ee Issued January 8, 1908.

ois Oe .
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF- AGRICULTURE,
BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY.—BUuLLETIN 101.

A. D. MELVIN, Cuter or Bureau.

THE AVAILABLE ENERGY OF
RED CLOVER HAY.

INVESTIGATIONS WITH THE RESPIRATION CALORIMETER

IN COOPERATION WITH

THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE COLLEGE AGRICULTURAL
EXPERIMENT STATION.

BY

HENRY PRENTISS ARMSBY AND J. AUGUST FRIES.

er

So

WASHINGTON:
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.
1908.

NS No SR aa ce LS se ei a yee fh NAS ll rs Sa

Class
Book

== =

pee
er

=A

Issued January 8, 1908.

US DERART MENT OF AGRICULTURE,

BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY.—BuLLeETIN 101.

A. D. MELVIN, Cuter oF Bureau.

THE AVAILABLE ENERGY OF
RED CLOVER HAY.

|

INVESTIGATIONS WITH THE RESPIRATION CALORIMETER

IN COOPERATION WITH

THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE COLLEGE AGRICULTURAL
EXPERIMENT STATION.

BY

HENRY PRENTISS ARMSBY AND J. AUGUST FRIES.

WASHINGTON:
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.
1908.

THE BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY.

Chief: A. D. Metvin.

Assistant Chief: A. M. Farrineton.

Chief Clerk: E. B. JonzEs.

Biochemic Division: M. Dorset, chief; James A. EMEry, assistant chief.

Dairy Division: Ep. H. WessteER, chief; C. B. LANE, assistant chief.

Inspection Division: Rick P. Steppom, chief; Morris Woopen, R. A. Ramsay,
and ALBERT K. BEHNKE, associate chiefs.

Pathological Division: JoHN R. Mouser, chief; Henry J. WASHBURN, assistant
chief.

Quarantine Division: RicHarp W. Hickman, chief.

Division of Zoology: B. H. Ransom, chief.

Experiment Station: E. C. SCHROEDER, superintendent; W. E. Corron, assistant.

Animal Husbandman: GEORGE M. RoMMEL.

Editor: James M. PIcKENS.

Inbrarian: BEATRICE OBERLY ROGERS.

ANIMAL HUSBANDRY OFFICE.

Animal Husbandman: George M. Rommel.

Assistant Animal Husbandman: G. Arthur Bell. — .

Animal breeding investigations: Animal husbandman in charge; E. H. Riley,
assistant. Ae

Animal nutrition investigations: H. P. Armsby, expert in charge; J. August Fries,
W. W. Braman, and F. W. Christensen, assistants.

Beef production investigations: Animal husbandman in charge; Dan T. Gray, expert
in charge of Alabama work; Frank G. King, assistant in Missouri work.

Hog investigations: Assistant animal husbandman in charge; L. R. Davies, assistant.

Horse breeding investigations: Animal husbandman in charge; W. L. Carlyle, expert
in cnarge of Colorado work; W. F. Hammond, expert superintendent, Morgan horse
farm, Middlebury, Vt.

Milking Shorthorn cattle investigations: Animal husbandman in charge; D. A.
Gaumnitz, expert assistant in Minnesota work.

Poultry investigations: Rob R. Slocum in charge; Gilbert M. Gowell, expert in
charge of Maine work.

Sheep and goat investigations: Edward L. Shaw in charge; T. F. McConnell, expert
in charge of Wyoming sheep-breeding work.

Supervision of pedigree record associations: Animal husbandman in charge; Roy A.
Cave, assistant.

2

AN 77. 19¢
\D, ot D,

TICS PUES MW of
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/

—_—
YOM As

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.

U. S. DEPARTMENT oF AGRICULTURE,
Bureau or AniMaL INDUSTRY, _
Washington, D. C., August 30, 1907.
Sir: I have the honor to transmit herewith and to recommend
for publication as Bulletin 101 of this Bureau a manuscript entitled
“The Available Energy of Red Clover Hay,” by Dr. H. P. Armsby,
and J. August Fries. This paper reports further experiments
conducted with the respiration calorimeter by the Pennsylvania
Agricultural Experiment Station in cooperation with this Bureau.
Similar experiments in connection with timothy hay, red clover
hay, and maize meal have previously been reported in Bulletins 51

and 74 of this Bureau.

Respectfully, A. D. Metvin,

Chief of Bureau.

Hon. James Witson,
Secretary of Agriculture. .
i 3

LETTER OF SUBMITTAL.

State Coiuecer, Pa., July 1, 1907.

Sir: I have the honor to submit herewith a report upon the third
series of cooperative experiments with the respiration calorimeter
at the Pennsylvania State College.

As in previous experiments, the details of the work have been in
charge of Mr. J. August Fries, assistant in animal nutrition. Mr.
Fries has been assisted by Messrs. W. W. Braman, A. K. Risser,
T. M. Carpenter, R. E. Stallings, J. B. Robb, and John Foster, while
the necessary chemical work was carried out by the chemical division
of the experiment station under the general direction of Dr. William
Frear.

Very respectfully, Henry Prentiss ArmMspy,
Expert in Animal Nutrition.
Dr. A. D. Metyrn,
Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry.
4

CONTENTS.

Introduction...... SEL ho ale Nee att sfe Non gel le IS LC ASS wi wa Se Ta
IDES CEPT OMLOIe <P CLIMMCTITS sy neiye teeter ming tne Ne Ube alae
Mnaliybicalenmet hod s seen se eaeem ens s eM owe ONO ree et Nm
FANON SRS es Ps Ue A a RS aN at eR

Pievienwiele ints sepseogont em nie eraaa Ulin: Kia SU Ieee say Sais cu uss eS
Wevermmmations of disestibilityee- he ayes eee aS ee
NVverhmmevandisamplim cyoimeed’ hea ee. aa ae ne Nees a sete ee eee
Preatmentiotisammplesis san): que AUN Ny see as ON Ma sly Pee eed
MeeLLOUTS OLse edit wea On aemir nny aR ReG eG ce Rie yas cue
Colllechionvandssamplimegcotexcretar-- 49.25 mee yee oe ee
Digestilbilityxol ratlONS sea eer mre Une manne eee vumemcot ua
PME UIA ATs EX CLE CLOTS Nhs sua aly pasa LINO Te te Ie iN sec ad eee oes
Grow neotxepidernaalgtiss uct seadaa sls ih ni ae steals ire eae yeah ese
Deteuminationsiotrespiratonys products) ---- 4425-45422 ee
Che clatestsecusn nia tones ear ci Pe Rueiyi W NE, cla upc Veaw a) Vasu aa

Hieatzemssionvandshieat productions: 45) snes 40s age oe oe ta aii natal
siiteibalanc exormmmat very ees ciated ie eae Mima UG Cie Sn al ae
The nitrogen and carbon balance.....................---------------
Camyoigprotemmamdy tastes eis. teen we We Maw i Sissel Wane) Ee

sine woatlamic evol enero oe ee uaere cea y a Ween nian at iy eng Ue NA Pai
Discussion of results.............. RPA Ripe epee HME Ame erat i eae ho a NB

Distrib wiromroivemergwy estes asec e ey ete se YA oi aie ay eens ete
FNS Oy OSAaN GT cee Sa eh eg en I aS ty ee AP eR LQ CE ei

DIAGRAM

a Sl es

ILLUSTRATIONS.

olive weigh tavol animal (yh 4s qaeeac ee ee ae eee a ee ee
A Vatla bility OLMCMETE y= sek ois Aen ae oe
. Average results of carbon and nitrogen and energy balances... ._-
. Average results from energy balances ...........-.-...----------

6

THE AVAILABLE ENERGY OF RED CLOVER HAY.

INTRODUCTION.

The experiments reported in Bulletin 74 of tnis Bureau upon
‘Energy values of red clover hay and maize meal” gave somewhat
questionable results for the net available energy of red clover hay.
From a comparison of the first and second periods of that experiment
an availability of 36.42 per cent was computed, but it was pointed
out in reporting this result that the figures were comparatively low
and must be accepted with considerable reserve. The experiment
here reported, which was carried out during the winter of 1903-4, |
is a repetition of that portion of the previous experiment relating to
clover hay, but upon a more extended scale, and shows that the doubt
expressed as to the accuracy of the earlier figure for availability was
apparently fully justified. ;

The general plan of the experiment was to feed the animal three
different amounts of red clover hay, all less than the maintenance
requirement, and to investigate the metabolism of the animal
upon each ration at two different temperatures. Unfortunately, as
appears in the following pages, the range of temperature within
which the respiration calorimeter could be used was so limited that
the experiments failed to afford any decisive results regarding the
influence of temperature upon metabolism.

The animal used was the same grade Shorthorn steer which served
in the experiments of 1901-2 and 1902-3. At the time of these ex-
periments he was approximately 5 vears old.

DESCRIPTION OF EXPERIMENTS.
ANALYTICAL METHODS.

The methods employed for the analysis of the feed and the excreta
were substantially those recommended by the Association of Official
Agricultural Chemists. The nitrogen of the feces was determined
in the fresh material by Kénig’s method and the nitrogen of the urine
by direct oxidation by the Kjeldahl method. In the computation
of proteids from proteid nitrogen the conventional factor 6.25 was
used both for the clover hay and for the feces. The nonproteids
were computed from the nonprpteid nitrogen by multiplication by

7

8 THE AVAILABLE ENERGY OF RED CLOVER HAY.

4.7, the factor for asparagin. Carbon and hydrogen were determined
by combustion with cupric oxide in a current of air followed by oxy-
gen. The heats of combustion of the feed and excreta were deter
mined by means of the Atwater-Hempel bomb calorimeter.

THE FEEDS.

The hay used was red clover hay grown on the college farm in the
summer of 1903. It was secured without rain and retained most of
the leaves on the stems. On November 30 about a ton of this hay
was run through a feed cutter and cut to lengths of about 7 to 10
centimeters. From the mass of cut hay two separate samples were
taken by the same method as in previous experiments.* During the
progress of the experiments a sample of hay was also taken at the time
of weighing out for each period, as described in subsequent pages,
or three samples in all. The following table shows the composition
of the dry matter of the several samples, the generally close agree-
ment of the results indicating that the method of sampling was
sufficiently accurate:

TaBLE 1.—Composition of clover hay (dry matter).

General samples. | Samples talon Cue experi-
Constituents and energy. :
A. | 133, Average. | Period I. | Period II. | Period ITI
| |
Per cent. | Percent. | Percent. | Percent. | Percent. | Per cent.
AVS eieg Ae ee Re oe clan ee : | | 6.92 | (eile 6. 84
Proteidsess.225- SURED a aa | Wey | 11:82 | 11. 84
INOnpropeldss sae pees anes 1.35 1.63 1. 45
Crudernbere eases ee raree rer | 28. 45 28.02 |} 28. 83
Nitrogen-free extract.......- 47.83 | 47.98 | 47. 69
Hchenextract eee eee eee 3.33 | 3. 44 SHoD
100.00 | 100.00 100. 00
Motalicarboneeseessesseeeeess | 46.5 46.24 | 46. ie
Motalinitrogzenees=— senses es ee | 2.223 2.238 2. 205
Proteidenitrocene seer eres 1. 935 1.890 | 1.895
| | |
Calories. | Calories. | Calories. | Calories. | Calories. | Calories.
Heat of combustion, per | :
TATU SS OS eye a a AST a 4.4932 4. 4906 4. 4919 | 4. 4903 4. 4888 | 4. 478

PERIODS AND RATIONS.

On November 4, 1903, the steer was placed in a stall in the station
barn and fed 6.35 kilograms of mixed clover and timothy hay with a
little grain until December 2, 1903, when the grain ration was with-
drawn. On December 26 the feeding of the ration used for the first
period of the experiment was begun, and on January 2 the animal was
transferred to a stall in the calorimeter building. The hay was given
in equal amounts at about 6 p.m.and 6 a.m. Lach period covered
twenty-one days, of which the first eleven were regarded as a pre-

4 Bulletin 51, Bureau of Animal Industry, p. 10.

PERIODS AND RATIONS. 9

liminary period and the last ten as constituting the digestion period
proper. In view of the fact that all the rations were less than the
maintenance requirement, intervals of seven days were interposed
between the successive periods, during which the animal was removed
to the station barn and fed a ration of 14 pounds of hay and 10 pounds
of grain daily. The table shows the exact dates of the several periods
and the rations fed.
TaBLE 2.—Dates and rations.

i

Period. Interval. Preliminary period. Digestion period. Paice
Kilograms.
ea sseneee December 26 to January 1..| January 2 to 12...........-- January 13 to 22.... 3.4
NS eas January 23 to January 29...| January 30 to February 9...| February 10 to 19... 5.9
IBH Tee eee February 20 to February 26.| February 27 to March 8. -. | March 9 to 18...._.. 4.8

The animal was watered daily at about 1 p. m., with the exception
of the days when he was in the calorimeter and the day before and
after, when water was given immediately before the morning feeding.

[TTT Li LUT TT |
SURO RNS

Py

eal JANUARY FEBRUARY

DIAGRAM 1.—Live weights of animal.

LIVE WEIGHTS.

The animal was weighed daily at 1 p. m., immediately before water-'
ing and also immediately after, the difference being taken as repre-
senting the amount of water consumed. On the days when the ani- -
mal was in the calorimeter the weight was taken immediately before
entering and immediately after leaving the apparatus. The figures
for live weight and amount of water consumed are given in Table I of
the Appendix in connection with the weights of the excreta, and the
live weights are shown graphically on Diagram 1.

12237—Bull. 101—07——2

10 THE AVAILABLE ENERGY OF RED CLOVER HAY,

DETERMINATIONS OF DIGESTIBILITY.
WEIGHING AND SAMPLING OF FEED.

The hay for each period was weighed out in advance in cloth bags,
aday’srationinabag. In filling the bags the mass of hay was worked
into from the side, taking all the material down to the floor. While
the bags were being filled, two or three portions of the hay were taken
from each bag and set aside in a covered vessel. Immediately after
the weighing this was rapidly chopped in a meat chopper, thoroughly
mixed, and a sample of 1,000 to 1,500 grams was taken to the labora-
tory in a covered vessel for determination of dry matter and of the
composition of the latter, with the results shown in Table 1.

TREATMENT OF SAMPLES.

The samples when received at the laboratory were immediately
weighed, air-dried at a temperature of about 60° C., allowed to hang
at ordinary temperature in heavy paper bags for several days, and
then ground in a mill as rapidly as practicable, and preserved in
sealed bottles. The analyses were made as promptly as practicable,
although not in all cases immediately.

HOURS OF FEEDING.

As a matter of convenience in arranging for the work with the res-
piration calorimeter, the hour of 6 p. m. was taken as the beginning
of the day. Approximately one-half of the hay was given at this
time and the remainder twelve hours later.

COLLECTION AND SAMPLING OF EXCRETA.

The animal was provided with the rubber duct described and illus-
trated in a previous publication for the collection of the feces and
with the ordinary urine funnel. These were worn both during the
preliminary days and during the digestion period proper, but not dur-
ing the intervals between the periods. The apparatus served its pur- ~
pose excellently, loss of excreta occurring in but few instances.

During the digestion period the excreta were weighed promptly at
the end of each twenty-four hours, and a sample was drawn after
thorough mixing and taken at once to the laboratory for treatment.
There a uniform percentage of the total excretion was set aside for a
composite sample, chloroform being used as a preservative. At the
close of the period these composite samples were thoroughly mixed.
In the feces the total nitrogen in the fresh substance was determined
by. the Kénig method, while a portion of the composite sample was
also air-dried at about 60° CG. and the air-dry sample subjected to the
usual method of analysis, including the determination of its heat of
combustion and of carbon and hydrogen. In the mixed sample of

4 Pennsylvania Experiment Station Bulletin 42, p. 74.

DETERMINATIONS OF DIGESTIBILITY. 11

_ urine the total nitrogen, total carbon, hydrogen in organic combina-
tion, and heat of combustion were determined.

DIGESTIBILITY OF RATIONS.:
Period I ( January 13-22, 1904).

The live weights of the animal and the weights of excreta are
shown in Table I of the Appendix. The following table shows for
the digestion period proper, the weight of hay fed, of hay eaten, and
of the portions remaining uneaten; the weight of excreta collected,
of the portions spilled, and of the total excretion; and the cor-
responding weights and percentages of dry matter found.

Tasue 3.—Feed and excreta—Period I.

Feed and excreta. Cre Dry matter.
ay: Grams. Per cent. Grams.
WNoved thay TO) Glenys eee ene ee bee onlay Seen Sea ae Hee Se 34, 000. 0 86. 32 29, 348. 8
(Wie ay be riya Wat ya Oa el aoe ae aie es Ry cyng le eee een open | 63.0 3. 33 2a
Wineatentyamuaryn22 mses aos eels Sees retnistncse sear 15.9 83. 65 13.3
GeRo Galleuirie ss te rise mousy agen diet yale ves ie cieer a OUR) OMANI TOO e sta ss subrelty a a 15.4
DON revit: Aas cea Senge ae RRR ty Od RANA ate Asean rrastooteir poeuweneen ee 29, 333. 4
TBE ONY OEND Gla ian eee ee eee Ae eh so Ee ey ee ee Bait) ap) Ul Tea eres 2, 933. 3
Feces:

Wollectedhinat Oidayisie eases eee eae tee eee ei sicc an seeere EYE GRVEW beacchescaae 11, 256. 6
Spilledtnicalorimeten Jamnua nyp lta = oS es ee eee ee 109. 1 29. 36 34.0
AGMETIIE TO CHO Neiibyay We ee ek ok ee See se asda TSA's | ee saer tec ats 6.1
Spilled in stall January 16....- i a etnies ee Sree Eta ape pat S27 | ee eee | ial
Spilledunicalorimeterianuatys225 220 asses eee eae 25.1 41.52 10. 4
Spillechimys tail lyst arsys 22 eee epee es ee er epee eye | 36. 6 28. 44 | 10. 4
MOtAMEXCTELLO TNs Us Mere eeret si apicl asa) Na ener ae ialai ier cea a ayaa s legos 2 (ei Ol eta sees 11, 318.6

I) Bil VZEXCTE LOM fe meses oe ed Sse ee Patate oe ees noes | BPA 7 |leanoososcuss 1,131.8

a Including water spilled in feed box.

The composition of the dry matter of the feeding stuffs has already
been stated in Table 1, and that of the dry matter of the feces is
shown in Table IT of the Appendix.

Basing the computation upon the above average weights, the
digestibility of the hay, as shown in Table III of the Appendix, was

as follows:
TABLE 4.—Digestibility of ration—Period I.

Total Digesti-

Constituents and energy. digested.| bility

Grams. | Per cent.

TD ray AO aN EVD i 0, car ees si SREY GURUS SVS NSLS eC ce BL age ig BANU 1 au Lea Ley 1, 801. 4 61. 41
INSTI SS PE I te fs Stn aes Stein Neda) MAY Goes nos AE et BR Si Dt Zhe coer a on ERs ReCg Doc a 89. 4 44. 04
Oreranicnm Ae be reese se sere ree eles ae oe eee oie ae Sart cy a eee eee eae eS 1,712.0 62. 70
IPO UEIG she Seb os GOES Eo oT eee ee et Se ah re Oe aE DES ea ne te gS 193.8 54. 56
INA ROUS OWS een erecta aaa oe ee CS Ie A IE AIA Bea ep MU enue nA dP al 39. 6 100. 00
(CHD TEN aT OLEH se pe GSS iat i Sa ae Lis esa re Pact AL Be ae TO 462. 2 55. 37
INIGTOPENE=Tree extra Cheer ule eS oe eae rey eats SO aedierh bli pe Sh SN ee 954. 8 68. 05
LAVIN Cb a MEK E Sere Gets oO Re SEO ed Be O SS CORES Seer Se ae SOE Le Se oer es ete 60. 8 62. 24
INTETOS OTISS sa sears ere er ape cee re ace td Salk) vee eine a Ea a ale 39. 36 60.36
AIT} OTIS aie esl eee emesis Mee Nitea ke ei ere cho Ne ese ma Ge Bae an HL RUN a Ph lad Oe Ah 819. 07 59. 96
Calories.
REY TT Type eye eae ea Tt eater er deny Run aoe es nap pea sale VE 29 a's 7, 767.36 58. 97
: |

a Assumed to be wholly digestible. ‘

b The calorie referred to in this bulletin is the large calorie (kilogram-calorie; often written with a
capital C). A calorieis the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 kilogram (2.2
pounds) of water 1 degree centigrade, or about 4 pounds of water 1 degree Fahrenheit.

12

Period IT ( February 10-19, 1904).

THE AVAILABLE ENERGY OF RED CLOVER HAY.

The following tables, corresponding to those for Period I, sum-
marize the weights of food and excreta and the percentage digesti-
bility of the hay, which are contained in detail in Tables IT and III

of the Appendix.
TaBLE 5.—Feed and excreta—Period IT.
Feed and excreta. ae Dry matter.

Hay: Grams. Per cent. Grams.
Do tal in TO days sses Se es ee Sees ee oye feat ete aa laiareiee | 59,000. 0 85, 24 50, 291.5
Uneaten the brua ry il ayers eg sry eee all tac eel aca coer a aces are H 580. 0 92, NG) 1D)
[Wire ey Gera Ee lore in ext rasy iol Sloe mm ae a 27.0 23. 33 6.3
UneateniMeb ruanyl Gi) 72 ae Aare cere eee pA ceeiel eee to e 23. 2 88. 11 19.5
TOFS ee OE INU RCN cet Cu yy NIRA ai gs ab Re | 50, 253.3
Baten pens dh aayes ey Me ee ai TR aan oe ee NE Vee alee aoe ep ae Ys SF BaGAO ewan eae | 5, 025. 33

Feces:

Mo talsimrdOsG ay sissies Ae ee ae eee Aalst aa aaa ae pg 97, 807.0 19. 75 19, 316. 88
Spilled in calorimeter February 12..........-......------1----.| 142. 4 24. 09 34.3
Spilledtinystall@hebruanyelos ses see eee ee eee ee eee ee 51. 6 38. 57 19.9
Collected in calorimeter February 19..........-..-...-------.. 56. 2 49. 34 28. 46
SpillediinystallleHie or weary O Bes see eee ee ele eee eee 4.7 27. 66 | _ 1.3
POLL excretions Cem mole MO uee Mok ANU A Se AMee Tels Gane 19, 400. 84
Datilyexcre tio mee ere Ue Oe ae DN ieee Oe oad ves OP eles 1G) se ssapecass 1,940. 1
a Including water spilled in feed box.
TaBLE 6.—Digestibility of ration—Period ITI.
: Total | Digesti-
Constituents and energy. digested.| bility.
Grams. | Per cent.

sy MUG LOT ae eee Wale Fey Aaya tea a EC ar SY at 2 Se a BS ges LEI RVC ey 3, 085. 2 61. 39

BANS EAS eI yA pa Aa Pak Res RU et se IO ee a eA tr gE ep ey UC aR RCO a DR 146. 2 40. 92

OTBANTCHMTAL COTE tes ye Sse pe aay aie VTS Peon te HR ae en 2,939. 0 62. 96

PTO COTS Se NG RNA esi IS UAL Bas LTR MILL a ESAS eae eeer eg a 321.2 54. 08

INOMPRO CCIE Sa seth Aes Se Le ree i yin Lacs te Dara DOL Sh | 81.9 100. 00

(rude Mie Tiss ese ea AA Se ap Ae ae NI ee EIN SN at at Fe 788. 2 55. 97

INitrogem=free extract acl 2i NE ee Pe) Se Eee VOLK A ap Ea a ae lf a RR 1, 636.9 67. 90

IS thee Rt ra eh YS ete pis mune eh tie rae eee aa Se) eA a St Ble Gags oR Re myn Ue ee 110.8 64. 08

TROPA MIUETO Gems Se Cae ease este aie Naan Le a Ea Rte uh aL BL Nt Meg Ree AUR A 69. 02 61. 37

FROCAL Cat OTe ey eek GIN ePIC UES ts SSVi Sig UeST AB Ut IAS lr PUN gen AO pee ; 1,391.9 59. 89

Calories.
HO TIOT AY, So SENS Seiya eee ete a pe es ee ey LNAI The aR ee eR a 113, 425. 7 59. 51

a Assumed to be entirely digestible.

THE URINARY EXCRETION. 13

Period III (February 27 to March 18).

In this period the final results were as follows:
' TasLE 7.—Feed and excreta—Period IIT.

Feed and excreta. ene Dry matter.

Hay: Grams. Per cent. Grams.
ARO tallinimalel O el aiiyis eS as eae ee eater Le Se es Aa 48, 000. 0 86. 48 41,510. 4
VEST due ware OMe tals Sake yaeh ese Uae Wi dir Dy SATS del ee Wicd | 28. 0 88. 57 24.8
FResi die PMame ln OM fhe SN RN PE Sd ello Uiiee | Dt 138.5 28. 51 39.6
Residue y Marche 0) oy conway eh are re al ta ee oe ka 5 a ay PND he 5.8 87. 93 Sell
FReSidues Mia chit Geese ays peer re eens ar Sa ee at ee a Sea VN eR 8.1
IRGSTC Ue Mia rebate Se ST aaa EN Pe SI (EL aS ee 29. 4 91. 83 27.0
IResicuepMiarchelipey he aa erase pet germ eee yee 6 rae Si area OE As EMI ab aia SS EN 2 ie eee 4.2
Residucratrendsot peri odes een wae mes cats coher rset ey anwar yun une | ws INL Alea NOI E Cae AS Ud 10.2
TOES SHON ete tt It eae Ro Bs AR nyc pale Yes ae erga Seat een ed Ee ATE AG\ lest lia ae nee tars 41, 391.4
WAtEM PEI Gaya nasa salas at eens seat cies Ae ace een See [ive AVTiTAS Of MIE yee cies aera 4,139. 14

Feces:

IR Gre TRANS Ae Na VS Ih Syl LOA Soe esi rele ce to ALO UD voter Ess ey ala, Aa 75,693. 0 21. 38 16, 183. 16
Spille aiiMrar cle se ore eet sacra acest tye meie ec yalys May iae Sas 37.0 61. 62 | 22. 80
SpilledipMianchy as hase a NT Bho) Uae Ne es ee U| 20.6 | 61. 16 12. 60
ENS TIM BAGO CUI Gi aia se year A ae eS ee erate ore uae eat craps | Sh ee Vue 53. 00
MotalkexCretlom sees les Woe seven re alae eres ely pee eta ee Seis Te, USO escseaucebecl 16, 271. 56
I) AIlVZEXCTETVO TUE op apy Guys NOs Eee Nias ah Beale A AE A Rafe te a lets WSUS ec oouosseos al 1, 627.16
TaBLeE 8.—Digestibility of ration—Period III.

P Total Digesti-

Constituents and energy. digested.| bility.
5, Grams. | Per cent.

DO) rep Tn CG OT ereare rs eres eee tare rey tee ate re ee Pct al are cle ee neyenats sc I deste PES aoe 2,511.9 60. 68

ACI ear Taner Eine 104.3 36. 83

Organic matter. 2, 407.6 62. 43

Proteids-..--.. 262.1 53. 48

Nonproteids @ . 60.0 (100. 00)

Crudewfilbers=-es-s5.- 642.0 53. 81-

Nitrogen-free extract. 1, 352.5 68. 51

Ether extract... - Bae 91.0 65. 62

PONT! TaMH EI OYEXEY aly es Cae cs eyes eas eA eared er LU ee ay oat tps eS Bat AN oe a ea 54.8 60. 08

ANG ENT COE NTE OYOTETS Le Gp et Sins ales aes eSees sete atest Mien cr ea PES SY se Rea a 1,131.0 59.18

Calories.
LOO UST ER AS os os es to SSS SHE ES EES Esa TET el es ca an ea en a ere 10, 869 58. 64

a Assumed to be wholly digestible.

THE URINARY EXCRETION.

Table IV of the Appendix, based upon the weights recorded in
Table I, shows the total amounts of nitrogen, carbon, and potential
energy in the urine. In those cases in which some was spilled, the
material was taken up as completely as possible with the aid of dis-
tilled water and the weight and nitrogen content of the washings
determined. It has been assumed that their content of carbon and
of energy was proportional to the nitrogen. The following table
gives a summary of the average daily excretion:

TABLE 9.—Average daily excretion in urine—Periods I, II, and IIT.

Energy
Period. Nitrogen.| Carbon. | Energy. | per gram
of carbon.

Grams. | Grams. | Calories. | Calories.

13s Sed USA Soe ced aus sana been db saonueesEnopaasSoSmeddEroanooe 50.75 | 112.15 1, 046. 40 9.33
Oe ee aeelet ede coc GUn LSE Se SORE pee in Bisae tei Ey eel 69.05 168. 76 1, 522. 25 9. 02

1D NE eS GE 1S Say SESNeyS NALS er el SUR AE B ee SEg 60. 55 141.80 1, 247.16 | 8.79

14 THE AVAILABLE ENERGY OF RED CLOVER HAY.

It will be observed that the results obtained for the energy per gram
of carbon in the urine tend to be rather lower than those found in
Kellner’s well known experiments, the average being 9.05 calories as
compared with 9.6 calories found by Kellner for lean animals. On
the basis of later experience, we are inclined to suspect that our esti-
mate of the energy lost in the drying of the samples is somewhat too
low. Nevertheless, the discrepancy between our figures and Kellner’s
is much less than in the previous year and the results have been used
as reported.

GROWTH OF EPIDERMAL TISSUE.

The steer was thoroughly brushed each time immediately before
entering the calorimeter and after leaving it, and the hair, dandruff,
etc., in the latter case collected. To this was added the small amount
brushed up from the floor of the calorimeter. In these samples deter-
minations of nitrogen, carbon, and energy were made with the follow-
ing results, which include for each period the total for the four days
during which the animal was in the calorimeter.

TABLE 10.— Weight and composition of hair, dandruff, etc.—Periods I, IT, and IIT.

Average.
Constituents and energy. Period I. | Period II. | Period III.) 7
‘ Per period.| Per day.
Wiel Sh tae mem us sas ors See Ree ee grams... 29.0 35. 3 52N80). || sek eooceeee| ase eeeeee
Dryiomatterty sa ease eee per cent. .| 93. 10 93. 76 93:48) “|: oo cacc cee eel eee eee
Weight of dry matter. ............ -grams. .| 27.0 33.1 AQ. 36" |e ese cake eeeee
In dry matter:
Nitrogen— ;
Rercentageweres eee aero n tees ace 4.59 6.31 183 | seeeeee eal eee eee
Wiel oh tise setae nme herein ae ae grams. .| 1. 242 2.08 3. 86 2.39 0. 60
Carbon—
Percentageenew se nace ne sins enses 36. 716 40.19 A2./56':;\ Fase cece [See meer
Wiel chit ere eso eee ae grams... 9.928 13.30 21.00 14.74 3. 39
Energy— ;
eric ram ee ari ale calories. - 4.108 4.533 ATA Oca sS eee tall Oe ae
AT OE av Rees SENS ETN Ree calories. - 110. 91 150.04 234. 31 165. 10 41.30

As in previous bulletins, it has been assumed that these figures rep-
resent the normal rate of production of hair, epidermis, etc., by the
animal during the experiment, but not, of course, the matter and
energy contained in the growth of hoofs and horns. In the succeed-
ing computations, the averages of Table 10 have been deducted from
the gain (7. e., added to the loss) to determine the real gain of flesh and
fat, but they have of course been included as a part of the total gain
in the final computations of availability.

DETERMINATIONS OF RESPIRATORY PRODUCTS.

As was stated in the introduction, the total metabolism was deter-
mined at two different temperatures. For this purpose the animal
was placed in the calorimeter on the first and second days and on the
eighth and ninth days of the ten-day digestion period proper. Dur-

DETERMINATIONS OF RESPIRATORY PRODUCTS. 15

ing the first of these two respiration experiments the temperature of
the calorimeter was kept at 19° C. and during the second at.13.5° C.
In the statements which follow the dates given indicate the twenty-
four hours ending at 6 p. m. on the date named. "

TaBLeE 11.—Dates of respiration experiments—Periods I, II, and IIT.

Period. At 19° C. At 13.5° C.
TE sale S28 ASTER i Ta 9a saat oN ls Xie la January 13 and 14, 1904..-_.. January 20 and 21, 1904.
TEIN 5. Che Ges SERPS ees ole On Mea es tao February 10 and 11, 1904. . .| February 17 and 18, 1904.
BOTT epee ah EL ek ape U8 1 A ELAS St March 9 and 10, 1904. .....-- March 16 and 17, 1904.

The respiratory products were determined during forty-eight hours
continuously, the time being divided into four subperiods of twelve
hours each, the apparatus used being the respiration calorimeter
briefly described in Bulletin 51 of this Bureau and more fully in the
Experiment Station Record, Vol. XV, p. 1037.

It is impracticable to reproduce here all the details of these deter-
minations. For the general methods employed the reader is referred
to the publications just mentioned.

CHECK TESTS.

External air. As stated in previous bulletins, check tests are
depended upon as a means of computing the amount of combustible
gases contained in the air as it enters the respiration chamber. The
check tests were made at intervals during the experiments here
described with the following results:

TaBLE 12.—Combustible gases in external air.

r Per 100 liters dry air
| Observed Wiatter Carbon at 0° C. and 760 eee
Date. | volume weighed dioxid
of air. weighed. | Hydrogen.| Carbon.
Liters. Gram. Gram. Milligram.| Milligram.
SICH ONDYEYI EA Coys MOLY UO ee Ole a ea 1,090 0.0135 0. 0080 0.153 | 0. 223
January 25, 1904 1, 139 . 0230 . 0080 243 | 208
March 1, 1904...........-....- | 1,090 SOL TOU Rau ae ana e931) | Seine ean
March 2904 eee a pease | 941 -0175 0071 . 226 224
Marche 2 17] O04 ayes ek Meier See ML AN | 892 . 0143 . 0047 -194 palby/
i}
SVEN ao oa bo bac BUBBA ON BES OeN Ee eee | Pa epee S| rs ore ea re | ee te - 202 - 203
| |

As before, the results are somewhat variable, but in no case are the
corrections large as compared with the total amounts determined in
the experiments upon the animal.

Alcohol check tests—The accuracy of the apparatus was tested, as
in previous years, by burning in it known amounts of ethyl alcohol and
determining the amounts of carbon dioxid, water, and heat evolved.
The results of these alcohol check tests as regards carbon dioxid and
heat are given below. The results upon water have not yet proven
satisfactory.

16 THE AVAILABLE ENERGY OF RED.CLOVER HAY.

TABLE 13.—Results of alcohol check tests.

Ween Carbon dioxid. Heat.
Date. Dura-
tion.) ||) Hiy-0)|Auhy-||Com= | Ob-) |= Cela | omen) Op we ieee
drated.| drous. | puted. | served. ae puted. | served. aoe
Hours.| Grams.| Grams.| Grams.| Grams. ' Calories.| Calories.
January 5, 1904..... 6 | 487.12 | 436.89 | 834.90 | 830.58 99. 48 31, 253 31, 428 100. 57
March 25, 1904...... 7 | 541.68 | 485.82 | 928.40 | 907.51 97.74 34, 753 35, 490 102.13

It will be noted that the agreement of the results in the test of Jan-
uary 5 is very satisfactory, while in that of March 25 a somewhat
greater departure from the theoretical results occurred.

RESULTS UPON THE ANIMAL.

Tables V, VI, VIL, VIII, IX, and X of the Appendix contain the
results of the determinations of the respiratory products for the several
periods and subperiods. “These are summarized in the table follow-
ing: .
TaBLE 14.—Evcreted in respiration.

Period and subperiod. Ean ae Water.
Period Ia: Grams. Grams. Grams.
Sjoloy over lovelikk May Ws eee Nh Ses tena neem case eon suas ame eHeas ee 533.15 25.97 1,979. 72
STUD DE TIO ee eee Rete ees melnc PEM ltd te etre open Ue ama 530. 01 23.20 2, 048. 84
First day......... Ths Pe Eo Stn Dee sig CORONA Rp TR 1,063.16 49.17 4, 028. 56
YS\i] by YS KOS Miao nee SUM Oe Ses Seas Screen ye lau ae ee 542. 45 25. 40 1, 925. 27
SUL DOT O GA eregs ee oA a Bae pea ee PU UU LU em Lee oe Ae Retest 552. 44 27.39 1, 886. 38
SOCOMGNC ay sila e ee etd AN lease ae Cate aie ad aca ees eee eas 1,094. 89 52. 79 3, 811. 65
PAVE, OSCE aesety sete Se Rg Ee ora ue LULA OI FoR RON 1,079.03 50. 98 3, 920. 11-
Period Ib:
SU PET olde ee ese eset ep es yy eee ee gee aT, 533. 80 25. 36 1, 242. 85
SUP POTLO CGD aaa ee elie AG DOL OO Bia iE LUI Speers aye Rats aE 539.19 23.24 1, 395. 35
TL TS(G SCL yori EWA VAS 8 SNOMED Ts Ee AN Be be pe pe eee 1,072.99 48. 60 2, 638. 20
SUD Perl Oars es Vine Reh ip Lee NEI neare RY AN Ae a ag Ape aes 545. 31 25.73 1,377.35
RSJ DIO oLepciKoXGlee Cele (es eS Ree Sy ol Uae ead UNS eee tenn Ae 566. 16 23.14 1, 498. 50
OCOr ay Cy Sea ae Sa T ae Sareea cos eh eee eat AR MORE ee era 1,111. 47 48. 87 2, 875. 85
SAV CLR 9 si aed a LAOS Ene EAS UPS Us et an Se NR ee ee ee 1,092. 23 48.74 2,757.03
Period Ila:
SUbperiod glee eee eye SREP a tlle SRULIS VATU SEY Spe nea ccnp mas 605. 68 _ 31.40 2, 270. 10
Re{Uiloy oY she Koyo Meza pinnae we tener LON ULE 7 eR Celerant tye a etre NLL oe 642. 34 | 41.68 2, 395. 53
SPORTS bs CLAMAV Aeon emit Pet erat LORIE OY Ee ey oT 1, 248. 02 73.08 4, 665. 63
Subpertodide sii U ey EUS aN Nine al aie occas saat BUR TS gel eR 642. 50 38. 45 2, 377. 88
Subperiodsays sac Meer eeA POT Pha Ee Wem io Ve aes Serie wey sO Te 628. 97 25. 43 2,358.17
Secondidaye ee sneer SER CS Lay RENO EE: BCA ES 1, 271. 47 63. 88 4, 736.05
ASV OTA EO eesti HL OAM NCES 2 ey AN AULLACSS eb AUER SI 1, 259. 75 68. 48 4, 700. 84
Period IIb:
SUD POLLO A ee AeA SME AERIS edt) A a ag A 615. 27 19.72 - 1,684. 21
Subperiodi2e 2 S.bp 2 (hie ee eee eee oe a a eae eel 622. 32 22.05 1, 649. 37
First day 1, 237. 59 41.77 3, 333. 58
Subperiod 3 622.96 31.20 1, 782. 71
Subperiod 4 618. 04 (2) 1, 772.73
Second) dary. 0: <ctea\cMl le um Mirena AUCUCC Evi Vea CU tie ene TEPYSU) oeeeucoe 3, 555. 44
VASOTEC ee RR Rea UVR a tA A Sa ee COE RE 1, 239. 30 48. 64 3, 444. 51

COMPOSITION OF COMBUSTIBLE GASES. 17

TaBLe 14.—Excreted in respiration—Continued.

Period and subperiod. ea nee ae ae Water.

Period I1la: Grams. Grams. G-ams.
Siilloyoe ocala ee ee ee CMe Me hase aocd Soe EeeC coon CoSEeE ere aas 587. 26 @ 28.03 2,349.54
STUD PGT CE ees mt ee rai Ree ir c/a uate Ue eco E Nay dines ieee 568. 68 a 34.07 2, 253. 50
Hist A emM el ape pes Nett Sah RN EE ee feel ee 1, 155.94 @ 62.10 4, 633.04
SUDDPETIO KS We MeNR aby le ee eyepiece clare SNS Se 581. 71 25.08 2,185.98
SULT TOS TO Cll A ae ea es RAs A ee dye Sys =e 563. 11 27.36 2, 304. 54
Secondid ayternem etl. Aaya SF aan lele eS. 1, 144. 82 52.44) 4,550.52
INNA CLEENERE es aS ok UES es PRE eT CGS oer eS hee) a ea ee eT eo Ip US OSGI) legoooeadause 4,591.78

Period IIIb: :

Sti peri Ome wee epesNaL Le sO RERUME SO Las NUN NC Sata t oa lc 568. 23 24.13 1, 756. 48
STDIN OTH CLE 2 ays See a Ne EN dear Gees en Cee aS ts Je 560. 76 31.28 1, 622. 86
BET's Gadd aye yeas eerste ts fer eet ea A aire! nls Het Se ieys perso 1,128.99 55. 41 3, 379. 34
UMD PE TVO CGS ates Heya ek Fe A aan aie Se ayn Ran tule ENS Mak 568. 89 31.94 1, 693. 32
(SIH oy OTRO ee Ss eh eee EY Nee a eee aoe en aoe nae 572. 29 34.35 1, 851. 48
SOCOM NC a ypate Ses eis ys a eA SS SE ei pea rs Eye emcee ate 1,141.18 - 66.29 3, 544. 80
Acietener 2 a ieee Oa NG OE TRY UGA Rec UST ean iap 1, 135.09 60.85 | 3,462.07

2 Includes a correction for the time during which the gas supply of the combustion furnaces was cut off.

Hydrocarbon gases.—In the experiment with timothy hay in 1901-2
it was shown that the ratio of hydrogen to carbon in the combustible
gases given off by the animal was almost identical with that for meth-
ane, while in the experiment of the succeeding year it was appreci-
ably lower. The corresponding results for the present experiment
were as follows:

TaBLe Ld.

Composition of combustible gases.

Methane

EGhior Ratio of com-

Period and subperiod. oh Carbon. | hydrogen | puted

per: to carbon. from

carbon.

Period Ia: Grams. | Grams. Grams.
SUD Deri OC ah EN a ing. beans Mink. WAIL Ae ah aE ela 8.03 25.97 1:3.234 34.70
SUD Periods 2 ee ei same eis ed nee en nia ome e 7.23 23.20 1:3.209 31.00
BEDI: Gi Cl Chi yee ee ee aa De Reg ytd Pate in er Saunas Nam aaysc Be 15. 26 49.17 1:3.225 65.70
SUD WOTTON S eRe vitae Senta Mee TD ee Sealy IN al ok RY SAR AR eta 8.02 25.40 1:3.167 33. 94
SUID WET OCA a eee corporis eieeiey ey ENS Cie Ie aS AN a 8.69 27.39 1:3.152 36.59
DECOM GN Caisson sn menas Meee Mul] aig 2 MMbig sie e: 16.71 52.79 1:3.159 70.53
LASERS Ge aac Se ae REA EE TBE SIS ACHE Ste He 15.99 50.98 1:3.188 68. 11

Period Ib: :

Subperiod 1..._.. TUSCAN Cen aie RUDY ia aa AN EH 7.67 25.36 1:3.306 33.88
Sub perio dia ieee eae ee a eee Nee Ss ose SRSA ast ean ot 7.06 23.24 1:3.292 31.05
AHUTS GHC SL yp sae rey atmo pal My beeemirdl UTNE A LEAR UHI Rog 14.73 48.60 1:3. 299 64. 93
Subperiodys hey shares ae rote se a Aen eM CRUST a eth. a aS 8.49 25.73 1:3.031 34. 38
SUD DETIO Gee etee eae etl a aera eee ees cee ties LL eee re 7.15 23.14 1:3.237 30. 92
SOCOM ayia spacer p eee are nena ee anaes ca ut CL ui 15.64 48.87 1:3.125 65. 30
BAS OT UT Cr Nee er snee e et fs sR ook MON espa pasty SE WNL By Ayes 15.19 48.74 1:3.209 65.12

12237—Bull. 101—07——3

18 THE AVAILABLE ENERGY OF RED CLOVER HAY.

TABLE 15.—Composition of combustible gases—Continued.

: Methane
Eine Ratio of | com-
Period and subperiods. ie Carbon. | hydrogen | puted
ete to carbon.| from
carbon.
Period Ila: f Grams. | Grams. Grams.
Sub Perio i gales hes Pe eS NIU an Aes eRe at ahr 9. 92 31.40 1:3.165 41.95
SuUbperiogs Biss Hesse ee see eee Se ee eee ee eeeme sees 13.19 41.68 1:3.160 55. 69
Mins day) boca Gt See aee See sete a eee: Steen meee 23.11 73.08 1:3. 162 97. 64
Sub peri Odks 6 aoz\ en bac aniee Merle ae ee SUR aR Se 12.36 38.45 1:3.111 51.37
Subperiod: 42).32s52 ssoaae see eeeeas ceece eee ee cee aeaeee 7.91 25.43 1:3.215 33.98
SECO days s nese aaa s See es ae ie aerate es eterna age tates 20.27 -63. 88 1:3.151 85.35
AN OPAIBE LAOS) 2 toh RL ean peep een 21.69] 68.48] 1:3.157 91.49
Period IIb:
Subpertodsoess2 tesa sseee oes cee eee eee eae ees 6.09 19.72 1:3. 238 26.35
Subperiodi2ns k= sess sas sceeece ses eae (eee Sate sieeiae 7.43 22.05 1:2. 968 29.46
inst dary 308: <2 se Bee a a eee ate 2 eee ale ater arees 13,52 41.77 1:3.090 55. 81
SU Period awe ss kes eee RRS Pe eae a eraser yaya eee 9.79 31.20 1:3.187 | . 41.68
Subperiodi ae his 2o Ui: ewe eae uhh! ere (2) (GO ain Seema Abe ete 5 es). ~-
Second day ease seed ee bs Sees TES Resting Yes [Eben sce eee ee cise | Paceeere eer sae aeens
IANVCTACC. sol cece s sieineeee ee Sova asassosenesosouocTena pot odooseg|losoedsocas|oosonesecscc|-s-2--0---
Period Illa: ;
SUD Perio cies ah has se a Arete nserats rae erate tianage 28.89 28.03 1B alos 37.45
Subperigds ayes Eye NP AR RN Mee ok eee ele Sere 210.88 a 34.07 1:3.131 45.52
ITS ti Cey Nps 8 Pete ep ven Paty atl ey) SS ecapmre ie apereqe te 19.77 62.10 1:3.141 82.97
SUDPETIOMS 222 hes E sae peat e yaaa cele es terete Nema 7.89 25.08 1:3.179 33.51
SUDPETIOG Ae arenes ae ote ere es eee aye ee eee 8.63 27.36 133.171 36.55
ts eCavava ists Rutabiaan WS Servant tok RNR PREM a AO hte TC 16.52 52.44 1:3.174 70.06
VANVCTAR GE? ot oae scent Sean ealey AO oct NAAN Rt A ers vere ote mag 18.15 57.27 1:3.155 76.52
Period IIIb:
FS}O1L Oy oven er oN belli yen ai Nee ete ieee hes I Sa elias ee 7.26 24.13 1:3. 324 32, 24
SUDPETIO G2 ote Ree apa fern ae ean yep a we eal arey trees 10.03 31.28 133.119 41.79
IHR Liab Sais Cae moat donc Gomaeseneaboooabaddecoccas 17.29 55.41 1:3.205 74. 03
SUID De TIO GES Rae she See ete aA an Ft Cary Nahe oe 10.40 31.94 1:3. 071 42.67
SUD PETIA ee fy Ne Le Sa NI ys ee Ra > Se 11.06 34.35 1:3.106 45.89
DO COT Ea y ee ee BCs a AE | eo ehes Niet Ahora el ama Ge wae 21.46 66.29 1:3.089 88.56
DN Sh 2) 2x Sy eoet erage aR RAE en A ee LTE 19.38 60.85 1:3.140 81.30

a Includes a correction.

It will be observed that in every instance the ratio of hydrogen to
carbon is lower than that in methane. The average ratio for all the
periods is almost exactly the same as that found in the experiments of
the previous year, as reported in Bulletin 74 of this Bureau, viz, 1:3.17,
which corresponds to the following composition as compared to the
theoretical:

In meth-
Found. GH.

Canboneeeee sees 76. 02 74. 85
Hydrogen ......- 23.98 25.15

100.00 100.00

DETERMINATIONS OF HEAT. 19

The presence of free hydrogen in the intestinal gases of animals has
occasionally been noted, but it is difficult to see what compound
richer in carbon than methane would be likely to be present. In the
light of subsequent experience, we are inclined to suspect that. insufh-
cient heating of the platinized kaolin may be responsible for the defi-
ciency of hydrogen. At any rate, pending a critical study of the
method employed, we have for the present computed the excretion
of methane from the amounts of carbon shown in the above table.

The results of Period IIb, it will be noted, are exceedingly low, and
none at all are reported for subperiod 4 of this period. In the subse-
quent computations, therefore, these results have been rejected and
those obtained in Period Ila, on the same ration, employed.

DETERMINATIONS OF HEAT.

It is impracticable to reproduce here the very voluminous records
required for the determination of the heat produced, and it must suf-
fice to indicate the general method and to summarize the main results.

As explained in Bulletin 51, the heat given off by the animal as
sensible heat is removed from the apparatus by a water current, the
amount thus removed being measured by the product of the amount
of water passing through the absorbers and the rise in temperature
during its passage through the apparatus. As noted, the tempera-
ture of the water is taken every four minutes, while the efflux of each
100 liters is noted on the records. In any portion of the experiment
during which the rate of flow of water is uniform we may, without
sensible error, compute the averages of the ingoing and of the outcom-
ing temperatures and multiply the total weight of water by the differ-
ence between the two. Certain corrections are necessary, however.

First. The pipe composing our absorber being of small diameter,
there is a not inconsiderable pressure upon the bulbs of the ther-
mometers, and this pressure varies with the rate at which the water
flows. Since the pressure is greater upon the ingoing than upon
the outcoming thermometer, the effect is to render the observed
difference in temperature too small. <A correction for this effect has
been worked out experimentally for the range of pressure used and
is applied in the table.

Second. The friction of the water in the absorbers is itself the source
of a small amount of heat, which is computed from the difference
in pressure at entrance and exit and the weight of the water passing
through the absorbers.

Third. As Atwater and Rosa have shown, it is essential to take
account of the variation in the specific heat of water at different
temperatures. We have followed their practice, and, assuming the
specific heat of water at 20° C. as unity, have expressed all our

20 THE AVAILABLE ENERGY OF RED CLOVER HAY.

results in calories at 20°, using for this purpose the table of the
specific heat of water given by those observers.*

Fourth. Corrections have to be made for the heat introduced into
the apparatus or withdrawn from it in case the feed, drink, excreta,
and vessels containing them are introduced or removed at a tem-
perature different from that of the calorimeter. The net amount of
these corrections, as appears from the table, is ordinarily small, but
the single factors are sometimes not inconsiderable. This is espe-
cially the case with the feces, where considerable difficulty has been
experienced in determining the true average temperature of the mass.

The results of these several computations are contained in Table
XI of the Appendix. To the heat thus measured is to be added the
latent heat of water vapor evaporated in and carried out of the
chamber. This is computed from the results for water, assuming
the latent heat of vaporization to be 0.592 calorie per gram.

The following table contains a summary of the amounts of heat
measured in the calorimeter in the several periods and subperiods.
By a series of accidents the results for Period IIb, subperiods 3
and 4, were rendered valueless.

TaBLE 16.—Heat measured in calorimeter.

Period

Paes ae Period
Period Ia. | Period Ib. | Period IIa.| Period IIb. Illa. TIT.
First day: Calories. | Calories. | Calories. | Calories. | Calories. | Calories.
Subperiod 1.........-.-.- | 5,667.92 5, 827.99 5, 765. 91 5, 773. 06 5, 586. 97 5, 683. 14
Subperiod 2...........-.- | Oy 213480) |baeeeeeseaee 5, 639. 28 5, 300. 77 5, 322. 91 5,115.06
Mo Gayl Wes sae eee ate Os Chils (A loscadoeocuas 11, 405. 19 11,073.83 10, 909. 88 10, 798. 20
Second day:
Subperiod?steesese esse eee 5, 522. 33 5, 956. 95 Oy YONG ecssodssedos 5, 324. 48 5, 345. 11
Subperiod 4.............- 5, 605. 56 5, 739. 96 GPA) he eee oe, 5, 350, 96 5, 561. 71
Mota eee cers aa eae aes 11, 127. 89 11, 696. 91 MN GPEE CY Wesackosccdse 10, 675. 44 10, 906. 82
Average per day.-..-.-- TOO AGS os teas NER: TOL GR eee sesneacos 10, 792. 66 10, 852.5

RATE OF HEAT EMISSION.

As in previous experiments, the rate at which heat was emitted by
the animal varied notably according as the animal was standing or
lying. The following table shows the total heat emitted during the
periods of standing and lying, respectively. The figures of this table
relate only to the amount of heat given off by radiation and con-
duction and removed from the calorimeter in the water current, and
do not include the heat carried off as latent heat of water vapor.

@U.S8. Department of Agriculture, Office of Experiment Stations Bulletin 63, p. 56.

RATE OF HEAT EMISSION.

TaBLE 17.—Heat emission, standing and lying.

21

Period and subperiod. Time. Position.
Period Ia:
Subperiod 1— | Minutes.
CYOND O5 aN, THO TRY) 0% TN soos eo be se sosoeesaasees | 359 | Standing...--
1.GO) Os Wa, TO WUB AK TN. a caassasguncene een 1349 |elisyini eee
PRG Bis weal 110) HOD he Tee oe Seek ade sccgeos Se Sey | 227 | Standing.....
Subperiod 2— |
GiOOatimesto O44 as mee eee eee ee ee 224 | Standing.....
OFA A aseMenbO vl gO ayaa eee is aoa eee TNS} || Wybaver eo doGe
11.39 a. m. to 6.00 p. m.._.--...--.---- PucareaS | 381 | Standing...-.
Subperiod 3—
HTD a Mile WO D1) Mh. oo oosdascoskossosesecses 106 | Standing.....
UDOT OY LAL Op at la als s cooe ecb aodsaaoanee |) Wyyahovers Oe gagoas
Cs [OY Faas OY IAL Cs atl. sit pa eeosooEEebedaeesse 307 | Standing.....
IPAS hs Tails UO) ahs} fp Wt. 4 ooc Sons pasosaobeds 130 | Lying........
SHS Blo we WHO CHO) Bi MNS sc Soc se souscessadoeaane | 172 | Standing..-..
Subperiod 4— j
COD As Tae WO. CHO joy ton. 5 pode goocasecsseceoues 720 | Standing....-
Period Ila:
Subperiod 1—
BOD Ds 1s THO ZislD Oo We oo se eedtodeocseadascuese 516 | Standing.....
RO Mp Jans WO GOI Rs 18 Soo onoseboosenaaeedsac | 145 | Lying........
GOIN Ag WH UO QO is Ws. see ca ossaseseceeacdesoe 59 | Standing.....
Subperiod 2—
GOO Ray eraT GO; 9s 405 aay kes se ee ee 221 | Standing.....
OFA aim £0) 122468 Smt ease al eee ee ee SS o|eluyin eee See
LZ2SA GED eEIMKCOV2: AG yp eeIMl ae yay one eee es 120 | Standing.....
HEAD JOYS Wl WO) 4) 105 lee ob oa aaa eeoeSeooceoSse | 103i yin gaa
CUD) 0), adil 1H0) (M00) OW IIS 6 Done soae ee soeesoseosous | 91 | Standing.....
Subperiod 3—
CLD Joe WA, WO) BLEU IO, NS eo os Soto bo ooeoseneane 175 | Standing.....
SDD BD cern nGOUL OFA Zip sins See eee ee = OY, | leavers Boo aoe
10425 p emit OL2 05) acne aes ate eee 203 | Standing..-.-.-
ADB BYE 30s WHOSE Psion 5s coe Goce saceaeee ee 148 | Lying......--
Glib) Gls idl To) @HO0) Gis andl oo po oes oseceb soccdeooee 87 | Standing.....
Subperiod 4—
GUD) Bs TNS TH Qh TN Ae Ooo ee ee eb eed seuoee 132 | Standing.....
G1 Gis Tans Te) MOS Hie sine So Bao Oe ee 144 Nabors Goode
TOSI Bq 18a, 60) OY 10 Il oo a doce neeeseoaabcocee 151 | Standing.....
OM pep mst OF2=49 yp epee eye ee mt eer come 1O2e| playin eee eee
FAN Fo5 waa, WO) BHO 19)5 ttle oo enue eaebesecesaodde 191 | Standing.....
Period IIIa: |
Subperiod 1—
6.00 p. m. to 8.57 177 | Standing...--
8.57 p. m. to 9.36 p. m 39) Pn yan gee
9.36 p. m. to 2.53 a. m 317 | Standing..-.-.
2.53 a.m. to 4.58 a. m 125 | Lying. .:..-.-
4.58 a. m. to 6.00 a. m 62 | Standing...-..
Subperiod 2—
(0) ho 10S 1HO).Sk Bl Go st eo Se a gee 151 | Standing.....
SESH Elo i00ls To) MD Eye sana ee ee ee eae OO) Mi yvinge iene
TON) Aeris Woy Aes san Oe ee BER ee as 96 | Standing.....
PAG ape ACOy2227ap yam seeway ae een er UGH) Wyyaboks eas
DIM 1x Tits WO) COO 19s NS Sho eos eonaueeKdeososaae | 213 | Standing.....
Subperiod 3—
HOO) FOS MN, HO) AH oy oN Sk A Oe ee | 106 | Standing.....
UAAD TOs 20015 HO) OAD Tos saan SS EN ee 94 | Lying.......- :
GLAD) FOTOS WO) MOP ora ee oe ee | 64 | Standing.....
IOPHT oy sons Wo) GI jo, TN Se 947 Pi yaing = ae
11.58 p. m. to 12. : | 27 | Standing.....
12.25 a. m. to 2. 104 | Lying.......-
2.09 a. m. to 3. 55 | Standing.....
3.04 a. m. to 4. TINGS | yaharee ees oe oe
4.59 a. m. to 6.0 61 | Standing.....
Subperiod 4— ;
GAOD Bip Tas ho) OBO) As somls So SE Ee ake ee 210 | Standing.....
GLa) Ao aan, 1H) ILE is ols IA ee eee 126h | PUyAne eee eee
ING A, TAs WO NB Y/ [Oy WN Sse voon eee es olee gauged 121 | Standing.....
SYi 19} alle, 1H). Sa} BON Oe ee Geen ee oe | SO} leery oe eee
GHA TOL I01S THO) HOD) Fly Aa SLE Oe eee 124 | Standing.....
Period Ib:
Subperiod 1—
COO Io 100s WO) GUN Ale Sb oS occok ae odsasesasse 720 | Standing.....
'Subperiod 2—
HOVE a0, WOK op se hee She Seo ee eoseesone 720 | Standing.....
Subperiod 3—
HOODS 1 HO) GON Bie 1a be ee eee SS oe se 720 | Standing... ..
Subperiod 4-—
GOO Gs ss WO GUM ysl oaks Sek ooononsdeeauoce 720 | Standing.....

Total heat.

Calories.
2, 228. 63
639.07

1, 628. 23

1, 329.16
471.06
2, 200. 67

652. 54
26. 50
1,967.26
581.58
1, 154. 69

4, 488. 83
3, 347. 84
643. 67
430. 50

1, 440.59
797.73

856. 32 |

413.74
712.75

1, 199.09
521.08
1, 448. 46
689. 35
636. 28

868. 59
632. 67
1,054.01
479. 26
1,291.

1,079. 26
160.94
2, 005. 17
541. 65
409. 02

939.
346.
649.
680.

1,354.

663. 16
427. 21
447.00
426. 67

75
29
32
80
92

34 |

192. 46 |
489. 88 |

432. 65

563. 52.

387. 83

1,295. 38

522. 45
757. 97
560. 45
814.

90 |

athe

Ss

P PRIS

Sb ob

SRORD EURO

PROBS

SLOP D OPNPNIPAPAR BRRWH

Heat per
minute.

Calories.

6.

22

THE AVAILABLE ENERGY OF RED CLOVER HAY.

TasLe 17.—Heat emission, standing and lying—Continued.

Total heat.| Heat per

Period and subperiod. Time. Position. nee
Period IIb:

Subperiod 1— Minutes. Calories. | Calories.
CHO) 195 its HO) LT Hp Joao dace eoccauadbesosooue 471 | Standing..... 3,21 84a) ae eee
TL Np 1905 HO) LOL) Ply AONE Soe a5 on sunt oasboeaooSRae 5 | Lying.:.....- 32. 56 6. 5120
NAA ARs Oy aA) esis. 28 bo aase oe sasuasudaoue 93 | Standing..... 665. 08 7.1514
SW Als stl, HO Ute GES a0 oo Unc oda dmasccenapsacnse 137 | Liying.-2..... 690. 83 5. 0425
GG Ns 100k KO) ONDE Ite Soeeosceacoeaaceeousconse 14 | Standing..... 115. 70 8. 2642

Subperiod 2—

GHD) Bley aadlsiXoy TIAL oy gama Ne ee ea aaoods 434 | Standing..... 2,648. 94 6. 1035
TGV 0), Sa0ls, HO) GAD 10h BOIS Joo uke osoncsouesecsasce GY || Inyo, 5 oo 581. 85 4.4075
BHA) Wy 1s WOH) eh tl oo oto gob oedesosmeseeone 154 | Standing..... 1,093. 56 7.1010
Subperiod 3—
GND) Fos IG WHO) Heh) (Ov TON. ob soe dascdocusdeaeas 119 | Standing..... 788. 46 6. 6257
U9) 10 1005 1H) MOS Os WN 5 coco doccoauascoeusanse 159 A eee 861. 70 5. 4195
NOSES oy 0a Ho) NY OR oy so os Moco ccoccuetbooses 64 | Standing..... 485. 74 7. 5896
INO) Toy, aoa, HO) Mas aoM. ooo ok aco ecdocseccoess 129) | elvan See 739. 81 5. 7349
TeaIL Ey Teal, HO) GE Me dons Feo) SoU Se so besa} oedsedsn 206 | Standing and 1,192. 22 (@)
lying.@
HN Ae wil; HO CMD Bho We ocssoccadaaueses Ieee 43 | Standing..... | 333. 94 7. 7660
- Subperiod 4—
GHD Fp Tins HO) YE) Oly SO oo SG Se ooe Leneoedoosuson | 179 | Standing..... 1,231. 48 6. 8797
SUID) My 1005 HO) OAD Me, 1! 22 oo bss sod sccosucuodade | 87 Typ Oy eee pas 454. 05 5. 2189
NO PAH 4 sal WO) 1PM Toy aes) Be Se eee aekoscasces 178 | Standing..... 1,202. 65 6. 7564
PL oe any HO) 74740) 10) 20s ae nade dodgaseEescasoS 56) yang eee ee 260. 11 4.6448
BHD Ts. VO GOO Ws Why. sosccaccsacosedossasa5 220 | Standing..... 1,590. 73 7. 2305
Period IIIb:
Bubpe nod i=
6.00 p. m to 10.27 p. m 267 | Standing... .. 1,815. 36 6. 7991
10.27 p. m. to 12.21 a.m. 1A Lenya eee | 574. 49 5. 0394
12.21 a. m. to 2.05 a. m 104 | Standing 751. 12 7. 2223
2.05 a. m. to 3.31 a. m XO) Wyatt ooo osc. 457. 29 5. 3173
Shall Ap ay LO G00) Maoh Sb oalocos sdeeessosoasue 149 | Standing..... 1,045. 05 | 7. 0137
Subperiod 2— | |
GOD Ap 06 WO) WOR Me WO eo Sebboosdscossccuscoose 273 | Standing ...-- | 1,587.45 | 5.8148
10.333 4), TA, THO AERO, TW 5 Gosdcssonssoceesseccoe 1240) |) Wayatik? - Scesac 551. 84 | 4.5986
IRB Jb Waly HO) Wes Oh IMS . 55 pceccssoesscceudes 81 | Standing..... 497.03 6.1361
15450 ame G 02744 vps armas eee oer yee etl G0) || Juanes ooo soe 215. 99 4.3198
BVA ToT, 110) (BD 10s 190s 6 ac aeccessosohecosese- | 196 | Standing.....) 1,302.02 6.6428

Subperiod 3— |
OO job Th, UO CHOP 1s Wb - os SeadecadeaseceSeecon 127 | Standing..... 792. 55 6. 2405
HOKE Tos 10Ms Wo) CL810) joy, TOM OS So Soke Se col saacesaseo CB} |) Wyatt Oo 5 a6oc 394.36 4.7513
GheO) Toy 20S Ho) dA, Ns book Cooke oaaboosbeoscas 235 | Standing..... | 1,612: 37 6. 8611
13) ly 1005 HO) PLES Hp 1M on gadacaesuousoacsasoou | O35 elo yan oye | 483. 30 5. 1967
2 HSK De pl) LORSSA THD esTTN yo yaya ee ee pe dS 49 | Standing..... | 312. 72 6. 3820
BRGY) Bhs 100s (HO) BoM Ae TM Gos seek ee eee ob saboee Tul || Ways 2 = S| 608. 25 5. 1987
ACU) Gissade Tho) CHO0 Ey tins oenoeete Soeccasebesseos 16 | Standing..... | 139. 12 8. 6950

Subperiod 4— : |
(HO) a saaks Ho) OPIS} cysts So omeseaoc abo besoodeasso 198 | Standing..... 1,286. 64 6. 4981
QUIS fl 10M THO) WPS hs TM ba oe odosoussdoosoou | 130 | Lying......-.. 574. 65 4. 4203
INAS Ae Tan, HO IB) Ts Was 6 bse cSGocsscssecass 135 | Standing..... | 927.79 6.8725
TAB Joly Td, WHO) UL Foe WMA BA We eee s se eee kode ee Dil) Waynes 3 ok ea 2.38 1. 1900
IAS TOS soa, WHO GOO) 10s We ob soab sas cceedsceaneas 255 | Standing..... 1,674. 18 6. 5654

a The animal lay down so quietly that it was not noticed at the time.

made between 1.51 and 5.17 for standing and lying.

Therefore no division was

From the foregoing table have been computed the following results
for the total heat emitted during the several periods in the lying and
the standing positions, respectively, together with the average heat

emission per minute.

division into subperiods has been disregarded.

In making these computations the artificial

HEAT EMISSION AND HEAT PRODUCTION. 23

TABLE 18.—Average heat emission per minute.

Lying. Standing.

Period Ia:

IRD SIO hs etd SESE Paria JOSE ERIE Hips Es el at et eta sat are aos eR ge ap 384 2,496

BRO Galumea teri a ial emacs cata crm en ue mionmliuby wn aa hae calories. .| 1,718.2 15,650. 0

HAC ERIE PATENTAL URL Ceay yf oe ens eat a NRE IEE Tea eisai dokees 4. 4747 6. 2700

TEVEN UL OS ey ete ere aye eeenis cf eee enta 2 ne pate (0 Ab OE Rca dS a OL ML Mw 1 | 1. 4012
Period Ila:

IMIR TURE SHOU SO tater ten (5 am Sater ednesday Ree ia trainee th eeu lamsia sa iN eeee lies 934 1,946

Mo talline arb) fies Oks ene ccibe ee Sematary ei Nis eR GET AG SOT calories..) 4,177.5 13, 285.8

FEL Carty Tes MULTAULL Eyer) ay srs yeas eee peat ay ON AN ay Oe pey Si al et Un dozsse 4.4727 6. 8272

TREE Orcas as SPO cpa CIR Se oy ne tS le ESE OTE es Rl OA 1 1. 5264
Period IIa: :

BNET UIE Sah peice el LOR ure 2d mel nV oe Shines Pees Mea Nea Mid il de lk llc 20 1,096 1,784

NOME LOSE Bee i eye eat yo hes es eRe a eae ee ee calories. .| 4,719.8 11, 428.7

FETE Bs SOS TTI MNT GE ee peter: Segoe ey ay rape oy eID rea oft a oi dosa= 4. 3064 | 6. 4062

TRH BRO) ae elec Sie Meret eet Obed D El pte ee age ete aeSL Sa aR a ape eg 1 1. 4876
Period Ib (subperiods 1, 3, and 4):

IMITATE GS p58) 0h eterna os repae ata etm Spey Brel ee te gare el Atala nol pal De Sec eS a | 2,160

eG Verleh eat Ses rane at et Neen) Agena r aeneleam tree e ena ay SOULS Echt Galois sl slsoscosooséoc 15,086. 64

Tea TPE TeTMIITULC Rte Ls ey hl ence MU ei iy gle aL 2 OKO eer ese aes oa | 6. 9846
Period IIb (subperiods 1 and 2 only): |

ENB UE US aes Mista epee ilar a Cobre UR oS SS ee Ulrad Wa MY AMM AN yo re Sy Old 274 | 1,166

PR reilly Cay Gee cere tere a Clark te eles ere oe URN Sa re UR REN NAL ec oh AN ct calories...) 1,305.2 7,802. 2

TEN GHHE CYS aoOU DUNN AES acres ES ce ey ye ae alee a as SN Ted apateat ey a ase dos=ne 4.7636 | 6. 6914

DERFED Ui OM SI AICTE Oa ae ec 2D AS noe CLS RON cA lees a MMR ce ges MeL NECN WI 1 1. 4047
Period IIIb: .

BVItina Ge Spere rey slans Meer ne aeL NU ANY Riri Phat: AA Pyare phan tera uM DONTE cela MLO a ete 795 | 2,085

DNS Sel TaVeSs Wass Mathes ie 8 heirs an Ve a Ee rae a ar pe EOS calories...) 3,862.5 | 13,748. 4

ETC SES POTAUMNUIL SHS 2 ny sehr eee waar ee eee ements epi ee Ee | don 4.8585 | 6. 5915

IRENBIO SE ade TOS CES Se ESHA BS SIE eee aes ne easter as LE tor eR ee PARED teal 2 | 1 1. 3566

The differences in rate of heat emission, although slightly smaller, are
still quite comparable with those observed in the previous year with
the same animal (Bul. 74, p. 24), while both are larger than those
observed in the first year’s experiments (Bul. 51, p. 37). In the
results of the last two years there appears a distinct effect of the
amount of feed consumed, the difference in the heat emission
standing and lying tending to be greater on the heavier rations. In
this year’s experiments, too, the difference seems to be less in the trials
at the lower temperature, although the results for periods Ib and IIb,
as noted, are somewhat incomplete. While we should naturally
ascribe these differences in heat emission chiefly to the increased
muscular exertion required in standing, it would seem that there are
other factors affecting it.

HEAT EMISSION AND HEAT PRODUCTION.

The figures of the preceding tables show the amounts of heat given
off by the animal. The heat emitted by the animal, however, is
equal to the amount of heat actually produced only when the initial
and final states of the animal are the same. Consequently there
may be, according to circumstances, either a storage of heat in the
body or an emission of heat produced in a previous period. In this
respect there are two principal sources of error—first, variations in
the body temperature of the animal; second, a storage or loss of mat-
ter by the body. As regards the first of these sources of error, it has
_ been assumed that under normal and uniform conditions the body

24 THE AVAILABLE ENERGY OF RED CLOVER HAY.

temperature would be substantially the same at the same hour of the
day. We have not been able as yet to make systematic determina-
tions of the body temperature of cattle as a check upon this assump-
tion, but the rectal temperature of the animal was taken daily during
the digestion periods proper of Periods I and JI, except when the
steer was in the calorimeter, and also during the preliminary feeding
of Periods II and III and on one day during the digestion period
proper of Period III. The observations were made immediately
before watering, by means of a self-registering mercurial thermome-
ter, with the following results:

TaBLE 19.—Temperature of the animal.

|

Period I. | Period IT. | Period III.
|| |
|Tempera-|| : Tempera- Tempera-
Date. el } Date. ee Date. Ponee
: 285° || XO! °Ce

Januaryelbneeeeeeee eee 38.3 || February 3........-- 38.3 || February 28.........- 38. 2
LOU see es 38. 1 Nea ae 38. 2 DO i oe See 38. 3
ALT iy UMA Me Bd 38. 1 ieee auene See) |i ia Te 5 oo Akane 38.3
NS eee ee 38. 2 GR ae 38. 2 Die Oe ee 38. 4
Ae Aerts 37.9 UiSSSRAe sae 38.3 Senin tees 38.3
DO ys ene 38.0 Sees oes 38.2 Ay Sie spaces 38. 3
- Ones 38.1 De aoe 38. 2
Average.......-- 38. I 12ers heme 38.1 | GOs ta Se 38.3
1S aeoeooee 38. 2 (Serene ee 38.3
a eerie 38. 1 TOS ARs Seems 38.3

sae a ae 38. 2
Ge ee al yi 38. 1 AWeTage: =o 22225 38. 3

aes acne 38.3

|
Average......-- 38. 2

In but two cases does the difference between two successive days
exceed 0.1° C. With an average live weight of about 580 kilograms,
assuming a specific heat of 0.8 for the body, this difference is equiva-
lent to 46 calories.

If the animal stores up matter in its body, there must necessarily
be a corresponding retention of a portion of the heat arising from
body metabolism, since the matter which is stored was consumed in
the food at a temperature considerably below that of the body. On
the other hand, if there is a loss of matter from the body in any one
of the various excreta, the temperature of this matter is reduced
(either actually or by calculation) to that of the surrounding air
before it leaves the calorimeter, and this heat which was previously
stored up in the body is measured along with that actually produced
during the experiment. The above statements are of course true
whatever be the kind of matter stored up or given off; but the
income and outgo of water is of especial importance in this respect,
both because of its large amount and because of the high specific
heat of water. Indeed, a very simple calculation serves to show that
in these experiments the difference in the income and outgo of dry
matter does not materially affect the computation of the balance of

APPROXIMATE WATER BALANCE. 25

energy, and that consequently only the income and outgo of water
need be considered.

From the data contained in the various tables of the Appendix are
compiled the following tables, showing the income and outgo of
water by the animal and the corresponding gain or loss of heat on
each day of the calorimeter experiments. The body temperature has
been assumed to be represented by the average for the period (Table
19), while that of the calorimeter was 19.0° C. and 13.5°C. in the series
aand b, respectively, except in Period IIIb, when it was 13.8° C. In
the case of feces spilled in the calorimeter the water remaining in
them when sampled has been divided equally between the two days.

TABLE 20.—Approximate water balance.

PERIOD I.
Income. | Outgo. Income. | Outgo.
7 |
Period Ia: | Period Ib: |
January 13— | Grams. | Grams. January 20— Grams. | Grams.
1a epee Reheat rae PAPA Ree Hore PDO Seago cei eee acre 7a) Nosegadaaue
IW iaiterss2 Sse -asee INGE) |oomoosanss \WENEER Soaospecessedac | 3,554 |-----<-23-
IRECES Hat ee ee ae Pelle ov eta oe 2,908 INGOTS Ve sesdauasesssner Rap eRoerea 4,936
iHlecests piled Masses | Maser eee 37 Hecesispilledis se se eee 4
INE eee ee EE Ge SL 3,963 UUM Ee ae ais eters a) | bo supe ae al 3, 599
WW VEHIGIE WEN KOlRe ee Se Ssclsseasaesee 4,029 MV WENO ose eselocsuscasss 2, 638
N33) im CO papa ices ced | ere ae ae 665 iB alancessen eee Chast ke See
11, 602 11, 602 | 11,177 | 11,177
January 14— ; January 21— |
IVES Sasineleeiaye «asst ZOGR eee Vaya Sas erat us teria PAD) UPI ee
ARVERIGIU SoeeeernaaaaeE CACO ae ee eae es Wraitertercaae Sesonee ss 11, 895 j---2 22205
HCCESRE senate Weert 4,718 IR CCOSRR Soe EE ana Rul Aaa Ss 5, 102
HECESTS pilleG aereyter es eee ee eae 37 IKlecesispille des: seins | hana ee
Weim eee ve Sen eee yo te aI oe sees od 2,984 (Urine! Jesse ee eecooe | tactens sees 2, 583
WENGE EW OOIPS Coe ceeSalleccsucsede 3, 812 Wiaitervap Ores = ses |eeeeeeere 2, 876
Balancers aeaess- 2c | 1 CO ey monbsec IB BAT COR ee ae Ser eel seca te 1,600
11, 551 11,551 | 12,165 12,165
PERIOD II.
Period Ila: Period IIb:
February 10— February 17—
FEN ayes seein estore 5$10)) [noodaasece leh Eee neSEecoSTeeDaae AAO Tee Seine
Witter ewan so Kes P9521 |e see Wisiten osc 2 ee scat PGW) |bscbessace
IBIECOS See ee ee eat te ae ances 9, 856 INECES Hse sec oe neat | Sa eee 7, 658
Kecesispilled= 2-22-52 5-2-5-- 52. 54 Hecesispilledt-secesee sles e-eeeee 14
(Urine sees eae welll ae on eee | 5, 209 : (Wirine ee ee nce. ee eetee 5, 242
Waite rave DOLE eer eee nee reese 4, 666 Water vapor....--.--.- screamer 3, 334
Balance sees s2eseess 29 Ths see Balances esse seee [eens aes 9, 871
19,785 19,785 26,119 26, 119
February 11— February 18—
PETA yet Ree alee pe oe eos HOME Reni Dees ioe eee SOA Eee es
Weber me ei Dae ELA TO) Wecsesev orale Wie tere) ooiyciteyes V4 5 460 Ro eee
FHC Seis sap Seay aaa UN see Dap | 8, 696 MECES ees ve seis saanrers |e evens 6, 921
Hecesispilledeeaa eee eee aes | 54 Heces! spilled ese acen eee eae 14
Ga Yay oes a eee sl ROS Ua 5, 584 LO Pru ae) Sere od lacey aes 5,071
Wiaitenvapone cee osse|see sce glk 4,736 Water vapor......-.. Ientoeleesatars 3, 560
IB alanceepe eee aaa 1 OOS} eres eee IBalancese eases eee GO 2S ee eeeee
19,070 19,070 15, 566 15, 566

12237—Bull. 101—07——-4

THE AVAILABLE ENERGY OF RED CLOVER HAY.

TaBLE 20.—Approximate water balance—Continued. -
PERIOD IIl.

Income. | Outgo. Income. | Outgo.
Period Illa: Period IIIb:

March 9— Grams. | Grams March 16— Grams. | Grams
TEV ary oes cite Siete epee 458 [Eee Sages Hay Usseneos hase ees AL?) Chae eee
Waters nosh be eee 6}, 70) paosasoesc Waters kee eee ae 185100) S2eeeeeeee
Uneaten residue.....-|.-..-----. 99 HECES Same e eee eee elo see eee 6, 611
FECES A EUS t DAE) SO SE esa 5, 762 Feces spilled. ......-.-|.....-.---
Reces!spilled2 ssn ea| Meee 7 Urine Ae ee eee a bce 4, 461
Ofna Oe ee abolesato sate 4, 578 Water vapor.........|.-...-.--- 3, 379
WWE WM DOWs odo scacclescasooaes 4, 633 Balance ens j-2s--e-le sees ene 4,057

Balanceees ss eeeeeee QAI) eee eee
15,079 15,079 18, 512 18,512

March 10— March 17—

BV fee eee ae v toy] We Eee aS ary MLB seit oes seen ee 387) |2-caeeseee
AWies Gera ee eae IG OA) Nossosccsss Wiater succes Nae: 1 200) es sseeeese
Uneaten residue......|.-...---.- 53 HCCOS si eC e ee el erect 5,779
ECCS ae Hea Ca arpa 5,'100 Feces spilled..........|...-------

Heces) spilled ae ees eaeee eee Mrine. 23am secre aie 4,548

abate aes SMa ae a 4,503 Wiatervaporteess eee. tele e eee 3,545
Water vapor....-.--- [ree eeaets 4,551 Balances eeeeeee 2; 289))|- scene

Balances ee ei yk sepa 2,257

16, 471 16, 471 13, 876 13, 876
|

Upon the basis of the above figures the actual heat production has
been computed, as shown in the following table, the difference be-
tween the income and outgo of water, expressed in kilograms, being
multiplied by the difference between the average body temperature
for the period and the temperature of the calorimeter to obtain the
correction. With the exception of Period Ila, the results for the
two days of each period where such a comparison is possible show a
very close agreement in the amount of heat actually produced.

TABLE 21.—Heat production.

Measured | Correction | +,...
Period. in calorim-| for water Bee ae
eter. balance. r
Period Ia: Calories. Calories. Calories.
ITS ERG aye Ata ae Ces URE CN AI SES Cate oP ney ie et DAM peal 10, 881. 7 + 12.7 10, 894. 4
MOC ONGC aayyarci ss eae LURE eed eee A Oe Abdi eee Rise a ml 11, 127.9 — 200. 5 10, 927. 4
IASVGT ARE MUAH eI a ty RON USER aes g de oY a ER RI 11,004. 8 — 93.9 10, 910. 9
Period Ib:
ABUTS GCL yi oe Nae AE NE EEN SIUM Ue A ans Reng Paes eu CIN a aN LAR Ta Uo
Foxe ron a\e Io Es apm eee ary coe NS pe nae cr gays SEM NC Seo Oe 11, 696. 9 + 39.4 11, 736.3
Period Ila:
HUT SEH AV SO QS OND AUR xis AES AV atk sje ce ae ge eo ret Sys ala aR 11, 405. 2 —140.1 11, 265. 1
felsrevurale Ch: heamearS Mento SeeM Non nay meee aA AEC seat 6 11, 623. 9 — 1953 11, 604. 6
ACV OTERO So eis 1 SEN ea Lo 1 A LOS 11,514. 5 — 79.7 11, 434. 9
Period IIb:
POTTS G Ca yee eee e oN iL STU IUMRE RES NS Seek (a es Ue ea RIOR A 11,073. 8 +243. 8 11, 317.6
Secomdiid ayia eee 2h. SoM Le ati I a RR | SROs en
Period IIIa:
LTRS MOE Aldine RRMA. SE OU Ue cama Na Ml Gals Oca vals aL 10, 909. 9 SL 7 10, 728. 2
Second: day sae ya Sea UMN a 2 eye a URN ee a TP 10, 675. 4 + 43.6 10, 719.0
PACT EO SUE ANG (RCIA SMRMAL ot AIS aU SY LE Ra MR a eS ER DRO 10, 792. 7 — 69.1 10, 723. 6
Period IIIb:
UTS CKLE, YM d ee Sean cya An Po A UL a RN a raga aise 10, 798. 2 + 99.4 10, 897.6
SOCON GT Caves seeps ee RA SAGs UE AUN AUCH Gy Uae eg an aea Ae NEV 10, 906. 8° — 56.1 10, 850. 7
DAVEE AZO Later S ro SAN ON We MAb Mitr gVeN Ratan HLS) La ONAL a 10, 852.5 + 21.7 10, 874. 2

NITROGEN AND CARBON BALANCE. 27
THE BALANCE OF MATTER..

Considering the figures for epidermal tissues in Table 10 to repre-
sent the average rate of growth of hair, etc., we may subdivide the
gain or loss as ordinarily computed into the growth of these tissues
_and the real gain or loss of the proteids and fat of the body, as has
been done in the computations which follow.

THE NITROGEN AND CARBON BALANCE,

The income and outgo of nitrogen and carbon are shown in the
following table. The figures for hydrogen are omitted for the reason
that, as stated on page 15, the results for water were not found to
be entirely satisfactory. In Period IIb, as noted on page 19, the
results on methane were apparently too low, and therefore those of
Period IIa, on the same ration, have been substituted.

TaBLE 22.—Income and. outgo of nitrogen and carbon per day and head.

Nitrogen. Carbon.
Period. 7 ae =

Income. | Outgo. | Income. | Outgo.

Period Ia: Grams. | Grams. | Grams. | Grams.
ERs GRE HOERC Me CEST OBER ECCS er ESA OM Et ieued igs aa inaiee mr (id PAN ae eat ee Ns eiss WOllepocoeaae. ‘
Feces....-. Le Ee Bae 546. 98
Wirinewaaeeren 112. 15
Brushings...-. 3. 69
Methane....... Sal 50. 98
WAT OO TANG xc ChE ete Pec ene Sst Np eae a Te ah Ay EN NO a We FD Se sei he ete A 1,079. 03
NE Sa ETA CO Pape a aan RIE CI SNOB Ne, aise (Vel Me PEE UE SS TOROS eases A293 cB ais

Period Ib:

Methane

PE Ge Coce aA URN: VIN, SUIS NT ERTL OES Ne alae PRU NSE VOD (Ne) Hevceee ak P2307 1M lene es
HHECE SBE ee ECA Hana aos ARO ERRATIC RL Re SAR AIRE ASAD | eerie ae 931. 83
EUW rs Lira PEG a A ee PA Pale te A Lae Ney UGE at ha es eng NECA 2 eee GOR O05 ees 168. 76
ES TGUIS TALIS Se eye een oye ERE ee ele ay Chl eri dias CEG mR gy tee) | pei Neer | OSGON Eats saa 3. 69
Mle Ghiair eee ater enn Wiese RNR ag))4 Fy MBE hsee Ohi Mpa iltopk oyster aati, aie Ra BM TR eas 68. 48
(Chew oKopalKo bop aa EG es esas ete ae Se UY rh ed Nace fy an a etl Peas 1, 259. 75

TBS BATA OE ARY aie Mey Ute ee GaN N MAIL oil ys iin oh Sy ESR LOO ala OAH RSs Bee 108. 80 |.......---

Period IIb:
H

COO S Beye ayaa ee Ee PS apc ee cA Si IL Poo All Sure We ate Ue ayatse Pal eye ASFA Gate ieas| 931. 83
Ore aes Ss es A Sea a NY aI a Be ase a OK ea | GWE lissobsauacu 168. 76
BN CUD ESH UT a echt ee eS A SSO A 7a) A | | ONGON Ess sees 3. 69
UIVECG GT aie gS NP ee CL ee AF DS, ll oa ae [Baresi ray FRM Sesser MPI 2 Rk Aa 68. 48
Carbon) Gio xi dee ee Mee es aU a pein ere RON Dee Non IE yee on sites Va hice Ce ie Heian eae are 1, 239. 30

IB HO Ce We RUrie ia GRE Oe eee Ee ee cya renee Ia ened niet | TOYS ete as oe ere UGH) le oe eeunee

| 113.02 | 113.02 | 2,412.06 | 2, 412. 06

28 THE AVAILABLE ENERGY OF RED CLOVER HAY.

TaBLEe 22.—Income and outgo of nitrogen and carbon per day and head—Continued.

} Nitrogen. Carbon.
Period. ~
Income. | Outgo. | Income.| Outgo.
Period IIIa: Grams. | Grams. | Grams. | Grams.
1S oh oe Bae Aue one a aeupaa GHSap bac bacbebeenoDeuousecsusecaces ON AT Ae ese 2 oss pe HS Y es
TREC 4 AM RN Bie ee ae Gat baie SaCEanEO Soop aeaRaN Doane 200G8 3654441. S525 55 780. 05
LOiahale yee eam money led a ae ios Soa Aa oan SoS caenmadde| lcdondeases 60555) ...ce se cee 141. 80
IS VR OGOUIalSI5 4 Goooeao sos oeeonsacondsodbscceeu cuSsooosenezccaodieousadc 0360). esas 3. 69
Methancheeee- eee eee Lee pocdoguasEaousonossuesscogboslosdatoceocledmoocorosesscsescce 57. 27
(OPM Chop-60 le ne sanons SoosadHpoSeoceescopESDosUscaoonoosa|boosadesac|laacicbodos||p25 5850550 1, 150. 38
IBENEINES so 5 roo Luseosdonb ooSooo se csesgbodansosbouceens00ND (GF locedqobase 9222505) eae
97. 59 97. 59 | 2,133.19 2,133. 19
Period IIIb:
Eee ee ech Pn OG SU eh er eran Wed eee OU ag lado ee 159115044| eee
780. 05
141. 80
3. 69
60. 85
Carbonidi oxi deenia sie o-ne sce eeeree eee eerie EE Mel are eee sen Saco eciceas oa 1, 135. 09
i aAlaMGG seco tooe ooo elas nee etd eeinte bakeu meee soe ceu clear (ad 2 eee eone 2110;°449 |: ee eee
~ 97. 59 97.59 | 2,121.48 | 2,121. 48

GAIN OF PROTEIN AND FAT.

Excluding the brushings, the gain of protein and fat, which was of
course negative in every instance, has been computed in the usual
manner, using Kohler’s¢ figures for the composition of the nitrogenous
tissue of cattle, namely, nitrogen 16.67 per cent and carbon 52.54
per cent. In other words, body protein is equivalent to nitrogen
multiplied by 6. In the computation of fat from carbon the usual
factor (1.3) has been employed.

TABLE 23.—Gain of protein and fat per day and head.

Equiva- Gain of carbon. | Computed energy of gain.

| Gain of Beauieae a
Period. | nitro- ten PES Re Ho lent gain ; ;
| gen. (NX6) Total. ae Asfat. | offat. | Protein. Fat. . Total.

Grams.| Grams. | Grams. | Grams..| Grams. | Grams. | Calories.| Calories.| Calories.
—72.48 | —429.13 | —38.08 | —391.05 —508. 4 —413.2 |—4, 829.8 | —5, 243.0
—72.48 | —439.70 —38.08 | —401.62 —522.2 —413.2 |—4, 960.9 | —5,374.1
— 6.24 | —108.80 | — 3.28 | —105.52 | —137.2 | — 35.6 |—1,303.4 | —1,339.0
— 6.24 | — 88.35 | — 3.28 | — 85.07 | —110.6 | — 35.6 |—1,050.7 | —1,086.3
—36.72 | —222.15 | —19.29 | —202.86 —263.7 | . —209.3 |—2,505.2 | —2,714.5
—36.72 | —210.44 | —19.29 | —191.15. —248.5 | —209.3 |—2,360.8 | —2,570.1
b | r

THE BALANCE OF ENERGY.

In these experiments we have direct determinations of all the
factors of income and outgo of energy, except the potential energy
of the methane excreted and that of the tissue gained by the animal.
The energy of the methane, however, may be safely computed from
its amount, its heat of combustion at constant pressure being 13.344
calories per gram. The energy of the gain of tissue by the animal

a4Zeit. f. Physiol. Chem., 31, 479.

THE BALANCE OF ENERGY. 29

may be estimated in the usual way from the computed amounts of
protein and fat given above, using the factors 5.7 calories and 9.5
calories per gram, respectively. Having done this, we are in position
to compare the income with the outgo of energy, and thus to check
to a considerable extent the accuracy of our experiments. The fol-
lowing table contains such a comparison for each period. The differ-
ence between income and outgo, which has been entered in the table
under the heading ‘‘ Error,” shows, of course, the extent to which our
results appear to deviate from those required by the law of the con-
servation of energy.

TaBLEe 24.—Balance of energy per day and head.

Period I. Period II. | Period ITI.
Income. Outgo. Income.. Outgo. | Income. Outgo.
Series a, at 19° C.: Calories. Calories. Calories. Calories. | Calories. Calories.

LE ON RS RS GHAR RE BE ASe EEE BPS allssocsscocous Da Nao Tall. lane sae | 1S Oa yl Meee
INTs ard Saseaossor aotaod Base baoetos 5,403.3 |...--.------- | 9, 1382.0 [octtcteee eee 7, 666. 1
WT ee Se ee NEE taney or tree is 1046) 49 eee Jase IL SPPL8) Honertoacsasc SPX Yap
Brushings........ SECC oSe | eee cae RGD Sasaaseseenee CES |etmeneadaeae 41.3
IMGT aimee ee tee ee eel pion | tea See gaat GOSKO) | eae ee: Srl IL PPO Ee woscas Loose 1,021.0
ELC GON a! SAA ies «veg 28 LOSOTOS OM | eee IDI RY On ape atoas we | 10, 723. 6
Loss by body— |

IRToteid Sareea ALS" 2; [esses ete SONOU Eels ese PUY ay eae sees

STS etapa res een LATS AL EP Sillaguconodeess I BOBR4 Wieos haa tae Uy less easoskace
IDF O RO Pees eae Gs SUES TE Sern emus NPLY) \Iesasucocadec S458 8| See sence 550. 4

18, 413.7 18, 413.7 23, £96. 7 23, 896.7 | 21, 249.6 21, 249.6
Series b, at 13.5° C.: | |

TEL ay Rees! oe eee ee ; PPL GSU \lsaacabeasose IRS DGS Gell (ls ae ee a Aee
IHeCeS sina ee ie en ! 9, 132.0 | 7, 666. 1
(Uimime ee NSS ees Gre ee 1, 522.3 :
IBTUSsnINgS= esses eee #3)
Methane sss oa teresa -0 |
1B SY Fig cles he tm es | :
Loss by body—

IRTOLCICS eer ase 413.2

IE tee meee 4,960.9
IDIRROPPIS Seb oenGHeeGBenSSEee 551. 4

|
19, 096. 2 19, 096. 2 23, 644.0 | 23, 644.0 | 21, 105.2 | 21, 105.2

a Assumed to be the same as in Period IIa. See p. 19.

With the exception of Periods Ia and IIIb, the agreement between
the results computed from the energy balance and those computed
from the balance of carbon and nitrogen is much less satisfactory
than in previous years. A direct comparison of the gains or losses,
however, is somewhat misleading, because all the errors of the experi-
ments are concentrated in a single relatively small number. It
seems on the whole fairer, therefore, to compare the total heat pro-
auction as measured with that computed from the balance of carbon
and nitrogen, as has been done in the following table:

30 THE AVAILABLE ENERGY OF RED CLOVER HAY.

TABLE 25.—Heat production per day and head.

Com-
Period. Computed.) Observed. | puted~ob-
served.

Calories. Calories. | Per cent.
100.

eg Wea sHED UMC O89 DA9 ANUS Resi NR ce NP nee Oe Tc ul, 10,
TLR en I DIMER RUNNY Co CRN ire es Bien orca 2 AN ERS eo, 1,184.9 | 11, 736.3 95.3
TAC Sec A A URI RO 8 11,980.1 | 11,434.9 104.8
SUL NG eRe me SRO LEON ANGE a ANTE a RANT AEA Sie 11,727.4| 11}317.6 103. 6
LE UY iP ONAN Opal RR SN Adah ys eR ct 8, Ee 11,274.0| 10,723.6 105. 1
TLE MER eae TSS a ia a eh a EE NE ae 11,065.8 | 10,874.6 101.8

The computed heat production exceeds more or less that actually
observed in every instance but one. This is practically equivalent
to saying either that the results for the carbon excretion are too high,
or those for heat too low, or else that some nonnitrogenous body sub-
stance other than fat’ was being oxidized. As regards the first
alternative it may be said that according to the results of our alcohol
check tests in each year the tendency of the apparatus seems to be in
precisely the opposite direction, viz, to give results slightly too low
for carbon dioxid and too high for heat. As regards the nature of the
body substances oxidized, it is of course possible that it may have
consisted in part of stored-up carbohydrates (glycogen) which would
evolve more CO, in proportion to the energy liberated than would fat.
It is hardly possible, however, that this can have been the case to the
large extent required to account for the observed discrepancies.

It should be noted further that the results in Periods IIb and III
are somewhat uncertain, owing to various disturbances during the
runs.

DISCUSSION OF RESULTS.
DIGESTIBILITY.

The results tabulated in Table III of the Appendix and summarized
also under the several periods are brought together in the following

table:
TaBLE 26.—Percentage digestibility.

Constituents and energy. Period I. | Period II. | Period III.

Per cent. | Percent. | Per cent.
61. 39 60. 6:

Dey AME CO THES Ce AY aa Oe RSA LOS aU AL ay GES AN Ge RR eg 61. 41 1

TA Fa eae la AHA OSI ae al aI ae sp Aa (UA SUTRA A ee a 44. 04 40. 92 36. 83
Organicwmabter sass fie spe aisle Ce a Se Tas ta eine eee 62. 70 62. 96 62. 43
Leg NON 21C0 Kote emer e aed Nee A Nis oh tas Settee RNID YIN Cpt eSL eel co 54. 56 54. 08 53. 48
INOMPTOLETES Sse ces Ae ye pa ts Heel ee pe IV a ea a 100. 00 a 100. 00 a 100. 00
Osa bYG feysil ove) a aay NOM Gee, . Se NR a ev RO Ne NE Ces 55. 37 55. 97 53. 81
Nitrogen=freeiextract 52273 ame ey en OL NU A OTe agen a 68. 05 67. 90 68. 51
NOL HOVERED. Gee?) OLRM Atego te reman/c-_ HPA VES MSG ee ss eA ae 62. 24 64. 08 65. 62
TOT Vic eid tec cite eta te Ee Re A yen eA StU i ee 58. 97 59. 51 58. 64

a
a Assumed.

The slight differences between the several periods attest the accu-
racy of this part of the experiment.

DISCUSSION OF RESULTS. 31

METABOLIZABLE ENERGY.

The term metabolizable energy has been used by the writers to
designate that portion of the total energy of the food which is capable
of conversion into the kinetic form in the body. In this sense it is
equivalent to energy of food minus energy of excreta or to what is
often called “‘fuel value.”’

The data of the foregoing pages enable us to compute the metab-
olizable energy of the rations in the several periods. Before doing
so, however, a certain correction is necessary in the energy of the
urine. For example, in Period I the animal lost 12.08 grams of body
nitrogen, corresponding to a loss of 72.48 grams of protein. Accord-
ing to Rubner’s results, the potential energy of the urine is increased
by about 7.45 calories for each gram of urinary nitrogen coming
from the oxidation of body protein. In this case, then, the urine
contained approximately 12.08 x 7.45 = 90 ‘calories of energy not
derived from the potential energy of the food but from that of body
tissue. It is plain, then, that the potential energy of the urine must
be diminished by this amount before it is subtracted from the gross
energy of the food in order to get the true metabolizable energy of the
latter. The corresponding corrections for the several periods, com-
puted in this way, are as follows:

TaBLE 27>—Energy of urine.

: , Corrected
. rs | Gain of Equiva- 3
Period. Observed. | nitrogen. /lent nergy. cHerey, of
Calories. | Grams. Calories. Calories.
ES Se. Seo SAS BSCS SET a Sea eB ees ceece en a areas Cy 1,046. 4 —12.08 —90. 0 956.4
TE Ce Se eed Pastel Ey AUN PAU ena PU 1, 522.3 — 1.04 — 7.8 1,514.5
JUNE Sey Gee AS cies a Pe nt aC eps Cran eae es ee 1, 247.2 — 6.12 —45.6 1, 201.6

Using these corrected values the metabolizable energy of the clover
hay fed is computed in the following table:

TaBLE 28.— Metabolizable energy of clover hay.

Period I. Period II. Period ITI.

Feed. |Excreta.| Feed. |Excreta.| Feed? | Excreta.

Calories.| Calories.| Calories.| Calories.| Calories.| Calories.

18 Ey SE SUL BO abs CHa B EOS OEe ER See OH a eeee IBY NOs leo docosos PP RAW IST, \Soncmosaoe I SHHS ose) | eee ee
INGO Joa se sete OS SOG EE SSE Tae a ne | Ge ree CUBR G) |Baaauoeaos
(Wininey(Gorree. ted) reer eae create pana eo | be ae Sh OB OSA Ee eee ae
Methane ears a eee cca aaa a ete een AAT SSSs Oiler Meee Se
Metaboliza bless saan yasn see yan rape inte ee WPI osoeecssed

18, 170.7 | 13, 170.7 | 22,557.7 | 22, 557.7 | 18,585.1 | 18, 535.1

a Period Ila only.

The relation of the metabolizable energy to the amount of matter
in the food may be expressed in terms of calories per gram of the

32

total or of the digested organic matter.

THE AVAILABLE ENERGY OF RED CLOVER HAY.

results are as shown in the following table:

TaBLE 29.—Metabolizable energy per gram of organic matter.

Computed in this way the

Organic matter of hay. Metabolizable energy.
A Per gram | Per gram
= Period. :

; of total | of digest-
Total. Digested. Total. organic ible organic

matter. matter.

Grams. Grams. Calories. | Calories. Calories.
1 OE ue ae Pee Ory (eee re NSS Oe oe So eS cc 2, 730. 3 1,712.0 5, 922.1 2. 169 3. 460
LT Gee a reed eee ogee ORS eRe Se ai tea aa 4, 668.0 2, 939. 0 10, 690. 2 2. 290 3. 637
ISTROUMA eal emo 3, 856. 0 2, 407. 6 8, 614. 4 2. 234 3. 578

The metabolizable energy of a feeding stuff may also be expressed
as a percentage of the total or gross energy.

Such a percentage is

analogous to a digestion coefficient, so that if an average value for it
were established for any particular kind of feeding stuff the amount
of metabolizable enerey in a given amount of it could be computed
from‘ its total energy by multiplication by this coefficient, just as
the digestible dry matter or organic matter can be computed from
the total amount present by the use of a digestion coefficient. The
first half of the following table shows the percentage of the total
energy which escaped in the several excreta or which was metabolized
in the animal’s body, while the second half of the table shows the
same relations based upon the energy of the digested matter. °

TABLE 30.—Distribution of energy of clover hay.

Gross energy. Energy of digested matter.
Energy.

Period I. | Period II. | Period III.| Average. | Period I.| Period II.| Period III.) Average.

Per cent.| Per cent. | Per cent. | Per cent.| Per cent.| Per cent. | Per cent. | Per cent.

In feces........ 41. 03 40. 49 41.31 AQS OG Ci: Wars es a Ue ee ay ceetaye bore Me ee eee
In urine....... 7.25 6. 72 6. 48 6. 81 12. 30 11. 28 11.05 11. 54
In methane. ... 6.75 5. 41 5. 68 5.95 11. 44 9. 09 9. 69 10. 07
Metabolizable - 44, 97 47. 38 46. 48 46. 28 76. 26 79. 63 79. 26 78.39
100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00

INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE ON HEAT PRODUCTION.

As stated in the introduction, one of the purposes of the experi-
ment was to observe the effect of temperature upon the total metab-
olism, so far as this could be done within the limited range of the
apparatus. ‘Two series of respiration experiments were made, one
at 19° C. and one at 13.5° C., these being designated as series a and
series b, respectively. The results have already been given in the
description of the experiment, but are brought together here for
more convenient comparison.

INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE ON

HEAT PRODUCTION.

TaBLE 31.—LHeat production.

33

Series a, at 19° C. Series 6, at 13.5° C.
Given off |Given off : Given off |Given off |
Period! by radi- | as latent COLNE: | by radi-|as latent | Conner
ation and| heat of sania Total. jationand) heat of | yo toy Total.
conduc- | water bal ain Oe conduc- | water palace
tion. vapor. ; tion. vapor. | :
Calories.| Calories.| Calories.) Calories.| Calories.| Calories.| Calories.| Calories.
llaceash Ge ae eee amie 8, 684. 1 2,320.7 —93.9 | 10,910. 9 | 9) 994. 4 1,702.5 + 39.4 11, 736. 3
MUL reserves ian re ee 8,731.6 | 2,782.9! —79.7 | 11, 434.9 |- 9,100.3 1,973.5 +243. 8 11, 317. 6
ele ee eS. See sae 8,074.3 | 2,718.3 —69.1 | 10,723.6 | 8,803.0 | 2,049.5 | + 21.7] 10,8742

, In Period Ib, as shown in Table 17, the animal stood constantly.
for forty-eight hours, and as would be expected the heat production
appears to be abnormally high. In the other cases the difference of
5.5° C. in temperature seems to have made but a slight difference
in the total heat production.

But, while this is true as regards the total amount of heat produced,
the difference in temperature made a striking difference in the chan-
nel of excretion by which the body rid itself of its heat. A much
less proportion of it was removed as latent heat of water vapor and
correspondingly more by radiation and conduction at the lower
temperature, as is shown clearly in the following table, based on the
figures for heat production just given. The correction for the water
balance is taken as representing heat stored temporarily in the body.

TaBLE 32.—Percentage distribution of heat produced.

Series a, at 19° C. | Series 6, at 13.5° C.
Given off | Given off Given off | Given off |
Period. by zadi- | as latent : by radia- | as latent :
ation and | heat of Stored 1 | tionand | heat of eiored me
conduc- water ve conduc- water che
tion. vapor. tion. | vapor. |
| Saaneera
Per cent. | Percent. | Percent. | Percent. | Percent. | Per cent.
ISR SOR SHAH eC Oca aOR ReSEaenSeee 79. 59 21.27 —0. 86 85.16 | 14. 51 | 0.33
TEES Stes eee rare op ee Pee ee 76. 36 24.34 —0.70 | 80. 41 17. 44 | 2.15
TANARIS Se IIS ORs sya itie wc ate 75. 29 25.35 —0. 64 | 80:95 | 18. 85 0. 20

The relative humidity of the air does not appear in this case to
have been an important factor in bringing about the marked decrease
in the evaporation of water at the lower temperature. The relative
humidity of the ingoing and of the outcoming air, and also the aver-
age relative humidity of the four residual samples taken at the end
of each subperiod, were as follows:

34 THE AVAILABLE ENERGY OF RED CLOVER HAY.

TaBLE 33.—Relative humidity.

2 Ingoing | Outcoming| Residual
Penile ait : i samples.
. | Per cent. | Per cent. | Per cent.

OU a Rey on 4 Me pe RUM Ne hI ee SEED Ba UO A SU | 2h, 3} 28. 2 Dini
We pe Vira RIE MT eevee NW ee ol we LS oe id el a eRe Yui 2.4 32.1 29.7
Gl Ce Peceeranee EE ON Re ea ene ser oe Jae ens asec 2.2 30. 6 29.7
Uc paRRa aaa RO De EP RAGIN SEH oh cee Seni Cane et thE tea LEME a ab 4.9 29.9 28.7
DI yeeros es spear erent LL te Zeal en cree re ions, Lo Bs a a ee ie te 4.7 33. 8 34.7
TG Wo ai ps Se eae eu pA DE Ne oS ee EL Gt 2.3 31.2 32. 3

Apparently the difference in the method of excretion of the heat
was a direct effect of the lower temperature.

NET AVAILABLE ENERGY.

Both our own observations and those of others, notably those of
Zuntz and his associates, have shown that a considerable portion of
the metabolizable energy of the food may be consumed in those
mechanical and chemical processes incident to the digestion of the
food and its conversion into forms fitted to nourish the body, or
may otherwise be converted into the form of heat, and so not be
directly available to make good the losses of potential energy from
the body caused by the vital processes. The portion of the metab-
olizable energy remaining after subtracting the portion thus ex-
pended represents the net contribution which the food has made to
the maintenance of the stock of potential energy in the body. This
portion of the energy of the food is designated as net available energy.
In other words, it is energy available for maintenance.

As explained in previous bulletins, the availability of the energy
of a feeding stuff is determined by a comparison of the losses of
energy by the animal in periods in which different amounts of the
feed in question are consumed. In this experiment three different
amounts of clover hay were fed to the animal, and consequently a
comparison of the three periods should give us two results regarding
availability in Series a and two in Series 0.

The losses of protein and fat by the animal as tabulated on preced-
ing pages do not take account of the amounts of matter and energy
contained in the brushings, which are tabulated separately. It is
clear, however, that these ought to be included in a computation of
availability, since a portion of the energy of the food was expended
in their production. Furthermore, since the metabolizable energy
of the food has been corrected in Table 27, for the gain or loss of
nitrogen by the animal, the figures for the gain or loss of engery
should be similarily corrected by adding to the gain (1. e., subtracting
from the loss) 7.45 calories for each gram of nitrogen lost by the

AVAILABILITY OF ENERGY. 35

animal. Indicating gain or loss by the mathematical signs + and
—, the corrections and the corrected gains were as shown in the
following table:

TaBLE 34.—Corrected gains.

Gain ac- Correction for—
cording to Corrected
previous | Brush- | Gain of gain.
tables. ings. protein.

Computed from balance of nitrogen and carbon: | Calories. | Calories.| Calories.| Calories.
PROTIOMMEG tase eran aoe eh san oe tae meee aa seo eee Seen te | —5,243.0 +41.3 +90. 0 —5,111.7
Rerio dil Na este ears ee Wee se eS circ Mem a ered SL | —1,339.0 +41.3 + 7.8 —1,289.0
Oxi OCCT Gee a eae ean ec rane eee Neti a LAN | —2,714.5 +41.3 + 45. 6 —2,627.6
Beriod sh ree eno ees SPs Ge a ANS ge bine aaa —5,374.1 +41.3 +90. 0 — 5,242.8
ETI OG LTO Pees Se re eee oma a sme jem aos et —— li OSOi3 + 41.3 + 7.8 —1,037.2
POTIOMWIUT De peer ey ater um ne acre al ek can Se aan aba | —2,570.1 + 41.3 + 45. 6 —2, 483. 2

Computed from balance of energy: |
LEYS ret OY Wt a PrP SR AI ORRIN aca UN ee ae —5,140.1 + 41.3 +90. 0 — 5,008. 8
PRETIO OMUTG seca A auabnl ats) Seas eS Bo eS | = 793.8 +41.3 + 7.8 — 744.7
RETO MPI Geen nea eee see IRENE nee Deere —2,164.1 + 41.3 + 45.6 —2,077.2
RETO GMO RS ae otis Sooo eee omen ea REISE Soin ciseae ema —5,925. 5 +41.3 +90. 0 — 5,794. 2
TEXSH GO INI Ta SS ci ey ee ate aes LR Ni epee ers | — 676.5 + 41.3 + 7.8|. — 627.4
Period Mb) 3822S BERN aa ee AMG Ae Ae ae eine Du | —2,378.9 +41.3 +45.6,| —2,292.0

As already noted, there was no marked difference between Series
a and Series } as regards heat production or loss except in Period

FROM ENERGY
BALANCE a)
Ie SERIES B
AACAVERAGE
SERIES @
FRO € AND N.
BALANCE

PERO/JOI —>

%
N
Q
9
~
&t
ly
Q

GAIN (+) OF LOSS (-) BY ANIMIAL (CALORIES)

SERIES 57
6000 7000 &000 9000 0000 /lo0o0
METABOLIZABLE ENERGY (CALORIES)

DIAGRAM 2.—Availability of energy.

Ib. In this period for some reason the animal refused to he down
at all. It is presumably in consequence of this fact that the observed
heat production was considerably higher than in the corresponding

36 THE AVAILABLE ENERGY OF RED CLOVER HAY.

-Period Ia, although this is not true of the heat production as com-
puted from the balance of nitrogen and carbon. If we arbitrarily
reject Period Id as having been under abnormal conditions and plat
the data of the remaining experiments as in previous bulletins, we
have the results for the two series separately and for their average,
which are shown in Diagram 2. While the losses as computed from
the carbon and nitrogen balance are greater than those deduced
from the energy balance, the average results of Series a and Series }
are quite closely parallel.

If, on the other hand, again omitting the results for energy of
Period Ib, we average for each series separately the results as com-

PERIOOMI >
PHL OO UM >

S
N
&
S
N
x
S
NS
X
Ns
>
.
BS
q
a
~~
2
8
N
c
8
~
=
S
x
SD

6000 7000 8000 9000 /0000 /1000
METABOLIZABLE ENERGY (CALORIES)

DIAGRAM 3,—Average results of carbon and nitrogen and energy balances.

puted from the carbon and nitrogen balance and those computed
from the energy, we have the results shown in Diagram 3, which
again expresses the fact, already pointed out, that a very slight
difference was shown between the results of Series a and those of
Series b.

As previously stated, the results of the calorimeter experiments
Id and IIb were not as satisfactory as the others. In both cases
the balance of energy was obtained for twenty-four hours only,

owing to various disarrangements of the apparatus, and in subperiod

AVAILABILITY OF ENERGY. 37

4 of Period IIb the methane determination is lacking. On the
whole, therefore, we incline to attach considerably more value to
‘the results of Series @ than to those of Series d.

CORRECTIONS FOR STANDING AND LYING.

The average number of hours per day during which the animal
lay down ir. the several periods was, as shown in Tables 17 and 18:

Period Ia, 3 hours, 12 minutes. > Period Ib, ——.
Period Ila, 7 hours, 47 minutes. Period I16, 2 hours, 17 minutes.
Period Ia, 9 hours, 8 minutes. Period IIIb, 6 hours, 38 minutes.

In view of the very marked influence of standing as compared
with lying upon the metabolism of the animal, as shown in all our
experiments, it is evident that the results of the several periods are
not strictly comparable. Unfortunately, the data available for com-
puting a correction are not fully sufficient, because, although the
variations in the rate at which heat was given off by radiation and
conduction are shown by the records of the experiment, as sum-
marized in Tables 17 and 18, the apparatus does not permit similar
determinations of the rate at which heat was carried off as latent
heat of water vapor.

The best approximation which is available appears to be that
outlined in Bulletin 51 of this Bureau, page 38. This consists in
assuming, on the one hand, that the rate of elimination of water
vapor varied at the same rate as that of the radiation of heat,
and, on the other hand, that it was unaffected by the position
of the animal. It would seem that these two hypotheses may be
fairly regarded as representing the extremes of probable variation,
and if, as appears to be the case, the results when corrected on these
two hypotheses are substantially concordant, we shall be inclined to
regard them as probably correct.

In place of computing the metabolism for the entire twenty-four
hours either standing or lying, as was done in Bulletin 51, we have
preferred in this case to compute the results, on the two hypotheses
above stated, to a uniform period of seven hours passed lying down.
The method of computation may be illustrated by the results of
Period Ia. In this period, as appears from Table 19, the average
rate at which heat was given off by radiation and conduction and
brought out of the calorimeter in the water current was:

Standing, 6.2700 calories per minute.
Lying, 4.4747 calories per minute.

38 THE AVAILABLE ENERGY OF RED CLOVER HAY.

If the animal had lain down for seven hours out of the twenty-
four, the total heat given off through these channels would have
been:

Standing 17 hours, 6.2700 calories X 1,020=6,395.4 calories.
Lying 7 hours, 4.4747 calories X 420=1,879.4 calories.

~ Total 24 hours 8,274.8 calories.

The heat actually carried off as latent heat of water vapor in this
period was 2,320.7 calories, and constituted 21.09 per cent of the
total heat emission. Upon the first hypothesis, then, the total
heat emission would have been:

8,274.8
0.7891

=10,486.4 calories.

Upon the second hypothesis, that of unchanged elimination of
water vapor, the total heat emission would have been:

8,274.8+-2,320.7=10,595.5 calories.

To find the actual heat production, the above figures must be cor-
rected as in Table 21 for the results of the water balance, the cor-
rection in this period being — 93.9 calories. Accordingly the heat
production: computed for Period Ia on the assumption that the
animal lay down for seven hours is:

On the first hypothesis, 10,392.5 calories.
On the second hypothesis, 10,501.6 calories.

Identical computations for the other periods give’ the results
stated in the following table. In the case of Period Ib of course no
data are available for such a computation.

TABLE 35.—Computed heat production—Seven hours lying.

On the sec-

Period. e mY the Ars ond hy-

ayP “| pothesis.

i Calories. | Calories.
TG ay fate 2 ee hee De SE ae ESP PSIG, jee asees Status ete are nese Met a ee AS i aera 10, 392. 0 10, 501. 6
I Re AR en Weer e aes ees aa ie aan ss a nee eke tes SME emia yes Sue ny ne Gree aG | 11, 580.9 11, 545. 5
18 Bo nS eee SMe) yh eee NaI ay Mala ae ae RAD Numan A Mae 5c | 10832 10, 992. 2
WTB 22S L Rog se Bina ule ies pee aleve te cn ayaa sla cb Sean TEE Pare aoa Neate at ap ae NUR 10, 983. 6 11, 043. 2
DDD D Se case eSpace ae ro rete emer De ye 1 a ec PER Ra 10, 826. 7 10, 835. 1

The corresponding (negative) gains by the animal—computed, of
course, from the energy results, since we have no corresponding data
for the carbon and nitrogen balance—would be as shown in the fol-
lowing table, in which the corrections for the brushings and for the
gains of protein have been included in the same manner as in
Table 34:

AVERAGE RESULTS OF ENERGY BALANCES.

TABLE 36.—Computed gains—Seven hours lying.

39

On the sec-
: On the first

Period. . ond hy-

Be | pothe a

Calories. | Calories.
Pare eg ete ay IO ray ea (3S one egg AC LEY SpA May et NE Lie ODMR Ny eet Si hie —4, 489.9 —4, 599.5
VUNG 5B Se en Stes Cae en ae yk Ng AUR i TE — 890.7 = 865.3
LOSCFICee AE AES BRS Va ED ee my ay es a en a wot Oe A en ee de —2, 436.8 | —2, 345.8
JL fay. as 5 es SO A LCV PN NE a ST (AST lee HEL Ue LE eee Mn — 293.4 — 353.0
TOLET MOY eee NN SR he ae aye i eg ae a UD aT a Ee OVS MAIR IN —2, 244.1 —?2, 252.5

x
2)
nu
S
&
8
N
x
S
~
.
S
3
x
x
Q
~
\
=
S
N
aS
S
=~
S
S
~
SS
©

6000 7000 6000 9I000

/0000

METABOLIZABGLE ENERGY (CALORIES)

PERIOD IT

/1/000

DIAGRAM 4.— Average results from energy balances computed to 17 hours’ standing.

The averages of these results compared with the amounts of met-

abolizable energy supplied in the feed are expressed graphically in
Diagram 4 and are computed numerically in the following table,
which includes also the amounts of total and of digested organic
matter consumed by the animal in each period.

40

TaBLeE 37.—Availability of metabolizable energy.

THE AVAILABLE ENERGY OF RED CLOVER HAY.

P On first hypoth- | On second hy- f
: Organic matter. EEE acien pothesis. Average.
Series and period. | —— lizable
Digesti-| energy. ‘ Availa- : Availa : Availa-
Total. mice Gain. bility. Gain. bility Gain. bility
Series a: Grams. | Grams. | Calories.| Calories.| Per ct. | Calories.| Per ct. | Calories.| Per ct
Period III.....] 3,856.0 | 2,407.6 | 8,614.4 |—2, 436.8 |.....--- —2,345.8 |.......- —2,a91. 3° |2-- 22.
Reriodelesss =a. 2,730.3 | 1,712.0 5,922.1 |—4, 489.9 |.....-.- —4, 599.5 |....---- —4, 544.7 [--2222--
Difference...) 1,125.7 695. 6 2,692.3 | 2,053.1 76. 26 2,25. 7 83. 71 2,153. 4 79. 99
Period II......| 4,668.0 | 2,939.0 | 10,690.2 |— 890.7 |.------- = GO SB lecsasacs == O71 84 0) Sees
Period II1..._.| 3,856.0 | 2, 407.6 8,614. 4 |—2, 436.8 |.-.-.--- —2, 345.8) |.2------ rotllea) |escassoc
Difference...| 812.0 | 531.4 2,075.8 | 1,546.1 | 74.48 | 1,480.5) 71.32 | 1,513.3 72.90
Series 6: :
Period II......| 4,668.0 | 2,939.0 | 10,690.2 |— 293.4 |.......- [== -808..0 |2222---- ROVE PAD scene
Period III.....| 3,856.0 | 2, 407.6 8,614.4 ]—2,244.1 |.......- 22025 ONE 2,248.3 |-2222-5-
Difference... 812.0 531.4 | 2,075.8 1, 950. 7 93. 96 i, 899. 5 91. 51 1,925.1 92. 74

It must be admitted that the results as they stand do not appear
especially satisfactory. In particular, the correction to a uniform
period of lying has the effect of destroying the approximate corre-
spondence between the results at different temperatures which was
indicated by Diagrams 2 and 3. The corrected results show appar-
ently a considerably smaller loss by the animal in Period II, at the
lower temperature, than in Period Ila. This result seems unlikely,
and, as already noted, both Periods Ib and IIb were not altogether
satisfactory.

Strictly speaking, the results should be corrected also for differences
in the weight of the animal. Our apparatus does not permit taking the
weight of the animal during the respiration period, but the weight is
taken immediately before entering and immediately after leaving
the calorimeter. If we may assume that the average of the last two
weights before the respiration period and the first two succeeding
it represent approximately the average weight of the animal during
the trial, we have the following as the live weights in the different
periods:

Live weights of anvmal during respiration periods.

Series a. |
i}

Period. Series 6.

Kilograms.| Kilograms.
5

NOES UMD a one araten UDA AE CARL) iy GAN IONs 6 RWI UIA Set WO oe ek (ile 553. 7
TE UR a Ree epi cua anton TOU ayn Ue OMe AMS ai (Moo e as od | ea ee aad 586. 7 576.0
STATE SE 27 eres SPA GIES GIN TAR ipa tac ts OAs CIN NL CRC ER UG le a ONY me eee a | 580. 1 565. 8

It must be remembered, however, that these variations in weight
were doubtless due to a considerable extent to variations in the
amount of material contained in the digestive tract on the different
rations. We can hardly suppose that the actual radiating surface of
the body was materially different in the different periods, although,

HEAT REQUIREMENT OF THE ANIMAL. 41

on the other hand, the metabolism incident to the maintenance of the
standing position would naturally be greater the greater the weight
of the animal, as was indeed found to be the case. Any probable
corrections for the influence of the live weight, however, are so small
as to be insignificant as compared with other sources of error and are
therefore not taken account of in these computations.

HEAT REQUIREMENT OF THE ANIMAL.

If we confine our attention to the results of Series a@ as being on
the whole decidedly more satisfactory than those of Series b, we have
apparently a greater average availability between Periods I and III
than between Periods III and IJ. A similar result was noted in Bul-
letin 51 in the results computed for the lying position. This differ-
ence was there interpreted (page 57) as indicating an indirect utiliza-
tion by the animal of the heat resulting from the digestion and
assimilation of the light ration. This view assumes that at a given
temperature a certain minimum amount of heat is required by the
animal organism to maintain its temperature, and that if this amount
of heat is not produced by the ordinary activity of the internal organs
and the muscles it will be supplied by a direct combustion of food or
tissue for the purpose of heat production. In the case observed in
Bulletin 51 it was believed that when the animal was lying down the
necessary production of heat aside from that resulting from the inges-
tion of food was insufficient to supply the demands of the animal.
On the heavier ration a part only of the heat resulting from the work
of digestion and assimilation was required, in addition to that pro-
duced by the internal work, to supply the demand for heat.. As the
amount of food was decreased, however, a point was reached at which
all the heat produced by digestion and assimilation was required for
this purpose, while with a still smaller amount of food a portion of the
animal tissue had to be metabolized to supply the necessary heat.
At or below this point, then, the entire metabolizable energy of the
food was of use to the animal and the apparent availability became
100 per cent, represented graphically on Diagram III of Bulletin
51 by the dotted lines, making an angle of 45 degrees with the coor-
dinates. It is of some interest to apply the same interpretation to
this experiment and to compare the results obtained with those found
in the previous experiment.

In the experiments of 1901-2 the average live weight of the animal
in Periods A and B, the ones to be compared, was 401.8 kilograms.
The computed heat production, lying, in Period A was:

Onichesinst ay pot Wesisy assesses ah ea epee eye RNY Uh ty 7, 920 calories.
Onithersecon diy po tliesiste sesso Mei nis rin yale main eae as 8, 250 calories.

IA CRA ge Me inNW Ney Se lamin sia cata MEAL ARNE Ses Nos SO CAlOrLeS:

42 THE AVAILABLE ENERGY OF RED CLOVER HAY.

This average amount we may regard as representing the minimum
of heat required by the animal.

In the present experiments the avérage live weight for Periods I
and III was 574.3 kilograms. The heat production in Period Ia,
computed to seven hours lying, was, as previously shown:

On the first ny pothesisies 40) pels a aera 0 nema ates O2RcHlontens
Onithelsecomdyootliesis\ sees eee ae eee 10, 502 calories.
INVICTOO Cie ones See seecels Mae e ope iee tee aman Eee 10, 447 calories.

which we may regard as being the minimum required for the older and
larger animal.

It seems to be fairly well established that the requirement of the
animal body for heat is substantially proportional to its surface, or,
what is approximately the same thing, to the two-thirds power of its
volume or weight. On this hypothesis we can compute from the
observed results the probable minimum requirement of an animal
weighing 500 kilograms as follows:

Experiment of 1901-2.
500
401.8

500
401.8

to

On the first hypothesis, 7,920 calories X( =9, 163 calories.

On the second hypothesis, 8,250 calories x ( $=9, 545 calories.

INVOIIS® oo ccocce ste ys osr eb scsse sess caesees4 9, 354 calories.
Experiment of 1903-4.

OOO IN a lane an
Baas =9, 478 calories.

500
574.3

On the first hypothesis, 10,395 calories X

2
On the second hypothesis, 10,503 calories ( 3—9 576. calories.

GINS OT OE eee a Ulery 1h lO Sa aye ae a 9,527 calories.

The close agreement of these figures seems to support strongly the
view advanced above, namely, that on the lighter ration of Period
I the animal was consuming its own tissue for heat production and
that up to a point between this and the ration of Period III the food
would show an apparent availability of 100 per cent. In other
words, we conclude that the availability would be represented approx-
imately by the dotted line in Diagram 4. The point at which the
relation changes is indicated on the diagram at X, and could, of course,
be computed numerically by the methods of analytical geometry.

If this interpretation of the results is correct, the loss of tissue in
Period Id, at 13.5° C., should be greater than in Period Ia, at 19° C.,
and, as a matter of fact, that appears to be the tendency, although the
results are uncertain. On the same hypothesis the losses in Periods
II and III should be the same at both temperatures. Such an

MAINTENANCE REQUIREMENT OF THE ANIMAL. 43

equality was observed in Period III, but not in Period TI. In the
latter, as already noted, the loss, computed for seven hours lying,
was less at the lower than at the higher temperature.

MAINTENANCE REQUIREMENT OF THE ANIMAL.

Another method of comparing the results of the two experiments
is to compute the maintenance requirement of the animal for a uni-
form weight of, say, 500 kilograms. The maintenance requirement
may be defined as the amount of food which supplies sufficient avail-
able energy to make good the losses incident to the vital activities
of the animal. Owing to the varying degree of availability of differ-
ent foods, the total weight of food—or the total metabolizable
energy—required will vary with the feeding stuff used. The main-
tenance requirement, therefore, is most logically expressed in terms
of available energy, and its amount will be found graphically by
producing the line representing the availability of the food until it
intersects the vertical axis. The distance from the origin to this
point of intersection will represent the maintenance requirement in
terms of available energy, or, in other words, it will be the theoretical
fasting metabolism of the animal at the given temperature. Per-
forming the same operation arithmetically, we have, on the basis of
the average results of Period Ila, the following:

(10,690 calories X 0.729)-+-878 calories=8,671 calories, maintenance requirement.

For the experiments of 1901-2 the computation is not so simple,
because the rations employed contained in each case 400 grams of
linseed meal, a material whose net available energy has not yet been
determined. Its utilizable energy (production value), however,
compared with that of maize, as computed by the use of Kellner’s
factors®, is:

100 pounds linseed meal=78,929 calories.
100 pounds maize=88,847 calories.

If we assume that the net available energy of the two materials
is proportional to their utilizable energy, we may compute the net
available energy of linseed meal per kilogram of dry matter from
that of maize, as given in the first table on page 40 of Bulletin 74 of
this Bureau, as follows:

78,929

2.679 calories X ge aay

2.381 calories per gram of dry matter.

@ Pennsylvania Experiment Station Bulletin 71 (revised), page 16.

44 THE AVAILABLE ENERGY OF RED CLOVER HAY.

Upon this assumption the maintenance requirement of the animal
in Periods A and B of the experiment of 1901-2 would be as follows:

TABLE 38.—Computation of maintenance requirement according to experiment of 1901-2.

| Net avail- | Net avail-
Diy DIsiEeH syle energy|able energy

‘ "| per gram. | of ration.

Period A: i Grams. | Calories. | Calories.
IB IE NiAs ser eee ere eran na aie area Wilts AED er Goo nso he babe obeae 2, 879.5 | 1. 268 3, 652
Thiniseed meal wie. ae as aes wine Nee eeu ae ee Eee gene 357.8 | 2. 381 852
IOss trom body.) ses ee po Ae aE ea Bch cay cy crt [Se Pe ee 2,578
Mialiart eran COE tial ee eet pe rere pees eee ede | Smee meee 7,082

Period B: |

Ue yg aera tae DP ere a cn eee icyeber de LT eg Ao nel Aan Re ea ae 4,018.0 1. 268 5, 097
Meimiseed sree Si eR 5 2 cee ee ete ee ee Oe re ey 354.7 | 2. 381 » 845
MOSS TLOMED OM Sas Ba ee heey see oe ess gertare ae Chet ee epee Vvehe pee Seer bes eee ee 791
Moajinben'ances ssc hase. oem eee ee ee ate SOS Ss PML SE hee Neperemec Bye ee rete A 6, 733
AQYTCRURS MANTA NOD. sa So caccasausosodooqnsoosodcoseacsuansossca0n Regret Stream ene | Ss hac Roe te 6, 908

The time spent standing in the experiment of 1901-2 was, on the
average of Periods A and B, fifteen hours. This does not differ suffi-
ciently from the seventeen hours to which the results of 1903-4 have
been computed to render a correction necessary for the purposes of
the present approximate comparison. The reduction of the above
figures to a live weight of 500 kilograms gives the following results:

2
pea 3 —7 894 calories.

2
Experiment of 1901-2, 6,908 ealoriesX (451-8 3 —7,992 calories.

Experiment of 1903-4, 8,671 calories x (

We find, then, that if we assume that the results obtained by com-
paring Periods II and III represent the true availability of the clover
hay, and that the divergent results obtained by the comparison of
Periods III and I can be explained in the manner just detailed, we
obtain results which are closely concordant with those of earlier
experiments both as to the minimum requirements of the animal for
heat and as to the amount of available energy required for mainte-
nance. In spite, therefore, of the somewhat unsatisfactory nature
of the experiment there seems good reason to believe that the avail-
ability of the metabolizable energy of the clover hay was in the
neighborhood of 73 per cent, and that the much lower figure obtained
in the previous year’s experiment was erroneous. The latter con-
clusion is further strengthened by computing in the same way from
the results of that experiment the maintenance requirement of the
animal in terms of available energy. A computation similar to that
used above gives as a result, for the live weight of 500 kilograms,
5,907 calories. This result is so much lower than those computed
from the other two experiments as to be almost certainly erroneous
and indicates that for some reason the loss by the animal in Period
IT of the experiment in 1903 was overestimated.

DISTRIBUTION OF ENERGY OF VARIOUS

DISTRIBUTION OF ENERGY.

FEEDS.

45

Using the above corrected figure for the availability of clover hay,
we may derive the following corrected figures for the percentage dis-
tribution of the energy of several feeds which were tabulated on pages

44 to 46

of Bulletin 74:

e

TABLE 39.—Percentage distribution of total energy.

Timothy Clover | Meadow | Maize

hay. hay. hay. meal.
Per cent. | Per cent.| Per cent.| Per cent.
TER TIRBOS GaSb Sas Aa COSCO CO SEE e ae: CAE DEERE Cae oie a a ane 48. 90 40. 96 40. 96 9.18
IITA TGR es ope ey sey tee St eee ere AP SICH ECR AAS oe 3.06 | 6.81 5.71 3.83
Mirra e Gaara @ Bec geet os es ear Ces teene nce We a i ae 3.79 5.95 6.77 9.31
Expended in digestion and assimilation..........--..--.----- 16. 41 12. 49 27.28 { 17.23
Expended in tissue formation..................-.-.----------- 13.10 39 79 : 19.06
Stonedrasjzaimibycamimia lessee sees eee ese aces = ince oe 14.74 |fo 19.28 41.39
100. 00 100. 00 100.00 100. 00
Xvallab leon milan ema cen ss sateen ee eee i 27.84 Bosh Oh ee 60. 45

Tasue 40.—Percentage distribution of energy of digested matter.

Timothy| Clover | Meadow | Maize

hay. hay. hay. meal.
Per cent.| Per cent.| Per cent. | Per cent.
Va) (URIS 8 OSs See Bese rel ee ane ea ONS Pea a/R UL Ae 6.00 11.53 9. 66 4.22
LTR THEY NETO Be GEOR RN A ene ee En ONUE Be Bey mn er te eee a 7.42 10.08 11.57 10. 25
In digestion and assimilation..................-.-.-2---.----- 32.10 21.15 | 46 ogl 18. 97
IMEGISSUeH ONMa GTO ye eeren cee ceases ee laa Seer RAE 25. 64 57 45 J : 20.99
Sioredtaste aime iy yer se ene ie baat SS WU Lea i a uh N Ts mish allies 28. 84 ae \} 32.69 45.57
100.00 100.00 100.00 | 100.00
Availablerormaincenanceas sess essa a5 eee ee eases eee 54. 49 Oil | escssoose 66.55

The same results may also be computed in calories per unit of dry

matter, using the percentages of the above tables as coefficients.
The total or gross energy of the materials, taking in case of timothy
hay, clover hay, and maize meal the average of the two general sam-

ples, was

as follows:

TaBuE 41.— Total or gross energy of materials.

Per kilo-

\ Per kilo- | gram di-

gram dry | gested or-

matter. ganic

matter.

Calories. Calories.
BRITTO Lye Way een puee Ma eatery caper iu tee ata Sil Pu ect MBAS Ae et eee cialis AS AG EAS a sk 4,554 @ 4, 382
(OH ONVGLEINE RS SOS ey lee eather) ee IEDR SEL sesh Sse arn a af re a yd 4, 492 b 4, 476
IMiaiiiz Cyan ea IE Serie baer ah gers pix ors iSieeUS Dee eye ete) Nn Brats ciate oi egays ron ci cwiciea stele aN 4, 431 c 4,327
Germankm ead oweliaiyeetrs seep oes Nace atest cera et eee eva wom ele 4, 413 4, 437

a Preliminary period, steer No. 1.

b Average of Periods I and IT.

e Average of Periods III and IV.

On this basis have been computed the figures of the tables follow-
ing, showing the total energy per kilogram of dry matter and its dis-
tribution in accordance with the percentage figures already given.

46

TaBLe 42.—Energy per kilogram of total dry matter.

THE AVAILABLE ENERGY OF RED CLOVER HAY.

Timothy) Clover | Meadow} Maize

| hay. hay. hay. meal.
Calories. |.Calories.| Calories. | Calories.
THO StH MPLE CES His Heiress GON ine Rap MU raaikertny Ute iy Sh Read TROL ag DBP) 1,840 1,807 407
MO SG TW ATT Oe a NSLS UY APOE ERs RATA UG Gt NM ee nage 139 306 252 170
ostinime thane ola Ne eae OU ie ae alge a aie SO eee ere es 173 267 299 413
Expended in digestion and assimilation.....-.-...-.--------- 747 561 \ 1,20 4 763
Expended in tissue formation................-..-------------- 597 || 4 rg { g 844
Storedhals’e ain Some ORE Ee ey NG Oe Se ae ete Gril If 2" 851 1,834
CABG 62) Lents gh Sk Spe Ot fee We erin ALN MEL Mao Heal OTA 4, 554 4, 492 4, 413 4, 431
Availableformaintenances 442022 oes. essere emereee| 1, 268 IONS oes ssecos 2, 679

Tasie 43.—Energy per kilogram of digestible organic matter.

Timothy; Clover | Meadow | Maize

' hay. hay. hay. meal.
Calories.| Calories.| Calories.| Calories.
TeOSbeimas tamebTe se eee ee NN SN Ae ee oo albu ie oS Ne 262 516 429 183
Tostaingme Giiain epee Sidi) lv ic ed RARE ai reer nhe eeye eeS es 325 451 513 443
Expended in digestion and assimilation.......-...-...----.-. 1, 407 947 1. 5 0 45! 821
Expended in tissue formation....._.._-._.....__+.._-....-..2.. 1,124 2 562! Himes oo cel 908
SCORCH ASI a TINS ase SL eae See ge ee I eth oe Nae Br are 1, 264 a al 1, 450 1,972
MOC alee celsGoe A BNNs elle Sie aaa esa ey Mea es ak ter NLS 4, 382 4, 476 1, 437 4,327
Available tor maim btemancewe cae: eee eel oro eines oan 2,388 2562: Nee naraete 2, 880

Taking the figures for timothy hay as unity, the relative values of

these four feeding stuffs are as follows:

Tape 44.— Relative values.

Per kilogram total
dry matter.
Feed.

Per kilogram
digestible organic
matter.

For main-| For fat-

For main-| For fat-

tenance. | tening. | tenance. | tening.
Timo Gh yph ety se ese seen A RED Sethe Gay Ge RSS UL ee gl 1.00 1.00 1.00 1,90
clover Hay SP go RPL ANY APACE SUBS ge DCA aR LU 9 Gk alae wa TIPO ie Nera es 05 0 Zig | eee
LOW; TDA aes eed sr tN ec a ate HA rand 2a) a UF aye a a ae I ( a aE GL Sl eae
Misi ze GaSe AM ie lie Uae AAG BAN ie nS UCU SNe ese 2.11 2.713 1.21 1.56

APPENDIX.

TaBLe I.—Live weight, water drunk, and excreta of animal fed on clover hay.

[For 24 hours ended at 6. p. m. on date given.]

Period and Live | Water . Period and - Live | Water :
- date. weight. | drunk. Heces. Urine. date. weight. | drunk IBEee | (Ol mume se
a i}
Period I. || Period II—Con.
Jan., 1904. Kilos Kilos. .|| Feb., 1904—Con.| Kilos kilos. \|Grams.| Grams.
2 j 0.0 | AUS Sapa 567.6 | 22.1 10,709 | 7,798
28.6 A As yeh Pas | 565.1 | 21.8 9,324 | 5,977
8.0 ST SEU es Rte 573. 4 | 14.0 10,645 | 8,278
22.2 16 b 577.6 CUS OMe [Sean || Soeceee
OR Open eee ear ewe allt hel sins ee CID Oooo cee 8,815 | 7,753
QTE SMe A ae ete aye Rs kat I esas Bess Weal MNT By Mg 25. 67 9,711 | 5, 484
PALS) Apr ete Ses nae ee a | Ife yes et ees Boe d579.3 | 14. 46 8,806 | 5,305
ae ee ae ae ea |e Sra | IG ee Ae 574.8 | 15. 60 8,100 | 6. 452
ASTM A GIANNA ac oa AL ARO Galley SEM een As aon y cya 97,807 | 65,796
COS) es ee lat ee Spilled in calo-
Reeves 2 ey BINS OSTiTC IIR iat Biueter Feb.
Thee} SHOOOE pi AROS Iau Ulery spere eet IRA Sten lgh at a ala) ei 4p hayes
-76 5,940 | 3,125 spilled in stall
23.9 5,425 | 4,803 Ie Joy eee cosplay eee yal einen aN SEB We ssoccee
24.6 5,335 | 11,635 || Spilled a calo-
8.5 6,042 | 10,002 Tne ter Feb.
9.5 SODAS TOS AS 2 ie tills es mele path lla ME UN eae O82 Meare
ORR a eee Oia teres eat) | spilled in stall
eis Na 5,746 | 6,861 EY Gg ones es ae a eS Crh eepeee
3.554 | 6,172 | 3,724 || Transition pe-
11.895 | 6,609 | 2,705 riod:
25.8 4,075 | 4,650 Feb. 21... EA LOAN PAPA Motel Bares eure yk tie
| | | 22 Sate POOR S ya | iane wee NRE ae
WOU ocaslnssssecdclescsoosel| Geb GRA |) Geman] DB os EB ty) Ppa ee ee ee allecscoene
Spilled in calo- | 24. IH By MO): ose snoealesoocasc
rimeter Jan. | Dae ue SSG PUA aster eee eke valle ere eet ae
Tees SAG Orie tl sere ee ea] beets ae 109. 1 95. 85 26. P| CEH: alls saeeel suob bene
Dung from |
GIO Vanissa ee SSO ease se Period ITI.
Spilled in stall |
Deets ANG} 4 SB aha ea a ee ke 1.2 | 230.96 || Feb., 1904.
Spilled in calo- : PAL a a ap | 690.5 | 17.2
gInG ESE Jan. L PA is Orsi A a 585.7 | 12.9
FoCO CUS He Sa Seeo Beata aerate 25.1 39. 35 nO Se eiane eee 579.7 | 15.0
spied | in stall Mar., 1904.
JEDIT PPP} sh hes eel 36. 6 I oat as HOO) le os sodcllbesaooes
meetin pe- De ER cies Oe Ne casecoulbeacosac
riod: | Cee aes Oc ese sesullbesdobde
JaMazosecee PLO MN UOLO Cisse eee el es oear ale LAS dee EVs al Meo Neeeeees esd eecee
DAN aCe SOOT AG LOR Sia aud eee atresia ceaNbe Dear Ne aye fetes Nerds con esr eee lo somoe
Psa 55 STU OP EL GWA alias hen NENT GC ae Mer EVES PREY eae aut See
26nae AG fe) 4 Wd hitss SM eee eae ee seee pices ie eles SYN PAO eae cal Ge se cao
Dey. EVANS AAU SO aU ae hc a a 8 (ORPLO| CREO Nene ee ee al ce oo
28 ee SOAR So EZ On Oley al eves asl espeeps etre RAS NGAUS) SSH (Ua aera ae A ae
29 OAL OM TA Oyo lene ters Kaela Qiao eee cee Uae 5.205 | 7,306 | 4,770
= | il eres eae 2583.6 | 16.020 | 6,504} 4,697
Period Il. | | a ese 573.8 | 1.4 8,082 | 5,287
DRA Ree terete 560. 2 | 22.2 7,768 | 4,735
Jan., 1904. Tipe usiee teed 569.8 | 7.8 7,810 | 4, 452
SOA Ere OT Sai else O heal eeeslopeereen |e tea aay a Te ese ene 564.2 | 16.1 7,710 | e[3, 097]
Se ee a aaa Ge EOC HIMAGs en eel Meee weno Aaa ieee aa O41 | Meee 6,392 | 4,707
Feb., 1904 | GT eneare ROE UU eae 18.100 | 8,449 | 4, 657
ARE E NE hte GOOD A ONO} LO as ga ee SUZ Neila a d@ 569.2 | 11.200 | 7,385 | 4,735
SUN Sa a Fi GLE Za neal a aS TSN ee 562.2 | 14.4 8,287 | 5,038
Se eRe ap SAM Oil 2 ee oily tre ae Ue Se |
Ae einen ae gy Oa INE Gy Ml eee sere Soe SUN Ost Vea ee es on ph ey Ue 75,693 | 46,175
epee eye (ears ESOS oh INGE 2] ae ha lee ee Spilled in calo-
(jae eee ae DS Aero Waar Srna ome ere eet yore rete Mar.
Ueacesee nee EXO). | GILG AO) so ta Se es ep SIR A HN CDS) Oe UN be pitae Laser eee SOOM see scce
Stroh ae tO) Whe A ead onellbaeodses spilled in stall
9 1 OO Tear erates a yaies feeHHe lo ( IBN aa el Se 441
heels eile ¢§84.5) 15.4 }........|........|| Spilled in calo-
i pete oy eps [ieee pasate 11.952 | 12,165 | 5,446 rimeter Mar.
alee @ 587.1.) 17.470 | 10,807 | 5,825 aL Re eects ae Hedbeooses|edcadeas AM Oles sees
Te eer Bald 578.1 | 12.1 8,725 7, 468 |

a Including wash water.
b Taken at 7.30 a. m.

¢ Taken at 1p. m.

d Taken at 6 p.m
e Small loss of urine.

4q

48

THE AVAILABLE ENERGY OF RED CLOVER HAY.

TaBLE II.—Composition of dry matter of feces.

Constituents and Period Period Period Constituents and Period Period | Period
energy. i Il. Il. energy. I. Il. iG
Per cent.| Per cent.| Per cent. _Per cent.| Per cent. | Per cent.
INS aS ae arate ate 10. 03 10. 88 10.99 |) Total nitrogen .... 2. 28 2.24 2.24
Protein (N X 6.25) - 14. 25 14. 06 14.01 || Proteid nitrogen -- 2.06 2.06 1. 97
Crude fiber_.......-- 32. 90 31.95 33. 86 || Carbon.....-....-- 48. 29 48. 03 47.94
Nitrogen - free ex- Hydrogen........- 5.07 6.15 6. 23
[RICKOLRS renin 5 atoms 39. 56 39. 91 38. 21 Calories | Calories | Calories
Ether extract ...-- 3. 26 3. 20 2. 93 per gram.| per gram. per gram.
Heat ofcoémbustion| 4,770.4 | 4,707.0 4,711. 4
100. 00 100. 00 100. 00
TasLe II1.—Digestibility of rations.”
On Nitro-
aah Ash, | ganic | Pro- N aa Crude ite ues Nitro-| Car- | Ener-
ter. i ats teids. piaw fiber. as llamnor.|| fees bon. gy.
er tract
Period I. Grms.| Grms.| Grms.|Grms. |Grms.| Grms.| Grms.| Grms.| Grms.| Grms. | Cals.
ayes sees a Ee a 2,933.3) 203.0)2, 730.3) 355.2) 39.6] 834.8/1, 403.0 97.7 65.2) 1, 366. 1/13, 170.7
IC COSH aes so ae eee 1,131.9} 115.6/1,018.3) 161.4)._.__- 372.6) 448.2 36.9 25.9 547.0) 5,403.3
| |
Digested. -..-.--- /1, 801.4 89. 4/1, 712.0; 1938.8) 39.6) 462.2) 954.8 60.8 39.3 819.1) 7, 767.4
Coefficient,p.ct.| 61.41) 44.04) 62.70) 54.56)100.00) 55.37) 68.05) 62.24) 60.36 59.96 58.97
Period Il.
15 IP ioes ee an ae e oe 5,025.3) 357.3)/4,668.0) 594.0) 81.9]1,408.1/2,411.1) 172.9) 112.5) 2,323. 7/22, 557.7
ECCS ee aa vy Metso 1,940.1) 211.1)1,729.0) 272.8)...__- 619.9) 774.2 62.1 43.5 931.8] 9, 132.0
Digested. .:--..- 3,085.2) 146.2/2,939.0) 321.2) 81.9] 788.2)1,636.9] 110.8 69.0) 1, 391. 9/13, 425.7
Coefficient,p.ct-| 61.39) 40.92) 62.96) 54.08 100.00 55.97) 67.90) 64.08 61.37 59. 89 59.51
Period II.
IRA geeae ere oe eer een: 4,189.1} 283.1)3,856.0) 490.1) 60.0)1, 198.0)1, 974.2} 138.7 91.2) 1,911.0)18, 535.1
HE CES ee este eee 1,627.2) 178.8)1,448.4) 228.0).....- 551. 0 621.7 47.7 36.4 980.0} 7, 666.1
Digested. ...-.- 2,511.9} 104.3)/2,407.6) 262.1) 60.0) 642.01, 352.5 91.0 54.8) 1,131.0/10, 869.9
Coefficient,p.ct.| 60.68) 36.83) 62.43) 53.48/100.00) 53.81) 68.51} 65.62) 60.08) 59.18 58. 64
TasLe IV.—Results on urine (inclusive of wash water).
Aver- Energy.
age aaa
Period. Weight.) specific] Total nitrogen.| Total carbon. Rernilos p
gray- al Total.
ity. 8 ‘
Period I.
Grams Per ct.| Grams.) Per ct.| Grams. | Calories.| Calories.
Movalicollected@es= she tyes OP WEY) tee sek oe 0.813 | 507. 53 ISSA ten Palo Chane sala sens hoc
Daily average (10 days) ....--- AMS 7 |) HOBIE) oe sods 50 0 Nocdeescks 112.15 167.6 | 1,046. 40
Period TI. . |
Motaltcollected eee eee eee Gos9Ginal Ess 2c 1.050 | 690.5 2HOO0 108 feO Nn Eee ees leicine Sasiee
Daily average (10 days) ....--- 6, 579.6 | 1.0411 |.-.-.--- 69NO55 | Baseee ee 168. 76 231. 4 1, 522. 25
Period ITI.
Motalicollectedee esas ae eee MONGIG Wee 1.299 | 605.5 SOE OH CARO), Wie ok see aalesecosoce=
Daily average (10days) ....-.. 4,661.6 | 1.0432 |......2- GOS G8) ecessese 141. 80 267.5 1, 247.16

APPENDIX.

TABLE V.—Residual air.

49

Weight. Corre- AS Total in
: sponding Total ole 4g | chamber.
bo volume at | Ume © So
a sample | ~°
= : 0° and 760 ns :
"g ‘ od iain reduced. | ag ro
eal Seana g : ge g
Period. 2) H 2 ) 1 eo, 2)
Hw oO 4} “4 4 1 oO ot
° 2 8 uo} ke) qd O65 ue}
@ Pos Bay eo ei alheks ed |8a| | 8
SCR ene eh ea tel esos GS EEN) ale
a A q a H Be OS ae ears |) Ss
a Gs} (3) 3 3S uw n oo Ss 3
foley eis | Sys Ws fay ears BS
Period Ia. : ‘

f Liters) Mm.| °C. | Gms.| Gms. | Ltters| Liters| Liters| Liters Liters| Gms.|Gms.
At end of preliminary run... 25/718. 44) 15. 6/0. 1104/0. 1064/ 0.14) 0.05) 22. 24) 22.38/10, 753) 53.04/51. 12
At end of subperiod 1......-. 25/710. 29} 19.0) . 1003) . 1066 12} .05) 21. 89} 22.01/10, 759) 49. 03)52. 11
At end of subperiod 2.....-.- 25/701. 80} 20. 2) . 1088) . 1020 14, .05) 21. 55) 21. 69/10, 646) 53. 40/50. 07
At end of subperiod 3......-. 25)701. 56] 19. 6) . 1034) .0999 13) .05) 21. 58] 21.71/10, 636) 50. 66)48. 94
At end of subperiod 4.....--- 25/705. 37] 19.1) .1041) . 1122 13}. 06) 21.75} 21.88/10, 687| 50. 84/54. 80

Period IIa.
|
At end of preliminary run... 25/723. 33} 17.0) .1129) .1211 14). 06) 22. 46) 22. 60/10, 917) 54. 54/58. 50
At end of subperiod 1..----..- | 25)724. 72! 17.6) .1218) .1103 15) 06) 22. 46) 22. 61/10, 941) 58. 94/53. 37
At end of subperiod 2....-..- 25/724. 17) 18.2) . 1169) . 1198 15) =. 06) 22.39) 22. 54/10, 944) 56. 76)58. 17
At end of subperiod 3....-.-- 25/723. 97) 18. 4| .1156) . 1096 14) .06) 22.37] 22. 51/10, 945) 56. 21/53. 29
Atend of subperiod 4.....--- 25/720. 98) 19.2) . 1159) .1142 14 - 06) 22. 22) 22.36/10, 911) 56. 55/55. 72
Period IITa.
At end of preliminary run...) 25/706. 43] 18.8) . 1093) . 1046 14; =. 05) 21.79) 21.93/10, 693) 53.30/51. 00
At end of subperiod 1.-.-..-. 25/710. 71} 16.8} .1114) . 1010 14} .05) 22.07) 22. 21/10, 726) 53. 80/48. 78
At end of subperiod 2...--..- 25/713. 05] 17.3) .1169) .1111 14; =. 06) 22.12) 22. 26/10, 766) 56. 54/53. 73
At end of subperiod 3...-.-..- 25/717. 18) 17.2) . 1189) . 1010 15} .05) 22.27) 22. 42/10, 825) 57. 41/48. 76
At end of subperiod 4.....-. 25|712. 37] 18.9] .1173} . 1090 15} =. 05) 21.97) 22.12/10, 778) 57. 16/53. 11
Period Ib.
At end of preliminary run... 25/731. 04} 13.2) .0832) .1106) .10) 06) 23.00) 23.10/11, 254) 40. 53/53. 88
At end of‘subperiod 1-.----.- | 25|724. 46] 16.0) .0657} .1066) .08) .05} 22. 56) 22. 64/11, 198) 32. 50)52. 73
At end of subperiod 2... --.-- | 25|719. 80] 15.6) .0900) . 1087 11} =. 05) 22. 45} 22. 56)11, 068) 44. 16/53. 33
At end of subperiod 3.-..-.-- | 25717. 81) 14.6) .O867) .1117 11 . 06) 22. 47) 22. 58/11, 028) 42.34/54. 55
At end of subperiod 4...-.-. 25|713. 40) 16.0} . 0856) . 1088 11 . 05] 22. 22) 22. 33/10, 979| 42. 09/53. 49
Period IIb.
At end of preliminary run... 25/720. 25] 14.1) .0715) . 1081) 09} = .05) 22.58) 22. 67\11, 068) 34. 91150. 34
At end of subperiod 1...--.- | 25|720. 49] 18.0) .1165, .1121 14) .06) 22.29) 22. 43/10, 959) 56. 92 54. 77
At end of subperiod 2...-..-- i 25/724. 84! 15.6, .0921| .1152 11 .06; 22.61) 22.72/11, 143) 45. 17/56. 50
At end of subperiod 3...--.-- 25|725. 20| 16.2) .0961) .1171| 12! .06} 22.58) 22. 70/11, 142) 47.17/57. 48
At end of subperiod 4.....-. 25|722. 80) 16.8) .0933) . 1130) 12} .06} 22. 46] 22. 58/11, 128) 45: 98/55. 69
Period IIIb. | |
| |
At end of preliminary run... 25/712. 67} 15.7) .0830) . 1043, 10} .05} 22.22) 22. 32/10, 954) 40. 73/51. 19
At end of subperiod 1.....-.. 25/715. 66) 19.1) .0771) 0980) 10, . 05) 22. 05) 22. 15/11, 051) 38. 46/48. 90
At end of subperiod 2.-..--. | 25/721. 80] 16.6) .0879) . 1047) 11}. 05} 22. 43) 22.54/11, 084) 43. 22/51. 49
At end of subperiod 3....-.-- 25/726. 14) 15.6) .1054) . 1065) 13) =. 05} 22. 65) 22. 78)11, 143} 51. 56/52. 10
At end of subperiod 4.....-- | 25/719. 79] 17.5, .0981) . 1156) 12) .06| 22.31) 22. Tange 48. 45/57. 09
; | | |

aCorrected for tension of aqueous vapor. The air in the aspirator is assumed to be saturated.

50 THE AVAILABLE ENERGY OF RED CLOVER HAY.
TasBLeE VI.— Ventilation.
P Average Reduced
ae Volume Average Ganctinn ail Average | alkataa oi Sample Methane | Volume of
eriod. | at meter | barome- aqueous tempera- mater of seid eee eu ene
| 5 ter. ¥ t : ir. 6 air, 5
| pump er vapor. ure pump, dry. ual air uced. air, dry
Period Ia. |
Liters. Mm. Mm. XL Liters. - Liters. Liters. Liters.
Subperiod 1....-- 454, 412 726.6 1.66 16.8 408, 344. 4 21.89 48.61 408, 317.6
Subperiod 2.....- 462, 239 722.0 1.20 18.0 411, 279.9 21.55 43.44 411, 258.0
Subperiod 3... --- 463, 428 718.8 1.09 18.0 | 410, 587.3 21.58 50.78 410, 588. 1
Subperiod 4..._.- 463, 923 719.9 1.13 18.2 411, 347.4 21.75 51. 26 411, 317.9
Period Ila.
Subperiod 1.....- 471, 503 739.0 1.75 15.3 433, 076.6 22. 46 58.79 433, 040.3
Subperiod 2...__. 488, 990 740.9 1.50 16.3 448, 937.8 22.39 78.03 448, 882.2
Subperiod 3... --- 488, 247 739.9 1.48 15.5 448. 887.4 22.37 ~ 71.99 448, 837.7
Subperiod 4.....- 487, 949 739.0 1.60 17.8 444, 520.9 22.22 47.60 444, 495.6
Period ITTa.
Subperiod 1...... 488, 147 724.3 1/69 16.6 437, 473.2 22.07 52. 46 437, 442.8
Subperiod 2..__.. 493, 993 727.3 2.37 16.6 444, 206.9 22.12 63.77 444, 165.2
Subperiod 3...._. 495, 677 730.6 2.04 15.3 450, 045.0 22.27 46.95 450, 020.3
Subperiod 4....-- 498, 936 731.8 1.68 15.5 453, 543.0 21.97 51.23 453, 513.8
Period Ib. J
Subperiod 1.._... 453, 669 740. 4 1.31 12.4 422, 112.0 22.56 47.47 422, 087.0
Subperiod 2...... 459, 415 735.4 1.02 14.0 422, 288.6 22. 45 43.50 422. 267.6
Subperiod 3...... 453, 719 MV 1.10 14.3 414, 500. 4 22.47 48.18 414, 474.7
Subperiod 4..__.. 454, 164 728.4 1.00 14.6 412, 627.8 22. 22 43.33 412, 606.7
Period IIb.
Subperiod 1...... 487, 850 734.5 1.50 14.2 | 447,273.2 22.29 36. 92 447, 258.6
Subperiod 2...... 491, 863 (32 1.00 15.1 451, 481.2 22.61 41.28 451, 462.0
Subperiod 3... -.. 487, 751 738.6 1.10 13.6 450, 851.2 22.58 58. 41 450, 815.3
Subperiod 4... ._- 492,110 737.5 -98 14.1 453, 460.5 22. 46 26.84 453, 456.1
Period ITIb. ,
Subperiod 1.....-| 498, 006 729.1 1.77 15.1 | 451,671.8 22.05 45.17 451, 648.6
Subperiod 2-.._.. 498, 848 734.4 2.35 15.4 454, 774.7 * 22.43 58.57 454, 738.6
Subperiod 3...... 493,745 738.0 1.60 14.1 | 454,942.9 22.65 59. 79 454, 905.8
Subperiod 4...... | 496,321 737.9 1.45 15.4} 455,316.7 22.31 64.31 455, 274.7

APPENDIX.

TasLe VII.—Ingoing air.

51

| Re-_ | Vol- | Total :
| wan: duced | ume |volume Hetio
ae Ba- | Tem-|2Spira-| of | of sam-|° ieee
Period. read-| rome-|pera-| Or | car- | ple re- st aD
ee ter.a | ture.| Tead- | bon | duced UE
ing. ing, |diox-| ana |ventila
| Glave RG || Gh, ||, OS
|
Period Ta. |
|Liters| Mm. | °C. | Liters. |Liters| Liters. il§
Subperiod 1-...--.- -|} 200) 711.1! 20.4) 174.12) 0.05} 174.17; 2,344. 4
Subperiod 2......--- | 200} 700.2) 21.6) 170.76). .05} 170.81) 2, 407.7
Subperiod 3......--- 200} 703.0} 21.2) 172.25) .05| 172.30} 2,382.8
Subperiod 4........- 200} 706.5} 20.6) 172.87) .05) 172.92) 2,378.7
Period Ila.
Subperiod 1......--- 200} 725.7) 19.2) 178.43) .05) 178. 48) 2, 426.3
Subperiod 2_.....-.- 200) 724.7! 19.6) 177.95 -05} 178.00) 2,521.8
Subperiod 3...-.---- 200) 726.5) 20.0) 178.14 -05| 178.19} 2,518.9
Subperiod 4_...----- 200) 722.7} 20.8) 176.72 -05) 176.77) 2,514.5
Period IIIa.
Subperiod 1...------ 200) 710.2) 18.8) 174.84 .05| 174.89) 2,501.3
Subperiod 2......... 200) 712.2) 18.6) 175. 47 =05} 175. 52) 2,530.6
Subperiod 3. ------.- 200) 718.6} 18.2) 177.28 -05| 177.33) 2,537.8
Subperiod 4...-..--- 200) 714.4) 20.4) 174.92 -05| 174.97] 2,592.0
Period Ib.
Subperiod 1222-22: 200) 726.2) 17.4) 179.66 .06| 179.72) 2,348.6
Subperiod 2........- 200; 720.3) 17.0, 178. 44 .06; 178. 50) 2,365.6
Subperiod 3..--.---- 200) 718.1) 15.4] 178.89 - 06) 178.95) 2,316. 2
Subperiod 4..-__---- | 200) 714.4 17.2) 176.86 .05| 176.91] 2,332.3
Period fIb.
Subperiod 1......--- 200) 722.3) 19.4) 177. 47 -05} 177.52) 2.519. 5
Subperiod 2.......-- 200) 724.5) 16.4) 179.85 -05| 179.90} 2,509.5
Subperiod 3....-.-.- 200) 726.6) 18.0) 179.39 -05) 179. 44] 2.512. 4
Subperiod 4......--- 200) 724.3) 17.8) 178.95 -05} 179.00) 2,533.3
Period IIIb.
Subperiod 1....---.- 200! 718.7) 20.4) 175.99 - 05) 176.04) 2,565.6
Subpertod 2_-.-....- 200} 722.0} 16.6) 179.10 .05} 179.15} 2,538.3
Subperiod 3.....---- 200! 726.8) 17.4) 179.80 - 05} 179.85) 2,529. 4
Subperiod 4...--.--- 200; 720.8) 19.0! 177.34 .05} 177.39] 2,566.5
i

Water.

Carbon diox-

id.
| | -|In to-
In sam-2 total Insam-, tl
FL Galas || ORO rats, || Sete
| lation. tila-
tion.
Gram. | Grams.| Gram. | Gms.
0.0927; 217.3 | 0.1064) 294.4
. 0622) 149.8 - 1092} 262.9
0646) 153.9 - 1061) 252.8
.0664) 157.9 1049} 249.5
. 1244! 301.8 - 1062} 257.7
. 0623) 157.1 . 1047) 264.0
. 0644) 162.2 . 1013) 255. 2
0547) 137.6 1053| 264. 8
.0761; 190.4 1053) 263. 4
.0679| 171.8 1040) 263.2 |
. 0679) 172.3 1043) 264.7 °
0668) 173.1 1074, 278.4
1188} 279.0 1148) 268. 4
1653) -391.0 1176} 278.2
1146) 265. 4 1133] 262. 4
0582! 135.7 1057| 246.5
1217) 306.6 - 1030) 259. 5
2228) 559.1 . 1040) 261.0
.0590) 148. 2 . 1069) 268.6
- 0365) 92. 46 . 1072} 271.6
0562} 144.2 . 1040) 266.8
0558) 141.6 - 1060) 269.1
BOSZTlmlooas - 1065) 269. 4
0551) 141.4 - 1092} 280.3

a Corrected for tension of aqueous vapor. The air in the aspirator is assumed to be saturated.

52 THE AVAILABLE ENERGY OF RED CLOVER HAY.

TasLe VIII.—Carbon diozxid.

Carbon dioxid | Total,
in samples Nos. 1 |Insam-| Correc- |TotalCO2) Total CO.
merigal (corrected) .a and ple of | tionfor| in out- | COs in | added in
| 2x100 | resid- |residual) coming jingoing) cham-
Pan Pan and cor- | ual air. air. air. air. ber.
No. 1. | No. 2. | rected.
Period Ia.
Grams.) Grams. | Grams. | Gram. | Grams. | Grams. | Grams.| Grams. | Grams.
Subperiod 1........ 10. 9642 | 11. 0337 2, 203. 4 0.1 +1.0 2,204.5 | 249.4 1, 955. 1 é
Subperiod 2.._....- 11. 0263 | 11. 0203 2,208.3 oil —2.0 2, 206. 4 262. 8 1,945. 6 530. 0
Subperiod 3.-......- 11. 1844 | 11. 2091 2, 243. 0 1 —1.1 2, 242. 0 252. 8 1, 989. 2 3
Subperiod 4.......- 11. 3608 | 11.2954 | 2, 268. 1 +5.9 2,275.3 249.5 | 2,025.8 552. 4
Period IIa. :
Subperiod 1.......- 12. 3888 | 12.4076 | 2, 483. 7 1 —5.1 2, 478. 7 257. 7 2,221.
Subperiod 2.......- 13. 0521 | 13.0508 2,614. 6 1 +48 2,619. 5 264. 0 2, 355.
Subperiod 3........ 13. 0874 | 13.0295 | 2,616.0 1| —49] 2,611.2] 255.2] 2,356.
Subperiod 4......-- 12.7990 | 12.8457 | 2,568.7 1 +2.4 |) 2,571.2 | 2648] 2,306.
Period IIIa. 1
Subperiod 1_.....--. 12. 1124 | 12.0878 | 2,419.0 il —2.2| 2,416.9] 263.4] 2,153.5 587. 3
Subperiod 2.._....- 11. 6727 | 11. 7236 2,348.5 1 +5.0 2,348. 6 263. 2 2,085. 4 568. 7
Subperiod 3..-.-...-- 11. 9952 | 11. 9922 2,402.7 1 —5.0 2,397.8 | 264.7 2,133. 1 581. 7
Subperiod 4.......- 11. 6808 | 11. 6693 | 2,338.9 1 +4.4] 2,343.3] 278.4] 2,064.9 563. 1
Period Ib.
Subperiod 1.......- 11. 1265 | 11. 1061 2, 226.9 1 —1.2 |] 2,225.9 268. 4 1, 957.
Subperiod 2.......- 11.3118 | 11.1981 2,254. 7 1 + .6 2,255. 4 278. 2 1,977.
Subperiod 3......-- 11. 2516 | 11.3297 | 2,261.9 1 +1.2 | 2,263.2 | 262.4} 2,000.
Subperiod 4......-- 11. 5985 | 11.5990 | 2,323.6 1 —1.1); 2.322.6 | 2465, 2,076.
Period IIb.
Subperiod 1........ 12. 5948 | 12. 4758 2,511.2 1 +44) 2,515.7 259.5 | 2,256. 2
Subperiod 2........ 12. 7031 | 12. 6671 2, 541. 2 1 +1.7 2, 543. 1 261. 0 2, 282. 1 Fi
Subperiod 3........ 12.7993 | 12.6885 | 2,553.0 1 +1.0| 2,554.1 268.6 | 2,285.5 c 623. 0
Subperiod 4........ 12. 6649 | 12. 6897 2, 539. 6 1 —1.8 | 2,538.0 271. 6 2, 266. 4
Period IIIb. |
|
Subperiod 1.-...... 11. 7520 | 11. 7364 2,392.7 1 —2.3 2,350.5 | 266.8 2, 088.
Subperiod 2........ 11. 5499 | 11. 6389 2,322.7 1 +2.6 2,325.4 | 269.1 2, 056.
Subperiod 3........ 11. 8184 | 11.6908 | 2,354.8 1 + .6 2,355.5 | 269. 4 2, 086.
Subperiod 4........ 11. 8825 | 11.8158 | 2,373.7 1 +5.0 2,378.9 280. 3 2, 098.

a For number of pump strokes.
b For a slight leakage from the pans, amounting to about 0.165 per cent of the total volume.
cCorrection applied for man entering chamber, —0.3 gram carbon.

APPENDIX. ia)

TABLE I1X.—Water.

Water in sam- Total
ples (cor- Total, In | Cor- Cor HO
rected).a |Nos.1 : sam-| TeC- | Jec_ lin out- Total | Water euniive
‘ ssomesene andy 75) |\On@b-| (ple. | tion |e lragensi|) E20) | added paw
Period. 2X100| cans, | S0Fb-| of | for |ofne-line air| min-| in | Anne
Dam || Pam | Coe "| ers. relat peelge Bron Ee ene going | cham- gn
rect- ua ua air, ber. 5
No. 1. | No. 2. ed).d aKkS air, | eter ae
Period Ia.

f Gms. | Gms. | Gms. | Gms.| Gm.| Gm.| Gms. | Gms.| Gms. | Gms. | Gms. | Gms.
Subperiod Le ee 3. 7923) 3.8547) 766. 0)1, 440. 0 0.0 0.1; — 4.0) —5.0)2,197.0} 217.3)1,979.7| 220.0
Subperiod Pht ae asa 2. 8452) 2.8766) 573. 1/1, 626.0 0 el] + 4.4 5. 0/2, 198. 6) 149. 8/2,048.8) 227.7
Subperiod 3..... | 2. 5353) 2.5547) 509. 8/1, 577.0 .0 -1) + 2.7) —5.0/2,079.2| 158. 9/1,925. 3) 213.9
Subperiod 4.-_.. -| 2. 6640) 2.6476) 532. 0)1, 517.0 0 -l) + .2| —5.0)2,044. 3) 157. 9/1, 886. 209. 6

Period IIa. |
Subperiod 1..... | 4.1329} 4.1775] 832. 4/1, 740.0 -0 -l| + 4.4) —5.0)2, 571.9] 301.8/2,270.1) 252.2
Subperiod 2..... 3. 6795) 3.6654) 735. 7/1, 824.0 .0 -1) — 2.2) —5.0)2, 552.6) 157. 1/2, 395. 5) 266.2
Subperiod 3..... 3. 6035} 3.6398! 725. 511, 820.0 .0 .l! — .6) —5.0/2,540.1) 162. 212,377.9) 264.2
Subperiod 4..... 4.0213) 4.0380) 807. 3/1, 693. 0 .0 -l{f + .3) —5.0/2, 495.7] 137. 5|2, 358.2) 262.0

Period IIIa.
Subperiod1..... 6. 3729] 6. 4288]1, 282. 3/1, 262.0 .0 -l} + .5) —5.0/2, 539.9) 190. 4/2, 349.5) 261-1
Subperiod 2..... 5. 9328) 5. 90241, 185. 5/1, 272. 0 .O| 1] + 2.7] —5.0/2, 455.3] 171. 8/2, 283.5) 253.7
Subperiod 3-...-. 5. 1046} 5. 1016)1, 022. 3/1, 340. 0 .0 -1] + .9) —5.0)/2, 358.3} 172. 3)2,186.0) 242.9
Subperiod 4..... 4, 2235) 4.2406) 847. 8/1, 695. 0 .0 -l] — .3 —65.0)2,537.7 173.1/2, 364.5) 262.7

|

Period Ib. |
Subperiod1..... 3.0157! 3.0425) 606.8) 928.0 0 . 1} — 8.0) —5.0)1, 521.9) 279.0)1,242.9) 138.1
Subperiod 2..... 2.3775) 2.3810) 476. 6|1, 303.0 .0 - 1} +11.7| —5.0\1,786. 4) 391.01,395. 4) 155.0
Subperiod 3-..... 2.5541) 2.5526) 511. 5/1, 138.0 .0 -1) — 1.8) —5.0)1, 642.8) 265. 4/1,377. 4) ¢153.0
Subperiod 4..... 2.3299) 2.3264) 466. 4/1, 173. -0 -l) — .3) —5. 0/1, 634.2) 135.7/1, 498.5) 166.5

Period IIb. | |

|

Subperiod 1..._. 3.6076) 3.6374] 725. 7|1, 248. 0 .0| —.1] +22.0] —5.0/1,990.8) 306.6/1,684.2) 187.1
Subperiod 2..... 2.4445) 2.4589) 491. 2|1, 734.0 .0 - 1} —11.8) —5.0)2, 208.5) 559.1)1,649. 4) 182.3
Subperiod 3..... 2.7217) 2.7077| 543. 8)1, 390.0 .0 -1) + 2.0) —5.0/1, 930.9) 148. 2/1, 782.7) ¢198.0
Subperiod 4...-. 2. 4214) 2. 4335) 486. 3/1, 385. 0 -0 -1/ — 1.2) —5. 0/1, 865. 2 92. 5/1, 772.7 197.0

Period ITID. | .
Subperiod 1....- 4. 4379) 4. 4660) 891. 9)1, 016. 0) 0 -1} — 2.3) —5.0)1,900.7| 144.21,756.5) 195.2
Subperiod 2..... 3. 6333/ 3.6412) 730. 7|1, 034. 0) 0 -1) + 4.8) —5.0)1, 764.5) 141. 6)1,622.9) 180.3
Subperiod 3...-.. 3.9753) 3.9933) 798. 2/1, 025. 0! 0 -1) + 8.3} —5.0/1, 826.6) 133. 3)1, 693.3) 188.2
Subperiod 4... .| 3.6247) 3.6324) 726. 9)1,274.0 0 -1) — 3.1) —5.0)1,992.9) 141. 4/1, 851.5} 205.7

|

‘@ For number of pump strokes.
b For slight leakage from pans, see previous table.
¢ Correction applied for man entering chamber —0.05 gram hydrogen.

54 THE AVAILABLE ENERGY OF RED CLOVER HAY.

TaBLE X.—Carbon and hydrogen in combustible gases.

Total Total
COs Correc- | Carbon H20 Correc- | Hydro- lyin
peed weighed | tionfor | ashy- | weighed | tion for | gen as COA
Spiess 200 | ingoing | drocar- | 200 | ingoing | hydro- 36 43
(cor- air. bon. (cor- air. carbon. y a
rected) .@ rected) .@
Period Ia.
Grams. | Grams. | Grams. | Grams. | Grams. | Grams. | Grams.

Subperiodwl esses: eeeeeeeeee ae 98. 26 —3.04 25. 97 79. 69 —7. 42 8. 03 35. 80
Sulbperiod( 2a) Ses aae ae aeae 88.15 —3. 06 23. 20 72. 54 —7.47 7. 23 32.11
Subperiodi3 as) ee peeeaeeas 96. 20 —3.05 25. 40 79. 65 —7. 46 8. 02 35. 05
Sulppenlod4 sae sae eee 103. 47 —3.06 27.39 85. 72 —7.47 8. 69 37. 69

Period Ila.
Subperiod hisses sass eee 118. 37 —3.22 31. 40 97.12 —7. 86 9. 92 43.12
Subperiod2Seseen= see eeer see 156.18 —3. 34 41. 68 126. 83 —8.15 13.19 56. 90
Subpenlodissssssss—-- eee esas 144. 34 —3. 34 38. 45 119. 36 —8.15 12. 36 52. 58
Subperiod4 es eee see eee 96. 54 —3. 30 25. 43 79. 23 —8. 07 7.91 35.17

Period IIla. ;
Subpenlodslae ae eee eee 106. 02 —3.25 28. 03 87.95 —7. 94 8.89 38. 62
Subperlodi ea sess sane e eae 128. 22 —3. 30 34. 07 106. 00 —8. 07 10. 88 46. 71
Subperlodissasssse-- ee eee eee 95. 32 —3. 35 25. 08 79.17 —8.17 7. 89 34.73
Subpenodi4ee eee ae eee 103. 71 —3. 37 27.36 85. 92 —8. 24 8. 63 37.78

Period Ib.

Subperiod Seed aa Es le Oa CAT | aah 25. 36 76. 67 —7. 67 Wo | 35. 02
Subperiodi2 es eeeee eee eeeeee a 88. 35 —3.14 23.24 71.18 —T. 67 7.06 32.19
Subpentodiseasser sates aaa i WN) 8h BY 25.73 84. 68 —8. 24 8. 49 35. 61
Subperiod (4a eee 87.94 —3.07 23.14 71. 86 —7. 49 7.15 32. 04

Period IIb.
Subperiod 1
Subperiod 2
Subperiod 3
Subperiod 4

Period IfIb.
Subpentod sae eee eeeeeeeee 91. 83 —3.36 24.13 73. 50 | —8. 20 7.26 33. 45
Subpenlodt2 sss eee eas 118. 09 —3. 38 31. 28 98. 54 —8. 26 10. 03 43.02
Subperlodtsaee-s4-ee ee eee 120. 50 —3. 38 31.94 101. 83 —8. 26 10. 40 43.90
Subperiod4ee tess eee ae 129. 35 —3.39 34. 35 107.78 —8. 27 11. 06 47.12

a For slight leakage from pans, see previous table.

APPENDIX.

TasLte XI1.—Heat measurements.

55

Average temperature of water

3S (3)
= current. is 5
ae Be Total
- on é a Tv . 5) P5 |e heat,
Feriod. ee BS S | Se og 3 56 =e & . calories
* so 8 Bes | es 2 fe | of | es | at 20.°
Cos) 45} fo) a ro) © oH = 85 HO ia 3
=. o) ‘S) 3) BHE no) 3 a OH 34 x
3) 1) =} q HOP He 2 oS |Ha] 5 ;
q — ou ° = [o} = Calon) for
ae pa ° A 1S) Oo = < Ao lA
PERIOD Ia.
Subperiod 1.
es Gh OC OL QOL 26 aHaPSs
6 p.m. to 6.51 p. m..... 29.0) 7. 5062/12. 5308) 5.0246/+-0. 0008) 5.0254) 59. 00 297.38
6.51 p. m. to 11.59 p. m_-|30.0) 6. 8605/10. 7945) 3.9340 -0010) 3.9350) 490. 00 ils 0035) 1,934. 82
11.59 p. m. to 12.40 a. m.|28.0) 6.6220)12.0500) 5. 4280 -0006) 5.4286) 35.00) 1.0033) 190. 64
12.40 a.m. to 1.08 a. m__|27.0) 6.8814/13. 5243) 6.6429 - 0004) 6.6433 16. 00) 1.0030, 106. 61
1.08 a. m. to 2.13 a. m--|28.0) 6.0665/12. 2594) 6.1929 - 0006) 6. 1935) 55. 00 1.0035 341. 82
2.13 a.m.to6a.m..... 30.0) 5.0205) 9.6850) 4.6645 -0010) 4.6655) 349. 50} 1.0044 1,637.71
4,508.98
Latent heat of water
VWEHDOIE 6 Se Be anoOe eS eb el See SCORE SE ese etve lereicas excel Raa Nese peel ee een el eae nme eae a a | 1,171.99
Correction for feed,
water, excreta, and
VGSREIES scBeaoseessone Shes iacece SSesese sacs doc] See eaeeel tse mre Seater ey meee —13.05
ANOEN ERY Fao coals hss lbesacae Spee scl Spee e es eee ene leet eee eer 5, 667. 92
Subperiod 2 ;
Gia. mM. to8.17 a. m2. 30.0) 5.2237) 9.3171) 4.0934 - 0010) 4.0944) 209.00 859. 46
8.17 a. m. to 9.06 a. m- -|29.0) 5.4425)10.1983) 4.7558 - 0008) 4.7566 60. 00: 286.55
9.06 a.m. to 10.14 a. m__|28.0) 5.7324)11. 4200 5.6876 - 0006) 5.6882) 60.00 342.58
10.14 a. m. to 11.39 a. m_|27.0) 6. 4975/13. 6640) 7.1665 - 0004) 7.1669) 44.50 319.92
11.39 a. m. to 6 p. m..-./28.0) 6. 2513/12. 8185) 6.5672 - 0006] 6.5678) 331.50 2,184.38
| | 3, 992. 89
Latent heat of water |
Wap Oneenaeseautec gees Be ON te ae RS | SSS Jocasoeelsocesscalbcoasce eee 1,212.91
Correction for feed, | 5
water, excreta, and |
WESSE]S nee eneeee se Apert e eNO earn ey yl WO Aneteel ection MA eR nS OM od ela fs +8. 00
BANC GeV E a eas ET ae | ete | dati Ravel epee em eee [te a eae ll | Bele ioe 5, 213. 80
Subperiod 3 Ete mates let |
|
6 p.m. to 6.42 p.m...-. 28.0 6.3282)12.9191 6.5909 - 0006) 6.5915 38. 00 251.28
6.42 p.m. to 7.46 p. m-- 29.0) 6.0525)11. 4269 5.3744 -0008) 5.3752) 76.50 412. 67
7.46 p.m. to 7.51 p. m. .|28.0, 6. 1400/11. 4200) 5. 2800 - 0006) 5. 2806) 5.00 26.50
7.51 p.m. to 12.58 a. m-_-./29.0) 6.0323/11. 6083) 5.5760 - 0008 5.5768) 351.50 1, 967. 26
12.58 a.m. to 2a. m-.-.|28.0) 6. 2820/12. 0880) 5. 8060 . 0006) 5.8066; 51.00 297.14
2a.m. to 3.08 a. m-._.-- 27.0) 6.6006)13. 5171) 6.9165 - 0004) 6.9169 41.00, 284. 44
3.08 a.m. to 6a.m...-- 29.0 5.9584)11.1751) 5.2167 . 0008) 5.2175 220.50) 1,154. 69
| 4, 393. 98
Latent heat of water
Va DOTee sce cit cena RSS | Renal | he poate ele see Pepin A es val ade epee WY acd ak th 1,139.76
Correction for feed,
water, excreta, and
VESSCIS eee memmae tae Be ese heal ese See ee ee at LR es [een ope Ne SU 0 EI a —11.41
|
Motal heats 22 22 AS al ae eal Mente Aare epsten tlle teeny et oval teal eeeaen Nees ed 5, 522. 33
Subperiod 4. | | Visas
6 a.m. to 9.40 a. m__.-_- I }.0129)10.9675 4.9546 0008) 4.9554, 279.00) 1. 0037) 04 1,387.63
9.40 a.m. to6p.m-_-__-- \2 - 1229)11- 2345) 5.1116 -0008} 5.1124 602.00) 1.0031, 08, 3,087.13
| 4,474.76
Latent heat of water
WD OL eee ae oe ee {eeseellt rise CPM) Jaye lheeab yee Ile ccf Mae ye iseeteeel een tek leesoue 1,116.73
Correction for feed,
water, excreta, and | _
VeESSeISEn ae ane eee cee BE eM rei es | Sat kaye Seas SeeHoned beaee dol aeeaceee jist Sata +14. 07
Total heat....... (are eae P08 51 Ca ee eee ae | Rare 5, 605.56

_

56

THE AVAILABLE ENERGY

TaBLE XI.—Heat measurements—Continued.

OF RED CLOVER HAY.

‘6 Average temperature of water = Heat De
i) current. iy
3 og absorbers.
oy aes ol ae Total
& a0 x aa . oo | eat,
Period. Stes Slee | es | (a. | SS | os al calones
bs, bb =| s (oe) | we E mw | 12 | Se | at 20°.
Co} as! fe) 2 B @ oH hy Se oe || iss gS
= is) © D HE oO oS a) On |-a 4
OP Ps el eSe |) Bee ee, ee |
el SI fc) A 1S Se | ee a as Pe
PERIOD Ila.
Subperiod 1.
°G, aC. 2G, ie: °C. | Liters. Cm. | Cal.
6p. m. to 7.23 p.m..... 28.0) 5.067612. 4276) 7. 3600/+0. 0006) 7.3606] 67.50| 1.0037) 0.30|...... 498. 68
7.23 Pp. mM. to 2.36 a. m- ./29.0) 4.1681) 9.6580) 5. 4899 . 0008! 5. 4907) 517.50) 1.0046 -40) 0.07) 2,854. 44
2.36 a. m. to 3.04 a. m. .|28.0| 3.9163) 9.6438) 5.7275 - 0006) 5.7281 26.00) 1.0044 peUliboosce 149. 58
3.04 a. m. to 5.01 a. m..|27.0| 4.535512. 4741! 7.9386 . 0004) 7.9390, 62.00) 1.0038) 20 essen 494.09
5.01 a. m. to6 a. m...-.- 29.0) 3.4421) 9.3100) 5.8679 . 0008) 5.8687 73.00) 1.0049) - 40 -O1 430.50
4, 427.29
Latent heat of water ”
21 UO (aE aa oe ee anes Mace IRSr ans teenoos (erste Siehe Soc sN aaa We espe | sou aan sagt aallago cao 1, 343.90
Correction for feed,
water, excreta, and
VESSEIS eye Cees Gores ls Rerercraltahe She al le aida cal Apa news Spa ayer ses | Pee eng an ay =r | eC | a —5. 28
TOtal Meaty sys 322s) Aaea ly Sos eal Sere a fapealfisrcsenes erate Itt Ceara para mete (eg tec Kee eae | me 5, 765. 91
Subperiod 2 va iar
6a.m. to 9.41 a.m..... 29.0) 3.2498) 8.4346) 5.1848 . 0008) 5.1856) 277.00} 1.0052 - 40 . 03} 1, 448. 85
9.41 a.m. to 12.46 p. m..|27.0} 4. 1857|11. 9750) 7.7893 0004| 7.7897) 102.00) 1.0040; .20).....-. 797.73
12.46 p. m. to 2.46 p. m-.|29.0) 3.5490} 9.6357) 6.0867 0008) 6.0875} 140.00) 1.0048 - 40 - 02 856. 32
2.46 p. m. to 4.29 p. m-./27.0) 4.8046/12. 9669) 8. 1623 0004| 8. 1627 50. 50) 1.0037 720|ee eee 413.74
4.29p.m.to6p.m..... 29.0] 3.9145] 9.8682) 5.9537 0008) 5.9545) 105.83) 1.0046 .40 -O1 633. 05
4,144. 69
Latent heat of water
i211 OX) ga Nees as ota nee a eee | ae We fee ee aR Se eela Ter wi eal cee Cem Ama eaall ok cen he as 1, 418.15
Correction for feed,
water, excreta, and
WESSEIS ieee eee PN Sais, abe res e PERL EAC aU TARE AIG Nes ea A | +76. 44
MTS OER GG eat Ph leew eal A ole ICSU ie a Pee hh RG cee re 5, 639. 28
Subperiod 3
6 p.m. to 8.55 p.m..... 29.0} 3.8551] 9.9025) 6.0474 . 0008) 6.0482} 198.00) 1.0046 - 40 . 02} 1,203.03
8.55 p. m. to 9.23 p. m-_.|27.0} 4.6557)12. 5771) 7.9214 .0004| 7.9218 12.00) 1.0038 20 |e 95. 42
9.23 p. m. to 10.42 p. m-|28.0} 4. 1560)11. 2200) 7.0640 . 0006) 7.0646 60.00} 1.0042 HOO| ee eteis 425. 66
10.42 p. m. to 2.05 a. m. .|29.0} 3.5025] 9.7694) 6.2669 0008) 6.2677} 230.00) 1.0048 - 40 . 03] 1, 448. 46
2.05 a. m. to 2.35 a. m.-./28.0] 3.8671/10. 0114) 6.1443 . 0006} 6.1449 26.00} 1.0046 OO eee 160. 50
2.35 a.m. to 4.33 a. m---/27.0] 4. 6323/13. 2696) 8.6373 - 0004) 8.6377 61.00) 1.0037 PNBegooc 528. 85
4.33 a.m. to6a.m..... 29 0} 3.4147] 9.2357) 5.8210 . 0008} 5.8218} 108.75} 1.0050 - 40 -O1 636. 28
ie Rats 4, 498. 20
Latent heat of water
IEE OLS) BRE aU rata contest eh l n tUges| URES SL IE SSA) A nee SH Cl Pe SN ese CoN ee len 1, 407.70
Correction for feed,
water, excreta, and
WESSC]Siee eee eer so Sdpaapoaaqecellagsea sof soosq5ea)o00c0ce|ondcqded|scessco)ooqdoq)osace —3.94
No talleln eaters ese) es eee Feces aan eri ona at wre Ii ancy. nae ere PA Peewee 5, 901. 96
Subperiod 4 Wanner na
6 a.m. to 8.12a.m..... 29.0) 3. 4053] 8.9379) 5.5326) .0008} 5.5334] 160.00) 1.0050) .40) .02) 889.75
8.12 a. m. to 9.48 a. m...|27.0) 4. 7396/13. 1496) 8. 4100 . 0004} 8. 4104 46.00) 1.0037 20 eee 388. 31
9.48 a.m. to 10.33 a. m. -/28.0| 4.0182]/10. 9500) 6. 9318 . 0006} 6. 9324 34.00) 1.0043 pc) BaGace 236. 72
10.33 a. m. to 10.36 a. m-.|27.0| 4.3700/11. 9800) 7.6100) .0004) 7.6104! 1.00) 1.0040} .20)...-.-- 7.64
10.36 a. m. to 1.07 p. m. .|29. 0) 3. 7216) 9.6248) 5.9032 . 0008} 5.9040) 177.75) 1.0047 - 40 . 02} 1,054.01
1.07 p. m. to 1.42 p. m..|27.0) 5. 1844/12. 5688) 7.3844) .0004] 7.3848} 17.25) 1.0037] .20)...--- 127.86
1.42 p. m. to 2.49 p. m. 128.0} 4. 7962/11. 0456) 6.2494 0006] 6.2500! 56.00) 1.0040) .30)..---. 351. 40
2.49 p.m. to6p.m..... |29.0| 4.8045] 9.9883) 5.1838 0008] 5.1846} 239.00] 1.0043; .40} .03) 1,244.42
ie: 4,300. 11
Latent heat of water
R206) er sR eae hs ve HY FS Al oc) Dre Cee Te Meare ah Eee Mee aS Saddlcaeedboducs 1, 396. 04
Correction for feed,
water, excreta, and
vesselS............-.- SPs AROS ina ae peepee aeesees Beeeod rere sen eeeeo iste Sooner +25. 76
TRO Gall Ae ait yen GSU es ai cytes lca” Ra a ett |e ene Pe | ee 5,721.91

APPENDIX

TaBLE XI.—Heat measuwrements—Continued.

earaik
° | Average temperature of water = Heat pro-
Sr | current «4; | duced in |
3 | i © @® | absorbers. |
Ee | L ag | Total
‘ \ | oo : el dh re) 5 o a od |.4¥ heat,
venod Bell aes g oe 2 g S >o | °5 | & . | calories
ie | = o Ste | oo 2 ene) | lire 2) | Tait 202:
\ =, oa alll, ee 5 2,8 | Of e SI VON eee
° o gu = fas} HO ou
CI ea se |e ARNE SI A We I eel SHE (en
a is] | © A |o Pore a 4 Qe (|
PERIOD IIIa.
Subperiod 1. |
Ge OG, GP Ce | Ce IGars Cm. | Cal.
6 p. m. to 8.57 p.m... -/29.0) 6. 4284/11. 4346) 5.0062'+0.0008 5.0070; 215.00) 1.0035) 0.40) 0.03) 1,080.24
8.57 p. m. to 9.23 p. Mm. -/28.0) 6. 3200/12. 2583) 5. 9383 - 0006) 5. 9389 21.00} 1.0034 n30| Sees 125. 14
9.23 p. m. to 9.36 p. m- .|27.0| 6. 6400/13. 1300) 6. 4900; .00G4) 6. 4904 5. 50) 1. 0029 sAulbesead 35. 80
9.36 p. m. to 2.538.a.m-.../29.0) 5. 6846/11. 3675) 5.6829) .0008) 5. 6837) . 351. 50! 1. 0037 - 40 - 04) 2,005. 17
2.53 a.m. to 4.24a. m- .|27.0| 6. 1169/13. 7538) 7. 6369 . 0004) 7. 6373 47.00} 1.0028) .20).....- 359. 95
4.24a.m. to 4.55 a. m- ./28.0| 5.7100!12. 2987) 6. 5887 - 0005) 6. 5893 26.00) 1. 0035 530 |eaeeee 171. 92
4.55 a.m. to 4.58 a. m- -|27.0) 5. 7000 12. 2000) 6. 5000 - 0004) 6. 5004 1. 50) 1. 00385 eOlssanes 9.78
4.58a.m.to6a.m....- 29.0) 5. 282710. 6780) 5. 3953 - 0008) 5.3961 75. 50} 1.0040 - 40 -O1 409. 02
4,197. 02
Latent heat of water
VAPOR. sopedseosgascofaccelosososclloousosdlossacodlosecousdllbebsoca|oosueusd|>eocesé|lsaacdalleoaces 1, 390. 93
Correction for feed,
water, excreta, and
WESREIS Oe aide Hees aoe karate | Sees EIS sli Ia cet Leeper a Vaca A WPS ge PS —.98
NOT MEME ee coedlleccolssessoc see [oe eee Eee etal ea ese ed Cs cc Sy a Sa Nt 5, 586. 97
Subperiod 2.
6a.m. to 8.31 a.m....- 29.0) 4. 1684/10. 6034) 5.2581! -.0008) 5.2589) 178.00) 1.0040 .40) .02| 939.30
8.31 a. m. to 9.16 a. m- -/27.0| 6. 5208/13. 7475) 4. 2267 -0004| 4.2271 22.00} 1. 0030 5740) Goede 93. 27
9.16 a. m. to 10.10 a. m -./27. 5) 6. 2800/13. 5908) 7.3108 - 0005) 7. 3113 34. 50} 1. 0031 B20 (seven 253. 02
10.10 a. m. to 11.46 a. m-.|29.0) 5. 440841. 2941) 5. 8533 - 0008) 5.8541} 110.50) 1.0038 - 40 -O1 649. 32
11.46 a.m to 12.06 p. m..|27.0) 6. 1020/18. 4140) 7.3120 - 0004 7.3124 10. 00} 1.0082) .20)...... 73.35
12.06 p.m. to 12.32 p. m.|27. 5! 6. 0886/13. 3714) 7. 2828| .0005) 7. 2833 N00] ak O032|e e250 ene eee 124. 21
12.32 p.m. to 1.31 p.m. .|27.0) 6. 4521/14. 2535) 7. 8014 - 0004) 7.8018} 28.00} 1.0030) .20)..--.- 219. 10
1.31 p.m. to 2.27 p. m- .|27. 5) 6. 2457|13. 1750} 6. 9293 - 0005, 6.9298 38.00} 1.0031) .25)...-.. 264. 14
2.27 p.m. to 5.46 p. m.- .|29.0) 5. 9192)11. 4074) 5. 4882 0008) 5. 4890) 230. 50) 1. 0036 - 40 . 29) 1, 269. 47
5.46 p.m.tce6p.m... .|27.0)| 6. 4500/12. 5867| 6. 1367 0004) 6. 1371 7. 50} 1.0032 Yigeunse 46.17
3, 931. 85
Latent heat of water
WOOP ss sag de dato seecel abe BEdemalsooGGalnk obica | Mecacc 4 te Mae! kere Mites tell BSE yiniie Pees Meee gees 1,351. 83
Correction for feed
water, excreta, and
SVG SSCLS eae ete syscee Sey ates ued [bes bred [ere al cane el Rte aerate seal a eyo all ees Ce aia ele J------]--- 225 +39. 23
|
Motallkhast sania |WYes|s er tcae ise Maal emcees eee: [aera ea aoe iene se [seeetalee set 5, 322. 91
Subperiod 3.
6 p.m. to 7.46 p.m... - .|29.0) 6.0941/11. 6382) 5. 5441 - 0008) 5.5449) 119.00) 1. 0036 - 40 01 662. 20
7.46 p. m. to 8.23 p. m- ./27. 0} 6. 6267/13. 5767) 6.9500 . 0004) 6.9504 20. 50} 1.0030} .20].....- 142. 91
8.23 p. m. to 9.20 p. m- .|27. 5} 6. 4292)/13. 2823] 6. 8531 .0005) 6.8536) 41. 50) 1. 0031 BOATS ens 284. 30
9.20 p. m. to 9.54 p. m- .|29. 0} 6.060011. 6722) 5. 6122 . 0008) 5. 6130 39.00; 1.0036, . 40 .O1 219. 68
9.54 p. m. to 10.24 p. m.|30. 0} 5. 8562/10. 6737} 4. 8175 - 0010) 4.8185 47.00) 1.0038 - 50 -O1 227532
10.24 p.m. to 11.22 p. m.|27. 5} 6. 4693/13. 6950) 7. 2257 . 0005) 7. 2262 33. 00} 1. 0030 Oana at: 239. 17
11.22 p.m. to 11.58 p. m-!28. 0] 6. 0555)12. 9766! 6. 9211 . 0006) 6. 9217 27.00) 1.0033 OO eee 187. 50
11.58 p. m. to 12.22 a.m .|29. 0} 5. 5767/11. 6950) 6. 1183 - 6008) 6.1191) 29.00} 1. 0037 AO Ree 178. 11
12.22 a.m. to 12.25 a. m.|30. 0} 5. 5000)11. 2200, 5. 7200 - 0010) 5. 7210) 2.50) 1.0038 HOO eee 14. 35
12.25 a.m. to 2.09 a. m..|27. 5; 5. 8604/13. 6731) 7. 8127 0005) 7.8132) 62. 50) 1. 0032 SOG aes 489. 88
2.09 a. m. to 2.18 a. m.~ .|29. 0) 5. 2300/12. 1500) 6. 9200 - 0008) 6. 9208 10. 00) 1. 0037 RAD eee 69. 46
2.18 a. m. to 3.04a. m- .|380.0) 4. 6850/10. 0817, 5. 3967 0010) 5. 3977, 67.00) 1. 0043 . 50 -O1 368. 19
3.04a. m. to 4.59 a.m. ./27. 5) 5. 0235/12. 5089) 7. 4854 . 0005) 7. 4859 75.00) 1. 0037 22D /e uae 563. 52
4.59 a. m. to 5.34a.m_- -|30.0) 4.1700)10. 0089) 5. 8889 - C010) 5. 83899 46.00) 1.0045 - 50 01 269. 83
5.34a.m. to 5.44a.m- ./29.0) 4. 1950/10. 1000) 5. 9050 - 0008; 5. 9058 10. 50) 1.0045 AOE eee 62. 2)
5.44a.m.to6a.m..... 27.0) 4. 8325)12. 4875) 7. 6550) 0004! 7. 6554 7. 25) 1.0038 E2022 ae iy 7A
4, 029. 42
Latent heat of water
WAGOWS Soo pededecadscllocesboasase Heseeeallosseegs lbSesesoo Sessa ee SeSneecs |Ssoober eystetcrate [losers 1, 294. 10
Correction for feed, | |
water, excreta, and | |
ViESSE] Spied apy cant eter baup | yeh A Se MOL rN eek Id Jese----|----222 22-2222 -|-2 eee efee eee +.96
AMGEN LOVEE Oe ik Sy allbedidlisowdsaclbaseadala dated Besdeoeelaoedeae ispesaseeloesebeeliseesos)| senecs 5, 234. 48

58 THE AVAILABLE ENERGY OF RED CLOVER HAY.

Period.

PERIOD II1Ia—Cont’d.
Subperiod 4.

6a.m.to7.16a.m....-
7.16 a.m. to 9.30 a.m. -
9.30 a. m. to 10.07 a.m -
10.07 a.m. to 10.46 a.m.

11.36 a.m. to 12.22 p.m
12.22 p. m. to 1.37 p. m
1.37 p. m. to 1.58 p.m.
1.58 p. m. to 3.56 p. m.
3.56 p. m. to 5.27 p.m.
5.27p.m.to6p.m...

VADOT sos UC e ee ON ae pase

Correction for feed,
water, excreta, and

VeSSElS eee eae ane

Total heat... .-.- eee

PERIOD Ib.
Subperiod 1.
6p.m. to 6.23 p.m....
6.23 p.m. to 12.11 a.m.

12.11 a.m.to1.14a.m.
1.14a.m. to 6.a.m...-..

Latent heat of water

POLAR eee eee

Correction for feed,
water, excreta, and

Motaliheates2=s-s| 2545

Subperiod 2.
6 a.m. to 6.20 a.m....-
6.20 a.m. to 8.28 a.m. .
8.28 a.m. to 9.10 a. m-.
9.10 a.m. to 9.28 a.m...
9.28 a.m. to 11.87 a.m -
11.37 a.m. to 12.21 p.m
12.21 p. m. to 1.46 p. m-
1.46 p. m. to 3.25 p.m.
3.25p.m.to4p.m...
4p.m.to 4.18 p.m...
4.18 p.m. to 4.28 p.m.
4.28 p.m. to 4.43 p.m.
4.43 p.m.to6p.m...

Latent heat of water

VDOT came Murua ene

Correction for feed,

vessels

TaBLE X1.—Heat measurements—Continued.

Average temperature of water

ive rate of
flow.

| Relat
Ingoing.

Outcoming.

for pres-
heat of water.

Difference.
Correction
sure.
Corrected
difference.
Total water.
Average specfic

Doiaawaeeeolse
WWNMWNWNNNWNbWty
CITES ISCO SSC ES)
Moneooonscoed

°C.

10. 7689
12.0151
13. 8244
13. 3570
14. 0777
\13. 1027
11. 8158
\13. 4140
13. 9290
11. 3545
11. 7100

Sell seed sent el send seed carl ce cool cl

Heat ARE es
duced in
absorbers.

SRESa GST Tote
od |+ eat
o8| 8 | ealories
Ba | as | at 20°.
BE | Bo
eee
AS |A
Cm. | Cal

0.40] 0.01| 543. 62
"30, .01| 764. 46

(20| ame 135. 73
95 | area 189. 26
“Socata 197. 46
Begs 270. 93
40/01] 487.04
Oe 62.24
LO5|Li aes 498, 21
40/ .01| 591.32
35 | eae 181.81

3, 922. 08

a ae 1,399. 81
PPR ae +29. 07

3. 1883
2. 8406
2. 8613
2. 8275

5, 350. 96

6. 2910
6. 6400
4. 2800
3. 3818} 4. 8290
4. 0405
2. 5652
2. 2245) 4.7922
2. 2325
1. 9650
1. 7625
2. 0400

5, 107. 50
GRE NR 735. 76
Dee Rea eG —15.27
DAA eh 5, 827. 99

- i eo cse| ee mee | oe el oe

"1175} 1.09) 226.37

7.00| .20| 91.20

4.00, .60| 792. 12

7.00; .44| 293. 22

4.00, .38| ° 542.70

4.75, .45| 715.64

5.60 .18| 259. 27

6.30| 09) 117. 65

7.75, .08| 87. 49

9.15] .10| 95.61

10.75) .68| 543. 40

3, 764. 67

A eae 826.05

Sa42 Saas —19.09

Beearalashoce 4, 571. 63

10. 75) 11. 43) 4,714. 23
11.75) .85) 345.69
11.25) .24 99. 73

5, 159. 65

APPENDIX.

TaBLE XJ.—Heat measuwrements—Continued.

59

® Average temperature of water = Eee Pre
= current. S s absorbers.
ats 5 o | ae Total
3 Bp z na 0. (3) oo | eat
period: Bees teen een eee Suiin sale Cabelas eS calonies
fe bo E Bees as |e = be | 32 | 2s | at 20°.
a(S 1-2 | 8 Wee) ee | S| 58 68) ae
= 2 = | 6sa/ 63 ° > Bells
ea = iS A |o Se a < AS |A
PERIOD Ib—Cont’d.
Subperiod 8.—Cont’d.
Latent heat of water oie: OG, OG OGL Ob || IE ORS. Cm. | Cal.
WUD Ola toca cto eee eee sale meee omeaene | boecme spect eeeclesectee leas me ele nemerle ot acceso Soe 815.39
Correction for feed,
water, excreta, and
WERROS oa sSeiance bere lace lt detail Seeger eke eel [SN sms | esata fae fe et LR an HR esp re ge —18.09
gM OG eN Un CBee gee Feral pea ane | te wa Ieper a S/S a Sd Ra eee Wil BS Se) SUEY 5, 956. 95
Subperiod 4. F i
6a.m. to 9.31 a.m..... 49.0} 3.5877) 5.0707) 1. 4830) 0.0230) 1.5060) 932.00) 1.0062) 11.25) 3.32) 1, 408. 57
9.31 a.m. to 10.10 a. m .|47.0) 4.2560; 5.7180} 1. 4620 0196) 1. 4816) 168.00) 1.0056) 10. 25 Bay) 249. 75
10.10 a.m. to 11.38 a.m ./43.0) 3.9250} 5. 8359} 1.9109 0134) 1.9243) 300.00) 1.0057) 7.75 .74 579. 8&4
11.38 a.m.tolp.m 43.0, 3.2415) 5.8280) 2. 5865 0134) 2.5999} 200.00) 1.0059; 7.75 49 522. 56
Il [oS WNs Uo) Ojos ee eae 47.0) 2.3776] 5.2708] 2. 8932 0196) 2.9128) 718.00} 1.0064) 10.25) 2.33) 2,102. 45
4, 863. 17
Latent heat of water
RVELTO © Tyee ete apete ata tere ee IE ey ST ICR Ss Sy ea Hae aM IE et eee a LS er SiN oe aR ea eae 887. 11
Correction for feed,
water, excreta, and
WESSELS Ee cnicmeneneoes JoSeq|leccccodl|scsoste|lecet sod |ssonesbal|secocdella Sussbaellsoomukellboneec|sorece —10. 32
Total heat....... SSE seb adsl Sete wal aoa Apes et oid 5c crercey | beech la eee | Pane St 5, 739. 96
PERIOD IIb. a iz
Subperiod 1. |
6p. m. to 6.35 p.m ....!32.0) 2.5389) 5.3778) 2.8389 +0.0020) 2.8409 78.00! 1.0063 1.00, -02; 222.97
6.35 p. m. to 6.55 p. m- ./33.0} 2.4440) 4.9800) 2.5360 - 0024) 2.5384) 55.00) 1.0064) 1.50 -03) 140.48
6.55 p. m. to 7.17 p. m. -/34.0) 2.3800) 4.6200) 2.2400 . 0032) 2.2432 67.00) 1.0066) 2.00 - 04) 151.25
7.17 p. m. to 11.05 p. m-.|35.0} 2.4491) 4.4033) 1.9542 - 0040) 1.9582) 800.00) 1.0066; 2.50 . 63) 1,576.27
11.05 p. m. to 1.51 a. m-./36.0) 2.2898) 4.1261) 1.8363 -0050) 1.8413) 645.00, 1.0068) 3.00) .61) 1,195.10
1.51 a.m.to 1.56 a.m ~.|33.0} 2.2650) 4,0600) 1.7950| .0024) 1.7974 18.00) 1.0068) 1.50, ,01 32.56
1.56 a. m. to 3.29 a. m ..|36.0) 2.1744) 3.9557 1.7813) 0050] 1.7863) 370.00) 1.0068) 3.00 .35 665. 08
3.29 a. m. to 3.49 a. m -./33.0) 2.2875) 4.1850) 1.8975 . 0024) 1.8999 50.00) 1.0067 1.50) - 02) 95.61
3.49 a.m. to 4.39 a. m~..|34.0) 2.2138) 3.8938) 1.6800 . 0032 1. 6832) 160.00) 1.0069) 2.00 - 10 271.07
4.39 a.m. to 4.53 a. m - .|32.0| 2.3300) 4.4766) 2.1466; .0020) 2.1486, 31.00) 1.0066 1.00) .01 67.04
4.53 a.m. to 5.46 a. m --/30.0) 2.5114) 5.5164) 3.0050; .0010) 3.0060, 85.00 1.0063 50} = .01) 9 257.11
5.46 a. m. to 5.52 a. m - -/33.0) 2.1800} 4.8500! 2.6700 -0024| 2.6724 16.00) 1.0066) 1.50 -O1 43.03
5.52 a. m. to 5.57 a. m -./35.0) 2.0500} 4.1300; 2.0800 - 0040} 2.0840 23.00) 1.0069, 2.50) .02 48.24
0.07 &.-M. to 6 a. Mm... .- |37.0, 1.9850} 3.8450) 1.8600 . 0062) 1. 8662 13.00} 1.0069) 3.50).....- | 24. 43
| | | 4,790. 24
Latent heat of water
WEN OYO Ds ee ea fo meee pesca aa PTE aed ee (NEeegape raged | Eoetpni pc) RAT are eee [ote fe a ee eV yr oo 997.05
Correction for feed,
water, excreta, and |
VCSSC1S orseya is eae eet nts ioe eed Mose op anally ea ieenles Bleak Noose. | Deen | Seta eenerel Hentai tl Rare BS emg —14. 23
Ro talbricart seeeeemn amen er aMven| irs giccee (tata | Spgs NS SR || 5 VR Nes eae 5,773. 06
Subpertod 2. |
6 a. m. to 7.33 a. Mm... ..|37.0) 1.9696] 3.7492) 1.7796 . 0062] 1.7858; 383.00) 1.0070 3.50) .43! 688.32
7.33 a.m. to 1.14 p. m-.|36.0 2.4865) 4.1986) 1.7121 - 0050) 1. 7171)1, 238.00) 1.0067 3.00) e 1.18) 2,138.83
1.14 p.m. to 1.29 p. m. -|34.0) 2.7550) 4.6325) 1.8775 - 0032) 1.8807 44.00) 1.0064) 2.00) .03 83. 25
1.29 p. m. to 1.43 p. m.-|33.0, 2.7833) 4.7466) 1.9633) .0024| 1.9657 35.00) 1.0064) 1.50) .02 69. 22
1.43 p. m. to 2.06 p. m- .|32.0) 2.8850) 5.1383) 2.2533 . 0020) 2. 2553 46.50) 1.0048 1.00) .O1 105. 36
2.06 p. m. to 3.26 p. m- .|30.0) 3.2140) 6.4190) 3.2050 -0010) 3.2060) 100.50) 1.0057 - 50) . 02 324. 02
3.26 p.m. to6p.m ..../37.0) 2.7226) 5.4550) 1.7324 . 0062] 1.7386} 597.50) 1.0062 3.50} . 66) 1,044.59
| 4, 453.59
Latent heat of water |
WARD ES Sooposascsees cellos eal Suse ese BeOS e SEO EIS IRE et cl [aaa eset [aphid sree ean (hi raeraten [gece ety Reaper ar 976. 42
Correction for feed, |
water, excreta, and |
WORREMI SS Aga sodeseeass EP | resem ieee, eee Lara con |The Me eaehet we rat Po Ua ee ere alleen Jes --- | —129. 24
TNO THS De, iste cic USS agel(esesisese el shes [ae oe Ue eo Re a re I | eae | 5, 300. 77

60

TaBLE X1.—Heat measurements—Continued.

y

THE AVAILABLE ENERGY OF RED CLOVER HAY.

Lond
° Average temperature of water g pice Hg
RO) -= current. kes ekg ae
S oe absorbers.
a, : eh L as eT Total
Period. > c 2 % o8 38 i) cst Oneae lee heat,
ha —| E = cS) Pe pe 8 »® | eel | eS calories
S| @ | & |g (S85 |S) F | Ss | oe | ge | ata
a | 8 | 2 | 8 | 285) ee | ge) 88 | eal ae
2 2 =) SB | 684/63] 63 po | SA Ss
fom A [o) A 16) 1S) i <q AS |
PERIOD I1b—Cont’d. |
Subperiod 3.
2¢ 2G! OG I °C | Liters Cm. | Cal,
6 p.m. to 7.59 p.m....- 37.0) 2.5843) 4.2926) 1.7083) 0.0062) 1.7145 472.00) 1.0066) 3.50) 0.52 814. 07
7.59 p. m. to 10.38 p. m.|34.0) 2.5803) 4. 4635) 1.8832 - 0032) 1.8864 454.00) 1.0065) 2.06 - 29 861.70
10.38 p. m. to 10.56 p. m-./37.0) 2.4100) 4.1220 1.7120 - 0062) 1.7182 74.00) 1.0069) 3.40 .08 127.94
10.56 p.m. to 11.07 p. m.|39.0) 2.3650) 3.9200) 1.5550 -0086} 1.5636 55.00) 1.0068) 4.75 -08 86.50
11.07 p. m. to 11.42 p. m./41.0) 2.3478) 3.7645) 1.4167 .0110) 1.4277, 189.00} 1.0069) 6.30 .38 271.32
11.42 p. m. to 12.42 a. m./34.0) 2. 4747| 4.4027) 1.9280 - 0032) 1.9312, 184.00) 1.0066; 2.00 ale 357. 57
12.42 a.m. to 1.51 a. m../32.0) 2. 4647) 4.8665 2. 4018 - 0020) 2. 4038) 158.00) 1.0065} 1.00 05 382. 22
1.51 a.m. to 2.02 a. m...|37.0) 2.2533) 4.3900) 2.1367 - 0062) 2.1429 23.00) 1.0067) 3.50 03 49.59
POP) fobs 3001 10) AES) ho HD) Ile os alles a sg ea|lossecos|osseaco|>saseecc|eocesc: AW oe ace s|eosccalsosse-|2o2-2550--
2.48 a.m. to 3.16 a.m.../37.0) 3.2729) 6.2943) 3.0214 . 0062) 3.0276 89.00) 1.0058) 3.50 .10 270. 92
3.16 a.m. to 3.34a.m.../38.0) 3.0420) 5.2260) 2.1840 .0074| 2. 1914) 62.00) 1.0062) 4.00 - 08 136. 63
3.34a.m.to5.17 a.m... 40. 0 2.6096) 3.9588) 1.3492 - 0098) 1.3590) 538.00) 1.0067) 5.60 -96| 735.08
Ma Bla 10 1K) (Fyn WS eos \42. 0) 2.3820 3. 7540) 1.3720 0122) 1.3842) 240.00) 1.0068) 7.00 +93, 333.94
| | | 4, 427. 48
Latent heat of water |
WEIDOD A? asocundcaaoses [Saoel Keabonalbaccuss Sdeaseolseasoaed Ean eel eesti MSR e ears ellsaes5 = | 1,058. 32
Correction for feed, | | | |
water, excreta, and | | | |
WERE oscotsasccoasas lesealsoasoocls seccad|Seodecul|-sansucq|(usssocclScoeasoc|bsa-acallecscon|econes | —25.61
Total heat....... (sora ee Sai Nea Tl Dike ae een [eeeree | ASE |: ele Ee ee 5,460.19
Subperiod 4.
6a.m. to 7.10 a.m..... 42.0, 2.3500) 3.7078) 1.3578) .0122) 1.3700) 409.00) 1.0069) 7.00) .91 563.29
7.10 a. m. to 8.11 a. m _./40.0) 2.43873) 3.8406) 1. 4033 . 0098) 1.4131} 306.00} 1.0068) 5.60 - 50 434. 80
8.11 a. m. to 8.59 a. m .-/38.0) 2.5150) 4.0800) 1.5650 .0074| 1.5724) 207.00) 1.0067) 4.00 - 26 327. 41
8.59 a. m. to 9.16 a.m . (33. 0| 2.6275) 4.6525) 2.0250 0024) 2.0274, 35.00) 1.0065) 1.50 - 02 71. 40
9.16 a. m. to 10.26 a. m ./32.0) 2.7522) 5.0372) 2. 2850 . 0020) 2.2870 166.50) 1.0063) 1.00 108 382.65
10.26 a.m. to 1.24p.m. - 37.0, 2.6136, 4.3141) 1, 7005 .0062) 1.7067, 700.50) 1.0066) 3.50 . 78) 1, 202.65
1.24 p.m. to 1.26 p. m--/35.0 2.8500, 4.3900) 1.5400 - 0040 1.5440 6.00) 1.0065} 2.50)...-.- | 9. 32
1.26 p. m. to 2.20 p. m.-. 31.0) 3.1177) 5.6615) 2.5488 - 0012, 2.5450 98.00) 1.0056 «15 -02} 250.79
2.20 p. m. to 2.40 p. m../387.0 2.8380) 4.6020) 1.7640 . 0062) 1.7702 78.00} 1.0064) 3.50 -09| 138.87
2.40 p. m. to 2.53 p. m-.'39.0 2.8075) 4.2975) 1. 4900 - 0086 1.4986 64.00) 1.0065) 4.75 -10) 96. 43
2.53 p.m. to6p.m....|41.0, 2.7161) 3.9972) 1.2811 -0110, 1.2921 1, 003.75) 1.0066) 6.30) 2.00) 1.303.590
| | | 4,781.11
Latent heat of water |
WEOORs 6 Socccbeadecoes escver|uueresense laSusdcaleoa seas |eoskeuld|mercognsodssosulsoobaea|leaasoniicscobe | 1, 049. 46
Correction for feed, — |
water, excreta, and | |
vesselS.......- pebaneea peel ees at Wesel Es Pet I cate ar 2 Pe eye | ea . —42.09
Motalsheatens.- ees eee [Bebe 5 oel|-ous seo |asec sas olpsecscelorece= alse 2eos|po see |=oo55- 5, 788. 48
|
PERIOD IIIb. | |
- | |
Subperiod 1. |
; |
6p. m. to 10.27 p. m:--./35.0 2.4247) 4.8101) 2.3354/+0.0040) 2.3894) 762.50) 1.0065) 2.50 -60) 1,833.76
10.27 p.m. to 10.45 p. m./33.0 2.5340 4.8140) 2.2800 . 0024) 2.2824) 43.50) 1.0065) 1.50 . 02 99.91
10.45 p.m. to 12.21 a.m-./30.0, 2.9704) 6.4647, 3.4943) ~.0010) 3.4953) 135.00} 1.0058 -50 02 474.58
12.21 a.m. to 12.38 a@. m.)35.0, 2.6560) 5.2800) 2.6240 - 0040 2.6280 46.00) 1.0063) 2.50 - 04 121.61
12.38 a.m. to 2.05 a. m- .|37.0) 2.5641) 4.7613} 2.1972 .0062, 2.2034) 284.00) 1.0065) 3.50 so2\| = 629801
2.05 a. m. to 3.31 a. M.../32.0) 2.6633) 5.2290) 2.5657 .0020 2.5677) 177.00) 1.0063; 1.00 -06 457.29
3.31 a.m. to 4.18 a.m... .|35.0 2.3025) 4. 7758) 2.4733 0040) 2.4773) 139.00) 1.0066; 2.50 -11) 346.51
4.18 a.m. to 6a.m see 36.0 2.1496; 4.3460) 2.1964 .0050 2.2014) 315.34) 1.0067; 3.00 - 30) 698. 54
NS ONnTS | | 4,661.11
Latent heat of water | | | |
BAI ONS SUE ROM SAE lion 6 |, GES Eu Sesto oe ABATE ete AL Cs |: oR LS ae |= leamee | 1,039. 83
Correction for feed, | | |
, water excreta, and | |
NVC SSEL SA treet een Slee Ho aceasta eee eae RRR Mvp IAN Ste TT Fteeree| Bae esewa ae. “sealtermoatts ace = IZA80
eae Rotalvhest seas | meee | -debons| etorde Betaera|seeessuslboe¢amsc|-ateonsd[acaces-[accee: | Bayan! 5, 683. 14

APPENDIX.

TaBLE XI.—Heat measurements—Continued.

fe Average temperature of water nl eat aPaa
Ce current. Gal of uced in.
i ae absorbers.
u 3
ot . 1 p H As aia
» ab g =| aa 5 I S ye Ha | gr
a | iS) x S do] of AS aS |2ZoleS
= i} 3 o Hey] of 3 wa | Se | 3s
OP GED S| seh BSE BRET seine lisse)
a = fo) AS Se a < AS |s
PrRiop I11b—Cont’d.
Subperiod 2.
XO) ©¢ OOF S SiG: Cm. | Cal.
6 a.m. to 10.33 a. _ .|36. 0] 2.4933) 4.5211} 2.0278, 0.0050) 2. 0328 i, 3.00) 0.80
10.33 a.m. to 11. aaa m. 31.0} 3.0787) 5.7440) 2.6653 0012) 2.6665 ill -75, .03
11.34 a. m. to 12.25 p. m.|30 0} 3.1423) 6.2508) 3.1085 - 0010) 3.1095 1. -00) - OL
12.25 p. m. to 12.33 p. m-.|29. 0) 3.2250) 6.7150} 3. 4900 - 0008) 3.4908 ile - 40) 2
12.33 p.m. to 1.47 p.m. ./34.0} 2.7544) 5.1600 2.4056) . 0032) 2. 4088 iL 2.00) 12
1.47 p. m. to 1.54 p. m- .|33.0) 2.7450) 4.9400) 2.1950 . 0024) 2.1974 | 1. NGO} .2556%
1.54 p. m. to 2.44 p. m- -/29.0| 3.1108) 6.8450) 3.7342) .0008) 3.7350 1 AONE RSS e
2.44p.m. to6p.m-.- .|33.0) 2.7171) 5.4371) 2.7200) 0024) 2.7224 il, 1.50 22
Latent heat of water |
VGH DON RS Serene ears ees safest I eae (aaa ee [Sen ere eet Haver A ratcea Coram ee ae a Pt cae
Correction for feed, |
water, excreta, and |
VIESSCI Seine eee Be apeys Peete peal oy ewer ele be yet a een Lapa teee bn lls | Mok Set ed ee etna alt cued
ANOUENON Gs 66666 cl|sseu||Scaccecllacocecs|=ococae Seesoudelssqorsceseacdsclsssaeel lene ss |jwacacd
Subperiod 3 |
6p.m.to8.07p.m.....- 2.7809) 5.5312) 2.7503 . 0024) 2.7527 ile 1.50 14
8.07 p.m. to 9. 30 p.m - 3. 2067) 7.3129) 4.1062) . 0008} 4.1070 1. - 40) Ol
9.30 p.m. to 9.36 p.m - 2.8800) 6.1000) 3.2200 . 0024} 3.2224 ils ILO So sees
9.36 p.m. to 10.02 p. m. 2.7743] 5.3029] 2.5286) 0040} 2. 5326 i 2.50/ .06
10.02 p. m. to 1.25 a.m. 2.8249} 4.9000] 2.0751) 0062) 2.0813 ily 3.50 . 74
1.25 a.m. to 2,58 a.m... 3.2100) 5.9000) 2.6900 0020} 2.6920 tt 1.00) .06
2.58a.m.to3.14 a.m.. 3.0925) 5. 4850 2.3925, . 0040} 2.3965 I al 2.50 - 04
3.14a.m. to 3.47 a.m.. 2.8613) 5.0451) 2 1838) . 0062) 2.1900 ils 3.50.10
3.47a.m.to5.14a.m.. 2.6382) 5.3873) 2.7491 . 0020) 2.7510 ile 1.00) .05
5.14a.m.to5.27a.m.. : : it
5.27 a.m. to 5.44a.m-. ils
5.44a.m.to6a.m 1.
Latent heat of water
NEU DOT sey ee es ian |
Correction for feed, |
water, excreta, and “|
WesselSiie aii foe Pais pat Cae i ape HOP nes | eatsoagay cutial cpetny on Seu Hy aL Aad See oN 2 hell ova eee Perec
AINE elon eaters eee ease | rene | rape vat eeepc ee, Neate rome ENG chi elena os IME As BT Wicca ATL ae es
Subperiod 4. i
6a.m.to9.04a.m-..... 37.0} 1.9639) 4.1550) 2.1911) .0062) 2.1973 ils 3.50 . 64
9.04 a. m. to 9.18 a. m ../36.0! 2.1700) 4.1975} 2.0275 - 0050) 2.0325 il, 3.00 . 04
9.18 a. m. to 11.28 a. m .|29.0} 3.0169] 7.1572) 4.1403 . 0008} 4.1411 ig - 40 . 02
11.28 a.m. to 1. 43 p.m. .|36.0} 2.6065) 4.9512! 2.3447, . 0050! 2. 3497 ile 3800) a0
1.43 p. m. to 1.45 p.m... .|29.0| 2.6600) 5.0300) 2.3700) .0008) 2.3708 il - 40) bys a
1.45 p.m. to6p.m .|36.0| 2.8551] 5. 0764) 2.2213 . 0050) 2.2263 1. 3.00) 70

Latent heat of water

VDOT ten ainnen uence sae

Correction for feed,
water, excreta, and

V.ESSCIS| A Shy Ree eae

LIBRARY O