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THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY ?
OF
THE EMPEROR CHARLES V.
RECENTLY DISCOVERED IN THE PORTUGUESE LANGUAGE BY BARON KERVYN DE LETTENHOVE, MEMBER OF THE ROYAL ACADEMY OF BELGIUM.
THE ENGLISH TRANSLATION BY
LEONARD FRANCIS SIMPSON,
M.R.S.L.
COPYRIGHT EDITION.
LONDON: LONGMAN, GREEN, LONGMAN, ROBERTS, & GREEN 1862.
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THE
AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF CHARLES V.
OR
RY OF THE VOYAGES AND EXPEDITIONS UNDER- N BY THE EMPEROR CHARLES V. SINCE HIS >ARTURE FROM THE STATES OF FLANDERS (WHERE ‘AS BORN ON FEBRUARY 24, 1500, ACCORDING TO
‘THE DEATH OF KING PHILIP HIS FATHER, [ GOD HAVE IN HIS GLORY! WHICH HAPPENED IN THE YEAR 1516.
STYLE, AND WHERE HE WAS EDUCATED), f
Shee Bh” ps atts
Me
CONTENTS.
InTRODUCTION i 2 . Paces xi.—xlviii.
CHAPTER I.
War in Flanders. — League between the Emperor Maximilian and Henry of England against the King of France. — Capture of Terouane.—Surrender of Tournay.—Charles assumes the Title of
_ King 1516. — He assembles the Cortes of the Kingdoms of Castille _at Valladolid. — Death of the Emperor Maximilian,—Charles is elected Emperor.—Visits England.—Has an Interview with Henry VIII. — Visits Flanders.— Commencement of the Reformation.— Luther.—War with France.—Siege of Pavia. — Visits England a second time.—Francis I. is made Prisoner.—The Battle of Bicocca. -—Capture of Genoa.—Peace with France.—Birth of Philip, Prince
_ +» of Spain (1527).—The Pope made a Prisoner why, Bate
CHAPTER II.
- Birth of a Second Son.—Concludes Peace with Venice—Death of the Prince of Orange. — Siege of Vienna by the Turks. — Convocation of a Diet at Augsburg. — The King of the Romans. — Holds a Chapter of the Golden Fleece.—The Diet at Ratisbon.—Defeat of the Turks. — Interview with the Pope.— Holds the Cortes at Monzon.—Expedition to Tunis.—Pope Paul succeeds Clement.— Barbarossa. — Sack of Tunis.—Visits Italy a third time.—Death of the Queen of England.— Interview with Pope Paul (1536). — Antonio de Leyva.—The Count de Buren.—Capture of Montreuil. —Peace with France.—Is attacked by French Galleys . 18—34
Vili Contents.
CHAPTER III.
Second Interview with the Pope.—Offensive League against the Turks.— Interview between Charles and Francis I. — Charles returns to Spain. — Convokes the Cortes at Toledo. — Capture of Castel-Nuovo.—Death of the Empress (1539).—The Reformation. —Appoints Prince Philip Governor of the Spanish Dominions during his Absence.— Visits the King of France.—Visits Flanders.— Count Egmont.—The Duchy of Gueldres.—The Duke of Cléves.— M. de Granvelle.—The Queen of Hungary (1541).—Expedition to Algeria.—The Spanish Fleet dispersed by a Tempest.—Gives up the Expedition.—Convokes the Cortes of Castille at Valladolid — Has a severe (the Ninth) Attack of Gout. — Holds the Cortes at Monzon. — Renewal of War with France. — Pope Paul. —Diet at Niiremberg.—Visits Italy again (1543) P . Pacus 365—61
a ee
CHAPTER IV.
Barbarossa joins the King of France.—Visits the Rhine.—Capture of Duren.—Submission of the Duke of Cléves.—He restores Gueldres ~ to the Emperor.—Visits the Netherlands.—Siege of Landrecies.— Visits the Rhine and Spires.—Surrender of Luxembourg.—Capture of Saint Dizier.—The King of England lays siege to Boulogne.— Advance into France.—Reaches Epernay . ; - 52—67
CHAPTER V.
Negotiations for Peace continued. — Charles consults the King of England. — Mission of the Bishop of Arras.— Surrender of Bou- logne to the King of England. — Surrender of Soissons to Charles. —Henry consents to Peace. — Conclusion of Peace.—M. d’Orleams = - and M. de Vendéme visit the Emperor.— Charles disbands his Army.—Is laid up with Gout at Ghent. — Convocation of the Council of Trent.— The Diet of Worms.— Secret Treaty against the Protestants.— The Pope’s Legate is alarmed. — He refuses to join the Treaty without seeing the Pope. — The Pope — convokes a Consistory and preaches a Crusade against the Pro- testants. — Death of the Duke of Orleans. : . 68—84
Contents. ix
CHAPTER VI.
The Emperor procéeds to Bruges. — Charles holds a Chapter of the
Golden Fleece at Utrecht. — Visits the Duchy of Gueldres. — The Electors request Explanations respecting a League against the Protestants.—The Emperor denies its Existence.— Progress of the Reformation. — The Smalealde League. — The Diet of Ratisbon. — The Pope’s Emissaries endeavour to persuade the Emperor to take up Arms.—Duke William of Bavaria joins the secret League. — The Protestants prepare for the worst. — Charles concludes an Armistice with the Turk.—Commencement of Hostilities against the Protestants. — The Protestants capture Fiissen and Clusa. — Charles resolves, living or dead, to remain Emperor of Germany.— The Emperor marches on Neustadt . . Pacss 85—101
CHAPTER VII.
The War with the Protestants. — Charles crosses the Danube.—The
Protestants at Ingolstadt. — Count de Buren. — Position of the
Emperor’s Army.— A Night-Assault.— The Protestants bombard
the Imperial Camp for eight consecutive Hours. — Retreat of the Protestants. —Surrender of Neuburg. — Arrives at Maresheim. — The Emperor hears Mass in the expectation of a great Battle. — The Protestants occupy the Heights near Nérdlingen. — The Em- peror prepares for Battle. —Is dissuaded from crossing the River. — The Duke of Brunswick is killed in a Skirmish. — Surrender of Donauwerth to the Emperor . 4 : : - 102—117
CHAPTER VIII.
The Emperor crosses the River. — Surrender of Hastat. — Surrender
of Dillingen.— Surrender of Laubingen and Gondelfingen. — Skirmish with the Enemy. — Crosses the Brenz and encamps at Sontheim. — Lays an Ambuscade for the Protestants. — The Pro- testant Position at Giengen.—The Papal Troops leave the Imperial Camp. — The Protestants wish to treat for Peace.— The Elector of Saxony is defeated by Duke Maurice. — Dissensions in the Protestant Army.— They raise their Camp and retire fo
x Contents.
Heydenheim.— The Imperial Army pursues them.—A Battle | imminent.—Is prevented by a Snow-storm.—Surrender of | Nérdlingen and other Towns. — The Protestants capture Gmiindt. m| — Dispersion of the Protestant Army.—John Frederick of Saxony | retreats to Gotha.—Surrender of Frankfort and of Ulm A .
Paces 118—134 |
CHAPTER IX.
——
The Emperor enters Wiirtemberg.— Augsburg and Strasburg sur- render.— Death of the King of England. — The Elector of Saxony reassembles an Army. — Pope Paul recalls his Italian Auxiliaries. Defeat of the Imperialists under Margrave Albert of Brandenburg. — Death of the Queen of the Romans. —The Emperor is taken seriously ill at Nordlingen. — Death of the King of France. — The Protestants encamp near Meissen, on the Elbe.— Surrender of Meissen to the Imperialists. — The Protestants take up a Position at Mihlberg. — The Emperor resolves to give Battle. — A dense mist conceals his Movements.—The Protestants are taken by surprise and commence retreating.—The Imperialists cross the River—Commencement of the Battle——The Emperor attacks the - Protestant Army with Cavalry only. — Duke Maurice defeats the Protestant Horse. — Total Defeat of the Protestants. — Capture of Duke John Frederick of Saxony and of Duke Ernest of Brunswick, Apal 2... 8. ip
——-
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CHAPTER X.
Siege of Wittenberg. — The Town capitulates. — Surrender of other Towns. — Duke Maurice is appointed Elector. —War in Bohemia. — Convocation of a Diet. — Submission of the Elector of Saxony and of the Landgrave of Hesse. — Mutiny amongst the Imperial Troops. — Disturbances in Italy. — Conspiracy of Fieseo. — The States of the Empire submit to the Council. — Revolution at Placentia. — Charles’s Nephew is appointed King of Bohemia. — The Emperor returns to the Netherlands . ‘ . 161—161 .
ee ed re ee ee ee
INTRODUCTION
BY
BARON KERVYN DE LETTENHOVE.
OR some years the attention of the most eminent minds has been earnestly directed to the study of the history of the sixteenth century, and Charles V., who occupies the first place in that history, is indebted to a greater impartiality, as well as to the revelations of a great number of unpublished documents, for a tardy justice to his memory. Where it had been agreed to accuse him of ambition, sin- cere convictions have been recognised, which neither numerous obstacles nor long sufferings could alter; and his abdication itself, by show- ing him superior to all the grandeurs he had traversed, has shed a calm and serene halo upon the last years of his life, of which there are few examples in the agitated career of the rulers of the world.
Xil Introduction.
In our days, it is no longer the case that historiographers alone and official coronistes are consulted ; men study especially those intimate narrators who, without burnishing their narrative by a pomp which always excites some mistrust, adhere strictly to truth. At times it is necessary to refer to’the confidential reports of the skill- ful negotiators of Venice to judge the Emperor at the apogee of his power; again, to follow him in the repose which he sought in the shade of a cloister, we must interrogate the re- membrances of those Hieronymite monks who saw him day by day bending towards the © tomb where their prayers were to follow him. The same interest is attached to the familiar letters written by his most faithful servants, and among those there are none more valuable than the letters addressed to Louis de Praet by William van Male, who close to his person had admired the glory of the Emperor before chmbing with him that rough pass of Puerto- Novo, when Charles V. exclaimed, ‘ This is the last pass that I shall have to cross before that of death !’
William van Male was born at Bruges. His
OE ———— Ls
Introduction. Xl
family does not appear to have belonged to
the ancient noblesse, and he was poorly pro-
vided with the gifts of fortune. For a long time his sole occupation had been to shut himself up in his library, which he afterwards called ‘the dear prison of his youth.’ Finally, he found himself reduced to seek his fortune in Spain, and attached himself to the Duke of Alba, who was then only the generous and brilliant Captain, who was called ‘the father of the soldiers ;’ through him he was enabled to gain admission to the cabinet of the Em- peror, not to solicit the honour of girding on a sword, but to consult a manuscript relating to the war in Germany, by Don Louis d’Avila, much more complete than that which had been published in Spanish in 1548. William van Male managed so well that he was allowed to translate it into Latin, and, thanks to the re- commendation either of the Duke of Alba,* or of Louis d’Avila himself, Cosmo de Medici — the great Cosmo, as Brantéme calls him — accepted the dedication of that work, which
* Cosmo de Medici had married a cousin of the Duke of Alba, Eleanor of Toledo.
xiv Introduction.
narrated in a pure and elegant style the events which had recently taken place.
On the conclusion of a dedicatory epistle to the Duke of Florence, William van Male
expresses himself as follows : —
If it is thought that I do not reply completely enough to the reproaches which might be addressed to me, people must at least bow before the sound judgement and high intellect of the illustrious Sei-
gneur de Praet. The latter, always animated by an_
admirable zeal for learned men, has kindly consented to read this book before it was published, and passed the file of his enlightened mind over those parts which appeared to him rough and unpolished.*
It will be readily understood that William van Male attached much value to the approval of Seigneur de Praet, who was a Knight of the Golden Fleece, at the head of the Finances of
* Qua ratione, si obtrectatoribus per me non factum est satis, vereantur sané necesse est Ilustriss. D. Pratensis acerrimum judicium et gravitatem. Is enim pro incredibili quadam erga studiosos omnes humanitate, libellum prius quam ederetur, diligenter perlegit, quaeque inexpolita et rudia viderentur, iis perspicacissimi ingenii sui limam addidit. Ipse itaque celsitu- dinem tuam in partem defensionis juvabit, si vitilitigatorum teedio et molestia affectus, eos ad tantam Principis viri dignita- tem et eruditionem relegaveris.
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Introduction. XV
the Netherlands, and who, moreover, held the office of Grand Bailiff of Bruges.*
_ To this testimony of the honourable relations of the translator of Louis d’Avila’s work, a few lines must be added, in which he proclaims the mission incumbent upon letters of perpetuat-
ing the glory of the Emperor, and wherein he
insists upon the legitimate authority of the his- torian, when it has been his lot to take a striking part in the exploits narrated in his recital.
* Louis de Flandre, Seigneur de Praet, descended from Louis de Male, last Count of Flanders. His mother, Isabella of Burgundy, was, also in illegitimate line, the great-grand- daughter of Philip the Good; her grandmother, Louise de la Gruthruse, was the sister of that illustrious Seigneur de la Gruthruse, who was not less honoured by the hospitality he gave to King Edward at York than by the protection he ac- corded to letters by having MSS. copied and enriched with sumptuous miniatures. Louis de Praet shared the same tastes. Xenophon, Plato, Polybius, Cicero, Seneca, were his favourite authors: he corresponded with Vivés and Viglius, and the historian of the Counts of Flanders, Jacques Meyerus, ad- dressed an ode to him, in which he says —
‘All the Muses bear thee up towards heaven. The histo- tians who relate thy great deeds, and the poets that sing them, call you their father and their Meceenas. You are our glory and the honour of our country, you who count among your ancestors the kings and princes whom Flanders has obeyed. How can I praise you sufficiently? The nobility of thy origin is heightened by so many virtues, it is revealed to the world by so many brilliant acts, that even should old Homer, the bard of the kings of Greece, return among us, his lays would not suffice for thy glory.’
xvi Introduction.
It is probable that William van Male returned | to Brussels with the Duke of Alba and the son of —
Charles V. Van Male, who aspired to write the
contemporary annals of the Netherlands, doubt- —
less did not foresee the future when he saw that
young prince, who was afterwards Philp IL, —
preside at a festival between the Duke of Alba and the Counts of Egmont and of Hornes,:
in that great square at Brussels, where after- —
wards ... . But then his country presented itself only to the heart of Van Male surrounded
by images of prosperity and of happiness,* and. —
he entreated Louis de Praet to find for him some honourable position, which might lead to his
appointment as Belgian historiographer of the —
Emperor.
It was about the Easter festivities of 1550 that Louis de Praet obtained for William van Male the situation of Ayuda de Cémara im the Emperor’s household, and Charles V., who
was fond of literature, and regretted that he.
had not cultivated letters sufficiently during his youth, took him at once into his intimacy. Did
* Malineum tuum plane beaveris. — Lettres de Guillaume
van Male, published by M. de Reiffenberg, p. 10. —
as
Introduction. XVii
Charles V. confine himself to repeat to William van Male certain recitals which he had borrowed from Louis d’Avila? Did he ask him to explain to him, according to the Latin text, the commen- taries of Cesar, which he only knew from a
translation in the tongue of Dante and of Mac-
chiavelli? It is only allowed to suppose so: but what we know with more certainty is, that the Emperor honoured him daily with long interviews, that Van Male was incessantly occu- pied reading or writing under his dictation near his table or at the fireside, even at night at his | bedside,* and that he was, in some measure, as he himself expresses it, tied to a post by his functions and occupations.
On May 31, 1550, Charles V. left Brussels for Germany on important business. On reach- ing Cologne he embarked on June 14 on the Rhine, and took five days to reach Mayence. William van Male, who accompanied the Em- peror, hastened to write to Mayence to his
. Quotidianum colloquium . ..ad forum. In lectione nocturna . . .— Lettres de Guillaume van Male, pp. 26, 27, 35, 45.
+ Tanquam ad palum alligatus. — Ibid., p. 54.
a
Xvill Introduction.
illustrious friend, Louis de Praet ; but this letter, the loss of which cannot be too much regretted, no longer exists, and we only know its contents * from a rapid recapitulation? which Van Male inserted in another letter, also addressed to — Seigneur de Praet, and written at Augsburg on July 17, 1550. We reproduce it here, borrow- ing the faithful translation of it, published by M. Mignet :—
In the leisures of his navigation on the Rhine, the Emperor, having plenty of leisure time on board } ship, undertook to write his journeys and expeditions from the year 1515 up to the present moment. The work is admirably polished and elegant, and the style attests great strength of mind and eloquence. Surely, I should not easily have imagined that the Emperor possessed such qualifications, as he has avowed to me himself that he was indebted for nothing to education, and that he had acquired them entirely by his own meditations and labour. As regards the weight and value of the work, they consist especially
* Intelligo nullas e meis [litteris] tibi redditas esse... Scripseram fusissime . . . Despero hujus infortunii memor quod litterze mez sint interceptee. — Lettres de Guillaume van Male, pp. 11, 12.
} Brevem anacephaleosim. Jbid., p. 12.
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— "- —
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Introduction. XIX
in that fidelity and that gravity to which history
owes its credit and its power.*
Wilham van Male added in a postscript :—
The Emperor has allowed me to translate his work as soon as it has been revised by Granvelle and by his son. I have resolved to adopt a new style,
_ which partakes at the same time of Titus Livius,
of Cesar, of Suetonius, and of Tacitus; but the Emperor is unjust towards us and our century when
he wishes his work to remain secret, and protected by a hundred keys.t
If anyone is desirous of knowing what Wil-
liam van Male meant by this new system of
* Scripsi e Mogunciaco Cesaris iter; liberalissimas ejus occupationes in navigatione fluminis Rheni, dum otii occa- sione invitatus, scriberet in navi peregrinationes suas et expedi- tiones, quas ab anno XV. in preesentem usque diem suscepisset ... Libellus est mire tersus et elegans, utpote magna in- genii et eloquentiz vi conscriptus. Ego certe non temere cre- didissem Czesari illas quoque dotes inesse, quum, ut ipse mihi fatetur, nihil talium rerum institutione sit consecutus, sed sola meditatione et cura. Quod attinet ad auctoramentum et gratiam, vide, obsecro, quibus fulcris innitentur, scilicet fide et dignitate, quibus potissimum duobus et commendatur et viget historia.
+ Cesar indulsit mihi libri sui versionem, ubi fuerit per Granvellanum et filium recognitas. Statui novum quoddam scribendi temperamentum effingere, mixtum et Livio, Cesare, Suetonio, et Tacito. Iniquus est tamen Cesar nobis et seeculo, quod rem supprimi velit et servari centum clavibus. — Lettres de Guillaume van Male, p. 13.
a2
XX Introduction.
interpretation, he may refer to what he himself wrote on the subject of the narrative of Don Louis d’Avila ; —
It is right that deeds which have surpassed what has been most famous in divers countries should be © narrated in a celebrated language, and understood by all nations. Perhaps I may be accused of em- ploying a new and too free system of translation ; I have followed the exact text before me, without, however, holding myself bound to give it literally, but without altering the sense, even when I have not adopted the same order and the same words.
The conqueror of Barbarossa, like the con- queror of Gaul, had endeavoured, to quote an expression of Montaigne, to recommend, not his sayings, but his acts.* Van Male wished this book to offer, at the same, time, a model to war- riors and to historians ; ¢ his idea, therefore, was to give to the Commentaries of the Emperor a classical tinge of Latin literature to bring the ancient and the new Czsar into approximation.
* Si les gestes de Xénophon et de César n’eussent de bien loing surpassé leur éloquence, je ne croy pas qu’ils les eussent jamais escripts; ils ont cherché & recommander non leur dire, mais leur faire. — Essais, i. 39.
+ Les commentaires de César, dit Plutarque, ont été loués par les meilleurs esprits de son temps, comme un modéle par- fait de ce genre d’ouvrage, et comme également propres & former les historiens et les guerriers,
~~
———_ a a ee es
se.
Introduction. XXxi
At Augsburg Charles V. closeted himself with Van Male to dictate to him, four hours consecutively. It was here that he completed the work which extended from 1516 to the month of September 1548. Did the Emperor, in terminating his recitals at the end of the year — 1548, consider them as given summarily in the most clear and precise form in the instructions which he transmitted to his son on January 18 of that same year? * There also he dwelt upon
the infirmities which tormented him, the dangers
which he had braved, the uncertainty of God’s intentions towards him, before tracing the rules which his successor would later have to adopt in his policy. First, it was an absolute devotion to religion, which, without weakness as without usurpation, should maintain the hopes attached to’ the convocation of the Council of Trent: abroad it was a prudent and skillful system, which should not compromise the relations with France, and should seek the friendship of Eng- land; at home a generous and conciliating
* Sandoval (édition d’Anvers), ii. p. 475—Papiers & Etat de Granvelle, iii. 267. I have seen an Italian translation of these instructions in the Vatican Library, No. 756,
i tis
Xxii Introduction.
government in Germany, active and vigilant in Italy, wise and enlightened in the Netherlands, which had always shown themselves hostile to foreign rule ; * finally, he recommended to him, everywhere and always, the love of peace, which — the very experience of wars ought to render more intense, economy in the administration of the finances, impartiality in that of justice, sup- pression of abuses, respect for the rights of all men. In these instructions, as in his Commen- taries, Charles V. had incessantly before his eyes the instability of human things. ¢
William van Male assures us, moreover, that Charles VY. wished to continue his Commen- taries up to the last moment.[ Doubtless he could not find time, and the dictations which have been preserved to us occupied in 1550 and in 1551 the greater portion of the leisure hours he had at his disposal at Augsburg, under the refreshing shade of the Fugger Gardens.§
* Los de alli no pueden bien suffrir ser governados por estrangeros. ,
+ La continua instabilidad y mudanga de las cossas ter- ay presentem usque diem. — Lettres de Guillaume van-
Male, p. 12. § I dare not say all those leisure hours, as I find from a
Introduction. XXili
Did the Emperor carry out the more or less vague promise which he made at Mayence? Did he commence submitting his work to the | revision of his son, then in his twenty-third year, and to that of Granvelle? The negative seems but little doubtful, for nothing has been found in connection with such a communica- tion. The last lines of the postscriptum of the letter of July 17, already announced, as M. Mignet shrewdly observes, that the Emperor had altered his intention, and on reading the later letters of Van Male, we only find him somewhat laboriously occupied with the publica- tion, which the Emperor had imposed upon him, of his translation of the ‘ Chevalier délibéré’ of Olivier dela Marche. Itseemed that Charles V., on the point of touching upon the most difficult period of his life, endeavoured to draw himself away from modern history, troubled, agitated, disturbed, replete with struggles, harassed by hesitation and doubts, to find recreation in the note for which I am indebted to the kindness of our learned per- petual secretary, M. Quetelet, that Hulsius mentions a treatise which Charles V., about the same time, is said to have com-
posed on artillery ; viz. ‘ Discorso de l’artilleria de ’imperadore Carlo V., scritto a mano, 1552.’
XXIV Introduction:
fables of chivalry, which itself was already nothing more than a poetical fiction.
Nevertheless, at the end of the year 1551, Charles V. took up his residence at Inspruck, where he was nearer to Italy; but he soon regretted having done so. ‘The distance he was at from the centre of Germany encouraged the efforts of his enemies, and the absence of any army which might have protected him made him in some measure a prey to their audacity.
On April 4, 1552, Charles V. wrote thus to his brother, the King of the Romans :—
I find myself actually without power or authority. I find myself obliged to abandon Germany, not . having anyone to support me there, and so many opponents, and already the power in their hands. What a fine end I shall. have for my old age! . Everything well considered, recommending myself to God, and placing myself in His hands; seeing at this hour the necessity of submitting either to great shame or of placing myself in a great danger. I prefer taking the part of the danger, as it is in the hand of God to remedy it, than to await that of shame, which is so apparent.*
* Lanz. Corresp. des Kaisers Karl V., iii. p. 161. Bucholz, Geschichte der Regierung Ferdinand des Ersten, ix. p. 549.
?
Introduction. XXV
The following is the text of the Emperor’s letter : —
Je me trouve présentement desnué de forces et desauctorisé. Je me vois forcé d’abandonner |’Alle- mayne pour n’avoir nul qui se veulle déclarer pour moy, et tant de contraires, et ja les forces en leurs mains. . . . Quelle bel fin je feroie en mes vieulx jours! . . . Le tout bien considéré, me recom- mandant 4 Dieu et me mettant en ses mains, voyant a cette heure nécessité de recevoir une grande honte ou de me mettre en ung grand danger, j’ayme mieulx prendre la part du danger, puisqu’il est en la main de Dieu de le remédier, que attendre celle de la honte, qui est si apparente.
_ Srx weeks afterwards, Charles V. was com- pelled precipitately to leave Inspruck during the night, not to fall into the hands of his
“enemies.
Under these grave circumstances, Charles V., threatened in his authority and in his liberty, was concerned about the fate reserved to his memoirs, in which he had explained the secrets of his policy, and judged the faults of the Pro- testant princes of Germany. He thought it prudent to intrust them to some devoted ser- vant, who could take them to Spain beyond all
a. * Va =y |. > | = - ae ‘
XXVi Introduction.
danger, and he added a few lines addressed to his son, in which he revealed to him the import- ance of this deposit, which was not to be opened until at an epoch or on an eventuality which he meant to indicate. In the midst of the alarms and emotions of Inspruck those lines remained incomplete ; but, despite the French and Turkish galleys which were cruising in the Mediter- ranean, the mission was faithfully executed, and the narrative dictated by Charles V. to Van Male was remitted (everything at least announces it) to the young Prince of Spain.
As soon as the troops of Maurice of Saxony had entered Inspruck, they pillaged everything which had belonged to the Emperor. His books and papers, which were in Van Male’s house, shared the same fate. Were the Protes- tants aware, from the letter Van Male wrote at Mayence, which was intercepted, as he relates, of the existence of the imperial work? It would doubtless have been the most precious part of the booty which they made. :
Between the flight from Inspruck, which aroused the indignation of Don Juan of Austria, and the abdication of Brussels, so easily accepted ~
Introduction. XXVIi
_ by Philip IL., there was no time for the continua- tion of the Commentaries: each day had its combats and its dangers, or at least its struggles, of every description, and its renewed agitations. But what happened later at Yuste? Opinions are divided: we shall endeavour to explain our own. |
Charles V. had the fixed intention of com- pleting in silence and in peace the work which he had commenced in the midst of wars and of political struggles. He wished to show, by justifying his conduct towards popes and kings, that in the religious troubles of Ger- many, as in the great wars against France, he always remained what he had been on the burn- ing shores of Tunis and of Algeria—the real chief and legitimate representative of the Chris- tian polity, which was violently threatened at home as well as abroad.* He hoped, he said in a letter, every sentence of which we shall have carefully to consider, to do something
* ‘The Emperor,’ writes Tiepolo, ‘neglects nothing of what we have a right to expect from a Christian Emperor full of zeal for faith and for the Church.’ (See Chronique de Charles- Quint, par M. Pichot, p. 149.)
XXVill Introduction.
which God should not judge useless to His service.
He took with him into his retreat his able Secretary, William van Male, and, declaring that he had resolved no longer to occupy himself — with the affairs of the present, he had an- nounced immediately on his arrival in Spain, — that he intended sending away all his attend- ants, with the exception of Van Male,* that is to say, to be able to shut himself up with him as he did at Augsburg, and the better shielded against all ideas of vanity, as these memoirs of
his life would be traced at the foot of his
tomb.
However, other occupations came to inter- _ rupt these plans, and Van Male, who became such a favourite that he excited all the jealousy of the Spaniards, seemed to have shared his days in reading to the Emperor during his dinner, and in drawing up bulletins relative to his health, which were addressed regularly to the Secretary of State, Don Juan Vasquez.}
* Lettre de Gasteli, du 11 Oct., 1556.—Retraite e Mort de Charles- Quint, par M. Gachard, i. pp. 18 and 19. ; + Lettre de Guillaume van Male, du 11 Avril, 1557.— Gachard, Retraite et Mort de Charles- Quint, ii. p. 167.
Introduction. XX1X
_ There were two distinct periods in the sojourn of Charles V. at Yuste (St. Just), During the first, still dreaming of the restoration of his strength and health, which had been prema- turely weakened, he wished to create for him- self in his solitude, less sombre than it was at -a later period, commodious buildings, gardens planted with lemon and orange-trees, sparkling fountains and basins full of trout. In the second, struggling in vain against the malady which ravaged his body without affecting the vigour of his intellect, he beheld only in the remembrances of his glory his weaknesses and his miseries, and his mind, absorbed by pious meditations, detached itself from earthly things. Read through the letters (and they are very numerous) which were written at Yuste by the attendants of Charles V.; you will find therein all the incidents, all the episodes, of his daily life, but you will not find any trace of the historical dictations to William van Male; and if there may be a few allusions, far from re- compensing on a large basis the apology of that most chequered life, they are reduced to broken fragments.
XXX Introduction.
Charles V., it is true, was occupied at times with thinking what judgement posterity would pass upon him; but at those moments he re- commended to be collected carefully the vast compilations of Florian Ocampo and of Ginés Sepulveda.* However, it so happened that he said to Father Francis de Borgia, whom he had charged with a mission to Portugal —
Do you think that there is any sign of vanity in writing one’s own acts? You must know that I have related all the expeditions (jornadas) that I have undertaken, with the causes and motives which urged me to them, but I have not been actuated, in writing, by any desire of glory, or any idea of vanity.
It is impossible for us not to see in these words of Charles V. an allusion to his work of 1550, which he had entitled ‘Summario das Viages e Jornadas,’ adding thereunto a letter protesting that he had not composed it out of vanity. It appears that Charles V., in forgetting
* Lettre de l’Empereur, du 9 Juillet, 1558, — Gachard, Retraite et Mort de Charles- Quint, i. p. 310.
+ Ribadeneyra, vida del P. Francisco de Borja, p. 113.; Sandoval (éd. d’Anvers), ii. p. 617. Compare what Sepulveda says: ‘that Charles V. saw a proof of ambition in the en- couragement which certain princes granted to recitals which were favourable to them.’
Introduction. XXX1
at Yuste all his great and glorious acts, has given the strongest proof of humility, and the Pre- sident of the Council of Castille, Juan de Vega, on hearing of his death, wrote —
No noise of his armies, with which he had often made the world tremble, had followed him to the monastery of Yuste; he had forgotten his steel-clad battalions and his floating banners as completely as if all the days of his life had been passed in that solitude.*
The testimony of Ambrosia de Morales is still much more precise than that of Juan de Vega. Ambrosia de Morales, who wrote in 1564, six years after the death of Charles V., affirms that his Commentaries were not composed at Yuste, but in Germany. ‘ What (he says) ought espe- ‘cially to excite admiration is that this Prince ‘himself, in the midst of the fury of his wars, ‘drew up an exact and sequent narrative of his ‘acts.’
In the enumeration of the books found at Yuste after the death of Charles V. we find the
* Sandoval, Vida del Emp. Carlos V. en Yuste (6d. d’Anvers), p- 619. + En toda la braveza de sus guerras,
XXxii Introduction.
following :—<A book of memoirs (Memorias),with a golden pen. Did this book of memoirs con- tain the Commentaries? Was that golden pen the Emperor's pen, left forgotten between two unfinished pages? It must be observed that Granvelle designates the Commentaries as Mé- moires, and the place itself which this notice occupies in the inventory, side by side with the Emperor’s papers, and the maps which he con- sulted, is of some importance. But how comes it that the notary or clerk who, in describing the cups and spoons, always points out what use was made of them by the Emperor, could have forgotten to add that those memoirs were neither accounts nor notes (the word Memorias signifies both), but thé autobiography of Charles V. ? There were also at Yuste a portfolio of black velvet and papers intrusted to the care of William van Male. This doubtless contained the political correspondence of Charles V., but Quijada took from him at the same time, and almost forcibly * (Van Male complained of it bitterly), the sheets which contained the text of
* Quasi por fuerga, Lettre du Cardinal de Granyelle, du 7 Mars, 1561.—Papiers d Etat de Granvelle, vi. p. 200.
Introduction. XXXiii
the Commentaries, such as they had been written under the Emperor’s dictation.
‘That is my work!’ exclaimed Van Male;* and here again it can only be question of an un- finished manuscript in many points, as Van
Male assured us that the greater portion of it “was engraven on his memory.
What became of those manuscripts, complete or incomplete, left such as they issued from the first dictation, or partially revised and touched up? Did Philip Il. destroy them? We dare not either accuse him of it or absolve him of it. Assuredly he would never have authorised their publication; but he allowed Morales, his historio- erapher, to quote the memorable example of Charles V. writing his own history, and the very preservation of the manuscript sent from Inspruck is an irrefutable argument. f
* Diziendo que eran sus travajos.—Papiers d Etat de Gran- velle, vi. p. 200.
+ Tenia en la memoria buena parte.—Jbid.
t Does the codicil of Philip IL, which orders certain papers to be burnt after his death, redex to the Commentaries of Charles V? This appears to me very difficult of admission. Could Phillip II. have designated the work of his father by these terms, as vague as they are disdainful : ‘Papeles de otras qualesquier personas especialmente de los defunctos’? and how is it compatible with that system of reserve which is applicable.to
b
XXXIV Introduction.
Did Van Male, who had returned to Spain laden with rewards, and who, moreover, had the distinguished honour of being mentioned in the will of Charles V., execute from gratitude* his project of taxing his memory for the elements — of a new text of the Commentaries. Did he
all important papers that are to be preserved: ‘ Papel de impor- tancia que convenga guardar.’
* Por memoria.—Papiers d Etat du Cardinal de Granvelle, vi. p. 290.
+ M. Arendt fancies to have found in 1 the long account of the capture of Hesdin and Térouanne, by Sepulveda, an extract from the Commentaries of Charles V., completed at Yuste. If those Commentaries had devoted sixteen long chapters to the capture of those two towns, what extent would it not be necessary to attribute to them? It appears only that Van Male had pictured to Sepulveda that campaign as of very great importance, and that he had promised him a detailed narrative of it. But there is not the slightest allusion to a source which would have been treated with the utmost respect. If Sepulveda
had thought to attain from Van Male the communication ofa
fragment of the Commentaries of Charles V., would he not have solicited that of some other more important portion? It must also be observed that Sepulveda’s letter was published in 1557. Now, of two things, one—either he would not have dared to mention the communication of Charles V., who was still alive, if he had prohibited it, or, had he authorised it, his generosity (humanitatem) would have been extolled. Charles V. was not present at those two sieges, and all that we know gives rise to the belief that he only related at any length those expeditions in which he took a direct and im- mediate part. It is, however, easily understood that Van Male could procure from his friends in Flanders some detailed nar- rative of an expedition of which they were witnesses. M. de
- Introduction. XXXV
take advantage of his leisure hours in his native
land to compose that Latin translation, which would at the same time have recalled the great actions of modern times and the most perfect literary works of the ancients? We are reduced to the testimony of Cardinal de Granvelle,* who relates that Van Male complained at not having been able to commence his work, because he had always been unwell, and suffering since his return. In fact, Van Male died on January 1, 1561, two years and three months after him whom he loved to call his master.}
Van Male, as we also learn from Cardinal de Granvelle, had many friends,t with whom he
_ Reiffenberg observes (Introduction to ‘Van Male’s Letters,’ p. 20)
that many well-informed persons had promised to provide him with reliable and circumstantial accounts. Macchetus, pub- lishing in 1555 a narrative of that campaign, at which he was present, says that there exist others where the same facts will be found with more details (Juculentius).
* Que esperava algun dia escrivir algo por memoria de su amo, lo qual dezia quemo havia aun empezado por haver es- tado por aca siempre achacoso y doliente.— Papiers d’ Etat du Cardinal de Granvelle, vi. p. 290.
+ Herus meus. — Lettres de Guillaume van Male, p. 47. Su amo. — Papiers d Etat de Granvelle, vi. p. 290.
t He sabido que mucho antes que muriesse, rasg6 y quemé muchos papeles, y que viviendo se havia quexado muchas vezes a algunos amigos suyas. — State Papers of Cardinal de Granvelle, vi. p. 290,
b2
XXXVi Introduction.
repeatedly conversed respecting this work, which would have fulfilled the dream and desire of his whole life.* Incontestably these rumours, these intentions, found an echo in other countries, which had also been witnesses of © the exploits of Charles V., and no astonishment can be felt if they were known in Italy. Venice, whose affairs were, according to ‘Co- mines, ‘more wisely managed than by any other living prince,’ was not ignorant of anything which occurred in Europe. In 1559, Marco- Antonio da Mula was sent on an extraordinary mission of the Republic to the Netherlands, and - each day its merchants exchanged long letters between Antwerp, the Queen of the Scheldt, and Venice, the Queen of the Adriatic.
At the very hour Van Male was breath his last, a Venetian gentleman, Louis Dolce, ob- serves in a life of Charles V. that he was a good French scholar. o .
* It was probably only after the return of Van Male to the Netherlands that the report was spread in various quarters that Charles V. had dictated his Commentaries, and that they were to be translated into Latin. In 1559, Zenocarus is still ignorant of their existence, but, however, he alleges, in denial, the considerations which alarmed the conscience of Charles V. : ‘ Veritus ne laudis propriz avidus 4 Deo censeretur.’
Introduction. XXXVIL
It is said (he adds) that he composed in that language some very fine commentaries of the acts which he had performed, and, as I am informed, they are actually being translated into Latin, and will be published. *
All Italy was still full of the memory of Charles V., and both Bernardo Tasso, whose illustrious son called glory the shadow of a dream, and Girolamo Ruscelli, who had for a long time been engaged in collecting biographies of illustrious men, entertained the idea of writing his history. Ruscelli repeated what Dolce had said, giving more or less exactly the name of the translator : —
It is hoped that the Commentaries translated
into Latin by William Marinde will shortly appear.
Dolce had announced that a translation was under preparation. Ruscelli, who wrote from the same city, and at the same period, goes farther: he asserts that it is being printed. It
* Alcuni bellissimi commentari delle cose da lui fatte, i quali, come odo, hora si traducono in latino e si darano fuori.
In 1565 Dolce published a new edition of his book. The sentence which refers to the Commentaries of Charles V., which is both vague and ambiguous, was not modified. Nothing farther was known at Venice from 1561 to 15665.
XXXVill Introduction.
is doubtful whether any such translation ever was made, but it appears to us perfectly inad- missible that it was actually sent to the press at Venice. Would William van Male, who had received the appointment of Major-Domo of the palace at Brussels, and drew a pension, have dared surreptitiously to make a publication at Venice which would have called down upon him the anger of Philip Il.?* The whole, moreover, is reduced to the very suspicious authority of Brantéme, who has exaggerated, without understanding them, the data collected by Dolce and Ruscelli : —
It is said that the great Emperor wrote a book with his own hand, as Julius Cesar did in Latin. I do not know whether he did so, but I have seen a letter published amongst those of Belleforest, which he has translated from Italian into French, which testifies to it having been turned into Latin by William Marinde; which I cannot quite believe, as all the world would have hastened to buy a copy, like bread in time of famine; and certainly the
* We should be more inclined to admit that the reports spread at Venice contributed to the search which took place amongst Van Male’s papers after his death. ‘ He entendido,’ wrote Philip I. to Cardinal de Granvelle, when he sent him the order to make the search without delay.
Introduction. XXXI1X
desire of possessing so great and rare a book would have made the price very high, and everyone would have liked to have his own copy.
For three centuries, with the exception of the vague indication of an impression said to have been made at Hanau at the commence- ment of the seventeenth century, under the auspices of a son-in-law of William the Silent,* all the questions which refer to the translation of William van Male have remained veiled in the same darkness; but these very mysteries seem to have added to the interest, and it must be stated to the honour of the country of Charles V., that the first learned body of Bel- gium has taken the most prominent part in
* Teissier, who has been copied by all those who have spoken of the edition of the Commentaries of Charles V. at Hanau, confines himself to say — ‘Carolus Quintus scripsit de propria vita libellum qui prodiit Hanovie, 1602.’ But is there not an error here, which may very easily be explained if we substitute the name of the Emperor Charles IV. for Charles V.? In fact a life of Charles IV., written by himself, was published at Hanau in 1602, and is to be found in a collection of the his- torians of Bohemia. I am indebted for this information to Dr. Hoffmann of Hamburg. The collection is that of Marquard Freher, and the life of Charles IV. is thus designated :— ‘Caroli Bohemiz regis et postea imperatoris de vita sua com- mentarius ab ipso scriptus.’ It seems to me very difficult not to recognise in this title of a work published at Hanau in 1602 the source of Teissier’s mistake.
xi Introduction.
the efforts that have been made to fill up the blank.
In 1845, M. Gachard, whose name will always remain associated to the researches which have spread so bright a light upon the history of the sixteenth century, entertained the Royal Academy of Belgium with his investigations at Simancas, at the Escurial, and at Madrid, respecting ‘a document, the discovery of which would have excited universal interest ;’ and he dwelt upon how much was to be regretted ‘ the loss of those memoirs traced by the hand of the most powerful of monarchs, and perhaps
of the most profound political genius of the
sixteenth century.’ Fourteen years which the learned Keeper-General of the Archives of the Kingdom had devoted to new studies, which had remained fruitless on one single point, though so fruitful on every other, had passed by, when the examination of the same question was taken up by M. Arendt, in a notice which attracted public attention in the highest degree. Assuredly the honour of discovering the ‘Commentaries of Charles V.’ is due legitimately to my honourable colleagues of the Royal
:
Introduction. xli
Academy of Belgium, and if a chance has de- cided it otherwise, it is doubtless that we should have it im our power here to proclaim all that is due to their excellent labours.
Moreover, we hasten to say so; we have not had the good fortune to disinter the actual text of the Commentaries of the celebrated Emperor. We have simply discovered a trans- lation in the Portuguese language, —a transla- tion which was the only work in the southern tongue inscribed in the great inventory (grand anventaire du fond frangais) at the Imperial Library at Paris, where, however, a reference is given to the Spanish division, No. 10,230. It is this error which probably has so long con- cealed it from the curious eye of researchers.*
The manuscript, which is in elegant and polished handwriting, bears the following title :——
‘ Historia del imvictissimo Emperador Carlos-
* My researches at Paris were connected with the publica- tion of various of our ancient authors of the fifteenth century, which was intrusted to me by the Academy. I cannot suffi- ciently acknowledge the obliging kindness with which MM. the Guardians of the Imperial Library facilitated my numerous investigations.
xhi Introduction.
Quinto, Rey de Hespanha, composta por Sua Majestade Cesarea, como se vee do papel que vai em a seguinte folha, traduzida da lingoa francesa e do proprio original, em Madrid, anno 1620,
That is to say :—
‘The History of the most ,.invincible Emperor Charles V., King of Spain, composed by his Imperial Majesty (or his Cesarean Majesty, as Brantéme styles him), as is shown by the paper on the follow- ing page, translated from the French, and from the original at Madrid in 1620.
Thus in 1620, in the reign of Philip IIL. and under the ministry of the Duke d’Uzeda, the original manuscript of the Commentaries still _ existed at Madrid: what has become of it since? Did some prejudice of national honour cause it to be destroyed when the grandson of a King of France came to occupy the throne of Charles V.? Has it been the foot-ball at the commencement of this century of some of those soldiers, who little thought they were avenging the vanquished of Pavia when they made their weapons clang in the caverns of the Escurial, where reposes the rival of Francis 1? Or is it, on the contrary, preserved amongst a lot of”
ia a
Introduction. : xii
secret archives? Spain, we hope, will deem
q these doubts worthy of solution.
However, the weakness and the decay of the monarchy under Philip II. may explain, at the same time, how the public mind looked back with a feeling of sorrow and regret toward the
. reign of Charles V., and how the documents
which remained hidden from the Sandovals and Sepulvedas were allowed to be seen by the Coronistes, their successors. In 1623, Gilles
- Gonzalez d’Avila, Historiographer of Philp HL,
again affirmed the existence of the Commen- taries, and perhaps he saw them. The translation into Portuguese is easily explained.* Portugal
_ was still united to Spain, and it was about the
same period that Francis d’Andrada and An- tonio de Souza wrote in Portuguese the ‘ Life of King John IIL.” so intimately connected with that of Charles V. It will have been seen that our manuscript announced a note which was to establish its authenticity. It is, in fact, to be
* Tf a publication did take place at Hanau, and if it is poste- rior to 1602, as would be supposed by seeing it mentioned for the first time in a catalogue of 1705, would it not have been in the Portuguese language ? Emmanuel of Portugal married, in 1646, a daughter of the Count of Hanau.
xliv Introduction.
found in the second sheet, and is conceived in these terms :—
‘Treslado do papel que esta emo principio desta
historia, escritto per mao propria do Emperador — q
Carlos V. em a lingoa Castelhana, 0 qual papel Sua Majestade mandou d Alemanha com a mesma historia a el rey Don Philippe sew filho que entao era principe de Hespanha.’
Which translated means :—
‘Copy of a paper placed at the commencement of this history, which was written in Spanish in the manu-proprio of the Emperor Charles V., and which was sent to Germany with this same history, by His Majesty, to his son the King Philip, then still Prince of Spain.’
Immediately afterwards follow a few lines addressed by Charles V. to the Prince of Spain, and they give a summary of the history of the - composition of the Commentaries. As we learn from Van Male’s recital, they were commenced on the Rhine when Charles V. went up it with his son,* then completed at Augsburg, which confirms the ingenious conjectures of M. Arendt. Charles V. protests his good faith, which modern
* Quando venimos,
’ Introduction. xlv
historians are disposed to admit. He declares that he has not written from vanity, and we know how all his historiographers attribute the honour to him of having been at the same time great and modest in his successes.* In address- ing posterity he places himself under the eye of God. It is God whom he invokes to grant him time to complete his work, that it may serve His glory; it is under the protection of God that he hopes to be delivered from his anxieties and troubles, the trace of which is to be found in these unfinished lines.
Here we are on the threshold of the Commen- taries. The reader is doubtless impatient to pass it, and we shall Content ourselves with
_ adding to this introduction a few words, not to
judge the work of Charles V., but to explain, under the circumstances when it was written, what it ought to be, and what in fact it is. For the more distant period, the Emperor, assisted by Van Male,f and attaching himself
* Tnanis glorie et falsee laudis contemptor. — Sepulveda.
+ Qua in re usus est opera mea et suggestione, nam velut nomenclator revocabam in memoriam si quid sentirem aut effluere aut preetermitti.— Lettres de Guillaume van Male, p. 12.
xlvi Introduction.
especially to dates and facts, is satisfied with grouping some details together, and enume- rating his numerous crossings of the sea, which he alluded to so eloquently in his abdication speech, when drawing a brilliant picture of the © past, combining with them the cold and sombre images of the future, and*pointing out what would be the last. But as soon as he touches upon the era of the memorable campaigns in France and Germany, we recognise in the narrator as great a skill in strategy as in politics. Despite the obstacles multiplied by the violent attacks of his enemies or by their disguised subterfuges, he, unaided, sufficed for that task, too immense, as Mignet observes,
for one man; and it is especially in these Com-— mentaries that he will be found firm in his con-
victions and in his projects, and struggling courageously, though infirm and ill, against the most formidable leagues, and against the most audacious outburst of the liberty of the human mind, which discarded all principle of authority.
As regards the form, it is a methodical nar-
ration without adornment, in which perhaps may be discovered some imitation of the immortal
Introduction. xlvil
work of Cexsar.* It recalls the assertion of Sepulveda, that the Emperor loved truth in all its simplicity :—
‘simplicis veritatis amantissimus.’ We have endeavoured to preserve to him that _ character, by following a system contrary to that of Van Male, by faithfully reproducing the sense and even thé phraseology of the narration _ which we have before us. The importance of this historical document, which we only know by a first translation, appeared to us to demand that the one which we now publish should re- nounce elegance of style to be the more faithful. It would have been an easy task for us to add numerous notes to every page, and to compare the narrative of the Emperor with that of contemporary historians. We have not done so out of respect to his memory. It is said that Don Louis d’Avila, in his retreat at ’ Placentia, had placed between the busts of * Charles V., like Caesar, speaks of himself only in the third person, and the opinion of Cicero upon the Commentaries of the conqueror of Gaul must not be forgotten :—‘ Commentarios quosdam scripsit rerum suarum, valde probandos. Nudi enim
sunt, recti et venusti, omni ornatu orationis detracto. Nihil enim est, in historia, pura et illustri brevitate dulcius.’
xlvili Introduction.
Augustus and Antoninus that of Charles V., with’ this inscription : — ‘Carolo Quinto—ed 2 assar questo.’ (To Charles V.— that name suffices.)
Like Louis d’Avila, we think that, after hav- ing announced the Commentaries of Charles V., there is nothing to be added to the title. It is just that the voice of the Prince, whom the faith- ful Quijada called ‘the greatest man that ever lived or ever will live,’ should be heard after — three centuries of silence, free and unshackled by murmurs and contradictors. At a later period history will resume her rights, but henceforth, before appreciating the political career of Charles V., it will be necessary to study his own judgement of it at a moment when, the better to interrogate his conscience, he was pre- paring voluntarily to relinquish the most vast power that ever was known.
CHARLES V.
TOC HIS SON
PHILIP PRINCE OF SPAIN.
HIS history is that which I composed in f French, when we were travelling on the Rhine, and which I finished at Augsburg. It is not such as I could wish it, but God knows that I did not do it out of vanity, and if He has been offended at it, my offence must be attributed rather to ignorance than to malice. _ Similar things have often provoked His anger : I should not like this to rouse His ire against me! In these circumstances, as in others, reasons will not be wanting to Him. May He
moderate His anger, and deliver me from the dilemma in which I see myself!
I was on the point of throwing the whole into the fire; but, as I hope, if God gives me
B
; Charles the Fifth.
life to arrange this history in such guise that He shall not find Himself ill served therein, and that it may not run the risk of being lost here, I send it to you that you may have it kept down there, and that it may not be
opened until* . . .
I THe Kine. Inspruck, 1552.
* Esta historia es la que yo hize en romance, quando venimos por el Rin, y la acabé en Augusta. Ella no est’ hecha como queria, y Dios sabe que no la hize con vanidad, y si della él se tuyo por ofendido, mi ofensa fué mas por ignorancia que por malicia. Por cosas semejantes, él se solia mucho enojar: no querria que por esta lo uviesse hecho agora conmigo. Ansi por esta como por otras ocasiones, no le faltaran causas. Plega a él de templar su yra, y sacarme del trabajo en que me veo. Yo estuve por quemarlo todo; mas porque, si Dios me da vida, confio ponerla de manera que él no se deservira della, para que por aca no ande en peligro de perderse, os la embio para que por aca no ande en peligro de perderse, os la embio para que agays que alla sea guardada, y no abierta hasta...
Yo Ex Rey. En Inspruck, 1552.
- AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF CHARLES V.
CHAPTER I.
War in Flanders.— League between the Emperor Maximilian and Henry of England against the King of France.— Capture of Terouane.—Surrender of Tournay.—Charles assumes the Title of King 1516.—He assembles the Cortes of the Kingdoms of Castille at Valladolid.—Death of the Emperor Maximilian.—Charles is elected Emperor.—Visits England.—Has an interview with Henry VIIL.—Visits Flanders.—Commencement of the Reformation.— Luther.—War with France.—Siege of Pavia—Visits England a
- second time.—Francis I. is made Prisoner.—The battle of Bicoeca.—Capture of Genoa.—Peace with France.—Birth of Philip Prince of Spain (1527).—The Pope made a Prisoner.
FTER the death of King Philip, there were at intervals various wars in the States of Flanders, which we call the Netherlands. One of those wars was that undertaken by the Emperor Maximilian, in concert with King Henry of England, against Louis, King of France. By the prudence, as well as by the habitual bravery of the Emperor,* the French were
* Pola prudencia como polo esforgo costumado do Emperador. B 2
1515
1616
7 Charles the Fifth,
defeated whilst endeavouring to relieve Terouane. After the capture of that city, siege was laid to Tournay, which, shortly afterwards, also surrendered. The result was, that the Archduke Charles, grandson of the Emperor, proceeded to Tournay, which was then in the hands of King Henry, and to Lille, where he had his first interview with the same King, and where, amongst other things, his emancipation was discussed and resolved upon. This took place in the year 1515, during which he was immediately recognised as Lord of the said States of Flanders. Shortly afterwards, the same Archduke sent ambassa~ dors to King Francis of France, who at the same period had inherited that kingdom, on the death of King
Louis. These ambassadors negotiated and concluded -
peace. Inthe same year, His Majesty visited a portion of the States of Flanders, and whilst making that visit, there arrived at the Hague, in Holland, M. de Vendéme, sent by the King of France to ratify that peace. That portion of his States which he had not time to visit this year, was visited by him in the following year, 1516, and he held his first. Chapter of the Order of the Golden Fleece at Brussels. This
was the year of the death of the Catholic King; and, —
dating from that moment, the Archduke assumed the title of King.*
* E d’entad por diante o Archidugue tomou o titulo de Rey.
er Abed
(aga pt > eee
OS a
Assumes the title of King. 5
At the same period he recovered, not without some resistance, his domains in Friesland: then the King of France, on the occasion of his recent acces- sion, expressed a desire to open other negotiations with His Majesty,* which took place at Noyon, at the same time and in the same year. The King of France sent the Seigneur d’Orval to ratify what had been newly agreed upon. His Majesty remained in the Netherlands until September 8, 1517, upon which day he embarked at Flushing for Spain, and he left for the first time, in his absence, Margaret, his aunt, Governor of his States.
This same year, His Majesty maintaining the peace concluded in France, and the friendship of the King of England, embarked, as already stated, at Flush- ing, crossed the ocean, and for the first time saw Spain, where his sojourn was to be prolonged till 1520. Continuing his journey to Tordesillas, he went to kiss the hands of the Queen his mother, and starting from thence, he proceeded to Mojados, where he met the Infant Don Ferdinand, his brother, whom he welcomed with great fraternal love.t At this time Cardinal Fray Francis Ximenes, whom the Catholic King had instituted Governor of
* Despois el Rey de Franga desejou de trattar de novo com Sua
Majestade, por causa da nova successad.
+ Continuando a paz feita em Franca e amizade com el Rey d’Inglaterra.
t Com grande e fraternal amor.
1517
6 Charles the Fryth.
his kingdoms, died. Continuing his journey, His Majesty arrived at Valladolid, where he assembled the Cortes of the kingdoms of Castille; and he was recognised as King conjointly with the Queen his mother.*
At this time the King of France intimated to His Majesty a certain intention ‘and wish to go to war
with the King of England, to recover, he said, the
town of Tournay, which, as has been seen, had been captured. To which His Majesty replied in terms in keeping with the conventions he had concluded with the two Kings. This reply, though moderate, just, and reasonable, was interpreted in such guise that the King of France felt insulted, and, shortly afterwards, he commenced war. On the other hand, the English monarch did not display the gratitude which such a reply deserved. For soon the tw Kings came to an agreement, and formed an alli- ance, taking little into account the conventions which had been concluded between them and the Catholic
King. In consequence of this agreement and this —
alliance, the town of Tournay was restored to the French. ¢
* E foi jurado por Rey juntamente com a Rainha sua mai.
+ El Rey de Franga fez advertir a Sua Magestade de certa tengao sua e vontade que tinha de fazer guerra ao Rey d’Inglaterra por cobrar, segundo dizia, a Tornay que, como dantes se disse, fora tomada. Ao que Sua Magestade respondeo conforme os concertos, que tinha feitos com os dittos dous Reys. A qual resposta, ainda
~~. 2. Wd eee a
q
Charles és elected Emperor. 7
Majesty, and the Infant his brother, left Valladolid, for Saragossa; and during this journey he parted company with the Infant at Aranda, who, leaving that town, embarked at Santander, going by sea to
_ Flanders, where he was received by Madam his aunt.
His Majesty continued his journey to Saragossa, where, in the same manner, he convoked the Cortes, and was recognised as King.*
In the year 1519 His Majesty assembled the Cortes at Barcelona, where the same ceremony took place. On his way he learnt the death of the Emperor Maximilian, his grandfather; and, whilst holding the Cortes, the news reached him of his election to the Empire, which Duke Frederick, Count Palatine, was charged to announce to him. From thence he left for Corunna, to embark to receive the Imperial Crown at Aix-la-Chapelle.f
His Majesty embarked at Corunna, leaving as governor Cardinal de Tortosa, to whom he after-
wards gave as adjuncts the Constable and the Ad-
miral of Castille, Don Inigo de Velasco, and Don
que branda, justa, e conforme a raz4d, foi tomada de sorte que el Rey de Franca se regentio tee pouco despois comegar a guerra, e 0 Ingrez nao teve o reconhecimento que a tal resposta merecia, porque logo se concertaram e unirao ambos, fazendo pouco caso dos con- certos, que estavam feitos entre elles e o Rey Catholico. * Onde da mesma mancira ajuntou cortes, e foi jurado por Rey. + A primeira corda.
At this time, that is to say in the year 1518, His 1518
1519
8 Charles the Fifth.
Frederick Henriquez. Having crossed the ocean a second time, he landed for the first time in England, where he had his second interview with the King, and, despite what has been said above, a closer alliance was negotiated and concluded with the said King.* From thence he crossed over to his States of Flanders, where he ‘was received by Madam his aunt, and by the Infant: his brother.’ :This was the first return of His» Majesty ‘to::his States of Flanders : a third interview was “thé fesult, at Gravelines and at Calais, between the Emperor and King Henry of England. He then continued his journey to Aix-la~Chapelle, where he was crowned. —
He again appointed Margaret his aunt Governor of - Flanders; he also left his brother the Infant there, and held his first Diet at Worms. This is the first
time that he visited Germany and the Rhine. —
About this time the heretical doctrines of Luther in Germany, and the Communidades in ee to manifest themselves.t
His Majesty, being at the said Diet, sent for his - brother, who from thence went to marry the sister of King Louis of Hungary, according to what had been settled by the Emperor Maximilian.
During this same Diet, Robert de la Mark com-
* Mais particular paz. _t Comecaram a pullular as heregias de Luthero em Alemanha e as communidades em Hespanha.
- SS
Visits England and Germany. 5
- menced hostilities.* This act had its origin in the " reply, mentioned above, which in 1518 the Catholic _ King Charles had addressed from Valladolid to the King of France. Not only could that King not conceal his mortification and little satisfaction it gave him, but it gradually increased, especially when _ the Catholic King was elected Emperor.t
He was continually making complaints and such unreasonable proposals, and in such exorbitant terms, that the Emperor could neither accept them nor condescend to notice them.t From this reason and from other practices, and other communications which the King of France entertained in Italy and in Spain with the Communidades,§ war commenced in 1521 between His Majesty and the King of France, in which Robert de la Mark lost the greater portion of his domains, which were taken from. him~ by Count Henry of Nassau, then Captain-General of the army. These wars lasted till 1525. For this reason the Emperor was obliged to close the Diet at Worms. By so acting, he rather did what he could
* Comecou a mover guerra.
t Da qual niio soo mente nfo pode dissimular o desgosto e pouca satisfacdd que tinha, mas cada dia ia em crescimento, e muito mais despois que o ditto Rey Catholico foi eleito em Emperador.
t E lhe foram continuamente feitos requerimentos, e postas con- dicSes ta desarrezoddas e per termos tad exorbitantes que nao pode oir, nem condescender nellas.
§ Pola qual causa, e outtras pratticas e intelligencias que havia em Italia, e em Hespanha com as communidades.
1521
10 Charles the Fifth.
than what he wished and had resolved to do,* and he left to oppose those hostilities.
His Majesty returned by the Rhine, into his States of Flanders for the second time. At this period the Communidades were suppressed in Spain, and the
' French beaten and, driven out of the kingdom of
1522
Navarre, which they had occupied in like manner as they had established themselves at Fontarabia. All these things occurred before the close of the year. At this time the King of France sent an army into Lombardy. It laid siege to Pavia, which was defended by the Marquis Frederick of Mantua. An army having been assembled, in virtue of the league entered into by the Emperor with Pope Leo and the Venetians, the French were driven out of the Duchy of Milan. Prosper Colonna was chief of the army of the League; and, in virtue of the same League, the Duchy of Milan was given to Duke Francis Sforza. At the same time, by the Emperor’s orders, the Count of Nassau laid siege to the town of
Tournay, which was surrendered by the French to —
His Majesty, who had occupied it since they received it from the King of England, into whose power it
had previously fallen, The army of the King of —
France again attempted, in 1522, to reenter the Duchy of Milan, but Prosper Colonna and the army of the League made so valiant a resistance that the
* Mais como pode que como desejava e determinava fazer.
Commencement of the Reformation. II
gy French lost the battle of Bicocca. The capture of
Genoa followed. '
The Emperor, for the third time, leaving the government of Flanders to his aunt, embarked at Calais, and, for the second time, visited England, where he had his fourth interview with the King. Having remained there some days, he embarked at Southampton, crossed the ocean for the third time, and arrived a second time in Spain, where he again went to kiss the hands of his mother the Queen, and where he remained till 1529. At the very time of his arrival, Pope Adrian, who had been elected on the death of Pope Leo, embarked at Barcelona for Rome. His Majesty continued his journey to Valla- dolid, where he assembled the Cortes to complete the reconciliation of past differences, excepting a few of the more culpable from the general pardon granted to all those who had offended him.
In the year 1523, during the war with France, the Emperor entertained certain communications and certain correspondence * with Duke Charles of Bour- bon, who felt himself injured by some acts of injustice done towards him.t This is why he entered the service of His Imperial Majesty. The Emperor proceeding to Pampeluna with an army to invade
* Teve algta communicad e intelligencia. t O qual se tinha por injuriado de algis aggrayos que lhe foram feitos.
1523
1524
1525
1526
12 Charles the Fifth.
France, gave the command of it to Don Inigo de Velasco, Constable of Castille, who penetrated into the kingdom, and who on his return recaptured Fonta- rabia.
This achieved, the Emperor returned in 1524 to the kingdom of Toledo. He, was taken ill with fever, which he got rid of early in the following year, 1525. At this time the King of France laid siege to Pavia, which was held by Antonio de Leyva, and, in the battle fought in front of that city, the King was — made prisoner by the Duke of Bourbon,* Captain- General of the Emperor, Charles de Lannoy, his Viceroy at Naples, and Don Francis d’Avalos, Marquis of Pescaria, his principal captains. The King was taken by the Viceroy of Naples into Spain to Madrid, where he fell sick, and the Emperor went to pay him a visit. This is the first time they met.
Whilst the Emperor was in the said city of Madrid, peace was negotiated and concluded with the said King, and his marriage with the Queen-widow of Portugal, Eleanor, sister of the Emperor. At the same time the Duke of Bourbon also arrived, who returned soon to Milan, having been invested with that state by His Majesty.
In 1526 the Emperor left Toledo for Seville,
* Pelo dantes ditto duque de Borbon,
: * Siege of Pavia by Francis the First. 13
where he married. On his journey, he received the news of the death of his sister the Queen of’ Den- _ mark, In the same city of Seville, he was visited by his brother-in-law, the Infant Don Louis of Portugal, who accompanied the Empress his sister. This was the first time His Majesty saw the said Infant. At the same time he set at liberty the King of France,* receiving in exchange two of his sons as hostages, conformableto the conditions of the conven- tions made at Madrid. The latter, shortly afterwards, renewed the war, and His Imperial Majesty received a message of defiance ¢ at Grenada, consequent upon a league concluded between Pope Clement, who had been elected on the demise of Adrian, the Kings of _ France and of England, and the Signoria of Venice. His Majesty sent a reply to that defiance. : In the same city the news reached the Emperor _ that his brother-in-law, King Louis of Hungary, had been defeated by the Turks and had perished. This is why His Majesty convoked the general Cortes of all his kingdoms of Castille, to concert measures to remedy such a state of things, and to organise the necessary means of defence against the Turks. His Majesty was in this city, in 1527, when his son Philip 1527 Prince of ‘Spain was born. About the same time, and in the same city, he received the news that the army raised by the Duke of Bourbon had entered
* Soltou. t+ Foi desafiado.
1528
14 Charles the Fifth. i. *
Rome, after an assault, in which the said Duke was killed, and that Pope Clement was shut up * in the fort of St. Angelo. A guard was placed in the fort by the Prince of Orange, who, after the death of the Duke of Bourbon, took command of the army.
The Pope remained in the said fortress until, having come to terms with the army,t he was by . His Majesty’s orders set at liberty.
At the same time, in the city of Burgos, the Em- peror received a message of defiance from the Kings of France and of England, under the pretext of the detention of Pope Clement.t His Majesty replied that there were no grounds for such an act, as the Pope had already been liberated; and that the fact of the detention of the Pope ought to be reproached less to the Emperor than to those who had compelled him | to raise for his defence so many soldiers who did not obey him well.§
All this having taken place, His Majesty returned to Madrid, where he convoked the Cortes of the kingdoms of Castille, where his son Philip was recognised || Prince of the said kingdoms. In the year 1528, His Majesty, on his way to Valladolid,
* Encerrado.
+ Tee que tendo se concertado com o exercito,
t Sob color da detengad do papa Clemente.
§ E 0 que tinha acontecido de sua detencgdd fora mais por culpa daquelles o obrigaram a mandar para sua defensad tanta gente de guerra que nao foi bem obedecido, que por sua.
| Foi jurado.
The Pope made a Prisoner. 15
experienced a first attack of gout. He received the news that an army sent by the King of France into Italy, under the pretext of delivering Pope Clement, (who, as has already been said, had been libe- rated,)* had advanced to invade and attack the kingdom of Naples; that it had already conquered a large portion of it, and had laid ‘siege to the capital, into which the army which was before Rome had withdrawn. In that army were the Prince of Orange, Don Alphonso d’Avalos, the Marquis du Guast, Alarcon, who had occupied the castle of St. Angelo, and Don Hugo de Moncada, who was in the said city of Naples, happening to be there at the time of the death of the Viceroy Charles de Lannoy; and as each laid claim to the supreme command, they were not on very good terms with each other. Nevertheless they performed their duty so well that, with God’s blessing, the said kingdom and capital were defended, and the French army vanquished and routed.fj During this siege, Don Hugo de Moncada attacked the galleys belonging to the squadron of Prince Doria; but Hugo de Moncada was killed, and most of his galleys captured.
His Majesty, conformably to the. resolution he had taken, proceeded to Monzon to hold the Cortes of the three kingdoms of Aragon. This done, he
* Com cor de querer liyrar 0 papa Clemente, o qual, como fica ditto, estava ja livre. t+ Rotto e desbaratado.
16 Charles the Fifth.
returned to Madrid, where the Empress was residing, who had given birth to the Infanta Dofia Maria, her first daughter. Soon after envoys arrived from Prince Doria, who, from certain reasons and bad treatment he had received," offered to join His Majesty with his galleys and with those he had cap- tured at Naples. His Majesty willingly accepted the offer, which was most welcome to him, and indis- pensable for the success of the plans he had in view.
From this city the Emperor proceeded to Toledo; and in this town he charged the Empress to govern in his absence all his Spanish dominions, which he resolved to leave, animated by the desire of counter- acting as much as possible the errors in Germany which, owing to the wars he had been engaged in, he had only been able to remedy imperfectly.t He also wished, by resisting the attacks incessantly directed against him on the Italian side, at the same time to assume the crowns which he had not yet received, and finally to be in a better position to oppose the Turk, who, it was said, was advancing against Christendom.
From these various motives the Emperor left the
* Por alguas causas e mao trattamento que lhe fora feito.
+ O qual Sua Majestade acceitou de boa vontade por este offereci- mento lhe ser de muito gosto e necessario para o que trattaya fazer e que cada dia se lhe podia offerecer.
t Po lo desejo que tinha de dar a melhor ordem que The fosse possivel aos erros antes dittos de Alemanha que, como esta ditto, Sua Majestade deixara o remedio imperfeito.
‘Visits Italy. 17
city of Toledo for Barcelona, where Prince Doria shortly afterwards arrived with his galleys. Here
; he got his fleet into order so as to embark, as
i
already stated, and have himself crowned in Italy, despite the league already mentioned which had been formed against His Majesty, and which, at the same moment, was beginning to break up: for, whilst he was still at Barcelona, negotiations were set on foot between Pope Clement and His Majesty. Here
the news came that M. de Saint Pol had been
defeated in the states of Milan, and that he was the prisoner of Antonio de Leyva, Governor of those states. At the same time, his aunt Margaret was
- Regent of France, mother of the King. This done,
His Majesty embarked and set sail with his whole fleet, landing for the first time in Italy. Whilst cruising along the French coast, he received the report that peace had been concluded; but he only received the confirmation of it on his arrival at Savona. He consequently sent Seigneur de la Chaulx, one of his household, from Genoa to ratify it. From Genoa he proceeded farther into Italy, where he learnt that the Turks had entered Hungary and laid siege to Vienna. This led to the first interview between Pope Clement and the Emperor at Bologna, where His Majesty experienced asecond attack of gout.
18 Charles the Fifth.
CHAPTER II.
Birth of a Second Son.—Concludes Peace with Venice.—Death of the _ Prince of Orange.— Siege of Vienna by the Turks.—Convocation — of a Diet at Augsburg.—The King of the Romans.—Holds a Chapter of the Golden Fleece.—The Diet at Ratisbon.—Defeat of the Turks.— Interview with the Pope.— Holds the Cortes at Monzon.—Expedition to Tunis.—Pope Paul succeeds Clement.—
' Barbarossa.—Sack of Tunis.—Visits Italy a third time. — Death of the Queen of England.—Interview with Pope Paul (1536).— Antonio de Leyva.—The Count de Buren.— Capture of Montreuil.— Peace with France.—Is attacked by French Galleys. ©
T Bologna the Emperor was informed that the Empress had given birth to a second son, Fer- dinand, whose death was announced to him the following year at Augsburg. To be more free to — oppose the Turks and to leave Italy tranquil,* he assumed the crowns that belonged to him, in the said city of Bologna.f He concluded peace with the Venetians, and again — intrusted the states of Milan to Francesco Sforza. After a long war waged by the Pope and His Majesty against the Florentines, in which the Prince of
* E por Sua Majestade ficar mais livre parar resistir ao Turco e per deixar Italia quieta. T Suas Coroas.
en
Convocation of a Diet at Augsburg. 19
Orange, who was already Viceroy of Naples, fulfilled the functions of Captain-General, the House of the Medici was reestablished in Florence, and Duke Alexander invested with that state. In this expedi- tion the Prince of Orange was killed. He was replaced in his command by Don Ferdinand de
Gonzaga, and in the government of Naples by Car- - dinal Caracciolo, until His Majesty should decree
otherwise.
Meantime so valiant a resistance was made by the King his brother, and by those who were with him at Vienna, that the Turk, as well from this reason as from the information he received of the great preparations that were being made to oppose him, thought fit to withdraw. -At the same time the Emperor asked His Holiness to convoke and assemble a general council, as most important and necessary to remedy what was taking place in Germany, and the errors which were being propagated throughout Christendom.* To this effect His Holiness appointed a Legate to attend the Diet at Augsburg, and there to adopt all such resolutions. as might seem best suited for such an object.
' These matters settled, the Emperor, taking leave
* Como de cousa mais. principal e necessaria,.o Emperador solli- citou a Sua Santitade que, para remedio da Germania e dos erros que ido multiplicando em a Christandade, quisesse, como unico e principal remedio, convocar e celebrar hum concilio geral.
c2
1530
1531
me) ETD Oy
20 Charles the Fifth.
of the Pope, left Bologna to proceed to the Diet which he had convoked at Augsburg. Here he was joined by the Pope’s Legate to consider the remedies for the said errors, and at the same time to provide for and obviate the evils which were feared on the part of the Turk. The Emperor, passing through Mantua and the territories of Venice, arrived at Trent and in Germany for the second time. During this voyage he met the King his brother, and they proceeded together to the said Diet of Augsburg, where good measures were concerted against the Turk, which were afterwards carried out at Ratis- bon. At this time he entered into negotiations with the electors.* As the Emperor, because of the great kingdoms and large domains which God had given to him, could not prolong his sojourn in the empire as long as he desired and was suitable,t the question of the election of his brother as King of the ~ Romans was brought forward. On the closing of the Diet they all started together, and for the third time the Emperor visited the Rhine, following it up to Cologne. It was here that (owing to the plague prevailing at Frankfort) the election of the King his brother as King of the Romans was concluded on the proposition of His Majesty. From the said city of Cologne the Emperor proceeded to Aix-la-Cha-
* Prattica et intelligencia. tT Quanto desejeva e convinha,
» 4 i
The King of the Romans. 21
_ pelle to crown the said King. This being done, the King and the electors commenced treating their
private interests, and the Emperor returned a third
_ time into his states of Flanders to put things into
order there, as well on account of his long absence, as in consequence of the death of Margaret, his aunt, the news of which reached him on his journey down the Rhine. So as to place everything in the best order, he intrusted the management and direction of affairs to his sister, the Queen of Hungary. This having been all settled and completed, he made a tour through his states, visiting a portion of his domains. It was with the assistance and in company of the said Queen that he took all the measures that appeared to him most suitable and most necessary. Amongst other things he held a third chapter of the order of the Golden Fleece at Tournay.
At the commencement of this year the Emperor, leaving for the first time the Queen of Hungary, his sister, in the government of the said states of Flanders, started the fourth time for the Rhine, so as to enter Germany a third time, as well as to see whether he could not hit upon some means of putting a stop to
_. the heresies that were spreading there* as to oppose
the invasion of the Turk, who, as was announced, was preparing to invade Germany with a great army.
* Por ver se podia fazer algua cousa de proveito para remedio das heregias que havia nella.
1532
22 Charles the Fifth.
For this purpose the Emperor convoked an Imperial Diet at Ratisbon, to carry into execution what had been agreed upon, as has already been said, at Augsburg. During this journey, whilst out hunting, he had a fall from his horse and hurt his leg; ery- sipelas having ensued, he suffered from it the whole time he was at Ratisbon. He also experienced a third attack of gout. His nephew the Prince of Denmark died in the same city.
Whilst His Majesty was thus laid up, the Diet discussed what remedy could be applied to the state of religious matters, and the certain news arrived of the advance of the Turk with the object mentioned above. For this reason, His Majesty, .conjointly with the King of the Romans, his brother, appealed to the states of the empire, who showed themselves full of zeal in the performance of their duty. Religious matters were therefore left aside, as there was no time to discuss them,* and they were left in their actual state. Such an army was assem- bled by the empire, as well as by their Majesties
the Emperor and the King of the Romans that -
the Turk, who wished to besiege Vienna, where the Emperor and the King of the Romans had anticipated him with their troops, finding that a portion of his troops which had advanced on different
* Pola brevidade do tempo.
ee
Invasion of the Turks. 23
points, had been routed by Count Frederick Palatine, the General of the Imperial army, resolved to beat a retreat, which resolve he carried out near Neustadt. In fact the Turk, having crossed the Drave and the Save, returned to Constantinople with great loss and damage to his followers. - From this moment his power was no longer so much feared.*
' In the same summer, by the Emperor’s orders, Prince Doria attacked the maritime possessions of the Turk; he captured the town of Coron in the Morea, where he left a garrison; he captured, more- ever, many other places, and did great destruction.
- The Emperor, seeing that’ at this moment there was nothing more to be done against the Turk, that the season was too far advanced to reconquer Hun- gary, and that the plague was devastating the army, resolved to dismiss all his troops, so as to avoid needless expense. This was done without disorder. Only the Italians, whom His Majesty had re- solved to leave in Austria for the defence of that state, excited by some evil-intentioned persons, mutinied without any motive, and returned home. Nevertheless the Emperor, prosecuting his plans, soon set out to visit Italy a second time, and trom thence Spain, which he had a great desire to do, as he had been absent four years from the Empress
* Que foi principio para dalli em diante menos estimar suas forcas.
1533
1534
24 Charles the Fifth.
his wife. He also desired on his journey through Italy to have a second interview with Pope Clement, as well to consider the convocation of the Council to remedy the state of religious matters as to con- cert resistance to the Turk, and also to secure peace and tranquillity in Italy. His Majesty continuing his journey through Friuli arrived at Bologna, where he saw His Holiness a second time, without, however, so much result from the interview as His Majesty had expected ; * and he left for Genoa, where he shortly afterwards embarked.
The Emperor for the third time crossed the sea, and, touching Spain for the third time, disembarked at Barcelona, where the Empress, with the Prince of Spain and the Infanta Dofia Maria, her children, were waiting to receive him. Having remained in that town for some days, the Emperor proceeded to Monzon to hold the Cortes of his three kingdoms of Aragon. As soon as the Cortes were over, their Majesties started for and arrived at Toledo in the year 1534. Here another Cortes was held, after which their Majesties proceeded to Valladolid, where in regular course of time she was delivered of a son. From thence, owing to the plague prevailing there, they proceeded to Palencia, where the Emperor experienced a fourth attack of the gout. In the
* Dénde no resultou inteiro effeito do que Sua Majestade pre- tendia.
Expedition to Tunis. 25
"h
_ same year he left that city for Madrid, and spent the winter in the kingdom of Toledo. At this period was conceived and prepared the expedition to Tunis, _ which that very summer Barbarossa had conquered with a large Turkish army.
His Majesty, leaving for the second time the Empress, who was enceinte, in charge of all his king- doms of Spain, left Madrid and arrived at Barcelona to start on the expedition to Tunis. For this object he assembled in the said city of Barcelona a great number of vessels of war, some sent by the King of Portugal, his brother-in-law, others from Malaga and from other points of the Spanish coast. Here also arrived the galleys of Prince Doria, His Majesty’s Lord High Admiral. When all these vessels were assembled, as well as the Seigneurs, gentlemen, and nobles,* the gentlemen of the court, and the military and naval officers, the Emperor embarked for the third time at Barcelona for Tunis. Whilst the Em- peror was occupied with these matters, the Infant Don Louis of Portugal, his brother-in-law, having learnt that the expedition undertaken by His Majesty was directed against the infidels, being a high- minded Christian prince,t he joined the expedition at Barcelona, where the Emperor still was, accompanied by many of the leading personages of the kingdom
* Os senhores, gentilzhoméz et fidalgos. ft Como principe christad e de grande animo.
1535
26 ‘Charles the Fufth.
of Portugal. This is the second time they met. The Emperor received him, and treated him during the whole duration of the expedition as a brother ought to treat a brother,* and to the best of his means. .
All the preparations having been completed, they embarked in the spring; having set sail, they were driven by stress of weather to Majorca, where the Emperor arrived for the first time with his whole fleet, and then to Minorca, where he also arrived for the first time. From thence steering towards Sar- dinia, where he also touched for the first time, he there found all his officers, ships, and men, who had made the island a chief point of rendezvous. Here he was joined by six galleys sent by Pope Paul, who had been elected Pope on the death of Clement. This junction having taken place, they all sailed from the island of Sardinia, first recommending them- selves to God, by whose favour and grace they hoped before daybreak to touch the African coast.t In the morning the Emperor with his galleys discerned the land, and he awaited the ships that were behind- hand at Port Farino. Then, after having made a re_ connaissance as to best point for landing, he for the first time set foot on African soil, with his whole
* Como hum irmad deve fazer a outro. + Encommendando se primeiro .a Deus, com cujo fayor e erage chegaram autes do dia a terra de Africa.
Sack of Tunis. 27°
army, commanded by General Marquis du Guast.
After being delayed by some skirmishes, he besieged Goulette for some days with heavy artillery,* and finally carried it by storm.
At this time the Emperor received the news that the Empress had given birth to thé Infanta Dona Juana, her second daughter. <A few days afterwards, leaving Goulette and the fleet well provided for, he advanced towards Tunis with his infantry and cavalry and some pieces of artillery. Whilst advancing, Barbarossa made a sortie from Tunis with a large body of Moors on horse and foot, supported by nu- merous artillery, and attacked the Emperor between some pits and swamps, where he had halted to rest
his army.
_ The Emperor took possession of the ground, and compelled the enemy to withdraw, with the loss of their artillery and of a portion of their troops. His Majesty also suffered some loss on his side; on the same day Barbarossa beat a retreat toward Tunis. At daybreak next morning, the Emperor drew up his army in order of battle and advanced against the said city of Tunis, and neither Barbarossa nor his men could prevent him forcing an entrance with his army. After having sacked the town and liberated the Christian slaves, he restored
* Com grande batteria.
1536
“28 Charles the Fifth.
it to King Hassan, and, having returned to La Goulette, which he fortified, he embarked with the intention of taking the city of Africa.* He was pre- vented from doing so by contrary winds. Leaving
Calybia, which is also on the coast of Africa, he again _
made sail, and* landed for the first time in Sicily. Having held an assembly there, and having given suitable orders for the welfare of that kingdom, where he left Don Ferdinand de Gonzaga as Viceroy, he crossed the straits of Messina and proceeded to Naples via Calabria. This was his third visit to Italy. During this journey he had a fifth attack of the gout at four different intervals. Whilst at Naples the Emperor convoked an assembly, in which he discussed the affairs of the kingdom. Here he received news of the death of the Queen of England, of the Prince of Piedmont, who was in Spain, and of Francis Sforza, Duke of Milan.
Meantime Francis, King of France, commenced a third war, with a view to seize the states of the Duke of Savoy. This compelled His Imperial Ma-
jesty to leave Naples as soon as possible to take the
necessary measures to meet that invasion. The Emperor visited Rome, where he had his first
interview with His Holiness Pope Paul, as much _
with a view to negotiate peace, for which propositions
* Mehedia — the ancient Aphrodisium.
2s CO -S
-)
Enters France with an Army. 29
_had been made to him, as to induce him, should it - not be concluded, to take the part of the Duke of
Savoy, who, besides being a vassal of the empire, was married to his sister-in-law and cousin-german, the
Infanta Dota Beatrice of Portugal. All these
matters were discussed at Rome, and led to various
negotiations, but did not end in anything.* A cor- _ respondence ensued, which the Emperor declined to
reply to, as beneath his notice.t He therefore
_ resolved to follow up his plans. Having made all
possible arrangements, and desirous of finding the
_ most suitable means to restore to the Duke of Savoy
the greater portion of his estates, of which he had been forcibly despoiled, he left a portion of his army near Turin and advanced another army through
_ the Netherlands, the command of which he intrusted
to the Count of Nassau, so as to alarm and do harm to the enemy. Finally he accompanied the re- mainder of his troops, the command of which he gave to Antonio de Leyva, and advanced as far as Aix in Provence. This was the first time he entered France with an army.{ However, as the season was far advanced, and it was necessary to oppose an attack from the enemy, he withdrew with his whole
* Em Roma se trattou e praticou desta materia, e passaram muitas cousas que nao foram mais palvras sem effecto.
ft Donde se seguiram taes escritturas que Sua Majestade nao quis tomar cuidado de lhes respondér, com a cousas muito frivolas.
¢ Que foi a primeira vez que entrou em Franga e com exercito.
1537
30 . . Charles the Fifth.
army to Nice. From thence he proceeded to Genoa, where he dismissed and sent home all that portion of his army which was superfluous or useless. He took care to provide for the safety of the frontiers of Piedmont, of Montferrat, and of the state of Milan, of which he appointed the Marquis du Guast Gover- nor and Captain-General. He then embarked at
Genoa and returned to Barcelona. This was his
fourth visit to Spain.
The Emperor proceeded by post to Tordesillas, where the Queen his mother and the Empress his wife were residing. From thence he went to Valla- dolid, where he convoked the Cortes. For the sixth time he experienced a severe attack of the gout. He
received the news that Duke Alexander de Medici —
had been treacherously killed, and he conferred the state of Florence upon Duke Cosmo de Medici. . At
this time the Infant don Louis of Portugal came to
Valladolid to visit His Majesty and the Empress. It was the third visit which he paid to their Majes- ties. A few days afterwards the Emperor, leaving the Empress encevnte, proceeded to Monzon, where he convoked the ordinary Cortes. At this time the King of France, with troops hastily levied, in- vaded Flanders, and successively took Hesdin and Saint Pol, which latter town was soon recaptured by assault by an army assembled by the Queen of Hungary, commanded by General Count de Buren.
- Peace with France. 31
At the same time this army took Montreuil, and defeated Annibal, who was endeavouring to throw provisions into Terouane, then besieged. Never- theless the city was relieved, the siege raised, and Montreuil abandoned.
The King of France, finding that the lands of the Duke of Savoy, which he had conquered in Piedmont, were wanting in provisions, and hard pressed by the Imperialists, and that, moreover, he had no means of coming to their support unless he could get rid of the resistance he encountered in Flanders, proposed a general armistice, which the Emperor had some difficulty in accepting, as he was aware of the sad condition of the territory which the King of France occupied in Piedmont. It resulted from these nego- tiations that the Emperor, having been informed of the sad condition of the said lands, and knowing that his forces were such as to render it impossible for them to receive succour, and from other reasons, concluded a general armistice with the said King, excepting only Piedmont. It happened, however, that the King of France sent so many men and troops © into Piedmont that those lands were succoured.
The Cortes being closed, the Emperor returned by post. to Valladolid to see the Empress, who had just been brought to bed of her fourth son, the Infant Don Juan, who died shortly afterwards. Almost at the same time died the Infanta Dona Beatrice of
32 Charles the Fifth.
Portugal, Duchess of Savoy. The Empress suffered much after her confinement, and since then until the day of her death was in very bad health. Whilst the Emperor was at Monzon negotiations for peace were opened between His Majesty and the King of France. The result was a conference between their respective ambassadors, which were, on the Emperor’s side, Covos, Grand Commander of Léon, and M. de Granvelle, and on the King’s side the Cardinal de Lorraine and the Constable of France; and as there were some hopes of an interview between their Majesties, the Emperor posted back to Barcelona to see what the negotiations had led to. However, Pope Paul observing that no
conclusion had been come to, wished to interfere, —
offering to proceed in person to Nice, whilst the Emperor should go to Villafranca, and the King of France to Antibes; to which the Emperor agreed, because he was always inclined towards peace.* Meantime the Emperor visited Perpignan and the frontier of Rousillon; on his return he found his brother-in-law, the Infant Don Louis of Portugal. This prince, from his good inclinations and a desire to work in the service of God and to do good,f had proceeded to Barcelona in all haste to see if he could be of any service in helping to the conclusion of
* Por ser sempre inclinado ao bem da paz. +t Pola boa inclinacid e desejos que tirha de se empregar em eousas do servico de Deus e ser causa d’alguin bem,
Truce with France. 33
peace. He was welcomed and entertained by His Majesty in the most hospitable manner. But, con- sidering that the journey to Nice had already been agreed upon, and that His Holiness wished to act as a mediator in this matter, His Majesty thought that it was more advisable the Infant should ‘not leave _ Barcelona. He therefore returned. This was the fourth visit to His Majesty.
_ As already stated, the Emperor had posted to ‘Barcelona; and there, conformable to his intention of seeing what would ensue from these conferences, : he embarked for Nice. Whilst he was yet at Bar- _ celona, negotiations for an armistice had been opened between His Majesty and the King of France, and the Emperor thought there was no inconvenience in doing so, as he was going to Nice to treat for peace. He therefore gave his assent on the point of embark- - ing, and sent his ratification, although he had not yet received that of the King, because he could not have been informed of it in time. At the same time a report was spread that a Turkish fleet was proceed- _ ing eastward, and with the purpose of preventing - this journey to Nice. His Majesty having arrived at Pomégues,* near Marseilles, discerned some latine sails coming eastwards. The Emperor, aware that a short time previously the King of France had sent
_ * In insulas quae sunt ante Assiliam, vulgo Pomegas dictas. | Sepulveda, xvii. 9. D
1538
34 Charles the Fifth.
some of his galleys in that direction, and fancying that the vessels seen were of that number, made
the usual signals to them, so as to enter into con- ; versation, and ascertain what news they had of — the Turkish fleet. But the said galleys either did — not or would not understand the signals; and | as they knew nothing of the armistice, and were enemies, they opened fire upon the galleys of the ~ Emperor, and by hard rowing endeayoured to reach — the French coast. His Majesty, perceiving this, — ordered his galleys to give chase, and captured four — of them in the open sea; but he did not follow those — that had gained the land. The Emperor severely © reproached the captains of the galleys which he had captured for the fault which they had committed, and ; informed the Governor of Provence of this mistake, and of the disorder which had ensued, making him | acquainted, moreover, with the armistice which had been concluded at Barcelona, of which the — Governor had not received any intimation. Agreeable to this truce, the Emperor restored the four cap- tured galleys, and shortly afterwards he received the ratification of the same by the King of France. §
Second Interview with the Pope. 35
CHAPTER III.
_ Seeond Interview with the Pope.—Offensive League against the
_ Turks.— Interview between Charles and Francis I. — Charles returns to Spain.—Convokes the Cortes at Toledo—Capture of Castel-Nuovo.—Death of the Empress (1539).—The Reformation. —Appoints Prince Philip Governor of the Spanish dominions during his absence.— Visits the King of France.—Visits Flanders.— Count Egmont.—The Duchy of Gueldres.—The Duke of Cléves.— M. de Granvelle.—The Queen of Hungary (1541).—Expedition to Algeria.—The Spanish Fleet dispersed by a tempest.—Gives up the Expedition.—Convokes the Cortes of Castille at Valladolid.— Has a severe (the Ninth) Attack of Gout.—Holds the Cortes at
_ Monzon.—Renewal of War with France.—Pope Paul.—Diet at Niiremberg.—Visits Italy again (1543).
T\HE Emperor continued his journey to Nice, where he had a second interview with His Holi- ness, and, after having kissed his feet, he discussed with him the different negotiations for peace with the King of France, who had also arrived at Saint ‘Laurent. However, the conclusion of a truce was all that was effected, and various motives led to it.* The Emperor being at Villafranca, near Nice, and desirous of seeing the most Christian Queen his sister, as it was a long time since he had seen her, that Princess, anxious to conciliate and comply with the
* Paras as quaes se ayerem de fazer ouve alguas razoes. D2
36 Charles the Fifth.
wishes of the Emperor her brother and of the — King her husband, proceeded to Villafranca with Madame la Dauphine, the actual Queen,* Madame Margaret,f and many other ladies and high per- sonages of France. As she found the time she spent with him extremely short, she returned a second time with a less numerous suite, and passed q one night in the same city. The Queen having left, and the armistice having been concluded, the Emperor accompanied His Holiness as far as Genoa, where he experienced his seventh attack of the gout. This was his fifth visit to Italy. At this time the Pope, the Emperor, and the Signoria of Venice con- cluded an offensive league against the Turk; after which His Majesty embarked at Genoa to return to Spain.
As it had been agreed that an interview should take place between His Majesty and the King of — France, His Majesty announced that on his return he should cruise along the French coast and stop at the port of Aigues-Mortes. The King at once, in a small boat, paid the Emperor a visit on board his galley, and the latter, in return for so great an act of courtesy, and to show equal confidence,t{ paid a visit | to the King in the town of Aigues-Mortes. He
* Catherine of Medicis. t Margaret, daughter of Francis I, afterwards Duchess of Savoy. t Por pagar t4d grande cortezia e mostrar a mesma confianga.
ee
“Taterview betwein Charles V.and Francis I. 37
_ stopped there till the following day, well treated and feasted by the King, who, not satisfied with the _ courtesy he had already shown to the Emperor, _ insisted upon accompanying the Emperor in his gig, _ with his two sons, Monsieur le Dauphin and Mon- sieur d’Orléans, other princes of the blood, and high i personages, to his galley. They all went on board, and great compliments were exchanged on all sides,* _ and various propositions were made, and the result _ was (as from the said visits and armistice) a great continuation of good friendship and greater confi- _ dence.f This was the second time that His Imperial _ Majesty saw the King of France, and the first time that he set foot in that kingdom as a friend. The Emperor again set sail, and returned for the fifth time to Spain. He landed at Barcelona and left for Valladolid, where he found the Empress much better than when he left her, but still indisposed. To put into execution the league which he had con- cluded, he for a second time convoked the general Cortes of all his kingdoms of Castille at Toledo, where their Majesties were residing, and where the support and assistance were discussed which it was possible and suitable to grant. In the same year a great dearth prevailed in Sicily. It was here prin- cipally that the fleet had to procure its provisions ;
_ * Muitos comprimentos. + Hua grande continuacd6 de boa amizade e major confianga.
1539
38 Charles the Fifth.
and, although the Emperor was quite prepared on his part, the Pope and the Venetians were of the opinion that it was not to be thought of to carry out this year the projected enterprise, and the contributions from
the Cortes demanded by His Majesty were ceased to —
be levied. It however happened that His Holiness
and the Signoria of Venice, deeming that it was not
advisable to allow the year to pass by without doing something, united their fleets and sent them to oppose and fight the Turk by sea as well as by land. The result of this expedition was the capture of Caste]-Nuovo.*
The sufferings of the Empress continued, and her malady made daily progress, especially since it was ascertained that she was again enceinte: the Emperor
remained the greater part of the year 1539 at Toledo.
The state of the Empress grew worse, and having given birth to a fifth son it pleased God to call her unto himself, and it may be held for certain that he
did so in his great mercy. This death caused great sorrow to everyone, especially to the Emperor, who —
ordered everything to be done that is custo nam suitable under such circumstances.
Since the interview at Aigues-Mortes, negotiates had continued without interruption for the conclusion
of a satisfactory and permanent peace between the —
*® Castel-Nuovo, in Dalmatia, at the Mouths of Cattaro. |
a
» oe yee ee ee
5 4 .
+
Death of the Empress. | 39
; Emperor and the King of France. As it happened _ that at this period certain innovations commenced to show themselves in Flanders, from which His Majesty _ had been absent since the year 1531, he deemed that his absence might be an obstacle to the remedy which ji those evils required, and give rise to other and still greater ones.* The Emperor had lost his companion ; he was animated by a great desire to do everything that was possible to obtain a good result, and the conclusion of peace; and although he felt that the Prince his son was still much too young to govern in his absence and to replace the Empress in her functions, and despite the other inconveniences which were represented to him and brought to his notice, he hearkened only to the good and sincere intention he had to do good, and to fulfill his duties towards his subjects so as to prevent them suffering greater inconveniences and giving rise to more scandals.f He was also desirous of bringing to a conclusion certain matters which he had left in suspension in Germany. He had formed the design of embarking at Barcelona for Italy; but at the same time the King of France
* Naquelle tempo se commengad a mover alguas novitades nos estados de Flandres, e que estando sua Majestade Imperial ausente @elles desdo anno de xxyi., sua longa absencia podia fazer falta para remedio dos males qve havia e dar occasiao a outros maiores.
+ Pospondo tudo a bea e verdadeira intengao que tinha de bem fazer e comprir com o que devia a seus vasallos por evitar que nio caissem em outros maiores inconvenientes e escandalos,
1540
40 Charles the Fifth.
sent him many pressing invitations to visit his king- dom, offering all security and a hearty welcome, whilst 1 on the contrary he would have been much grieved had His Majesty shown any mistrust or acted other- wise.* The Emperor therefore decided on taking his departure from Spain, leaving for the first time the government of his kingdoms to the Prince his son, despite his youth.
_ At the end of this year the Emperor put this reso- lution into execution, and, on the word and the promise of the King of France (with whom a truce had been concluded at Villafranca, near Nice), he passed through his kingdom, where His Majesty was féted and well received. This was the third interview between their Majesties, the third time that His Majesty set foot in France, and the second time that he entered the kingdom as a friend.
The Emperor visited Flanders for the fourth time. Here he took the most prompt measures possible to put a stop to the disorders which had sprung up there.
He commenced the fortress of Ghent, assembled the estates, and visited the greater portion of the domains, During this visit he experienced at the
* Offerecendo Ihe toda seguranca e bom trattamento e que do
' eontrario receperia grande pezar e sentimento polas monstras que
Sua Majestade daria de desconfianga. + Proveo 6 remedio 6 mais prestes que pode as desordés que havia. :
Visits Flanders. Fes
Hague, in Holland, an eighth attack of gout, and conformably to the intention he entertained, and to the desire which had always animated him to conclude a good peace, he offered to the King of France, immediately he had arrived in the said states, such favourable conditions, that he was surprised to find they were not accepted and the desired peace _ not concluded.*
Some time previously Count Charles of Egmont had died, after having for many years ruled the duchy of Gueldres, which, however, did not belong to him. More than that, he had seized upon every
_ opportunity to develope and increase his power, and
at various periods he had attempted to get possession
of Friesland, Overyssel, and Gréningen, from which
he was always driven back by the Imperialists, and which territories were in the peaceful possession of His Majesty. Not content with this, he made war against the Bishop of Utrecht, who was a prince of the empire, and took the town of Utrecht from him by force. As soon as the Emperor heard of this, to whom the Bishop had sued for assistance (an obligation to which he was bound as lord of the fief), and it was all the stronger, as it was necessary to maintain tranquillity
in the Netherlands,f he concerted measures with the
* Offerecendo lhe tao grandes partidos que se maravilhou de nao serem d’elle acceitados e de se nio seguir a paz desejada. + Nos Payses-Baixos de haver quietagao.
-. Charles the Fifth.
Bishop, and’came to his assistance in such guise that the said Count Charles of Egmont was driven out of
Utrecht by the Imperial troops. The Emperor, who ql
proceeded there in person shortly afterwards, ordered
a new fortress to be constructed there, and for this purpose obtained from the Pope and from the empire all the necessary acts and ratifications.
After the death of Charles of Egmont, Duke William of Cléves seized upon the government of the duchy of Gueldres, asserting a claim to it. His Imperial © Majesty, seeing how matters stood, and how he con- sequently ought to and could act, made him offers, the conditions of which were such that they ought reasonably to have been accepted. But, at the — request, and through the intrigues of France (the French were dissatisfied, although without grounds, with the terms of the peace, which were not conform- able to their wishes and designs),* the Duke, who — moreover was young and followed the counsel of his mother, would not accept them. The Emperor having thus achieved all that was to be done in the states of Flanders, and having convoked a Diet at Ratisbon, where he wished distinctly to show his claims relative to the duchy of Gueldres, resolved to leave for the said Diet, as already, whilst in Spain, he had opened
* Como por os Francerez ficarem discontentos (ainda que sem raza6) das condicoés da paz por nio serem todas conformees a sua vontade e ao que tinham proposto. '
“negotiations on the subject with the states of the empire. The King of the Romans came to visit his brother in Flanders, and the deputies of the empire ~ assembled at Worms to deliberate upon this question. The Emperor, finding that all was not quite settled in the Netherlands, requested the King his brother to _ remain there during his absence, and he also charged -M. de Granvelle and his other ministers to push on - matters whilst he was attending the said Diet. How- “ever, as this assembly at Worms, and the negotiations _ which took place, did not lead to the result which he had anticipated, everything was reserved for the future Diet of Ratisbon.
_ he Emperor, leaving for the second time the government of the Netherlands to the care of the 4 Queen of Hungary, proceeded to the Diet at Ratis- pon, for the first time passing through the state of Luxembourg. This was the Emperor’s fourth 4 visit to Germany. He had convoked this Diet _ chiefly to establish concord and to effect a remedy in the state of religious affairs. After various de- bates, the Emperor observed that the princes of the - empire had not attended this Diet, and that they were still far from a conclusion, and still more so from the means of execution which ought to be _ adopted;* moreover, the report was current that
* Que avia pouco de conclusad e menos d’execugdd que convinha fazer.
J § oa The Diet of Ratisbon. 43
1541
44, Charles the Fifth.
the Turk intended to invade Austria, and no order had been given to oppose that invasion and to take the necessary measures of defence. Already, before this news was received, the Emperor, from various reasons which actuated him, had on his return to Spain made great naval preparations for an expedi- tion to Algeria. He therefore left Ratisbon before he was fully informed of the invasion of the Turk, and started for Italy to embark, and commence the said enterprise. This was His Majesty’s sixth visit there. Immediately on his arrival, positive news was re- ceived that the Turk was making great preparations to invade Hungary. From this reason the Emperor proceeded to Lucca, where he had his third inter- view with Pope Paul to arrange the means for organising a defence against the Turk. But finding — that this interview and these negotiations led tono result, he proceeded to Spezzia, a port in the Gulf of Genoa, to wait there until his fleet was in perfect readiness. Already the equipment and preparations for this fleet had occupied more time than was neces- sary ; and although the season was almost past, never- theless, as the outlays incurred could not be turned to any other account, and from other reasons which, as already said, actuated the Emperor, considering that weather is in the hands of God,* he embarked at the said port of Spezzia for Corsica, which he saw
* Considerando que o tempo estava em mao de Deus.
Expedition to Algeria. 45
for the first time, and from thence for Algiers, _ touching at the island of Sardinia, at Majorca, and at Minorca, for the second time. This was the - eighth time that he crossed the Mediterranean, and j the second time that he landed in Africa. During this journey the weather was seasonable. The _ Spanish fleet also arrived, and after a few skirmishes, _ when the troops were already suitably posted to _ attack the town, and provided with everything that was necessary to open their batteries, so fierce a tempest arose on sea that many vessels perished, and the army on land also suffered considerably.
_ Nevertheless the men mutually assisted each _ other, and the best order possible was organised, as = well to resist the fury of the sea as the attacks of the enemy by land. Finally the annoyances became so 4 great that the Emperor deemed it the wisest plan to _ relinquish the expedition and put to sea. But this { could not be done immediately, as the tempest had not subsided. He was therefore obliged to march twenty miles by land, to cross two large rivers, so as to reach Cape Matafous, where he reembarked.
The whole time the army was on land (it remained there twelve days before reembarking) it suffered from great want of provisions, because, as already said, the weather was so boisterous that nothing could be got from the ships. After those twelve days the Emperor set sail during a great storm, and
7 4,
~
1542
46 Charles the Fifth. | aa
was compelled to touch at Bougie. The winds were
so contrary, and he was retained so long, that he and his troops suffered much from the scarcity of provi- sions; and the evils would have been still greater had the fine weather not returned. The tempest was — so fierce that everyone sought shelter where best he could, and many ships were driven in directions — quite contrary to where they wished to go. Never- —
theless the troops recovered so well that, without so — much loss as might have been expected from such
weather, they all returned to the appointed rendez- —
vous. The Emperor dismissed the superfluous men and those least wanted, and the others returned to — their garrisons. The Emperor, having embarked at Bougie, arrived with fair weather at Majorca for the ; third time, from whence Prince Doria returned to — Genoa with his galleys, after passing by Barcelona. The Emperor, with the Spanish galleys, touched for —
the first time at Ivica; for the ninth time he nayi-
gated the Mediterranean. He arrived at Carthagena:
this was his sixth visit to Spain. He then continued — his route as far as Ocaiia, where he met his children, __
the Prince of Spain and the Infantas. .
In the commencement of the year 1542, the Emperor proceeded to Valladolid, to hold the Cortes — of the kingdom of Castille. Here he experienced a ninth attack of gout, and at the monastery of La Mejorada he suffered from it generally in nearly all
‘ The Cortes of Castille and of Aragon. 47
his limbs. At this time negotiations were on foot | % for the marriage of the Prince his son with the _ Infanta Dofia Maria of Portugal, and of Prince Juan of Portugal with the Infanta Dofia Juana, second z daughter of His Majesty. As soon as the Cortes had terminated, the Emperor, although unwell, proceeded as quickly as he could, _ passing through Navarre, to hold the Cortes of the three kingdoms of Aragon at Monzon, with the intention of
e
returning as soon as possible to Germany to provide _ some remedy for the affairs of religion, and to recover "+ by all means in his power the duchy of Gueldres, _ which belonged to him. The King of France, how- ever, seeing the bad success which had attended the Emperor in his enterprise against Algiers, and fancy- ing that the outlays he had been put to must have - drained his finances, commenced by making a small complaint, and the Emperor replied to him by offering all the justifications to which he was bound by the conditions of the truce concluded at Nice.* The King of France nevertheless transmitted to him from all parts the assurance that he had not the slightest intention of going to war with him ;f but he suddenly attacked the Emperor in the Netherlands, Martin * Algua fraca queixa a qual se tinham offerecido todas as justi-
ficacdes que o Emperador polas ia da tregoa feita em Niza _estava obrigado.
=. + Assegurando o de todas as partes que nao tinha intento de lhe Ng fazer guerra alga.
48 Charles the Fifth.
Van Rossem commencing operations in Gueldres, M. d’Orleans in Luxembourg, and M. de Vendéme in the states of Flanders and in Artois. Moreover, — he ordered his son the Dauphin to lay siege to — Perpignan, and proceeded himself as far as Narbonne | to stimulate the enterprise. Nevertheless, by the grace of God, the Emperor, and those who had the management of his affairs, set things so well in order, and organised so able a defence, that this time the said King did nothing of importance.
At this period Pope Paul, not satisfied with having issued a bull, which was a testimony of his good will, but which had scarcely any other effect, convoked a general Council at Trent, and at the same time sent his Legates to His Majesty and to the King of France, not only to invite them and to exhort them to peace, but also to restrain them by ecclesiastical censure if they would not obey his behest to conclude a truce. This happened, as already said, at the period His Majesty was attacked, and when the French were repulsed on all sides and compelled to withdraw. His Imperial Majesty, seeing with what intentions His Holiness wished to effect a peace between their Majesties, and that thereby His Imperial Majesty would have been mulcted and dispossessed of all that had been taken from him by a sudden and unexpected invasion, did not think it either equitable or suitable to accept such propositions of peace; but he felt indig-
Pope Paul. 4
nant, and obliged to reconquer what belonged to him, and to show his resentment for such aninjury. The Emperor therefore rejected the said propositions, and would not hearken to them at all.* He somewhat drily dismissed the Legate, who had addressed him in atone without that respect which was due to His Majesty.t| He however still protested that he was, as he always had been, inclined to treat for peace, provided that the adverse party was governed by _ ‘reason, and provided that the peace was sure and suitable to the service of God and to the welfare of - Christianity.t
The Cortes of Aragon having terminated, the Em- _ peror left for Barcelona. He had sent the Prince his son from Monzon to Saragossa, that he should be ; recognised Prince of that kingdom; from thence His _ Majesty proceeded with him to Barcelona, where he was
* Vendo Sua Magestade Imperial a tencdd, com que Sua Santitade queria trattar de por em paz Suas Magestades, pela qual Sua Magestade _ Imperial ficara aggravado, e desapossado do que per aquella subita @ repentina invasd0 lhe fora tomado, nao lhe parecendo nem justo, nem conveniente acceitar taes modos e meios de paz, antes sentindo _ se mais stimulado e forcado a recobrar o seu e mostrar o sentimento, / que tinha de hum tal aggravo, refusou os dittos modos propostos e de nenhua maneira os quis ouvir.
+ Despedio assaz seccamente ao legado o qual tambem tinha usado _ de termos pouco graves, nem guardava o respeito que a Sua Magestade se devia.
t Offerecendo se com tudo de estar, como sempre esteve, prestes " ; para trattar da paz, com tanto que a parte contrariase accommoda sea a razao, e ella fosse segura e conveniente ao servigo de Deus e bem da Christandade.
E
50 Charles the Fifth.
also recognised. Having passed through Viletibie, where the same ceremonial was observed, the Emperor — took the direction of Alcala to see his daughters. Here | the affiance per verba de futuro of his daughter — the Infanta Dofia Juana took place with Prince Don Juan of Portugal, according to what had been agreed upon. This done, the Emperor proceeded to Madrid, which city he left as soon as he could, because he much desired, according to his first intention, to return to Germany. In fact he had convoked a Diet at Niiremberg, to discuss defensive measures against the Turk, and matters of religion. The King his brother and M. de Granvelle proceeded there, in the — name of His Majesty, with many others of his ministers whom he had sent there. The Emperor, © having terminated all that he had to do in the © kingdoms of Spain, commenced his journey, having left for the second time during his absence the ~ Prince, his son, Governor of the said kingdoms. He therefore left Madrid, and arrived at Barcelona, ; which city.he would willingly have left earlier, but — 1543 various obstacles prevented his embarking before — May 1, and in consequence of storms and boister- )
ous weather he was not able to gain the open sea till the 19th of that month, when the weather was still unsettled and doubtful. When off Po- — mégues, near Marseilles, some French galleys sallied out and commenced skirmishing, supported by the
"7d ee
a - Diet at Niiremberg. 51
1 batteries; but they were so ably responded to ; they were compelled to retreat, and place them- _ selves under the protection of the artillery on shore. - The Emperor, not wishing any delay, continued his q journey to Genoa. This was the tenth time he 4 crossed the Mediterranean, and the seventh time he
2 Charles the Fifth.
CHAPTER IV.
Barbarossa joins the King of France.—Visits the Rhine.—Capture of Duren.—Submission of the Duke of Cléves.—He restores Gueldres to the Emperor —Visits the Netherlands.—Siege of Landrecies.— Visits the Rhine and Spires.—Surrender of Luxembourg.—Capture
of Saint Dizier.—The King of England lays Siege to Boulogne.—
Advance into France.—Reaches Epernay.
HILST passing in front of Nice the Emperor learnt that the galleys of France wished to capture the castle of that town, and whilst His Majesty was landing at Genoa Prince Doria ap- — proached with his galleys to watch the movements of those of France. Observing that they came with the intention of executing the project attributed to them, he attacked them so briskly that he captured four of them. At this period His Majesty learnt that Barbarossa was expected with a large fleet to | support the King of France. This Barbarossa arrived later, remained at Toulon
during the whole time the war against the Emperor —
lasted, and returned without having performed any act of importance. His Majesty proceeded to Busseto, where he was joined by His Holiness, as much te discuss the affairs of Germany as to see if
Fourth Interview with the Pope. 53
7 there were no possible means of concluding a peace.* _ This was the Emperor’s fourth interview with Pope 1 Paul, and he experienced a tenth attack of gout. A
few days afterwards, perceiving how little good re-
sulted from this interview, he continued f his journey ‘ towards Germany, where he found himself for the - fifth time.
_ As the Diet had not been long sitting, and the
Emperor, in a time so replete with troubles, did not
see any chance of regulating and discussing the
affairs of religion, he continued his journey as far as Spires,-where he made all the necessary preparations
_ to enter the campaign with a good army, at the _ head of which he placed Don Ferdinand de Gon-
zaga. He was desirous of resenting the injuries and damage perpetrated by the King of France, who
3 had penetrated into the territory of Hainault as far
as Binche, and had taken Landrecies, which he was fortifying. He was also compelled to do so by the
war waged against him by Duke William of Cléves,
who had taken up arms at the instigation of the King of France, and in concert with him. On his way, the
_. Emperor heard of the defeat and route of the Duke’s
ai
troops at Heinsberg. Nevertheless His Majesty, on his
* Para se verem ambos assi polas cousas d’Alemanha, como por ver se haveria algine modo de paz.
t+ Poucos dios despois vendo o pouco effeito, que daquella vista resultava.
LAN VV
54 Charles the Fifth.
arrival at Spires, wished, the better to justify him- self, to propose to the electors, who had assembled on the banks of the Rhine, to treat with the said Duke of Cléves by means of a pacific arrangement as regarded the duchy of Gueldres. This proposal did not meet with a good reception, and the only plan left for him was to reassemble his army and ad- vance with it (this was the sixth time he was on the Rhine) as far as Bonn, from whence he took the direction of Duren. Having there made a recon- naissance of the ground, he established his batteries, bombarded the town, and carried it by storm. The Prince of Orange then came up with his army from the Netherlands. The two armies having united, and Duren having been captured, as already stated, with other possessions and lands appertaining to the duchy of Gueldres, as also to the duchy of Cléves and of Juliers, His Majesty took the direction of Rure- mond, which immediately surrendered, and from thence he advanced in the direction of Venloo. And as Duke Henri of Brunswick arrived as a friend of the said Duke of Cléves, the Emperor demonstrated and exposed to him his error, ex- horting him to renounce it. At this time the mother of the Duke of Cléves died. This latter recog- nised the bad counsel he had received, and the wisest men of the states of Gueldres also entreated him to withdraw from the danger he was in, and to follow
Submission of the Duke of Cleves. 55
_ better advice; he did so, and came and threw him- self at the feet of His Majesty, confessing his fault and asking pardon. He handed over and restored _ the whole state of Gueldres to the Emperor. But the Emperor, considering that the error of the Duke originated rather in his youth than from any evil inclination or wish to do evil, ordered the towns and localities taken from him in other territories to be restored to him. Not content with what he had done, and seeing the Duke’s repentance, and how well he persevered in his good intentions, he took his marriage into hand; in fact he gave him in marriage his niece, a daughter of the King of the Romans. This marriage increased the obligations of the said Duke towards His Majesty, and the love _ of His Majesty for that Prince. At the com- mencement of the spring the King of France, to be the first in the field, and to be enabled to oppose superior forces to the Emperor, brought forth two armies destined to wage war in the Netherlands. A portion of one of these armies, in which the King was present in person, occupied Landrecies, and the other portion established itself in the neighbourhood whilst the fortifications were strengthened. The two sons of the King had meantime marched on Binche, from whence they were driven back with loss, without having accomplished anything. Finally, M. d’Orleans joined the other army, which was at
56 Charles the Fifth.
Luxembourg. This town, not being in a state of defence, had surrendered, and had been fortified by the French. At the same time happened what has already been related before of the war that the Duke of Cléves, at the instigation of the same King, had commenced in Brabant. The Emperor, having put an end to that war of Cléves, and having taken possession of Gueldres, as already stated, left, suffering from the gout, Venloo for Diest, where the Estates of the Netherlands were assembled. They granted him a large subsidy, on the footing of the one granted to him the preceding year. This was the fifth visit of His Majesty to the Netherlands. The King of France, apprised of all these facts, withdrew with, his troops into his kingdom, after having fortified Landrecies.
This done, the Emperor, leaving under the walls of Landrecies the army which was in the Netherlands, with the gendarmerie which the King of England had sent to him in virtue of conventions which had been concluded, ordered the army which he had with him to march, as also that which had arrived from England, as far as Guise. But as the season was already advanced, and the weather inclement, he soon ordered it back to join that before Landrecies. The Emperor, although suffering much froms the gout, left Diest to attend the siege ; and knowing that the King of France was assembling new troops to
J
Siege of Landrecies. 57
"relieve the besieged, he did not wish to be absent from his armies. He therefore established his 4 quarters at Avesnes, although, as already stated, _ suffering from the gout, and he remained there until _ the troops sent to the succour of the garrison of Landrecies had withdrawn. This was his tenth attack of the gout.
The King of France, knowing that his troops
. were in danger and in want of provisions, proceeded _ with his army to Chateau-Cambrésis, from whence he _ sent a heavy body of cavalry to reconnoitre the _ ground, so as to attempt to succour the garrison of _Landrecies. To prevent this the armies of the _ Emperor formed a junction, and made such a resist-
ance that this cavalry did not attain its object and
had little subject of congratulation.* Itis true that _ during this time some French knights, with sacks of - gunpowder and a small supply of provisions, of which
the besieged stood much in need, succeeded in en-
_ tering Landrecies at a point where there was no
obstacle, which rallied the besieged a little. As the season was advanced and the weather bad, and as, moreover, the chief object of the Emperor, when he ordered his army in France to besiege Landrecies, was to compel the King to give battle,t he ordered his army to decamp, and approached France.
* Nem tene muito de que se jactar. t Forgar el rey de Franga a lhe dar batalha. —
58 Charles the Fifth.
On the same day the Emperor, still unwell and carried in alitter, left Avesnes and passed the night at Quesney. From thence he rejoined his army, which had already taken up a position opposite that of the King of France. On the following morning His Majesty, leaving his quarters, advanced with all his men within cannon range of the enemy, close to the King’s camp, and offered him battle. A few skirmishes and discharges of artillery took place on both sides, and finally a bold charge against the French, who had the worst of it, and they thought it advisable not again to leave their entrenchments, The Emperor, finding they would not come out, advanced
ee ee en ee ae
with his army close up to the enemy’s camp. The following day was passed in skirmishing: at night-fall the King withdrew with his army, and retreated as far as Guise. The Emperor, through the negligence of his scouts, was ignorant of this retreat until the following day; the result was that he could not come up with the King and his army.* He ad- vanced as far as a wood or thicket, to a distance of
* Movendo ao outro dia pela manhéa, Sua Magestade do ditto alojamento se foi por com toda sua gente a tiro de bombarda, junto ao arraial del Rey e lhe apresentou batalha. E com algias es- caramucas e tiros d’artilheria de hua e outra parte e com hua bon carga, que se deu aos Franceses daqual elles ficarem com o peor, sé contentaram por entonces e tinerao por bem nio sair do arraial. E vendo o Emperador que elles nao fariam outra cousa, se foi por com sua gente bem junto ao campo enemigo; o outro dia se passou com alguas escaramugas, e vindo a noute el Rey com seu exercito se
a ee
ei nin:
Operations after the Siege. 59
three leagues, but he could not, owing to the dis- "order of his matchlock-men (who most of them were followed or accompanied by more baggage than soldiers ought to have), attempt to cross the wood with his army. A few light cavalry and matchlock- men, and a disorderly few, traversed the thicket. _M. le Dauphin observed it, and having collected his _ French gendarmes he turned round and charged his _ pursuers. The latter sought refuge in the thicket, _ and then returned to the infantry. It may easily be believed that, if the Emperor had had his matchlock- _ men, with whom he could have passed through the _ thicket in safety, he might have attained in part the ; object of his desires ;* but as nothing else was to be _ done on this day, and as it was already late, he left the thicket, and established his quarters in the very _ camp and on the very spot which the King of France had left. He arrived there at one hour after midnight. _ The Emperor remained some days at Chateau-Cam- | brésis, to see if he could not undertake something against his enemy. But the latter resolved to dis- _ band his army at once, and sent the troops back to their garrisons. The Emperor, considering also that
_ partio, e se foi tee Guisa. E nio sabendo o Emperador por des- euido dos seus desta partida atee a outro dia pela manhia, foi no aleaince del Rey com sua gente.
* Chegara em parte ao fim do seus desejos.
60 Charles the Fifth.
the festival of All Saints had already passed, deter- — mined to do likewise; and consequently he proceeded ~ to Cambray, and from thence to Brussels, where he was taken ill (not from the gout) and was laid up — during the rest of the year. At the end of thissame — year the Princess of Spain, the Infanta Dota Maria
. of Portugal, was, conformably to the engagements
1544
which had been made, taken to Castille and handed
over to the Prince of Spain at Salamanca, where = |
their nuptials were solemnised, after having been contracted per verba de presenti.
The Emperor, leaving the Queen of Hungary his sister, for the third time, Governor of the Nether- lands, left Brussels, and for the sixth time went up the Rhine as far as Spires. This was also the sixth time that he entered Germany, where he had con- voked a Diet with a view to explain to the electors of | the empire the causes which had induced him to undertake the Gueldres expedition and to march . against the King of France, causes which have been briefly given above, but which were more developed in the proposition then made. And seeing that at this moment there did not appear any likelihood of — the Turk advancing against Christendom, and that it was also impossible to do anything in matters of religion,* or to discuss any important affairs, he demanded a subsidy against the King of France, who
* E tambem que a cerca da religidd ndo se podia fazer.
a ne
Visits the Rhine and Spires. 61
had seized upon various towns and lands of the empire, and who daily accomplished or negotiated things to its great detriment.* This having been well considered and fully appreciated, all ares good aid to His Imperial Majesty.
Whilst the Emperor was on his way to Spires, Pope Paul sent Cardinal Farnese to His Majesty, under colour and pretext of making representations to him, and of endeavouring to treat for peace. The Emperor, well aware that these were empty words and sheer
_ pretexts, would not allow himself to be caught, nor
relinquish the plans and pursuit of the enterprise which he had commenced to recover the territory of which he had been despoiled. Thus he soon dis- missed the said Cardinal, declaring that he was always willing to negotiate for a sincere, good, and perma- nent peace.{ Then, supported and strengthened by the aid he had received from the empire, he com- menced reassembling his army.
* Contra el Rey de Franca o qual tinha tomado alguas Cidades e terras do Imperio, e fazia e trattava cada dia cousas em grande detrimento.
+ Indo o Emperador por caminho para Espira, veo ter com sua Magestade o Cardinal Farnes da parte do Papa Paulo sob color e sombra di amoestar e querrer trattar de paz. E conhecendo Sua
_ Magestade que nisto nao havia mais que palavras sem algia mostra
de boa conclusad, nao se quis deixar levar d’ellos, nem d’executar a intengdd, e seguir a boa causa, que tinha e a impresa comegada, por recobrar o que lhe fora tomado. FE assi dispedio logo ao ditto Cardeal, offerecendo se de estar sempre prestes para entender e trattar de hua verdedeira, boa, segura e firma paz,
62 * Charles the Fifth.
Meantime the Emperor received the news that the army which he had in Italy had been defeated — near Carignano. It was at a bad time, and under bad circumstances.* Whatever might come of it, — having previously learnt that the city of Luxembourg, although carefully fortified, was short of provisions, — and that the King of France was endeavouring to throw supplies into it, he ordered, in all haste, Don Ferdinand de Gonzaga, to whom he had entrusted — the command of his army, to prevent any supplies — reaching that city. This General, with a small body of men, performed his mission so well that the city shortly surrendered.
The Emperor soon reinforced his army in such guise that his said Captain-General captured in a few days many towns and strongholds on the French frontier on the Lorraine side, and laid siege to Saint — Dizier. On his part, the Emperor left Spires and — passed through Metz, to join him with the remainder of the army. This was the fourth time that His Majesty entered France, and the second time as an enemy. Fire was opened against Saint Dizier, the assault given, and the town captured in a few days. — At this siege, the Prince of Orange was struck bya _ cannon-ball in the trenches, and died shortly after- wards.
According to what had been agreed upon between —
* Que foi em mao tempo e occasiad.
—-”
‘The King of England lays siege to Boulogne. 63
His Majesty and the King of England, the said King
’ had come in person with a large army to molest and
attack the kingdom of France,* and His Majesty had
also sent to him the forces he had promised by the
said convention, under the orders of M. de Buren. The said King had stopped at the siege of Boulogne and of Montreuil ; and during the long lapse of time
! during which His Majesty was before Saint Dizier,
the King of France had leisure to assemble his whole army, and to garrison the greater portion of the frontiers of his kingdom. The Emperor, taking all this into consideration, observing moreover that he had not at his command as sufficient a supply of
provisions as he required, and that the season was far
advanced, found difficulties for any ulterior enterprise.
However, not to leave the King of England alone against his enemy, he would not retire with his army. Already previously, during the siege of Saint Dizier, he had captured Vitry, defeated the French light cavalry there, and made other incursions. The Emperor, leaving the town of Saint Dizier and other more important places in a good state of defence, and persevering in the intention already mentioned above of employing every means to bring the King of France to give battle,t resolved to penetrate into
%* Molestar e offender o reino de Franca. + De por todos modos e meios tirar e trazer el rhe de Franga a lhe dar batalha.
64 — Charles the Fifth.
the interior of that kingdom as far as he could, always seeking the said King and his army.* Con- sequently, the Emperor, passing by Vitry, established himself in a plain near Chalons. Here some good skirmishes took place, where the French gained nothing, and where they had no reason to be satisfied with the pistols and small matchlocks of the German horsemen.t But as Chalons had a strong garrison, and there was a French army at three short leagues from it on the other side of the Marne, considering, moreover, that the Emperor and his army had no other provisions to depend upon except what they found in the country villages and small towns, it appeared to His Majesty that he ought not to make a longer stay in this locality.{ And although he had marched during the whole of the day upon which he arrived there, he left with his whole army at ten o’clock in the evening ; and so quick was the advance, that at daybreak he found himself in view and in face of the spot where the French had taken position with their entrenchments, carefully fortified, espe- cially on the side on which the Emperor had arrived.
* Determinou d’entrar o mais que pudesse per dentro daquello reino, indo se sempre inegando e buscando ao ditto Rey e seu exercito. :
t Nem ficaram muito contentes dos pistoletes ou pinquenos area- buzes dos Alemaes de cavallo.
¢ A Sua Magestade pareceo que nao convenha fazer mais longa demora no quelle lugar.
Advance into France. 65
The Marne flowed between the two armies. His _ Majesty might certainly have crossed the Marne, as _ there was a wooden bridge, which, although broken _ down, might have been repaired so as to allow the : passage of the infantry. There was also one where both cavalry and infantry might cross. But when that was accomplished, there would still have been much to be done, to the great disadvantage of the Emperor’s _ troops. For supposing the bridge and ford crossed q (which could only be done in file), it would have been necessary to reform in order, as a fine open plain lay in front which could be swept by the enemy’s artillery. _ It would have then been necessary to advance to the attack under continual fire; and when all this was _ done there was still a branch of the Marne,. which, _ though narrow, was deep, and offered some difficult points which could not be overcome without disorder. _ Then it was necessary to climb a hill or mound to reach the enemy, who counted a good number of _ Swiss in his ranks. The Emperor saw that all these difficulties rendered it impossible to put the army in _ good order of battle; he therefore persisted in the resolution which he had taken to make a long march that day to get ahead of the Frencharmy. In fact it was the Emperor’s intention to advance, so as to find the places he passed through undefended, and he hoped that he should force the French to ad-
vance so far as to offer him the opportunity he F
66 Charles the Fifth. ae "q
desired. On the same morning Count William of Fiirstenberg, not knowing what he was about,* — crossed the above-mentioned ford, and fell into the © hands of the French. On the other hand, Prince de la Roche-sur-Yon, whilst endeavouring to join the French camp with his company, came across some Imperial light horse, who pursued him and charged in such guise that he, his lieutenant, and many others were made prisoners and his men put to flight.
On the same day, the Emperor continued to advance, and almost reached Ay, where he was stopped by the bad state of the road and the nume- rous streams. Moreover, his rear-guard did not — arrive till ten in the evening. Thus the army had been marching for twenty-four hours, and on the pre- ceding day it had performed the same march. If it is permitted to form a judgement on what might have happened if the Emperor had that day reached — Epernay, which was only a short French league farther on (the thing was impossible), so as to have enabled the army to cross the river on the morrow over the stone bridge of that city, and by the boats constructed on the same river, he might have, by following the ridge of hill above men- — tioned, attacked the French camp by the slopes, — which had not yet been fortified, and God would
* Nao sabendo o que fazia.
-
Capture of Chateau-Thierry. 67
have given the victory to whom it pleased Him.* However, in consequence of the obstacles already mentioned, the Emperor did not reach Epernay till the evening of the following day, and he proposed in council what has been related above. But this pro- ject could not be carried out, because, in consequence _ of the delay of this day which had been lost, the French had time to fortify all the slopes as they had done on the other side; of which fact the Emperor re- ceived speedy information. In consequence the Em- peror left Epernay, advancing always with great dili- gence and precaution.f But the road offered great obstructions, owing to the numerous streams and rivulets that intersected them. In some localities they were so bad that it was often necessary to
_ make long detours, so that, when it was hoped to get
over two or three French leagues during the day, it happened that, owing to the circuitous road taken, not more than one was accomplished. This de- cided the Emperor to send forward in advance a good number of men without their baggage, that they might capture (and they did capture it) the town of Chateau-Thierry. The Emperor followed them as fast as he could, always with the intention of advancing farther and continuing his route.
* E Deus dera a victoria a quem fora servido, + Com granda pressa e cuidado.
F2
68 Charles the Fifth. —
CHAPTER V.
Negotiations for Peace, continued.— Charles consults the King of England.—Mission of the Bishop of Arras.—Surrender of Boulogne to the King of England.—Surrender of Soissons to Charles,— Henry consents to Peace.—Conclusion of Peace.—M. d’ Orleans and M. de Vendéme visit the Emperor.— Charles disbands his Army.—Is laid up with Gout at Ghent.—Convocation of the Council of Trent.—The Diet of Worms.—Secret Treaty against the Protestants.—The Pope’s Legate is alarmed.—He refuses to join the Treaty without seeing the Pope. — The Pope convokes a Consistory and preaches a Crusade against the Protestants. — Death of the Duke of Orleans.
OW it must be known that, during this expedi- tion of the Emperor into France, the King’s ministers never ceased to negotiate daily, and to offer proposals for peace; and the Emperor, who was, and always had been, desirous of peace,* had not re- — jected them, If at the outset the King’s ministers — had spoken of peace, they did so much more eagerly when they saw that His Majesty had passed Chalons with his whole army.f They therefore continued
* Aoque Sua Magestade como quem lhe era e fora sempre tao affeigoado,
+ E so de principio elles trattavam e pratticavam de paz, muito mais e com maior istancia o fizeram, quando viram Sua Magestade passar de Chalon com seu exercito e tanto se continuaram, e tao grande calor se deu a estas pratticas de paz, que vieram quasi a con- cordar nos artigos et condigoes della.
Negotiations for Peace. 69
these negotiations, and displayed such zeal that the articles and conditions of peace had almost been _ settled, Nevertheless, as the King of England was before Boulogne, as already stated, and as His Majesty, who had advanced so far into the interior of France, had no news of what he was doing, and had no means of sending him any information as _ regards his own acts, he could not, according to the conventions. concluded with the said King, sign a peace with the King of France without the know- ledge and the consent of the King of England. To effect this, the ministers of the King of France _ allowed the Bishop of Arras, the Emperor’s minister, to proceed, on the part of His Majesty, to inform the King of England of what was actually taking place. The Emperor informed him that if with.his forces he would on his side penetrate farther into France, he was ready on his part to push forward his advance and his enterprise until the two armies
_ should form their junction before Paris, or in any
locality deemed most suitable.* Should he not accept this proposal, he asked his consent that His Majesty might negotiate for peace, including him according to what had been agreed upon before- hand.
* Offerecendo che que se com suas forcas e gente queria da sua parte entrar mais per Franga, que o Emperador da sua continuaria
seu caminho e empresa atee se arrem ajuntar os dous exercitos la para a parte de Paris, ou aonde melhor parecesse.
70 Charles the Fifth.
However, during this time the King of England, continuing the siege of Boulogne, pressed the place so hard that it was compelled to surrender, which naturally gave him great satisfaction.* Finding the season far advanced, and considering the great out- lays this war had cost him, he came to the conclu- sion that he had neither the necessary means nor resources to advance farther into France,t and con- sented that the Emperor should conclude peace.
Now, whilst the Emperor was awaiting, as already stated, a prompt reply from the King of England, he found that he could not remain longer in the locality where he was, owing to the want of all necessary things, experienced by his army, and he also found that it would be difficult for him to continue to advance. In fact, from the motives indicated higher up, he could not have been more rapid in his movements; and the hostile army being unfettered in its action, owing to the river which separated it * from the Emperor, had time to gain the advance and organise its forces. The result was that the Em- peror, in want of provisions, which it was impossible for him to procure so far in the interior of France (from Chateau-Thierry to Paris there are scarcely
‘ * Doque elle, e com justa cousa, estava mui contente.
+ E vendo a sazad ir declinando muito, e os grandes gatsea uq fizera nesta guerra, nem ter as commodidades e apercebimentos ne- cessarios para poder entrar mais per Franga. ‘
~
r= Ge".
Surrender of Boulogne ; conclusion of Peace. 7%
twenty short leagues), could not remain long enough to attack those places which would have defended themselves—a point of the highest importance.* The Emperor weighed all these considerations, the more so as the soldiers’ pay was in arrear, and the money requisite to pay them was to be had in the Nether- lands; but there was no means of conveying it, and his determination was almost imposed upon him by necessity, as well to obtain sooner the reply of the King of England as to approach the Netherlands, where he could more easily procure money and other indispensable things, and also to organise his plans better, according to the reply he should receive from the King of England. He therefore left Chateau-Thierry, taking the road to Soissons, which surrendered on his approach. From this place he could carry out the propositions which he had made to the King of England, as well and even better than he could-have done at Chateau-Thierry. Meantime the reply of the King of England arrived, As already said, he consented that the Emperor should conclude peace. Peace having been concluded, M. @Orleans arrived on a visit to the Emperor. M. de Vendome also arrived soon after- wards, and the Emperor continued his journey with his whole army as far as Cateau-Cambrésis, where
* Cousa que fora da grande importancia,
C ' ra Cre p p.§ Cres p
Ww 4y
Ne
72 Charles the Fifth.
he paid it off and dismissed it, and from thence : | he proceeded to Cambray, where he found his sister the Queen of Hungary, as also the hostages that were to be handed over to him. With all this com- pany he returned to Brussels. This was the sixth time that he revisited his states of Flanders. Shortly afterwards he received there Her Most Christian Majesty and M. d’Orleans, accompanied by many lords and ladies, who had left after having been hospitably entertained for some days. The Empe- ror turned his attention to the affairs of his states of Flanders with the intention of visiting them. He therefore left Brussels, where he had been — threatened with an attack of the gout, for Ghent. — In this city he experienced so severe an attack of gout, that from December till Easter he suffered from it extremely, although the régime and diet he submitted to for the first time were most severe: this was his eleventh attack of gout.
The Emperor had intended visiting Germany about ‘this time to restore order.* For it must be known that, since the year 1529, when, as already stated, he visited Italy for the first time, and had an interview with Pope Clement, he never ceased when- ever he saw either Pope Clement or Pope Paul, and in every journey, and at every Diet in Germany, and
* Para trattar de seu remedio.
The Emperor and the Pope. 73
at every time and opportunity, continually to solicit, either personally or through his ministers, the con-
vocation of a general council to provide a remedy for the evils which had arisen in Germany, and for the errors which were being propagated in Chris- _tendom.* |
As regards Pope Clement, owing to various diffi- culties of a personal nature, and despite the promise he had made to His Majesty to convoke such a council within the delay of one year, it was never possible to make him fulfil it.t His successor Pope Paul declared at the commencement of his - Pontificate that he had promised to announce and convoke the council immediately, and exhibited a _ lively desire to provide a remedy for the evils which had befallen Christianity, and for the abuses of the _ Church; nevertheless those demonstrations and first zeal gradually cooled down, and, following the steps and the example of Pope Clement, he temporised
* Porque heder saber, que como ja se disse, desdo anno 29 que foi @ primeira vez que passou a Italia ‘e se via com o Papa Clemente _ nunqua deixou todas as vezes, que se vio assi com o mesmo Papa _ Clemente como com o Papa Paulo, e em todas seus caminhos, e _ dietas, que tinha feito na ditta Germania, e em todos os outros _ tempos ¢ occasioes de continuamente sollicitar hora em persoa, hora per meio de seus ministros, concilio geral para remedio da ditta Germania e dos erros, que iam multiplicando na Christandade.
+ Quanto ao Papa Clemente, por algis inconvenientes, che havia em sua pessoa, sem embargo da promessa, que tinha feito a Sua _ Magestade de dentro de hum anno convocar o ditto concilio, ja mais foi possivel accabar com elle, que o quisesse executar.
"4 Charles tho Fifth, a
with soft words, and always postponed the convo- 1 cation and meeting of the council,* until, as already | observed above, he sent to Monzon, where the King — of France commenced the war in 1542—a bull of — convocation of the said council at Trent. The time and opportunity show what his real intentions were. — God knows them, and they are easily discernible in what then took place, and by His Majesty’s reply.t Nevertheless, in consequence of changes which oc- curred in affairs—changes far different from what ; had been calculated upon by discerning minds— — matters were arranged,{ and were in such guise ; conducted that the said convocation was held. The — council met and continued for a long time to sit at — Trent, until the said Pope Paul, from certain reasons (God will it that they were good ones!) wished to transfer it to Bologna.§ His Holiness therefore, —
* A Papa Paulo, ainda.que no principio de seu Pontifieado pub- licasse que tinha promettido de logo publicar e convoear concilio, e — mostrasse grandes desejos de remediar a Christendada e abusos da Igrega, com tudo despois com o tempo aquellas mostras e ardor pri- meiro se foi es friando, e seguiado os passos e exemplo do Papa Clemente, com boas palavras prolongou, e entretene sempre a con- — vocao-e ajuntamente do concilio.
+ A sazad e opportunidade do tempo mostram bem, com que tencad isto era, e Deus o sabe, e pelo que entaéd passou, e sua Magestade respondeo, se pode claramente entender.
t Con tudo polas mudancas que nos negocios sobrevieram bem differentas do que algis agudos engenhos tinhao discorrido, as cousas se ordenaram. .
§ Atee que o ditto Papa Paulo por respectos, que o moveram (os
The Diet of Worms. 75
entertaining towards the Emperor the sentiments alluded to above, and seizing the opportunity of the r ropositions made by His Majesty at the Diet of | Spires, addressed to him a brief, little in accordance ‘with the sentiments which His Majesty had professed ‘during the whole of his life.* The Emperor declined giving a reply, as it could not be done without com- promising the honour and authority of the two heads of Christianity, and he was much grieved that the Protestants took advantage of this opportunity to reply to the Pope in the name of His Majesty.t The Emperor followed up what had been resolved upon at the Diet of Spires relative to the assembling of ; another Diet at Worms; but this latter having been convoked, the Emperor, in consequence of being laid ‘up, could not proceed there on the day appointed. He therefore requested the King his brother to go there in his stead; and he also sent M. de Granvelle there that they might attend it and hasten to discuss
_quaes Deus que forsem bons) trattou do avocar e transferir a ‘Bolonha.
_ * E tendo Sua Santitade ‘para com o Emperador a tencad, que _acima se mostrou, e tomando occasiad da prattica, que Sua Magestade fes na dieta de Spira, che escreveo hum breve bem differente de _ profissam, que Sua Magestade fizera toda sua vida.
_ t Ao qual Sua Magestade nao quis responder por quanto se nao f podia bem fazer, guardando o decora e aucthoridade das duas eabecas da Christandade, e Ihe pezou bem da occasiad, que com a de audacia tomaram as protestantes de lhe responder em nome de Sua Magestade.
1545
76 Charles the Fifth.
and settle the business in hand, adopting the best expedient possible.*
With the object above mentioned in view, the — Emperor left Brussels for Antwerp, although still / suffering from the gout and the medical treatment ~ he had undergone, and there he received a visit from . M.d’Orleans. Leaving, for the fourth time, the Queen — of Hungary, his sister, Governor of the states of Flan- i ders, he proceeded by the Rhine to Worms. This was — the seventh time that the Emperor performed this journey. He entered Germany with the intention — and lively desire to remedy what was taking place, which he hoped to do more easily by means of some amicable arrangement, as he was at peace with the King of France, and there was no appearance of the Turk attacking Germany. But as he knew and had seen the great arrogance and the obstinacy of the Protestants, he feared that no good result would be | obtained.t He had always maintained the conviction, with many others, that it was impossible to lower by means of severity such obstinacy and so great a power as that possessed by the Protestants: he was therefore perplexed how to act in a matter which it was so necessary and so important to see settled.t
* E indo ganhando tempo encaminharem e ordinarem as cousas tomando o mais breve e melhor expediente que podesse ser.
+ Mas como Sua Magestade tinha entendido e visto a grande soberba e obstinagaéd dos protestantes, receava que Por virtude nenhua cousa fizessem, que conveniente fosse.
$ E por quanto Sua Magestade tivera sempre, e muitos outros
The Diet of Worms. 77
But God, who never forsakes those who have recourse unto Him, even when they do not deserve it,* was not satisfied with granting the grace to the Emperor to. give him Gueldres so promptly. The experience of what was occurring also opened the Emperor’s eyes and enlightened his mind, so that no longer did it seem to him impossible to subjugate such pride by force, but on the contrary it seemed to him most easy, under suitable circumstances and by proper means.f As this matter was one of the highest im- portance and of such great weight, he would not _take upon himself to decide it, and he communicated it only (because of the secrecy it was necessary to maintain) to a few of his most trustworthy ministers, _who had experience of the past, and to whom in consequence he communicated his plans.~ Their advice agreed with His Majesty’s opinion, but, the tinham para si que via impossivel per via de forca abaixar hum tad _ obstinado e grande poder, qual era a que os protestantes tinham, se achava perplexo acerca do que poderia fazer, por remediar cousa que tanta convinha importava.
* Mas Deus que jamais desampara aquelles, que a elle recorrem, ©
' ainda que o nfo merecam. + Mas como a experiencia do que possava lhe abrio os olhos, e ‘allumiou o entendimento de sorte, que dalli pordiante niio soo niio the pareceo impossivel, poder per via de forca domar tao grande so- ~berba, mas o teve por muy facil, emprendendo o em tempo e modo _ conyeniente.
t E por o negocio ser de grande importancia e peso, nio querendo fiar de si, soo a resolucad delle, a communicou com algis poucos de seus ministros mais fiels por cousa do segredo, que convinha se tivesse, e que tambem tinham experiencia do passado, aos quaes por - cousa della se representou o mesmo,
78 Charles the Fifth.
Emperor postponed the execution of the plan, hoping that it would be sanctioned by the Diet of Worms, — and foreseeing that in default of restoring order in — Germany by quiet and pacific means it would be q necessary to have recourse to arms, according to © circumstances and opportunities.* The Emperor, as already said, continued his } journey to Worms, where he found but few princes — of the empire, but many representatives or com- missaries with whom he commenced negotiating, — continuing what had already been concluded in a conference previously held in the same city. But i the slackness and carelessness which they displayed | in this negotiation clearly denoted with what in- tentions and in what spirit. they treated these | matters.t| The Emperor, perceiving this, com- — municated his idea and the considerations explained — above to the King of the Romans, his brother, who had come to the Diet as a brother and a prince much interested in this question.t The latter, with — the zeal which he displayed in all things connected ; * E Sua Magestade deixou a execugad para quando e eonforme ao
que se podesse resolver na dieta de Vormes, porque nao podendo por. Fi bons meios e modos pacificamente reduzir Alemanha, entdd se viria
as armas e forga, segundo e tempo e opportacais que se offerecesse.
+ D’onde se seguia tad fraca e fria negociacad, que se via clara- mente, com que tencad e animo se trattava de taes negocios. i
t O que vendo Sua Magestade e vindo nesto tempo 4 dieta el Rey de Romanos, seu irmaé como a irmad e a quem o negocio grande- mente toccava, communicou seu parecer a discurso acima ditto,
Secret Treaty against the Protestants. 79
with the service of God, and with a great desire to remedy such great evils, seeing the obstinacy of the Protestants, and the small or no results that were _ obtained by acting towards them by measures of kindness, approved the Emperor’s project as prac- ticable, and agreed to it.* The Emperor considered that time and opportunity were propitious and favourable to the accomplishment of this project, and that to this end it was proper and necessary that he should have the support of the spiritual and temporal power of the Pope, as being the person _ most concerned in putting in order and procuring a remedy for such great evils.t Their Majesties there- fore agreed upon it between them, swearing to secrecy, and on the condition that, should the secret not be kept, they should not be bound to what might _ have been revealed; and they resolved to communi- cate their determination to Cardinal Farnése, grand- son and legate of Pope Paul, who, at this period,
* O qual com o feryor que tem nas cousas, que sao de servigo de Deus, e grande desejo do remedio de tad grandes males, vendo a obstinagao dos protestantes, e o pouco ou nenhum effecto, que se seguia de proceder com elles per modos e termos brandos, achou o ditto discurso do Emperador, fundado em raza0 e possibilidade, e se conformou com elle.
t+ E considerando, que o tempo e opportunidade era mui propicia e accommodada para executar o ditto discurso, e que para este effeito convinha a era necessario que o Papa concorresse e ajudasse com suas _ forcas spirituaes e temporaes, como aquelle que estava mais obrigado a dar ordem e procurar remedio a tantos males,
80 Charles the Fifth. ie
arrived in the city of Worms.* Consequently, after having sworn to secrecy, and accepted the above- — mentioned condition, they communicated to him that, if His Holiness would, as has been said, give — them the support of his spiritual and temporal — power, their Majesties, considering that kind and — conciliating measures were of no avail, and that the obstinacy and the insolence of the Protestants in- — creased daily to such a degree that it could no longer be tolerated, would undertake by force to remedy and obviate their obstinacy and their insolence.ft Cardinal Farnése was so startled at this overture — that, although he had previously declared that he was provided with full powers to discuss everything connected with the remedy for existing evils, he would not take any steps in going further into the conclusion of this matter.{ And as their Majesties —
* Suas Magestades assentaram ambos entre si, de com juramento de segredo e condigad, que se este se nio guardasse, elles nio estariam obrigados a cousa, che tivessem ditta, e offerecida communicar sua determinacad com o cardeal Farnes, neto e entonces legado do Papa Paulo, que neste tempo chegou ao mesmo lugar de Vormes.
+ Eassi, despois que declaron a Suas Mugestades com ojuramento
e condicd dantes ditta lhe proposeram e offereceyao que se Sua
Santidade quisesse ajudar, como ditto he, com suas forgis spirituaes —
e temporaes (visto com os modos e meios suaves e de concordia niio tinham lugar, e a obstinagad e insolencia dos protestantes ia cada dia crescendo de sorte que se nao podia ja soffrer) Suas Magestades em- prenderiam por via di forga remediar e obviar a taes obsti e insolencia
t Do qual offerecimento o ditto Cardeal ficou ta espantado, que dizendo dantes, que trazia amplos poderes para trattar de tudo o que
The Pope convokes a Consistory. 81
said that, as he would not take any farther steps nor _ take any resolution upon himself, it would be best to consult His Holiness without delay by an express messenger who would bring back his reply, he posi- tively declined to do anything, but he wished himself to be the messenger, saying that he would make good haste; and in fact it was such as suited a person _ of his authority, but not such as the importance of the matter demanded.* The first thing he did on arriving _ at Rome was to go against his oath, and against the _ eondition imposed by His Majesty. In fact, His Holiness immediately convoked a consistory, where _ there are always conflicting opinions and parties, and he communicated to it the offers of the Emperor. The Pope chose as his legate the same Cardinal Farnése, and as Gonfaloniere or General of the Church his brother Duke Octavio; other captains and officers were immediately appointed; the drum tocasse ao remedio dos presentes males, nio quis passar mais ao diante na conclusaé deste negocio. * E dizendo lhe Suas Magestades, que ja que nio possava mais avante, nao querendo per si concluir nada, o melhor seria consultar com toda diligencia Sua Santidade per hum proprio, que lhe trouxesse a resposta, de nenhum modo o quis fazer, mas elle mesmo quis ser 0 messageiro, dizendo que faria boa diligencia, a qual foi tal qual a hum personagem de sua auchtoridade convinha, mas nao a que a qualidade de negocio requeria.
+ Porque tanto que chegou a Roma, a primeira cousa que se fez foi ir em tudo contra o juramento e condigad, que Sua Magestade tinha posto; porque logo Sua Santidade chamou o consistorio onde
sempre costuma haver opinoés e bandos contrarios, as qual commu- ‘nicou o offerecimento.
a =@
82 Charles the Fifth. ' ie
was beaten to bring men to the Papal standard, calling upon them to join this holy expedition vd | avenge the sack of Rome.* a.
His Majesty considering that, when the isle 3 proposal was made to Cardinal Farnése, it was near — | the festival of St. John, and that with all the speed — the Cardinal could display the reply would arrive — too late and the season would be too far advanced - to commence assembling an army, and to make the ~ necessary preparations. for so great an undertaking, . presuming also that the secret would not be kept, sent an express to His Holiness representing to him that the plan could not be carried out this year, but that it was necessary the secret should be kept close, as otherwise he should not hold himself bound by the . offers he had made.t As the secret was violated, — and as the Protestants were warned, the Emperor © thought fit to act in such a manner that they added ; no faith to the report which was circulated.t The
* Publicando que vinham a esta sancta empresa e a tomar vin- ganga do Sacco de Roma. a
+ Vendo Sua Magestade Imperial que quando proposo acima ditto ao Cardial Farnes era pelo St. Jao, e que conforme a dilegencia que o ditto Cardeal podia fazer, a resposta veria ja fora de tempo e em sazad muito adeantado para comecar a trattar de por em ordemo exercito, e apprector as cousas convententes a tal negocio, presumindo — tambem que o segredo se nao guardaria, despachou hum proprio a — Sua Santidade advertido o que por esteannoa ditta determinacdd senaio podia executar e que por tanto se guardasse bem o segredo, porque d’outra maneira nao se tinha por obrigado aos offerecimentos que fizera. _
¢ E por quanto o segredo se rompeo, e os protestantes foram —
+ oi ) > ae
| a i 7
Leaves Worms and returns to Netherlands. 83
_ Emperor also saw that at the said Diet nothing would _ be done except to waste time (he however wished it to sit until he had received the Pope’s answer), and he confined himself to short and curt communi- _ ¢ations,* postponing the negotiations for a Diet - convoked to meet the following year at Ratisbon. __ Meantime a conference was held in the same city as to the best means for remedying these differ- ences. During this Diet the Emperor received the news that the Princess of Spain, his daughter-in-law, _ had been delivered of a son, who was afterwards _ ealled Don Carlos, and four or five days afterwards _ he received the very different news of the death _ of the same Princess, which naturally caused him great grief. At the same time the King of the Romans also received the news of the death of his eldest daughter, which afflicted the Emperor as much as if he had been her own father.
All these things terminated, the Emperor left - Worms, and for the eighth time, taking the Rhine | route, he returned for the seventh time to the Nether- lands, where he found the Queen of Hungary his sister at Louvain, and from thence he proceeded to Brussels, where he received the news of the death of
advertidos, se teve contudo tal modo, que a fama que corria nao foi per elles corda.
* Lhe fez hira breve e serra prattica.
t+ No mesma lugar se fez hum colloquio a cerca dos modos, que poderia haver para remedio destas differengas.
G2
a? = al ee Sh SS eee
84 Charles —— it Bi
versary of the peace of Crespy, one of the conditions of which was, that the duchy was to be conferred. upon him, This death came opportunely, for, as it was natural, it may be believed that God. ied : resolved it in His secret judgements.* q
* A qual morte veo a tempo, que sendo natural pode paroses:. ne foi ordenada de Deus por seus secretos juizos. se
‘i \ The Emperor proceeds to Bruges. 85
CHAPTER VI.
| ‘The Emperor proceeds to Bruges. — Charles holds a Chapter of the Golden Fleece at Utrecht. — Visits the Duchy of Gueldres. — The - Electors request Explanations respecting a League against the Pro- _ testants.—The Emperor denies its Existence. — Progress of the Re- formation.—The Smalcalde League.—The Diet of Ratisbon.—The _ _ Pope’s Emissaries endeavour to persuade the Emperor to take up _ Arms.—Duke William of Bavaria joins the Secret League. — _ The Protestants prepare for the worst.— Charles concludes an Armistice with the Turk. — Commencement of Hostilities against the Protestants. — The Protestants capture Fiissen and Clusa. — _ Charles resolves, living or dead, to remain Emperor of Germany. _ —The Emperor marches on Neustadt.
\HE ae now proceeded to Bruges, where
different grand personages arrived both from _ France as well as from England, charged, in conse- _ quence of this change, to modify, correct, and draw _ up anew the conventions concluded between the _ three monarchs ;* but, not being able to come to | any agreement on the subject, they had recourse to ; the expedients that suited them best. And hence- forth the treaties of peace concluded between their Majesties were maintained as much by the dissimu- lation of some as by the tolerance of others.t
* Para per occasidd desta mudanga, innovar, mudar, e Snax: de novo.
» 7 Assi pola dissimulagad d’algias d’ellas, come Aes solace d’outras.
86 _. Charles the Fifth.
This done, the Emperor left for Bois-le-Duc, to — proceed from thence to Utrecht to hold a Chapter — of the Golden Fleece. But at Bois-le-Due he was attacked by the gout, so that le was obliged to remain there, and to postpone the Chapter to some | other time. Shortly afterwards, feeling better, he held it at Utrecht, where he had a relapse. The" Chapter over, and having somewhat recovered, he left Utrecht to visit his possessions in the state of — Gueldres, which he occupied again in virtue of his — ancient claim to it. The necessity he was under of — taking the field against his enemies had prevented him from going there at the time the duchy was re- stored to him. Having paid this visit, he continued his journey as far as Maestricht, still very weak from his last attack of gout, which was the twelfth. In this city he received deputies from some of the | Electors and Princes of the empire. They said that — they had been informed that His Majesty was com- ing to Germany at the head of an army — something quite new, and which scandalised the greater portion of that country.* They explained their mission on the — | grounds of a report in circulation, and which had its origin in what had taken place at Rome in the pre- ceding year at the time of the journey of Cardinal
* Dizendo, que foram advertidos, que Sua Magestade vinha com mio armada a Germania, cousa nova, e que muito escalandissava a maior parte della.
~_ ss
Alarm of the Protestants. 87
Farnése, and in the arrival of various ambassadors which His Holiness had sent the Emperor in the Netherlands, and at Utrecht, who solicited, and with great demonstrations of goodwill eagerly demanded the execution of the offer made by His Majesty, and who thereby displayed much vehemence and little
discretion, which latter was most requisite to carry
out the design.* For this reason, and to give ad- ditional assurance to those who put no faith in this rumour, the Emperor declined concluding anything with the ambassadors of His Holiness,t putting them off and adjourning them untill he should be at Ratisbon. To the deputies of the Princes he re-
plied that they might see for themselves, and give _ their own testimony; that he was not accompanied by a more numerous suite than usual; that it was
his wish to settle the affairs of Germany rather by the means of peace and concord than by force and discord; and that this was a sure thing, in keeping
with his intentions and desires; for he never wished
* Fundando sua ambaixada sobre algum rumor, que corria, procedera da quelle, que o anno passado fizera.em Roma, por causa da ida do Cardeal Farnes, e d’algis ministros, que Sua Santidade tinha mandado ao Emperador aos Paeses-Baixos e a Utrech, os quaes istavam e sollicitavam com grandes mostras de boa vontade a execucdd de offerecimento que Sua Magestade tinha feito, e por esta causa usavam de mais vehemencia e de menos segreto do que a execucad do negocio convinha.
+ Pola qual razdo, e por mais verdadeiramente certificar os que néo eriam o ditto rumor, o Emperador nao quis entad concluir cousa algha com os ministros de Sua Santidade,
88 Charles the Fifth. — a
to have recourse to arms unless he found that all other — means were to be despaired of, and that he was com- pelled to adopt such a step.*
As at the same time His Majesty was informed
that the conference which had assembled at Ratis- —
bon was to be broken up by the Protestants, he entreated the said commissaries to continue that conference untill he should be. able to attend it in person at the said city of Ratisbon. They held out some hope that they would do so, and proposed, so as the better to continue it, and to find some means of agreement, that. Frederick Count Palatine, — then an Elector, should visit His Majesty at Spires, — and take with him the Landgrave of Hesse, to whom — His Majesty should give a safe-conduct pass. To — this the Emperor willingly consented, for in his
opinion it was far more necessary to ask safe con- —
ducts from the Protestants than to give them.t In fact, it was not less. dangerous for him, considering — that the secret had been badly kept, to undertake
this journey with a small’escort, than to wage war
* E assi mesmo respondeo aos commissarios dos Principes, que __
elles mesmos podiam ver a ser testemunhas, que nio levava consigo maior companhia da que sempre costumava levar, e que desejava mais dar medio as cousas da Germania per. meio de paz e concordia, que per forca e discordia, e que iste era cousa certa, conforme sua tengdd e desejo, porque jamais quis usar das armas, se nao desesperado de todos los outros meios, e forcado e constrangido a usar d’ellas.
. t Sendo lhe a elle conforme seu parecer mais necessario tomar lo dos protestantes que dar lhe a elles.
The Reformation. 89.
_ openly.* The Emperor felt himself more perplexed and uncertain how to act than he was in 1539, when he decided in traversing France.t Nevertheless, he thought it advisable to try means of kindness and _ moderation to reestablish order in Germany, before
being driven to the necessity of taking up arms ; and this resolution he adopted, in the hope that it would lead to a good result, and holding himself prepared _ for either eventuality.t
After what had occurred, as already related, the _ Emperor took his departure for Maestricht, leaving, _ for the fifth time, the government of the Nether- lands in the hands of his sister, the Queen of Hungary, and, passing for the second time through _ Luxembourg, he continued his journey to Spires. This was the eighth time he entered Germany. There the said Elector Palatine, with the said Land- grave of Hesse, declared that if the League of Smal- _ ealde had given him the cavalry he had asked for, he would have escorted and conducted the Emperor despite himself to Trent; which he could easily have
_* Porque nao tinha por menos perigo, supposto o pouco segredo que se guardara, fazer este caminho com tam pequena companhia, que de emprendar a guerra publicamente.
+ Ese achou mais perplexo e irresoluto de fazer esta determenacdd do que esteve em se resolver de passar por Franca em o anno de 39.
¢ Contudo porque convinha tentar por meios brandos e suaves de reduzir Alemanha, ou per necessitade tomar as armas, Sua Magestade se determinou na foram ditta, para bom effeito, e execucad ou de hua, ou de outra cousa.
90 Charles the Fifth.
done, considering the force he had asked for, and the small suite which, for the reasons mentioned above, the Emperor had with him.* But God, who © rules and ordains all things, willed it otherwise; and this was not the only fault and the only error which God, who blinded them, allowed them to commit in — their affairs, but it was the first of a great number which they afterwards committed towards their God and towards their Emperor, and which were the cause of their total ruin.t In the interviews which the said Landgrave had with His Majesty at Spires, and in — the propositions which he made, he displayed so much insolence that His Majesty dismissed him with a few words.{ For, although he pretended to be ~ ignorant of the fact that those of his party who at- tended the said conference had been recalled, and had —
withdrawn, whilst His Majesty knew the contrary, —
and whilst he expressed the hope that, if they had
* Aonde o ditto elector Palatino com o ditto Lantsgrave declarou, que se os da ligua Esmalcalda Ihe deram a gente de cayallo, que pedia, houvera de accompanhar e levar ao Emperador, inda que nao quisera, atee Trento, a qual cousa fora assaz facil de fazer, vistoa companhia que pedia, e a pouca que polas razdes acima dittas, Sua Magestade quisera levar consigo.
+ Mas Deus que governa e ordena todas as cousas dispos d’outra maneira. E nio foiesta a soa falta e erro, que cegando os permittio que fizessem em seus negocios, se bem foi o premeiro de muitos, que despois commeteram para com seu Deus e seu Emperador, das quaes ss sua total ruina.
t Nas propostas e pratticas que o ditto Lantsgrave teve com Sua Mapestade em Espira, mostrou ta6 grande insolencia, que Sua Ma- gestade em poucas palavras o despedio.
The Diet of Ratisbon. gt
Ratisbon, where a Diet had been convoked, he " nevertheless did nothing of the sort, and the con- _ ference was broken up and dissolved. The Emperor _ therefore continued his journey to Ratisbon. There _ he found only the commissioners of the states of the _ empire, but not a single prince; but the Elector of ‘Mayence arrived there a few days afterwards, as _ much on private business as respecting the convoca- _ tion of the Diet, as a short time previously he had _ been elected, on the death of the Cardinal, Elector of _ Mayence. However this way be, the Emperor was obliged to open the Diet, and to make his proposals ~ to those who were present; but they were received so coldly, matters were treated with so much negli- _ gence, and the Protestants continued to display so much arrogance, that the Emperor came to the decided conviction that measures of kindness would be of little avail, and that he would be compelled, much against his inclination, to have recourse to more rigorous measures.*
At this time the Pope’s emissaries and some ecclesiastics were incessantly endeavouring to in- duce the Emperor to take up arms against the
* A qual foi tad friamente tomada e os negocios com tao grande negligencia trattados, e pelos protestantes continuada hia tad grande arrogancia, que Sua Magestade julgava e via claramente, que os re-
medios brandos serviram de pouco, e ainda que muito contra su@ vontade, seria forgado usar d’outros mais fortes,
92 Charles the Fifth. —
Protestants.* His Majesty, however, hesitated, as much on account of the greatness and difficulty of — such an enterprise, as also to have time to consult — the King his brother, whom he daily expected.f As — already stated, the secret had been badly kept; the — Protestants were on their guard,and were commencing their preparations and armaments, not wishing to be — taken by surprise ; they even thought of surprising the others.{ The Emperor was unwilling to do anything — to create agitation in Germany, but alladmitted that any further delay on his part might make him lose — many advantages which he might otherwise obtain.§ — As soon as his brother the King had arrived, he made him acquainted with the exact state of affairs; — and as a long time previously Duke William of — Bayaria had offered his services, requesting and — endeavouring to persuade their Majesties to take up arms, as the sole remedy for so much insolence,]|
* Neste tempo os ministros do Papa e algus ecclesiasticos nao eessaram de sollicitar ao Emperador, que quisesse concluir os con- certos com seu amo, e comecar de tomar as armas contra os protes- — tantes. aa tT O que todavia Sua Magestade dilatava assi pola grandeza e difficuldade da empresa, como por se resolver com el Rey seu irmiio. —
t Porque, como ditto he, o segredo se guardara mal, e os protes- tantes audavam sobre aviso, e comecavam de se prover e armar, como aquelles, que nao soomente nio quersam ser tomados desaper- cebidos, mas ainda trattavam de tomar aos outros descuidados.
§ O que Sua Magestade nao tinha feito per menos alterar a Ger- mania atee que todas viram que nio podia o fazer, e que por ter tanto esperado, perdera muito da ventagem, que podera ter.
|| Como muito tempo antes o Duque Guilhelmo de Bavera se tinha
~ The League against the Protestants. 93
_ their Majesties entered into negotiations with him _ to induce him to join the alliance or league proposed _ by the emissaries of the Pope ;* but, notwithstanding _ the zeal and energy he at first had displayed in this matter, he cooled down so much, that he was the cause that its conclusion was postponed longer than was necessary.f At last an alliance was made with him, from which little profit was derived except that _ his country supplied the Imperial army with provi- sions. The churchmen were also called upon to come forward and join the League. But when it came to the point of assembling and adopting a conclusion, though they had displayed immense zeal before, their hearts failed them, either from fear of the Protestants, or from reluctance to enter into so great an enterprise, or from other considerations, and they did not venture to join the League.{ They consented, however, to contribute a sum of money, in virtue of an agreement passed in preceding Diets, a contribu- tion to which the Protestants not only did not hold offerecido, incitando e induzido Suas Magestades a tomar as armas como unico remedio de tantas insolencias.
* No concerto, ou ligua, que os do Papa sollicitaram e offereciam.
+ Mas mostrando se de principio tad sollicito e quente no negocio, se esfrion de sorte, que por sua causa se dilatou a conciusdd mais dogue eonvinha.
¢ Os quaes da mesma maneira antes de vir a obra, se tinham -mostrado muito desejos, mas quando se veo ajintare concluir, ou por receo que tivessem dos protestantes, ou per medo d’entrar em
‘hua t4d grande cousa, ou por outros respeitos, nao se ayenturaram, nem atreveram e entrar na liga,
94 . Charles the Fifth.
themselves bound, but which moreover they op- posed,* preventing many from paying their share. — Thus the Protestants, by these preparations, had gained the advantage which the Emperor might have had over them had the secret been well kept. From — all these reasons this affair incurred great difficulties — and risks. Yet the Emperor felt that it would be | difficult to avoid carrying out what had been agreed upon, that time was being lost, and that the longer ~ it was delayed the more public would it become, the more difficult and perilous.j He, moreover, took — into consideration, as already said, that he was at peace with France, and that King Francis was much ~ hampered by the war he was waging with the King — of England; { that it was rumoured that the Turk was engaged in wars at home; that consequently it might be presumed, with some probability, that no danger was to be feared from that quarter. More-— over, to make matters more sure, the Emperor and the —
* Do qual os protestantes nao soo nio fizeram caso para contri- :
buirem, mas antes contra vinham, e ido a mio a algis por pagarem
sua parte. + Assi ainda que polo apparalho dantes ditto, os protestantes tinham ganhado e tomado a ventagem sobre o Emperador, que elle podera tomar sobre elles, se segredo se nao rompera, e por todas estas cousas — © negocio ficava mais difficultoso e arriscado, com tudo vendo Sua uy Magestade, que ja mal se podia escusar d’execucad do que estava trat- tado, e que o tempo se hia passando e que quanto mais se tardaya, tanto a cousa mais se publicava,difficultava e se fazia mais perigosa. t Eel Rey Francisco may gastado por causa da guerra que teve om el Rey d’Inglaterra.
League with the Pope. 95
King 7 to negotiate, should such a step seem advisable, an armistice with him, which in fact was afterwards concluded. He moreover observed that the Pro- testants had cast off all shame, and were actively enlisting troops, with a view to accomplish their _designs.* Their Majesties therefore resolved to
of the Romans had sent emissaries to the Turk
conclude with the Pope, and put into execution that which necessity compelled them to do, and which “had been the object of such lengthened negotiations.t ‘In fact, matters had already so far advanced, that had the Emperor not gone into the enterprise, the organ- _isation of the Protestants would have enabled them to carry out the plan recommended by the Landgrave, as narrated before.t{
_ Immediately after the arrival of the King at Ratisbon, the Queen, his wife, came there with her daughters ; and Duke William of Bavaria and Duke ‘William of Cléves also arrived with their wives and children, and other princes of the empire. In the
* E considerando ultimamente que os protestantes tindam ja de todo perdido o vergonha e com toda a pressa faziam gente, e punham por obro seus desenhos.
+ Se determinaram Suas Magestades de concluir com o Papa, e dar execugid a que a necessidade os obrigava, e estava trattado havia _ tanto tempo.
_ + Por que as cousas estavam ja tanto avante, que se o Emperador -niio déra principio a empresa, os protestantes estavam em fal ordem, ‘que poderam por em execuyad o conselho, que dantes se disse, que 0
Lantsgrave lhes tinha dado.
96 Charles the. oe
same city were celebrated the nuptials of Duke Albert of Bavaria and of Duke William of Cléves with two daughters of the King and Queen of the ~ Romans. When the nuptials were over, the Queen 4 and her daughters, the dukes and duchesses, and — newly-married couples, left. Then the King and Duke Maurice took their departure to attack, each — on their side, the lands of John Frederick of Saxony, — | which they carried out in such guise that, after — defeating his army, they took from him a large . portion of his domains. It was at Ratisbon that the | Emperor commenced assembling his army, entering — into negotiations for that purpose with various princes, captains, and warriors; so that in a few days” he assembled a certain number of German soldiers, who were joined by the Spaniards who were in Hungary.
The principal towns of Suabia, which belonged to the League of Smalcalde, had previously received * letter written by the Emperor, in which he told them that he was informed that they were assembling © troops, in consequence of a report which was sprez i that he intended to wage war against them for t e sake of religion, and in which he assured them nat the report was false, that he had not entertained the idea of waging war, especially against those who had — obeyed him, and who had done nothing against the Imperial authority, and that consequently, if they
The Smalealde League. 97
d sbanded their army and gave proof of obedience, they might come to terms with His Majesty; but the deputies which they sent about this time showed ‘so much obstinacy, and in their insolence they replied with so much arrogance, that His Majesty dismissed them as they deserved.* In like manner “the Protestant commissioners who were at the Diet waited one day upon His Majesty, and, referring to the rumours of war that were in circulation, re- quested him to make known his intentions.t His _ Majesty replied to them that he did not wish to go to war, unless compelled to do so to uphold his authority, which was daily attacked and attempted to be lowered and diminished.{ As soon as they had received this reply, all the Protestants withdrew
_ * Neste tempo os deputados das principaes cidades de Suevia, que -eram da liga Esmalcaldiana, sobre hia carta, que o Emperador eserevera dizendo thes, como fora avisado, que fazian#gente de guerra .por algua fama que corria, que lhes queria fazer guerra por causa da _ religiad, assegurando lhe qua tal fama era falsa, e que elle nao tinha a pensamento de fazer tal cousa, principalmente contra aquelles, que The fossem obedientes, e nao fizessem contra a aucthoridade Imperial, € que por tanto s’ elles eram destes, desfizessem o exercito, e se mos- “trassem obedientes, vieram ter com Sua Magestade, es com grande _ obstinacéd em sua insolencia responderam mui soberbamente. O que ‘yendo o Emperador, os despedio, como elles mereciam. t E propondo lhe a fama, que corria de guerra, pediram que os certificasse de sua tencad. 4 t Que elle nao queria fazer guerra sendd forgado por conservar sua _aucthoridade, contra a qual via que cada dia se attentava, e trabalhava pola abaixar e deminuir.
f
98 Charles the Fifth.
without even taking leave.* The Emperor, see that the Diet might already be considered as ter- minated and broken up, had a short and curt. explanation with those who remained.f Then tel men of arms that the said towns had levied y taken to Fiissen, under the pretext of prevensiaai entrance of foreign soldiers into Germany, T took Fiissen and another fortress called Clusa, wh belonged to the King of the Romans, so that 1 were the first to commence hostilities and open. ; war.t They also committed a serious error in ti bad designs and evil inspirations, by taking that road instead of that of Ratisbon (it was the second error that they committed by the will of God w 10 blinded them); for at this period His Majesty was not yet in a position to offer them any fo mn id- able resistance. The Emperor, aware that the Italians, whom the Pope had sent under the orders of Cardinal Farnése, as his Legate, and of Duke Octavio as his Gonfaloniere, were on their way, as
* E tendo esta resposta todos os protestantes se foram sem di A Deus.
ft Com os que ficaram fez hia breve o serra prattica.
t~ Demodo que elles foram os primeiros, que comegaram a offend e @ romper a guerra. we
§ E nfo erraram pouco por seguir sua maa tencdd, e maos prin= cipios em tomar antes este caminho, que o de Ratisbona (e o segundo erro que fizeram por permissad de Deus, que os cego’ que Sua Magestade nao estava ainda aquelle tempo bem a para lhes resistir, como convinha,
War with the Protestants. 99
er
also the Spaniards, who were to come to Lombardy, considered what difficulties they would have to en- counter in forming a junction with him; he also observed that John Frederick of Saxony and the Landgrave were already at Donauwerth with their whole army, and that if they were to place them- selves between His Majesty and his troops, those _ forces would be divided, and each corps consequently weaker; and although some of his advisers were scrupulous, out of respect for His Majesty’s reputa- tion, about leaving Ratisbon, the Emperor paid no heed to such vanities.* He was decided when he con- ceived this enterprise with the principal object which determined him to do so, to lead it to a successful issue whatever might happen, as he resolved, living or dead, to remain Emperor in Germany.f He therefore resolved to quit Ratisbon, leaving it pro- vided with a good garrison, and to proceed to Land- shut, a town of the Duke of Bavaria. He arrived
there with the few troops that were with him; but, . seeing the multitude of enemies that awaited him there, he held council with the Duke of Alba, whom _ he had appointed his Captain-General, and with other
_. * Nio fazendo caso destas vaidades.
+ Estando determinado quando propos de seguir esta emprese, vista a causa principal por que a emprendia, de vir ao fim della, qualquer cousa que ouvesse d’accontecer, por que tinha proposto e _assentado dentro de si, vivo ou morto, ficar Emperador em Ale-
manha,
H 2
100 Charles the Fifth.
captains, as to the best fortified position to occupy, and the best measures to be adopted, as well to 1 resist the enemy, as to await the arrival of his troops, who, in consequence of the length and difficulty of the journey, did not arrive so promptly as all i desired. At this time the Protestants who had indie Rhain, a domain of the Duke of Bavaria, were advancing on — Ingolstadt, a town belonging to the same duke, into — which the Emperor had placed some troops. They sent him by a trumpeter and a page, according to . their custom, a letter, as long as it was insolent, of — which His Majesty took no heed, and to which he — did not take the trouble to reply.* As they had entered into this path, it would have been better for them if they had adhered to their defiance, throwing off all reserve and carrying out their threats, than to waste their time in such empty fanfaronades.f God blinded them; he allowed this to be the third fault — which they committed, that they might not obtain the object of their perverse designs.{ The Emperor,
* Lhe mandaram per hum trombeta e hum page, conforms seu costume, hia carta bem comprida, e nio menos desavergonhada, da — qual Sua Magestade nem tomou pena de lhe responde.
t+ Melhor fora para elles, ja que estavam postos ¢m tal caminho, de seguir sua pouca vergonha no cartel, e executar os fios, de que nelle usayam, que despois de se terem mostrado tad bravos e ane entes firarem quaes ficarem.
t Deus os cegou e permittie, que’ esta fosse a terceira falta, que lelles commetteram por nao chegar ao fim de sua perversa tengad.
War with the Protestants. IOT
4 turning this time and advantage to account,* hastened _ the arrival of the Papal troops, as well as of those of _ the other Italian princes, of the Spaniards, who had _ been called from Lombardy, and of some Germans, who, in consequence of impediments and obstacles _ caused by the advance of the Protestants, had not _ been able to arrive sooner. They all reached Land- shut, and the Emperor immediately commenced to _ march with all the troops he had assembled, in the _ direction of Neustadt, a town belonging to the Duke of Bavaria, with the intention and wish of establish- ing his head-quarters there, to entrench himself and
‘gradually approach the enemy, which he could not do at the present moment, from a scarcity of pro- _ visions, because, as the war had only just commenced, _ the necessary measures had not yet been completed to provide the army abundantly with all that it stood in need of. Consequently the Emperor left Neustadt for Ratisbon; and there he so well or- ganised matters, that no further want of provisions was felt; at least nothing worth mentioning. In the same city arrived the Spaniards, who came from _ Naples by the Adriatic; and also Marquises John and Albert of Brandenburg, and the Master of Prussia, with all the German cavalry they could
collect, thereby rendering service to His Majesty.
_ * E assi tendo dado esta commodidada e espaco ao Emperador, t+ D’onde Sua Magestade tinha bem que fazer,
| 102 Charles the Fifth.
CHAPTER VII.
The War with the Protestants.— Charles crosses the Danube. — — The Protestants at Ingolstadt.—Count de Buren.—Position of th Emperor’s Army. — A Night Assault. — The Protestants onal . the Imperial Camp for eight consecutive Hours. — Retreat of the Protestants. — Surrender of Neuburg. —The Emperor arrives at Maresheim.—Hears Mass in the Expectation of a great Battle. — The Protestants occupy the Heights near Nérdli —The Emperor prepares for Battle. —Is dissuaded from crossing : River. — The Duke of Brunswick is killed in a Skitmish.— $ I , render of Donauwerth to the Emperor.
EVERTHELESS the Protestants imagined in their arrogance that the Emperor was ai retreat, and getting away from them, and they crossed to the other side of the Danube to occupy the hi * which, on that side, dominate Ratisbon, so as to bri 7 their artillery into play, which they held in high ac- count,* against the Emperor’s army, which had its quarters there, and could not take up any others, except on the banks of the river. But the Empero having, as already said, made all his arranges provisions, and not wishing to lose time or re nain distant from his foes,t left Ratisbon, and proce =
* Para dalli jogar da artilharjia, do ln Sih So "8. + E nio querendo perder tempo, nem es tar longe de seus a sarios,
Charles crosses the Danube. 10 3
by marches to Neustadt. Whilst he was on the road, “his enemies took the one which we have indicated higher up, and they arrived within three leagues of Ratisbon; but finding that their plan had failed, and that they were marching through a difficult
and mountainous country, they feared lest the Emperor should attack them in the flank, and cut off their supplies. They therefore retraced their | steps as quickly as they could, to gain a narrow and difficult pass near a place called Perengries, at two _ German leagues’ distance from Neustadt, at which latter place, as already stated, the Emperor had . arrived with his army. In consequence of not having _ been informed of the enemy’s movements by those _ who were aware of them, and whose duty it was to give the information* of the advantage he would haye had in attacking the enemy in a spot so disad- , vantageous for them, the Emperor lost an excellent opportunity; but it was not through his fault.t
_ His Majesty now crossed the Danube, and pitched his camp in an excellent and strong position op- posite Neustadt. The enemy, having got through the defile already mentioned, continued their march, and encamped near the Danube, at two leagues nearer to Neuburg than to Ingolstadt. The Emperor
* Por falta de nao ser advirtido per aquelles que sabdam, podiam e o deviam advirtir. | + Que todavia se nao perdeo por sua culpa.
104 Charles the Fifth.
was anxious to attack them, despite the great dis- proportion of strength,* as much with a view daily — to gain ground, as to facilitate the movements of 5 M. de Buren, whom he had charged to assemble alarge number of Germans, both horse and foot, which he — had done, bringing with him also other German j horsemen, sent by Duke Henry of Brunswick and — other captains in the service of the Emperor. This ~ cavalry, which the Protestants had prevented passing, — | had, from |this reason, joined M. de Buren, to ad- vance with him and join His Majesty together. The Emperor, carrying out his intention and above- mentioned plan, left the camp near Neustadt, to assume a position near Ingolstadt, where he would © have his face turned towards the enemy,f the Danube on his left, the town of Ingolstadt in his rear, and | on his right an open plain. But as this position — offered some difficulties, the Emperor had another excellent and strong one in reserve between Neustadt and Ingolstadt. The Emperor having made a recon- naissance of the one he had the intention of occu- F pying before Ingolstadt, sent some light horse to skirmish as far as the enemy’s camp, which had the effect of making them move; and it was deemed
certain that they were advancing straight to take up a position close to the encampment which His {
* Ainda que se arhava bem differente em forcas. + A cara para o campo dos enemigos.
Position of the Emperor's army. 10
So
Majesty had resolved to occupy: this they could easily have done, because they were much nearer to the spot, and were greatly superior in numbers. _ This induced the Emperor to halt and establish his _ camp in the locality which he had kept in reserve, _ as already said, until he had exactly ascertained the enemy’s intentions. Finding that they returned to the quarters which they had left, he immediately advanced with his army, and occupied the position he wished to take before Ingolstadt; and he did so with such speed, that he arrived there, though at a late hour, the same day. During the whole of this _ night (which did not pass without some noise, as the . multitude who followed could scarcely find their quarters in the dark) he ordered trenches to be dug, in so far as time allowed it; and what could not be done during the night was completed, as far as possible, at daybreak.
For some days the two camps remained close to and opposite each other, and a few skirmishes took place, in which, with God’s blessing, the enemy always had the worst of it.* Nevertheless, they came and established themselves one league nearer to His Majesty. A night assault caused them great damage, and on the following day a good skirmish ensued ; on the day following that, very early in the morning,
* Sempre levaram o peor.
to6 Charles the Fifth, °C ci y
they advanced with the whole of their army and ~ artillery in good order, within cannon-range, towards the Imperial camp. The Emperor, having been immediately informed of this by his general, the — Duke of Alba, donned his armour, mounted his I charger, and ordered the duke at once, without — making any noise or causing any alarm,* to put the whole army in order of battle. The Emperor had 7 scarcely shown himself, and the order which he had
given had scarcely been executed, when the enemy,
who had already established a portion of their artil- lery on a ridge, which was very convenient for them — for this purpose, opened fire with that artillery, and with a number of other guns placed at different — points, upon the camp and army of the Emperor, with such good will, that from eight o’clock in the morn- —
ing till four o’clock in the afternoon, they fired from 4 eight hundred to nine hundred rounds of heavy artillery ; an event hitherto unprecedented, for never — had an army in the open field been exposed to such a fire, without being protected by entrenchments. —
Nevertheless, the soldiers of the Emperor supported — 1
it so well that not one of them displayed the slightest semblance of fear, and, by God’s blessing, the said artillery did not do much harm. The enemy suffered — much more from the artillery with which the Imperial —
* Sem estréndo e sem torcar alarma.
» eal
‘The Protestants bombard the Imperial Camp. 107
army replied to them. It was reported that they had the plan of ceasing the fire of their artillery and _ attacking the Emperor’s camp. It is possible that _ they had good reason not to do so; at all events, they must not be blamed for not having done so.*
Thus passed this day, and the enemy returned to their quarters which, meantime, they had repaired.
The Emperor ordered all his men to sleep in the _ trenches, that, on any alarm, the horsemen should _ proceed on foot to the trenches, and that everything. should be done to strengthen them; which order was cheerfully obeyed. During that night and on the following day, when the artillery of the enemy _ was silent, these trenches were placed in so good a state of defence, that they offered perfect protection to all within them.
At the same time one of the trenches was ex- tended in the direction of the enemy’s camp, which caused them some annoyance, as they sent out troops to prevent the work and report upon its pro- gress. From this trench 800 Imperialists armed with muskets sallied forth, and a skirmish ensued. The enemy finding that the Imperialists were in the open plain, sent three squadrons of cavalry aganst { them; but the Imperialists not only held their ground,
* Se disse que elles determinaram de cessar com a artilheria e accommetter o arraial do Emperador ; pode ser, que andaram melhor em o niio fazer, ao menos niio se devem culpar por que o nao fizeram.
108 ~ Charles the Fifth.
but made so brilliant a charge, that the enemy was
routed and took to flight after great loss,* and they _ then returned to the trench. Thus passed the a second day.
On the third day, at the same hour as before, the enemy again opened their fire from their artillery; ‘but they did nothing more nor less than on the first
day. The men passing to and fro in the interior of 4 |
the camp were more exposed to danger than the : !
men in the trenches, and the Emperovr’s artillery did more damage to the enemy on this day than on the 7 first. During the night false alarms were given a them, which gave them little rest. On the fourth — day they remained quiet, and nothing took place, ~ except the exchange of a few shots and some skir- © mishes. On the fifth day, dissatisfied and fatigued from the trouble and work they had undergone, and — anxious, moreover, at the increasing extent of the trench, knowing that it could not fail to cause them: a great damage, they sent forward their heavy artillery during the night, at the same hour upon which it
arrived on the first day, and they decamped on the q . sixth. They withdrew with their squadrons in good order, and marched to the camp, situated at two ~
leagues from Ingolstadt, where they had previously ( established themselves. From thence they proceeded
* De sorte que rompendo se e abrindo se mostraram as costas, com grande damno.
Advance of Count de Buren. 10g
LJ
_ two leagues farther, and encamped at Neuburg, where they remained for some days. The Emperor meantime did not move from his camp, awaiting _ advices from Count de Buren, and from the troops he brought with him, so as to be able to regu- late his line of action; for he was of the opinion - that he had done enough with such inferior numbers, _ both as regards his entrenchment and the number of his troops by compelling the enemy, which had ~ eome to attack him with so much fury, to leave their _ positions and beat a retreat.*
Nearly at the same time the Emperor and the _ Protestants received the news that M. de Buren had operated the junction which he had been ordered _ to make, and that after having held a general in- _ spection of his troops at the other side of the Rhine, _ he was advancing to cross that river to join His Majesty. The Protestants, who were daily and more _ exactly informed of the movements of M. de Buren,t had placed a large body of troops on the Rhine, on _ the Frankfort side, to prevent M. de Buren from crossing. The latter, however, displayed so much courage and activity, that he forced the passage in
* Por que lhe parecia, que tinha assaz feito de havendo tao grande differenga do seu campo e gente a dos enemigos que o vieram com tanta braveza accommetter, faser los deixar o seu alojamento e _ retirar se.
+ Os Protestantes que mais particularmente e que cadia dia sabido.
IIo Charles the Fifth.
-
« & .-
spite of the enemy.* The Protestants on being in- formed of this left Neuburg, where they had their camp, and took the direction of Bendingen,a domain _ of the Duke of Bavaria, an excellent position for — an advance, and to close the road by which Count Buren intended joining the Emperor. But as to | perform this march it would be necessary to leave at a distance the principal towns of Suabia which, as 7 may be believed, were but little reassured at seeing j the. Emperor and his army so close to them, they | altered their resolution, and returned to establish 45
themselves at Donauwerth, which they had left at —
the onset. They would have done much better for — the success of their plan if they had returned to — Neuburg, where they were more capable of keeping — the Emperor at check than at Donauwerth. This was the fourth and not the least mistake which =a 4 committed.f S|
At this time the Emperor received the news that u Count de Buren had crossed the Rhine, and that he was gradually advancing to form a junction with His Majesty. He was also informed of the design of the — . Protestants when they took the road to Bendingen; | and this caused him considerable anxiety, as he felt how important it was that Count de Buren should arrive
* O qual contudo teve tanto esforco e pos tanta diligencia que apezar delles e per forca o passou. ro T Che foi o quarto, e nio menor erro, que commetteram.
Pursues the Protestants. 1 Oe
_ without accident.* Consequently the Emperor re- ; ‘solved to advance on the rear of the Protestants, and _ so to regulate his marches, and take up well fortified positions, that the Protestants could not give battle to the Count without being immediately obliged to come to blows with His Majesty; and, should they turn round against the Emperor, the Count would _ find the road free and open to form his junction with him.f The Count made such good speed that he arrived with all his men safe and sound before In- golstadt, at the Emperor’s camp. The latter having made in person a reconnaissance of the town of Neuburg, crossed the Danube with his whole army, near the camp, in front of Ingolstadt, and marched ; against the said town of Neuburg, where there were _ four bodies of infantry, which surrendered. The
_ Emperor left a garrison in Neuburg, and after hav- ing made all necessary arrangements, he encamped in the Danube, at a place called Maresheim, a good league from Donauwerth, where the enemy, as already stated, had an entrenched camp, and where they had _ been reinforced by the troops which they had left
* Visto quanto importava que o ditto conde viessa seguramente.
+ Para o que o Emperador tinha determinado de indo nas costas dos Protestantes fazer jornadas tad proporcionadas, e tomar sempre alojamentos tad fortificados, que os Protestantes, nao podessem pelejar com o conde, que subito nio ouvessem tambem de vir as maos com
Sua Magestade, ou, se virassam sobre Sua Majestade, o conde ficasse o caminho livre e desembaragado, para se poder vir ajuntar com’Sua
Magestade,
112 Charles the Fiyth. |
in the rear to close the passage against M.de Buren; — and although the camps were so close to each q other during the few days passed in this position, no 7 engagement took place.*
This induced the Emperor to hit upon another |
plan. He left his position at Maresheim, and leay- ing the Danube, upon which he had always held his camp, and leaving his enemies to the left, he reached _ a place in the Neuburg territory called Monheim. : On the following day, which was the eve of St. Francis, starting from thence he went and established | himself near a small mountain, situated opposite — Ettingen and Nérdlingen, upon which he placed a — portion of his artillery, pitching his camp round it. — Having done this, the Emperor at dusk was informed that the drums of the enemy were heard. The © sound came from a wood which lay between the — Emperor and the enemy; the darkness increased, and at the same time a mist arose: these various — causes rendered it impossible to ascertain what the — enemy was doing. The sound of drums was heard during the whole night, and during the morning of the following day, which was the festival of St. — | Francis. During the night the army and the Cap- | tain-General remained in camp to ascertain the q movements and intentions of the army. The Em-
* Jamais se poderam morder.
Expected Battle. 113
“peror, who two days previously had an attack of the 4 gout in the foot, was himself up during a greater _ portion of the night, to receive any information that _ might be acquired, and to give the necessary orders; and though suffering great pain, he was up again _ before daybreak. He confessed himself, and heard ‘mass, holding it for certain that on that day a battle would be fought. Despite the mist and despite the pain he experienced, he mounted on horseback; and leaving the camp. he rode up the _ mountain upon which he had placed his artillery, _ that he might sooner be informed of what was taking place; but he suffered so much from the gout that he was obliged to have a linen pad to his stirrup — to rest his foot, and he rode thus the whole day.* _ All this time nothing could be ascertained respect- _ ing the enemy’s movements, owing to the mist which had arisen the preceding night, and which became so dense that it was impossible to see two yards before one as long as it lasted, and it did not clear off till ten o’clock in the morning. It was then ascertained that the enemy had passed through the wood already mentioned, and that they occupied the ridge of hills which stretch as far as Nordlingen, | upon which they had posted all their squadrons in _ good order. It is true that the last of the rearguard
* Que for forcado por hum Iencol sobrd o arcad da sella em que Tespousasse 0 pee, e assi o trouxe todo o dia,
I
114 Charles the Fifth.
and some others who were still in the ravine between
the wood and the mountain had to sustain such a charge from the Imperial light horse, that they took a much hastier movement than the ordinary step to — the mountains to join the main body of their army.* _ Tn the interval the Emperor had ordered his whole _ army to leave the camp. As soon as the fog had 4} cleared off, he drew up his squadrons in line of — battle; and having been advised that the enemy’s 4 } army was in sight, he advanced in good order and at a measured step in the enemy’s direction, He took up his position on a small hill, which was nearer the — river, so as to be better able to see and give the — necessary orders. Here were assembled the Duke of — Alba his general, and many other captains and high
personages, discussing and saying each what he 4 thought most advisable. The Emperor, who owing to his being so unwell, could not attend to work as was his wont,f found that the majority of his cap- — tains were of the opinion that the river ought to be crossed and battle given, or at least that a num- ber of horsemen supported by infantry should be sent — across to charge the rearguard, and ascertain the 4 enemy’s position, at the same time to keep the army ready, as it was, to make a movement as soon as it”
* Hua tal carga que elles se retiram mais que de passo para as montanhas. ~ Nem trabalhar como costumava fazer.
_ Protestant Position at Nordlingen. 1 15
was necessary. As the Emperor, as already said, had not made a very careful study of the ground, and that all were agreed upon the necessity of giving battle, he adopted that opinion, and at once ordered _ the cayalry to cross the river. But whilst on the point of addressing his soldiers, to encourage them to advance to the battle, a better counsel was given him by one of the grandees of his house,* who explained to him the topography of the ground, and the impossibility of crossing the river to give battle, without running the evident and almost certain danger of defeat, owing to the great advantage which the enemies would have. The Emperor fully understood this, and immediately ordered the cavalry, which had already with some difficulty crossed the river, to be recalled ; and it recrossed with still greater difficulty, as the passage was a very bad one; and the whole army returned tocamp. As regards the enemy, they continued their march until they had established themselves on the high ground already spoken of, near Nordlingen.
Ought the river to have been crossed and battle given? Onthis point there was then, there has been since, and there are still to-day great discussions and divers opinions. The Emperor marched later to make a minute and careful examination of the
* Lhe foi dado outro pareoer melhor de hum grande de sua casa. 12
- “a F
“via
116 Charles the Fifth.
ground, with no one to influence his opinion. The result was that His Majesty, and all those who were of the opinion that the river ought not to be crossed, and that battle ought not to be given, were con- firmed in their view, which ceased to be doubtful; and the thing appeared to them the more impossible, as it was far more easy for the enemy than for the Emperor to have given battle. Those who on that day had recommended battle, avowed, when they had studied the ground, that their advice was worth- less, and those who after the discussion expressed their opinion that it would be wrong not to give battle, confessed their mistake, also, as soon as they had visited the ground. Those who have not seen it, — and who still maintain the opinion that battle ought — to have been given, would do well to visit the spot; _ and should they still persist in their idea, it would be advisable for them to represent to themselves — exactly the army which was on the other bank :* this might probably modify their opinion. : As already said, the Emperor returned to sleep that — night in camp; but finding that the enemy were farther
off than he wished, he broke up the camp in the — |
morning, and pitched his tents on the banks of the — river, which the evening before had been the object of — so much discussion ; and it was then seen which advice was the best. The camp included two small hills
* Faram bem d’imaginar o que exercito estara em eontrario.
Surrender of Donauwerth. 117
_ elose to each other, and most favourably situated. When the Emperor took up these quarters, some _ Protestant horsemen came down from the mountains into the plain, and a body of Imperialists immedi- ately crossed the river. A smart skirmish ensued, in which a number were killed on either side, but the loss of the Protestants was much more severe and important. Among others who fell was the Duke of Brunswick. However, it was already late, and the Emperor could not advance to support his men which the enemy could do, as he should have been obliged to cross the river. The Emperor, ‘moreover, wished to fix his camp and ordered the skirmish to cease. At various times he examined, and ordered to be examined, different points, to see if there was any means of doing harm to the Protes- tants, but not finding any he secretly considered and weighed his plans;* at last he resolved to send the necessary number of troops to attack Donauwerth, an Imperial city, ‘which the enemy had left when they advanced on Nordlingen, and where they had left a garrison entrusted with its defence. Conse- quently at nightfall he ordered the said troops to depart, who reached their destination at daybreak, and who at the first assault carried the outskirts. The city capitulated shortly afterwards.
* Cuidou e pratticou em segredo o que se poderia fazer.
118 Charles the Fifth. a
CHAPTER VIII.
The Emperor crosses the River.— Surrender of Hastat. — Surrender | of Dillingen.— Surrender of Laubingen and Gondelfingen.— Skirmish with the Enemy. — Crosses the Brenz and encamps at Sontheim. — Lays an Ambuscade for the Protestants.—The Pro- testant Position at Giengen.—The Papal Troops leave the Imperial _ Camp. The Protestants wish to treat for Peace. —The Elector of — Saxony is defeated by Duke Maurice. —Dissensions in the — Protestant Army. — They raise their Camp and retire to Heyden- — heim. — The Imperial Army pursues them. — A Battle imminent. Is prevented by a Snow-storm. — Surrender of Nérdlingen aot other Towns. —The Protestants capture Gmiindt. — Dispersion of — the Protestant Agmy.—John Frederick of Saxony retreats to Gotha. — Surrender of Frankfort and of Ulm.
FTER the surrender of Donauwerth, His Majesty — left his camp, and proceeded to that city with — the intention of following the Danube on the Ulm : side, to see if there were any means of cutting off — the enemy’s supplies, and the hope of weakening — them and exhausting them (and the inhabitants g of the town of Ulm with them), by obliging them j to abandon the mountains and come to some spot | | where it would be more easy to give them battle.* It must be understood that, to go to Donauwerth, P the Emperor had necessarily to cross the river with © his army, and place himself in line in the open plain _
* Onde mais facilmente che les podesse dar batalha.
Surrender of other Cities. 11g
| near the Protestant camp. Although bridges of boats had been established for crossing the river, and although the fords were better known than when they first arrived, the passage was nevertheless so difficult (and there were still other rivers to cross on the other side), that if the enemy had entertained any great desire to fight, they might have done so on that day with great advantage : * therefore, it may be said, without knowing the motives that guided them, that this may be counted as the fifth error which they committed.f ;
The Emperor, finding that the Protestants would not move, advanced in good order to the camp, which was on the Danube, between Donauwerth and Hastat. Those who occupied it abandoned it, and the inhabit- ants of Hastat brought the keys of their city to the Emperor, who, on the following day, advanced on Dillingen, which followed the example of Hastat.
He then established himself near Laubingen, a do-
main belonging to Duke Otho Henry of Bavaria, where there were four German detachments, and, that evening, they showed an intention of defending themselves.
The Emperor, having been informed that the
* Que se os enemigos tiveram grande vontade de pelejar, elles o poderam fazer neste dia com grande ventagem sua.
t Pelo que se pode julgar, sem saber as causas que a isto os moveram, se posse esta contar pola quinta falta ou erro que elles commetteram.
120 Charles the Fifth.
enemy wished to come to the support of thistown, and take up a position on some high ground at the verge of a forest, ordered, although some distance from the town, that on the following day at day- break the whole army should hold itself ready to advance on whatever point he might think it advis- able. He started himself early with the Duke of —
Alba, his general, and many of his council, to ascer- |
tain which would be the most advantageous position to assume to attack the enemy as they emerged from ~ the said forest. Whilst on his way, some of the — inhabitants of the town came and surrendered it
to His Majesty. The inhabitants of Gondelfingen — did the same. Those of Laubingen informed him
that the four detachments had withdrawn, and crossed —
the bridge over the Danube before daylight, with
some pieces of artillery, and with one of the captains —
of the League who had arrived there the evening — before, and had prevented them surrendering at once; — and they added, that with those four detachments — and artillery they had taken the Augsburg road.
On the receipt of this news, the Emperor, obsery-
ing that he was not aware of any movement haying —
taken place in the Protestants’ camp, rejoined the 3
army, and passing by Laubingen, in which town he left a sufficient garrison, he ordered some light-horse _
to cross the river in pursuit of the said four detach- a
ments. Theycame up with them, and, after a skirmish,
The Emperor arrives at Sontheim. 121
_ pressed them so closely that they abandoned their artillery, which was brought to the Emperor. In his ' eagerness to advance, the Emperor marched so ra- . pidly, that on the same day he crossed the river Brenz, ; and pitched his camp at Sontheim, a town situated - on the bank of another river, which runs towards Ulm. On arriving there, the Emperor was informed _ that some of the enemy’s horse was in the vicinity, in a small Imperial town named Giengen, on the _ said river Brenz. His Majesty sent his General there - with a suitable force, but as soon as the horsemen perceived him they beat a retreat. Some of the enemy’s gendarmes were in the same town: these latter, hoping or knowing that their whole army _ would arrive on the following day, dissimulated, as it was already late when they were summoned to _ surrender, giving their word that they would sur- render on the morrow, and thus gained a night by their deceit. That same night, the Emperor having come to the camp, he sent out spies in various directions tolearn something of the enemy’s movements. Some came back without; any news, and others were made _ prisoners by the enemy’s videttes. The Emperor was consequently irresolute and undecided how to act in the morning ; he did not know whether it would not be better to take the direction of Ulm and steal
_ a march upon the enemy, or stop where he was,
4q because, by making haste, they might also have
122 Charles the Fifth.
taken up a position which would have cut off his supplies.
The Emperor, being in this doubt, received the ~ news that the Protestants were on their march; but he did not yet know where they wished to establish 1 themselves. Consequently the Emperor and his General and many other personages went to recon- noitre the movements of the enemy, who were © advancing in good order to take up a position at ~ | Giengen. The Emperor, not having placed his army | in order of battle, on the contrary, being ready to march on the opposite bank to that occupied by the ~ enemy towards Ulm, returned to the camp and © ordered his troops back to their quarters; the enemy did the same.
The Emperor, having ascertained the position and plans of the enemy, resolved that day to lay a good ambuscade for them, but it was not well carried out.
It is presumed, however, that, had it been so, it would have been attended with good results; for, despite the carelessness with which it was done, the ~ Imperial musketeers did so much havoc among the enemy that they always remembered that day. In fact, whenever afterwards the Emperor wished to ay an ambuscade, such as it ought to be, taking adva 2- tage of a favourable opportunity, and sending out skirmishers to attack the enemy, it was never pos- sible to induce any number of them to go far from the
The rival Armies at Giengen. 123
camp. The failure of the ambuscade is perhaps also _ to be attributed to the fact that Giengen is situated in a hollow, and the Protestants had their camp on _ the banks of the river, on the side opposite to that _ upon which His Majesty had his. On this side of His Majesty’s camp there was a mound, which dominated Giengen as well as the Protestant camp. The latter
therefore crossed the river, and took possession of that mound with a considerable force; and as it _ was difficult to come to their support from one camp to the other, they entrenched themselves strongly in _ that position, and from their encampment they _ discovered a portion of the ambuscade which had been laid. The result was that His Majesty ordered _ the troops employed in it to return to camp. With a view to try every means to annoy the enemy, a night assault was resolved upon; but the enemy were on the alert, and took their precautions so well, that it was wisely given up. As the Protestants occupied the mound already mentioned above Gien- gen, on the same side of the river as the Imperial camp, and as His Majesty occupied another mound im the same manner, on the side where the Pro- testant quarters were, for many reasons, as soon as they arrived at Giengen, it was resolved to fortify _ the mound which was opposite the Imperial camp,
to lodge the Italians there who had remained: for - most of them had left, complaining of bad treatment
124 Charles the Fifth.
and bad pay. Those who remained were disaffected, so much so that when the Pope’s Legate left, having — been recalled by His Holiness, they endeavoured to seize upon the opportunity of returning to their — country, at the very moment when it was desirable — to increase the numerical strength of His Majesty’s — army, because the Protestants were receiving nu-— merous reinforcements from Wiirtemberg, and were — placing a garrison in a fort under construction. Out of the 4,000 men belonging to His Holiness, . 3,000 one morning took their departure. The Emperor was thus frustrated in his plans,* as he had not suffi- — cient troops left to garrison the fort which he had com= menced, and which consequently was left unfinished. The season was already far advanced, as it was near the festival of All Saints, and the rains had commenced. The Emperor, finding that from his. camp he could do no harm to the enemy, resolved, after some petty skirmishes, to recross the river and take up his quarters near Laubingen. He therefo: e broke up his camp and advanced in good ord or, expecting the enemy to try their fortune, which, © according to some, they might have and ought « have done.t However, from good reasons of their own, they did not move on that day, and
* Ficou frustrado de seu intento. + Se os nemigos quereriam tentar a fortuna, o que algis querem que elles poderam e deveram fazer.
The Protestants wish for Peace. 126
Emperor continued to march to the spot where he “wished to establish himself. The rain and bad weather continued. Moreover, the ground was heavy 1 and damp, and the Imperial camp full of mud. _ Although the enemy’s camp was on the heights, it was not, as was learnt afterwards, in a better con- dition.* This explains why, the whole time the _ Emperor was in camp, nothing of importance was
achieved. On the contrary, at the same period the "Protestants wished to treat for peace ; but His Majesty, finding that no suitable agreement could be come to, _ broke off the negotiations. Whilst His Majesty was . at the said camp, he received the news that John _ Frederick of Saxony had been defeated by the troops of the King and of Duke Maurice.
_ In consequence of the inclemency of the weather, and from other reasons which actuated some persons, it was the general opinion that the Emperor ought _ to place his troops in garrison. In this manner he would have closely pressed the Protestants, especially the towns held by them, for these garrisons would have cut off all their provisions and supplies, and thus harassed them considerably; but the Emperor considered that the whole good effect of his enter- prise consisted in dispersing the army of the Protes- tants, and in separating their forces: he fancied
* Nio ficaram de melhor condigao.
126 Charles the Fifth.
that placing his army in garrisons was to divide, — weaken, and break it up.* The Emperor repeatedly — had quarters examined which appeared advantageous _ and suitable for wintering and keeping the enemy at — bay, until it was seen which of the two armies would — be the first to relinquish the struggle or obliged to — disband itself.t| He then left the above-mentioned — locality, because it was damp and muddy, and con- sequently not very agreeable or advantageous for an army; and he looked out for another position freefrom _ humidity, strong, and well situated to suit and satisfy — his soldiers.— It has been maintained that on that day the Protestants might again have given battle © with advantage.§ If that was the case, and if they committed an error, the fault must rest with him who committed it.| His Majesty resolved therefore to carry out his enterprise to the end, and to perse- vere until one of the two armies should be obliged | to disband, either by compulsion, bad weather, ~ famine, or any other calamity. |
* Mas considerando Sua Magestade que todo 0 bom effeito de sua empresa consistia em romper o exercito e dividir as forgas dos pro- testantes, pareceo che que per o seu em garnigées seria dividilo, ~ diminuilo e rompelo. = ’ + Atee ver qual dos dous exercitos se dexixaria primeiro, ou seria forgado a se desfazer. =
¢ Paro outro enxuto, forte, de bello assento, e agosto e satisfag: a dos soldados. ;
§ Querem dizer.
|| Se assi lie e se commeteram erro, se deve deixar ao que nisso ha. “| Sua Magestade determinou seguir sua empresa atee o fim e
Occupation of Nordlingen. 127
The Emperor was informed that there was another spot in an excellent situation, where he might, by keeping close to the enemy, cause them some damage, and acquire such an advantage over them as to compel them to break up and separate;* and he resolved to carry out this enterprise within a brief | delay. But as the matter was one of high impor- tance and not without its difficulties, and as no one ought to undertake an arduous and perilous enter- prise without the necessary preparations, the Emperor put off its execution to an opportune moment. Now, it so happened that at the same time the town of Nordlingen offered to surrender, and the Emperor _ thought that, by occupying it, he should find another means of annoying the enemy, leaving it optional to adopt and take either measure. The Emperor admitted the good position and the great advantages - of this locality, and endeavoured to turn it to account to overthrow his enemy. Like others, who also after- _ wards examined it, he deemed that it was feasible _ and practicable, provided that it was well executed. The Protestants thought that the march of the Emperor on Laubingen was the result of some necessity or discouragement;t but on finding that persistir atee que hum dos dous exercitos fosse per forga, por ruim tempo, per fame, on por outra qualquer necessidade constrangido a se desfazer.
Que por forga os levaria debaixo, ¢ faria romper e dividir. + Procedera de algua necessidade ou desfallecimento.
128 | Charles the Fifth.
the Emperor occupied the quarters above indicated, they found themselves deceived in their hopes. Thus, — when they learnt that His Majesty was again ap- + proaching them, they displayed much less energy — | q and courage than formerly,* and, despite the skir- mishes opened by the Emperor, and the opportunities he offered them to leave their camp, there was no — means of inducing them to do so.f ‘Already dif- — ferences and disputes had arisen amongst them; the ; { Imperial cities were weary of the heavy sums levied. 7 upon them, and the other members of the League — i | could not provide them.{ Consequently the Protes- — tants sent away their heavy artillery; and finally, | on the morning of November 22, wearied and — worn by labour, bad weather, and by many other annoyances, and from other motives which they knew — better than anyone else, they raised their camp and withdrew to the mountains at the other side of the Brenz, under the protection of a castle situated on the frontier of Wiirtemberg, called Heydenheim. On the preceding night, the Emperor had been informed by a spy that the hey “ee of na
tinham. t+ Nao ouve remedio para os tira fora. =, { E tendo ja passado entrelles algias contradicoes e disputas,e
enfadando se as cidades imperiaes dos grandes gastos e despesas que i faziam, e nao podendo os outros da liga supprir os gastos.
Retreat of the Protestants. 129
gee Fr
occur, he sent back the same spy to the enemy’s camp with orders to return, no matter at what hour, and report what they were doing. This spy, who _ left at midnight to give the information, related that at that hour they were on the move, but as he had met troops on his road, he was obliged to turn back, and, owing to the darkness of the night, and the fog, he had lost his way; so that he did not reach the Emperor’s camp until His Majesty had left it. Whether he told the truth, or whether these were only false excuses, the result was that he returned _ very late, and not in time to be of any service; for the Emperor, having been informed about ten o’clock in the morning that the Protestants, as stated, had left, at once sent his General with a small body of _ horse and musketeers to ascertain the truth.* His _ Majesty followed him with other knights, leaving orders for the whole of the cavalry to advance promptly, and for the whole of the infantry to be
_ prepared to act at a moment’s notice. Having : passed the camp abandoned by the Protestants, _ they were pursued, until one of their squadrons, which served as a rear-guard, was come upon, with which a skirmish ensued, so that all their army ' formed in line of battle, and commenced to march
* Cum algis cavallos, e arcabuzeiros desmandados. _ * Assi despois de ter atravessado o seu campo, os protestantes dos atee foram segui se ver hum dos seus esquadrées.
K
130 Charles the Fifth.
to sustain the struggle.* After some discussion as to what ought to be done, the Emperor ordered all the cavalry to stop where it was, in view of the — enemy; and as it was already late, he returned im- . mediately to his camp to order the infantry and the _ artillery to advance, as his intention was to establish | that very night his whole army so close to the enemy that he could attack them at daybreak. he infantry and artillery immediately began to advance, following His Majesty; who served as a guide,t and they arrived, one hour after midnight, where the main — body of the troops were quartered, and where they rested, each man as best he could, according to time and place, without leaving his detachment the re- mainder of the night. te
The Emperor had proceeded forward to rejoin in his General closer to the enemy; but when the ri broke upon which he hoped to carry out his design : a heavy fall of snow succeeded the severe cold of thi preceding night, and the Emperor, seeing that h soldiers, having only their arms with them, ‘a nothing to protect them from the cold and _ hunger,t resolved to return to the camp which he had left the evening before: and it is well id lid d
* E comecou a caminhar para ter mio, e sostentar a escaramuca. — t+ Seguendo a Sua Magestade que servia di guia. oy
_ } Vendo que os soldados nao tinham outro reparo contra ofomes ¢ 0 frio que suas armas. ;
an at
Noérdlingen and other Cities surrender. 131
so, as the Protestants were so well posted that, had it been the finest weather in the world, nothing could have been attempted against them with any success.
The Emperor, on his return to camp, did not remain there long, but immediately advanced to prevent the Protestants gaining some strong and favourable position;* for at this moment they sought for support in the strength and situation of the ground, and were in the midst of mountains, and in steep and difficult paths. This induced the inhabitants of Nordlingen, and of other towns and castles where they had left troops, and who saw themselves abandoned without hope of help, to submit to His Majesty. The Em- peror, whose object was rather to scatter and dis- unite the Protestants than to take vengeance on the said places,t accepted their submission, and took the road to Nérdlingen.
As already said, the winter had set in severely. The soldiers were fatigued and worn out, and the majority, or nearly all, were of the opinion that it would be well if the Emperor remained satisfied with the results obtained, and were to place his troops to garrison on the frontier and allow his army to re- pose.. The Emperor would willingly have done so,. as well to spare his troops, as not to appear to follow
* Que nao tornassem para a terra bea o grossa. { Cuja tengdd sendo mais accobar de romper e dividir a os pro- testantes, que tomar vinganga dos dittos lugares.
K2
132 Charles the Fifth.
only his own counsel;* but he foresaw to what*in- conveniences it would lead, and thus the fruit would be lost of all the successes already obtained, for the Protestants had agreed between themselves thatthey would go with their whole army, and take up their — q quarters in Franconia, to reprovide themselves with money, men, and supplies, so as to recommence the struggle with renewed obstinacy. He therefore re- solved, much against his will, to follow his own opinion.t To this must be added the important consideration, that he had some reason to hope that if the two armies continued on the road which they were following —the one always in the track of the _ other, at a distance of four, five, or six leagues — an opportunity might offer itself, by approaching the enemy as near as possible, and by marching during a whole night, the nights being long, of at- tacking them at daybreak. His Majesty therefore — started, following the road to the right through a — good country, in the direction of Dingelspuhel. That — town had also joined the League, and, although it —
held out a long time before it returned to its duty, ~
it at last surrendered. The Emperor then advanced —
on Rotenburg, which had not joined the League, ~
and which also sent a deputation to meet His Majesty. The Protestants marched through amoun-
* Como por nao seguir quasi soo opinidd. { Se determinou bem contra sua vontade de seguir sua opinidd,
; ; a ‘ q . - f
———=——<_ |
OO a
Dispersion of Protestants. 133
tainous country, making circuits and returning on their steps, so that they had to endure much more fatigue and embarrassment than the Imperial army. To showthat they were doing something, they attacked and captured Gmiundt, an Imperial town, which had always remained faithful, and which still adhered to the ancient religion; therefore the Emperor after- wards indemnified it handsomely for all that it had suffered, at the cost of those who had been the cause thereof.
The Protestants found that, by the plan adopted by the Emperor, their own projects were discon-
eerted, and that they were obliged to separate and
dissolve,* as on the road which it was following the army of the Emperor did not deviate from the direc- tion indicated above. The Protestants daily dis- persed, leaving behind a portion of their artillery and baggage, so that in a short time their army was completely broken up. All that remained eonsisted of a small body of troops under John Frederick of Saxony, who, through a woody and mountainous country, succeeded in crossing the Maine, and sought refuge at Gotha, a stronghold in his estates. The Emperor, the better to ascer- tain what was actually taking place, sent on Count de Buren with the men that remained under his
_* Ficavam frustrados de seus intentos e constrangidos a se romper ou dividir.
134 Charles the Fifth. es : ii an ty
e a
+" orders from Rotenburg, and he did not meet “4 the same cbstacles which he had to contend against — on his arrival. Already the Imperial city of rete | fort had announced that it submitted to the Emper my j and, after having received a garrison, it sent deputies _ to perform the act of submission. This he vec done, the Emperor, finding that he did not meet ¥ rs any further resistance, and that, on the conta many towns which had been hostile to him com- — a menced to treat for their submission, halted a few 2) days at Rotenburg, where he placed his soldiers under cover, and allowed them some repose. Here — y he had an attack of the gout; but as soon as he felt a little better, and the army had rested and restored — itself, he advanced towards the town of Halle, in Suabia (which had joined the League, but which R recognised its error), where he had another attack — of gout. In this town the Elector came to greet him, regretting that he had not done better.* The in- habitants of Ulm also returned to obedience, avowing
~eg
their fault. A garrison was placed in the re
* O Elector veo alli ae a reverencia, bem pezaroso de 0 niet feito melhor.
_ Wiirtemburg surrenders. 135
CHAPTER IX.
The Emperor enters Wiirtemberg. — Augsburg and Strasburg surrender. — Death of the King of England. — The Elector of Saxony reassembles an Army.—Pope Paul recalls his Italian aux- iliaries. — Defeat of the Imperialists under Margrave Albert of Brandenburg. — Death of the Queen of the Romans. — The Em- peror is taken seriously ill at Nérdlingen. — Death of the King of France. — The Protestants encamp near Meissen on the Elbe, — Surrender of Meissen to the Imperialists. — The Protestants take up a position at Mihlberg. — The Emperor resolves to give Battle. —A dense Mist conceals his Movements. — The Protestants are taken by surprise and commence retreating. — The Imperialists eross the River. — Commencement of the Battle. — The Emperor attacks the Protestant Army with Cavalry only. — Duke Maurice defeats the Protestant Horse. — Total Defeat of the Protestants.— Capture of Duke John Frederick of Saxony, and of Duke Ernest of Brunswick, April 24.
HE Emperor, having somewhat recovered from the gout, started for Heilbron, a town which had
also joined the League, and which had acted like most of the others, and he sent forward his General into the state of Wiirtemberg. As soon as he had entered it, in a few days all the towns in the plain surrendered to him. The Duke of that state sent a deputation to enter into negotiations, and, after an exchange of propositions and replies, an arrangement was con- ‘cluded, and the Duke was received by the Emperor, to whom he did obedience. The Emperor was again tormented by the gout at Heilbron; and it lasted
1547
136 Charles the Fifth.
so long that, even when he left for Ulm, where he ar- rived early in the year 1547, he had not yet recovered his health. As happened in his previous attack, he had continued relapses; so that this may be considered
his thirteenth attack of gout. At last he resolved —
to master it by strict adherence to treatment and diet. Meantime the inhabitants of Augsburg, also
admitting their error, waited upon His Majesty, and
tendered their obedience. A garrison was sent also to their city, The inhabitants of Strasburg followed their example. The news of the death of the King of England reached His Majesty about the same time.
Whilst the Emperor, as already said, was at Ulm, where he was awaiting the fine season, to place him- self under a regular system, and assure his conva- lescence,* each day brought him news after news — that John Frederick of Saxony (who, it will be re- membered, had only preserved with him asmall body of troops from the great Protestant army, with which : he had retired to Gotha) was reinforcing himself — and constantly increasing the number of his men, — Not only did he wish to attempt to reconquer what the King of the Romans and Duke Maurice had — deprived him of, but moreover he was exerting him- q self, and making preparations to seize upon their pos- sessions, to excite and agitate their subjects, and to
* Esperando saza0 arromodada para se por em regimento, e se curar para o effeito e fim.
_ Surrender of Augsburg and Strasburg. 137
do them as much harm as he possibly could.* The King of the Romans and Duke Maurice kept His Majesty daily informed of what was taking place; and it was agreed that a portion of the army which remained with the Emperor, which, from the fatigues it had undergone, was considerably diminished, should be sent in that direction; what had still: more con- tributed to reduce it was, that it happened precisely at this time that Pope Paul (in addition to all the bad acts he had done, as in part already related, and which he afterwards did by writing certain things to the Swiss, which he thought would be very pre- judicial to the Emperor?) charged his Nuncio to inform His Majesty that he recalled all the Italian soldiers whom he had hitherto paid. Despite all the Emperor's entreaties that he would not do so, and that he would associate himself to the honour of victory,t{ the Pope would not hearken to him, and the said Italians withdrew.
The Emperor therefore found himself much put out § on finding that, on the one hand, it was difficult to separate his troops, and on the other that his
* Trabalhaya e procurava de tomar o seu delles, e concitar e alterar seus subditos e em fim de lhes fazer o peor que podesse.
+ Alem de todos os officios que o Papa Paulo tinha feitos como em
parte acima se contem, e despois fez escrevendo aos Suigos algia
cousa, que cuidava ser de grande prejuizo. t Por mais que o Emperador instou que tal nao fizesse e que
quisesse ter parte na honra da victoria.
§ Confuso.
138 Charles the Fifth.
health required careful treatment,* and he did not know what to decide upon. However, seeing the success of John Frederick, and, later, the defeat and — | the captivity of the Margrave Albert of Brandenburg, who had been sent by the Emperor with a body of — horse and foot to the support of the King his — brother, and of Duke Maurice; having at the same — time learnt the death of the Queen of the Romans, — his sister-in-law, and considering the sorrow and affliction which the King her husband felt at it, he © resolved (as much to console him as to assist him f) to adjourn the treatment and diet which the state of his health required. He therefore deemed it advis- able to leave at Augsburg, at Ulm, and at Frank- fort, the garrisons which he had placed there, and left at once with the rest of his army; and as not | only was it not advisable to divide it, but, on the contrary, it was necessary to increase it, he raised a new regiment of Germans. Having done this” he took his departure from Ulm, and, on reaching Nordlingen, he was taken so ill from all the suffer- ing and fatigue which he had undergone, that he was compelled to remain some days there. However, seeing the inconveniences which might result fror _ too long a delay, he started again, as best he cor ald, carried in a litter,f and continued his journey to
* Que sua saiide pedia cura, }
+ Assi polo consolar em hum caso, como polo adjudar em outro. ¢ Enm liteira e couse pode.
Is seriously indisposed. 139
_ Nuremberg, where he was received as in a city which had not taken part in the League, and which had _ never been hostile to him. Here he had a relapse, _ so that he was obliged to remain there longer than 4 he wished. However, he made such an effort * that, sometimes in a litter, sometimes otherwise, he reached _Egra. During this journey he met with the King ; his brother and Duke Maurice, and the son of the Elector of Brandenburg. The latter, from the _ affection his house had always shown towards that of Austria, and leaving all questions of opinion aside,t had agreed with the King of the Romans to provide : him with troops, and to assist him in this war, which, q as has been said, was not engaged only with Duke John _ Frederick, but which had disturbed to such a point the _ populations of Bohemia, that they wished to partici- 7 pate in it more than became them.t Whilst their _ Majesties were at Egra, they received the news of _ the death of the King of France. They so settled _ their affairs that, a few days afterwards, they left with all their troops. The Emperor had previously _ issued orders to the Duke of Alba, his general, and to other captains, to remove certain obstacles which
_ might delay the march: they performed their duty
* Contudo se esforcou e fez tanto. _ + Segundo a affeicdo que sua casa tirera sempre a de Austria,
_ deixando todas as opinioés suspensas. ¢ Mas tambem elle tinha de tal modo concitado aos de Boemia que
si quiseram metter mais nella do que lhes estava bem.
4
4
140 Charles the Fifth. Pr
7) '
so well that they subjected all the towns and places of the opposite party which were on their passage, — and the garrisons which occupied them were routed and their colours taken from them. Their Majesties left on the day following, so that after nine days they reached Somhof, a property belonging to Duke Maurice. As soon as they arrived there, Duke Maurice and the Duke of Alba went to reconnoitre ] the lower part of the river to see what ought to be done. On their return, after some reports and some — false alarms, they acquired the certain information that Duke John Frederick had his camp at Meissen, on the other bank of the Elbe, at, three good leagues” from the spot mentioned above, where their Majesties were staying. As the soldiers had marched during these nine days almost without stopping, the Em-_ peror thought it as well that they should repose the day after their arrival, as an opportunity might offer itself, which in fact was the case, of striking a blow.* During this day of repose given to the army, the Emperor, not to remain idle, and to be informed of the enemy’s movements, sent out re- connaissances on two sides. One party went straight to Meissen, where they did not see the enemy's camp, because, as they convinced themselves, they had decamped during the night. That town sur-
* De fazer algun bom negocio,
Surrender of Meissen. 141
rendered, but they found the bridge broken and burnt. The other party, who had gone up the river,* discovered the enemy’s army in march on the other bank of the river; and about three o’clock in the afternoon they saw the advanced guard establish __ itself on a spot on the left bank of the Elbe, called : “Miihlberg, at three leagues from the camp of their ‘ Majesties; and they judged from the baggage that ac-
_ companied it that the rear-guard could not take up its : quarters before midnight. This various information - reached the Emperor almost at the same time, about five o’clock in the afternoon; and God knows how _ sorry he was at having stopped that day, as it ap- _ peared to him that the following day would be too - late to reach the enemy; but God in his goodness willed that it should be so.f The Emperor calculated that the army of the _ Protestants had marched nearly twenty-four hours, ( and that it was impossible for them to dislodge at ~ once and do a long day’s march; he had also been _ informed the day he arrived at Somhof that there _ were one or two fords near or opposite Muhlberg, _ where the river was passable, though broad and deep. He therefore sent without delay for the King his
* Os que foram contra a corrente do rio.
+ Deus sabe se se arrependeo bem de se ter detido aquelle dia, por que Ihe parecia, que nao haveria tempo ao outro dia para poder aleangar aos enemigos, o que todavia Deus por sua bontade remediou.
pi Charles the Fi ifth, 2: Res.
brother and Duke Maurice, to whom, as also to his General, he communicated what his ideas and plans” were.* Although he met with opposition from some, especially because they did not believe there ‘one any ford, his opinion was nevertheless approved. by the others, and prevailed. To compensate for 2 repair the fault which he thought he had commiti by not starting on that day, he wished to leave once at that very hour with his whole army, leayvi
behind the invalids and baggage; but he foun d ie opponents,f because the camp was surrounded gE rivulet and difficult to be got out of, so that, as it was- already night, an exit from the camp could not bel done without much confusion and disorder. The Emperor giving in to this opinion, seeing that it was” reasonable, resolved to postpone the departure till the morning. And so as not to be wanting in am y= thing of which he might stand in need, he ordered his General to take along with him some pieces of light artillery from the camp, and all the boat and pontoon carriages. In fact, should one of the fords not be practicable, he wished to throw over a bridge of boats to send promptly across a sufficien body of infantry to support the cavalry, which was to cross by the other ford; and should that not answer, he resolved at last to attempt (by crossing tlie rivet 7
. * O que tinha no pensamento e vontade de fazer. ~ Mas foi lhe isto contrariado.
Esl
q i. ; !
The Protestants at Mihlberg. 143
_ somehow or other) every means to inflict as much
damage and do as much harm as possible to the Protestants.
Having adopted this resolution, and everything which ought to be done during the night having been performed, the Emperor retired to rest till midnight. He then got up and gave the signal to saddle,* so that everything might be ready for march- ing at daybreak. Before dawn he sent forward the Duke of Alba with some light horse and mounted musketeers to reconnoitre the enemy’s movements and position. The Emperor, after having heard mass with the King his brother and Duke Maurice, followed him with the advanced guard, and, having set his whole army, or at least the greater portion of it, in movement, as was required, he commenced the march at the first rays of dawn (which at this season breaks about three o’clock in the morning), and at eight o’clock in the morning took up a po- sition opposite the enemy’s camp.
During the whole of that morning there was a dense mist, which was a great obstacle to the march, and the Emperor was much annoyed at the em- barrassments and delays which under these cireum- stances the fog occasioned him. The fog still prevailed when they arrived opposite the enemy’s
* E logo fez dar sinal a cellare.
'/ making any show of moving, but they were not
aa Charles the Fifth =
camp, so that nothing could be discerned. However, 3 the Emperor placed everything in the hands of — God, that, whether he should be preserved or perish, . His will should be done,* and God in His ‘mercy — deigned all of a sudden to clear away the fog, and — give such a clear sky, that it was discovered that the 4 supposition which His Majesty had made on the previous day had been realised; for not only had — the enemy not taken their departure, nor were they —
aware of the arrival of their Majesties with an army; _ and, moreover, the fog which had impeded the march — of their Majesties was favourable to them by pre- venting the enemy discovering the Imperial army — up to this moment, which, despite the fog, had ad- vanced in such good order that every man was in the rank allotted to him. a
Their Majesties and Duke Maurice proceeded in : advance to examine the resources and the nature of — the ground. The Emperor’s General brought hi =. a report of his observations, still maintaining his 4 doubts as to the existence of a ford. Consequently, — their Majesties took the direction of a small villa ze : in the vicinity, to find some one to point them out the ford, and they succeeded so well that they met a young peasant on an ass, who had crossed it the
* Contudo pondo o Emperador tudo nas mios de Deus para que Se OS quisesse conserva ou arruinar, sua vontade fosse feita.
Advance on the Protestant Camp. 145
preceding night, and offered to point it out to them. Their Majesties sent him on to the General; and whilst their Majesties and Duke Maurice were eating a mouthful,* they sent forward a strong body of matchlock-men to open the ball as soon as the fog cleared.f
As soon as the fog cleared off the enemy dis- covered what they had not yet seen; for they fan- cied that the troops which had arrived at the bank of the stream they had seen were not more nu- merous than those which they had seen the evening before, and of which they made no account. But as soon as they recognised what they had by no means expected, they immediately commenced taking down their tents and flags, mounting their horses, and placing themselves in marching order. They moreover sent their pontoon boats down the river in the direction of Torgau and Wittenberg, towns which belonged to John Frederick of Saxony, thinking thereby to save them.
Their Majesties had already left the village, where they had breakfasted, to give the necessary orders. Some Hungarians, light horse, and mounted mus- keteers, were ordered in all haste opposite Torgau; and when they arrived there a skirmish ensued, in which the troops at Torgau sent them some volleys
* Temiam hum bocado. T Paraque, tanto que a nevoa caisse, comegassem a festa.
L
146 Charles the Fifth.
of artillery. During their march their Majesties were informed of what was taking place, and of the :
measures taken to save the boats. The Emperor then ordered his General to throw forward the above-mentioned musketeers, whom His Majesty met; they at once returned towards the river, some of them wading into it, and opened fire. The enemy, despite the resistance they made with their artillery and musketry, were compelled to abandon their boats, and some Spanish musketeers, who had swam across the river with their swords between — their teeth, brought them to their Majesties on the bank. Meantimea portion of the enemy’s army had commenced leaving the banks of the river: this allowed the young peasant above-mentioned to point — out the ford. The Emperor immediately ordered — the Hungarians, some light horse, and the musketeers, — to attempt the passage, which they did bravely. Finally, after a double volley on either side, the enemy deemed it prudent to leave the river, and this was doubtless the sixth error which they committed.* — For had they made a stand and attempted to defend — the river, it would have been impossible on that day — to have found the ford or to dislodge them, and the — night would have enabled them to place themselves —
* Esta se pode bem contar, e sem duvida ter pola sua sexta falta e erro. .
Passage of the Elbe. 147
in safety. They must know best what induced them to do this.*
The enemy having abandoned the river to the Emperor, he was eagerly entreated to allow the eavalry to cross and pursue them. But, considering that it was by his determination and advice that the army had been led there, he replied that he had not acted thus to receive an insult, but rather, with God’s blessing, he hoped to obtain the honour of victory.f. He held this language because the enemy was as strong as he was in cavalry, and had moreover five to six thousand infantry with artillery, which His Majesty could not have so promptly at hand, as a little time was requisite to throw over the bridge, which was too short for so broad a river; and whilst this was being done, the Emperor sent one of the principal personages of the army { to the other bank, with the express order to inform him as soon as the enemy was a short league distant from the river. For he was convinced (taking into consideration the impediments occasioned to their march by the Hungarians and the light horse) that that distance was not too great, after effecting the passage, to come up with them. If, on the contrary, they
* Elles devem saber o que os moveo a fazer isto.
+ Mas considerando que por sua determinacad e parecer tinha la
levado o exercito, respondeo que nao fizera isto para receber affronta, antes entendia com o favor de Deus alcangar a honra da victoria.
¢ Algta pessoa principal. ~ L2
148 Charles the Fifth.
wished to make a stand against the Emperor, the bridge was already so far advanced, and such dili- gence had been shown, that infantry and artillery were ready to sustain the combat.
As soon as the Emperor received the information — j
he was waiting for, he immediately ordered all the Hungarians and light horse to advance with the whole of the vanguard, with which was Duke Maurice, and which was commanded by the Duke of Alba. Their Majesties having left sufficient troops to guard the camp, followed them immediately with the main body, and they made such good speed that, after three German leagues, they came up with them. Although some thought it hazardous to attack with cavalry only, without infantry and artillery, as the enemy was strongly entrenched in a position near a swamp, the Emperor considered, nevertheless, that it was already late, and that it was impossible, after the distance they had gone, for the infantry and artillery to follow up. He considered also that it was important to put an end to this war, and that, if the enerhy escaped this time, it might be continued longer than it ought. He moreover discovered acer- tain fear amongst the enemy,* and he saw by their movements that they were disconcerted and taken by surprise ;t he therefore resolved to do his best
* Certo pavor. tT Como attonitos e pasmados,
Batile of Miihiberg. 149
with the cavalry he had with him. Consequently he ordered his General to advance and reconnoitre the enemy's position and movements. The latter found them such that at the entrance of a wood (where their infantry were posted in good order with some artillery) he charged with Duke Maurice and the vanguard. The enemy’s horse were broken, and carried disorder among the infantry, and those who escaped took to flight. As, owing to the swamp,
their Majesties could not keep the main body in
that order which they had maintained in the open country, they were obliged to follow the vanguard,
- which they did to keep up the habitual order, and
to serve as a reinforcement and support if required. The enemy was pursued for nearly a good German mile; and when their Majesties pulled up, they were informed that Duke John Frederick had been taken prisoner. The Duke of Alba having returned from the pursuit (it lasted the whole night and a portion of the following day), the Emperor charged him to seek out John Frederick, and the Duke of Alba brought him and presented him. The Emperor entrusted him to the watchful custody of the said Duke, with an escort of soldiers sufficient to guard him in safety. Duke Ernest of Brunswick was also brought as a prisoner to His Majesty, and handed over to the same custody. These orders having been given,
_ their Majesties, with the troops which they could
reassemble, and which were returning fr suit, started on their return to the camp, 1 on the other side of the river, and on their > met the infantry and light artillery, which lowed them as rapidly as was possible. The entrusted with the care of the chariots and k which had remained on the road, and after h marched three more good German leagues, bridge was crossed, and the camp reached | midnight. This occurred on April 24.
Siege of Wittenberg. 151
CHAPTER X.
Siege of Wittenberg. — The Town capitulates.— Surrender of other Towns. — Duke Maurice is appointed Elector. — War in Bohemia. — Convocation of a Diet. — Submission of the Elector of Saxony and of the Landgrave of Hesse. — Mutiny amongst the Imperial Troops. — Disturbances in Italy. — Conspiracy of Fiesco.— The States of the Empire submit to the Council.—Revolution at Placentia. — Charles’s Nephew is appointed King of Bohemia. — The Emperor returns to the Netherlands.
HEIR Majesties remained two days in the camp. On the third day they left for Torgau, which at
once threw open its gates to the Emperor. During the march, all the flags and standards taken in the battle were presented to him. Their Majesties continuing their march, pitched their camp opposite Wittenberg, where they received the news of the defeat, near Bremen, of Duke Henry of Brunswick. The siege of Wittenberg took place in the usual manner. The Elector Margrave of Brandenburg proceeded to the Emperor, and negotiations were commenced for an arrangement, as well on the part of John Frederick of Saxony, as on that of his wife and children, who were inside the town; and the result of these nego- tiations was, that the town capitulated. Other towns also surrendered, others were demolished, all accord-
152 Charles the Fifth.
ing to what had been agreed upon; and, according to the same conventions, the said Duke continued to remain guarded at the Court of His Majesty, who gave the title of Elector, and the appointments belonging to it, to Duke Maurice, for the good ser- — vices which he had rendered him, and for the good- will and affection he entertained and showed towards him.* The Emperor ordered to be set at liberty the Marquis Albert of Brandenburg and Duke Henry of Brunswick, and others who had been made pri- soners previously.
The King of the Romans and the Elector, Duke © Maurice, with the troops which they had brought with them, left Wittenberg two days before the Emperor’s departure; the King to put down the disturbances in Bohemia, and the Duke to put his affairs into order, according to what had been ae upon by common accord.
The Emperor, considering that it was a long tail that he had been carrying on these two wars, and that there did not remain any leader of importance who could take the field against him, resolved to disband his troops, and wished to terminate what remained to be done by friendly measures, and by
* Polas bonos servicos, que lhe fizera e boa vontade e affeicam, que the tinha e mostrava.
+ Por seguvar suas cousas conforme as que entre todos estava con- certado.,
Submission of the Landgrave of Hesse. 153
a general conference of the Deputies of the Empire. He resolved upon the convocation of a Diet, and for that purpose he left for Halle in Saxony, where he was received with complete obedience. During this journey a deputation arrived from the inhabitants of Bohemia, requesting from the Emperor, and also from the King his brother, the necessary troops and means to pacify that kingdom: this the Emperor granted at a later period.
Before the departure of the Emperor from Wit- tenberg, certain conditions or offers of reconciliation and amende honorable had been proposed by the Electors of Saxony and of Brandenburg, in the name of the Landgrave of Hesse; but the Emperor rejected them, because they were of too general a nature and offered little importance or guarantee.* Another document was then submitted to him, which, after having been approved by the same Electors and by the Landgrave, was examined by the Emperor, who accepted it to content all parties.t The conditions having been ratified by all parties concerned, the Landgrave of Hesse waited upon His Majesty in the town of Halle, where he admitted his error, and did
act of obedience as he ought to do.{ The Emperor
* Per serem musto geraes, e de pouca emportancia e seguranra.
+ E bem visto e considerado de Sua Magestade polos contentar a todos o quis arreitar.
‘t Eseguindo a disposicad delle sendo per todos ratificado, o ditto
154 Charles the Fifth.
ordered his general to keep him guarded, which, according to the stipulations, he ought and had a right to do.* And although then and afterwards the said Landgrave and the Electors have pretended that the Emperor acted wrongly, by giving to the document signed an interpretation conformable to his own wishes,t it cannot, nevertheless, be denied, that the Emperor could not have acted otherwise than he did, and that what he did do was in keeping with the convention.t
A great number of princes and towns of the North, who had adhered to the Smalcald League, and who had taken part in the said wars, admitting their error, tendered their submission to the Emperor; and the other cities, which had not joined the league, and had not taken part in the wars, sent deputies to to do the due and customary homage and tender submission.§
As is often the case with soldiers who, as soon as they are unemployed, feel the want of doing some- thing, it happened that as the Emperor had no work
Lantsgrave se veo appresentar na ditta cidade de Alla a Sua Majes- tade onde despois deronhecer sua culpa, e dar a obediencia que devia.
* Que conforme ao ditto papel se devia e podia fazer.
+ Interpretando o escritto conformea seus desejos.
¢ Contudo nao se pode negar que o Emperador pode fazer o que fez, e que o que fez foi conforme ao papel.
§ Para lhe fazer e dar adevida e costumada obediencia, e recon- herimento.
Disturbances in Italy. gs
for them,* they mutinied amongst themselves, nation against nation, and differences arose which it was no easy task to settle. Nevertheless, the Em- peror regulated all, and established such good order that, having found the time and means to separate them, he assigned them different habitations, so that all differences and all the causes of disturbance van- ished. Having done this, the Emperor started for Niiremberg, and, according to the intentions spoken
of above, he convoked a Diet at Augsburg.
After these two great victories, which God, in His boundless goodness, designed to grant to the Em- peror,t he received from various countries a great number of embassies, and some brought him ex- pressions of congratulation which by no means came from the heart.t In fact, the machinations which were then discovered, before and afterwards; the agitation which manifested itself at Naples; the conspira¢y of Count Fiesco at Genoa; the isolated movements, caused perhaps by foreign intrigue, which broke out at Sienna, and other events al- ready mentioned, sufficed to indicate the existence
* Como he cousa ordinaria entre os soldados, que quando estado ociosos, buscam em que se empregar, nio tendo o Emperador cousa em que os occupar.
+ Estas duas tio grandes victorias alcangadas, que Deus foi servido por sua immensa condade de dar aoEmperador.
t Algus Ihe mandaram dar os parabems, que estavam bem peza- TOSOs.
156 Charles the Fifth.
as ann 0
of a wish and attempt to disturb and prevent the — accomplishment of so good a work, and at the same time the prosperity of the Emperor’s affairs.*
There were some persons who abstained from taking a greater share in events, despairing of success. — But later they were so sorry for it that, in endea- vouring to find a remedy, they destroyed what they had done and established, and matters changed to this point that they were obliged to modify their designs and dissimulate their wishes. If those persons are not such as they ought to be, may God remedy it, as He has done for the past, by regulating matters in such guise that their desires shall not be accom- plished.t 7
All this having been done, the Emperor left Niirem- berg, where he had an attack of the jaundice. He had almost recovered, when, having continued his journey —
as far as Augsburg, he had a relapse, and he was so ~
* Porque pelas pratticas, que naquelle tempo, hum pouco antese despois, se descobriram, assi da inquietagad que ouve em Napoles, — como da quella que o conde de Fiesco fez em Genova, e doutras paxoes particulares, que por ventura per instigaca0 d’algis se moveram entre os de Sena, et outras de que se tem feito mengad, se pode bem julgar a tenc4d e vontade, que havia de perturbar e impedir tdo bea obra, e as cousas do Emperador.
t+ Taes pode ser dexeiram de se metter mais neste negocios, des-
confiando do bono successo delles, dos quaes despois o arrependimento foi tal, que querendo remediar, perderam o que tinham feite e posto da sua parte, e as cousas se trocaram de maneira que ellas foram forgados a mudar seus desenhos e dissimular suas vontades, Se ellas néo sao quaes derem ser, Deus 0 queira remediar, como fezo passado, ordenando as cousas de maneira, que seus desejos néo teveram effeito.
Diet at Augsburg. 157
weakened by it that he suffered from it a long time after his arrival, Before he was perfectly convalescent, he .made his proposition to the Diet, to take into consideration a remedy for the affairs which were brought before it, and which all tended to the service. of God, to the welfare, tranquillity, and union of Germany, and to its defence against whomsoever should dare to attack it.* The Diet had already commenced its sittings when the King of the Romans arrived, who had succeeded in subjecting Bohemia to obedience to him. The Queen dowager of Hungary arrived a little later at the same city of Augsburg, on divers matters upon what she had to settle at this time. After the jaundice, the Emperor had an attack of the gout; and although it was not so general as his previous attacks, he suffered from it at various intervals and divers parts, so that it lasted till the spring of 1548. This was his fourteenth attack; and, in the spring, to hasten his convalescence, he took a concoction of China-wood.t
During the Imperial Diet of Augsburg various hostile machinations were set on foot, tending to prevent the good results alluded to higher up. In
* Para que se tratasse do remedio das cousas nella contendas, as quaes todas eram encaminhados ao servigo de Deus, bem, trangquilli dode, e uniad de Germania, e defensad contra os que a quiessem offender.
+ Saxifrax (?).
t Duruado a ditta dieta imperial, ouve alghas pratticas todas contrarias e para impedir o bem effeito do que arima se trattou.
158 Charles the Fifth.
this same Diet the Emperor succeeded in inducing the States of the Empire to submit to the Council, which he had always claimed, as stated previously, ever since 1529.* But at the moment when that council con- voked at Trent was called upon to exercise the — highest influence, Pope Paul, by a motu proprio, wished to transfer it to Bologna, and convoke it himself, God knows with what intentions.t The Emperor, seeing the great. evils that might arise therefrom, opposed it, and consequently prévented it, insisting so strongly that the said council remained at Trent.t
The Emperor had recovered from the jaundice, and one day, whilst out hunting with a view to regain strength, he received certain news from Pla- centia, which informed him that, in consequence of the’ severity of Duke Peter Louis, son of the said Pope Paul, and the hardships he inflicted upon the inhabitants, they had risen against him, and having taken possession of the town, they offered to hand it over to whomsoever offered them the most favourable
* Tamhem o concilio, que, como ditto he, desde o anno 29 o Emperador tinha sempre procurado, e tanto feito, que pelos estados do Imperio na ditta dietta se acceitou.
+t No mesmo tempo, quando se havia de dar maior calor, o Papa Paulo de seu motu proprio tentou de o transferir a Bolonha, e ayocar a si: com que tengao isto fosse, Deus 0 sabe.
t Vendo o Emperador o grande mal, que disto poderia resultar, 0 contradisse, e impedio sempre, e de tal modo persistio, que o ditto concilio esta em Trento.
Revolution at Placentia. 159
conditions. The governor of the state of Milan accepted, in the name of His Majesty, the proposi- tions made to him, before anyone could enter the Duchy of Placentia. The Emperor, from the reasons mentioned, and also to preserve and guard the rights of the Empire,* ratified and confirmed that treaty.
Despite all this, and despite the machinations alluded to above, suitable measures were taken at the Diet of Augsburg, to attain the object of its meeting; and, as regards religion, a regulation was adopted, which was to be observed until the Council at Trent should have pronounced itself.f
At the same time the German soldiers who formed the Emperor’s body-guard mutinied. This produced _ more scandal than danger, as, on investigating the cause of the mutiny, it was found that it was to be attributed to the interests of some isolated individuals rather than to the ill-will of the soldiers.
The Diet adopted all the resolutions that it could,§ and as it had been sitting a long time, the Emperor, on the advice of the King his brother, and of the
* Polas causas dittas, e tamben por conserva e guardar o direito do Imperio.
+ Nio obstante tudo isto e as pratticas dantes dittas, se trattou na ditta dietta o que convinha para o effeito e fim polo qual se ajuntara, e quanto a religiio, hum modo de viver atee que o concilio se cele- brasse em Trento.
t Que foi causa de maior scandalo que de perigo. § E tendo se concluido nella o quo entao se pode concluir
160 Charles the Fifth.
said Estates, addressed to it a good proposition ;* the
Diet then broke up, and the members returned home. Before the departure of the King, the Emperor’s brother, their Majesties agreed upon the marriage of
the eldest daughter of the Emperor with the eldest —
son of the King his brother, who assumed the title of King of Bohemia; and as the Emperor enter- tained the intention and the desire to send for his son, the Prince of Spain, that he might visit his States and make the acquaintance of his vassals,f he begged the King his brother, and the King his son- in-law, to proceed to Spain, for the marriage of the said son-in-law, and that he should remain there in the name of Emperor, to govern those kingdoms during the absence of the Prince his son; to which they consented. Thus the said King of Bohemia left Augsburg, and passing through Italy, embarked at Genoa, landed at Barcelona, and from thence posted to Valladolid, where the nuptials were. cele- brated. The King of the Romans also left shortly afterwards to look after his interests; the Emperor remained a few days longer to complete what still remained to be done.
After arranging all his affairs, the Emperor took his departure from Augsburg, after leaving two thousand Spanish troops in garrison in three strong-
* Hua boa prattica. + Para ver aquelles terras e ser conherido de seus vassallos.
Returns to the Netherlands. 161
= .
4 nefds of Wirtemberg, and after having withdrawn ___ the troops-which had been sent to Augsburg. Hav-
ing thus provided for the welfare and good order of public affairs,* he took the road to Ulm, from which city he also withdrew the garrison, taking a
_ portion of it with him. He then took the direction
of Spires, by the Rhine to Cologne. This was the ninth time that he made this journey, and the eighth time he visited the Netherlands.
The Emperor found the Queen his sister at Lou- vain, from which city he proceeded to Brussels, to look after his own affairs as well as to attend to
| those of his States of the Netherlands.
* Deixando a republica bem provida e ordenada.
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