"

i : S?d

0'

: P7 '=i

* 586 01

S 44 46

1 2,0';9 24

153 28

1 1,902 48

135 25

3,220 70

132 21

3,050 55

164 5S

2,238 19

230 88

! 2,'2S9 73

2.090 56

1 2,507 65

166 14

3,4t4 87

45s 64

! 3,389 51

180 18

4,127 00

163 41

' 8,474 15

346 71

3,083 70

1-29 09

4,904 75

287 82

4,738 47

296 79

3,127 20

257 40

3,563 48

199 68

2.783 11

99 45

1,951 01

104 52

944 00

87 75

3,545 57

269 88

2,428 04

173 94

5,339 78

303 2.J

6,674 97

347 49

4,339 29

24180

4,290 56

163 80

24,158 97

1,855 62

1,552 50

73 71

3,651 70

184 08

4,636 9;

242 97

1,1-26 92

49 53

2,305 27

149 76

1, 0-25 96

117 39

3,249 36

265 98

644 75

452 01

2,730 17

253 89

1,632 20

159 90

4,321 04

231 97

2,963 57

163 SO

413 80

12 09

4,445 45

205 92

3,276 51

205 04

3,789 82

1-22 07

265 86

246 87

5,098 82

309 66

2,832 80

14118

350 37

48 36

3,736 21

19149

1,599 89

108 42

9,144 40

34710

4,264 49

262 08

2,873 59

77 61

*190.205 38

*8.332 90

Balance or Debt

$22,193 40 *16,-20] 84 4177,918 66 *190,205 38 *8,3.32 90' Ji:123,283 99 31,196 07 i 39,084 16 i , §11,647 86. 34,527 08

468 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

The Schools op Litiz have long been favorably known. The village confcains now.
besides 2 Public School, 4 Boarding Schools, 2 for girls and 2 for boys:

1. The Young Ladies' Seminary, called Linden Hall, was opened as early as 1794,
and conducted at first partly in the Sisters' House and i^artly in a house adjacent to it.
The new building, expressly built for school purposes, was occupied October 26, 1804.
It is 3 stories high, 100 feet in length and 60 in depth. In the basement, is a large
"dining room, and the first and second story are the school-rooms, principal's residence,
;and a chapel for spiritual devotions. The third story is occupied as a doi-mitory, and a
room called the sick-room, which is expressly set apart for such as may be indisposed;
2i nurse resides in this room, whose duty it is to attend to such of the pupils, as it may
be found necessary to remove into it. In the rear of the building is a large yai'd, or play-
igrouud, provided with a pavilion, seats, swings, &c., for the pleasure and amusement
vrf tlie pupils. The Institution is i^rovided with a very extensive Library, and as music
IS taught, every room is provided with a piano. It is customary in this Institution to
have musical entertainments from time to time. A friend of ours who has occasionally
been present, assures us, that the performances of the pupils, in vocal and instrumental
mrxsic, are truly excellent, and are probably not surpassed in any other Institution of
the kind. Ornamental needlework of various kinds, is also taught to great perfection,
and all other branches, which constitute a practical education, receive their due share
of attention. There are 10 Tutoresses engaged, two always residing in each school-
room, with about fourteen pupils, whose duty it is, not only to instruct them, but to
have a watchful eye over their morals, and to take walks with them, after the daily
exercises are closed.

The Principals of this Institution, since its establishment, have been as follows:
1794, Rev. John A. Huebner; 1801, Eev. John Herbst; 1802, Rev. John Meder; 1805,
Rev. John F. Freeauf ; 1815, Rev. Andrew Benade; 1822, Rev. John C. Beckler; 1824,
Rev. Samuel Reinke; 1826, Rev. John G. Kummer; 1833, Rev. Charles F. Kluge; 1836,
Rev. Peter Wolle; 1858, Rev. Julius T. Beckler; 1867, Rev. William C. Reichel.

2. The Young Gentlemen^ s Academy: We have already stated that in the early years
of Litiz, there were two schools, one for the boys, belonging to the society, and the
other for those from the adjacent country. As Warwick township became more settled,
so the schools increased, and there was no more necessity to send the children to Litiz,
consequently, the one for the children from the country was discontinued. Mr. Chris-
tian Schropp conducted the town school, for many years, and on the 2d of Januaiy,
1815, Mr. John Beck took charge of it. At that period, the school was held in an old
building, which had been fixed up for that purpose, and stood at the same place where
the present brick school house stands.

Mr. Beck spared neither pains nor expense in improving the school, and his indefati-
gable exertions, as well as the various methods he adopted to further his pupils in their
studies, became a subject of general remark. In 1819, the school began to attract the
attention of parents from abroad, and boys were brought from various places. In 1822,
it was found necessary to erect the present brick school house; the old building being
too small to contain all the pupils. This building is two stories high, and is adorned
with a neat cupola. The second story is, however, not occupied for school pur-
pose, but as a concert hall, where the musical society of Litiz meets. It is provided
•with an extensive musical library, and a number of instruments belonging to the
Society.

The school continued to increase from year to year; and boys were brought from
various parts of Pennsylvania, Virginia, Ohio, the Carolinas, Maryland, Louisiana, &c.
This continued increase rendered it necessary, not only to add another building, but
also more teachers. Accordingly, the large building, formerly called the "Brethren's
House," which is near the brick hou?e, was engaged, and arranged for school purposes.
In 1865, after Mr. Beck had spent fifty yeai-s in the school, he retired, and Messrs.

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 469

George Hepp and Ferdiuand Rickert took cliarge thereof, in the full enjoyment of its
former reputation.

Only two of several thousand pupils sent to Litiz, died at school. One was Sarah Ann
Cazy, of Kent county, Maryland, who entered the school in delicate health; her gi-ave
is No. 379 in the church yai'd, in one of the rows containing young girls from 12 to 18
years; the other was John Gaehle, aged 12 years, of Baltimore, whither his remains
were taken.

3. Sunnyside College for young ladies. — This Institution was estabhshed by the Rev.
.7. T. Beckler in 1863, and is located in the central part of the village, and considering
that it is a new enterprise, is tolerably well patronized.

4. Abraliam BecK's Family School for small boys between the ages of seven and
twelve. This Institution was established in 1865, and the somewhat unexpected patron-
age it has received since its commencement from abroad, has led him to erect a large
and very comfortable building in the southern part of the village. 1

Franklin and Marshall College2 owes its existence to the union or consolidation
of two older institutions, which were distinguished separately before by the honored
names that are now joined together in its single title.

About the year 1780, we are told by Rupp, Jasper Yeates, Esq., Casper Shaffner,
Esq., Colonel George Ross, Charles Hall, Esq., and other gentlemen of the place, find-
ing that the existing Schools Imder the charge of the Lutheran and German Reformed
Congregations, as also the one established a number of years previous by the Moravians,
and conducted upon the same plan, were inadequate to the growing wants of the peo-
ple, and incapable of teaching the higher branches, engaged the services of a teacher
of recommended abilities, to conduct a select academy for the education of their male
children. This Academy continued in existence for several year's, as the High School
of the place, until, owing to the violent temper of the teacher, and the many indignities
which he offered to the pupils under his charge, it was finally suspended. This school
suggested the idea of establishing another; but u.pon a surer basis, under the control of
Trustees by an act of incorporation, and ultimately begat the application to the Legis-
lature for the incorporation of "Franklin College."

On the 10th of March, A. D. 1787,3 the General Assembly of the State, granted the
prayer of the petititioners, and passed an act with the following title : ' 'An act to in-
corporate and endow the German College and Charity School iu the borough of Lancas-
ter, in this State." The Preamble of the act explains the object which it was intended
to effect, and is in the following words, viz : ' ' Whereas, the citizens of this State of
German birth or extraction, have eminently contributed, by their industry, economy
and public virtues, to raise the State to its present happiness and prosperity: And,
whereas, a number of citizens of the above description, in conjunction with others, from
a desire to increase and periaetuate the blessings desired to them from the possession
of property and a free government, have applied to this House for a charter of Incor-
poration, and a donation of lands, for the purpose of establishing and endowing a Col-
lege and Charity School, in the borough of Lancaster. And, whei-eas, the preservation
of the principles of the Christian Religion, and of our Republican form of Government
in their purity, depend, under God, in a great measure, on the estabhshment and sup-
port of suitable places of education, for the purpose of training up a succession of
youth, who by being enabled fully to understand the grounds of both, may be led the
more zealousy, to practice the one, and the more strenuously to defend the other.
Therefore, &c." Here then follow the different sections of the act, the prominent fea-
tures of which are these: §2. That the youth shall be taught in the German, English,
Latin, Greek and other learned languages, in Theology, in the useful arts, sciences

1 Communicated by Mr. Beck.
2Contributed by Rev. J. W. lievin, D. D.
3Sm. laws, page 39S.

470 AUTHEXTIC HISTORY

aud literature. The corporate title shall be "Franklin College," in honor of His Ex-
cellency Benjamin Franklin, Esquire, President of the Supreme Executive Council,
&c. The first Trustees are named and incorporated with the usual powers. Yearly
income not to exceed £10,000. The annual meeting of the trustees to be at Lancaster-,
nine of them to be a quorum and to appoint their own officers. Trustees to be in fixed
proportion always from the Lutheran and Calvinist German Confessions; and the
Princii)al of the institution to be chosen alternately also from one and the other.
§3. The Constitution not to be altered but by the Legislature. §4. The College endowed
Avitli 10,000 acres of land.

Under this charter and with a donation subsequently granted by an Act of Assembly,
consisting of an old military store-house and two lots of ground in the borough of Lan-
caster, worth about $2,000, the College went into operation, A. D., 1786, as a Gram-
mar School, with a Professor of the Latin and Greek Languages, and also a Professor
of Mathematics. The first Principal was a German by the name of Melsheimer. Ar-
dently devoted to his work he strove long and earnestly to promote a taste for learn-
ing among the Gennan population; and for a time the Hohe Schule (High School) seemed
to prosper under his management. But afterwards, through the want of a proper care
of its finances it gradually declined again; until finally, about the year 1821, it ceased
operations altogether.

Six years later, on application made to the Legislature for the purpose, an act was
passed, April 14, 1827, incorx^orating what was called the "Lancaster Coiuity Acad-
emy." In this Act, certain gentlemen were named as Trustees — the corporation was
established with the usual powers — the powers, privileges, meetings and duties of the
ti'ustees were prescribed — a donation of $3,000 was granted by the State, and poor chil-
dren, not exceeding at any one time, four in number, to be educated in consideration
thereof. The Trustees thus appointed by the Act, organized, received subscriptions,
l^urchased a lot of ground in the city of Lancaster, and in the year 1828, erected a large
and commodious house for their schools. They employed a competent teacher, and
the academy was opened under flattering auspices. With varied, and at best but in-
different success, it continued in operation, until the Summer of 1839; when, in pursu-
ance of an Act of Assembly, passed on the 15th of May, A. D. 1839, authorizing the
arrangement, the buildings of the Academy were conveyed to the Trustees of Frank-
lin College; in whose hands they then passed, with some enlargement, into the service
of the old Ilohe Schule, which was now restored to life again, under its chartered title,
upon a new ])lan, and with new promise of usefulness. It became a resi)cctable Clas-
sical Academy.

It was felt, however, that it ought to be more than this, -to fulfil the original design
of its charter, and to turn to account faithfully the growing value of its endowment.
It needed to be made a proper College in fact as well as in name. But it became more
and more plain also, that if any such enterprise was to succeed it must go forward, in
some way, under the auspices of one or the other, if not lK)th of tlie German Chiirches,
which divided between them already two-thirds of the corporate rights and powers of
the institution. This led to negotiations, the result of which was, in the end, that the
German Reformed Church consented to buy out the Lutheran interest in the College,
and to consolidate with it her own separate institution previously established at Mer-
cersburg, ur»der the terms and conditio:is of a new charter, committing the whole to
her special denominational charge and care.

'■^Marshall College,^'' the subject of this translation, was founded in the year 1835. It
sprang originally out of the High School attached to the Theological Seminary of the
Gennan Reformed Church, which had been removed the year before from the Borough
of York to the village of Mercersburg. The College in this way grew out of the desire
of the Church to secure an educated ministry; just as Harvard University, Yale College
and Nassau Hall, owe their origin mainly to a similar zeal on the part of the religious

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 471

bodies by which they were first called into being. It was not confined, however, to
this object; but like the venerable seminaries of learning just named aimed to be a
nursery of liberal education in its most general form. In such character it had pursued
its course, with no inconsiderable efiiciency and success, through a period of seventeen
years; when through the arrangement which has been mentioned its history as a sepa-
rate institution was brought to a close by its removal to Lancaster. It became merged
thus in what is now known as Franklin and Marshall College.

The Act providing for the amalgamation of the two Colleges was passed by the Legis-
lature of Pennsylvania, in April, 1850. Certain temis or specifications were to be ful-
filled, however, before the new charter could go into effect; so that the first meeting of
the Board of Trustees created by it did not take place until January, 1853. The regu-
lar course of collegiate instruction began in May following, and the opening of the Col-
lege was formally solemnized by a public celebration, held in Fulton Hall, on the even-
ing of the 7th of June.

Until April, 1856, the exercises of the Institution were conducted in the old Franklin
College Hall on Lime street. Efficient measures, however, had been taken toward the
erection of better accommodations. A fund of twenty-five thousand dollars, raised for
the purjjose in the city and county of Lancaster, was devoted to the jjurchase of a fine
tract of ground, on the west side of the town, and the erection of a main central edifice
for College use. The dedication of the new building took place, with appropriate cere-
monies, on the 16th of May 1856.

To this were added soon after the chaste, beautiful and commodious Halls of the two
Literary Societies of the College, holding the relation of wings to the main edifice — the
Goethean on the South and the Diagnothian on the North. They were formally opened
on Tuesday, the 28th of July, 1857. The value of these buildings altogether may be
estimated now at about fifty thousand dollars.

The prosperity of the institution was seriously aftected, of course, by the war; al-
though it has been steadily gaining strength all along, and has now a better endow-
ment than ever before. Of late a new movement has been made in its favor on the
part of the Church, which cannot fail, if it is properly carried thi-ough, to add greatly
to its importance and force. This contemplates the creation of an additional endow-
ment for it of not less than a hundred thousand dollars, and the removal of the Re-
formed Theological Seminary at the same time from Mercersburg to Lancaster, where
the two institutions then are to stand in conjunction again as of old on the same
ground. Should these measures be crowned with success, we may exjiect soon to see
the whole College land taken up with other buildings, which will add materially to the
effect of its present partial improvement.

The Faculty of the Institution, as it now stands, is composed as follows: Rev. John
W. Nevin, D. D., President and Professor of Mental Science, Etliics, Aesthetics, and
the Philosophy of History; /WiiAAKisi M. Nevin, Esq. A. M., Professor of Ancient Lan-
guages and Belles Lettres; Rev. Theodoke Appel, A. M., Professor of Mathematics,
Physics and Astronomy; Charles H. Budd, A. M., M. D., Professor of Natural 8ci-
.ence and Chemistry; John S. Stahr, A. B., Adjunct Professor of History and the Ger-
man Language; David M. Wolf, A. M., Adjunct Professor of Languages and Math-
ematics; John L. Atlee, M. D., Professor of Anatomy and Physiology.

In this scheme of instruction, it will be observed, the College holds itself strictly to
the old idea of a classical and liberal education, without regard to what has become so
largely in difterent quarters at the present time, the popular demand for practical and
business studies. This it does, not as undervaluing these studies in their right place,
but from the sense of having a work to perform in which they are not properly em-
braced. There are no so-called scientific, technical, or professional courses in the in-
stitution; no optional or select courses, leaving it with the student to suit his studies to
his own taste. The College, in this respect, is neither a Nonual School, nor a Polytech-

472 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

nic Institute, nor a School devoted to Agriculture or Engineering; but a College simply
as such, in the old American sense; where there is but one course of study for all stu-
dents, and this determined exclusively toward the cultivation of mind for its own sake.
This of course limits in some degree the size of its classes. It has no irregulars on its
catalogue; and can look for no miscellaneous patronage. Attached to it is a respectable
Grammar School; but even this is no part of the College properly so called, although in
a general way under the supervision of its Faculty.

Franklin and Marshall College stands under the care immediately of the Gennan
Reformed Church. At the same time, one-third of its Board of Trustees, are outsiders,
as they are called, gentlemen taken from other religious denominations. It is thus a
public interest in the full sense of the term ; an interest, in which the State is concerned
no less than the Church. It is also a local interest of the first magnitude, as all may
easily see, for the city and county of Lancaster.

In the double relation which it thus holds to the Reformed Church and to the com-
munity around it, there is no reason why the institution, with its present fair auspices,
should not take a chief place among the Colleges of Pennsylvania, and win for itself a
name of which Lancaster may be proud in all future time. Never had a community,
with its populfj-tion and means, better or more easy opportunity to secure to itself last-
ing advantage and distinction in this way. With the spirit of New England, Lancaster
county alone, being in truth a whole Commonwealth in itself, might soon have a College
in which the entire country would have reason to rejoice.

State Normal School, at Millersville. (Compiled from official sources.)

The State Normal School at Millersville owes its existence directly to the influence of
the County Superintendent of this county, an office established by the new school bill
approved May 8, 1854. During a visit to Millersville he adverted In a public lecture
to the project of founding a Normal School, "and stated that the main difficulty of its
execution arose from the want of suitable buildings. A building designed for an aca-
demy, being at that time in course of erection, was generously oifered by the Trustees
to the County Superintendent without charge, if he would open his contemplated Nor-
mal School at Millersville. The offer was accepted, and on March 5, 1855, a circular
was issued defining as its object the furnishing ' ' to the teachers of Lancaster county,
and of as many other parts as can be accommodated, the means of obtaining, during
three months of their summer vacation, thorough professional training; first, by giving
sound instruction in the various branches; second, by imparting a knowledge of the
most approved methods of teaching; by furnishing an opportunity for actual practice in
the model schools connected with the Institution." The number of students collected
at a month's notice, reached 135; the number of pujjils in the Model Schools about 200.
The signal success of the experiment achieved under the most disadvantageous circum-
stances, induced the Trustees of the Academy, to initiate measui-es for enlarging the
buildings and establishing a permanent' Normal School, which went into operation
about November 1, 1855, under the principalship of John F. Stoddard, who, owing to
a misunderstanding between himself and the Trustees, resigned, when the County
Superintendent, J. P. Wickersham, was ' elected Pi-incipal, who launched the
school on an unbroken career of prosperity. From 1855 to 1859 the Institution
was wholly in private hands, and bore the name of the Lancaster County Normal
Institute. "Virtually, however, it was doing the work of a State Normal School,
as its students came from all parts of the State, and its special aim was to train
teachers."

The Normal School Law of Pennsylvania, prepared by the Hon, Thomas H. Bur-
rowes, became a law on May 20, 1857. On June 29, 1857, the Trustees and others in-
terested in the school, resolved to bring it within the requirements of said law, and
with much expenditure in time, attention and money (about $40,000) they had the
satisfaction of completing their work in the autumn of 1859, enhanced by the recogni-

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 473

tion of the Institution as the first State Normal School in Pennsylvania, on Dec. 2, 1859.
The State has granted to it diff'erent sums of money, and incurred the expense of sup-
plying certificates and diplomas.

Professor Wickersham resigned the Principalship in 18G0, and was succeeded by
Professor Edward Brooks, who has been connected with the Institution from the time
of its organization as a permanent school in 1855. The prosperity of the school has
been so encouraging that additional buildings, costing about |28,000, were erected dur-
ing the past summer, (1868.)

The Normal School buildings are large, the east front being 252 feet, and the soutli
front 160 feet, and conveniently arranged. There are boarding accommodations for
300, and school accommodations for 400 students. The buildings are surrounded with
grounds to the extent of ten acres, which have been laid out and are used for play and
pleasure grounds. The new building is 90 feet long and 40 feet wide, four stories high,
and affords boarding accommodations for nearly a hundred more students.

The Male and Female departments are entirely separate, each sex occupying a differ-
ent building. Both sexes, however, meet at lectures and in recitations; and it is be-
lieved that the presence of each has a beneficial efi"ect upon the other.

The Institution already possesses considerable philosophical apparatus, and provision
has bean made to increase it. It possesses also a good cabinet of Mineralogical and
Geological specimens, and further contributions of this nature are solicited from its
friends. The ladies have a Hall 112 feet long and 30 feet wide, which is devoted to
gymnastic and calisthenic exercises. The gentlemen, also, have ample i>lay grounds,
and considerable gymnastic apparatus.

By a recent Act of the Legislature, the following appropriations are made by the State
to Norriial Students and Graduates:

1. Each Student over seventeen years of age, who shall sign a paper declaring his in-
tention to teach in the Common Schools of the State, shall receive the sum of fifty
CENTS per week towai-ds defraying the expenses of tuition and boarding.

2. Each Student over seventeen years of age, who was disabled in the military or naval
service of the United States, or of Pennsylvania, or whose father lost his life in said
service, and who shall sign an agreement as above, shall receive the sum of one dollak
per week.

3. Each Student who, upo)i graduating, shall sign an agreement to teach in
the Common Schools of the State two full years, shall receive the sum of fifty

DOLLARS.

4. Any Student to secure these benefits must attend the School at least one term of
twelve consecutive weeks, and receive instruction in the Theory of Teaching. These
benefits are to be deducted from the regular expenses of board and tuition.

There are three courses of instruction: elementary, scientific and classical, respect-
ively designed to prepare teachers for Common, English High Schools, and High Schools
in which Greek and Latin are taught. Provision is also made in a preparatory course,
for students deficient in a knowledge of the most elementary branches.

A Model School, taught chiefly by the graduating class of the Normal School, is in
successful operation.

Graduates in the Elementary Course are constituted Bachelors of the Elements,
graduates in the Scientific Course, Bachlers of the Sciences, and graduates in the Class-
ical Course, Bachelors of the Classics. Judicious arrangements prevail, by which,
after two years' successful teaching and prosecution of their studies. Bachelors are ad-
vanced to Master's, and further distinguished by the corresponding professional titles of
Teachers of Elemental, Scientific or Classical Didactics.

Among the attractions of the School are two fiourishing Literary Societies, conducted
by the students — the " Page " and the "Normal." They hold weekly meetings. They
have together, about 2000 well selected volumes in their Libraries, all collected within

474 AUTHEXTIC HISTORY

a recent period. Any student may become a member of either of these Societies by
paying a small initiation fee.

The following is the summary of students in attendance at the school during 1867-8:

Males. Females.

In the Normal School 440 214 054

In the Model School 70 46 116

Whole number during the year 770

Number during the Winter »Session 472

Number during the Summer Session 516

Total for both Sessions 988

The govermnent of the School is based ui)on the principle, '■'■Do right because it is
ricjM.'''

Special efforts are made to secure obedience to regulations by the cultivation among
the pupils of a high sense of Tionor.

More reliance is placed in the principle of self-government than in 2)ositive rules or in
penalties attached to arbitrary restrictions.

The jjositive regulations adopted are based upon the following principles:

1st. No student should be allowed to trespass upon the' rights and privileges of
another.

3d. Privileges that all cannot enjoy should be granted to none. It is taken for granted
that every student who enters the school is disposed to do right, and to obey the particular
regulations of the school, and implicit trust is placed in his sense of honor and pro-
priety.

Parents and guardians are earncstlj' requested not to send persons who have con-
tracted bad habits, as the safety of others will demand their dismission.

Every care is taken to remove temptation to wrong doing, but upon the discovery
that a student cannot be trusted, he will be removed from the school.

Among the religious privileges of the School are a Sunday School, Bible Classes,
Prayer Meetings, and a sermon or religious lecture in the School Chapel every Sunday.
Students are required to attend the Sermon or Lecture. Attendance upon other exer-
cises is optional.

Besides the Institutions already named, there are numerous private schools in dif-
ferent parts of the County. Among these we name:

St. James's ScnooL is a graded school, for young ladies, ably conducted by a competent
corps of teachers, under the direction of the Eector of St. James's Church. It has all
needed appliances for a sound and liberal education. It has six teachers and about 100
pupils.

The Rev. Mr. Bruning, a Lutheran minister, also conducts a grls' school, known as
the Conestoga Collegiate Institute. Mr. Davis has a mixed school, and the Rev. Mr.
Gast, in conjunction with Mr. Gerhard, has charge of the pn-eparatory department of
Franklin and Marshall College.

All these institutions are Day Schools and located at Lancaster.

The Rev. Mr. Dodge conducts a Young Ladies' Seminary at Mount Joy, and at the
same place is also an Academy for Boys; both are Boarding schools.

Soldiers' Orphans are also educated in several parts of the County.

Libraries. — There are three public libraries in Lancaster county — the Mechanics' and
the Atlienajum, in Lancaster citj^, and Shoch's, in Columbia. I'ke Mechanics'' Society
has 3,500, the Athenaeum Association 2,500, and Shoch's School Library 1,500 volumes.
The Mechanics' Society was organized on the 8th of May, 1829. The building in South
Queen street, at present used by Geo. B. Schaum as a cabinet wareroom, and which
was for several years owned and occupied by the 2d Presbyterian Church, was built in
1839 by the Mechanics' Society, who owned and occupied it for a number of years,

'»,

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 475

using the lower room for the library, and letting out the second floor for concerts and
other entertainments. At one time the society grew weak, and was kept up only by
about half a dozen members, who instead of dividing the books and funds among them-
selves, as they might have done, and as was proposed J>y several of them, met regularly
for several years and kept the Society alive, until some ten years ago, when new life
was infused into it, and it now lias thirty-seven members and one hundred and sixty-
four subscribers, with $4,150 invested in mortgage on real estate. The Historical,
Agricultural and Mechanics' Society was organized on the 22d of September, 1857, to
secure the $1,000 donation of books shortly before made by Congress to a society in
each Congressional district, devoted to history, agriculture and mechanics. This So-
ciety had its library on the second floor of Russel's hardware building in North Queen
street, until February 7, 1859, when the books and other articles were removed to the third
floor of the City Hall. Hon. E. C. Reigart having about this time intimated that if a
union could be effected between the Mechanics' Society, the Historical, Agricultural
and Mechanics' Society, and several other somewhat similar organizations in the city,
he would give $2, 500 towards the purchase of books and fitting up a proper place for
keeping them, an eff"ort was made to accomplish this object. The movement failed.
However, on the 11th of August, 1858, a society called the AtJieiueum was orga,nized,
and the rooms of the third story of the City Hall given without rent, by City Councils,
for the use of the society. To this society Mr. Reigart gave $2,500 — $1,000 on the 1st
of January, 1859, and $500 thereafter annually for three years. The rooms were fitted
up for a library and reading room, and formally opened to the public on the 17th of
February, 1859. On the 20tli of December, 1860, the Athenaevun Association and the
Historical, Agricultural and Mechanics' Society were united, and their libraries con-
solidated, under the name of the Atheuceum and Historical, Agricultural and Mechanics'
Society. The similarity of names renders it proper to mention that the "Mechanics'
Society," first above referred to, is a different institution and entirely unconnected
with the "Historical, Agricultural and Mechanics' Society." The Shock Library
was established in Columbia, in 1868. Samuel Shoch having donated $500
towards the purchase of books for the free use of the pupils of the public schools
of Columbia, the Board of School Directors of that borough purchased about
1,500 volumes. Citizens of Columbia, by the payment of a small annual fee, are
permitted to use this library. A society called the Conservatory of Arts and
Sciences, which was organized in Lancaster city some tweiity-five years ago, established
a library, and loaned books to its members. It has long since ceased to exist, and
many of its publications are now on the shelves of the Athenseum. Two ladies, named
Jordan, many years ago opened a circulating library in Lancaster, which was kept up
vmtil some eight j'ears ago, when the surviving proprietress died, and the books were
sold at auction. The Mechanics' Society introduced into Lancaster popular lectures
and night schools. Redmond Conyngham delivered before the Society a series of lec-
tures on History, and Dr. W. L. Atlee a series on Chemistry. Other lecturers were
also employed by this Society.i

"The LiNN^AK Society of Lancaster City and County" was instituted and or-
ganized February 1 5, 1802, and incorporated under the above style and title by the Court of
Common Pleas of Lancaster county, on August 30, 1865, "for the cultivation, development
and advancement of natural science; and for the investigation of the character, quality and
habits of the animals, plants and minerals of Lancaster county and adjacent teritory."
The founders and most active promoters of the objects of the Society were Profs. T.
C. Porter, J. P. Wickersham, E. B. Weaver, and Messrs. S. S. Rathvon, J. Staufter,
J. R. Sypher, J. B. Kevinski, Samuel Auxer, John F. Heinitsh and D. G. Swartz.
Subsequently Messrs. G. M. Zahm, J. M. Seitz, IL M. Bruckart, P. E. Gibbons,
J. S. Witmer and others were added.

1 Contribute.! bv IMr. II. A.. K iclcafield.

476 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

Its first President was Professor T. C. Porter, D. D. The present officers of the
Society are President, Hon. J. P. Wickersham; Vice Presidents, Charles A. Heinitsh, H.
G. Bruckart; Recording Secretary, Jacob Stauflfer; Assistant Secretary, H. A. Rocka-
field; Corresponding Secretary, C\\a.Y\Qs^ii\.u\\^\\; Treasurer, S. S. Rath von; Librarian,
Jno. B. Kevinski; Curators, J. Stauft'er, S. S. Rathvon, Jno. B. Kevinski, H. G.
Bruckart. The Society has been in successful operation since its beginning and earned
a good report. An account of its labors, extracted from an Essay by Mr. S. S. Rath-
von, read before the Society on its 4th anniversarj^, February 24, 1866, speaks for itself:

' ' Before concluding this essay, allow me for a moment to advert to the fact, that four
years ago, we had not a single animal, a plant, a shell, a fossil, a mineral or a book in
our possession, nor yet a case of any kind, not even a box, to put anything in, if we
had had it. But at the present day we have a comparatively large collection in our
possession, or under our control. Our Library, contrary to the expectations of many
of us, consists of about one hundred and sixty-five books and pamphlets. Our Botan-
ical collection, although not immediately accessible, is large and comprises nearly, or
quite, all of the plants and mosses known to Lancaster County. As soon as i:)roper
recei^tacles are provided, the Society "will have a large and rare collection of botanical
specimeias under its immediate control, numbering some five hundred species.

' ' Mammalogy seems to be the only order that does not exhibit signs of healthy progress ;
no special laborer in that field having yet volunteered his service. Yet, there are ten
or twelve mammals, and twenty-five craniological specimens now in possession of the
Society. It is hoped that some practical student will take up this department of natu-
ral history, and give it a thorough exploration during the present year. Should such a
one be found, there is not a doubt he would find the subject sufficiently prolific and
interesting to remunerate him for his trouble, and would also confer a benefit on the
Society.

" In Ornithology our collection numbers two hundred specimens, part of that number
being birds of exceeding beauty and variety, still found as occasional visitors in this
locality and latitude. In Lchthyology the number of specimens is about two hundred and
fifty, most of which have been found in our immediate waters. In Uerpetology we
number some twenty specimens, comprising nearly all of that order of animals found with-
in the limits of Lancaster county. The specimens in Reptilia are about fifty in number.
Perhaps the largest collection of any class of animals in the custody of the Society, is
that included in Entomology, the specimens of Coleoptera alone being not far below
twelve thousand; besides, nearly one-fourtli of that number, belonging to other orders,
will be placed in the possession of the Society during the present year. In Concliology
the collection numbers over fourteen hundred specimens, including most of the sj^ecies
known to the county of Lancaster. In Oology there is a small but beautiful collection,
numbering one hundred and twenty-five specimens. The Mineralogical collection
includes nearly all of the varieties known to this locality, besides many from other local-
ities, numbering about fifteen hundred specimens. In Paleontology and Fossilology in
general, the collection is very respectable, and numbers about five hundred specimens.
There are about four hundred specimens for which no department has yet been organ-
ized, and therefore these objects are, for the present, referred to Scientific Miscellany.
The collateral branch of Archeology is growing interesting, and numbers not less than
two hundred and fifty specimens. This is but a partial enumeration of the specimens
of various kinds in possession of the Society, and yet it ' foots up ' the incredible num-
ber of more than thirty-two thousand, not including the library."

— Concerning the literary activity and zeal of the members of this Society, this volume
bears ample testimony, for almost all the contributions to the Natural History of the
County, constituting Division IX, have been furnished by them, and the fidelity and
care with which they have executed their work, entitles them to well-merited
praise.

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 477

LANCASTER CITY AND COUNTY HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The Lancaster City and County Horticultural Society! was organized in September
1867, under that name ; but, subsequently, it added Agriculture as one of the objects
of its development. Although several similar organizations had previously existed, yet
none seemed to have attained the prominence of the present Society, or exliibited the
same prospects of efficiency and permanency. It meets regularly on the first Monday
in each month, in the Orphans' Court Room, in the city of Lancaster ; and usually
holds two exhibitions of fruit, flovpers, vegetables, and agricultural produce in each
year one in June and one in September. Under its auspices a monthly journal is pub-
lished, called The Lancaster Farmer, which usually contains Essays read before the
meetings of the Society, a synopsis of its proceedings, and original and selected papers
on Agriculture, Horticulture, Floriculture, Entomology, Botany, and miscellaneous
subjects. Its present officers are : Pi-esident, Henry M. Engle; Vice Presidents, Levi
S. Reist, Jacob B. Garber, J. H. Hershey and Henry K. Stoner; Recording Secretary,
Alex. Harris; Corresponding Secretai-y, A. D. Hostetter; Treasurer, Dr. P. W. Heis-
tand; Entomologist, S. S. Rathvon; Botanist, Jacob Stauffer; Chemist, Dr. J. H.
Musser; Librarian, John B. Erb. It has also annually appointed a number of standing
committees, who have special charge of the difterent departments assigned to them,
according to the provisions of the constitution.

The Publishing Committee of the Farmer are: Dr. P. "W. Heistand, H. K. Stoner,
J. M. Frantz, Casper Hiller, Levi W. Groff and Alex. Harris; and the Editorial Com-
mittee are: J. B. Garber, H. M. Engle, L. S. Reist, Dr. W. L. Diffenderfer, Dr. J. H.
Musser and S. S. Rathvon; the last named on each of the committees being residents of
Lancaster city, and the remainder residents of difterent districts in the county.

The Society has a large membership, and is composed of some of the most practical
and influential farmers and fruit growers within the limits of Lancaster city and coun-
ty. Its proceedings, thus far, seem to be in harmony with the progressive spirit of the
age.

NET\fSPAPERS IN LANCASTER COUNTY.

Although Printing has been styled "the art preservative of arts," it is remarkable
that perhaps the only exception to the rule is to be found in the preservation of the
history of an important branch of that art itself — the history of the newspaper press,
It is surprising how little is known of the actual history of the early newspapers of
Lancaster. To write a complete history of the press of Lancaster from the first organi-
zation of the county, would involve the labor and research of months, and then much
of tradition would necessarily supply the place of facts of which there is no record and
no definite recollection in the minds of persons now living. We were never so deeply
impressed with the importance of filing and preserving newspapers as since we ad-
dressed ourselves to the task of sketching the history of owe local newspapers. Files
even of newspapers published within the knowledge of the present generation are either
not accessible or so imperfect that they are of little value for our purpose. What a
treasure to the local historian of to-day would be the complete files of the newspapers
published by Miller and Holland, Lahn, Albright and others, a hundred years ago!
And in how high esteem will the complete newspaper files of this eventful decade be
held by those who may fill our i:»laces and study our daily history a century hence !

The newspaper press of Lancaster has always been distinguished for its neatness in
typography and the enterprise and ability with which it has been conducted. In these
respects it has always compared favorably with the press anywhere outside of the great
Metropolitan centres. It is therefore to be regretted that so little material for its

1 Oontributed by Mr. S. S. Fatbvon.

478 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

complete history is now witliin reach. It is hoped, however, that the knowledge of
the deficiency thus brought to public notice, will lead to the collection of many facts of
value in the revision of a future edition of this work.

The history of the newspaper in Lancaster can be traced back as far as 1751. In
January of that year a newspaper in the English and German language was published
in this city by Miller and Holland. What the title of it was we cannot now learn,
neither the date of its suspension. Before the revolutionary war, and for a short time
after its commencement, William Albright, associated with Lahn and Stumer, publish-
ed a newspaper in English and German ; and soon after the beginning of the war, Francis
Bailey published a paper in English. Subsequently, he removed to Philadelphia and
published the Freeman'' s Journal. Over half a century ago Benjamin Grimier pub-
lished a German paper in this city.

The Lancaster Journal was established by Wilcox & Hamilton in June, 1794. In
June, 1796, it passed under the control of Wm. Hamilton, who continued to publish it
until Januai'y, 1820, when he was succeeded by Huss & Brenner. In July of the same
year Captain John Reynolds, (father of the late distinguished Major General J. F.
Reynolds,) took charge of the Journal, by whom it was conducted until 1834, when it
passed into the hands of Hugh Maxwell, by whom it was conducted until merged in
the Intelligencer, in 1839.

About the period of the late war with Great Britain, there were several papers pub-
lished which either ceased to exist or lost their identity in other papers with which they
were consolidated. Of these, one of the ablest and most influential in its day, was the
Lancaster Gazette, published for several years by Hugh Maxwell.

About the year 1821, Matthew Kelly published the Lancaster Free. Press, and about the
same period Samuel 0. Stambaugh, a noted Democratic politician of his day, published
the American Sentinel. In 1829, or 1830, the Anti-Masonic OppoJientwRS published, and
edited by Cyrus Jacobs. About the same time Hermann W. Ville published in Eng-
lish the Standard of Liberty, a neutral paper, and also a German paper, which was rad-
ically Democratic in its politics. In 1833 or 1834, the Lancaster Miscellany was pub-
lished by Redmond Conyngham, whose office was where the Synagogue now stands, in
Orange street. About the year 1835 Francis Frank started a German paper called the
Wahre Americaner, which was bought by Jacob Myers in 1840, who changed the title
to WaJire Demokrat. Mr. Myers afterwards started a paper devoted to the interests of
the working men, called the Working- Men'' s Press. It was subsequently (1846,) uni-
ted with the ylmerzcaft Bejmblican, which in 1859 (as noticed elsewhere) was merged
in the Inquirer.

A paper called the Lancaster Democrat was started on May 8, 1844, by Henry Hays,
publisher, and Col. John Forsyth Carter, editor, a writer of great fluency, who had the
faculty of imparting unusual interest to a column of items. ]\Ir. Hayes was succeeded
as publisher by William B. Wiley, who subsequently sold out to the editor. Col. Carter.
In 1845 Patrick Donnelly became the publisher, in whose hands the paper remained
until its suspension.

The Lancasterian was established on the 1st of January, 1848, by Marcus D. Hol-
brook, in the interest of the Cass Democracy. On Oct. 23, 1852, he sold out to Henry
S. Myers and Wm. B. Wiley. It was published one year by Myers & Wiley, when Mr.
Myers retired. The Lancasterian was hostile to the election of Mr. Buchanan to the
Presidency, and on the 12th of October, 1855, the subscription list was purchased by
his friends and united with the Intelligencer.

The American Republican was started in 1844, by David S. Kieffer, as an organ of
the "Native American" party, and was published by him until 1846, when he sold out
to Jacob Myers, who united it with the Press, as noticed elsewhere.

The Semi-Weekly Gazette was issued on the 19tli of August, 1839, by James H.
Bryson, J. H. Pearsol and .James Wimer. Four months subsequently, it was changed

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 479

to The Age, a weekly temperance paper, then regarded as one of the best conducted
organs of the tenii^erance movement in the country. Financially, however, it was nf)t
a svTccess, and it was discontinued in the latter part of 1842, a shoit time before Mr.
Pearsol started the Express.

The Moral Reformer, ?i small temperance weekly, was started by Rev. Henry Miller,
in January, 1844. On the foui-tli of July of that year he transferred the concern to J.
M. W. Geist, who subsequently enlarged the paper, changing the title to American
Reformer. Like its predecessor, The Age, it was a pecuniary failure, and in 184o its
publication was suspended. It was subsequently revived at Harrisburg, and published
a few months there, as a State Temperance organ, with no better success.

The Anti-Masonic Herald was started at New Holland by Theophilus Fenn and Dr.
Thos. H. Vesey in June, 1828, and published until April, 1829, when it was removed to
Lancaster, and conducted by Fenn & Fenton. Mr. Fenton having retired, Mr. Fenn
conducted it until April, 1831, when he sold to Dr. John F. Charles. In January, 1833,
Dr. Charles sold to Geo. W. Hamersly, who published it for eighteen months, when
it was united with the Examiner.

The Lancaster Union was started May 24, 1834, by John L. Boswell, then of the
Columbia Sjyy. On the 28th of November, 1834, he formed a partnership with Carpen-
ter McCleery. It was published by Boswell »& McCleery until April, 1835, when
McCleery became sole proprietor. On the 9th of April, 1839, the office was purchased
by A. H. Hood. Mr. Hood conducted the paper until October 18, 1842, when he sold to
Henry Montgomery. The Union was merged in the Independent Whig in November, 1851 .

The Independent Whig was established by. a joint stock comi^any, at the head of
which was Hon. Thaddeus Stevens, in November 1851. It was started as an organ of
the anti-slavery Whigs, in opposition to the Examiner, which was then conservative
on that question. The company purchased the old Union from Mr. Hamersly for
$6,500, and made it the basis of the Whig. The new paper was edited by Edw.
M'Pherson, (now Clerk of the House of Eepresentatives at "Washington,) assisted by
E. H. Ranch. On the 12th of May, 1853, they issued The Inland Daily, then a small
three-colmnn penny morning paper. In the fall of 1853 Mr. Ranch retired, and* Mr.
M'Pherson soon after resigned the management of the paper. He was succeeded by
Theo. Fenn, as publisher, and Harvey L. Goodall, as editor of the Daily, which was af-
terwards enlarged and called T Tie Inland Daily Times. In the summer of 1855, The
Inland Weekly was started, as an organ of the " American" movement. About thistime
the Whig was published for a short time as a semi-weekly. The various enterprises
proving a pecuniary loss to the company, Mr. Fenn became the owner of the concern.
He finally sold out to Thos. E. & J. J. Cochran, Sept. 21, 1858, who discontinued the
Daily Times and changed the name of the weekly to The Lancaster Union. On the
first of Jaimary, 1863, the Messrs. Cochran sold to J. A. Hiestand & Co., who consoh-
dated it with the Examiner.

The Public Register was started in December, 1853, by H. A. Rockafield, as an inde-
]iendent paper. In June, 1854, its name was changed to Public Register and American
Citizen, and conducted by John F. Huber as an organ of the "Know Nothings"' or
"American" party, then recently organized. In the fall of 1854, Mr. Huber formed
a partnership with M. M. Rohrer. Huber & Rohrer were succeeded by Walter G.
Evans, who subsequently sold to Jacob Myers, who consolidated it with the Press. At
one time the Register §• Citizen had the largest circulation ever attained by any paper
in Lancaster.

In September, 1808, a literary monthly publication, called the Gleaner, or Monthly
Magazine, was issued by Stacy Potts, jr. editor, and William Greer, printer and publisher.
It was a very creditable monthly for that day, but as we have no record of its jjublicatiou
beyond one year, it was doubtless a pecuniary failure. Each number contained 48
octavo pages and was handsomely printed.

480 AUTHENTIC HISTOEY

In June, 1833, a monthly educational magazine was started vinder the auspices of
Amos Gilbert, for many years a prominent school teacher in this city and county. It
was called The Inciter, and was the first educational publication in the county of
which we have any record. It was an octavo of sixteen pages, and was discontinued
at tlie end of the year for want of patronage.

Tlie Old Guard, a Wliig paper, was establislied by the friends of Hon. John Strohm,
in 1839. Wm. Kennedy was the first editoi', and was succeeded in 1840 by Theodore
D. Cochran. Tlie paper was subsequently transferred to Loyd Jones & Brother, and
finally sold to Edw. C. Darlington, and merged in the Exajniner.

In the year 1845 Ele Bowen commenced the ijublication of a large weekly agi-icul-
tural paper, called the Lancaster County Farmer. After publishing a few numbers,
the enterprise failed for want of capital. Mr. Bowen sr;bsequently enlisted Jacob B.
Garber in tlie enterprise, who with a liberal expenditure of capital and the employ-
ment of editorial talent, made it an excellent i^aper. The name was changed to Farmer
and Literary Gazette, and the talented authoress, Mrs. Lydia Jane Pierson, was en-
gaged on the editorial staff, assisted by Albert G. Williams, David G. Swartz and
others. The establishment was sold to Aaron Eshleman and P. H. Gochnauer, in
1849, who were succeeded by Wm. H. Spangler, as publisher, and A. M. Spangler, as
editor. It was finally merged in the Examiner.

A Whig paper called The Tribune and Advertiaer was started by R. W. Middleton
on the 20th of June, 1846, and was published about two years. It was united with the
Union under the title of Union and T'ribune.

The Mechanics' Counsellor, a monthly paper devoted to the interests of the Order of
American Mechanics was issued by E. H! Ranch, in 1852, and published one year.

The Conestoga Chief, devoted to the interests of the Indejiendent 'Order of Red Men,
was published about 1855, by Harvey L. Goodall.

A daily paper called the Morning Herald, was commenced by E. S. Speaker on the
25th day of June, 1859, and published about two months.

In Oct. 1858, E. S. Speaker commenced the publication of a weekly temperance paper
called the Temperance Advocate, which was published about three years.

There were quite a number of spirited campaign papers published in Lancaster during
the past thirty years, which had considerable influence in the campaigns of their day.
We can call to remembrance, the Buckeye, published by R. W. Middleton in the cam-
paign of 1840-41; the Mill-Boy, by E. C. Darlington, .started in May, 1844; the Bough
and Beady, by John S. Jones, and the Grape-Shot, by R. W. Middletown, in 1848; the
National Whig, by John S. Jones, June 19, 1851; and the Scott Bugle, from the office
of the Independent Whig, July 23, 1852. There were doubtless others of which we
have no recollection.

Among the papers of which we have no precise data, were The Daily Free Press, an
organ of the liquor interest, published by Jacob Myers and edited by Frs. H. Carpen-
ter; the German Democrat, published by Rudolph Kuhn, afterwards the Harrisburg
and Lancaster Democrat; and the Pathfinder, by John F. Huber and E. J. Pinkerton.

About the year 1831, Reuben Chambers commenced the publication of a weekly
paper at Bethania, Lancaster county, called the Bethania Palladimn, which he publish-
two or three years.

The Strasburg Bee, was issued by Martin M. Rohrer, in the Borough of Strasburg,
on the first of December, 1850. Mr. Rohrer was succeeded by Mr. Whitehill. In
December, 1855, Samuel B. Markley became ijublisher of the Bee, and on the 24th of
May following, he enlarged and materially improved the paper, and published it until
Nov. 8, 1856, when he retired, and the paper was soon after discontinued for want of
patronage.

A paper called The Trumpet was started at Elizabethtown in 1864, by B. H. Lehman.
Its name was subsequently changed to the Gazette. Size 24 by 36. In April, 1889, it

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 481

■was removed by IMr. Lehman to Mount Union, Huntingdon county, and estaljlislied
there as the Neics.

In 1858 the Strasburg Herald was started in the Borough of Strasburg by Wm. J.
Kauffman, and continued vmtil the spring of 18G1.

In the pohtical campaign of 1860, the Constihttion, an organ of the Bell and Everett
party, was published in Lancaster, by Samuel B. jMarkley.

In the same year Mr. Markley published a monthly magazine, called the Educational
Mecord, which was edited by T. L. Sanders.

In 1859-60, the Page Monthly, an organ of the Page Literary Society of the State
Nonnal School, at Millersville, was published by B. H. Hershey; at the same time the
Normal Weekly, the organ of the rival Literary Society at Millersville, was published
in the Weekly Express.

On the 26th of June, 1868, a daily paper called the Morning Telegram was started in
Columbia, by Frank S. Taft. It was published only a few months.

Of all the towns in Lancaster county. Marietta has been the most prolific in news-
paper enterprises. In 1816 or 1818, William Pierce commenced the publication of a
monthly magazine called The Ladies' Visitor, which was continued two or three years.
About the year 1820, John Huss started The Pilot, a weekly newspaper, which he con-
tinued until 1825, when he changed it to The Pioneer. He afterwards sold out to
Charles Nagle. In 1827 or 1828 Nagle sold to A. B. and R. K. Grosh, who published
it as an Anti-Masonic and Adams Organ, until about 1830, when they sold the matei'ial
to Sheafl"& Heinitsh, of Columbia, who started the Columbia C our ant. The Marietta
^(^■yocaie was commenced in 1832 by Wm. R. McCay, and continued for about four years,
when it was removed to Lewistown. The Washingtonian was commenced in 1841 or
1842, as a temiierance paper, by Taylor & Goodman. It was succeeded by The Orb, by
Thomas Taylor, who afterwards changed the title to The Ant. The Argus was started
by Goodman & Baker, April 20, 1844, and continued for three years. The Little Mis-
sionary, published by John F. Weishampel, was cotemporaneous with The Argus, but
was published only about a year. It was a religious royal octavo semi-monthly.
The Mariettian was started in 1854. (See page 483-4.)

The foregoing embraces all the material noAV at hand relating to the dead past of the
newspaper history of Lancaster County. The following is a brief record of the living-
present:

The Lancaster Ex2')ress, (daily and weekly.) The weekly Express was started by
John H. Pearsol, on the 10th of Febraary, 1843. It was then a six-column paper, about
the size of the present Lancaster dailies. Mr. Pearsol continued the publication until
August, 1849, when Wm. Meeser purchased an interest in the office. In August, 1850,
Mr. Meeser re-sold his interest to Mr. Pearsol, who enlarged the paper to the double-
medium size, and i-emained sole publisher and proprietor until August, 1856. In the
interim he was assisted in the editorial management of the paper by different writers,
the late Mrs. Hugh Maxwell having been one of the most energetic and successful in
adding to the interest of its columns. Up to this time the Express was the acknow-
, ledged organ of the Temperance movement, and maintained a neutral position in rela-
tion to the political parties of the day. On the 1st of August, 1856, J. M. W. Geist,
who had been the managing editor since 1852, purchased a half-interest in the E.vpress,
when the Weekly was again enlarged and arrangements commenced for issuing the
Daily Express, which made its appearance on November 3, 1856. In the meantime,
the Kansas troubles having assumed the magnitude of a great national question, the
Express abandoned its neutrality and advocated the formation of the Republican party,
calling the first meeting which convened for that purpose. May 31, 1856. The Express
is still published by its founders, Pearsol & Geist, and is independent Republican in
politics. The Daily is printed on a sheet 22 by 32, and the AVeekly 31 by 47 inches.

The Lancaster Lntelligencer, (daily and weekly.) The vree^ly Intelligencer ^ras estab-

32

482 AUTHENTIC HISTOEY

lished by William and Thomas Dickson, in 1799, being then only a small four-column
sheet. It was issued regularly by William Dickson, until his death in 1823. The pub-
lication was continued by his widow, assisted, first by her son-in-law, Mr. Bedford, and
subsequently by Thomas Feran, esq. In March 1837, it passed into the hands of James H.
Bryson and John W. Forney, who enlarged it, but Mr. Bryson retired within a year.
In September, 1839, Mr. Forney bought out the Journal, which had been established in
1794 and united it with the Intelligencer under the title of the Intelligencer & Journal,
which he again enlarged. In 1845, Mr. Forney removed to Philadelphia, leaving the
paper in the management of Marcus D. Holbrook. In 1846 Mr. Holbrook became the
sole publisher, but in a few months transferred the establishment to Franklin G. May,
of Chambersburg. On the first of January, 1848,. it passed into the hands of Edwin W.
Hutter, esq., who continued his connection until July 1849, when he abandoned the
profession of journalism for the pulpit. He was succeeded by George Sanderson, who
subsequently associated his son Alfred in the management, who contiinied its publica-
until the 18th of July, 1864, when it was sold to John M. Cooper, H. G. Smith, Wm.
A. Morton and xVlfred Sanderson, who published it under the firm title of Cooper, San-
derson & Co. until November 1, 1866, when it passed into the hands of H. G. Smith
and A. J. Steiuman, the present publishers. In August, 1864, Cooper, Sanderson &
Co. started the Daily Intelligencer, which is still continued by H. G. Smith & Co. The
Intelligencer is Democratic in politics. The Weekly is printed on a sheet 31x46 inches
and the Daily 22x31 inches.

The Lancaster Examiner and Herald, (semi-weekly.) The Examiner was started
in the spring of 1830, by Samuel Wagner, who published it until June, 1834, when he
sold to Geo. W. Hamersly and Luther Richards, who united it with the Herald. Ham-
ersly & Richards published it as the Examiner and Herald until December, 1838,
when it was purchased by Robert White Middleton. On the 8th of December, 1841,
Edw. C. Darlington purchased an interest in the establishment, and the paper was
published a short time by Middleton & Darlington. On the 22d of December of that
year Mr. Middleton withdrew and the publication was continued by Mr. Darlington,
until the 20th of October, 1858, when he sold out to John A. Hiestand, John F. Huber
and Francis Heckert. The firm of Hiestand, Huber and Heckert was dissolved by the
death of Mr. Huber, November 4, 1862. On the 9th of February, 1863, the interest of
Mr. Huber was purchased by Ed. M. Kline, who had been connected with the editorial
department for some years, and the firm changed to J. A. Hiestand & Co. On the first
of January, 1864, Hiestand & Co. ijurchased the Lancaster Union from T. E. & J. J.
Cochran, and consolidated it with the Examiner, making it a semi-weekly publication
from that date — or, rather, issuing a portion of its edition on Wednesday, and the rest
on Saturday. On the 1st of May, 1864, Mr. Heckert withdrew from the firm, and his
interest was purchased by John I. Hartman, the style of the firm being changed to
Hiestand, Kline & Hartman. On May 1, 1868, Mr. Hartman withdrew, and the paper
is now published by Hiestand & Kline. The Examiner ^ Herald was formerly conser-
vative Whig, and is now radical Republican in its politics. It is printed on a sheet 29t
by 45 inches.

Der Volksfreiind und BeohacMer, (Weekly, German.) The Volksfreund (the
Peojjles' Friend) was started by William Hamilton in 1808. It was edited by the late
Joseph Ehrenfried, and was Federal in politics. Mr. Hamilton, then Sherifl' of Lan-
caster county, becoming involved in pecuniary difficulties, the establishment was pur-
chased by Mr. Ehrenfried at Sheriff's sale. The enterprise not proving a pecuniary
success in Mr. Ehrenfried' s hands, the office was again sold by the Sheriff', and pur-
chased in 1817, by John Baer and Samuel Kling. The latter retired the same year,
leaving Mr. Baer sole proprietor. Under his management the enterprise became a
complete pecuniary and political success. In 1829-30 it was Anti-Masonic in politics,
and subsequently Whig and then Republican, with the advent of that party. In 1838

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 483

Mr. Baer bought Der BeohacMer (the Observer) from Samuel Wagner and consolidated
the two papers under the present title. He continued his management of the paper
until his death, on the 6th of November, 1858, when he was succeeded by Reuben A.
and Christian R. Baer, under the firm of John Baer's Sons, the present publishers.
The Volksfreund is printed on a sheet 28 by 43 inches.

The Lancaster Inquirer, (weekly,) was started on the first of .January, 1859, by
Stuart A. Wylie, Jacob D. Gompf and J. W. Gaintuer, doing business as the firm of
S. A. Wylie & Co. On the first of September following they purchased the American
Press and BepuhUcan from Jacob Myers & Son, and united it with the Inquirer, at the
same time enlarging it from a six to a seven-column paper. In 1860 Mr. Wylie bought
out the interests of INlessrs. Gompf and Gaintner, and continued the pubhcation alone.
On the 7th of July, 1862, he commenced the publication of the Daily Inquirer, which
was published until Feb. 13, 1864. On the first of May, 1868, Mr. Wylie sold an in-
terest in the Inquirer to Elwood Griest, and the paper was enlarged to eight columns^
being now published by Wylie & Griest, on a sheet 28 by 42 inches. In politics the In-
quirer is radical Republican.

The Columbia Spy, (weekly,) claims a history as far back as 1816, but the office having
been twice destroyed by fire, and with it the files, we have been able to procure very
little reliable data for its history. It grew out of the Pionear, established in Marietta
by John Huss, which was formerly called the Pilot. Huss may have started the Pilot
in 1816, as he was in the war of 1812, in Capt. Grosh's company, and engaged in the
printing business soon after his return. He had learned his trade in Hugh Maxwell's
office. Huss sold the Pioneer to X. B. & R. K. Grosh, who, in 1830 sold to John A.
Sheaff and Chas. H. Heinitsh, who resumed the publication under the name of the Co-
lumbia Courant. In 1831 John L. Boswell bought out Sheaff & Heinitsh, and changed
the name of the paper to the Spy. The paper was edited while Boswell was publisher
by Thos. E. Cochran. In 1835 the concern was purchased by Preston B. Elder. It
was subsequently published by James Patton, E. Beatty, Chas. J. Barnitz, J. G. L.
Brown, Eshleman & Kammerer, Stephen Greene, Coleman J. Bull, and Samuel
Wright. The present publishers being unable to give us any information on the sub-
ject, we are reluctantly compelled to leave the record incomplete. The Spy is now
published by A. M. Rambo & Son, who established the daily edition on the 22d of
June, 1868. Size of the weekly, 28 by 42; daily, 20 by 26 inches.

The Clhurch Advocate, a weekly religious journal, published under the auspices of the
" Church of God," was started as the Gospel Publisher, at Harrisburg in 1835, by Rev.
John Winebrenner, who was succeeded by Rev. John F. Weishampel, and then by
Rev. Geo. McCartney, as editor. Owing to the pecuniary embarrassments of the Board
of Publication, it was suspended. In 1846 the publication was revived by Mr. Winebi-en-
uer, who called it The Church Advocate, and continued as its editor for eleven years. He
was succeeded by Rev. Geo. Calder, who edited it for two years. In 1859 it was removed
to Lancaster and placed in charge of the present editor. Rev. E. H. Thomas, who,
during the ten years of his management, has doubled its size and circulation. It is
printed in quarto form, on a sheet 32 by 44 inches.

The Father Abraham was started at Reading, as a Republican campaign paper, in
July 1864, by E. H. Ranch & Son, and continued during the campaign. It was revived
July 1, 1866, by E. H. Ranch and published during that campaign. On the 29th of
May, 1868, it was revived in Lancaster, as a campaign paper, by E. H. Ranch and Thos.
B. Cochran, and continued as a permanent weekly, Nov. 20, 1868. Size 22 by 32 inches.
The Mount Joy Herald was started March 17, 1854, by F. H. Staufier, (who, we
omitted to mention in the proper connection, succeeded Mr. Goodall as editor of the
Inland Daily Times.) He was succeeded by Rev. E. H. Thomas, who sold out to the
present publisher, J. R. Hoffer. It is Republican in politics. Size, 22 by 32.

The Mariettian was established on the 11th of April, 1854, by a joint stock company.

484 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

with Israel Goodman as publisher. It was edited for several years by members of the
company. The stock was finally bought up by Frederick L. Baker, the present editor
and publisher, under whose auspices it has reached its fifteenth volume. It is printed
on a sheet 24 by 30 inches.

The Manheim Sentinel was started at ^lanheim in 18-58, by Samuel Ensminger, who
"was succeeded by his son, J. M. Ensminger, the present publisher and editor, and in
politics is republican. It is printed on a sheet 24 by 36 inches.

The Columbia Herald was established Dec. 3, 1807, by W. Hayes Grier, publisher,
and Geo. Young, jr., editor. It is printed in quarto form, on a sheet 31 by 47 inches,
and in politics is Democratic.

The Columbia Daily Spy was issued by A. M. Rambo & Son on the 22d of June,
1868. It is printed on a sheet 20 by 26 inches, and is Republican in j^olitics.

The Keystone Good Templar, was started as a monthly, called the Monthly Circular,
in July, 1860. It was edited by L. Ellen Wright, Secretary of the Grand Lodge of
Good Templars, under whose auspices the publication is conducted. In July, 1868, it
was published semi-monthly, and the title changed to Good Templar. On Dec. 1, 1868,
E. H. Ranch became the managing editor, and on April 1, 1809, it was changed to a
weekly. It is printed in quarto form, on a sheet 2H by 28 inches.

The Voice of Truth, a monthly temperance paper, was started in 1868 by B. H.
Warner & W. J. Kafroth, with Rev. E. H. Nevin, as editorial contributor. It is now
conducted by W. W. Beardslee. Size 24 by 38 inches.

The MecJianics' Advocate, an organ of the Order of United American IMechanics,
commenced its regular issue in April, 1869. It is published by Snyder, Wylie & Snyder,
and edited by W. T. Wylie. It is published monthly, in quarto form, printed on a
sheet 24 by 30 inches.

The Sunday School Gem, an illustrated monthly Sunday School paper, issued fi'om
the office of the Church Advocate, and edited by Rev. E. H. Thomas, was established
in January, 1807. Size, 17 by 23 inches.

The Pennsylvania ScJiool Journal was established by Thos. II. Burrowes, in January
1852, as the organ of the "Lancaster County Educational Association." The enterprise
l^roviug encouraging, on the following July, it was made a State organ of the Common
School cause. In May, 1866, J. P. McCaskey became associated with Mr. Burrowes
in the management of the School Journal. It is a royal octavo monthly magazine of
thirty-two pages, and has an extended circulation.

The Gtiardian, a monthly magazine, devoted to the social, literary and religious in-
terests of young men and ladies, was established at Lewisburg, Pa., by the late Rev.
Dr. Henry Harbaugh, in January, 1849. In 1850, he removed the publication to Lan-
caster, where it M'as printed for a time by Edw. C. Darlington, and subsequently pub-
lished by Pearsol & Geist, Dr. Harbaugh still retaining the editorial management.
In 1803 Pearsol & Geist transferred their interest to S. R. Fisher & Co., of Philadel-
phia, and in 1804, Rev. Benjamin Bausman succeeded Dr. Harbaugh as editor. It
remains under the auspices of the same editor and publishers. The Guardian is an
octavo monthly of thirty-two pages, and is steadfastly devoted to the highest interests
of the young.

The Lancaster Farmer, a monthly agricultural and horticultural publication, was
established in January, 1809, under the auspices of the "Lancaster County Agricul-
tural and Horticultural Society." It is printed by Wylie & Griest, under the direction
of a publishing committee, consisting of Dr. P. W. Hiestand, H. K. Stoner, Jacob M.
Frantz, Casper Hiller, Levi W. Groft'and Alexander Harris. The editorial committee
consists of Jacob B. Garber, H. M. Engle, Levi S. Reist, W. L. Dift'enderfer, J. H.
Musser and S. S. Rathvon. The Farmer is an octavo of sixteen pages. ^

1 Contributed by J. M. W. Geist, Esq.

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 485

diyisio:n' yii.

AG-RICULTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL.

STATISTICS OF AGRICULTURE IN LANCASTER COUNTY FROM THE Sth
CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES TAKEN IN 1860.

Acres of Land. Improved, in farms, 445,838

Unimproved, in farms, 92,673

. Cash Value of Farms .|52,o99,461

Value of Farming Implements and MacMnery, $1,596,333

Live Stock. Horses, 22,983

Asses and Mules, 1,328

Milch Cows, V 30,936

Working Oxen, 1,536

Other Cattle, 32,935

Sheep, 7,087

Swine, 54,826

Value of Live Stock, $3,744,621

Produce. Wheat, bushels of 2,125,723

Rye, do 97,001

Indian Corn, bushels of 2,648,398

Oats, do '. 1,922,923

Tobacco, pounds of 2,001,547

Wool, do 22,949

Peas and Beans, bushels of 1,948

Irish Potatoes, do 325,647

SAveet Potatoes, do 30,089

Barley, do 32,933

Buckwheat, do 13,835

Orchard products, value of $69,765

Wine, gallons of 6.843

Market garden products, value of. $25,009

Butter, pounds of 2,550,887

Cheese, do 49,355

Hay, tons of 116,089

Clover-seed, bushels of 12,876

Grass-seeds, do 3,867

Hops, pounds of 1,086

Flax, do 1,847

Flax-seed, bushels of 166

Sorghum Molasses, gallons of 1,899

Maple Molasses, do 1,565

Beeswax, pounds of 523

Honey, do 15,540

Manufactures, home-made, value of. $6,413

Animals, slaughtered, do $935,479

486

AUTHENTIC HISTORY

VALUATION OF ESTATE, REAL AND PERSONAL, IN LANCASTER CO.,
ACCORDING TO THE EIGHTH CENSUS TAKEN IN 1860.

Real, 169,024,318

Personal, 25,173,703

Aggregate, 194,198,021

STATISTICS OF MANUFACTURES IN LANCASTER COUNTY, FROM THE
EIGHTH CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES, TAKEN IN 1860.

iS.oi
i 2 I

P

t?0

2.0

Ko. of
Hands
empl'd.

II s

O 3

5s.

Agriculturai Implements-
Miscellaneous

Horse Powers

Mowers and Reapers

Ploughs

Bark, ground

Blacksmitlaing

Book-binding

Boots and shoes

Boxes, i^acking

Bread

Brick

Brushes

Carpentering

Carpenters' Tools

Carpets

Carriages

Cigars ,

Clothing, Men's

Clover, hulling

Combs

Confectionery

Cooperage

Cordage

Cotton Coverlets

Cotton Goods

Cutlery

Dyeing and Coloring

Edge Tools

Fire-arms

Flour and Meal

Furniture, t abinet

do. Chairs

Gas.

do.
do.
do.
do.

Gilt Frames, Mirrors, &c

Hardware, Miscellaneous

do. Augers

Hats and Caps

Iron, bar, steel, railroad

do. blooms

castings •

stoves

ore

pig

Lamp fl xtures

Leather ,

do. Morocco ,

Lime

Liquors, distilled

do. malt

do. rectified

Lumber, planed

do. sawed

Machinery, .Steam Engines, etc.
Malt

Marble and Stone Work

Medicines, Extracts, Drugs, etc.

Millinery and Dressmaking

Mineral Water

17

e 77,260'

8

80,500

1

23,500'

1

300

1

4,000

105

44,720

1

300

107

75,393

1

2,000

11

24,050

17

35,325

i

1,500

7

9,370

'2

1,2.30

I

400

36

r.2,180

1-2

33,598

'J3

34,525

2

3,000

1

5,000

"

6,250

11

5,410

8

1,(300

a

7,8.50

4

378,500

1

6,000

1

1,000

8

15,500

4

36,700

1 72

1,511,405

38

62,100

5

2,700

1

78,000

1

5,000

1

300

1

50

8

27,750

3

410,000

5

60,500

7

88,000

1

8,0C0

7

201,200

10

1,139,000

i

1,000

84

202,840

3

12,800

51

50,905

24

85,900

11

85,400

1

10,000

1

39,0i)0

40

168,80'J

n

56, 120 >

1

10,000

5

1.5, GOO

2

1,100

4

3,240

2

6,000 i

41,204

129

* 38,844

1 6,068

58 ....

17,016

4,510

35 ....

12,000

seo

2 .. . .

480

900

1'....

240

SS.250

194 ....

43,824

1,210

5 3

1,284

80,163

3371 80

92,184

495

4 ....

1,200

21,412

27 ...:

5,676

10,764

96 ....

23,028

2,300

6 ....

2,160

10,037

36 ....

8,580

1.050

4 ....

2,460

350

1 ....

120

36,264:

184 ... .

50,916

25,108

73 ....

14,748

49,667:

87 65

33,600

2,796 1

2 .

600

2,950

19 6

5,880

11,190

15 2

10,596

3,039

20 ....

4,476

2,270

9 1

1,860

13,355

18 3

5,556

448,123;

3231 516

148,548

1851

1 ....

330

500 1

2 ....

480

6,1851

19 ....

6,036

7.854'

68 ....

20,748

,463,082

271j....

66,048

19,285 i

105 ....

27,480

3,038'

13 ... .

3,900

5,250

5 ....

2,400

1,680

4 ....

2,400

470

1 ....

300

120

2 .. . .

600

16.600'

26 9

9,144

5^.0,196

415 ....

154,500

75.863

57 ... .

16,080

22,035

63 ... .

17,700

6,525,

IS ....

6,000

4,092^

281 ....

59,040

679,610'

428

151,740

1,500

1 ....

300

139,877

104 1

26,460

25,000

27 2

8,232

49,646:

98 ....

27,372

15.5,907

45 ....

11,664

43,714

38 ... .

8,220

18,700

1 ....

300

15,000

14 ....

3,900

113,543

104 ....

37,580

11,263

54 ....

15,960

2,960;

2 ....

720

9,970

18 ....

6,000

2,2.501

3 ....

1,080

5,.500l

... 17

3,264

3,6501

7

2,148

i 127,113

45,690

35,125

1,402

1,200

109,476

3,000

203,886

1.800

36,057

41,575

5,000

27,620

4,700

525

137,692

53,510

99,879

3,278

17,100

23,676

10,822

5,850

36,600

772,000

600

1,200

14,400

46,195

2,740,760

70,994

8,993

18,000

5,500

820

1,200

37,800

867,000

99,240

64,350

22,000

121,000

971,280

2,000

234,527

34,538

106,694

193,759

90,618

25,200

22,200

195.9'20

42,580

4,000 •!

20,150

4,600

15,000

10,240

OF LANCASTER COUNTY.

487

a

PR

S5

2.0

: ^

No. of
Hands
empl'd.

IT'S

►?£.

CD M

Nickel 1

do. Ore 1

Paper, Bookbinder's Boards ! '-2

do. Printing I 2

Photographs 4

9
32
2
1
2

Pottery Ware
Printing, Newspaper...
Saddlery and Harness. .
Sash, Doors and Blinds
Ship and Boat Building
Soap and Candles

Spokes, Hubs and Fellows, etc I 3

Stone Quarrying.

Tin, Copper and Sheet Iron Ware.

Turning

Umbrellas and Parasols

Vinegar

Wagons, Carts, etc

Wool Carding

Woollen Goods

20,000
90,000

3,500
38,000

3,200

3,1500
69,200
45,070

6, '200'

too;

3,800 1

6,000

100

32,650

4,100

400

2,000

18,711

500

72,500

17,500
2.3S6
2,750

17,350 ■
2,130
2,7o2

26,977 1

41,177:

1,000;

604'
5,000
1,335

160'
28,166

900 1

4001

1,150;
7,592!

500!
38,000

12

7,200

45,000

18,000

30,626

1,128

6,4fJ0

2,2.32

46,325

1,668

0,400

5 076

11,293

19,29q

54,310

19,332

76,715

4,080

9,350

720

1,520

1,632

8,900

2,220,

4,910

3,312

7,700

15,864'

64,934

1,560

3,700

360

800

300

4,400

13,164

2o,4ll

240

980

8,016

62,549

Total ' 967i 5,690,182 5,483,374 4440 725- 1,349,432 8,371,207

INTERNAL REVENUE.

Internal Revenue paid to the United States by Lancaster County, exclusive of receipts
from the sale of stamps and the tax on salaries of ofl&cers in the sei-vice of the United
States, during the year ending June 30, 1867. Drawn up from the Report of the Com-
missioner of Internal Revenue.

Manufacturer and Productions.

Bonnets not made and trimmed by milliners, 5 per cent % 1 60

Boilers, water tanks, and sugar tanks, 5 per cent 1,201-25

Boots and shoes, not made of India rubber, and shoe strings, 2 per cent 2,223 22

Blinds, doors, sash and mouldings of wood not specially exempted, 5 per cent. 367 85

Brushes, 5 per cent 177 75

Candles, 5 per cent 133 74

Carpetings 419 03

Carriages and other vehicles, 5 per cent , 7,914 75

Cars, railroad, 5 per cent 18 70

Cigars, cigarettes and cheroots, valued at $8 per thousand or less, $2 per

thousand 17,467 74

Cigars, cigarettes and cheroots, valued at over $8 per thousand and not over

|12 per thousand, $4 per thousand 21,355 28

Cigars, cigarettes and cheroots, valued at over $12 per thousand, $4, and 20

per cent 14,243 58

Cigars, cigarettes and cheroots, of all descriptions, per thousand, $5 5,713 22

Cloth and all textile, knitted or felted fabrics made of cotton or wool 78,598 43

Clothing made by weaving or knitting 28 90

Clothing made by sewing 4.623 14

Coffee and substitutes therefor, roasted or ground 1,929 39

Confectionery 1,179 41

Crockery and pottery ware, 5 per cent 112 88

Cutlery, 5 per cent 27 36

Earthenware, 2 per cent 97 68

■iSS AUTHENTIC HISTORY

Fire-arms, 5 per cent $ 499 00

Fermented liquors, $1 per barrel 20,506 09

Furniture, 5 percent 3,868 03

Gas, monthly product over 500,000 and not over 5,000,000 cubic feet, 20 cents

per 1,000 cubic feet 1,783 79

Gas, monthly product not over 200,000 cubic feet, 10 cents per 1,000 cubic feet. 302 0&
Gas, monthly product over 200,000 and not over 500,000 cubic feet, 15 cents

per 1,000 cubic feet 43 00

Glue and gelatine, solid, 1 cent per pound 46 46

Hats, silk, 5 per cent 88 23 '

Hats, felt and straw, and caps, 3 per cent 861 31

Hoop skirts, 5 per cent 23 36

Iron, advanced beyond muck-bar, blooms, slabs or loops, and not beyond

bars, $3 per ton 6,549 80

Iron, castings not specially exemjited, $3 per ton 1,090 10

Iron, railings, gates, fences and statuary, five per cent 7 20

Iron, stoves and hollow ware, $3 per ton 481 36

Iron, not specially exempted and not elsewhere envunerated, 5 per cent 30,145 30

Leather of all descriptions, curried, finished or oil dressed, 5 per cent 6,644 61

Leather of all descriptions, tanned or partially tanned, in the rough, 5 per

cent 6,748 75

Machinery, including shafting, tools, etc., 5 per cent, 993 57

Monuments of stone, valued over $100, 5 per cent, 291 03

Oils, essential, 5 per cent, 19 30

Paper, 3 percent 1,674 00

Photographs, »fcc., 5 per cent 665 03

Saddlery, harness, trunks and valises. 5 per cent 1,492 26

Silk, manufactures of, 5 per cent 318 40

Snuff, 40 cents per pound 2,465 20

Soap, not perfumed, half cent per pound 218 78

Soap, perfumed, 3 cents per pound 114 53

Spices and substitutes, 1 cent per pound 25 06

Spirits, distilled from other materials than apples, grapes or peaches, $2 per

gallon r. 267,881 68

Steam, locomotive and marine engines, 5 per cent 13,141 60

Thread and twine, 5 per cent 5 80

Tinware, 5 percent 857 90

Varnish, 5 per cent 253 61

Wine made in imitation of imported sparkling wine, in bottles containing

more than one pint, and not more than one quart, $6 per dozen 5 30

Woolen cloth, tt^c, 2^ per cent 135 70

Manufactures not elsewhere enumerated, 5 per cent 16, 966 58

Manufact'd articles increased in value by polishing, painting, &c., 5 per cent. 18 30

Total manufactures and productions $574,444 73

Gross Beceipts.

Advertisements, 3 per cent f 537 80

Bridges and toll roads, 3 per cent 1,360 59

Canals, 2h per cent 22 33

Ferries, 3 per cent 348 59

Insurance Companies, H per cent 1,105 18

Lotteries and lottery ticket dealers, 5 per cent 13 45

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 489

Railroads, 2^ per cent § 1,007 2~)

Stage Coaches, &c., 2^ per cent 310 20

Telegraph Companies, 3 per cent 3 09

Theatres, circuses, &c., 2 per cent 284 00

Total of gross receipts $

Sales.

Auction sales, one-tenth of one per cent $

Brokers, cattle, annual sales over $10,000, |1 per $1,000

Brokers, commercial, one-twentieth of one per cent

Dealers, annual sales over $50,000, $1 per $1,000

Dealers in liquor, annual sales over $50,000, $1 per $1,000

Total from sales $

Special Taxes.

Apothecaries, annual sales not over $25,000, $10 $

Architects and civil engineers, $10

Auctioneers, annual sales not over $10,000, $10

Auctioneers, annual sales over $10,000, $10

Banks and bankers, capital not over $50,000, $100

Banks and bankers, capital over $50,000, $2 for each additional $1,000, in

addition to the $100

Billiard rooms, each table, $10

Boats, barges and flats, of capacity exceeding 100 tons, $10

Bowling alleys, each alley, $10

Brewers, annuab manufacture less than 500 barrels, $50

Brewers, annual manufacture not less than 500 barrels, $100

Brokers, cattle, annual sale not over $10,000, $10

Brokers, commercial, $20

Brokers, produce, $10

Brokers, stock, $50

Builders and contractors, $10

Butchers, annual sales not over $25,000, $10

Butchers who sell from carts exclusively, $5

Circuses, $100 .'

Claim agents, $10

Confectioners, annual sales not over $25,000, $10

Conveyancers, $10

Dealers, retail, $10

Dealers, wholesale, whose annual sales not over $50,000, $50

Dealers, retail, liquor, $25 — ,

Dealers, wholesale, liquor, annual sales not over $50,000, $100

Dentists, $10

Distillers of coal oil

Distillers of spirituous liquors, $100

Eating houses, $10

Exhibitions, not other-\vise provided for, $10

Gift enterprises, $150

Grinders of coffee and spices $100

Horse dealers, $10

Hotels, yearly rental over $200, or less, $10

Hotels, yearly rental over $200, $5 for every $100, or fractional part thereof,

in addition to the $10 2,719 00

5,559

02

1,751

50

30 00

2

00

102

48

4 85

1,890 83

188 33

10 00

379

83

289

16

210

67

4,286

00

20 00

5 00

110

00

595

84

387

50

2,257

52

188

14

678

21

25

00

105

00

694 50

628

10

100 00

175 83

50

00

466

60

5,512

45

2,963

00

9.519

60

1,687

00

325

00

• 93

33

1,500 00

112

50

36

67

220 83

135

00

1.025

82

2,400

00

490 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

Insurance agents, domestic, annual receipts not over $100, $5 $ 35 00

Insurance agents, domestic, annual receipts over $100, $5 340 48

Jugglers, $20 18 33

Lawj^ers, $10 633 50

Livery stable keepers, $10 150 00

Manufacturers, $10 5,473 49

Miners, $10 20 00

Patent right agents, $10 40 83

Patent right dealers, $10 383 33

Peddlers, who travel with two horses or mules, $25 345 83

Peddlers, who travel with one horse or mule, $15 2,181 33

Peddlers, who travel on foot, $10 1,047 10

Peddlers of fish, $5 G5 47

Photographers, $10 :.. 260 00

Plumbers and gas fitters, annual sales not over $25,000, $10 30 00

Physicians and surgeons, $10 1,618 39

Real estate agents, $10 51 67

Eectifiers of any quantity not exceeding 500 barrels, $35 485 46

Rectifiers of any quantity exceeding 500 barrels, $35 in addition to the $25

for every 500 barrels rectified 45 84

Stallions and jacks, $10 834 97

Tobacconists, $10 1,547 63

Total of special taxes $ 53,536 30

^ Incomes.

Income exceeding $600, and not exceeding $5,000, 5 per cent $83,065 03

Income exceeding $5,000 on excess over $5,000, 10 per cent 13,808 03

Bank dividends, and additions to surplus funds, 5 per cent 7,498 74

Bank profits, not divided or added to surplus, 5 per cent 7,437 30

Canal companies' dividends, interest on bonds and additions to surplus

funds. 5 per cent 336 90

Insurance companies' dividends, interest on bonds, and additions to surplus

fund, 5 per cent 76 00

Railroad companies' dividends, interest on bonds, and addition to surplus

funds, 5 per cent 3,887 50

Turnpike companies' dividends, interest on bonds and surplus funds, 5 i^er

cent 900 52

Total incomes $115,010 31

Legacies and Successions.

Legacies, lineal issue, or ancestor, brother or sister $ 6,017 17

Legacies, descendant of brother or sister, 3 per cent 3,713 59

Legacies, great-imcle or aunt, or descendant of same, 5 per cent 340 00

Legacies, stranger in blood, 6 per cent 366 10

Successions, lineal issue or ancestor, 1 percent 4,331 53

Succession, brother, sister or descendant, 3 per cent 1,374 30

Succession, uncle, aunt or descendant, 4 per cent 33 28

Succession, stranger in blood, 6 i^er cent 607 08

Total of legacies and successions $16,673 05

Articles in Schedule A.
Billiard tables kept for use, $10 each $ 40 00

OF LANCASTER COUNTY.

491

Carriages, including harness, kept for use, valued at over

$500, fOeach

Plate of silver, kept for use, per ounce troy

"Watches, gold, kept for use, not over $100 in value, $1 each

"Watches, gold, kept for use, over $100 in value, $2 each

Collections not otherwise herein provided

and not over

1,022 10

327 15

1,277 00

386 00

4,050 00

Total of articles in schedule A $

Bank Circulation and Deposits.^

Bank deposits, per month, one twenty-fourth of one per cent $

Bank capital, per month, one twenty-fourth of one per cent

Bank circulation, per month, one twelfth of one per cent

Banks, on amount of notes of any person, State bank, or State banking asso-
ciation, used for circulation, and paid out, 10 per cent

Total of bank circulation and deposits $

Passports^ §'C.

Passports, $5 each $

Slaughtered animals

Total of passports, &c.... ;. .$

Penalties, §'c.

TJnassessed penalties $

"United States moiety of penalties recovered by suits

Penalties received on compromises

Total of penalties, &c 1,198 57

Total from all sources of revenue $779,486 61

7,702

25

2,040

53

1,100

07

926 81

25

00

4,114

31

5

00

891

32

896

32

478

57

670 00

50 00

THE MANUFACTURE OF PIG IRON IN LANCASTER C0UNTY.2

ANTHRACITE FURNACES.

When
Locality. Proprietor. Constructecl. Tons Capacity.

1 Furnace, at Columbia, C. B. Grubb, 1854, 5,500 i^er annum.

St. Charles,
Cordelia,

ShavTiiee,

Henry Clay,
Musselman,

Marietta,
Donegal,
Eagle,
'Chicques,

Conestoga,

" Kaufl'man Iron Co., 1846, 5,000

1844, )

'' Chestnut Hill Ore Co., 1853, > 15,000

1869, }

" Denny & Hess, 1845, 5,000

Marietta, Henry Musselman, 1868, 5,500

H. M. Watts & Sons, J^l^' 1 10,000

Myers & Benson,
S. F. Eagle & Son,
E. Haldeman & Co.,
Thomas & Peacock,

1847,
1854,
1845,
1846,
1848,

Lancaster,
Safe Harbor, 1 " Safe Harbor, Phcenix Iron Co.,

Total capacity of Furnaces 71,000 tons of pig metal i^er annum,
produced at the present time.

5,000
5,000
5,000
5,000
5,000
This amount is

CHARCOAL FURNACES.

Constructed.

1785
1809

Mount Hope, 1 Furnace, owned by E. & A. B. Grubb,
Conowingo, 1 " " Cabeen & Co.,

1 For interesting articles on Banks and Insurance see Appendix, Division X. No. 13.
2 Contributed by Charles B. Grubb, Esq.

Capacity.
1000 tons.
1000 "

492

AUTHENTIC HISTORY

THE MAKUFACTURE OP BLOOMS IN LANCASTER COUNTY.

Spring Grove Forge, not in operation.
Pool u u

Windsor " "

Brooke u u

Ringwood " in opei'ation.

Sadsbury an

Martic n n

Colemanville " "

Those not in operation have been abandoned for many years and will probably never
rur again. The production is about 1000 tons per annum, per forge.

Columbia Mill,
Susquehanna Mill,
Rohrerstown ' '
Becker ' '

Safe Harbor, "

ROLLING MILLS.
Kin(3.

Columbia, Railroad Iron

" Merchant Iron,
Rohrerstown, " "

ilarietta, " "

Safe Harbor,

Capacity.
6,000 tons per annum.
5,000

1,200 "

1,200
6,000 "

Railroad ' '

In illustration of the extraordinary development of the iron interest consequent
upon the use of anthracite coal, I give the subjoined synopsis of 1833, respecting the
Iron Works of Lancaster County:

Quantity of

Quantities

Rolling mills and Nail

Furnaces.

Owners' names.

pig-.s arid
castings.

of bar.

factories.

Cornwall,

Bird Coleman,

1,200 tons.

Martic — Jas. Coleman's

Colebrook,

Bird Coleman,

1,000 do

estate ; 500 tons nail and

Elizabeth,

James Coleman,

1,000 do

500 tons rolled iron.

Conowingo,

Hopkins & Orrick,

800 do

Laurel— Buckley's; 500

Mount Hope,

Edward B. Grubb,

1,000 do

tons nails and 500 tons

Forges.

rolled iron.

Hopewell,

Bird Coleman,

250 tons.

Martic,

•Tas. Coleman's estate.

300 do

Brook,

Buckley,

150 do

Ringwood,

Buckley,

250 do

Poole,

Samuel .Jacobs,

200 do

Spring,

Samuel Jacobs,

200 do

Windsor,

Robert Jenkins,

200 do

Hibernia,

Charles Brooks,

200 do

Sadsbury,

James Prowell,

200 do

Rock,

John Caldwell,

200 do

Webb's,

John Caldwell,

200 do

IRON ORES OP LANCASTER COUNTY.

"The iron ores of Lancaster county are almost entirely limonite ov 7iematiie; a few
small veins of magnetite ores have been discovered, but they are unprofitable to operate.
The great deposit of ore^is Chestnut Hill, situated about 7 miles from Lancaster and ^
miles from Colmnbia, in West Hempfield township. This ore is found in a gorge of
the primitive formation, rests upon the primal white sandstone, is overlaid by argilla-
cious slate and bounded at its outlet of the gorge by the limestone valley. The ore is
of the best quality for all purposes of manufacture except that of steel, and is consid-
ered almost of a neutral quality, yielding from 40 to 55 per cent, of metallic iron. The
ore property there is now owned in different tracts by C. B. Grubb, heirs of E. B.
Grubb, Chestnut Hill Iron Ore Company, Silver Spring Iron Ore Company, other par-
ties owning small out-croppings of the main deposit. The mine was worked to a very
limited extent in the latter part of the IStli century, but since 1832 to the present time
1,000,000 tons may safely be given as the quantity taken out.

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 493

"Several good mines have been opened within a few j^ears in the neighborhood of
Quarryville and New Providence, and large quantities of ore are taken out, but its
quality being cold short, the ore requires to be mixed with other ores of a different
character to produce good iron.

"At Conowingo an excellent quality of ore has been worked for a number of years,
but the mine is not sufficiently developed to judge of its extent.

"The 13 anthracite furnaces in the county in operation at the present time, use not
less than 180,000 tons of ore per annum to produce 71,000 tons of pig iron; of this
quantity about 50,000 tons of ore are mined in the county, and of the balance of
130,000 tons, the most is taken from York county; some from Cornwall, in Lebanon
county, and some from Perry and Cumberland counties. It may be estimated that
about 30,000 tons of ore are taken from Lancaster county to Phceuixville, Danville and
other i^laces, thus making the production of this county about 80, 000 tons of ore per
annum, which, multified by $4 per ton as the average value at the mines, would repre-
sent $320,000 worth of mineral per annum.

"The value of 71,000 tons of pig metal i:)roduced in this county at the j^resent time,
is not less than $2,500,000 per annum; and of railroad and merchant's bar-iron $1,000,000.
Nine-tenths of the cost of pig iron is for actual labor, the value of the raw material
being very small, and of the 2^ million dollars' worth of iron prodirced, $2,250,000
goes to the laborer, it requiring 18 days' work to produ.ce 1 ton of pig metal, thus
showing that what creates so much labor must be of vast advantage to the farmer and
storekeeper — the iron business."

PAPER MILLS.i

Of the early history of Paper-making in Lancaster county, we have very little definite
information. Fifty years ago, the late Mr. John Triewitz, of this city, had a paper
mill at Ephrata. At that time he was manufacturing "pasteboard" by the old and
tedious hand-process. He also manufactured print paper, and in later years supplied Mr.
Baer with paper for the Volksjreund. Of course, the paper was all made by the old
fashioned hand-process. The mill was subsequently converted into a saw-mill.

About thirty years ago B. B. Eshleman was engaged in the manufacture of hand-
made paper, at what was for many years known as Eshleman' s Mill, on the West
Branch of the Octoraro, in Bart township. We are unable to fix the exact date of
the enterprise. The manufacture, however, was carried on only in a small way, and
was not a financial success.

In December 1854, Jno. R. Bitner, C. A. Bitner, Baltzer Lipp, Wm. C. Beecher, and
Samuel Beecher, purchased the old "Fulling Mill," on the Conestoga, at Eden, from
D. G. Swartz, and commenced remodeling it for a paper mill. They procured a new
cylinder paper machine from Nelson Gavitt, of Philadelphia, and had their rag engines
constructed at the mill. In the fall of 1855, they commenced operations, Mr. Lipp
being Superintendent. The mill was calculated for a production of 1500 lbs per day,
but it was soon found that the power was inadequate for such a result. On the 31st
of March 1856, one half of the interest of the Messrs. Bitners was sold to Dr. J. H.
Kurtz, and shortly after the concern passed into the hands of Kurtz & Lipp, the Bit-
ners and Beechers withdrawing. In 1859 the enterpiise failed, and in 1860, the .mill
was purchased by Emanuel Shober, who ran it very successfully for six or seven years,
his being the first pecuniary success in paper-making ia this county. He supplied the
deficiency in water-power with a steam engine and' thus doubled the production. Dur-
ing most of this time George Ehrhart was foreman of the mill, and John A. Shober
business manager.

In 1866 Emanuel Shober purchased the excellent water-power and grist and saw
mill on the Conestoga, at Blackwater, and at once made preparations to convert it
1 (jontiibute.l by J. M. W. Geist, Esq.

49-i AUTHENTIC HISTOEY

into a paper mill. In 1867 the macliinery of the Eden mill was moved into the mill at
Slackwater, the Eden property having in the meantime been sold to Benj. Harnish,
who has since erected a grist mill thereon. The mills at Slackwater now run eleven
rag-engines and two paper machines, one a Fourdrinier and the other a cylinder. The
establishment is owned by Emanuel Shober, and John A. Shober is the Superintendent.
The product has thus far been confined to book and newsprint of "machine-finish,"
and an excellent quality of heavy mauilla.

In 1855, Benjamin Suavely and Frederick Myers purchased the water-power and
tvirning shop at Camargo, Eden-twp., from the late Christian H. Breneman, and com-
menced the erection of a paper mill, under the superintendence of Mr. Breneman.
The machinery was built by Nelson Gavitt, of Philadelphia, about the same time he
built the machinery for the Eden mill. It consisted of two rag-engines and a seventy-
two inch cylinder paper machine. It was soon found that the water-power was inade-
quate to turn out a profitable product, and auxiliary steam power had to be introduced.
The paper was sold by the Camargo Manufacturing Company, consisting of Benjamin
Suavely, C. H. Breneman and B. F. Breneman, who had their warerooms in Lancaster
city. Owing to the great distance the coal, stock and manufactvired product had to be
transported from the railroad, and the low price of paper at that period (ordinary news
selling as low as eight cents per pound, ) the enterprise did not prove profitable, and it
was abandoned in 1862, and the machinery sold, some of it having been since purchased
by Mr. Shober for his mills at Slackwater.

In the fall qf 1865 a company was organized in Lancaster under the general manu-
facturing laws of the State, for the purpose of engaging in the manufacture of printing
paper. The enterprise originated with the "Newspaper Publishers of Lancaster, whose
primary object was to secure increased accommodations in their supply of paper, but their
plan of operations was subsequently changed and materially extended. The company
purchased the old|^Binkley Mill property, at Binkley's Bridge, on the Conestoga, and
commenced building operations on the first of April, 1866. The company consisted of
John I. Hartman and John A. Hiestand, of the Examiner; R. A. Baer and C. R. Baer,
of the Volksfreund; J. H. Pearsol and J. M. W. Geist, of the Express; John M.
Cooper and Wm. A. Morton, of the Intelligencer; Wm. M. Wiley, Jno. R. Bitner, C.
A. Bitner, B. F. Baer, and Geo. Ehrhart. The latter was elected Superintendent and
C. R. Baer, Treasurer. The new buildings were erected, the machinery in place, and
the Mill in operation in September following. In November, 1867, Mr. Cooper with-
drew, disposing of his interest to the Messrs. Bitner, and on April 1, 1868, Mr. Ehrhart
retii-ed, disposing of his interest to the Company. He was succeeded by Adam H. Lindsay,
of Greenville, Conn., as Superintendent, who still has the management of the practical
details of the Mill. The buildings are substantial stone structures, and the machinery,
which was built by John L. Seaverns, of "Worcester, Mass., was put in new and of the
best quality. It consists of three large rag-engines, one seventy-two inch Fourdrinier
machine, and a four-roll stack of calenders for super-calendering book paper, with the
usual additional appliances of a modern paper mill. A reservoir of spring water ad-
joining the mill, sixty feet square and twelve feet deep, is one of the best in the countiy.
The establishment is known as the " Printers' Paper Mill," and is run exclusively on
book and news print, of machine and super-calendered finish.

COTTON MILLS.

There are now in successful operation in the City of Lancaster five cotton mills, run-
ning 41,958 spindles; making tickings, fine brown cottons, jeans, genuine nankeens,
10-4 sheetings, 4-4 sheetings, drills, cotton flannels, &c., &c., employing about 1300
hands.

The goods from these mills are very popular and command rapid sale.

There is a mill on the Conestoga, in Lancaster township, called Rockland Factory —
not included in the above, which employs about 75 hands, and runs 3000 sijindles.

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 49o

DIVISION YIII.

PHILANTHEOPIC.

The Orphan Asylum of Lancaster, an incorporated institution, for the reception
of female orphans not less than four and not more than ten years of age, was foimded
in 1849, and owes its existence to the liberality of the late Mrs. Mary Smith, and to a
grant of the Legislature. Its Trustees are the Rector, Wardens and Vestrymen of St.
James's Church. It has accommodations for eighteen orphans. The asylum has been
in successful operation from the day of its opening, and has now (1869) fourteen
orphans, among them twelve soldiers' orphans.

The Bishop Bowman Church Home for the aged and inlirm, was founded by
Bishop Bowman; it is supported by voluntary contributions. An admirable institution
designed to provide for Christian people a comfortable home in the evening of life. It
has five or six inmates. The Rector of St. James's Church is ex officio its President.

The Home for Friendless ChildrenI of Lancaster city and county, was established
in the year 1859, by the efforts and contributions of Miss Mary Bowman, a small nmnber
of benevolent ladies and other citizens, who were impressed with the absolute necessity
of rescuing from degradation and idleness, children who were left without a proper
protector, and who were daily exposed to the most vicious associations.

The salutary effects of their first eftbrts-were manifested upon the children who re-
ceived the benefits of the Home and also in the obvious moral results to the commu-
nity, in withdrawing from the streets those who were devoted to beggary and idleness,
and without instruction as to their social, moral or religious duties.

In the history of this generous enterprise we have again an illustration of the excel-
lence of that advice which bids us "despise not the day of small things." The
small beginning was made with but few articles of furniture and but two dollars in the
treasury; to-day it is a prominent public charity of which both city and county may
well feel proud.

An act to incorporate the Home for Friendless Children was passed in the Legisla-
ture, March 29, 1860. In pursuance of the provisions of this act a Board of Managers,
consisting of twenty-four ladies and sixteen gentlemen, were duly elected. Dr. J. L.
Atlee, sr., was then elected Piesident, and has retained his position until the present
time. Miss Bowman retained her position as first Directress of the Board of Lady Mana-
gers until 1865, when she removed from the city, and her place was filled by the present
fii'st Directress, Mrs. S. M. Kramph.

Since the ' ' Home ' ' was incorporated, it has received from the State two appropria-
tions of f 2,500, part of which sums was expended in the purchase of the present Home
building, in South Queen street. It has also received two bequests, one from Mr. W.
Whiteside of $500; and one from Miss Hess, of the same amount; $5,000 (thousand)
received from the County Commissioners, and $15,000, collected in the city and county,
from individuals, have been appropriated to building a new " Home," the present one
having been found inadequate to the comfort of the inmates. The new building, when
finished, will be one of the most convenient in the State, and will accommodate, comforta-
1 Contributed by Mrs. C. A. Ehler.

496 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

bly, one hundred and fifty children. It is being built by contract, at an expense of
twenty-eight thousand dollars, ($28,000); the cost of the lot being $3,300.

The number of children regularly surrendered and committed to this institution,
since its incorporation, is 333. Some of these little ones have been placed under the
l^rotecting shelter of the "Home" by widowed mothers who, from sickness or some
other cause, have not been able to support their offspring; some have been abandoned
by both ^:)arents, while in not a few cases the child has lost father, mother and home,
and thus sadly ori)haned, has been thrown upon the cold charity of the world; to such
the "Home" has alwaj^s been a refuge, and the ]\Ianagers hope, that with their new
building and the hearty co-operation of the friends of this institution, their opportuni-
ties for usefulness will be even greater in the future than they have been in the past.

FREE AXD ACCEPTED MASOXS.

Lodge No. 43, held in the City of Lancaster, is the oldest Lodge in Lancaster county,
and the eighth oldest Lodge in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, for which a war-
rant, authorizing and empowering brother John Stephen Chambers, Worshipful Master,
John Doyle, Senior Warden and Henry Huber, Junior Warden, of a new Lodge to be
called No. 43, to be held in the Borough of Lancaster, in the State of Pennsylvania, or
anj-where within five miles of the same, to Admit and Make Free Masons, according to
the ancient custom of the Eoyal Craft, in all ages and nations throughout the known
world, and not contra wise, ifec, &c., was granted 31st day of April, A. D. 1785, and in the
year of Free Masonry, 5785, at Philadelphia, by the Grand Lodge, for the Province of
Pennsylvania, by virtue of a Provincial Grand Warrant, from Grand Lodge of London,
Great Britain, whereof then the Right Worshipful and Right Honorable Thomas
Erskine, Earl of Kelly, Viscount Fenton, Lord Barron, of Pitteen Ween, etc., in Great
Britain, was Grand Master of Masons.

The Right Worshii)ful William Osborne, Deputy Grand Master; the Right Worshij)-
ful Mr. William Dickey, Senior Grand Warden; the Right Worshipful James Gibson,
Esq., Junior Grand Warden, and the seal of the said Grand Lodge, bearing date June
20th, 1764, A. M., 5764.

The Revolution necessitated the subjoined change of authority:

By virtue of a Dispensation granted by the R. W^., William Adcock, Esq., Grand
Master of Masons for the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, on the night of the 14th of
September, A. D., 1785, A. L., 5785, at the house of Frederick Hubley, in Lancaster
city, was Installed, Stephen Chambers, W. M.; John Doyle, S. W. ; Henry Huber, J.
W.; of Lodge No. 43 in the Borough of Lancaster, Pa.

A Neio ^Yarrant was received August 8th, A. D. 1787, A. L., 5787, that was granted
by the Grand Lodge of Pennsylvania, dated July 14, A. D., 1787, A. L., 5787, (reciting
the original Warrant of Lodge No. 43,) by which new Warrant all the rights and privi-
leges appertaining to Free Masonry, were confirmed unto John Doyle, Worshipful
Master; Henry Huber, Senior Warden; Charles Smith, Junior Warden; and the Breth-
ren of Lodge No. 43 and their successors forever.

Among the Past Masters of Lodge No. 43, are the following honored and distinguished
citizens: Stephen Chambers, John Doyle, James Moore, Solomon Etting, Charles Smith,
Matthew Barton, James Gamble, Wm. Kirkpatrick, Peter Getz, Jeremiah Mosher,
Jacob Carpenter, John Morris, John Millei-, Abraham Henry, Ben. West Henry, Robert
McElwee, John Reynolds, George Whitecar, Geo. B. Porter, Thomas Jeffries, Henry
Keffer, James Buchanan, Ebenezer Wright, Jasper Slaymaker, Matthew IMcKelly,
j4 John Mathiot, John Landis, Abner Thomas, Alexander IMiller, Robert ]\IoderweH,
Elijah McLenegan, Jacob Albright, Emanuel Schaefter, J. Henry Bi'own, &c.

Washington Lodge, No. 156, held at Drumore Center. Warrant dated February 2d,
A. L., 5818, by the Grand Lodge of Pennsylvania.

1 Contributed by Major C. M. Howell.

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 497

Columbia Lodge, No. 286, held at Columbia. Warrant dated January 13th, A. L.,
5854, by the Grand Lodge of Pennsylvania.

Ashara Lodge, No. 398, held at Marietta. Warrant dated November, A. L., 5867, by
Grand Lodge of Pennsylvania.

Colerain Lodge, No. 417, held at Kirkwood, Colerain township. Warrant dated .June,
A. L., 5868.

Chapter 43, A. Y. M., held at Lancaster City. Original Dispensation granted March
2, A. L., 5809.

Columbia Commandery, No. 13, of Knights Templar, held in Lancaster City. Dis-
pensation granted June 11, A. L. 5856.

Goodwin Council, No. 19, of Eoyal Super Excellent and Select Masters, held in Lan-
caster City. Dispensation granted February 26th, A. L., 5864.

The counties of Lancaster and York constitute the Masonic District, No. 1., with
Charles M. Howell, R. W. District Deputy Grand Master.

INDEPENDENT ORDER OF ODD FELLOWS.i

Odd Fellowship was introduced into Lancaster county on the 29th of May, 1841, by
the institution of Lancaster Lodge, No. 67. The meetings of the lodge were for some
time held in a room on the southwest corner of North Queen and Walnut streets,
when rooms in the building on the southwest corner of North Queen and Chesnut
were leased for the purpose. In 1845 the lodge purchased and remodeled the buildiHg
known as the Quaker Meeting House, in South Queen street, and in 1846 moved into
it, where it has remained to this time. Owing to the strong prejudice which i^revailed
among a great portion of the citizens of this county against secret societies, the build-
ing was not formally dedicated until 1 852, when a grand demonstration of the Order
took place in Lancaster. Lancaster Lodge at present numbers over four hundred mem-
bers in good standing, and ]30ssesses i^roperty valued at |15,000. This lodge has, since
its organization, paid out for benefits to sick and disabled members, and for the relief
of widows and orphans, $23,118.16. Monterey Lodge, also of Lancaster city, though
established some years later than Lancaster Lodge, has nearly four hundred contri-
buting brothers, and over $8,000 invested. The annual report ending May, 1868, showed
a membership of 1,674, and that the receipts for that lodge year were $12,347, and the
amount paid out during the same period for relief, $7,173, in Lancaster county. Be-
sides the subordinate lodges, there are three Encampments of the patriarchal or higher
degrees of the Order — one in Lancaster city, another at Columbia, and a third at
Marietta.

The following is a list of the lodges and encampments of Odd Fellows, in Lancas-
ter city and county, with their locations:
No; 67, Lancaster Lodge, Lancaster.

" 80, Susquehanna Lodge, Columbia.

" 128, Elizabethtown Lodge, Elizabethtown.

" 129, Donegal Lodge, Marietta.

'• 161, Pequea Lodge, Paradise.

" 242, Monterey Lodge, Lancaster.

"277, Mount Joy Lodge, Mount Joy.

" 334, Conestoga Lodge, Safe Harbor.

" 361, Strasburg Lodge, Strasburg.

" 374, Kosciusko Lodge, Rawlinsville.

"408, Cocalico Lodge, Reamstown.

"413, Earl Lodge, New Holland.

" 420, Little Britain Lodge, Oak Hill.

" 509, Drumore Lodge, Fairfield.

IContributed by 3Ir. H. A. Roekafield.

33

■ji&S AUTHENTIC HISTORY

No. 544, Colerain Lodge, Kirkwood.

" 599, Hebel Lodge, Lancaster.

■" 627, Bainbridge Lodge, Bainbridge.

" 657, Selah Lodge, Manheim.
No. 11, Washington Encampment, Lancaster.
Shawnee Encampment, Columbia.

" 76, Marietta Encampment, Marietta.

IMPROVED ORDER OF RED MEN.

No. 2. Metamora Tribe, Lancaster.
■" 22. Ee-shah-ko-nee Tribe, Lancaster.
■" 39. Chiquesakmga Tribe, Cohimbia.
'' 44. Red Jacket Tribe, Lancaster.
*' 59. Otsego Tribe, Mount Joy.
" 65. Kisliacaquillas Tribe, Conestoga Centre.

ORDER OF UNITED AMERICAN MECHANICS.

No. 8. Conestoga Council, Lancaster.

" 60. Adamstown Council, Adamstown.

" 64. Millersville Council, Millersville.

" 67. North Star Council, Quarry ville.

" 72. Waterford Council, Marietta.

" 116. Ephrata Council, Ei^hrata.

" 140. Pawnee Council, Churchtown.

" 142. Reamstown Council, Reamstown.

" 154. Manheim Council, Manheim.

" 156. Lancaster Council, Lancaster.

" 160. Riverside Council, Columbia.

" 162. Aurelia Council, Mount Joy.

" 165. Eiirl Council, New Holland.

" 173. Strasburg Council, Strasburg.

" 180. Manoga Council, Safe Harbor.

" 192. Octoraro Council, Little Britain-twp.

" 196. Marticville Council, Marticville.

JUNIOR O. U. A. M.

No. 22. Conestoga Council, Lancaster.

" 29. Ephrata Council, Ephrata.

*' 32. Manheim Council, Manheim.

" 34. Shawnee Council. Columbia.

'* 50. Conoy Coimcil, Elizabethtown.

'' 53. Niagara Council, New Holland.

INDEPENDENT ORDER OF GOOD TEMPLARS.

No. 6. Susquehanna Lodge, Marietta.
" 8. Hope Lodge, Columbia.
" 9. Lancaster Lodge, Lancaster.

" 12. Keystone Lodge, Mount Joy.

" 13. Spring Valley Lodge, Dri raore-twp.

" 14. Samaritan Lodge, Mirersvlle.

" 18. Str.isburg Lodge, Strasbnr,.'-.

" 20. Chestnut Level Lodge, Chestnut Level.

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 499

No. 26. Fair Hill Lodge,

" 35. Union Lodge, Lancaster.

" 52. Christiana Lodge, Christiana.

" 80. Little Britain Lodge, Little Britain-twp.

*' 86. Colerain Lodge, Colerain-twp.

" 98. Plymouth Lodge, Elizabethtown.

" 109. Georgetown Lodge, Bart-twp,

" 233. Enterprise Lodge, Enterprise.

" 292. New Holland Lodge, New Holland.

" 306. Hygiene Lodge, Marietta.

" 442. Terre Hill Lodge, Terre Hill.

" 640. Manheim Lodge, Manheim.

ROMAN CATHOLIC BENEFICIARY SOCIETIES.

2d German Society, Lancaster.
St. Joseph's Society, Lancaster.
St. Joseph! s Society, Columbia.

ANCIENT ORDER OF GOOD FELLOWS.

No. 12. Schiller Lodge, Lancaster.
" 28. Hancock Lodge, Lancaster.
'* 31. Union Lodge, Millersville.

INDEPENDENT ORDER OF DRUIDS.

No. 8. Mount Moriah Grove, Lancaster.

Columbia.

INDEPENDENT ORDER OF SEVEN WISE MEN.

No. 9. Washington Conclave, Lancaster.

KNIGHTS OF PYTHIAS.

No. 68. Lancaster Lodge, Lancaster.
" 81. Evergreen Lodge, Columbia.
" 88. Inland City Lodge, Lancaster.
" 108. Donegal Lodge, Marietta.

INDEPENDENT ORDER OF SONS OF MALTA.

No. — . , Columbia.

Besides the Lodge at Columbia, other Lodges may be in the county, although statis-
tics failed to coiue to hand.

FEMALE SOCIETIES.

There are three female Beneficiary Societies at Lancaster, viz : ' ' The Daughters of
Temperance," "The Daughters of America," and "The Philozotheans."

500 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

diyisio:n' IX.

PHYSICAL.

INTRODUCTORY.!

It was at first thought to give a short descriptive history of the natural olyects
found within tlie limits of Lancaster County, but this was soon found to be impractica-
ble. The species and varieties are too numerous to be described in detail, except in a
work specially devoted to that purpose. Moreover, comparatively few of them have
received common names, except the quadrupeds, birds, reptiles and a few of the fishes.
Therefore, the work has been chiefly confined to giving lists of the names of species,
their classes, orders and families, with the leading characteristics of their main divi-
sions, and occasionally of some of their sub-divisions. Objections may be made to a
long array of Latin names, as of little or no use to the general reader, but if those who
are at all interested in these matters, have a desire to form any acquaintance with the sub-
ject, tliey will ultimately have to learn the import of these names, in order that they may
be enabled to take an intelligent view of the objects they comprehend. It is true, that
the value of common names, among the common people, ought, perhaps, not be entirely
ignored; but these, in the greater number of instances, are so confused, and so local in
their significance, that they cannot be depended upon in their general application; more-
over, the time will eventually come in the history of our scientific literature and edu-
cational systems, when this apparently objectionable feature of Natural history, will no
longer be regarded as a stumbling block, but as an efficient means to facilitate its pro-
gress. These catalogues, therefore, published as part of the History of Lancaster
County, may come before a greater number of people, and in a cheaper form than is
usual through the publications of Scientific associations. They may contain many
errors and omissions, and may also include some si^ecies that have not been fully iden-
tified with their assumed locality; but these may be corrected, supplied, or eliminated
by the student of our local history, as he acquires the necessary proficiency to do so,
without effecting any special scientific demoralization.

CLASS MAMMALIA.i

This- class includes the four-footed animals or qxiadnipeds. The females bring forth
their young alive, and suckle them until they are old enough to provide for themselves.
The very name implies that the females have teats and secrete milk, and the term
"mamma," for mother, among human beings, is derived from the name of this class.
If an aboriginal naturalist had been called upon to make out a catalogue of the animals
of this class, when he roamed in undisturbed possession of the domain of our county,
and had transmitted it to successive generations, it no doubt would have contained
many species that are now extinct in the county. Although the deer, the bear, the
wolf, and perhaps also the panther and the beaver, were found in this county within
my lifetime — a period of some fifty years — yet at the present time these animals are un-
known to our territory. Others, in the following list, are also becoming rare, perhaps

1 Contributed by Mr. S. S. Kathvon.

OF LANCASTER COUNTY.

501

before another fifty yeai'S many of these will have passed beyond our borders, never to
return. Of the smaller species of animals, belonging to other classes, and especially
of the Insecta, there is a redundancy, and civilization and cultivation seem rather to
increase their numbers than to diminish them. But whether this state of things exist-
ed when the dense primitive forests of Lancaster county were inhabited by the Red-
man and his animal contemporaries — the quadrupeds and birds — is a matter gravely to
be doubted. The "Canada Lynx" or wild cat, has been shot in this county within the
last ten years, and it is barely possible that a very few individuals may still be founil in
the woody regions. Thirty years ago a stray panther was seen, or supposed to have
been seen, within the county; but it needed a further corroboration to redeem the
assumption from passing into a mere myth, and that corroboration was never secured.
Civilization has, however, vastly increased the numbers of a few mammals, especially
of those called rats and mice. Domestic mammals, such for instance as the horse, the
ox kind, the sheep and the pig, are of course not included in this list, because it is too
manifest that they have been introduced and moreover are only found in a domestic state.

ORDER CARNARIA.

Family I — Cheiroptera.

Vespertilio. Lin.
noveboracensis. Lin. Red-Bat.
pruinosa. Say. Hoary-Bat.
carolinensis. Oeof. Brown-Bat.
subulatus(?) Say. Subulate-Bat.

Family II — Insectivora.

SoREX. Lin.
brevicaudus. Say. Shrew.

SCALOPS. CwB.
■canadensis. Ciiv. Mole.

CONDYLURA. Lll.

cristata. III. Star-nose.

Family III — Carnivora.

Procyon. Str.
lotor. Lin. Raccoon.

MusTELA. Lin.
lutreola. Lin. Mink,
vulgairs. Lin. Weasel,
erminea.l Lin. Ermine,
pennanti.i Ere. Marten.

Mephitis. Cuv.
iimericana. Des. Skunk.

LuTRA. Brs.
brasiliensis. Ray. Otter.

Canis. Lin.
fulvus. Des. Red-Fox.
cinereo-argentatus. 0ml. Gray-Fox.

Felis. Lin.
■canadensis.! Geof. Wild-Cat.

Family IV — Marsupialia.

DiDELPnis. Lin.
virginiana. Pen. Opossum.

ORDER RODENTIA.

Family I — Claviculata.

Fiber. III.
zibethicus. Lin. Musk-Rat.
Arvicola. Lacp.
xanthognatus. LcJi. Meadow Mouse,
riparius. Ord. Short-tailed Mouse.

Mus. Lin.
decumanus. Pal. Common Rat.
rattus.2 Lin. Black Rat.
musculus. Lin. Com. Mouse,
agrarius. 0ml. Field Mouse.
Gerbillus. Des.
canadensis. Des. Jumping Mouse.

Arctomys. 0ml.
monax. 0ml. Ground Hog.
SciURUS. 0ml.
cinereus. Lin. Cat Squirrel,
carolinensis. Qml. Gray Squirrel,
hudsonius. Ers. Red Squirrel,
nigerC?) Lin. Black Squirrel.

Tamias.
striatus. Kin. Ground Squirrel.

Pteromys. III.
volucella. Lin. Flying Squirrel.

Family II — Inclaviculata

Lepus. Lin.
americanus.3 Lin. Common Hare.

1 Very rare, if at all in existence in this county at the present time.

2 This animal is also becoming rare in this county, and a very few years may chronicle its total ex-
tinction.

3 This animal, according to authors, is very improperly called the Rabbit. It appears, however, that
excepting the "English Rabbit," which has been introduced and domesticated here, we have not a
true rabbit in this county, or even in North America.

502 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

ORNITHOLOGy.l

It will be seen that the synopsis comprises both the scientific and common names.
The scientific name is followed by the name (in brackets) of the author who first de-
scribed and named the species, properly, and then by the name of the author, who
referred them to the genus, under which they are found, and then by the vulgar or
common name. It will also be seen that the more important species, either in an econ-
omical point of view or as of value in determining their habits and migratory limits,
have been noticed by remarks warranted by my own observations and those of others
on whose judgment I could rely. In regard to those species that are noticed as breed-
ing in the County, it is to be understood that only those are thus designated which are
known positively to do so, by their nests and eggs having been found; and it must not
be inferred that others, not thus indicated, do not, for it is reasonable to suppose that
those species which remain with us during the spring and summer months, do so for the
purpose of incubation.

The Ornithology of this great County, a commonwealth in itself, may be regarded as
very extensive, possessing nearly half the entire ornithology of Eastern North America.
Those speecies that are wanting, being natives either of the extreme north or south;
many of the species, it is true, are only migratory, and a few accidental, a consequence
always attending limited districts of country; but the proportion is, perhaps, less than
would be found in almost any other territory of the same size, lying farther north or
south, where the species crowd annually to rear their young or spend the winter, whose
severity is too great even for the most hardy to endure, or pick up a scanty subsistence.
It is owing to the circumstance that our county occupies a middle position, that those
species peculiarly southern or arctic, are met with only as stragglers or occasional
visitants.

The instinctive wants of birds seem to be met when they reach a climate which has
a middle temperature, subject neither to arctic cold nor tropical heat. Anotlier reason
for the large number of species found in our faiina, is the great variety of country
within our limits. The noble Susquehanna, bordering our territory for nearly sixty
miles on our southwestern line, reaching down to near tidewater; the Conestoga and
Octoraro coming down from the north; their reedy and marshy shores and islands
affording suitable food and breeding places for the Anatidte and the Grallatores; the
towering rocky cliffs which bound the river in a portion of its course through the
county, afford the Raptores a safe and favorite retreat. The Furnace Hills on our
northwestern confines, still clothed with extensive forest and ini^enetrable thickets,
broken by deeply-shaded glens and rocky ravines of the wildest and most sequestered
character, are solitary and secure retreats for secluded and retiring species, and the
natural resorts of our only remaining species of Grouse, and where still an occasional
specimen of the wild turkey may be met with. Our broad and far-stretching cultivated
and grazing fields, interspersed groves and wood abound with the Insessores and sum-
mer visiting Grallatores, and with the exception of the streams and their shores, are
the chosen resorts of most of our summer and winter visitants.

In an insular district of country of limited extent, where the poi^ulation h?is become
comparatively dense and the cultivation of the soil rapidly extended by the introduc-
tion of agricultural implements, it may be expected that many species, in numbers,
have decreased and several have become nearly if not totally extinct. This decline is
to be greatly regretted, especially in regard to those species which, by habit, live almost
entirely upon insect food, and are therefore to be considered of the utmost importance
to the horticultural and agricultural interests of the county. This march of civiliza-

1 Contributed by Hon. J. J. Libhart.

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 503

tion is most inimical to the retention of the species in theii- proper and favorite resorts;
they are destroyed on account of the injuries, fancied or real, which they are supposed
to commit. Many of the insect-eating birds also feed occasionally on ben-ies; and
now, when land owners have destroyed the wild and uncultivated berry-bearing trees
and shrubs and vines, such as the wild-cherry, gum-berry and the Avild mazzard, for-
merly common in our woods, the native raspberry, blackberry, whortlebeiry and
grape, they are forced to claim their natural right to a few of the cultivated kinds from
our gardens, a visitation that is sure to be met with a greeting of powder and lead by
the liberal owners; the wanton destruction of every living thing clothed with feathers,
by the town or city gunner; the use of the destructive reaper and mower, which un-
sparingly destroys the nest, and sometimes even the old birds, that breed on or near
the ground. Our beautiful and interesting partridge probably suffers more from this
cause than any other. These and similar causes have brought about the fearful dimi-
nution which is so much to be regretted by every i-ight thinking person. But from the
enaction of our present bird laws, and by the dissemination of information among our
agricultural population on this and kindred subjects, and by the institution of societies
for the promotion of scientific knowledge, we may reasonably expect their future pre-
servation, if not an increase in niunbers.

The progress which American ornithology has made for the last fifty years, is sure
and gratifying to its students and investigators. The Brotherhood has just been called
upon to mourn the loss of one of its most learned and devoted members, John Cassin.
The results of his genius and learning are a rich legacy to the lovers of the sciences.

Bartram, the Willoughby of America, was probably one of the fii-st who wrote on
the subject (1791) and described a limited number of species; he was followed by Alex.
"Wilson, who described 283 species in 1814; Bonaparte in 1838, increased the number to
471; the indefatigable Audubon figures and describes in 1844, 506 species; Spencer F.
Baird, the learned Assistant Secretary of the Smithsonian Institute, with the co-opera-
tion of John Cassin and J. N. Lawrence, enumerates in his system of American
ornithology, comprising the discoveries made by the explorations and surveys of the
Pacific Railroad, and the previously discovered species, in all 738, including 23 species
considered not properly belonging to North America. In our synopsis we have adopt-
ed the orders and families used in that complete work on the ornithology of North
America, omitting the sub-orders and sub-families as useless for our jjurpose. It
may be thought that it was unnecessary to divide a mere local list of species into
orders and families; but our object in doing so, is to exhibit at a glance the number of
families we possess of each order, and the number of species of the family, compara-
tively with those contained in the entire Fauna of North America, as far as known.

We owe acknowledgments to Prof. S. S. Rathvon and to Mr. C. H. Naumau for
valuable information, and to ]Mr. A. C. Libhai-t for information in regard to those
species that breed in the county.

ORDER I. RAPT0RE8.

Predatory in their habits.

Family Yulturid^e — The Vultures.

Feed on off'al and carrion. Known No. of species in N. A., 4 — in the county, 1.
1. Cathartes aura, {Linn.,) Illig.; the Turkey Buzzard. Resident in svmimer; fre-
quent; breeds in the county.

Family Falconid^e — The Falcons.

Predatory, capture their prey, feed on small quadrupeds, birds, fish and reptiles. Known
No. of species in N. A., 41 — in the county, 16.

504 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

2. Falco, (Falco,) anatum {Linn,.) Bonap., Duck Hawk. Resident, common on the

Susquehanna, feeds principally on water fowl; bold and daring; often seizing
the game, shot down by the gunner; breeds in the county. Sp'm. No. 1, Miis.
Linnsean Society, Lancaster City.

3. F. (Hypotriorchis,) columbarius, Linn., Pigeon Hawk. Not common; one speci-

men in my collection, captured in the county.

4. F. (Tinnunculus,) sparverius, Linn., Sparrow Hawk. Common summer and win-

ter; feeds on small birds, mice and reptiles; breeds in the county. Sp'm. No. 2,
jNIus. Linn. Soc, Lane.

5. Astur, atricapillus, ^Vilson, Bonap., Goshawk. Occasionally in winter destructive

to partridges.

6. Accipiter cooperii, Bonap., Baird, Cooper's Hawk. Rapacious; rare specimen in my

collection; shot in the county.

7. A. fuscus, Omelin, Baird, Sharp-shinned Hawk, Common in summer; preys on

small birds and mice; breeds in the county. Sp'm No. ,3, Mus. Linnn. Soc.
Lancaster.

8. Buteo (Poecilopternis) borealis, {Gmel.,) VieilL, Red-tailed Hawk. Resident,

common, powerful and audacious; feeds on poultry, birds and small quadru-
peds; breeds in the county. Sp'm No. 5, Mus. Linn. Soc. Lane.

9. B. (P.) pennsylvanicus, (Wils.,) Bonap., Broad-winged Hawk. Rather rare.

10. B. (P.) lineatus, (Gmel.,) Jardine, Red-shouldered or "Winter Hawk. Bold and

rapacious. An incident known to me occurred here, which illustrates the bold-
ness of this species; in which an individual pursued a covey of j^artridges under
a corn-crib, and was killed with a club as he came out, by a boy. Sp'm No.
140, Mus. Linn. Soc.

11. Archibuteo lagopus, {Gmel.,') Bd., Rough-legged Hawk. Winter; feeds principally

on mice.
13. A. sancti johannis, (Gmel.,) Bd., Black Hawk. Winter resident, not uncommon;
Several fine specimens in Mr. Hensel's collection, Lane; shot in the county.

13. Nauclerus furcatus, {Linn.,) Vig., Swallow-tailed Hawk. Rare, occurs in the

southern portion of the county; probably its northern limits. A fine specimen
in the old Lane. Mus.; shot in the county.

14. Circus hudsonius, {Linn.,) Vieill., Marsh Hawk. Common in winter; preys prin-

cipally on mice and reptiles.

15. Aquila canadensis, {Linn.,) Cassin., American Golden Eagle, Grey Eagle. This

noble species is now rarely met with anywhere. This is the imperial bird of
America. There is no other falcon that can at all conq^are with him in majesty
of mien, or energy of character. He never, although pressed by the demands
of hunger, stoops to regale himself on tainted flesh or carrion, like the bald
eagle, nor exhibits that detestable tyi'anny and rapacity which is so characteristic
of that more ignoble species, which plunders more sagacious and industrious
hunters of their hard-earned spoils, but relies .on his own power and energy to
strike down for himself the quarry, and devours it whilst the flesh still palpitates.
The splendid specimen in the collection of the Linnajan Society, No. 124, was shot
December 27th, 1867, near Willow Street, in this county, where he had been
depredating upon the poultry of the farmers for several weeks. Although fatally
wounded, he bravely, while life remained, defended himself against the efforts of
his captor to dispatch him. (These facts, in relation to this individual, were
communicated by Prof. S. S. Rathvon.)

16. Haliaetus leucocephalus, (Linn.,) Savigny, Bald Eagle. Frequent on the Susque-

hanna, especially in the neighborhood of fish pots; tyrannical and rapacious;
feeds upon young pigs, lambs, ducks, fish, and carrion if pressed. An incident
occurred, which was witnessed by a number of persons, at Marietta, a few years

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 505

ago, whicli strikingly illustrates the great temerity and terrible energy, wlien
aroused, of this powerful and daring bird. An individual of this species was
seen in pursuit of a wild duck; the doomed victim tried various manojuvres to
escape from its formidable pursuer, by diving and tiying alternately; when in the
air it was soon overtaken, and to escape his cruel talons had again to dive
beneath the water; when it arose to the surfoce he would drive at it like a
thunderbolt; the fast failing strength of the poor victim admonished it that some
other mode of escape must be resorted to — it again arose and tlew directly into
the town — her merciless enemy still pursuing — it alighted upon the pavement of
the St. John House and ran into the hall; the next moment the eagle swept
past the door. The brave duck thus escaped the maw of her feathered foe: but,
alas, she fell into the hands of Const. Emswiler, who was not less rapacious,
we are sorry to say. Breeds in the county. Specimen, No. 6, Mus. Linn. Soc.

17. Pandion carolinensis, {G7neL,) Bo nap., Ofiin-ey, or Fish Hawk. Feeds upon fish;

quite common on the Susquehanna; breeds in the count. y Sp'm No. 136, Mus.
Linn. Soc.

Family Strigid.e — The Owls.

Predatory; feed on small quadruijeds, birds and reptiles. Known No. of species in N.

A'., 17; in the county, 8.

18. Strix, flammea, Linn.; (S. pratincola, Bonap.,) Common, or Barn Owl. Rather rare;

feeds upon bats and mice; breeds in the county. The following interesting facts in
relation to this species were communicated to me by Prof. S. S- Rathvon: On the
10th of July, 1867, a male and female were captured in the steeple of the Lutheran
Churph, in Lancaster city, where they had domiciliated themselves. Whilst cap-
tives they refused all kind of food that was oftered. The female laid an egg and the
male died, after which the female was set at liberty. After this interruption of
their nuptial relations, the female sought another partner, and the pair again
established themselves in the steeple. On the 27th of September I visited their
quarters; the old birds were al:)sent, but I found two young owls that could not
have been more than a day or two old, and four eggs. I took from one of the
eggs a living owl, nearly as large as those already hatched. Four weeks after, 1
secured one of the young birds, I had left; it was then covered with white down,
and had grown from an ounce to a pound in weight and nearly as large as the
old ones. This young bird also refused food, and I killed it and had it stuffed;
and it, together with the old male, are now in the Linnajan Society's Museum.
In August, 1868, two young owls, with the pen-feathers just appearing, were
taken from the nest. They were very ferocious when captured; but subsequently,
under the care of Mr. G. Hensel and his lady, they became docile and playful,
and learned to do some very droll things. They would eat meat of different
kind, but refused to eat any part of a fowl, unless deprived of the feathers.
In attempting to void a sharp piece of bone, one of them ruptured his gullet,
which caused his death, in October, 1808; his companion is still living at the
present time, January, 1869, and is quite an object of interest and admiration,
for his sedate and quaint deportment, and for his personal cleanliness. Sp'ms
Nos. 125, 126, Mus. Linn. Soc.

19. Bubo virginianus, {Omel.,) Botiap., Great-horned Owl. Rapacious and destructive;

feeds on poultry and game of all kinds. Sp'm No. Mus. Linn. Soc.

20. Scops asio, {Linn.,) Bonap. Red Owl, Screech Owl. Common; feeds upon mice,

small birds and insects; breeds in the county. Sp'm No. 8, Mus. Linn. Soc.
31. Otus wilsonianus. Lesson. Long-eared Owl. Feeds on mice; breeds in the county.
Sp'm No. 127, Mus. Linn. Soc.

506 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

32. Brachyotus cassinii, Bretcer, Short-eared Owl. Raijaciovis; kills partridges occa-
sionally.

23. Syrnium nebulosum, (Forster,) Gray, Barred Owl. Frequent in winter; kills

poultry, i-abbits and squirrels. Sp'm No. l.'?7, Mus. Linn. Soc.

24. Nyctale acadica, {Gmel.,) Bonap., Little Owl. Smallest of the family; feeds princi-

pally upon insects; very rare. A specimen in Mr. Hensel's coll.; shot in the
county.

25. Nyctea nivea, (Dnudin,) Gray. Snowy Owl. Rare in summer; sometimes abundant

in winter after a storm; powerful and rapacious; feeds upon poultry, small
quadrupeds, and is very fond of fish, which to obtain it will visit fish-pots,
in the day time. Specm. No. 9, Mus. Linn. Soc.

ORDER II. 8CAN80RE8.

Family Psittacidad.e — Parrotes.

Known No. of spec's in N. A. 2; in county, 1.

26. Conurus carol inensis, Jii/ZiZ. Carolina Parrot. Accidental; a flock seen near Man-

heim by Mr. G. W. Hensel.

Family Cuculidad.e — The Cuckoos.

Feed upon insects and berries. Known No. of spec's in N. A., 6; in the county, 2.

27. Coccyzus erythropthalmus, {Wils.,) 5(??ifl!^., Black-billed Cuckoo. Common in sum-

mer; breeds in the county. Spec'm No. 9, Mus. Linn. Soc.

28. C. americanus, {Linn.,) Bonap., Yellow-billed Cuckoo. Common; breeds in the

county. This and the preceding are very similar in appearance and habits. They
are accused, probably justly, too, of ]nlfering the nests of other birds; they how-
ever destroy vast numbers of injurious insects; they are, indiscriminately, called
by many, the rain croio or cow bird, from their peculiar cry.

Family Ficidad.e — The Woodpeckers.

Feed on the 4arv;B and ova of insects and maize and fruit. Known No. of apa. in N.

A., 29; in the county, 7.

29. Picas (Trichopicus) villosus, (Linn.,) Bonap., Hairy Woodpecker. Common sum-

mer and winter; breeds in tlie county.

30. P. (T.) pubescens, {Linn.,) Bonap. Downy Woodpecker. Common in winter;

breeds in the county.

31. Phyrapicus varius, {Linn.,) Baird, Yellow-ljellied Woodpecker. Breeds in the

county.

32. Hylatomus pileatus, {Linn.,) Bd., Pileated Woodpecker. This large and elegant

species has now become rare and is only met with in old and extensive woods;
breeds in the county.

33. Ceiiturus carolinus, {Linn.,) Bonap., Red-bellied Woodpecker. Breeds in the

county.

34. Melanerpes erythrocephalus, {Linn.,) Swains., Red-headed Woodpecker. Once

very abundant, now much less frequent; breeds in the county.

35. Colaptes auratus, {Linn.,) Swains., Flicker, High Hole. Still common, but de-

creasing in niTmbers; breeds in the county.

ORDER III INSESSORES.

Family Trochilidad.e — The Humming Birds.

Feed upon nectar and minute insects. Known No. of sps. in N. A., 7; in the county, 1.

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 507

36. Trochilus colubris, Linn., Humming Bird. Very common: breeds in the county.

Family Cypscelid^e — The Swifts.

Feed upon insects, captured on the wing. Known No. of sps. in the X. A., 4; in the

county, 1.

37. Chaetura pelasgia, {Linn.,) Steph., Chimney Swallow. Extremely abundant in

towns; breeds in the county.

Family Caprimulgid.e — The Goat-suckers.

Feed on winged insects. Known No. of sps. in N. A., 4; in the county, 2.

38. Antrostomus vociferus, {Wils. ,) Bonap., WlnpiyooY-wiW. Nocturnal; frequent; breeds

in the county. Sp'm. No. 15, Mus. Linn. Soc.

39. Chordeiles popetue, (Vieill.,) Bd., Night Hawk. Common; breeds in the county.

Sp'm. No. — , Mus. Linn. Soc.

Family Alcedinid.e — The Kingfishers.

Feed upon small fishes and aquatic insects. Known No. of sps. in N. A., 2, in the

county, 1.

40. Ceryle alcyon, (Xi'/itt.,) i?oiV, Belted Kingfisher. Common from March to December

along streams and fresh water ponds; breeds in the county.

Family Colopterid.e — The Fly-catchers.

Feed upon insects, and occasionally berries. Known No. of sps. in N. A., 28; in the

county, 9.

41. Tyi-annus corolinensis, {Linn.,) Bd., Kingbird, Bee-eater. Very abundant; breeds

in the county.

42. Myiarchus crinitus, {Linn.,) Cad., Great Crested Flycatcher. Breeds in the

county. No. 16, Mus. Linn. Soc.

43. Sayornis fuscus, {Omel.,) Bd., Pewee Flycatcher. Very common, from early spring

to late autumn; breeds in the county.

44. Contopus borealis, (Swains.) Bd., Olive-sided Flycatcher. Breeds in the county.

45. C, virens, {Linn.,) Cab., "Wood Pewee. Frequent; breeds in the county.

46. Empidonax traillii, {Aud.,) Bd., Trail's Flycatcher. Breeds in the county.

47. E. minimus, Bd., Least Flycatcherr. Fequent in spring.

48. E. acadicus, {Gmel.,) Bd., Small Green-crested Flycatcher. Frequent; breeds in

the county.

49. E. flaviventris, Bd., Yellow-bellied Flycatcher. Frequent; breeds in the county.

Family Turdid.e — The Thrushes.

Feed on insects and berries. Known No. of species in N. A., 17; in the county, 8.

50. Turdus mustelinus, Gml., Wood Thrush. Common; breeds in the county.

51. T. pallasii, Cabanis., Hennit Thrush. Abundant; breeds in the county.

52. T. fuscescens, {Wilson,) Steph., Wilson's Thrush. Summer and early spring;

abundant ; breeds in the county.

53. T. swainsonii, {Wilson,) Cab. Olive-backed Thrush.

54. Planesticus migratorius, (Linn.,) Bonap., Robin. These universal favorites have

perceptibly increased in numbers in our orchards and groves, and resumed their
wonted sociability, as though they were apprized of the protection aiibrded them
by the wise enaction, by the Legislature, of the bird laws. Breeds in the county.
Sp'm No. 18; Mus. Linn. Soc.

55. Sialia sialis, (Linn.,) Baird, Blue Bird. Extremely abundant; breeds in the

county. Sp'm No. 19; Mus. Linn. Soc. L.

508 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

5G. Regulvis calendula, (I,ift?i.,) LicM. Ruby Crown;Wren. Frequent in spring; mi-
grates northward.

57. R. satrapa, LicM. Golden-crested Wren. Common in the spring.

Family Silvicolidi.e — -The Warblers.

Feed upon insects. Known Xo. of species in N. A., 60; in the county, 36.

58. Anthus ludoviciana, (Gmel.,) LicM., Tit Lark. Occasionally abundant in the

autumn and winter.

59. Mniotilta varia, (Linn.,) 17(;«7?., Black and White Creeper. Frequent.

60. Parula Americana, (Linn.,) Bonap., Blue Yellow-backed Warbler. Migratory;

frequent.

61. Parula citrea, (Boddert,) Bd., Prothonotary Warbler. Rare; summer.

62. Geothlypis trichas, (Linn.,) Cab., Maryland Yellow Throat, Frequent; all sum-

mer; breeds in the county. Sp"m No. 22, Mus. Linn. Soc. L.

63. G. Philadelphia (Wils.,) Bd., Mourning Warbler. Summer; very rare.

64. Oporornis agilis, (Wils,,) Bd., Connecticut Wai'bler. Migratory; very rare.

65. 0. formosus, (Wils.,) Bd., Kentucky AYarbler. ]\Iigratory; not unfrequent.

Sp'mNo. 26, Mus. Linn. Soc. L.

66. Icteria viridis, (Gmel.,) Bon., Y'ellow-breasted Chat. Summer resident; breeds

in the county. Sp'm No. 119, Mus. Linn. Soc. L.

67. Helmitherus vermivorus, (Gmel.,) Bon., Worm-eating Warbler. Migratory; rare.

68. Helminthojihaga pinus,:('/>i/i?K, ) Bd., Blue-winged Yellow Warbler. Summer resi-

dent; rather rare.

69. II. chrysoptera, (Linn.,) Cab., Golden-winged Warbler. l\Iigratory; very rare.

70. H. ruficapilla, (Wils.,) Bd., Nashville Warbler. Summer visitant.

71. II. peregrina, (Wils.,) Cab., Tennessee Warbler. Seen occasionally on its passage

tlirough the county.

72. Seiurus aurocapillus, (Linn.,) Sir., Golden-crowned Thrush. Rather common;

breeds in the county.

73. S. noveboracensis, (Gmi.,) A'w^/!., Water Thrush. Frequent in the migratory season.

74. S. ludoviciamis, (Will,,) Bonap., Large-billed Water Thrush. Migratory.

75. Dendroica virens, (Ginl.,) Bd., Black-throated Green Warbler. Migratory.

76. D. canadensis, (Linn.,) Bd., Black-throated Blue Warbler. Migratory.

77. D. coronata, (Linn.,) Gray, Yellow-rumped Warbler or Myrtle Bird. Quite fre-

quent in migratory season.

78. D. blackburnia, (Gml.,) Bd., Blackburnian Warbler. Migratory; in the spring

rather frequent. Sp'm. No. 27, Mus. Linn. Soc. L.
7Q. D. castanea, (Mils.,) Bd., Bay-brested Warbler. Migratory.

80. D. pennsylvanica, (Zj;i«.,) i?fZ., Chestnut-sided Warbler. Frequent; spring and

autumn.

81. D. pinus, (Wils.,) Bd., Pine-creeping Warbler. JMigratory; sin-ing and autumn.

82. D. ccerulea, (Wils.,) Bd., Blue Warbler. Migratory.

83. D. striata, (Forst.,) Bd., Black-polled Warbler. Migratory; in the spring quite

common.

84. D. aestiva, (Gmel.,) Bd., Yellow \Varbler, or Summer Yellow Bird. Common:

breeds in the county. Sp'm, No. 28, Mus. Linn. Soc.

85. D. maculosa, (Gmel.,) Bd., Black and Yellow Warbler. Migratory; spring and

autumn, frequent.

86. D. tigrlna, (Gmel.,) Bd., Cape 31ay Warbler. Migratory in spring and autumn;

rare.

87. B. palmarum, (Gmel..) Bd., Yellow Red-polled Warbler. Migratory; extremely

rare.

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 509

88. Myiodioctes mitratus, {Gmel.,) And. Hooded Warbler. Summer resident; rather

rare.

89. j\I. pusillus, ( Wils.,) Bonap., Green Black-cap Flycatcher. I never met this sj^ecies

in the county; I give it as occurring upon the authority of Mr. C. H. Nauman.

90. M. canadensis, (Linn.,) Aud., Canada Flycatcher. Frequent; migratory.

91. Setophaga ruticilla, (Linn.,) Sicains., 'Red Start. Very common. Sp'm. No. 29,

Mus. Linn. Soc.
93. Pyranga rubra, (Linn.,) Vieill., Scarlet Tauager. Common; breeds in the county.
Sp'm. No. 31, Mus. Linn. Soc.

93. P. festivae, (Linn.,) Vieill., Summer Red-Bird. Rare; a specimen in my collection;

also one in that of Mr. G. W. Hensel; both obtained in the county.

Family Hirundinid.e — The Swallows.

Feed exclusively upon insects which are captured on the wing. Known No. of sps. in

N. A., 8; in the county, 6.

94. Hirundo horreorum, Barton, Barn Swallow. Summer resident; very abundant;

breeds in the county.

95. H. lunifrons, /S'«2/, Cliff" Swallow. Summer resident; rather abundant; breeds in the

county.
96.' H. bicolor, Vieill., White-bellied Swallow. Summer resident; breeds in the county.

97. Cotyle riparia, (Linn.,) Boie; Bank Swallow. Summer resident; very abundant;

breeds in the county.

98. C. serripennis, (Aud.,) Bonap., Rough-winged Swallow; Abundant; makes no ex-

cavations like the preceding sps., but builds in crevices of walls and rocks;
breeds in the county.

99. Progne purpurea, (Zi«?i.,) i?(^2e. Purple Martin. Summer resident; abundant where

proper accommodations are afforded; breeds in the county.

Family Bomisycillid.e — The Cedar Birds.

Feed on berries; occasionally on insects. Known No. of sps. in N. A., 2; in the

county, 1.

100. Ampelis cedrorum, (Vieill.,) Bd., Cedar Bird. Very frequent; breeds in the

coimty. No. 32, Mus. Linn. Soc.

Family Laniid.e — The Shrikes.

Feed upon insects principally. Known No. of species in N. A., 17; in the county, 6.

101. Collyrio borealis, MoeTiring; Great Northern Shrike. Winter visitant; sometimes

destroys small birds; in form and color it resembles the Mocking bird. Sp'm.
No. 35, Mus. Linn. Soc.

102. Vireo (vireosylvia) olivaceus, (Linn.,) Vieill, Red-eyed Flycatcher. Summer; fre-

quent; breeds in the county.

103. V. gilvus, ( FiCiYL.) i?on«j).. Warbling Flycatcher. Summer; abundant; breeds in

the county.

104. Y. (Lanivireo) noveboracensis, (Gmel.,) Bonap., White-eyed Vireo. Breeds in the

county.

105. V. (L.) solitarius, (Wils.,) Vieill, Blue-headed Flycatcher. Breeds in the county.

106. V. (L.) flavifrons, Vieill., Yellow-throated Flycatcher.

Family Liotrichid^.

Fructivorous and insectivorous. Known No. of species in N. A., 22; in the county, 10.

107. Mimus polyglottus, (Linn.,) Boie, Mocking Bird. Southeastern part of the county;

breeds in the comity.

510 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

108. M. carolinensis, {Linn.,) Gray, Cat Bird. Extremely abundant; breeds in the

county. Sp'm. No. 37, Mus. Linn. Soc.

109. Harporhynchus rufus; (i?«rt.,) Cab., Brown Thrush. Common; summer resident;

breeds in county. Sp'm No. 38, Mus. Linn. Soc.

110. Thriothorus hidovieianus, {Vieill.,) Bonap., Great Carolina Wren. Summer; rare.

111. T. bewickii, {Aud.,) Bonn-p., Bewick's Wren. Summer; breeds in the county.

112. Cistothorus palustris, {WiU.,) Cab., Long-billed Marsh Wren. Summer; breeds

in the county.

113. C. stellaris, {Licht.,) Cab., Short-billed Marsh Wren. Summer; breeds in the

county.

114. Ti'oglodytes a^don, Vleill., House Wren. Abundant; breeds in the county.

115. T. americanus, Aud., Wood Wren. Extremely rare. We give this species as an

inhabitant of the county on the authority of Mr. C. H. Nauman. I have never
seen it unless I mistook it for the House Wren.

116. T. (Anorthura) hyemalis, {Wils.,) T'l'^iYL, Winter Wren. Quite common in winter.

Family Certhiad.e — ^The Creepers.

Feed upon insects and their larvie. Known No. of sps. in N. A., 6; in the county, 3.

117. Certhia americana, Bonap., American Creeper. Summer and autumn.

118. Sitta carolinensis, Omel., White-bellied Nuthatch. Summer and winter.

119. S. canadensis, Linn., Red-bellied Nuthatch. Summer and winter.

Family Parid.e — The Titmice.

Feed upon insects, occasionally on berries. Known No. of species in N. A., 19; in the

county, 3.

120. Polioptila ca^rulea. (Linn.,) Sclat., Blue-grey Flycatcher. Frequent in summer.

121. Sophophanes bicolor, (Linn.,) Bonap., Tufted Titmouse. Sirring, summer and

autiimn.

122. Parus atricapillus. Linn., Chicadee. Very frequent; summer and winter.

Family Alaudid.e — The Larks.

Feed upon small seeds. Known No. of species in N. A., 1; in the county, 1.

123. Eremophila cornuta, (Wils.,) Bote; Shore Lark. Common in autumn and

winter. Sp'm. No. 39, Mus. Linn. Soc.

Family Fringillid.e — The Finches.

Feed upon seeds of grass weeds and trees; some sjiecies occasionally on berries and
insects. Known No. of species in N. A., 96; in the county, 26.

124. Pinicola canadensis, i?m.?., Cab., Pine Grosbeak. Occasionally an autumnal and

winter visitant. Sp'm. No. — Mus. Linn. Soc.

125. Carpodacus piirpureus, (Gml.,) Gray; Purple Finch. Summer resident; most

abundant in autumn. Sp'm. No. 40, Mus. Linn. Soc.

126. Chrysomitris tristis, (Linn.,) Bo7iap., Y'ellow Bird. Very frequent; breeds in the

county.

127. C. pinus, (Wils.) Bonap., Pine Finch. Spring and autumn.

128. Curvirostra leucoptera, (Gmel.) IF-iYs., White Wing Cross-bill. Rare. laminfonn-

ed by Mr. C. H. Nauman that this species was obtained by Mr. W. L. Gill near
Lancaster. The C. americana is also said to be an occasional visitant, but I have
no reliable authority to that eftect.

129. Aegiothus linaria, (Limi.) Cab., Red Poll. Winter visitant; rare.

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 511

130. Plectrophanes nivalis, {Linn.) Meyer, Snow Bunting. (Not the common snow

bird.) Winter visitant. I obtained this bird intlie county several times — always
when a cold wintry storm was blowing. Sp'm No. 131, Linn. Soc.

131. Passerculus savanna, Wils., Savannah Sparrow. Common; breeds in the county.
133. Pooecetes gramineus, ( Wils.) Bonap., Grass Finch. Very frequent; breeds in the

county.

133. Coturniculus passerinus, (^Wih.) Bonap., Yellow-winged Sparrow. Breeds in

the county.

134. Zonotrichia leucophrys, {Fors.) Sw., White-crowned Sparrow. Spring and win-

ter.

135. Z. albicollis, (Gmel.) Bonap., White-throated Sparrow. Kesident; breeds in the

county. Sp'm No. 117, Mus. Linn. Soc.

136. Junco hyemalis, {Linn.,) Sclat., Common Snow bird; autumn and winter; very

frequent. Sp'm No. 41, Mus. Linn. Soc.

137. Spizella monticola, (Gz/ieZ.,) 5d., Tree Sparrow. Autumn and winter.

138. S. pusilla, {WiU.,) Bonap., Field Sparrow. Spring and autumn.

139. S. socialis, {Wils.,) Bonap., Chipping Sparrow. Summer resident; breeds in

county.

140. Melospiza melodia, {Wils.,) Bd., Song Sparrow. Svimmer resident; frequent;

breeds in the county.

141. M. lincolnii, {Aud.,) Bd., Lincoln's Finch. Spring visitant.

143. M. palustris, {Wils.,) Bd., Swamp Sparrow. Spring and autumn; frequent about
swamps.

143. Passerella iliaca, (^^/t.,) /Stc, Fox-colored Sparrow. Spring, autumn and winter;

frequent.

144. Euspiza americana, {Omel.,) Bonap., Black-throated Bunting. Resident; frequent;

breeds in the county. Sp'm No. 116, Mus. Linn Soc.

145. Guiraca ludoviciana, (Zzn??..,) aS'w., Rose-breasted Grosbeak. Rather rare; aftects

secluded places. Sp'ms No. 43 and 43, Mus. Linn. Soc.

146. G. caerulea, {Linn.,) Sw., Blue Grosbeak. Very rare.

147. Cyanospiza cyanea, {Linn.,) Bd., Indigo Bird. Summer resident; frequent;

breeds in the county. Sp'm No. 44, Mus. Linn. Soc.

148. Cardinalis virginianus, {Briss.,) 5o«ajp., Cardinal Grosbeak. Frequent; breeds in

the county. In the winter of 1865 I saw this species in considerable numbers
about our town gardens. The summer previous a female built her nest in a
honey-suckle vine near the kitchen door of a neighbor, who had a male caged,
and the cage hung near by. Was it sympathy for the imprisoned that prompted
her thus to solace him by her presence"? Sp'm No. 45, Mus. Linn. Soc.

149. Pipilo erythropthalmus, (ii?i?i.,) F^e^W., Ground Robin. Frequent; breeds in the

county. Sp'm No. 46, M. L. S.

Family Icterid^.

Known No. of sps. in N. A., 34; in the county, 8.

150. Dolichonyx oryzivorus, {Linn.,) Sto., Bobolink, Reed Bird. ]\Iigratory; very

abundant in autumn; feeds on wild rice, as its name implies, grain and grass
seeds. Although small, it is eagerly sought by the gunner, and highly prized by
the epicure. In the latter part of August and September they arrive here from
the North, and thousands then congregate on the reedy islands in the Susque-
hanna, in Manor township. Sp'ms. Mus. Linn. Soc, 47, 48 and 49.

151. Molothrus pecoris, {Gmel.,) Sw., Cow Blackbird. Frequent; summer resident;

omnivorous; breeds in the county. This bird never hatches or rears its young;
but lays its eggs in the nest of other species, entrusting the continuance of its
race to their maternal instincts.

512 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

152. Agelaius phccniceus, iSic.,) Vieill., Eed-winged Blackbird. Omnivorous; very

abundant, spring and summer; migrates southward in October; breeds in the
county. Sp'ms Nos. 51, 52, Mus. Linn. Soc.

153. Sturnella magna, {Linn.) Sw., Meadow Lark. Omnivorous; resident, summer

and winter; breeds in the county. Sp'ms No. 54, 55, Mus. Linn. Soc.

154. Icterus spurius, (Linn.) Bonap., Orchard Oriole. Omnivorous; summer resident ;

frequently breeds in the county. Sp'ms Nos. 57, 58, Mus. Linn. Soc.

155. I. baltimore, (Linn.) Daxul., Baltimore Oriole. Omnivorous; summer resident;

frequently breeds in the county. Sp'ms Nos. 59, GO, Mus. Linn. Soc.

156. Scolecophagus, (Gmel.) Sic, Rusty Blackbird. Migratory; frequent.

157. QniscaMsYersicolor, (Limi.) Vieill., Crow Blackbird. Omnivorous; destroys the

eggs and young of other birds; very abundant; has sensibly increased since the
enactment of the bird laws for the protection of insect-eating birds; breeds in the
county. Sp'ms Nos. 61, 133, Mus. Linn. Soc.

Family Coevid.e — The Crows.

Omnivorous. Known No. of sps. in N. A., 22; in the county, 4.

158. Corvus carnivorus, Bart., American Raven. I have no authentic information that

it now exists in the county; if it does, it is extremely rare.

159. C. americanus, (Wils.) Aud., Crow. Exceedingly nvunerous; having several roosts

or rookeries, from which they sally every morning on their forays in detachments
over the adjoining country; breeds in the county. Sp'ms Nos. 62, 63 and 64,
Mus. Linn. Soc.

160. C. ossifragus, Wils., Fish Crow. Nut uncommon along the rivpr, especially where

fish pots are.

161. Cyanurus cristatus, (Linn.,) Sw., Jay Bird. Very common; resident; breeds in

the county.

OBBEB IV. R AS ORES.

Family Columbid.e — The Pigeons.

Granivorous. Known No. of Sps. in N. A., 11; in the county 3.

162. Ectopistes migratora, (Linn.,) Sw., Wild Pigeon. Migratory; spring and autumn;

feeds on grain, oak and beach, mostly on berries; stragglers sometimes remain
and breed in the county. Sp'ms Nos. 66, 67 and 68, Mus. Linn. Soc.

163. Zenaidura carolinensis. (Linn.,) Bonap., Turtledove. Common; resident; breeds

in the county.

164. Chamaepelia passerina, (Linn.,) Stc, Ground Dove. Probably only accidental.

I obtained one individual of this species, which was shot 1844, in a field of broom
corn, on the seeds of which it was feeding. Now in my collection.

Family Phasianid.e — The Turkeys.

Omnivorous.

165. Meleagris americana, Bart., Wild Turkey. Resident; rare. A few are still met

with, occasionally, in the Furnace Hills. Breeds in the county.

Family Tetraoxid.e — The Grouse.

Feeds on the buds of various trees, berries and the larvfe of insects. Known No. of
species in N. A., 12; in the county 1.

166. Bonasa umbellus, (Linn.,) StepTi., Ruffed Grouse. In some localities still found

in considerable numbers; more frequent this autumn (1868,) than usual; breeds
in the county.

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 513

Family PERDicicyE — The Partridges.

Feed upon grain, seed of grass and weeds, and the larva; of insects. Known No. of
sps. in N. A., 7; in the county 1.

167. Ortyx virginianus, {Linn.,) Bonap., Partridge. Very rare now, in consequence

of the severity of last winter, (1867,) in some sections it is almost extinct. All
true sportsmen should refrain from killing them until they become plenty again..
Breeds in the county. Sp'm Nos. 70 and 75, Mus. Linn. Soc.

ORDER V—GRALLATORES.

Family Ardeid^ — The Herons.

Known No. of species in N. A., 13; in the county, 7.

168. Garzetta candidissima, {Jacquin.) Bon., Snowy Heron. Eare on the Susquehanna.

Sp'm. No. 135, Mus. Linn. Soc. Lane.

169. Herodias egretta, {Gmel.,) Gray., White Heron. Occasionally seen on the Sus-

quehanna.

170. Ardea herodias, Zift??.. Great Blue Heron. Common in the summer and autumn.

Sp'm. No. 73, Mus. Linn. Soc. Lane.

171. Ardetta exilis, (Gnil.,) Gray. Least Bittern. This species, although not fre-

quently seen, owing to its secluded habits, is not very rare. Sp'm. No 76, Mus.
Linn. Soc. Lane.

172. Botaurus lentiginosus, (Forster.,) Steph., American Bittern. Resident, spi-ing to

autumn.

173. Butorides virescens, (Linn.,) Bon., Fly-up-the-creek. Quite frequent; breeds in

the county. Sp'm. No. 77, Mus. Linn. Soc. Lane.

174. Nyctiardea gardeni, (Gml.) Bd., Night Heron. Frequent, breeds in the county.

This species like others of the family, breed in communities. I have been in-
formed by R. R. Tshudy, of Litiz, that near that place, in a grove of young
chestnut trees, large numbers have congregated for some years past. Sp'm. No.
78, Mus. Linn. Soc. Lane.

Family Tantalid^ — The Ibises.

Known No. of species in N. A., 4.

175. Tantalus loculator, im/i., Wood Ibis. Accidental. I obtained a fine specimen

of this species, shot from a troop of ten, by Mr. M. Ely, on the Susquehanna,
Jvdy, 1862.

Family Platalid^ — The Spoonbills.

Known No. of species in N. A. , 1 ; in the county, 1 .

176. Platalea ajaja, Wils., accidental; shot on the Conestoga. Sp'm No. 120, Mus.

Linn. Soc, L.

Family Charadrid.^ — The Plovers.

Known No. of species in N. A., 8; in the county, 6.

177. Charadrius virginicus, {Wils.,) Borck., Golden or Bull-headed Plover. Occasion-

ally abundant in large flocks, August to October. Sp'm No. 80, Mus. Liim.
Soc, L.

178. Aegialitis vociferus, (Linn. J Cassin., Kill-deer Plover. Abundant; breeds in the

county. Sp'm No. 83, Mus. Linn. Soc, L.

179. A. wilsonius, (Ord.,) Cassin., Wilson's Plover. Frequent on the beach (Susque-

hanna) in autumn.

34

514 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

180. A. semipalmatus, {Bon.,) Cab., Semii:)almated Plover. Frequent, September.

181. A. melodus, (Ord.,) Cab., Piping Plover. Autumn.

182. Squatarola helvetica, (Linn.,) Cuv., Black-bellied Plover. Autumn; similar to

the Golden Plover, but differs in being larger and having a rudimental hind toe.
,t Sp'm No. 84, Mus. Linn. Soc. L.

Family Haematopodid^e — The Oyster Catchers.

Known No. of species in N. A., 5; in the county, 3.

183. Haematopus palliatus, Temm., Oyster Catcher. Occasional stragglers in the

autumn.

184. Strepsilis interpres, (Linn.,) Illig., Turnstone. Summer and autumn; not unfre-

quent.

Family Eecurvirostrid^e — The Stilts.

Known No. of species in N. A., 2; in the county, 2.

185. Recurvirostra americana, Gml., American Avoset. Occasional visitant.
180. Himantopus nigricoUis, Vieill., Stilt. Straggling summer visitor.

Family Phalaropodid.e — The Phalaropes.

Known No. of species in N. A., 3; in the county, 1.

187. Phalaropus hyperboreus. {Linn.,) Temm., Northern Phalarope. Autumn.

Family Scolopacid^e — The Snipes.

Known No. of species in N. A., 39; in the county, 23.

188. Philohela minor, {Gml.,) Gray. American Woodcock. In some localities fre-

quent; breeds in the county. Sp'm. No. 85, Mus. Linn. Soc. Lane.

189. Gallinago wilsonii, {Temm.,) Bonn., Wilson's Snipe. Liiproperly called by gun -

ners, "English Snipe;" sometimes very abundant in marshy situations; March
and October.

190. Macroramphus grisens, {Gml.,) Leacli, Gray Snipe.

191. Tringa canutus, ij«?i., Red-bi-easted Snipe. Called "Knot," in England.

192. T. (Arquatella) maritima, Brunn., Purple Sandi^iper. Rare; August.

193. T. (Schoeniclus) alpina, Linn., Red-backed Sandpiper. Spring and autumn.

194. T. (Actodromus) maculata, F^'e^7^., Jack Snijje. Spring and autumn.

195. T. (A.) wilsonii, Nutt., Least Sandpiper. Very abimdant in autumn.

196. Calidris arenaria, {Linn.,) III., Sanderling. Summer; frequent.

197. Ereunetes petrilicatus. III., Semipalmated Sandpiper. Abundant; September.

198. Symphemia semipalmata, {GmA.,) ILcrtl., Willet. Occasionally in large flocks;

August.

199. Gambetta melanoleuca, {Gml.,) Bon., Great Tell Tale. Rare in spring; in au-

tumn frequent.

200. G. tlavipes, (Gwi.,) i>'fl«.. Yellow-shanks. Almudant in autumn.

201. Rhyacoi^hilus solitarius, {WHs.,) Bon., Solitary Sandpiper. Summer resident;

freqiient; breeds in county.

202. Tringoides macularius, {Linn.,) Gray., Spotted Sandpiper. Summer resident;

frequent; breeds in the county.

203. Actiturus bartramius, {Wils.,) Bon., Bartram's Tatler, sometimes called "Grass

Plover." Frequent in summer; leaves about September 1st; bi-eeds in the county.

204. Limosa fedoa, {Linn.,) Ord., Marbled Godwit. Rare. Sp'm No. 87, Mus. Linn.

Soc. L.

205. Numenius longirostris, Wils., Long-billed Curlew, Rare.

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 515

206. Rallus crepitans, 0ml., Clapper Rail — Mud Hen. Rare; one specimen obtained

on the Conestoga by Mr. G. W. Hensel, now in his collection.

207. R. virginianus, Linn., Virginia Rail. Rather frequent in marshes; breeds in

the county. Sp'm No. 88, Mus. Linn. Soc, L.

208. Porzana Carolina, {Linn.,) Vieill., Sora — Rail. Summer; probably breeds in the

county. Sp'm No. 89, Mus. Linn. Soc, L.

209. Fulica americana, Oml., Coot. Common in the autumn.

210. Gallinula galeata, (Licht.,) Bon., Florida Gallinule. An occasional visitor.

Specimen in Hensel' s collection; shot on the Conestoga.

ORDER VL NATATORES.

^ Family Anatid.e.

Known No. of species in N. A., 54; in the county, 28.

211. Cygnus (olor) americauus, Sharpless, Swan. Migratory, spring and autumn.
213. Anser (chen) hyperboreus, Pallas. Snow Goose. Migratory, spring and autumn.

213. Bernicla (Leucoblepharon) canadensis, {Linn., )Boie, "Wild Goose. Migratory,

spring and autumn; becoming less frequent, yearly.

214. B. (Bernicla) brenta, {Linn.,) StepJi., Brant. Migratory, spring and autumn.

215. Anas boschas, Linn,, Mallard. Common, spring, autumn and winter. Sp'm.

No. 90, Mus, Linn. Soc. Lane.

216. Anas obscura, Oml., Black Duck. Common spring, autiunn and winter.

217. Dafila acuta, {Linn.,) Jenyna, Pintail. Migratory; called "Gray Duck" on the

Susquehanna, when in autumnal plumage. Sp'm. No. 91, Mus. Linn. Soc. Lane.

218. Nettion carolinensis, {Oml.,) Bd., Green-winged Teal. Common; migratory,

spring and autumn. Sp'm. No. 122, Mus. Linn. Soc. Lane.

219. Querquedula discors, {Linn.,) Steph , Blue-winged Teal. Common; migratory,

spring and early autumn. Sp'm" No. 121, Mus. Linn. Soc. Lane.

220. Spatula clypeata, {Linn.,) Boie, Shoveller. Rare; migratory, spring and autumn.

Sp'm No. —

221. Chaulelasmus streperus, {Linn.,) Oray, Gadwall. Rather rare; migratory, spring

and autumn, Sp'm. No. 98, Mus. Linn. Soc. Lane.

222. Mareca americana, {Oml..) Steph., Bald-pate; Widgeon. Common, spring and

autumn; migratory. Sp'm. No. 95, Mus. Linn. Soc. Lane.

223. Aix sponsa, {Linn.,) Boie, Summer Duck. Resident spring and summer, and

breeds in the county. Sp'm. No. 96, Mus. Linn. Soc. Lane.

224. Fulix marila, {Linn.,) Bd., Large Blue-bill; Black-head or Scaup. Common,

spring and autumn; migratory. Sp'm. No, 97, Mus. Linn. Soc. Lane.

225. F. affinis, {Eyton.) Bd., Little Blue-bill. Common, spring and autumn; mi-

gratory.

226. F. collaris, {Donovan,) Bd., Ring-necked Duck. Migratory, spring and autumn.

Sp'm. No. 99, Mus. Linn. Soc. Lane.

227. Athya americana, {Eyton,) Bon., Red Head. Migratory; spring and autumn.

228. A. vallisneria, {Wils.,) Bon., Canvas-back. Migratory; spring and autumn.

Sp'm. No. 100, Mus. Linn. Soc. Lane.

229. Bucephala americana, {Bon.,) Bd., Whistler; Golden-eye. Migratory, spring and

autumn, and in Winter abundant,

230. B. albeola, {Linn.,) Bd., Spirit Duck; Butter Ball. jMigratory; frequent, spring

and autumn. Sp'm. No. 101, Mus. Linn. Soc. Lane.

231. Harelda glaeialis, {Li?in.,) Leach, South Southerly; Long-tailed Duck. Migra-

tory; abundant in autumn. Sp'm. No. 105, Mus. Linn. Soc. Lane.

232. Melanettavelvetina, (Cas8/«.,)Z?(?., Velvet Duck. Migratory; spring and autiunn.

516 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

233. Pelionetta perspicillata, {Linn.,) Kanp., Surf Duck. Migratory; spring and

autumn. Sp'm. No. 106, Mus. Linn. Soc. Lane.

234. Oidemia americana, Swainson, American Scoter. Migratory; in autumn

during stormy weather, this species sometimes arrive in large numbers on the
Susquehanna, and seem to pass on witli the storm.

235. Erismatura rubida, (Wils.,) Bon., Ruddy Duck. Migratory; spring and autumn;

some seasons quite abundant for a few days. Sp'm. No. 107, Mus. Linn. Soc. L.

236. Mergus americanus, Cassin, Fislier Duck; Goosander. Resident; breeds in tlie

county. Sp'm. No. 108, Mus. Linn. Soc. Lane.

237. M. serrator, Linn., Red-breasted Fisher. Smaller than the preceding; resident;

breeds in the county.

238. Lophodytes cucullatus, {Linn.,) Reich., Hooded Fisher. Frequent; breeds on the

Susquehanna. Sp'm. No. 110, Mus. Linn. Soc. Lane.

Family Larid.e — The Gulls,

Known No. of species in N. A., 46; in the county, 7.

239. Larus argentatus, BruenicTi, Herring Gull. Spring and autumn; not unfrequent.

Sp'm. No. Ill, Mus. Linn. Soe. L.

240. L. delawarensis, Orel, Ring-billed Gull. Occasional visitant, spring. Sp'm. No.

112, Mus. Linn. Soc. L.

241. Chroicocephalus atricilla, {Linn.,) Later., Laughing Gull. Common in the

spring.

242. C. Philadelphia, {Ord.,) Lawr., Bonaparte's Gull. Common, spring and autumn.

Sp'm. No. 113. Mus. Linn. Soc. L.

243. Sterna caspia, Pallas, Caspian Tern. Two S2)ecimens shot on the Susquehanna at

Marietta, September 21st, 1847; now in my collection.

244. S. frenata, Gamh., Least Tern. Spi-ing and autumn. Sp'm No. 114, Mus. Linn.

Soc. L.

245. Hydrochelidon plumbea, {Wils.,) Laicr., The Short-tailed Tern. Late summer;

specimen in my collection.

Family Colymbidjs.

Known No. of species in N. A., 12; in the county, 5

246. Colymbus torquatus, Brunich, Loon. Frequent; spring and autumn. Sp'm No.

— Mus. Linn. Soc. L.

247. Podiceps griseigena, {Bocld.,) Oray. Red-necked Grebe. Rare; one specimen in

my collection. For reference to this individual I quote from my note book;
"shot on the Susquehanna, March 25th, 1847; male; length 18 inches; stomach
charged with sand, grass and feathers; lower intestines infested with a species
of Taince.^''

248. P. cornutus, {0ml,) Lath., Horued Grebe.

249. P. cristatus, LAnn.,) Lath., Crested Grebe. Very rare. Sp'm No. 118, Mus.

Linn. Soc. L.

250. P. podilymbus, {Linn.,) Laicr., Pie-billed Grebe. Abundant.

SUMMARY.

Nimiber of Orders represented in N. A., 6; in the county, 6.
Number of Families represented in N. A., 56; in the county, 38.
Whole number of Species in N. A., 738; in the county, 250.

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 617

CONCHOLOGY.i

Althougli this branch of natural history is of sufficient interest to those engaged in
its study to attract the attention of some of the best minds of our country, as well as
of other enlightened nations, yet it is one in which the public is usually not much con-
cerned, especially not in its scientific details. Waiving entirely the question of its
usefulness, it is deemed of sufficient importance, to constitute a part of our history of
the natural sciences of the county of Lancaster, as it unquestionably does, in the great
kingdom of nature. So little, however, is known of the individual habits of this class
of animals of a practical character; and as a general thing, so little do they interfere
with the productions of human industry, that a mere list of the names of what has
been found within the boundaries of the county, has been deemed sufficient on this
occasion; and then only of those that are "shell-bearing." It is perhaps hardly ne-
cessary to say that Conchology embraces that class of animals usually known under the
common name of "shells." So far as the territory of Lancaster county is concerned,
they may be divided into Univalves, being composed of a single piece or shell, and
Bivalves, composed of two pieces or shells, united together by a sort of hinge, enclosing
the animal between or within them. They are also called Fluveatile- Shells, when they
inliabit fresh water — the "bivalves" being of this character — and Land-Shells, when
they inhabit the land. Part of the "univalves" are fluveatile, and part of them
land shells. Shells are also divided into Glasses, Sub-classes and Orders, but as the
number and variety is too limited in our local conchology to attempt such a classifica-
tion, none will be made in that direction. Both land and water shells — or rather
the animals that occupy them — usually feed on vegetation, such vegetation as is indi-
genous to their respectivs elements. The water shells perform, perhaps, a more im-
portant function in purifying their native element than they receive credit for; but some
of the land shells, have long been considered as destructive to some species of vegeta-
tion, and especially to the productions of the "Truck Gardener."

CLASS MOLLUSCA. Gastrodonta.
SHELL BEARINO MOLL USCA. suppressa Say.

( UNIVAL VES. ) Strabila.

FaM. SuCCINID^. labyrinthica Say.

SucciN^. Suh-Fam. Patulinse.
obliqua Say. ' Anguispica.

ovalis Say. alternata Say.

FaM. HeLICELLID^. Patula.

Suh. Fara. HeliceUin.. "SS^l!:"-

Macrocyclis. Helicodiscus.

concava Say. li^^^^^a Say.
Hyalina.

*fuUginosa Say. ^^^^- HeliciD^.

indentata Say. Suh-Fam. Mesodontse.

arborea Say. Yallonia.

electrina 6ld. minuata Say.

Suh-Fam. Gastrodontinse. Mesodon.

Mesomphix. thyroides Say.

ligera Say. buculenta Old.

€0NULUS. dentata Var.

ministrisima Say. albolabris Say.
1 Contributed by Mr. H. G. Bruckhart.

518

AUTHENTIC HISTORY

XOLATRIMA.

*paliata Say.
TRiODorsis.

tridenta Say.

fallax Say.
Stenotruia.

monodon Rac.

hirsuta Say.

Fam. Pupad^e.

ZtJA.

subcylindrica CM.
Lexjcochila.
marginata Say.
contra eta Say.
armifera Say.

ISTHMIA.

ovata Say.

Fam. Auriculid^.

Cartchiusi.
exiguum Say.

Fam. LimNxEid^.

Limnophysa.

*palustris Mid.

*elodes Say.

desidiosa Say.

*cuperata Say.

liumilis Say.

modecella Say., Var.
PnvsA.

ancellaria Say.

heterastropha Say.

Fam. PLAXORBINyE.
Planorbis.

leutiis Say.
Helisoma.

trivok)is Say.

bicarinatus Say.
Gyranltjs.

deflectus Say.

parvus Say.

Fam. Axcylin^e.

Ancylus.
rivularis Say.
tardus Say.

Fam. Yalvatice.
Yalvata.

tricarinata Say.

Fam. Viviparidje.

Melaxtho

decisa Say.
LlOPLEX.

subcarinata Say.

Fam. EassoiDuE.

GiLLIA.

altilis Lea.
Amkicola.

sayana Ant.
limosa Say.
*decisa Hid.
granum Say.

POMATIOPSIS.

*lastrica Say.

Fam. Melaniidje.

GONIOBASIS.

virginica Say, ' ''

multilineata Say., Var.
Leptoxis.
dissimilis Say.

{BIVALVES.)

Fam. Unionidje.

Akodonta.

flaviatilis Lea.

uiidulata Say.

edentula Lea. ■
Strophitus.

undulatus Say.
Alasmodonta.

marginata Say.
Ellipsis.

viridis Eaf.

tapanianus Lea.
Lampsilis.

cariosus Say.

radiatus Lam.
Unio.

complanatus Sol.

Fam. Corbiculad^.

Sphaerium.

sulcantum Lam.
striatinum La7n.
fabalis Prm..
transversum Say.

PiSIDIUM.

compressum Pnn.
variabile Prm.

Note. — The species marked with a * are given on tlie authority of Prof. Haldeman, but all the
others have been obtained from this county by Mr. H. G-. J5ruclchart, of Silver Springs, and are now
in his collection. S. S. Rathvon.

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 519

CLASS ARACHNIDAl

To this class belong all those animals commonly known under the name of ' 'Spiders, ' '
"Ticks," "Mites," " Fals-scorpions, " &c., and which are generally distingtiished from
Insects in having eight feet instead of six — hence they are also called "Octopods" —
and in having the head and the thorax united in one piece, called the cepTiala thorax.
They are without antennae, and the legs are seven-jointed, terminating with the two-
jointed tarsi. At the base of their mandibles, or jaws, there are small vesicles filled
with poison, which can be poured into the tips of the jaws and thus poison any animal
that is bitten by the spider. Unless man, however, is in such a state of health as to
render his constitution open to the reception of injury from their bite, there is no spe-
cies of spider in the county of Lancaster that can do him much harm. Mosquitoes
and horse-flies, under similar circumstances, are as capable of inflicting as serious inju-
ries upon the human species as are spiders. The young are produced from eggs, and
after they are hatched therefrom, they moult or cast ott' their skins a number of times
before they attain their perfect state. Spiders usually live upon animal food, and are
most voracious feeders, and hence they may be regarded as friends to the human family.
There are some species, however, of this class, that live upon vegetable substances,
especially among the acaridae, but the larger number of even these are parasitic upon
the bodies of other animals, and especially upon those of insects. Spiders differ very
much in their habits, some spinning complex webs and others very simple ones. Some
construct their nest high up among shrubbery and trees, and others low down upon the
ground, or under stones, or in cavities under the ground, whilst others spin no web at
all, but, like a tiger, lie in wait for their prey and suddenly pounce upon it. Some are
aquatic in their habits, but the larger number of species are strictly ten-estrial. Per-
haps there is no other class of animals, of the same size, that has elicited so little sys-
tematic attention as that of spiders, and therefore a reliable list of what even Lancaster
county contains, cannot be given at the present time. The Arachnids are divided into
two primary groups, called Pulmonaria and Trachearia.

PULMONARIA. Sphasus.

T71 , A nitidans

Fam. Aranid^. , .

scalans

Mtgale. Attus.

Several species. insolens

FiLisTATA. familiaris

hibernalis viridis

Dysdeka. niger

teteri-ima rufus

Segestkia. sylvanus

piimila vittatus

Lycosa. castaneus

fatifera ' and several other species

ocreata Thomisus.

littoralis vulgaris

punctulata and other species.

and other species. Clubiona.

DoLOMEDES. obesa

tenebrosa , gracilis

sexpunctatus tranquila

lanceolatus and others,

and other species. Herpyllus.

1 Contributed by Mr. S. S. Eathvon.

520

AUTHENTIC HISTORY

ecclesiasticus

ornatus

bicolor

varigatus

bilineatus.
Angelena.

plumbea

naevia
Theridium.

vulgaris

boreale

lineatum
Pholcus.

several species.
Tegenaria.

punctata
Epeira,

riparia

obesa

pensylvanicus

vulgaris

caudata

militai'is

spinea

rugosa

and several others.
Lyniphia.

communis

antumnalis

puniila
Argyroneta.

several species.
Sykemosyna.

fomica

Epiblemltm.
Ijalmarum
and others.

TR AC HE ARIA.

PSEUDO-SCORPIOXID.E.

Chelifer.
cancroides Lin.
and other species.

PHALANGIDJE.
Phalangia.

several species.

AC ARID ^^.
Tyrolyphus.

ribis Fell.
Heteropus.

ventircosus Fell.
Oribata.

quadricolis F&li.
Trombidima.

several species.
AcARus. (Mites.)
domesticus De O.
scabies Fab.
saccharinum
farina
telluris
Ixodes (Ticks.)

several species.
Gamasus. (on Beetles.)

several species.
Hydrachna.

several species.

The foregoing catalogue of Arachnids is necessarily very incomplete, and therefore,
also very imperfect; its compilation being from very scant and disconnected materials,
and rather from recollections, based upon meagre discriptions, than from specimens
before nie of what the county of Lancaster contains. It may however serve as the
basis for a more perfect and extended list hereafter, when the county is more fully ex-
jjlored and the subjects it contains are better understood. The authorities, except in a
very few instances, are not given, simply because they are not certainly known, but it
is presumed that most of them are due to Prof Hentz and Dr. Harris.

CLASS CRUSTACEA.

Lancaster county being an inland district and its waters all fresh, it therefore con-
tains but few individuals belonging to this class of animals, and those few but little
understood.

order decapoda.
Family — Macroura.

ASTACUS.

bartonii Bosc. (craw-fish.)

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 521

ORDER AMPIIIPODA.
This order contains the "water-fleas," of which there are a number of species, but
tlieir descrii)tion and names, if tliey have ever been described and named, are not
accessible to me, and therefore they are necessarily omitted. These animals are found
in great abundance upon the bottoms of all our springs and running streams. The
most common species is Asellus aqunticus.

ENTOMOLOGY. 1

The subject of Entomology cannot be so localized as to include only the insects of a
single county; and therefore all, or nearly all, of that clasa of animals, alluded to in
this 'paper, will also be found in the counties of York, Chester, Berks, Lebanon and
Dauphin; territory that environs Lancaster county; and possibly it may include all
that inhabit the same belt of latitude, through the State of Pennsylvania — at least in
that portion of the aforesaid belt, that is of the same degree of elevation or altitude.
There is, however, within the territorial limits of the State of Pennsylvania a marked
distinction in the local distribution of insects, the Southern tier of counties producing
those that are also common to the Northern tiers of Maryland and Virginia; and the
Northern tier those that are common to the Southern portions of the State of New
York. Still, there are many species that are common to the entire territory of the States
named, and some common to the whole United States. Under any circumstances, we may
infer that the local distribution of the entomological fauna of a countiy, or any part
of a country, will be more less in correspondence with the local distribution of its flora; so
far at least, as the subjects of the former are dependent upon the latter for their nonnal
food. Insects, moreover, in some instances, become localized through civilization and
commercial intercourse. A number of the wood-boring beetles common to the wild pine
regions of Pennsylvania — in the North — have become localized in the county of Lan-
caster; having been brought down the Susquehanna river, in the larva, or the pupa
state, in sticks of timber, or sawed lumber; and then, having betaken themselves to
similar trees or timber, in their new locality, have become permanently established.

Nor can the subject be so particularized as to contain a detailed description of the
various species that ai-e found in the county and adjacent territory, nor to include
a complete catalogue of them. Because, to do the former would involve the produc-
tion of a book quite as large as the whole history of Lancaster county is proposed to
be; and to do the latter-, would only be enlarging a list of Latin names, that are per-
haps of very little interest to the general reader. Under any circumstances it will
be utterly impossible for the most careful observer to form a proper conception of
the denizens of the insect realm, without considering them as a whole as well as specifi-
cally, and noting the transformations of the various individuals composing that realm,
from the ova to the lariKe and their moultings, and thence through, their pupal changes,
until they arrive at the full and perfect development of the matured imago. Insects
difter so much in their habits, and are so diverse in their structure and form, during
these periods, that, without the most careful observation, they are liable to be mistaken
in their specific relations, and their individual identities. Whatever may have been
the origin of insects in the beginning, or whatever may be their origin now or hereafter,
under extraordinary circumstances, it is pretty well established that their ordinary
production is from eggs, deposited by a female parent; except in a few instances,
where they are viviparous. The first recognizable state of the insect then, is the ovurn
or egg. Incubation may take ijlace in a few days after deposition, or it may be defer-
red, through the rigor of an intervening winter, to another season. The eggs are
usually deposited in such situations, and the exclusion of the young occurs at such
1 Contributed by Mr. S. S. Eathvon.

522 , AUTHENTIC HISTORY

periods as will furnish tliem with the food necessary to their development. Almost
immediately after the young emerges from the egg, whatever its fonn or structure may
be, it instinctively seeks and appropriates its accustomed food. In this state it is called
a larva, in the language of science, but in common parlance, a maggot, a grub, a cater-
pillar, or a wonn. The term larva is from the Latin, and means a mask, because the
future insect is enveloped in, or masked by the body of the larva. Whilst in the
larva state, it casts off its external integument or skin, four or five times, before it per-
fects its condition in that state, and immediately after these several changes or moult-
ings, its development, for some time, is very rapid. The next state to which the insect
attains, is that of the pupa, in which, in the larger number of instances, it bears no
resemblance to the state from which it was transformed. The term pupa is also from
the Latin, and is applied to insects, because in this state some of them resemble an infant
in swaddling clothes. The perfectly matured insect may evolve from the pupa in a
few days after it has assumed that state, and it may not do so until another entire sea-
son has intervened, according to the extrinsic circumstances of the case. A few hours
after this last transformation, the insect has acquired its full development, and all the
beauty, size and intelligence it ever attains to. In this state it is called the imago,
which is also from the Latin, and implies that it is then in the image of the parents
that fertilized and laid the egg. Their periods of existence, in this state, are very
variable; in some instances continuing several months, and in others only a
single day, or a few hours. This is the love season, during which the sexes cohabit,
the females deposit their eggs, and, in many instances, immediately thereafter, die; for
as a general thing, insects have not the protecting and fostering care of a living parent
on the one hand, or the satisfaction of beholding their posterity on the other. Al-
though the general routine of development is very similar in all insects, yet, there are
various exceptions and modifications in their specific transformations, which can only
be pointed out in a specific description of the different Orders to which they respective-
ly belong. It is in the larva state that all insects are the most voracious feeders, and
it is then that they commit the greatest depredations upon vegetation, or any other
substances they may feed upon. In the pi/pa state many of them are entirely quiescent,
and partake of no food, and many of those that feed at all, in the imago state, seek and
appropriate quite a difterent kind of food from that which served them as larva3.
These exceptional cases cannot be detailed here without transcending our limits.
But before we proceed to cataloguing, it may be necessary to point out briefly,
what animals are comprehended under the term insects.

" The term Entomology, is derived from the two Greek words entom — an insect, and
logos — a discourse; the former word, as well as the synonymous Latin word, insectum,
which has been anglicised into insect, being themselves compounded of other words,
signifying a cutting or dividing into sections or articulations, whence in fact, we arrive
at one of the great characteristics of these tribes of animals; namely, the articulated
structure of the external parts of their bodies, which may be properly regarded as their
skeletons, as it serves as supports of the muscles and other internal organs, just as the
internal vertebrae of the higher animals support the same parts."

"Mon. Straus has demonstrated that in the body of an insect not exceeding an inch
in length, there are three hundred and six hard pieces, entering into the composition
of the outer envelope; four hundred and ninety-six muscles for putting them in motion;
twenty-four pairs of nerves to animate them, divided into innumerable fillets; and forty-
eight pairs of trachse, equally ramified, to convey air and life into this inextricable
tissue." Although this complication of structure is not recognizable to the unassisted
common observer, yet, insects are conspicuously divisible into three parts; namely, the
head, the thorax, and the abdomen. In addition- to the eyes, the mouth, and other
organs, the head has attached to it a pair of apiicndages, of greater or les.ser length
called the antennae or feelers. To the thorax are attached three pairs of feet, and two

OP LANCASTER COUNTY,

523

or four wings; so that it will be observed, that strictly speaking, insects are six-footed,
or hexapods. The abdomen, besides containing the intestines, the matrix, and in many-
species the breathing apparatus, is also terminated by the sexual organs and the ovi-
positor, which in many species is obsolete, or modified into a sting.

CLASS INSECTA.

The hexapodal animals called Insects, compose a distinct Class in the sub-animal*
kingdom Articulata; but this six-footed characteristic only refers to the perfectly ma-
tured adults; for whilst they are in the larva state, many of them are without distinct
feet, many of them have a greater or lesser number of abdominal feet, called prolegs.
The Class Insecta is divided into Orders, and these orders are sub-divided into Tribes,
Families, Genera, Groups and Species, or their equivalents.

OBDER GOLEOPTEBA.

Atthe head of the class, usually, is placed the order Coleoptera, or the insects commonly
called "Beetles." This name is derived from the two Greek words Coleos — a sheath
or shield, and ^;i^ro7i., a wing, or sheath-winged insects. The term was first used by
Aristotle, and has been almost universally adopted by subsequent naturalists, although
many subjects, originally included in it, have since been eliminated, and formed into
new orders.

The oi'der is defined by its subjects, having two membranaceous wings, folded longi-
tudinally and transversely, beneath two horny or leathery elytrw, or wing-covers,
uniting in the middle by a straight suture down the back ; the mouth is provided with
mandibles or jaws, and the metamorphosiSs or change from one state to another, is com-
plete— that is, not gradual, the^?^;"^ being quiescent and distinct. The subjects of this
order, that have been found in the county of Lancaster, may be divided into the fol-
lowing Sections, Sub-Sections, Families and Genera, of which there are numerous
species, and more or less variety:

OBDEB COLEOPTEBA.

Section PENTAMERA, in which all the

tarsi are five-jointed.
Sub-section CARNIVORA — Carnivorous

Beetles.

CiciNDELiD^E — Tiger-beetles.

CiNCiNDELA Linn.
vulgaris Say.
punctulata Oliv.
hirticoUis Say.
sexguttata Fab.
octoguttata (Var.)
marginalis Fab.
purpurea Oliv.
patruela Dej.
unicolor Dej.
duodecemguttata Say.
marginipennis Dej,
gravida Lee.
decemnotata Say.
limbata? Say.

Carabid.e — Predaceous Beetles.
Casnonia Latr.

pensylvanica Linn.
Leptotrachelus Lat.

dorsalis Fab.
Lachnophortjs Dej.

subsulcatus Fab?

pubescens Dej.
Galerita Fab.

janus Fab.

bicolor Dru.

americana (Var.)
CvMiNDis Latr.

americana Dej.

pilosa Say.

sinuata Say.

neglecta Hald.

laticoUis Say.

limbata Dej.

fuscata Dej.

punctigera Lee.
. eleffans Lee.

524

AUTHENTIC HISTORY

piceus Dej.
Calleida Hid.

viridii^ennis Say.

rubicollis Dej.

cyauipeiinis? Chaud.
Dromius Bon.

piceus Dej.
AxiNOPALPUS Lee.

fusciceps Lee.
Plochionus Dej.

timiclus Hald.

amandus Nwm.

bonfelsii Dej.
Lebia Latr.

ornata Say.

atriventris Say.

vittata Fah.

scapnlaris Dej.

maculicoriiis Lee.

pleuritica Lee.

pulchella Dej.

abdominalis Chd.

quadrivittata.

axalaris Dej.

russata iVw/w.

viridis Say.

pumila Dej.

cyanipennis Dej.

tricolor Say.

viridipennis Dej.
COPTODERA Dej.

aerata Dej.
Brachinus Wehr.

fumaiis Linn.

alternatus Dej.

curticoUis Hid. '?

perplexus Dej.

affinus Lee.

sufflans Lee.

siniilis Lee.

qviadripennis Dej.

patruelis Lee.

libator Dej.

medius Lee.

cejilialotus Dej.

strenuus Ljee.

americami.s Lee.

ballistarius Lee.

lateralis Dej.

minuatus Hid.
Helltjomorpiia La/p.

laticornis Dej.

praeusta? Dej.

Haplochile Lee.

pygmaja? Dej,
ScARiTEs Fab.

subterraneus Fab.

intermedius? Lee.

distinctiis Lee.

affinis? Lee.
Pasimachus Bon.

depressus Fah.
Clavina Lair.

Quaclrimaculata Beaur,

bipustulata Fab.

morio Dej.

viridis Say.

bisignata Puiz.

americana Dej.

pallida Say.

corvina Putz.

acuducta Hid.

dentipes Dej.
ScnizoGENius Putz.

ampbibius Hald.
Ardistomis Putz.

obliquata Putz.

puncticoUis Dej.
ASPIDOGLOSSA Putz.

subangulata? Chd.
Dyschiritjs Bon.

si)baericollis Say.

rusticus Lee.

globosus Say

tridentatus Lee.

integer Lee.
Sphaeroderus Dej.

stenostomus Ku.

niagarensis Lap.

bilobus Say.
Calosoma Web.

scrutator Fab.

calidum Fab.

externum Say.

lepiduni? Lee.

wilcoxi? Lee.
Carabus Linn.

serratus Say.

silvosus Say.

ligatus Oenn.

limbatus Say.

finitinius Hald.
Nebria Lat.

pallipsis Say.

suturalis? Zee.
Omopiirok Kirh.

^

OF LANCASTER COUNTY.

525

labiatvun Fab.

tesselatum Say.

americanum Dej.
Elaphkus Fab.

riiscai'ius Say.
NoTiOPHiLus Dum.

porrectus Say.

9-striatus Lee.

confusus? Lee.

semistriatus Say.
Panagaeus Lat.

faciatus Say.
Chlaenius Bon.

sericeus Forst.

aestivus Say.

chlorophanus Dej.

emarginatus Say.

nemoralis Say.

tomentosus Say.

vicinus Lfej.

pusillus Say.

solitarius? Say.

laticollis Say.

fusciconiis Dej.

riifilabris Lej.

impunctifrons Say.

niger Ban.

posticus Lee.

obscurus Lee.

rufipes Dej.

tricolor Dej.

lithophilus Say.

laticollis Say.

viridifrons Esh.

prasiuus L)ej.

pensylvanicus Say.
OoDES Bon.

amaroides Dej.

DlCAELUS B07l.

violaceiis Bon.

teter Bon.

dilatatus Say.

ovalis Lee.

simplex Dej.

furviis Dej.

elongatus Bo}i.

confusus Lee.

politus Dej.
Patrobus Dej.

longicornis Say.

angicollis? Ea7i.
Calathus Bon.

gregarius Say.

behrensii Man.

ruficollis? Dej.
Pristodactyla Dej.

inipuuctata Say.

corvina Lee.

advena Lee.
Platyntjs Bon.

angustatus Dej.

erytliropus Dej.

decens Hid.

corvinus? Dej.

placidus?

atratus Lee.

variolatus Ze:;.

femoratus Dej.

quadripunctatus Geer.
Anchomenus Bon.

extensicollis Say.

obscurus Lee.

deplanatus Chaud.

decorus Say.

maurus Mteh.

decentis Say.
Agonum.

octopunctatum Fab.

cupripenne Say.

luctuosuni Dej.

decorum?

melanarium Dej.

elevatum Hid.

lenum Dej.

luctuosum Dej.

bembidioides Krb.

ferreum Hid.

erytliropum Krb.

chalceum Lee.

moerens Dej.

punctiforme Say.

excavatum Dej.

placidum Say.

morosum Dej.
Poecilus. Bon.

chalcites Say.

lucublandus Say.

fraternus Say.

bicolor? Lee.

cursitor Lee.

scictulus Lee.
Olisthopus Dej.

micans Lee.

parmatus Say.
LoxANDRUs Lee.

rectus Say.

526

AUTHENTIC HISTORY

lucidulus Lee.

iiitidulus Lee.

patruelus Hid.

veriialis Hid f

sordius Hid?
HoLcioPHORUs Lee?

moestus Say.
Pterostichus Bon.

flobilia Lee.

complanata Dej.

adoxa Say.

stygicus Say.

erythropus Dej.

tenuis Lee.

morio Dej.

divisus Lee.

substriatus Lee.

proxinius "? Nob ?

coracinus Niom.

fastiditus Dej.

mutus Say.

monedula Orm.

unicolor Say.

orbatus Nwm.

picicomis Krh.

rostratus? Nicm.

lustrans Lee.

sculptus Lee.
Myas Zeigl.

coracinus Say.

aniericanus Lee.
Percosia Zimm.

obesa Say.

diffinis Lee.

perijlexus? Nob.
Amara Bon.

splendida Hald.

impuncticollis Say.

inaequalis Kirb.

musculis Say.

contempta Lee.

communis Llg.

aurata Dej.

distincta LHd.

convexa Lee.

vulgaris Linn.

angustata Lee.

indistincta Hid.

confusa Lee.

similata Gyll.

anthracina Hid.

convexa Lee.

basillaris Say.

convexa Lee.
Bradytus Stepli.

avidus Bay.

exaratus Dej.
Geopikus Lee.

incressatus Dej.
CuRTONOTUS Stepli.

carinatus Leo,.
NOTHOPUS Lee.

zabroides Lee.
Spongoptjs Lee.

verticallis Lee.
Cratacanthtjs Dej.

pensylvanicus Lee.

convexus N. sj).

dubius Beauv.
Agokoderus Dej.

lineola Mib.

pallipes Fab.

dorsalis Lee.

infuscatus Dej.
Amphasia Nwm.

femoratus Dej.

interstitialis Say.
DiciiEiRus Mann.

dilatatus Dej.

parallelus Lee.

obtusus Lee.

oblatatus Lee.
Anisodactylus Dej.

baltimorensis Say.

carbonarius Say.

discoideus Dej.

pinguis Hid.

crassus Lee.

merula Grm.

coenus Say.

nigerrimus Dej.

laticoUis Krb.

nigrita Dej.

rusticus Say.

musiculus Say.

agricola Say.

tristis Dej.

lugTibris? Hid.
Selenopiiorus Dej.

paliatus Fab.

troglodytus Dej.

pedicularius Dej,

stigmosus Grm.
Pakgus Ziegl.

caliginosus Fab.
Harp ALUS Latr.

OF LANCASTER COUNTY.

527

peusylvanicus DeO.

bicolor Fab.

faunus Say.

herbivagus Say.

ochropus Kirb.

vulpucellus Say.

fraternus Lee.

nitidulus Chd.

viriclseneus Bvs.

spadiceus Dej.

assimilis Hid.

irripennis Lee.

dicorus Hid.

irricolor Zee?
Stenolophus Dej.

ocliropezus Say.

conjunctus Say.

carbonarius Dej.

unicoloi- Dej.

fuliginosus Dej.

plebejus Dej.

dissimilis? Dej.
Gtnandroptts Dej.

hylacis Say.
Bradicelltjs Er.

nitidus Dej.

micans Hid.

rnpestris Say.

ruficrus Krb.

autumnalis Say.

rathuonii Lee.
AcuPALPtrs Dej.

testaceus Dej.

longulus Dej.

indistinctus Dej.

rupestris Dej.

lugubris Hid.

partiarius Say.

minuatus N. sp.
Bembidium Illig.

impressum Fab.

sigillare Say.

paludosvim Ptz.

inaequale Say.

punctatostriatum Say.

nigrum Say.

clialceum Dej.

OCHTHEDROMUS LeC.

quadrimacvilatus Linn.
picipes Kirb.
niger Say.
affiuis Say.
coxendix Say.

laevigatus Say.
patruelus Dej.
nitidulus Dej.
antiquus Dej.
tesselatus Lee.
approximatus Lee.
planatus Lee.
americanus Dej.
dilatatus Lee.
dorsalis Secy.
planus Hid.
lucidus Lee.
basalis Lee.
relictus Lee.
antiquus Dej.
Tachys.
epiphiatus Lee.
tripunctatus Say.
inornatus Say.
flavicaudus Say.
feiTugineus Dej.
nigriceps Dej.
incurvus Say.
bipustulatvis Say?
proximus Say.
xanthopus Dej.
pulchellus Fh't.
pulicomis Lee.
niordax Lee.
auceps Lee.
vorax Lee.
scitulus Lee.

Dytiscid.e — Water-Beetles.

DTTiscas Linn,

conlluens Say.

fasciventris Say.

liavrisii Kirb.
Cybister Curt.

finibriolatus? Say.

fenistralis Lee.
AciLius Leach.

fraternus Har.

latecinctus Lee.
Hydaticus Lch.

liberus Say.
CoLYMBETEs Glair.

aquilus? Fab.

bipunctatus Lee.
Agabus Lch.

punctulatus Aub.

obtusatus Say.

lutosus Lee.

628

AUTHENTIC HISTORY

taeniolis Say.

erythropterus Say.

aeruginosus Aub.
Laccophilus Leh.

proximus Say.

inaculosus Say.

fasciatus Aui.
Hydroporus Clair.

macularis Lee.

affinis Say.

fraternus Lee.

cuspidatiis Kun.
Haliplus Latr.

immaculaticollis Liar.

coilcolor Lee.

borealis Lee.
Ckemidotus III.

duodecimpunctatus Say.

simplex? Lee.

Gyrinid.e — Whirl-beetles-

DiNEUTES Brull.

americanus Linn.

assimilis Krb.

labratus Mels.

oi:)acus Mh.

emarginatus Say.
Gyrintjs Linn.

affinis Aub.

picipes Aub.

veiitralis Krb.

lateralis Aub-

analis Say.
Gyretes Brrll.

sinuatus Lee.

Sub-section BRACIIELYTRA— Short ely-
trons.

Staphyilixid.e — Eover-beetles.

Falagria Man.

bilobata Say.

venestula Ers.

globosa Mels.
Homalota Man.

polita Mels.

modesta Mels.

lateralis Meh.

flaveola Mels.

plana Gyl.

dichroa Grv.

picipennis Man.

lividipennis Man.

aemula Ers.
Aleochara Grv.

lata Grv.

tristis Frv.

verna Say.

lustrica Say.

bimaculata Grv.

nitida Lee.

castaneipennis Man.

laevigatas Lee.
Tachyporus Grv.

jocosus Say.

faber? Say,

acaudus? Say.

bruneus Ers.
COXURUS Stpli.

basalis Ers.
Gyrophaena Man.

socia Ers.
Taciiynus Grv.

picipes Ers

niarginalis Grv.

IH'opinquus Man.

niemnonius Grv.

puncticollis Zig.

luridus Ers.

ventriculns Say.

scrutator Mis.

fumipeunis Say.
BoLiTOBius Leh.

pygmfeus Linn.

obsoletus Say.

dimidiatus Ers.

cinctus Grv.
Xantholinus DaM.

obsidianus Mis.

emmesus Grv.

cephalus Say.

liamatus Say.
Thinopinus Lee.

pictus Lee.
OcYPUS Krb.

ater Grv.
Staphylinus Linn.

cingulatus Grv.

villosus Grv.

arcticus Lee.

\ailpinus Ers.

tomentosus Grv.

violaceus Grv.

cinnamopterus Grv.

maculosus Grv.

femoratus Fab.

OF LANCASTER COUNTY.

529

lossator? Grv.
Philonthus Lch.

cjfanipennis Fab.

hepaticus Eis.
aterrimus Grv.

ater Ziec/.

tlioracicus Or v.

viridipeunis (Var. )

piilcliellus Mis.

niger Mis.

cautus Urs.

seneus Grv.

bistriatus Ers.

palliatus Orv.

umbratilis.

baltimorieusis Grv.

lomatus Ers.

blandtis Gj'v.

sobrinus Ers.

melancholicus Dej.?
QuEDius Lc7i.

iracundas Say.

laticoUis Grv.
Cryptobitjm Man.

bicolor Grv.

badium Gi'v.

cinctum Say.

pallipes (??■«.

carolinum? Ers.
Lathrobium Grv.

puncticoUis Krb.

lecoutii Hid ?

collare Ers.

dimidiatum Say.
LiTHOCHARIS Ers.

confluens Say.

corticina Grv.
SxJNius Lch.

ciucttis Say.

longiusculus Man.
P^DERUS Fab.

littorarius Grv.

riparius Linn.
Pi^soPHiLUs Grv.

latipes Grv.

picipes? Ers.
OxYTELTJS Grv.

pensylvanicus Ers.

basalis Mis.

parvulus Mis

insignatus Grv.

nitidulus Ers.
Trogophloeus Man.

morio Ers.
Stenus Lat.

biguttatus Fab.

flavicornis Ers.

stygicus Say.

pvinctatvis Ers.

femoratus? Say.
Bledius Lch.

mandibularis Ers.

rubiginosus? Ers.

fasciatus Say.
Stilicus Lat.

angularis Ers.

deutatus Say.
Olophrum Ers.

obtectum Ers.
Omalitjm Grv.

repaiidum Ers.
Scop^us Ers.

exiguus Ers.
Platysthetus Man.

americaiius Ers.
Trogophloeus Man.

morio Ers.
Apocellus Ers.

sphaericollis Say.
Anthophagus Grv.

caesus Ers.

brunneus Say.

verti calls Say.

pensylvanicus Hid.

protectus? Mis?
ACIDOTA Lch.

subcarinata Ers.
Anthobium Lch.

dimidiatum Mis.

PSELAPHID^.

Tyrus Aub.

compai' Lee.

puuctatus Lee.
Pselaphus Rbt.

carinatus Zieg.
Bryaxis Lch.

rubicunda Aub.

Batrisus Aub.

globosus Lee.

Siib-section SERRICORNIA, Saw-Iiorned
Beetles.

BuPEESTiDiE — Boring-beetles.
Acmaeodeea Esh.

60

530

AUTHENTIC HISTORY

pulcliella Ilbst.

omata Fab.

tubulus Fab.
DiCERCA Esh.

divaricata Say.

obscura Linn.

molitor Mis.

tenebrica Krb.

lurida? Linn.
Chalcophoka Srv.

aurata Lee.

viiginica Dm.

campestris Say.
BuPRESTis Linn.

fasciata Feib.

sexnotata Lap.

decora Fab.

aunilenta Linn.
Melanophila Esli.

longipes Lee.
Chkysobothris Esli.

femorata Fab.

viridiceps Mis.

dentipes Orm.

rugosiceps Mis.

sexsignata Say.

luteosiguata Hid.
Trachtpteris Erb.

fulvoguttata Ear.
Akthaxia Esh.

gracilis MU.

viridicornis Say.
Agrilus Lap.

nilicoUis Fab.

geminatus Say.

lateralis? Say.

bilineatus Web.

arcuatus Say.

quadriimpressus Zgl,
Braciiys Sol.

tessellata Fab.

teniiinans Fai.

picta Hid.
aurulentus Hid.
Metonius Say.

ovatus Say.

purpureus Say.

E UCNEMID^ — Click-Beetles.

Anelastes Kirb.

latreillii Lee.
Fornax Lap.

bicolor Mis.

EUCNEMIS Aub.
heterocerus Lee.
americanus Say.
clypeatus? Say.

ELATERID.E — "Skip-Jacks," " Ham-
mer-Bugs," "Sclinellkaefer," &c.

Hemickepidius Qrm.
niemnonius Hbst.

MONOCREPIDIUS Esli,

lobatus Say.

finitimus Say.

serotinus Grm.

bellus Say.

vespertinus ■? Fab.
Cratonychus Dej.

americanus Hbst.

communis Sell.

ciuerius Say.

brevicollis Hbst.

testaceus 3Ils.

ochraceipennis Mis.

acutipenuis ?
Perothops Escli.

mucidus Sell.
Adrasttjs Meg.

peryphes Hbst.

testaceus Mis.

recticollis Say.
Adelocera Lat.

marmorata? Say.

impresiooUis Say.

peunata Fab.
Alaus Lat.

oculatus Linn.

myops ■? Fab.
Athous Lat.

sulcicoUis Say.

pyiTlios Hbst.

oblongicoUis Mis.

aereus Mis.

soleatus Say.

pallidipennis Say.

bilobatus? Say.
LiMONius Esh.

querciuus Say.

cylindrifoi-mis Say.

plebejus Say.

basilaris Lee.

flavipes Fai.

definitus Zgl.

posticus Mis.
Cardiophorus Esh.

OF LANCASTER COUNTY.

531

curiatus Say.

cardisce? Say.
Aphanobius Esh.

siilcicollis Lee.
Elater Linn.

hepaticus Mis.

filius Bnd.

rubicollis Hbst.

oblivius Say.

nigricollis Hbst.

areolatus Say.

limbalis Hbst.
Ampedus Meg.

sanguinipennis ? Say.

signaticollis? Say.
Ltjdius Lat.

attenuatus Say.

variagatus? Nob.

abrnptus Say.

COKYMBITES Lat.

appressifroiis Say.

limbatus Say'>

micans Grm.

bivittatus Hid.

vernalis Htz.
DiACANTHUS Lat.

iiiflatus ? Say.
Hemirhipis Lat.

fascicularis Fab. .
Agriotes Esh.

obesus Say.

truucatus Mis.
DoLOPius Meg.

macilentus Rnd.

oblongicollis Mis.

binus Say.
Pristilophus Lat.

aethiops Hbst.

Ehipicerid^ Feather-horned

Beetles.

Sandalus KnJi.
niger KnJi.
petrophya Knh.

Cebrionid^.

Cebrio Fab.
bicolor Fab.

Atopid^.

Ptilodactyla Illg.
elaterina Illg.

Cyphonid^.

Cyphon Fab.

discoideus Say.

pulcbella Guer.

variabilis Thu.
SCIRTES Illg.

orbiculatus Fab.

stituralis Hej.

Lycid^ — Leather-wings.

Lycus Fab.
lateralis Mis.

DiCTYOPTERA Lat.

sanguinipennis Say.

DlAGRAPHA W?n.

discrepans Wm.

reticulata Fab.

dorsalis Nwm.

typica Win.

terniinalis Say.
Caenia Wm.

dimidiatus Fab.
Eros Win.

mundus Say.

canaliculatus ? Say.

humeralis Fab.

coccinatus Say. '

mollis Lee.

Lampyrid^ — Fire-flies.

Ellychnia Lee.

nigricans Say.

corrusca Linn.

marginicollis Lee.

minuta Lee.

neglecta Lee.

autumnalis Mis.
Photintjs La-p.

scintillans Say.

angustatus Lee.

pyralis Linn.

flavocincta? Lee.
Photuris Lee.

pennsylvanica Qeer.

fi'ontalis? Lee.
Lampyris Linn.

ruficolUs Say.

consanguinea •? Lee.

Telephorid^ — Soldier-Beetles.
Chauliognathus Hntz.

532

AUTHENTIC HISTORY

pensylvanicus Getr.

marginatus Fah.

bimaculatus ( Var. )
PoLEMixjs Lee.

laticornis Say.

brevicollis Lee.
SiLis Char.

bidentata Say.

puucticollis Lee?

longicornis? Lee.
Telephorus Oeof.

carolinus Fab.

abdoniinalis Lee.

scittilus Say.

variens Mlsf

collaris Lee.

ater Linn.

divisus Lee.

vittatus Fab.

lineola Fah.

brunicoUis Lee.

margiuellus Lee.

tibialis Lee.

rotundicollis Say.
PODABRUS Fisch.

basillaris Say.

diadema Fab.

fiavicoUis Lee.

tomentosus Say.

puucticollis Lee.

marginicollis Lee.

brunnicoUis Fab.
Malthinus Lat.

serraticornis? Lee.

cinctiscripta Lej.

niger Lee.
' abdominalis Lej.
Trypherus Lee.

latiiiennis Grm.
Tttthonyx Lee.

crytlirocephalus Fab.

Malaciiiid^.

CoLLOPS Frs.

bipunctatus Say.

quadrimaculatus Fab.

tricolor Say.

labiatus Hid.

vittatus Say.
Anthocomus Fi's.

melanopterus Ers.

circumscriptus Say.

otiosus Say.
sciiicetus Say.
Ebaeus Ers.
apicalis Say.

Ptinid^.

Ptinus Linn.

fur Linn.

humeralis Say,

bimaculatus Mis.
GiBBiUM Seop.

scotias Obv.
L.YCTUs Fab.

americanus Mis'}

axillaris Mia.

striatus Mis.
OcHiNA Zieg.

notatvim Hid.

nigra MU.

coi'uscaus Man.
Akobiuji Fab. r ■ _

gibbosum Say.

notatum Say.

carinatum Say.

sericans Mis.

tenuistriatum Say.

DORCATOMA Hbst.

oculata Say.

LYMEXLYIDiE.

CuPES Fab.
capitata Fab.
cinerea Say.

Sub-section ^CLAVICORNIA, Club-liorned
Beetles.

Cleridje.

TiLLTJS Old.

collaris? Spin.

terminatus Say.
Cymatodera Qry.

inornata Say.

vindulata Say.
Trichodes Hbst.

apivorus? Grm.

ornatus? Say.
Clerus Geof.

ichneumoneus Fab,

cordifer Lee.

nigrifrons Say.

tboracicus Olv,

OF LANCASTER COUNTY.

533

quadrisignatus Say.

rufescens Lee.

analis? Lee.
Thanasimus Spn.

trifasciatus Say.

dubius Fai.

undulatus Say.
Thaneroclerus Spn.

sanguineus Say.
Hydnocera Niom.

pallipennis? Say.

curtipennis ? Man.
Phyllob^enus Sp7i.

dislocatus Say.
Enoplium Lat.

pilosum Forst.

laticorne Hid.

vestitum Spn.
Necrobia Lat.

violaceus Fab.

erratus Mis.

ruficollis Fab.

ruiipes Oeer.
Opetiopalpus Spn.

luridus Spn.

SCYDM^NID^.

SCYDM^NUS Lat.
brevicornis Say.

HiSTERiD^ — Mimic-beetles.

Tkibalus Ers.

americanus ? Lee.
Epeirus Ers.

nigrellus Say.

vicinus Lee.

decipiens Lee.

minor Lee.
Hister Linn.

merdarius Pyk.

depurator Say.

americanus Pyk.

abbreviatus Fab.

sexstriatus Lee.

subrotundus Say.

foedatus Lee.

marginicollis Lee.

arcautus Say.

borealis Lee.

bimaculatus? Linn.

laevipes Or7n.

decisus Lee.

sexecemstriatus Say.

Hetaerius.

brunneipennis Lee.
Paromaltjs Ers.

bistriatus Ers.

censors Lee.

aequalis Say.

gilensis Lee.

conjunctus Say.

seminulum Ers.
Platysoma Leli.

depressvim Pxjlc.

parallelum Say.

carolinum Pylc.

cylindricum Pyk.

complanatuni Lee.
HoLOLEPTA Pyk.

pequalis Say.

cacti? Lee, %

Saprinus Ers.

assimilis Pyk.

sphaeroides Lee.

placidus Ers.

minutus Lee.

pensylvanicus Pyk.

impei'fectus? Lee.
Plegaderus Ers.

transversus Say.

SiLPHiDJS — Carrion-beetles

Necrophorus Fab.

americanus Olv.

- orbicollis Fab.

velutinus Fab.

vtomentosus Web.

pustulatus III.
-^ marginatus Say.

mediatus Fab.

pygmaeus Krb.
Necrodes Wil.

surinamensis Fab.
OlCEOPTOMA Lcli.

marginata Fab.

variagata Nob.
Thanatophilus LeTi.

caudatus Say.
Necrophila Krb.

americana Linn.
SiLPHA Linn.

inaequalis Fab.

ramosa Say.

SCAPHIDID^.

SCAPHIDIUM Olv.

534

AUTHENTIC HISTORY

quadriguttatimi Say.
americanum Hid.
piceum Mis.
convexum Hid.
ScAPHiuM Krb.
castanipes? Krb.

NiTiDULiD^— Bone-Beetles.

Cercus Lat.

pusillus Mis.

abdominalis Ers.
CoLASTUS Fab.

semitectus Sap.

iiifirmus Ers.
CONOTELUS Ers.

obsciiriis Ers.
Carpophilus Leh.

puncti^atus Mis.

liemipterus Linn.

niger Say.

melanopterus Ers.

marginatus Eri.

brachypterus Say.

unicolor? Say.
Epuraea Ers.

helvola Ers.

rufa Say.
NiTiDULA Fab.

tvuncatella 3Ian.

ziczac Say.

ambigua 3Ian.

obscura Fab.

bipustnlata Fab.

rulida 3Ils.
Prometopia Ers.

sexmaculata Say.
Omosita Ers.

colon Fab.

badia 2Ils.

discoidea Fab.
Phenolia Ers.

grossa Fab.
Stelidota Ers.

geminata Say.
Pallodes Ers.

silaceus Fab.
Cryptarcha Shk.

ampla Ers.
Ips Fab.

qiiadrisignatus Say.

confluentus Say.

sanguinolentus Olv.

faciatus? Olv.

bipustulatus Mis.

obtusiis Say.
RnizoPHAGUs Hbst.

erythopterus M Is.
Temnochila Wst.

virescens Olv.
Alindria Ers.

cylindrica Geof.

nigella Mis.

teres Mis.
Trogosita Olr.

aniericana Krb.

nigripennis Hid.

castanea Mis.

dcpressior Beav.

nana Mis.

dubia 3Ils,
Peltis.

margiiiata? Mis.

Dermestid^ — Bacon-Beetles.

Bermestes Linn.

lardarius Linn.

caninus Grm.

niarmoratus? Say.
Attagenus Lat.

ornatus Say.

pellio Linn.

megatomus Hid.

cylindricoUis? Say.
Anthrenus Oeof.

castaneus Mis.

varius Fab.

destructor Mis.

thoracicus Mis.

caudatns Hid.

nododcndron Hid.

Byrrhid^.

NOSODENDRON Lat.

americanum Hid.

unicolor Say.
Ampiiicyrta Ers.

dentipes Ers.
Byrriius Linn.

varius Fab.
Trinodus Meg.

hispidus Mis.
TiiROscus Lat.

constrictor Say.

Parnid.e.

PSEPHENUS Hid.

OF LANCASTER COUNTY.

635

lecontei Lee.
Elmis Lat.
quadrinotatus Say.

Heterocerid^.

Heterocerus Bos.

ventralis Mis.
uudatus Mis.
pallidus Say.
limbatus Keis.

Georyssid.e.

Georyssus Lat.
pusillus Lee.

Subsection PALPICORNIA, Palpi-liorned.
Hydrophilid^ — Water-beetles.

Hydrophiltjs Lcli.

triangularis Say.

striolatus Hid.

ovalis Zieg.
Helophortjs Leh.

liueatus Say.
Hydrocharis Wst.

nimbatvis Say.

obtusatus? Say.
Hydrobius Lch.

fuscipes Linn.

globosus Say.
Cyclonotuii Ers.

subcuprevnn Say.
Cercyon Lch.

nigricolle Say.

occellatum Say.

Subsection LAMELLICORNIA, Book-
homed beetles — antennae laminated.

LucANiD^ — Stag-beetles.

LUCANtJS Sep.

dama Thb.

elaphus? Fab.

capreolus Linn, var.
DoRctrs Mac.

parallelus Say.
Certjchus Mac.

piceus Web.
Platycerds Geof.

quei'cus Web.

depressus Lee.
Passalus Fab.

cornutus Fab.

SlNODENDRON Fab.

americanum Bvr.

ScARAB^iD^ — Dung-beetles.

Chceridiom Lap.

capistratum Fab.
Canthon Lll.

Isevis Dru.

clialcites Llald.

obsoletus Say.

viridis Bvr.

nigricornis Say.

cuprescans Hid.

probus Grm.
CoPRis Geof.

Carolina Linn.

bituberculatus Hid?

anaglypticus Say.

amnion Fab.

interniedius Nob.
Phan^us Mac.

carnifex Linn.
Ohthophagus Lat.

janus Ptz.

hecate Ptz.

niger Mis.
Aphodius Lll.

fimetariu.s Fab.

maculatipennis Mis.

imbricatus Mis.

spretulus Hid.

strigatus Say.

stercorosus Mels.

lutulentus Hid.

ruricola Mis.

terniinalis Say.

femoralis Say.

stercorator Hid.

palides Hid.

ochoretus Hid. ,

fulviis Hid.

vittatus Hid.

terrosus Hid.
Etjparia Lap.

strigata Hid.
Sphaeromorphus Grm.

volvox Grm.

ACANTHOCERTJS MaC.

aphodioides Lllg.
globosus Say.
Trox Fab.
scuteEaris? Say.
terrestris Say.

536

AUTHENTIC HISTORY

tuberculatus Hbst.

vagrans Hid.

alternatus Say.

crenatiis Olv.

porcatus 8ay.

capillaris Say.

variolatus Mis.
Geotrupes Lai.

splendidus Olv.

chalcites Var.

excrement! Say.

miarophagvis Say.

blackburnii Fah.
Hybosorus Mac.

carolinvis Lee.
BoLBOCERUs Krb.

farctus Pnz.

lazarus Pnz.

ferrugineus Bvr.

Dynastidje — Horned-beetles.

Dynastes Mac.

tityusl Linn.
Xyloryctes Hojye.

satyrvis Fah.
Heterokychus Brm.

tiunulosus Bor.
PODALGUS Brm.

juvencus Fab.
Chalepus Mac.

tracliypygus Brm.
Pelidnota Mac.

punctata Linn.

variolata Nob. var.
Areoda Mac.

lanigera Linn.

MELOLONTHID.E.

Melolontha ImI.

variolosa? fLtz.
Trichestes Ers.

pilosicollis Kn.
Phyllophaga Hrs.

quercina Ji«.

ilicis Kn.

hirsuta Kn.

fraterna liar.

lougitarsa Say ?

balia Say.
Omaloplia Muls.

sericea Ilg.

micans Kn.
Serica Mac.

vespertina Shn.

lauta Hid.

atricapilla Krb.
Dichelonycha Hrs.

hexagoua Grm.

linearis SJm.
Macrodactylus Lat.

subspinosus Linn .
Akisoplia?

lineola Linn.
Anomala 3Ieg.

lucicola Fab.

binotata Sclm.

pinicola Mis.

riifiventris Hid.

marginata Fab.

maculata Lap.

minuta Brm.

variens Fab.

Cetoxiid'je.

HOPLIA Illg.

trifasciata Say.

prinioria Brm.

lielvola Mis.

mueorea Orm.
Valgus Serb.

seticollis Bvr.

canaliculatiis Fab.
Trichius Fab.

bibens Fab.

lunulatus Fab.

piger Fab.

affinis Oor.

delta? Frsl.
GKORiiias Lap.

maculosus Kn.
Cremastochilus Kn.

variolosus Krb.

castaneae Kn.
' lientzii Har.

liarrisii Krb.

OSMODERMA Lap.

IThis is the larjjest coleopterous insect known to the United States, and is frequently found in the
County of Lancaster. Its color is a light greenish-gray, blotched or' irregularly spotted with dark
brown or black. In 1856 a large willow tree was cut down at Safe Harbor, in the heart of which were
found about fifty specimens in a living state. It has also been found at New Holland, and in Drumore
township. I have two of the Safe Harbor specimens in my collection at the present time.

OF LANCASTER COUNTY.

537

eremicola Knh.

scabra Bvr.

rugosa? Nob.
Gyjinetis Mac.

nitidua Linn.
Cetonia Fab.

inda Linn.

vestita Say.

fulgida Fab.
Ekiriiipis Brm ?

melancliolica Ger.

ceniii Hid.

septilcralis Fab.

pubera Lch.

Section HETEROMERA— the four ante-
rior tarsi having five, and tlie two pos-
tei-ior, having only four joints.

Sub-section MELOSOMA— Grave-beetles.

Blaptid^e.

Blapstinus Sol.
moestus Mis.
brevicollis Lee.
pullus f

EURYMETOPHON Es7l.

atrum Lee.

POLYPLEURUS Sol.

geminatus S7'v.

perforatus Grm.
Pedinus Lat.

suturalis Say.
Opatrinus Bej.

notus Say.
Trachycelis Lat.

flavipes Mis.
Oplocephala Lat.

collaris La^).

bicornis Olv.

viridipennis Fab.

chalybea Lap.
Platydema Lap.

americana Lap.

clypeatus Hid.

rufa 31 Is.

ruficornis Sti'm.

laevipes Hid.

basalis Hid.

analis Hid.

ventrata Hid.

Tenebrionid^ — Meal-Beetles.
Tenebrio Linn.

molitor Linn.

castaneus Keh.

i-ufinasus Say.

elongatus Bvr.

obscurus Fab.

depressus Fab.

variolus Bvr.

badius Say.
Centronipus Dej.

calcaratus Fab.
Aniaria Dej.

picea Mis.
Iphthinus Dej.

pensylvanicus De O.

femoratus Fab.

intermedins Hid.

barbatus KnTi.

saperdoides Olv.
Stenochia Krb.

tenuicollis Say.

terminata Say.

crenata Lee.

coracina Lee?

Sub-section— TAXICORNIA.
DlAPERID^.

DiAPERis Geof.

hydni Fab.
BoROS Hbst.

unicolor Say.
Hypophlceus Fab.

coniferum Hid.
Phaleria Lat.

testacea Say.

varia Nob.
XJloma Aug.

culinaris Linn.

marginata Lee.

impressa Mis.

feiTuginea Say.

depressa Fab?

Sub-section STENELYTRA.

Helopid.e.

Meracantha Krb.

canadensis Say.
Helops Fab.

americanus Bvr.

tenebrioides Beav.

micaus Fab.

vittata (Var.)

538

AUTHENTIC HISTORY

BOLITOPHAGUS Fab.
cornutiis Pnz.
eorticola Say.
sulcatiis Dej.

Melandryid.e.

Melandkya Fab.

striata Say.

labiata Say.

excavata Hid.
Pytho Lat.

niger Krb.
PlIAIONA Hid.

umbrina Mis.
SERRorALPUs Hel.

substriatus Hid.
DiRCAEA Fab.

sericea Hold.

decolorata? Fuin.
Hallomenus Pyli.

scapularis MU.

luridiis Hid.
EUSTROPHUS Fil.

bicolor Fah.

bifasciatus Say.

niger MU.

tomentosus Say.

pallides Led
Scraptia Lat.

lutea Hid.

pallipes MU.

CiSTELID.E.

Penthe JSfwm.

obliquata Fab.

pimelia Fab.
Allecula Fab.

obscura Say.

sericlca Hid.

atra Say.
Mycetochares Lat.

binotata Say.

nigra M U.
CiSTELA Fab.

fuliginosa Mis.

crythroptera Zieg.

marginata Zieg.

sericea Say.

Salpingid^.

Mycterus Clair.
scaber Hid.

Sub-section— TRACIIELIDA.

Lagrid^.

Statyra Lat.
resplendens Mis.
aenea Say.

Pyrochroid^.

Pyrochroa Geof.

flabellata Fab.
Dendroides Lat.

canadensis Lat.

concolor Mom.

megatoma L>y.
Pedilus Fsh.

labiatus Say.

ruficollis Zig.

Ingubris Say. "

coUaris Say.

elegans Huz.

MORDELLIDiE.

Anaspis Geof.

rtavipennis Hid.

quadripunctata Say!

dimidiata Mis.
MoRDELLA Linn.

atrata Mis.

oculata Say.

serval Say.

aspersa Mis.

nigricans Mis.

scntellaris Fab.

nigrii^ennis Fah.

bidentata Say.

octopunctata Fab.

fuscata 31 Is.

lineata Mis.

undulata Mis.
KiPiPHORUs Fab.

thoracicns Mis.

hnmeratus Fab.

pectinatus Fab.

cruentus Grm.

Anthicid^e.

EuRYGENius Fert.

murinus Hid.
Macratria Mam.

murina Fab.
NoTOxus Oeof.

nionodon Fab.

OF LANCASTER COUNTY,

539

bicolor Say.
cavicornis Lee.
anchora Htz.

Anthicus Pky.

formicarius Frt.

quadrimaculatus Frt.

bifasciatus Say.

basilar is Say.

haldemani Lee.

obscurellus? Lee.
Xylophilus Bon.

fasciatus Mis.

porterii l^oi.

signatus Hid.

MELOiDiE — Oil-beetles.

Meloe Linn.
americana Leh.
conferta Say.
angusticollis Say.

Canthari d^ — Blister-beetles.

Epicatjta Red.

vittata Fab.

atrata Fab.

cinerea Fab.

margiiiata Olv.
Tetraonyx Lat.

quadrimaculata Fab.
Nemognatha Lll.

immaculata ? Say.
Cephaloon Nicm.

leptiu'ides Nicm.
Xanthochroa ScUm.

dorsalis Mis.
Cantharis Oeof.

aenea Say.

Section— TETRAMERA— in wliicli all the

tarsi are foiu'-jointed.
Sub-Section— RHINCOPHORA.

Bruchiad^e — Pea-Beetles.

Amthribus Fab.

coronatus Sell.

albofasciatus Dej.

fasciatus? Oliv.

variolatus?

quadi-inotatus? Say.

cornutus? Say.
Cbatoparis Bej.

sLmilis Mis.

bimaculatus Olv.

lunatus F((.b.

lugubris Olv.
Brachytarsus Sell.

obsoletus Sch.

variegatus Say.
Spermophagus Stv.

robiniaj Fab.
Bruchus Linn.

planatus Hid.

striatus Hid.

mimus Say.

rufescens Hid.

ambiguus Shn.

crataBgi Har.

biguttellus Seti.

sinuatus? Sch.

pisi Linn.
Stenocerxjs Sell.

capillicoruis ? Say.

cordicollis Schy.

CuRCULioNiDiE — Weevils.

CossoNUs Clrv.

platalea Say.

corticola Say.
SiTOPHILUS Sch.

granarius Linn. Grain-weevil.

remotepunctatus Oyl.

oryzae Linn. Rice-weevil.
Sphenophortjs Seh.

pulchella Lee.

autiqua Lee.

anceps Sch.

insculptus Lee.

13 punctatus Hbst.

placidus? Say.

pertinax Olv.

zea Wlh.

cariosus Oh.
BAGors Grm.

binodulus Hbst.

mamillatus? Say.
Conotrachelus Lat.

nenuphar Hbst. Plum-weevil.

anaglypticus Say.

posticatus Shu.

reteutus Say.
MoixOKYCHUs Orm.

vulpeculus Fab.
Cryptorhynchtjs Ilg.

luctuosus Seh.

fraternus Say.
Centrtnus Sch.

640

AUTHENTIC HISTORY

confusus Sc7i.

modestus Ghd.

scutellumalbum Say.

pistor? SeJi.
Bakidius Sch.

trinotatus Say. Potato- Weevil.

scolopax Say.

striatus Say.
Madarus ScJi.

iindulatus Say.
Laemosaccus Sch.

plagiatus Fab.
Balaninus Grm.

nasicus Say. Cliestnut- Weevil.

sayi ScJi.

sparsus Sc7i.

rostratus Sch.
PissoDEs Grm.

dubius Eati.

affinis Eazi.

nemoralis Gi'm.
Lixus Fab.

concavus Say.

marginatus Say.

maculosus Say.
Aphrastus Sch.

tieniatus Say.
Hylobius Gi'7n.

pales Ilbst.

stupidus? Sch.

confusus? Krb.
Pandeletejus Sg7l

hilaris Ilbst.
SiTONA Grm.

lepida Sch,

lineola Fab.
Arrhekodes Sch.

septentrionis IIb.st.
Apion Ilbst.

nigrum Hbst.

segniiies Say.

sayi Sch.
Itiiycerus Dal.

curculionides Hbst.
EUGIsAJIPTUS Sch.

angustatus Ilbst,
Pterocolus Sch.

ovatus Fab.
Rhynchites nbst.

bicolor Fab.

aeratus Say.

liirtus Fab.
Attelabus Fab.

analis III.
bipustulatus Fab.
scutellaris Say.
nigriiies Ann.
Araeocerus Sch.
cofifeee Fab.

Sub-section XYLOPHAGA.
SC0LYTtD.E.

Platypus Hbst.

compositus Say.

complex Illd.
ToMtcus Lat.

pini Say.

subdentatus IIlcl.

xylographus Say.

politus? Say.
ScoLYTUS Geof.

pyri Pck. Pear-bliglit.

muticus Say.
Hylesikus Fab.

piniperde Lee.

aculeatus Say.
Hylurgtts Lat.

dentatus
Hyluastes Ers.

rufipennis? Krb.

BOSTEICHID^.

BosTRicHus Geof.

serricollis Grm.

bicornis Web.

aspericoUis Grm.
Apate Fab.

basilaris Say.

liispida Hid.

ClSIDiE.

Cis Lat.
thoracicornis Zieg.
obscurus Hid.
niicans Fab.

Mycetophagid^.

Mycetophagus Hid.

punctatus Say.

flexuosus Say.

obsoletus Mis.

pini Zieg.

bimaculatus Mis.
Triphyllus Zieg.

sexpunctatus Say.

OF LANCASTER COUNTY.

541

rugosa Bnd.
didesmus Say.

CUCUJID^.

Catogenus Wst.

rufus Fab.

puncticoUis Nwm.
Cucxjjus Fah.

clavipes Olv.

puuiceus? Man.
Laemophloetjs Dej.

modestus Say.

minnatissimus Hid.

biguttatus Say.

fasciatiis Mis.
Brontes Fah.

dubius Fab.
Telephanus Ers.

velox Hid.
SiLVAKus Lat.

dentatus Say.

planatus Grm.

advena Hid.

surinamensis Linn,

bidentatus Gur.

COLYDIID^.

CoLYDiuM Fab.

nigripennis Hid.

longiusculum Say.
DiTOMA Lat.

quadriguttata Say.

siiigulata Hid.
Rhagodera Ers.

tubei'culata Man.
Xylophterus Dej.

geminatus Say.

haematodes Hid.

amicoUis Hid.
Synchita Hel.

fuliginosa Mis.

pai-vula Guer.

BOTHRIDERES EvS.

geminatus Hid.
Cerylon Lat.
histeroida Lee.
unicolor Zieg.

Cryptophagid^.

Antherophagtjs Lat.

ochraceus Mis.
Cryptophagus Hbst.

liumeralis Krb.

spiuicollis Hid.
coucolor Krb.
Atomaria Krb.
analis Lee.
fulvipenuis? Man.

Sub-section LONGICORNIA-Long-homed
Beetles.

Prionid^.

Parandra Lat.

glaber Fab.

conformis Hid.

polita Say.

brunnea Hid J
Orthosoma Ser.

cylindricum Fab.
Priokus Geof.

brevicornis Fab.

laevigatus Har.

inibiicornis Linn.

integer? Lee.

fissicornis Hid,

Callichromid^.

Sphenostethus Hid.

serripennis Hid,
PuRPURiCENus Ser.

liumeralis Fab.

axillaris Hid.
Stenocortjs Dal.

longipes Say.
Eburia Serv.

quadrigeminata Say.
' distincta Hid.
Chion ISfeiD.

garganicum Fab.

varium Nob.

Cerambycid^.

Elaphidion Ser.

atomarium Dru.

rufulum Hid.

vicinum Hid.

villosum Fab.

rigidum Say.
Criocephaltjs Mis.

rusticus Linn.

foevicollis Fab.

productus? Lee.
Hylotrupes Ser.

bajulus Linn.

bullatus Hid.

542

AUTHENTIC HISTORY

Arhopalcs Ser.

fulminans Fab.
Callidium Fab,

ligiieum Fab.

violaceiim Linn.

janthinum Lee.

paliatum Lee?

varium Nioin.

collare Krb.
Tetuopium Brb.

cinnamopteron Krb.
Smodicum Hid.

cucujifoiTne Say.
Tylonotus Hid.

bimaculatus Hid.
Stenosphenus Hid.

notatus Old.

sobrinus Nwm.
Clytus Fab.

liumatus Say

flexuosus Fab.

pictus Dru.

erythroceplialus Olv.

cainpestris Olv.

dentipes Olv.

gazellula Hid.

pygmajus Hid..

siipernotatus Say.
Gkacilia Muls.

fusca Hid.
Heterachthes Niom.

quadrimaculatus H Id.

ebenus Nwm.
Stenopterus III.

rufus Linn.
Heliomanes Nicm.

bimaculatus Say.

corni Hid.

tenuipes Hid.
Acanthoderes Srv.

triangularis Hid.

decipiens Hid.

quadrigibbus Say.
ASTYNOMUS Hid.

nodosus Fab.

obsoletus Olv.
Leptostylus Lee.

aculiferus Say.

variegatus Hid.

macula Say.

alpha Say.
Leiopus Srv.

spinosus Say.

symmetricus Hid.
facetus Say.
divergeus Hid.
Hyperplatys Hid.
maculatus Hid.
aspersa Say.

EXOCENTRUS Muls.

dasycerus Say.

vestitus Say.

obscurus Hid.
Amniscus Dej.

macula Say.

commixtus Hid.
MONOHAMMUS Lat.

titillator Fab.,

dentator Fab.

pulverulentus Hid.

pulcher? Hid.

Saperdid.e.

Oncideees Srv.

singulatus Say.
Tetraopes Dim.

toruator Fab.

quadrimacidatus Hid.

cauteriator Fab,
Hetoemis ILld.

cinerea Old.
Dorcaschema Lee.

alternatum Say.

nigrum Say.

wildyi Euh.
Hippopsis Serv.

lemniscata Fab.
' Anaerea Muls.

obliqua Say.

calcarata? Say.

mutica? Say.
Compsidea Muls.

tridentata Olv.

lateralis Fab.
Saperda Fab.

Candida Fab.

vestita Say.

discoides Fab.
Oberea Meg.

ruficollis Fab.

tripunctata Fab.

amabilis Hid.

myops Hid.

mandarina Fab.

Lepturid^.

OF LANCASTER COUNTY,

543

DiSTENiA Sro.

uudata Fab.
Desmocerus Srv.

cyaneus Fab.
Khagium Fab.

lineatum Olv.

variiini? I^ob.
ToxOTUS Irv.

vestitus Hid.

cylindricollis 8ay.

ciunamopterus Bnd.

pictus Hid.
Encyclopb Nwm.

cseruleus Say.
Pachyta Meg.

cyanipennis Say,

sexmaculata? Linn.

chalybea Hid.
Strangalia Srv.

luteicomis Fab.

famelica Nwm.

bicolor Swe.

unicolor Hid.

nigrella Say.

zebrata Fab.

obsoleta Hid.

velutina Olv.

fugax Fab.

lineola Say.

strigosa Num.

lugubris Say,

emarginata Fab.
Leptura Linn.

erythroptera Erb.

rubrica Say.

vittata Olv.

biforis Nwn.

pubera Say.

tenuicornis ? Hid.
Anoplodera Muls.

quadrivittata Linn.
Grammoptera Srv.

ruficoUis? Say.

tuberculata? Lac.
Hjemonia Meg.

nigricornis ? Krb-
Syneta Esh.

tripla Say.

rubicunda Lee.
Lema Fab.

trilineata Olv.

sexmaculata Say.

HlSPAID^.

Odontota cm.

scapularis Olv.

scutellaris Olv.

suturalis? Har.
Uroplata cm

inajqualis Web.

pallida Say.

quadrata Fab.

rosea Web.

MiCRORHOPALA (Jhv.

vittata Fab.
porcata Mis.
PORPHYRASPIS Bhm.
cyanea Say.

CaSSIDIDJ:^.

Chelymorpha Chv.

cribraria? Fab.

ephippum? Hbst.
Deloyala Ghv.

signifer Hbst.

clavata Fab.

purptirata Hid'}

cincta Hid'}
CoPTOCYCLA Chv.

bicolor Fab.

bivittata Say.

bisignata Hid.

sexpunctata Fab.
Cassida Hbst.

unipunctata Soy.

17 punctata? Nwm.

Sub-section EUPODA.

Criocerid^.

DoNACiA Fab.
lucida Lac.
proxima Krb.
sulcicollis Lac.
rufa Say.
distincta Lee. '

Sub-section CYCLICA.

Chrysomelidje.

Labidomera Chv.

trimaculata Fab.

confluenta Var.
Zygogramma Chv.

pulchra Fab.

festiva? Fab.

544

AUTfiENTIC HISTORY

Calligrapha cm.

scalaris Lee.

decipiens Web.

spirseae Say.

philadelphica Linn.

hybrida Say.

bigsbyana Krli.
Chrysomela Linn.

cribraria Dej.
Melasoma Dill.

scripta Fab.

basilaris? Say.

striata? Nob.
Blepharida Chv.

rliois Frsl.
Gasteophysa Chv.

cseruleipennis Say.

cyanea Mis.

dissimilis Say.

senea Mis.
CoLASPis Fab.

prsetexta Say.

striata? Say.
NoDA Chv.

tristis Olv.

obicolaris Lecf

pilula Grm.

humeralis Lecf

ovata Say.

convexa Say.
Metachroma Chv.

sexnotata Say,

canella Fab.

quadrinotata Say.

aterrima Olv.

lurida Illd?

dubiosa Say.

flavida? Say.
Bromius Chv.

vitis Fab.
Chrysochus Chv.

auratus Fab.
Heteraspis Dej.

fumilis?
Myochrous Chv.

villosulus Mis.

variolatus Mob.

plagiatus Jf/s.
Chlamys Kch.

tuberculata Klg.

plicata Olv.
Clythra Lch.

obsita Fab.

Babia Lac.

pulla? Lac.

quadriguttata Say.
Pachybrachis Suf.

carbonarius Hid.

trinotatus Mis.

subfasciatus Lee.

luridus Fab.

othonus Say.

marginicollis? Bud.
Crtptocephalus Oeof.

guttatus Rid.

luteipennis Mis.

ornatus Fai.

punctatus Hid.

notatus Fab.

laevis Hid.

quadrimaculatiis Say,

hepaticus Mis.

simplex? Hid.

clatliratus Mis.

geminatus Nwm.

mammifer Nwm.

Galerucid^.

Coelomera Chv.

coryli Say.
Galeruca Geof.

puncticollis Say.

gelatinariae Fab.

notulata Fab.

rufosauguinea Say.

toraento3a Linn.

marginella? Krb.

longicornis? Say.

bilineata? I^ib.
Cerotoma Chv.

carmiuea Fab.
Diabrotica Chv.

vittata Fab.

longicornis Nob.

12 punctata Fab.

tricincta Say.

PnYLLOBROTICA Dej.

discoidea Fab.
Oedionychis Lat.

tlioracica Fab.

petavirista Fab.

scripticollis Say,

saturella Say.

vians Lll.
Graptodera Chv.

clialybea Lllg.

OF LANCASTER COUNTY.

545

ignita Illg.

trivialis Lee.

exapta Say.

carinata? Grw.
DlSONYCHA Chv.

coUata Fab.

glabrata Fab.

discoiclea? Fab.

quinquevittata Say.

coUaris Fab.
Systena Ohxi.

frontalis Fab.
Crepidodeka Chv.

nana Say.

pubescens Ent.

ocreata Say.

violacea Mis.

copalina Fab.
Phtllotreta (77i».

stviolata Illg.

vittigera Dej f
Aphthona Chv.

svibglobosa Mtch.
PSYLLIODES Lat.

punctulata Mis.

denticnlata Illg.

alternata Zieg.

Sub-Section— CLAVIPALPIA.

Brotylid^.

Engis Payk.

quadrimaculata Say.
Dacne Lat.

fasciata Fab.

heros Say.
IscHYRus Lac.

quadripunctatus Olv.
Triplax Payk.

thoracica Say.

unicolor Hald.

festiva Lac.

dimidiata Fab.

atriventris Lee.

melanoptera Lee.
Tritoma Oeof.

dimidiata Lac.

ruficeps Lee.
Languria Lat.

mozardi Lat.

trifasciata Say.

filiforme Lee.
Janessa Lee?

36

thoracica Olv.

Agathidiid^.

Agathidium Illg.
piceum Mis.
exiguum Mis.
pallida? Say.
minviatum Linn.

Phalacrid^,

Phalacrus Pyk.

pencillatus Say.
Olibrtjs Ers.

pallipes Say.

apicalis Mis.

nitidus Mis.

Section, TRIMERA, in wliicliall the tarsi

are three-jointed.
Sub-section, FUNGICOLIA.

Endomychid^.

Endomychus Pyk.

biguttatus Say.
Lycoperdina Lat.

angulata Say.

lineata Olv.

perpulchra Nicm.
Ephebus Chv.

vestitus Say.

Sub-section, APHIDIPHAGA.

COCCINELLID^.

N^MIA Mills.

seriata M is.

tridecinipunctata Linn.

tibialis Hald?
HiPPODAMIA Mills.

glacialis Fab.

convergeus Guer.

parenthesis Say.

quinquesignata Krb.

maculata Qeer.
Coccinella Linn.

hyperborea Pky.

picta Randall.

duodecimmaculata Qeb.

normata Say.

novemnotata Rbst.

munda Say.

biuotata Say.

I

PSELAPHID^E.

546 AUTHENTIC HISTOEY

abdomiualis Say. Hyperaspis Bedt.

Mysia 3Iuls. fimbriolata? Mis.

mali Sap. Epilachna Bed.

PsYLLOBORA Iluls. Ijorealis Thunberg.

20 maculata Say.

Chilocorus Lch. Sub-Sectiou PSELAPHIENA.

bivulnerus Muls.

Brachyacantha Muls. ^.^^.^^-^-^

dentipes Fab. Pselaphus Hbsi.

iirsina Fab. dentatus Say.

bigiittata Lee. Batristjs Aub.

decempustulata Mh. rii^arius Say.

Scymnus Kug. ■ lineaticollis Aub.

terminatus Say.

ORDER ORTHOPTERA.

The insects iuckided in this order are tliose commonly known under the names of
Earwigs, Cockroaclies, Grasslioppers, Crickets, itc, and are generally cliaracterized as
having two membranaceous wings, furnished with numerous neiTures arranged longitu-
dinally, with transverse threads, enabling them to fold them up like a fan. These
wings lie beneath two coriaceous or leathery wingcovers, called elytra, which are also
provided with numerous nervures, and which, when closed, do not unite in a straight
suture^ doMu the back, but more or less overlap each other. Tlieir mouth is essen-
tially provided with a well developed pair of jaws, called mandibles, and accompanying-
organs, and therefore they are masticatory in their feeding habits. They are active
from the time the young are excluded from the eggs, until they reach maturity and
death; the imago ixnd pxipa states, being only distingixishable from the larva state, by
the gradual increase of size, and the development of the Avings and wingcovers. In a
few species, however, the females are wingless; and in a less number, the wings are
much abbreviated in both sexes, or are entirely absent. This order of insects may be
divided into four groups or sections, diftering from each other very materially in form
and manner of locomotion, although retaining more or less of the general characteris-
tics: namely, the Cursoria, or Runners; Baj)toria, or Graspers; Ambulatoria, or Walk-
ers; and Sanatoria or Leapers. But few species of the first three groups occur within
the limits of Lancaster county, or even in the State of Pennsylvania; but the species in
the last group are more numerous, some of which are very destructive to vegetation,
and include representatives of the true Locusts which belong to the grasshopper group,
the swarms of which are so destructive in the far West, the IMexican and South Araeri-
can^States, and in various parts of Asia, Africa and Europe.

CUBSOBIA. americana Linn.

All the legs fonned for running; wings and orientalis ii«H.

wing-covers generally horizontal; ovipos- pensylvauica De G.

itor not exserted. parallela Har ?

FORFICULAD^. "Ear\V'io;s."

bicolor Pal.
campestris '? Nob.

Forficula LAnn.
americana? , • B APT OBI A.

pensylvauica? Anterior feet fonned for grasping; habits

BlATTIAD^.. " Cockroaclies." carnivorous.

Blatta Linn. Mantiad^e. " Soothsayers."

OF LANCASTER COUNTY.

547

Mantis Linn.
icarolina Linn.

AMBULATOBIA.
Slow walkers; sometimes wingless; habits
herbiverous.

Phasmiad^.

Spectrum 8tll.
femoratum Say.

"Spectres."

8ALTAT0BIA.
Hind limbs formed for leaping; wings and
wing-covers generally deflexed; oviposi-
tor generally exserted.

ACHETAD.E. " Crickets."

Grtllotalpa Lat.

borealis Wm.

brevipennis Srv.
Acheta Fab.

abbreviata Har.

tripunctata Har ?

nigra? Nob.

servilis '? Har f
2domestica Linn.
Nemobius Ser.

vittata Har.

americana? Nob.
(Ecanthus Serv.

niveus Har ?

bipunctatus Har ?

Grylliad^. "Grasshoppers."

Phalangopsis Bur.

lapidicola Bur.

maculata Har.
Platyphyllum Har. "Katy-did."

perspiculatum Fab.

concavum? Har.
Phylloi'tera Har?

oblongifolia De O.

angustifolia Har.
Phaneroptera BeO.

curv^cauda DeO.

1 Mantis Carolina cannot properly be regarded, perhaps, as native to Lancaster county. It was
found alive within the limits of Lancaster civy on one or two occasions, the eggs having been intro-
duced from the State of Maryland. After a year or two however the brood seemed to have become ex-
tinct. Perhaps it may be found yet in that part of the county which borders on Maryland. It is
common ii; Baltimore city and vicinity, and even as far north as Cecil county, Maryland, which bor-
ders on Lancaster county.

1 Acheta domestica has been found in this county, but rarely; farther south it seems to more common.
This species must have been introduced into this country from Europe, and is the true "cricket of the
hearth." In my boyhood, when I lived in the country, I was quite familiar with the chirping of a cricket
of the hearth, but I cannot say it was the species under consideration.

fasciata? BeO.
agilis? BeO.
attenuata? Nob-
Orchilium Har.
vulgare Har.
gracile Har.

CONOCEPHALtrs. ?

ensiger? Har.

LocusTiAD^. "Locusts."

Opsomala Har.

americana? Nob.
Truxalis? Har.

pensylvanicus ? Nob.
Acrydium Lat.

alutaceum Har.

americannm BeO.
Caloptenus Full ?

bivittatus Say.

femur-rubrum BeO.

differentialis Uhl.

obscurus? Fab.

sanguinipes? Fab.
Oedipoda F'uh.

Carolina Linn.

sulpliurea Fab.

aequalis Say.

latipennis Har. (Yar.)

marmorata Har.

eucerata Har.

nebulosa Har.

GOMPHOCERUS Full.

infuscata Har.

viridifasciata Har.

radiata Har.
Chlcealtis Har.

curtipennis Harf

abortivis Har ?

conspersa Harf
Tetrix Ijat.

ornata Say.

dorsalis Har.

bilineata Har.

lateralis Say.

sordida Har.

548 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

Although the foi-egoing list coutaius the species usually refeiTed, by the older authors,
to the Genus Locusta, and although we have quite a number of the family Locustiadce
within the county of Lancaster, yet, it now appears that we have not a single species
that properly belongs to the foreign genus of that name, either in the county or in the
State of Pennsylvania. These insects must, however, not be confounded with the in-
sect commonly called the "seventeen year locust," which belongs to a different Order,
and is not, properly speaking, the true Locust.

Nor does the list contain all within the county that properly belong to the order
Orthoptera, as a number of them are still undescribed and undetermined.

ORDER HEMIPTERA.

The insects included in this order consist of those properly called Bugs. It is divis-
ble into two sections, called Ilemiptera Ueteroptera and Hemiptera Homopjtera; which by
many are regarded as two distinct orders. The general characters of the Heteroptera
are, two membranaceous wings that lie beneath two overlapping horizontal wing-covers
or hemelytra, which have the basal half coriaceous and the terminal half membranaceous.
Mouth haustellated, — that is, furnished with a Imustelluui, or sucking tube, instead of
jaws, and therefore they suck their food in a liquid state, instead of masticating it.
Antenna usually long, and not terminating in a bristle. Ovipositor not exserted, or
developed. Scutellum usually large, in a few species extending over the wings, nearly
to the end of the body.

In the Homoptera, the body is thick and convexed, instead of flat, and all four of the
wings are usually membranaceous, deflexed, and not overlaj^ping each other: Ovipositor
always exserted, or distinct; antennce short and iuconsijicuous, and the liaustellum
appears to originate from the lower part of the head, near the breast, instead of directly
from the front of the head, as is the case in the heteroptera. The feet of both sections
have three tarsal joints, and, as in the Ortlwptera, they are both aciice, from their exclu-
sion from the egg, until they reach maturity, or die. The only distinction between the
larva, pupa and imago, being the increase of size, and the development of wings. In
a few species the females are apterous, or wingless. In the first section, the most fami-
liar and widely known individual, is commonly called a Bed-bug, and in the second
section, the most conspicuous individual, is erroneously called the Seventeen-year locust.
It will be seen, however, that the only representatives of the true locusts which we have
in the county of Lancaster, or State of Pennsylvania, belong to a different order of
insects, and are essentially very different in their economy and habits.

HETEROPTERA. Coenus?

GEOCOBISA. delia Say.

Having the Antemse long and exposed. Padops?

PeNTATOMAD^. clubius^W^.

Pentatoma Olv.
ScuTELLERA Lam. lugens Fab.

alternata Say. ligata Say.

cinctipes Say. Raphigaster.
histeroides Har. pensylvanica De G.

Odontocellis? Eusacoris?
scaraboides? carnifex Fab.

CORIMELAENA Bv. HyMENARCHIS?

unicolor Bv. neriosa Say.

pulicaria Grm. Lagrus?

CANOPtrs? cinctus Har.

globosus? , • Sehirus?

Pachycoris? bilineatus Say.

graminus? . ligatus Say.

OF LANCASTER COUNTY.

" Amnestus?

spinifrons Say.
Arma?
moclesta Dal.
macula?
grandis Dal.
spinosa Dal.
bracteata Fch.

NiZARA?

hilaris?
Stiretus?

dentatiis?

bidentatus?
ZiRONA ?

clauda Say.
Brachymena?

arborea Say.

carolinensis Har,

EUSCHITUS?

punctipes Say.
pustulatus Bv.
inconspictus Har?

COREID^.

Anisosceolis Lat.

prominulus Ha,r.

tibialis Sch.
Alydus Fab.

curius Say.

vittinasus Har.
Berytus Fab.

spinosus Say.
CoREUS Fab.

tristis De O.

lateralis Say.
Menocoris?

acridoides ?

distinctus?
Lygaeus Fab.

turcicus Fab.

aulicus Say.

reclivatus Say.

trivittatus Say.

mediatus Nob.

geminatus Har.
Pachymkra Ser.

constricta Har.

bilobata Har.
Salda Fab.

pedunculata Har'}
Myobocha Lat.

petiolata Har.

serripes?

ASTEMMA Lat.

coriacea Har.
MiRis Fab.
bivittatus Har.
dorsalis Har.

Capsid^.

Capsis Fab.

vittatus?

insitivus Har.

dislocatus?

cardinalis Har.

clavatus Linn.
Phytocoris?

lineolaris?

famelicus Har.

rapidus Har,

lugubris Har.

ZOSOMENUS?

cinereus Say.
Plociomera?

nodosum Say.
Opthalmicus"?

uliginosus Say.

ClMICID^.

Syrtis Fab.

erosa Fab.

albus Nob.

variolata Nob.
CiMEX Lin.

lectularius Linn.

TiNGIDJE.

TiNGis Fab.
marmoratus Har.
juglandis Fell.

Eeduviid^,

Hamostes?

reflexus Say.
Aradus Fab.

sanguineus Far.

penultimus Har.
Harp ACTOR ?

cinctus"?
Pirates?

abdominalis ?

carinatus?

picipes?
Redtjvius Fab.

personatus Lin.

multispinosus De O.

650

AUTHENTIC HISTORY

cinctus Fab.

humeralis Har.
Prionotus?

novenarius? Say.
Nabis L(et.

pectoralis Har.
Ploiarius Sep.

brevipennis Say.
Zelus Fab.

acanthogouius Har.

simplicipes Har.
Leptopxjs Lat.

alternatus Bar.
ACANTHIA Lat.

coriacea Har.
Galgulus?

oculatus ?

variolatus ?

• IIydrometrad^,

Gerris Fab.

humilis Har.

paludosns?

marginatus liar.
Velia Lat.

collaris Har.

IIYDROCORISA.

Having the antennaj short and concealed.

Nepad^,

Belostoma TmL.

americana Fab.

revcrsapeune ? (Var.)

marginata ?
Nepa Lin.

apicuhita Har.
Ranatra Fab.

fusca Bvs.

NOTONECTID^.

iS^OTO^'ECTA Lin.

americana Fab.

macuhxta Olv.

undulata Har.
CoRixA Geof.

alternata S(iy.

intemipta Say.

HOMOPTERA.

Divisible into three sections with the fol-
lowing characteristics, viz:
CLGADARLA.

Having the tarsi three-jointed and the an-
tenn(R bristled and very short, the bristle
being single and very tine.

CiCADIDiE.

Cicada" Oln.
pruinosa Say.
tibicen? Linn.
septendecim Linn.
tredecim Riley.
minor (Var. ) . . ' .

FULGORIDJ^.

Otiocerus Krb.

coquebertii Kh. . '

amyotii Fch. ,

signoretti FcTi.

de geerii Krb.
Anotia.

westwoodii Fch.

burnettii Fch.

robertsonii Fch.
Bruchymorpha.

dorsata Fch.
Paciloptera.

prviinosa Say.
Xaso.

robertsonii Fch.
Cixus.

cinctifrons Fch.

calaepenne Fch.

pini Fch.

CERCOPIDJi:.

Plata Fab.

bivittata Say.

stigmata Say.

pruinosa Har. ^

opaca Har.
Apiirophora Grv.

quadrinotata Say.

parallela Say.

signoretta Fch.

saratogensis ? Fch.
Clastoptera.

obtusa Say.

piui Fab.

testacea Fab.

Membracid^.

Membracis Fab.
binotatus Say.
taurinvis Har.

OF LANCASTER COUNTY.

651

sinuatus Sap.
Thelia.

bimaculata Fab.

stigmata Mis.

quadri vittata ?

unaninea ?

uni vittata Har.

crataegi Fc7i.
Cerasa.

brevicornis Fab.

bubalus Fab.

concaviis Say.

dicerea ?
Enchenopa.

bivittata Say.

quadrangnlai'is Say.
Smillia.

inermis Fab.

castanea Fch.

imivittata £fai'.

inornata Say.
TjRAxipnus.

cai'yje Fc7i.
Telamona.

vmicolor Fc7i.

covyli FcTi.

tristis Fch.
ACTJTALIS.

dorsalis Fch.
Ophiderma.

mera Say.
Entilia.

sinuata Fab.

ACOCEPHALTJS.

sanguineus?
viiidis?

PSYLLID^.

PSYLLA.

pyri Linn.

DiRAPHIS.

vemalis Fch.

femoralis Fch.

calamorum Fch.
Caranota.

arcauta?
Procoma.

costata?

Tettigoniadj^.

Tettigonia Olv.
octolineata Say.
quadrivittata Har.

coccinea Ilor.
Bythocopus.

clitellarius Say.

sti'obei Say?
Eurythroneura Fch.

vitis liar.

tricinctus Fch.

vitifex Fch.

vulnerata Fch.

obliqua Say.
Athysanus.

abietis Fch.

fenestratus Fch.

variabilis Fch.

minor Fc7i.
Jassus Fab.

irroratus Say.

APHIDIUS.
Having tlie ilrtrsi two-jointed and the antennm
longer without a terminal bristle.

Aphidid^.

Aphis Linn.

mali Fab.

malifolia Fch.

persicae Sul.

prunifolia Fch.

vitis Fch.

ribus Fch.

limnuli ShrnTc.

brassica; Linn.

berberidis Fch.

cerasi Fab.

rosea Linn?

avenas Cur.
Eriosoma.

lanigera Har.

querci Fab.

acei-je Nob.
Pamfhigus.

vitifolia Fch.

caryaecaulis Fch.

caryaevena Fch.

pyri Fch.

populicaulis Fch.

popiili-globus Fch.

populi-vena Fch.
Caliptertjs.

mucidus Fch.

coryellus Fch,

punctatellus Fch.

maculellus Fch.

552

AUTHENTIC HISTORY

funipenellus Fch.

marginellus Fch.

castanea Fell. .
Brysocrypta.

ulmicola Fch.
Phylozera.

caryaefolia Fch.
Lachnus.

caryae.

strobi Fch.

lorifex Fch.
Phylloxera.

castanea Hid.
Chermes.

pinifolia Fch.

loricifex Fch.

Thripidje.

Thrips Linn.

cerealis? Noh.
Phlaeothrips,

mali Fch.

caryfe Fch.

GALLmSEOTA.
Having the tarsi one-jointed, terminated by

a single claw; males two wings, and mouth
obsolete; females wingless.

COCCID^.

ASPIDIOTIS.

conchiformis Gml.

gossipii Fch.

furfurns Fch.

cerasi Fch.

pinifolia Fch.

juglaustelis Fch.
Coccus Linn.

pinicorticis Fch.

harrisii Wlk.
Lecanium.

pyri Chrk.

percosia Fch.

acericola Wlch.

ceracifer Fch.

coryabati Fch.

caryae Fch.

juglandifex Fch.

corylifex Fch.

quercifex Fch.

quercitronis Fch.

maclurae Wlch.

The larger number of the insects belonging to the two sub-orders IIete7-optera and Ilomop-
tera are small and exceedingly fragile, and therefore the preservation of specimens is
attended with great difficulty. Probably not more than the one-halfof those that inhabit
Lancaster county have been described. Moreover, in certain seasons favorable to their
increase they will be found in vast numbers, but an unfavorable season intervening,
they will disappear and may not be seen again for a number of years. This has partic-
ularly been the case with the "Oat-Aphis," or Aplds avena. The famous Cicada sep-
tendecim, or so called "Seventeen year locust," which belongs to this order, only
appears once in seventeen years. It is on record that it has api^eared regularly every
seventeen years, in the County of Lancaster, for one hundred and forty years, or more,
and never fails at the proper time. Its last appearance was in the beginning of June,
1868, in numbers far greater than in 1851 or 1834.

ORDER NEUROPTERA.

The insects belonging to this order are commonly called " Dragon Flies," or "Devil's
Needles," or "Snake Doctors." One or more of these names are applied to them in
different localities, or by different persons in the same locality. It also includes those
insects which are known under the common names of May-flies, Day-flies, Ant-Lions,
Lace-wings, Caddice-flies, and many others. Perhaps the most perfectly organized
insects, so far as concerns sight and flight, are found in this order. They are charac-
terized as having four, naked, membranaceous wings, of equal consistency throughout,
very much reticulated, and in the larger number, nearly, or quite, of an equal size. In
some species, during repose, the wings are horizontally extended at right angles from
the body; in others tlie inner surfaces are applied against each other, and in others
again they are deflexed at the sides. Head frequently of a large size ; mouth provided

OF LANCASTER COUNTY,

553

with mandibles for mastication. In the species most cliaracteristic of the order, the
eyes conspicuously occupy the greater portion of the head. Abdomen long, cylindrical
and compressed, with the segments very distinct. The legs are of moderate size, and
not well adapted to locomotion in the mature state. The larger number live in their
larva and pupa state in water, and are carniverous in their habits. Their transforma-
tions differ very much in the different tribes. The order may be divided into two pri-
mary sections, namely: Sulicornia, having the antennce minute and setiforrn, vvithnot
more than seven joints; eyes large; ocelli two or three; larvce aquatic; pupa resembling
the larvae, and the imago aerial. Filicornia, having the antennje long, and filifonn,
setaceous, or clavate; eyes moderate; ocelli sometimes wanting; larvaj generally terres-
trial. In the family Phryganed^, the neurationsof the wings are simply branching,
and the organs of the mouth are obsolete.

SECT. I. PSEUDONEUROPTERA.

Termitina — "White Ants."

Termes Lin.
flavipes Kol.
frontalis Hid.

Psocina.

Atropos Lch.

pulsatorius Lch.
Psocus Lat.

sparsus Hag.

venosus Brm.

contaminatvis Hag.

striatus Wlk.

Perlina — "Pearl Flies."

Pteronarcys NeiD.

regalis New.
Perla Oeof.

abnormis New.

arida Hag.

dorsata Say.

capitata Pic.

xanthenes Neio.

occipitalis Pic.

maculata Pic.
Capnia Pic.

pygmaea Brm.
T^KIOPTERYX Pic.

fasciata Brm.

frigida Hag.

maura Pic.

similis Hag.
Leuctra Stp.

tenuis Pic.

Ephemerina — " Day-flies."

Ephemera Linn.
natata Wlk.

Palinginea Brm.

bilineata Say.
Baetis Lch.

interpunctata Say.

verticis Say.
Cloe Lch.

posticata Say.

unicolor Hag.

vicina Hag.
C^NIS Stp.

amica Hag.

Tribe AGRIONINA. "Devil's-needles."

Calopterygina.

Calopteryx Lch.

apicalis Brm.

maculata Beav.

virginica Dru.
Het^rina Hag.

americana Fab.

tricolor Brm.
Lestes Lch.

rectangularis Say.

congener Hag.

eurina Say.

unguiculata Hag.
Protonetjra Sel.

antennata Say.
Agrion Fab.

iners Hag.

ramburii Sel.

hastatum.

exsulaus Hag.
Pyrrhosoma Chrp.

saucium Brm.

durum Hag.

civile Hag.

violaceum Hag.

apicale Say..

554

AUTHENTIC HISTORY

putridum Uag.
aspersum Hag.

Tribe ^SCHNINA. "Dragon-tties."
GOMPHINA,

GOMPHUS Lcli.

adelphus Sel.

fraternus Sa^y.

spicatus Hag.

exilis Sel.
Petaltjra.

thoreyi Ilag.

^SCHNINA.

Anax Lch.

Junius Dru.
^scnNA Fah.

verticalis Ilag.

constricta Say.

mutata Uag.

grandis Lin.

heros Fab.

quadriguttata Erm.

Tribe LIBELLULINA. "Dragon-flies."
CORDULINA.

Macromia Ram.

taeniolata Ram,

cingulata Ram.
Epitheca Chrp.

princeps Hag.
DiDYMOPS Ram.

transversa Say.

obsoleta? Siy.
CORDULIA Lch.

lateralis Brm.

LiBELLULINA.

Pantala Uag.

llavescens Fab.

hymenaca Say.
Tram E A Hag.

Carolina Lin.

lacerata Hag.
Celithemis Hag.

eponina Dru.
Plathemis Hag.

trimaculata De O.
LiBELLtJLA Lin.

quadi-imaculata Lin.

semifasciata Brm.

luctuosa Brm.

pulchella Br'u.

auripennis Brm.

deplanata? Ram.

quadrupla Say.

plumbea Uhl.
Mesothemis Ilag.

simplicicollis Say.

longipennis Brrn.
DiPLAX Chrp.

assimilata Uhl.

semicincta Say.

rubieundula Say.

berenice Dru.

ornata Rmb.
Perithemis Ilag.

domitia Dru.

SECT. n. NEUROPTERA.
SlALINA.

SiALis Lat.

iufumata New.

americana Rmb.
Chauliodes Lat.

pectinicornis Linn.

scrricornis Say.

maculosus Rmb.
CORYDAT.IS Lat.

cornuta Linn.

IIemerobina-

Lace-wings."

Aluekonia FtcJi.

westwoodii Fch.
MicROMUs Ram.

insipidus Uag.

hamatus Wlk.
Hemerobius Linn.

eastanea Fch.

tutatrix Fch.

hyalinatus Fch.
Polystoechotes Br7n.

punctatus Fab.

vittatus Say.
Mantispa Illg.

brunnea Say.

interrupta Say.
ClIRYSOPA Lch.

oculata Say.

latipennis Schn.

quadripunctata Brm.

rufilabris Brm.

interrupta Sch.

OF LANCASTER COUNTY.

ooo

flava Scop.
Myrmeleon Linn. "Ant-lions."

gratus Say.

obsoletus Say.

immaculatus De O.
AscALAPHUS Fab.

hyalinus Lat.

quadripunctatus Bvrii.

limbatus Brm.

Panorpina — •' Scorpion-flies."

Panorpa Linn.

rufescens Rnil).

venosa Wstw.

debilis Wstw.

maculosa Hag.
BiTTACus Lat.

stigmaterus Say.

occidentis Wlk.
Merope Nwm.

tuber? Nwm.

Phryganina — "Caddice-flies."

Neuronia Fch.
semifasciata Say.
postica Wlk.

Phryganea Linn.
cinerea? Wlk.

LiMNOPHILIDES.

LlMNOPHILUS XcA.

inteiTuptus Say.
Enoicyla Ra77i.
subfasciata Say,
lepida Hag.

Leptocerides.

Leptocerus Lcli.

niger Linn.

variegatus? Hag.
Setodes Ram.

candidus Hag.

Hydropsychides.

Hydropsyche Pic.
phalerata Hag.

POLYCENTROPUS CuV.

lucidus? Hag.

■ Ehyacophilides.

Chimarriia Lch.
aterrima"? Hag.

So little attention has been paid to the Neurojjtera of Lancaster County, that the
foregoing catalogue must necessarily be very imi^erfect in many respects. In the first
place, it may not include all the insects, belonging to this order, that are found within
the limits of the county; and in the second place it may include some species that are
not localized here, but in the territory immediately North and South of its boundary.
The county, however, having the Susquehanna washing its entire Southwestern
margin, and being moreover permeated by the Conestogo, Chiquesalunga, Octo-
raro, Pequea, Cocalico, Hammer, Mill, and Conoy creeks, as well as a multitude
of minor streams; and as the largest portion of these insects undergo then- transforma-
tions in the water, and in fact pass their whole larva and pupa states there, it will be
evident that a thorough entomological canvass of the county may develop as many
more species than are here enumerated. This list is based upon the classification of Her-
man Hagen, in his "Synopsis of the Neuroptera of N. America," and published by
the Smithsonian Institution, at Washington city, D. C. The future local student of
Neuropterology in Lancaster county, may find this list of some advantage in classify-
ing his collections.

ORDER HYMEiVOPTERA.

The insects belonging to this order, are known, in part, under the common names of
Saw-flies, Gall-flies, Cuccoo-flies, Bees, Bumble-bees, Wasps, Hornets, YeUow-jackets,
and others. They are distinguished as having four membranaceous wings, that are
ramified by a number of veins, forming cells, but not assuming the appearance of net-
work, as in the Neuroptera — the anterior pair being larger than the posterior pair.
Mouth composed of mandibles, maxilloe, labrum and labium, the latter of which is usu-
ally elongated, and, together with the maxillae, forms a kind of tongue, or sucker, capable

556

AUTHEXTIC HISTORY

of being extended to a considerable length ; and is employed in collecting honey from
flowers. The females are provided with an ovipositor — either exserted or concealed —
which, in some species has the form of a pair of small saws, in others elongated into
slender filaments, and in others again, assuming that modification of form called a sting.
The head is furnished with a pair of antennae that vary very much in the number of
their joints, from five or six to sixty or seventy. The eyes are complex and lateral, and
between them are three ocelli, or small eyes, commonly disposed in an equilateral trian-
gle, but occasionally almost in a transverse line. The tarsi, in most cases, are five-
jointed.

Lancaster county contains a larger number of these insects than have been thoroughly
studied, or can be enumerated in this catalogue; many of which have been described
by foreign Entomologists, and the works in which they are described not of convenient
access ; therefore, only an approximation can be made to the real number and variety
which our territory affords, and that number will be found to include many that are
found in adjacent localities.

The order is divisible into the following Sections, Sub-Sections and Families; and these
again into numerous Genera, Groups and Species, with their correlations and character-
istics, which are too numerous and minute to find a place in a mere catalogue.

SECT. I. TEBEBRANTIA.

Abdomen of the females furnished with a

saw or borer.
Sub-section, SECURIFERA — abdomen

sessile; larvae with feet.

Tenthredinid^. "Saw-flies."

CiMBEX Olv.

americana Lch.

ulmi Pck.

laportii Har.
LoPHYRUS Lat.

americanus Lcli.

compar Lch.

abietis Har.

abbottii Lch.

lecontii Fch.

fabricii Lch.

pectoralis Lch.

clavicomis Fab.
Selandria Lch.

vitis Har.

rosae Har.

cerasi Pk.

pygmaea Har?

halcyon Bar?

pyri? Nob.

barda Har?
Allantus Jur.-

rufipes Say.

basilaris Say.
Tenthkedo Lin.

sericea Say.

arvensis Say.

bicolor P. de B.

inornata Say.

septentrionalis Fab.

mellipes Har.

tarsata Har.

coUaris Say.

dorsalis Har,
Nematus Jur.

integer Har.

ventralis Har.

fulvipes Har.

circumcinctus Klg.
Janus Fch ?

fulviventris Fch.
Abia Fch?

cerasi Fch.
Phtllactjs Fch ?

trimaculatus Say.
Ltda Fab.

scripta Say.

rufofasciata Har.

XiPHYDRIAD.E.

Cephus Lat.

ferruginea Sa,y.

filicornis.
XiPHYDRIA Lat.

albicornis Har.

nrellipes Har.

Urocerid^.

Tremex Jur.

columba Linn.
Urocerus Fab ?

OF LANCASTER COUNTY.

657

albicornis Fab.
abdominalis Har.
cyaneus Har,
Oryssus Har.
maurus Har.
affinis Har.
haemorrhoidalis Har.

Sub-section PUPIVORA — abdomen pe-
dunculated and furnished with a borer;
larvae witliout feet.

EVANID^.

EvANiA Fab.

appendigaster Lat.
Pelecinus Lat.

polycerator Fab.

clavator Lat.

ICHNEUMONID^.

PiMPLA Fa'b.

atrata Fab.

lunator Fab.

irritator Fab.
Cryptus Fab.

inquisitor Say.

subspinosus Har.

palmapectus Har.

recurvulus Har.

cardinalis Har,

versicolor Har.
Ophion Fab.

geminatus Say.

tiavicornis Say.

morio Fab.

analis Say.

relictvis Fab.

glabratus Har. •

mundvis Har.
Trogtjs Pan.

fulvus Fab.

atratus Har.

pennator Fab.
Ichneumon Linn.

concitator Say.

devinctor Say.

multor Say.

basiator Say.

alternator Say.

centrator Say.

leucania;.

cingor Say.

residuus Say.

unifasciatorius Say.

otiosus Say.

brevinctor Say.

ferrugator Swe.

emarginatus Har.

leucopterus Har.

suturalis Har.

exulans Har.

famelicus Har.

ligatus Har.

plantaris Har.
Semiotellus FcJi.?

destructor Fch.f
Alysia Pan ?

menducator Pan.

Aphidiidje.

Aphidius Fell.

lactucaphis Fch.
Anthophor abia ?

megachillis ?

Braconid^.

Bracon Fab.

populator Say.

operculatus Har.

rugulosus Har.

palpatorius Har.
jVIierogaster Lat.

carpata Har.

congregata Say.
Cleonymus Lat.

clisiocampje Fch.
Trichogramma ?

orgyiae FeJi.

fraterna Fell.
SiGALPHUS Lat.

socius Har.

patulus Har.

pappius Har.
Chelonijs Jur.

corrugatus Har.

sericeus Har.
Taxarus Fch.

triticaphis Fch.
Praon Fch •?

polygonaphis Fch.

viburnaphis Fch.

avenaphis Fch.
Trioxys Fch.

salicaphis Fclb.

populaphis Fell.

cerasaphis Fch.

558

AUTHENTIC HISTORY

CYNiPiDiR. "Gall-flies."

BlARIIIZA Fch.

nigra FcJi.
Al,LOTRIA Fell.

tritici Fch.

avena Fch.
Philonix Fell.

fvilvicollis Fell.

nigricoUis Fch.
Macroglenes Fch.

quercus-globuli Fc?i.

quercus-pisi Fch,
Ctnips Linn.

qiiercvis-tubev Fch.

quercus-arbos Fch.

quercus-batatus Fch.

quercus-globuliis Fch.

quercus-ticus Fell.

quercus-lana Fch.

seminator Hav.

quercus-pilula Fch.
Callaspidia Fch.

conliuenla Har.

mibilipennis Ilur.

DlPLOLEPIDID^.

Ibalia Lat.

maculipeiinis liar.

ligites Lat.

chinquipiii Fch.

melisoma Har.
DiPLOLEPis Oeof.

confluentus Say.

oueratus Say.

nubilipennis Har.

seminator Har.

bicolor Har.

impolita Har.
Spalangia Fch ?

querci-lanae Fch.

Chalcidid^.

Chalcis Fab.

octonotata Har.
ToRYMUs Dal.

harrisii FcJi.

EURYTOMA III.

tritici Fch.
hordei Har.
fulvipes Fch.
secalis Fch.
lanulse Fch.

Ptebomalus Lat.

onei-ati Fch.

vanessje Har.

clisiocampa} Har.

lepturus Har.

obesus Har
Perilajipus Lat.

hyalinus Har.

Proctotrupiad^.

DlAPRIA Fch?

agronomyzai Fell.
Proctotrupes Lat.

cordatus Say.
Platygaster?

error Fch.

POLYMENA?

natans? Lrib,

TeLEOMUS Fell:

orgyiaj Fch.
PsiLUS Jur.

terminatu-s Har.

Chrysid^.

Chrysis Lin.
pacifica Say.
caerulans Fab.
speculum Har.
viridis? Nob.

Sect. IL ACULEATA.
Abdomen of tlie females and neutei-s armed

with a sting.
Sub-section HETEPtOGYNA— Females and

neuters wingless.

FORMICIAD^E. "Ants."

Formica Lin.
lierculeana Lat,
lignivora Lat.
noveboracensis Fch.
caryale Fch.
pcnsylvanica Be O.
ligniperda Fch?
sanguinea Zaf.
rufa? Linn.
quadrata Har.
bilobata Har.
petulca Har.
subsericea Har.
mileneura Har.
nigra? Linn.
destructor? Nob.

OF LANCASTER COUNTY.

559

Myrmica Lat.

molesta Say.

minuta Say.

cerasi Fch.

implecta Ear.
Typhlopone? Eld.

pallipes Hid.

MUTILIAD^.

Myrmosa Lat.

unicolor Say.
Methoca Lat.

pacalis Ear.
MuTiLLA Linn.

ferrugata Fab.

undulata Ear.

dislocata Ear.

occidentalis ? Linn.

Sub-section FOSSORES— females winged;
wings not folded ; basal joint of posterior
tarsi simple.

SCOLIAD^.

BcoLiA Fab.

quadrimaculata Fab.

plumipes Drury.
TiPHiA Fab.

inornata Say.

tarda Ear.
Plesia Jur.

costata Ear.
Myzene?

sexcincta Say.
Sapyga Lat.

peptica Ear.

centrata Ear.

POMPILIAD^.

Cerophales Lat.

bijiunetata Say.

denticulata Ear.

formosa Svy.

cylindricus Crs.

mariae Crs.
Priocnemus?

unifasciata.
PoMPiLTJS Fab.

biguttatus Fab.

marginatus Say.

tarsatus Ear.

tropicus Fab.

debilis Jur.

Miscus Jur.

stygicus Ear.

petiolatus Ear.
Ctenocerus?
klugii ?
Angochlora?

pursus Smh.
Pepsis?

formosa? Say.

cyanea Lin.
Prosopis?

affinis S7nli.

elliptica Krb.

Sphegiad^.

Ammophila Kirb.

subsulcata Wst.

cementaria Smth.

urnaria Klg.

luctuosa Smth.

lugubris Ear.

gryplius Ear.

fulvicaulis Ear.
Sphex Lin.

tibialis St. F.

ichneumonea Lin.

pensylvanica Pal.

labrosa Uar.

apicalis Ear.

PELOPyEUS Fab.

caeruleus Lin.
flavipes Fab.
affinis Fab.
cyanea Fab.
Sarcophaga.
nudipennis Low.

BeMBICIDuE.

Bembex Fab.

fasciata Fab.

variegata? Nob.
Monedula Lat.

Carolina Fab.

quadrifasciata Say.

ventialis Say.

Laeriad^.

AsTATA Fab.

unic ilor Say.
Lyrops III.

aurulenta Fab.
Larrada"?

argentata Bur.

560

AUTHENTIC HISTORY

Larka Fab.
unicincta Say.
pensylvanica Bvs.
subita Har.

Nyssonid^.

Nysson Lat.

laterale Har.
Tkipoxylon Lat.

politum Say.

frigidum Smth.

clavatum Har.

atritarse Har.
OXYBELUS Lat.

emarginatiis Say.

quodrinotatus Say.
Mellintjs? Fab.

bimaculatus Say.
GORYTES •?
■ flavicornis Har. .
Alysok?

oppositus ?
Stizus Say.

grandis Say.

speciosus Dim.

Crabronid^.

Crabro Fab.

sexmaculatus Say.

singularis Smth.

decemmaculatiis Say.

complanatus Say.

scutellatus Say.

tibialis Say.

famelicus Har.

pusillus Har.

pegasvis Har.

glauconotatiis Har.
Cemonus Jtir.

concolor Say.

inornatus Say.

annulatus Har.
Cerceris Lat.

tuberculata ?

tricincta?

bai-idius Har.

dorsata Say.

PSEN?

leucopus Say.
Stigmcs?

fraternus Say.
Thyreopus?

latipes Smth.

Passal^cus Cres.

mandibularis Cres.
Rapholtjm PaJc.

pediculatum PaJc.
Philanthus Fab.

vertilabris Say.

obsoletus Har.

viatus Har.

impunctatus Har.

erratvis Har.

Sub-section DIPLOTERA— Females and
neuters winged; wings folded.

Yespad^.

Vespa Li)i.

maculata Lin.

vulgaris Lin.

arenaria Fab.

fraterna Har.

maculifrons Har.

cuneata Fab.

inaequalis Har.
Odynerus Lat,

quadricornis Linn.-

pleuricincta Har.

oculata Har.

daedalus Har.

leucomelus ?
Eumenes Lat.

fraterna Say.

flavicornis Har.

atricornis Har.
Polistes Fab.

fuscata Fab.

annularis Fab.

canadensis Linn.

prometliea Har.

Sub-section JIELLIFERA — Females and
neuters winged; wings not folded; pos-
terior tarsi compressed into pollinige-
rous organs.

Andrenad^.

Andrena Fab.
sericea Fst.
nigricornis Fab.
vicina Say.
frugalis Har.
inornata Har.
amoena Har.
calceata Har.

OF LANCASTER COUNTY.

561

fulviana Hai-.

ligata Uar.
Sphecodes Lat.

dicliroa Bar.
Halictes ?

parallelus Say.

Apiarije.

Xylocopa Fab.

Carolina Linn.

victima Bar.

virginica ?
Ceratina Lat.

dupla Say.

dubia Bid.
Megachile Lat.

integer Say.

brevis Say.

latimana Say.

subsinuosum Har.

dimidiatum Har.

integrum Har.

centricularis ?
Apathus?

asbtonii ?
Anthrophora Smth?

sponsa Smth.

abrupta Fc7i2

taurea Fch.
OsMiA Pan.

lignivora Pack.

lignaria Say.

semilinea Smth.

pacifica Say.
Stelis Pan.

inteiTupta Har.
Caelioxys Lat.

octodentata Say.
EpEOLtrs Fah.

donatus Bar.

niercatus Har.
Nomad A Fab.

decora Bar.

vincta Bar.

interrupta Har.

pulcbella Smth.

imbricata Smth.
Melecta LaL

ineiTais Bar.
EucERA Lat.

tibialis Har.

pruinosa Har.

erratica Har.

rustica Har.
BoMBUS Fab.

americanum Linn.

virginicus Fab.

muscorum?

dimidiatus Har.

elatus Fab.

fervidus Fab.

irapatiens Bar.

ternarius Bar.
Apis Linn.

mellifica Lin.

Tbe foregoing is only a part of the true list of Hymenoptera, that may ultimately be
foixnd in the county of Lancaster; but many of them have a wide range geographically,
and may be found in nearly every State of the Union. The material of the compiler
was too meagre to fui-nish a complete list, or one that reflects the true state of entomo-
logical science in this department at the i^resent day. It may serve as an approxima-
tion to what Lancaster county contains, of this interesting order of insects, only a few
spieces of which are known to belong to the destructives; and those chiefly confine them-
selves to the foliage of vegetation or are wood borers. The parasitic species, of which
there are many, may be regarded as the special friends of the human family, and their
study is therefore both interesting and useful.

LEPIDOPTERA.

This order includes the "Butterflies" and "Moths," and the name is derived from
the two Greek words lepis a scale, and pteron — a wing, or "scale-winged" insects.
The whole order may be brought more or less under the following characteristics.
Wings four; composed of neinaTres, and ti'ansparent membranes, clothed on the upper
and under surfaces with minute colored scales, resembling dust or meal; eyes large and

87

562

AUTHENTIC HISTORY

lateral; antennm generally long and many-jointed, and also very variable in form;
mouth composed apparently of a long and siDirally coiled organ, which the insect em-
ploys in sipping the sweet substances from flowers, upon which it subsists; when not
used, this delicate proboscis is coiled up and defended between two large compressed
organs called the 2^alpi, which are inserted upon a lip, in front of the head; abdomen
destitute of a sting; the body \evj pilose, or hairy, and variable in respect to size; legs
slender and hairy, but variable in different sexes and species. No kinds of insects are
more dissimilar in tlieir different stages of metamorphosis, than those belonging to this
order. When they issue from the egg, we recognize their larvce under the familiar form,
of "caterpillars;" these change into a chrysalis ov pupa, from which the perfect insect
is in due time produced. The larvae are uniformly composed of thirteen segments, or
sections; the first represents the head, the second, third and fourth the thorax, and the
remaining ones the abdomen. They may be all included under the following groups
established by Linnajus, namely:
I. Diurnia — or day-fliers.
II. Crepuscularia — or twilight-fliers.

III. Nocturnia — or night-fliers.

These groups are numerously represented in Lancaster county, although the individ-
uals brought under them, respectively, are by no means constant to the general char-
acteristics, but vary more or less from them.

SECT. I. DIURNIA— OR DA 7-FLIER8,
Includes the insects properly known as
Butterflies.

PaPILIONIDuE. •

Papilio Lin.

turnus Lin.

glaucus Lin.

troilus Lin.

philenor Lm.

asterius Fab.

ajax Lin.
PoNTiA Fab.

casta Kir.

oleracea liar.
CoLiAS Fab.

philodice Ood.

edusa? Fab.
PiERis Lai.

nicippe God.

lisa? Boisd.

Daxaid^.

Dakais Bois.
archippus Fab.

NYMPHALIDiE.

Argynnis Fab.
idalia Dru.
cybele God.
myrina Crm.

aphrodite Boi.

columbina Boi.

astarte? Dou.

bellona? God.
Melit^a Fab.

phaeton Cf7n.

nycteis Do^i.

tharos Crm.
Grapta Dou.

interrogationis God.

comma liar.
Vanessa Fab.

antiopa Lin.

progne Crm.

furcillata Say.

lintneri FcJi.
Ptrajieis Hub.

atalanta Lin.

cardui Lin.

huntera Sm.
Ny-Mphalis Lat.

Ursula Fab.

disippus God.

Satyridjs.

Neonympha Hiib.

eurythris Fab.

acmenis Hub.

polixenes Fab.

cantheus? Fab.
Satyrus Fab.

OF LANCASTER COUNTY.

563

alope Fab.
pegala Fab.
Debis Dou.
portlandia Fab.

CCENONYMPHA Hub.

semidea Say.

Lycaenid^.

Thecla Fab.

pan Dru.

favoniiis Qod.

falacer Ood.
LycAENA Fab.

plileas God.

thoe Boi.

POLYOMMATUS Lat.

acmon Dou.
comyntas Ood.
filenus Poe.

Hesperid^.

NiSONIADES Hub.

juvenalis 8m.
Cyclop^edes Hub.

coras Crm.
Pamphila Fab.

pustula? Hub.

peckii? Krb.

oileus Linn.
Hespekia Lat.

proteus Fab.

cellus Boi.

lycidas? Enc.

Bpialid^.

Epialus Fab.

argento-niaculatus Har.

SECT. IL CBEPUSCULABIA.
Includes those families usually called twi-
light-flying moths.

CoSSIDiE.

Cossus Fab.

robinige Pck.

querciperda FcJi.

plagiatus? Bou.
Zeuzera Lat.

pyrinus? God.

CoNCHILOPODID^.

LiMACODES Lat.
cippus 8m.

spinuloides Hen.

palida? Wlk.
PiMELA Clm.

lanuginosa Clm.
Adoneta Clm.

voluta Clm.
Empretia Clm.

stimulea Clm.

paenulata Clm.
NOCHELIA Clm.

tardigrada Clm.

PSYCHIDiE.

Thyridopteryx Stp.

ephemserseformis Har.

pensylvanicus Var.
Perophora Har.

melsheimerii Har.

Zygaenid.^.

Alypia Krb.

octomaculata Sm.
Procris Fab.

americana Har.

falsarius Clm.
Malthaca Clm.

perlucidula? Clm.
Glaucopis Fab.

liholus Fab.

semidiaijhana Har.

latreillana? Krb.

epimenis Dru.

J^GERID^.

Trochilium Sep.

cucurbitge Har.

caudata Har.

exitiosa Say.

tipuliformis Har.

scitula Har.

fulvipes Har.
Thyris lllg.

maculata Har.

SpHINGIDuE.

Sesia Fab.

diffinis Boi.

thysbe Fab.
JMacroglossa Ocli.

flavofasciata Wlk.
Thyreus 8wn.

abbotii Swn.

nessus ^ylk.

564

AUTHENTIC HISTOKY

Deidamia Clm.

inscripta Clm.
Deilephila Och.

lineata Fab.

chamsenerii Har.
Daeapsa Wlk.

myron Orm.

chcerilus Orm.

versicolor Clm.
Philampelus Har.

satellitia Lin.

achemon Dru.
Macrosila Wlk.

rustica? Crm.

cingulata Lin.

Carolina Lin.

quinquemaculata Stp.

brontes Dru.
Sphinx Lin.

cinerea Huh.

plebeia Fab.

kalmiae Abt.

drupiferarum Abt.

jasmineainim Lee.
Ceratomia Har.

quadricornis Hub.

repentiuus Clm.
Smerinthus La.

excfficatus Abt.

luodesta Har.

geminatus Say.

opthalmicus Boi.
Ellema Clm.

liarrisi Clm.

SECT. in. NOGTURNIA.
POMERIDIANA.

"Wings crossed upon the body; antennas
pectinated.

SATURNIDiE.

Saturnia Shr.

io Smth.

pica Wlk.
Attacus Linn.
• cecropia Linn.

proniethea Dru.

luna Fab.

polyphemus Fab.

angulifera? Wlk.

didyma? Pal.
Ceratocampa Har.

regalis Fab.
imperialis Dru.
Dryocampa Har.
stigma Fab.
senator ia? Fab.
rubicunda Fab.
bicolor? Har.

BOMBYCID^.

Gastropacha Och.

americana Har.

laricis FcTi.

occidentalis Wlk,
Clisiocampa Our.

decipiens Wlk.

sylvatica Har.

americana? Fab.

NOTODONTIDiE.

Cerura Sell.
borealis Har,

NOTODONTA Ocll.

basistriens Wlk.

varia Wlk.

biundato Wlk.

manteo Wlk.
Edema Wlk.

unicornis Smith A.

albifrons Smith A.

concinna? Smith A.

ICHTHYURA Hub.

vau Fch.
albosigma Fch.

EUDRYAS Hu.

grata Fab.
unio Hub.

DAT AN A Wlk.

ministra Dru.
contracta Wlk.
Nadata WUc.
gibbosa Sm. Ab.

Arctiid^.

Oroya Och.

leucostigma Sm. Ab.

antiqua Linn.
Deiopeia Cur.

bella Linn.
Spilosoma Stp.

acrea Dru.

virgiuica Fab.

cunea Fab?

effle Dru.

OF LANCASTER COUNTY.

56^

Akctia Auc.

caja Fab.

virgo Linn.

plialerata Har.

virguncula Krb.

nais Dru.

Isabella Sm.

rubricosa Har.

coUaris Fch.
Callimorpha Lat.

militaris Har.

Carolina Har.

comma Don.

clymene Esp.
LoPHOCAMPA Har.

carysB Har.

tesselaris Sm.

NOGTUBNA.
Wings crossed on the body in repose ; an-
tennae setaceous.

LlTHOSIID^.

EUSTIXIA WlTc.
pupula Lu.

CiSTHENE Wlk.

subjecta? Wlk.
Ceocota Huh.

brevicornis? Wlk.

rubicundaria? Hub.
Gnophria 8tp.

vittata Har.

JSTOCTUAD^.

ACRONYCTA OcTl.

lobelias Que.

spinigera Gue.

innotata Que.

superans Que.
GORTTNA Och.

zeae Har.

limpida Que.
Letjcania OcTi.

obtusa Gue.

commoides Gue.
NONAGRIA Hub.

inquinata Gue.
CissusA Wlk.

spadix Crm.
Apatela Fab.

americana Har.
Mamestra Och.

picta Har.

impulsa Gue.

oidinaria Dou.
Hadena Boi.

lignicolora Gue.

libera Dou.

indocilis Dou.
Catocala SJir.

vidua Syn.

illecta Dou.

ilia Crm.

epione Dru.

lachrymosa Gue.

nuptiaUs Dou.

selecta Dou.

desperata? Gue.
AcoNTiA Ochs.

margaritata Dru.
Agnonomia Hub.

anilis Drii.
Chamyris Gue.

cerintliia Gue.
Alaria Westw.

florida Gue.
Derrima Wlk.

stellata Dou.
Plusia OcTis.

serea Hub.

thyatyroides Gue.

verruca Fab.

u-brevis Gue.
Erastria Oclis.

cameola Gue,

iuscripta Dou.
Orthosia.

instabilis ScTi.
CUCULLIA OcTi.

cbamomillae Fab.
Agrotis Gue.

spissa Gue.

sviflfusa Den.

tritici Linn.

ravida Den.

clandestina Har.

devastator Har.

tesselata Har.

messoria Har.

inermis Har.

telifera Har.
NocTUA Fab.

pyramidea? Linn.

oleracea Har.

iota Crm.

cingulata Har.

566

AUTHENTIC HISTORY

lunata Dru.
squamiilaris Dru.
libatrix Fah.
aceris Smth. A.
Htpena Sell.
generalis Don.
erectalis Que.
liabitalis Dou.
deceptalis Dou.

Pyralid^.

Ptralis Linn.

farinalis liar.

decoralis Hub.
Heeminea Lat.

jacchusalis Dou.

clittoralis Dou.
BOTYS Lat.

exydalis Que.

licealis Wlk.
Gallekia Fah.

cereana Fab.

margaronia Hub.

quadristigmatis Que.

TORTRICID^.
LOXOTAENIA Stp.

rosaceana Har.

cei'asivorana Feh.
ToRTRix Trei.

triqixetrana Fell.

malana Fell.

sartena Hub.

circulavia Hub.

pomoiia? liar.
Penthika Trei.

pomonella liar.

oculana Har.

vitivoraiia Pack.
Argyrolepia Stp.

qviercifoliana Fell.
Croesia Hub.

persicaua Fch.
Ephippiphora Dup.

caryana Fch.

TiNEADiE,

Anacampsis Cur.

robiniella Fch.
Cerostoma Lat.

brassicella Fch.
Argyromyges Stp.

quercifoliella Fch.

quercialbella Fch.

pseudacaciella Fch.

morriseUa Fch.

ublerella Fch.

osteusackenella Fch.
Tinea Fab.

biflavimaculella Clm.

dorsistrigella Clm.

crocicapitella Clm.

cai'nariella Clm.

flavifrontella ?

lanariella Clm.

nubilipeiinella Clm.

variatella Clm.

ligulella Hub.

zea3 Fch.

granella Har.

pelliouella'? Linn.

vestianella? '?
BuTALis Cur?

cerealella Olv.
Xylesthia Clm.

pmniramiella Clm.
Amydria Clm.

efirenatclla Clm.
Anaphora Clm.

plumifroiitella Clm.

popeanella Clm.

arcauella Clm.
Incurvaria Haw.

russatella Clm.

acerifoliella Fch.
Plutella Sch.

vigilaciella Clm.

limbipeuuella Clm.

moUipedella Chn.
Hyponomeuta Zel.

multipunctella Clm.
EUDARCIA Clm.

simulatricella Clm.
Chaetociiilus Stp.

pometellus Har.

malifoliellus Fch.

trimacvilellus Fch.

ventrellus Fch.

contubernalellus Fch.
Argyrestiiia Hub.

oreasella Clm.
Gracilaria Zel.

superbifrontella Clm.

fulgidella Clm.

venvi Stella Clm.

strigifiuitella Clm.

OF LANCASTER COUNTY.

567

violacella Clm.
Ornix Treit.
trepidella Clm.
lestinella Clm.
crataegifoliella Clm.
acerifoliella Clm.

COSMOPTERYX? Hub.

gemmiferella Clm.
COSMIOTES Clm.

illectella Clm.

maculosella Clm.

madarella Clm.
COLEOPHORA Zel.

laticornella Clm.

infuscatella Clm,

cretaticostella Clm.

coruscipeimella Clm.

LiTHOCOLLETIDiE.

LiTHOCOLLETIS Zel.

lucidicostella Clm.

robiniella Clm.

argentifimbriella Clm.

lucetiella Clm.

caryffifoliella Clm.

guttifiuitella Clm.
TiSCHERIA Zel.

solidagonifoliella Chn.

zelleriella Clm.

citrinipennella Clm.

vittiginella Clm.
Leucanthiza Clm.

amphicarpesefoliella Clm.
Btjcculatrix Zel.

corouatella Clm.
Antispila Sell.

nysssefoliella Clm.

cornifoliella Clvi.
AsPiDiscA Clm.

spleiidoriferella Clm.

PtEROPHORIDuE.

cineridactylus YcTi.
inarginidactylus Fch.
cretidactylus FcTi.

Ennomid^.

Caberodes G\Le.

remissaria Cue.

imbraria Que.

phasianaria Gne.
Geometra Lin.

siccifolia Fcli.

vernata? Pck.

cateuaria Dru.

serrata Drii.
Dyspteris Hub.

abortivaria Ueu.

ASCIDALID^.

AsciDALiA Trei.
ossularia Que.

Macarid^.

Amilapis Cue.

triplipunctata FcTi.

unipunctata naw.
Macaria Curt.

granitata Que.

bicolarata Fab.

Zerenid^.

Abraxis LcTi.
ribearia Fch.

LARENTIADiE.

Melanippe Blip.

lacustrata Que.
iutei'mediata Gue.

S1ONAD.E.

Heterophleps ScTi.

triguttaria
Anisopteryx Stp.

vernata Pck.

pometaria Har.

bybeniia Lat.

till aria Har.

Pterophorus Geo.
periscelidactylus Fch.
lobidactylus Fch.
tenuidactylus Fch.

The foregoing, already a long list, excludes still a large number of species, -syliicli no
doubt are natives of Lancaster county. It however includes many small species, called
^'Micro-Lepidoptera,^' which are so exceedingly small, that many of them cannot be
recognized, except by a person who possesses extraordinary powers of vision, or has access
to a good microscope. Many of them have a geographical range far beyond the borders
of our county. The number of species is too great to give anytliing more than a simple
list. The time to treat them in detail, in a work of this kind, has not yet arrived.

568

AUTHENTIC HISTORY

ORDER DIPTERA.

The name of this order was first used by Aristotle, and is a compound of two Greek
words signifying twice or two, and icings; that is, "Two-winged insects," althougli
there are a few species belonging to it that are entirely wingless. The insects included
in it are commonly called Crane-flies, Mosquitos, Gnats, Bot-flies, Horse-flies, Ox-flies,
Blow-flies, House-flies, &c., &c. They are characterized by having a single pair of
wings, which are membranous and usually extended, and aflixed to the middle of the
sides of the thorax. Near the insertion of the wings are a pair of small appendages
called lialterers. The mouth is provided with a Ticmstellum composed of from two to six
scaly lancet-like pieces, inclosed in a groove or canal upon the upper surface of a fleshy
snout or proboscis; or covered by one or more inarticulated plates, forming a sort of
sheath. The antennce exhibit various degrees of development, from very short to very
long. The ocelli, when present, are three in number, and the eyes are large, lateral,
and composite — those of the males in many instances being much larger than those o f
the females. The abdomen is usually attached to the thorax by only a portion of its
basal dimeter, and is generally more pointed in the females than the males. The tarsi
are five-jointed and terminated by a small pair of hooks, and often by a sort of cussion-
like process, which enables the insect to walk on a very smooth surface, or with the ba-^
downward. The larvae are usually called "maggots," and there is less diversity in their
transformations than there is in some other orders, or than the diversities in the mature
insects would seem to imply. Lancaster county, occupying a geographical position
intermediately between North and South, has many species within her borders that are
common to either of those portions of our territory, but the local Diptera of the county
is only very partially developed in history and classification.

CULICID^.

CULEX Linn.

damnosus Say.

pipiens Linn.

cingulatus Fab.

ciliatus Fab.

pungens Weid.

colon liar.
Anopheles Mei.

granulatus liar.

quadrimaculatus bay.

TlPULID^.

TiPiJLA Linn.

alter nata Say.

trivittata Say.

flavicans Fab.

ferruginea Fab.

tricolor Fab.

nubilis liar.
Cecidomyia Fab.

grossularise Fch.

tritici Krb.

robinia Illd.

inimica Fch.

cerealis Fch.

graminis Fch.

destructor Say.

salicis Fch.

culmicola Mor.
CxENOPnoRA Mei.

abdominalis Say.
MOLOBRUS Fch ?

mali Fch.

vulgaris Fch.

inconstans Fch.

fuliginosus Fch.
Ptychoptera Mei.

clavipes Linn.
LiMNOBiA Mei.

rostrata Say.

scutellata Say.
Ryphus Lat.

alternatus Say.

discoidus Say.
CniRONOMUS Mei.

albitarsis Har.

claracollis Har.

lateralis Har.

biplagiatus liar.
SiMULiUM Lai.

obscurum Har.

calceatum Har.

OF LANCASTER COUNTY.

569

BiBio Geof.

femorata Wei.

brunnipes Fab.

albipennis Say.

articulosa Mar.
ScATOPSE Oeof.

nitida Har.
DiLOPHUs Mei.

fraternus Har.

lugubris Har.
Leja Mei,

triplagiata Har.

ziczac Har.

obscura Har.
Pedicia Lat.

rostrata? Say.

ASILIDJE.

Laphria Meig. .

thoracica Fab.

tergissa Say.

flavibarbis Har.

atribarbis Say.

posticata Say.

fulvicauda Say.

flavicoUis Say.

glabrata Say.

sericea Say.

saffrana Say.
DiocTRiA Meig.

octopunctata Say.
AsiLUS Linn.

sericeus Say.

aestuans Linn.

apicalis Weid.

lieros Weid.

vorax Har.

glauconotatus Har.

ansatus Har.
Empis Lin.

atritarsata Har.
Hybos Meig.

elevatus Har.
AcROCERA Meig.

obesa Har.

fasciata Har.

Anthracidje.

BoMBYLius Lin.

agqualis Fab.

fulvis Weid.
Anthrax Scop.

morioides Say.

analis Say.
lateralis Say.
scapulai'is Har.

Ehagionid^.

Thereva Lat.

nigra Say.
notata Wei.
frontalis Say.
plagiata Har.
Leptis Fab.
ornata Say.
plumbea Say.
bumeralis Har.
trifasciata Har.

DOLICHOPID^.

DoLicnoPUS Lat.

sipho Say.

atricornis Har.
Porphyrops Meig.

quadriplagiatus Har.

scutellaris Har.
Platypeza Meig.

appendiculata Har.

pallipes Say.

Tabniid^.

Chrysops Meig.

ferrugatus Fab.

vittatus Wei.

confusus Har.
Tabanus Linn.

atratus Fab.

cinctus Fab.

lineola Fch.

ferrugatus Fell.

molestis Say.

lineatus Fab,

divisus Har.

Xylophagid^.

Mydas Fab.

filata Lin.

clavata? Dru.
Coenomyia Lat.

pallida Say.

fuscitarsis Har.
Xylophagxts Fab.

lieros Har.

fascipennis Har.

politus Har.

570

AUTHENTIC HISTORY

Stratomyid^e.

Stratomts Oeof.

intermedia TFei.

abdominalis Har.

quadripunctata Kar.
Sargus Fah.

decoriis Say. '

scutellatus liar.

amoenifrons liar.

viridicinctus Har.
Chlorops?

pumilioiiis?

glabra?

Syrphyid^.

VoLrcELLA Qeof.

basalis Jlar.
Sericomyia Meig.

tuberculata Har.
Eristalis Meig.

coucavus 8ay. .

quadratus Say.

cylindricus Say.

sincerus Har.

posticatus Fab.

pterelas liar.

fascicollis Har.
Syrphus Lai.

lachrymosus Say.

gemiuattis Say.

marginatus Say.

obliquus Har.

vittatifrons Har.

simulatus Har.

angulatus Ilo.r.
Meromyza?

americana Fell.
Siphonella Meig.

obesa Fell.

vulgaris Fell.

autumnalis Fell.
Chrysogaster Meig.

ruficornis Har.
Pyrgota Weid.

undata Jlar.

valida Har.
MiLEsiA Lat.

ornata Fah.

excentrica Har.

obliqua Har.

analis Har.

verbosa liar.

PsARtJS Lat.

quadrifasciatus Say.
Merodon Meig.

bardus Say.

tubicornis Har.

curvipes Wei.
Xylota Meig.

ejuncida Say.

proxinia Say.

licematodes Say.
Rhingia Seo'p.

nasica Say.

CESTRIID^.

Grastrus Meig.

equi Linn.

lieemorrhoides?

veterinus?
CEsTRis Linn.

bovis Linn.
Cephalemyia.

ovis Linyi.
Cuterebra.

buccata Fab.

COXOPID^.

Myopa Fab,

vesiculosa Har.
CONOPS Linn.

Sagittarius Say.

interruptus Har.
Stomoxys Oeof.

calcitrans Fab.

pallida Har.

MUSCAID^.

EcniNOMYIA BlWl.

obesa Har.
tessellata Fab.
GoNiA Meig.
vertebrata Har.
basalis liar.
tarda Bar.

ACINIA.

solidagiuis Feh.
noveboracensis Fch.
Agromyza. . '

tritici Fell.

LUCILIA.

ceasar?
Gymnosoma Meig.

rotundata Linn.
Trichopoda Lat.

OF LANCASTER COUNTY.

.71

jugatoria Say.
OcYPTERA Meig.

lateralis liar.
Melaisophora Meig.

stygia Har.
Calliphora.

vomitoria Linn.

harpyia Har.
MuscA Lin7i.

clomestica Linn.

regina 3Ieig.

amoeiia Har.

liirticollis Har.

Tachinidje.

Tachina Fab.

plagiata Har.

vivida Har.

futilis Har,

algens Wei.

noctvue Har.

conica Har.
Sarcophaga Meig.

carnaria Linn.

georgina Wei.

Anthomyid^e.

Anthomyia Meig.

luiiatifrons Har.

ceparum Lin,

brassica Bon.

raphani Har.

tiniida Har.

lenis Har.
Tephritis Maq.

melliginis Fell.

quadrifasclatus Maq.

trimaculatus Maq.

tabellaria Fch.

asteris Har.
OsciNis.

tibialis FcJi.

coxendix Fell.

lineatus Har.
Homalomtia?

scalaris Har.
Borborus Meig.

planipes Har.
Cordylura Fal,

placida Har.

Scatomyzad^.

SCATOPHAGA Lat.

furcata liar.
postileua Har.

PlOPHILA?

casei Har.
Pyropa?

furcata Say.
LoxocERA Lat.

atriconiis Har.
LissoMYiA Say.

polita Har.

Ortilliad^.

Tetanura Meig.

pallida Har.
Sapromyza Fal.

subfasciata Har.
Teta^tocera Biim.

guttularis Wei.

canadensis 3Iaq.

saratogensis Fell.

cauta Har.

cribaria Har.
Calobata Meig.

anteanajpes Say,

cerasi Lin.

agilis Har.
DiOPSis Linn.

brevicornis Say.

subfasciatus Fell.
Hylemyia?

deceptiva Fell.

siniilis Fch.
Ortalis Fall.

colon Har.
Sepsis Fal.

pvitris Lin,

cylindrica Fab.
Trypeta 3Ieig,

picta Fah.

serpentaria Har,

cinctipes Har,

albiscutellata Har
Lauxaxia Lat.

lapsans Har.
Phora Lat,

velox Har,

HlPPOBASCID^.

Olfersia Lcli,
americaua Lcli.

HiPPOBOSCA Lcli,
equina"?

Orxithomyia Lcli.

5T2 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

confluens Say. Melophagus?

falconis Ear. oviiius Linn.

My scientific knowledge of tlie Diptera of Lancaster county is very limited, and
therefore the foregoing catalogue of these insects is nothing more than an imperfect
compilation from the works of Say, Harris and Fitch — with Harris' classification — as
an approximation to what may be presumed to be the dii^terous fauna of the county,
from its geographical position, and its relation to other portions of the northern and
middle States of the Union. S. S. R.

ORDER APIIANIPTERA.

This is the order Aptera of Macley, and includes the wingless insects; an example
of which is the common "Flea" — Pulex irritans. 'Not all insects however, that are
destitute of wings, are members of this order; for there are vaxious species, the females
of which are wingless, and in some instances both sexes, in other orders. As instances
of this kind, it maybe remarked, that several species of predaceous Coleoptei'a are vfings
less, although they have wing-covers. There are also wingless species both male and
female among the Orthoptera; and females among the Hemiptera; and among the Hym-
enoptera, and Lepidoptera, as Avell as the Diptera. This subject constitutes one of those
anomahes in natural history, which can only be solved by the patient and jjersevering
progress of the entomological student. The order Aplianiptera might perhaps be properly
restricted to a single small family. Pulecid^, wliich includes the various species
of fleas, that infest men and animals. The PoDURiD^, which by some entomol-
ogists are regarded as degraded species of Neuroptera, may, for the present with
some propriety, beplaced in this order. These insects undergo the usual trans-
formations, from the eg<^ to the imago, tliat all other insects do, but they lack the
distinctive divisions of head, thorax and abdomen, that characterizes the other orders,
being merely a series of segmental rings, from the head to the caudal termina-
tion of the abdomen. In their larva state they are long, distorted, wonnlike grubs,
which however spin themselves into a sort of silken coccoon, and assume the pupa form,
in which the legs, antennae, and sucking apparatus are visible. Emerging from this
state, they assume the mature form, in which t\\e Pulecidce have the hind feet developed
into leaping appendages, and the external integument tough and shiny, each segment
being fringed with a few stiff bristles. In this form they attack men and animals, living
upon the blood they extract from them by means of their powei'ful piercers.

PulEcid!^, arvalis Fch.

elegans FcJi.
PtjLEX Lin. noveboracensis Fell.

irritans Lin. "Common Flea." signifer Fell.

PODUKA.

nivicola Fell.
Symuthurus? Several other species.

hortensis i^c/t. Thtsanura. "Spring-tails."

PODURIDiE.

juvenilis Fch. Several species,

dorsalis Fch. Lepisma.

apicalis Fch. Several species,
maturus Fch.

The Poduridce, as before stated, are regarded by many naturalists as merely degraded
forms of Neuroptera, allying them with the genera Ephemera and Perla, and therefore
perhaps they cannot properly be classed Avith the Order Aptera, scientifically restricted.

OF LANCASTER COUNTY.

573

CLASS MYRIAPODA.

As the name implies, this class is composed of oblong or long animals, with many-
feet, of which there are not a large number of species found within the limits of Lan-
caster county; and although some of them are very common, yet very little attention
has been devoted to their specific history by a resident naturalist. Of this class there
are two divisions, very distinct in their structure, foi-m and habits — commonly called
Centipedes and Millipedes. "The Myriapoda are air-breathing apterous articulata, char-
acterized by the distinctness of the head from the body; the strongly marked segmen-
tation of the latter, and its method of development." According to specialists, they
constitute two distinct Orders, called Chilopoda, including the centipedes; and Diplo-
PODA, including the millipedes. The former are known, in many instances, to be car-
nivorous in their habits, and some of the latter are equally well known to be herbivo-
rous. The Chilopods comprise those that have the body flattened with a limited number
of segmental rings, to each of which is attached a single pair of feet, at the sides. The
diplopods on the other hand have the body tube-shaped, or cylindrical, with a double
pair of feet attached to each segment, beneath. The former are very swift runners,
whilst the latter seem to glide along very slowly, and when interrupted throw themselves
over on the side in a spiral coil. There is, however, a subdivision of the Chilopoda
called Chilognatha, which seems to be a connecting link between the two orders
above named. These possess the flattened bodies, with the legs articulated at the
sides; but there are two pairs to each segment, and like the diplopoda, they are slow
travellers. Large species of the diplopods — from three to four inches in length — are
found in the wooded valleys of Lancaster county, especially in the southern tier of
townships. These have been detected feeding upon the various species of fungi that
are common to those localities. Although the common names of Centipedes and Milli-
pedes, applied to these animals, would seem to indicate that they possess respectively a
hundred or a thousand feet; yet there are species that exceed the first number, but
none that reach the last.

ORDEB CHILOPODA.

Fam. I. Cermatid^.

Cermatia III.
forceps Wood.
coleoptrata? Say.

Fam. II. LiTHOBiiD^.

LiTHOBIUS LcTi.
americanus Nicp.

BOTHROPOLTS Wood.

multidentatus Nwp.

Fam. III. SCOLOPENDEID^.

Opisthemega Wood?
spinicauda Wood.

SCOLOPOCRTPTOPS Nwp.

sexspiuosa Niop.

Fam. V. Geophilidje.
Geophilus Sell.

cephalicus Wood.
Strigamia Cray.

fulva Sayer.

walkeri? Wood.

SUB-OBDER CHILOGNATEA.

Fam. I. Lysioptalid^.

Spirostrephon Brndt.
lactarius Say.
ctesioannulatus Wood?

Fam. II. POLYDESMID^.

POLTDESMITS Lat.

setiger Wood.
grauulatus Say.
sei'ratus? Say.
canadensis Mwp.
erythropygus Brndt.
hispidipes Wood.
virginiensis Dm.
corrugatus Wood.
trimaculatus Wood.

OBDEB DIPLOPODA.
Fam. I. JULID^.

574 AUTHENTIC HISTOKY

SpiROBOLrs Brndt. canaliculatus Wood.

marginatus Say. ' liqueatus.

JuLUS Linn. ceruleo-cinctus ^Yood.

pilosicautiTS Wood. hoi'tensis Wood.

canadensis Nicp. variegatus Wood.

immaculatus? Wood. stigmatosus? Brndt.

peusylvanicus Brndt. minutus? Brndt

The CMlognatha perhaps ought rather to be considered a sub-order of the Diplopoda
than the CMlopoda. They are diplopod in their pedal characters, and still have the flat-
tened bodies of the chilopods, with the legs articulated at the sides. The Class is cut
up into many orders, sub-orders, sub-families and sub-genera, to which, in a limited
list, it was not thought necessary to adhere. Nor can it be supposed, from the little
that is absolutely known of the local myriapoda of Lancaster county, that this list
includes all the local species. Sufficient are however enumerated and arranged, to give
some idea of what the county contains. With but limited material, assisted by the
excellent paper of Dr. Wood of Philadelphia, this list has been compiled.

IIERPETOLOGY.i

REPTILIA, CLASS OF REPTILES.

The animals belonging to this class have been long and tolerably well known under
the common names of Turtles, Terrapins, Snakes, Frogs, Toads, Lizards, Salamand-
ers, Newts, &c., and although generally harmless, the larger portion of our population
regard many of them with feelings of aversion. The class is usually divided into four
orders, namely, C HE L ONI A, 8 A URIA, OPHIDIA and B ARTE AC EI A, only a smaU
number of species of either of which are known to inhabit Lancaster county.

ORBER I. CEELOmA or TESTUBINATA— TURTLES.

CiSTUDA clausa — the common "land tortoise'' or "box turtle;" sparsely but widely

distributed over the county.
CheIiYDRA serpentina — the well-known "snapping turtle;" very much prized by epi-
cures, and found in all our streams, especially in ponds and mill-dams.
Emys (Graptemys, Ag.,) geographica — the peculiar yellow curved map-like lines with

which it is marked gave rise to the specific name.
(Chrysemys, Ag.,) picta — the scales of the carapace are beautifully bordered with

yellow, and the base with red markings, hence the common name of "painted

terrapin. ' '
(Nanemys, Ag.,) guttata — is distinguished by small yellow spots on the black

carapace; numbers are often associated together in the same pond, and sunning

themselves on a log, stone or stump, in the water.
(Glyptemis, Ag.,) insculpta — A pretty species, scales of the shell deeply grooved

in radiating lines from an elevated centre — legs and neck deep-orange colored

when young.
(Ptychemys, Ag.,) rubriventris — a doubtful species,
megacephela? — the large river terrapin ; at one time exceedingly numerous in the

Susquehanna river, but now becoming rather scarce. It is considered next in

excellence to the snapping turtle.
Ozothega, Ag., odorata — commonly called the "stink pot."

Contributed by Mr. J. Stauffer.

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 575

Thtrosternum pensylvanicum, Ag. The two last named species have a musky odor
and are called stink pots. The first can readily be distinguished from the second
by its more deeply marked scales and the small fleshy wai-ts under the chin,

OBDEB 11. SA UBIA—LIZABB8,

We have but two kinds
Tropidolepus undulatus — a brownish species with diagonal markings of black stripes

and spots.
SciNCUS fasciatus — the five-striped lizard; a specimen from East Florida appears to be

identical with ours.

OBDEB III. OPHIDIA or SEBPENT8.

Family — Grotalid^t;.

Crotalus horridus — "Bastard Rattle-snake," without the rattle; venomous; rare.
Distinguished from the true rattle-snake mainly by the absence of rattles. Occa-
sionally along the mountain ranges specimens may be found.

Trigonocephalus contortrix, Holb., — the "Copperhead"; venomous. This reptile is
still found in the county, and especially along its wild southern border, where in
some localities, it is by no means rare.

Family — CoLUBERiDiE.

Bascanon constrictor, B. ^' 0. — Black-snake — by way of distinction called the racer.

Not venomous.
ScOTOPHis allighaniensis, B. §^ 0. — Also a common black snake, but not so slender as

the racer.
Nerodia sipedon — common water snake; abundant, but harmless.

fasciata — a very pretty mottled species of water snake.
Regina lebris — subaquatic in its habits.
Entainia sirtalis — the common garter snake; also resorts to the water in pursuit of

tadpoles and other species of aquatic animals,
sauretia — the swift garter snake, also called the "ribbon snake"; is more slender,

and the stripes broader and more distinct than in the common species.
Ophibolus eximeus — the common "house snake"; is beautifully mottled with brown

spots, with dark margins on a light ground. A specimen three feet long was cap-
tured near Lancaster, and is now in the Museum of the Linnasan Society.
Heterodon platyi'hines — commonly called the "Viper" or "Blower"; but unlike the

true viper, -fvhich is a foreign species, it is entirely harmless, although sometimes

making a great show of pugnacity.
DiADOPHis punctatus — the ring-necked snake; is not rare.
Storeyia deKayi — quite common within the limits of Lancaster city, with small

black spots along the dorsal line and sides; color in larger specimens of a

brick red.
Celtjta amcBua — ground snake, or worm snake.

It may be added in conclusion, that there are persons now living in the county of
Lancaster, who verily believe they have seen a species of green-snake within its limits
many years ago, but no recent case has occurred in confirmation of such a belief.

IV. OBBEB BATBACHIA—FB008 AND 8ALAMANDEBS.

Family — Urodelid^.

Salamandra erythronota — the most common species, under stones and logs; dark color
with a yellowish dorsal stripe.

576 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

conicauda — a beautiful bright yellow species, with black spots and long tail,
symmetrica — a reddish brown species with crimson spots,
rubra — red with black spots,
glutinosa — a glutinous species of a bluish color.
Amblystoma opaca — terrestrial in their habits, but partial to moist localities.
Triton millepunctatus — this species is aquatic and has a membrane along the tail, fin-
like. There are perhaps other species inhabiting Lancaster county, as such have
been captured in adjoining counties.
Menopoma allighaniensis — this is the "hell-bender" of the fisherman; it is the largest
species known to our county, and within the past few years has become com-
mon in the Susquehanna, and has been captured at Safe Harbor, Columbia and
Marietta. A specimen in the collection of the Linnsean Society is nearly eigh-
teen inches in length.

Family — Ranidje.

Eana pipens — our most common species of frog. This species was at one time very

numerous in the county of Lancaster, but being diligently sought by epicures as

a delicate edible table relish, is becoming very rare, especially as its favorite

haunts are rapidly being drained and giving way to cultivation.

fontinalis — commonly called the "Bull-frog," and is distinguished from the common

species by dermal folds along the dorsal line; one taken near Lancaster city,
halecina — the spotted or shad-frog,
sylvatica — the wood-frog,
palustris — the marsh-frog.
Hylodes gryllus — the small cricket-frog.

Hyla versicolor — the northern tree-frog or tree-toad. There seem to be two kinds of
tree-frogs in Lancaster county, unless the difference in color is merely sexual;
one is a dark faun color, mottled with black; the other has small eyes, more
prominent and of a greenish color, with only a large blotch across the shoulders
and a dark band on the thighs.
BuFO americanus — the common toad; repulsive to some people, but at the same time
harmless and useful in gardens as an insect scavenger,
erythronotus — deemed a southern species, but found in the county.

ICHTHYOLOGY.I

«

ORDER I. ACANTUOPTERTOIL

The fishes belonging to this Order have two dorsal fins, the anterior of which has
spiny rays.

Family — Percidje.

Perca flavescens, the common American yellow perch, is extensively distributed.

They rarely attain a length of 12 to 1 5 inches. One specimen recorded weighed 2|

pounds. This is the only species we have.
Labrax lineatus — the striped bass or rock fish; well known, and many are taken at

Safe Harbor and elsewhere on the Susquehanna river. They vary greatly in size ;

specimens weighing 77 pounds have been taken.
LucioPERCA, Cuv. (Stizostedion, Raf.) — the yellow pike-perch of the Susquehanna, 12

to 18 inches long.
POMOTis — Sunfish.

1 Contributed by Mr. J. Stauffer.

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 577

maculatus, the moccasin; varies in different localities and seasons and resembles P.
jibbosus and P. catesbei.

appendix (Ichtlielis appendix) has a prolonged rounded point to the operculum.
Brittus tlavescens — a name suggested by the writer for a butter-yellow species caught
at Safe Harbor, apparently undescribed, resembling a Brittus and the butter-fish
of Western waters. Prof. Cope saw the sjiecimen and deemed it new and un-
named.

Family Etheostomid^e.

This family, recently established, embraces several genera of small species and ap-
pears to be exclusively limited to the fresh waters of the northern portions of the
Western Hemisphere.

Prof. S. S. Haldeman describes two species of Pekcina, as a sub-genus. The P.
nebulosa and P. minima. The Pileoma belongs here. The Boleosoma tessellatum,
is abundant near Lancaster, in a small stream emptying into tlie Conestoga below
the Railroad Bridge. Having no SAvimming-bladder it is not seen suspended in the
water, but always at the bottom. We have also a species of ETHEosTOiiA, described as
new by Prof. E. D. Cope, in the Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of
Philadelphia, for September and October, 1864, from a specimen sent him from the Con-
estoga, near Lancaster, which he named, peltatum, Stauffer. It is a beautiful little
fish, with broad black markings over the opercle, and around the eyes. The only other
fish belonging to this order found in the county known to me, is the CoTTUS viscosus,
JIald., found in a few localities, in clear spring Avafer flowing through meadows, border-
ed by turf and having a shallow pebbly bottom. This fish is rather slimy, and 3 inches
long. The spines are stout. Fishes of this genus are properly called bull-heads. Our
species was first described by Prof. S. S. Haldeman, in 1840.

ORDER 11. MALACOPTEBI.

This order embraces fish having all the fin-rays soft and cartilaginous, with the excep-
tion of the first in the dorsal and the first in "the pectoral, as in the

Family Silurid.e — Cat-fislies.

These have the skin naked, mouth bearded with long filaments and a second adipose
or fatty dorsal fin. Our cat-fish were formerly embraced in the genus Pimelodus,
which are all South American fishes. They are now divided into six genera, of which
we have the

Aminurus lynx, a large headed black species with a rounded caudal fin, and fin higher
than long at its insertion,
nebulosus. (A. albidus?) — has the anal fin short but broad on the base — a beautiful
light colored and gracefully shaped cat-fish frequently taken in the Conestoga.
We have two other undescribed cat-fish belonging to the genus
IcHTH^LTjRus, Raf. (Ictalurus Cope).— 3. P. McCaskey, September 9th, 1863, brought
me a specimen taken at Shenk's Ferry — nine inches long, of a yellowish or pale
olive color, having a silvery reflective and metallic blue on the sides, lateral line
straight, dorsal spine serrated, nape of the neck depressed — anal fin wide and
long, light colored, with prominent veins or blood vessels ramified over the fins.
This I named, Ichthselurus McCasJcei. The other species, taken by J. B. Ke-
vinski, Sept. 1863. Head moderate, body tapering, tail deeply furcated, color
dorsally black, sides slate colored, abdomen whitish. The anal fin long and
moderately high. From its gyrating motions when drawn from the water, I
should have named it I. gyrans, but this name is appropriated already to a dis-

38

578 AUTHENTIC HISTOEY

tinct species so I have named it, Iclitliaelurus KennsJcii. Several specimens
of blind cat-fisli have been taken in the Conestoga, two sent to Prof. Cope, of
■which he published a long account in the Proceedings of the Academy of Nat-
ural Sciences of Philadelphia, for 1864, p. 331. Another specimen was taken
in November, 1865. This proves to be a new genus and species, named by Prof.
Cope, GiiONiAs uigrilabris. The stone cat-fish, distinguished by having the supra
occipital separated, tail rounded, confluent with the adipose or second dorsal —
known as Noturus marginatus— (also Silurus gyrinus,) concludes this Family.

Family Salmonid.e — Salmon.

Fish having an adipose fin and scaly bodies, constitute this family. All the rays
of the fins are soft. Our common brook trout is the Salmo fontinalis of Mitchill.
These are very variable in color, and may embrace various species.

Family CLUPEiDiE — HerriiiD-.

Occasionally caught in the Susquehanna. The green herring is a species which is
almost identical with Mitchill' s Clupea vernalis; but our Susqu.ehanna herring have
the upper jaw distinctly notched, (the distinctive mark of the genus AL0SA,)but it dif-
fers in some respects from the Alosa menhaden or moss-bunker, and is more like our
Hickory shad, Alosa tyi-annis. The true Susquehanna shad is the Alosa praestabilis.

Family Saurid^e — Gar-pike.

The common hard-scaled gar of the Susquehanna, is the Lepidosteus osseus.
There seem to be several species, or at least distinct varieties. The banded or green
Gar belongs to the Esocid.e or Pike family, and is the Belone truncata; also, called
Bill-fish. The common pike belongs to the geuus Esox. We have variable species;
the E. i-eticulatus and umbrosus.

Family Axguillid^e — Eels.

Angtjilla macrocephala, Lesueur, the bull-headed, black or winter eel, also short-
nosed eel.
tenuirostris, the sharp-nosed eel.

argentea? The silver eel of the fisherman is a variety of this; its white abdomen
separated by a lateral line from the color above.

Family Cyprixid.e.

Prof. E. D. Cope, has published a synopsis of the CyprinidyE of Pennsylvania,

which is full and complete.

ExOGLOSSTJJi maxillingua is distinguished by its lobed under lip, a common fish which
takes the hook readily. The only species.

Semotilus rhotheus, the chub or fall fish. The S. corporalis also called chub, has
smaller scales, and a dark shade across the eyes.

Ceratichthys biguttatus, abounds in all the streams in the State, except those enter-
ing into the Delaware. It is called the horned chub, from the numerous tuber-
cles on the vertex and muzzle. In the breeding season they are often of a lively
red and yellow color,
micropogon, taken in Mill creek. Mr. Cope says "I only know this species from
specimens sent me by my friend J. Stauifer of Lancaster," whether it occurs in
any of the other hydrographic basins is not yet known. The head is shorter,
convex, a dark lateral and median dorsal band, caudal peduncle slender.

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 579

Argyretjs nasutus, tlie Dace, Rhinichthis ^^/ Cliondrostoma Heck., is found in bois-
terous and rocky streams, and takes the hook with tlie spring of a trout,
astronasus, the black-nosed Dace, Mitcli., is a favorite for Aquaria. In Spring they
are brilliantly colored with vermilion red and orange, found in the small stream
in the Dillerville swamp. Another, ^which I suppose to be the A. lunatus, is occa-
sionally met with.
Stilbe americana (abramis versicolor, deKay.) Its young are the minnows and
shiners.
Other small species are the Clinostomus fuuduloides and C. margarita.
Hypsilepis (Plargyrus, Baf.) ,

kentuckiensis.
coi'nutus.
Hybopsis procne. Prof. Cope has it from the Delaware, Schuylkill and Susquehanna,
where I originally saw it, but not further westward,
hudsonius, and a specimen closely allied to
FuNDULUS multifasciatus, peculiar in having a series of 13 bluish vertical bands — met
with in several localities near Lancaster. Also what I called the Cyprinella
analostoma, and the MoxosTOiiA oblongum. These latter are without a lateral
line, taken in Mill creek.
The Sucker Family comes next in order. The hammer-head, stone-roller or spotted
sucker, Catostomus longirostris, a variety of C. communis or black sucker, of a much
lighter color, accords with the description of C. pallidus. The large scaled sucker,
C. aureolus, is much like the C. macrolepidotus, which latter I consider the long-fimied
cliubsucker or Susquehanna carp; the other, the golden sucker or common Susquehanna
mullet, or mullet sucker. The Labeo cyprinus and Carpiodes cyprinus, are names
appUed to the Susquehanna carp.

A more extended investigation may reveal other species. This embraces all known
to the writer. With respect to the cartilaginous fishes, we have the lamprey, Ammo-
CCETUS bicolor. The colored mud-lamprey, and a parasitic species, perhaps Petromyzon
nigricans, which attaches itself to other fishes, and is the bluish lamprey. These are
only met with in the Susquehanna river, as far as now known.

580 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

FLOEA.

An enumeration of indigenous and naturalized Plants found growing in the County of

Lancaster, Pennsylvania.

By Thos. C. Porter,
Professor of Botany and Zoology in Lafayette College.

The following catalogue is based upon the results of explorations made during a resi-
dence in the city of Lancaster between the years 1853 and 18G6. All the plants con-
tained in it were seen and examined by the author, with the single exception of Quercus
phellos, L., and sjjecimens of the rarer species, about which there might beany question,
are at hand for reference in his own herbarium and in the herbaria of the Linna3an
Society and the State Normal School at Millersville.

In the annals of American Botany, Lancaster county is classic ground. It was the
home of the distinguished Mulilenberg, who probably collected on her soil, at the be-
ginning of the century, many of the species first described by him and by the German
Botanist Willdenou, with whom he carried on a long and active correspondence. He
left behind him in manuscript a Flora Lancastuiensis, which unfortvmately has either
been lost, or is no longer accessible.

The only list of the plants of the county heretofore published is the one in Rupp's
History. Its preface shows that it was compiled by the late Dr. William Darlington,
of West Chester. But, because it is acoynpilation, and because no fewer than 87 of its
species are inserted on the strength of msre conjecture, it was thought best not to use it
in the preparation of the present catalogue. Its (31 undetected phajnpgams and vascular
cryptogams were therefore ruled out — a loss more than compensated by the addition of
225, not including marked varieties.

The aim of the aiTthor has been to lay a good foundation upon which any one who
may wish to continue the work hereafter can build with confidence, for the field 'is by no
means exhausted. Much remains to be done, and new discoveries may be looked for,
especially in the unexi^lored northern and eastern portions of the county. On the
mosses and liverworts, little attention was bestowed, and by further search their numbers
might be largely increased.

In the arrangement and nomenclature, the fifth edition of Dr. Gray's Manual of the
Botany of the Noi-thern United States, (1868), has been followed. Naturalized and
adventive plants are indicated by italics. For the rarer species localities are given and
the names of the persons by whom they were communicated.

Easton, Pa., March 12, 1869.

CATALOGUE — SUMMARY OP CONTENTS.

PJmenogams. Indig. Nat. Total.

Exogens, 694 147 841

Endogens, 293 35 328

Cryptogams.

Acrogens, 47 47

Auophytes, 152 153

Whole No. of Species and Varieties, 1368

SERIES I.
PIIAENOGAMOUS, OR FLOWERING PLANTS.
GLASS I. DICOTYLEDONOUS, OB virginiana X. (Virgin's Bower.)
EXOGENOUS PLANTS. Anemone Z.

-r, virginiana L,

pennsylvanica L. Liberty Square, J. S.
Clematis L. Parry; Little Conestoga.

OF LANCASTER COUNTY.

581

nemorosa L.
Hepatica Dill.

triloba Ohaix. (Liverwort.)
Thalictkum L.

anemonoides Michx. (Anemone.)

dioicum L. (Early Meadow Rue.)

conmti L. (Tall Meadow Rue.)
Ranunculus L.

aquatilis L. var. trichophyllus, Chaix.
Litiz Spring.

alismaefolius Oeyer. Reinholdsville.

flammula L. var. reptans, Gray. On the
Susquehanna at Turkey Hill, J. M.
Seitz.

abortivus L.

sceleratus L.

recurvatus Poir.

pennsylvanicus L. On the Susque-
hanna.

fascicularis MuM. (Early Crowfoot.)

repens L.

bulbosus L. (Buttercups.)
Caltha L.

palustris Z. (Marsh Marigold.)
Aquilegia L.

canadensis L. (Wild Columbine. )
Delphinium L.

consolida L. (Larksi)ur.)
Hydeastis L.

canadensis L. Rich woods near Lancaster;
Conoy twp., Raid.
Actaea L.

alba Bigelow. Near Marticville.

CiMICIFUGA L.

racemosa Ell. (Black Snakeroot. )

Magnoliace^.

Magnolia L.

glauca L. Swamps near Smithville.

umbrella Lam.. First ravine on the Sus-
quehanna above the mouth of the
Tucquau.

acuminata L. On the road between Lan-
caster and Litiz stands a single large
tree, probably planted there. It may
occur wild in the hills around Mt. Hope
Furnace.

LiRIODENDIlON L.

tulipifera Z. (Tulip Tree.)

Anonace^.

AaiMiNA Adans.

triloba Dunal. (Pa-paw.)

Common

along the Conestoga and the Susque-
hanna.

Menispermaceje,

MSNISPERMUM L.

canadense L. (Moonseed.)

Berberidace^.

Caulophyllum Michx.

thalictroides Michx. (Blue Cohosh.)
Podophyllum L.

peltatum Z. (May Apple.)

ISTYMPHAEACEiE.

Brasenia Schreber.

peltata PursJi. Collins's Ferxy.
Nymphaea Tourn.

odorata Ait. Safe Harbor.
Nuphak Smith.

advena ^e<. (Spatter-dock.)

luteum Smith, var. pumilum Oray. Col-
lins's Ferry.

SARRACENIACEiE.

Sarracenia Tourn.
purpurea L. Sphagnous swamp between
Christiana and Georgetown, MissBake-
straw.

Papayerace^e.

Pap AVER L.

somniferum L. (Poppy.)

dubium L. (Field Poppy.)
Argemone L.

mexicana L. Escaped from gardens.
Chelidonium L.

majus L. Thoroughly naturalized along
the Susquehanna.
Sanguinaria Bill.

canadensis L. (Bloodroot.)

FUMARIACE.E.

DiCENTRA Borkh.

cucullaria|i). C. (Dutchman's Breeches.)
canadensis D. C. (Squirrel Corn.) Lib-
erty Square, J. S. Parry; Turkey HiU,
A. P. Oarber.

CORYDALIS.

glauca Pursh. Columbia; Mount Hope

Furnace,
flavula Baf. Common on the Susque-
hanna.
FUMARIA L.

582

AUTHENTIC HISTORY

officinalis L. Escaped from Gardens.
CRUCIFER.E.

Nasturtium, B. Br.

palnstre, D. C.

palustreD. C var. liispidum, Or ay.

armoracia Fries. Meadows above Cedar
Hill.
Dentaria L.

laciniata Muhl. (Tooth wort.)
Cardamine L.

rhomboidea D. G.

liirsuta L. (Bitter Cress.)
Arabis L.

lyrata L.

patens >S'«Zto, Near Columbia. Herb. S.

S. llaldeman.

laevigata D. C.

canadensis L. (Sickle Pod.)
Barbarea R. Br.

vulgaris R. Br. (Winter Cress.)
Erysimum.

clieiranthoides L. Islands and Banks of
the Susquehanna.
Sisymbrium L.

officinale L. (Hedge Mustard.)

thaliana., Oaud.
Brassica.

tinapistrum Boiss.

nigra, Gray. (Common Mustard.)
Draba L.

caroliniana Walt. Graeff's Landing.

verna L.
Camelina Graniz.

sativa Grantz.
Capsella Vent.

hursa-pasioris M(£nc'h. (Shepherd's Purse)
Lepidium L.

virginicum L. (Wild Pepper-grass.)

Capparidaceje.

POLAXISIA

graveoleus Raf. Safe Harbor.
ViOLACE.E.

SOLEA Oing, D. G.
concoloY Gin g. Poor House Hill; Turkey
HiU.
Viola L.
rotundifolia Miclix. Ravine near Martic

Forge,
primulfefolia i. New Texas; Smithville.
blanda Willd. New Texas; Martic Forge.

cucullata Ait.

cucullata Ait. Var, palmata, Gray.

cucullata Ait. Var. cordata, Gray.

sagittata Ait.

pedata L. (Bird-foot Violet.)

pedata L. Var. bicolor, Gray.

canina L. Var. sylvestris, Regel.

striata Ait.

pubescens Ait. Var. eriocarpa, Ifutt.

pubescens Ait. Var. scabriuscula, T. Sf G,

tricolor L.

ClSTACE^.

Helianthemum Tourn.

canadense Miclix. Chesnut Hill.
Lechea L.

major Michx. On the Conestoga near
Eden.

minor Lam. (Pin Weed.) Chesnut Hill.

Droserace^e.

Drosera L.
rotundifolia i. (Sun Dew.) Swamp near
Smithville, New Texas.

Hypericace^.

ASCYRUM L.

crux-andreaj L. Below Peach Bottom;

mouth of the Tucquan.
Hypericum L.
pyramidatum Ait. Near Kauffman's

Mill, on the Little Conestoga, J. M.

Seitz.
IDroliticum L. Islands and Shores of the

Susquehanna,
ellipticum UooJc. Island at Safe Harbor.
2)erforatum L. (Common St. John's-

wort.)
mutilum L.

canadense L. Martic Forge, New Texas,
sarothra Miclix.
Elodea Adans.
virginica Nutt. Smithville, New Texas;

Mt. Hope Furnace.

CARYOPHYLLACE.E.

DiAXTHUS L.

armcria L. (Deptford Pink.)
Saponaria L.

officinalis L. Thoroughly naturalized
along the Susquehanna.
Vaccaria Medik.

vulgaris Host. Escaped from Gardens.

OF LANCASTER COUNTY.

583

SiLENE L.

stellata Ait.

nivea D. O. Islands of the Susque-
hanna,
pennsylvani ca J[/2c7i.c. Mt. Joy;Chesnut

Hill; Martic township.
armeria L. Escaped from Gardens,
antirrhina L.
Lychnis Tourn.

githago Lam. (Corn Cockle.)
Arenakia L.

serpyllifolia L. *

stricta Michx. Near Hershey's Mill,
lateriflora L. Swamp beyond Dillerville;
Banks of the Little Conestoga.
Stellaria L.
media, Smith.

pubera, Michx-, Peach Bottom/. J. Car-
ter.
longifolia Muhl. Safe Harbor; banks of
the Little Conestoga.

HOLOSTEUJI L.

u?nbellatum L. Thoroughly naturalized in
fields and copses around Lancaster city.
Cerabtium L.

vulgatum L. On the Conestoga ; rare.

viscosum L. Very common.

nutans Baf.

oblongifolium Torr. New Texas, on the
serpentine barrens.

arvense L.
S A GIN A L.

apetala L. Hill below Safe Harbor.
Spergtjlaria Pers.

rubra Presl; var. campestris Gray. Is-
land at Safe Harbor ; scarce.
Anychia Michx.

dichotoma Michx. Dry Hills.

MOLLUGO L.

verticillata L. (Carpet Weed.)
PORTULACACE^.

PoRTULACA Tourn.

oleracea L. (Common Purslane.)
Talinum Adans.

teretifolium Pursh. New Texas, on the
serpentine barrens, J. J. Garter.
Claytonia L.

virginica L.

Malvaceae.

Malva L.
Totundifolia L. (Mallows.)

SiDA L.

spinosa L. Sandy banks of streams.
Abutilon Tourn.
avicennm Gaertn.
Hibiscus L.

moscheutos X. Banksof the Conestoga;

Shock's Mill above Marietta,
militaris Guv. Islands of the Susque-
hanna, at Safe Harbor.
trionum L.
syriacus. L. Escaped.

TILIACEJ3.

TiLIA L.
americana L. (Linden.)

LINACE.E.

LiNUM L.

virginianum L,

striatum Walt. Swamps near Dillei-ville
and Smithville.

usitatissimumL. (CommonFlax.) Along
railroad embankments and occasion-
ally in cultivated fields.

Geraniace^.

Geranium L.

niaculatum L.

carolinianum L.

columbimim L. Safe Harbor.
Erodium L'Her.

cicutarium L'' Her. Near Columbia, J.
Stauffer.
Flcerkea Willd.

]3roserpinacoides Willd. Banks of the
Conestoga above Cedar Hill.
Ijipatiens L.

pallida N^itt. (Pale Touch-me-not.)

fulva Nutt. (Spotted Touch-me-not.)
Oxalis L.

violacea L.

stricta L. (Yellow "Wood-sorrel.)

EUTACE.E.

Xanthoxylum Golden.

americanuni Mill. On the Conestoga.
AiLANTHus Desf.

glandulosus Desf. Naturalized at
Chickies.

Anacardiace^.

Ehus L.

584

AUTHENTIC HISTORY

typhina L. (Stagliorn Sumach.) River

Hills,
glabra L. (Smooth Sumach.) .
copallina L.
venenata D. (J . Swamps near Diller-

ville and Martic Forge.

toxicodendron L, . . , .

VlTACEiE.

YiTis Tour 11.

labrusca L. (Fox Grape. )

SBstivalis MicJix. New Texas.

cordifolia J/ic/j.i'. (Summer Grape.)

riparia Michx. On tlie Susquehanna.
Ampelopsis Michr.

quiuquefolia Michx. (Virginia Creeper. )

Khamnace^e,

Ceanothus L.

americanus L. (New Jersey Tea.)
Celastkus L.

scandens L.
Etjonymcs Tourn.

atropurpurens Jacq. (Burning Bush.)

americanus L. Peach Bottom.

Sapindace^.

Staphtlea L.

trifolia L. (Bladder Nut.)
Acer Tourn.

saccharinum Wang. (Sugar Maple.)

dasycarpum Ehrh. (Silver M.)

rubrum L. (Red M.)
Negundo Manch.

aceroides Mtxnch. Along the Conestoga.

POLYGALACE^.

PoLYGALA Tourn.
incarnata L. Near Pleasant Grove, J. J.

Carter.
sanguinea L. Pleasant Grove; Martic

Forge,
nuttallii^r. cV G. Smithville; New Texas,
cruciata i>. Smithville; New Texas,
vei'ticillata L.
ambigua Nutt.

senega L. j\It. Joy, J. Siauffer.
paucifolia Willd. Bart township.

LEGUMINOSyE.

LupiNUS Tourn.

lierennis L. Chesnut Hill; New Texas.
Crotalaria L.

sagittalis L. (Rattle Box.) Near Willow
Street.
Trifolium L.

arvense L. (Rabbit-foot Clover.)

2)ratense L. (Red C.)

rejjens L. (White C.)

agrarium L. (Yellow, or Hop C.)

proGumbens L. (Low Hop C.)
Melilotcs Tourn.

officinalis Willd. Waste grounds near
Lancaster.

alba Lam. Escaped from gardens.
Medicago L.

satica L. (Lucerne.) Fields near Millers-
ville.

lupulina L. Around Lancaster.
Robinia /.

pseudacacia L. (Locust Tree.)
Tepiirosia Pers.

virginiana Per.^. Chesnut Hill.
Desmodium D. C.

nudiflorum B.C.

acuminatum D. C.

rotundifolium D. C.

canescens B.C.

cuspidatum T. ^- O.

dillenii Darlington.

panieulatum Z>. C

canadeuse I). C. Swamp near Dillerville.

sessilifolimn T. S,- G. IMouth of the Tuc-
quan.

rigidum 1). C. New Texas, J. J. Carter.

ciliare D. C-

marilandicum I). C.
Lespedeza Michx.

procumbens Michx.

repens T. §• G. Chesnut Hill.

violacea Pers. var. divergens. Gray.

violacea Pers. var. sessilitiora, Gray.

violacea Pers. var. angustifolia Gray.

stuvei"? Nutt. Chesnut Hill.

liirta Ell.

capitata Michx. On the Susquehanna.
Stylosantues Swartz.

elatior Sicartz. Chesnut Hill; Willow
Street.
YiciA Tourn.

sativa L. (Vetch or Tare.)

cracca L.

caroliniana Walt. Herb. S. S. Haldeman-

americana Muhl.
Lathyrus L.

palustris L. Swamps beyond Dillei-ville.

OF LANCASTER COUNTY.

585

Apios Boerhaave.

tuberosa Moench.
Phaseolus L.

perenuis Walt. On the Conestoga.

helvolus L. On the Susquehanna.
Clitokia L.

maiiana L. Newtown, Rapho Township,
J. Stauffer; very rare.
Amphicakpa eh.

monoica Nutt.
Galactia p. Browne.

glabella MicJix. Cedar Hill ; rare.
Baptisia Vent.

tinctoria B. Br. (Wild Indigo.)
Cercis L.

canadensis L. (Red Bud.)
Cassia L.

marilandica L. (Wild Senna.)

chamsecrista L.

nictitans L.
Glkditschia L.

triacantJws L. Spontaneous around
dwellings.

RoSACEJi.

Prunus Tourn.

americana Marsliall. (Wild Plum,)

pumila L. Swamp near Smithville ; New
Texas, /. J. Carter.

virginianai. (Choke Cherry.) Chest-
nut Hill.

serotina Ehrli. (Wild Cherry.)
Spir^a L.

opulifolia X. (Nine Bark.)

salicifolia L. On the Susquehanna.

tomentosa L. New Texas, J. J. Carter.

lobata Mum. Meadows, New Texas.
GiLLENiA Moench.

trifoliata Moench. River Hills.

POTERIUM L.

canadense Gray. Swamps near Diller-
ville and the Gap.
Agrimonia Tourn.

eupatoria L.

parviflora Ait.
Geum L.

album Gmelin.-

virginianum L. Chickies.
POTENTILLA L.

noi-vegica L.

canadensis L. (Cinquefoil.)
canadensis L. Var. simplex, T. S^- 0.
arguta Pursh. Safe Harbor.

Fragaria Tourii.
virginiana Ehrh. (Wild Strawberry.)
vesca L. Rocks along the Conestoga.
RuBUs Tourn.

odoratus L. Below Binkley's Bridge,
strigosus Michx. Collins' Ferry,
occidentalis L. (Black Raspberry.)
villosus Ait. CBlackberry.)
canadensis L. (Dewberry.)
hispidus L. (Swamp Blackberry.)
Swamps near Smithville and Martic
Forge,
cuneifolius Pwj"s7i. (Sand Blackberry.)
Common on the hills south of the Pe-
-quea.
Rosa Tourn.
Carolina L. (Swamp Rose. )
lucida Ehrh.

o'uhiginosa L. (Sweet Briar.)
Crataegus L.
cocciuea L.
tomentosa L.

crus-galli L. (Cockspur Thoru.)
Pyrus L.
coronaria L. (Crab Apple, j Near Mau-

heim; Mt. Nebo; Conoy twy.
arbutifolia L. Var. melanocarpa, Gray.
Amelanchier Medic.
canadensis T & J. Var. Botryapium,

Gray.
canadensis T. & J. Var. oblongifolia.
Gray.

Saxifragace.e.

RiBES L.

hirtellum Michx. Chesnut Hill.

floridum L.
Hydrangea Gronov.

arborescens L. River Hills.
Saxifraga L.

virginieusis Michx.

pennsylvanica i. Manlieim; New Texas;
MillersviUe.
Heuchera L.

americana L. On the Conestoga.

pubescens Pursh. Along the Susque-
hanna.
MiTELLA Tourn.

diphylla L. (Mitre-wort. J
Chrysosplenium Tourn.

americanum Schweinitz.

Crassulaceje.

586

AUTHENTIC HISTORY

Penthorum Gronov.

sedoides L.
Sedum Tourn.

ternatum Michx. Rocks along tlie Sus-
quehanna.

telcphium L. Escaped in some places.

Hamamelace.e,

Hamamelis L,
virginica L. (Witch Hazel.)

OXAGRACEiE.

CiRC^A Tourn.

lutetiana L.
Gaura L.

biennis L.
Epilobiuji L.

angnstifolium L. Christiana; New Texas.

palustre L. Var. lineare, Gray. Swamp
South of ^larticville.

molle Tourn. Swami) beyond Dillerville.

coloratum Mulil.
Oenothera L.

biennis L. (Evening Primrose.)

fruticosa L.
Ludwigia L.

alternifolia L.

palustris Ell.

Melastomace^e.

Rhexia L.
virghiica L. New Texas; IMouth of the
Tucquan.

Lythrace.e.

Ammaxnia Houston.

humilis Michx. Chickies; New Texas.
Cuphea Jacg.

viscosissima Jacg.

CACTACEiE.

Opuntia Tourn.

vulgaris J/i7J. (Prickly Pear.) On Rocks
at tlie head of an Island above Peach
Bottom.

PASSIFLORACE.E.

Passiflora L.

lutea L. Safe Harbor; ]Mouth of the
Tucquan.

CUCURBITACE^,
SiCTOS.

angulatus L. (Nimble Kate.)

ECHINOCYSTIS T. & 0.

lobatus T. & G. Near Bainbridge, A.J.
Garber.

Umbellifer^.

Hydrocotyle Tourn. ^

ranunculoides L. Columbia.

americana L.
Sanicula Tourn.

canadensis L.

marilandica L.
Daucus Tourn.

carota L. (Wild Carrot.) Most thor-
oughly naturalized.
Heracleum L.

lanatum Michx. (Cow Parsnips.)
Pastinaca Tourn.

sativa L. (Wild Parsnip.) Fully natu-
ralized.
Archemora D. C.

rigida D. C. New Texas, /. J. Carter.
Archangelica Jloffm.

hirsuta T. & G.

atropurpurea lloffili. Swamps around
Lancaster.
Thaspium Nutt.

barbinode Ifutt.

aureum liutt. Swamp beyond Diller-
ville.

trifoliatum Gray.

ZlZIA I). C.

integerrima D. C. Poor House Hill.
Bupleurum Tourn.
rotu n difoUum L. Escaped in some places.

CiCUTA L.

maculata L. (Spotted Cowbane.)

bulbifera L. Collins" s Ferry.
Siuji L.

lineare Michx.
Cryptot^nia D. C.

canadensis D. C.
Ch.erophylltjm L.

procumbens Lam. On the Conestoga.

sativum Lain. Near the Poor House.
OSMORRHIZA Raf.

longistylis D. C. (Sweet Myrrh.)

brevistylis D. C.

ARALIACE.E.

Aralia Tourn.

spinosa L. Escaped from cultivation,
racemosa L. (Spikenard.)

OF LANCASTER COUNTY.

>87

hispida Michx. Above Columbia, J. Stauf-

fer.
nudicaulis L.
quinquefolia Gray. (Ginseng.) Herb.

Wm. Gill.
trifolia Gray.

CORNACE^.

IJoRMUs Tourn.

canadensis Z,. Mt. Hope Hills, /. Stauffer.

Horida X. (DogAvood.)

circinata U Hev. Cedar Hill.

sericea L.

paniculata L'Hev.

alternifolia L.
Cntssa L.

multiflora Wang. (Sour Gum.)

Caprifoliace^.

LONICERA L.

sempervirens Ait. Banks of the Cones-
toga; New Texas, /. J. Garter.

parvifiora Lai^i. Banks of the Conestoga.
DiERViLLA Tourn.

trifida, blanch. Chesnut Hill; near Safe
Harbor,
Tkiosteum L.

perfoliatum L.

angustifolium L. Mt. Joy, /. Stauffer.
Sambucus Tourn.

canadensis L. (Common Elder.)

pubens Michx. (Red-berried Elder.)
Chickies; Turkey Hill.
Viburnum L.

lentago L. New Texas; Bart township.

prunifolium jL. (Black Haw.)

nudum L. Bart township; Smithville.

dentatum L. Bart township.

acerifolium i.

EUBIACE^.

Galium L.
aparine L. (Bedstraw.)
aspi'ellum Michx.
concinnum T. ^- G. Near Mt. Joy, J.

Stauffer; on an island at the mouth of

the Tucquan.
tritidum i., var. tinctorium Gr.
triflorum Michx.
pilosum Ait.
circaezans Michx.
lanceolatum Torr. Below Binkley's

Bridge.

boreale L. Banks of the Conestoga.
DiODIA L.

teres Walt. Hills south of the Pequea.
Cephalanthus L.

occidentalis L. (Butter Bush.)

MiTGHELLA L.

repens L. (Partridge Berry.
HOUSTONIA L.

purpurea //., var. longifolia, Gray. Ches-
nut Hill,
casrulea L. (Bluets. )

Yalerian.\ce.e.

Valekiana Tourn.

pauciflora Michx. On the Little Cones-
toga beyond Millersville, A. P. Garber.
Fedia Gaertn.

olitoria Vahl. (Corn Salad.)

radiata Michx.

DiPSACE.E.

DiPSACUS Tourn.
sylvestris Mill. (Wild Teasel.)

Composite.

Verxonia Schreb.

noveboracensis WilM. (Iron Weed.)
Elephantopus L.

carolinianus Willd. (Elephant's Foot.)
Peach Bottolu.
LiATRis Schreb.
spicata Willd. New Texas; Martic Forge;
Island at the mouth of the Tucquan.
KUHNIA L.

eupatorioides L. Cedar Hill.
EuPATORiUM Tourn.
purpureum i. (Joe Pye Weed.)
hyssopifolium i. Collins' s Ferry; above

McCall's Ferry on the Susquehanna,
teucrifolium Willd. Swamps in Martic

to%vnship and near New Texas,
rotundifolium i. On the Susquehanna

below Peach Bottom,
sessilifolium i.
perfoliatum i. (Boneset.)
ageratoides i.

aromaticum i. Chesnut Hill.
MiKANIA Willd.

scandens Willd. Bart township; below
Martic Forge.

CONOCLIKIUM D. C.

ccElestinum Z>. C. (Mist Flower.) On the
Conestoga above Lancaster; on the

588

AUTHENTIC HISTORY

Susquehanna above McCall's Ferry.
Sericocakpus Nees.
solidagineus Nees. Swamp near Martic

Forge; New Texas, /. /. Garter.
conyzoides Nees.
Aster L.

corymbosus Ait.

macrophyllus L.

radula Ait. SAvamp west of Smithville.

patens Ait.

patens Ait., var. plilogifolius, Gray.

laevis L. Fruitville; New Texas, J. J.

Carter.
undulatus L.
cordifolius L.
ericoides L.

ericoides L., var. villosus, Gray.
ericoides L., var. gracilis. On the ser-
pentine barrens around New Texas,
mutitiorus Ait. Islands at Safe Harbor,
duniosus L. Martic township,
tradescanti L. On the Susquehanna,
miser L., Ait.
simplex Willd.
puniceus L.

isrenanthoides Muld. '

preuanthoides MuhLXar. scaber, T. & G.
novae anglite L.
Erigeron L.
canadense L.
bellidifolium Muld.
philadelphicum L.
annuum Pers.

strigosum Muld. '

DiPLOPAPPus Cass.
linariifolius Hook. Cedar Hill; Pleasant

Grove,
umbellatus Torr. ^' Gr. Island at the

mouth of the Tucquan.
amygdalinus Torr. ^- Gr. Swamj) near

Martic Forge,
cornifolius Darlington. Mt. Nebo.
BoLTONiA VRer.
glastifolia Ij Her. Islands and shores of

the Susquehanna.

SOLIDAGO L.

bicolor L.

latifolia L.

csesia L.

virga-aurea L. Var.humilis, Gray. Rocky

islands at McC all's Ferry,
neglecta Torr. §■ Gr. New Texas, J. J.

Carter.

patula Muhl.

arguta Ait. Safe Harbor; New Texas.

muhleubergii Torr ^ Gr. River Hills.

altissima L.

ulmifolia Muld.

odora Ait. Below Peach Bottom.

nemoralis Ait.

canadensis L.

canadensis L. Var. ijrocera T. cS' G.

serotina Ait.

gigantea Ait.

lanceolata L.
Chrysopsis Nutt.

mariana Nutt. Pleasant Grove.
Inula L.

helenium L. (Elecampane.)
Baccharis L.

halimifolia L. Marsh South of New
Texas; very scarce.

POLYMNIA L.

canadensis L. Above Shenk's Ferry;

rare,
uvedalia Z. (Leaf Cup.)

SlLPHIUM L.

trifoliatum L. On the Susquehanna
above McCall's Ferry, A. P. Garter.
Ambrosia Tourn.

tritida L. (Rag Weed. )

artemi siae folia i. (Hog Weed.)
Xanthium Tourn.

strumarium L.

spinosum L. Washington; New Texas.

ECLIPTA L.

procumbens J/u^/«a;. On the Susquehanna.
Heliopsis Pers.

lajvis Pers.
Rudbeckia L.

laciniata L. . >

fulgida Ait.

hirta L.
Helianthus L.

giganteus L.

strumosus L.

strumosus L. Var. mollis, T. ^ G. Wood-
ward Hill.

divaricatus L.

decapetalus L.

doronicoides Lam. Along the Susque-
hanna.

tuberosus L. (Jerusalem Artichoke.) Es-
caped.
Actinomeris Nutt.

squarrosaiV"i<<;'. Common.

OF LANCASTER COUNTY.

589

Coreopsis L.
tripteris L. On the Susquehanna above
McCall's Ferry.

BiDENS L.

frondosa L.
connata Muhl.

cernua L. Swamp near Dillerville.
chrysauthemoides Michx.
bipuinata L. (Spanish Needles.)
Helen lujr L.

autumnale L.
Makuta Cass.

cotulaJD. G. (May Weed.)
Anthemis L.

arveiisis L. Cohimbia; Lancaster.
Achillea L.

Millefolium L. (Yarrow.)
Leucanthemum Tourn.

vulgar e Lam. Ox-eye Daisy.
partJienium, Qodron. (Feverfew.) Es-
caped.
Tanacetum L.

vulgare L. (Tansy.) Escaped.
Gnaphalium L.
polycephalum Michx. (Everlasting.)
uliginosum L.
purpureum L-
Antennaria Gartn.

margaritacea, R. Br. Gap Hills; Mt.
Hope,
plantaginifolia Hool:.
Filago Tourn.

germanica L. Bainbridge; New Texas.
Erechthites Baf.

hieracifolia Baf, (Fire Weed.)
Cacalia L.
suaveolens L. Below the mouth of the

Pequea; on the Little Conestoga.
reniformis MuM. Islands of the Susque-
hanna,
atriplicifolia L.
Senecio L.

aureus L. Var. obovatus, T. ^ <?.
Arnica L.

nudicauUs Ell. New Texas, J. J. Carter.
Centaurea L.

eyanus L. (Blue Bottle.) Escaped.
CiRsiUM Tourn.
lanceolatum, Scop. (Common Thistle.)
discolor Spreng,
altissimum Spreng
muticum Michx.
pumilum Spreng.

horridnlum Michx. Swamps beyond Dil-
lerville.

arvense, Scop. (Canada Thistle.) Noiih
and West of Lancaster.
Lappa Tourn.

officinalis All. (Common Burdock.)
CicnoRiuM Toicrn.

intybus L. (Cichory or Chicory.)
Krigia Schreh.

virginica Willd.
Hieracium Tourn.

scabrum Michx. (Rough Hawkweed.)

gronovii L.

venosum L.

paniculatum L.
Nabalis Cass.

albus Hooh.

altissimus Hook.

fraseri D. C. Near Martic Forge.

fraseri D. C. Var. integrifoli, T. §' G.
New Texas.
Taraxacum Ealler.

dens-leonis Desf. (Dandelion.)
Lactuca Tourn.

canadensis L. (Wild Lettuce.)

canadensis L. Var. integrifolius T.
^G.

MULGEDIUM CuSi.

aciuninatmn D, C.
floridanum D. C.
leucophasum, B. C.
SONCHUS L.

oleraceus L.

asper, Vill.

LOBELIACEJE.

Lobelia L.

cardinalis L. (Cardinal Flower.)
syphilitica L.

puberula Michx. New Texas, J. J. Car-
ter.
inflata i. (Indian Tobacco.)
spicata Lam.
kalmii L. Swamps beyond Dillei-ville,

CAMPANULACEiE.

Campanula Tourn.

rotundifolia L. (Hare-bell.) Rocks be-
low Wabank.

aparinoides Pursh.

americana X. On the Conestoga i
Specularia Blister.

perfoKata A, B. C.

590

AUTHENTIC HISTORY

Ericace^,

Gatlussacia H. B. K.

dumosa T. ^ G. Smithville; New Texas.

frondosa T. §' G. Safe Harbor.

resiiiosa T. §■ G. (Black Huckleberry.)
Vaccinium B.

macrocarpon Ait. (Cranberry.) George-
town.

stamineum L.

pennsylvanicum Lam. Fruitville.

vacillans Solander.

corymbosnm L.
Epiga^a L.

repens -L. (Trailing Arbutus.)
Gaultheria Kalm.

procunibens i. (Tea Berry.) Near Smith-
ville ; Chestnut Hill.
Letjcothoe Don.

racemosa Gray. Swamps at Smithville ;
Island at the mouth of the Tucquan.
Andromeda L.

mariana L. New Texas, J. J. Carter.

ligustrina Muhl.
Kalmia L.

latifolia L. (Common Laurel.)

angustifolia, Z«. (Sheep Laurel.) Smith-
ville ; New Texas.
Azalea L.

viscosa />. Bart Town.ship ; Smithville;
New Texas.

nudiflora L. (Wild Honeysuckle.)

RnODODENDRON L.

maximum L. (Rosebay. Great Laurel. )
Ravines along the Susquehanna.
Pyrola Tourn.

rotundifolia L.

elliptica N^Ut.

chlorantha Swartz. Turkey Hill.

secunda L. Herb. Wm. Gill.
Chimaphila Pursh.

umbellata, Nutt. (Pipissewa.)

maculata Pursh.

MONOTROPA L.

uniflora i. (Indian Pipe.)
hypopitysi.

Aquifoliace^.

Ilex L.

o-p&ca, Ait, (American Holly.) Around

McCall's Ferry,
verticillata Gray.
Isevigata Gray. Whitson's Mill, Bart

Township.

Ebenace^.

DiOSPYROS L.
virginiana L- (Persimmon.) Common
on the Susquehanna.

Plantagixace^.

Plantago l.
major L. (Common Plantain.)
lanceolata L. (Ripple grass.)
virginica L.

Primulaceje.

DODECATHEON L.

meadia i. (Hawk's Bill.) Rocks above
Graeff's Landing ; below Safe Harbor.
Triextalis L.

americana Pursh. Mt. Hope Furnace.
Ly'simachia lourn.
stricta Ait. On the Susquehanna,
quadrifolia L.
ciliata L.

lanceolata Walt. Oia the Susquehanna.
Anagallis lourn.
arvensis L. (Pimpernel.) Near Lan-
castei'.
Samolus L.

valerandi L. Yar. Americanus, Gray.
On the Conestoga, near Millersville ;
rare.

LeXTIBULACEuE.

Utricularia L.
vulgaris L. Collins's Ferry,
gibba L. Collins's Ferry.

BiGNOXIACEiE.

Tecoma Juss.
radicans Juss. Trumpet Creei^er. On the
Octorara, /. /. Carter.
Catalpa Scop., Walt.

bignonioides Walt.
Martynia L.
proboscidea Glox. (Unicorn Plant.) Es-
caped.

Orobanchace^.

Epiphegus Nutt.

virginiana Bart (Beech Drops.)
CoNOPHOLUs Wallroth.

americana, Wallroth. (Cancer Root.)
Cedar Hill.

OF LANCASTER COUNTY.

591

Aphyllon Mitchell.
uniflorum T. ^ G.

SCROPHULAEIACEiE.

Verbascum L.

Thapsus L. (Common Mullein.)

UattariaL. (MothM.)

lychnitisL. Speedwell Forge, J.Stauffei:
LiNARiA Tourn.

canadensis Spreng. Near New Texas.

vulgaris, Mill. (Toad Flax.)

SCROPHULARIA Toum.

nodosa L.
Chelone Tourn.

glabra L. (Turtle Head.)
Pentstemon Mitchell.

pubescens Soland. (Beard Tongue.)

MiMULUS L.

ringens L. (Monkey Flower.)

alatus L.
Gratiola L.

virginiana L.
Iltsanthes Raf.

gratioloides Benth.
Veronica L.

virginica L.

anagallis L. Swamp beyond Dillersville.

americana Schweinitz.

scutellata L. Collins' s Ferry.

officinalis L.

serpyllifolia L.

peregrina L.

arvensis L.

agrestis L. Very rare.

hedercpfolia L. On the Conestoga, below
Snavely's Mill.

BUCHNERA L.

americana L. Near Pleasant Grove, J. J.
Carter.
Gerardia L.

purpurea L. Swamp beyond Dillerville;
on the Susquehanna.

tenuifolia Vahl.

setacea Walt. Near New Texas, J. J.
Carter.

flava L.

quercifolia Pursh. Herb. Wm. Gill.

pedicularia L.
Castilleia Mutis.

coccinea Spreng. (Painted Cup.)
Pedicularis Tourn.

canadensis L. (Lousewort.)

lanceolata Michx.

Melampyrxjm Tourn.

americanum Michx. (Cow Wheat.)

ACANTHACE^.

Dianthera Gronov.
americana L. In the Conestoga and
Susquehanna.
PiUELLIA L.
strepens L. Banks of the Conestoga;
rare.

Yerbenace^e.

Verbena L.

angustifolia Michx. On the Susquehanna.

hastata L.

urticifolia L.

officinalis L. Near Lancaster; along the
Susquehanna.
LiPPiA L.

lanceolata Michx. Islands and shores of
the Susquehanna.
Phryma L.

leptostachya L. (Lopseed. )

Labiate.

Teuciuum L.

canadense L. (Germander.)
Trichostema L.

dichotomum L. (Blue Curls.)
IsANTHUS Michx.

cseruleus Michx. On the Susquehanna.
Mentha i.

viridis L. (Spear Mint.)

piperita L. (Pepper M.)

sativa L. On the Conestoga, near Lan-
caster.

canadensis L.

canadensis L., var. glabrata; Benth.
Shores of the Susquehanna.
Lycopus L.

virginicus L.

europseus L.

europa3us L., var. integrifolius, Gray.

eui'opa^us L., var. sinuatus. Gray.
LUNILA L.

mariana L. (Dittany.)
Pycnanthemum MicJix.

incanum MicJix.

clinopodioides Torr ^- Gr. Head of
Reed's Run, above the mouth of the
Tucquan.

muticum Pers.

lanceolatum Pursh.

592

AUTHENTIC HISTORY

linifolium Ptirsh.
Okiganum L.

vulgare L. Roadsides near Smithville.
Calamintha Mmncli.

clinopojdlum Benth. (Basil.)
Melissa L.

officinalis L. (Balm.) Escaped.
Hedeoma Pers.

pulegioides Pers. (Pennyroyal.)

COLLINSONIA L.

canadensis L. (Horse Balm.)
Salvia L.
lyrata L. Woods and meadows near
Lancaster.

MONAKDA L.

fistulosa L. (Wild Bergamot.)
LOPHANTHOS Benth.

nepetoides Benth.

scroplinlarieefolius Benth.
Nepeta L.

cataria L. (Catnip.)

glechoma Benth. (Ground Ivy.)
PnYS0STEC4iA Benth.

virginiana Benth. Islands of the Susque-
hanna.
Brtjnella Tourn.

vulgaris L. (Heal-all. )

SctJTELLAKIA L.

canescens Nutt.

pilosa Michx.

integrifolia L. New Texas ; Smithville.

nervosa Pursh. Cedar Hill,

parvula Michx. Chesnut Hill; New Texas.

galericulata L.

lateriflora L.
Makrubixjm L.

vulgare L. (Horehound.)
Stachys L.

palustris L. Var. aspera, Gi'ay. Safe
Harbor.

palustris L. Var. glabra. Oray.

LEONtTRXJS L.

cardiaca L. (Mothei-wort. )
Lamium L,

amplexicaule L. (Dead Nettle. )
purpui'eum L. On the Conestoga, below
Witmer's Bridge.

BORRAGINACE^.

EcHixJM Tourn.

vulgare L. (Blue Weed.)
Symphytum Tonrn.

officinale L. (Comfrey.) Escaped.

Onosmodium Michx.

virgiuiamim D. C. Cedar Hill.

LiTHOSPERMUM Toum,

arvense L. (Field Gramwell.j

latifolium Michx.
Mertensia Rotli.

virginica D. C. (Lungwort.)
Myosotis L.

palustris Withering. Var. laxa, Oray.
(Forget-me-not. )

verna Nutt.
Cynoglossum Tourn.

officinale L. (Hound's Tongue.)

virginicum L.

morisoni D. C

Hydrophyllaceje.

Hydrophyllum L.

vii'ginicum L.

canadense L. Turkey Hill; Island above
Peach Bottom.

appendiculatum Michx. Near Mt. Joy,
J. Stauffer; Herb. Wm. Gill.
Ellisia L.

nyctelea L. Along the Susquehanna.
Phacelia Juss.

pai'viflora Pursh. Along the Susquehana.

POLEMONIACE^.

Polemonium Toxirn.

reptans L. On the Conestoga.
Phlox L.

paniculata L. Peach Bottom; mouth of
the Tucquan.

maculata xj.

pilosa L. New Texas, J. J. Carter.

divaricata L.

subulata L. (Moss Pink.) New Texas,
J. J. Carter.

CONVOLVULACE.E.

Ipomjea L.

purpurea L. Escaped from gardens.

nil, Both. Fields, New Texas.

lacunosa L. Islands of the Susquehanna.

pandurata Meyer. (Wild Sweet Potato.)
Convolvulus L.

arvensis L. (Bindweed.) Near Lancaster.
Calystegia B. Br.

sepium R. Br. Islands of the Susque-
hanna.

spithamseaPwrs/;. Near Columbia; Man-
heim, J. Stauffer.

OF LANCASTER COUNTY.

593

CuscuTA Tourn.

epilinum, WeiJie. New Texas, J. J. Car-
ter.

tenuiflora Engelm. Shock's Mill, above
Marietta.

chlorocarpa Engelm. Islands at Safe Har-
bor.

gronovii Willd.

SoLANACEtE.

SoLANUM Tourn.

dulcamara L. (Bitter-sweet.)

nigrum L. (Night-shade.)

carolinense L. Bart twp. ; Millersville.
Phtsalis L.

philadeljihica Lam. Lancaster.

mscosa L.

pennsylvanica, L. Petersville.
NiCANDRA Adans.

physaloides Ocertn.
Lycium L.

vulgare, Duval. Escaped in some places.
Datura L.

stramo7iium L. (Thorn Apple.)

tatula L. (Purple T.)

Gentianaceje.

Sabbatia Adams.

angularis Pursh. (Am. Centaury.)
Erythraea Pers.
ramosissima, Pers. var . pulchella, Oriseb.
Abundant near Lancaster.
Gentiana L.
crinita Froel. Swamps beyond Diller-

ville.
ochroleuca Froel. New Texas,
andrewsii Oriseb.

saponaria L. Swamp at Smithville.
Bartonia MuM. '

tenella MuM. Swamp near Martic Forge.
Obolaria L.

virginica L. Martic township.
Menyanthes Tourn.
trifoliata L. (Buck Bean.) Swamp be-
yond Dillerville; Long Swamp, below
Eden.

Apocynace^.

Apocynum Tourn.
androssemifolium L. (Dog Bane.)
cannabinum L. (Indian Hemp.)
cannabinum L. Var. hypericifolium,
Oray.

89

ASCLEPIADACE^.
ASCLEPIAS L.

cornuta Decaisne. (Common Milkweed.)

phytolaccoides Pursh.

purpurascens L.

variegata L. Chesnut Hill.

quadrifolia Jacq.

incarnata L.

incarnata L. Var. pulchra, Oray. Smith-
ville.

obtusifolia MicJix. New Texas, /. J. Car-
ter.

rubra L. Swamps at Smithville and
Georgetown.

tuberosa L.

verticiUata L. Cedar Hill.
ACERATES Ell.

viridiflora Ell.
GONOLOBUS Michx.

obliquus B. Br. Cedar Hill, above
Shenk's Ferry.

Oleace^.

LiGUSTRXJM Tourn.

vulgare L. (Privet.) On the Conestoga.
Chionanthtjs L.

virginica L. (Fringe Tree.) Martic
Township; New Texas, /. J. Carter-
Fraxintjs Tourn.

americana L. (White Ash.)

pubescens Lam. (Red Ash.)

wividi^ Michx. f. (Green Ash.) Island at
Safe Harbor.

sambucifoHa Za?ra. (Black Ash.)

Aristolochiace^.

Asarum Tourn.

canadense L. (Wild Ginger.)
Aristolochia Tourn.

serpentaria L. (Virginia Snakeroot.)

Phytolaccace^.

Phytolacca Tourn.
decandra L. (Poke.)

Chenopodiace^.

CHENOPODItrM L.

album L. (Lamb's Quartei-s.)

album L. Var. boscianum, Oray. Safe

Harbor.
glaucum L. Streets of Lancaster.
urbicum L. Streets of Lancaster.

594

AUTHENTIC HISTORY

liybridum L. Safe Harbor.
botrys L.
amhrosioides L.

ambrosioides L. Var. antlielminticum,
Or. (Wormseed.) Columbia.
Blitum Tourn.
capitatum L. (Strawberry Elite.) Es-
caped from cultivation.

Amaeaxtace^.

Amarantus Tourn.
TiypocTiondriacus L.
faniculatus L.
retroflexus L.

retrofl.exus L. Var. chlorostacliys, Gray,
albus L.
spina sus L.

palustris L. (Leatlierwood.) Near Mt.
Joy, J. Stall ffer.

Santalace^.

POLYGONACE^.

Polygonum L."^.
orientale L. (Prince's Feather.)
pennsylvanicum L.

incarnatum Ell. On the Susquehanna,
persicaria L.

hydropiper L. (Smartweed.)
acre H. B. K.
hydropiperoides Miclix.
amphibium L. Var. aquaticum Willd.

In the Susquehanna at Safe Hai'bor.
amphibium L. Var. terrestre, Willd.
virginianum L.

aviculare L. Var. erectum, Roth,
terme MicJix. Chesnut Hill; New Texas,
arifolium L.

sagittatum L. (Tear Thimib.)
convolvulus L. (Wild Buckwheat.)
dumetorum L. Var. scandens Gray.
Fagoptrtjm Tourn.

esculentum Moencli. (Buckwheat.)

RUMEX L.

britannicaZ. (Pale Dock.) Safe Harbor.
crispus L. (Curled D.)
obtusifoUus L. (Bitter D.)
acetosella L. (Sheep Sorrel.)

Laurace^e.

Sassafras Nees.

officinale Nees.
LiNDERA Thunberg.

benzoin Meisner. (Spice Bush.)

Thymelace^e.

DiRCA L.

COMANDRA Kutt.

umbellata Nutt.

LORANTHACE^.
Phoradendron Nutt.

flavescens Nutt. (Mistletoe.) On two
gum-trees near Martic Forge.

Saueurace^.

Saururus L.

cernuus L. (Lizard's Tail.)

CeRATOPHYLLACEuE.

Ceratophtllum L.

dereersum L. (Hornwort.)

Callitrichacejs,

Callitriche L.
verna L.

Euphorbiace.e.

EupnoRBiA L.

maculata L.

hypericifolia L.

corollata L.

dentata Miclix. On the Conestoga near
the railroad-bridge, E. Diffenbaugh.

peplus L. Fruitville.

commutata, Engelm. Safe Harbor.

lathy ris L. (Mole Spurge.)
ACALYPHA L.

virginica L. . -

Phyllanthus L.

carolinensis Walt. On the Susquehanna.

Urticace^e.

Ulmus L.

fulva Michx. (Slippery Elm.)

americana i. (White E.)
Celtis Tourn.

occidentalis L. (Hackberry.)
MoRUS Tourn.

rubra L.

alba L. Along roadsides.
Urtica Tourn.

gracilis Ait.

dioica L. (Common Nettle. )
Laportea Gaudichaud.

canadensis, GaudiclMud.

OP LANCASTER COUNTY.

595

Pile A Lindl.

pumila Oray.
BcEHMERiA Jacq.

cylindrica Willd.
Parietarta Tourn.

j)ennsylvanica MtM.
Cannabis Tourn.

sativa L.

HUMULUS L.

lupulus L. (Hop.) On the Conestoga
and Susquehanna.

Platanace^.

Platanus L.
occidentalis L. (Buttonwood.)

JUGLANDACEiE.

JUGLANS L.

cinerea L. (Butternut.)
nigra L. (Black Walnut.)
Carta N^iU.
alba Nutt. (Shellbark Hickory. J)
sulcata Nutt.
tomentosa Nutt.
porcina Nutt. (Pig Nut. )
amara Nutt.

CUPULIFER^.

QuERcrs L.

albai. (White Oak.)

obtusiloba Michx. (Post Oak.) Kissel
Hill; near Marietta; New Texas; rare.

niacrocarpa Michx. On the Cocalico.

bicolor Willd. Islands of the Susque-
hanna.

prinus i. (Chesnut Oak.)

prinus i., var., monticola Miclix. (Rock
Oak.)

prinus L., var. acuminata, Miclix. (Yel-
low Chesnut Oak.) On the Conestoga;
rare.

prinoides, Willd. (Chinquapin Oak.)
Smithville.

phellos L. (Willow Oak.) Reported on
reliable authority as growing on the
Pequea near Good's mill.

nigra -L. (Blackjack.) Near Smithville ;
New Texas; rare.

ilicifolia Wang. (Scrub Oak.) New Texas.

coccinea Wang. (Scarlet Oak.)

coccinea Wang., var. tinctoria, Oray.
C Quercitron, or Black Oak.)

rubra L. (Red Oak.)

palustris Du Boi. (Pin Oak.) Conewago
Hills.
Castanea Tourn.

vesca L. (Chesnut.)

pumila Jfic/i.?;. (Chinquapin.) Near Mar-
tic Forge.
Fagtjs 'lourn.

ferruginea Ait. (Beech.)
CoRYLus Tourn.

americana Walt. (Common Hazelnut.)

rostrata Ait. (Beaked H.) Chesnut Hill.
OsTRTA Mitchell.

virginica Willd. (Iron Wood.)
Carpinus L.
americana Mielix. (Hornbeam.)

MYRicACE-a;.

Comptonia Solander.
asplenifolia Ait. (Sweet Fern.)

BETULACEiE.

Betula Tourn.

lenta L. (Sweet Birch.) River Hills,

nigra L.
Alnus Tourn.

serrulata Ait. (Alder.)

Salicace^.

Salix Tourn.

tristis Ait. New Texas.

humilis Marshall.

discolor Muhl.

sericea Marshall. '

petiolaris Smith.

purpurea L.

cordata Muhl. Islands of the Susque-
hanna.

cordata Muhl. Var. myricoides Oray.

lucida Muhl. Near Washington.

nigra Marshall.

nigra Marsh. Var. falcata Carey. Along
the Susquehanna.

fragiUs L. Var. russeliana Carey. On
the Conestoga.

alha L.
PopuLus Tourn.

tremuloides Michx. (Aspen.)

grandidentata Michx.

CONIFER.E.

PiNUS Tourn.
rigida Miller. (Pitch Pine.)
inops Ait. (Scrub Pine)

596

AUTHENTIC HISTORY

xa.iti.sMichx. (Yellow Pine.) A small grove

of it near Manheim.
Strobus L. (White Piue.)
Abies Tourn.

canadensis Michx. (Hemlock Spruce.)

JUNIPEKUS L.

communis L. (Common Juniper.) On
the Conestoga near Mill Creek; near
Reinholdsville.
canadensis L. (Red Cedar. J)

€LASS II. MONO CO TTLED ONO US,
OB ENDOGENOUS PLANTS.

Arace^.

Akis^ma Martius.

triphyllum Torr. (Indian Turnip.)

dracontium SchoU.
Symplocarpus Salisb.

foetidus Salisb. (Skunk Cabbage.)
Orontium L.

aquaticum L. (Golden Club.) Swamp
beyond Dillerville; Smithville.
Acorus L.

calamus L. (Calamus.)

Lemnace^.

Lemna L.

trisulca L. Run near Lancaster.

minor L. (Duck Weed.) Collins's

Ferry. ^
polyrrliiza L.

Typhacej];.

Typha Tourn.

latifoliai. (Cat Tail.)
Sparganium Tourn.

eurycarpum Engelm. Collins's Ferry.

simplex Hudson. Var. nuttallii Gr.

&\n\]AQyi Hudson. Var. androcladum Gr.

NAIADACEiE.

Naias L.

flexilis All. In the Susquehanna.

POTAMOGETON ToUTU.

natans L.

claytonii Tuckerm. Susquehanna.

hybridus Miclix. Near Christiana.

lonchitis Tuckerm. Susquehanna.

gramineus L. Susquehanna.

perfoliatus L.

crispus L. Conestoga and Susquehanna.

compressus L. Near Bainbridge.

obtusifolius Mertens §• Kocli. Run in
swamp beyond Dillerville; very rare.

pauciflorus PursJi.

pusilkis L.

pectinatus L. Susquehanna at Safe Har-
bor.

robbinsii Oakes. Safe Harbor; Wash-
ington.

Alismace^.

Alisma L.

plantago L. Var. americanum, Gr.
Sagittaria L.

variabilis Engelm.

heterophylla PursJi. Safe Harbor.

Hydrochardiace^.

Akacharis Bicliard.

canadensis Planchon.
Vallisneria Micheli.

spiralis L. (Eel Grass.)

Orchidace^.

Orchis L.

spectabilis L. River Hills.
Habenaria Willd., E. Br.
tridentata Hook. Mt. Hope Hills; Mar-

tic Swamp,
virescens Spreng. New Texas, /. J. Car-
ter.
viridis B. Br. Var. bracteata, Beiclien-
hach. Mt. Hope Hills. J. Stauffer;
Chiques, Herb. S. S. Haldeman.
ciliaris B. Br. Smithville; New Texas,
lacera B. Br. New Texas,
psycodes Gr.

fimbriata B. Br. Hills east of George-
town,
peramcena Gr. New Texas, J. J. Gar-
ter. Near the mouth of the Pequea.
GOODYERA iv. Br.

pubescens B. Br.
Spiranthes Bicliard.
latifolia Torr. Meadows near Millers-

villc.
cernua Bicliard.

graminea Lindl. Var. walteri, Gr.
gracilis Bigelow.
Arethusa Gronov.
bulbosa L. Swamps near Smithville and
Georgetown.
POGONIA Juss.
ophioglossoides Nutt. Smithville; New

OF LANCASTER COUNTY.

597

Texas,
pendula Lindl Near Shenk's Ferry, E.

DiffenbaugJi.
verticillata Hutt. Below Willow Street.
Calopogon B. Br.
piilchellus B. Br. Martic Swamp; New

Texas.

MiCROSTYLIS J^Utt.

ophioglossoides iV?««. New Texas, /. J.
Carter.
LiPARis Bichard.

liliifolia Bichard. Cliesnut Hill.
CoRALLORHizA HalUr.

innata B. Br. House Rock, Martic
Township.

odontorhiza Nutt.

multiflora NiM.
Aplectrum N^itt.

hyemale iVttW. (Adam and Eve.)
Cypripedium L.

parviflorum SaUtib. New Texas; Little
Conestoga; Reinholdsville.

pnbescens Willd. Near Martic Forge.

a.c2i\\\e Ait. Chicques; Smithville.

AMARYLLADACEJi:.

Narcissus L.
p8eudo-7iarcissus L. (Daffodil.) Escaped
at House Rock, Martic Townsliip;
near Miller sville, A. P. Garber.
Hypoxys L.
erecta L. (Star Grass.)

H^MODORACE^.

Aletris L.
farinosa L. Smithville; New Texas.

Iridace^.

Iris L.

versicolor L. (Blue Flag. )
virginica L. New Texas, J. J. Carter.
Parbakthus Ker.
cMnensis Ker. Bart township; New
Texas.

SiSYRINCHIUM L.
bermudianum L. Var. anceps Gr.
bermudianum L. Var. mucronatum G.

DlOSCOREACE^. .

Dioscorea Plumier.
viEosa L.

Smilace^..

Smilax Tourn.

rotundifolia L. (Green Briar. ^
glauca Walt. Swamp at Smithville.
hispida MuM. On the Conestoga.
herbacea i. ("Carrion Flower.^

LiLIACEiE.

Trillium L.
grandiflorum Salisb. Below Peach Bot-
tom, /. J. Carter.
erectum L. (Wake Robin.)
erectum L. Var. album, Gr. Liberty

Square, J. S. Parry.
cernuum L. Ravines near Martic Forge ;
Reinholdsville.
Medeola Gronov.

\ ii'ginica L. CIndian Cucumber-root. )
Melanthium Gronov. L.

virginicum L.
Stenanthiuji Gray.
angustifolium Gr. New Texas, J, J,
Garter.
Veratrum Tourn. «

viride Ait. (White Hellebore. J
Amianthium Gray.

muscsetoxicum Gr. (Fly Poison. j Hills
along the Octoraro.
Cham^lirium Willd.
luteum (rr. (Blazing Star.)

UVULARIA L.

perfoliata L. (BeUwort.)

sessilifolia L.
Smilacina Besif.

racemosa Be^f.

stellata Be^f. Silver /Spring, A. P. Gar-
ber.

bifolia Ker.
PoLYGONATUM Tourn.

biflorum Ell. (Solomon's Seal. J)

giganteum Bietrich.
Asparagus L.

officinalis L. Escaped from gai-dens.

LiLIUM L.

philadelphium L. Chesnut Hill.

canadense L. Smithville.

superbum L. New Texas, /. /. Carter;
Reinlioldsville.
Erythronium L.

americanum Smith. (Dog's-tooth Violet)

albidum Nutt. Turkey Hill. A. P. Gar-
ber.
Ornithogalum Tourn.

umbellatum L. (Star of BethlehemJ

"598

AUTHENTIC HISTORY

Escaped.
Allium L.
tricoccum Ait. Peach Bottom, J. J.

Carter.
cernuum Both. (Wild Onion. J
mneale L. CGarlic. )

canadense Kalm. Swamp near Dillerville.
MuscARi Toiirn.

■ botryoides, Mill. (Grape Hyacinth.} Es-
caped.

JUNCACE.E.

LUZULA D. C.

pilosa Willd. On the Conestoga near
Eden.

campestiis D. C.
JUKCUS L.

effusus i. (Common Rush.)

balticus Detliard. Swamps beyond Dil-
lerville.

marginatus Eostk.

bufonius L.
4 tenuis Willd.

tenuis Willd. Var. secundus, Engelm.
Safe Harbor; Reigart's Landing.

acuminatus Micli-x. Var. debilis, Engelm.
Swamp at Smith ville; rare.

acuminatus Michx. Var. legitimus,
Engelm.

acuminatus Michx. Vor. fraternus En-
gelm.

nodosus L. Swamps beyond Dillerville.
SciKPOiDEs Lam. Var. macrostemon, En-
gelm. Island at the mouth of the Tuc-
quan.

canadensis J. Gay. Var. longicaudatus,
E7igelm.

canadensis J. Gay. Var. subcaudatus,
Engelm, Reinholdsville; rare.

canadensis J. Gay. Var. brachycephalus.
Engelm. Swamps beyond Dillerville.

PONTEDERIACE.E.
PONTEDERIA L.

cordata L. Susquehanna at Safe Harbor.
Heteranthera Ruiz S,- Pav.

reniformis Euiz &,- Pav.
Schollera Schreb.

graminea Willd.

COMMELYNACE^.

CommelynaZ^i'W.
erecta L. Peach Bottom; Reed's Run.

virginica L. Safe Harbor.
Tradescantia L.
virginica L. (Spiderwort. j

XYRIDACEiE.

Xyris L.

flexuosa MuM. Chapm. Islands of Sus-
quehanna; New Texas.

Cyperace^.

Cyperus L.

flavescens L.

diandrus Torr.

inflexus Muhl. On the Susquehanna.

dentatus Torr. On the Susquehanna.

phyinatodes Mulil.

strigosus L.

filiculmis Vahl.

lancastriensis T. C. Porter. Abundant
along the shores of the Susquehanna
and on the islands from Safe Hai'bor
to Peach Bottom.

ovularis Torr. On the Susquehanna.
DuLiCHiUM Richard.

spathaceum Pers.
Eleocharis R. Br.

obtusa Schultes.

palustris R. Br.

intermedia Schultes.

tenuis Schultes.

acicularis R. Br.

SCIRPTJS L.
planifolius Muhl.
pungens Vahl. Swamp near Dillerville;

along the Susquehanna,
validus Vahl.
debilis Pursh. Smith ville; Pleasant

Grove,
fluviatilis Gray. Susquehanna at Peach

Bottom, Dr. George Smith.
atrovirens Muhl.

polyphyllus Vahl. . ; .

eriophorum Michx.
ERiOPnoRUM L. ■ ...;

virginicum L.

FlMBRISTYLIS Vahl.

laxa VaJd. New Texas, on the serpen-
tine, J. J. Carter.
autumnalis Ram §• Schult.
capillaris Gray.
Rhyncospora Va7d.

cymosa Wtttt. Island at the mouth of the
Tucquan; Georgetown; New Texas.

OF LANCASTER COUNTY.

599

alba Vahl.

capillacea Torr. Swamps beyond Diller-
ville.

glomerata VaM.
Claditjm p. Browne.

mariscoides 2'orr. Swamp near Diller-

ville.
SCLEEIA L.

triglomerata Miclix. Smithville.

laxa T'orr. Martic Swamp.

pauciflora Muhl. New Texas.

verticillataifi/Zi?. Swamps beyond Diller-
ville.
Caeex L.

polytriclioides Muhl.

willdenovii Sc7ik. Near Binkley's Bridge.

steudelii Kunth. On the Conestoga.

bromoides Schk.

teretiuscula Oood., var. major, Koch.
Swamp nearDillerville; Long Swamp.

vulpinoidea Ilichx.

stipata Muhl.

sparganioides Muhl.

ceplialoidea Deic, Boott.

cephalophora Muhl.

muhlenbergii Schk.

rosea Schk.

retroflexa Muhl. Above Reigarf s Land-
ing.

sterilis Willd. Swamps near Dillerville.

stellulata Good.

stellulata Oood., var. scirpoides, Boott.

scoparia Schk.

lagopodioides Schk. Safe Harbor.

cristata Schw. Near Peacli Bottom.

straminea Schk., var. typica, Boott.

striata Lam.

stricta Lam., var. strictior, Boott.

crinita Lam.

buxbaumii Wahl. Smitliville; New
Texas.

panicea L. New Texas, J. J. Carter.

tetanica Schk.

granularis Muhl.

conoidea Schk. Swamp beyond Diller-
ville.

glaucodea Tuckerm. Smithville.

grisea Wahl.

davisii ScMo. §■ Torr.

gracillima Schw.

virescens Muhl.

triceps Michx.

platyphylla Carey. On the Conestoga.

digitalis Willd. On the Little Conestoga.

laxiflora Lam.

laxiflora Lam., var. styloflexa, Boott.
Swamp near Smithville.

laxiflora iMm., var. blanda, Boott.

laxiflora Lam., var. latifolia, Boott.

oligocarpa Schk. Poor House Hill.

hitchcockiana Lew.

pedunculata Muhl. Below Eden.

umbellata Schk. Below Chicques.

emmonsii Dew.

penusylvanica Lam.

varia Muhl.

pubescens Muhl.

niiliacea Muhl.

scabrata Schic. Turkey Hill; Mt. Hope
Hills.

debilis Michx. Smithville ; Bart township.

debilis Miclix., var. pubera, Gr. Smith-
ville.

lanuginosa Michx.

vestita Willd. Smithville.

polymorpha Muhl. Smithville; Bart
township.

trichocarpa Muhl.

comosa Boott. CoUius's Ferry; Fishing
Creek.

hystricina Willd.

tentaculata Muhl.

intumescens Budge. New Texas; Bart
township.

lupulina Mu hi. Island near the Tucquan .

folliculata L. Mt. Hope Furnace; swamp
near Smithville.

squarrosa L. Island at the mouth of the
Tucquan.

monile Tuckerm. Swamp near Smith-
ville.

bvillata Schk. Swamp near Smithville.

Gramine.^.

Leersia Solander.
virginica Willd.
oryzoides Swartz.
ZizANiA Gronov.
aquatica L. (Indian Rice,) Swamj)S
above Shock's mill, on the Susque-
hanna.
Phletjm L.

praiense L. (Timothy.)
Ckypsis Ait.
schcenoides, Lam.. Near Mountville, A.
P. Garber.

600

AUTHENTIC HISTORY

ViLFA Adans. Beauv.

aspera Beauv.

vagiuseflora Torr.
Agrostis L.

perennans Tucker m.

scabra Willd.

vulgaris, With. (Red top.)

alba L.

CiNNA L.

arundiiiacea L. Chiques.
MuHLENBEiiGiA Schveber.

sobolifera Trin.

glomerata Trin. Swamps beyond Diller-
ville.

mexicana Trin.

sylvatica T. ^ G.

willdenovii Trin.

diffusa Schreb.

capillaris Kunth. Eelow Safe Ilaibor;
very rare.
Brachyelttrum Beauv.

aristatum Beauv.
Calamagrostis Adans.

canadensis Beauv. Near Georgetown.

nuttalliana Steud. Swamps at Smith-
Oryzopsis Michx.

melanocarpa, Jliihl. Below Biukley's
Bridge.
Aristida L.

dichotonia Michx.

gracilis Ell.

purpurascens Poir. On the Susque-
hanna
Spartina, Schreb.

cynosui'oides, Willd. On the Susque-
hanna.
BouTELONA Lag.

curtipendula Gr. Safe Harbor; Cedar
Hill.
Eleusine Gaertn.

indica, Gaertn. (Crab Grass. ^
Trictjspis Beauv.

seslerioides Torr.
Dactylis L.

glomerata L. (Orchard Grass.)
Eatonia Raf.

obtusata Gr. Safe Harbor.

pennsylvanica Gr.
Melica L.

mutica Walt. Var. diffusa, Gr. Safe
Harbor.
Glyceria B. Br.

canadensis Trin. Martic Swamp ; Smith-

ville.
elongata Trin. Beyond Reinholdsville.
nervata Trin.
fluitans R. Br. Georgetown ; Willow

Street.

POAi.

annua L.

compressa L. (Blue Grass.)

pratensis L. (Meadow Grass.)

trivialis L.

sylvestris Gr. Little Conestoga beyond
Millersville.

alsodes Gr. Ravine near Martic Forge.

brevifolia Muhl. Rocks on the Cones-
toga.
Eragrostis Beauv.

reptans Nees.

poceoides Beauv.

pilosa Beauv.

frankii Meyer. Shores of the Susque-
hanna.

capillaris Nees. On the Susquehanna.

pectinacea Gr., Var. spectabilis, Gr.
Festuca L.

tenella Willd.

elatior L. (Fescue Grass.)

elatior L., Var. pratensis, Gr.

nutans Willd.

niitans Willd., Var. pahistris. In swamps
near Dillerville, Smithville and -New
Texas.
Bromus L.

secalinus L. (Cheat.)

racemosus L. '. - ' '

ciliatus L. • ■

Uniola L.

latifolia Michx. McCalFs Ferry; Safe
Harbor.
LOLIUM L.

perenne L. (Darnel.^
Triticuji L.

repens L. (Couch Grass. )
Elymus L.

virginicus L.

canadensis L.

canadensis L., var. glaucifoliu.s, Or.

striatus, Willd. Island above Peach
Bottom.
Gymnostichum Schreb. (Bottle Brush.)

hystrix, Schreb. (Bottle Brush.)
Danthonia D. C.

spicata Beauv.
Trisetum Pers.

OF LANCASTER COUNTY.

601

pahistre Torr. Bait Township ; neai-
Dillerville.
AiRA L.

flexuosa L. Rocks near Peach Bottom.

csespitosa, L. Long Swamp below Eden.
Arrhenatherum Beauv.

avenaceum Beauv. (Oat Grass.)
HoLCUs L.

lanatus L. (Velvet Grass.)
Anthoxanthum L.

odoratum i, (Sweet Vei-nal Grass. )
Phalaris L.

canariensis L. (Canary Grass.)

arundinacea L.
Paspalum Z.

setaceum Michx.

laeve Michx.
Panicum L.

filiforme L.

glabrum Qaudin.

sanguinale L.

anceps Michx.

agrostoides Spreng.

proliferum La?n.

capillare L.

virgatum L. On the Susquehanna.

latifoliura L.

Islands of the Sus-

clandestinum L.

microcari)on Muhl.
quehanna.

pauciflorum Ell. On the Susquehanna.

dichotomum L.

depauperatum Muhl.

crus-galli L.
Setaria Beauv.

verticillata, Beauv.

glauca, Beauv. (Foxtail.)

viridis Beaxiv. (Green F.)
Cenchrus L.

tribuloides L. (Bur Grass.) On the Sus-
quehanna.
Tripsactjm L.

dactyloides L.
Susquehanna.
Andropogon L.

furcatus Miihl.

scoparius Michx.

virginicus L. Chesnut Hill; Susque-
hanna.

macrourus Michx. Martic Swamp; Smith-

ville.
SoRGnuM Pers.

nutans Gray.

(Gama Grass.) On the

SERIES II.
CRYPTOGAMOUS, OR FLOWERLESS PLANTS.

pinnatifidum Nutt. Rocks east of George-
town.

trichomanes L.

ebeneum L.

montanum Willd. On the Tucquan.

ruta-muraria L. Cedar Hill.

augustifolium Michx. Turkey Hill.

thelypteroides Michx.

filix-fcemina Bernh.
Camptosorus Link.

rhizophyllus Link. (Walking Leaf.)
Phegopteris Ftte.

hexagonoptera F(:,e.

dryopterisi^e. Ravine near MarticForge.
AsPiDiTJM Swartz.

thelypteris Swtz.

noveboracense Swtz.

spinulosum Swtz., var. dilatatum, Gr.

cristatum Swtz. Swamps, Martic town'p.

marginale Swtz.

aci'ostichoides Swtz.
Cystopteris Bernh.

bulbifera Bernh.

CLASS ILL AGROOENS.

Equisetace^.

Eqtjisetum L.
ai-vense L.

arvenseZ., var. seYotimxm, Meyer. Island
at Safe Harbor, June 7,1865; abundant,
sylvaticum L. Long Swamp, below Eden,
hyemale L. (Scouring Rush.)

FiLICES.
POLTPODIUM L.

vulgare L.
Adiantum Z.

pedatum L. (Maidenhair.)
Pteris L.

aquilina L. (Brake.)
Cheilanthes Swartz.

vestita Swartz. Rocks on the
hanna.
PEliL.«;A Link.

atropurpurea Link.

ASPLENIUM L.

Susque-

602

AUTHENTIC HISTORY

fragilis Bernh.

fragilis Bernh., var. dentata, Hook.
StrxjTHIopteris Willd.

germauica Willd. (Ostrich Fern.) Islands
and banks of the Susquehanna.
OXOCLEA L.

sensibiUs L.
WooDSiA R. Br.

obtusa Torr.
DiCKSONiA VRer.

punctilobula Kunze. '

OSMUNDA L.

regalis L.

claytoniana L.

cinnamomea L.
BoTRTcniUM Simrtz.

virginiciim Swtz.

hmarioides 9wtz., var. obhquum, Gr.

hmarioides Swtz., var. dissectum, Gr.
Ophisglossom L.

vulgatum L. (Adder's Tongue.) Near
jNIountville, A. P. Garber.

LYCOPODIACEyE.

Ltcopodium L. Spring.

kiciduhim Michx. Eavuie near Martic
Forge,
dendroideum MicJix.
clavatum L. New Texas, /. /. Carter.
complanatum L.
Selaginella Beauv., Spring.
rupestris Spring. Cedar Hill; shores of

the Susquehanna,
apus Spring.
ISOETES L.

engelmanni Braun, var. valida, Engelm.
Bogs around Smithville.

CLASS IV. ANOPHYTES.

Musci.^

Sphagnum Dill.

cjanl)ifolium Dill.

acutifoliuin Ehrh.
Archidium Brid.

ohioense ScJump. On the Tucquan.
Phascum L.

crassinerviiTin Schwmgr.
Weissia Hedw.

viriduia Brid.
Dicrakum Hedw.

variuni Hedw.

rufescens Turner.

heteromallum IlediP.

schreberi Hedic. Swamp beyond Diller-
ville.

scoparium L.

undulatum Turner.
Ceratodon Brid.

purpureus Brid.
Leuoobryum Hampe.

minus Hampe.

glaucum Hampe.
Fissidens Hedw.

minutuhis Sulliv.

adiantioides Hedw.
CoNOMiTRiUM Moniagne.

julianum Mont.
Trichostomum Br. ^' Sell.

tortile ScJirad.

pallidum Hedic.
Barbula Hedw.

unguiculata Hedw.

ca^spitosa Schicagr.
Desmatodon Brid.

plinthobius Sulliv. cV Lesqx. On limestone
rocks, below the i-ailroad bridge, near
Lancaster.
Tetraphis Hedw.

pellucida Hedw.
Encalypta ScJireb. ^

streptocarpa Hedw. ' •

Zygodon Hook. cV Tayl.

lapponicus Br. §■ Sch.
Drumjiondia Hook.

clavellata Hook.
Orthotrichum Hedw.

cupulatum Hoffm.

anomalum Hedw.

strangulatum Beauv.

canadense Br. Sf Sch.

hutchinsi;w Smith.

crispum Hedw.

crispulum Hornsch.
ScHisTiDiUM Br. Sf Sell.

apocarpum Br. §- Sch.

confertum Br. S,- Sch.
Grimmia Ehrh.

penn.sylvanica SchiDCsgr.
Hedwigia Ehrh.

ciliata Ehrh.
DiPHYSCiUM Web. ^- Mohr.

1 In the determination of the mosses, valuable aid has been received from that excellent bryologist,
Thomas P. James, Esq., of Philadelphia.

OF LANCASTER COUNTY.

603

foliosum Web. ^-MoJir. River Hills.
Atrichum Bemiv.

undulatum Beauv.

angustatum Beauv.
PoGONATUM Beauv.

brevicaule Brid.
POLYTRICHUM Brid.

commune L.

formosum Hedw.
TiMMiA Iledw.

megapolitana Hedw.
AuLACOMKioN Schiocpgr.

heterosticlium Br. §' Sell.

palustre Schwcpgr.
Bryum Br. &,' Sch.

pyriforme Uedw.

crudum Schreb. On the Conestoga.

nutans Schreb.

roseum Schreb.

argenteum L.

bimum Schreb.

Intermedium Brid.

ca3spiticium L.

cirrhatum Iloffe ^- Rornsch.
Mnium Br cy Sch.

affine Bland.

hornum Uedw.

lycopodioides Hook. Mill Creek.

punctatum Hedw.

serratum Brid.

cuspidatum Hedio.
Bartramia Hedw.

pomiformis Uedw.

fontana Brid..
Funaria Schreb.

hygrometrica Hedw.
Physcomitrium Brid.

pyrifonne Br. §" Sch.
Aphanorhegma Sulliv.

serrata Sulliv.
FONTINALIS Bill.

antipyretica L. Yar. gigantea, Sulliv.

dalecarlica Bry. Eur.
Leucodon ScJiicwgr.

julaceus Sulliv.
Leptodon Mohr.

tricliomitrion Mohr.
Anomodon Hook ^- Tayl.

attenuatus Hub.

Vtristis Cesati.
Leskba Hedw.

polycarpa Hedw.

obscura Hedio.

rostrata Hedw.
Thelia Sulliv.

hirtella Sulliv.
Myurella Bry. Euroi).

careyana Sulliv.
Pylais.ea Bry. Eur.

intricata Bry. Eur.
Homalothecium Bry. Eur.

subcapillatum Bry. Eur.
Platygerium Bry. Eur.

repens Bry. Eur.
Cylikdrothecium Bry. Eur.

cladorrhizans Bry. Eur.

seductrix Bry. Eur.
Neckera Hedw.

pennata Uedw.
Climacium ^Yeb c^ Mohr.

americanum Brid.
Hypnum Bill.

tamariscinum Hedw.

paludosum Sulliv. Swamp near Diller.s-
ville.

triquetrum i.

brevirostre Ehrl.

splendens Hedw.

alleghaniense, C. Mull. Martic Town-
ship.

liians Hedw.

suUivantii Spruce.

strigosum Hoffm.

boscii Schwaegr.

serrulatum Hedw.

rusciforme Weis- Martic Township.

recurvans Schwwgr.

giganteum Schimp. Swamp near Dil-
lerville.

cuspidatum L. Schreheri, Willd.

cordifolium Hedw.

aduucum Hedic.

filiciuum L.

crista-castrensis L.

moUuscum- Hedw.

imponens Hedw.

curvifolium Hedw.

in-atense KocJi.

rugosum Ehrh.

salebrosum Hoffm.

laetum Brid-

rutabulum L.

plumosum L.

stellatum Schreb.

polymorphum Bry. Europ.

hispidulum Brid.

604

AUTHENTIC HISTORY

nvinutissimum, 8-ulliv. §* Lesqx.

adnatum Uedw.

serpens Hedic.

radicale Brid.

orthocladon Beauv.

noterophilum Sullvv. &f Lespx. Litiz

Spring,
riparium Hedio. Litiz Spring,
lesciu'ii SuUiv. Safe Harbor,
denticulatum L.

Hepatic^.

RrcciA Mich.

glauca L.

natans L. Turkey Hill.

fluitans L.
Anthockros Mich.

laevis L.
Marchantia L.

polymorpha L.
Fegatella Raddi.

conica Corda.
Reboulia Eaddi.

hemisphserica Raddi.
Grimaldia Raddi.

barbifrons Bischoff. On the Conestoga.
Metzgeria Raddi.

farcata Nees.
Steetzia Lehm.

lyellii Lehm.
Laphocolea Nees.
bidentata Nees.

JUNGERMANNIA L.

curvifolia Dickson.

schraderi Martins.
ScAPANiA Lindenberg.

nemorosa Nees.
Plagiochila Nees ^Mont.

asplenioides Nees ^•Mont.

porelloides Lindenberg.
Frullania Raddi.

grayana Mont.

virginica Lehm.

eboracensi?, Lehm.

aeolotis Nees.
Lejeunia Libert.

clypeata Schweinitz.

cucuUata Nees.
Madotheca Dumortier.

platyphylla Dumort.

porella Nees.
Ptilidium Nees.

ciliare Nees.
Trichocolea Nees.

tomentella Nees.
Mastigobryum Nees.

trilobatum Nees.

'^^■.:v

»^

Gi©[L©©3©alM1af

or

Draim T;y BAUD M. SU I TFt'H, lancastcr.

1 Mesozoic Red San d Stone .
1 Tdlaeozoic , lime Starie
MowrrralaeozoicFotscfam Sand Stone .
] Gneiss.^Streitified Granite.
I Trap or Green Stone.
] Ronftncf State

OP LANCASTER COUNTY. 605

GEOLOGY.i

Lancaster County presents three prominent geological features, which it may be well
to notice separately, Commencing on the northern boundary, the Conewago range of
hills separating the county fi-om Dauphin and Lebanon Counties, belongs to the Meso-
zoic red sand stone period. The shales and gravelly soil of this formation spread south-
ward. A glance at Scott's County Map, will show the range of hills commencing at
Bainbridge, on the Susquehanna, extending in a line cui*ving northwardly, then south-
eastwardly, with a general eastward com-se, embracing the greater portion of surface
of the northern tier of townships. The limestone valley, constituting the central portion
of the county, extends by a narrow inlet between two Gravel hills, in Penn township,
not over a mile apart, (southeast of Manheim,) which opens into a limestone basin,
around the borough of Manheim, widening out and embracing a large portion of Penn,
Warwick, Clay and Ephrata townships, and portions of West and East Cocalico. The
red shale or gravel formation east of Reamstowii, and on the south-eastern side of the
Cocalico creek, and north of the Conestoga creek, in a narrow strip, extends westward,
crossing the southern portions of Ejihrata, Warwick and Penn townshii)s, to the afore-
named inlet. The Reading and Columbia Railroad passes nearly through the centre
of this isolated valley. This Mesozoic red sand stone, is a portion of what Dana calls
the Palisade range, which extends from Rockland, on the Hudson river, southward
through New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Virginia, east of the Blue Ridge, in a contin-
uous line of about 350 miles in length. It crosses the Delaware between Trenton and
Kintnerville; the Schuylkill about 13 miles below Reading, and the Susquehanna river
between Highspire in Dauphin, and Bainbridge in Lancaster county. In York county
this belt incUnes southward, in conformity with the Appalachian flexui-es, or mountain
ranges on the N. W.

The Mesozoic or Mediasval time in the Earth's history comprises a single age only —
the Reptilian. It is remai-kable, however, that very few fossils or signs of life of any
kind are found within the county. The rock is in general a red sand-stone, pass-
ing into a shale or conglomerate, and occasionally including beds of impure lime-stone.
The brown building stone, often called freestone, used in the erection of our County
Jail and Court House, were quarried in the Black Oak Ridge, in Clay Township. Other
quarries of sandstone are opened along the range of hills. Millstones are also made
from a hard millstone grit found in Cocalico Township, and other points. Extensive
dikes of trap or greenstone are met with in the Conewago hills, as also below Bainbridge
near Millei'sville, and crossing thence towards Safe Harbor and at various other points.

This Trap rock is of igneous origin, and belongs to the class of rocks met with in
volcanic countries, like lava, being in fact the melted material of older rocks, ejected
thi'ough Assures in the sand stone. In some places the sandstone is baked into a hard
g^t by the heat, and at times blown up by steam so as to seem scoriaceous, or the
clayey sandstone is changed into very hard rock, similar to Trap itself. Minerals like
the ejiidote and tounnaline result from this baking. The predominant red color in the
soil, arises from the oxidation of magnetic iron grains present in it.

The calcareous formation, or the Limestone Valley, extends from the Gravel Hills, or
Red Sandstone formation, to the Gneiss and Talc Slate Hills, commencing at Safe Har-
bor east of the Conestoga creek, inclining towards Willowstreet, thence eastward below
or south of Strasburg, in a westwardly course along the boundary between Salisbury
and Sadsbury Townships. This Limestone Valley as well as the Gneissic portions,
belong to an age or period prior to the shales. The Palaeozoic age is represented by a
hard quartzite named the Postdam sandstone by the geologists of New York, a rock
which is remarkably compac^ and rather fine grained, and consists almost exclusively
1 Drawn up by Mr. J. Stauffer, l.aacaster.

606 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

of nearly pure silicious saud. It rises in a bold ridge ending in a precipitous cliff at
Chicques on the Susquehanna, a, mile and a half above Columbia. This formation ex-
tends eastward from the river towards Rohrerstown and between Silver Spring and
Mountville. It also appears between Lancaster and Neffsville, and in the eastern por-
tion of the county, on Laurel Hill, extending into Berks County. The Hill in the
extreme northeastern corner of the county is also an upheaval of this peculiar formation
and corresponds with the South IMountain in Berks County, being the lowest in the
Paheozoic period. From the Chestnut Hill Ore Banks many thousand tons of Iron Ore
(argillaceous oxide and hematite) have been taken from the overlying clay. Numerous
other localities exist throughout the county, where Iron Ore is found, commonly along
the borders of the Limestone formation. The curious calcareous rock, called Potomac
Marble, (Breccia) occurs north of Manheim and east of Bainbridge. Argillite (or
clay slate or roofing slate) is found at Peach Bottom, on both sides of the river and
inferior qualities occur in Eapho and Penn Townships, but the laminated structure is
found defective to a great degree.

Considering the extent of the Limestone Valley, between the gneiss and red sand
stones, and that in the opinion of geologists most limestone was formed from the cal-
careous relics of living species accumulated in oceanic waters, like the coral limestone
of the present period, and partially protected by barriers from the incursion of detritus,
it is probable, therefore, that this valley was once an arm or bay of the Atlantic Ocean,
and now constituting the most valuable and fertile portion of the county for agricultural
purposes. The lower or southern portion of the county, like that on the north, is much
improved by liming. Belts of limestone are found near New Providence and at Quarry-
viUe. Gneiss has much the composition of Granite, but with the Mica more or less
distinctly in layers. As the JV^ica is in scales, a gneiss rock breaks most easily in the
direction of the Mica layers, thus affording slabs. As the earthy matter of all soils has
been produced by the gradual decay, degradation, or crumbling down of previously ex-
isting rocks, it follows that whenever a soil rests immediately upon the rock from which
it has been derived, it may be expected to partake more or less of the composition and
character of the rock. I shall not attempt to speculate on the cause and description of
the diversified rocks, the convulsions to which they were subjected, in a remote period
of the world's history, the faults, upheavings, &c., these subjects being accessible inthe
various books and treatises on geology.

MINERALS OF LANCASTER COUNTY. i

Arranged according to the last edition of Dana's Mineralogy. To give the general
reader an idea of the nature and composition of each mineral, its constituent elements
are stated in a parenthesis, without regard to chemical combination. When the
occurrence of a mineral is rare, or the locality new or doubtful, the authorities are given
in initial letters : D. standing for Dana; K. for Keviuski; R. for Miles Rock; Ror. for
Raspper and TF. for Captain Williams.

I. NATIVE ELEMENTS.
1. Graphite, or plumbago, (carbon,) K.

II. SULPHIDES.

Galenite, or galena, (lead, sulphur. )

1. Contributed by Mr. J. B. Kevinski.

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 607

2. Ordinary variety, on Mt. Joy Kailroad, 4 miles northwest of Lancaster, with zinc

ore, D.; in quartz, Salisbury township, B.; Chesnut riffles in the Susquehanna,
not analyzed, perhaps argentiferous, [Ilaklemcm.']

3. Argentiferous variety, or silver bearing galena, in Pequea township, 8 miles south

of Lancaster.

4. Sphalerite, or blende, (zinc, sulphur;) on Mt. Joy Railroad, 4 miles northwest of

Lancaster, D.

5. MiLLERiTE, or capillary pyrites, (nickel, sulphur) ; in Gap Mines, Bart township, in

radiated fibrous coatings, occuring thus in no other part of the world. The usual
fonn in long fine needles also occurs in Gap Mines, K.
Ptrrhotite, or magnetic pyrites, (ii'on, sulphur.)

6. NiCKELiFEROTJS variety, (iron, nickel, sulphur;) occurs in Gap Mines, Bart twp.,

and is the chief of Nickel ore.
Pyrite, or pyrites (iron, sulphur.)

7. Ordinary variety, in crystals, near New Texas, Little Britain twp., in pentagonal

dodecahedrons; in the limestone stratum underlying Lancaster city in cubes; in
the Gap Mines in octahedrons, B.

8. Radiated variety, K.

9. Chalcopyrite, or copper pyrites, (copper, iron, sulphur); in the Gap Mines and

extracted with the Nickel ores.

10. Marcasite, or white iron pyrites, (iron, sulphur.)

III. FLUORIDES.

11. Fltjorite, or fluor spar, (lime, hydrofluoric acid) ; in limestone quarry half a mile

east of Lancaster, K.

IV. OXYGEN COMPOUNDS.
A. SIMPLE OXIDES.

12. Water, (hydrogen, oxygen. ) almost throughout the county contains much carbonate

of lime in solution. In Colonial times a mineral spring, containing sulphates of
iron and copper, &c., in solution, led to the discovery of the Gap Mines.

13. Melaconite, or black copper, (copper, oxygen.)

14. Corundum, or Emery, (Alumina.)
Hematite, or red hematite, (iron, oxygen.)

15. Compact variety. Wood's mine. Little Britain township, D,

16. Micaceous variety.

Menacconite, or titanic iron, (sibanium, iron, oxygen.)

17. Ilmenite variety; near New Holland, Rcb.

18. Menacconite variety; near Wood's mine, Little Britain township, and near Rock

Springs, Fulton township, D.

19. Magnetite, or loadstone, (iron, oxygen.) In octahedral crystals imbedded in

chlorite, near Rock Springs, Fulton township, B(£. D.

20. Chromite, or chromic iron, (chromium, iron, oxygen, magnesia, almnina); Wood's

Mines, Little Britain township.

21. RuTiLE, (titanium, oxygen); Bart township, W.

22. GoTHiTE, (iron, oxygen, water); Chestnut Hill Ore Banks, 7 miles west of Lan-

caster, K.

23. Lepidokrokite variety. Chestnut Hill Ore Banks, 7 miles west of Lancaster, K.
LiMONiTE, or brown hematite, (iron, oxygen, water. )

24. Compact and Geodic variety ; Safe Harbor, Chestnut Hill, &c.

25. Brown Ochre variety ; Chestnut Hill, K.

AUTHENTIC HISTORY

26. Bog Iron variety ; Shoeneck, 14 miles N. E. of Lancaster.

27. Brucite, (magnesia, water); Tyson's Chrome Mine, near New Texas, D.

28. PsiLOMELANE, (maiiganese, oxygen.)
Quartz, (silicon, oxygen.)

29. Rock Crystal variety, scattered through limestone soils ; in different pai-ts of the

county.

30. Rose Quartz variety.

31. Smokt Quartz variety, on Gap hills, K.
82. Milky Quartz variety.

38. Ferruginous Quartz variety.

84. Sagenitic variety, containing crystal of tourmaline.

35. Chalcedony variety, near Rock Springs, Fulton township, D.

36. Carnelian variety, Rock Springs, Fulton township, D., K.

37. Moss Agate, or Mocha Stone variety, near Rock Springs, D. K.

38. Agate Jasper variety, near Rock Springs.

39. Yellow Jasper variety. Rock Springs.
Opal, (silicon, oxygen, water.)

40. Cachat^ong variety.

B. COMPOUND OXIDES.

Silicates.

A. Anhydroiis Silicates.
"'Bisilicates.

41. Bronzite, (magnesia, iron oxide, silica), Wood's mine. Little Britain twp., D.
Pyroxene, (lime, magnesia, iron oxide, alumina, silica.)

42. Angite variety. Gap mine. It is the gangue of the Nickel ores.

43. ANTHOPHYLiiiTE, (iroii oxide, magnesia, silica;) near New Texas, D.
Amphibole.

44. AcTiNOLiTE variety, (lime, magnesia, silica;) Gap mines, D.

45. Hornblende variety, (lime, magnesia, iron, alumina, silica;) Gap mine.

46. ASBESTUS variety, Little Britain to^vnship.

**Unisilicates.

47. Chrysolite, (magnesia, iron oxide, silica;) Wood's mines, Little Britain twp., O.
Garnet.

48. Andradite variety, or iron garnet, (lime, iron oxide, alumina, silica;) Little Britain

township.

49. Ouvarovite variety, (chromium oxide, lime, silica. ) Wood's mine, D.

50. Epidote, (lime, iron oxide, alumina, silica) ; Earl township.

51. Mica, (potash, soda, magnesia, iron oxide, alumina, silica.)

52. Lepidolite, or Lithia Mica, (lithia, potash, manganese oxide, alumina, silica.)

53. Feldspar, (potash, alumina, silica.) Bart township.

54. Moonstone variety. Little Britain township.

*** Subsilicates.

Tourmaline, (boracic acid, alumina, lime, magnesia, soda, potash, siUca.)

55. Black variety. Pequea township, K.

56. Green variety. In Talc near Rock Springs, Fulton township, D.

57. Kyanite, (alumina, silica.)

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 609

C. HYDROUS SILICATES.
** Unisilicates.

58. Calamine, (zinc, silica, water.) On Mount Joy Railroad, 4 miles northwest of Lan-

caster, D.

§§§ MABOABOPRYLLITE SECTION.

* Bisilicates.

Talc, (magnesia, silica, water.)

59. Foliated variety. Low's mine, Z>.

60. Steatite variety. Little Britain township, E.

** Unisilicates.

Serpentine, (magnesia, silica, water.)

61. Massive and Foliated variety, "Wood's mine. Little Britain township, D.

62. Williamsite variety. Wood's Chrome mine. Little Britain township, E ; Low's

mine, D.

63. Marmolite variety. Wood's mine, D.

64. Chrysotile variety. Little Britain township, itte.

65. Picrolite variety. Wood's mine, B.

66. Baltimorite variety. Wood's mine, Z>.

67. Dewetlite, (magnesia, silica, water.) Little Britain township, K.
Kaolinite, (alumina, silica, water.)

68. Lithomarge variety.

69. Chlorite, (magnesia, alumina, silica, water. ) Drumore township.
Pennite, (iron oxide, chromium oxide, magnesia, alumina, silica, water.)

70. KiEMMERERiTE variety. Wood's mines, D.

71. Rhodochrome variety. Wood's mines.

72. RiPiDOLiTE, (magnesia, alumina, silica, water.) Wood's mine, D.

73. Clinochlore variety. Wood's mine, E.

74. Margarite (potash, magnesia, alumina, silica;) Pequea twp., 7 miles south of

Lancaster, on Pequea creek, E.

75. Genthite (nickel, oxide, magnesia, silica, water;) Wood's mine, D.

Phosphates, Arsenates.

76. ViviANiTE, (iron oxide, phosphoric acid;) Gap mines, D.

77. Cacoxine, (iron oxide, phosphoric acid, water;) Chesnut Hill L'on Mines, \_IIald.'\

78. Wavellite, (alumina, phosphoric acid, water;) Chesnut Hill Iron Mines, \_Hald.'\

Sulphates, Ohromates.

79. Melanterite, or copperas, (iron oxide, sulphuric acid, water;) In effloresent coat-

ings at Gap mines, B.

80. Chalcanthite, or blue vitriol, (copper oxide, sulphui-ic acid, water;) With melan-

terite at Gap mines, B.

81. CopiAPiTE, (iron scsquioxide, sulphuric acid, water;) Gap mines, Bm.

82. Vauquelinite, (copper oxide, lead oxide, chromic acid;) Pequea mine, 8 miles

south of Lancaster, D.

Carbonates.

83. Calcite, or calc spar, (lime, carbonic acid;) Wood's Mine, D ; near Lancaster

Gas Works, E.

40

610 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

84. Iceland Spar variety, near Gas Works, K.

85. Marble, or Granular Limestone variety, near P. R. R. bridge over Conestoga,

one mile East of Lancaster, K.

86. Hard Compact Limestone variety. The limestone rocks of the central, eastern

and •western parts of county.

87. Travertin, or Calcareous Tufa variety, in a quarry on Groftstown road, East of

Lancaster, K.

88. Dolomite, (magnesia, lime, carbonic acid;) Wood's Mine, D.

89. Pearl Spar variety.

90. Brown Spar variety, (contains iron oxide. J

91. Magnesite, (magnesia, carbonic acid;) Wood's IMines, I); and at Landisville,

seven miles West of Lancaster, K.
Siderite, (iron oxide, carbonic acid. )

92. Crystallized variety. Gap Mines, R.

93. Spiierosiderite variety. Gap Mine, K.

94. Black Band variety.

95. Smithsonite, (zinc oxide, carbonic acid;) on Mt. Joy R. R. four miles West of

Lancaster, D.
90. Arragonite, (lime, carbonic acid;) In tufts of acicular crystals near Safe Harbor;
massive in a boulder at Wabank, three miles south-west of Lancaster, K. Wood's
Mines, D.

97. Cerussite, (lead oxide, carbonic acid;) Pequea Mine with vauquelinite, D.

98. Htdromagnesite, (magnesia, carbonic acid, water;) Wood's mine, JD.

99. Lancasterite variety, (a mixture of hydromagnesite and brucite;) Wood's mine,

i>. K.
Hydrodolomite, (magnesia, lime, carbonic acid, water.)

100. Pennite variety. New Texas, colored green by Nickel oxide.

101. Zaratite, or Emerald Nickel, (Nickel oxide, carbonic acid, water;) Wood's

mine. New Texas, D.
103. Aurichalcite, (zinc oxide, copper oxide, carbonic acid, water;) On Mount Joy
Railroad, 4 miles N. W. of Lancaster. (Taylor, Am. J. Sci. II. "■"•^" 412.)

VI. HYDRO CARBONS. '

103. IMiNERAL Coal, (carbon;) occurs in small quantities north of Ilinkletown, (in

Mesozoic shales, possibly, B.) About the year 1830 it was proposed to form a
coal company at this locality, and sufficient coal was collected on the occasion to
build a fire in a number of the houses of the town. \^Ualdeman.'\

104. Fossil Resin. In bog iron ore near Shoeneck, 14 miles N. E. of Lancaster, K.

ARCHEOLOGY.

The archaeology of this county is almost wholly untrodden ground. The whole county,
as has been shown in the opening chapters of this work, was occupied for a long
l^eriod by successive Indian tribes, and, to this day, the plough turns up in various parts
of the county, interesting mementos of the red occupants of the soil. Arrow-heads,
tomahawks, hatchets, stone-pipes, pieces of pottery are very common. The following
notices of such relics, exhumed at different periods and in dilierent localities, will be
perused with much interest. Besides the localities named, we would call i)articular
attention to the neighborhood of the old Indian Town (ConestogoJ, in Manor twp. ; to

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 611

the valleys and mouths of the Conestoga, Peqiiea, Chicquesalunga and Conoy creeks, as
localities Avhose exploration would probably greatly enrich the archajological treasury
of the county. The pictorial inscriptions on the rocks in the Susquehanna, of which a
minute account is subjoined, are also very important.

But before noticing Indian antiquities, we reprint here an account of the discovery of
fossil-bones in 1816.
Extract of a letter from Joel Lightner, Esq. , dated Salisbury, Lancaster county, Pa. ,

Nov. 30, 1816, to the Rev. Mr. Shalfer, of New York.

My absence from home, and being otherwise much engaged, prevented me from
writing sooner. It is with pleasure that I undertake to give you all the satisfaction
that I am capable of giving respecting the circumstances connected with the discovery
of certain fossil bones found on my land ; their dimensions, locality, manner in which
they lay deposited, nature of the earth in which found, &c.

Five or six years since, I discovered upon a bank of limestone, within five rods of the
Philadelphia and Lancaster turnpike road, the appearance of handsome flag stones,
standing partly on their edge, inclining somewhat to the north, with their ends north-
east and south-west, at which time and since, we have occasionally taken several of
them out ; and as they proved to be valuable for sills, flags, S:c., and the demand con-
siderable, I concluded to have the quarry completely opened, in doing which it was
necessary to begin at the foot of the hill or bank, and to dig on a level until we could
reach the stone. This work I commenced with a few hands in August last, and after
having penetrated twenty-four feet into the bank, on a level, through a rich black
earth, intermixed with a small piece of limestone [perpendicular depth about eight or
nine feet] we came to a body of hard clay, also intermixed with small pieces of lime-
stone, materially different from the earthy matter dug up on entering the bank, being
a yellowish cast, abounding in some parts with calcareous spar, and so extremely hard
that it was with difficulty to be entered with a pick or mattock. After haviiig worked
into the body of this stratum of clay, limestone, &c., about four feet and a half from
its surface, and within a few inches of the rocks or flag stones, (the object of our
labor,) a large bone was found, supposed to be the upper bone of the forf-leg of some
large animal, the lower part appeared to have been broken off, as nothing of the joint
could be seen. The upper part was to be seen in its full size, but being much decayed,
and the clay and small stones so very hard pressed in and about it, that the greater
portion of it could not be kept together, leaving only a small spongy end to it, and that
also with clay, and the small pieces of limestone firmly united with it.

The length of the bone, as much as I was able to save of it, is fifteen inches, and
measures ten and a half inches around the smaller solid part ; the circumference of the
thicker or upper part is twenty-two inches, but the thickest part could not be preserved,
being so much decayed, and probably there might have been eight or ten inches want-
ing.

This bone was found lying partly in a horizontal position, the thick end within three
or four inches of the rock's termination, and appeared to have been thrown there pro-
miscuously, as well as the pieces of limestone around it, Avhich are evidently fragments
of larger ones.

Within three or four feet of the same place, in a black earth or mould, appearances
of otJter large bones presented themselves, but they were so much decomposed that they
could not be i)reserved entire, resembling pulverized chalk, or slacked lime.

I have put up specimens of the different earths as mentioned above, also of the rocks
and stones found near the spot where the bones were discovered ; and also a piece of
the bone which I intend to forward to you by the first safe opportunity.

Since the discovery of these bones on my land, I have been informed that many years
since, an extraordinary large tooth (grinder) was found in a spring about two miles
from my quarry, but I am not able to learn what has become of it.

612 AUTHENTIC HISTOEY

The subjoined discovery took place in 1828 :

" We have received from Doctor David Watson, of Bainbridge, in this county, several
curiosities discovered in the neighborhood of that place, by the laborers employed on
the Pennsylvania canal, among which are a stone tobacco pipe, very neatly formed, a
rude tomahawk, a small brass basin, two keys, a small globular bell, and some broken
pieces of Indian pottery; but the greatest curiosity is the scull bone of an Indian, which
materially difters in form any that we have ever seen belonging to the human species.
The skull is remarkably large, and of an oblong or oval form; the, bones themselves of
which it is composed, have been very thin, much more so than is usually the case.
What is very remarkable in the general outline of the skull, is the peculiar manner in
which the frontal bone, which forms the forehead, recedes from the root of the nose
and the superciliary ridges on which the eyebrows rest, and rather lies on the top of
the head than juts over the rest of the face, as is usual. Thus there is no forehead,
properly so called ; the cranium in this respect presenting rather the appearance of the
skull of a dog than a human being. The Choctaw tribe of Indians were formerly in
the habit of flattening their heads in this manner, by binding metallic plates on the
foreheads of their male children. A chief having this singular appearance, was in
Philadelphia in the year 1796. Indians inhabiting the sources of the Missouri, are to
this day in the habit of moulding their skulls into this form. The Incas or kings of
Peru, and all those partaking of their being within a certain degree of consanguinity to
them, (and they only, ) were allowed to enjoy the imperial privilege of having their
heads thus modeled. It may be worthy of observation, that this artificial conforma-
tion is not known in the slightest degTee to impair the mental operation. The skull
above mentioned is that of a male, probably about 45 or 50 years of age.

"The whole have been presented to Mr. Landis, who has since received from John
Hamilton, Esq., who resides near Bainbridge, an ornamented tobacco pipe, which has
a human head rudely carved upon it; also some beads, and a curious bead, apparently
made of clay, which is as hard as stone." — Lancaster Gazette.

Forty years later, the same locality discloses similar relics. "In the fall ot 1868,
while workmen were engaged at the quarries of Messrs. J. L. Kerr & Co. , on the farm
of Jacob Haldeman, Esq., near Bainbridge, Lancaster county, in clearing the clay
from oif the limestone, they dug up the larger bones of six fully developed bodies, be-
sides a collection of trinkets, consisting of beads, necklace, pipes and several hatchets.
These partial skeletons were found about eighteen inches beneath the surface and in
close proximity to each other. The pipes are nicely carved, and together with the
beads and other articles, are in a good state of preservation. ' '

In this connection we add the following communication :

"Mr. A. Morlot, of Lausanne, Switzerland, made a communication to the American
Philosophical Society, in whose proceedings it was published (with a plate) in Novem-
ber, 1863, in which he calls attention to certain enamel beads found in Indian graves at
Beverly, in Canada; a similar one having been found near Stockholm, in Sweden, and
another from a grave-mound in Jutland. These are considered to be of ancient Phcenician
manufacture. ' It follows, that those glass beads and baldrics from the ossuaries at
Beverly, are anterior to the Christian era, and that America appears to have been visited
already at that remote period by Europeans, most likely by those skilful navigators, the
Phoenicians.' — Morlot.

"Whilst digging the Pennsylvania canal near Bainbridge, in this county, small copper
beads were found, made by bending into a circle, bits of flat wire, about a sixteenth of
an inch wide, and enamel baldrics (tubular beads) about an eighth of an inch in diameter
and an inch and a half long, of the red color of the celebrated pipe-stone of Minnesota,
when this is wet. A single bead of the Beverly pattern, 5-16 of an inch in diameter,
and one-fourth of an inch long, the form spherical with the ends compressed, color deep
blue, and a paler blue in alternate longitudinal stripes, ends red, separated from the

p

1

/. \\

^/ si

; , ' 77 1

J-

INDIAN HIEROGL\THICS

ov Bocks heloir SAFE HARBOR ,

Laiicasler Co.P'•^

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 613

blue by a narrow wavy line of white, centre wliite around tlie perforation. The white
line forms twelve waves, as in the figures in Schoolcraft's Indian Tribes, Vol. 1, pi. 24,
p. p. 11, 12, 13."

Some of these specimens are in possession of Prof. S. S. Ilaldeman, of Chiques, to
whom we are indebted for this communication.

The subjoined account refers to the picture-writing on the rocks below Safe Harbor.
It was written by Professor T. C. Porter, D.D., formerly of Lancaster, now of Lafay-
ette College, Easton, Pa., dated April 1, 1865 :

" I inclose much reduced photographic copies of figures carved by the Indians ontAvo
gneissic rocks (A and B,) in the Susquehanna river, below the dam at Safe Harbor,
Lancaster county, Pa., drawn from 'casts in plaster, taken under the auspices of the
LinnjBu Society of Lancaster county, in the autumn of 1863, and the summer of 1864.
The casts are boxed up and ready for sending to the Smithsonian Institution. The
largest figure is over three feet in length. When the season arrives, we will secure for
you a full set of casts in i^laster, from which accurate drawings can be made.

"In the month of September, 1868, the existence of figures chiseled out by the red
men of our stone period, on certain rocks in the Susquehanna River, became known to
the Linnfean Socity of Lancaster County, and a committee was appointed, with the
president, Prof. T. C. Porter, as chairman, to visit those rocks and obtain casts of the
figures in plaster. The work was begun and carried on during the month of October,
but not comiDleted till the summer of 1864, the rocks being accessible only at a low stage
of the water. Drawings on a greatly reduced scale were made from the casts by Mr.
Jacob Staufter and photographic copies, still more reduced, by Mr. W. L. Gill, members
of the Society. Those under the letter A belong to the larger rock, and those under B
to the smaller one. The intention is to furnish the American Philosophical Society with
a full set of casts, in order that a permanent record may be secured iu their transac-
tions. Search for the implements used in cutting out the figures has, as yet, been
unsuccessful. The following facts were collected and reported by the committee :

^^ Position of the Rocks: The Susquehanna river, below the dam at Safe Harbor, Lan-
caster County, is filled with a multitude of rocks and rocky islets, various in size and
extent, between which, the fall being considerable, the water rushes, forming a series
of rapids and eddies, navigable only by channels. The width of the stream at this
point is scarcely less than a mile, and the jurisdiction of Lancaster County extends to
low- water mark on the York County shore.

' ' Among these rocks are the two in question.

' ' The larger one, A, lies a full half mile below the dam, in a line neai'ly due south
from the mouth of the Couestoga.

•'The smaller one, B, is situated about 250 yards further up, in the same line, at a
distance of some 400 or 500 yards from the eastern shore.

"The currents around both rocks are strong and swift.

" Their Character: Each rock is composed of several masses overlying each other at
an angle of 45"^ down stream, the lines of division running east and west, the southern
crest being the highest. They consist of gneiss, which is ratlier friable within but
hard on the outside. The surface is roughened by grains of quartz, and here and there
are seen distinct veins of the same material. The portions facing up stream have been
rounded and worn smooth by the action of ice and drift-wood during the high freshets
of early spring, as may be inferred from the logs piled upon and around them, and from
the strife or grooves on the larger rock, produced j)robably by angular pieces of stone
imbedded in cakes of ice. Each rock has, also extending a little distance below it, a
tongue of land on Avhich grow dwarf oaks, dog-woods, and a few herbaceous plants.

'■^ Their Dimensions: Rock A measures through the centre, fi'om north to south, 83
feet, and from east to west 40 feet. It slopes gradually upward from north to south;
the lowest part being 9 feet, and the highest 16 feet above low- water mark. This rock

614 AUTHENTIC HISTORY

is said to be tlie highest in the river near Safe Harbor, and from its flat summit the
prospect is extensive and beautiful.

"Rock B measures, from east to west, on the north side, 20 feet; on the south side,^
29 feet 8 inches; from north to south, on the east side, 12 feet 9 inches; on tlie west side,
8 feet 6 inches. Tlie heiglit of the west side above low- water mark is 6 feet; of the
east side, 12 feet 9 inches.

"From the east side a huge mass has been broken off, perhaps during one of the ice-
gorges which sometimes occur in the river at this spot. It has fallen into the bed of
the stream with the fractured end uppermost. Its length is 12 feet 9 inches, and its
computed weight 27 tons. The oldest fishermen about Safe Harbor know nothing,
either from their own observation or from tradition, as to when the disruption took
place ; and yet it must have happened since the figures were cut upon the rock, for
those found on the outer perpendicular face of the fragment evidently belong to the
same series as those on the upper level surface with which it Avas once continuous.

" T7te Fig^ires: The two rocks contain in all upwards of 80 distinct figures, and a
number more almost obliterated. They are much scattered, and seem to have been
formed without regard to order, so that it is not possible for an unskilled observer to
say that they bear any necessary relation to each other. They are probably symbolical,
but it is left to those who are versed in American antiquities to decipher their meaning.
Some points, however, are clear. They were made by the Aborigines, and made at
a large cost of time and labor, with rude stone implements, because no sharp lines or
cirts betray the use of iron or steel. This, in connection with their number and variety,
proves that they were not the offspring of idle fancy, or the work of idle hours, but the
jiroduct of design toward some end of high importance in the eyes of the sculptors."

i^-

OF LANCASTER COUNTY.

615

LIST OF MOST OF THE ABBREVIATIONS OF AUTHORITIES REFERRED
TO IN THE PRECEDING DIVISION.

Ag., Agas. Agassiz.

Abt. Abbot.

Aub., Au. Aube.

Aud. Audubon.

Ant. Anthony.

Adans. Adanson.

Adans.andBeauv, Adanson andBeauvoise,

Ait. Alton.

Ann. Annales Soc. Ent. de Paris.

A. D. C. Alplionso De CandoUe.
Beav., Bvr., Bvs., Bv. Beauvois.
Brid. Bridel.

Br. and Sch. Brucli and Shimper.

Bern. Bernhardi.

Beauv. and Spreng. Beaiivoise and Spren-

gel.
Brull., Brll. Brulle.
Brd. Baird.
Bos. Bosc.

Bhm., Blin. Boheman.
Briss. Brisson.
Bod., Bd. Boddert.
Bon. Bonelli.

Bart. Barton. ,

Bonap. Bonaparte.
Brm., Bur. Bunneister.
Br. Brunich.
Brndt. Brandt.
Boisd., Boi. Boisduval.
Borkh. Borkhausen.
Bentb. Bentham.

B. & G. Baird & Girard.
Cbv. Chevi'olet.

Curt., Cur. Curtis.

Cliaud., Chd. Cbaudoir.

Cab. Cabanis

Cas. Cassin.

Chz. Chwiuitz.

Cuv., Cv. Cuvier.

Crs. Cresson.

Claii'., Civ. Clairvllle.

Crm. Cramer.

CLm. Clemmens.

C. Mull. C. Miiller.
Dup. Dupont.
Don. Donovon.
Dal., Dim. Dalman.
Dahl. Dahlgren.
Des. Desvoidy.
Dew. Dewey.

Dill. Dillwyn.

De G. De Geer.

Daud. Daudiu.

Dum. Dumeril.

Dumort. Dumortier.

Dru. Drury.

Dej. Dejean.

Dou. Doubleday.

D. C. De Candolle.

D. Darlington.

Desf. Desfontaines.

Eul., (erroneously,) Uhler.

Ere, Ers. Ericson.

Esb., Esch. Escbscholtz.

Ent. Entom. Magazine.

End. Endlicher.

Engelm. Engelmann.

Esi>. Esper.

Ebrh. Ebrbart.

Ell. Elliot.

Fab., Frbs., Fab. Fabricius.

Forst., Frs., Fst. Forster.

Frt. Ferte.

Feb. Fitch.

Fisch. Fischer.

Ging. De Gingins.

Gaud. Gaudiu.

Grm. Germer.

Gml. Gmelin,

Gr. Gray.

Good. Goodenough.

Griseb. Grisebach.

Grv., Grw. Gravenhorst.

Gyl. Gyllenhal.

Gld. Gould.

Gor. Gory.

Guer., Gur. Guerin.

Geb. Gebler.

Gue. Guenen.

Gamb. Gamber.

God. Godart.

Gronov. Gronovius,

Godron. Goodenough.

Glox. Gloxin.

Geer. De Geer.

Geof. Geoffroy.

Gaertn. Gaertner.

Hub., Hu. Hiibuer.

Haw. Haworth.

Hntz., Hts. Hentz.

616

AUTHENTIC HISTORY

Hpe. Hope.

Hoi. Holbrook.

Hbst., Hbt. Herbst.

Har. Harris.

Hartl. Hartley.

Hel. Heller.

Hag. Hagen.

Halt!., Hid. Haldeman.

H. B. K. Humboldt, BouplaudandKuiitli.

Hoffm. Hoftman.

Hedw. Heclwig.

Hoff and Horush. Hoffman and Horn-

scliuli.
Hook. Hooker.

Hook and Tayl. Hooker and Taylor.
Hornscli. Hornsclinli.
Illg., 111. Illiger.
Jaq., Jag. Jacquin.
,Tur. Jurine.
Juss. Jussieu.
Kun. Kunz.
Kol., Kohl. Kohler.
Kug. Kugelmaun.
Klg. Klug. '

Kcli., Kn., Kli. Knoch.
Kin. Klein.

Kaup. Kanpmaun. ,

Kirb., Krb., Kir. Kirby.
Knh. Knigiit.
L., Lin., Linn, Linuaens.
Lee. Leconte.
Lebm. Lehman.
Lat., La. Latrielle.
Lac. Lacordaire.
Lch., Leli. Leaoli.
Lindl. Lindley.
Licht. Lichtenstein.
Low. Leow.
Law. Lawrence.
Lath. Latham.
Lam. Lamarck.
Lap. Lapporte.
Lu. Lucas.

L'Her., L'Hev. L'Heritier.
Maq. Maquarte.
Mis., Mels. Melsheimer.
Motch. Motchulsky.
Mul. Miiller.

MuU., Chapm. 3Iiiller, Chapman.
Mac. Made ay.

Mom, (erroneously) Newman.
Mont. Montague.
Mann,, Man. Mannerheim.

Meg., Mie., Mieg. Miegan.

Merr. Mosrig.

Mor, Morris.

Miclix. Michaux.

Mulil. Muhlenberg.

Medic, Medik. Medicus.

Mill. Miller.

Moench. Monch.

Nwp, Newporte.

Nwm., Num., New. Newmaun.

Nees., Nees von Esenbeck.

Nees. and Mont. Nees von Esenbeck and

Montague.
Nutt. Nuttiil.
Oliv., Olv., Old. Olivier.
Ord. Ord.

Och., Ochs. Ochseuheimer.
Onu. Ormstead ?
Pal. Pallas.
Pck., Pk. Peck.
P. de B., Pal. de Beauvoise.
Pic. Pictet.
Pan., Puz. Panzer.
Putz., Puz., Ptz. Putseys.
Payk., Pky., Pyk. Paykull.
Pen. Pennant.
Prm. Prime.
Pak., Pack. Packard.
Poir. Poiret.
Pers., Persl. Persoon.
Raf. Rafenesque.
Richard. Richardsou.
Riuz and Pav. Riuz and Pavou.
Rac. Racket.
Ran., Rnd. Randall.
Rau., Rud. (Typographical error) ibid.
Redt., Red., Ret. Redtenbacher.
Ramb., Ram. Rambur.
R. Br. Robert Brown.
Schwteg. Schwajgricher.
Schreb. Schreber.
Swtz. Swartz.
Schimp. Schimi:)er.
Steph., Stp. Stephens.
Steud. Steudel.
Salisb. Salisbury.
Swn., Sw. Swainson.
Srv., Sro. Serville.
Schn., Sell. Schonherr.
Stll. Stoll.
Scopi, Sep. Scopoli.
Sol., Sul. Solander.
Shrnk., Shr., Sh. Schrank.

OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 617

St. F. St. Fargeau. Tuckrm. Tuckennan.

Spin., Spn. Spinola. Uhl. Uhler.

Suf. Suflfrain. Viel. Viellant.

Swe. Swederus. Vahl, (for Wahl.) Wahlenberg.

Strm. Strum. Vent. Ventenat.

Serb. Scribner. Vill. Villars.

Smth., Smb., Sm. Smith. Web., Wbr. Weber.

Sm. A. Smith & Abbot. Wils. Wilson.

Shrp. Sharpless. Wm., (erroneously, for Newman.)

Sulliv. Sullivaut. Westw. Westwoocl.
Sulliv. and Lesqx. Sullivant and Lesque- Wlk. Walker,

reux. Wlch. Walch.

Spreng. Sprengel. Walt. Walter.

Thn. Thb. Thunberg. ' Willd. Willdenau.

Temm. Temniink. Waug. Wangenheim.

Touru. Tourufort. Weid., Wei. Weidmann.

Torr and G. T. & G. Torry & Gray. Zieg., ^gl. Ziegler.

Torr. Torry. Zimm. Zimmerman.

Trin. Trinius. Zel. Zellers.

APPENDIX.

DIVISION X.

DOCUMENTARY

AND

FI NANCIAL.

No. I.

^' The Charter of Charles the Second^ of England, Scotland, France and
Ireland, King, defender of the faith , c&c, unto William Penn, Proprietary
and Goveriior of the Province 0/ Pennsylvania," [1681.]

" Charles^ by the grace of Qod^ King of England^ Scotland^ France and
Ireland^ defender of the faith, &c., to all, to whom these presents shall
come, Greeting:

"Whereas our trusty and well-beloved subject William Penn^ Esquire,
son and heir of Sir Williarn Penn deceased, (out of a commendable de-
sire to enlarge our British empire, and promote such useful commodities,
as may be of benefit to us and our dominions, as also to reduce the
savage Natives^ by just and gentle manners, to the love of civil society,
and christian religion) hath humbly besought leave of US, to transport
an ample colony unto a certain country, hereinafter described, in the
parts of America not yet cultivated and planted ; and hath likewise so
humbly besought our royal Majesty to give, grant and confirm all the
said country, with certain privileges and jurisdictions, requisite for the
good government and safety of the said country and colony, to him, and
his heirs forever.

SECTION I.

" Know ye, therefore, that we, (favoring the petition and good purpose
of the said Williain Penn, and having regard to the memory and merits
of his late father, in divers services, and particularly to his conduct,
courage and discretion, under our dearest brother James Duke of Yorl:,
in that signal battle and victory, fought and obtained, against the Dutcli
fleet, commanded by the Heer Van Oj)dam, in the year 1665: In consid-
eration thereof, of our special grace, certain knowledge, and mere motion)
have given and granted, and, by this our present Charter, for us, our
heirs and successors, do give and grant unto the said Williain Penn, his'
heirs and assigns, all that tract, or part, of land, in America, with the
islands therein contained, as the same is bounded, on the east, by Dela-
ware river, from twelve miles distance northwards of JVew Castle town,
unto the three and fortieth degree of northern latitude, if the said river
doth extend so far northward, but if the said river shall not extend so
far northward, then, by the said river, so far as it doth extend ; and from
the head of the said river, the eastern bounds are to be determined by a
meridian line, to be drawn from the head of the said river, unto the said

iK

2 AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY.

forty-third degree. The said land to extend westward five degrees in
longitude, to be computed from the said eastern bounds; and the said
lands to be bounded on the north by the beginning of the three and
fortieth degree of northern latitude, and, on the south, by a circle, drawn
at twelve miles distance from New Castle^ northward and westward, unto
the beginning of the fortieth degree of northern latitude; and then by a
straight line westward to the limits of longitude above mentioned.

SECTION II.
" We do also give and grant unto the said William Pemi, his heirs and
assigns, the free, and undisturbed use, and continuance in, and passage unto,
and out of all and singular ports, harbours, bays, waters, rivers, isles and
inlets, belonging unto, or leading to, and from, the country, or islands
aforesaid, and all the soils, lands, fields, woods, underwoods, mountains,
hills, fenns, isles, lakes, rivers, waters, rivulets, bays and inlets, situated,
or being within, or belonging to, the limits, or bounds, aforesaid, together
with the fishing of all sorts of fish, whales, sturgeon, and all royal, and
other fishes, in the seas, bays, inlets, waters, or rivers, within the prem-
ises, and all the fish taken therein ; and also all veins, mines, minerals and
quarries, as well discovered as not discovered, of gold, silver, gemms, and
precious stones, and all other whatsoever, be it stones, metals, or of any
other thing or matter whatsoever, found, or to be found, within the
country, isles, or limits, aforesaid.

SECTION III.
"And him, the said William Penn^ his heirs and assigns, we do by this
our royal cliarter^ for us, our heirs and successors, make, create and con-
stitute the true and absolute proprietary of the country aforesaid, and of
all other the premises ; saving always to us, our heirs and successors, the
faith and allegiance of the said William Penn^ his heirs and assigns, and
of all other proprietaries, tenants and -inhabitants, that are, or shall be,
withiin the territories and precincts aforesaid; and saving also unto us,
our heirs and successors, the sovereignty of the aforesaid country; to
have, hold, possess and enjoy the said tract of land, country, isles, inlets,
and other the premises, unto the said William Penn^ his heirs and assigns,
forever, to be holden of us, our heirs and successors, kings of England^
as of our castle of Windsor^ in the county of Berks, in free and common
soccage, by fealtij only, for all services and not in capite, or by knight
service : yielding and paying therefore to us, our heirs and successors, two
Beaver shins, to be delivered at our castle of Windsor, on the first day of
January, in every year ; and also the fifth part of all gold, and silver oar,
which shall, from time to time, happen to be found within the limits
aforesaid, clear of all charges. And of our further grace, certain knowl-
edge, mere motion, We have thought fit to erect, and we do hereby erect,

THE CHARTER OF CHARLES THE SECOND. 3

the aforesaid country and islands into a province and seigniory, and do
call it Pensilvania^ and so from henceforth will have it called,

SECTION IV.

"And, for as much as, we have hereby made and ordained the afore-
said Williarti Penn^ his heirs and assigns, the true and absolute proprie-
taries of all the lands and dominions aforesaid. Know ye, therefore, that
we (reposing special trust and confidence in the fidelity, wisdom, justice
and provident circumspection of the said William Penn) for us, our heirs
and successors, do grant free, full and absolute power, by virtue of these
presents, to him and his heirs, to his, and their deputies and lieutenants,
for the good and happy government of the said country, to ordain, make
and enact, and, under his and their seals, to publish any laws whatsoever,
for the raising of money for public uses of the said province, or for any
other end, appertaining either unto the public state, peace, or safety of
the said country, or unto the private utility of particular persons, accord-
ing unto their best discretion, and with the advice, assent and approba-
tion of the freemen of the said country, or the greater part of them, or
of their delegates, or deputies, whom, for the enacting of the said laws,
when, and as often as need shall require, we will that the said William
Penn^ and his heirs shall assemble, in such sort and form, as to him and
them shall seem best, and the same laws duly to execute, unto and upon
all people, within the said country and limits thereof.

SECTION V.
"And we do likewise give and grant unto the said William Penn^ and
to his .heirs, and their deputies and lieutenants, full power and authority
to appoint and establish any Judges and Justices, Magistrates, and other
officers whatsoever, (for the probates of wills, and for the granting of ad-
ministration within the precincts aforesaid) and with what power soever,
and in such form, as to the said William Penn^ or his heirs shall seem
most convenient: also to remit, release, pardon and abolish (whether
before judgment or after) all crimes and offences whatsoever, committed
within the said country, against the laws, (treason and wilful and mali-
cious murder only excepted, and in those cases, to grant reprieves, until
our pleasure may be known therein) and to do all and every other thing
and things, which unto the complete establishment of justice, unto courts
and tribunals, forms of judicature, and manner of proceedings do belong,
although, in these presents, express mention be not made thereof; and
by judges, by them delegated, to award process, hold pleas, and deter-
mine, in all the said courts and tribunals, all actions, suits and causes
whatsoever, as well criminal as civil, personal, real and mixt; which
laws, so as aforesaid, to be published, our pleasure is, and so we enjoin,
require and command, shall be most absolute and available in law; and

4 AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY.

that all the liege people and subjects of us, our heirs and successors, do
observe and keep the same inviolably in those parts, so far as thej con-
cern them, under the pain therein expressed, or to be expressed. Pro-
vided nevertheless^ That the same laws be consonant to reason, and not
repugnant, or contrary, but, (as near as conveniently may be) agreeable
to the laws and statutes, and rights of this our kingdom of England; and
saving and reserving to us, our heirs and successors, the receiving, hear-
ing and determining of the appeal and appeals of all, or any person, or
persons, of, in, or belonging to the territories aforesaid, or touching any
judgment to be there made, or given.

SECTION VI.

"And, for as much as, in the government of so great a country, sudden
accidents do often happen, whereunto it will be necessary to apply rem-
edy, before the freeholders of the said province, or their delegates, or
deputies, can be assembled, to the making of laws; neither will it be
convenient, that instantly upon every such occasion, so great a multitude
should be called together : Therefore (for the better government of the
said country) we will and ordain, and by these presents, for us, our heirs
and successors, do grant unto the the said Williarn Penn and his heirs,
by themselves, or by their Magistrates and officers, in that behalf, duly
to be ordained, as aforesaid, to make and constitute lit and wholesome
ordinances, from time to time, within the said country to be kept and
observed, as well for the preservation of the peace, as for the better gov-
ernment of the people there inhabiting; and publicly to notify the same
to all persons, whom the same doth or may any ways concern. Which
ordinances our will and pleasure is shall be observed inviolably within
the said province, under the pains therein to be expressed, so as the said
ordinances be consonant to reason, and be not repugnant nor contrary,
but (so far as conveniently may be) agreeable Avith the laws of our king-
dom of England^ and so as the said ordinances be not extended, in any
sort, to bind, change, or take away the right, or interest of any person,
or persons, for, or in, their life, members, freehold, goods, or chattels.
And our farther will and pleasure is. That the laws for regulating and
governing of property within the said province, as well as for the descent
and enjoyment of lands, as likewise for the enjoyment and succession of
goods and chattels, and likewise as to the felonies, shall be and continue
the same, as they shall be for the time being by the general course of
the law in our kingdom of England^ until the said laws shall be altered
b}^ the said Williarn Penn^ his heirs or assigns, and by the freemen of
the said province, their delegates, or deputies, or the greater part of them.

SECTION VII.

" And to the end that the said William Perm, or his heirs, or other the

THE CHARTER OF CHARLES THE SECOND. 5,

planters, owners, or inhabitants of the said province may not, at any-
time hereafter (by misconstruction of the power aforesaid) through inad-
vertency, or design, depart from that faith and due allegiance, which by
the laws of this our realm of England^ they and all our subjects, in our
dominions and territories, always owe to us, our heirs and successors, by
colour of any extent, or largeness of powers hereby given, or pretended
to be given, or by force or colour of any laws hereafter to be made, in
the said province, by virtue of any such powers; Our farther will and
pleasure is, that a transcript or duplicate, of all laws, which shall be so,
as aforesaid, made and published within the said province, shall within
five years after the making thereof, be transmitted and delivered to the
Privy Council, for the time being, of us, our heirs and successors: And
if any of the said laws, within the space of six months after that they
shall be so transmitted and delivered, be declared by us, our heirs and
successors, in our, or their Privy Council, inconsistent with the sover-
eignty, or lawful prerogative of us, our heirs and successors, or con-
trary to the faith and allegiance, due to the legal government of this
realm, from the said William Penn^ or his heirs, or of the planters and
inhabitants of the said province, and that thereupon any of the said laws
shall be adjudged and declared to be void by us, our heirs and success-
ors, under our or their privy seal, that then, and from thenceforth such
laws, concerning which such judgment and declaration shall be made,
shall become void : otherwise the said laws, so transmitted, shall remain
and stand in full force, according to the true intent and meaning thereof.

SECTION VIII.

"Furthermore, that this new colony may the more happily increase by
the multitude of people resorting thither; Therefore, we, for us, our
heirs and successors, do give and grant, by these presents, power, license,
and liberty unto all the liege people and subjects, both present and fu-
ture, of us, our heirs and successors, (excepting those, who shall be
especially forbidden) to transport themselves and families "unto the said
country, with such convenient shipping, as, by the laws of this our king-
dom of England^ they ought to use, and with fitting provision ; paying
only the customs therefore due, and there to settle themselves, dwell and
inhabit and plant, for the public, and their own private advantage.

SECTION IX.

"And furthermore, that our subjects may be the rather encouraged to
undertake this expedition, with ready and cheerful minds. Know ye, That
we, of our special grace, certain knowledge, and mere motion, do give
and grant, by virtue of these presents, as well unto the said William
Penn^ and his heirs, as to all others, who shall, from time to time, repair
unto the said country, full license to lade and freight, in any ports what-

ft AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY.

soever of us, our heirs and successors, according to the laws made, or to
be made, within our kingdom of England^ and unto the said country, by
them, their servants or assigns, to transport all and singular their goods,
wares and merchandizes, as likewise all sorts of grain whatsoever, and
all other things whatsoever, necessary for food, or cloathing, not pro-
hibited, by the laws and statutes of our kingdom and dominions, to be
carried out of the said kingdom, without any let, or molestation of us,
our heirs and successors, or of any of the ofl&cers of us, our heirs or suc-
cessors; saving always to us, our heirs and successors, the legal imposi-
tions, customs, or other duties and payments for the said v/ares and
merchandizes, by any law or statute, due, or to be due, to us, our heirs
and successors.

"• ■ ■ SECTION X.

"And we do further, for us, our heirs and successors, give and grant
unto the said William Penn^ his heirs and assigns, free and absolute
power to divide the said country and islands into towns, hundreds and
counties, and to erect and incorporate towns into burroughs, and bur-
rougks into cities, and to make and constitute fairs and markets therein,
with all other convenient privileges and immunities,, according to the
merits of the inhabitants, and the fitness of the places, and to do all, and
every other thing and things, touching the premises, which to him, or
them, shall seem meet and requisite ; albeit they be such, as of their own
nature might otherwise require a more special commandment and war-
rant, than, in these presents, is expressed.

SECTION XL

" We will also, and, by these presents, for us, our heirs and successors,
we do give and grant license, by this our charter, unto the said WiUiam
Penn^ his heirs and assigns, and to all the inhabitants and dwellers in
the province aforesaid, both present and to come, to import, or unlade,
by themselves, or their servants, factors or assigns, all merchandizes and
goods whatsoever, that shall arise of the fruits and commodities of the
said province, either by land or sea, into any of the ports of us, our heirs,
or successors, in our kingdom of England^ and not into any other country
whatsoever; and we give him full power to dispose of the said goods,
in the said ports; and, if need be, within one year after the unlading of
the same, to lade the said merchandize and goods again, into the same,
or other ships, and to transport the same into any other countries, either
of our dominions, or foreign, according to law; provided always, that
they pay such customs and impositions, subsidies and duties for the same,
to us, our heirs and successors, as the rest of our subjects of our king-
dom of Englamd, for the time being, shall be bound to pay, and do ob-
serve the acts of na violation, and other laws, in that behalf made.

THE CHARTER OF CHARLES THE SECOND. 7

SECTION XII.

" And furthermore, of our ample and special graee, certain knowledge
and mere motion, we do, for us, our heirs and successors, grant unto the
said William Penn, his heirs and assigns, full and absolute power and
authority, to make, erect and constitute, within the said province, and
the isles and inlets aforesaid, such and so many seaports, harbors, creeks,
havens, keys, and other places, for discharging and unlading of goods
and merchandize, out of the ships, boats, and other vessels, and landing
them unto such, and so many places, and with such rights, jurisdictions,
liberties and privileges, unto the said ports belonging, as to him and them
shall seem most expedient ; and that all, and singular the ships, boats and
other vessels, which shall come for merchandize and trade, into the said
province, or out of the same, shall be laden, or unladen, only at such
ports, as shall be created and constituted by the said Willia7n Pen7i, his
heirs, or assigns, (any use, custom or thing to the contrary notwithstand-
ing.) Provided, that the said William Penn and his heirs, and the Lieu-
tenants and Governors, for the time being, shall admit and receive in and
about all such havens, ports, creeks and keys, all ofl&cers and their depu-
ties, who shall, from time to time, be appointed for that purpose by the
farmers, or commissioners of our customs for the time being.

SECTION XIII,
"And w^e do further appoint and ordain, and by these presents, for us,
our heirs and successors, we do grant unto the said William Penn, his
heirs and assigns, that he, the said William Penn, his heirs and assigns,
may, from time to time, for ever, have and enjoy the customs and subsi-
dies, in the ports, harbours and other creeks, and places aforesaid, within
the province aforesaid, payable, or due for merchandize and wares there
to be laded and unladed, the said customs and subsidies to be reasonably
assessed, upon any occasion, by themselves and the people there, as afore-
said to be assembled, to whom we give power by these presents, for us,
our heirs and successors, upon just cause, and due proportion, to assess
and impose the same; saving unto us, our heirs and successors, such
impositions and customs, as, by act of Parliament, are, and shall be,
appointed.

SECTION XIV.
" And it is our farther will and pleasure, that the said William Penn,
his heirs and assigns, shall, from time to time, constitute and appoint an
Attorney, or agent, to reside in, or near our city of London; who shall
make known the place where he shall dwell, or may be found, unto the
clerks of our Privy Council, for the time being, or one of them, and shall
be ready to appear in any of our courts, at Westminster, to answer for
any misdemeanor, that shall be committed, or by any wilful default, or

8 AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY.

neglect, permitted by the said William Penn^ his heirs or assigns, against
the laws of trade and navigation ; and after it shall be ascertained, in any
of our courts, what damages we, or our heirs, or successors, shall have
sustained by such default, or neglect, the said William Penn^ his heirs,
or assigns, shall pay the same within one year, after such taxation, and
demand thereof from such attorney; or in case there shall be no such
attorney by the space of one year, or such attorney shall not make pay-
ment of such damages, within the space of a year, and answer such other
forfeitures and penalties, within the said time, as by acts of Parliament,
in England^ are and shall be provided according to the true intent and
meaning of these presents; then it shall be lawful for us, our heirs and
successors, to seize and resume the government of the said province or
country, and the same to retain, until payment shall be made thereof:
but notwithstanding any such seizure, or resumption of the government,
nothing concerning the propriety, or ownership, of any lands, tenements,
or other hereditaments, goods or chattels of any of the adventurers,
planters or owners, other than the respective offenders there, shall any
ways be affected or molested thereby.

• • SECTION XV.

"Provided always, and our will and pleasure is, that neither the said
William Penn^ nor his heirs, nor any other, the inhabitants of the said
province, shall, at any time hereafter, have or maintain, any correspond-
ence with any other king, prince or state, or with any of their subjects,
who shall then be in war against us, our heirs and successors ; nor shall
the said William Penn^ or his heirs or any other inhabitants of the said
province, make war, or do any act of hostility against any other king,
prince, or state, or any of their subjects, Avho shall then be in league or
amity with us, our heirs and successors.

SECTION XVI.

"And because, in so remote a country, and situate near many barbar-
ous nations, the incursions as well of the savages themselves, as of other
enemies, pirates and robbers, may probably be feared ; Therefore, we
have given, and, for us, our heirs and successors, do give power, by these
presents, to the said William Penn^ his heirs and assigns, by themselves,
or their captains, or other their officers, to levy, muster and train all
sorts of men, of what condition soever, or wheresoever born, in the said
Province of Pennsylvania^ for the time being, and to make war, and to
pursue the enemies and robbers aforesaid, as well by sea as by land,
even, without the limits of the said province, and, by God's assistance, to
vanquish and take them ; and being taken, to put them to death, by the
law of war, or to save them ; at their pleasure, and to do all and every
other thing, which unto the charge and office of a captain general of an

THE CHARTER OF CHARLES THE SECOND. 9

army belongeth, or hath accustomed to belong, as fully and freely as any
captain general of an army hath ever had the same.

SECTION XVII.

" And furthermore, of our special grace, and of our certain knowledge
and mere motion, we have given and granted, and, by these presents, for
us, our heirs and successors, do fgive and grant unto the said William
Pentiy his heirs and assigns, full and absolute power, license and authority,
that he, the said William Penn^ his heirs and assigns, from time to time
hereafter forever, at his or their own will and pleasure, may assign, alien,
grant, demdse, or enfeoff of the premises so many, and such parts and
parcels to him, or them, that shall be willing to purchase the same, as
they shall think fit ; to have and to hold to them, the said person, or
persons willing to take and purchase, their heirs and assigns, in fee sim-
ple, or fee tail, or for the term of life, lives, or years, to be held of the
said William Penn, his heirs, or assigns, as of the said seigniory of Wind-
sor, by such services, customs, or rents, as shall seem meet to the said
Willia77i Penn, his heirs, or assigns, and not immediately of us, our heirs
or successors.

SECTION XVIII.

"And to the same person, or persons, and to all and every of them, we
do give and grant, by these presents, for us, our heirs and successors,
license, authority and power, that such person or persons may take the
premises, or any parcel thereof, of the aforesaid William. Penn, his heirs
or assigns, and the same to hold to themselves, their heirs and assigns, in
what estate of inheritance soever, in fee simple, or in fee tail, or other-
wise, as to him the said William Penyi, his heirs or assigns, shall seem
expedient: The statute made, in the parliament of Edward, the son of
King Henry, late King of England, our predecessor (commonly called
the statute, ' Quia Emptor es Terrarum,^ lately published in our kingdom
of England) in any wise notwithstanding.

SECTION XIX.

" And by these presents, we give and grant license unto the said Wil-
liam Penn and his heirs, and likewise to all, and every such person, or
persons, to whom the said William Penn, or his heirs, shall, at any time
hereafter, grant any estate, or inheritance, as aforesaid, to erect any par-
cels of land, within the province aforesaid, into manors, by and with the
license, to be first had and obtained, for that purpose, under the hand
and seal of the said William Penn, or his heirs; and, in every of the said
manors, to have and hold a Court- Baron, with all things whatsoever,
which to a Court-Baron do belong, and to have and to hold View of
Frank Pledge, for the conservation of the peace, and the better govern-
ment of those parts, by themselves, or their stewards, or by the lords for

W AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY.

the time being, of the manors to be deputed, when they shall be erected,
and, in the same, to use all things belonging to the View of Frank Pledge.
And we do further grant license and authority, That every such person,
or persons, who shall erect any such manor, or manors, as aforesaid,
shall, or may, grant all, or any part of his said land to any person, or
persons, in fee simple, or any other estate of inheritance to be held of the
said manors respectively, so as no further tenure shall be created, but
that upon all further, or other alienations thereafter to be made, the said
lands so aliened shall be held of the same lord and his heirs, of whom the
aliener did then before hold, and by the like rents and services, which
were before due and accustomed.

SECTION XX.

"And furthermore, our pleasure is, and by these presents, for us, our
heirs and successors, we do covenant and grant to and with the said
WiUicwi Penn^ his heirs and assigns, that we, our heirs and successors,
shall, at no time hereafter, set, or make, or cause to be set, or made, any
imposition, custom, or other taxation, rate, or contribution Avhatsoever,
in and upon the dwellers and inhabitants of the aforesaid province, for
their lands, tenements, goods, or chattels, within the said province, or in
and upon any goods and merchandizes within the province, or to be la-
den, or unladen within the ports, or harbours of the said province, unless
the same be with the consent of the Proprietary, or Chief Governor, or
Assembly, or by act of parliament in England.

SECTION XXI.

"And our pleasure is, and, for us, our heirs and successors, we charge
and command, that this our declaration shall be from henceforth,
from time to time, be received and allowed, in all our courts, and before
all the judges of us, our heirs and successors, for a sufficient lawful dis-
charge, payment and acquittance; commanding all the officers and min-
isters of us, our heirs and successors, and enjoining them upon pain of
our highest displeasure, that they do not presume, at any time, to attempt
anything to the contrary of the premises, or that do, in any sort, with-
stand the same ; but, that they be, at all times, aiding and assisting, as is
fitting, to the said William Penn.^ and his heirs, and unto the inhabitants
and merchants of the province aforesaid, their servants, ministers, fac-
tors and assigns, in the full use and fruition of the benefit of this our
charter, , . ,.

SECTION XXII.

"And our farther pleasure is, and we do hereby, for us, our heirs and
successors, charge and require. That, if any of the inhabitants of the said
province, to the number of twenty, shall, at any time hereafter, be de-
sirous, and shall, by any writing, or by any person deputed by them,

THE CHARTER OF CHARLES THE SECOND. 11

signify such their desire to the bishop of London^ for the time being, that
any preacher, or preachers, to be approved of by the said bishop, may
be sent unto them, for their instruction ; that then such preacher, or
preachers, shall and may reside within the said province, without any
denial, or molestation whatsoever.

SECTION XXIII.

"And, if perchance hereafter any doubt or question should arise con-
cerning the true sense and meaning of any word, clause, or sentence, con-
tained in this our present charter, we will, ordain and command, that, at
all times, and in all things, such interpretation be made thereof, and
allowed, in any of our courts whatsoever, as shall be adjudged most ad-
vantageous and favorable unto the said William Penn^ his heirs and as-
signs : Provided always^ no interpretation be admitted thereof, by which
the allegiance due unto us, our heirs and successors, may suffer any prej-
iidice or diminution; although express mention be not made, in these
presents, of the true yearly value, or certainty of the premises, or any
part thereof, or of other gifts and grants, made by us, and our progeni-
tors, or predecessors, unto the said William Penn: Any statute, act, or-
dinance, provision, proclamation, or restraint, heretofore had, made, pub-
lished, ordained, or provided, or any other thing, cause, or matter what-
soever, to the contrary thereof in any wise notwithstanding. In Witness
whereof we have caused these our letters to be made patent : Witness
Ourself^ at Westminster^ the fourth day of March, in the three and thir-
tieth year of our reign, Annoque Domini one thousand six hundred and
eighty-one.

'"''By ivrit of Privy Seal,

PIGOTT."

W AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY.

No. 2.

Certain conditions, or concessions, agreed upon hy William Penn, Propri-
etary and Governor of the province of Pennsylvania^ and those toho are
the adventurers and p)urchasers in the same province^ the elevenilb of July ^
one thousayid six hundred and eighty-one.

I. That so soon as it pleaseth God that the abovesaid persons arrive
there, a certain quantity of land, or ground plat, shall be laid out, for a
large town or city, in the most convenient place, upon the river, for
health and navigation; and every purchaser and adventurer shall, by lot,
have so much land therein as will answer to the proportion, which he
hath bought, or taken up, upon rent: but it is to be noted, that the sur-
veyors shall consider what roads or high-ways will be necessary to the
cities, towns, or through the lands. Great roads from city to city not to
contain less than forty feet, in breadth, shall be first laid out and declared
to be for high-ways, before the dividend of acres be laid out for the pur-
chaser, and the like observation to be had for the streets in the towns and
cities, that there may be convenient roads and streets preserved, not to be
encroached upon by any planter or builder, that none may build irregu-
larly to the damage of another. Pn tlds^ custom governs.

II. That the land in the town be laid out together after the proportion
of ten thousand acres of the whole country, that is, two hundred acres, if
the place will bear it : however, that the proportion be by lot, and entire,
so as those that desire to be together, especially those that are, by the
catalogue, laid together, may be so laid together both in the town and
country.

III. That, when the country lots are laid out, every purchaser, from
one thousand^ to toi thousand acres, or more, not to have above one thoihsand
acres together, unless in three years they plant a family upon every
thousand acres ; but that all such as purchase together, lie together ; and,
if as many as comply with this condition, that the whole be laid out
together.

IV. That, where any number of purchasers, more or less, whose num-
ber of acres amounts io five or ten thousand acres, desire to sit together
in a lot, or township, they shall have their lot, or township, cast together,
in such places as have convenient harbours, or navigable rivers attending
it, if such can be found ; and in case any one or more purchasers plant
not acccording to agreement, in this concession, to the prejudice of others
of the same township, upon complaint thereof made to the Governor, or

CERTAIN CONDITIONS OR CONCESSIONS. 13

his Deputy, with assistance, they may award (if they see cause) that the
complaining purchaser may, paying the survey money, and purchase
money, and interest thereof, be entitled, enrolled and lawfully invested,
in the lands so not seated.

V. That the proportion of lands, that shall be laid out in the first great
town, or city, for every purchaser, shall be after the proportion of ten
acres for every Jive hundred acres purchased, if the place will allow it.

VI. That notwithstanding there be no mention made, in the several
deeds made to the purchasers; yet the said William Penn does accord
and declare, that all rivers, rivulets, woods, and underwoods, waters,
watercourses, quarries, mines, and minerals, (except mines royal) shall be
freely and fully enjoyed, and wholly by the purchasers, into whose lot
they fall.

VII. That, for evevj fifty acres, that shall be allotted to a servant, at
the end of his service, his quit-rent shall be tivo shillings per annum, and
the master, or ow^ner of the servant, when he shall take up the other fifty
acres^ his quit-rent, shall he four shillings by the year, or, if the master of
the servant (by reason in the indentures he is so obliged to do) allot out
to the servant fifty acres in his own division, the said master shall have,
on demand, allotted him, from the Governor, the one hundred acres, at the
chief rent of six shillings per annum.

VIII. And, for the encouragement of such as are ingenious and willing
to search out gold and silver mines in this province, it is hereby agreed,
that they have liberty to bore aiad dig in any man's property, fully paying
the damage done ; and in case a discovery should be made, that the dis-
coverer have 07ie fifth, the owner of the soil (if not the discoverer) a tenth
part, the Governor twofiftJis, and the rest to the public treasury, saving
to the king the share reserved by patent.

IX. In every hnndred thousand acres, the Governor and Proprietary,
by lot, reserveth ten to himself, what shall lie but in one place.

X. That every man shall be bound to plant, or man, so much of his
share of land as shall be set out and surveyed, within three years after it
is so set out and surveyed, or else it shall be lawful for new comers to be
settled thereupon, paying to them their survey money, and they go up
higher for their shares.

XI. There shall be no buying and selling, be it with an Indian, or one
among another, of any goods to be exported, but what shall be performed
in public market, when such places shall be set apart, or erected, where
they shall pass the public stamp, or mark. If bad ware, and prized as
good, or deceitful in proportion or weight, to forfeit the value, as if good
and full weight and proportion, to the public treasury of this province,
whether it be the merchandize of the- Indian, or that of the planters.

XII. And forasmuch, as it is usual with the planters to over-reach the

1'4: AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY.

poor natives of the country, in trade, by goods not being good of the
kind, or debased with mixtures, with which they are sensibly aggrieved,
it is agreed, whatever is sold to the Indians, in consideration of their furs,
shall be sold in the market place, and there suffer the test, whether good
or bad; if good, to pass; if not good, not to be sold for good, that the
natives may not be abused, nor provoked.

XIII. That no man shall, by any ways or means, in word, or deed,
affront, or wrong any Indian, but he shall incur the same penalty of the
law, as if he had committed it against his fellow planter, and if any Indian
shall abuse, in word, or deed, any planter of this Province, that he shall
not be his own judge upon the Indian, but he shall make his complaint
to the Governor of the province, or his Lieutenant, or Deputy, or some
inferior Magistrate near him, who shall, to the utmost of his power, take
care with the king of the said Indian, that all reasonable satisfaction be
made to the said injured planter.

XIV. That all differences, between the planters and the natives, shall
also be ended by twelve men, that is, by six planters and six natives ; that
so we may live friendly together as much as in us lieth, preventing all
occasions of heart-burnings and mischief.

XV. That the Indians shall have liberty to do all things relating to
improvement of their ground, and providing sustenance for their fami-
lies, that any of the planters shall enjoy.

XVI. That the laws, as to slanders, drunkenness, swearing, cursing,
pride in apparel, trespasses, distresses, replevins, weights, and measures,
shall be the same as in England, till altered by law in this province.

XVII. That all shall mark their hogs, sheep and other cattle, and what
are not marked within three months after it is in their possession, be it
young or old, it shall be forfeited to the Grovernor, that so people may be
compelled to avoid the occasions of much strife between planters.

XVIII. That, in clearing the ground, care be taken to leave one acre
of trees for every five acres cleared, especially to preserve oak and mul-
berries, for silk and shipping.

XIX. That all ship-masters shall give an account of their countries,
names, ships, owners, freights and passengers, to an officer to be ap-
pointed for that purpose, which shall be registered within two days after
their arrival, and if they shall refuse so to do, that then none presume to
trade with them, upon forfeiture thereof; and that such masters be looked
upon as having an evil intention to the province.

XX. That no person leave the province, without publication being
made thereof, in the market place, three weeks before, and a certificate
from some Justice of the Peace, of his clearness with his neigbours and
those he dealt with, so far as such an assurance can be attained and
given : and if any master of a ship shall, contrary hereunto, receive and

CERTAIN CONDITIONS OR CONCESSIONS.

15

carry away any person, that hath, not given that puBlic notice, the said
master shall be liable to all debts owing by the said person, so secretly
transported from the province.

Lastly^ That these are to be added to, or corrected, by and with the
consent of the parties hereunto subscribed.

WILLIAM PENN.
■^ William Boelham,

Sealed and delivered in
the presence of

\ Harbert Springet,
J Thomas Prudyard.

Sealed and delivered in the
presence of all the propri-
etors, who have hereunto
subscribed, except Thomas
Farrinborrough and John
Goodson, in presence of

Hugh Chamberlen,
E. Murray,
Harbert Springet,
Humphry South,
Thomas Barker,
Samuel Jobson,
John Joseph Moore,
William Powel,
Eichard Davie,

GrRIFFITH JONES,

Hugh Lambe,

Thomas Farrinborrough,

John Goodson.

'1'6 ' AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY

No. 8.

The frame of t/ie government of tlie 2^vovinre of Pensilvania, in America:
together tvith certain laws agreed ii'pon in England, hy the Governor and
divers freemen of the aforesaid province. To he further exj^lained and
confirmed there, hy the first provincial Council, that shall he held, if they
see meet.

THE PREFACE.

When the great and wise God had made the world, of all his creatures,
it pleased him to chiise man his Deput}^ to rule it : and to fit him for so
great a charge and trust, he did not only qualify him with skill and
power, but with integrity to use them justly. This native goodness was
equally his honour and his happiness ; and whilst he stood here, all went
well; there was no need of coercive or compulsive means; the precept
of divine love and truth, in his bosom, was the guide and keeper of his
innocency. But lust prevailing against duty, made a -lamentable breach
upon it ; and the law, that before had no power over him, took place
upon him, and his disobedient posterity, that such as would not live
conformable to the holy law within, should fall under the reproof and
correction of the just law without, in a judicial administration.

This the Apostle teaches in divers of his epistles: "The law (says he)
was added because of transgression :" In another place, " Knowing that
the law was not made for the righteous man; but for the disobedient and
ungodly, for sinners, for unholy and prophane, for murderers, for whore-
mongers, for them that defile themselves with mankind, and for man-
stealers, for lyers, for perjured persons," &c., but this is not all, he opens
and carries the matter of government a little further: "Let every soul
be subject to the higher powers ; for there is no power but of God. The
powers that be are ordained of God: whosoever therefore resisteth the
power, resisteth the ordinance of God. For rulers are not a terror to
good works, but to evil: wilt thou then not be afraid of the power? do
that which is good, and thou shalt have praise of the same." " He is the
minister of God to thee for good." "Wherefore ye must needs be sub-
ject, not only for wrath, but for conscience sake."

This settles the divine right of government beyond exception, and that
for two ends: first, to terrify evil doers: secondly, to cherish those that
do well; which gives government a life beyond corruption, and makes
it as durable in the world, as good men should be. So that government
■ seems to me a part of religion itself, a thing sacred in its institution and

FIRST FRAME OF GOVERNMENT. 17

end. For, if it does not directly remove the cause, it crushes the effects
of evil, and is as such, (though a lower, yet) an emanation of the same
Divine Power, that is both author and object of pure religion; the dif-
ference lying here, that the one is more free and mental, the other more
corporal and compulsive in its operations: but that is only to evil doers;
government itself being otherwise as capable of kindness, goodness and
charity, as a more private society. They weakly err, that think there is
no other use of government, than correction, which is the coarsest part
of it : daily experience tells us, that the care and regulation of many other
affairs, more soft, and daily necessary, make up much of the greatest part
of government ; and which must have followed the peopling of the world,
had Adam never fell, and will continue among men, on earth, under the
highest attainments they may arrive at, by the coming of the blessed
Second Adarn^ the Lord from heaven. Thus much of government in
general, as to its rise and end.

For particular /ram es and 'models^ it will become me to say little; and
comparatively I will say nothing. My reasons are :

First. That the age is too nice and difficult for it ; there being nothing
the wits of men are more busy and divided upon. It is true, they seem
to agree to the end, to wit, happiness; but, in the means, they differ, as
to divine, so to this human felicity ; and the cause is much the same, not
always want of light and knowledge, but want of using them rightly.
Men side with their passions against their reason, and their sinister inter-
ests have so strong a bias upon their minds, that they lean to them
against the good of the things they know.

Secondly. I do not find a model in the world, that time, place, and
some singular emergences have not necessarily altered ; nor is it easy to
frame a civil government, that shall serve all places alike.

Thirdly. I know what is said by the several admirers of monarchy,
aristocracy and democracy, which are the rule of one, a few, and many,
and are the three common ideas of government, when men discourse on
the subject. But I chuse to solve the controversy with this small dis-
tinction, and it belongs to all three: Any government is free to the people
under it (whatever be the frame) where the laws rule, and the people are a
party to those laws, and more than this is tyranny, oligarchy, or confusion.

But, lastly, when all is said, there is hardly one frame of government
in the world so ill designed by its first founders, that, in good hands,
would not do well enough ; and story tells us, the best, in ill ones, can
do nothing that is great or good; witness the Jeivish and Roman states.
Governments, like clocks, go from the motion men give them ; and as
governments are made and moved by men, so by them they are ruined
too. "Wherefore governments rather depend upon men, than men upon
governments. Let men be good, and the government cannot be bad; if
2k

18 AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY.

it be ill, they will cure it. But, if men be bad, let the government be
never so good, they will endeavor to warp and spoil it to their turn.

I know some say, let us have good laws, and no matter for the men
that execute them: bat let them consider, that though good laws do well,
good men do better : for good laws may want good men, and be abolished
or evaded by ill men; but good men will never want good laws, nor
suffer ill ones. It is true, good laws have some awe upon ill ministers,
but that is where they have not power to escape or abolish them, and
the people are generally wise and good : but a loose and depraved peo-
ple (which is to the question) love laws and an administration like them-
selves. That, therefore, which makes a good constitution, must keep it,
viz: men of wisdom and virtue, qualities, that because they descend not
with worldly inheritances, must be carefully propagated by a virtuous
education of youth; for which after ages will owe more to the care and
prudence of founders, and the successive magistracy, than to their par-
ents, for their private patrimonies.

These considerations of the weight of government, and the nice and
various opinions about it, made it uneasy to me to think of publishing
the ensuing frame and conditional laws, forseeing both the censures, they
will meet with, from men of differing humours and engagements, and the
occasion they may give of discourse beyond my design.

But, next to the power of necessity, (which is a solicitor, that will take
no denial) this induced me to a compliance, that we have (with reverence
to God, and good conscience to men) to the best of our skill, contrived
and composed ih.e frame and laios of this government, to the great end of
all government, viz: To support poiver in reverence with the people^ and
to secure the people from the abuse of povjer; that they may be free by their
just obedience, and the magistrates honourable, for their just administra-
tion : for liberty without obedience is confusion, and obedience Avithout
liberty is slavery. To carry this evenness is partly owing to the consti-
tution, and partly to the magistracy : where either of these fail, govern-
ment will be subject to convulsions; but where both are wanting, it
must be totally subverted: then where both meet, the goverment is like
to endure. Which I humbly pray and hope God wall please to make the
lot of this oi Pensilvania. Amen.

WILLIAM PENN.

THE FRAME, AC. . ,

To all people, to whom these presents shall come. Whereas, king
Charles the Second, by his letters patents, under the great seal of Eng-
land^ for the consideration therein mentioned, hath been graciously pleased
to give and grant unto me William Penn^ (by the name of William
Penn^ Esquire, son and heir of Sir William Penn^ deceased) and to my

■%Ait- » , ifc*''

FIEST FRAME OF GOVERNMENT. 19

heirs and assigns forever, all that tract of land, or province, called Pen-
silvania, in America^ with divers great powers, preheminences, royalties,
jurisdictions, and authorities, necessary for the well-being and govern-
ment thereof: Now know ye, that for the well-being and government
of the said province, and for the encouragement of all the freemen and
planters, that may be therein concerned, in pursuance of the powers
aforementioned, I, the said William Penn^ have declared, granted and
confirmed, and by these presents, for me, my heirs and assigns, do de-
clare, grant and confirm unto all the freemen, planters and adventurers
of, in and to the said province, these liberties, franchises and properties,
to be held, enjoyed and kept by the freemen, planters and inhabitants of
the said province of Pensilvania for ever.

Imprimis. That the government of this province shall, according to
the powers of the patent, consist of the Governor and freemen of the said
province, in form of a provincial Council and General Assembly, by
whom all laws shall be made, officers chosen, and public affairs trans-
acted, as is hereafter respectively declared, that is to say —

II. That the freemen of the said province shall, on the twentieth day
of the twelfth month, which shall be in this present year one thousand
six hundred eighty and two, meet and assemble in some fit place, of which
timely notice shall be before hand given by the Governor or his Deputy;
and then, and there, shall chuse out of themselves seventy-two persons of
most note for their wisdom, virtue and ability, who shall meet, on the
tenth day of the first month next ensuing, and always be called, and act
as, the provincial Council of the said province.

III. That, at the first choice of such provincial Council, one-third part
of the said provincial Council shall be chosen to serve for three years,
then next ensuing ; one-third part, for two years then next ensuing ; and
one-third part, for one year then next ensuing such election, and no
longer ; and that the said third part shall go out accordingly : and on the
twentieth day of the twelfth month, as aforesaid, yearly for ever after-
wards, the freemen of the said province shall, in like manner, meet and
assemble together, and then chuse twenty -four persons, being one-third
of the said number, to serve in provincial Council for three 3''ears: it
being intended, that one-third part of the whole provincial Council (al-
ways consisting, and to consist, of seventy-two persons, as aforesaid)
falling off' yearly, it shall be yearly supplied by such new yearly elec-
tions, as aforesaid; and that no one person shall continue therein longer
than three years : and, in case any member shall decease before the last
election during his time, that then at the next election ensuing his de-
cease, another shall be chosen to supply his place, for the remaining time,
he was to have served, and no longer.

IV. That, after the first seven years, every one of the said third parts,

, 20 AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY.

• tliat goeth yearly off, sliall be uncapable of being chosen again for one
whole year following : that so all may be fitted for government, and have
experience of the care and burden of it.

V. That the provincial Council, in all cases and matters of moment, as
their arguing upon bills to be passed into laws, erecting courts of justice,
giving judgment upon criminals impeached, and choice of officers, in
such manner as is herein after mentioned; not less than two-thirds of
the whole provincial Council shall make a quoruvi; and that the con-
sent and approbation of two-thirds of such quorum, shall be had in all
such cases and matters of moment. And moreover that, in all cases and
matters of lesser moment, twenty-four Members of the said provincial
Council shall make a quorum, the majority of which twenty-four shall,
and may, always determine in such cases and causes of lesser moment.

VI. That, in this provincial Council, the Governor, or his Deputy,
shall or may, always preside, and have a treble voice ; and the said pro-
vincial Council shall always continue, and sit upon its own adjournments
and committees.

VII. That the Governor and provincial Council shall prepare and
propose to the General Assembly, hereafter mentioned, all bills, which
they shall, at any time, think fit to be passed into laws, within the said
province ; which bills shall be published and affixed to the most noted
places, in the inhabited parts thereof, thirty days before the meeting of
the General Assembly, in order to the passing them into laws, or reject-
ing of them, as the General Assembly shall see meet.

VIII. That the Governor and provincial Council shall take care, that
all laws, statutes and ordinances, which shall at any time be made within
the said province, be duly and diligently executed.

IX. That the Governor and provincial Council shall, at all times, have
the care of the peace and safety of the province, and that nothing be by
any person attempted to the subversion of this frame of government.

X. That the Governor and provincial Council shall, at all times,
settle and order the situation of all cities, ports, and market towns in
every county, modelling therein all public buildings, streets and market
places, and shall appoint all necessary roads, and high-ways in the prov-
ince.

XL That the Governor and provincial Council shall, at all times, have
power to inspect the management of the public treasury, and punish those
who shall convert any part thereof to any other use, than what hath been
agreed upon by the Governor, provincial Council and General Assembly.

XII. That the Governor and provincial Council, shall erect and order
all public schools, and encourage and reward the authors of useful sci-
ences and laudable inventions in the said province.

XIII. That, for the better management of the powers and trust afore-

FIRST FRAME OF GOVERNMENT. 21

said, the provincial Council shall, from time to time, divide itself into
four distinct and proper committees, for the more easy administration of
the affairs of the Province, which divides the seventy-two into four eigh-
teens, every one of which eighteens shall consist of six out of each of the
three orders, or yearly elections, each of which shall have a distinct portion
of business, as foUoweth: First^ a committee of plantations, to situate
and settle cities, ports, and market towns, and high-ways, and to hear and
decide all suits and controversies relating to plantations. Secondly, a
committee of justice and safety, to secure the peace of the Province, and
punish the mal-administration of those who subvert justice, to the preju-
dice of the public, or private, interest. Thirdly, a committee of trade
and treasury, who shall regulate all trade and commerce, according to
law, encourage manufacture and country growth, and defray the public
charge of the Province. And, Fourthly, a committee of manners, educa-
tion and arts, that all wicked and scandalous living may be prevented,
and that youth may be successively trained up in virtue and useful
knowledge and arts : the quorum of each of which committees being six,
that is, two out of each of the three orders, or yearly elections, as afore-
said, make a constant and standing Council of tiuenty-four, which will
have the power of the provincial Council, being the quorum of it, in all
cases not excepted in the fifth article; and in the said committees, and
standing Council of the Province, the Governor, or his Deputy, shall, or
may preside, as aforesaid; and in the absence of the Governor, or his
Deputy, if no one is by either of them appointed, the said committees or
Council shall appoint a President for that time, and not otherwise ; and
what shall be resolved at such committees, shall be reported to the said
Council of the province, and shall be by them resolved and confirmed
before the same shall be put in execution ; and that these respective com-
mittees shall not sit at one and the same time, except in cases of necessity.
XIV. And, to the end that all laws prepared by the Governor and
provincial Council aforesaid, may yet have the more full concurrence of
the freemen of the province, it is declared, granted and confirmed, that,
at the time and place or places, for the choice of a provincial Council,
as aforesaid, the said freemen shall yearly chuse Members to serve in a
General Assembly, as their representatives, not exceeding two hundred
persons, who shall yearly meet, on the twentieth day of the second month,
which shall be in the year one thousand six hundred eighty and three
following, in the capital town, or city, of the said province, where, during
eight days, the several Members may freely confer with one another ; and,
if any of them see meet, with a committee of the provincial Council
(consisting of three out of each of the four committees aforesaid, being
twelve in all) which shall be, at that time, purposely appointed to receive
from any of them proposals, for the alterations or amendment of any of

22 AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY.

the said proposed and promulgated bills : and on the ninth day from their
so meeting, the said General Assembly, after reading over the proposed
bills by the Clerk of the provincial Council, and the occasions and
motives for them being opened by the Governor or his Deputy, shall give
their affirmative or negative, which to them seemeth best, in such man-
ner as herein after is expressed. But not less than two-thirds shall make
a quorum in the passing of laws, and choice of such officers as are by
them to be chosen.

XY. That the laws so prepared and proposed, as aforesaid, that are
assented to by the General Assembly, shall be enrolled as laws of the
Province, with this stile : By the Governor^ ivith the assent and approba-
tion of the freemen in provi7icial Council and General Assembly.

XVI. That, for the establishment of the government and laws of this
province, and to the end there may be an universal satisfaction in the laying
of the fundamentals thereof: the General Assembly shall, or may, for the
first year, consist of all the freemen of and in the said province; and
ever after it shall be yearly chosen, as aforesaid; which number of two
hundred shall be enlarged as the country shall increase in people, so as
it do not exceed five hundred, at any time ; the appointment and propor-
tioning of which, as also the laying and methodizing of 'the choice of the
provincial Council and General Assembl}^, in future times, most equally
to the divisions of the hundreds and counties, which the country shall
hereafter be divided into, shall be in the power of the provincial Council
to propose, and the General Assembly to resolve.

XYII. That the Governor and the provincial Council shall erect, from
time to time, standing courts of justice, in such places and number as
they shall judge convenient for the good government of the said province.
And that the provincial Council shall, on the thirteenth day of the first
month, yearly, elect and present to the Governor, or his Deputy, a double
number of persons, to serve for Judges, Treasurers, Masters of Kolls,
within the said province, for the year next ensuing; and the freemen of
the said province, in the county courts, when they shall be erected, and
till then, in the General Assembly, shall, on the three and twentieth day
of the second month, 3^early, elect and present to the Governor, or his
Deputy, a double number of persons, to serve for Sheriffs, Justices of the
Peace, and Coroners, for the 3^ear next ensuing; out of which respective
elections and presentments, the Governor or his Deputy shall nominate
and commissionate the proper number for each office, the third day after
the said presentments, or else the first named in such presentment, for
each office, shall stand and serve for that office the year ensuing.

XVIII. But forasmuch as the present condition of the pro vince requires
some immediate settlement, and admits not of so quick a revolution of
officers ; and to the end the said Province may, with all convenient speed,

riKST FRAME OF GOVERNMENT. 23

be well ordered and settled, I, William Penn^ do therefore think fit to
nominate and appoint such persons for Judges, Treasurers, Masters of the
Rolls, Sheriffs, Justices of the Peace, and Coroners, as are most fitly qual-
ified for those employments ; to whom I shall make and grant commis-
sions for the said offices, respectively, to hold to them, to whom the same
shall be granted, for so long time as every such person shall well behave
himself in the office, or place, to him respectively granted, and no longer.
And upon the decease or displacing of any of the said officers, the suc-
ceeding officer, or officers, shall be chosen, as aforesaid.

XIX. That the General Assembly shall continue so long as may be
needful to impeach criminals, fit to be there impeached, to pass bills into
laws, that they shall think fit to pass into laws, and till such time as the
Governor and provincial Council shall delare that they have nothing-
further to propose unto them, for their assent and approbation : and that
■declaration shall be a dismiss to the General Assembly for that time ;
which General Assembly shall be, notwithstanding, capable of assembling
together upon the summons of the provincial Council, at any time during
that year, if the said provincial Council shall see occasion for their so
assembling.

XX. That all the elections of members, or representatives of the peo-
ple, to serve in provincial Council and General Assembly, and all ques-
tions to be determined by both, or either of them, that relate to passing
of bills into laws, to the choice of officers, to impeachments by the Gene-
ral Assembly, and judgment of criminals upon such impeachments by
the provincial Council, and to all other cases by them respectively judged
of importance, shall be resolved and determined by the ballot ; and un-
less on sudden and indispensible occasions, no business in provincial
Council, or its respective committees, shall be finally determined the
same day that it is moved.

XXI. That at all times when, and so often as it shall happen that the
Governor shall or may be an infant, under the age of one and twenty
years, and no guardians or commissioners are appointed in writing, by
the father of the said infant, or that such guardians or commissioners,
shall be deceased; that during such minority, the provincial Council
shall, from time to time, as they shall see meet, constitute and appoint
guardians or commissioners, not exceeding three; one of which three
shall preside as deputy and chief guardian, during such minority, and
shall have and execute, with the consent of the other two, all the power
of a Governor, in all the public affairs and concerns of the said province.

XXII. That, as often as any day of the month, mentioned in any arti-
cle of this charter, shall fall upon the first day of the week, commonly
called the LorcVs Day, the business appointed for that day shall be de-
ferred till the next day, unless in case of emergency.

2-i AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY.

XXIII. That no act, law, or ordinance whatsoever, shall at any time
hereafter, be made or done by the Governor of this province, his heirs or
assigns, or by the freemen in the provincial Council, or the General
Assembly, to alter, change, or diminish the form, or effect, of this charter, ■
or any part, or clause thereof, or contrary to the true intent and mean-
ing thereof, without the consent of the Governor, his heirs, or assigns, and
six parts of seven of the said freemen in provincial Council and General
Assembly.

XXIV. And lastly, that I, the said William Penn^ for myself, my
heirs and assigns, have solemnly declared, granted and confirmed, and do
hereby solemnly declare, grant and confirm, that neither I, my heirs, nor
assigns, shall procure or do any thing or things, whereby the liberties,
in this charter contained and expressed, shall be infringed or broken;
and if any thing be procured by any person or persons contrary to these
premises, it shall be held of no force or effect. In witness whereof, I,
the said William Penn, have unto this present character of liberties set
my hand and broad seal, this five and twentieth day of the second month,
vulgarly called April, in the year of our Lord one thousand six hundred
and eighty-two.

WILLIAM PENN.

LAWS AGREED UPON IN ENGLAND, AC.

I. That the charter of liberties, declared, granted and confirmed the five
and twentieth day of the second month, called April, 1682, before divers
witnesses, by William Penn^ Governor and chief Proprietor of Pensil-
vania^ to all the freemen and planters of the said province, is hereby de-
clared and approved, and shall be for ever held for fundamental in the
government thereof, according to the limitations mentioned in the said
charter.

II. That every inhabitant in the said province, that is or shall be, a
purchaser of one hundred acres of land, or upwards, his heirs and assigns,
and every person who shall have paid his passage, and taken up one hun-
dred acres of land, at one penny an acre, and have cultivated ten acres
thereof, and every person, that hath been a servant, or bonds-man, and
is free by his service, that shall have taken up his fifty acres of land, and
cultivated twenty thereof, and every inhabitant, artificer, or other resi-
dent in the, said province, that pays scot and lot to the government ;
shall be deemed and accounted a freeman of the said province : and every
such person shall, and may, be capable of electing, or being elected,
representatives of the people, in provincial Council, or General Assem-
bly, in the said province.

III. That all elections of members, or representatives of the people
and freemen of the province of Pensilvania^ to serve in provincial

FIRST FRAME OF GOVERNMENT. 25

Council, or General Assembly, to be held within the said province, shall
be free and voluntary : and that the elector, that shall receive any re-
ward or gift, in meat, drink, monies, or otherwise, shall forfeit his right
to elect ; and such person as shall directly or indirectly give, promise, or
bestow any such reward as aforesaid, to be elected, shall forfeit his elec-
tion, and be thereby incapable to serve as aforesaid : and the provincial
Council and General Assembly shall be the sole judges of the regularity,
or irregularity of the elections of their own respective Members.

IV. That no money or goods shall be raised upon, or paid by, any of
the people of this province by way of public tax, custom or contribution,
b.ut by a law, for that purpose made ; and whoever shall levy, collect, or
pay any money or goods contrary thereunto, shall be held a public enemy
to the province, and a betrayer of the liberties of the people thereof.

V. That all courts shall be open, and justice shall neither be sold, de-
nied nor delayed,

VI. That, in all courts all persons of all persuasions may freely appear
in their own way, and according to their own manner, and there personally
j)lead their own cause themselves ; or, if unable, by their friend : and the
first process shall be the exhibition of the complaint in court, fourteen
days before the trial ; and that the party, complained against, may be
fitted for the same, he or she shall be summoned, no less than ten days
before, and a copy of the complaint delivered him or her, at his or her
dwelling house. But before the complaint of any person be received, he
shall solemnly declare in court, that he believes, in his conscience, his
cause is just.

VII. That all pleadings, processes and records in courts, shall be
short, and in English^ and in an ordinary and plain character, that they
may be understood, and justice speedily administered.

VIII. That all trials shall be by twelve men, and as near as may be,
peers or equals, and of the neighborhood, and men without just excep-
tion ; in cases of life, there shall be first twenty-four returned by the
Sheriffs, for a grand inquest, of whom twelve, at least, shall find the
complaint to be true ; and then the twelve men, or peers, to be likewise
returned by the Sheriff, shall have the final judgment. But reasonable
challenges shall be always admitted against the said twelve men, or any
of them.

IX. That all fees in all cases shall be moderate, and settled by the
provincial Council, and General Assembly, and be hung up in a table in
every respective court; and whosoever shall be convicted of taking-
more, shall pay two-fold, and be dismissed his employment ; one moiety
of which shall go to the party wronged.

X. That all prisons shall be work-houses, for felons, vagrants, and
loose and idle persons ; whereof one shall be in every county.

26 AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY.

XI. That all prisoners shall be bailable by sufficient sureties, un-
less for capital offences, where the proof is evident, or the presumption
great.

XII. That all persons wrongfully imprisoned, or prosecuted at law,
shall have double damages against the informer, or prosecutor.

XIII. That all prisons shall be free, as to fees, food and lodging.

XIV. That all lands and goods shall be liable to pay debts, except
where there is legal issue, and then all the goods, and one-third of the
land only.

XV. That all wills, in writing, attested by two witnesses, shall be of
the same force, as to lands, as other conveyances, being legally proved
within forty days, either within or without the said province.

XVI. That seven years quiet possession shall give an unquestionable
right, except in cases of infants, lunatics, married women, or persons be-
yond the seas.

XVII. That all briberies and extortion whatsoever shall be severely
punished.

XVIII. That all fines shall be moderate, and saving men's contene-
ments, merchandize, or wainage. . .

XIX. That all marriages (not forbidden by the law of God, as to
nearness of blood and affinity by marriage) small be encouraged ; but
the parents, or guardians, shall be first consulted, and the marriage shall
be published before it be solemnized ; and it shall be solemnized by
taking one another as husband and wife, before credible witnesses ; and
a certificate of the whole, under the hands of parties and witnesses, shall
be brought to the proper register of that county, and shall be registered
in his office.

XX. And, to prevent frauds and vexatious suits within the said pro-
vince, that all charters, gifts, grants, and conveyances of and (except
leases for a year or under) and all bills, bonds, and specialties above five
pounds, and not under three months, made in the said province, shall be
enrolled, or registered in the public enrolment office of the said province,
within the space of two months next after the making thereof, else to be
void in law, and all deeds, grants, and conveyances of land (except as
aforesaid) within the said province, and made out of the said province,
shall be enrolled or registered, as aforesaid, within six months next after
the making thereof, and settling and constituting an enrolment office or
registry within the said province, else to be void in law against all per-
sons whatsoever.

XXI. That all defacers or corrupters of charters, gifts, grants, bonds,
bills, wills, contracts, and conveyances, or that shall deface or falsify any
enrolment, registry or record, within this province, shall make double
satisfaction for the same ; half whereof shall go to the party wronged.

FIRST FRAME OF GOVERNMENT. 27

and they shall be dismissed ®f all places of trust, and be publicly dis-
graced as false men.

XXII. That there shall be a register for births, marriages, burials,
wills, and letters of administration, distinct from the other registry.

XXIII. That there shall be a register for all servants, where their
names, time, wages, and days of payment shall be registered.

XXIV. That all lands and goods of felons shall be liable, to make
satisfaction to the party wronged twice the value ; and for want of lands
or goods, the felons shall be bondmen to work in the common prison, or
work-house, or otherwise, till the party injured be satisfied.

XXV. That the estates of capital offenders, as traitors and murderers,
shall go, one-third to the next of kin to the sufferer, and the remainder
to the next of kin to the criminal.

XXVI. That all witnesses, coming, or called, to testify their know-
ledge in or to any matter or thing, in any court, or before any lawful
authority, within the said province, shall there give or deliver in their
evidence, or testimony, by solemnly promising to speak the truth, the
whole truth, and nothing but the truth, to the matter, or thing in ques-
tion. And in case any person so called to evidence, shall be convicted
of wilful falsehood, such person shall suffer and undergo such damage or
penalty, as the person, or persons, against whom he or she bore false wit-
ness, did, or should, undergo ; and shall also make satisfaction to the party
wronged, and be publicly exposed as a false witness, never to be credited
in any court, or before any Magistrate, in the said province.

XXVII. And, to the end that all officers chosen to serve within this
province, may, with more care and diligence, answer the trust reposed in
them, it is agreed, that no such person shall enjoy more than one public
office, at one time.

XXVIII. That all children, within this province, of the age of twelve
years, shall be taught some useful trade or skill, to the end none may be
idle, but the poor may work to live, and the rich, if they become poor,
may not want.

XXIX. That servants be not kept longer than their time, and such as
are careful, be both justly and kindly used in their service, and put in
fitting equipage at the expiration thereof, according to custom.

XXX. That all scandalous and malicious reporters, backbiters, de-
famers and spreaders of false news, whether against Magistrates, or pri-
vate persons, shall be accordingly severely punished, as enemies to the
peace and concord of this province.

XXXI. That for the encouragement of the planters and traders in this
province, who are incorporated into a society, the patent granted to them
by William Penn^ Governor of the said province, is hereby ratified and
confirmed.

28 AUTHENTIC HISTOEY OF LANCASTER COUNTY,

XXXII. * '^ * * *

XXXIII. That all factors or correspondents in the said province,
wronging their employers, shall make satisfaction, and one-third over,
to their said employers: and in case of the death of any such factor
or correspondent, the committee of trade shall take care to secure so
much of the deceased party's estate as belongs to his said respective
employers.

XXXIV. That all Treasurers, Judges, Masters of the Rolls, Sheriffs,
Justices of the Peace, and other officers and persons whatsoever, relating
to courts, or trials of causes, or any other service in the government ; and
all Members elected to serve in provincial Council and General Assem-
bly, and all that have right to elect such Members, shall be such as
possess faith in Jesus Christ, and that are not convicted of ill fame, or
unsober and dishonest conversation, and that are of twenty-one years of
age, at least; and that all such so qualified, shall be capable of the said
several employments and privileges, as aforesaid.

XXXY. That all persons living in this province, who confess and
acknowledge the one Almighty and eternal God, to be the Creator, Up-
holder and Ruler of the world ; and that hold themselves obliged in con-
science to live peaceably and justly in civil society, shall, in no waj'^s, be
molested or prejudiced for their religious persuasion, • or practice, in
matters of faith and worship, nor shall they be compelled, at any time, to
frequent or maintain any religious worship, place or ministry whatever.

XXXVI. That, according to the good example of the primitive Chris-
tians, and the ease of the creation, every first day of the week, called the
Lord's day, people shall abstain from their comm.on daily labour, that
they may the better dispose themselves to worship God according to their
understandings.

XXXVII. That as a careless and corrupt administration of justice
draws the wrath of God upon magistrates, so the Avildness and looseness
of the people provoke the indignation of God against a country : there-
fore, that all such offences against God, as swearing, cursing, lying,
prophane talking, drunkenness, drinking of healths, obscene words, incest,
sodomy, rapes, whoredom, fornication, and other uncleanness (not to be
repeated) all treasons, misprisions, murders, duels, felony, sedition, maims,
forcible entries, and other violences, to the persons and estates of the
inhabitants within this province; all prizes, stage-plays, cards, dice. May-
games, gamesters, masques, revels, bull-baitings, cock-fightings, bear-
baitings, and the like, which excite the people to rudeness, cruelty, loose-
ness, and irreligion, shall be respectively discouraged, and severely pun-
ished, according to the appointment of the Governor and freemen in

.<^v

FIRST FRAME OF GOVERNMENT. 29

provincial Council and General Assembly; as also all proceedings con-
trary to these laws, tliat are not here made expressly penal.

XXXVIII. That a copy of these laws shall be hung up in the provin-
cial Council, and in public courts of justice: and that tliey shall be read
yearly at the opening of every provincial Council and General Assem-
bly, and court of justice ; and their assent shall be testified, by their
standing up after the reading thereof.

XXXIX. That there shall be, at no time, any alteration of any of these
laws, without the consent of the Governor, his heirs, or assigns, and six
parts of seven of the freemen, met in provincial Council and General
Assembly.

XL. That all other matters and things not herein provided for, which
shall, and may, concern the public justice, peace or safety of the said
province ; and the raising and imposing taxes, customs, duties, or other
charges whatsoever, shall be, and are, hereby referred to the order, pru-
dence and determination of the Governor and freemen, in provincial
Council and General Assembly, to be held, from time to time, in the said
province.

Signed and sealed by the Governor and freemen aforesaid, the fifth

day of the third month, called May^ one thousand six hundred

and eighty-two.

30 AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY.

No. 4.

Tlte Frame of the Government of the Province of Pennsylvania and Terri-
tories thereunto annexed, in America. 1683.

To all persons, to whom these presents may come. Whereas, king
Charles the Second, by his letters patents, under the great seal of Eng-
land, bearing date the fourth day of March, in the thirty and third year
of the king, for divers considerations therein mentioned, hath been gra-
ciously pleased to give and grant unto me William Penn (by the name
of Williara Penn, Esquire, son and heir of Sir William Penn, deceased)
and to my heirs and assigns for ever, all that tract of land, or province,
called Pe7insylva7iia, in Ajnerica, with divers great powers, preheminen-
cies, royalties, jurisdictions and authorities, necessary for the well-being
and government thereof. And, whereas, the king's dearest brother James,
duke of York and Albany, &c., by his deeds of feoffment, under his hand
and seal, duly perfected, bearing date the four and twentieth day of Au-
gust, one thousand six hundred eighty and two, did grant unto me, my
heirs and assigns, all that tract of land, lying and being from twelve
miles northward of Newcastle, upon Delaware river, in America, to Cape
Hinlopen, upon the said river and bay of Delaware southward, together
with all royalties, franchises, duties, jurisdictions, liberties and privileges
thereunto belonging.

Xoiv hioiv ye. That for the well-being and good government of the said
province and territories thereunto annexed, and for the encouragement
of all the freemen and planters, that may be therein concerned, in pursu-
ance of the rights and powers aforementioned, I, the said Williain Penn,
have declared, granted, and confirmed, and by these presents, for me,
my heirs and assigns, do declare, grant and confirm unto all the freemen,
planters and adventurers of, in and to the said province and territories
thereof, these liberties, franchises and properties, so far as in me lieth,
to be held, enjoyed and kept by the freemen, planters and ad^^enturers
of and in the said province of Pemisylvania, and territories thereunto
annexed, for ever.

Imprimis, That the government of this province and territories there-
of, shall, from time to time, according to the powers of the patent and
deeds of feoffment aforesaid, consist of the Proprietary and Governor,
and freemen of the said province and territories thereof, in form of pro-
vincial Council and General Assembl}^ ; which provincial Council shall
consist of eighteen persons, being three out of each county, and which

SECOND FRAME OF GOVERNMENT. 31

Assembly shall consist of thirty-six persons, being six out of each coun-
ty, men of most note for their virtue, wisdom and ability ; by whom all
laws shall be made, officers chosen, and public affairs transacted, as is
hereafter limited and declared.

II. There being three persons already chosen for every respective
county of this province and territories thereof, to serve in the provin-
cial Council, one of them for three years ; one for two years, and one for
one year ; and one of them to go off yearl}^, in every county ; that on the
tenth day of the first month yearly, for ever after, the freemen of the said
province and territories thereof, shall meet together, in the most conven-
ient place, in every county of this province and territories thereof, then
and there to chuse one person, qualified as aforesaid, in every county,
being one-third of the number to serve in provincial Council, for three
years; it being intended, that one-third of the whole provincial Council,
consisting and to consist of eighteen persons, falling off yearl}^, it shall
be yearly suj^plied with such, yearly elections, as aforesaid ; and that one
person shall not continue in longer than three years; and in case any
member shall decease before the last election, during his time, that then,
at the next election ensuing his decease, another shall be chosen to sup-
ply his place for the remaining time he was to have served, and no
longer,

III. That, after the first seven years, every one of the said third parts,
that goeth yearly off', shall be incapable of being chosen again for one
whole year following, that so all that are capable and qualified, as afore-
said, may be fitted for government, and have a share of the care and
burden of it.

IV. That the provincial Council in all cases and matters of moment,
as their arguing upon bills to be passed into laws, or proceedings about
erecting of courts of justice, sitting in judgment upon criminals impeach-
ed, and choice of officers, in such manner as is herein after expressed,
not less than two-thirds of the whole shall make a quorum; and that the
consent and approbation of two-thirds of that quorum shall be had in all
such cases, or matters, of moment : and that, in all cases and matters of
lesser moment, one-third of the whole shall make a quorum^lhe majority
of which shall and may always determine in such cases and causes of les-
ser moment.

Y. That the Governor and provincial Council shall have the power of
preparing and proposing to the Assembly, hereafter mentioned, all bills,
which they shall see needful, and that shall, at any time, be past into
laws, within the said province and territories thereof, which bills shall
be published and affixed to the most noted places, in every county of
this province and territories thereof, twenty days before the meeting of
the Assembly, in order to passing them into laws.

32 AUTHEXTIC HISTOEY OF LANCASTER COUNTY.

YI. That the Governor and provincial Council shall take care that all
laws, statues and ordinances, which shall, at anj time, be made within the
said province and territories, be duly and diligently executed.

YII. That the Governor and provincial Council shall, at all times,
have the care of the peace and safety of this province and territories
thereof; and that nothing be, by any person, attempted, to the subver-
sion of this frame of government.

YIII. That the Governor and provincial Council shall, at all times,
settle and order the situation of all cities, and market towns, in every
county, modelling therein all public buildings, streets and market places ;
and shall appoint all necessary roads and highways, in this province and
territories thereof.

IX. That the Governor and provincial Council shall, at all times, have
|)ower to inspect the management of the public treasury, and punish
those Avho shall convert any part thereof to any other use, than what
hath been agreed upon by the Governor, provincial Council and As-
sembly.

X. That the Governor and provincial Council shall erect and order all
public schools, and encourage and reward the authors of useful sciences
and laudable inventions in the said province and territories thereof.

XL That one-third part of the provincial Council, residing with the
Governor, from time to time, shall with the Governor have the care of
the management of public affairs, relating to the peace, justice, treasury
and improvement of the province and territories, and to the good educa-
tion of youth, and sobriety of the manners of the inhabitants therein, as
aforesaid.

XII. That the Governor, or his Deputy, shall always preside in the
provincial Council, and that he shall, at no time, therein perform any
public act of state whatsoever, that shall, or may, relate unto the justice,
trade, treasury, or safety of the province and territories aforesaid, but by
and with the advice and consent of the provincial Council thereof

XIII. And to the end that all bills prepared and agreed by the Governor
and provincial Council, as aforesaid, may yet have the more full concur-
rence of the freemen of the province and territories thereof, it is de-
clared, granted and confirmed, that, at the time and place in every
county for the choice of one person to serve in provincial Council, as
aforesaid, the respective Members thereof, at their said meeting, shall
yearly chuse out of themselves six persons of most note, for virtue, wis-
dom and ability, to serve in Assembly, as their representatives, who
shall yearly meet on the tenth day of the third month, in the capital
town or city of the said province, unless the Governor and provincial
Council shall think fit to appoint another place to meet in, where, during
eight days, the several Members may confer freely with one another ;

SECOND FRAME OF GOVERNMENT. 33

and if any of them see meet, with a committee of the provincial Council,
which shall be, at that time, purposely appointed, to receive from any of
them proposals for the alterations, or amendments, of any of the said
proposed and promulgated bills ; and on the ninth day from their so
meeting, the said Assembly, after their reading over the proposed bills,
by the Clerk of the provincial Council, and the occasions and motives for
them being opened by the Governor or his Deputy, shall, upon the ques-
tion by him put, give their affirmative or negative, which to them seem-
eth best, in such manner as is hereafter expressed : but not less than
two-thirds shall make a quorum in the passing of all bills into laws, and
choice of such officers as are by them to be chosen.

XIV. That the laws so prepared and proposed, as aforesaid, that are
assented to by the Assembly, shall be enrolled as laws of this province
and territories thereof, with this stile: By the Governor^ with the assent
and approhation of the freemen in provincial Council and Assembly m,et^
and from henceforth the meetings, sessions, acts, and proceedings of the
Governor, provincial Council and Assembly, shall be stiled and called,
The meeting^ sessions and ptroceedings of the General Assemhly of the province
of Pennsylvania^ and the territories thereunto belonging.

XV. And that the representatives of the people in provincial Council
and Assembly, may, in after ages, bear some proportion with the increase
and multiplying of the people, the number of such representatives of
the people may be, from time to time, increased and enlarged, so as
at no time, the number exceed seventy-two for the provincial Council,
and two hundred for the Assembly; the appointment and proportion
of which number, as also the laying and methodizing of the choice of
such representatives in future time, most equally to the division of the
country, or number of the inhabitants, is left to the Governor and pro-
vincial Council to propose, and the Assembly to resolve, so that the
order of proportion be strictly observed, both in the choice of the Coun-
cil and the respective committees thereof, viz.: one third to go ofl', and
come in yearly.

XVI. That from and after the death of this present Governor, the pro-
vincial Council shall, together with the succeeding Governor, erect, from
time to time, standing courts of justice, in such places and number as
they shall judge convenient for the good government of the said province
and territories thereof; and that the provincial Council shall, on the
thirteenth day of the second month then next ensuing, elect and present
to the Governor, or his Deputy, a double number of persons, to serve for
Judges, Treasurers, and Masters of the Rolls, within the said province
and territories, to continue so long as they shall well behave themselves,
in those capacities respectively ; and the freemen of the said province, in
an Assembly met on the thirteenth dav of the third month, vearly, shall

3k

34 AUTHENTIC HISTOKY OF LANCASTER COUNTY.

elect and then present to the Governor, or his Deputy, a double number
of persons to serve for Sheriffs, Justices of the Peace, and Coroners, for
the year next ensuing ; out of which respective elections and present-
ments, the Governor, or his Deputy, shall nominate and commissionate
the proper number for each office, the third day after the said respec-
tive presentments; or else the first named in such presentment, for
each office, as aforesaid, shall stand and serve in that office, the time
before respectively limited; and in case of death or default, such
vacancy shall be supplied by the Governor and provincial Council in
manner aforesaid,

XVII. That the Assembly shall continue so long as may be needful
to impeach criminals, fit to be there impeached, to pass such bills into
laws as are proposed to them, which they shall think fit to pass into laws,
and till such time as the Governor and provincial Council shall declare,
that they have nothing further to propose unto them, for their assent
and approbation, and that declaration shall be a dismiss to the Assembly,
for that time; which Assembly shall be, notwithstanding, capable of
assembling together, upon the summons of the Governor and provincial
Council, at any time, during that year, if the Governor and provincial
Council shall see occasion for their so assemblino-.

XVIII. That all the elections of members, or representatives of the
people to serve in provincial Council and Assembly, and all questions to
be determined by both, or either of them, that relate to choice of officers,
and all, or any other personal matters, shall be resolved or determined
by the ballot^ and all things relating to the preparing and passing of bills
into laws, shall be openly declared and resolved by the vote.

XIX. That, at all times, when the Proprietary and Governor shall
happen to be an infant, and under the age of one and twenty years, and
no guardians or commissioners are appointed in writing, by the father of
the said infant, or that such guardian shall be deceased, that during such
minority, the provincial Council shall, from time to time, as they shall
see meet, constitute and appoint guardians and commissioners, not ex-
ceeding three, one of which shall preside as deputy, and chief guardian,
during such minority, and shall have and execute, with the consent of
one of the other two, all the power of a Governor, in all public affairs
and concerns of the said province and territories thereof, according to
charter; which said guardian so appointed, shall also have the care and
oversight of the estate of the said minor, and be yearly accountable and
responsible for the same to the provincial Council, and the provincial
Council to the minor, when of age, or to the next heir, in case of the
minor's death, for the trust before expressed.

XX. That as often as any days of the month mentioned in any article
of this charter, shall fall upon the first day of the week, commonly called

SECOND FRAME OF GOVERNMENT. 35

the LorcVs day, the business appointed for that day, shall be deferred
until the next day, unless in cases of emergency.

XXI. And, for the satisfaction and encouragement of all aliens, I do
give and grant, that, if any alien, who is, or shall be a purchaser, or who
doth, or shall, inhabit in this province or territories thereof, shall decease
at any time before he can well be naturalized, his right and interest
therein shall notwithstanding descend to his wife and children, or other
his relations, be he testate, or intestate, according to the laws of this
province and territories thereof, in such cases provided, in as free and
ample manner, to all intents and purposes, as if the said alien had been
naturalized.

XXII. And that the inhabitants of this province and territories thereof
may be accommodated with such food and sustenance, as God, in his
providence, hath freely afforded, I do also further grant to the inhabit-
ants of this province and territories thereof, liberty to fowl and hunt
upon the lands they hold, and all other lands therein not inclosed ; and
to fish, in all waters in the said lands, and in all rivers and rivulets in,
and belonging to, this province and territories thereof, with liberty to
draw his or their fish on shore on any man's lands, so as it be not to the
detriment, or annoyance of the owner thereof, except such lands as do
lie upon inland rivulets that are not boatable, or which are, or may be
hereafter erected into manors.

XXIII. And that all the inhabitants of this province and territories
thereof, whether purchasers or others, may have the last worldly pledge
of my good and kind intentions to them and theirs, I do give, grant and
confirm to all and every one of them, full and quiet possesion of their
respective lands, to which they have any lawful or equitable claim, saving-
only such rents and services for the same, as are, or customarilj^ ought to
be, reserved to me, my heirs or assigns.

XXIV. That no act, law, or ordinance whatsoever, shall, at any time
hereafter, be made or done by the Proprietary and Governor of this
province, and territories thereunto belonging, his heirs or assigns, or by
the freemen in provincial Council or Assembly, to alter, change or dimin-
ish the form or effect of this charter, or any part or clause thereof, con-
trary to the true intent and meaning thereof, without the consent of the
Proprietary and Governor, his heirs or assigns, and six parts of seven of
the said freemen in provincial Council and Assembly met.

XXV. And lastl}'-, I, the said William Penn^ Proprietary and Governor
of the province of Pennsylvania^ and territories thereunto belonging, for
me, my heirs and assigns, have solemnly declared, granted and confirmed,
and do hereby solemnly declare, grant and confirm, that neither I, my
heirs nor assigns, shall procure, or do, any thing or things, whereby the
liberties, in this charter contained and expressed, shall be infringed or

36

AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY.

broken : and if any thing be procured, by any person or persons, "con-
trary to tliese premises, it shall be held of no force or effect. In witness
whereof, I, the said William Penn, at Philadel]yhia^ in Pennsylvania^
have unto this present charter of liberties set my hand and broad seal,
this second day of the second month, in the year of our Lord one thousand
six hundred and eighty and three, being the five and thirtieth year of the
king, and the third year of my government.

WILLIAM PBNN.

This within charter, which we have distinctly heard read and thank-
fully received, shall be by us inviolably kept, at Philadelphia, the second
day of the second month, one thousand six hundred eighty and three.

- ' The Members of the provincial Council present :

William Markham,
John Moll,
William Haige,
Christopher Taylor,
John Simcock,
William Clayton,
Francis AVhittwel,
Thomas Holme,

William Clark,
William Biles,
James Harrison,
John Eichardson,
Philip Thomas Lenmar,

Seer. Gov.
Eichard Ingelo, CI. Coun.

The Members of the Assembly present.

Casparus Harman,
John Darby,
Benjamin Williams,
William Guest,
Valentine Hollingsworth,
James Boyden,
Bennony Bishop,
John Beazor,
John Harding,
Andrews Bringston,
Simon Irons,
John Wood,

John Curtis, >

Daniel Brown,
William Futcher,
John Kipshaven,
Alexander Molestine,
Eobert Bracy, senior,
Thomas Bracy,

Thomas Hassald,
John Hart,
Eobert Hall,
Eobert Bedwell,
William Simsmore,
Samuel Darke,
Eobert Lucas,
James Williams,
John Blunston,
John Songhurst,
John Hill,
Nicholas Wain,
Thomas Fitzwater,
John Clows,
Luke Watson,
Joseph Phipps,
Dennis Eotchford,
John Brinklair,
Henry Bowman,

SECOND FRAME OF GOVERNMENT. 37

William Yardly, Cornelius Verhoofe,

John Hastings, Jolin Southworth, CI. Synod.

Eobert Wade,

Some of the inhabitants of Philadelphia present:

William Howell, Henry Lewis,

Edmund Warner, Samuel Miles.

1^ AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY.

. No. 5.

The Frame of Government of the Province of Pennsylvania, and the terri-
tories thereunto helonging^ passed hy Governor Markham, November 7, 1696.

"Whereas, tlie late king Charles the Second, in the three and thirtieth
year of his reign, by letters patent under the great seal of England^ did,
for the considerations therein mentioned, grant unto William Peyin, his
heirs and assigns, for ever, this colony, or tract of land, thereby erecting
the same into a province, called Pennsylvania^ and constituting him, the
said William Penn, absolute Proprietary thereof, vesting him, his Depu-
ties and Lieutenants, with divers great powers, pre-eminences, royalties,
jurisdictions and authorities, necessary for the well-being and good gov-
ernment of the said province. And whereas the late duke of York and
Albany^ &c., for valuable considerations, did grant unto the said William
Penn^ his heirs and assigns, all that tract of land which hath been cast,
or divided into three counties, now called Neiccastle^ Kent^ and Sussex,
together with all royalties, franchises, duties, jurisdictions, liberties and
privileges thereunto belonging; which last mentioned tract being in-
tended as a beneficial and requisite addition to the territory of the said
Proprietary, he, the said Proprietary and Governor, at the request of the
freemen of the said three counties, by their deputies, in Assembly met,
with the representatives of the freemen of the said province at Chester,
alias Upland, on the sixth day of the tenth month, 1682, did (with the
advice and consent of the Members of the said Assembly) enact, that the
said three counties should be annexed to the province of Pennsylvania,
as the proper territories thereof: and whereas king William and the late
queen Mary, over EiiyJand, ko,., by their letters patent and commission,
under the great seal of England, dated the twenty-first day of October, in
the fourth year of their reign, having, (for the reasons therein mentioned)
taken the government of the said province and territories into their
hands, and under their care and protection, did think fit to constitute
Benjamin Fletcher, Governor of New York, to be their Captain General,
and Governor in Chief, over this province and country. And whereas,
also the said king and queen afterwards, by their letters patent, under
the great seal of England, dated the twentieth day of August, in the sixth
year of their reign, have thought fit, upon the humble application of the
said William Penn, to restore them to the administration of the govern-
ment of the said province and territories ; and that so much of their said
commission as did constitute the said Benjamin Fletcher, their Captain

THIKD FRAME OF GOVERNMENT. 39

General and Governor in Chief of the said province of Pennsylvania,
country of Newcastle, and the territories and tracts of land depending
thereupon, in America, together with all the powers and authorities
thereby granted for the ruling and governing their said province and
country, should, from the publication of the said last recited letters
patent, cease, determine and become void; and accordingly the same are
hereby declared void ; whereupon the said William Penn did commis-
sionate his kinsman, William Markham, Governor under him, with di-
rections to act according to the known laws and usages of this govern-
ment.

Now, forasmuch as the former frame of government, modelled by act
of settlement, and charter of liberties, is not deemed, in all respects, suit-
ably accommodated to our present circumstances, therefore it is unani-
mously desired that it may be enacted. And be it enacted by the Gover-
nor aforesaid, with the advice and consent of the representatives of the
freemen of the said province and territories, in Assembly met, and by
the authority of the same, that this government shall, from time to time,
consist of the Governor, or his Deputy, or Deputies, and the freemen of
the said province, and territories thereof, in form of a Council and As-
sembly ; which Council and Assembly shall be men of most note for
virtue, wisdom and ability; and shall, from and after the tenth day of
the first month next, consist of two persons out of each of the counties of
this government, to serve as the people's representatives in Council; and
of four persons out of each of the said counties, to serve as their repre-
sentatives in Assembl}^ ; for the electing of which ref)resentatives, it shall
and may be lawful to and for all the freemen of this province and terri-
tories aforesaid, to meet together on the tenth day of the first month
yearly hereafter, in the most convenient and usual place for election,
within the respective counties, then and there to chuse their said repre-
sentatives as aforesaid, who shall meet on the tenth day of the third
month yearly, in the capital town of the said province, unless the Gov-
ernor and Council shall think fit to appoint another place.

And, to the end it may be known who those are, in this province and
territories, who ought to have right of, or to be deemed freemen, to
chuse, or be chosen, to serve in Council and Assembly, as afore-
said. Be it enacted by the authority aforesaid. That no inhabitant of this
province or territories, shall have right of electing, or being elected as
aforesaid, unless they be free denizens of this government, and are of
the age of twenty-one years, or upwards, and have fifty acres of land,
ten acres whereof being seated and cleared, or be otherwise worth fifty
pounds, lawful money of this government, clear estate, and have been
resident within this government for the space of two years next before
such election.

iO AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY.

And whereas divers persons within this government, cannot, for con-
science sake, take an oath, upon any account whatsoever. Be it therefore
enacted by the authority aforesaid. That all and every such person and
persons, being, at any time hereafter, required, upon any lawful occasion,
to give evidence, or take an oath, in any case whatsoever, shall, instead
of swearing, be permitted to make his, or their solemn affirmation, attest,
or declaration, which shall be adjudged, and is hereby enacted and de-
clared to be of the same force and effect, to all intents and purposes
whatsoever, as if they had taken an oath; and in case any such person
or persons shall be lawfully convicted of having wilfully and corruptly
affirmed, or declared any matter or thing, upon such solemn affirmation
or attest, shall incur the same penalties and forfeitures, as by the laws
and statutes of England are provided against persons convicted of wilful
and corrupt perjurj^

And be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid, That all persons
who shall be hereafter either elected to serve in Council and Assembly,
or commissionated or appointed to be Judges, Justices, Masters of the
Eolls, Sheriffs, Coroners, and all other offices of State and trust, within
this government, who shall conscientiously scruple to take an oath, but
when lawfully required, will make and subscribe the' declaration and
profession of their Christian belief, according to the late act of parlia-
ment, made in the first year of king WiUiara, and the late queen Mary^
entitled, An act for exempting their majesties' Protestant subjects, dis-
senting from the Church of England^ from the penalty of certain laws,
shall be adjudged, and are hereby declared to be qualified to act in their
said respective offices and places, and thereupon the several officers
herein mentioned, shall, instead of an oath make their solemn affirmation
or declaration in manner and form following; that is to say,

The form of Judges' and Justices' attest shall be in these words, viz.

Thou shalt solemnly promise, that as Judge, or Justice, according to
the Governor's commission to thee directed, thou shalt do equal right to
the poor and rich, to the best of thy knowledge and power, according to
law, and after the usages and constitutions of this government; thou
shalt not be of council of any matter or cause depending before thee, but
shalt well and truly do thy office in every respect, according to the best
of thy understanding.

The form of the attests to be taken by the Masters of the Rolls, Secre-
taries, Clerks, and such like officers, shall be thus, viz:

Thou shalt well and faithfully execute the office of, &c., according to
the best of thy skill and knowledge ; taking such fees only as thou
oughtest to receive by the laws of this government.

The form of the Sherift's' and Coroners' attest, shall be in these words,
viz :

THIED FRAME OF GOVERNMENT. 41

Thou shalt solemnly promise, that thou wilt well and truly serve the
King and Governor in the office of the Sheriff (or Coroner) of the county
of, &c., and preserve the King and Governor's rights, as far forth as thou
canst, or mayest; thou shalt truly serve, and return, all the writs and
precepts to thee directed ; thou shalt take no bailiff* nor deputj^, but
such as thou wilt answer for ; thou shalt receive no writs, except from
such judges and justices who, by the laws of this government, have au-
thority to issue and direct writs unto thee ; and thou shalt diligently and
truly do and accomplish all things appertaining to thy office, after the
best of thy wit and power, both for the King and Governor's profit, and
good of the inhabitants within the said county, taking such fees only as
thou oughtest to take by the laws of this government, and not otherwise.

The form of a Constable's attest shall be this, viz:

Thou shalt solemnly promise, well and duly, according to the best of
thy understanding, to execute the office of a Constable for the town (or
county) of P. for this ensuing year, or until another be attested in thy
room, or thou shalt be legally discharged thereof.

The form of the Grand Inquest's attests shall be in these words, viz:

Thou shalt diligently enquire, and true presentment make, of all such
matters and things as shall be given thee in charge, or come to thy
knowledge, touching this present service; the King's counsel, thy fel-
lows, and thy own, thou shalt keep secret, and in all things thou shalt
present the truth, and nothing but the truth, to the best of thy knowledge.

This being given to the Foreman, the rest of the Inquest shall be at-
tested thus, by three at a time, viz:

The same attestation that your Foreman hath taken on his part, you
will well and truly keep on your parts.

The form of the attest to be given to the Traverse Jury, by four at a
time, shall be thus, viz:

You solemnly promise that you will well and truly try the issue of
traverse between the lord the King, and A. B. whom you have in charge,
according to your evidence.

In civil causes, thus, viz:

You solemnly promise that you will well and truly try the issue be-
tween A. B. plaintiff, and C. D. defendant, according to your evidence.

Provided always, and it is hereby intended, that no person shall be,
by this act, excused irom swearing, who, by the acts of parliament, for
trade and navigation, are, or shall be required to take an oath.

And, that elections may not be corruptly managed, on which the good
of the government so much depends. Be it further enacted by the au-
thority aforesaid, that all elections of the said representatives shall be
free and voluntary, and that the electors, who shall receive any reward,
or gift, for giving his vote, shall forfeit his right to elect for that year ;

42 AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY.

and such person or persons, as sliall give, or promise, any sudi reward
to be elected, or tliat shall offer to serve for nothing, or for less wages
than the law prescribes, shall be thereby rendered incapable to serve in
Council, or Assembly, for that year ; and the representatives so chosen,
either for Council or Assembly, shall yield their attendance accordingly,
and be the sole judges of the regularity, or irregularity of the elections
of their respective Members ; and if any person, or persons, chosen to
serve in Council, or Assembly, shall be wilfully absent from the service,
he or they are so chosen to attend, or be deceased, or rendered incapable,
then, and in all such cases, it shall be lawful for the Governor, within
ten days after knowledge of the same, to issue forth a writ to the Sheriff
of the county, for which the said person, or persons, were chosen, imme-
diately to summons the freemen of the same to elect another member in
the room of such absent, deceased, or incapable person or persons ; and
in case any Sheriff" shall misbehave himself, in the management of any of
the said elections, he shall be punished accordingly, at the discretion of
the Governor and Council, for the time being.

Be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid, That every member
now chosen, or hereafter to be chosen, by the freemen as aforesaid, to
serve in Council, and the Speaker of the Assembly, shall be allowed five
shillings by the day, during his and their attendance; and every Mem-
ber of Assembly shall be allowed four shillings by the day, during his
attendance on the service of the Assembly ; and that every Member of
Council and Assembly shall be allowed towards their traveling charges
after the rate of two pence each mile, both going to, and coming from,
the place, where the Council and Assembly is, or shall be, held; all
which sums shall be paid yearly out of the countj^ levies, by the county
receivers respectively.

And be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid. That the Gover-
nor, or his Deputy, shall always preside in the Council, and that he shall,
at no time, perform any public act of state whatsoever, that shall, or may
relate unto the justice, treasury or trade of the province and territories,
but by and with the advice and consent of the Council thereof, or major
part of them that shall be pi'esent.

And be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid. That all the
Sheriffs and Clerks of the respective counties of the said province, and
territories, who are, or shall be, commissionated, shall give good and
sufficient security to the Governor, for answering the king and his peo-
ple, in matters relating to the said offices respectively.

And be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid, That the Coun-
cil, in all cases and matters of moment, as about erecting courts of justice,
sitting in judgment upon persons impeached, and upon bills and other
matters, that may be, from time to time, presented by the Assembly, not

THIRD FRAME OF GOVERNMENT. 43

less than two-tbirds shall make a quorum; and that the consent and ap-
probation of the majority of that quorum shall be had in all such cases
and matters of moment ; and that in cases of less moment, not less than
one-third of the whole shall make a quorum ; the majority of which
shall, and may, always determine in all such matters of lesser moment,
as are not above specified : and in case the Governor's power shall here-
after happen to be in the Council, a President shall then be chosen out of
themselves by two-thirds, or the major part of them; which President
shall therein preside.

Be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid. That the Governor
and Council shall take care that all the laws, statutes and ordinances,
which shall at any time be made within the said province and territories,
be dul}^ and diligently executed.

Be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid. That the Governor
and Council shall, at all times, have the care of the peace of this province
and territories thereof, and that nothing be, by any persons, attempted to
the subversion of this /?*«?» e of government.

And be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid. That the Gover-
nor and Council for the time being, shall, at all times, settle and order
the situation of all cities and market towns, modeling therein all public
buildings, streets and market places; and shall appoint all public land-
ing places of the towns of this province and territories : and if any man's
property shall be judged by the Governor and Council to be commodious
for such landing place in the said towns, and that the same be by them
appointed as such, that the owner shall have such reasonable satisfac-
tion given him for the same as the Governor and Council shall see meet,
to be paid by the said respective towns.

Be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid. That the Governor
and Council shall, at all times, have power to inspect the management of
the public treasury, and punish those who shall convert any part thereof
to any other use, than what hath been agreed upon by the Governor,
Council and Assembly.

Be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid. That the Governor
and Council shall erect and order all public houses, and encourage and
reward the authors of useful sciences and laudable inventions in the said
province, and territories thereof.

And be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid. That the Gover-
nor and Council shall, from time to time have the care of the manage-
ment of all public affairs, relating to the peace, safety, justice, treasury,
trade, and improvement of the province and territories, and to the good
education of youth, and sobriety of the manners of the inhabitants therein,
as aforesaid.

And be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid. That the repre-

44: AUTHENTIC HISTOKY OF LANCASTER COUNTY.

sentatives of the freemen, when met in Assembly, shall have power to
prepare and propose to the Governor and Council all such bills as they
or the major part of them, shall, at any time, see needful to be passed
into laws, within the said province and territories.

Provided always, That nothing herein contained shall debar the Gov-
ernor and Council from recommending to the Assembly all such bills as
they shall think fit to be passed into laws ; and that the Council and As-
semby may, upon occasion, confer together in committees, when desired;
all which proposed and prepared bills, or such of them, as the Governor,
with the advice of the Council, shall, in open Assembly, declare his assent
unto, shall be the laws of this province and territories thereof, and pub-
lished accordingly, with this stile. By the Governor^ ivith the assent and
approbation of the freemen in General Assembly met; a true transcript, or
duplicate whereof, shall be transmitted to the king's privy council, for
the time being, according to the said late king's letters patent.

And be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid. That the Assem-
bly, shall sit upon their own adjournments, and committees, and con-
tinue, in order to prepare and propose bills, redress grievances, and
impeach criminals, or such persons as they shall think fit to be there
impeached, until the Governor and Council, for the time being, shall
dismiss them ; which Assembly shall, notwithstanding such dismiss, be
capable of Assembling together upon summons of the Governor and
Council, at any time during that year; two-thirds of which Assembly,
in all cases, shall make a quorum.

And be it enacted by the authority aforesaid. That all elections of
representatives for Council and Assembly, and all questions to be deter-
mined by them, shall be by the major part of votes.

Be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid, That as oft as any
days of the month, mentioned in any article of this act, shall fall upon
the first day of the week, commonly called the Lord's day, the business
appointed for that day, shall be deferred till the next day, unless in cases
of emergency.

Be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid. That if any alien,
who is, or shall be a purchaser of lands, or who doth, or shall inhabit in
this province, or territories thereof, shall decease at any time before he
can well be denizised, his right and interest therein shall notwithstanding
descend to his wife and children, or other, his relations, be he testate, or
intestate, according to the laws of this province and territories thereof,
in such cases provided, in as free and ample manner, to all intents and
purposes, as if the said alien had been denizised.

And that the people may be accommodated with such food and suste-
nance as God, in his providence, hath freely afforded. Be it enacted by the
authority aforesaid. That the inhabitants of this province and territories

THIRD FRAME OF GOVERXMENT. 45

thereof, shall have liberty to fish and hunt, upon the lands they hold, or
all other lands therein, not inelosed, and to fish in all waters in the said
lands, and in all rivers and rivulets, in and belonging to this province
and territories thereof, with liberty to draw his, or their fish upon any
man's land, so as it be not to the detriment or annoyance of the owner
thereof, except such lands as do lie upon inland rivulets, that are not
boatable, or which hereafter may be erected into manors.

Be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid, That all inhabitants
of this province and territories, whether purchasers, or others, and every
one of them, shall have full and quiet enjoyment of their respective
lands and tenements, to which they have any lawful or equitable claim,
saving only such rents and services for the same, as are, or customaril}'-
ought to be, reserved to the lord, or lords of the fee thereof, respectively.

Be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid. That no act, law, or
ordinance whatsoever, shall, at any time hereafter, be made or done, by
the Governor of this province, and territories thereunto belonging, or by
the freemen, in Council, or Assembly, to alter, change or diminish the
form and effect of this act, or any part, or clause thereof, contrary to the
true intent and meaning thereof, without the consent of the Governor,
for the time being, and six parts of seven of the said freemen, in Council,
and Assembly met. This act to continue, and be in force, until the said
Proprietary shall signify his pleasure to the contrary, by some instru-
ment, under his hand and seal, in that behalf.

Provided always, and it is hereby enacted, That neither this act, nor
any other act, or acts whatsoever, shall preclude, or debar the inhabitants
of this province and territories, from claiming, having and enjoying any
of the rights, privileges and immunities, which the said Proprietary, for
himself, his heirs, and assigns, did formerly grant, or which of right belong
unto them, the said inhabitants, by virtue of any law, charter or grants
whatsoever, any thing herein contained to the contrary notwithstanding.

46 AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY.

No. 6.

"THE CHARTER OF PRIVILEGES,

"Granted by William Penn, Esquire, to tlie inhabitants of Pennsylvania
and territories:

" William Penn, Proprietary and Governor of tbe province of Pennsyl-
vania^ and territories thereunto belonging, to all to whom these presents
shall come, sendeth Greeting:

"Whereas, King Charles the second, by his letters patent, under the
great seal of England^ bearing date the fourth day of March, in the year
one thousand six hundred and eighty, was graciously pleased to give and
grant unto me and my heirs and assigns forever this province of Penn-
sylvania^ with divers great powers and jurisdictions for the well govern-
ment thereof.

'■'■And whereas^ the King's dearest brother, James ^ Duke of York and
Albany^ <£-c., by his deeds of feoffment, under his hand and seal, duly
perfected, bearing date the 2-ith day of August, one thousand six hundred
eighty and two, did grant unto me, my heirs and assigns, all that tract of
land now called the territories of Pennsylvania^ together with powers
and jurisdictions for the good government thereof.

^^And ivliereas^ for the encouragement of all the freemen and planters
that might be concerned in the said province and territories, and for the
good government thereof, I, the said William Penn^ in the year one
thousand six hundred and eighty and three, for me, my heirs and assigns,
grant and confirm unto all the freemen, planters and adventurers
therein, divers liberties, franchises and properties, as, by the said grant,
entitled, ' The frame of the government of the province of Pennsylvania
and territories thereunto belonging^ in A7nerica,'' may appear ; which char-
ter, or frame, being found, in some parts of it, not so suitable to the
present circumstances of the inhabitants, was, in the Third month, in the
year one thousand seven hundred, delivered up to me, by six parts of
seven of the freemen of this province and territories, in General Assem-
bly met, provision being made in the said charter for'^that end and
purpose.

^^ A7id ^vhereas, I was then pleased to promise, that I would restore the
said charter to them again, with necessary alterations, or, in lieu thereof,
give them another, better adapted to answer the present circumstances
and conditions of the said inhabitants ; Avhich they have now, by the Ke-

CHAKTER OF PRIVILEGES. 47

presentatives, in General Assembly met, at PliiladeJphia^ requested me
to grant.

" Know ye therefore, That, for the further loell-heing^ and good gov-
ernment of the said province and territories; and in pursuance of the
rights and powers, before mentioned, I, the said William Penn, do
declare, grant and confirm unto all the freemen, planters and adventurers,
and other inhabitants of, and in, the said Province and Territories there-
unto annexed, forever.

I. "Because no people can be truly happy, though under the greatest
enjoyment of civil liberties, if abridged of the freedom of their con-
sciences, as to religious profession and worship ; and Almighty God being
the only Lord of conscience. Father of lights and spirits ; and the Author,
as well as Object, of all divine knowledge, faith and worship, who only
doth enlighten the mind, and purswade and convince the understandings
of people, I do hereby grant and declare, that no person, or persons,
inhabiting this province or territories, who shall confess and acknowledge
one Almighty God, the Creator, Upholder, and Ruler of the world ; and
profess him, or themselves obliged to live quietly under the civil govern-
ment, shall be, in any case, molested, or prejudiced, in his or their person,
or estate, because of his or their conscientious perswasion, or practice,
nor be compelled, to frequent, or maintain, any religious worship, place
or ministry, contrary to his, or their mind, or to do or suffer, any other
act, or thing, contrary to their religious perswasion.

"And that all persons, who also profess to believe in Jesus Ckrisf, the
Saviour of the world, shall be capable (notwithstanding their other per-
swasions, or practices, in point of conscience and religion) to serve this
government in any capacity, both legislatively and executively, he, or
they solemnly promising, when lawfully required, allegiance to the King,
as sovereign, and fidelity to the Proprietary and Governor, and taking
the attests, as now established by law, made at Neiocastle^ in the year
one thousand seven hundred, entitled, ^ An act directing the attests of sev-
eral officers and ministers^ as now amended and confirmed this present
Assembly.'

II. "For the well-governing of this province and territories, there
shall be an Assembly, yearly chosen, by the freemen thereof, to consist
of four persons out of each county, of most note for virtue, wisdom and
ability, (or of a greater number, at any time, as the Governor and As-
sembly shall agree) upon the first day of October, for ever ; and shall
sit on the fourteenth of the same month at Philadelphia^ unless the Gov-
ernor and Council, for the time being, shall see cause to appoint another
place, within the said province or territories : which Assembly shall have
power to chuse a Speaker, and other their officers; and shall be judges
of the qualifications and elections of their own members ; sit upon their

48 AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY.

own adjournments, appoint committees; propose bills, in order to pass
into laws ; impeach criminals and redress grievances ; and shall have all
other powers and privileges of an Assembly, according to the rights of
the freeborn subjects of England^ and as is usual in any of the King's
plantations in Ainerica.

"And if any county, or counties, shall refuse, or neglect to chuse their
respective representatives, as aforesaid, or if chosen, do not meet to serve
in Assembly, those, who are so chosen and met, shall have the full power
of an Assembly, in as ample a manner as if all the Representatives had
been chosen and met, provided they are not less than two-thirds ef the
whole number, that ought to meet.

"And, that the qualifications of electors and elected, and all other mat-
ters and things relating to elections of Representatives, to serve in As-
semblies, though not herein particularly expressed, shall be and remain,
as by a law of this government, made at Newcastle^ in the year one thou-
sand seven hundred, entitled, '■ An act to ascertam the number of members
of Assembly, and to regulate the elections^

III. "That the freemen in each respective county, at the time and
place of meeting, for electing their representatives, to serve in Assembly,
may, so often as there shall be occasion, chuse a double number of per-
sons, to present to the Governor, for sheriffs and coroners, to serve for
three years if they so long behave themselves well, out of which elec-
tions and presentments the Governor shall nominate and commissionate
one for each of the said offices, the third after such presentment, or else
the first named in such presentment, for each ofiice, as aforesaid, shall
stand and serve in that office, for the time before respectively limited :
In case of death and default, such vacancies shall be supplied by the
Governor, to serve to the end of the said term.

"Provided always, That, if the said freemen shall, at any time neglect,
or decline to chuse a person, or persons, for either, or both the afore-
said offices, then, and in such case, the persons, that are, or shall be, in
the respective offices of Sheriffs, or Coroners, at the time of election, shall
remain therein, until they shall be removed by another election, as
aforesaid.

"And, that the justices of the respective counties shall, or may nomi-
nate, or present, to the Governor, three persons, to serve for Clerk of
the Peace for the said county, where there is a vacancy ; one of which
the Governor shall commissionate within ten days after such presentraent,
or else the first nominated shall serve in the said office, during good
behaviour.

IV. "That the laws of this government shall be in this stile, viz: By
the Governor, ivith the consent and approbation of the Freemen in General
Assembly met, and shall be, after confirmation by the Governor, forth-

CHARTER OF PRIVILEGES. 49

witli recorded in tlie Eolls-office, and kept at Pldladelplda ; unless the
Governor and Assembly sliall agree to appoint another place.

V. " That all criminals shall have the same privileges of witnesses and
council, as their prosecutors.

YI. " That no person, or persons, shall, or may, at any time hereafter,
be obliged to answer any complaint, matter or thing whatsoever, relating
to property, before the Governor and Council, or in any other place but
in the ordinary courts of justice, unless aj)peals thereunto shall be here-
after by law appointed.

VII. "That no person within this government shall be licensed by the
Governor to keep ordinary, tavern, or house of public entertainment, but
such who are first recommended to him, under the hands of the justices of
the respective counties, signed in open court; which justices are, and shall
be hereby empowered to suppress and forbid any person keejDing such
public house as aforesaid, upon their misbehaviour, on such penalties as
the law doth or shall direct ; and to recommend others, from time to
time, as they shall see occasion.

YIII. "If any person, through temptation or melancholy, shall destroy
himself, his estate, real and personal, shall notwithstanding descend to
his wife and children, or relations, as if he had died a natural death;
and if any person shall be destroyed or killed by casualty or accident,
there shall be no forfeiture to the Governor by reason thereof.

"And HO act, law or ordinance whatsoever shall, at any time hereafter,
be made or done to alter, change or diminish the form or effect of this
charter, or of any part, or clause therein, contrary to the true intent and
meaning thereof, without the consent of the Governor, for the time being
and six parts of seven of the Assembly met.

"And, because the happiness of mankind depends so mach upon the
enjoying of liberty of their consciences, as aforesaid, I do hereby sol-
emnly declare, promise and grant, for me, my heirs and assigns, that the
first article of this charter, relating to liberty of conscience, and every
part and clause therein, according to the true intent and meaning thereof,
shall be kept, and remain, without any alteration, inviolably for ever.

"And lastly, I, the said William Penn^ Proprietary and Governor of
the province of Pennsylvania and territories thereunto belonging, for my-
self, my heirs and assigns, have solemnly declared, granted and confirmed,
and do hereby solemnly declare, grant and confirm, that neither I, my
heirs or assigns, shall procure or do any thing or things whereby the
liberties, in this charter contained and expressed, nor any part thereof,
shall be infringed or broken: And if anything shall be procured or done
by any person or persons, contrary to these presents, it shall be held of
no force or effect.

"/7^ witness ivhereof^ I, the said William Penn^ of Philadelphia^ in
4k

60 AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY.

Pennsylvania^ liave unto this charter of liberties set my hand and broad
seal, this twenty-eighth day of October, in the year of our Lord one
thousand seven hundred and one, being the thirteenth year of the reign
of 'King William the thirds over England^ Scotkuid^ France and Ireland^
cfcc, and the twenty-first year of my government.'

"And notwithstanding the closure and test of this present charter, as
aforesaid, I think fit to add this following proviso thereunto, as part of
the same, that is to say, That, notwithstanding any clause or clauses in
the above mentioned charter, obliging the province and territories to join
together in legislation, I am content, and do hereby declare, that if the
Representatives of the province and territories shall not hereafter agree
to join together in legislation, and that the same shall be signified to me,
or my Deputy, in open Assembly, or otherwise from under the hands
and seals of the Representatives, for the time being, of the province and
territories, or the major part of either of them, at any time, within three
years from the date hereof, that, in such case, the inhabitants of each of
the three counties of this province shall not have less than eight persons
to represent them in Assembly for the province; and the inhabitants of
the town of Philadelphia (when the said town is incorporated) two per-
sons to represent them in Assembly ; and the inhabitants of each county in
the territories shall have as many persons to represent them, in a distinct
Assembly, for the territories as shall be by them requested, as aforesaid.

"Notwithstanding which separation of the province and territories, in

respect of legislation, I do hereby promise, grant and declare, that the

inhabitants of both province and territories shall separately enjoy all

other liberties, privileges and benefits granted jointly to them, in this

charter, any law, usage, or custom of this government heretofore made

and practiced, or any law m.ade and passed by the General Assembly, to

the contrary hereof notwithstanding.

" William Penx."

" This charter of privileges being distinctly read in Assembly, and the
whole, and every part thereof, being approved of, and agreed to, by us,
We do thankfully receive the same from our Proprietary and Governor
at Philadelphia, this twenty-eighth day of October, one thousand seven
hundred and one, (1701.)

"■Signed on behalf, and hy order of the Assembly, per

"Joseph Crowdon, Sp)ea]<:er.
"Edward Shippen, ]
Phineas Pemberton, I Proprietary
Samuel Carpenter, [ and

Griffeth Owen, j Governor's

Caleb Pusey, ! Council."

Thomas Story, J

THE INDIAN TEEATY HELD AT LANCASTER. 51

No. 7.

THE INDIAN TREATY HELD AT LANCASTER.

At a Council held at Philadelphia, the 24th day of July, 1744.

present:

The Honourable GEOEGE THOMAS, Esqr., Lieutenant Governor.

Clement Plumsted, Abraham Taylor "]

Samuel Hasell, Eobert Strettell, \- Esqrs.

William Till, J

The Minutes of . the preceding Council were read and approved.

The Governor laid before the Board the Minutes of the Treaty held
with the Indians at Lancaster, and the same was ordered to be inserted
in the Council Book, and is as follows :

A TREATY

Held at the Town of Lancaster, in Pennsylvania, by the Honourable
the Lieutenant Governor of the Province and the Honourable the Com-
missioners for the Provinces of Virginia and Maryland with the Lidians
of the Six Nations, in June, 1744 :

In the Court House in the Town of Lancaster, on Friday, the 22d
June, 1744.

present:

The Honourable GEOEGE THOMAS, Esqr., Lieutenant Governor of

the Province of Pennsylvania and Counties of New Castle, Kent, and

Sussex on Delaware.

The Honourable Thomas Lee, Esqr., ) ^ . . „ ,^. . .

^ 1 1 TTT-1T -r> 1 ' -1^ ' y Commissioners 01 Virginia.

Colonel William Beverly, ) °

The Honourable Edmund Jenings, ) ^ . . „ ,^ , ,

Philip Thomas Esqr., \ Commissioners of Maryland.

Colonel Eobert Kino;.

Colonel Thomas Calvil.

The Deputies of the Onondagoes, Senecas, Cayogoes, Oneidas, and
Tuscaroraes.

Conrad Weiser, Interpreter. •

The Governor and the Commissioners took some of the Indian Chiefs
by the Hand, and after they had seated themselves the Governor bid them
Welcome into the Government, and there being Wine and Punch pre-
pared for them, the Governor and the several Commissioners drank health

52 AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY.

to the Six Nations, and Cauassatego, Tachanoontia, and some other Chiefs,
returned the compliments, drinking the healtlis of ^Onas, -Assaraquoa,
and the Governor of Maryland.

After they were all served with AVine, Punch, Pipes, and Tobacco, the
Governor told the Indians that as it was customary and indeed necessary
they should have some time to rest after so long a Journej'', and as he
thought three days would be no more than sufficient for that purpose, he
proposed to speak to them on Monday next, after which the Honourable
Commissioners would take their own time to deliver what they had
to say.

Canassatego answered the Governor : " We thank joii for giving us
time to rest, we are come to you, and shall leave it intirely to you to
appoint the time when we shall meet you again.

"AVe likewise leave it to the Governor of Maryland, by whose invita-
tion we came here, to appoint a time when he will please to mention the
reason of his inviting us. As to our Brother Assaraquoa, we have at
this present time nothing to say to him, not but we have a great deal to
say to Assaraquoa, which must be said at one time or another, but not
being satisfied whether He or We should begin first, we shall leave it
wholly to Our Brother Onas to adjust this between Us, and to say Avhicli
shall begin first."

In the Court House at Lancaster, June the 25th, IT-il, A. M.

PRESENT :

The Honourable George Thomas, Esqr., Governor, &c.

The Honourable the Commissioners of Virginia.

The Honourable the Commissioners of Maryland.

The Deputies of the Six Nations. ,. , .

Conrad Weiser, Interpreter. , . . ^ .

The Governor spoke as follows:
"Honourable Gentlemen, Commissioners of the Governments of Vir-
ginia and Maryland,
■"And Brethren Sachims, or Chiefs of the Indians of the Six Nations —

"At a Treaty held by me two Years ago, in behalf of the Government
of Pennsylvania, with a number of the Chiefs of the Indians of the Six
Nations, I was desired by them to write to the Governor of Maryland
concerning some Lands in the Back Parts of the Province which they
claim a Right to from their Conquests over the Antierit Possessors, and
which have been settled by some of the Inhabitants of that Government
without their Consent or any Purchase made from them. It was at that
time understood that the Claim was upon Maryland only, but has since
appeared by some Letters formerly wrote by Mr. President Logan to the

lOnas, the Governor of Pennsylvania. 2 Assaraquoa, the Governor of Virginia.

THE INDIAN TREATY HELD AT LANCASTER, 53

late Governor of Maryland that it related likewise to some Lands in the
Back parts of Virginia. The Governors of those Colonies soon mani-
fested a truly equitable Disposition to come to any Reasonaljle Terms
with the Six Nations on Account of those Lands, and Desired that for
that End a Time and Place might be fixed for a Treaty with them. But
before this could be effected, an unfortunate Skirmish happened in the
Back Parts of Virginia, between some of the Militia there and a Party
of the Indian- Warriors of the Six Nations, with some loss on both sides.
Who were the Aggressors is not at this time to be discussed — both Parties
having agreed to bury that affair in oblivion ; and the Government of
Virginia having, in token of the continuance of their Friendship, pre-
sented the Six Nations, through my hands, with Goods to the value of
one hundred pounds sterling, To prevent further Hostilities and to heal
this Breach, I had, before the Present was given, made a tender of my
Good offices, which both Parties accepted, and consented, on my Distances,
to lay doAvn their Arms ; since which the Faith pledged to me has been
mutually Preserved, and a Time and Place has been agreed upon through
my Intervention for accommodating all Differences, and for settling a
firm Peace, Union, and Friendship, as well between the Government of
Virginia as that of Maryland and the Indians of the Six Nations.^ The
Honourable the Commissioners for these two Governments and the Depu-
ties of the Six Nations are now met at the Place appointed for the Treaty.
It only remains, therefore, for me to say, that if my farther good Ofiices
shall be thought usefull for the accomplishment of this Work, you may
Rely most assuredly upon them,

"But I hope. Honourable Gentlemen Commissioners, it will not be
taken amiss if I go a little further, and Briefly represent to you how
especially necessary it is at this Juncture, for His Majesty's Service and
the Good of all His Colonies in this Part of His Dominions, that Peace
and Friendship be established between Your Government and the Indians
of the Six Nations.

"These Indians by their Situation are a Frontier to some of them, and
from thence. If Friends, are Capable of Defending their Settlements ; If
Enemies, of making Cruel Ravages upon them ; If Neuters, they may
deny the French a Passage through their Country, and give us timely
Notice of their Designs. These are but some of the Motives for culti-
vating a good Understanding with them, but from hence the disadvan-
tages of a Rupture are abundantly evident. Every advantage you gain
over them in War will be a Weakning of the Barrier of those Colonies,
and Consequently will be in Effect Victories over yourselves and your
Fellow-Subjects. Some allowances for their Prejudices and Passions,

1 This was allowed at a Conference had by the Governor with the Commissioners to
be a just state of the Transactions preceding the Treaty.

5-i AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY.

and a Present now and then for tlie Eelief of tlieir Necessities, wliicli
have in some measure been brought upon them by their Intercourse
•with us, and by our yearly extending our Settlements, will probably tye
them more closely to the British Interest. This has been the Method of
Newyork and Pennsylvania, and will not put you to so much Expense
in Twenty Years as the carrying on a War against them will do in One.
The French very well know the Importance of these Nations to us, and
will not fail by Presents and their other usual Arts to take advantage
of any Misunderstandings we may have with them.^

"But I will detain You, Gentlemen, no longer. Your own Superior
knowledge will suggest to You more than I can say on this Subject.

"Friends and Brethren, Sachems or Chiefs of the Indians of the Six
Nations :

"These, Your Brethren of Virginia and Maryland, are come to enlarge
the Fire, which was almost gone out, and to make it burn clearer to
brighten the Chain which had contracted some rust, and to renew their
Friendship with you which it is their desire may last so long as the Sun,
the Moon, and the .Starrs shall give light. Their Powers are derived
from the Great King of England your Father, and whatever conclusions
they shall come to with you will be as firm and Binding as if the Gov-
ernors of these Provinces were themselves here. I am your Brother,
and which is more, I am your true Friend. As you know from Expe-
peprience that I am so, I will now give you a few words of Advice : Re-
ceive these your Brethren with open Arms; Unite yourselves to them
in the Covenant Chain, and be you with them as one Body and one
Soul. I make no doubt but the Governor of Canada has been taking-
pains to widen the Breache between these your Brethren of Virginia
and you ; but as you cannot have forgot the Hatred the French have
always borne to your Nations, and how kindly on the contrary you have
been treated, and how Faithfully you have been protected by the Great
King of England and his Subjects, you will not be at a loss to see into
the Designs of that Governor. He wants to divide you from Us, in order
the more easily to destroy you, which he will most certainly do if you
suffer yourselves to be deluded by him.

"As to Avhat relates to the Friendship establish'd between the Gov-
ernment of Pennsylvania and your Nations, I will take another day to
speak to you upon it."

iTIie two preceeding Paragraphs were allow" d by the Commissionei's of Virginia,
whilst they were at Philadelphia, to be very Proper to be spoken by the Governor of
Pennsylvania at the opening of tlie Treaty, but taking up an Opinion from what passed
at the first Friendly Intei-view with the Indians, that they would not make any Claim
upon Lands within the Government of Virginia, the Governor consented to decline
speaking to them in tlie Presence of the Indians.

THE INDIAN TREATY HELD AT LANCASTER. 55

To enforce what has been said, the Governor laid down a Belt of
Wampum, upon which the Indians gave the Jo-hah.^

" After a Short Pause, the Governor ordered the Interpreter to tell the
Indians that as they had greatly exceeded their appointed time for meet-
ing the Commissioners, he recommended to them to use all the Expedi-
tion possible in giving their Answer to what had been said, that they
might forthwith proceed to treat with the respective Commissioners on
the Business they came about.

" Then Canassatego repeated to the Interpreter the Substance of what
the Governor had Spoke, in order to if he had understood him right [A
Method generally made use of by the Indians,] and when the Interpreter
told him he had taken the true Sense, Canassatego proceeded to return
the Thanks of the Six Nations for the Governor's kind advice, promising
to follow it as far as lay in their Power; but as it was their Custom when
a Belt was given to return another, they would take time 'till the after-
noon to provide one, and would then give their answer."

In the Court House at Lancaster, June 25th, 1744, P. M.

PRESENT:

The Honourable GEOEGE THOMAS, Esqr., Governor, &c.

The Honourable the Commissioners of Virginia.

The Honourable the Commissioners of Maryland,

The Deputies of the Six Nations,

Conrad Weiser, Interpreter.

Cannassatego's Answer to the Governor's Speech delivered in the
Morning :

"Brother Onas:

" You spoke in the Presence of Assaraquoa and the Governor
of Maryland to Us, advising Us to receive them as our Brethren,
and Unite with them in the Covenant Chain as one Body and one
Soul. We have always considered them as Our Brethren, and as such
shall be willing to brighten the Chain of Friendship with them; But
since there are some disputes between Us respecting the Lands Possessed
by them which formerly belonged to Us, We, according to Our Custom,
Propose to have those differences first adjusted, and then We shall Pro-
ceed to Confirm the Friendship subsisting between Us, which will meet
with no obstruction after these matters are settled."

Here they presented the Governor with a Belt of Wampum, in return
for the Belt given them in the Morning by the Governor, and the In-
terpreter was ordered to return the Jo-hah.

1 The Jo-hah denotes Approbation, being a loud shout or Cry, consisting of a few
Notes pronounced by all the Indians in a very Musical manner in the nature of Our
Huzza's.

56 AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY.

Then the Governor in Eeply spoke as follows :

"I receive your Belt with Great kindness and affection, and as to what
Eelates to the Governments of Virginia and Maryland, the Honourable
Commissioners now Present are ready to treat with you. I shall only
add that the Goods for the Himdred Pounds Sterling put into my Hands
by the Governor of Virginia is a token of his Good Dispositions to Pre-
serve friendship with you, are now in Town and ready to be delivered,
in consequence of what was told you by Conrad Weiser wlaen he was
last at Onondago."

Then the Governor turning to the Commissioners of Virginia and
Maryland, say'd: "Gentlemen — I have now finished what was incumbent
upon me to say by way of Introduction to the Indians, and as you have
full Authority from your respective Governments to Treat with them, I
shall leave the rest entirely to you, and either stay or withdraw as you
shall think it most for your Service."

The Commissioners say'd they were all of Opinion it would be for
their Advantage that the Governor should stay with them, and, there-
fore, they unanimously desired they would favor them with the Continu-
ance of his presence whilst they should be in a Treaty with the Indians,
which His Honor said He would at their Instance very readily do, be-
lieving it might expedite their Business and prevent any Jealousy the
Indians might conceive at his withdrawing.

The Commissioners of Maryland order'd the Interpreter to acquaint
the Indians that the Governor of Maryland was going to Speak to them,
and then spoke as follows:

"Friends and Brethren of the United Six Nations —

"We who are deputed from the Government of Maryland by a Com-
mission under the Great Seal of that Province, now in Our Hands (and
which will be Interpreted to You), bid you welcome, and in token that
We are very glad to see you here as Brethren, we give you this String
of Wampum."

Upon which the Indians gave the Jo-hah.

"AVhen the Governor of Maryland received the first notice about
Seven years ago of your Claim to some Lands in that Province, He
thought our Good friends and Brethren of the Six Nations had little
reason to complain of any Injury from Maryland, and that they would
be so well convinced thereof on further Deliberation as he should hear
no more of it ; but you spoke of that matter again to the Governor of
Pennsylvania about Two years since as if you designed to Terrify us."

"It was very inconsiderately sayd by you, that you would do your-
selves Justice by going to take Payment yourselves; such an attempt
would have entirely dissolved the Chain of Friendship subsisting not
only between us, but perhaps the other English and You.

THE INDIAN TREATY HELD AT LANCASTER, 57

"We assure you our People, who are numerous, courageous, and have
arms ready in their Hands, will not suffer themselves to be hurt in their
Lives and Estates.

"But, however, the old and Wise People of Maryland immediately
met in Council, and upon considering very coolly your rash Expressions,
agreed to invite their Brethren, the Six Nations, to this place, that they
might learn of them Avhat Right they have to the land in Maryland ; and
if they had any, to make them some reasonable Compensation for it.
Therefore the Governor of Maryland hath sent us to meet and treat with
you about this Affair, and the Brightening and Strengthning of the
Chain which has long subsisted between us; and as an Earnest of Our
Sincerity and Good will towards you, We present you with this Belt of
Wampum."

On which the Indians gave the Jo-hah.

"Our Great King of England and his Subjects have alwise possessed
the Province of Maryland free and undisturbed from any Claim of the
Six Nations for above One hundred Years past, and your not saying any
thing to us before convinces us you thought you had no Pretence to any
Lands in Maryland, nor can we yet find out to what Lands or under what
Title you make your Claim. For the Sasquehannah Indians, by a Treaty
above ninety 3^ears since (which is on the Table and will be Interpreted
to you). Give and Yield to the English Nation, their heirs and assigns
forever, the Greatest part (if not all) of the Lands we possess from
Patuxent Eiver on the Western, as well as from Choptank River on
the Eastern side of the Great Bay of Chesapeak, and near Sixty Years
ago you acknowledged to the Governor of new York at Albany, ' That
you had given your Lands and Submitted 3^ourselves to the King of
England.'

"We are that Great King's Subjects, and we Possess and enjoy the
Province of Maryland by virtue of His Right and Sovereignty thereto.
Why then will you stir up any Quarrel between you and ourselves, who
are as one man under the Protection of that Great King ?

"We need not put you in mind of the Treaty (which Ave suppose you
have had from Your Fathers) made with the Province of Maryland near
Seventy Years ago, and renew'd and Confirmed twice since that time.

"By these Treaties we became Brethren ; Ave have ahvise liA'ed as such,
and hope ahvise to continue so.

" We have this further to say, that altlio' We are not satisfied of the
Justice of your Claim to any Lands in Mar^dand, yet Ave are desirous in
shewing Our Brotherly kindness and affection, and to prevent (by any
reasonable way) every misunderstanding betAA^een the ProAance of Mary-
land and you our Brethren of the Six Nations.

"For this Purpose Ave have brought hither a quantity of Goods for Our

58 AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF LAXCASTER COUNTY.

Brethren of the Six Nations, and which will be delivered you as soon as
we shall have received your Answer and made so bright and large a Fire
as may burn Pure and clear whilst the Sun and Moon shall Shine. We
have now freely and openly laid our Bosoms bare to you, and that you
may be better confirmed of the Truth of our Hearts, We give you this
Belt of Wampum."'

Which was received with the Jo-hah.

After a little time Canassatego spoke as follows :

"Brother, the Governor of Maryland:

" We have heard what you have sayd to us, and as you have gone back
to Old Times, We cannot give you an answer now, but shall take what
you have sayd into consideration, and return you our answer sometime
to-morrow." He then sat down, and after sometime he spoke again:

" Brother, the Governor of Maryland :

" If you have made any enquiry into Indian Affairs, you wall know that
we have always had our Guns, Hatchets, and Kettles mended w^hen we
came to see our Brethren. Brother Onas and the Governor of New York
always do this for us, and We give you this early notice that we may
not thereby be delayed, being desirous as w^ell as you to give all Possi-
ble Dispatch to the Business to be Transacted between us."

The Commissioners of Virginia and Maryland sayd, since it was cus-
tomary they would give Orders to have everything belonging to them
mended that it should want it. r .

In the Court House at Lancaster, June 26th, 174-i.

PRESENT:

The Honourable GEOEGE THOMAS, Esq., Lieutenant Governor, &c.

The Honourable Commissioners of Virginia.

The Honourable Commissioners of Maryland.

The Deputies of the Six Nations.

Conrad Weiser, Interpreter.

Canassatego Spoke as follows :

" Brother, the Governor of Maryland :

" When you invited us to kindle a Council Fire with you, Conedo-
gwainet was the place agreed upon, but afterwards you by Brother Onas,
upon second thoughts, considering that it would be difficult t& get Pro-
visions and other accommodations where there were but few houses or
or Inhabitants, desired we should meet Our Brother at Lancaster, and at
his instance we very readily agreed to meet you here, and are glad of the
Change, for w^e have found plenty of everything, and as yesterday you
bid us Welcome, and told us you were glad to see us, we likewise assure
you we are as glad to see you, and in token of our Satisfaction we pre-
sent you with this String of Wampum."

THE INDIAN TREATY HELD AT LANCASTER. 59

Which was received with the usual Ceremony.

"Brother, the Governor of Maryland:

"You tell us that when about seven years ago you heard by Our
Brother Onasof our Claim to some Lands in your Province, you took no
notice of it, believing, as you say, that when we should come to reconsider
that matter we should find that we had no right to make any Complaint
of the Governor of Maryland, and would drop our demand. And that
when about two years ago we mentioned it again to our Brother Onas,
you say We did it in such terms as looked like a design to Terrify you ;
and you tell us further, that we must be beside ourselves in using such a
rash expression as to tell you we know how to do ourselves Justice if you
should still refuse. It is true we did say so, but without any ill design —
for we must inform you that when we first desired Our Brother Onas to use
his influence with you to procure us satisfaction for Our Lands, We at the
same time desired him, in case you should disregard our Demand, to write
to the Great King beyond the. Seas, who would own Us for his Children as
well as you, to compel you to do us Justice. And two years ago, when
we found that you paid no regard to Our Just demand, nor that Brother
Onas had convey'd our Complaint to the Great King over the Seas, we
were resolved to use such Expressions as would make the greatest Im-
pressions on your minds, and we find it had its effect, for you tell us
' That your Wise men held a Council together and agreed to Invite us,
and to enquire of Our Eight to any of your Lands ; and if it should be
found that we had a Eight we were to have a Compensation made for
them;' and, likewise, you tell us that our Brother, the Governor of
Maryland, by the Advice of these wise men has sent you to brighten the
Chain, and to assure us of his willingness to remove whatsoever impedes
a good understanding between us. This shows that your wise men
understand our Expressions in their true sense. We had no design to
Terrify you, but to put you on doing us the Justice you had so long de-
layed. Your wise men have done well ; and as there is no obstable to a
Good understanding between us, except this affair of the Land, we on
our Parts do give you the Strongest assurances of our Good Dispositions
towards you, and that we are as desirous as you to Brighten the Chain
and to put away all hindrances to a perfect good understanding ; and in
token of our sincerity we give you this Belt of Wampum."

Which was received, & the Interp'r ordered to give the Jo-hah.

" Brother, the Governor of Maryland :

" When you mentioned the affair of the Land Yesterday, you went
back to old Times, and told us you had been in possession of the Prov-
ince of Maryland above One hundred Years; but what is one hundred
years in comparison to the length of Time since our • Claim began ?
Since we came out of this Ground ? For we must tell vou that long

60 AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY.

before One hundred years Our ancestors came out of this very Ground,
and their Children have remained here ever since. You came out of the
Ground in a Countrj^ that lyes beyond Seas, there you may have a just
Claim, but here you must allow Us to be your elder Brethren, and the
Lands to belong to us long before you know anj^thing of them. It is
true that above One hundred years ago the Dutch came here in a Ship
and brought with them several Goods, such as Awls, Knives, Hatchets,
Guns, and many other particulars, which they gave us, and when they
had taught us how to use their things, and we saw what sort of People
they were, we were so well pleased with them that we tyed their Ship to
the Bushes on the Shoar, and afterwards liking them still better the
longer they stayed Avith us, and thinking the Bushes too slender, we re-
moved the Rope and tyed it to the trees, and as the Trees were lyable to
be blown down by high Winds, or to decay of themselves, AVe, from the
affection We bore them, again removed the Rope, and tyed it to a Strong
and big Rock [Here the Interpreter said the}^ mean the Oneida Country,]
and not content with this, for its further security We removed the Rope
to the Big-Mountain [Here the Interpreter says they mean the Onondaga
Country,] and there we tyed it very fast and roAvled Wampum about it,
and to make it still more Secure we stood upon the Wampum, and sat
down upon it to defend it, and did our Best endeavours that it might
remain uninjured for ever during all this Time; the Newcomers, the
Dutch, acknowledged Our Rights to the Lands, and solicited us from
time to time to grant them Parts of Our Country, and to enter into
League and Covenant with us, and to become one People with us.

"After this the English came into the Country, and, as we Avere told,
became one People with the Dutch ; about two years after the Arrival of
the English, an English Governor came to Albany, and finding what
great friendship subsisted between us and the Dutch, he approved it
mightily, and desired to make as Strong a league and to be upon as good
Terms with us as the Dutch were, with whom he was united, and to
become one People with L"s, and by his further care in looking what had
passed between us he found that the Rope which tyed the Ship to the
Great mountain was only fastened Avith Wampum, Avhich A\'as liable to
break and rot, and to perish in a course of years, he therefore told us
that he Avould give us a silver Chain, Avhich Avould be much stronger and
last for Ever. This Ave accepted, and fastened the Ship Avith it, and it
has lasted ever since. Indeed, A\^e have had some small Differences AA^ith
the English, and during these misunderstandings some of their young
men Avould, by AA-ay of Reproach, be every now and then be telling us
that we should haA^e perished if they had not come into the Country and
furnished us with Strowds and Hatchets and Guns and other things
necessary for the Support of Life. But Ave ahvays gave them to under-

THE INDIAN TREATY HELD AT LANCASTER. 01

stand that they were mistaken, that we lived before they came amongst
us, and as Avell or better, if we may believe what our Forefathers have
told Us. We had then room enough and Plenty of Deer, which was
easily caught, and though we had not Knives, Hatchets, or Guns, such
as we have now, yet we had Knives of Stone and Hatchets of Stone, and
Bows and Arrows, and these Served Our Uses as well then as the Eng-
lish ones do now. AVe are now Straitned and sometimes in want of
Deer, and lyable to many other Inconveniences since the English came
among Us, and particularly from that Pen and Ink work that is going on
at the Table [pointing to the Secretarj^s,] and we will give you an In-
stance of this. Our Brother Onas, a great while ago, came to Albany
to Buy the Susquehannah Lands of Us, but our Brother, the Governor
of New York, who, as we suppose, had not a Good understanding with
Our Brother Onas, advised us not to Sell him any Lands, for he would
make an ill use of it, and Pretending to be Our Good friend, he advised
us, in order to prevent Onas's or any other persons imposing upon us,
and that we might always have Our Land when we should want it, to
put it into his Hands, and told us he would keep it for Our use, and
never open his Hands, but keep them close shut, and not part with any
of it but at Our request. Accordingly we Trusted him, and put Our
Land into his Hands, and Charged him to keep it safe for Our Use; but
sometime after he went away to England and carryed Our Land with
him, and there Sold it to Our Brother Onas for a Large Sum of money;
and when, at the Instance of Our Brother Onas, we were minded to sell
him some Lands, He told us that we had sold the Sasquehannah Lands
already to the Governor of New York, and that he had bought them from
him in England, though when he came to Understand how the Governor
of New York had deceived Us, he very generously paid L^s for our
Lands over again.

"Though we mention this Instance of an Imposition put upon us by
the Governor of New York, yet we must do the English the Justice to
say, we have had their hearty Assistances in Our AYars with the French,
who were no sooner arrived amongst us than they began to render us
uneasy and to provoke us to AYar, and we have had several AYars with
them, during all which we constantly received assistance from the Eng-
lish, and by their Means we have alwise been able to keep up Our Heads
against their Attacks.

" AYe now come nearer home. AYe have had your Deeds Interpreted
to Us, and we acknowledge them to be good and valid, and that the Con-
estogse or Sasquehannah Indians had a Right to sell those Lands unto
you, for they were then their's ; but since that time AYe have Conquered
them, and their Country now belongs to Us, and the Lands we demanded
satisfaction for are no part of the Lands comprized in those Deeds — they

62 AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY.

are the ^Coliongoroutas Lands, Those we are sure you have not pos-
sessed One hundred years; no, nor above Ten years. And we made our
Demand so soon as we knew your People were Settled in those Parts.
These have never been sold, but remain still to be disposed of; and we
are well pleased to hear you are Provided with Goods, and do assure
you of Our Willingness to Treat with You for those unpurchased
Lands, In confirmation whereof We present you with this Belt of
Wampum."

Which was received Avith the usual Ceremony.

Canassatego added :

"That as the Three Governors of Virginia, Maryland, and Pennsylva-
nia, had divided the Lands among, they could not for this Eeason tell
how much each had got, nor were they concerned about it, so that they
were paid by all the Governors for the Several Parts each Possessed ; and
this they left to their Honour and Justice."

In the Court House at Lancaster, June 27th, 1744.

PRESENT :

The liouourable GEORGE THOMAS, Esqr., Governor, &c.

The Honourable the Commissioners of Virginia.

The Honourable the Commissioners of Maryland. . .

The Deputies of the Six Nations.

Conrad Weiser, Interpreter.

The Commissioners of A-^irginia order'd the Interpreter to let the In-
dians know the Governor of Virginia was going to Speak to them, and
then they Spoke as follows :

"Sachims and Warriors of the Six United Nations, Our Friends and
Brethren :

"At our Desire the Governor of Pennsylvania invited you to this
Council Fire ; we have waited a long time for you, but now you are come,
you are heartily welcome. We are very glad to see you. We give you
this String of Wampum."

Which was received with their Usual Approbation.

"Brethren:

" In the Year 1736, Four of your Sachims wrote a Letter to James
Logan, Esqr., then President of Pennsylvania, to let the Governor
of Virginia know that you Expected some Consideration for Lands in
the Occupation of some of the People of Virginia. Upon seeing a copy
of this Letter, the Governor Avith the Council of Virginia took some
time to consider of it; they found, on looking into the Old Treaties, that
you had given up Your Lands to the Great King, who had possession of
Virginia above One hundred and Sixty Years; and under that Great King
1 Coliontjoroutas, Potoinack.

THE INDIAN TREATY HELD AT LANCASTER, 63

the Inhabitants of Virginia hold their Land, so they thought there mio-ht
be some Mistake.

" Wherefore they Desired the Governor of New York to enquire of
you about it. He sent His Interpreter to You in May, 1743, who laid
this before you at a Council held at Onandago, to which You answer,
' That if you had any Demand or Pretensions on the Governor of Yir-
ginia any way, you would have made it known to the Governor of New
York.' This corresponds with what you have said to Governor Thomas,
in the Treaty made with him at Philadelphia in July, 1742, for then you
only made your Claim to lands in Government of Maryland.

"We are so well pleased with this Good Faith of You our Brethren
of the Six Nations, and your Eegard of the Treaties made with Virginia,
that we are ready to hear you on the Subject of your Message Eight
Years since.

" Tell us what Nations of Indians you Conquered any Lands from in
Virginia, how long it is since, and what Possession you have had ; and if
it does appear that there is any Land on the Borders of Virginia that the
Six Nations have a Eight to, we are willing to make you satisfaction."

Then laid down a String of Wampum, which was accepted with the
usual Ceremony, and then added :

" We have a Chest of New goods, and the key is in Our Pockets. You
are our Brethren; the Great King is our Common Father, and we will
live with you as Children ought to do in Peace and Love.

"We will brighten the Chain and Strengthen the Union between Us,
so that we shall never be divided, but remain Friends and Brethren, as
long as the Sun gives us light. In Confirmation whereof we give you
this Belt of Wampum."

Which was received with the Usual Ceremony. Tachanoontia replied :

"Brother Assaraquoa:

" You have made a Good Speech to Us, which is very agreeable, and
for which we return you our Thanks. We shall be able to give you
an Answer to every part of it sometime this afternoon, and we shall let
you know when we are ready."

In the Court House at Lancaster, 27th June, 1744, P. M.

• PRESENT:

The Honourable GEOEGE THOMAS, Esqr., Goi^ernor, &c.

The Honourable the Commissioners of Virginia.

The Honourable the Commissioners of Maryland.

The Deputies of the Six Nations.

Conrad Weiser, Interpreter.

Tachanoontia Spoke as follows :

"Brother Assaraquoa:

64 AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY.

"Since you have Joined with the Governor of Maryland and Brother
Onas in Kindhng this Fire, we gladl}^ acknowledge the pleasure we have
in seeing you here and observing your good Dispositions, as well to
confirm the Treaties of Friendship as to enter into further Contracts
about Land with Us, and in token of Our Satisfaction We Present you
with this String of Wampum.

Which was received with the usual Ceremonies.

"Brother Assaraquoa:

" In your Speech this Morning you were Pleased to sa}^ we had wrote
a Letter to James Logan about Seven vears ago, to demand a Considera-
tion for our Lands in the Possession of some of the Virginians. That
you hekl them under the Great King for upwards of One hundred and
Sixty Years, and that we had already given up our Eight, and that
therefore you had desired the Governor of New York to send his In-
terpreter to Us last Year to Onandago, which he did, and as you say,
We, in Council at Onandago, did declare that we had no Demand on
3^ou for Lands, and that if we had any Pretensions we should have
made them known to the Governor of New York; and likewise you
desire to know if we have any Eights to the Virginia Lands, and that
we will make such Eight appear and tell you what-nations of Indians
We coucjuered those Lands from.

" Now we Answer, We have the Eight of Concjuest — a Eight too
dearly Purchas'd, and which cost us too much Blood to give up without
any Eeason at all, as you say We have done at Albany; but we should
be obliged to you if you would let us see that Letter, and Inform Us
who was the Interpreter and whose names are put to the Letter ; for as
the whole Transaction can't be above a year's standing, it must be fresh
in every Body's Memory, and some of Our Council would easily remem-
ber it; but we assure you, and we are well able to prove that neither we
nor any Part of Us have ever relinquished our Eight, or ever gave such
an Answer as you say is mentioned in your Letter. Could we so few
years ago make a Formal Demand by James Logan and not be sensible
of Our Eight ? and hath any thing happen'd since that time to make us
less sensible ? No. And as this matter can be easily cleared up we are
anxious it should be done, for we are Positive no such thing was ever
mentioned to us at Onandago nor any where else. All the World Knows
we concj^uered the Several Nations living on Sasquehanna, Cohongoronta,
and on the Back of the Great Mountains in Vii'ginia. The Conoy-uch-
such-roona, Coch-nan-was-roonan, Tokoairough-roonan, and Connutskirr-
ough-roonaw, feel the effects of Our Conquests, being now a Part of Our
Nations, and their Lands at our Disposal.

" We know very well it hath often been say'd by the Virginians that
the Great King of England and the People of that Colony conquered the

THE INDIAN" TREATY HELD AT LANCASTER. 65

Indians that lived there, but it is not true. We will allow they have
conquered the Sachdagughroonan and Drove back the Tuscarroraws,
and that they have on that Account a Right to some Part of Virginia,
but as to what lyes beyond the Mountains we conquered the Nations re-
siding there, and that Land, if ever the Virginians get a good Right to
it, it must be by Us. And in Testimony of the Truth of Our Answer
to this Part of Your Speech We give you this String of Wampum."

Which was received with the usual Ceremony.

"Brother Assaraquoa:

"We have given you a full answer to the first Part of Your
Speech which we hope will be satisfactory. We are glad to hear
you have brought with you a big Chest of New Goods, and that
you have the Key in your Pockets. We do not doubt but we shall
have a good Understanding in all Points, and come to an Agreement
with you.

" We shall open all Our Hearts to You that you may know every
thing in them; we will hide nothing from you, and we hope if there be
any thing still remaining in your Breast that may occasion any Dispute
between Us, yoa will take this opportunity to unbosom your hearts and
lay them open to Us, that henceforth there may be no Dirt nor any
other Obstacle in the Road between Us ; and in token of Our hearty
Wishes to bring about so good an harmony we present You with this
Belt of Wampum."

Which was received with the usual Ceremony.

" Brother Assaraquoa :

" We must now tell you what Mountains we mean that we say
are the Boundaries between you and us. You may remember that
about Twenty years ago you had a Treaty with us at Albany,
when you took a Belt of Wampum and made a Fence with it
on the Middle of the Hill, and told us that if any of the Warriors of the
Six Nations came on your side of the Middle of the Hill you would hang
them, and you gave us liberty to do the Same with any of your People
who should be found on our side the Middle of the Hill. This is
the Hill we mean, and we desire that Treaty may now be confirmed.
After we left Albany we brought Our Road a great deal more to the
West that we might comply with Your Proposal, but tho' it was of your
own making your People never observed it, but came and lived on Our
side of the Hill, which we don't blame you for, as you live at a great
distance near the Seas, and can't be thought to know what your People
do in the Back parts ; and on their Settling contrary to your own Propo-
sals on our new Road, it fell out that Our Warriors did some hurt to
your People's Cattle, of which a complaint was made and transmitted to
us by our Brother Onas. And we at his Request altered the Road again,
5k

Q6 AUTHENTIC HISTOKY OF LANCASTER COUNTY.

and brought it to the Foot of the Great Mountain Avhere it now is, and
it is impossible for us to remove it any further to the West, those Parts
of the Country being absolutely impassable by either Man or Beast.

"We had not been long in the Use of this new Eoad before your
People came like Flocks of Birds and sat down in both sides of it, and
yet we never made a Complaint to you, tho' you must be Sensible
those things must have been done by your People in manifest Breach of
your own Proposal made at Albany ; and therefore as we are now open-
ing our Hearts to you, we cannot avoid Complaining, and desire all' these
Affairs may be settled; and that you may be Stronger induced to do us
Justice for what is Past, and to come to a thorough Settlement for the
future, we, in the Presence of the Governor of Maryland and Brother
Onas, present you with this Belt of Wampum."

Which was received Avith the usual Ceremony.

Then Tachanoontia added:

"We forgot to say that the AlYair of the Road must be looked upon
as a Preliminary to be Settled before the Grant of Lands, and that either
the Virginia People must be obliged to Remove more Easterly, or if they
are Permitted, to say that our Warriors Marching that Avay to the South-
ward shall go sharers with them in what they Plant." '

In the Court House at Lancaster, 28th June, 174:4, A. M.

present:

The Honourable GEORGE THOMAS, Esqr., Governor, &c.

The Honourable the Commissioners of Virginia.

The Honourable the Commissioners of Maryland.

The Deputies of the Six Nations.

Conrad Weiser, Interpreter. - ■ . . ,

The Governor Spoke as follows :

" Friends and Brethren of the Six Nations:

" I am always sorry when any thing happens that may Create the
least uneasiness between us, but as we are mutually engaged to keep the
Road between Us clear and open, and to remove every obstruction that
may lie in the way, I must inform you that three of the Delaware Indians
lately Murdered John Armstrong, an Indian Trader, and his two men, in
a most barbarous manner, as he was traveling to Allegheny, and stole his
Goods of a considerable value. Shick Calamy and the Indians settled at
Shamokin did well ; they seized two of the Murderers and sent them down
to Our Settlements, but the Indians who had the Charge of them after-
wards suffered one of them to Escape on a Pretence that he was not con-
cerned in the Bloody deed. The other is now in Philadelphia Goal. By
our Laws all the Accessaries to a Murder are to be Tryed and Put to
Death as well as the Person who gave the Deadly wound. If they con-

THE INDIAN TREATY HELD AT LANCASTER. 67

sented to it, encouraged it, or anywise assisted in it, they are to be put to
Death, and it is just they should be so. If, upon Tryal, the Persons
Present at the Murder are found not to have done any of these things,
they are set at liberty. Two of Our People were, not many years ago,
publickly put to Death for killing two Indians. We therefore expect you
will take the most effectual Measures to Seize and deliver up to Us the
other two Indians present at these Murders, to be tryed with the Princi-
pal now in Custody. If it shall appear upon their Tryal that they were
not advising nor any way Assisting in this Horrid Fact, they willbe acquit-
ted and sent home to their Towns. And that you may be satisfied no Injus-
tice will be done to them, I do now Invite you to Depute three or four
Indians to be present at their Tryal s. I do likewise expect that you will
order Strict search to be made for the Remainder of the Stolen Goods,.
that they may be restored to the Wife and Children of the Deceased.
That what I have said may have its due weight with you, I give you this.
String of Wampum."

Which was accepted with the Jo-hah.

The Governor afterwards ordered the Interpreter to tell them He ex-
pected a very full answer from them, and that they might take their own
time to give it, for he did not desire to interfere with the Business of
Virginia and Maryland.

They sayd they would take it into Consideration and give a full answer.

Then the Commissioners of Virginia let them know by the Interpreter
that they would Speak to them in the Afternoon.

In the Court House Chamber at Lancaster, Thursday, 28 June, 1714,
A. M.

PRESENT :

The Honourable, the Commissioners of Maryland.

The Deputies of the Six Nations.

Conrad Weiser, Interpreter.

The Commissioners desired the Interpreter to tell the Indians they
were going to Speak to them. Mr. Weiser acquainted them therewith.
After which the said Commissioners Spoke as follows :

" Our good Friends and Brethren of the Six United Nations :

" We have consider'd what you sayd concerning your Title to some
Lands now in Our Province, and also of the Place Avhere they lye. Altho'
we cannot admit your Right, yet we are so resolved to live in Brotherly
Love and Affection with the Six Nations, that upon giving us a Release
in Writing of all your Claim to an}^ Lauds in Marjdaud, We shall make
you a Compensation to the value of Three hundred Pounds Currency ;
for the Payment of Part thereof we have brought some Goods, and shall
make up the Rest in what manner you think fit.

68 AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY.

"As We intend to say something to you about our Chain of Friend-
ship after this affair of the Land is Settled, we desire you will now Ex-
amine the Goods and make an End of this matter.

" We will not omitt acquainting Our Good Friends the Six Nations
that notwithstanding We are likely to come to an Agreement about your
Claim of Lands, yet ^^our Brethren of Maryland look on you to be as one
Soul and one Body with themselves, and as a broad Eoad will be made
between Us, we shall always be desirous of keeping it clear, that we may
from time to time take care that the links of Our Friendship be not
rusted. In testimony that Our Words and Our hearts agree, We give
you this Belt of Wampum,"

On presenting of which the Indians gave the usual Cry of Approba-
tion.

Mr. Weiser acquainted the Indians they might now look over the
Several Goods placed on a Table in the Chamber for that Purpose;
and the Honourable Commissioners bid him tell them if they disliked
any of the Goods, or if they were damaged, the Commissioners would
put a less Price on such as were either disliked or Damnify'd. The In-
dians having Yiew'd and Examined the Goods, and Seeming Disatisfy'd
at the Price and worth of some of them, required time' to go down into
the Court House in order for a Consultation to be had by the Chiefs of
them concerning the said Goods, and likewise that the Interpreter might
Eetire with them, which he did. Accordingly they went down into the
Court House, and soon after returned again into the Chamber. Mr.
Weiser sat down among the Indians and discoursed them about the
Goods, and in some short time after they Chose the following from among
the others, and the Prices agreed to be given for them by the Six Nations
was, viz:

One lb. Vermillion -------

1,000 Flints -

4 Doz. Jewsharps -------

1 Dox. Boxes ------,-

Ic. 2qr. 01b. Barr Lead

Oc. 2qr. 01b. Shot - -

2 Half Barrels of Gunpowder - - - - -

Four Pieces of Strowds a £7
2 Pieces Do. a £5

200 Shirts

Carried forward,

£0

18 0

0

18 0

0

14 0

0

1 0

o
O

0 0

1

0 0

IS

0 0

£19

11 0

£28

0 0

10

0 0

63

12 0

£101

12 0

THE INDIAN TREATY HELD AT LANCASTER. 69

Brought forward, - - -'- - -£101120

3 Pieces half Thicks 11 0 0

3 Pieces Duffle Blankets a £7 21 0 0

1 Piece Do. ...... 6 10 0

■±7 Guns, 26s. - - - - - - 61 2 0

£201 4: 0
19 11 0

Pennsylvania Currency .... £220 15 0

When the Indians had agreed to take these Goods at the Eates above
specify'd, they informed the Interpreter that they would give an Answer
to the Speech made to them this morning by the Honourable the Com-
missioners of Maryland, but did not express the Time when such answer
should be made.

At twelve o'Clock the Commissioners departed the Chamber.

In the Court House at Lancaster, June 28th, 17-1-1, P. M.

PRESENT :

The Honourable GEOEGE THOMAS, Esqr., Governor, &c.

The Honourable the Commissioners of Virginia.

The Honourable the Commissioners of Maryland.

The Deputies of the Six Nations.

Conrad Weiser, Interpreter.

The Commissioners of Virginia desired the Interpreter to let the In-
dians know that their Brother Assaraquoa was now going to give his
Eeply to their Answer to his first Speech, delivered them the day before
in the forenoon :

" Sachims and Warriors of the Six Nations :

" We are now come to answer what you said to Us Yesterday, since
what we sayd to you before on the Part of the Great King, our Father,
has not been satisfactory. You have gone into Old Times and so must
we. It is true that the Great King holds Virginia by Eight of Conquest,
and the Bounds of that Conquest to the Westward is the Great sea.

"If the Six Nations have made any Conquest over Indians that may
at any time have lived on the West side of the Great Mountains of Vir-
ginia, yet they never possessed any Lands there that we have ever heard.
That part was altogether deserted, and free for any People to enter upon,
as the People of Virginia have done by order of the Great King, very
justly as well by an Antient Eight as by its being freed from the Pos-
session of any other, and from any Claim, even of you the Six Nations,
our Brethren, until within these Eight Years. The first Treaty between
the Great King, in behalf of his Subjects of Virginia and you, that we

70 AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY.

can find, was made at Albany by Colonel Henry Coursey, Seventy years
Since. This was a Treaty of Friendship, when the first Covenant Chain
was made, when we and you became Brethren.

"The next Treaty was also at Albany above fifty-Eight years ago, by
the Lord Howard, Governor of Virginia. Then you declare yourselves
Subjects of the Great King, our Father, and gave up to him all your
Lands for his Protection. This you Own in a Treaty made by the Gov-
ernor of Newyork with you at the same Place in the Year 1687, and you
Express yourselves in these Words : ' 0 Brethren you tell us the King
of England is a very Great King, and why should you not join with us
in a very just Cause when the French join with Our Enemies in an un-
just Cause. O Brethren we see the Eeason of this, for the French would
fain kill us all, and when that is done they would carry all the Beaver
Trade to Canada, and the Great Kino- of England would lose the Lands
likewise ; And therefore, O Great Sachim beyond the Great Lakes, awake
and suffer not those poor Indians that have given themselves and their
Lands under your Protection to be destroyed by the French without a
Cause.'

" The last Treaty we shall Speak to you about is that made at Albany
by Governor Spotswood, which you have not recited -as it is; for the
White People, Your Brethren of Virginia, are in no Article of that
Treaty Prohibited to pass and Settle to the AVestward of the Great
Mountains. It is the Indians' Tributary to Virginia that are restrained,
as you and your Tributary Indians are from Passing to the Eastward of
the same Mountains or to the Southward of Cohongoroonton, And you
agree to this Article in these words : ' That the Great Eiver of Patow-
mack and the High Eidge of Mountains which extend all along the
Frontiers of Virginia to the westwards of the Present Settlements of that
Colony, Shall be for ever the established Boundaries between the In-
dians subject to the Dominions of Virginia and the Indians belonging
and depending on the Five ISTations, so that neither our Indians shall not,
on any Pretence whatsoever, pass to the Northward or westward of the
said Boundaries without having to produce a Passport under the hand
and Seal of the Governor or Commander-in-Chief of Virginia, nor your
Indians to pass to the Southward or Eastward of the said Boundaries
without a Passport in like manner from the Governor or Commander-
in-Chief of Xew York.'

"And what Eight can you have to Lands that you have no Eight to
walk upon but upon certain conditions? It is true you have not ob-
served this part of the Treaty, and Your Brethren of Virginia have not
insisted on it with a due Strictness, which has Occasioned some mischief.

" This Treaty hath been sent to the Governor of Virginia by Order of
the Great King, and is what we must Eely on, and being in writing is

THE INDIAN TREATY HELD AT LANCASTER. 71

more certain than your Memory. That is the way the white people have
of preserving Transactions of every kind, and transmitting them down
to their Children's Children forever ; and all Disputes among them are
settled by this faithful kind of Evidence, and must be the Eule between
the Great King and you. This Treaty your Sachims and warriors signed
some Years after the same Governor Spotswood, in the Right of the
Great King, had been with some People of Virginia in possession of
these very Lands, which you have set up your late claim to.

" The Commissioners for Indian Affairs at Albany gave the Account
we mentioned to you • yesterday to the Governor of New York, and he
sent it to the Governor of Virginia. Their names will be given you by
the Interpreter.

" Brethren, this Dispute is not between Virginia and you. It is set-
ting up your Right against the Great King, under whose Grants the
People you complain of are settled. Nothing but a Command from the
Great King can remove them ; They are too powerful to be removed by
any force of You our Brethren ; And the Great King, as our Common
Father, will do equal Justice to all his children ; wherefore, we do be-
lieve they will be confirmed in their Possessions.

"As to the Road you mention, we intended to prevent any Occasion
for it by making a Peace between You and the Southern Indians a few
years since, at a considerable Expence to Our Great King, which you
Confirmed at Albany. It seems by your being at war with the Cataw-
bas that it has not been long kept between you.

" However, if you desire a Road, we will agree to one on the Terms of
the Treaty you made with Colonel Spotswood; and your People's be-
having themselves orderly like Friends and Brethren shall be used in
their Passage through Virginia with the same kindness as they are when
they pass through the Lands of your Brother Onas. This we hope will
be agreed to by you Our Brethren, and we will abide by the Promise
made to you Yesterday.

" We may Proceed to Settle what we are to give you for any Right you
may have or have had to all the Lands to the Southward and Westward
of the Lands of your Brother the Governor of Maryland, and of your
Brother Onas, though we are informed the Southeren Indians claim these
very Lands that joii do.

" We are desirous to live with you our Brethren according to the Old
Chain of Friendship to settle all these matters fairly and honesth^.

" And as a Pledge of Our Sincerity we give you this Belt of Wam-
pum."

Which was received with the usual Ceremony.

In the Court House Chamber at Lancaster, June the 29th, IT-ii. A. M.

72 • AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY.

PRESENT :

The Honourable the Commissioners of Maryland.

The Deputies of the Six Nations.

Conrad Weiser, Interpreter.

Mr. Weiser informed the Honourable Commissioners the Indians were
ready to give their answer to the Speech made to them here yesterday
Morning by the Commissioners. Whereupon

Canassatego spoke as follows, looking on a Deal Board where were
some black lines describing the Courses of Potowmack and Sasquahanna :

"Brethren—

" Yesterday you Spoke to Us concerning the Lands on this side Potow-
mack Eiver, and as we have deliberately considered of what you said to
us on that matter, we are now very ready to settle the Bounds of such
Lands, and Release our Right and Claim thereto.

"We are willing to renounce all Right to Lord Baltimore of all those
Lands lying two ^[iles above the uppermost Fork of Potowmack or Co-
hongoruton River, near which Thomas Cressap has a Hunting or Trading
Cabbin, by a North Line to the Bounds of Pennsylvania. But in case
such Limits shall not include every Settlement or Inhabitant of Mary-
land, then such other Lines and Courses from the said two Miles above
the Forks to the outermost Inhabitants or Settlements as shall include
every Settlement and Inhabitant in Maryland, and from thence by a
North Line to the Bounds of Pennsylvania, shall be the Limits. And
further, if any People already have or shall settle beyond the Lands now
described and Bounded, they shall enjoy the same free from any Disturb-
ance of us in any manner whatsoever, and we do and shall accept those
People for our Brethren, and as such always Treat them.

" We earnestly desire to live with you as Brethren, and hope you will
shew us all Brotherly kindness ; In token whereof we present you with
a Belt of AVampum."

Which was received with the usual Ceremony.

Soon after the Commissioners and Indians departed the Court House
Chamber.

In the Court House Chamber at Lancaster, June 30th, 1744, A. M.

PRESENT:

The Honourable the Commissioners of Virginia.

The Deputies of the Six Nations. > • •■

Conrad Weiser, Interpreter.

Gachadow, Speaker for the Indians, in answer to the Commissioners'
Speech at the last meeting, with a Strong Voice and Proper Actions,
Spoke as follows :

"Brother Assaraquoa: . ' - • • .

THE INDIAN TREATY HELD AT LANCASTER. 78

" The World at the first was made on the other side of the Great water
different from what it is on this side, as may be known from the different
Colour of Our Skin and of Our Flesh, and that which you call Justice
may not be so amongst us. You have your Laws and Customs and so
have we. The Great King might send you over to Conquer the Indians,
but looks to us that God did not approve of it, if he had, he would not
have Placed the Sea where it is, as the Limits between us and you."'

"Brother Assaraquoa.-

" Though great things are well remembered among Us, Yet we don't
remember that we were ever Conquered by the Great King, or that we
have been employ'd by that Great King to conquer others ; if it was so
it is beyond our Memory. We do remember we were employed by Ma-
ryland to Conquer the Conestogo's, and that the Second time we were at
War with them we carry'd them all off."

" Brother Assaraquoa :

"You Charge us with not acting agreeable to our Peace with the Ca-
tawbas; we will repeat truly to you what was done: The Governor of
New York at Albany, in behalf of Assaraquoa, gave us several Belts
from the Cherikees and Catawbas, and we agreed to a Peace if those
Nations would send some of their Great men to Us to confirm it face to
face, and that they would Trade with us, and desired that they would
appoint a time to meet at Albany for this Purpose, but they never came."

"Brother Assaraquoa;

" We then desired a Letter might be sent to the Catawbas and Cheri-
kees to desire them to come and confirm the Peace. It was long before
an Answer came, but we met the Cherikees and Confirmed the Peace,
and sent some of Our People to take care of them untill they returned to
their own Country.

" The Catawbas refused to come, and sent tis word that we were but

Women; that they were men and double men for they had two P s;

that they could make Women of us, and would be always at War with
us. They are a deceitful People ; Our Brother Assaraquoa is deceived
by him; we don't blame him for it, but are sorry he is so deceived."

"Brother Assaraquoa:

"We have confirm'd the Peace with the Cherikees, but not with the
Catawbas. They have been Treacherous, and know it, so that the War
must continue till one of Us is destroyed. This we think Proper to tell
you, that you may not be Troubled at what we do to the Catawbas.

"Brother Assaraquoa:

"We will now Speak to the Point between us. You say you will
agree with us to the Eoad. We desire that may be the Eoad which was
last made (the Waggon Eoad.) It is always a custom among Brethren
or Strangers to use each other kindly. You have some very ill-natured

74 AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY.

People living up there, so that we desire the Persons in Power may know
that we are to have reasonable Victuals when we are in want.

"You know very well when the White People came first here they
were poor ; but now they have got our Lands and are by them become
Eich, and we are Now poor. What little we had for the Land goes soon
away, but the Land lasts forever. You told us you had brought with
you a Chest of Goods, and that you have the Key in your Pockets ; But
we have never seen the Chest nor the Goods that are said to be in it.
It may be small and the Goods few. We want to see them, and are de-
sirous to come to some Conclusion. We have been sleeping here these
Ten Days past, and have not done any thing to the Purpose."

The Commissioners told them they should see the Goods on Monday.

In the Court House at Lancaster, June the 30th, 17-i-i.

PRESENT :

The Honourable GEORGE THOMAS, Esqr., Governor.

The Honourable the Commissioners of Virginia.

The Honourable the Commissioners of Maryland.

The Deputies of the Six Nations.

Conrad Weiser, Interpreter.

The three Governments Entertained the Indians and all the Gentlemen
in town with a handsome Dinner; the Six Nations in their order having
returned thanks with the usual Solemnity of Jo-ha-han, the Interpreter
informed the Governor and the Commissioners that as the Lord Propri-
etor and Governor of Maryland was not known to the Indians by any
particular Name, they had agreed in Council to take the first oppor-
tunity of a large company to present him with one, and as this with them
is deemed a matter of great Consequence, and attended with abundance
of Forme, the several Nations had drawn Lots for the performance of the
Ceremony, and the Lot falling on the Cayogo Nation, they had chosen
Gachradodow, one of their Chiefs, to be their Speaker, and he desired
leave to begin, which being given, he on an elevated part of the Court
House, with all the dignity of a Warrior, the Gesture of an Orator, and
in a very gracefull Posture, spoke as follows:

"As the Governor of Maryland had Invited them here to Treat about
their Lands and brighten the Chain of Friendship, the United Nations
thought themselves so much obliged to him that they had come to a
Resolution in Council to give to the Great man who is Proprietor of
Maryland a particular Name, by which they might hereafter correspond
with him, and as it had fallen to the Cayogo's Lot in Council to consider
of a proper name for that Chief Man, they had agreed to give him the
Name of Toearry-ho-gan, denoting Precedency, Excellency, or living in
middle or Honourable Place betwixt Assaraquoa and their Brother

THE INDIAN TREATY HELD AT LANCASTER. 75

Onas, by whom their Treaties might be better carryd on." And then
addressing himself to his Honour, the Governor of Pennsylvania, The
Honourable the Commissioners of Virginia and Maryland and to the
Gentlemen then present, he Proceeded :

"As there is a Company of Great Men now Assembled, We take this
Time and opportunity to Publish this Matter, That it may be known
Tocarry-ho-gan is Our Friend, and that we are ready to Honour him,
and that by such Name he may be always called and known among Us.
And We hope he will ever Act towards us according to the Excellency
of the Name we have now Given him, and enjoy a long and happy life."

The Honourable the Governor and Commissioners, and all the Com-
pany present, returned the Compliment with three Huzza's, and after
drinking Healths to Our gracious King and Six Nations, the Commis-
sioners of Maryland proceeded to Business in the Court House Chamber
with the Indians, where Conrad Weiser the Interpreter was present.

The Honourable the Commissioners order'd Mr. Weiser to tell the
Indians that a Deed, releasing all their Claim and Title to certain Lands
lying in the Province of Maryland, which by them was agreed to be given
and executed for the use of the Lord Baron of Baltimore, Lord Proprie-
tary of that Province, was now on the Table and Seals ready fixed thereto.
The Interpreter acquainted them therewith as desired, and then gave the
Deed to Canassatego the Speaker, who made his Mark and put his Seal
and Delivered it, after which thirteen other Chiefs or Sachims of the Six
Nations Executed it in the same manner in the Presence of the Honour-
able the Commissioners of Virginia and divers other Gentlemen of that
Colony, and of the Provinces of Pennsylvania and Maryland.

At the House of Mr, George Sanderson in Lancaster, 2d July, 1744, A. M.

PRESENT :

The Honourable the Commissioners of Maryland.

Several of the Chiefs of the Indians of the Six Nations.

Conrad Weiser, Interpreter.

The several Chiefs of the Indians of the Six Nations who had not
Signed the Deed of Release of their Claim to some Land in Maryland,
tender'd to them on Saturday last in the Chamber of the Court House in
this Town, did now readily Execute the same, and caused Mr. Weiser
likewise to sign it, as well with his Indian as with his own proper Name
of AVeiser, as a Witness and Interpreter.

In the Court House at Lancaster, July 2d, 1744:.

PRESENT :

The Honourable GEORGE THOMAS, Esqr., Lieutenant Governor.
The Honourable the Commissioners of Viro-inia.

76 AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY.

The Honourable the Commissioners of Maryland.

The Deputies of the Six Nations.

Conrad Weiser, Interpreter.

Canassatego Spoke as follows:
"Brother Onas :

" The other day you was pleased to tell us you were always concern'd
whenever anything happen'd that might give you or us Uneasiness, and
that we were mutually engaged to preserve the Eoad open and Clear
between Us. And you informed Us of the Murder of John Armstrong
and his two Men by some of the Delaware Indians, and of their Stealing
his Goods to a Considerable value. The Delaware Indians as you Sup-
pose are under our Power. We join with you in your Concern for such
a vile Proceeding ; and to testify that we have the same Inclinations with
you to keep the Eoad clear, free, and open, we give you this string of
Wampum."

Which was received with the usual Ceremony.

"Brother Onas:

" These things happen frequently, and we desire you will consider
them well, and not be too much concerned. Three Indians have been
killed at different times at Ohio, and we never mentioned any of them to
you, imagining it might have been occasioned by some unfortunate
Quarrels, and being unwilling to create a Disturbance; We therefore
Desire you will consider these things well, and to take the Grief from
your Heart AVe give you this String of Wampum."

Which was received with the usual Ceremony.

" Brother Onas :

"We had heard of the Murder of John Armstrong, and in our Journey,
here We had Conference with our Cousins, the Delawares, about it, and
Reproved them severely for it ; and charged them to go down to Our
Brother Onas and make him satisfaction, both for the Men that were
killed and for the Goods. We understood by them that the principal
Actor in these Murders is in your Prison, and that he had done all the
Mischief himself ; but that besides him you had required and Demanded
two others who were in his Company when the Murders were Committed.
We promise faithfully in our return to renew our Reproofs, and to Charge
the Delawares to send down some of their Chiefs with these two young
men, but not as Prisoners, to be examined by you ; and as we think upon
Examination you will not find them Guilty, we rely on your Justice not
to do them any Harm, but to perinit them to return in safety.

" We likewise understand that search has been made for the Goods
belonging to the deceased, and that some have been already returned to
your People; but that some are still missing. You may depend upon
our Giving the Strictest Charge to the Delawares to Search again with

THE INDIAN TREATY HELD AT LANCASTER. 77

more Diligence for the Goods, and to return them or the value of them
in Skins. And to Confirm what we have said, we give you this String
of Wampum."

Which was received with the usual Ceremony.

" Brother Onas:

"The Conoy Indians have informed us that they sent you a Message
some time ago to advise you that they were ill used by the white People „
in the place where they had lived, and that they had come to a Resolu-
tion of removing to Shamokin, and requested some small Satisfaction for
their Land; And as they never have received any answer from you, they
have desired Us to Speak for them. We heartily recommend their Case
to vour Generosity, and to add weight to our Eecommendation we present
you with this String of Wampum."

Which was receiv'd with the usual Ceremony.

The Governor having conferred a little time with the Honourable
Commissioners of Virginia and Maryland, made the following Reply :

"Brethren —

" I am glad to find that you agree with me in the necessity of keeping
the Road between us clear and open ; and the Concern you have ex-
pressed on Account of the Barbarous Murders mentioned to You, is a
proof of Your Brotherly affection for Us. If crimes of this Nature be
not Strictly enquired into, and the Criminals Severely Punish'd, there
will be an end of all commerce between us and the Indians, and then you
will be altogether in the Power of the French ; They will set what Price
they please on their own Goods, and Give you what they think fit for
your Skins, so it is for your own interest that our Traders should be
safe in their Persons and Goods when they Travel to your Towns.

"Brethren:

" I consider'd this matter well before I came from Philadelphia, and I /-^"^
advised with the Council there upon it, as I have done here with the
Honourable the Commissioners of Virginia and Maryland. I never
heard before of the Murder of Three Indians at Ohio ; had complaint
been made to me of it, and it had appeared to have been committed by
any of the People under my Government, they should have been put to
Death, as two of them were two years ago for killing two Indians. You
are not to take your own satisfaction, but to apply to me and I will see
that Justice be done you; and should any of the Indians rob or murder
any of our People, I do expect that you will deliver them up to betryed
and Punished in the same manner as White people are. This is the way
to preserve Friendship between us, and will be for your benefit as well
as our's. I am well pleased with the Steps you have already taken, and
the Reproofs you have given to your Cousins the Delawares, and do ex-
pect you will lay your Commands upon some of their Chiefs to bring

"78 AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY.

down the two Young men that were present at the Murders. If they
are not brought down, I shall look upon it as a Proof of their Guilt. If
upon Examination they shall be found not to have been concerned in
the Bloody Action, they shall be well used and sent home in Safety. I
will take it upon myself to see that they have no Injustice done them.
An Inventory is taken of the Goods already restored, and I expect satis-
faction will be made for such as cannot be found in Skins, according to
their Promise.

"I well remember the coming do"\vn of one of the Conoy Indians with
a Paper setting forth That the Conoys had come to a Resolution to leave
the Land reserved for them by the Proprietors, but he made no com-
plaiat to me of ill usage from the White People. The reason he gave
for their removal was, that the Setling of the White people all around
them had made Deer Scarce, and that therefore they chose to remove to
Juniata for the Benefit of Hunting. I ordered what they said to be en-
tered in the Council Book. The old Man's Expences were borne, and a
Blankit given him at his Return home. I have not yet heard from
the Proprietors on this head, but you may be assured, from the favour
and Justice they have always shcAvn to the Indians, that they will do
everything that can be reasonably expected of them in'this case.

In the Court House Chamber at Lancaster, July 2d, 174-i, P. M.

PRESENT :

The Honourable the Commissioners of Virginia.

The Deputies of the Six Nations.

Conrad Weiser, Interpreter.

The Indians being told by the Interpreter that their Brother Assara-
quoa was going to speak to them, he spoke as follows :

"Sachims and Warriors, our Friends and Brethren:

"As we have already sayd enough to you on the Subject of the Title
to the Lands you Claim from Virginia, we have no occasion to say any-
thing more to you on that head, but come directly to the Point. We
have open'd the Chests, and the Goods are now here before you; They
cost Two hundred Pounds, Penns3dvania money, and were bought by a
Person recommended to Us by the Governor of Pennsylvania, with
ready Cash. We order'd them to be good in their kinds, and we believe
they are so. These Goods, and Two hundred Pounds in Gold which now
lye now on the Table, we will give you, Our Brethren of the Six Na-
tions, upon Condition That you immediately make a Deed, recognizing
the King's Right to all the Lands that are or shall be by his Majesty's
Appointment in the Colony of Virginia.

"As to the Road, we agree you shall have one, and the Regulation is
in a paper which the Interpreter now has in his custody to Shew you.

THE INDIAN TREATY HELD AT LANCASTER. 79

The People of Virginia shall perform their Part if you and your Indians
performs their's. We are your Brethren, and will do no hardships to
you, but, on the Contrary, all the kindness we can."

The Indians agreed to what was said, and Canassatego desired they
would Eepresent their Case to the King, in order to have a further Con-
sideration when the Settlement increased much farther back. To which
the Commissioners agreed, and Promised they would make such a Eep-
resentation faithfully and honestly, and for their further Security that
they would do so, they would give them a Writing under their Hands
and Seals to that purpose.

They desired that some Eum might be given them to drink on their
way home, which the Commissioners agreed to, and payd them in Gold
for that Purpose, and the Carriage of their Goods from Philadelphia,
Nine pounds thirteen shillings and three pence, Pennsylvania money.

Canassatego further sayd, That as their Brother Tocarry-ho-gan sent
them Provision on the Eoad here, which kept them from Starving, he
hoped their Brother Assaraquoa would do the same for them back, and
have the Goods he gave them carry'd to the usual Place, which were
agreed to.

After this Conference the Deed was Produced, and the Interpreter
Explained it to them, and they according to their Eank and Quality put
their Marks and Seals to it in the presence of several Gentlemen of Mary-
land, Pennsylvania, and Virginia; and when they delivered the Deed,
Canassatego delivered it for the use of their Father the Great King, and
hoped he would consider them, upon which the Gentleman and Indians
present gave three shouts.

In the Court House at Lancaster, Tuesday, July 2d, 1744:, A. M.

PRESENT :

The Honourable GEOEGE THOMAS, Esqr., Governor.

The Honourable the Commissioners of Virginia.

The Honourable the Commissioners of Maryland.

The Deputies of the Six Nations.

Conrad Weiser, Interpreter.

The Governor Spoke as follows :

"Friends and Brethren of the Six Nations —

"At a Treaty held with many of the Chiefs of your Nations two years
ago, the Eoad between us was made Clearer and Wider; Our Fire
was enlarged and our Friendship confirmed by an Exchange of Presents
and many other Mutual Good Ofi&ces.

"We think ourselves happy in having been Instrumental to your
meeting with our Brethren of Virginia and Maryland, And we persuade
ourselves that you on your Parts will always remember it as an Instance

81} AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY.

of our good will and affection for you. This has given us an opportu-
nity of seeing you sooner than perhaps we should otherwise have done ;
and as we are under mutual Obligations by treaties, we to hear with
Our Ears for you, and you to hear with your Ears for us, We take this
opportunity to inform you of what very nearly concerns us both.

"The Great King of England and the French King have Declared War
against each other. Two Battles have been fought, one by Land and the
other by Sea. The Great King of England Commanded the Land Army
in Person, and gained a Compleat Victory. Numbers of the French
were killed and taken Prisoners, and the rest were forced to pass a River
with Precipitation to save their Lives. The Great God covered the
King's head in that Battle, so that he did not receive the least hurt, for
which you as well as we have reason to be very thankfull.

" The Engagement at Sea was likewise to the Advantage of the English.
The French and Spaniards joined their Ships together and came out to
Fight us. The brave English Admiral burnt one of their largest Ships,
and many others were so shatter'd that they were glad to take the oppor-
tunity of a very high wind and a dark Night to run away and to hide
themselves again in their Harbours. Had the Weather proved fair he
would in all probability have taken or destroyed them all.

" I need not put you in mind how much William Penn and his sons
have been your Friends and the Friends of all the Indians; you have
long and often experienced their Friendship for you, nor need I repeat
to you how kindly you were treated, and what valuable Presents were made
to you two years ago by the Governor, the Council, and the Assembly
of Pennsylvania. The Sons of William Penn are all now in England,
and have left me in their place, well knowing how much I regard you
and all the Indians. As a fresh proof of this, I have left my House and
am come thus far to see you, to renew our Treaties, to brighten the
Covenant Chain, and to confirm our Friendship with you. In testimony
whereof I present you with this Belt of Wampum."
Which was received with the Jo-hah.

"As your Nations have engaged themselves by Treaty to Assist Us,
your Brethren of Pennsylvania, in case of a War with the French, we do
not Doubt but you will punctually perform an Engagement so solemnly
entered into. A War is now declared, and We expect that you will not
suffer the French or any of the Indians in Alliance with them to March
through your Country to disturb any of our Settlements, And that you
will give us the Earliest and best Intelligence of any Designs that may
be formed by them to our Disadvantage, as we promise to do of any that
may be to your's. To enforce what I have now say'd to you in the
strongest manner, I present you with this Belt of Wampum."
Which was received with the Jo-hah.

THE INDIAN TREATY HELD AT LANCASTER. 81

After a little Pause his Honour the Governor Spoke again:
."Friends and Brethren of the Six Nations —

"What I have now sayd to you is in conformity to the Treaties sub-
sisting between the Province of which I am Governor and your Nations.
I now proceed with the Consent of the Honourable the Commissioners
of Virginia and Maryland to tell you That all Differences having been
adjusted, and the Roads between us and you made quite clear and open,
We are ready to confirm our Treaties with your Nations, and establish
a Friendship which is not to end but with the World itself. And in
behalf of the Province of Pennsylvania, I do by this fine Belt of Wam-
pum and a Present of Goods to the Value of Three hundred pounds,
confirm and establish the said Treaties of Peace, Union, and Friendship,
you on your Parts doing the same."

Which was received with a loud Jo-hah.

The Governor further added, " The Goods bought with the one Hun-
dred Pounds Sterling Put into my Hands by the Governor of Virginia
are ready to be delivered when you Please. The Goods bought and
sent up by the People of the Province of Pennsylvania, according to the
List which the Interpreter will explain, are laid by themselves, and are
likewise ready to be deliver'd to you at your own time."

After a little Pause the Commissioners of Virginia Spoke as follows:

"Sachims and Warriors of the Six Nations —

" The Way between us being made Smooth by what Passed Yester-
day, we desire now to confirm all former Treaties made between Virginia
and you our Brethren of the Six Nations, and to make Our Chain of
Union and Friendship as bright as the Sun, that it may not contract any
more Rust for ever; that our Children's Children may rejoice at and
confirm what we have done ; and that you and your Children may not
forget it. We give you One hundred pounds in Gold and this Belt of
Wampum."

Which was received with the usual Ceremonye.

"Friends and Brethren:

"Altho' we have been Disappointed in Our Endeavors to bring about
a Peace between you and the.Catawbas, yet we desire to speak to you
something more about them. We believe they have been unfaithfull to
you and Spoke of you with a foolish contempt, but this may be only
the Rashness of some of their Young Men. In this Time of War with
Our common Enemies, the French and Spaniards, it will be the wisest
way to be at Peace among Our selves. They, the Catawbas, are also
Children of the Great King, and therefore we desire you will agree that
we may endeavour to make a Peace between you and them, that we may
be all United by one common Chain of Friendship. We give you this
String of Wampum,"
6k

82 AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY.

Wliicli Avas received witli the usual Ceremony.

" Brethren:

"Our Friend Conrad Weiser, when he is old, will go into the other
World, as Our Fathers have done; our Children will then want such a
Friend to go betAveen them and your Children to reconcile any differ-
ences that may happen to Arise between them, that, like him, may have
the Ears and Tongues of our Children and yours.

"The way to have such a Friend is for you to send three or four of
your Boys to Virginia, where we have a fine House for them to Live in,
and a Man on purpose to teach the Children of you, our Friends, the
Eeligion, Language, and Customs of the White People. To this Place
we kindly invite you to send some of your Children, and we promise
you they shall have the same care taken of them, and be Instructed in
the same manner as our own Children, and be returned to you again
when you please; and to confirm this we give you this String of Wam-
pum."

Which was received with the usual Ceremony.

Then the Commissioners of Maryland Spoke as follows :

"Friends and Brethren, • the Chiefs or Sachims of the Six Laiited

Nations :

"The Governor of Maryland invited you hither, we have treated you
as Friends and agreed with you as Brethren.

"As the Treaty now made concerning the Lands in Maryland Will,
we hope. Prevent effectually every future Misunderstanding between us
on that Account, we will now bind faster the Links of Our Chain of
Friendship by a Renewal of all our former Treaties; and that they may
still be the better Secured we shall present you with One hundred
Pounds in Gold,

"What we have further to say to you is. Let not our Chain contract
any Eust ; whenever you perceive the least Speck tell us of it and we
will make it clean. This we also expect of you, that it may always con-
tinue so bright as our Generations may see their Faces in it; and in
pledge of the Truth of what we have now Spoken and our affection to
you, we give you this Belt of Wampum.".

Which was received with the usual Ceremon3^

Canassatego in return spoke as follows :

"Brother Onas, Assaraquoa, and Tocarry-ho-gan —

"We return you thanks for your several Speeches, which are very
agreeable to us. They contain matters of great moment; that we pro-
pose to give them a very Serious consideration, and to answer them
Suitably to their Worth and Excellence, and this will take till To-morrow
Morning, and when we are ready we will give you due Notice.

"You tell us you beat the French; if so you must have taken a great

THE INDIAN TREATY HELD AT LANCASTEPw. 83

deal of Eum from them, and can the better spare us some of that Liquor
to make us rejoice with you in the Victory."

The Governor and Commissioners order'd a Dram of Rum to be given
to each in a small Glass, calling it A French Glass.

In the Court House at Lancaster, July the ith, 174-i, A. M.

PRESENT:

The Honourable GEOEGE THOMAS, Esqr., Governor, &c.

The Honourable the Commissioners of Virginia.

The Honourable the Commissioners of Maryland.

The Deputies of the Six Nations.

Conrad Weiser, Interpreter.

Canassatego, Speaker.

"Brother Onas:

"Yesterday you expressed your satisfaction in having been Instru-
mental to our meeting with Our Brethren of Virginia and Maryland.
We in return assure you that we have great Pleasure in this Meeting,
and thank you for the Part you had in bringing us together in order to
create a good Understanding and to clear the Road ; and in token of Our
Gratitude We present you with this String of Wampum."

Which was received with the usual Ceremony.

"Brother Onas:

"You' was pleased Yesterday to inform us 'That War had been De-
clared between the Great King of England and the French King; that
two Great Battles had been fought, one by Land and "the other at Sea,
with many other particulars.' We are glad to hear the Arms of the King
of England were Successfull, and take part with you in your Joy on this
Occasion. You then came nearer home and told us 'You had left your
House and were come thus far on behalf of the whole People of Penn-
sylvania to see us, to renew our Treaties, to brighten the Covenant Chain,
and to confirm your Friendship with us. We approve this Proposition;
we thank j^ou for it. We own with Pleasure that the Covenant Chain
between Us and Pennsylvania is of Old Standing, and has never Con-
tracted any Rust ; we wish it may always continue as bright as it has
done hitherto ; and in token of the Sincerity of our Wishes we present
you with this Belt of Wampum."

Which was received with the Jo-hah.

"Brother Onas:

"You was pleased Yesterday to remind us of Our Mutual Obligation
to assist each other in case of a War with the French, and to repeat the
Substance of what we ought to do by Our Treaties with you ; and that
as a War had been already entered into with the French, you called upon

84 AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY.

US to assist you, and not to suffer the French to March through our
Country to disturb any of your Settlements.

" In answer, We assure you We have all these particulars in our Hearts ;
they are fresh in our Memory. We shall never forget that You and we
have but one Heart, one Head, one Eye, one Ear, and one Hand; We
shall have all your Country under our Ej^e, and take all the care we can
to prevent any Enemy from coming into it ; and in proof of our Care,
we must inform you that before we came here we told ^Onantio, our
Father, as he is called, that neither he nor any of His people should come
through our Country to hurt our Brethren the English, or any of the
Settlements belonging to them ; there was room enough at Sea to fight ;
there he might do Avhat he pleased, but he should not come upon our Land
to do any Damage to our Brethren, And you may depend upon our using
our utmost care to see this effectually done ; and in token of our Sincerity
we present you with this Belt of Wampum."

Which was received with the usual Ceremony.

After some little time the Interpreter said, Canassatego had forgot
something Material, and desired to mend his Speech, and to do so as often
as he should omitt any thing of Moment, and thereupon he added :

"The Six Nations have a great Authority and Influence over sundry
Tribes of Indians in Alliance with the French, and particularly over the
Praying Indians, formerly a part with ourselves, who stand in the very
gates of the French, and to shew our Further care, we have engaged these
very Indians, and other Indian Allies of the French, for you. They will
not join the French against you. They have agreed with us before we
set out. We have put the Spirit of Antipathy against the French in
those People. Our Interest is very Considerable with them and many
other Nations, and as far as ever it extends we shall use it for your
Service."

The Governor said, Canassatego did well to mend his Speech; he might
always do it when ever his Memory should fail him in any Point of Con-
sequence, and he thanked him for the very agreeable Addition.

" Brother Assaraquoa :

"You told us Yesterday that all Disputes with you being now at an
End, you desired to confirm all former Treaties between Virginia and Us,
and to make our Chain of Union as bright as the Sun.

"We agree verj^ Heartily with you in these Propositions; we thank
your good Inclinations; we desire you will pay no regard to any Idle
Stories that may bo told to our Prejudice, and as the Dispute about the
Lands is now entirely over, and we perfectly reconciled, we hope for the
future we shall not Act towwards each other but as becomes Brethren
and Hearty Friends.

, '. i I , , lOiiautio, the Governor of Canada.

THE INDIAN TREATY HELD AT LANCASTER. 85

" We are willing to renew the Friendship with you, and to make it as
firm as possible for us and our Children, with you and your Children to
the latest Generation, and we desire you will imprint these Engagements
on your Hearts in the Strongest manner ; and in confirmation that we
shall do the same we give you this Belt of Wampum."

Which was received with Jo-hah from the Interpreter and all the
Nations.

"Brother Assaraquoa:

"You did let us know yesterday that tho' you had been disapointed in
your Endeavors to bring about a Peace between us and the Catawbas,
yet you would still do the best to bring such a thing about. We are
well pleased with your Design, and the more so as we hear you know
what sort of People the Catawbas are — that they are spitefull and Of-
fensive, and have Treated us Contemptuously. We are glad you know
these things of the Catawbas. AVe believe what you say to be true, that
there are, notwithstanding, some amongst them Avho are "Wiser and bet-
ter; and, as you say, they are your Brethren and belong to the Great
King over the Water, we shall not be against a Peace on reasonable
Terms provided they Avill come to the Northward to Treat about it. In
Confirmation of what we say, and to encourage you in your Undertaking,
we give you this String of Wampum."

Which was received with the usual Ceremonys.

" Brother Assaraquoa :

You told us likewise you had a Great House Provided for the Educa-
tion of Youth, and that there were several white People and Indian
Children there to learn languages and to write and read, and invited us
to send some of our Children among you, &c.

'• We must let you know we love our Children too well to send them
so great a way, and the Indians are not inclined to give their Children
learning. We allow it to be good, and we thank you for your Invita-
tion ; but our Customs differing from your's you will be so good as to
excuse us.

"We hope Tarachawagon ^ will be preserved by the Good Spirit to a
good old age. When he is gone under Ground it will then be time
to look out for another; and no Doubt amongst so many Thousands as
there are in the World one such Man may be found who will serve
both Parties with the same Fidelity as Tarachawagon does ; while he
lives there is no room to complain. In token of our Thankfulness for
your Invitation we give you this String of Wampum."

Which was received with the usual Ceremony.

"Brother Tocarry-hogan :

"You told us yesterday that since there was now nothing in Contro-
1 Tarachawagon, Conrad Weiser.

86 AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY.

versie between us, and tlae Affair of the Land was Settled to 3'our satis-
faction, you would noAV brighten the Chain of Friendship which hath
Subsisted between you and us ever since we became Brethren. We are
well pleased with the Proposition, and we thank you for it. We also
are inclined to renew all Treaties and keep a good Correspondence with
you. You told us further, if ever we should perceive the Chain had
Contracted any Rust to let you know and you would take care to take
the Rust out, and preserve it bright. We agree with you in this, and
shall, on our Parts, do everything to preserve a good Understanding,
and to live in the same Friendship with you as with our Brothers Onas
and Assaraquoa; in Confirmation whereof we give you this Belt of
Wampum."
- On which the usual Cry of Yo-hah was given.

"Brethren:

"We have now finished our Answer to what you said to us Yesterday,
and shall now proceed to Indian Affairs that are not of so General a
Concern.

"Brother Assaraquoa: ■ . , .■

"There lives a Nation of Indians on the other side of your Country,
the Tuscaroraes, who are our Friends, and with whom we hold Corres-
pondence ; but the Road between us and them has been stopped for some
time on Account of the Misbehaviour of some of Our Warriors. We
have open'd a New Road for our Warriors and they shall keep to that ;
but as that would be inconvenient for Messengers going to the Tusca-
roraes Ave desire they may go the old Road. We frequently send Mes-
sengers to one another, and shall have more Occasion to do so now that
we have concluded a Peace with the Cherikees. To enforce our Request
we give you this String of Wampum."

Which was received with the usual Cry of Approbation.

"Brother Assaraquoa:

"Among these Tuscaroraes there live a few families of the Conoy
Indians who are desirous to leave them and to remove to the rest of their
Nation among us, and the Straight Road from them to Us lyes through
the Middle of your Country. We desire you will give them free passage
through "Virginia, and furnish them with Passes; and to enforce our
Request we give you this String of Wampum."

Which was received with the usual Cry of Approbation.

"Brother Onas, Assaraquoa, and Tocarry-hogan:

" At the close of your respective Speeches Yesterday you made us very
handsome Presents, and we should return you something suitable to your
Generosity; but, alas, we are poor, and shall ever remain so long as there
are so many Indian Traders among us. Their's and the white People's
Cattle have eat up all the Grass, and made Deer Scarce. However, we

THE INDIAN TREATY HELD AT LANCASTER. 87

have Provided a Small Present for you, and tlio' some of you gave
us more than others, yet as you are all equally Our Brethren, we shall
leave it to you to divide it as you Please." And then presented Three
Bundles of Skins which were received with the usual Ceremony from the
three Governments.

" We have one thing further to say, and that is We heartily recommend
Union and a Good Agreement between you our Brethren. Never disa-
gree, but preserve a s:rict Friendship for one another, and thereby you as
well as we will become the Stronger.

"Our wise Forefathers established Union and Amity between the Five
Nations ; this has made us formidable, this has given us great weight and
Authority with our Neighboring Nations.

" We are a Powerfull confederacy, and by your observing the same
Methods our wise Forefathers have taken, you will acquire fresh Strength
and Power; therefore, whatever befalls you, never fall out with one
another."

The Governor replied :

"The Honourable Commissioners of Virginia and Maryland have de-
sired me to Speak for them, therefore I, in behalf of those Governments
as well as the Province of Pennsylvania, return you thanks for the many
Proofs you have given in your Speeches of your Zeal for the Service of
your Brethren the English, and in particular for your having so Early
engaged in a Neutrality the Several Tribes of Indians in the French Alli-
ance. We do not Doubt but you will faithfully Discharge your Promises.
As to your Presents, we never estimate these things by their Keal Worth,
but by the Disposition of the Giver. In this Light we accept them with
Great Pleasure, and put a high value upon them. We are obliged to you
for Eecommending Peace and Good Agreement amongst ourselves. We
are all Subjects as well as you of the Geat King beyond the Water, and
in Duty to his Majesty and from the good Affection we bear to each
other, as well as from a regard to our Interests, we shall always be
inclined to live in Friendship."

Then the Commissioners of Virginia presented the Hundred Pounds
in Gold, together with a Paper containing a Promise to recommend the
Six Nations for further favor to the King, which thev received with Yo-
hah, and the Paper Avas given by them to Conrad Weiser to keep for them.
The Commissioners likewise Promised that their publick Messengers
should not be Molested in their Passage through Virginia, and that they
would prepare Passes for such of the Conoy Indians as were willing to
remove to the Northward.

Then the Commissioners of Maryland i3resented their Hundred pounds
in Gold, Which was likewise received with the Yo-hah.

Canassate2:o said: "We mentioned to You Yesterday the Booty vou

-A

88 AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY.

had taken from the French, and asked you for some of the Rum, which
we supposed to be part of it, and you gave us some, but it turned out
unfortunately that you gave us it in French Glasses, Ave desire now You
will give us some in English Glasses."

The Governor made answer : " We are glad to hear you have such a
Dislike for what is French. They cheat you in your Glasses as well as
in every thing else. You must Consider we are at a Distance from
Williamsburg, Annapolis, and Philadelphia, where our Rum Stores are^
and that altho' we brought up a good quantity with us, you have
almost drank it out; but notwithstanding this, we have enough left
to fill our English Glasses, and will Shew the Difference between the
NarroAvness of the French and the Generosity of the English toAvards
you.''

The Indians gave in their Order five Yo-hahs, and the Honourable
GoA^ernor and Commissioners calling for some Rum and some middle-
sized Wine Glasses drank Health to the Great King of England and the
Six Nations, and put an End to the Treaty by three loud Huzza's, in
AAdiich all the Company Joined.

In the Evening the Governor AV'ent to take his leave of the Indians,
and presenting them with a String of Wampum he told them that was in
return for one he had received of them, Avith a Message to desire the
Governor of A'irginia to sufter their Warriors to go through Virginia un-
molested, Avhich Avas rendered unnecessary by the Present Treaty.

Then presenting them Avith another String of Wampum, he told
them that Avas in return for their's, praying him that as they had taken
aAvay one Part of Conrad Weiser's Beard, AA'hich friglitned their Chil-
dren, he AA'ould please to take aAvay the other, Avhich he had ordered to
be done.

The Indians received these tAvo Strings of Wampum Avith the usual
Yo-hah.

The Governor then asked them Avhat Avas the reason that more of the
ShaAvanaes from their ToAvn on Iloliio, Avere not at the Treaty ? But seeing
that it M^ould require a Council in Form, and perhaps another day to give
an ansAver, he desired they would give answer to Conrad Weiser upon
the Road on their Return Home, for he Avas* to Set out to Philadelphia
the next Morning.

Canassatego in Conclusion spoke as folio avs :

" We have been hindred by a great deal of Bussiness from Avaiting on
you to have some private Conversation Avith you, chiefly to enquire after
the Health of Onas beyond the Water; Ave desire you Avill tell them we
have a srateful Sense of all their Kindness for the Indians. Brother
Onas told us Avhen he Avent aAvay he would not stay long from us; we
think it is a great Avhile, and Avant to knoAV Avhen Ave may expect him,

THE INDIAN TREATY HELD AT LANCASTER. 89

and desire when You write You will recommend us heartily to him ;"
which the Governor promised to do, and then took his leave of them.

The Commissioners of Virginia gave Canassatego a Scarlet Camblet
Coat, and took their leave of them in form, and at the same time deliv-
ered their Passes to them, according to their Request.

The Commissioners of Maryland presented Gachradodow with a Broad
Gold-laced Hat, and took their leave of them in the same manner.

90 AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY.

No. 8.

THE CONSTITUTIOX OF PENNSYLVANIA— 1776.

WHEREAS all Government ouglit to be instituted and supported for
tlie Security and Protection of the Community as such, and to enable
the Individuals, who compose it, to enjoy their natural Rights and the
other Blessings which the Author of Existence has bestowed upon Man ;
and, whenever these great Ends of Grovernment are not obtained, the
people have a Right, by common Consent, to change it and take such
Measures as to them may appear necessary, to promote their Safety and
Happiness. And AVHEREAS the Inhabitants of this Commonwealth
have, in Consideration of Protection only, heretofore acknowledged Al-
legiance to the King of Great Britain; and the said King has not only
withdrawn that Protection, but commenced and still continues to carry
on, with Linabated Vengeance, a most cruel and unjust War against
them, employing therein not only the Troops of Great "Britain, but for-
eign Mercenaries, Savages and Slaves, for the avowed Purpose of re-
ducing them to a total and abject submission to the despotic Domination
of the British Parliament, with many other Acts of Tyranny (more fully
set forth in the Declaration of Congress) whereby all Allegiance and
Fealty to the said King, and his Successors, are dissolved and at an End,
and all Power and Authority derived from him ceased in these Colonies.
And whereas it is absolutely necessary for the Welfare and Safety of the
Inhabitants of said Colonies, that they be henceforth free and indepen-
dent States, and that just, permanent and proper Forms of Government
exist in every part of them derived from, and founded on the Authority
of the People only, agreeable to the Direction of the honorable American
Congress.

We, THE REPRESENTATIVES OF THE FREEMEN OF PENNSYLVANIA, IN

GENERAL CONVENTION MET, for the express Purpose of framing such a
Government, confessing the Goodness of the great Governor of the Uni-
verse, (who alone knows to what Degree of earthly Happiness Mankind
may attain, by perfecting the Arts of Government) in permitting the
People of this State, by common Consent, and without Violence, delib-
erately to form for themselves such just Rules as they shall think best
for governing their future Society ; and being fully convinced that it is
our indispensable Duty to establish such original Principles of Govern-
ment as will best promote the general Happiness of the People of this
State and their Posterity, and provide for future Improvements, without

CONSTITUTION OF 1776, 91

Partiality for or Prejudice against any particular Class, Sect or Denomi-
nation of Men whatsoever, do, by Virtue of the Authority vested in us
by our Constituents, oedain, declaee and establish the following
Declaration of Rights and Frame of Government, to be the Constitution
of this Commonwealth, and to remain in Force therein forever, unaltered,
except in such Articles as shall hereafter, on Experience, be found to
require Improvement, and which shall, by the same Authority of the
People fairly delegated, as this Frame of Government directs, be amended
or improved for the more effectual obtaining and securing the great
End and Design of all Government herein before mentioned.

CHAPTER I.

A Declaration of the Rights of the Inhabitants of the Common-
wealth OR State of Pennsylvania.

section the first.

That all Men are born equally free and independent, and have certain
natural, inherent and unalineable Rights, amongst which are the enjoy-
ing and defending Life and Liberty, acquiring, possessing and protect-
ing Property, and pursuing and obtaining Happiness and Safety.

SECTION the second.

That all Men have a natural and unalienable Right to worship Al-
mighty God according to the Dictates of their own Consciences and Un-
derstandings : And that no Man ought or of Right can be compelled to
attend any religious Worship, or erect or support any Place of Worship,
or maintain any Ministry, contrary to, or against his own free Will and
Consent: ISTor can an}^ Man, who acknowledges the Being of a God, be
justly deprived or abridged of any civil Right as a Citizen, on Account
of his religious Sentiments, or peculiar Mode of religious AVorship: And
that no Authority can or ought to be vested in, or assumed by, any
Power whatever, that shall in any Case interfere Avith, or in any Mannei-
controul the Right of Conscience, in the free Exercise of religious Wor-
ship.

section the third.

That the People of this State have the sole exclusive and inherent
Right of governing and regulating the internal Police of the same.

section the fourth.

That all Power being originally inherent in, and consequently derived
from the People; therefore all Officers of Government, whether legisla-
tive or executive, are their Trustees and Servants, and at all times ac-
countable to them.

92 AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY.

SECTION THE FIFTH.

That Government is, or ought to be, instituted for the common Ben-
efit, Protection and Security of the People, Nation or Community; and
not for the particular Emolument or Advantage of any single Man,
Family or Set of Men who are a Part only of that Community, And
that the Community hath an indubitable, unalienable and indefeasible
night to reform, alter or abolish Government in such Manner as shall be
by that Community judged most conducive to the public Weal.

SECTION THE SIXTH.

That those who are employed in ike legislative and executive Business
of the State, may be restrained from oppression, the People have a Eight
at such Periods as they may think proper, to reduce their public Officers
to a private Station, and supply the Vacancies by certain and regular
Elections.

SECTION THE SEVENTH.

That all Elections ought to be free; and that all free Men having a
sufficient evident common Interest with, and Attachment to the Com-
munity, have a Right to elect Officers, or be elected into Office.

SECTION THE EIGHTH.

That every Member of Society liath a right to be protected in the En-
joyment of Life, Liberty and Property, and therefore is bound to con-
tribute his Proportion towards the Expense of that Protection, and yield
his personal Service, when necessary, or an Equivalent thereto.

But no Part of a man's Property can be justly taken from him, or
applied to public Uses, without his own Consent, or that of his legal
Representatives: Nor can any Man who is conscientiously scrupulous of
bearing Arms, be justly compelled thereto, if he will pay such Equiva-
lent: Nor are the People bound by any Laws, but such as they have in
like Manner assented to, for their common Good.

SECTION THE NINTH.

That in all Prosecutions for criminal Offences, a Man hath a right to
be heard by himself, and his Counsel, to demand the Cause and Nature
of his Accusation, to be confronted with the Witnesses, to call for Evi-
dence in his Favour, and a speedy public Trial, by an impartial Jury of
the Country, without the unanimous Consent of which Jury he cannot
be found guilty: nor can he be compelled to give Evidence against him-
self: nor can any Man be justly deprived of his Liberty, except by the
Laws of the Land, or the Judgment of his Peers.

SECTION THE TENTH.

That the People have a Right to hold themselves, their Houses, Papers

CONSTITUTION OF 1776. 93

and Possessions free from Search or Seizure; and therefore, Warrants
without Oaths or Affirmations first made aftbrding a sufficient Founda-
tion for them, and Whereby any Officer or Messenger may be commanded
or required to search suspected Places, or to seize any Person or Persons,
his or their Property, not particular!}- described, are contrary to that
Right, and ought not to be granted.

SECTION THE ELEVENTH,

That in Controversies respecting Property, and in Suits between Man
and Man, the parties have a Right to Trial b}^ Jury, which ought to be
held sacred.

SECTION THE TWELFTH.

That the People have a Right to Freedom of Speech, and of writing,
and publishing their Sentiments; therefore the Freedom of the Press
ought not to be restrained.

SECTION THE THIETEENTH.

That the People have a Right to bear Arms for the Defence of them-
selves and the State ; and as Standing Armies, in the Time of Peace, are
dangerous to Liberty, they ought not to be kept up: And that the
Military* should be kept under strict Subordination to, and Governed by
the Civil Power.

SECTION THE FOURTEENTH.

That a frequent Recurrence to fundamental Principles, and a firm
Adherence to Justice, Moderation, Temperance, Industry and Frugality,
are absolutely necessary to preserve the Blessings of Liberty, and keep
a Government free: The People ought therefore to pay Particular Atten-
tion to these Points in the Choice of Officers and Representatives, and
have a Right to exact a due and constant Regard to them, from their
Legislators and Magistrates in the making and executing such Laws as
are necessary for the good Government of the State.

SECTION THE FIFTEENTH.

That all men have a natural inherent Right to emigrate from one
State to another that will receive them, or to form a new State in vacant
Countries, or in such Countries as they can purchase, whenever they
think that thereby they may promote their own Happiness.

SECTION THE SIXTEENTH.

That the People have a Right to assemble together, to consult for their
common Good, to instruct their Representatives, and to apply to the
Legislature for Redress of Grievances, by Address, Petition or Remon-
strance.

94 AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY.

CHAPTER II.

Plan or Frame of Government for the Commonwealth or State

OF Pennsylvania.

SECTION the FIRST.

The Commonwealth or State of Pennsylvania shall be governed here-
after by an Assembly of the Eepresentatives of the Freemen of the
same, and a President and Council, in Manner and Form following.

SECTION THE SECOND.

The Supreme Legislative Power shall be vested in a House of Kepre-
sentatives of the Freemen of the Commonwealth or State of Pennsyl-
vania.

SECTION THE THIRD.

The Supreme Executive Power shall be vested in a President and
Council,

SECTION THE FOURTH.

Courts of Justice shall be established in the City of Philadelphia, and
in every County of this State.

SECTION THE FIFTH.

The Freemen of this Commonwealth and their Sons shall be trained
and armed for its Defence, under such Kegulations, Eestrictions and Ex-
ceptions, as the General Assembly shall by Law direct; preserving
always to the People the Eight of choosing their Colonels, and all com-
missioned Officers under that Eank, in such Manner and as often as by
the said LaAvs shall be directed.

SECTION THE SIXTH.

Every Freeman of the full age of twenty-one Years, having resided in
this State for the Space of one whole Year next before the Day of Elec-
tion for Eepresentatives, and paid public Taxes during that Time, shall
enjoy the Eight of an Elector : Provided always, that Sons of Freeholders
of the Age of twenty-one Years shall be entitled to Vote, although they
have not paid taxes.

SECTION THE SEVENTH.

The House of Eepresentatives of the Freemen of this CommouAvealth
shall consist of Persons most noted for Wisdom and Virtue; to be chosen
by the Freemen of every City and County of this Commonwealth re-
spectively: And no Person shall be elected, unless he has resided in the
City or County for which he shall be chosen, two Years immediately

CONSTITUTION OF 1776. 95

before the said Election; nor shall any Member, while he continues
such, hold any other Office, except in the Militia.

SECTION THE EIGHTH.

No Person shall be capable of being elected a Member to serve in the
House of Representatives of the Freemen of this Commonwealth more
than four Years in seven.

SECTION THE NINTH.

The Members of the House of Representatives shall be chosen annu-
ally by Ballot, by the Freemen of the Commonwealth, on the second
Tuesday in October for ever, (except this present Year) and shall meet
on ithe fourth Monday of the same Month; and shall be styled THE
GENERAL ASSEMBLY OF THE REPRESENTATIVES OF THE
FREEMEN OF PENNSYLVANIA, and shall have power to choose
their Speaker, the Treasurer of the State, and their other Officers ; sit on
their own Adjournments; prepare Bills and enact them into Laws; judge
of the Elections and Qualifications of their own Members'; they may
expel a Member, but not a second Time for the same Cause; they may
administer Oaths or Affirmations on Examinations of Witnesses ; redress
Grievances ; impeach State Criminals ; grant Charters of Incorporation ;
constitute Towns, Boroughs, Cities and Counties; and shall have all
other Powers necessary for the Legislature of a Free State or Common-
wealth; but they shall have no p®wer to add to, alter, abolish or infringe
any part of this constitution.

SECTION THE TENTH.

A Quorum of the House of Representatives shall consist of two-thirds
of the whole Number of Members elected; and having met, and chosen
their Speaker, shall each of them, before they proceed to Business, take
and subscribe, as well the Oath or Affirmation of Fidelity and Allegiance
herein after directed, as the following oath or affirmation, viz :

I , do swear (or affirm) that, as a Member of this Assembly,

I will not propose or assent to any Bill, Vote or Resolution, which shall
appear to me injurious to the People, nor do or consent to any Act or
Thing whatever, that shall have a Tendency to lessen or abridge their
Rights and Privileges as declared in the Constitution of this State; but
will, in all things, conduct myself as a faithful honest Representative
and Guardian of the People, according to the best of my Judgment and
Abilities.

And each Member, before he takes his Seat, shall make and subscribe
the following Declaration, viz:

I do believe in one God, the Creator and Governor of the Universe,
the Rewarder of the good and punisher of the wicked : And I do acknowl-

96 AUTIIEXTIC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY.

edge the Scriptures of the old and new Testament to be given by divine
Inspiration.

And no farther or other religious Test shall ever hereafter be required
of any civil Officer or ^Magistrate in this State.

SECTION THE ELEVENTH.

Delegates to represent this State in Congress, shall be chosen by Ballot,
by the future General Assembly, at their first Meeting, and annually for
ever afterAvards, as long as such Representation shall be necessary ; any
Delegate may be superseded at any time, b}' the General Assembly, ap-
pointing another in his stead; no Man shall sit in Congress longer than
tAvo Years successively, nor be capable of Re-election for three years
afterwards : And no Person, avIio holds any Office in the Gift of Congress,
shall hereafter be elected to represent this CommouAvealth in Congress.

SECTION THE TWELFTH.

If any City or Cities, County or Counties, shall neglect or refuse to
elect and send Representatives to the General Assembly, two-thirds of
the Members from the Cities or Counties that do elect and send Repre-
sentatives, provided they be a Majority of the Cities and Counties of the
whole State when met, shall have all the powers of the General Assem-
bly as fully and amply as if the whole were present.

SECTION THE THIRTEENTH.

The Doors of the House, in which the Representatives of the Freeman
of this State shall sit in General Assembly, shall be and remain open for
the Admission of all Persons who behave decently, except only when
the Welfare of this State may require the Doors to be shut.

SECTION THE FOURTEENTH.

The Votes and Proceedings of the General Assembly shall be printed
weekly, during their Sitting, with the Yeas and Nays on any Question,
Vote or Resolution, where any two Members require it except when the
Vote is taken by Ballot; and when the Yeas and Nays are so taken,
every Member shall have a Right to insert the Reasons of his Vote,
upon the Minutes, if he desires it.

SECTION THE FIFTEENTH.

To the End that LaAVs, before they are enacted, may be more maturely
considered, and the Inconvenience of hasty Determinations as much as
possible prevented, all Bills of a public Nature shall be printed for the
Consideration of the People, befc^re they are read in General Assembly
the last Time for Debate and Amendment ; and, except on Occasions of
sudden Necessity, shall not be passed into Laws until the next Session

CONSTITUTION' OF 1776. 97

of Assembly; and for the more perfect Satisfaction of the Public, the
reasons and Motives for making such laws shall be fully and clearly ex-
pressed in the Preambles.

SECTION THE SIXTEENTH.

The Style of the Laws of this Commonwealth shall be " Be it enacted,
and it is hereby enacted by the Representatives of the Freemen of the
Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, in General Assembly met, and by the
Authority of the same. And the General Assembly shall ai!ix their Seal
to every Bill, as soon as it is enacted into a Law, which Seal shall be kept
by the Assembly, and shall be called "The seal of the laws of Penn-
sylvania," and shall not be used for any other Purpose.

section the seventeenth.

The City of Philadelphia and each County in this Commonwealth re-
spectively, shall, on the first Tuesday of November in this present Year,
and on the second Tuesday in October annually for the two next Years,
to wit, the Year one thousand seven hundred and seventy-seven, and the
Year one thousand seven hundred and seventy-eight, choose six Persons
to represent them in General Assembly : But as Representation, in Pro-
portion to the Number of Taxable Inhabitants, is the only Principle which
can, at all times, secure Liberty, and made the Voice of a Majority of the
People the Law of the Land, therefore the General Assembly shall cause
complete Lists of the taxable inhabitants, in the City and each County in
the Commonwealth respectively, to be taken and returned to them on or
before the last Meeting of the Assembly elected in the Year one thousand
seven hundred and seventy-eight — who shall appoint a representation to
each in Proportion to the Number of Taxables in such Returns ; which
Representation shall continue for the next seven years afterwards; at the
End of which a new Return of the taxable Inhabitants shall be made,
and a Representation agreeable thereto appointed by the said Assembly,
and so on septennially for ever. The Wages of the Representatives in
General Assembly, and all other State-charges, shall be paid out of the
State Treasury.

SECTION the eighteenth.

In order that the Freemen of this Commonwealth may enjoy the Bene-
fit of Election as equally as may be until the Representation shall com-
mence as directed in the foregoing Section, each County at its own Choice
may be didided into Districts, hold Elections therein, and elect their Re-
presentatives in the County and their other elective Officers, as shall be
hereafter regulated by the General Assembly of this State and no Inhabi-
tant of this State shall have more than one annual Vote at the general
Election for Representatives in Assembly.
7k

98 AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY.

SECTION THE NINETEENTH.

For the present tlie Supreme Executive Council of this State shall
consist of twelve Persons, chosen in the following Manner : The Freemen
of the City of Philadelphia and of the Countys of Philadelphia, Chester
and Bucks respectively, shall choose by Ballot one Person for the City
and one for each County aforesaid, to serve for three Years and no longer,
at the Time and Place for electing Eepresentatives in General Assembly.
The Freemen of the Countys of Lancaster, York, Cumberland and Berks
shall in like Manner elect one Person for each County respectively, to
serve as Counsellors for two Years and no longer. And the Countys of
Northampton, Bedford, Northumberland, and Westmoreland respect-
ively, shall in like Manner elect one Person for each County, to serve as
Counsellors for one Year and no longer. And at the expiration of the
Time for which each Counsellor was chosen to serve, the Freemen
of the City of Philadelphia and of the several Countys in this State
respectively, shall elect one Person to serve as Counsellor for three
Years and no longer; and so on every third year forever. By this
Mode of Election and continual Potation, more Men will be trained to
public Business, there will in every subsequent Year be found in the
Council a Number of Persons acquainted with the proceedings of the
foregoing Years, whereby the Business will be more consistently con-
ducted, and moreover the Danger of establishing an inconvenient
Aristocracy will be effectually prevented. All Vacancies in the Council
that may happen by Death, Resignation, or otherwise, shall be filled at
the next general Election for Representatives in General Assembly,
unless a particular Election for that Purpose shall be sooner appointed
by the President and Council. No Member of the General Assembly or
Delegate in Congress, shall be chosen a Member of the Council. The
President and Vice-president shall be chosen annually by the joint Ballot
of the General Assembly and Council, of the Members of the Council.
Any Person having served as a Counsellor for three successive Years,
shall be incapable of holding that Office for four Years afterwards.
Every Member of the Council shall be a Justice of the Peace for the
whole Commonwealth by Virtue of his Office.

In Case new additional Counties shall hereafter be erected in this State,
such County or counties shall elect a Counsellor, and such County or
Counties shall be annexed to the next neighboring Counties, and shall
take Rotation with such Counties.

The Council shall meet annually, at the same Time and Place with
the General Assembly.

The Treasurer of the State, Trustees of the Loan-office, Naval-
officers Collectors of Customs or Excise, Judge of the Admiralty,
Attornies-General, Sheriffs, and Prothonotaries, shall not be capable

CONSTITUTION OF 1776. 99

of a Seat in the General Assembly, Executive Council, or Continental
Congress.

SECTION THE TWENTIETH.

The President, and in his Absence the Vice-president, with the coun-
cil, five of whom shall be a Quorum, shall have Power to appoint and
commissionate Judges, Naval-officers, Judge of the Admiralty, Attorney-
general and all other Officers, civil and military, except such as are chosen
by the General Assembly, or the People, agreeable to this Frame of
Government and the Laws that may be made hereafter ; and shall supply
every Vacancy in any Office occasioned by Death, Eesignation, Eemoval
or Disqualification, until the Office can be filled in the Time and Manner
directed by Law or this Constitution. They are to correspond with
other States, and transact Business with the Officers of Government
civil and military, and to prepare such Business as may appear to them
necessary to lay before the General Assembly, They shall sit as Judges
to hear and determine on impeachments, taking to their Assistance, for
Advice only, the Justices of the Supreme Court; and shall have Power
to grant Pardons and remit Fines in all Cases whatsoever, except in
Cases of Impeachment ; and in Cases of Treason and Murder, shall have
Power to grant Eeprieves, but not to pardon, until the End of the next
Sessions of Assembly. But there shall be no Eemission or Mitigation
of Punishment on Impeachments, except by Act of the Legislature.
They are also to take Care that the Laws be faithfully executed ; they
are to expedite the Execution of such Measures as may be resolved upon
by the General Assembly ; and they may draw upon the Treasury for
such Sums as shall be appropriated by the House. They may also lay
Embargoes, or prohibit the Exportation of any Commodity, for any
Time not exceeding thirty Days in the Eecess of the House only. They
may grant such Licenses as shall be directed by Law: and shall have
Power to call together the General Assembly when necessary, before
the Day to which they shall stand adjourned. The President shall
be Commander-in-chief of the Forces of the State, but shall not com-
mand in Person, except advised thereto by the Council, and then only
so long as they shall approve thereof. The President and Council shall
have a Secretary, and keep fair Books of their Proceedings wherein
any Counsellor may enter his Dissent, with his Eeasons in support
of it.

SECTION THE TWENTY-FIKST.

All Commissions shall be in the Name and by the Authority of the
Freemen of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, sealed with the State
Seal, signed by the President or Vice-President, and attested by the
Secretary; which seal shall be kept by the Council.

100 AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY.

SECTION THE TWENTY-SECOND.

Every Officer of State, whether judicial or executive, shall be liable to
be impeached by the General Assembly, either when in Office, or after
his Eesignation or Kemoval for Mai-administration. All impeachments
shall be before the President or Vice-President and Council, who shall
hear and determine the same.

SECTION THE TWENTY-THIRD.

The Judges of the Supreme Court of Judicature shall have fixed Sala-
ries, be commissioned for seven Years only, though capable of Ke-ap-
pointment at the End of that Term, but removeable for Misbehaviour at
any Time by the General Assembly; — they shall not be allowed to sit
as Members in the Continental Congress, Executive Council, or General
Assembl}^, nor to hold any other Office, civil or military, nor to take or
receive Fees or Perquisites of any Kind.

SECTION THE TWENTY-FOURTH.

The Supreme Court and the several Courts of Common Pleas of this
Commonwealth shall, besides the Powers usually exercised by such
Courts, have the Powers of a Court of Chancery, so far as'relates to the
perpetuating Testimony, obtaining Evidence from Places not within this
State, and the Care of the Persons and Estates of those who are own
compotes mentis, and such other Powers as may be found necessary by
future General Assemblies, not inconsistent with this Constitution.

SECTION THE TWENTY-FIFTH.

Trials shall be by Jury as heretofore. And it is recommended to the
Legislature of this State to provide by Law against every Corruption or
Partiality in the Choice, Return, or Appointment of Juries.

SECTION THE TWENTY-SIXTH.

Courts of Sessions, Common Pleas, and Orphans Courts shall be held
quarterly in each City and County; and the Legislature shall have
Power to establish all such other Courts as they may judge for the Good
of the Inhabitants of the State. All Courts shall be open, and Justice
shall be impartially administered without Corruption or unnecessary
Delay. All their officers shall be paid an adequate but moderate Com-
pensation for their Services — and if any officer shall take greater or other
Fees than the laws allow him, either directly or indirectly, it shall ever
after disqualify him from holding any Office in this State.

SECTION THE TWENTY-SEVENTH.

All prosecutions shall commence in the name and by the Authority of
the Freemen of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania ; and all Inditements

CONSTITUTION OF 177ti. 101

shall conclude with these Words, "Against the Peace and Dignity of the
same." The stile of all Process hereafter in this State shall be, The
Commonwealth of Pennsylvania.

SECTION THE TWENTY-EIGHTH.

The Person of a Debtor, where there is not a strong Presumption of
Fraud, shall not be continued in Prison, after delivering up, bona fide,
all his Estate Eeal and Personal for the Use of his Creditors, in such
Manner as shall be hereafter regulated by Law. All Prisoners shall be
bailable by sufficient Sureties, unless for capital Offences, when the proof
is evident or presumption great.

SECTION THE TWENTY-NINTH.

Excessive Bail shall not be exacted for bailable Offences ; and all fines
shall be moderate.

SECTION THE THIRTIETH.

Justices of the Peace shall be elected by the Freeholders of each City
and County respectively, that is to say, two or more Persons may be
chosen for each Ward, Township or District, as the Law shall hereafter
direct. And their Names shall be returned to the President in Council,
who shall commissionate one or more of them for each Ward, Township
or District so returning, for seven Years, removable for Misconduct by
the General Assembly : But if any City or County, Ward, Township or
District in this Commonwealth, shall hereafter incline to change the
Manner of appointing their Justices of the Peace as settled in this Ar-
ticle, the General Assembly may make Laws to regulate the same, agree-
able to the Desire of a Majority of the Freeholders of the City or County,
Ward, Township or District so applying. No Justice of the Peace shall
sit in the General Assembly unless he first resign his Commission, nor
shall he be allowed to take any Fees ; nor any Salary or Allowance
except such as the future Legislature may grant.

SECTION THE THIRTY-FIRST.

Sheriffs and Coroners shall be elected annually in each City and
County, by the Freemen ; that is to say, two Persons for each Office, one
of whom for each, is to be commissioned by the President in council.
No person shall continue in the Office of Sheriff more than three suc-
cessive Years, or be capable of being again elected during four years
afterwards. The election shall be held at the Time and Place appointed
for the Election of Eepresentatives ; and the Commissioners and Asses-
sors, and other Officers chosen by the People, shall also be then and there
elected, as has been usual heretofore, until altered or otherwise regulated
by the future Legislature of this State.

102 . AUTHEXTIC HISTOKY OF LANCASTER COUXTY.

SECTION THE THIRTY-SECOND.

All Elections, wlietlier by tlie People or iu General Assembly, shall
be by Ballot, free and voluntary. And any Elector, wlio sliall receive
any Gift or Eeward for liis vote, in Meat, Drink, Monies or otlierwise,
sball forfeit his Eight to elect for that Time, and suffer such other
Penalty as future Laws shall direct. And any Person who shall directly
or indirectly give, promise or bestow any such Eewards, to be elected,
shall be thereby rendered incapable to serve for the ensuing year.

SECTION THE THIRTY-THIRD.

All Fees, License Money, Fines and Forfeitures heretofore granted, or
paid to the Governor, or his Deputies for the Support of Government,
shall hereafter be paid into the public Treasury, unless altered or abol-
ished by the future Legislature. ~ ' .

SECTION THE THIRTY-FOURTH.

A Eegister's Office for the Probate of Wills and granting Letters of
Administration, and an Office for the Eecording of Deeds, shall be kept
in each City and County. The Officers to be appointed by the General
Assembly, removable at their Pleasure, and to be commissioned by the
President in Council.

SECTION THE THIRTY-FIFTH. ' ~

The Printing Presses shall be free to every Person who undertakes to
examine the Proceedings of the Legislature, or any Part of Government.

SECTION THE THIRTY-SIXTH. . , , .

As every Freeman, to preserve his Independence, (if without a sufficient
Estate) ought to have some Profession, Calling, Trade or Farm, whereby
he may honestly subsist, there can be no Necessity for, nor Use in es-
tablishing Offices of Profit, the usual Effects of which are Dependance
and Servility, unbecoming Freemen, in the Possessors and Expectants;
Faction, Contention, Corruption and Disorder among the People. But
if any Man is called into public Service, to the Prejudice of his private
Affairs, he has a Eight to a reasonable Compensation. And whenever
an Office, through Increase of Fees, or otherwise, becomes so profitable
as to occasion many to apply for it, the Profits ought to be lessened by
the Legislature.

SECTION THE THIRTY-SEVENTH.

The future Legislature of this State shall regulate Entails in such a
manner as to prevent perpetuities. ■' ' >

SECTION THE THIRTY-EIGHTH.

The penal Laws as heretofore used, shall be reformed by the future

CONSTITUTION OF 1776. 103

Legislature of this State, as soon as may be, and Punisliments made in
some Cases less sanguinary, and in general more proportionate to the
Crimes.

SECTION THE THIRTY-NINTH.

To deter more effectually from the Commission of Crimes, by contin-
ued visible Punishment of long Duration, and to make sanguinary Pun-
ishments less necessary ; Houses ought to be provided for punishing by
hard Labor, those who shall be convicted of Crimes not capital ; wherein
the Criminals shall be employed for the Benefit of the Public, or for
Eeparation of Injuries done to private Persons. And all Persons at
proper Times shall be admitted to see the Prisoners at their Labor.

SECTION THE FOETIETH.

Every Officer, whether judicial, executive or military, in Authority
under this Commonwealth, shall take the following Oath or Affirmation
of Allegiance, and general Oath of Office before he enter on the Execu-
tion of his Office: The Oath or Affirmation of Allegiance. "I

do swear (or affirm) That I will be true and faithful to the Commonwealth
of Pennsylvania; and that I will not directly or indirectly do any Act
or Thing prejudicial or injurious to the Constitution or Government
thereof as established by the Convention." The Oath or Affirmation of

office : " I do swear (or affirm) That I will faithfully execute the

Office of for the of and I will do equal Right & Justice

to all Men to the best of my Judgment and Abilities, according to Law."

SECTION THE FORTY-FIRST.

No public Tax, Custom or Contribution shall be imposed upon, or paid
by the People of this State, except by a Law for that purpose ; and before
any Law be made for raising it, the Purpose for which any Tax is to be
raised ought to appear clearly to the Legislature to be of more Service
to the Community than the Money would be, if not collected, which
being well observed, Taxes can never be Burthens.

SECTION THE FORTY-SECOND.

Every Foreigner of good Character, who comes to settle in this State,
having first taken an Oath or Affirmation of Allegiance to the same, may
purchase, or by other just means acquire, hold and transfer Land or othei
Real Estate ; and after one Year's Residence, shall be deemed a free
Denizen thereof, and, entitled to all the Rights of a natural born Subject
of this State except that he shall not be capable of being elected a
Representative until after two Years Residence.

SECTION THE FORTY-THIRD.

The Inhabitants of this State shall have Libertv to fowl and hunt in

104 ■' AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY.

seasonable Times on the Lands they hold, and on all other Lands therein
not inclosed ; and in like manner to fish in all boatable Waters and others
not private Property.

SECTION THE FORTY-FOURTH.

A School or Schools shall be established in each County by the Legis-
lature, for the convenient Instruction of Youth, with such Salaries to the
Masters paid by the Public as may enable them to instruct Youth at low
Prices : And all useful Learning shall be duly encouraged and promoted
in one or more Universities.

SECTION THE FORTY-FIFTH.

Laws for the Encouragement of Virtue, and Prevention of Vice and
Immorality, shall be made and constantly kept in Force, and Provision
shall be made for their due Execution: And all religious Societies or
Bodies of Men heretofore united or incorporated for the Advancement of
Eeligion and Learning, or for other pious and charitable Purposes, shall
be encouraged and protected in the Enjoyment of the Privileges, Immuni-
ties and Estates which they were acccustomed to enjoy, or could of right
have enjoyed under the Laws and former Constitution of this State.

SECTION THE FORTY-SIXTH. •

The Declaration of Rights is hereby declared to be a Part of the Con-
stitution of this Commonwealth, and ought never to be violated on any
Pretence whatever.

SECTION THE FORTY-SEVENTH.

In order that the Freedom of this Commonwealth may be preserved
inviolate for ever, there shall be chosen by Ballot by the Freemen in
each City and County respectively, on the second Tuesday in October,
in the Year one thousand seven hundred and eighty-three and on the
second Tuesday in October in every seventh Year thereafter, two Persons
in each City and County of this State, to be called the COUNCIL OF
CENSORS ; who shall meet together on the second Monday of Novem-
ber, next ensuing their Election ; the Majority of whom shall be a Quo-
rum in every Case, except as to calling a Convention, in which two-
thirds of the whole Number elected shall agree ; and whose Duty it shall
be to enquire whether the Constitution has been preserved inviolate in
every Part ; and whether the legislative and executive Branches of Gov-
ernment have performed their Duty as Guardians of the People, or as-
sumed to themselves, or exercised other or greater Powers than they are
entitled to by the Constitution : They are also to enquire whether the
public Taxes have been justly laid and collected in all Parts of this
Commonwealth, in what Manner the public Monies have been disposed

.-if

CONSTITUTION OF 1776. 105

of, and whether the Laws have been duly executed: For these purposes
they shall have Power to send for Persons, Papers and Kecords; they
shall have Authority to pass public Censures, to order Impeachments
and to recommend to the Legislature the repealing such Laws as appear
to them to have been enacted contrary to the Principles of the Consti-
tution : These Powers they shall continue to have, for and during the
space of one Year from the Day of their Election, and no longer : The
said Council of Censors shall always have Power to call a Convention,
to meet within two Years after their sitting, if there appear to them an
absolute Necessity of amending any Article of the Constitution which
may be defective, explaining such as may be thought not clearly ex-
pressed, and of adding such as are necessary for the Preservation of the
Eights and Happiness of the People: But the Articles to be amended,
and the Amendments proposed, and such Articles as are proposed to be
added or abolished, shall be promulgated at least six Months before the
Day appointed for the Election of such Convention, for the previous
Consideration of the People, that they may have an Opportunity of in-
structing their Delegates on the Subject,

"Passed in Convention the 28th Day of September, 1776, and signed
by their order.

B. FEANKLIN, President.
Attest John Morris, Junr., Secretary.

Chester County. Philadelphia City.

Benj. Bartholomew, Ty. Matlack,

Thos. Strawbridge, Frederick Kuhl,

Eobert Smith, James Cannon,

Samuel Cunningham, George Schlosser,

Jno. Macky, Dav'd Eittenhouse.

John Fleming. Philadelphia County.

Lancaster City. Eobert Loller,

Philip Marsteller, Joseph Blewer,

Thomas Porter, Jno. Bull,

Bartrem Galbraith, Wm. Coats.

John Hub ley, County of Bucks.

Alex'dr Lowrey. Jno. Wilkinson,

York County. Sam'l Smith,

Jas. Edger, John Keller,

Jas. Smith. William Van Home,

Cumberland County. John Grier,

John Harris, Abram. V. Middleswart,

Jonathan Hoge, Jos. Kirkbride,

Wm. Clark, Bedford County.

Eobt. Whitehill, Benj'n Elliot,

106

AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY.

Thomas Coulter,
Joseph Powel,
John Burd,
John Cesna,
John Wilkins,
Thomas Smith.

Northumberland Coimty.
. ; AVm. Cook,
Jas. Potter,
Eobt. Martin,
Matthew Brown,
Walter Clark,
John Kelly,
James Crawford,
John Weitzel.

Westmoreland County.
James Barr,
Edward Cook,
James Smith, '.

John Moore, ' • ■

.; John Carmichael, -^

■ John McClelland,

Christopher Savingair.

Inrolled in the Rolls office for the State of Pennsylvania in Law Book
No. 1, page 18, &c. Philada., 20th April, 1785.

MATH' W IRWIN, M. R.i

William Duffield,
James Brown,
Hugh Alexander,
Jas. McLene.

Berks County.
Jacob Morgan,
Gabriel Hiester, *

Benjamin Spycker,
Valentine Eckert,
Charles Shoemaker,
Thos. Jones, Junr.

Northampton County.
Simon Drisbach,
Jacob Orndt, , .

Peter Burkhalter,
Jacob Stroud,
Neigal Gray,
Abraham Miller,
John Ralston.

1 Every page of the Original at Harrisburg (with whicli tlie foregoing has been com-
pared,) is signed, "B. Franklin."

CONSTITUTION OF 1790. 107

No. 9.

THE CONSTITUTION OF THE COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA.

TFe, the People of the Coniiiionivealth of Pennsylvania^ ordain and estab-
lish this Constitution for its government.

ARTICLE I.

Section I. The legislative power of this commonwealth shall be vested
in a general Assembly, which shall consist of a Senate and House of
Representatives.

Section II. The Representatives shall be chosen, annually, by the
citizens of the city of Philadelphia, and of each county, respectively, on
the second Tuesday of October.

Section III. No person shall be a Representative, who shall not have
attained the age of twenty-one years, and have been a citizen and inhab-
itant of the State three years next preceding his election, and the last
year thereof an inhabitant of the city or County, in which he shall be
chosen; unless, he shall have been absent on the public business of the
United States, or of this State. No person, residing within any City,
Town or Borough, which shall be entitled to a separate representation,
shall be elected a Member for any County, nor shall any person residing
without the limits of any such City, Town or Borough, be elected a
Member therefor.

Section IV. Within three years after the first meeting of the General
Assembl}^, and within every subsequent term of seven years, an enume-
ration of the taxable inhabitants shall be made, in such manner as shall
be directed by law. The number of Representatives shall, at the several
periods of making such enumeration, be fixed by the legislature, and
apportioned among the City of Philadelphia and the several counties,
according to the number of taxable inhabitants in each ; and shall never
be less than sixty, nor greater than one hundred. Each county shall
have, at least, one Representative; but no County, hereafter erected shall
be entitled to a separate representation, until a sufficient number of tax-
able inhabitants shall be contained within it to entitle them to one Repre-
sentative, agreeably to the ratio which shall then be established.

Section V. The Senators shall be chosen, for four years, by the citi-
zens of Philadelphia, and of the several counties, at the same time, in the
same manner, and at the same places where they shall vote for represen-
tatives.

108 AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY.

Section VI. The number of Senators shall, at the several periods of
making the enumeration before mentioned, be fixed by the Legislature,
and apportioned among the districts, formed as hereinafter directed, ac-
cording to the number of taxable inhabitants in each ; and shall never
be less than one fourth, nor greater than one third of the number of
representatives.

Section VII. The Senators shall be chosen in districts, to be formed
by the Legislature, each district containing such a number of taxable
inhabitants as shall be entitled to elect not more than four Senators:
When a district shall be composed of two or more Counties, they shall
be adjoining. Neither the city of Philadelphia nor any County shall be
divided in forming a district.

Section VIII. No person shall be a Senator, who shall not have
attained the age of twenty-five years, and have been a citizen and inhab-
itant of the State four years next before his election, and the last year
thereof an inhabitant of the district for which he shall be chosen ; unless
he shall have been absent on the public business of the United States or
of this State.

Section IX. Immediately after tbe Senators shall be assembled in
consequence of the first election subsequent to the first enumeration, they
shall be divided, by lot, as equally as may be into four classes. The
Seats of the Senators of the first class shall be vacated at the expiration
of the first year, of the second class at the expiration of the second year,
of the third class at the expiration of the third year, and of the fourth
class at the expiration of the fourth year; so that one fourth may be
chosen every year.

Section X. The General Assembly shall meet on the first Tuesday of
December in every year, unless sooner convened by the Governor.

Section XL Each House shall choose its Speaker and other officers ;
and the Senate shall also choose a Speaker pro tempore, when the
Speaker shall exercise the office of Governor.

Section XII. Each House shall judge of the qualifications of its
members. Contested elections shall be determined by a committee to be
selected, formed and regulated in such manner as shall be directed by
law. A majority of each House shall constitute a quorum to do busi-
ness ; but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and may be
authorised, by law, to compell the attendance of absent members, in such
manner, and under such penalties as may be provided.

Section XIII. Each House may determine the rules of its proceed-
ings, punish its members for disorderly behaviour, and with the concur-
rence of two thirds expel a member ; but not a second time for the same
cause; and shall have all other powers necessary for a branch of the
legislature of a free State.

CONSTITUTIOX OF 1790. 109

Section XIV. Each. House shall keep a journal of its proceedings,
and publish them weekly; except such parts as may require secrecy:
And the yeas and nays of the members, on any question shall, at the
desire of any two of them, be entered on the Journals.

Section XV, The doors of each House and of committees of the whole,
shall be open, unless when the business shall be such as ought to be kept
secret.

Section XVI. Neither House shall, without the consent of the other,
adjourn for more than three Days, nor to any other place than that, in
which the two Houses shall be sitting.

Section XVII. The Senators and Eepresentatives shall receive a com-
pensation for their services, to be ascertained by law, and paid out of the
treasury of the commonwealth. They shall, in all cases, except treason,
Felony, and breach or surety of the peace, be privileged from arrest
during their attendance at the session of the respective Houses, and in
going to and returning from the same. And for any speech or debate in
either House they shall not be questioned in any other place.

Section XVIII. No Senator or Eepresentative shall, during the time
for which he shall have been elected, be appointed to any civil office,
under this commonwealth, which shall have been created, or the emolu-
ments of which shall have been increased, during such time; and no
member of Congress or other person holding any office (except of attor-
ney at law and in the Militia) under the United States, or this common-
wealth, shall be a member of either House during his continuance in
Congress, or in office.

Section XIX. When vacancies happen in either House, the Speaker
shall issue Writs of election to fill such vacancies.

Section XX. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the house
of Eepresentatives; but the Senate may propose amendments as in other
bills.

Section XXI. No money shall be drawn from the treasury, but in
consequence of appropriations made by law.

Section XXII. Every bill, which shall have passed both Houses,
shall be presented to the Governor : If he approve, he shall sign it ; but
if he shall not approve, he shall return it, with his objections, to the
House, in which it shall have originated, who shall enter the objections
at large upon their journals, and proceed to reconsider it: If after such
reconsideration, two-thirds of that house shall agree to pass the bill, it
shall be sent with the objections, to the other House, by which likewise
it shall be reconsidered, and if approved by two- thirds of that House it
shall be a law. But in such cases the votes of both Houses shall be de-
termined by yeas and nays, and the names of the persons voting for or
against the Bill shall be entered on the Journals of each House respec-

liO AUTHENTIC HISTOEY OF LANCASTER COUNTY.

tively. If any Bill sliall not be returned by tlie Governor within ten
days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to him it shall
be a law, in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the General Assem-
bly, by their adjournment, prevents its return; in which case it shall be
a law unless sent back within three days after their next meeting.

Section XXIII. Every order, resolution or vote, to which the con-
currence of both Houses may be necessary (except on a question of ad-
journment) shall be presented to the Governor, and, before it shall take
effect, be approved by him, or, being disapproved, shall be repassed by
two-thirds of both Houses, according to the rules and limitations pre-
scribed in case of a Bill.

ARTICLE II.

Section I. THE Supreme Executive power of this Commonwealth
shall be vested in a Governor.

Section II. The Governor shall be chosen on the second Tuesday of
October, by the citizens of the commonwealth, at the places where they
shall respectively vote for Eepresentatives. The returns of every elec-
tion for Governor shall be sealed up and transmitted to the seat of gov-
ernment, directed to the Speaker of the Senate, who shall open and
publish them in the presence of the members of both Houses of the
Legislature. The person having the highest number of votes shall be
Governor. But if two or more shall be equal and highest in votes, one
of them shall be choocn Governor by the joint vote of the members of
both Houses. Contested elections shall be determined by a Committee,
to be selected from both Houses of the Legislature, and formed and regu-
lated in such manner as shall be directed by law.

Section III. The Governor shall hold his office during three years
from the third Tuesday of December next ensuing his election, and shall
not be capable of holding it longer than nine in any term of twelve years.

Section IV. He shall be, at least, thirty years of age, and have been
a Citizen and inhabitant of this State seven years next before his elec-
tion; unless he shall have been absent on the public business of the
United States or of this State.

Section. V. No member of Congress, or person holding any of&ce
under the United States or this State, shall exercise the office of Gov-
ernor.

Section VI. The Governor shall, at stated times, receive, for his ser-
vices, a compensation, which shall be neither increased nor diminished
during the period, for which he shall have been elected.

Section VII. He shall be commander in chief of the Army and Navy
of this commonwealth, and of the Militia; except when they shall be
called into the actual service of the United States.

CONSTITUTION OF 1790. Hi

Section VIII. He shall ajDpoint all officers, whose offices are established
by this Constitution, or shall be established by law, and whose appoint-
ments are not herein otherwise provided for; but no person shall be
appointed to an office within any County, who shall not have been a
citizen and inhabitant therein one year next before his appointment, if
the county shall have been so long erected ; but if it shall not have been
so long erected, then within the limits of the County or Counties out of
which it shall have been taken. No member of Congress from this State
nor any person holding or exercising any office of trust or profit under
the United States, shall, at the same time, hold or exercise the office of
Judge, Secretary, Treasurer, Prothonotary, Eegister of wills, Eecorder of
deeds, Sheriff', or any office in this State, to which a Salary is by law an-
nexed, or any other office, which future Legislatures shall declare incom-
patible with offices or appointments under the United States.

Section IX. He shall have power to remit fines and forfeitures, and
grant reprieves and pardons, except in case of impeachment.

Section X. He may require information, in writing, from the officers
in the executive department, upon any subject relating to the duties of
their respective offices.

Section XI. He shall, from time to time, give to the General Assem-
bly information of the state of the commonwealth, and recommend to
their consideration such measures as he shall judge expedient.

Section XII. He may, on extraordinary occasions, convene the Gen-
eral Assembly; and in case of disagreement between the two Houses,
with respect to the time of adjournment, adjourn them to such time as he
shall think proper, not exceeding four months.

Section XIII. He shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed.

Section XIY. In case of the death or resignation of the Governor, or
of his removal from office, the Speaker of the Senate shall exercise the
office of Governor, until another Governor shall be duly qualified. And
if the trial of a contested election shall continue longer than until the
third Tuesday in December next ensuing the election of a Governor, the
Governor of the last year, or the Speaker of the Senate, who may be in
the exercise of the executive authority, shall continue therein until the
determination of such contested election, and a Governor shall be quali-
fied as aforesaid.

Section XV. A Secretary shall be appointed and commissioned during
the Governor's continuance in office, if he shall so long behave himself
well : He shall keep a fair register of all the official acts and proceedings
of the Governor, and shall, when required, lay the same and all papers,
minutes and vouchers relative thereto before either branch of the Legis-
lature, and shall perform such other duties as shall be enjoined him
by law.

112 AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY.

ARTICLE III.

• Section I. IN elections by the Citizens, every freeman of the age of
twenty -one years, having resided in the State two years next before the
election, and within that time paid a State or County tax, which shall
have been assessed at least six months before the election, shall enjoy
the rights of an elector : Provided, that the sons of persons qualified as
aforesaid, between the ages of twenty-one and twenty-two years, shall
be entitled to vote, although they shall not have paid taxes.

Section II. All elections shall be by Ballot, except those by persons
in their representative capacities, who shall vote viva voce.

Section III. Electors shall in all cases, except Treason, Felony and
breach or surety of the peace, be privileged from arrest during their
attendance on elections and in going to and returning from them.

ARTICLE IV.

Section I. THE House of Eepresentatives shall have the sole power
of impeaching.

Section II. All impeachments shall be tried by the 'Senate, When
sitting for that purpose, the Senators shall be upon oath or affirmation.
No person shall be convicted, without the concurrence of two-thirds of
the members present.

Section III. The Governor, and all other civil officers, under this
commonwealth, shall be liable to impeachment for any misdemeanor in
office: But judgment, in such cases, shall not extend further than to re-
moval from office, and disqualification to hold any office of honour,
trust, or profit, under this commonwealth : The party, whether convicted
or acquitted, shall nevertheless be liable to indictment, trial, judgment,
and punishment, according to law\

, ARTICLE V. : ■ :

Section I. THE Judicial power of this commonwealth shall be vested
in a Supreme Court, in Courts of Oyer and Terminer and General Gaol
Delivery, in a Court of Common Pleas, Orphans' Court, Register's Court,
and a Court of Quarter Sessions of the Peace for each county, in Justices
of the Peace, and in such other Courts as the Legislature may, from
time to time, establish.

Section IL The Judges of the Supreme Court and of the several
Courts of Common Pleas shall hold their offices during good behaviour :
But for any reasonable cause, which shall not be sufficient ground of
impeachment, the Governor may remove any of them, on the address of
two-thirds of each branch of the Legislature. The Judges of the Su-

♦ •'*

CONSTITUTION OF 1790. 113

preme Court and the Presidents of tlie several Courts of common Pleas
shall, at stated times, receive, for their services, an adequate compensation
to be fixed by law, which shall not be diminished during their continuance
in office ; but they shall receive no fees or perquisites of office, nor hold
any other office of profit under this commonwealth.

Section III. The jurisdiction of the Supreme Court shall extend over
the State, and the Judges thereof shall, by virtue of their offices, be
Justices of Oyer and Terminer and general Graol delivery in the several
counties.

Section IV. Until it shall be otherwise directed by law, the several
courts of Common Pleas shall be established in the following manner :
The Governor shall appoint, in each county, not fewer than three nor
more than four Judges, who, during their continuance in office, shall
reside in such county : The State shall be divided by law into circuits,
none of which shall include more than six, nor fewer than three, coun-
ties: A President shall be appointed of the courts in each circuit, who,
during his continuance in office, shall reside therein : The President and
Judges, any two of whom shall be a quorum, shall compose the respective
Courts of Common Pleas.

Section V. The Judges of the court of common Pleas, in each county,
shall, by virtue of their offices, be Justices of Oyer and Terminer and
General Goal Delivery, for the trial of capital and other offenders there-
in: Any two of the said Judges, the President being one, shall be a
quorum ; but they shall not hold a court of Oyer and Terminer or Gaol
Delivery in any County, when the Judges of the Supreme Court, or any
of them shall be sitting in the same county. The party accused, as well
as the Commonwealth, may, under such regulations as shall be pre-
scribed by law, remove the indictment and proceedings, or a transcript
thereof into the Supreme Court.

Section VI. The Supreme Court and the several courts of common
Pleas shall, beside the powers heretofore usually exercised by them,
have the power of a court of Chancery so far as relates to the perpetu-
ating of testimony, the obtaining of evidence from places not within the
State, and the care of the persons and estates of those who are non com-
potes mentis; And the Legislature shall vest in the said courts such other
powers to grant relief in equity as shall be found necessary; and may
from time to time, enlarge or diminish those powers, or vest them in such
other courts as they shall judge proper for the due administration of justice.

Section VII. The Judges of the court of common Pleas of each
county any two of whom shall be a quorum, shall compose the Court
of Quarter Sessions of the Peace and Orphans' Court thereof; and the
Register of Wills, together with the said Judges, or any two of them
shall compose the Register's Court of each county.
8k

114 AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY.

Section YIII. The Judges of the courts of common Pleas shall,
within their respective counties, have the like powers with the Judges
of the Supreme Court, to issue writs of Certiorari to the Justices of the
Peace, and to cause their proceedings to be brought before them, and the
like right and justice to be done.

Section IX. The President of the courts in each circuit, within such
circuit, and the Judges of the Court of Common Pleas, within their re-
spective counties, shall be Justices of the Peace, so far as relates to
criminal matters. - ■ .

Section X. The Governor shall appoint a competent number of Jus-
tices of the Peace, in such convenient districts, in each county, as are or
shall he directed by law : They shall be commissioned during good be-
haviour ; but may be removed on conviction of misbehaviour in office,
or of any infamous crime, or on the address of both Houses of the Legis-
lature.

Section XI. A Register's office for the probate of wills and granting
letters of administration, and an office for the recording of Deeds shall
be kept in each county.

Section XII. The style of all process shall be. The Commonwealth
OF Pennsylvania ; all prosecutions shall be carried on in the name and
by the authority of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, and conclude,
against the peace and dignity of the same.

. ARTICLE VI.

Section I. Sheriffs and Coroners shall, at the times and places of elec-
tion of Representatives, be chosen by the citizens of each county: Two
persons shall be chosen for each office, one of whom for each respectively
shall be appointed by the Governor. They shall hold their offices for
three years, if they shall so long behave themselves well, and until a
successor be duly qualified; but no person shall be twice chosen or ap-
pointed Sheriff in any term of six years. Vacancies, in either of the
said offices, shall be filled by a new appointment, to be made by the
Governor, to continue until the next general election, and until a suc-
cessor shall be chosen and qualified as aforesaid.

Section II. The freemen of this commonwealth shall be armed and
disciplined for its defence. Those who conscientiously scruple to bear
arms, shall not be compelled to do so ; but shall pay an equivalent for
personal service. The military officers shall be appointed in such man-
ner, and for such time, as shall be directed by law.

Section III. Prothonotaries, clerks of the Peace and Orphans' Courts,
Recorders of Deeds, Registers of Wills and Sheriffs, shall keep their offices
in the county Town of the county in which they respectively shall be
officers, unless when the Governor shall, for special reasons, dispense

CONSTITUTION OF 1790. 115

therewitli for any term, not exceeding five years after the county shall
have been erected.

Section IV. All commissions shall be in the name and by the author-
ity of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, and be sealed wich the State
seal, and signed by the Governor.

Section V. The State Treasurer shall be appointed, annually, by the
joint vote of the members of both Houses. All other officers in the
Treasury department, attornies at law, election officers, officers relating
to taxes, to the poor and highways, constables, and other Township
officers, shall be appointed in such manner as is or shall be directed
by law.

ARTICLE VII.

Section 1. The legislature shall, as soon as conveniently may be,
provide, by law, for the establishment of Schools throughout the State,
in such manner that the poor may be taught gratis.

Section II. The arts and sciences shall be promoted in one or more
seminaries of learning.

Section III. The rights, privileges, immunities and estates of religious
societies and corporate bodies shall remain, as if the constitution of this
State had not been altered or amended.

ARTICLE VIII.

Members of the General Assembly and all officers Executive and Judi-
cial, shall be bound, by oath or affirmation, to support the constitution
of this Commonwealth, and to perform the duties of their respective
offices with fidelity.

ARTICLE IX.

That the general, great and essential Principles of Liberty and free
Government may be recognized and unalterably established,

WE DECLARE.

Section I. That all men are born equally free and independent, and
have certain inherent and indefeasible rights, among which are those of
enjoying and defending life and liberty, of acquiring, possessing, and pro-
tecting property and reputation, and of pursuing their own happiness.

Section II. That all power is inherent in the people, and all free gov-
ernments are founded on their authority, and instituted for their peace,
safety and happiness : For the advancement of those ends they have, at
all times, an unalienable and indefeasible right to alter, reform or abolish
their government, in such manner as they may think proper.

Section III. That all men have a natural and indefeasible right to

116 AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY.

worsliip Almighty Grod according to the dictates of their own consciences;
that no man can, of right, be compelled to attend, erect, or support any
place of worship, or to maintain any ministry against his consent ; that no
human authority can, in any case whatever, control or interfere with the
rights of conscience ; and that no preference shall ever be given by law,
to any religious establishments or modes of worship.

Section IV. That no person who acknowledges the being of a God
and a future state of rewards and punishments, shall, on account of his
religious sentiments, be disqualified to hold any office or place of trust or
profit under this commonwealth.

Section Y. That elections shall be free and equal.

Section YI. That trial by jury shall be as heretofore, and the right
thereof remain inviolate.

Section YII. That the printing Presses shall be free to every person
who undertakes to examine the proceedings of the legislature, or any
branch of government : And no law shall ever be made to restrain the
right thereof. The free communication of thoughts and opinions is one
of the invaluable rights of man ; and every citizen may freely speak,
write and print on any subject, being responsible for the abuse of that
liberty. In prosecutions for the publication of papers, investigating the
official conduct of officers or men in a public capacity, or where the mat-
ter published is proper for public information, the truth thereof may be
given in evidence: And in all indictments for libels, the jury shall have
a right to determine the law and the facts, under the direction of the court
as in other cases.

Section YIII. That the people shall be secure in their persons, houses,
papers and possessions from unreasonable searches and seizures: And
that no warrant to search any place, or to seize any person or things, shall
issue without describing them as nearly as may be, nor without probable
cause supported by oath or affirmation.

Section IX. That, in all criminal prosecutions, the accused hath a
right to be heard by himself and his council, to demand the nature and
cause of the accusation against him, to meet the witnesses face to face,
to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favour, and, in
prosecutions by indictment or information, a speedy public trial by an
impartial Jury of the vicinage: That he cannot be compelled to give
evidence against himself, nor can he be deprived of his life, liberty or
property, unless by the judgment of his peers, or the law of the land.

Section X. That no person shall, for any indictable oft'ense, be pro-
ceeded against criminally by information, except in cases arising in the
land or naval forces, or in the militia when in actual service in time of
war or public danger, or, by leave of the court, for oppression and mis-
demeanor in office. No person shall, for the same offense, be twice put

CONSTITUTION OF 1790. 117

in jeopardy of life or limb ; nor shall any man's property be taken or
applied to public use without the consent of his representatives, and
without just compensation being made.

Section XI. That all courts shall be open, and every man, for an
injury done him in his lands, goods, person or reputation, shall have
remedy by the due course of law, and right and Justice administred,
without sale, denial or delay. Suits may be brought against the com-
monwealth in such manner, in such courts and in such cases as the leg-
islature may by law direct.

Section XII. That no power of suspending laws shall be exercised,
unless by the legislature, or its authority.

Section XIII. That excessive bail shall not be required nor excessive
fines imposed, nor cruel punishments inflicted.

Sect on XIV. That all prisoners shall be bailable by sufficient sureties,
unless for capital offences when the proof is evident or presumption
great, and the privilege of the Writ of Habeas Corpus shall not be sus-
pended, unless when, in cases of rebellion or invasion, the public safety
may require it. v

Section XY. That no commissioner of Oyer and Terminer or Goal
delivery shall be issued.

Section XVI. That the person of a debtor, where there is not strong
presumption of fraud, shall not be continued in Prison, after delivering
up his estate for the benefit of his creditors, in such manner as shall be
prescribed by law.

Section XVII. That no ex post facto law, nor any law impairing
contracts, shall be made.

Section XVIII. That no person shall be attainted of treason or felony
by the legislature.

Section XIX. That no attainder shall work corruption of blood, nor,
except during the life of the offender, forfeiture of estate to the common-
wealth ; that the estates of such persons as shall destroy their own lives
shall descend or vest as in case of natural death ; and if any person shall
be killed by casuality, there shall be no forfeiture by reason thereof.

Section XX. That the citizens have right, in a peaceable manner, to
assemble together for their common good, and to apply to those invested
with the powers of government for redress of grievances, or other proper
purposes, by petition, address or remonstrance.

Section XXI. That the right of citizens to bear arms, in defence of
themselves and the State, shall not be questioned.

Section XXII. That no standing army shall, in time of peace, be
kept up without the consent of the legislature ; and the military shall, in
all cases, and at all times, be in strict subordination to the civil power.

Section XXIII. That no soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered

118 AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY.

in any House without tiie consent of the owner, nor in time of war, but
in a manner to be prescribed by law.

Section XXIV. That the legislature shall not grant any title of
nobility or hereditary distinction, nor create any office, the appointment
of which shall be for a longer term than for good behavior.

Section XXV. That emigration from the state shall not be prohibited.

Section XXVI. To guard against transgressions of the high powers
which we have delegated, WE DECLARE That everything in this arti-
cle is excepted out of the general powers of government, and shall for
ever remain inviolate.

SCHEDULE.

That no inconvenience may arise from the alterations and amendments
in the Constitution of this Commonwealth, and in order to carry the
same into complete operation, it is hereby declared and ordained,

Eirst. THAT all laws of this commonwealth, in force at the time of
making the said alterations and amendments in the said Constitution, and
not inconsistent therewith, and all rights, actions, prosecutions, claims
and contracts, as well of individuals as of bodies corporate, shall continue
as if the said alterations and amendments had not been made.

Second. THAT the President and Supreme Executive Council shall con-
tinue to exercise the executive authority of this Commonwealth, as
heretofore, until the third Tuesday of December next; but no inter-
mediate vacancies in the Coimcil shall be supplied by new elections.

Third. THAT all officers in the appointment of the Executive Depart-
ment shall continue in the exercise of the duties of their respective offices
until the first day of September one thousand seven hundred and ninety-
one ; unless their commissions shall sooner expire by their own limita-
tions, or the said offices become vacant by death^ or resignation ; and no
longer, unless re-appointed and commissioned by the Governor ; except
that the Judges of the Supreme Court shall hold their offices for the
terms in their commissions respectively expressed.

Fourth. THAT Justice shall be administered in the several counties of
the State, until the period aforesaid, by the same justices, in the same
courts, and in the same manner, as heretofore.

Fifth. THAT no person now in commission as Sheriff shall be eligible
at the next election for a longer term than will, with the time, which he
shall have served in the said office, complete the term of three years.

Sixth. THAT, until the first enumeration shall be made as directed in
the fourth section of the first article of the Constitution established by
this Convention, the City of Philadelphia and the several counties shall

1 Interlined.

CONSTITUTION OF 1790. 119

be respectively entitled to elect the same number of Representatives as
is now prescribed by law.

Seventh. THAT the first Senate shall consist of Eighteen members to
be chosen in districts formed as follows, to wit : The City of Philadelphia
and the Counties of Philadelphia and Delaware shall be a district and
elect three Senators : The County of Chester shall be a district, and shall
elect one Senator: The County of Bucks shall be a district, and shall
elect one Senator: The County of Montgomery shall be a district, and
shall elect one Senator: The County of Northampton shall be a district,
and shall elect one Senator : The Counties of Lancaster and York shall
be a district, and shall elect three Senators : The Counties of Berks and
Dauphin shall be a district, and shall elect two Senators: The Counties
of Cumberland and Mifflin shall be a district, and shall elect one Senator :
The Counties of Northumberland, Luzerne and Huntington, shall be a
district, and shall elect one Senator : The Counties of Bedford and Frank-
lin shall be a district, and shall elect one Senator: The Counties of West-
moreland and Allegany shall be a district, and shall elect one Senator :
And the Counties of Washington and Fayette shall be a district, and shall
elect two Senators: Which Senators shall serve until the first enumera-
tion before mentioned shall be made, and the representation in both
Houses of the Legislature shall be established by law, and chosen as in
the Constitution is directed. Any vacancies which shall happen in the
Senate, within the said time, shall be supplied as prescribed in the nine-
teenth section of the first article.

Eighth. THAT the elections of Senators shall be conducted, and the
returns thereof made to the Senate, in the same manner as is prescribed
by the election laws of the State, for conducting and making return of
the election of Eepresentatives. In those districts, which consist of more
than one county, the Judges of the district elections within each county,
after having formed a return of the whole election within that county, in
such manner as is directed by law, shall send the same, by one or more
of their number, to the place herein after mentioned within the district,
of which such county is a part, where the Judges so met shall compare
and cast up the several county returns, and execute, under their hands
and seals, one general and true return for the whole district, that is to
say : the Judges of the district composed of the City of Philadelphia and
the Counties of Philadelphia and Delaware shall meet in the State House
in the City of Philadelphia ; the Judges of the district composed of the
counties of Lancaster and York shall meet at the Court-House in the
county of Lancaster ; the Judges of the district composed of the counties
of Berks and Dauphin shall meet at Middletown, in the county of Berks ;
the Judges of the district composed of the counties of Cumberland and
Mifflin shall meet in Greenwood township, county of Cumberland, at the

AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY.

house now occupied by David Miller ; the Judges of the district composed
of the Counties of Northumberland, Luzerne and Huntingdon shall meet
in the town of Sunbury; the Judges of the district composed of the
Counties of Bedford and Franklin shall meet at the house now occupied
by John Dickey, in Air township, Bedford county ; the Judges of the
district composed of the counties of Westmoreland and Allegheny shall
meet in Westmoreland county, at the Court-House in the town of Greens-
borough ; and the Judges of the district composed of the counties of Wash-
ington and Fayette shall meet at the Court-House in the town of Wash-
ington, in Washington county, on the third Tuesday in Octobei", respect-
ively, for the purposes aforesaid.

Ninth. THAT the election of the Governor shall be conducted, in the
several counties, in the manner prescribed by the laws of the State for
the election of Representatives; and the returns in each county shall be
sealed by the Judges of the elections, and transmitted to the President of
the Supreme Executive Council, directed to the Speaker of the Senate,
as soon after the election as may be.

The words ' vacancies,'^ as aforesaid being agreed to, and added to the
first section of the Sixth article before subscribing. The word "The,"
in the first section of the seventh article being interlined before sub-
scribing.

Done in Convention, the second day of September, in the year of our
Lord one thousand seven hundred and ninety, and of the Independence of
the United States of America the fifteenth. In testimony whereof we
have hereunto subscribed our names.
• • , ^ - . THOMAS MIFFLIN,

William Findley,
Wm. Todd,
Alex'r Addison,
John Hoge,
David Redick,
James Ross, ;

John Smilie,
Albert Gallatin,
Jas. McLene,
Geo. Matthews,
James Morris,
Lindsay Coats,
Jonathan Shoemaker,
John Gloninger,
William Brown,

John Hubley,
John Brack Bill,
Hy. Miller,
Hy. Slagle,
William Reed,
Benj'n Tyson,
Benj'n Pedan,
Matthew Dill,
Wm. Irvine,
James Power,
Joseph Hiester,
Christian Lower,
Abraham Lincoln,
Paul Grosscup,
Balser Geehr,
iSee page 114.

James Wilson,
Hilary Baker,
Wm. Lewis,
Thos. McKean,
George Gray,
W. Robinson, Jun'r.
Rt. Hare,
Enoch Edwards,
Sam'l. Ogden,
Thos. Jenks, Jun'r.
Jno. Barclay,
Abraham Stout,
William Gibbons,
Thomas Bull,
James Boyd,

CONSTITUTION OF 1790,

121

Alex'r Graydon,
Timothy Pickering,
And'w Henderson,
Jno. Gibson,
Thos. Beale,
Jolin Sellers,
Natli'l Newlin,

S. Sitgreaves, Edw'd Hand,

John Arndt, Eobt. Coleman,

Peter Ehoads, Sebastian Graff.

Joseph Powel,
John Piper,
Charles Smith,
Simon Snyder,
Attest.

JOS. EEDMAN, Secretary.
J. SHALLUS, Asst. Secretary.

Inrolled in the Eolls' office for the State of Pennsylvania in Commis-
sion Book, No 1, p. 239, &c.

Witness my Hand and Seal of office, this 11th September, 1790.

[L.S.] MATH'W lEWIN, M. E.

122 AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY.

No. 10.

THE CONSTITUTION OF THE COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA OF
1790, AS AMENDED IN 1838; WITH THE SUBSEQUENT AMEND-
MENTS ADOPTED IN 1850, 1857 AND 1864.

We, the people of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, ordain and es-
tablish this Constitution for its government.

ARTICLE I.

OF THE LEGISLATURE.

Sect. I. The legislative power of this Commonwealth shall be vested
in a general assembly, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Re-
presentatives.

Sect. II. The representatives shall be chosen annually by the citizens

* * * on the second Tuesday of October.

Sect. III. No person shall be a representative who shall not have attained
the age of twenty-one years, and have been a citizen and inhabitant of
the State three years next preceding his election, and the last year there-
of an inhabitant of the district in and for which he shall be chosen a
representative, unless he shall have been absent on the public business
of the United States or of this State.

Sect. IV. In the year one thousand eight hundred and sixty -four, and
in every seventh year thereafter, representatives to the number of one
hundred, shall be apportioned and distributed equally, throughout the
State, by districts, in proportion to the number of taxable inhabitants in
the several parts thereof; except that any county containing at least three
thousand five hundred taxables, may be allowed a separate representa-
tion; but no more than three counties shall be joined, and no county
shall be divided in the formation of a district. Any city containing a
sufiicient number of taxables to entitle it to at least two representatives,
shall have a separate representation assigned it, and shall be divided into
convenient districts of contiguous territory, of equal taxable population
as near as may be, each of which districts shall elect one representative.

Sect. V. The senators shall be chosen for three years, by the citizens

* * " at the same time, in the same manner, and at the same places
where they shall vote for representatives.

Sect. VI. The number of senators shall, at the several periods of
making the enumeration before mentioned, be fixed by the legislature,
and apportioned among the districts formed, as hereinafter directed, ac-

THE PRESENT CONSTITUTION. 123

cording to the number of taxable inhabitants in each ; and shall never be
less than one-fourth, nor greater than one-third, of the number of repre-
sentatives.

Sect. VII. The senators shall be chosen in districts to be formed by
the legislature ; but no district shall be so formed as to entitle it to elect
more than two senators, unless the number of taxable inhabitants in any
city or county shall, at any time be such as to entitle it to elect more
than two, but no city or county shall be entitled to elect more than four
senators ; when a district shall be composed of two or more counties, they
shall be adjoining * * * and no county shall be divided in forming
a district : The city of Philadelphia shall be divided into single senatorial
districts of contiguous territory as nearly equal in taxable population as
possible ; but no ward shall be divided in the formation thereof.

Sect. YIII. No person shall be a senator who shall not have attained
the age of twenty-five years, and have been a citizen and inhabitant of
the State four years next before his election, and the last year thereof an
inhabitant of the district for which he shall be chosen, unless he shall
have been absent on the public business of the United States or of this
State; and no person elected as aforesaid shall hold said ofl&ce after he
shall have removed from such district.

Sect. IX. The senators who may be elected at the first general elec-
tion after the adoption of the amendments to the Constitution, shall be
divided by lot into three classes. The seats of the senators of the first
class shall be vacated at the expiration of the first year ; of the second
class at the expiration of the second year ; and of the third class at the
expiration of the third year ; so that, thereafter, one-third of the whole
number of senators may be chosen every year. The senators elected
before the amendments to the Constitution shall be adopted, shall hold
their ofiices during the terms for which they shall respectively have been
elected.

Sect. X. The General Assembly shall meet on the first Tuesday of
January, in every year, unless sooner convened by the Governor.

Sect. XI. Each house shall choose its speaker and other officers ; and
the Senate shall also choose a speaker 'pro tempore^ when the speaker
shall exercise the office of Governor.

Sect. XII. Each house shall judge of the qualifications of its members.
Contested elections shall be determined by a committee to be selected,
formed and regulated in such manner as shall be directed by law. A
majority of each house shall constitute a quorum to do business; but a
smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and may be authorized by
law to compel the attendance of absent members, in such manner and
under such penalties as may be provided.

Sect. XIII. Each house may determine the rules of its proceedings,

124 AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY.

punish its members for disorderly behavior, and with the concurrence of
two-thirds, expel a member, but not a second time for the same cause ;
and shall have all other powers necessary for a branch of the legislature
of a free State.

Sect. XIV. The legislature shall not have power to enact laws an-
nulling the contract of marriage, in any case where by law, the courts of
this Commonwealth are or may hereafter be empowered to decree a
divorce.

Sect. XV. Each house shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and
publish them weekly, except such parts as may require secrecy ; and the
yeas and nays of the members on any question shall, at the desire of any
two of them, be entered on the journals.

Sect. XVI. The doors of each house, and of committees of the whole,
shall be open, unless when the business shall be such as ought to be
kept secret.

Sect. XVII. Neither house shall, without the consent of the other,
adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other place than that in
which the two houses shall be sitting.

Sect. XVIII. The senators and representatives shall receive a com-
pensation for their services, to be ascertained by law, and paid out of the
treasury of the Commonwealth. They shall in all cases, except treason,
felony and breach or surety of the peace, be privileged from arrest,
during their attendance at the sessions of their repective houses, and in
going to and returning from the same; and for any speech or debate in
either house they shall not be questioned in any other place.

Sect. XIX. Xo senator or representative shall, during the time for
which he shall have been elected, be appointed to any civil office under
this Commonwealth, which shall have been created, or the emoluments
of which shall have been increased during such time ; and no member of
Congress or other person, holding any office (except of attorney-at-law,
and in the militia) under the United States or this Commonwealth, shall
be a member of either house during his continuance in Congress, or in
of3&ce.

Sect. XX. When vacancies happen in either house, the speaker shall
issue writs of election to fill such vacancies.

Sect. XXI. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House
of Eepresentatives ; but the Senate may propose amendments as in other
bills.

Sect. XXII. No money shall be drawn from the treasury but in con-
sequence of appropriations made by law.

Sect. XXIII. Every bill which shall have passed both houses, shall be
presented to the Governor, if he approve, he shall sign it ; but if he shall
not approve, he shall return it wdth his objections to the house in which

THE PRESENT CONSTITUTION. 125

it shall have originated, who shall enter the objections at large upon
their journals, and proceed to reconsider it. If, after such reconsidera-
tion, two-thirds of that house shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent,
with the objections, to the other house, by which likewise it shall be re-
considered, and if approved by two-thirds of that house, it shall be a law;
but in such cases the votes of both houses shall be determined by yeas
and nays, and the names of the persons voting for or against the bill shall
be entered on the journals of each house respectively. If any bill shall
not be returned by the Governor within ten days (Sundays excepted)
after it shall have been presented to him, the same shall be a law, in like
manner as if he had signed it, unless the General Assembly, by their
adjournment prevent its return; in which case it shall be a law unless
sent back within three days after their next meeting.

Sect. XXIY. Every order, resolution or vote to which the concur-
rence of both houses may be necessary (except on a question of adjourn-
ment), shall be presented to the Governor, and before it shall take effect,
be approved by him, or being disapproved, shall be repassed by two-
thirds of both houses, according to the rules and limitations prescribed
in case of a bill.

Sect. XXV. No corporate body shall be hereafter created, renewed or
extended, with banking or discounting privileges, without six months'
previous public notice of the intended application for the same, in such
manner as shall be prescribed by law ; nor shall an}^ charter for the pur-
poses aforesaid, be granted for a longer period than twenty years ; and
every such charter shall contain a clause reserving to the Legislature the
power to alter, revoke or annul the same, whenever, in their opinion, it
may be injurious to the citizens of the Commonwealth; in such manner,
however, that no injustice shall" be done to the corporators. No law
hereafter enacted shall create, renew or extend the charter of more than
one corporation.

Sect. XXVI. The Legislature shall have the power to alter, revoke or
annul, any charter of incorporation hereafter conferred by or under any
special or general law, whenever, in their opinion, it may be injurious to
the citizens of the Commonwealth; in such manner, however, that no
injustice shall be done to the corporators.

ARTICLE II.

OF THE GOVERNOR.

Sect. 1. The supreme executive power of this Commonwealth shall be
vested in a Governor.

Sect. II. The Governor shall be chosen on the second Tuesday of Oc-
tober, by the citizens of the Commonwealth, at the places where they
shall respectively vote for representatives ; the returns of every election

126 AUTHENTIC HISTOEY OF LANCASTER COUNTY.

for Governor shall be sealed up and transmitted to the seat of govern-
ment, directed to the speaker of the senate, who shall open and publish
them in the presence of the members of both houses of the legislature;
the person having the highest number of votes shall be Governor ; but
if two or more shall be equal and highest in votes, one of them shall be
chosen Governor by the joint vote of the members of both houses. Con-
tested elections shall be determined by a committee to be selected from
both houses of the legislature, and formed and regulated in such manner
as shall be directed by law.

Sect, III. The Governor shall hold his office during three years from
the third Tuesday of January next ensuing his election, and shall not be
capable of holding it longer than six, in any term of nine years.

Sect. TV. He shall be at least thirty years of age, and have been a
citizen and an inhabitant of this State seven years next before his elec-
tion, unless he shall have been absent on the public business of the
United States or of this State.

Sect. V. No member of congress, or person holding any office under
the United States or of this State, shall exercise the office of Governor.

Sect. VI. The Governor shall, at stated times, receive for his services
a compensation which shall be neither increased nor diminished during
the period for which he shall have been elected.

Sect. VII. He shall be commander-in-chief of the army and navy of
this commonwealth, and of the militia, except when they shall be called
into actual service of the United States.

Sect. VIII. He shall appoint a secretary of the Commonwealth during
pleasure ; and he shall nominate, and by and with the advice and consent
of the senate, appoint all judicial officers of the courts of record, unless
otherwise provided for in this constitution. He shall have power to fill
all vacancies that may happen in such judicial offices during the recess
of the senate, by granting commissions, which shall expire at the end of
their next sessions: Provided, That in acting on executive nominations
the senate shall sit with open doors; and in confirming or rejecting the
nominations of the Governor, the vote shall be taken by yeas and nays.

Sect. IX. He shall have power to remit fines and forfeitures, and grant
reprieves and pardons, except in cases of impeachment.

Sect. X. He may require information in writing, from the officers of
the executive department, upon any subject relating to the duties of their
respective offices.

Sect. XI. He shall, from time to time, give to the General Assembly
information of the state of the Commonwealth, and recommend to their
consideration such measures as he shall judge expedient.

Sect. XII. He may, on extraordinary occasions, convene the General
Assembly; and in case of disagreement between the two houses with

THE PRESENT CONSTITUTION. 127

respect to the time of adjournment, adjourn them to such time as he
shall think proper, not exceeding four months.

Sect. XIII. He shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed.

Sect. XIY. In case of the death or resignation of the Governor, or his
removal from ofl&ce, the speaker of the Senate shall exercise the ofiice of
Governor, until another Governor shall be duly qualified ; but in such
case another Governor shall be chosen at the next annual election of
representatives, unless such death, resignation or removal, shall occur
within three calendar months immediately preceding such next annual
election, in which case a Governor shall be chosen at the second succeed-
ing annual election of representatives. And if the trial of a contested
election shall continue longer than until the third Monday of January
next ensuing the election of Governor, the Governor of last year, or the
speaker of the Senate, who may be in the exercise of the executive
authority, shall continue therein until the determination of such con-
tested election, and until a Governor shall be duly qualified as aforesaid.

OF the secretary of the commonwealth.
Sect. XV. The secretary of the Commonwealth shall keep a fair regis-
ter of all the ofiicial acts and proceedings of the Governor, and shall,
when required, lay the same and all papers, minutes and vouchers rela-
tive thereto, before either branch of the Legislature, and shall perform
such other duties as shall be enjoined him by law.

ARTICLE III.
OF ELECTIONS.

Sect. I. In elections by the citizens, every white freeman of the age
of twenty-one years, having resided in this State one year, and in the
election district where he offers to vote ten days immediately preceding
such election, and within two years paid a state or county tax, which shall
have been assessed at least ten days before the election, shall enjoy the
rights of an elector ; but a citizen of the United States who had previ-
ously been a qualified voter of this State, and removed therefrom, and
returned, and who shall have resided in the election district, and paid
taxes as aforesaid, shall be entitled to vote, after residing in the State six
months: Provided^ That white freemen, citizens of the United States,
between the ages of twenty-one and twenty-two years, and having resided
in the State one year, and in the election district ten days, as aforesaid,
shall be entitled to vote, although they shall not have paid taxes.

Sect. II, All elections shall be by ballot, except those by persons in
:^heir representative capacities, who shall vote viva voce.

Sect. III. Electors shall, in all cases, except treason, felony and breach
or surety of the peace, be privileged from arrest during their attendance
on elections, and in going to and returning from them.

1"28' AUTHEN'TIC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY.

Sect. IV. Whenever any of the qualified electors of this Common-
wealth shall be in any actual military service, under a requisition from
the President of the United States, or by the authority of this Common-
wealth, such electors may exercise the right of suffrage in all elections
by the citizens, under such regulations as are or shall be prescribed by
law, as fully as if they were present at their usual place of election.

ARTICLE IV.

OF IMPEACHMENT.

Sect. I. The House of Eepresentatives shall have the sole power of
impeaching.

Sect. II. All impeachments shall be tried by the Senate. When sitting
for that purpose, the Senators shall be upon oath or af&rmation. No
person shall be convicted without the concurrence of two-thirds of the
members present.

Sect. III. The Governor and all other civil officers under this Com-
monwealth, shall be liable to impeachment for any misdemeanor in office ;
but judgment in such cases shall not extend further than to removal from
office, and disqualification to hold any office of honor, trust or profit,
under this Commonwealth; the party, whether convicted' or acquitted,
shall nevertheless be liable to indictment, trial, judgment and punish-
ment, according to law.

ARTICLE V.

OF THE JUDICIARY.

Sect. I. The judicial power of this Commonwealth shall be vested in a
supreme court, in courts of oyer and terminer and general jail delivery,
in a court of common pleas, orphans' court, register's court and a court
of quarter sessions of the peace for each county; in justices of the peace,
and in such other courts as the legislature may from time to time es-
tablish.

Sect II. The judges of the supreme court, of the several courts of
common pleas, and of such other courts of record as are or shall be
established by law, shall be elected by the qualified electors of the Com-
monwealth in the manner following, to wit : The judges of the supreme
court, by the qualified electors of the Commonwealth at large ; the presi-
dent judges of the several courts of common pleas, and of such other
courts of record as are or shall be established by law, and all other
judges required to be learned in the law, by the qualified electors of the
respective districts over which they are to preside or act as judges: and
the associate judges of the courts of common pleas by the qualified elec-
tors of the counties respectively. The judges of the supreme court shall
hold their offices for the term of fifteen years, if they shall so long behave

THE PEESENT CONSTITUTIOX. 129

themselves well (subject to the allotment hereinafter provided for, sub-
sequent to the first election.) The president judges of the several courts
of common pleas, and of such other courts of record as are or shall be
established by law, and all other judges required to be learned in the
law, shall hold their offices for the term of ten years, if they shall so long
behave themselves well. The associate judges of the courts of common
pleas shall hold their offices for the term of five years, if they shall so
long behave themselves well : all of whom shall be commissioned by the
Governor, but for any reasonable cause which shall not be sufficient
grounds of impeachment, the Governor shall remove any of them on the
address of two-thirds of each branch of the legislature. The first election
shall take place at the general election of this commonwealth next after
the adoption of this amendment, and the commissions of all the judges
who may be then in office shall expire on the first Monday of December
following, when the terms of the new judges shall commence. The per-
sons who shall then be elected judges of the supreme court shall hold
their offices as follows : one of them for three years, one for six years,
one for nine years, one for twelve years, and one for fifteen years ; the
term of each to be decided by lot by said judges as soon after the elec-
tion as convenient, and the result certified by them to the Governor,
that the commissions may be issued in accordance thereto. The judge
whose commission will first expire shall be chief justice during his term,
and thereafter each judge whose commission shall first expire shall in
turn be the chief justice, and if two or more commissions shall expire on
the same day, the judges holding them shall decide by lot which shall be
the chief justice. Any vacancies happening by death, resignation or
otherwise, in any of the said courts, shall be filled by appointment by
the Governor, to continue till the first Monday of December succeeding
the next general election. The judges of the supreme court and the
presidents of the several courts of common pleas shall, at stated times,
receive for their services an adequate compensation, to be fixed by law,
which shall not be diminished during their continuance in office, but they
shall receive no fees or perquisites of office, nor hold any other office
of profit under this Commonwealth, or under the government of the
United States, or any other State of this Union. The judges of the
supreme court during their continuance in office shall reside within this
Commonwealth, and the other judges during their continuance in office
shall reside within the district or county for which they were respectively
elected.

Sect. III. Until otherwise directed by law, the courts of common pleas
shall continue as at present established. Not more than five counties
shall at any time be included in one judicial district organized for said
courts.

9k

130 AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY.

Sect. IV. The jurisdiction of the supreme court shall extend over
the State; and the judges thereof shall, by virtue of their offices, be
justices of oyer and terminer and general jail delivery, in the several
counties.

Sect. V. The judges of the court of common pleas in each county shall,
by virtue of their offices, be justices of oyer and terminer and general
jail delivery, for the trial of capital and other offenders therein ; any two
of the said judges, the president being one, shall be a quorum; but they
shall not hold a court of oyer and terminer or jail delivery in any county,
when the judges of the supreme court or any of them, shall be sitting
in the same county. The party Accused as well as the Commonwealth
may, under such regulations as shall be prescribed by law, remove the
indictment and proceedings, or a transcript thereof, into the supreme
court.

Sect. VI. The supreme court and the several courts of common pleas
shall, beside the powers heretofore usually exercised by them, have the
power of a court of chancery, so far as relates to the perpetuating of tes-
timony, the obtaining of evidence from places not within the State, and
the care of the persons and estates of those who are non compos mentis ;
and the Legislature shall vest in the said courts such other powers to
grant relief in equity, as shall be found necessary, and may, from time to
time, enlarge or diminish those powers, or vest them in such other courts
as they shall judge proper, for the due administration of justice.

Sect. VII. The judges of the court of common pleas of each county,
any two of whom shall be a quorum, shall compose the court of quarter
sessions of the peace, and orphans' court thereof; and the register of
wills, together with the said judges, or any two of them, shall compose
the register's court for each county.

Sect. VIII. The judges of the courts of common pleas shall, within
their respective counties, have the like powers with the judges of the
Supreme court to issue writs of certiorari to the justices of the peace, and
to cause their proceedings to be brought before them, and the like right
and justice to be done.

Sect. IX. The president of the court in each circuit within such circuit,
and the judges of the court of common pleas within their respective
counties, shall be justices of the peace, so far as relates to criminal matters.

Sect. X. A register's office, for the probate of wills and granting letters
of administration, and an office for the recording of deeds, shall be kept
in each county.

Sect. XL The style of all process shall be " The Commonwealth of
Pennsylvania." All prosecutions shall be carried on in the name and by
the authority of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, and conclude
"against the peace and dignity of the same."

THE PRESENT CONSTITUTION. 131

ARTICLE VI.

OF SHERIFFS AND CORONERS.

Sect. I. Sheriffs and coroners shall, at the times and places of election
of representatives, be chosen by the citizens of each county. One person
shall be chosen for each office, who shall be commissioned by the Gov-
ernor. They shall hold their offices for three years, if they shall so long
behave themselves well, and until a successor be duly qualified ; but no
person shall be twice chosen or appointed sheriff" in any term of six years.
Vacancies in either of the said offices shall be filled by an appointment,
to be made by the Governor, to continue until the next general election,
and until a successor shall be chosen and qualified as aforesaid.

OF THE militia.

Sect, II. The freemen of this Commonwealth shall be armed, organ-
ized and disciplined for its defence, when, and in such manner as may be
directed by law. Those who conscientiously scruple to bear arms, shall
not be compelled to do so, but shall pay an equivalent for personal
service.

OF PUBLIC OFFICERS.

Sect. III. Prothonotaries of the suprenie court shall be appointed by
the said court for the term of three years, if they so long behave them-
selves well. Prothonotaries and clerks of the several other courts, record-
ers of deeds and registers of wills, shall at the times and places of election
of representatives, be elected by the qualified electors of each county, or
the districts over which the jurisdiction of said courts extends, and shall be
commissioned by the Governor. They shall hold their offices for three
years if they shall so long behave themselves well, and until their suc-
cessors shall be duly qualified. The legislature shall provide by law the
number of persons in each county who shall hold said offices, and how
many and which of said offices shall be held by one person. Vacancies
in any of the said offices shall be filled by appointments to be made by
the Governor, to continue until the next general election, and until suc-
cessors shall be elected and qualified as aforesaid.

Sect. IV. Prothonotaries, clerks of the peace and orphans' courts,
recorders of deeds, registers of wills and sheriffs, shall keep their offices
in the county town of the county in which they respectively shall be
officers, unless when the Governor shall, for special reasons, dispense
therewith, for any term not exceeding five years after the count}' shall
have been erected.

OF COMMISSIONS.

Sect. V. All commissions shall be in the name and by the authority

132 AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY.

of the Common wealth of Pennsylvania, and be sealed with the State seal,
and signed by the Governor.

OF STATE TREASURER.

Sect. YI. A State treasurer shall be elected annuall}^, bj^ joint vote of
both branches of the les-islature.

OF JUSTICES OF THE PEACE AND ALDERMEN AND OTHER OFFICERS.

Sect. VII. Justices of the peace, or aldermen, shall be elected in the
several wards, boroughs and townships, at the time of the election of
constables, by the qualified voters thereof, in such number as shall be
directed by law, and shall be commissioned by the Governor for a term
of live years. But no township, ward or borough, shall elect more than
two justices of the peace or aldermen, without the consent of a majority
of the qualified electors within such township, ward or borough.

Sect. VIII. All officers whose election or appointment is not provided
for in this constitution, shall be elected or appointed as shall be directed
by law. No person shall be appointed to any office within any county who
shall not have been a citizen and an inhabitant therein one year next be-
fore his appointment, if the county shall have been so long erected ; but if
it shall not have been so long erected, then Avithin the limits of the county
or counties out of which it shall have been taken. No member of con-
gress from this state, or any person holding or exercising any office or
appointment of trust or profit under the United States, shall at the same
time hold or exercise any office in this State, to which a salary is, or fees
or perquisites are by law annexed, and the legislature may by law de-
clare what state offices are incompatible. No member of the senate, or
of the house of representatives, shall be appointed by the Governor to
any office during the term for which he shall have been elected.

OF MISBEHAVIOUR IN OFFICE.

Sect. IX. All officers, for a term of years, shall hold their offices for
the terms respectively specified, only on the condition that they so long-
behave themselves well; and shall be removed on conviction of misbe-
havior in office, or of any infamous crime.

DUELLING.

Sect. X. Any person who shall, after the adoption of the amendments
proposed by this convention to the constitution, fight a duel, or send a
challenge for that purpose, or be aider or abettor in fighting a duel, shall
be deprived of the right of holding any office of honor or profit in this
state, and shall be punished otherwise in such manner as is, or may be
prescribed by law; but the executive may remit the said offence and all
its disqualifications.

THE PRESENT CONSTITUTION. 133

ARTICLE VII.
EDUCATION.

Sect. I. The legislature shall, as soon as conveniently may be, provide
by law for the establishment of schools throughout the State, in such
manner that the poor may be taught gratis.

Sect. II. The arts and sciences shall be promoted in one or more sem-
inaries of learning.

RELIGIOUS societies AND CORPORATIONS.

Sect. Ill, The rights, privileges, immunities and estates of religious
societies and corporate bodies, shall remain as if the constitution of this
State had not been altered or amended.

Sect. TV. The legislature shall not invest any corporate body or in-
dividual with the privilege of taking private property for public use,
without requiring such corporation or individual to make compensation
to the owners of said property, or give adequate security therefor before
such property shall be taken.

ARTICLE VIII.
OF THE OATH OF OFFICE.

Members of the general assembly, and all officers, executive and ju-
dicial, shall be bound by oath or af&rmation, to support the constitution
of this commonwealth, and to perform the duties of their respective
offices with fidelity.

ARTICLE IX.

DECLARATION OF RIGHTS.

That the general, great and essential principles of liberty and free
government may be recognised and unalterably established, "We declare

THAT

Sect. I. All men are born equally free and independent, and have
certain inherent and indefeasible rights, among which are those of en-
joying and defending life and liberty, of acquiring, possessing and pro-
tecting property and reputation, and of pursuing their own happiness.

Sect, II, That all power is inherent in the people, and all free govern-
ments are founded on their authority, and instituted for their peace,
safety and happiness : For the advancement of these ends, they have at
all times an unalienable and indefeasible right to alter, reform or abolish
their government, in such manner as they may think proper.

Sect. III. That all men have a natural and indefeasible right to wor-
ship Almighty God according to the dictates of their own consciences;
that no man can of right be compelled to attend, erect or support any place
of worship, or to maintain any ministry against his consent; no human

134 AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY.

authority can, ia any case whatever, control, or interfere with the rights
ef conscience ; and no preference shall ever be given by law to any re-
ligious establishments, or modes of worship.

Sect. IV. That no person who acknowledges the being of a God, and
a future state of rewards and punishments, shall, on account of his re-
ligious sentiments, be disqualified to hold any office, or place of trust or
profit, under this commonwealth.

Sect. V. That elections shall be free and equal.

Sect. VI. That trial by jury shall be as heretofore, and the right
thereof remain inviolate.

Sect. VII. That the printing presses shall be free to every person who
undertakes to examine the proceedings of the legislature, or any branch
of government ; and no law shall ever be made to restrain the right
thereof. The free communication of thoughts and opinions is one of
the invaluable rights of man; and every citizen may freely speak, write
and jDrint on any subject; being responsible for the abuse of that liberty.
In prosecutions for the publication of papers investigating the official
conduct of officers, or men in public capacity, or where the matter pub-
lished is proper for public information, the truth thereof may be given
in evidence; and in all indictments for libels, the jurj^ shall' have a right
to determine the law and the facts, under the direction of the court, as
in other cases.

Sect. VIII. That the people shall be secure in their persons, houses,
papers and possessions, from unreasonable searches and seizures; and
that no warrant to search any place, or to seize any person or things
shall issue, without describing them as nearly as may be, nor without
probable cause supported by oath or affirmation.

Sect. IX. That in all criminal prosecutions, the accused hath a right
to be heard by himself and his counsel, to demand the nature and cause
of the accusation against him, to meet the witnesses face to face, to have
compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor ; and in prosecu-
tions by indictment, or information, a speedy public trial by an impartial
jury of the vicinage: He cannot be compelled to give evidence against
himself, nor can he be deprived of his life, liberty or property, unless by
the judgment of his peers, or the law of the land.

Sect. X. That no person shall, for any indictable offence, be proceeded
against criminally by information, except in cases arising in the land or
naval forces, or in the militia, when in actual service in time of war or
public danger; or by leave of the court for oppression or midemeanor
in office. No person shall for the same offence be twice put in jeopard}^
of life or limb ; nor shall any man's property be taken or applied to
public use, without the consent of his representatives, and without just
compensation being made.

THE PRESENT CONSTITUTION. 135

Sect. XI. That all courts shall be open, and every man for an injury
done him in his lands, goods, person or reputation, shall have ren\edy by
the due course of law, and right and justice administered without sale,
denial or delay. Suits may be brought against the commonwealth in
such manner, in such courts and in such cases, as the legislature may by
law direct.

Sect. XII. That no power of suspending laws shall be exercised un-
less by the legislature or its authority.

Sect. XIII. That excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive
fines imposed, nor cruel punishments inflicted.

Sect. XIY. That all prisoners shall be bailable by sufficient sureties
unless for capital offences, when the proof is evident or presumption
great; and the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be sus-
pended, unless when, in cases of rebellion or invasion, the public safety
may require it.

Sect. XY. That no commission of oyer and terminer or jail delivery
shall be issued.

Sect. XVI. That the person of a debtor, where there is not strong
presumption of fraud, shall not be continued in prison after delivering up
his estate for the benefit of his creditors, in such manner as shall be pre-
scribed by law.

Sect. XYII. That no ex post facto law, nor any law impairing con-
tracts, shall be made.

Sect. XVIII, That no person shall be attainted of treason or felony by
the legislature.

Sect. XIX. That no attainder shall work corruption of blood, nor,
except during the life of the offender, forfeiture of estate to the common-
wealth; that the estates of such persons as shall destroy their own lives,
shall descend or vest as in case of natural death ; and if any person shall
be killed by casuality, there shall be no forfeiture by reason thereof.

Sect. XX. That the citizens have a right, in a peaceable manner, to
assemble together for their common good, and to apply to those invested
with the powers of government, for redress of grievances, or other proper
purposes, by petition, address or remonstrance.

Sect. XXI. That the right of the citizens to bear arms, in defence of
themselves and the State, shall not be -questioned.

Sect. XXII. That no standing army shall, in time of peace, be kept
up without the consent of the legislature; and the military shall, in all
cases and at all times, be in strict subordination to the civil power.

Sect. XXIII. That no soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in
any house, without the consent of the owner; nor in time of war, but in
a manner to be prescribed by law.

Sect. XXIV. That the leg-islature shall not o-rant anv title of nobility

136 AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY.

or hereditary distinction, nor create any office, the appointment to which
shall be for a longer term than during good behavior.

Sect. XXV. The emigration from the State shall not be prohibited.

Sect. XXVI. To guard against transgressions of the high powers
which we have delegated, we declare, that every thing in this article is
excepted out of the general powers of government, and shall for ever
remain inviolate.

ARTICLE X.

OF AMENDMENTS.

Any amendment or amendments to this constitution may be proposed
in the Senate or House of Eepresentatives, and if the same shall be agreed
to by a majority of the members elected to each House, such proposed
amendment or amendments shall be entered on their journals, with the
yeas and nays taken thereon, and the Secretary of the Commonwealth
shall cause the same to be published three months before the next elec-
tion, in at least one newspaper in every county in which a newspaper
shall be published ; and if in the legislature next afterwards chosen, such
proposed amendment or amendments shall be agreed to by a majority of
the members elected to each House, the Secretary of the Commonwealth
shall cause the same again to be published in the manner aforesaid, and
such proposed amendment or amendments shall be submitted to the people
in such manner and at such time, at least three months after being so
agreed to by the two Houses, as the legislature shall prescribe ; and if the
people shall approve and ratify such amendment or amendments, by a
majority of the qualified voters of this State voting thereon, such amend-
ment or amendments shall become a part of the constitution ; but no
amendment or amendments shall be submitted to the people oftener than
once in five years: Provided^ That if more than one amendment be sub-
mitted, they shall be submitted in such manner and form that the people
may vote for or against each amendment separately and distinctly.

ARTICLE XI.
OF PUBLIC DEBTS.

Sect. I. The State may contract debts, to supply casual deficits or
failures in revenues, or to meet expenses not otherwise provided for ; but
the aggregate amount of such debts direct and contingent, whether con-
tracted by virtue of one or more acts of the General Assembly, or at dif-
ferent periods of time, shall never exceed seven hundred and fifty thousand
dollars, and the money arising from the creation of such debts, shall be
applied to the purpose for which it was obtained, or to repay the debts
so contracted, and to no other purpose whatever.

Sect. II. In addition to the above limited power, the State may contract

THE PRESENT CONSTITUTION. 137

debts to repel invasion, suppress insurrection, defend the State in war, or
to redeem the present outstanding indebtedness of the State; but the
money arising from the contracting of such debt shall be applied to the
purpose for which it was raised, or to repay such debts, and to no other
purpose whatever.

Sect. III. Except the debts above specified, in sections one and two of
this article, no debt whatever shall be created by or on behalf of the State.

Sect. 1Y. To provide for the payment of the present debt, and any
additional debt contracted as aforesaid, the legislature shall, at its first
session after the adoption of this amendment, create a sinking fund, which
shall be sufficient to pay the accruing interest on sach debt, and annually
to reduce the principal thereof by a sum not less than two hundred and
fifty thousand dollars ; which sinking fund shall consist of the net annual
income of the public works, from time to time owned by the State, or
the proceeds of the sale of the same, or any part thereof, and of the in-
come or proceeds of sale of stocks owned by the State, together with
other funds or resources that may be designated by law. The said sink-
ing fund may be increased, from time to time, by assigning to it any
part of the taxes, or other revenues of the State, not required for the
ordinary and current expenses of government, and unless in case of war,
invasion or insurrection, no part of the said sinking fund shall be used
or applied otherwise than in extinguishment of the public debt, until the
amount of such debt is reduced below the sum of five millions of dollars.

Sect. V. The credit of the commonwealth shall not in any manner or
event be pledged or loaned to any individual, company, corporation or
association; nor shall the commonwealth hereafter become a joint owner
or stockholder in any company, association or corporation.

Sect. VI. The commonwealth shall not assume the debt, or any part
thereof, of any county, city, borough or township ; or of an}'- corporation
or association ; unless such debt shall have been contracted to enable the
State to repel invasion, suppress domestic insurrection, defend itself in
time of war, or to assist the State in the discharge of any portion of its
present indebtedness.

Sect. VII. The legislature shall not authorize any county, city, bor-
ough, township or incorporated district, by virtue of a vote of its citizens,
or otherwise, to become a stockholder in any company, association or
corporation; or to obtain money for, or loan its credit to any corpo-
ration, association, institution or party.

Sect, VIII. No bill shall be passed by the legislature, containing more
than one subject, which shall be clearly expressed in the title, except
appropriation bills.

Sect. IX. No bill shall be passed by the legislature granting any
powers or privileges, in any case, where the authority to grant such

138 , AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY.

powers or privileges has been, or may hereafter be, conferred upon the
courts of this Commonwealth.

ARTICLE XII.

OF NEW COUNTIES.

No county shall be divided by a line cutting off over one-tenth of its
population (either to form a new county or otherwise,) without the ex-
press assent of such county, by a vote of the electors thereof; nor shall
any new county be established, containing less than four hundred square
miles.

SCHEDULE TO THE AMENDMENTS OF 1838.

That no inconvenience may arise from the alterations and amendments
in the constitution of this Commonwealth, and in order to carry the same
into complete operation, it is hereby declared and ordained that

I. All laws of this Commonwealth, in force at the time when the said
alterations and amendments in the said constitution shall take effect, and
not inconsistent therewith, and all rights, actions, prosecutions, claims
and contracts, as well of individuals as of bodies corporate, shall continue
as if the said alterations and amendments had not been made.

II. The alterations and amendments in the said constitution shall take
effect from the first day of January 1839.

III. The clauses, sections and articles of the said constitution, which
remain unaltered, shall continue to be construed and have effect as if the
said constitution had not been amended.

IV. The General Assembly which shall convene in December 1838,
shall continue its session as heretofore, notwithstanding the provisions in
the eleventh section of the first article, and shall, at all times, be regarded
as the first General Assembly under the amended constitution.

V. The Governor who shall be elected in October 1838, shall be inaugu-
rated on the third Tuesday in January 1839 ; to which time the present
executive term is hereby extended.

VI. The commissions of the judges of the Supreme court, who may
be in office on the first day of January next, shall expire in the follow-
ing manner : The commission which bears the earliest date shall expire
on the first day of January, Anno Domini 1842 ; the commission next
dated shall expire on the first day of January, Anno Domini 1845 ; the
commission next dated shall expire on the first day of January, Anno
Domini 1848 ; the commission next dated shall expire on the first day of
January, Anno Domini 1851 ; and the commission last dated shall expire
on the first day of January, Anno Domini 1854.

VII. The commissions of the president judges of the several judicial
districts, and of the associate law judges of the first judicial district, shall

THE PRESENT CONSTITUTION. 139

expire as follows: The commissions of one-half of those who shall have
held their offices ten years or more at the adoption of the amendments to
the constitution, shall expire on the twenty-seventh day of February
1839 ; the commissions of the other half of those who shall have held
their offices ten years or more, at the adoption of the amendments to the
constitution, shall expire on the twenty-seventh day of February 1842 ;
the first half to embrace those whose commissions shall bear the oldest
date. The commissions of all the remaining judges, who shall not have
held their offices for ten years at the adoption of the amendments to the
constitution, shall expire on the twenty-seventh day of February next,
after the end of ten years from the date of their commissions.

YIII. The recorders of the several mayors' courts, and other criminal
courts in this commonwealth, shall be appointed for the same time and
in the same manner as the president judges of the several judicial dis-
tricts ; of those now in office, the commission oldest in date shall expire
on the twenty-seventh day of February 1841, and the others every two
years thereafter, according to their respective dates ; those oldest in date
expiring first.

IX. The legislature, at its first session under the amended constitution,
shall divide the other associate judges of the State into four classes. The
commissions of those of the first class shall expire on the twenty-seventh
day of February 1840 ; of those of the second class on the twenty -seventh
day of February 1841 ; and of those of third class on the twenty-seventh
day of February 1842 ; and of those of the fourth class on the twenty-
seventh day of February 1843. The said classes, from the first to the
fourth, shall be arranged according to the seniority of the commissions
of the several judges.

X. Prothonotaries, clerks of the several courts (except the supreme
court,) recorders of deeds, and registers of wills, shall be first elected,
under the amended constitution, at the election of representatives, in the
year 1839, in such manner as may be prescribed by law.

XI. The appointing power shall remain as heretofore, and all officers
in the appointment of the executive department, shall continue in the
exercise of the duties of their respectiue offices, until the legislature shall
pass such laws as may be required by the eighth section of the sixth
article of the amended constitution, and until appointments shall be made
under such laws, unless their commissions shall be superseded by new
appointments, or shall sooner expire by their own limitations, or the
said offices shall become vacant by death or resignation; and such laws
shall be enacted by the first legislature under the amended constitution.

XII. The first election for aldermen and justices of the peace shall be
held in the year 1840, at the time fixed for the election of constables.
The legislature, at its first session under the amended constitution, shall

140 AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY.

provide for tlie said election, and for subsequent similar elections. The
aldermen and justices of the peace now in commission, or who may in
the interim be appointed, shall continue to discharge the duties of their
respective offices until fifteen days after the day which shall be fixed by
law for the issuing of new commissions, at the expiration of which time
their commissions shall expire.

THE CHARTER OF THE EOROLTGH OF LANCASTER. 141

No. 11.
THE CHARTER OF THE BOROUGH OF LANCASTER.

GEOEGE the Second, by tlie Grace of God, of Great Britain^ France
and Ireland^ King, Defender of tlie Faith, &c. To all to whom these Pre-
sents shall come. Greeting. WHEREAS our loving Subject, JAMES
HAMILTON of the City of Philadel])liia^ in the Province of Pennsyl-
vania^ Esq., owner of a Tract of Land whereon the Town of Lancaster^
in the same Province, is erected, HATH, on the behalf of the Inhabi-
tants of the said Town, represented unto our trusty and well-beloved
THOMAS PENN, Esq ; one of the Proprietors of the said Province,
and George Thomas^ Esq ; with our Royal Approbation Lieut. Gov.
thereof, under JOHN PENN, the said THOMAS PENN, and RICH-
ARD PENN, Esquires, true and absolute Proprietors of the said Pro-
vince, and the Counties of New- Castle^ Kent and Sussex^ upon Delaware^
the great Improvements and Buildings made, and continuing to be made
in the said Town by the great Increase of the Inhabitants thereof, and
hath humbly besought them for our Letters Patent, under the Great
Seal of the said Province, to erect the said Town of Lancaster into a
Borough, according to certain Limits and Bounds hereinafter described,
and to incorporate the Freeholders and Inhabitants of the same with per-
petual Succession, and to grant them such Immunities and Privileges as
might be thought necessary for the well-ordering and governing thereof.

THEREFORE KNOW YE, That we favouring the Application of
the said JAMES HAMILTON, on behalf of the said Freeholders and
Inhabitants, and willing to promote Trade, Industry, Rule and good
Order amongst all our Subjects, of our special Grace, certain Knowledge
and mere Motion, have erected, and by these Presents do erect the said
Town of Lancaster into a Borough for ever hereafter, to be called by
the name LANCASTER, which said Borough shall extend, be limited
and bounded in the Manner it is now laid out, pursuant to the Plan
thereof hereunto annexed.

AND we further grant and ordain. That the Streets of the said Borough
.shall forever continue as they are now laid out and regulated.

AND we do nominate and appoint Thomas Cookson and Sebastian
Grooff'e to be the present Burgesses; and the said Thomas Cookson shall
be called the Chief Burgess within the said Borough, and Michael
Byerly, Mathias Young, John Dehoffe, John Folkes, Abraham Johnson
and Peter Worrall, assistants for advising, aiding and assisting the said

142 AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY.

Burgesses in the execution of the power and authorities herein given
them : and Alexander Giblony to be High-constable ; and George San-
derson to be Town-clerk : To continue Burgesses, Assistants, High-con-
stable and Town-clerk until the fifteenth Day of September which will
be in the Year of our Lord One Thousand Seven Hundred and Forty-
four, and from thence until others shall be duly elected or appointed in
their Places as is herein after directed.

AND we do by these Presents, for us, our Heirs and Successors,
further give, grant and declare, That, the said Burgesses, Freeholders
and Inhabitants within the Borough aforesaid, and their Successors for
ever hereafter, shall be one Body corporate and politick in Deed and in
Name ; and them by the Name of the Burgesses and Inhabitants of the
Borough of Lancaster, in the County of Lancaster, one Body politick
and corporate in Deed and Name, We do for us, our Heirs and Succes-
sors, fully create, constitute and confirm by these Presents; and by the
same Name of the Burgesses and Inhabitants of the Borough of Lan-
caster, that they may have Perpetual Succession ; and that they and their
Successors, by the Name of the Burgesses and Inhabitants of the borough
of Lancaster be, and at all times for ever hereafter shall be, persons able
and capable in law, to have, get, receive and possess I'ands, tenements,
rents, liberties, jurisdictions, franchizes and hereditaments, to them and
their successors in fee-simple, or for term of life, lives, years or other-
wise; and also goods, chatties, and other things of what nature or kind
soever ; and also give, grant, lett, sell and assign the same lands, tene-
ments, hereditaments, goods and chatties, and to do and execute all other
things about the same by the name aforesaid; and also, that they be, and
shall be for ever hereafter, persons able and capable in law, to sue and
be sued, plead and be impleaded, answer and be answered unto, defend
and be defended, in all or any of our courts or other places, and before
any Judges, Justices, and other persons whatsoever within the province
aforesaid, in all manner of actions, suits, complaints, pleas, causes and
matters whatsoever. And that it shall and may be lawful to and for the
Burgesses and inhabitants of Lancaster aforesaid, and their successors for
ever hereafter, to have and use one common seal for the sealing of all
business whatsoever touching the said corporation, and the same from
time to time at their will to cliange and alter.

And we do for us, our heirs and successors, further by these presents,
grant full power and authority for the Burgesses, Constables, assistants and
freeholders, together with such inhabitants, house-keepers within the said
borough, as shall have resided therein at least for the space of one whole
year next preceding any such election as is herein after directed, and
hired a house and ground within the said borough of the yearly value of
five poimds or upwards, on the fifteenth day of September which will be in

THE CHARTER OF THE BOROUGH OF LANCASTER. 143

the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and forty-four, and
on that day yearly forever thereafter, unless it happen to fall on Sunday,
and then on the next day following, publickly to meet in some convenient
place within the said borough, to be appointed by the chief Constable,
and then and there to nominate, elect and choose by the ballot, two able
men of the inhabitants of the said borough to be Burgesses, one to be
high Constable, one to be town clerk, and six to be assistants within the
same, for assisting the Burgesses in the managing the affairs of the said
borough, and of keeping of peace and good order therein : which election
shall be taken from time to time by the high Constable of the year pre-
ceding ; and the names of the persons so elected shall be certified under
his seal to the Governor for the time being within ten days next after such
election; and the Burgess who shall have the majority of votes shall be
called the chief Burgess of the said borough. But in case it shall
so happen that the said freeholders and inhabitants, house-keepers
aforesaid, shall neglect or refuse to elect or chuse Burgesses and other
the officers in manner aforesaid, that then it shall and may be lawful
for the Governor for the time being to nominate, appoint and commis-
sionate Burgesses, Constable, town clerk and assistants for that year;
to hold and continue in their respective ofl&ces until the next time of
annual election appointed as aforesaid, and so as often as occasion shall
require.

And we further will and ordain, that the said Burgesses for the time
being shall be, and are hereby impowered and authorized to be conser-
vators of the peace within the said borough; and shall have power by
themselves and upon their own view, or in other lawful manner, to re-
move all nuisances and incroachments on the said streets and highways
within the borough aforesaid as they shall see occasion : with power also
to arrest, imprison and punish rioters and other breakers of the peace
or good behaviour, award process, bind to the peace or behaviour, com-
mit to prison, and to make Kalendars of the prisoners by them commit-
ted; and the same to return, together with such recognizances and
examinations as shall be by them taken, to the next court of Quarter-
sessions of the County of Lancaster, there to be proceeded on as occasion
may or shall require; and to do all and singular other matters and
things within the said borough as fully and effectually, to all intents and
purposes, as Justices of the peace in their respective counties can or may
lawfully do.

But before any of the said Burgesses, Constable, Town clerk or other
ofl&cers, shall take upon them the execution of their respective offices,
they shall take and subscribe the oaths or affirmations of allegiance, and
such other oaths and affirmations as are by the laws of our government
in such cases provided, together with the oaths or affirmations for the

144 AUTHEXTIC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY.

due execution of their respective offices. And every cliief Burgess so
elected or appointed from year to year as aforesaid, shall within ten days
immediately after his election, present himself to be qualified, by taking
the oaths or affirmations aforesaid, before the Governor for the time
being, or before such other persons as the Governor shall think fit to
appoint for that purpose : and on failure of his so presenting himself,
unless disabled by sickness or other reasonable cause, such as shall be
allowed of by the Governor for the time being, another chief Burgess
shall from time to time, and as often as occasion shall require, be ap-
pointed in the stead of such person so failing to appear and qualify him-
self as before directed: which Burgess so to be appointed by the Governor
for the time being, shall and may enjoy his office until the day of elec-
tion next ensuing such his appointment. And the chief Burgess having
qualified himself in a manner aforesaid, shall and may enter upon his
office; and the other Burgesses, Constable, town clerk, or other officers
shall and may qualify themselves for their respective offices by taking
and subscribing the oaths or affirmations aforesaid before the said chief
Burgess, or before any of the Justices of the peace of the said County of
Lancaster for the time being, who are hereby authorized and impowered
to administer the same.

And we do further grant for us, our heirs and successors, to the Bur-
gesses, freeholders and inhabitants, house-keepers aforesaid, and their
successors, to have, hold and keep within the said borough two markets
in each week, that is to say, one market on Wednesday, and one market
on Saturday in every week of the year for ever in the lot of ground
already agreed upon for that purpose and granted for that use by Andrew
Hamilton, Esq., late of Philadelphia, deceased, as by the deeds thereof
to John Wright, and other Trustees for the said County of Lancaster,
may appear. And also two fairs therein every year, the first to begin on
the first day of June next ensuing, and to continue that day and the
next day following; and the other of the said fairs to begin on the
twenty-fifth day of October following, and to continue that day and the
next day after. And when either of those days shall happen to fall on
Sunday, then the said fairs to be kept the next day or two days follow-
ing together, with the free liberties, customs, profits and emolument, to
the said markets and fairs belonging, and in any-wise appertaining, for-
ever.

And we do hereby further grant and ordain, that there shall be a clerk
of the market for the said borough, who shall have the assize of bread,
wine, beer, wood and all other provisions brought for the use of the said
inhabitants, who shall and may perform all things belonging to the office
of a clerk of the market within the said borough ; and that John Morris
shall be the present clerk of the market, who shall be removable for any

THE CHARTER OF THE BOROUGH OF LANCASTER. 145

Malfeasance in his office by the Burgesses and assistants aforesaid, and
another from time to time appointed and removed as they shall find it
necessary.

And we do further grant unto the said Burgess, high Constable and
assistants, and their successors, as much as in us is, That if any of the
inhabitants of the said borough shall be hereafter elected to the office of
Burgesses, high Constable or assistants, and having notice of his or their
election, shall refuse to undertake and execute that office to which he is
chosen, it shall and may be lawful for the Burgesses, high Constable and
assistants then acting to impose such moderate fines on the person or
persons so refusing as to them shall seem meet ; so always that such fine
imposed on a Burgess elect do not exceed ten pounds, and the Fine on
the high Constable or an assistant elect do not exceed five pounds, each
to be levied by distress and sale of the goods of the party refusing, by
warrant under the hand and seal of one of the said Burgesses, or any
other lawful way or means whatsoever, for the use of the said Corpora-
tion. And in any such case, it shall and may be lawful for the said in-
habitants to proceed to the choice of some other fit person or persons in
the stead of such who shall so refuse.

And it shall and may be lawful for the said burgesses, high constable
and assistants for the time being to assemble town meetings as often as
they shall find occasion : At which meetings tkey may make such ordi-
nances and rules, not repugnant to, or Id consistent with the laws of the
said province, as to the greatest part of the inhabitants shall seem neces-
sary and convenient for the good government of the said Borough. And
the same rules and orders to put in execution; and the same to revoke, and
alter and make anew as occasion shall require. And also to impose such
mulcts and amerciaments upon breakers of the said ordinances as to the
makers thereof shall be thought reasonable; to be levied as above
is directed in case of fines, for the use of the said borough, without ren-
dering any account thereof to us, our successors, or to the proprietors
aforesaid, their heirs or successors. Also at the said meetings to miti-
gate or release the said fines and mulcts, upon the submission of the
parties.

And we do further will and grant, that where any doubts shall happen
to arise touching this present charter, that the same shall in all courts
of law and equity be construed and taken most favourably and benefi-
cially for the said corporation.

In testimony whereof, we have caused these our letters to be made
patent. Witness Oeorge Thomas^ Esq.; with our royal approbation
Lieutenant Governor of the province aforesaid under John Penn,
Thomas Penn and Richard Penn^ Esquires, true and absolute proprieta-
ries of the province aforesaid, and of the counties Newcastle, Kent and
10k

146 AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY.

Sussex, on Delaware, the first day of May, in the fifteenth year of our

reign, Anno Domini, 1742.

GEORGE THOMAS.

Lancaster Borough, ss.

This is to certify, that the above is a true copy of the Charter
granted to the inhabitants of the town of Lancaster, in the county
of Lancaster and province of Pennsylvania. IN TESTIMONY

{L. S) Whereof, I have hereto set my hand, and caused the seal of the
Borough aforesaid to be hereunto afiixed the first Day of De-
cember, in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred
and sixty.

JOHN HOPSON, Chief Burgess..

CHARTER OF THE CITY OF LANCASTER. 147

No. 12.
CHARTER OF THE CITY OF LANCASTER.

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the Common-
wealth of Pennsylvania^ i7i General Assembly met^ and it is hereby enacted
by the authority of the same, That the inhabitants of the borough of Lan-
caster, in the county of Lancaster, as the same extends and is now incor-
porated, are hereby constituted a corporation and body politic, by the
name and style of " The Mayor, Aldermen and Citizens of Lancas-
ter," and by the same name shall have perpetual succession ; and they
and their successors, by such name, shall at all times forever be able and
capable in law to have, purchase, receive, possess, and enjoy lands, tene-
ments and hereditaments, liberties, franchises, and jurisdictions, goods,
chattels and effects, to them and their successors forever, or for any other
or less estate ; and the same lands, tenements, hereditaments, goods, chat-
tels, and effects, by such name to grant, bargain, sell, alien, convey,
mortgage, pledge, charge, and encumber, or demise and dispose of at
their will and pleasure; and by the said name shall be able and capable
in law to sue or be sued, plead and be impleaded, answer and be answered
unto, defend and be defended, in all courts of record and elsewhere, in
all manner of suits, actions, complaints, pleas, causes, matters, and things
that to the said city, as a body politic and corporate, in law and in fact,
shall and may appertain ; and for that purpose shall have and use one
common seal, and the same from time to time may change, alter, deface,
and make anew.

Sec. 2. That the power of the corporation of the said city shall be
vested in the Select and Common Councils, who shall in Common Coun-
cils assembled, have full power and authority to make, ordain, consti-
tute, and establish such and so many laws, ordinances, regulations, and
constitutions, (provided the same shall not be repugnant to the laws and
Constitution of the United States, or of this Commonwealth) as shall be
necessary or convenient for the government and welfare of the said city,
and the same to enforce, put in use and execution, by constables and
other proper officers (whom they shall have power to appoint and at
their pleasure to revoke, alter and make anew, as occasion may require;
and shall have, hold, and enjoy, in addition to the powers now vested in
the borough of Lancaster, which are hereby transferred to and vested in
1. Act of March 20, 1868, Sec. 1. 2. Ibid., Sec. 5.

148 AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY.

the said councils, the like powers and authorities as are now vested by
law in the select and common councils of the city of Philadelphia.

Sec. 3. That each and every Mayor, Eecorder, and Alderman of the
said city, who shall misdemean himself in office, shall be liable to be
removed from office in the same manner that Justices of the Peace are
by the Constitution and Laws of this Commonwealth removable, for
misconduct in office.

Sec. 4. And to the further end and intent that there may not be a
failure of justice within the said cit}'-, by reason of any person or persons,
who may be charged with having committed any offence or offences
therein, lurking or being in secret in other places in the neighborhood
thereof: Be it further enacted^ That it shall be lawful for any Constable
or Constables of the said city to whom any warrant, under the hand and
seal of the said Mayor, Eecorder, and Aldermen, or Justices, or any of
them, shall be delivered, commanding him or them to take an}'" person
or persons who shall have been charged with having committed any
offence within the said city, and to bring him, her, or them before the
said Mayor, Recorder, and Aldermen, or Justices, or any of them ; and
he and they are hereby enjoined and required to execute the same by
making of the arrest, if the same can be done at any place within the
county of Lancaster ; and also by bringing such offender or offenders
before the said Mayor, Recorder, and Aldermen, or Justices, or any of
them.

Sec. 5. That it shall and may be lawful for the said Mayor, Recorder,
and Aldermen, or Justices, before whom any complaint, indictment, plea,
matter, or thing, of a criminal or civil nature, within his or their juris-
diction, shall be made or depending, to issue their subpoena in common
form to any person or persons within this Commonwealth, commanding
him or them to appear and give evidence therein. And every person to
whom the same shall be directed, and on whom service thereof shall be
duly made, shall attend accordingly and give evidence, under such pains
and penalties as are by law incurred by any person or persons refusing
to attend and give evidence, when duly subpa?naed for that purpose.

Sec. 6. That the Mayor and Aldermen of the said city, for the time
being, shall have the same jurisdiction in all civil cases as Justices of the
Peace of the county have, and shall proceed therein in like manner, for
the like fees and costs, and with the like powers and authorities, and under
and subject to the like rules, regulations, and restrictions, and under the
like relief for insolvent debtors, and to the like means, process, and exe-
cution as in cases of debt or other demand, or in case of damage, trespass,
and trover, before any Justice of the Peace within this Commonwealth;

3. Ibid., Sec. 10. 5. Ibid., Sec. 15.

4. Ibid., Sec. 14. • 6. Ibid., Sec. 18. '

CHARTER OF THE CITY OF LANCASTER, 149

with the like appeal, by the party aggrieved, to the Court of Common
Pleas of the county of Lancaster.

Sec. 7. That the Mayor, Eecorder and Aldermen, or any of them, shall
and may take and receive the acknowledgment and probate of all deeds
and written instruments, and receive the legal fees therefor : which ac-
knowledgments and probates shall be as valid, and, have the like force
and effect, as if the same were acknowledged before a Judge of the Su-
preme Court or any Judge of the Court of Common Pleas, within this
Commonwealth.

Sec. 8. That it shall and may be lawful for the Select and Common
Councils, in common council assembled, from time to time, to permit and
license such and so many brokers within the said city, and under such
rules and regulations, as they may think proper ; and to prohibit all other
persons from using and exercising the business of a broker therein, under
such pains and penalties as shall from time to time be ordained and estab-
lished.

Sec. 9. That it shall and may be lawful for the Select and Common
Councils, when duly assembled, from time to time by any ordinance duly
enacted, to vest in the Mayor of the said city for the time being, the
appointment of such ofl&cers within the said city, as they may think expe-
dient for the well-ordering and governing the same, and to remove the
same from such offices or appointments, for mis-behavior or otherwise, as
may be necessary; which officers shall take an oath or affirmation, before
the said Mayor, Eecorder, or Alderman, well and faithfully to perform
the duties of the offices or appointments to them respectively committed.
And the said Councils may require security to be given by such officers,
or any of them, and prescribe the sum and the form in which such secu-
rity shall be given. And the said officers and their sureties may be sued
and recovery had against them in the city court, for breach of official
duty^ or delinquency in paying over any monies collected by them, under
criminal or civil process issued by the Mayor, Eecorder, or any Alderman
of the said city. And for the recovery of fines, forfeitures, and penal-
ties, debts, and other demands, cognizable in the city court, the ordinary
forms of law shall be pursued in the process, judgment, and several kinds
of execution, as if the same were made cognizable and recoverable in the
courts of the county. And all officers and jurors of the said city shall
be competent to hear, try, and determine all matters and things within
their jurisdiction ; and all citizens to give testimony, notwithstanding any
fine or penalty be made payable for the use of the said city.

Sec. 10. That no Alderman of the said city, nor any person holding an
office of trust or profit under the laws of this Commonwealth, or the ordi-

7. Ibid., Sec. 22. 9. Ibid., Sec. 24.

8. Ibid., Sec. 23. 10. Ibid., Sec. 35.

150 AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY.

nances of the Select and Common Councils, the emolument whereof is
paid out of the Treasury of the said city, shall be competent to serve as
a member of the Select or Common Councils.

Sec. 11. That all the property and estate whatsoever, real and personal,
of the borough of Lancaster, are hereby severally and respectively vested
in the corporation or body politic of the city of Lancaster and their suc-
cessors, in and by this act established by the name, style and title afore-
said, to and for the use and benefit of the said citizens and their succes-
sors forever. And, until the corporation of the said city shall be duly
organized under this act, the present charter of the borough of Lancas-
ter shall continue in full force and operation, and all officers under the
same shall be appointed and hold their offices as they now may or can
do by law ; and as soon as this act shall go into operation, all suits, prose-
cutions, debts, and claims whatever shall, by force thereof, become trans-
ferred to the said city, and be under the management and control thereof,
as fully and completely as if no alteration had been made in the said
charter.

Sec. 12. That the said Select and Common Councils shall, once in every
year, cause to be published a just and true account of all monies which
shall have accrued to them, in their corporate capacity, during the year
preceding such publication ; and also, of the disposition thereof.

Sec. 13. That as often as any doubts shall arise, touching this act, the
same shall, in all Courts of law and equity and elsewhere, be construed
and taken most favorably for the said corporation. Provided^ That this
act, and the powers and authorities herein vested in the said city, shall
not be impaired, aflected, defeated, or destroyed, by any neglect or
omission to appoint all or any of its officers at the times allotted for the
same. And, in case of any such defect or omission, the Recorder and
Aldermen of the said city, or a majority of them, shall forthwith take all
necessary measures to cure and supply such defects and omissions ; giving
due notice thereof in the public newspapers of the said city.

Sec. 14. Be it enacted hy the Senate and House of Rejyresentatives of the
CommomueaUh of Pennsylvania^ in General Assembly met, and it is hereby
enacted by the authority of the same; That the inhabitants of the municipal
corporation of the city of Lancaster, in the county of Lancaster, for all
the purposes for which cities are by law incorporated in this Common-
wealth, with the boundaries as at present established, excepting as here-
inafter provided, shall continue to be one body politic, in fact and in
name under the style and denomination of the city of Lancaster; and as
such, shall have, and exercise, and enjoy all the rights, immunities,
powers and privileges, and shall be subject to all the duties and obliga-

11. Ibid., Sec. 26. 13. Ibid., Sec. 28.

12. Ibid., Sec. 27. 14. Act of April 5, 1867, Sec. 1.

CHARTER OF THE CITY OF LANCASTER. 151

tions now incumbent upon and appertaining to said city as a municipal
corporation.

Sec. 15. The city of Lancaster shall be divided into nine wards, in the
manner following, to wit: So much of the said city as shall be included
within the line beginning in the middle of Penn or Centre Square; thence,
running north through the middle of North Queen street to Walnut
street; thence, on a line west through the middle of Walnut street to
Mulberry street ; thence, south through the middle of Mulberry street to
West King street; thence, on a line east through the middle of West
King street to the middle of Penn or Centre Square the place of begin-
ning, shall be one ward and shall be called the First Ward. And so
much of the said city as shall be included within the line beginning in
the middle of Penn or Centre Square ; thence, running north through the
middle of North Queen street, to the intersection of said Queen and
Chestnut streets ; thence, on a line through the middle of Chestnut street
east to the city boundary; thence, along said boundary south to East
King street; thence, through the middle of said street west to the place
of beginning, shall be one ward and shall be called the Second Ward.
And so much of said city as shall be included within the line beginning
in the middle of Penn or Centre Square ; thence, running east through
the middle of East King street to the intersection of King and Middle
streets ; thence, through the middle of said last mentioned street south-
west to the intersection of Middle and South Queen streets; thence,
through the middle of Queen street north to the place of beginning, shall
be one ward and called the Third Ward. And so much of said city as
shall be included within the line beginning in the middle of Penn or
Centre Square ; thence, through the middle of West King street west to
the intersection of King and Mulberry streets ; thence, through the middle
of Mulberry street south to Strawberry street; thence, through the
middle of Strawberry street south-east to intersection of Strawberry and
Water streets; thence, on a line south-westerly to a point at the inter-
section of roads at City Gas Works ; thence, along Hoffman's Run south
to the city boundary ; thence, east to South Queen street ; thence, through
the middle of Queen street north to the place of beginning shall be one
ward and shall be called the Fourth Ward. And so much of the said
city as shall be included within the line beginning at the intersection of
West King and Mulberry streets; thence, running through the middle
of Mulberry street, to the centre of Walnut street ; thence, on a line west
through the middle of Walnut street to the boundary line of the city
limits; thence, south by the boundary line of the city limits to the
Columbia Turnpike Road; thence, east through the middle of the Col-
umbia Turnpike Road and West King street to Mulberry street, the

15. Ibid., Sec. 2.

152 AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY.

place of beginning, shall be one ward and stall be called the Fifth Ward.
And so much of said city as shall be included within the line beginning
at the intersection of North Queen and Chestnut streets ; thence, running
north through the middle of Queen street to the city boundary ; thence,
along said boundary east to the north-east corner; thence, along said
boundary south to the boundary line of Second Ward; thence, along
said last mentioned line, west to the place of beginning, shall be one
ward and shall be called the Sixth Ward. And so much of said city as
shall be included within the line beginning at the intersection of East
King and Middle streets; thence, running east through the middle of
East King street to the city boundary; thence, along said boundary
south to south-east corner of the same; thence, along said boundary west
to South Queen street ; thence, along the middle of Queen north to the
intersection of Queen and Middle streets ; thence, through the middle of
the last mentioned street north-east to the place of beginning, shall be
one ward and shall be called the Seventh Ward. And so much of said
- city as shall be included within the line beginning at the intersection of
West King and Mulberry streets; thence, running west through the
middle of West King street and Columbia Turnpike to the city boun-
dary; thence, along said boundary line south to the south-west corner
of the same; thence, along said line east to boundary of Fourth Ward;
thence, along boundary line of Fourth Ward northward to place of be-
ginning, shall be one ward and shall be called the Eighth Ward. And
so much of said city as shall be included within the line beginning at the
intersection of North Queen and Walnut streets; thence, running west
through the middle of Walnut street to the western boundary of the city
limits; thence, north along said line to the north-west corner of the
same; thence, east along said line to North Queen street; thence, south
through the middle of North Queen street to the place of beginning,,
shall be one ward and shall be called the Ninth Ward.

Sec. 16. The places at which all general and municipal elections shall
be held, in the several wards hereinbefore created, shall be as follows,
viz : In the First Ward, at the public house now kept by Adam Trout
in said ward; in the Second Ward, at the public house now kept by
Anthony Lechler in said ward ; in the Third Ward, at the public house
now kept by John G. Hood in said ward ; in the Fourth Ward, at the
public house now kept by Martin Kreider k Co. in said ward; in the
Fifth Ward, at the public house, known as the Plough Tavern, corner
of West King and Charlotte street, in said ward ; in the Sixth Ward, at
the house of Isaac Powell, corner of North Queen and Walnut streets,
in said ward; in the Seventh Ward, at the "Washington Garden," kept
by John Wittlinger in said ward ; in the Eighth Ward, at the public

IG. Ibid., Sec. 3.

CHARTER OF THE CITY OF LANCASTER. 158

house kept by Samuel Erisman in said ward; in the Ninth Ward, at the
public house of Isaac Powell, corner of North Queen and Walnut streets,
in said ward; the officers elected at the last municipal election shall hold
the election in the First, Second, Third and Fourth Wards, on the first
Friday of May, Anno Domini, one thousand eight hundred and sixty-
seven ; and the Judges of the Court of Common Pleas of Lancaster
county shall appoint a Judge and two Inspectors and one Assessor for
the Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, Eighth and Ninth Wards respectively, who
shall perform all the duties and be subject to all liabilities of Judges and
Inspectors of elections and of Assessors under the laws of this Common-
wealth; and at the election to be held in said city, on the first Friday of
May, Anno Domini, one thousand eight hundred and sixty-seven, as
hereinafter provided for, the qualified electors of the several wards of
said city shall elect one Judge and two Inspectors, one Constable and an
Assessor for each of the said wards, to serve for one year.

Sec. 17. That the administration of all the fiscal, prudential and muni-
cipal concerns of said city, with the conduct and government thereof,
shall be vested in one principal officer, to be styled the Mayor, one
Council, to be called the Select Council, and one Council to be called the
Common Council, and also such other officers and boards of officers as
are hereinafter specified ; and the fiscal year of the city of Lancaster
shall commence on the first day of June in each and every year.

Sec. 18. That the annual meeting of the citizens, for the election of
municipal officers hereinafter mentioned, shall be held on the first Friday
in May; and the Mayor shall issue his proclamation to the qualified
voters of each ward at least twenty days before said first Friday in May,
and therein state the officers to be voted for at such election ; and the
person receiving the highest number of votes for any office shall be
deemed and declared to be elected to the same : and whenever two or more
persons are to be elected to the same office, the several persons, to the
number required to be chosen, having the highest number of votes,
shall be declared elected ; and in case of a tie vote between candidates
having the highest number of votes for the same office, such candidates
having a tie vote shall, on the day fixed for entering upon the duties of
the office, determine by lot which of them shall be entitled to hold the
same.

Sec. 19. That the freemen of the city of Lancaster, being citizens of
the United States, who have resided within the bounds of said city for
one year, and have paid a city tax for the year preceding the election, at
least five days before said election, which shall have been assessed at least
ten days before, shall be entitled to vote at the elections for officers of
the said city; and any person not so qualified who shall fraudulently
17. Ibid., Sec. 4. 18. Ibid., Sec. 5. 19. Ibid., Sec. 6.

154 AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY.

vote at any city election, or being otherwise qualified shall vote out of
his proper ward, or if any person knowing the want of such qualifica-
tion, shall aid or procure such person to vote, the person or persons so
offending shall, on conviction thereof, be fined in any sum not exceeding
two hundred dollars, and be imprisoned for any term not exceeding six
months: Provided., That the payment of a city tax shall not be required
of any citizen voting wlio shall be between the ages of twenty-one and
twenty-two years : And provided further, That it shall be the duty of
the receiver of city taxes, at least three days before said election, to
furnish a complete list of the taxable inhabitants to the election officers
of the several wards, showing the names of all persons who have paid
their tax and those who are delinquent; and said list shall be kept open
to the inspection of the citizens by the \Yard Ofiicers at the place of
voting; and in case said receiver of taxes shall place on said list the
name of any person or persons who shall not have paid taxes, he shall
be held responsible for the amount of said tax, and liable to a fine of
five dollars in each and every case, to be recovered as debts of a like
amount are recoverable by law ; and for neglect to place on said list the
name of any person who has paid his tax, he shall be liable to a fine of
ten dollars, to be recovered as debts of a like amount are recoverable by
law.

Sec. 20. That all city elections shall be held by the Judges and In-
spectors elected to hold the general elections in the several wards, or by
those duly appointed in their stead, who shall be duly sworn or aflirm^d
for said purpose ; and if the said officers, or any of them, shall not open
the election for the space of one hour after the time fixed for opening,
the qualified voters of the ward then present, shall elect from among
their number to fill his or their places; and the said Judges, Inspectors,
and the Clerks by them appointed, shall be subject to the same penalties
for a violation of the law, or fraud in the discharge of their duties as are
provided in the general election laws of this Commonwealth ; and it shall
be the duty of the Commissioners of the county of Lancaster to provide
at or before seven o'clock in the morning of any city election the said
officers with election boxes, blank forms, tally papers, and a list of the
qualified voters of the respective wards ; and in order to enable them to
make said lists, the Assessors of the several wards shall furnish them
with the names of the persons assessed.

Sec. 21. That the qualified voters of the city of Lancaster at their
annual election for city ofiicers, may vote for said officers upon two written
or printed tickets or slips of paper, one of which shall be headed "City
Officers " and contain the names of the candidates for Mayor, City Audit-
ors, and Select and Common Councils, for whom the voter desires to vote ;
20. Ibid., Sec. 7. . - - 31. n,i(i.^ gee. 8. '

CHARTER OF THE CITY OF LANCASTER. 155

and the other shall be headed "Ward Officers" and contain the names
of the candidates for Alderman, Constable, Judge and Inspectors of elec-
tions, and Assessor, for whom they may desire to vote.

Sec. 22. That the officers herein provided to hold the city elections,
after closing the polls and counting and ascertaining the number of votes
for each candidate or person voted for, shall within twenty-four hours
make return thereof as follows, namely : for the office of Mayor, the
return shall be delivered to the President of Select Council and by hira
laid before the said Council on the day of organization, and by the Presi-
dent elect of said Council before the joint convention of the two branches
of the City Councils on the Wednesday succeeding the city election for
Mayor; for the offices of City Auditors and members of Councils to the
Mayor, who shall present the returns for members of the Councils at the
time fixed, on the Wednesday succeeding the city election, for their organ-
ization, to the respective bodies ; and the returns for the other officers to
the joint convention of the Councils on the Wednesday succeeding the
city election of said officers ; for the office of Alderman the return shall
be made in the manner now provided by law in the case of elections of
Justices of the Peace ; and for all the other officers in the manner now
provided by law in such cases ; and the said officers shall give notice to
the persons elected in their respective wards.

Sec. 23. That the Select Council shall consist of one member from
each ward, who shall have the same qualifications as are required by the
Constitution of this Commonwealth for members of the Senate ; and at
the annual election to be held on the first Friday of May next, each of
said wards shall elect one member qualified as aforesaid ; immediately
after the members of the Select Council shall have assembled, after the
first election under this act, they shall be divided into three classes by lot ;
the seats of the members of the first class shall be vacated at the expira-
tion of the first year ; of the second class at the expiration of the second
year ; of the third class at the expiration of the third year, so that one-
third may be thereafter elected every year; and if any vacancies shall
happen by resignation or otherwise during the term for which any mem-
ber shall be elected, the same shall be filled for the unexpired term at
the next city election, and the functions of the present Select Council
shall cease and terminate after the municipal election under this act.

Sec. 24. That the Common Council shall consist of twenty -seven
members, and shall be elected at the annual city election, held on the
first Friday in May, Anno Domini, One Thousand Eight Hundred and
Sixty-seven, by the qualified voters of each ward, who shall have the
same qualifications as are required by the Constitution of this Common-
wealth for members of the House of Representatives, for the term of one
22. Ibid., Sec. 9. 33. Ibid., Sec. 10. 24. Ibid., Sec. 11.

156 AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY,

year from the first Friday of ttie respective city elections; that the
apportionment for each ward at the first election under this act shall be :
for the First Ward, four Common Councilmen; for the Second Ward,
three Common Councilmen ; for the Third Ward, three Common Coun-
cilmen ; for the Fourth Ward, three Common Councilmen ; for the Fifth
Ward, two Common Councilmen; for the Sixth Ward, three Common
Councilmen; for the Seventh Ward, three Common Councilmen ; for the
Eighth Ward, three Common Councilmen, and for the Ninth Ward, three
Common Councilmen ; and if any vacancies shall happen by resignation
or otherwise during the time for which any member shall be elected, the
same shall be filled for the unexpired term by their body : Provided^ That
no member of the State Legislature, nor any one holding office or em-
ployment from or under the State at the time of said election, shall be
eligible as a member of said Councils; nor shall any member of said
Councils during the term for which he shall be elected, hold any office or
employment herein created or provided for of a municipal character.

Sec. 25. That the members of the Select and Common Councils elected
on the first Friday of May, Anno Domini, One Thousand Eight Hundred
and Sixty-seven, shall meet at the place provided for their accommoda-
tion in said city, between the hours of one and four o'clock in the after-
noon of the Wednesday succeeding their election, and shall then and
there organize in separate chambers; each Council by a majority of
votes shall elect a President, and such other officers as may be deemed
necessary for the transaction of business ; and the members of the
Council elect shall meet as aforesaid on the Wednesday succeeding the
first Friday in May, in each year thereafter, with those whoses termS: have
not expired, and shall take the oath of office and enter upon the duties
thereof.

Sec. 26. That the members of the Select and Common Councils shall
be sworn or affirmed, to support the Constitution of the United States
and of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, and to discharge the duties
of their office with fidelity. And the President elect of each branch shall
also be sworn or affirmed to perform his duties as President with fidelity,
which oath or affirmation shall be administered to him by a member of
the branch to which he belongs, appointed for that purpose; and the
President so sworn or affirmed shall administer the oaths or affirma-
tion to the members elect and officers of their respective branches.

Sec. 27. That each Council shall judge of the qualifications of its
members, and contested elections shall be determined by a committee to
be selected, formed and regulated in such manner as shall be directed by
law. or ordinance of said city. A majority of each Council shall consti-
tute a quorum to do business, but a less number may adjourn from time
25. Ibid., Sec. 12. 26. Ibid., Sec. 13. 27. Ibid., Sec. 14.

CHARTER OF THE CITY OF LANCASTER, 157

to time, and have power to compel the attendance of absent members
under such rules and penalties as may be provided.

Sec. 28. That each Council may determine the rules of its proceedings,
which shall, however, not be inconsistent with any joint rule that may
be adopted by the two branches of said Councils ; and each branch shall
have power and authority to vacate the seat of any of its members for
misbehavior, neglect of duty or other misdemeanor; each branch shall
keep a journal of its proceedings, which shall be at all times open to
public inspection, and the yeas and nays of the members on any question,
shall, at the request of any two of them, be entered on the journal ; all
the voting in the said Select and Common Councils, or in any convention
of the same, shall be viva voce, and on the final passage of a bill or
resolution, the vote shall be taken by yeas and nays.

Sec. 29. That the Select and Common Councils shall assemble for the
transaction of business, on the first Wednesday of every month in each
year, and at such other times as they may deem necessary, which meet-
ings shall at all times be open and accessible to all citizens deporting
themselves with order and decorum.

Sec. 30. That the legislative powers of the said city shall be vested in
the said Select and Common Councils, who shall have full power and
authority to make, ordain, constitute and establish such and so many
laws, ordinances and regulations, as they shall deem necessary to pre-
serve and promote the peace, good order, health, benefit and convenient
government of the said city, subject to the approval of the Mayor as
hereinafter provided ; and to annex penalties not exceeding one hundred
dollars for the breach thereof, and the same to enforce, put in use and
execution by the proper officers, and at their pleasure said laws, ordi-
nances and regulations to repeal, alter and make anew, as occasion may
require : Provided^ That the same shall not be inconsistent with the Con-
stitution and laws of the United States, or of this Commonwealth : And
provided aho, That it shall not be lawful for Councils at any time to pass
an ordinance, or by other means provide for the payment of any money
in the shape of per diem pay, or compensation of any kind, for services
rendered by them in their capacity as Councilmen, or members of com-
mittees emanating from Councils.

Sec. 31. That every bill for a law or ordinance, which shall have
passed both branches of the Councils, shall be presented to the Mayor ;
if he approve he shall sign it : but if he shall not approve he shall return
it with his objections to the Council in which it originated, which shall
proceed to re-consider it; if, after such re-consideration, two-thirds of
that Council shall agree to pass the bill it shall be sent, with the objec-

28. Ibid., Sec. 15. 30. Ibid., Sec. 17.

29. Ibid., Sec. 16. 31. Ibid., Sec. 18.

158 AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY.

tions, to the other Council by which likewise it shall be re-considered;
and if approved by two-thirds of that Council also, it shall be a binding
law or ordinance upon the conditions hereinafter mentioned being com-
plied with; in such cases the votes of both Councils shall be determined
by yeas and nays, and the names of the members voting shall be entered
on the journal of each branch respectively; every bill which shall be
presented to the Mayor, and not so returned by him at the next stated
meeting of the Councils, shall take eft'ect as if it had been approved by
him, unless such bill shall have been presented to the Mayor within five
days of such next stated meeting, in which case he shall have the right
to return the same at the next stated meeting succeeding the one last
mentioned.

Sec. 32. That all laws or ordinances which shall be approved by the
Mayor, passed by two-thirds of Councils without his approval, or be-
come a law by neglect in returning the same, shall be published three
times in one or more of the public newspapers published in said city,
within twenty days after being severally approved, passed by two-thirds,
or after having become a law ; and the publication of the same with the
dates and times of publication, shall be approved by the oath or affirmation
of the clerk of the Select Council, which shall at all times be deemed and
taken as sufficient evidence of such publication and the dates and times
thereof; and the said laws or ordinances, together with the affidavit of
the publication thereof, shall be recorded by the clerk of the Select
Council in books provided for that purpose, and in the Eecorder's office
of Lancaster county, within forty days from and after being so as afore-
said approved, passed by two-thirds, or after having become a law; and
any such law or ordinance which shall not be published and recorded as
aforesaid, shall be null and void.

Sec. 33. That it shall not be necessary for any order or resolution of
either branch, or to which the concurrence of both branches of the
Council may be required, to be presented to the Mayor for his approval,
but the same shall be binding for all purposes ; the Councils may transact
business by an order or resolution, and every such order or resolution
shall be filed in the archives of said city, and shall be evidence for the
purposes therein contained.

Sec. 34. That the qualified voters of the city of Lancaster shall on
the first Friday in May, one thousand eight hundred and sixty-seven,
and on the first Friday in May in every second year thereafter, elect one
discreet person to serve as Mayor of the said city, for the term of two
years, and until his successor shall be elected and duly qualified; he
shall be at least thirty years of age, a citizen of the United States, and
shall have resided four years next preceding his election within the said
32. Ibid., Sec. 19. 33. Ibid., Sec. 20. 34. Ibid., Sec. 21.

CHARTER OF THE CITY OF LANCASTER. 159

city; he shall take the usual oath of office in the presence of the Councils,
to be administered by the President of the Select or Common Council
between the hours of one and four o'clock, post meridian, on the Wednes-
day next succeeding his election, if the same shall within that time be
approved, and shall give security to the city of Lancaster, in such sum
as may be fixed and determined upon by the City Councils, for the
payment of all moneys coming into his hands for fines and penalties, in
accordance with the laws or ordinances under which the same be re-
covered.

Sec. 35. That any citizen of said city qualified to serve as Mayor,
desiring to contest the election of the person returned elected as Mayor,
shall present his petition setting forth the reasons for contesting the same,
to the President of the convention of the City Councils, on the Wednes-
day succeeding the election of Mayor; the said petition shall be signed
by at least ten qualified electors of said city, accompanied by an affidavit
taken and subscribed before some person having authority to administer
oaths, that the facts stated in such petition are true to the best of their
knowledge and belief; whereupon said convention shall proceed to ex-
amine into the facts alleged in said petition, for which purpose they may
adjourn from day to day, subpoena and compel the attendance of witnesses,
hear testimony, and decide within ten days which of the persons is duly
elected; and the person in whose favor it shall be decided, shall be duly
qualified to serve as Mayor; or, if the said convention should deem it
proper to set aside the election, tbey shall order a special election for
said office to be held within twenty days from and after the determina-
tion of such contested election, which shall be conducted in the manner
prescribed and return thereof made as directed in this act, on the third
day next following the same ; and the person ascertained to have re-
ceived the highest number of votes at such special election, shall be
duly qualified to act as Mayor for the remainder of the term for which
he shall have been elected. Whenever a vacancy shall occur in the
office of Mayor, by the refusal or omission of any person elected as
aforesaid to serve, or by death, resignation, or removal from the city, or
otherwise, it shall be the duty of the Councils in joint convention, forth-
with to elect a person qualified as aforesaid to serve as Mayor, who shall
continue in office until the Wednesday succeeding the next city election,
or until his successor shall have been duly declared elected and qualified.
In case of the temporary absence, or inability of the Mayor to act, the
Councils shall appoint a Mayor to serve until he shall resume the duties
of the office.

Sec. 36. That the Mayor of said city shall have all the powers in
criminal cases now conferred on him by existing laws, and he shall be
35. Ibid., Sec. 22. 36. Ibid., Sec. 23.

160 AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY.

the chief executive magistrate thereof. It shall be his duty to be vigi-
lant and active in causing the laws of this Commonwealth, and the laws
and ordinances of the said city, to be executed and enforced therein ; and
in order to enable him more effectually to preserve the peace and good
order of the city, all the powers given to Sheriffs of this Commonwealth
to prevent routs, riots, and tumultuous assemblies are hereby conferred
upon him. He shall communicate to Councils at the first stated meeting
in the month of June of each year, and oftener if he shall deem it expe-
dient, the condition of the city in relation to its government, finances and
improvements, and shall recommend the adoption of all such measures
as the business and interests of the city may, in his opinion, require.
The Councils shall fix the number of Constables and Watchmen to whom
salaries are to be paid out of the city treasury, and the Mayor shall
nominate, and by and with the advice and consent of the Select Council
appoint the said Constables and Watchmen, and dismiss all or any of them
with the concurrence of Select Council, and in like manner all vacancies
shall be filled. The Constables and Watchmen shall obey the orders of the
Mayor and make report to him, which report shall be laid before Coun-
cils by him whenever required, and he shall exercise a constant super-
vision and controd over the conduct of the Constables and Watchmen
appointed by him as aforesaid, receive and examine all complaints pre-
ferred against them in the discharge of their duties and report the same
to Councils ; and the Mayor shall be required to remove from office any
Constables or Watchmen by him appointed, upon a resolution to that
effect being passed by two-thirds of both branches of Councils, Provided,
That the office of High Constable is hereby abolished. Provided further,
That the Mayor shall select the said Constables from the nine ward
Constables elected in their respective wards, and immediately upon
removal by the said Mayor, with the concurrence of Select Council, their
salaries shall expire.

Sec. 37. That the city of Lancaster is hereby divided into nine districts
for the election of Aldermen as follows, to wit : the First, Second, Third,
Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, Eighth and Ninth wards, and each of said
districts shall be entitled to one Alderman, who shall reside in the district ;
the First ward shall elect one Alderman at the election to be held on the
first Friday in May, Anno Domini, one thousand eight hundred and
seventy; the Second ward, one Alderman on the first Friday in May, one
thousand eight hundred and sixty-eight ; the Third ward, one Alderman
on the first Friday in May, one thousand eight hundred and sixty-nine;
the Fourth ward, one Alderman on the first Friday in May, one thousand
eight hundred and sixty-eight ; the Fifth ward, one Alderman on the
first Friday in May, one thousand eight hundred and seventy; the Sixth

37. Ibid., Sec. 34.

CHARTER OF THE CITY OF LANCASTER. 161

ward, one Alderman on the first Friday in Maj, one thousand eight
hundred and seventy; the Seventh ward, one Alderman on the first
Friday in May, one thousand eight hundred and seventy-one ; the Eighth
ward, one Alderman on the first Friday in May, one thousand eight hun-
dred and sixty-seven; and the Ninth ward, one Alderman on the first
Friday in May, one thousand eight hundred and seventy, or whenever a
vacancy shall exist by death or resignation, or otherwise, and commissioned
for the same term of years as is provided by the act of Assembly, passed the
twenty-first day of June, Anno Domini one thousand eight hundred and
thirty-nine, entitled "An Act providing for the election of Aldermen and
Justices of the Peace," and the acts supplementary thereto, and the Alder-
man who shall be elected in pursuance of this act and the acts herein
referred to, shall give security as provided in the said acts, shall be subject
to the same liabilities and penalties, be removed from ofl&ce in the same
manner, and respectively shall have all the civil and criminal authority
and jurisdiction, and all the rights, powers and privileges which are now
or hereafter may be vested in the several Justices of the Peace of this
Commonwealth by the laws thereof, and be entitled to the same fees and
perquisites, with the like right of appeal by the party or parties aggrieved
from any judgment, order, or decree of any such Alderman or Aldermen
to the Court of Common Pleas of the county of Lancaster.

Sec. 38. That the Select and Common Council and convention assem-
bled shall, on the Wednesday after their election, in each and every
year, by a majority of votes elect one person to serve as City Treasurer
for one year from the first day of June in each and every year, and until
his successor shall be duly elected and qualified ; the said Treasurer
shall give bond to the city, conditioned for the faithful performance of
his duties in such amount as the City Councils shall direct, and with
such sureties as shall be by them approved; and shall, before he enters
upon his ofiice take and subscribe an oath or affirmation before the
Mayor, to support the Constitution of the United States and of this
Commonwealth, and honestly to keep an account of all public moneys
and property entrusted to his care, and to discharge the duties of his
ofiS.ce with fidelity. No money shall be drawn from the treasury of the
city except the same shall have been previously appropriated by Coun-
cils to the purpose for which it is drawn ; the accounts to be kept by the
said Treasurer shall exhibit all the receipts and all the expenditures of
the city in an intelligible manner, in which the particulars of each item
of charge and discharge shall fully and precisely appear. The said
Treasurer shall verify his cash account at least once in every month to
the satisfaction of a standing committee of Councils ; and, upon the affi-
davit of a majority of such committee to any default therein, the said

38. Ibid., Sec. 25.
llK

162 AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNT V.

Treasurer may be suspended from office and another appointed until the
further action of Council; and the said Treasurer, at the expiration of
his term office, shall deliver all moneys, books and papers in his hands
belonging to the said office to his successor in office.

Sec 39. That it shall be the duty of the City Treasurer to act as re-
ceiver of taxes and collector of water rents, as hereinafter provided;
and, upon the duplicate or duplicates of city taxes and water rents
having been made out as may be directed by the City Councils, the same
shall be placed in the possession of the said Treasurer who shall receive
and collect said taxes and water rents, and for that purpose he shall have
and exercise all the powers conferred by law in that behalf, for collection
of State and county taxes, and the Councils shall have power to fix the
time at which the duplicates of unpaid taxes shall be placed in the hands
of the Ward Constables for collection.

Sec -iO. That the qualified voters of the city of Lancaster, on the first
Friday in May, one thousand eight hundred and sixty-seven, shall elect
three reputable persons to serve as City Auditors : one for the term of
one year, one for the term of two years and one for the term of three
years, and annually thereafter shall elect one person to serve as City
Auditor for the term of three years, from the first Wednesda}^ succeed-
ing such election ; and he, with the two auditors previously elected, shall
constitute a board to audit the treasurer's accounts at the end of the fiscal
year, and at the close of his term, and perform such other duties as may
be prescribed by law or ordinance ; and the election of Auditors shall be
determined upon and vacancies in said board shall be filled in the same
manner as is provided in the case of City Treasurer.

Sec 41. That the qualified voters of each Ward of the city of Lan-
caster shall, on the first Friday in May, one thousand eight hundred and
sixty-seven, and annually thereafter, elect one Constable, who shall be
qualified as the laws of this Commonwealth require such officers to be,
and shall, upon entering the requisite security, be commissioned by the
Court of Quarter Sessions of the county of Lancaster ; they shall be under
and subject to the same legal penalties and provisions, and exercise all
the powers and do and perform all duties that by the usages and laws of
this Commonwealth are enjoined upon such officers. All vacancies that
may from any cause occur in the said office of Constable, shall be filled
by the Court of Quarter Sessions of the said county of Lancaster.

Sec 42. That hereafter the c[ualified voters of each Ward shall elect
one person as Assessor for State, County and City purposes, and there
shall be no Assistant Assessors elected in the said city. So much of any
act as authorizes the election of Assistant Assessors is hereby repealed,

; ;,ih • . 39. Ibid., Sec. 26. 41. Ibid., Sec. 28.

40. Ibid., Sec. 27. 42. Ibid., Sec. 29.

CHARTER OF THE CITY OF LANCASTER, 163

SO far as the same may apply to the city of Lancaster, The several Asses-
sors, after being duly qualified, shall do and perform within their respect-
ive wards all the duties that by the usages and laws of this Common-
wealth are now enjoined upon the Assessors and Assistant Assessors; and
after they shall have taken the names of the taxable persons, and an esti-
mate of the real and personal estates of the inhabitants of the said city,
and the real estate of persons non-residents, they shall meet together as a
board to equalize and fix a uniform standard and just valuation on the
same; and for neglect of duty they shall be subject to the same penalties
as are now provided by law. And they shall make out a duplicate of
their assessments and present the same to City Councils on or before the-
second Wednesday in May in each year, for which they shall receive a
compensation from the city; and the said Councils shall appoint a Board
of Appeal to hear all persons who may consider themselves improperly
assessed. And the said Board of Appeal shall have power to exonerate
or alter the assessments of such persons as they may deem proper, and
the office of City Assessor is hereby dispensed with.

Sec. 43. That the Councils of the city of Lancaster, shall have power
to provide for the assessment and collection of taxes, not exceeding one
and a half per centum upon the city valuation in any one year, on all
persons, real and personal property, and all other matters and things
within said city taxable for State and County purposes, for the payment
of loans to support the government and make the necessary improve-
ments of said city ; and the Assessors in the several Wards shall perform
the duty of City Assessors, in conformity with the provisions of this act
and the ordinances of said city. All taxes assessed and levied upon real
estate in pursuance of this act, and the laws and ordinances of said city,
shall be a lien on such real estate from the time of such levy, and the
lien hereby created shall have priority to, and shall be fully paid and
satisfied before any recognizance, mortgage, judgment, debt, obligation
or responsibility, which the said real estate may become charged with or
liable to from and after the passage of this act; nor shall the defendant
or defendants, or other persons, in any writ of fieri facias, venditioni
exponas, or levari facias, be entitled to claim any exception under a levy
and sale of any real estate charged with such tax, against the allowance
or payment of the same.

Sec, 4-i, That the Councils of the city 'of Lancaster shall provide and
maintain a suitable Lock-up or Station House in some convenient part of
said city, and at the expense thereof, to be used as a place of security for
confining and detaining vagrants and persons arrested by constables, and
the police officers, and for the temporary detention of persons committed
by the Mayor or any of the Aldermen on criminal charges, and for
43, Ibid., Sec. 30. 44. Ibid., Sec. 31.

164 AUTHENTC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY.

breaches of the peace and violation of the ordinances of said citj, for
which such person or persons can be lawfully committed to the prison of
Lancaster county, until they shall be so committed or discharged accord-
ing to law ; but no person shall be detained in the said Lock-up or Station
House for a longer time than twenty-four hours, except upon the order
of the Mayor, or an Alderman who may commit such persons in pursu-
ance of law : Provided^ That the expenses of committing and keeping
any person or persons in said Lock-up or Station House, shall be paid
by the county of Lancaster on the presentation of the accounts of the
same to the Commissioners of the said county.

Sec. 45. That the several departments of the said city shall annually,
on or before the stated meeting in the month of June, present estimates
to Councils of the probable amount of receipts, and of the amounts that
in their judgment will be required during the current fiscal year, for the
public service in the several departments respectively ; and the said Coun-
cils shall immediately thereafter proceed to appropriate the public moneys,
by ordinance, to the several departments for the current fiscal year for
the payment of loans to meet the expenses of the city, and the making
of such improvements as they may deem necessary, and the amount so
appropriated shall be disbursed in such manner as Councils may direct,
from time to time, by joint resolution during the year.

Sec, 46. The election officers of what was heretofore known as the
North-east ward and South-east ward, shall meet in each of said wards
within ten days after their election annually, and assess and levy a tax
for bounty purposes, to pay the indebtedness for the expenses incurred
in filling quotas of the several said late wards. They shall elect a Treas-
urer and Collector for each of said wards, who shall give bonds with
good and sufficient securities for double the amount of any moneys that
may come into their hands, which bond shall be approved by the officers
and filed in the Prothonotary's office of Lancaster county. That the said
election officers shall, at least once in each year, present a full and clear
.statement of the receipts and expenditures of the fund to the Court of
Common Pleas of Lancaster county, at the April Term of said Court,
which shall appoint an Auditor to examine the same, and make report
thereon to said Court for its approval: Provided^ That if any of the
present authorities or boards of election officers of any of said wards have
already levied and assessed a bounty tax as provided for in this section,
for the present year, such authorities or boards of election officers, and
the officers and agents by them appointed, shall be and continue the au-
thorities of such ward, for the collection of such tax, and the settlement
of the bounty indebtedness of such ward, and the provisions of this
section shall not apply to such ward, except as far as they relate to the
45. Ibid., Sec. 32. 46. Ibid., Sec. 33.

CHARTER OF THE CITY OF LANCASTER. 165

presentation and auditing of an account when said tax shall have been
collected.

Sec. 47. That no salary of any officer to be elected according to the
provisions of this act, shall be increased by any act or ordinance to take
effect during the term for which such officer shall have been elected, un-
less such act or ordinance shall have been proposed at a stated meeting
of Councils, and passed at the next or a subsequent stated meeting ; and
in all cases where the salary of any officer shall not be fixed by law, it
shall be fixed by ordinance of the City Councils.

Sec. 48. That if any person elected to any office herein provided, shall
refuse to take upon himself the duties of such office, he shall forfeit and
pay the sum of twenty-five dollars, to be recoverable before any Alder-
man and paid into the treasury of said city, unless the same be remitted
by the city Councils, who are authorized upon sufficient cause shown, by
joint resolution, to remit fines and penalties imposed on persons by
virtue of the laws and ordinances of said city; and no person shall be
incapacitated from being a judge, juror or witness, in any suit for or
against the said city, in consequence of such person being a citizen or
officer of the said city.

Sec. 49. That all persons now holding offices under the present charter
shall hold their offices as they now may, or can do by law, until the offi-
cers provided for in this act are duly elected and qualified under the
provisions of the same.

Sec. 50, That this act and the powers and authorities herein vested in
the said city, shall not be impaired, affected, defeated or destroyed by
any neglect or omission to appoint all or any of its officers at the time
or times allotted for the same, and in case of any such neglect or omis-
sion, the Mayor of the said city shall forthwith take all necessary meas-
ures to cure and supply such defects and omissions, giving due notice
thereof.

Sec. 51. That all acts and parts of acts inconsistent with this act, are
hereby repealed: Provided^ That the repeal of said acts shall not affect
any act done, or any right accruing or accrued, or established, or any
suit or proceeding had, or commenced, in any civil case before the time
of the repeal; and no offence committed, and no penalty or forfeiture in-
curred under the acts hereby repealed, shall be affected by the repeal ;
and no suit or prosecution pending at the time of repeal for any offence
committed, or for the recovery of any penalty or forfeiture incurred
under the acts hereby repealed, shall be affected by such repeal : And
provided further. That the ordinances now in force -in said city shall con-
tinue in force, so far as the same are not inconsistent with this act, until

47. Ibid., Sec. 34. 49. Ibid., Sec. 36. 51. Ibid., Sec. 38.

48. Ibid., Sec. 35. 50. Ibid., Sec. 37. '

166 AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF LAXC ASTER COUNTY.

the^same shall be repealed, altered or supplied under the authority given
to the Councils of the said city.

Sec. 52. That the Court of Common Pleas of said county be and they
are hereby authorized to appoint yearly a Board of Health, consisting of
five resident real estate owners of said city, who shall serve without re-
ceiving any compensation therefor.

Sec. 53. That the commissions of all Aldermen, expiring before the time
herein provided for the election of Aldermen in the several Wards, shall
continue for a period of thirty days after the time of said election ; and
all acts and proceedings had by them by virtue of their office up until
said period, shall be valid and effectual.

52. Ibid., Sec. 39. 53. Ibid., Sec. 40.

No. 13.

SUPPLEMENT

To the Charter of the Municijyial Corporation of the City of Lancaster, changing the
time of holding certain elections in said Corporation and for other purposes. Signed
iy the Governor, March 22, 1869.

Sec. 1. Be it enacted d-c, That so much of an act amending the charter of
the municipal corporation of the city of Lancaster, and dividing the same
into nine wards, which was approved April 5th, 1867, as provides for the
election of certain officers therein named on the first Friday of May, and
so much of an act to change the time and manner of electing School
Directors in the city of Lancaster, and to define the qualification of
voters for the same, approved March 16, 1868, as provides for the elec-
tion of twelve School Directors annually, on the fourth Friday of March,
between the hours of one and seven o'clock in the afternoon, be and the
same are hereby repealed ; and all officers provided in and by said two
acts, to be elected on the said days, shall hereafter be elected annually
on the second Tuesday of October, and the Mayor shall issue his proc-
lamation to the qualified voters of each ward, at least twenty days before
said second Tuesday of October, for the purposes provided in the fifth
section of the above first named act.

Sec. 2. That the terms of all the officers elected solely by the elec-
tors within the corporation, including Constables and School Directors,
whose terms expire by the present laws at any time in the year Anno
Domini 1869, and the terms of all the officers whose terms expire in the
year Anno Domini 1870, shall end and expire on the second Wednesday,
after the second Tuesday of October, Anno Domini 1869 ; and the terms
of the present members of Select Council for the Fifth, Seventh and
Isinth Wasds, shall expire on the second Wednesday after the second

CHARTER OF THE CITY OF LAN'CASTER. 167

Tuesday of October, Anno Domini 1870; Provided^ That the commis-
sions of all Aldermen expiring before the time herein provided for the
election shall continue for a period of thirty days after the time of said
election, and all acts and proceedings had by them by virtue of their
office, up until said period, shall be valid and effectual.

Sec. 3. That the qualified electors of said corporation shall, on the
second Tuesday of October, Anno Domini 1869, elect a citizen duly
qualified to the office of Mayor of said corporation ; the electors of the
Second, Sixth and Eighth Wards shall each elect one person duly qual-
ified to the office of Select Councilman, and the persons so elected shall
each hold said office for the term of three years ; the electors of the First
Third and Fourth wards shall each, on the second Tuesday of October,
Anno Domini 1869, elect one person duly qualified to the office of Select
Councilman, and the persons so elected shall each hold said office for the
term of two years ; the qualified electors of the Fifth, Seventh and Ninth
wards shall each, on the second Tuesday of October, Anno Domini 1870,
elect one person duly qualified to the office of Select Councilman, and
the persons so elected shall each hold said office for the term of three
years, from the second Wednesday after the second Tuesday of October,
Anno Domini 1870.

Sec. 4. That so much of section twenty-five, of the act of incorpora-
tion of March 20, 1818, and so much of section eleventh of the supple-
mentary act of incorporation of April 5, 1867, as would appear to render
persons holding certain offices ineligible as officers of the corporation, be
and the same are hereby repealed, except as refers to aldermen and
members of the Legislature of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania ; and
hereafter, no District Attorney, Sheriff", or other officer, except member of
Congress and member of the Legislature of the Commonwealth of Penn-
sylvania, shall on that account be ineligible to hold any office of the cor-
poration, or any office filled solely by electors of the corporation.

Sec. 5. That at the election on the second Tuesday of October, Anno
Domini 1869, the qualified electors of the corporation shall, in the man-
ner indicated in the act entitled "An Act to change the time and manner
of electing School Directors in the city of Lancaster, and to define the
qualifications of voters for the same," approved March 6, Anno Domini
1868, elect twelve persons duly qualified to serve as School Directors
for two years, and twelve to serve for three years, from the first Thurs-
day of November following, and on the second Tuesday of October,
Anno Domini 1870, and annually thereafter, the qualified electors as
aforesaid shall, in the same manner, elect twelve persons duly qualified
to serve as School Directors, for the term of three years, from the fol-
lowing first Thursday of November.

Sec. 6. That the name of the Mayor, together with all the officers

168 AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY.

provided by this act, to be elected annually on the second Tuesday of
October, shall be written or printed on one ticket, separate from the State
and County officers ; said ticket shall be headed " City'Officers," and shall
be deposited in a box provided specially for that purpose.

Sec. 7. That from and after the passage of this act, the Mayor or
any other officer receiving a salary from the city, shall not receive more
than one-half of any fees from the county of Lancaster, for the arresting
and committing for vagrancy, drunkenness and disorderly conduct, and
no fees for such cases dismissed on account of no cause of action.

Sec. 7. That if any member of Select or Common Council shall
absent himself from three successive meetings, thirty minutes after the
hour appointed, without reasonable excuse, his seat shall be declared
vacant ; and from and after the passage of this act, if a vacancy occur
in the Select branch for the cause herein named, or by death, removal
from the ward, resignation, or any cause during the term for which any
member shall be elected, the same shall be filJed for the unexpired term
by their body.

Sec. 9. That hereafter the City Treasurer, instead of being elected
on the Wednesday after the city election, as is provided in the twenty-
fifth section of the act of April 5th, 1867, shall be elected in the manner
in said act named, on the second Wednesday after the second Tuesday
of October ; and he shall hold said office for one year from the first day
of November, in each and every year, and until his successor shall be
duly elected and qualified.

Sec. 10. That the Mayor is authorized and required to apply so much
of the fund arising out of the sale of market places and privileges on the
streets, as may be necessary to clean and remove away all oflal and dirt
on the streets and square, where such market stands are sold by the city.

Sec. 11. That the Street Commissioner, under direction of the Mayor,
is required to remove, clean and haul away all dirt and offial on said
streets and square on each and every market day, who shall have author-
ity to employ as much force as the Mayor may deem necessary.

Sec. 12. That section twenty-seventh of the act of April 5, 1867, be
and the same is hereby repealed ; and that the terms of office of the three
Auditors of Lancaster city shall end and expire upon the passage of
this act.

Sec. 13 All laws or parts of laws, so far as the same may conflict
with or are repugnant to the provisions of this act, are hereby repealed.

FIEE AND LIFE INSURANCE. 169

No. 14.

FIRE AND LIFE INSURANCE.i

FIRE INSURANCE.

The caution and care of the citizens of our city and county are fairly
exemplified in the many Companies for protection from fire, both in the
city and t^e county. In the county we have the ^^ Lancaster County
Mutual the '■'Farmers' Ifutiial,^^ '■'■Northern Mutual^'' and one in the
northern part of the county, without a Charter, the members being
joined together agreeing to pay their respective shares of losses sustained
by their neighbors (belonging to the association.)

This form of Mutual Insurance, dates its origin from about the year
1609. It is said that about that year a proposition was made to Count
Anthony Giinther von Oldenburg, in Germany, that as a new species of
finance, he should insure the houses of his subjects against fire, each
paying for $100 valuation, $1 yearly. The Count would not accede to
this scheme although he thought it might be well if a company of indi-
viduals could be formed to insure each others' houses, but he doubted
whether it could by him be " honorably, justly and irreproachably insti-
tuted without tempting Providence, without incurring the censure of
neighbors, and without disgracing his name and dignity."

The New Mennonites do not insure their property, it being contrary to
the discipline of their Church, but when any of their members sustain
a loss by fire, it is made up by contributions from the members.

The first Stock Company, the "■Lancaster City and County^'''' was
chartered in the year 1838, with $200,000 capital, and located in Lan-
caster, of which the late James Evans was President, and John Zimmer-
man, Secretary. After a few years of prosperity, financial troubles
overtook the country, and the Company having lost a large amount by
the old Girard Bank, it was deemed advisable to wind up its affairs, which
was done in 1846. During the year 1868, it was resuscitated and is now
apparently doing a good business.

In 1854, the "■ Inland Insurance and Deposit Company ^^'' was chartered
with the addition of an Insurance Department, and is still continued.

In 1861, the " Lancaster Home Mutual,''^ was chartered, and has been
brought to its present prosperous condition, mainly by its first and only
Secretary, C. H. Lefevre, Esq. In our neighboring town of Columbia,
we have the " Columbia Insurance Company^'' Stock and Mutual, and

1 Contributed by Hugh S. Gara, Esq.

170 AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY.

the National, wliich is to be purely Mutual, although not yet gone into
active operation.

In the City we have Agencies for many Companies, viz: The '■'■ Insur-
ance Comixmy of North America,^'' Philadelphia, (the oldest Stock Com-
pany in the United States;) '•'■ Phcenix,^'' Philadelphia; '■'■Lycoming County
Mutual,''^ of Muncy; " Yonhers and Lorrillard,^^ of New York; " Girard
and Enterprise,^'' Philadelphia; " Continental and Home^'' of New York;
'■'■ Home,''^ of New Haven; '■'■ j^tna^'' '■'■Hartford^'' and other Companies of
Connecticut; '■'■ Franklin, ^^ Philadelphia, and "Z>eZatf are ift/.^?^aZ." These
Companies have efficient Agents in Hugh S. Grara, A. B. Kaufl'man,
Herr & Rife, Edw. Brown, H. Baumgardner and John Zimmerman.

LIFE INSUBANCE.

Has no local Home Company in our City or County, but is well repre-
sented by the ^'■American and Penn MutuaV of Philadelphia; '■'■ Connec-
ticut Mutuay of Hartford; '■'• Mutual Life ^'' " Continental^'' '■'■North Amer-
ica'''' and '■'■ Brooldyn,^^ of New York; and appears to be doing a large and
profitable business in our midst. We cannot therefore, give any special
history of Life Insurance as applicable to our County, but its already
extensive and rapidly increasing " literature," the number of books and
periodicals being continually put forth in its interest, explaining it and
advocating it, and advertising it hy explainingit, plainly indicate the great
strides that this branch of enterprise is now making in the favor of our
people.

No. 15.

BANKS AND BANKING. i

Banking is a system established for the convenience of the business
community. It is a recognized agent between borrower and lender; a
general agent to make collections throughout the commercial world ; and
the medium through which the Government authorizes the circulation
of paper money, based on the security of the National debt, or the credit
of the Government. The sixteen hundred National Banks in the United
States arc so well distributed, that it is an easy matter to make collec-
tions in any part of the country; or, through their correspondence with
foreign institutions, with any commercial country on the globe. The
utility of the system has been constantly growing in favor, and more
extended usefulness. The Jew, who stood at his Banco, or bench, in the
streets of Italy or Germany, to change coins, or make small loans, little

1 Contributed by D. G. Swartz, Esq.

RANKS AND BANKING.

171

dreamed that he was starting and giving a name to a system that should
become as extensive as the mercantile community. The system has
become so complete, that it may safely be said that not one-tenth of the
money paid in trade, need ever be counted. The clearing house of the
New York Associated Banks, shows that of thirty or forty millions of
clearings, representing business to that amount, the balances are fre-
quently not more than one or two millions. For convenience and safety,
the system is indispensable.

We annex a statement of the Ten National Banks of Lancaster County,
showing their Capital, Loans, Deposits, Circulation, and Government
Securities held by them. Of these four are designated as United States
Depositaries, which held, on the 17th of April, 1869, $103,234, to the
credit of the United States:

NAMES OF BANKS.

Farmers' National Bank of Tjancaster.,

Lancaster County National Bank

First National Bank of Lancaster

Columbia National Bank

First National Bank of Columbia

First National Bank of Marietta

"Union National Bank of Mount .Toy

First National Bank of Mount Joy

Manheim National Bank

First National Bank of Strasburg

450,000
300 OuO
140.000
500,000
150 000
100,000
100.000
100,000
ICO.OOO
100.000

300,477
349,164
387,193
404,41tj
17t3,515
279,5b8
168,161
146,079
168,291
85,015

~ 3

o

403,500

•270,U00

136,302

447,880

131.094

97,iu5

87,615

88,950

89,127

98,985

509.

518.
298
76 i.
183.
266.
205:
190,
167,
lOL

632
241
191
723
971
623
737
063
153

614,000
309,750
212 .l&J
549,000
176,500
190,400
115,000
100,000
154,900
160,000

!ji2,040,000 .'5i2,464,S79 iisl,850,618 l$3,208,172 ii2,581,700

In addition to the ten National Banks of Lancaster county, there are
seven other Banks, or Banking firms in the city and county, none of
which are incorporated except the Inland Insurance and Deposit Com-
pany. Their returns to the Kevenue officers for the month of March,
1869, give the following statement of their Capital and Deposits. Their
Discounts or Loans are not ascertained, but may be estimated at a mil-
lion and a quarter.

Capital. Deposits.

Eeed, McGrann k Co., $ 24,000 $ 271,929

Eeed, Henderson & Co., 50,000 351,261

Bair & Shenk, 22,050 267,528

Stehman, Clarkson & Co., (Mechanics,) - - 7,850 137,803

Evans, McEvoy & Co., - 49,950 270,238

Inland Insurance and Deposit Co., - - - 51,420 148,623

Litiz Deposit Bank, 10,000 37,778

$215,270 1,485,160

By combining the two statements it will be seen that the Banking-
Capital of the county is, in round numbers, two and a quarter millions.

172 AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY.

the Deposits nearly four millions, loans four and a half millions. The
National Banks hold over two and a half millions of Grovernment secu-
rities; but these are only a small part of the amount owned in the
county, many of which are lodged in the vaults of the Banks for safe
keeping.

Annexed is an account of all the National Banks in the county, with
a brief history of some of them.

The Farmers Bank of Lancaster^ was chartered in January 17th, 1810,
with a capital of $800,000. The following persons were named Direc-
tors in articles of association, published in the early history of the Bank,
viz: John F. Steinman, Benjamin Schaum, Conrad Schwartz, Albert
Dufresne, Samuel White, Christian Hoover, Eobert Patten, John Bren-
neman, Jacob Charles, Charles Moutilius, John Neff, Peter Diller. In
1814 the capital authorized was increased to $600,000, which was sub-
sequently again reduced. It was organized under the National Currency
Act, in December, 1861, under the name of the Farmers' National Bank,
with a capital paid in of $450,000. It is a government depository. The
first President of the Farmers' Bank in 1810 was Conrad Schwartz, who
was followed by George Gr^eff, William Jenkins, F.jA. Muhleiiberg, George
Louis Mayer, George II. Krug, C. Ilager, and Jacob Bausman. The
Cashiers were, successively, Samuel Clendenin, John Eberman, Girardus
Clarkson, Henry E. Eeed, and Ed. II. Brown.

The present Board of Directors are Jacob Bausman, President ; Thos.
E. Franklin, John Beck, Daniel Heitshu, Henry Musselman, Geo. M.
Kline, Lewis Haines, Chas. A. Heinitsh, Jacob S. Shirk, N. Ellmaker,
A. K. AVitmer. C. E. Baer and Chas. F. Ilager.

The Lancaster County Bank, previous to 1841, was in operation under
the name of Lancaster County Loan Company, with Henry Bushong,
President, and Eobert D. Carson, Cashier.

On August 14th, 1841, it was chartered by the State with the follow-
ing incoporators : Henry Bushong, Dr. John Witmer, Philip Eeitzel,
John Landis, (farmer,) Jacob Kreider, Francis Kendig, Jr., Geo. Withers,
Jacob Shenk, Benjamin B. Ilerr, Isaac Bressler, J. Landis, J. Witmer,
George Blattenberger, James Smith.

Under this charter each stockholder had to give a first mort2;a2;e on

o DO

ample real estate in this county, to the amount of his stock, as security
for the liabilities of the Bank. It only required four years experience
to show that this plan was not satisfactory. It was found inconvenient
when stockholders sold their real estate, and almost impracticable in case
of decedents' estates. So also it embarrassed the sale of stock, which
could only be made to parties who could give first mortgages approved
by the Bank. The stock was only partly paid in, and subject to calling
instalments ; and for the reasons indicated it largely depreciated in the

BANKS AND BANKING. 173

market value, some sales having been made as low as five dollars per
share. In 1845, an Act of Assembly repealed the real estate security
clause, still however, holding stockholders liable, buL exacting no
security.

It was organized as a National Bank January 5th, 1865, with a capital
of $300,000, all paid in. John Landis (farmer) was the jfirst President, who
served until his death, when he was succeeded by Christian B, Herr, the
present President. The first Cashier was Eobert D, Carson, who served
until his death, when he was succeeded by William L. Peiper, the present
Cashier. The present Board of Directors is as follows: Christian B.
Herr, President^ Emanuel Swope, Benj. B. Herr, John McCartney, Abra-
ham Howry, Henry B. Eesh, Adam Lefever, Jacob Bachman, Levi Gr.
Getz, George G. Brush, David Landis, (miller,) Abraham Buchwalter,
Benjamin Long, jr.

The First National Bank of Lancaster^ was organized and commenced
business in May, 1864. It is a Government Depository. President — John
Gyger. Cashier — Horace Eathvon. Directors — Henry Baumgardner, C.
B. Grubb, T. Scott Woods, A. Herr Smith, Peter S. Eeist, John H.Moore,
A. S. Bard, David G. Swartz.

The First National Bank of Marietta^ was organized May 11th, 1863,
and commenced business July 2d, of same year. It was the First Na-
tional Bank in the County. It is a Government Depository, and has
the largest surplus relative to its capital of any Bank in the County. Its
officers are: President — Abraham Collins. Vice President — Benj. F.
Hiestand. Cashier — Amos Bowman. Directors — A. Collins, Benj. F.
Hiestand, B. Spangler, A. H. Musselman, John Hollinger, Paris Halde-
man, John Musser, S. F. Eagle, Henry Hiestand.

Columbia National Bank: An Act of Assembly was approved March
28th, 1809, entitled "An Act authorizing the Governor of this Common-
wealth to incorporate a company for the purpose of making and ere cting
a bridge over the Susquehanna river in the County of Lancaster, at or
near the town of Columbia." The Act gives the following incorpora-
tors: Stephen Girard, William Samson, James Yanunem, John Perot,
Henry Pratt, Thomas McEwen, Martin Dubbs, and Joseph L. Lewis, of
Philadelphia; John Hub ley, Abraham Witmer, Casper Shafner, Jr.,
Jacob Strickler, James Wright and Samuel Miller, of the county of Lan -
caster, and William Barber, John Stewart and Godfrey Lenhart, of the
county of York.

The capital was to be $400,000, in shares of $100 each. The State of
Pennsylvania subscribed and paid for 900 shares, or $90,000. The bal-
ance of $310,000 was to be raised by individual subscription. The
Company organized by electing William Wright, President ; W. P.
Beatty, Treasurer, and twelve other directors.

174 AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY.

Henry Slaymaker, Jonathan Walcott and Samuel Slaymaker, con-
tracted to build the bridge for $150,000, by the first day of December,
1814; but by reason of alterations and additions, the cost exceeded
.?175,000.

On the fifteenth day of July, 1813, the Stockholders resolved to com-
mence banking with the surplus capital of $225,000, which was accord-
ingly done, although without a charter, as was not unusual at that time,
and as has been done in several other instances.

By Act of Assembly approved June 29th, 1824, the name of "Presi-
dent, Managers and Company, for erecting a Bridge, &c.," was changed
to that of the " Columbia Bridge Company," with a capital of $150,000 ;
and it was then chartered as a Bank, with the following directors :
Christian Bruner, President; Henry Keffer, Abraham Hiestand, John
Forrey, Jr., Jacob Strickler, John Haldeman, Benj. Chew, Benj. Grimier,
Christian Haldeman ; Cashier — Jno. M. Kepeck.

In 1832, the Bridge was swept away by an ice freshet, and afterwards
re-built by the Bank. The title of the Bank was afterwards changed to
"The Columbia Bank and Bridge Company," and subsequently to "The
Columbia Bank," and a few years since to the "Columbia National
Bank," when it organized under the "National Currency Act" of Con-
gress. The Directors are: John Cooper, President; George W. Mehaffey,
Samuel Musselman, Henry Copenheffer, George Bogle, D. W. Witmer,
Jac. C. Stoner, Jas. L. Kerr, Henry Suydam. GasJiier — Samuel Shoch.

Union National Mount Joy Bank. This Bank is the first banking insti-
tution established in Mount Joy. It was incorporated as the " Mount
Joy Savings Institution," by Act of Assembly approved May 18th, 1853.
It commenced business November, 1853. Capital, $50,000. Henry
Eberle, Sr., President; Dr, Andrew Garber, Treasurer. Dr. Garber,
having resigned in June, 1856, Jacob E. Long, was elected Treasurer.
The institution became converted into the "Mount Joy Bank," by a law
enacted in 1860, and commenced business as such May 21st, 1860. The
capital was increased to $62,500, and so remained till 1865, when it was
increased under authority of its charter to $100,000. September 18th,
1865, it became fully organized and commenced business as the "Union
National Mount Joy Bank." The present officers are : John G. Hcerner,
President; Jacob R. Long, (?a5/u'er ; . J. Y. Long, Clerk; Directors: John
G. Hcerner, Henry Shaffiier, Jos. Detweiler, Sam'l Uhrich; C. S. Erb, C.
S. Nissly, Benj. Grosh, Jno. B. Myers, Joseph H. Rider, Christian Stibgen
Jno.. B. Stehman, B. M. Greider and Jacob Reiff.

First National Bank of Mount Joy., was organized under the laws of
Pennsylvania, as the "Farmers' Bank of Mount Joy," in September,
1862. It was converted into a "National Bank," in January, 1865, with
a capital of $100,000, Present Directors: M. B. Peifer, President; Reu-

BANKS AND BANKING. 175

ben Garber, Vice President; John M. Hersbey, Henry Shelly, John M.
Bear, Christian Seitz, Joseph Nissly, Christian H. Stauffer, Jacob C.
Gerber. Cashier — Dr. A. Gerber,

First National Bank of Straslurg: This Bank is No. 42 on the list of
National Banks. It is a Designated Depository of the United States. The
first meeting of the stockholders was held May 16th, 1863. The Certi-
ficate of Organization is dated June 1st, 1863, and the Certificate of
Authority to commence banking was received from the ComptroUer of
the Currency, and is dated July 29th, 1863. The Bank commenced business
August 1st, 1863. The first dividend declared was three per cent., May
10th, 186-i, and five per cent, regularly since, semi-annually in May and
November. The present directors of the bank are: JohnF. Herr, Presi-
dent; Joseph McClure, Henry Musser, Geo. W. Hensel, Frank J. Herr,
A. E. Black and John Smith. Cashier — E. M. Eberman.

Manheim National Bank, was organized on the fifteenth day of Feb-
ruary, 1865, with a capital of $100,000. The present ofiicers are: Abra-
ham Kauffman, President; E. M. Bomberger, Jno. B. Dunlap, J. L.
Stehman, John Rohrer, Samuel Wolf, Jno. Stauffer, A. Bates Grubb and
Philip Arndt. Cashier — H. C. Ginrich.

First National Bank of Columbia, has a capital of $150,000. Presi-
dent— E. K. Smith. Directors — Robert Crane, John Fendrich, Benjamin
Herr, John J. McTague, H. N. Kehler, Jacob Seitz, John Forry and
Ethelbert Watts. Cashier — S. S. Detweiler.

THE END.

\J

¥%r

No.lZZ_ Sect. JT Shelf ^^
CONTENTS

Lincoln National Life Foundation
Collateral Lincoln Library

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