Jjrmnttr k % Wikto

OF

ROBERT BENTLEY TODD, M.D. j

MARCH, 1860.

KING’S

College

LONDON

riun&r Library

\%V

KC5K0 fOL * QLW. HUK3

200824843 3

Digitized by the Internet Archive

in 2015

https://archive.org/details/b2130158x

■

■

•> ' ■ -

~

PLATES

ILLUSTRATIVE OF

OBSERVATIONS

ON CERTAIN PARTS OF

THE ANIMAL (ECONOMY,

INCLUSIVE OF

SEVERAL PAPERS FROM THE PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS, ETC-

BY

JOHN HUNTER, F.R.S.

WITH NOTES,

BY

RICHARD OWEN, F.R.S.,

FEUOW OF THE LTNNALAN, GEOLOGICAL, AND ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETIES OF LONDON; CORRESPONDING MEMBER
OF THE ROYAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF BERLIN ; OF THE ROYAL ACADEMY OF MEDICINE, AND
PHILOMATHIC SOCIETY OF PARIS; AND OF THE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA,

MOSCOW, ERLANGEN, ETC. ; PROFESSOR OF ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY,

AND CONSERVATOR OF THE MUSEUM OF THE ROYAL COLLEGE OF SURGEONS IN LONDON.

LONDON :

PUBLISHED BY

LONGMAN, ORME, BROWN, GREEN, and LONGMANS,

PATERNOSTER-ROW.

1837,

(^•bio KCoHt) (?k%36. Hufj

PRINTED BY RICHARD AND JOHN E. TAYLOR. RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

•PLATE XXV.

Fig. 1. Represents the testes within the abdomen, in an abortive foetus of about six months. All the
intestines, except the rectum, are removed ; and the peritonaeum in most places is left upon the
surfaces which it covers, so that the parts have not that sharpness and distinct appearance which
might have been given to them by dissection.

a. The upper part of the object, covered with a cloth, b b. The thighs, c. The penis, d. The scro-
tum. e. The flap of the integuments, abdominal muscles, and peritonaeum of the right side, turned
back over the os ilium, to bring the testis into view, f The flap of the skin, and cellular mem-
brane of the left side, disposed in the same manner, g. The flap of the abdominal muscles, and
of the peritonaeum of the left side, turned back over the spine of the os ilium. The lower part of
this flap is cut away, in order to show the ligament of the testis passing down through the ring
into the scrotum, h h. The lower part of each kidney, i. The projection formed by the lower
vertebrae lumborum, and by the bifurcation of the aorta and vena cava. k. The rectum filled
with meconium, and tied at its upper part, where the colon was cut away. 1. That branch of the
inferior mesenteric artery which was going to the colon, m. The lower branch of the same
artery, which went down into the pelvis, behind the rectum, n. The posterior surface of the
cavity of the bladder ; the anterior part, which is higher than the ossa pubis in so young a foetus,
being cut away, o o. The hypogastric, or umbilical, arteries cut through, where they were turning
up by the sides of the bladder, in their way to the navel, p.p. The ureter of each side passing
down before the psoas muscle and iliac vessels, in its course to the lower part of the bladder.
q q. The spermatic arteries running a little serpentine, r r. The testes situated before the psoas
muscles, a little higher than the inguina. In this figure the interior edge of the testis is turned
a little outwards, to show the spermatic vessels coming forwards to the posterior edge of the testis,
in the duplicature of the peritonaeum, which duplicature connects the testis, incloses its vessels,
and gives it an external smooth coat, much after the same manner as the duplicature of the me-
sentery connects the intestine, conveys its vessels, and gives it a polished covering.

The beginning of the epididymis is seen at the upper end of the testis, from which it runs down on
the outside (and therefore in this view behind the body) of the testis.

s s. The vas deferens of each side, passing across, in a serpentine course, from the extremity of the
epididymis, at the outside of the lower end of the testis, and then before the lower part of the
ureter, in its way to the vesicula seminalis. 1 1. What I have called the gubernacula or liga-
ments of the testis in a foetus. On the left side this ligament is entire, and exposed in its whole
length, the rings, skin of the groin and scrotum being removed, so that it is seen going down from

a It may be necessary to inform the reader that the series of Plates illustrative of the Animal (Economy commences with
Plate XXV., agreeably to the order of succession in which they occur in “ The Works of John Hunter,” in 4 vols. Svo.,
edited by J. F. Palmer, Esq.

A 2

4

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

the lower end of the testis into the scrotum ; but on the right side its upper and fore part is cut
away, that the continuity of the epididymis and vas deferens may be seen ; and no more of the
ligament is exhibited than what is situated within the cavity of the abdomen.

N. B. The lower part of the ligament, as it is seen in the right side of this figure, lies so loose in the
passage through the muscles, and is there so loosely covered by the peritonagum, that when the testis
is pulled up, more of the ligament is seen within the cavity of the abdomen, and then the peritonaeum
is made tight and smooth at that place ; but on the contrary, when the scrotum is pulled downwards,
the lower part of the ligament is dragged some way down through the passage in the muscles, and
the loose peritonaeum is carried along with it ; so that then there is a small elongation of that mem-
brane, with an orifice from the cavity of the belly like the mouth of a small hernial sac, on the fore
part of the ligament.

Fig. 2. represents the testes, &c., in the same subject as Plate XXVI.; all the parts above the ossa
ilium being removed, and the abdominal muscles of the left side turned down to show the opening
of the sac into, or from the abdomen ; the bladder being likewise turned downwards to show the
vasa deferentia winding round behind it.

a a. The thighs unfinished, b. The penis, c. The middle part of the scrotum ; its lateral parts
being removed, to show the testes, d d. The skin and cellular membrane of the abdomen turned
down over the thighs, e e. Part of the abdominal muscles and peritonaeum turned down at each
groin, f f. The peritonagum covering the iliacus internus muscle of each side. g. The intes-
tinum rectum filled with meconium, h. The bladder with the umbilical artery on each side of
it, turned a little forwards over the symphysis of the pubis, i i. The ureters passing over the iliac
vessels to the pelvis, k. The right testis exposed, as in Fig. 2. v. w. x x. y. 1. The left testis
in the inclosed process of the peritonagum. See Fig. 2. u. m. The spermatic vessels of the left
side, seen through the peritonaeum which covers them, in their descent through the abdominal
muscles at the groin, n. The left vas deferens seen through the peritonaeum, in its passage from
the mouth of the sac to the posterior part of the bladder, o. The mouth, or aperture of the
process of the peritonaeum, whereby its mouth or cavity communicates with the general cavity of
the belly. This aperture closes up, and the membrane becomes smooth at this place, when the
foetus grows a little older ; unless when the gut falls down after the testis, and keeps it open ;
in that case it makes the mouth of the hernial sac. p. The left epigastric artery branching upon
the inside of the rectus muscle, which is here turned downwards and outwards. This artery is
always situated, as in this figure, on the inside of the mouth of the hernial sac, or passage of the
spermatic vessels.

N.B. It is evident that part of the peritonaeum, which in this figure is carried down in the form of
a hernial sac to a little below the testis, lies before the testis, epididymis, spermatic vessels, and vas
deferens ; and that it covers those parts in the same manner as it covers the abdominal viscera, viz.,
the posterior part of the sac (supposing the sac to be cut lengthways into two halves,) is united with
them, and gives them a smooth surface ; while the anterior half of the sac lies loose before them, and
may be removed to some distance from them, as when the sac is distended with water.

PLATE XXVI.

This figure represents nearly the same parts in a foetus somewhat older than Fig. 1. Plate XXV., in
order to show the state of the testes when they have recently descended from the abdomen into the
scrotum. The small intestines are removed, and the large intestines are left in their natural situation,
not now obstructing the view of the testes. On the left side the integuments only are removed, which

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

5

shows the chord passing out through the ring, with the testicle in the vaginal coat. On the right the
ring is cut through, and the whole vaginal coat is slit open, exposing the testicle and chord.
a a. The liver in outlines, b b. The thighs unfinished, c. The penis, d. The middle part of the
scrotum ; on each side of which the fore part of the scrotum is cut away, that the testes may be
seen, e e. The two flaps of the skin, and of the cellular membrane, dissected off from the lower
part of the abdomen, and turned down upon the thighs, f. The intestinum caecum, g g. The
appendicula caeci vermiformis. h. The arch of the colon, i. The turn of the colon under the
spleen, k. The colon passing down on the outside of the left kidney. 1. The last turn of the
colon, commonly called its sigmoid flexure, which in adults is seated quite in the cavity of the
pelvis, m. The beginning of the rectum, n. Part of the abdominal muscles of the right side,
with the smooth investing peritonaeum, turned out over the spine of the os ilium, o o. The lower
part of the obliquus externus muscle of the left side. p. The lower part of the rectus muscle of
the right side, turned outwards and towards the left side, so that the epigastric artery is seen
going to the inside of that muscle, q. The fore part of the bladder, r. The urachus (as it is
called), s. The crural vessels coming into the thigh from behind the ligamentum Fallopii.
t. The external appearance of the spermatic rope of the left side. u. The external appearance of
the testis, when its tunica vaginalis, or process of the peritonaeum, is a little distended with air or
■water, poured into it from the cavity of the abdomen, v. The right testis, brought fully into
view by laying open the process of the peritonaeum in its whole length, iv. The head of the
epididymis, of the same side, x x. The spermatic vessels, y. The vas deferens, z. The ureter.
<3f. The remains of the gubernaculum, or ligament, which bound and conducted the testis to the
scrotum.

PLATE XXVI*.

A side view of the pelvis of a young ram, to show the right testicle remaining in the cavity of the
abdomen, after the left had come down, but which is removed with that half of the pelvis.

The testicle which lies in the loins is flatter than common, and is only attached by one edge, which
is principally by the epididymis ; there is also a ligament passing from the upper part of the common
attachment which binds the testicle to the posterior part of the abdominal muscles ; this is analogous
to the ligament that attaches the ovarium to the same part in the female quadruped.

The epididymis passes along the outer or posterior edge ; and at the lower part becomes larger and
pendulous, making a little twist upon itself where it becomes vas deferens.

The vas deferens is a little contorted, and passes down obliquely over the psoas muscle to the
bladder.

From the lower end of the testicle there is a ridge continued along the psoas muscle through the
abdominal ring, going on to the scrotum, which is most probably the gubernaculum ; but it was so
much covered by a hard suety fat, that I could not exactly ascertain its structure : at the lower part
of this ridge, about an inch and a half from the ring, I found the termination of the cremaster, which
was a tolerably large muscle ; part of its fibres seemed to arise in common with the internal oblique,
while the rest appeared to come from the psoas and iliacus interims behind it; the outer portion passed
inwards and downwards, and spread upon the forepart of the ridge, or gubernaculum, where the
greatest part of its fibres were lost, and the rest of them were continued into the back part of it.
The posterior portion got upon the inside of the ridge and was lost in the same manner as the former.
A the inside of the thigh, only having the outline drawn. B B the inside of the abdominal muscles
spread out. C the symphysis of the os pubis. D the muscles of the thigh cut through at their origin
where they arise from a middle tendon. E the lower end of the right kidney. F G the iliac vessels

6

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

exposed to show their situation. H the remains of the umbilical artery. I the urinary bladder.
K the body of the right testicle, with the ramifications of the veins upon the surface. L the epidi-
dymis. M the vas deferens. N the vesiculse, commonly called seminales.

PLATE XXVII.

Shows two testicles, with the spermatic chords dissected ; in the one the vas deferens, in the other
a portion of the epididymis, is wanting.

Fig. 1 . The right testicle and spermatic chord.

A A The body of the testicle. B B The spermatic chord, in which there is no appearance of vas
deferens. C The epididymis, where it takes its origin from the body of the testicle. D The
abrupt termination of the epididymis, it not being continued to the lower end of the testicle.
Fig. 2. The left testicle.

A A The body of the testicle. B The blood-vessels of the testicle separated from the vas deferens.
C The origin of the epididymis. D The termination of the epididymis ; to show which, the
tunica vaginalis is removed. E The origin of the vas deferens. F The vas deferens, as it
passes up towards the ring of the abdominal muscles.

PLATE XXVIII.

A side view of the pelvis, taken from the same subject as Plate XXVII., in which the vasa defe-
rentia did not communicate with the vesiculae, and the vesiculae did not communicate with the
urethra. A the body of the penis. B the symphysis of the pubis. C the bladder. D the left
ureter. E E the rectum. F the anus. G the sphincter muscle of the anus, turned aside. H the
levator muscle of the anus, turned down. I the prostate gland. K the Cowper’s gland of the left
side. L the peritonaeum, which lined the left side of the pelvis. M the sacrum, where it is articu-
lated with the os ilium. N the left vas deferens. O the vesiculae.

PLATE XXIX.

To show the gradual increase, in size, of the testes of the sparrow, from the middle of winter to the
beginning of the breeding season, I examined those glands in January, February, March and April ;
and the appearances they put on at these different periods are faithfully represented in the Plate, with
the date of their examination annexed to each.

If we compare their size in January, with what it is in April, it hardly appears possible that such a
wonderful change could have taken place during so short a period.

PLATE XXX.

This Plate is a representation of Mr. Wright’s free martin, taken from a drawing of the living ani-
mal, by Mr. Gilpin. It shows the external form of that animal, which is neither like the bull nor cow ;
but resembling the ox or spayed heifer.

PLATE XXXI.

This Plate represents the organs of generation of Mr. Wright’s free martin, which are more the
parts of a bull than those of a cow ; and the animal, while alive, had a good deal the character and
look of an ox. A the peak of the labia. B B the labia. C the glans clitoridis. D D D D the inner

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

7

surface of the common vagina. E E the orifices of the ducts of two glands. (The glandular sinuses
of Malpighi and Gaertner.) F meatus urinarius. G G the inner surface of the true vagina, termi-
nating in a blind end at H. H the termination of the vagina in a blind end. I I I I what may be
called uterus, but impervious. K K what may be called horns of the uterus. L L the testicles. M
M the spermatic vessels. N N the cremaster muscles. O O the vesiculae seminales. P P the ducts
of the vesiculae seminales seen through the vagina. Q points to the ducts of ditto, into which are
introduced bristles3.

PLATE XXXII.

This plate shows the organs of generation of Mr. Arbuthnot’s free martin, which are almost a com-
plete mixture of the male and female : with this structure of the parts, the external appearances and
general character of the animal corresponded, it being neither that of the bull nor cow, but a mixed
character. A the peak of the labia. B B the two labia. C the glans clitoridis. D D the inside of
the common vagina. E E orifices of the ducts of two glands. (The glandular canals of Malpighi
and Gaertner.) F the orifice of the meatus urinarius. G G the true vagina. H H either the con-
tracted vagina, or what may be called uterus. I I the horns of ditto, only pervious a little way.
K the right ovarium deprived of its capsula. L the left ovarium inclosed in its capsula. M a bristle
introduced through the orifice into the capsula. N the right testicle. O O O O the right vas defe-
rens. P P the vesiculae seminales. Q Q the ducts of vesiculae seminales seen through the vagina. R
points to the openings of the vasa deferentia and vesiculae seminales.

PLATE XXXIII.

This plate exhibits a front view of the organs of generation of Mr. Well’s free martin, which are
more the parts of a cow than of a bull ; and the animal itself resembled a young heifer very much in
its appearance. A the clitoris. B B the crura clitoridis. C the urethra. D the bladder. E the
body of the uterus beyond the bladder, which is impervious. F F the horns of ditto, which are also
impervious. G the left ovarium deprived of its capsula. H the capsula inclosing its ovarium.
I I I I interrupted parts of the vasa deferentia. K K the spermatic vessels. L the gubernaculum of
the right side. M the beginning of the tunica vaginalis communis, into which is introduced a bristle
to show that it is hollow. N N Vessels going behind the bladder. O O the two ureters. P P the
vesiculse seminales.

PLATE XXXIV.

Fig. 1 . A part of a uterus at the ninth month of utero-gestation, with a portion of the placenta, to
show the mode in which the blood-vessels of the mother communicate with it.

A The substance of the uterus, separated from the placenta, and turned back. B The surface of
the placenta by which it is attached to the uterus, covered by the decidua. C The angle of
reflection, at which the uterus is turned back upon itself. D The edge of the placenta. E The
decidua covering the chorion.

Upon the surface of the uterus are to be seen the veins or sinuses, running in an oblique direction,
filled with wax, and broken off where they pass through the decidua.

* This description, it will be seen in the 2nd edition of the Animal (Economy, is made to apply to Plate XXXII., and vice
versa, in consequence of an alteration in the relative position of the plates in that edition which was unaccompanied with a
corresponding change in the letter-press. The error resulting from this oversight is corrected in the present edition.

8

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

uaaa. The arteries injected and broken off as they pass from the uterus to the placenta, bbbb. The
continuation of these arteries, which make several spiral turns as they dip into the decidua, and
afterwards terminate on the surface of the placenta, c c c c. The veins injected and broken off
where they pass into the substance of the uterus, dddd. The corresponding portions of the
same veins, where they pass from the placenta through the decidua, eeee. The blood-vessels,
ramifying upon the decidua, broken off from the uterus.

Fig. 2. Is a section of the placenta of the monkey figured in Plates XXXV. and XXXVI.
a. The cut surface, showing the fissure passing into the substance of the placenta from the uterine
surface, b. The surface which adhered to the uterus, on which is the open end of a vein broken
off, which was passing from the placenta to the uterus, c c. The cut ends of the vessels of the
umbilical chord as they were ramifying on the inner surface of the placenta.

PLATE XXXV.

The bilobed placenta of a monkey, showing the foetal surface with the membranes attached and ex-
tended beyond its circumference. The foetal vessels ramify over the surface as in the human subject,
and the chord is attached near to the edge of the placenta, as it often is in the human subject, but
it is more regularly twisted. The amnios, which covers as usual the foetal surface of the placenta,
is thrown into wrinkles near the chord and where it passes over the interlobular fissures.

PLATE XXXVI.

The same placenta, showing the uterine surface, with part of the decidua and other membranes
attached to it.

a. The decidua reflected from the chorion and placenta, b. The chorion, which is attached to the
outer surface of the placenta, c. The amnios, dddd. The broken ends of the veins, which return
the blood from the cells of the maternal placenta to the uterine sinuses. ( See fig. 2. pi. XXXIV.
which is a section of the same placenta.)

PLATE XXXVII.

A portion of intestine of a hog, the peritonaeal coat of which is covered in several places with small
pellucid cysts containing air.

It was sent to me by my friend Mr. Jenner, surgeon, at Berkley, who informed me, that this ap-
pearance is found very frequently upon the intestines of hogs that are killed in the summer months.
A The portion of the mesentery. B The portion of intestine on which the air-cells are situated.

PLATE XXXVIII.

The crop, taken from a pigeon when it had no young ones. The crop in the pigeon is probably
more in the middle of the neck than in any other bird, being two equal bags, as it were, passing out,
laterally, from the oesophagus ; while in most other birds it is a little on one side. The oesophagus
of those birds who have crops, may be divided into two, a superior and inferior. The superior is
that which leads from the mouth to the crop ; the inferior, from the crop to the gizzard.

The crop was inverted and distended with spirits. It shows the appearance of its internal surface.
A The inner surface of the superior oesophagus. B B The inside of the two projecting bags of the

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

9

crop. C The inferior oesophagus, leading from the crop to the gizzard. D D D D Glands
situated on the lower part of the crop, and continued into the inferior oesophagus. E A glan-
dular structure upon the inner surface of this oesophagus, just before it terminates in the gizzard,
for the purpose of secreting a substance analogous to the gastric liquor.

PLATE XXXIX.

The crop from a male pigeon, while the female was breeding, to show the change which takes
place at that time, on its internal surface, for the purpose of secreting a substance which is to nourish
the young.

The crop is prepared in the same way as in Plate XXXVIII. ; and the only difference in the appear-
ance is the glandular structure on the inner surface of the two lateral projecting bags, which is not
seen at any other time.

PLATE XL.

A thermometer which has the scale so constructed as to admit of its being introduced into any
cavity that can receive the ball. The scale is moveable ; but the freezing point is marked on the
stem or glass.

Fig. 1. A front view, exposing the glass stem of the thermometer, through which the divisions
marked upon the concave surface of the sliding ivory scale which embraces it, are very distinctly
seen.

a. The freezing point, which is marked upon the stem by a scratch on the glass.

Fig. 2. A side view, showing the degrees marked near the edge of the convex side of the ivory scale.

The thermometer is to be adjusted for measuring high or low degrees of heat, by bringing any
number marked upon the scale opposite the freezing point, and counting either upwards or down-
wards.

PLATE XLI.

The olfactory, or first pair of nerves, as they are seen upon the membrane of the septum narium.

The bony septum is removed to expose the nerves of the right nostril, as they pass at first between
the membrane and bone. A the os frontis. B the frontal sinus. C the cartilaginous part of
the septum narium. **** the cut edge, from which the septum has been separated all round.
D the surface of the common skin, where it is lost in the membrane of the nose. E. the upper
lip. F part of the alveolar process of the maxillary bone next the symphysis. G the roof of the
mouth. H the bony palate. I the uvula and palatum molle. K the upper part of the fauces.
L the opening of the Eustachian tube. M the cuneiform process of the os occipitis. N the
inside of the cuneiform process, near the foramen magnum occipitale. O The posterior clinoid
process. P The sphenoid sinus, with its septum. Q The cella Turcica. R The crista galli. S S The
membrane of the right nostril that lined the septum ; the septum being removed. T A branch of
the fifth pair of nerves, that comes through the foramen commune or spheno-palatinum. UUU The
first pair of nerves, having passed through the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone, ramifying on the
membrane of the septum.

PLATE XLII.

The olfactory, or first pair of nerves, as they are seen upon the membrane of the nose, which
covers the turbinated bones ; the exterior parts of the face being removed.

A. CF„

B

10

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

This engraving was taken from the same head as plate XLI. A The os frontis. B The os nasi.
C The cartilaginous and membranous part of the nose. D The ala nasi, with the skin left on.
E The septum narium. F The upper lip. G The cut surface. H H H The alveolar process of
the superior maxillary bone. I Part of the antrum. K The os occipitis. L The body of the
sphenoid bone. M The groove made by the carotid artery. N The posterior clinoid process.
O the sphenoid sinus. P The crista galli. Q The membrane of the nose. R The membrane, a
little more convex, where the inferior turbinated bone is situated. S The same where the superior
turbinated bone is situated. T The branch of the fifth pair of nerves that was supposed to be lost
on the membrane of the nose. U U U The trunk of the first pair of nerves which is afterwards lost
upon that part of Schneider’s membrane that covers the turbinated bones.

PLATE XLIII.

Fig. 1. A transverse section of the crystalline humour of the eye of a cuttle-fish, to show its structure ;
the central part is transparent, but the others are opaque, having been coagulated by proof spi-
rits ; and for the appearance of distinct fibres surrounding the central part.

These fibres are not uniform circles or ovals, since the layers are of different thicknesses in particular
parts, a a. The fibres where they are most numerous, b b. Where they are least so.

Fig. 2. A section of the crystalline humour, the central part being removed, to show the fibrous struc-
ture of the surrounding laminae.

PLATE XLIV.

This fish is called a Grampus a; it was caught at the mouth of the river Thames, in the year 1759,
and brought up to Westminster Bridge in a barge. It was twenty-four feet long.

PLATE XLV.

Another species of Grampus b, which was caught in the river Thames, fifteen years ago. It was
eighteen feet long.

PLATE XLYI.

Fig. 1. A species of Bottle-nosed Whale ; the Delphinus Delphis of Linnaeus c. It was caught upon
the sea-coast, near Berkeley, where it had been seen for several days, following its mother, and
was taken along with the old one, and sent up to me whole, for examination, by Mr. Jenner,
Surgeon, at Berkeley. The old one was eleven feet long.

Fig. 2. The head of the same Whale as fig. 1. to show the shape of the blow-hole, which is transverse,
and almost semicircular.

a [ Phocana Orca, Cuv. Delphinus Orca, Linn. This is acknowledged to be the most accurate figure of the Grampus
hitherto published ; and is cited by M. Fred. Cuvier as the type of that species. See Histoire des Cetaces, 8vo. 1836, p 177.]
h I have searched in vain among the existing documents, relating to Mr. Hunter’s researches on the Cetacea, for any note
or memorandum tending to authenticate the above description. The original drawing, coloured after nature, exists in the
Hunterian Collection, and is marked 1 Porpus’. It is unnecessary to observe to those who have examined the common Por-
poise, ( Plioccena communis , Cuv.) that the figure in Plate XLV. is an exact representation of that species.

c [This is the Delphinus Tursio of Fabricius, the ‘ Grand Dauphin ’ or Souffleur of Cuvier ; and a larger species than the
Delph. Delphis, Linn., but with fewer teeth, having from 21 to 23 obtuse conical teeth on each side of each jaw, while the
Delph. Delphis has double that number.]

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

11

PLATE XLVII.

The Bottle-nose b Whale described by Dale \ It is similar to that of Plate XLVI. in its ge-
neral form, but has only two small pointed teeth in the fore part of the upper jaw, and is rather
lighter coloured on the belly. It was caught above London Bridge in the year 1783, and became
the property of the late Mr. Alderman Pugh, who very politely allowed me to examine its structure,
and to take away the bones. It was twenty-one feet long.

PLATE XLVIII.

Fig. 1. The Balcena rostrata of Fabricius, or Piked Whale b. It was caught upon the Dogger
Bank. It had met with some accident between the lower jaws under the tongue, in which part
a considerable collection of air had taken place, so as to raise up the tongue and its attachments
into a round body in the mouth, projecting even beyond the jaws. This rendered the head
specifically lighter than the water, so that it could not sink, and therefore was easily caught. It
was seventeen feet long, and was brought to St. George’s Fields, where I purchased it. The
dorsal fin having been cut otf close to the back, is therefore only marked by a dotted line.

Fig. 2. A view of the tail, to show its breadth.

PLATE XLIX.

Includes the external parts of generation, with the relative situation of the anus and the nipples, of
the Balcena rostrata.

Fig. 1. The labia pudendi spread open, exposing the meatus urinarius, vagina, and anus, which in a
natural state are all concealed, there only appearing a long slit, the two edges of which are in
contact.

A A The labia pudendi. B The clitoris. C The meatus urinarius. D The opening of the vagina.
E The anus.

Fig. 2. The sulcus, in which the left nipple lies, spread open, and the nipple itself exposed to view.
Fig. 3. The sulcus of the right nipple, in a natural state, only appearing like a line.

Fig. 4. A sulcus near to the nipple, which is spread open to show the inside. This sulcus, I con-
ceive, gives a freedom to the motion of the skin of these parts, so as to allow the nipple to be
more freely exposed.

Fig. 5. The same sulcus on the opposite side, closed up.

PLATE L.

A side view of one of the plates of whalebone of the Balasna rostrata. A The part of the plate
which projects beyond the gum. B The portion which is sunk into the gum. CCA white sub-
stance, which surrounds the whalebone, forming there a projecting bead, and also passing be-

1 \Delphinus Dalei, Cuv. Delphinus bidens, Schreber. Hyperoodon Dalei, Lacepede. Heterodon Hunteri, Lesson. See
De Blainville, “Note sur un Cetace echoue au Havre,” in the Bulletin de la Societe Philomathique, September 1835, which
relates to the same species.]

b [The young of the great Northern Rorqual, ( Balcena Boops, Linn.) according to Cuvier; hut regarded as a smaller and
distinct species by Lacepede and other naturalists, and called Balanoptera rostrata.']

B 2

12

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

tween the plates, to form their external lamellae. D D. The part analogous to the gum. E A
fleshy substance, covering the jaw bone, and on which the inner lamella of the plate is formed.
F The termination of the plate of whalebone in a kind of hair.

PLATE LI.

Fig. 1. A perpendicular section of several plates of whalebone in their natural situation in the gum ;
their inner edges, or shortest terminations, are removed, and the cut edges of the plates seen
from the inside of the mouth. The upper part shows the rough surface formed by the hairy
termination of each plate of whalebone. The middle part shows the distance the plates of whale-
bone are from each other. The lower part shows the white substance in which they grow, and
also the basis on which they stand.

Fig. 2. An outline considerably magnified, to show the mode of growth of the plates, and of the
white intermediate substance.

A The middle layer of the plate, which is formed upon a pulp or cone that passes up in the centre
of the plate. The termination of this layer forms the hair. B One of the outer layers, which
grows, or is formed, from the intermediate white substance. C C C C The intermediate white
substance, laminre of which are continued along the middle layer, and form the substance of
the plate of whalebone. D The outline of another plate of whalebone. E The basis on which
the plates are formed, which adheres to the jaw bone.

PLATE LII.

Two specimens of Siren, or Mud Iguana from South Carolina a.

“ The lesser one B, which is preserved in spirits, measures about nine inches in length, and appears
to be a very young state of the animal, as we may observe from the fin of the tail, and the opercula
or coverings of the gills being not yet extended to their full size. These opercula, in their present
state, consist each of three indented lobes hiding the gills from view, and are placed just above the
two feet. These feet appear like little arms and hands, each furnished with four fingers, and each
finger with a claw.

“ In the specimen A, which is thirty-one inches long, the head is something like an eel, but more
compressed ; the eyes are small, and placed as those of the eel are ; in this they are scarce visible.
This smallness of the eye best suits an animal that lives so much in the mud. The nostrils are very
plainly to be distinguished ; these, with the gills, and the remarkable length of the lungs, show it to
be a true amphibious animal. The mouth is small in proportion to the body ; but its palate and
inside of the lower jaw (see Fig. C), are well provided with many rows of pointed teeth; with this
provision of nature, added to the sharp exterior bony edges of both the upper and under jaw, the
animal seems capable of biting and grinding the hardest kind of food. The skin, which is black, is
full of small scales resembling chagrin. These scales are of different sizes and shapes according to
their situation, but all appear sunk into its gelatinous surface : those along the back and belly are of
an oblong oval form, and close set together ; in the other parts they are round, and more distinct.
Both the sides are mottled with small white spots, and have two distinct lines composed of small white
streaks, continued along from the feet to the tail. The fin of the tail has no rays, and is no more
than an adipose membrane like that of the eel; this fin appears more distinctly in the dry animal
than in those that have been preserved in spirits.

[Siren lacertbia, Linn., Cuv.j

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

1-3

« The opercula or coverings to the gills in dry specimens appear shrivelled up, but yet we may plainly
see that they have been doubly pennated. Under these coverings are the openings to the gills, three
on each side, agreeable to the number of the opercula. In the plate at Fig. F the fins are repre-
sented as they appear when just taken out of the water and put into spirits of wine.

“ The form of these pennated coverings approach very nearly to what I have some time ago observed
in the larva or aquatic state of our English Lacerta, known by the name of Eft or Newt (see Fig. D
and E), which serve them for coverings to their gills, and for fins to swim with during this state ;
and which they lose, as well as the fin of their tails, when they change their state and become land
animals; as I have observed by keeping them alive for some time myself.” — From Mr. Fills' s paper
in the Phil. Trans., Vol. L VI., p. 189.

PLATE LIII.

Male and Female Torpedo a.

Fig. 1. A view of the under surface of the female.

a. An exposure, on flaying off the skin, of the right electric organ, which consists of white pliant
columns, in a close and for the most part hexagonal arrangement, giving the general appearance
of a honey-comb in miniature. These columns have been sometimes denominated cylinders ;
but, having no interstices, they are all angular, and chiefly six-cornered, b. The skin which
covered the organ, showing on its inward side an hexagonal net work. c. The nostrils in the
form of a crescent, d. The mouth in a crescent contrary to that of the nostrils, furnished with
several rows of very small hooked teeth, e. The bronchial apertures, five on each side. f. The
place of the heart, g g g. The place of the two anterior transverse cartilages, which, passing one
above and the other below' the spine, support the diaphragm, and uniting towards their extre-
mities, form on either side a kind of clavicle and scapula, h h. The outward margin of the
great lateral fin. ii. Its inner margin, confining with the electric organ, k. The articulation
of the great lateral fin with the scapula. 1. The abdomen, m m m. The place of the posterior
transverse cartilage which is single, united with the spine, and supports on each side the
smaller lateral fins. nnnn. The two smaller lateral fins. o. The anus. p. The fin of the tail-
Fig. 2. A view of the upper surface of the female.

<a a. An exposure of the upper part of the right electric organ, b. The skin which covered the
organ, c. The eyes, prominent and looking horizontally outwards, but capable of being occa-
sionally withdrawn into their sockets, d. Two circular apertures communicating with the
mouth, and furnished each with a membrane, which in air, as well as in water, plays regularly
backwards and forwards across the aperture in the office of inspiration, e. The place of the
right branchiae, f. The two fins of the back, g g. The place of the anterior transverse carti-
lages.

Fig. 3. A view of the under surface of the male, whose size, as here represented, is, in general, smaller
than that of the female.

a a. Two appendices, distinguishing the male species.

Torpedo Narlce, Cuv.

14

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

PLATE LIV.

Electric Organs of the Torpedo.

Fig. 1 . The upper surface of the electric organ.

A A The common skin of the animal. B The inspiratory opening. C The eye. D The part in
which the gills are inclosed. E E E The skin dissected off from the electric organ, and turned
outwards ; the honey-comb appearance on its internal surface corresponding with the upper
surface of the organ. F The part of the skin which covered the gills, with some ramifications
of an excretory duct upon it. G G G The upper surface of the electric organ, formed by the
upper extremities of the perpendicular columns.

Fig. 2. The right electric organ divided horizontally into nearly two equal parts at the place where
the nerves enter ; the upper half being turned outwards.

A A. B B. C C. D D. The corresponding parts of the trunks of the nerves, as they emerge from
the gills, and ramify in the electric organ. A A The first or anterior trunk arising just before
the gills. B B The second or middle trunk arising behind the first gill. C C The ante-
rior branch of the third trunk arising behind the second gill. D D The posterior branch of the
third trunk arising behind the third gill.

Fig. 3. A perpendicular section of the Torpedo a little below its inspiratory openings.

A A The upper surface of the fish. B B The muscles of the back as divided by the section. C
The medulla spinalis. D The oesophagus. E The left gill split, to expose the course of a trunk
of the nerve through it. F The breathing surface of the right gill. G G The fins. H H The
perpendicular columns which compose the electric organ, with a representation of their horizon-
tal partitions. I One of the trunks of the nerves, with its ramifications.

PLATE LV.

Gymnotus Electricus.

Fig. 1. Shows the whole animal of the full size. It lies on one side ; which posture exposes the whole
of the under fin. The head is twisted, to show its upper part, on which are seen the eyes, &c.

Fig. 2. Shows the animal lying in the same position ; but the head is twisted in the contrary direc-
tion, so as to expose its under surface. Between the two fins, and before the beginning of the
under fin, is the cavity of the belly of the fish ; at the anterior part of which cavity is the anus.

PLATE LYI.

Electric Organs, Gymnotus.

Fig. 3. This figure exhibits the whole of the two organs on one side, the skin being removed as far as
these organs extend.

A The lower surface of the head of the animal. B The cavity of the belly. C The anus. D The
pectoral fin. E The back of the fish where the skin has not been removed. F F The fin which
runs along the lower edge of the fish. G G G The skin turned back. H H H The lateral
muscles of the above fin removed and carried back with the skin, to expose the small organ.
I Part of the muscle left in its place. K K K The large organ. L L L The small organ .
M M M The substance which divides the large organ from the small. N At this place the
above substance is removed.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

15

PLATE LVII.

Fig. 4. A section of the whole thickness of the fish near the upper part, a little magnified. The skin
is removed as far back as the posterior edge of the organ, and the other parts immediately be-
longing to it, such as the medulla spinalis. There are several pieces or sections taken out of tin-
organ, which expose everything that has any relation to it. At the two ends of the figure, F F,
the organ is entire, the skin only being removed. A A The body of the animal near the back,
covered by the skin. B B The belly-fin, covered also by the skin. C Part of the skin removed
from the organ and turned back. D D The muscles which move the fin laterally, and which
immediately cover the small organ. E The middle muscles of the fin, which lie immediately
between the two small organs. F F The outer surface of the large organ, as it appears when
the skin is removed. G The small organ, as it appears when the lateral muscles are removed.
H H The cut ends of the muscles of the back, which have been removed to expose the deeper
seated parts. 1 1 The cut ends of the large organ, part of which has also been removed to ex-
pose the deeper seated parts. K The cut end of the small organ. L A part of the large organ,
the rest having been removed. M The cut end of the above part. N A section of the small
organ. O O The middle partition which divides the two large organs. P A fatty membrane,
which divides the large organ from the small, Q The air-bladder. R The nerves going to the
organ. S The medulla spinalis. T The singular nerve ( nervus laieralis).

Fig. 5. A transverse section of the fish, exposing at one view all the parts of which it is composed.

A The external surface of the side of the fish. B The under fin. C C C C The cut ends of the
muscles of the back. D The cavity of the air-bladder. E The body of the spine. F The
medulla spinalis. G The large artery and vein. H H The cut ends of the two large organs.
1 1 The cut ends of the two small organs. K The partition between the organs.

PLATE LVIII.

Animal Flower of Barbadoes ( Serpula gigantea, Pallas).

Fig. 1. A drawing of the animal after death, as it appeared in spirits, a little magnified.

A The under side of the body. B B The cartilages which attach the animal to the sides of the cavity
in which it lies. C One of the cones covered by its membrane, in a collapsed state. D The
lowest spiral turn of the membrane, and its tentacula spread out. E E The cut edges of the
divided membrane, which are turned on each side to show the cone. F The cone as it appears
in the intervals between the spiral turns of the membrane. G The moveable shell, with the
smooth cartilaginous covering in an outside view. H The flattened end of the moveable shell,
with hair upon it. 1 1 The two claws that arise from the surface of the flattened end of the
moveable shell. K The anus, into which a hog’s bristle is inserted.

Fig. 2. A drawing of the animal, with its tentacula expanded in search of food, as it appears in the
sea ; taken from a sketch made in Barbadoes, where no draughtsman could be procured while
the animal was alive. This also is larger than the animal.

a. The sort of brainstone in which the animal was discovered, b. The external prominent shell, c c.
The membrane which is protruded with the cones and immoveable shell, and makes a fold over
the edges of the prominent shell, dd. The membranes and tentacula in a state of expansion.
e. The inner side of the moveable shell, as it appears when protruded, f. The hole in the brain-
stone, as it appears when the prominent shell is broken off, and which may be seen in many spe-
cimens of brainstone.

16

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

PLATE LIX.

Fig. 1. One of the incrusted skulls sent over by the Margrave of Anspach, which is much larger than
that of the common white bear, longer for its breadth, and having a greater hollow between the
anterior part of the skull and the bones of the facea.

Fig. 2. Another skull, which differs in many respects from fig. 1, and nearly in the same degree that
the first does from the skull of the recent white bearb.

PLATE LX.

Fig. 1 . A portion of a skull ; to what animal it belongs is not exactly ascertained, unless it be the
growing state of the bones in one of the varieties of the white bear species, but it is materially
different from the full-grown skulls expressed in Plate LIX. It is rather too large in proportion
to the others0.

Fig. 2. Two of the incrusted ossa humeri, to show that these bones vary very much among themselves,
these two being in many respects dissimilar11.

1 This belongs to the extinct species called Ursus speleeus by Cuvier.

b This is the Ursus arctoideus of Cuvier.

0 This fragment appears to belong to the extinct bear called Ursus priscus by Goldfuss.

A One of the most marked differences is that the internal condyle is perforated in one of the humeri (though not repre-
sented in the plate), showing an analogy to the cat tribe, while in the other it is imperforate as in the existing bears.

THE END,

PRINTED BY RICHARD AND JOHN E. TAYLOR, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.

/*((* /

0

. I.

/ U///t A't/f/ft /■/>’/. !' < S, /n

/>

' ~1

'

*.

Plate- XSVH.

/ / ’V/'A<//<. // ,M/f //t .

// yt„.

Plate xma.

Flatz XHIX.

January

2 Middle of February

'Middle of April-

? late izr.

•mm

FlnteJOOai

/! F/F/r,.

auS

Plate XXXIII

. { ,

Plate AaA / It

Fy. /

_ ' Plate AiAA VI

Philos. Trans . MDCCCXSH. Plate XLV. />. 406.

I

PJ^te XXX11T

H'P'ArV ,/,/ .

-

*

.

jP7Mte JZW7I

Plate JXUZ.

ffrP'/tcP ,/r a.

TlateJL.

Fig: I. . If

TlateJZI.

rf ///tit/ //,/• s /*>/..

Flate XLH.

V

Fhtloa. linns. MDCCXCIV. Jhb. V. p. zO.

flats 2£ El

' S/y. /.

Jffiflos. Trans. K>1. L X XVII. Tab. XVT, p.450.

Plate XT. TV

TZitZos. Trans. VoZ. LXXYII. Tab. XVT.p. 45o.

FZatr XLV.

N\>

J5a.{i i y

fJ/ate XLW.

ThUo#. Tran#. Vol . LXXVH. Tab. XXX. p.4.50.

.plat* 2am

FlatvXLVm.

jPhelos.. T/a/is. Vol. LXXVEL Tab. XX../? .450.

J!7wle Leru/tfi 77 0

Upper Janf f7 V7?i JEye CoJEpe 7 . 8

Ton er Jenr. 2 : 6

TUu/mv tfie TU/jalebcmc o : 7oy/2

Greatest lene/th of M7iabe6onc .0: 5

Fig. 1.

Fig. 2.

Balcenopfera rostrafa.

—

flateXLEL.

J5 a.f i'l't- Sc .

JPlatx L

Phdos Trans. Vol. T.'XXyiL Tab.¥T\ T. p-45o.

Bell del *

jBastre sculp?

Plate JJ.

Phil. Iran?. Vol .PKVH lah.XKUI . f^hc.

Hell Mr

tfasir* scutvt

SIREN ofljCznauM orMuciln^uanaJronvS. Carolina*

* O'tUl*.

02

J f Stuart Ss/i/i .

Tlate.53

T/i/foj' Tran .i* rw. ixnr Tab XIX // <1#0.

Jf Roberts scuff/sit .

Fy.J.

■?/ Trims Vel.LXm. Tab XV

iawgiftl

Ijii

lil:1,11-:! ;!-i' I I'li !■■ . ■ : '.'.ii1 if ■ ! •,. 'Jii1!1 !

iiiii

Tig.i.

Tig. ,'t

J.J Itoberfc dfl eC scu/p.

Jtatr IX.

#'

Ttate. IVJ.

M <j>

lJ/t(7o.t. Tratut. MD(’CXC'1VT. Tf/7). XIX. />. .j/o'.

*

0

w

IP 3 SEP 1380